The Medieval Earthworks of the Hundred of West Derby: Tenurial Evidence and Physical Structure 9781841711584, 9781407319469

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Abstract
Acknowledgements
List of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Landscape, Geology & Resources
Chapter 2: Hundreds, Parishes & Townships
Chapter 3: Between Ribble & Mersey Before 1066
Chapter 4: The Evidence for Setlement Before 1066
Chapter 5: Inter Ripam et Mersham
Chapter 6: Redistribution of Lands After the Conquest
Chapter 7: The Norman Influence on West Derby Hundred
Chapter 8: Thomas, Earl of Lancaster & Sir Robert de Holland
Chapter 9: Land Tenure and Status of the Tenants
Chapter 10: Land Use in the Post-Conquest Period
Chapter 11: Castles and Stronghouses
Chapter 12: Moated Sites and Ditched Enclosures
Chapter 13: Moats and Estates: The Evidence for Status
Chapter 14: Location, Geology and Soil Associations
Chapter 15: Morphology
Chapter 16: Standing Structures and the Evidence of Buildings from Excavation
Chapter 17: Dating
Chapter 18: The Earthwork Sites of West Derby Hundred
Catalogue
Appendices I-XIV
Abbreviations
Bibliography and References
Index

Citation preview

The Medieval Earthworks of the Hundred of West Derby Tenurial Evidence and Physical Structure

Jennifer Lewis

BAR British Series 310 2000

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 310

The Medieval Earthworks of the Hundred of West Derby © Jennifer Lewis and the Publisher 2000 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841711584 paperback ISBN 9781407319469 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841711584 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2000. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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ABSTRACT I nt h eL anca sh i r e h und red o f We s tD e rby t h em ed ieva l e v idence f o rt h e t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk w i th in w h ich c a s t le s , m oa ted s i te s a nd d i tched e nc lo su re s m igh th ave b een c r ea t ed h a sb een c on s ide r ed i na s soc ia t ion w i th t h e a r cha eo logy o fs uch s i t e s . U nde r t h e l o rd sh ip o ft h eC rown o rt h eH ono ra nd D uchy o fL anca s te ra ne x t rao rd ina ry f r eedom t oc r ea te n ew e s ta te s , i n dependen to f l o ca lm ano r ia lc on tro lb u tr e spon s ib le u l t ima te ly t ot h ew apen take c ou r t , h a sb een f ound . I ti sb e l ieved t h a tt h e o r ig in s o fs uch f r eedom h ad b een e s tab l i shed b ef o re t h eC onque s t . U nde rp o s t -Conque s tr eo rgan i sa t ion an umbe ro ff e uda l l o rd sh ip sh ad b een c r ea t ed a nd s upe r impo sed o n ap r e -ex i s t ing a dm in i s t ra t ive s t ruc tu re o ft h anage t e nu re w h ich , i nm any i n s tance s , w a st os u rv ive i np a ra l le lw i th e s ta te sh e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice t h roughou tt h em ed ieva lp e r iod . Many e s ta te sw e r et od eve lop e a r thwo rk s i te s i n b o th c en t ra l a nd ma rg ina l a r ea s o fv i l l s r ega rd le s s o ft h e r e la t ive s t a tu s o ft h e i r l o rd s . As e lf suf f i c ien t a g r icu l tu ra l e conomy s e em s t o h ave b een t h e b a s i s o n w h ich s uch e s ta te s c on t inued t o o pe ra te u n t i l t h e p o s t -med ieva l a nd moder n p e r iod . T he c r ea t ion o f moa t s i ss e en i nt h e c on tex to f ac l o sed s oc ie ty w he r e s upe r io rl o rd sw e r e o n ly o cca s iona l ly t oe x tend t h e i ri n te re s t s o u t s ide t h e r eg ion . I ti sa l so s e en a s an a tu ra l s ucce s so r t o t h e r i ngwo rk s o f s upe r io r l o rd s w ho se t e r r i to r ia l p owe r w a s u nden iab le .A dap ta t ion o ff o rm t ot h e mo re s imp le moa ted e nc lo su r ei ss e en a s ac on sequence o ft empo ra la nd s pa t ia l d i f f u s ion . T h e p ra c t ice o f moa t ing w a s n o t c onf ined t o t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f n ew d we l l ing s o n m oa ted s i te s r ema ined f a sh ionab le u n t i la tl e a s tt h el a te 1 6 th a nd e a r ly 1 7 th c en tu r ie sa ta l l l e ve l so ft h e l o ca l l a nd -own ing s oc ie ty .

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS T oD rP h i l ip D ixon , U n ive r s i ty o f No t t ingham , f o rs t imu la t ing d i scu s s ion , much -needed d i r ec t ion a nd e ndu r ing p a t ience a sm y s upe rv i so r t h roughou t t h i s r e sea r ch ; t o P rof e s so r Gwyn Me i r ion Jone s a nd D r L loyd L a ing w ho se h e lpf u l c ommen t s o n t h e f i na l t e x t p rov ided f u r the r i d ea s ; t o m embe r s o f s t af fa tt h e C en t r e ( f o rme r ly D epa r tmen t ) f o r C on t inu ing E duca t ion , T he U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l , e spec ia l ly P rof e s so rN oe l B oaden , P au l B oo th , D rP e te rD avey , P e te rR ow ley , D rA ngu s W inche s te r a nd D rR odney Wr igh t , f o ra dv ice o n aw ide r ange o ft op ic s ; a l so t oJ ohn H a r rop w ho , w i th P au l B oo th , s t rugg led t oe xp la in t h em y s te r ie so ft r an sc r ip t ion a nd t r an s la t ion m ed ieva l d ocumen t s ; a l so a tt h eU n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l ,t oP rof e s so rJ ohn D av ie s a nd P rof e s so rA lan H a rd ing f o rs u s ta ined s uppo r ta nd e ncou ragemen t ;t oR on C owe l l , G a i lF a lk ingham , S a rah Jane F a r r , S u san N icho l son a nd D r R ob P h i lpo t t f o r a cce s s t o t h e S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd f o r Me r sey s ide a nd t o R on C owe l l f o r p e rm i s s ion t o r e p roduce s u rvey p l an s o ft h e Me r sey s ide m oa t s ; a l so t o A d r ian O l iv ie r ( f o rme r ly o f L anca sh i r e U n ive r s i ty A r cha eo log ica l U n i t ) f o r t h e s upp ly o fi n f o rma t ion f r om t h e S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd f o r L anca sh i re ; t oh i s s u cce s so r , P e t e rI l e s , f o rc on t inu ing s uppo r t ; a l so t o Ad r ian T inda l l a nd J i l l C o l len s , r e spec t ive ly C oun ty A r chaeo log i s ta nd SMR Of f i ce r f o r C he sh i r e C oun ty C ounc i l ; t o N o rman R edhead , SMR of i ce r f o r G r ea te r Manche s te r ; t o G i l l C h i t ty , f o rme r ly o f t h e A r cha eo log ica lS u rvey o f Me r sey s ide ;t oB en E dwa rd s , f o rme rC oun ty A r chaeo log i s t , L anca sh i r e ;t ot h es t af fo ft h eL anca sh i re a nd L ive rpoo l R eco rd Of f i ce s ; t oA la s ta i r G i l l ie s , W igan R eco rd O ff i ce , L e igh ; t oR oge r H u l l , l o ca l h i s to ry l i b ra r ian , C ro sby L ib ra ry ; a nd t ot h e s t af fo fF o rmby L ib ra ry ; t oA ud rey C oney a nd D i ly s F i rn , We s t L anca sh i r e A r chaeo log ica l S oc ie ty , f o r d i s cu s s ion a bou tt h e We s tL anca sh i r e s i te s ;t oD av id F rek e , B ecky Sma r ta nd D rJ ohn S amu e l s , a l f o rme r ly w i th t h e L ive rpoo l U n ive r s i ty F i e ld A rcha eo logy U n i t , f o r p e rm i s s ion t o u se m a te r ia l f r om t h e i r s i te s ; t o D av id a nd S on ia H o l lo s , f o rme r ly d i r ec to r s o f e xcava t ion s f o r t h e N or th We s t A r chaeo log ica l T ru s t ; a nd t o Ma r t in C leave r a nd D r R oge r D ick in son w ho u nde r took p a in s tak ing d ocumen ta ry r e sea r ch i n to t h e h i s to ry o fi n d iv idua l s i te s ; t oJ ohn S wogge r( JGHS ) f o rr ed raw ing s ome o f t h e f i gu re s ; t o G raham A rno ld a nd M icky K ing , f o rme r ly C on se rva t ion Of f i ce r s f o r We s t L anca sh i re a nd S ef ton r e spec t ive ly , f o rd raw ing my a t ten t ion t oi n d iv idua l s t and ing s t ruc tu r e s ; t om embe r s o ft h e L a t in f o rL oca l H i s to ry c l a s sa tT he U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l f o rd i scu s s ion a bou tt h eL egh S u rvey o f1 466 ( Legh MSS ) ; t oB e l inda C ou sen s a nd G raham D ench o f t h eN a t iona l T ru s ta nd C a ro l T h ick in s o fD ona ld I n sa l l A s soc ia te s f o ra cce s s t oS peke H a l l a nd d i scu s s ion a bou t i t ss t ruc tu ra l h i s to ry ;t oJ im a nd J ean H ew i t t f o ra cce s st oL igh t shaw H a l l ; a nd , f i na l ly , t o my l o ng suf f e r ing f am i ly -m yh u sband , A n thony , f o rh i s t o le rance a nd m y c h i ld ren , Emma , B en j a nd J im w ho s uppo r t ed m e w ho lehea r ted ly , l e ar n t t ob e t o ta l ly s e lf suff ic ien t a nd g r ew i n to a du l thood d u r ing t h i sp ro t rac ted e xce r c ise . T o a l Iof e r my mo s t g ra tef u l t h ank s ; f o r a ny f a i lu re o n m y p a r t t oj u s t if y t h e i r p a t ience , t o le rance a nd t ime , Ia sk t o b e f o rg iven .

L i s to fC on ten t s I n t roduc t ion

1

The p hys ica lb ackground 1 2

L and scape ,G eo logy a nd R e sou rce s H und r ed s ,P a r i she sa nd T own sh ip s

4 1

The h is tor ica lb ackground 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

B e tween R ibb le & Me r sey b ef o re 1 066 T he e v idence f o rs e t t lemen tb ef o r e 1 066 I n t e rR ipam e t Me r sham R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl a nd sa f t e rt h eC onque s t T he N o rman I n f lu ence o n We s tD e rby H und red T homa s ,E a r lo fL anca s te ra nd S i rR obe r td eH o l land L and t e nu r ea nd s t a tu so ft h et e nan t s L and u s ei nt h ep o s t -Conque s tp e r iod

1 4 1 7 2 2 3 0 4 0 4 6 5 0 6 5

The a rchaeo logy o fe ar thwork s i tes 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7

C a s t le sa nd s t ronghou se s Moa ted s i t e sa nd d i tched e nc lo su re s Moa t sa nd e s ta te s :t h ee v idence f o rt e nu re L oca t ion ,g eo logy a nd s o i la s soc ia t ion s Mo rpho logy S t and ing s t ruc tu re sa nd t h ee v idence o fb u i ld ing sf r om e xcava t ion D a t ing

7 5 9 1 9 6 1 03 11 1 23 1 40

D iscuss ion a nd Conc lus ions 1 8

T he e a r thwo rk s i te so f We s tD e rby H und r ed

1 48

Ca ta logue o ft ownsh ips a nd s i tes I n t roduc t ion A b r am A pp le ton (W idne s ) A sh ton i n Mak e r f ie ld A s t ley A the r ton A ugh ton B edf o rd B icke r s taf f e B i l li nge & W in s tan ley B o ld B u r scough ( s ee Ma r t in ) B u r tonwood C u lche th E cc le s ton F azak e r ley ( s ee Wa l ton ) F o rmby G o lbo rne G r ea tS ankey H a igh H a le w i th H a lewood H a l sa l l H aydock H ind ley H ough ton H u r l s ton ( Sca r i sb r ick ) H uy ton I n ce B lunde l l I n ce in - Make r f ie ld K i rkda le K now s ley L a thom

1 55 1 57 1 6 1 1 65 1 69 1 72 1 74 1 79 1 83 1 87 1 93

2 17 2 2 1 2 25 2 28 2 30 2 36 2 39 2 44 2 48 2 51 2 56 2 58 2 6 1 2 66 2 70 2 74

L i t t le C ro sby L ive rpoo l L ow ton

2 82 2 86 2 90

2 00 2 07 2 13

L i s to fC on ten t s L yd ia te Maghu l l Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) Me l l ing N ew ton P embe r ton P enn ing ton P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead R a inf o rd R a inh i l l R ix ton w i th G lazeb rook S ca r i sb r ick ( s ee H u r l s ton ) S ef ton S pek e S u t ton T a rbock T ho rn ton T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley U pho l land Wa l ton (w i th F azake r ley ) Wa r r ing ton We s tD e rby We s t le igh Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t W igan W in s tan ley ( s ee B i l l inge )

2 92 2 98 3 0 1 3 05 3 10 3 16 3 22 3 25 3 28 31 35 3 37 3 42 3 47 3 53 3 58 3 6 1 3 67 3 70 3 74 3 78 3 83 3 86 3 89

Append ices I I I I I V V V I V I I V I I I I X X X I X I I X I I I X IV

A lphabe t ica ll i s to fc a s t le s , moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc lo su re s Nume r ica ll i s to fc a s t le s , moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc lo su re s A lphabe t ica ll i s to ft own sh ip sw i th c a s t le s , moa ted s i te s ,d i tched e nc lo su re s S upe r io rt e nu re o ft own sh ip sa nd s i te s G ran to r st oB u r scough P r io ry , l a te 1 2 th 14 th c en tu r ie s G ran to r si nf r anka lmo ign t oC ocke r sand A bbey , l a te 1 2 th 13 th c en tu r ie s L and so fS tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem i nc 1540 T he L anca sh i re Q uen i lda si nt h el a te 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tu r ie s S e lec ted o wne r sh ip o fm ed ieva le s ta te s A s se s smen t st ot h eL ay S ub s idy 1 332 F am i ly t r ee : H o l land , I r e land & H aydock L i s to fs u rveyed a nd e xcava ted s i te s C ha rac ter i s t ic so fS o i lA s soc ia t ion so nw h ich s i te sa r el o ca ted P r inc ipa ll aw -b reake r si nt h ee a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry

3 9 1 3 93 3 95 3 97 3 99 4 00 4 02 4 03 4 06 4 07 4 09 4 12 4 13 4 14

Abbrev ia t ions

4 15

Ref erences a nd b ib l iography

4 15

F igures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 a 9 b 9 c 1 0 1 1 2 1 3

T he h und red o f We s tD e rby We s tD e rby h und r ed s how ing r e l ief a nd d ra inage T he e x ten to f mo s s land sa nd r i ve rs i l t s P la ce n ame si n d ica t ive o fw ood land o ra r ea so fc l ea rance S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo log y S o i lA s soc ia t ion s H und red b ounda r ie si n1 086 P a r i she s S t a tu te a c r eage sa nd n umbe ro fv i l l sp e rp a r i sh C a ruca te a c r e sc ompa red w i th s t a tu te a c r e sp e rp a r i sh C a ruca te a c r e s -p e r cen tage o fs t a tu te a c re sp e rp a r i sh L oca t ion o fv i l l sn amed i nt h et e x t T he C onf e s so r 's e s ta te sI n te rR ipam e t Me r sham G ene ra ld i s t r ibu t ion o fp r inc ipa lp l ace n ame e l emen t si n d ica t ive o fl i ngu i s t ic o r ig in s P r e -Conque s ts i te sa nd f i nd s 1

4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 7 1 8

L i s to fC on ten t s 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9

T he s ub -c i r cu la re nc lo su re a tO r tn sk i rk C hu r ch i n1 609 C a rved f i gu re so nt h ee a s tw a l lo fO rm sk i rk C hu rch F ragmen to f ac r o s sh ead f r om W inw ick F ragmen to f ac r o s sh ead f r om A ugh ton c hu r ch D i s t r ibu t ion o fh o ld ing si n1 066 R ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e We s tD e rby e s ta te sa f t e rt h eC onque s t L and sh e ld i nd eme sne ,t h anage a nd b yk n igh tk n igh ts e rv ice i nt h el a te l th a nd 1 2 th c en tur ie s D i s t r ibu t ion o fd eme sne l a nd sd eme sne ,t ho se h e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice a nd i nt h anage S upe r io rl o rd sh ip o fv i l l s i n1 212 V i l l sh e ld b yt h eC rown a sd eme sne ,b ys e r jean ty ,w i th in t h eR oya lF o r e s to rg r an ted t ot h eF o re s tF ee , 1 212 V i l l sa t ta ched t ot h eF ee o fW idne si n1 212 ,t oge the rw i th t ho se o ft h eF ee o fP enwor tham V i l l sa t ta ched t ot h eF ee o f Wa r r ing ton i n1 212 V i l l sa t ta ched t ot h eF ee so f Make rf ie ld , Manche s te ra nd Ma r sey a nd t h o se h e ld b y mona s t ic h ou se s i n1 212 V i l l sh e ld i nt h anage i n1 212 V i l l sr e qu i r ed t op rov ide j udge s i n1 2 12 , a nd t h ose r equ i red t op e r f o rm s u i ta tt h ew apen take c ou r t s C a ruca la s se s smen t si n1 066 1212 L and ss ub jec tt of o re s tj u r i sd ic t ion , 1 334 1336 A s se s smen to fw ea l th p e rv i l l , b a sed o nt h e 1 334 l a ys ub s idy T ho rn ton , 1 769 B u r tonhead e s ta te ,c 1580 C a s t le sa nd s t ronghou se s We s tD e rby C a s t le , 1 908 C a s t le H i l l ,N ew ton , 1 908 Mo te H i l la nd S tE lph in ' sC hu rch , Wa r r ing ton i n1 908 L iverpoo li nt h e 1 6 th 17 th c en tu r ie s L ive rpoo lC a s t le b yD an ie lK ing P lan o fL ive rpoo lC a s t le c 1587 1588 L ive rpoo lC a s t le ,e ng raved b yE ye s ,d a te u nce r ta in L ive rpoo lT owe rw i th t h ew a te rf ron ta nd S tN icho la sC hu r ch c 1792 L ive rpoo lT owe rc 1760 L a thom a nd K now s ley i n1 6 10 C on jec tu ra lr e con s t ruc t ion o fL a thom H ou se K now s ley i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry D raw ing o fK now s ley H a l lo n au nda ted p l an o fK now s ley P a rk C a s t le H i l l ,H ind ley , 1 786 C a s t le S t r ee t ,K i rkda le , 1 840 U pho l land , 1 845 T he d ough a tU pho l land ,f a c ing s ou th -ea s t , 1 989 P lan a nd s e c t ion sa c ro s st h ed i tche sa t We s tD e rby C a s t le B r idge t imbe r sf r om We s tD e rby C a s t le Mo te H i l l :t h ee xcava ted a r ea C a s t le H i l l ,N ew ton le— W i l low s V i l l sw i th m oa ted s i te s , d i tched e nc lo su re sa nd c a s t le s D i s t r ibu t ion o f moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc lo su re s O ve ra l lt e nu r eo fv i l l sw i th c a s t le s , moa ted s i te s ,d i tched e nc lo su re s Mu l t ip le d i tche s

2 0 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 9 5 0 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 9 6 3 6 9 7 0 7 2 7 3 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 0 8 1 8 1 8 2 8 2 8 3 8 3 8 4 8 4 8 5 8 5 8 6 8 7 9 3 9 4 1 02 12

6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6

D oub le a nd mu l t ip le e n t rance p l a t f o rm s S qua re o rr e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm s N a r row d i t ch moa t s N a r row d i tch moa t s R ound ,o va la nd s ub -ova lp l a tf o rm s ; moa t sw i th d i tch e x ten s ion s ;u ndef ined f o rm s R oof t imbe r sa tR a inh i l lH a l lF a rm T he G a tehou se a tO ld H u t t ,H a lewood B ank H a l li n1 754 L o s tock H a l l , 1 822 1824 G a tehou se a tB rad ley O ld H a l l c 1907 B ew sey O ld H a l l B u i ld ing ' n ea rS ef ton C hu rch ' i nt h ee a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry H u r s t ,C u lche th ;c u sped b race si nt h eb a rn R ema in so fH a l sa l lR ec to ry S peke H a l lb yF rede r ick T ho rpe , c 1907 L yd ia te H a l l , 1 9 th c en tu ry B o ld O ld H a l l ,e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry

13 14 15 16 17 1 23 1 24 1 24 1 25 1 25 1 26 1 28 1 28 1 29 1 29 1 29 1 30

1 1

L i s to fC on ten t s 7 7

H u r l s ton H a l l

1 30

7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 4a 8 5 8 5a 8 6 8 7 8 8

Mo s sock H a l l C lewo r th H a l l , 1 823 B amf u r long H a l l B a rn a t Ma r t in H a l l B i rch ley H a l l , 1 988 I n ter na le l eva t ion o fR adc l if f eT owe r No t iona la r rangemen to ft h et owe r sa tL a thom H ou se i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry R ema in so ft h es and s tone t owe ra tH a l sa l lR ec to ry L igh t shaw H a l l 1 6 11 R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm Ma r t in H a l l A ugh ton H a l l , 1 6 th c en tu ry T u r ton T owe r ,c 1882 1824

1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 32 1 32 1 33 1 33 1 34 1 34 1 35 1 35 1 35 1 36

8 9

T u r ton T owe r , c 1844

1 36

9 0 9 1 .1

P lan o fT u r ton T owe r a A bram [ 1 ] b A b ram H a l l 1 844 ( Lan c s RO DRL 1 / 1) c B amf u r long H a l l 1 844 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 1) d B amf u r long H a l l( Ga rdn e r 1 908 ,5 47 ) e B icke r shaw H a l l 1 844 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 1) f B o l ton H ou se 1 844 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 1) g H ighe rH ou se 1 844 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 1) h Maypo le H ou se 1 844 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 1) a App le ton (W idne s ) [ 6 ] b P ee l Hou se 1 808 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 86 ) c P ee lH ou se ( G reg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 78 ) a A sh ton in - Makerf ie ld [ 9 ] b G a r swood H a l lF a rm a nd G a r swood O ld H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 5 ) c N ew B rynn 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 5 ) d O ld B rynn 1 849 ( OS 6 " S hee t 1 0 1) e O ld B rynn ( Ga rdne r 1 908 ,5 46 ) f S t an leyBank 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 5 ) a A s t ley [ 10 ] b Mo ney s( Ph i l ip s 1 893 ,f a c ing p 95 ) c Mo t ley s 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRM 1 / 8 ) d S andho le sF a rm 1 846 ( Lane s RO DRM 1 / 8 ) a A ther ton [ 1 1] b L ang ley H a l lF a rm 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRM 1 / 9 ) a A ugh ton [ 1 2 ]

1 36 1 58 1 58 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 59 1 60 1 60 1 63 1 63 1 64 1 66 1 66 1 67 1 68 1 68 1 68 1 70 1 70 1 7 1 1 7 1 1 73 1 73 1 76

9 1 .2

9 1 .3

9 1 .4

9 1 .5 9 1 .6

9 1 .7

9 1 .8

9 1 .9

b c d e f g a b c d e a b c d a b c d e f g

D e scen to ft h e Augh ton a nd U p l i the r land e s ta te s Moo rH a l l 1 848 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 6 ) G round p l an o f Moo rH a l l( ba sed o nF a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 02 ) G a rde robe t owe ro rs t a i rt u r r e ta t Moo rH a l l 1 989 Wa l sh H a l l 1 848 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 6 ) A ugh ton R ec to ry 1 84 1 ( L iv RO 9 20 P LU N ) B edford [ 1 4 ] B r ick H ou se 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRM 1 / 11) H opeca r rH a l l 1 847 ( Lan c s RO DRM 1 / 11) T rench a nd f e a tu re p l an ( b a sed o n GMAU 1 993a ) S ec t ion sa c ro s st h e moa t( b a sed o n GMAU 1 993a ) B icker s taf f e[ 15 ] B icke r s taf f eH a l l 1 847 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 7 ) Mo s sock H a l l 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 7 ) G round p l an o f Mo s sock H a l l( ba sed o nF a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 82 ) B i l l inge [ 1 6 ] w i th Win s tan ley [ 9 5 ] B i r ch ley H a l l 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 8 ) B lack leyhu r s t 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 8 ) B la ck leyhu r s t 1 836 ( Lanc s RO DDGe [ E ] ) W in s tan ley Moa t 1 770 ( Banke s &K e r r idge 1 973 ) W in s tan ley Moa t 1 838 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 89 ) W in s tan ley Moa t 1 849 ( OS 6 " S hee t9 3 )

i v

1 76 1 77 1 77 1 77 1 78 1 78 1 8 1 1 8 1 1 82 1 82 1 82 1 85 1 85 1 85 1 86 1 90 1 90 1 9 1 1 9 1 1 92 1 92 1 92

L i s to fC on ten t s

9 1 .10

9 1 .11

9 1 .12

9 1 .13 9 1 .14 9 1 .15

9 1 .16

9 1 .17 9 1 .18

9 1 .19

9 1 .20

a b c d e f g h i j k 1 m a b c d e f g h i a b c d e f g h i a b a b a b c d e f a b c d a b a b c d e f g h i j a b c d a

B o ld [ 1 7 ] 1 3 th -cen tu ry b ounda r ie so fB o ld r e con s t ruc ted f r om d ocumen ta ry a nd map e v idence B a r row O ld H a l l 1 840 ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 11) S u rvey p l an 1 981 ( M i lne f o r AS M ) e xcava t ion p l an 1 987 ( No r th We s tA r ch T ru s t ) B o ld O ld H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 11) S u rvey p l an 1 981 ( M i lne f o rA SM ) C r an shaw H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 11) H ayf ie ld F a rm 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 11) H o lb rook H ou se 1 840 ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 11) O ld Moa tH ou se 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 11) S u rvey p l an 1 98 1 ( M i lne f o r AS M ) F u r the r Mea rH ey 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 11) B ur tonwood [ 1 9 ] R econ s t ru c t ed 1 3 th -cen tu ry b ounda r ie s B ew sey e s ta t e 1 724 ( Lanc s RO DDL i )( r ed rawn b yK ay L anca s te r ) B ew sey O ld H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 14 ) S i te p l an t os how p r inc ipa le xcava ted f e a tu r e s S ugge s ted d eve lopmen to ft h eh ou se G a rden o rnamen t sr e cove red f r om t h e moa t E xcava ted f e a tu r e si nt h ee a s ta rm o ft h e moa t B rad ley O ld H a l l 1 908 ( Ga rdne r 1 908 ) ; 1 939 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 14 ) C u lche th [ 2 3 ] C u lche th H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 2 1) H o lc rof tH a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 2 1) O ld K ingna l lH a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 21) O ld A bbey F a rm 1 840 ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 21) R i s ley O ld H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 21) T anne r ' sF a rm 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 21) c on tou rs u rvey 1 982 ;e xcava t ion p l an 1 983 ( L iv U n iv F i e ld A rch U n i t ) R econ s t ruc t ion d r aw ing o ft h eb r idge E cc le s ton [ 2 8 ] E cc le s ton H a l lc 1770 ( La m s RO DDSc ) F ormby [ 3 0 ] F o rmby H a l l 1 835 ( Lanc s RO DDFo 3 2 / 14 ) ; 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 27 ) G o lborne [ 3 2 ] L igh t shaw H a l l 1 838 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 29 ) G round p l an o ft h eh ou se F r ame sA -A la nd B -B l L igh t shaw H a l l 1 587 ( 545 -9A D evon sh i re C o l lec t ion , C ha t swo r th ) E a r thwo rk f e a tu r e sa tL igh t shaw H a l li n1 999 ,b a sed o n 1 838 t i t he m ap G rea tS ankey [ 3 4 ] T he Wa r r ing ton a r ea i n1 610 a ss u rveyed b yJ ohn S peek Wh i t t le H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 70 ) ? The P e le 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 70 ) H a igh [ 3 5 ] Moa t /Dam H ou se 1 848 ( 6 " OS S hee t8 5 ) H a le w i th H a lewood [ 36 ] T he C ou r t 1 981 , s ke tch p lan a nd p rof i le s L ove l ' sH a l l 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 32 ) A e r ia lv i ew o fL ove l 's H a l l 1 981 , f a c ing n o r th G a t ehou se 1 822 ( Ph i l ip s 1 893 ,f a c ing p2 3 ) O ld H u t ta nd Wr igh t ' s Moa t 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 32 ) D oo rway a tO ld H u t t (Wa i te 1 888 1921) E xcava t ion p l an o ft h eh ou se a tO ld H u t t( af t e r Wra thme l l 1 992 ) Y ew T ree H ou se 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 32 ) S ec t ion i nm oa td i tch a tY ew T ree H ou se 1 976 (Wa rhu r s t 1 977 ,4 ) H a l sa l l [ 3 7 ] H a l sa l lR ec to ry 1 843 ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 33 ) H a l sa l lR ec to ry ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 88 ) Wa l le l eva t ion s( Lew i s 1 987a ,2 5 ) T enan t so nS i rP e te rL egh 's i n he r i ted e s ta te i nH aydock

1 95 1 95 1 95 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 97 1 97 1 97 1 98 1 98 1 99 1 99 2 02 2 02 2 03 2 04 2 04 2 05 2 05 2 05 2 06 2 09 2 09 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 12 2 12 2 15 2 16 2 19 2 20 2 23 2 23 2 23 2 23 2 24 2 24 2 26 2 26 2 26 2 27 2 29 2 29 2 32 2 32 2 32 2 33 2 33 2 34 2 34 2 35 2 35 2 35 2 37 2 38 2 38 2 38 2 40

L i s to fC on ten t s b T enan t sw i th m e s suage so nt h et h i rd o fH aydock b ough tb yS i rP e te rL egh c B ruche H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 34 )

2 4 1 2 41

d e f a

Haydock [ 3 8 ] P i e le H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 34 ) H a l lo fH aydock 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 34 ) H ind ley [ 3 9 ]

2 4 1 2 42 2 42 2 46

b c d a b

L owe H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 35 ) L owe H a l l&P la t tB r idge Moa t 1 848 -1849 ( 6 "O S S hee t9 4 ) C a s t le H i l l 1 848 1849 ( 6 "O S S hee t9 4 ) Hough ton w i th M idd le ton [ 4 0 ] ,A rbu ry a nd W inw ick P ee lH a l l Mano rF a rm 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 38 )

2 46 2 47 2 47 2 49 2 50

a b c d e f a b a b c a b c d

Hur l s ton ( Scar i sbr ick ) [ 4 1 ] S ca r i sb r ick P a rk & O ld Wood 1 839 ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 71) S i te o fe xcava t ion sa tO ld Wood ( ba sed o nS t eane 1 960 , 1 50 ) H u r l s ton 1 847 ( ba sed o n6 "O Ss hee t8 3 ) H u r l s ton H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 71) G round p l an o fH u r l s ton H a l l( ba sed o nF a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 72 ) Huy ton [ 4 2 ] H uy ton H ey 1 850 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 39 ) We s te l eva t ion o ft h eO ld H a l l (Wa i te 1 888 1921) I nce B lunde l l [ 4 3 ] I n ce B lunde l lH a l l 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 40 ) ;c 1766 ( Lanc s RO DD In 1 962 ) I nce in - Makerf ie ld [ 4 4 ] H a l lo fI n ce /O ld I n ce H a l l ,I n ce H a l la nd We s twood H a l l 1 849 ( b a sed o n6 " OS S hee t9 4 ) I n ce O ld H a l l( G reg son 1 817 1824 ,2 38 ) I n ce O ld H a l lo rH a l lo fI n ce 1 822 ( Ph i l ip s 1 893 , f a c ing p 43 )

2 53 2 54 2 54 2 55 2 55 2 55 2 57 2 57 2 59 2 60 2 60 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 64

e f g a b c d

N ew H a l l 1 841 ( L anc s RO DRL 1 / 41) P ee lH a l l 1 841 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 41) I n ce H a l l( Roby 1 872 v o l 1 ,f a c ing p 385 ) K irkda le [ 4 7 ] B ank H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 44 ) B ank H a l l 1 772 ( G reg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 65 ) B ank H a l l 1 754 ( by H e rdman 1 805 1882 ,b a sed o n 1 8 th -cen tu ry i lu s t ra t ion s )

2 65 2 65 2 65 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68

e f a b c d e f

B ank H a l la nd C a s t le S t ree t 1 851 ( 6 " OS s hee t 1 06 ) C a s t le S t r ee ta r ea 1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /36 ) Know s ley [ 4 8 ] O ld D a i ry ,s u rvey p l an 1 982 ( af t e rM i me , AS M ) K now s ley H a l l 1 590 ( f rom L o rd B u rgh ley 's Map , s e eG i l low 1 907 ) K now s ley H a l le a r ly 1 8 thC ( r ep roduced f r om AS M 2 86 ) K now s ley H a l la nd O ld D a i ry 1 847 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 45 ) K now s ley P a rk ( af t e rC owe l l 1 982 ,3 9 )

2 69 2 69 2 71 2 72 2 72 2 73 2 73 2 73

9 1 .29

a b c d e f g h i

C ro s sH a l l 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 46 ) L a thom [ 4 9 ] H a l ton C a s t le 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 46 ) H a l ton C a s t le 1 957 ( ba sed o n OS r e co rd S D4 0 NW 3 ) G rea tP a rk a nd N ew P a rk D e ta i lo fc a rv ing o nt h e Wa rden 's m i se r ico rd , Manche s te rC a thed ra l S t ruc tu re sd i sman t led 1 646 ( ba sed o nS eacome 1 793 ,4 00 ) B ly the H a l l 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 46 ) C romwe l l ' sT rench 1 957 ( OS S D4 0 NE 2 )

2 76 2 77 2 77 2 77 2 78 2 78 2 79 2 79 2 80

9 1 .30

a L i t t le C ro sby [ 50 ] b C ro sby H a l l 1 74 1 ( Lanc s RO DDB 148 /42a ) ; 1 702 ( Lanc s RO DDB 148 /41)

2 84 2 85

c C ro sby H a l lc 1738 ( r ep rodu ced f r om T y re r 1 972 , 6 4 ) a L iverpoo l [ 5 3 ] 1 688 1785 ( c omp i led f r om S haw 1 956 ; Sm i th 1 953 , 1 90 )

2 85 2 87

b c a b a b c d e

2 88 2 89 2 23 2 9 1 2 95 2 95 2 96 2 96 2 96

9 1 .21

9 1 .22 9 1 .23

9 1 .24 9 1 .25

9 1 .26

9 1 .27

9 1 .28

1 9 .31

9 1 .32 9 1 .33

P lan o fL ive rpoo lC a s t le ( b a sed o nC ox 1 892 ,2 00 ) P lan o fT owe ra nd a d jcen tt e nemen t sc 1774 ( S tewa r t -B rown 1 909 f a c ing p 68 ) L ow ton [ 5 4 ] ( s ee f i g9 1 .15a ) B y rom H a l la nd Mo s s ley H a l l 1 838 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 50 ) L yd ia te [ 5 5 ] L yd ia te H a l l 1 744 1780 ( Lanc s RO DD In 5 6 /99 ) ; 1 809 ( Lanc s RO DD In 6 3 /95A ) L yd ia te H a l l 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 52 ) C e i l ing b o s si nt h eg rea th a l l( r ep roduced f r om G a rne r&S t ra t ton 1 911) D eco ra ted f r ieze i nt h eg r ea th a l l( r ep roduced f r om G a rne r&S t ra t ton 1 9 11) v i

L i s to fC on ten t s

9 1 .34

9 1 .35

9 1 .36

9 1 .37

9 1 .38

9 1 .39 9 1 .40 9 1 .4 1

9 1 .42

9 1 .43 9 1 .44

9 1 .45

f E xcava t ion p l an 1 9811982 ( b a sed o nL ew i s&S amue l s 1 990 , 3 9 ) ; w i th i n se to fh a l lp lan t os how c e i l ing b eam a r rangemen t( f rom G ar n e r&S t ra t ton 1 9 11) g P lan a nd w e s te l eva t ion o f' Nece s sa ry H ou se ' A ' 1 994 ( b a sed o n af i e ld d raw ing b yJ GH S wogge ra nd J IS peakman ) h P l an a nd w e s te l eva t ion o f' Nece ssa ry H ou se"B ' 1 994 ( b a sed o n af i e ld d raw ing b yJ GH S wogge ra nd J IS peakman ) i C ou r t sF i e ld 1 982 ( af t e rC ow e l l , AS M ) a Maghu l l[ 5 6 ] b Mano rH ou se 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 53 ) c Maghu l l Mano rH ou se ( ba sed o n as u rvey d raw ing b y WLAS c 1980 ;r ed rawn b yA SM ) d P ee lF a rm 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 53 ) a Mar t in ( Bur scough ] [ 57 ] b Ma r t in H a l l ,w e s te l eva t ion ( Chee tham . 1 9 12 , f a c ing p 38 ) c Ma r t in H a l l ,g round f l oo rp l an ( Chee tham . 1 912 , f a c ing p 40 ) d Ma r t in H a l l 1 846 ( La n c s RO DRL 1 / 13 ) e S i te a t Me r r ida le F a rm ( r ed rawn f r om a e r ia lp ho tog raph , AS M LM88 .1265 )

2 97 2 97 2 99 2 99 3 00 3 00 3 03 3 03 3 03 3 03 3 04

a b c d • f

3 08 3 08 3 09 3 09 3 09 3 09

Me l l ing [ 5 8 ] C un scough H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 54 ) Me l l ing H ou se 1 848 ( 6" O Ss hee t9 9 ) Me l l ing H ou se 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 54 ) T ho rp ( af t e rL ew i s 1 992c ,f i g 1 8 ) Wood H a l l 1 848 ( 6" OS s hee t9 9 )

g Wood H a l la nno ta ted t os how f i e ld w a lk ing a r ea 1 992 ,n ew h ou se sa nd a l te ra t ion s t ot h er oad s i nce 1 840 ( ba sed o nL anc s RO DRL 1 / 54 , 1 840 ) a N ew ton [ 6 0 ] b N ew ton H a l l( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 f a c ing p 134 ) c N ew ton H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 56 ) d N ew ton H a l l ,M i l la nd C hape l 1 745 e P l an o fC a s t le H i l le xcava t ion s , 1 987 1988 a P ember ton [ 6 4 ] b H awk ley H a l l 1 848 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 62 ) c E xcava t ion p l an ,H awk ley H a l l 1 993 ( ba sed o n GMAU 1 993b ) d S ec t ion s ,H awk ley H a l l 1 993 ( ba sed o n GMAU 1 993b ) e T un s ted H ou se 1 848 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 62 ) f Wo rde s ley ( s ic )H a l l 1 848 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 62 ) g H ind ley H a l l 1 848 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 62 ) a P enn ing ton [ 6 5 ] b P y le /Unn s ton t h ' Meadow s 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 78 ) a P ou l ton -w i th -Fearnhead [ 6 6 ] b B ruche H a l l 1 842 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 64 ) a R a inf ord [ 6 7 ] b Mo s sbo rough H a l ls u rvey p la n1 981 ( AS M ) c ' Pane o ft h e Manno rR a inf o rd d e sc r ibed 1 666 . . ' ( ba sed o nL anc s RO DDK ) d Mo s sbo rough H a l l 1 84 1 ( La n c s RO DRL 1 / 66 ) a R a inh i l l [ 6 8 [ b H eye sF a rm 1 843 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 67 ) c R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm 1 982 ( af t e r AS M ) d R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm : n o r th f a ce o ft h en o r th r ange (Wa i te 1 888 -1921) • R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm : i n t e r io ro ft h eb a rn (Wa i te 1 888 1921) f R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 67 ) g R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm a nd Moa tL anc s 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 67 ) a R ix ton -w i th -G laz ,ebrook [ 7 0 ] b R ix ton H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 68 ) a S ef ton [ 7 2 ] b E dge F a rm 1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /47 ) ; 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 72 ) c S ef ton O ld H a l la nd R ec to ry 1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /47 ) d S ef ton O ld H a l l 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 72 ) e S ef ton O ld H a l lc on tou rp l an 1 982 ( ASM ) f E xcava ted f e a tu re s( af t e rL ew i s 1 978 ,6 1) a S peke [ 7 7 ] b S peke H a l l 1 781 ( ba sed o nA dd i son 1 781 ; s e eN icho l son 1 983 , f i g3 ) c C on jec tu ra la r rangemen tb ef o r e 1 530 d C on jec tu ra lp la n , 1 530 -1531 v i i

2 97 2 97

3 09 3 12 3 13 3 13 3 13 3 15 3 19 3 19 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 21 3 21 3 24 3 24 3 26 3 27 3 29 3 29 3 30 30 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 3 36 3 36 39 39 3 40 3 4 1 3 41 3 41 3 44 3 44 3 45 3 45

L i s to fC on ten t s

9 1 .46

9 1 .47

9 1 .48 9 1 .49

9 1 .50 9 1 .51 9 1 .52

9 1 .53 9 1 .54

9 1 .55 9 1 .56

e f a b c d a b

C on jec tu ra lp lan 1 530 -1545 G round p l an o fS peke H a l l , 1 598 a nd l a te r( ba sed o nF a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ) S u t ton [ 7 8 ] B ig L ea G reen F a rm 1 808 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 77 ) S t . M icha e l ' s Hou se s u rvey p l an 1 981 ( AS M ) P lan o fs i te a nd e xcava ted a r ea s 1 986 T arbock [ 79 ] G eo rge son ' sF a rm 1 769 ( Lanc s DDM 1 4 /53 ) ; 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 78 )

3 45 3 45 3 51 3 51 3 52 3 52 3 55 3 55

c d e f g h a b a b c d

G eo rge son ' sF a rm s u rvey p l an 1 98 1 ( AS M ) T a rbock H a l l 1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /53 ) T a rbock H a l l 1 847 ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 78 ) T a rbock H a l ls u rvey p l an 1 98 1 ( ASM ) Much C rof t 1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /53 ) Much C rof t 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 78 ) T horn ton [ 8 1 ] H ome rG r een F a rm 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 79 ) T y lde s ley -w i th -Shak er ley [ 8 3 ] N ew H a l l 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 100 ) C lewo r th H a l l 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 100 ) G a r r e tH a l l 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 100 )

3 55 3 56 3 56 3 56 3 57 3 57 3 60 3 60 3 64 3 64 3 64 3 65

e f a b a b a b c d e f g a b a b c a b a

S hake r ley O ld H a l l 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 100 ) C haddock H a l l 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 100 ) U pho l land [ 841 C a s t le s tede : H o lc rof t ' sT enemen t 1 805 ( Lanc s RO DDHe 1 22 /5 ) Wa l ton (w i th F azaker ley ) [ 8 6 ] H a rb reck H ou se 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 26 ) Warr ing ton [ 87 ] S t .E lph in ' sR ec to ry 1 772 (Wa l lwo r th & D onbavand , Wa r rL ib 7 2596A ) S t .E lph in ' sR ec to ry & Mo te H i l l 1 826 (WS H a l l , Wa r rL ib ) E xcava t ion p lan ( af t e rL e igh 1 977 ,9 6 ) B r idge p l an a nd s e c t ion ( af t e rL e igh 1 977 , 9 7 ) C he s sp i ece sf r om Mo te H i l l( af t e rK end r ick 1 853 , 5 8 ) P o t te ry f r om Mo te H i l l( af t e rK end r ick 1 853 ,6 2 ) We s tD erby [ 89 ] We s tD e rby 1 838 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 84 ) We s t le igh [ 90 ] O ld H a l l 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRM 1 / 105 ) P a r sonage F a rm /K i rk H a l l 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRM 1 / 105 Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t[ 9 1] P re sco tH a l l 1 750 ( ba sed o nD avey 1 978 , 5 8 ) Wigan [ 9 3 ]

3 66 3 66 3 69 3 69 3 73 3 73 3 75 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 77 3 77 3 8 1 3 81 3 85 3 85 3 85 3 88 3 88 3 90

b W igan R ec to ry H ou se 1 827 ( a f te r Ma the ri nT inda l l 1 985 ,2 2 ) c W igan R ec to ry 1 838 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 87 )

3 90 3 90

T ab le s 1 2 3 a 3 b 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2a 1 2b 1 2c 1 3a 1 3b

S o i lA s soc ia t ion s ( af t e rS o i lS u rvey o fE ng land a nd Wa le s ,S o i lA s soc ia t ion Map o ft h eC oun ty o fL anca sh i re 1 970 ) A l loca t ion o fp a r i she sa nd t own sh ip st ot h eh und red so f We s tD e rby , Wa r r ing ton a nd N ew ton N amed o wne r sa nd l a nd t e nu re i n We s tD e rby H und red , 1 066 Unnamed o wne r sa nd l a nd t e nu r e i n We s tD e rby Hund red , 1 066 Owne r sa nd t e nu re i nN ew ton h und r ed , 1 066 Owne r sa nd t e nu re i n Wa r r ing ton h und r ed , 1 066 L and sa t tached t ot h er oya ld eme sne L and sb e long ing t oU c t red ' sg roup o fs i xm ano r s D i s t r ibu t ion o fc a ruca te sb e tween d if e r en tl a ndowne r s We s tD e rby H und red t e nu r e i n1 086 Wa r r ing ton H und red t e nu re i n1 086 N ew ton H und red i n1 086 a nd 164 A na ly s i so fc a ruca la s se s smen t s , 176 1346 A na ly s i so fc a ruca la s se s smen t s , 176 1346 Ana ly s i so fc a ruca la s se s smen t s , 176 1346 S ta tu so ft own sh ip s S ta tu so ft own sh ip s

1 0 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 6 2 6 2 7 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 7 3 8 3 9 5 2 5 3

1 3c

S ta tu so ft own sh ip s

5 4 v i i i

L i s to fC on ten t s

1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5a 2 5b 2 6a 2 6b 2 6c 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3

L and so fU c t r ed w h ich p a s sed t ot h ed eL a thom f am i ly T hanag e -he ld v i l l sw i th s t a ted t e nu r ia lr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h eC rown , 1 2 12 E s t ima t ed e x ten to fc u l t iva ted l a nd b a sed o nc a ruca t e sr e co rded f o r 1 066 E s t ima t ed p e r cen tage o fc u l t iva ted l a nd i ne a ch p a r i sh i nt h e 11 t hc en tu ry L oca lc a s t le o wne r sa sf ounde r so fr e l ig iou sh ou se s C a s t le o wne r sa sg ran to r so fl a nd t or e l ig iou sh ou se s Moa ted s i te si n We s tD e rby H und red i n1 985 L eve lo fc e r ta in ty o fs i te i d en t if i ca t ion E v idence f o rs i te s u rv iva l S umma ry o fv i l l sw i th s i te s S umma ry o ft own sh ip sc on ta in ing o ne o rm o r e moa ted s i te so rd i tched e nc lo su re s D i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te sb yp a r i sh w i th p e rcen tage o fs ub s id ie sp a id i n1 332 a nd 1 334 ,w i th p a roch ia la c reage S i t e sa nd s t a tu te a c reage sa r r anged b yp a r i sh c ompa r ed w i th t a xe sl e v ied i n1 332 a nd 1 334 V i l l sw i th moa ted a nd d i tched s i te si nr e la t ion t oo ve r lo rd sh ip A l loca t ion o fs i t e sb yo ve r lo rd sh ip a nd p r inc ipa lg r an tee s V i l la nd t e nu r ia ls umma ry S umma ry o fs i te t e nu re i nr e la t ion t oH und r eda ld i s t r ibu t ion S i t el o ca t ion r e la ted t ot own sh ip b ound a r ie s G raph a nd t a b le t os how s i te l o ca t ion a nd t e nu r e A l t i tud ea nd s i te t e nu r e S o l id g eo logy o fs i te s D r if tg eo logy r e la ted t ot e nu r e S o l id a nd d r if tg eo logy o fs i te s : l e ve lo fc e r ta in ty o fs i te i d en t if ica t ion

5 7 6 0 6 6 6 6 8 7 8 8 9 1 9 2 9 2 9 4 9 4 9 5 9 5 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 8 1 03 1 04 1 06 1 07 1 07 1 08

3 4 3 5 3 6 3 6a 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1a 4 1b 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7a 4 7b

H und r eda ld i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te sa nd S o i lA s soc ia t ion s C en t ra ls i t e s -t e nu re a nd S o i lA s soc ia t ion s P e r iphe ra ls i te sa nd S o i lA s soc ia t ion s S i t el o ca t ion a nd S o i lA s soc ia t ion si ns i ng le s i te t own sh ip s C la s s if i ca t ion o fp l a tf o rm sb a sed o nf i e ld a nd m ap e v idence E s t ima t ed d i t ch w id th i nr e la t ion t ot e nu re E s t ima t ed o ve ra l lp l a tf o rm a r ea E v idence f o r 1 3 15 th c en tu ry s t ruc tu re sf r om d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s ,e xcava t ion o rb u i ld ing s u rvey E v idence f o rs t and ing s t ruc tu re sf r om d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s ,e xcava t ion o rb u i ld ing s u rvey E v idence f o rs t and ing s t ruc tu re sf r om d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s ,e xcava t ion o rb u i ld ing s u rvey D a te sf o rt h ee a r l ie s tk nown e x i s tence o f moa ted a nd d i tched e nc lo su re s A lphabe t ica ll i s to ft own sh ip sw i th c a s t le s ,m oa ted s i te so rd i tched e nc lo su re s K nown d a te so f moa ted s i te sa cco rd ing t oo v e ra l lv i l lt e nu re O ra to r ie s ,c hape l sa nd p a rk sa cco rd ing t ol o ca t ion E s t ima ted p l a tf o rm a r ea a nd e v idence f o rd a t ing A t t r ibu t e so f moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc lo su re s A t t r ibu t e so f moa ted s i te sa nd d i t ched e nc lo su re s

10 10 10 10 11 1 20 1 21 1 27 1 38 1 39 1 40 1 43 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 46 1 47

S ummar ie so fe s ta te o wner sh ip A ugh ton a nd U p l i the r land d eB edf o rd d eB u rnhu l la nd d eB y ron C u lche th h e i r e s se s G eme t H a r r ing ton d eH aydock H o l land o fU pho l lan c l ,H a le a nd H aydock H o l land o fS u t ton H o l land o fP embe r ton a nd G o lbome I r e land o fH a le ,L yd ia te a nd B u r tonwood I n ce in - Ma l ce rf i e ld d eL ow ton a nd d eG o lbo rne Mo lyneux o fL i t t le C ro sby , S peke a nd R a inh i l l Mo lyneux o fL i t t le C ro sby d e Mo s ton a nd d eB ruche d eP embe r ton d eR a inh i l l d eT y lde s ley d e Wa l ton a nd d eF azake r ley Woodp lump ton h e i re s se s

1 76 1 80 3 06 2 08 2 37 3 07 4 11 4 09 4 09 4 10 4 10 2 63 2 22 2 83 2 83 3 26 3 17 3 31 3 62 3 7 1 2 18 i x

I n t roduc t ion

I n troduc t ion T he a r chaeo logy o f l a te m ed ieva l e a r thwo rk s i te s h a s p roved a f a sc ina t ing , b u t t a n ta l i s ing , s t udy i n b o th t h e B r i t i sh I s le s a nd o n t h e c on t inen t o f E u rope . T he f a sc ina t ion i sc ap t iva t ed b y t h e a bundance o fe a r thwo rk s , i n v a ry ing c ond i t ion s o f s u rv iva l , w h ich l i t te r t h e r u ra l l a nd scape . I ti se nhanced b y t h e b e l ief t h a t as t udy o ft h e i r a r cha eo logy c ou ld r e vea l f e a tu re s a nd p roduce a r tef ac t s i d en t if iab le a s e v idence f o r t h e s t a tu s o f t h e p eop le w ho c ons t ruc ted a nd o ccup ied s u ch s i te s . S uch e v idence c ou ld t h en b e u s ed t o c on s ide r t h e e conom ic f a c to r s t h a t i nf luenced t h e i rc on s t ruc t ion a nd p e r iod o fu se . T ha ts uch a s t udy h a sp roved t a n ta l i s ing i sd emon s t ra ted b yt h ea moun t o fd i scu s s ion g ene ra ted b yg eog raphe r ss uch a sF .V . Eme ry ( 1962 ) a nd B .K . R ober t s( 1962 ) . T hey p rovoked as e r ie s o f q ue s t ion s t h a t m igh t b e a sked b y g eog raphe r s , h i s tor ian s a nd a r cha eo log i s t si nt h e i rp u r su i to ft h es ub jec t .

t h e i r t e nu r ia l a s soc ia t ion s w i th t h e i r o ve r lo rd s . O n t h i s b a s i s , h e f ound t wo b road s oc ia l g roup ing s . T he f i r s t w a s c l o se ly a s soc ia ted w i th l o rd s a nd t h e i r w ea l th ie r s ub t e nan t s , u sua l ly t h e k n igh t ly c l a s s , a nd t h e s e cond w i th a c l a s s o f w ea l thy f r ee t e nan t s w ho , g ene ra l ly b u t n o t i n va r iab ly , h e ld l a nd i na r ea so fl a te c o lon i sa t ion . A r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion a t f ou r moa ted s i te s i n Y o rk sh i re a lowed J ean l e P a tou re l ( 1973) t o c on s ide r t e nu r ia l a nd s t ruc tu ra l c ompa r i son s b e tween t h em . I ta l so s howed t h e p o ten t ia l f o r c on s ide r ing t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f o rs t ruc tu re sa l ong s ide t h a to fs t and ing b u i ld ing s . Wo rk ing i n C amb r idge sh i re , C h r i s tophe r T ay lo r ( 1972 ) f o l lowed t h e g eog raphe r s ' t h eme . B u t h e q ue s t ioned t h e i d en t if ica t ion o f moa ted s i te s w he r e w a te r -f i l led f e a tu r e s m igh t , m o re c o r r ec t ly , b e a s soc ia ted w i th aw ho le r a nge o f o t he ra c t iv i t ie s o fm ed ieva l o rl a te rd a te , i n c lud ing g a rden s a nd C iv i l Wa re a r thwo rk s . T ay lo rr a ised t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e o r ig in s o f moa t -bu i ld ing l a y i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o fp re C onque s t r i ngwo rk s a nd t h a t , i n l a te r c en tu r ie s , aw a te r f i l led d i t ch a r ound t h e h ou se m igh t h ave e nhanced t h e p r e s t ige o ft h e o ccupan t i nt h e e ye s o fh i s n e ighbou r s . H e b e l ieved t h a t i tw a s p o s s ib le t os e e t h is i nt h e c a s t le s a nd m oa ted s i t e s o f C amb r idge sh i re a nd t h a t , a s t ime p rog r e s sed , t h e p rac t ice o f moa t b u i ld ing w a s t a ken u p b y f am i l ie s a s t h ey moved u p t h e s oc ia l s c a le . H e a l so s aw m oa t c on s t ruc t ion i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry i nc on junc t ion w i th t h e c r ea t ion o f f o rma l moa ted g a rden s w i th t e r race s , p ro spec tm ound sa nd w a lkway s .

I n 1 957 , i n ap e r sona l c ommun ica t ion t o Eme ry , O .G .S . C rawf o rd c ommen ted o n a f a i lu r e o f c ommun ica t ion b e tween t h o se c once rned w i th w r i t ten s ou rce s a nd o t he r s i n vo lved i nf i e ldwo rk ; h e l amen ted t h a t i tw a s n o tp o s s ib le t o c onnec t o ne s o r t o f e v idence w i th t h e o t he r . Eme ry s ough t t o s how h ow t h e t wo s t rand s m igh t b e l i nked . H e d r ew a t ten t ion t o t h e n umbe r o f ' Home s tead moa t s ' r e co rded b yt h e c omp i le r s o ft h e V ic to r ia C oun ty H i s to r ie s a nd t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion o n H i s to r ica l a nd A nc ien t Monumen t s . T he se s howed t h a t , a l though m oa ted s i te s w e re t h icke s t o n t h e g round i nt h e e a s te rn c oun t ie s , t h ey w e re t o b e f ound i n t h e M id land s , L anca sh i r e a nd Y o rk sh i r e . F ewe r s i te s o ccu r red i n t h e f a r n o r th , t h e s ou thern c oun t ie s a nd t h e w e s t c oun t ry . H e c ommen ted o n t h e v a r ie ty o f s i ze a nd f o rm o f s i te s t oge the r w i th t h e i r g eog raph ica l l o ca t ion a nd r e la t ion sh ip t os o i l sa nd d ra inage a nd p rov ided ab road h i s to r ica l c on tex tw i th in w h ich m oa t s m igh t h ave b een c on s t ruc ted . Eme ry f ound a r a nge o f p o s s ib le m o t ive s f o r m oa t b u i ld ing . T ho se o f d ome s t ic r e qu i remen t , i n ar e gu la r s upp ly o fw a te r f o r l i ve s tock a nd s t ock ing f i sh , c ou ld b e s e en a l ong s ide o t he r s c r ea t ed e i the r f o rd ef ence i nt i me so fu n re s t o rf o rt h e p ro tec t ion o fc r op s f r om p r eda to r s . H e a l so n o ted t h a t moa t b u i ld ing m igh t , o ve rt ime , b ecome ac onven t ion ,t hough i tw ou ld h ave b een a n e xpens ive u nde r tak ing f o r t h e s ma l le r l a ndowne r s . H e r a i sed t wo p r inc ipa lq ue s t ion s . T he f i r s tw a st oc on s ide rt h e g eog raph ica l c onnec t ion b e tween m ed ieva l c o lon i sa t ion o f t h e w a s te a nd w ood land s a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f moa t s . T he s e cond w a s a imed a tt h e h i s to r ian s a nd a sked h ow f a r t e nu r e a nd s ub inf euda t ion t o m e sne t e nan t s c ou ld b e a s soc ia ted w i th m oa tb u i ld ing .

W i th t h e c r ea t ion o ft h e Moa ted S i te s R e sea r ch G roup i n 1 972 c ame t h e f i r s t m ean s o fr e co rd ing s i te s c oun t ry -w ide o n ac on s i s ten t b a s i s . P ub l ica t ion o f t h e g roup ' s a nnua l r e po r t s a nd i t s m a jo r r e sea r ch p ub l ica t ion i n 1 978 ( Abe rg e d . ) a lowed f i e ldwo rke r s t o c on s ide r t h e i r s i te s i n a n a t iona l c on tex t . B u t s t i l l p rob lems p e r s is ted i n u nde r s tand ing t h e e x ten t t ow h ich t h e c ha ra c te r a nd s i z e o f a moa t ed s i t e r e la ted t o i t s s oc ia l c on tex t a nd i tw a s b e l ieved t h a t t h is m ay b e s t b e p u r sued t h rough c on s ide ra t ion o fp a r t icu la r e s ta te s ( l e P a tou re l & R obe r t s 1 978 , 4 8 ) . T ak ing C h r i s tophe r T ay lo r ' s t h eme , t h e se w r i te r s a l so p ropo sed t h a t i tw ou ld b e r e a sonab le t o c on s ide r ah ypo the s i s t h a t moa ted s i te s f i r s t e me rged a s a f a sh ion a mong s t t h e a r i s toc ra t ic c l a s s . T hey p ropo sed t h a t t h e d i f f u s ion o f s i te s o ve r t ime a nd s pa ce h ad a s o c ia l c omponen t t h a t m igh t b e e x tended d ownwa rd s u n t i l a n e conom ic t h r e sho ld w a s r e a ched w h ich p r even ted f u r the r m u l t ip l ica t ion . I nt h e s ame p ub l ica t ion , C h r i s tophe r T ay lo r p ropo sed t h a t t wo i d ea l s y s tem s o fc l a s s if ica t ion , b y d a te a nd s t a tu s o f t h e b u i lde r s , s hou ld b e t h e a im o f t h e r e sea r che r s ( 1 978 , 1 2 ) . T he se , h e a cknow ledg ed , w e r e n o t p r a c t ica l p ropo s i t ion s b y r e a son o ft h e a moun t o fm a s s ive e xcava t ion a nd d ocumen ta ry w o rk t h a t w ou ld b e r equ i r ed t oe s tab l ish t h er e levan tf a c t s .

B y 1 965 , w i th r e f e r ence t ot h e M id land s a nd i np a r t icu la r t ot h e a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s a t Weo ley C a s t le , B r ian R obe r t s w a s t ol i nk t h e g eog raph ica l e v idence w i th t h a t o f a r cha eo logy . B u t h e w en t f u r the r a nd p roduced a c l a s s if ica t ion o f m oa t t y pe s b a sed o n t h e i r f o rm a nd l o ca t ion . F o r t h e f i r s t , h e s ugge s ted t h a t f o rm w a s i n d ica t ive o fd a te o fc on s t ruc t ion a nd t ook a ccoun t o ft h e n a tu r e o f t h e b u i ld ing s t h a t s t ood o n t h e moa t p l a tf orm . T he l a t te r , h e s ugge s ted , c ou ld b e c on s ide r ed q u i te i n dependen t ly o fd a t ing . H e a l so p os tu la ted t h a t , w i th in t h e M id land c on tex t , c hange s o f f o rm c ou ld b e l i nked t o t h e s o c ia l s t a tu s o ft h e b u i lde r s o r o ccupan t s o ft h e s i te s a nd

Ac onf e r ence i nL e ice s te r i n1 978 b rough tt oge the r ag roup o fs c ho la r s w o rk ing o n m ed ieva l moa ted s i te s i nd if e ren t p a r t s o fn o r th -we s t E u rope ( Abe rg & B rown e d s . , 1 98 1) . T he i r w o rk s howed t h a t , a l though t h e B r i t i sh a nd C on t inen ta l s i t e s m igh t b e s upe rf ic ia l ly s im i la r , e xcava t ion 1

I n t roduc t ion w a s s t a r t ing t os ugge s t t h a t t h e o r ig in s o fs u ch s i te s c ou ld b ec on s ide rab ly e a r l ie rt h an m igh tb ee xpec ted i nB r i ta in .

p e r iod . T he p o ten t ia l f o r a pp ly ing t h i s t o t h e s t udy o f e a r thwo rk s i te s , t oge the r w i th t h e e v idence f o r t e nu re t h a t w a se mbod ied i nt h e se w o rk s , s ugge s ted i t se lf a sa n a r ea o f

T he p u rpo se o ft h e p re sen t r e sea r ch i sn o t t or e hea r se t h e wo rk o f t h e se s cho la r s b u t t o c on s ide r t h e r ange o f e v idence f o r e a r thwo rk s i te s i n as ma l l a r ea o fL anca sh i r e i n t h e n o r th w e s t o f E ng land -t h e m ed ieva l h und red o f We s t D e rby . I n 1 978 A lan A be rg m ade r e f e r ence t o t h e w o rk o f l o ca l f i e ldwo rke r s i n L anca sh i r e , s u ch a s H e len T ay lo ra nd J ane tW i the r sby . T h i s a lowed h im t oc ommen t o n t h e n umbe r o fi d en t if iab le s i t e s , t h e i r l o ca t ion a nd s i ze a nd r a te o f s u rv iva l ( ed . 1 978 , 1 3 ) . I n t h e 1 970s t h e e s tab l i shmen t o fb od ie s t o u nde r take t h e d eve lopmen t o f a r chaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd s f o r t h e n ew ly -c rea ted c oun t ie s o f Me r sey s ide , L anca sh i re a nd C he sh i re a nd t h e a r r iva l i nt h e r eg ion o ft h e A r chaeo logy U n i t s , l e dt oa n i n c rea se i nt h e r e co rd o f mowed s i te s . B u t t h e se o rgan i sa t ion s w e re r equ i red t o o pe ra t e o n as i te o r ien ta ted b a s i s . T hey w e r e g i ven l i t t le e ncou ragemen t f r om t h e i r f und ing b od ie s t o e xam ine t h e c on tex t s , s ugge s ted b yt h eB r i t i sh a nd C on t inen ta l s cho la r s , i nw h ich s uch s i te s o ccu r r ed . I nt h e p reva i l ing s t a tu s o fk now ledge , i tw a s i mpo s s ib le f o r s t af fe mp loyed t o mon i to rt h e S .M .R . i n r e spon se t o p l ann ing a pp l ica t ion s t o m ake a v a lue j udgemen t o n t h e r e la t ive q ua l i t ie s o f m oa ted s i te s . I nf o rma t ion a bou ts t a tu s , d a te a nd l i ke l ihood o fs u rv iva l o f a r chaeo log ica l d epo s i t s f o r a ny i n d iv idua l s i t e m igh t h ave b een a va i lab le , b u t c ou ld n o t b e q uan t if ied i n aw ide r c on tex t . A l l t oo a ppa ren t w a s t h e d ange r o f l o bby ing f o r f und ing f o re xcava t ion o f as i te ,w h ich m igh tt u rn o u tt ob e a r cha eo log ica l ly b a r ren , a tt h e e xpense o fo ne w i th g r ea te r p o ten t ia l . T h is d ange rh ad b een i d en t if ied a se a r ly a s 1 973 when t h e f i r s t r e po r t o ft h e Moa ted S i te s R e sea r ch G roup n o ted t h e n eed f o r c r i t ica l a s se s smen t w hen s e ek ing r e sou rce s ( Abe rg & B rown e d s . 1 98 1 , v i i ) . O n ly w hen t h e w ho le g roup o fi n te r r e la ted f e a tu re s o f moa ted s i te s w a s c on s ide red w ou ld i tb ep o s s ib le t ou nde r s tand t h e i rp o s i t ion i n t h e m ed ieva l e conomy a nd l a nd scape . S ou th -we s t L anca sh i r e h ad a l ready s e en t h e l o s s o fp r e -em inen t s i te s s uch a sS ef ton O ld H a l l , t or oadway d eve lopmen t i n 1 964 ( Lew i s 1 98 1a ) , a nd t h e O ld H ut , H a lewood t o t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e F o rd Mo to rC ompany p l an ta ta bou tt h e s ame t ime (W ra thme l l 1 992 ) . O the r s h ad b een s ub jec t t o d e su l to ry e xcava t ion w i th n oc onc lu s ive r e su l t s . H ow m any mo re s i te s w a s t h e r eg ion t o l o se a s ac on sequence o f p i ece -mea l d eve lopmen t o r f a i lu r e t o d eve lop a r eg iona l r e sea r ch d e s ign f o rt h e i r i n ve s t iga t ion? F rom m ap e v idence w e c ou ld d educe s ome th ing a bou t t h e p o s s ib le h i s to r ica l r e la t ion sh ip o f i n d iv idua l s i te s w i th s e t t lemen t f o c i . L e s s w a s k nown o ft h e l i nk s b e tween l o ca t ion a nd l a nd u se a nd a b so lu te ly n o th ing a bou t t h e t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk w i th in w h ich t h ey h ad b een e s tab l i shed .

r e sea r ch t h a tc ou ld n o tg ou ncha l lenged .

R e search o b jec t ive sa nd m e thod T he s t udy i sb a sed o nt h er a nge o fc r i t e r ia a pp l icab le t ot h e s t udy o f e a r thwo rk s i te s a l r eady m en t ioned a nd c oncen t ra te s l a rge ly o n t h e a r chaeo log ica l a nd t opog raph ica l v i ewpo in t . I td oe s , h oweve r , t a ke ad if e r en t s t ance f r om t h a t o ft h e Moa ted S i t e s R e sea r ch G roup . T h is g roup w a s c once rned w i th s i t e s t h a t , f o r t h e mo s t p a r t , b e longed t o t h e s e ign io r ia l c l a s s o r o the rw ise , i tw a s b e l ieved , t ot h o se w ho a sp i r ed t ot h a t c l a ss . T he c ommon f e a tu re o ft h e s i te s w a s ab road m oa to r moa t s s u r round ing t h e e s tab l i shmen t o r s ome p a r t o fi t( l e P a tou re l 1 981 , 1 ) . T he a im o ft h e p r e sen t s t udy w a s t ob r ing t oge the r a l l t h e k nown e v idence f o r d i t ched e nc lo su r e s a s soc ia ted w i th s t ruc tu r e s , r ega rd le s s o f p r econce ived n o t ion s o f s t a tu s . O n ly w hen t h i s h ad b een a ch ieved w ou ld e v idence f o r t e nu re , s t a tu s ,p u rpo se a nd f u nc t ion b ea pp l ied . I ti sc l ea r , h oweve r , t h a t l i t t le c an r e a l ly b e u nde r s tood w i thou t r e f e rence t o t h e r e g ion 's p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic f r amewo rk o f t e nu re a nd l a nd u s e . S ome o f t h e mo re g ene ra lp o in t s a bou tL anca sh i r e ' sh i s to ry c an b et a ken f r om t h ew o rk o fh i s to r ian sw o rk ing i n aw ide rn a t iona l o rn o r th w e s ter n c on tex t . I n i t s a pp l ica t ion t o i nd iv idua l s i te s , t hough a r a i son d 'ê t re f o r ah i s to r ica l a pp roa ch c an b e j u s t if ied , t h e f u l l r ange o f w r i t ten m a ter ia l c anno t b e c on s ide r ed w i th in t h e c onf ine s o ft h i s s t udy . I ti sl a rge ly l im i ted , t h e ref o re , t o p r in ted v e r s ion s o f d ocumen t s t h a t d ea l w i th s pec if ic a spec t s o f We s t D e rby ' s m ed ieva l h i s to ry . T o s ea rch t h e o r ig ina l s ou r ce s f o r t h e f u l l r ange o f ma te r ia l i nt h i s a r ea i sb eyond t h e s c ope o ft h i s t h e s i s b u t , f o r i n d iv idua l s i te s Ih ave a t temp ted t og ive af u l l r ange o f k nown p ub l i shed d ocumen ta t ion . T he

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a r chaeo log ica l i n te rp re ta t ion i sc omp l ica ted . S uch s ou rce s d o n o t t e l l u s e xa c t ly w ha t w e w an t t o k now i nt e rm s o f e conomy a nd , r eg iona l ly , a r e i n comp le te f o r mo re t h an a f ew a r ea s . A spec t so fs oc ia l s t ruc tu r e sa r en o t u sua l ly n o ted i n d ocumen t s t hough t h ey m ay , o cca s iona l ly , b e i n f e r r ed . T of i l lo u tt h ep i c tu re a na r chaeo log ica l a pp roach i sn eeded t oi d en t if yv a r ia t ion s i ns t ruc tu re , s c a le a nd f o rm , a l ong s ide a r tef a c tua l e v idence . Whe re t h i s i s n o t f e a s ib le , f i e ld s u rvey c an h e lp b u t , s i nce al a rge n umbe ro fs i te sn o l o nge r e x i s t , i th a s b een n ece s sa ry t o r e so r t t o e a r ly m ap s a nd p l an s . T h i s a l low s t h e w ide s t p o s s ib le c on s ide ra t ion o ft h e s amp le . F rom s uch e v idence ap roce s s o fi n terp r e ta t ion a nd d educ t ion c an b e m ade a bou t s o c ia l c on tex t a nd e conomy . A c onf l ic t b e tween t h e ' k ey -ho le ' a pp l ica t ion o f d ocumen ta ry e v idence t o s pec if i c e ven t s o r t y pe s o f d a ta

Av i s i t t ot h e r e g ion b y t h e Moa ted S i te s R e sea r ch G roup i n 1 981 l e dJ ean l eP a tou re l t oo b se rve t h a t , i nc on s ider ing t h e i n c idence o f s eve ra l moa t s w i th in a s i ng le t own sh ip , s im i la r i t ie s i nt e nu r ia l c u s tom b e tween L anca sh i r ea nd E a s t A ng l ia w ou ld b e w o r thy o f s t udy ( p e r s . c omm . ) . I nvo lvemen t i n t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e S i tes a nd Monumen t s R eco rd f o r as ma l l a r ea o f Me r sey s ide a nd t h e n eed t o p r epa re a r e po r t f o r u se b y t h e l o ca l p lann ing d epa r tmen t h ad a l ready a l lowed m e t o u nde r take s ome r e sea r ch i n to t h ep ub l i shed d ocumen ta t ion f o rt h e m ed ieva l

c o l lec ted f o r ap a r t icu la r p u rpo se a nd t h e t empo ra l a nd s pa t ia lp e r spec t ive s o fa r chaeo logy i si n ev i tab le . T he r e su l t mu s t b e ac omp rom ise ; t h i s w o rk i sp r e sen ted a ss uch a nd i t s c onc lu s ion s s hou ld b e j udged w i th in t h ese c on s t ra in t s . T he s t udy i sn o t , t h e ref o re , al o ca l h i s to ry o f ar eg ion w h ich i so n ly p a r t o ft h e c oun ty o fL anca sh i re . N o rd oe s i t p rov ide s imp le a n swe r s t oq ue s t ion s a bou t t h e r e a son s f o r t h eb u i ld ing o fc a s t le s a nd m oa ted s i t e s i na n a r ea i nw h ich s uch e nc lo su re sa r ec ommon . 2

I n t roduc t ion T he u n i t o f r e sea r ch i s t h e i d en t if iab le e a r thwo rk s i te w i th in t h e m ed ieva l h und r ed s o f We s t D e rby , N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton . T he s i t e , h oweve r , c ou ld b e r e p re sen ted i na s o -ca l led c a s t le , moa t ed h ome s tead o r ad i tched e nc lo su r e s u r round ing a d ome s t ic b u i ld ing . T he s e lec t ion o f t h i s r eg ion w a sm ade i nt h ek now ledge t h a t i tc on ta ined al a rge n umber o fs uch s i t e s w i th w h ich t h e l o ca l w r i t ten s ou r ce s m igh t b e a s soc ia t ed . T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e se d ocumen t s i s r ep re sen ted i n t r an sc r ip t ion s o f I nque s t s , R en ta l s a nd S u rvey s f o r t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd l a te r , r e co rded f o r t h e a r ea a s aw ho le a sa n a dm in i s t ra t ive u n i t o ft h e C rown o r o ft h e h ono r o fL anca s te r . S ince , i nt h e p o s t -Conque s t p e r iod , t h e a dm in i s t ra t ion o f t h e se h und red s w a s f o cu sed o n Wes tD e rby i tm igh ts e em t h a tt h em ed ieva l l a ndowne r s w i th in t h e r eg ion h e ld t h e i r e s ta te s w i th in a c ommon a dm in is t ra t ive u n i tr e ga rd le s s o ft h e i ra c tua l p o s i t ion i nt h e t e nu r ia l a nd s oc ia l h i e ra r chy . T he ref o re , i t s hou ld b e p o s s ib le t o i d en t if y t e nu r ia l s t rand s a nd a pp ly t h e se t o a r ange o ft opog raph ica la nd g eog raph ica lc r i te r ia . I tw a sn o t e xpec ted t h a t t h e m ed ieva l d ocumen t s w ou ld s upp ly s pec if ic d a ted r e f e r ence t os i te sa s soc ia ted w i th w a te r -f i l led d i tche s .

L anca s te r ( 1956 ) , h ave p roved i n va luab le i nt h e p re sen t s t udy2.

P re sen ta t ion T he t h e s i s i sp r e sen ted i nc hap te r s a r ranged i nf ou r m a in p a r t s f o l lowed b y ac a ta logue a nd a ppend ice s . T he f i r s t p a r to u t l ine st h er e g ion 's t opog raphy a nd t h ea dm in i s t ra t ive a nd p a roch ia l b a ckg round w i th in w h ich s i te s a r e f ound . T he s e cond p a r t d i scu s se s w ide r p o l i t ica l a nd c u l tu ra l c on tex t s w i th in w h ich a mo re l o ca l i sed s y s tem o f l a nd t e nu re a nd e s ta te o rgan i sa t ion b ecame e s tab l i shed . I ti s d r awn t o al a rge e x t en t f r om t h e w o rk o fh i s to r ian s w r i t ing f r om n a t iona l a nd r e g iona l p e r spec t ive s . I tb eg in s w i th a c ommen ta ry o n t h e h i s to r ica l s e t t ing a nd a r cha eo log ica l e v idence f o r t h e p e r iod l e ad ing u p t o t h e C onque s t . T he D ome sday e v idence i se xam ined f o r e v idence o f t e nu r e , e s ta te o rgan i sa t ion a nd l a nd u se a nd f o l lowed b yd i scu s s ion o n p o s t -Conque s t r e d i s t r ibu t ion o fl a nd s a nd t h e e f ec t s o f N o rman r u le o n t h e r e g ion . T he G rea t I nqu e s t o f 1 2 12 a low s e xam ina t ion o ft h e n a tu re o ft e nu r ia l s t ruc tu re s ; t h i s i sc ompa r ed b o th w i th t h e e a r l ie r e v idence a nd p ro jec ted f o rwa rd t ot h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . T he t h i rd p a r t i s as t udy o ft h e r e g ion 's e a r thwo rk s i t e s . S t a r t ing w i th t h e e v idence f o r c a s t le s , i tt h en c on s ide r s t h e moa ted s i te s a nd d i tched e nc lo su re s , t h e i r t e nu r e , t opog raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip s , m o rpho logy a nd s t ruc tu r e s . I tc onc lude s w i th c hap t e r s o n d a t ing a nd s t a tu s o f t h e s i t e s a nd t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip w i th

Mo rpho log ica l e v iden ce f o r t h e s i te s t h em se lve s i st a ken f r om t h e e a r l ie s tm ap s ou rce st h a t , i nt h em a jo r i ty o fc a se s , a r e t i the p l an s o fm id 1 9 th -cen tu ry d a te . A l though i tw a s u n l ike ly t h a tt h e se w ou ld r e p re sen tt h e w ho le c onf igu ra t ion o fd i tche s a nd p l a tf o rm s a st h ey h ad b een i nt h e m ed ieva l p e r iod , t h ey p rov ide a c on s i s tency o f a pp roach . T he t emp ta t ion t o d ev e lop t h e r e sea r ch i n to t h e e x ten t o ft h e e s ta te s w i th w h ich t h ey w e re a s soc ia ted i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry w a s r e s i s ted . N o t o n ly w ou ld t h i s r equ i re s u s ta ined t r an sc r ip t ion o f f i e ld n ame s ( wh ich , o n t h e e v idence o f s t ud ie s o f a g r icu l tu ra l h i s to r ie s , a r e s u spec ted o f b ea r ing l i t t le r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e i r m ed ieva l c oun te rpa r t s ) b u t t h e se w ou ld h ave t o b e t r aced t o t h e m ed ieva l d ocumen ta t ion . F o r t h e r eg ion a s aw ho le , t h e r e su l t i s l i ke ly t o b e v e ry u neven . T hough i tm igh t b e p o s s ib le t o r e t race t h e t e nu r ia l t h r ead s , i ti su n l ike ly t h a t s uch s ou rce s w ou ld b e c on s i s ten t i ns u rv iva l , c on ten t o r r e cogn i t ion o f t h ef i e ld n ame st h em se lve s ' .

t h e i rr e spec t ive e s ta te s . I nt h e f i na l s e c t ion t h e e v idence i s d i scu s sed w i th in aw ide r c on tex t o fB r i t i sh a nd E u ropean r e sea rch . T oa vo id d up l ica t ion , t h em a in t e x t d raw s e x ten s ive ly f r om t h e a ppend ice s a nd ac a ta logue i nw h ich t e nu r ia l d e scen t s o f e s ta te s a nd t h e e a r thwo rk s i te s a r e mo re f u l ly d ocumen ted . T he r e ade r i si n t roduced t o t h e t own sh ip s t h rough ag ene ra lp l an o ft h ea r ea ( f ig . 1 0 ) a nd p l an s o ft h e i n d iv idua l t own sh ip s i nw h ich e a r thwo rk s i te s a r e k nown a r e i n c luded i n t h e c a ta logue 3.E ach e a r thwo rk s i te i s n umbe red i n d iv idua l ly a nd i sr e f e renced i nm o r e g ene ra l d i scu s s ion s i n t h e m a in b ody o f t e x t . A s umma ry o f e v idence f o re ach s i t e a ppea r s w i th i t sr e spec t ive t own sh ip c a ta logue . T h i s i sf o l lowed w i th d e ta i led p l an s , t a ken f r om t h e e a r l ie s t a va i lab le m ap e v idence , t oge the r w i th f i e ld s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion d r aw ing s w he re a pp l icab le . E a r ly d r aw ing s o r p ho tog raph s o f s i te s a r e a l so s hown a s

T he p ub l i shed m a te r ia l h a s r eg re t tab le l a cunae f o r u nde r s tand ing t h er e g ion 's m ed ieva l l a nd u se . A l though t h e p o ten t ia lf o rs t udy o fa spec t s o fw ood land m anagemen ta nd c l ea rance a nd m o s s land s e t t lemen t a nd c u l t iva t ion i s c l ea r ly s ugge s ted , i nm any c a se s t h i s h a s n o t a t t rac ted t h e i n te re s t o f g eog raphe r s a nd h i s to r ian s w o rk ing i n t h e r eg ion . C on sequen t ly , o b se rva t ion s o n t h e d eve lopmen t o f s e t t lemen ta nd s i te s i nm a rg ina l a r ea s a r e n o t s uppo r ted b y d e ta i led r e sea r ch o n ar eg iona lb a s i s . H oweve r ,t h e w o rk o f a g r icu l tu ra l h i s to r ian s s u ch a s T y re r ( 1963 ) , Y oud ( 1962 ) a nd S haw , w ho s t ud ied t h e h i s to ry o ft h e R oya l F o re s t o f

a pp rop r ia te .

N o r se f i e ld n ame s i n A in sda le a nd R avenmeo ls i n t h e 1 2 th 13 th c en tur ie s a r e n o t f o und o n 1 9 th -c en tu ry m ap s t h ough , i nt h e a d jo in ing t own sh ip o fF o rmby , n ame s i nl a te 1 5 th -cen tu ry a nd l a te r d ocumen t s s u rv ived i nt h eo pen -f ie ld s y s tem i n1 845 ( Mo r ton 1 98 1) . S ome e a r l ie r f i e ld n ame s i nL i t t le C ro sby a nd I n c e B lunde l l c an a l so b e f o und i nt h e p o s t -med ieva lp e r iod ( Bakewe l l 1 983 ,L egge t t 1 981 ; T y r e r 1 963 ) . F i e ld n ame s i nS ef ton i n1 769 b ea r a lmo s t n o r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h o se f o rt h e m ed ieva l p e r iod ( Bakewe l l 1 983 ) ; i n t h e a d ja cen t t own sh ip o f T ho rn ton s ome f i e ld n ame s s u r v ive , w i th l i t t le c hang e , f o r o ve r 6 00 y ea r s ( Sheppa rd 1 98 1) .

2

Mo r e r e cen t s t ud ie s o f a g r icu l tu ra l h i s to r ie s o f i n d iv idua l t own sh ip s h ave b e en u nde r taken b yt h e A r cha eo log ica l S u rvey o fM e r sey s ide . O f t h e se , s t ud ie s b y B akew e l l ( 1 983 ) , L egge t t ( 1 981) , Mo r ton ( 1 98 1) a nd G lynn & Me r ed i th ( 198 1) ,N icho l son ( 1983a )a r ep a r t icu la r ly v a luab le .

3

3

S i nce n o t a l t own sh ip s h ave e a r thwo rk s i te s o f t h e t y p e u nde r d i scu s s ion t h e r ei s ,i n ev i tab ly , ag ap i nt h en ume r ica l s e quence .

I-L and scape ,g eo logy & r e source s

Chap ter 1 L and scape ,g eo logy & r e source s ( Gre s swe l l &L aw ton 1 964 , 1 4 ) . F u r the r n o r th , a tF ormby ,

We s t D e rby H und red l i e s i ns ou th w e s t L anca sh i re , w i th in t h e a r ea k nown a tt h e t ime o fD ome sday a sI n te r R ipam e t Me r sham ( f ig . 1 ) . T h i s i sg ene ra l ly af l a t l a nd scape w he r e , e xcep t i nt h e n or th e a s t , u ndu la t ion s m ak e l i t t le i mpa c t i n t h e o ve ra l l r e l ief . T he r i ve r Me r sey a nd t h e I r i sh S ea f o rm t h e s ou th a nd w e s t b ounda r ie s . T o t h e e a s t i st h e f o rme r h und red o f S a lf o rd , s epa ra ted f r om We s t D e rby b y t h e s omewha ti n s ign if ican tr i ve r sG lazeb rook a nd Mo s s B rook , a nd b y ab a r e ly d ef ined t o pog raph ica l b ounda ry , g r ea t ly o b scu r ed b yo pen -ca s tm in ing .

t h e l a ck o fb ack sho re c au se se x ten s ive e r o s ion a nd b e tween 1 906 a nd 1 964 t h e c oa s t l ine r e ceded u nde r t h e e f ec t s o f w ave a t tack b y mo re t h an 3 0 m e t re s . I nc on t ra s t , a tN o r th Meo l s w iden ing o ft h e f o r e sho r e i sd ue t ot h e p rox im i ty o f t h e R ibb le e s tua ry a nd t h e w id th o f t h e b ack sho re i s s uf i c ien t ly g r ea t t op ro tec t t h e d une s f r om a c tua l c on ta c t w i th t h e w ave s e xcep t o n r a re o cca s ion s . T h i s i s ,t h e ref o r e , a n a r ea o f a cc r e t ion w he r e e x t en s ive s a l t m a r she s a r e a n a tu ra l f e ed ing g round f o r o ve r -w in te r ing m ig ra to ry b i rd s . L eng thy s e a b ank s a r e t e s t imony t o t h e g radua l e nc lo su r e o ft h e s a l t m a r she s f o r i n ten s ive a g r icu l tu ra l p u rpo se s . T he v u lne rab i l i ty o f t h e c oa s ta l s t r ip t o b o th w ave a t ta ck a nd s and i n unda t ion i s w e l l -documen ted ( Lew i s 1 982c , 6 1-66 ) . T he r e cove ry o fc l ay t oba cco p ipe s f r om s and -f i l led p ea t c u t t ing s e a s t o f F o rmby ( Too ley , p e r s c omm ) d emon s t ra te s t h e e f ec t s o f w ind b l ow a l ong t h e c oa s ta l s t r ip i n t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod . A l te ra t ion s i n t h e a moun t s o f l a nd a s se s sed t oe s ta te s , c l a ims o fl o s s o fl a nd s a nd s e t t lemen t a nd t h e p rob lem s o f s cou r ing a nd m a in ta in ing t h e a l i mpor tan t d r a inag e d i tche s a f t e r s a nd a t tack a r e r e co rded t h roughou t t h e m ed ieva lp e r iod a nd l a te r .

R e l ief ( f ig . 2 ) T he h und r ed i sd i v ided i n to a s e r ie s o f w e l l -def ined z one s o f c oa s ta l d une s a nd m a r she s , i n land p ea t mo s se s , g en t ly u ndu la t ing c l ay a nd s andy l ow land s , s and s tone r i dge s a nd h i l ly a r ea s o f m i l l s tone g r i t s . T he se c omb ine w i th e x ten s ive s t ra ta o fc oa l m ea su re st oc r ea te a v a r ied l a nd scape , r i ch i n n a tu ra l r e sou rce s .

F ig . 1 :T he h und red o f We s tD e rby T o t h e n or th l i e s t h e h und r ed o fL ey land f r om w h ich We s t D e rby i ss e pa ra ted p a r t ly b y t h e r i ve r D oug la s a nd p a r t ly b y ab ounda ry w h ich r un s a c ro s s m o s s land a nd m e re s r e c la imed i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd l a te r . T h i s n o r the rn b ounda ry c r o s se s Ma r t in Me re , d e sc r ibed b y L e land i nt h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry a s ' t he g r ea te s t m ea r e o f L anca s t re sh i re ai i . m i le ' s i nL eng the a nd ai i . i nB red the ' ( Fa r re r 1 903 , 14 ) . A t i t s s e awa rd e nd t h e b ounda ry i s ma rked b y t h e S no t te r s tone ( O ld N o r se S no t te r = b ounda ry )a nd t h en ame H und red E nd .

T he c oa s ta l p l a in , i np lace s u p t o 1 6k m b road , l i e s b e low 8 m OD a nd i sp ro tec ted f r om t h e s e a b y ab e l t o f s a nd d une s w h ich s u rv ive s l a rge ly d ue t ot h e w eakne s s o fw ave a t tack a l ong t h e c oa s t l ine . P ro tec t ion o f t h e d une s f r om e ro s ion b yw ind a c t ion i sp rov ided b y e x ten s ive p l an t ing o f m a r ram g ra s s a nd b e l t s o fc on if e rou s w ood land . A rea s o f f o rme r c u l t iva t ion w i th in t h e d une s a r e d ef ined b y f l a t f i e ld s w i th o cca s iona l t r ace s o ff o rme r d i tche s , n ow m uch s i l ted u pw i th b lown s and . E a s t o ft h e d une s t h e c oa s ta l p l a in i sf l a t a nd f e a tu re le s s w i th o cca s iona l s t and s o f w ood land , b ounded b y d eep , w a te r -f i l led d i tche s . N a tu ra l d r a inage i sp rov ided b y t h e r i ve r A l t a nd i t s s ma l l t r ibu ta ry b rook s . D u r ing t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod , a nd u n t i l t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry , t h e r e w e r e e x ten s ive a r ea s o f s t and ing w a te r r e p resen ted i n Ma r t in Me r e i nt h en o r th t h rough as e r ie so fs ma l le r ' p oo ls ' n ea r e r

T he g r ea te s t m ean t i da l r a nge s i n t h e B r i t i sh I s le s a r e e xpe r ienced i n t h e B r is to l C hanne l a nd a l ong t h e L anca sh i r e c oa s t w he re t h e r ange e xceed s s i x m e t r e s . A t l ow w a te r i nt h e Me r sey e s tua ry mo r e t h an h a lf t h e a r ea o f 3 0 s qua re m i le s d r ie s o u t a s s and a nd m ud b ank s , b u t n a r row ing o ft h e e s tua ry a tL iverpoo l r e su l t s i np owe rf u l t i da l c ur r en t s a nd d eep s cou r ing o ft h i s p a r t o ft h e c hanne l 4

L and scape ,g eo logy & r e source s -1 t o t h e r i ve r A l t ( f ig . 3 ) . T he A l t D ra inage A c t o f 1 779 ( 19 G eo I I , C ap 3 3 ) p rov ided t h e m ean s b y w h ich w ho le sa le r e c lama t ion o f t h e p l a in w a s e f ec ted a nd t h e d eve lopmen t o f l a rge sca le a r ab le c u l t iva t ion b ecame p o s s ib le ; b u t t h e w a te r tab le r ema in sh igh a nd i np e r iod s o fw e tw ea the rt h e l a nd i ss t i l ls ub jec tt of l ood ing .

c on tou rs a t6 0m i n te rva ls

Much o ft h e s ou th -ea s t a r ea o ft h e h und red , a l ong t h e b ank s o f t h e Me r sey , i s a l so l ow ly ing a nd o ccup ied b y a r ea s o f e x ten s ive m a r she s a nd r e c la imed mo s s land s e x tend ing t oC ha t Mo s s i nt h e h und r ed o f S a lf o rd . D an ie l D ef oe ' s d e sc r ip t ion o f C ha t Mo s s , p ub l i shed i n 1 726 ( Co le 1 983 , v o l 3 , 1 38 ) p e rhap s a pp l ie s t o a l l t h e s ou th L anca sh i re mo s s land su n t i lr e la t ive ly r e cen t ly . ' T he s u r f a c e , a t ad i s tanc e , l o ok s b l a ck a nd d i r ty , a nd i si n de ed f r i gh t f u l t ot h ink o f , f o r i tw i l l b e a r n e i th e r h o r s e o rm an , u n le s s i na n e x ce ed ing d r y s e a son , a nd t h en n o t s oa st ob ep a s sab l e , o rt h a t a ny o n e s h ou ld t r av e l o ve r t h em . .t h e l a nd i s e n t i r e ly w a s t e , e x cep t . .f o r t h e p oo r c o t tag e r s f u e l ,a n dt h eq uan t i ty u s ed f o rt h a ti sv e ry s ma l l . ' T he m o s s land sw e re n o t , h oweve r , a ne n t i re ly b a r r en ig .2 : w a s te land f i t o n ly f o r e xp lo i ta t ion a s as ou rce o f F f u e l . P a s to ra l i n te rconunon ing o f c a t t le a ppea r s t o h ave b e en w ide sp read a tl e a s t i nt h e e a r ly p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod a nd a cce s s t ot h e p oo l s a nd m e re s f o r f i sh ing w a s m ade p o s s ib le b y m ean s o fc au seway s s uch a st h a t s hown o n ap l an o f D ownho l land , B a r ton a nd H a lsa l l Mo s s o f 1 557 1558 ( PRO MR2 ) . T he r e cove ry o f a tl e a s t s i x teen d ug -ou t c anoe s f r om t h e r eg ion , o fw h ich f i ve c ame f r om t h e v i c in i ty o f Ma r t in Me r e , s ugge s t s i t s v a lue i n t h e p rov i s ion o ff i sh ( Lew i s 1 982c , 1 2 13 ) . I nt h e w e s t o ft h e r eg ion , t h e c r ea t ion o f m any o f t h e t own sh ip b ounda r ie s w h ich d ef ined t h e se l ow - l y ing v i l l s wa s o f t en o f p o s t m ed ieva l d a te ( Lew is 1 982c , 1 0 11) a nd t h e s ame m ay b e t r ue f o rt h e mo s s land v i l l sf u r the re a s t .

We s tD e rby h und red s how ing r e l ief a nd d ra inage

T he mo s s land s , h oweve r , r ema ined ama jo r i mpedance t o t h e t r ave l le r a nd i n 1 698 C e l ia F i enne s e xp re s sed f e a r o f Ma r t in Me re s ay ing t ha t s he ' wa s al i t t le a f ra id t og o t h a t w ay i tb e ing v e ry h az a rdou s f o r S t range r s t o p a s s b y i t ' ( H i l laby 1 983 , 2 14 ) . B y 1 789 , w hen Ma r t in Me re w a s f i na l ly d r a ined , T homa s E cc le s ton s t a ted t h a t ' Good r oad s o ve r s ome o f t h e s of t e s t p a r t s o f t h e Mee r , f o r s eve ra l m i le s , h ave b een m ade b y m ean s o ff aggo t s , c ove red t oa c on s ide rab le t h ickne s sw i th s and ' ( Fa r re r 1 903 , 1 2 1) . A l though t h e n ew s ea b ank s h ad p roved s ucce s sf u l , E cc le s ton ' s i n i t ia l a t temp t s t oi n t roduce a r ab le c r op s f a i led d ue t of l ood ing f r om t h e r i ve r D oug la s a nd t h e L eed s a nd L ive rpoo l c ana l . C on sequen t ly , h e h ad t u rned t o t h e p roduc t ion o f g ra s s a nd r a pe a s a n ima l f odde r a nd f l ax g row ing .H ec l a imed t h a th o r se sg razed w e l lo nt h e ' n a tu ra l c oa r se g ra s s a nd w eed s o n t h e s of t e s t l a nd s ' b u t a l though l amb s f l ou r ished w h i l s tw i th t h e e we , t h e e we s t h em se lve s a nd o l de rs heep a nd b l ack c a t t led id n o tt h r ive ( Fa r re r 1 903 , 1 2 1-122 ) .

s i nce a tl e a s tt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry w hen t h e P remon s t ra ten s ian monk so fC ocke r sand A bbey a nd t h e Augu s t in ian c anon sa t B u r scough P r io ry a cqu i r ed l a nd i nt h e r eg ion ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 ; Webb e d . 1 970 ) . I nt h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry t h e monk s o f Me reva le , w ho h e ld t h e v i l l o fA l tca r , g r azed t h e i r o n t h e ma r sh land s a t t h e mou th o f t h e r i ve r A l t ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 23 ) . L and g ran t s o ft h e p er iod a l so i n d ica te t h a t a r ab le f ann ing w a s p rac t i sed ( Lew is 1 982c , 8 6 ) b u t t h i s w a s p robab ly r e s t r ic ted t ot h e s l igh t ly b e t te r d r a ined a r ea so nt h e mo s s land f r inge s . T he l im i t s o f t h e mo s s land s a r e d ef ined b y t h e 1 5m c on tou r . F rom h e r et h e l a nd scape b ecome s u ndu la t ing w i th l ow , b ou lde r c l ay r i dge s s epa ra ted b y mo s s land s a nd w ide , s ha l low v a l ley s d ra ined b y s l ugg i sh s t r eam s . D ocumen ta ry e v idence i n d ica te st h a tt h ev i l l sb o rder ing t h e f r inge so ft h e c oa s ta l mo s s land s a nd e l sewhe re w e re e x ten s ive ly w ooded i n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod a nd m any l a nd g r an t s m ade r e f e rence t ow ood land c l ea rance a nd p annag e( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 , 2 4 -27 ; C owe l l 1 982 , 3 4 ; F a r re r e d . 1 900 p a s s im ; L ew i s 1 982c , 1 314 , 8 7 ; Webb e d . 1 970 ) . A n on -ana ly t ica l a t temp t t os how t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fw ood land p l ace -name s s u ch a s ' c ough ' , ' h u r s t ' a nd ` s haw ' , a nd c l ea rance n ame s s u ch a s ' g reen ' , ' l ey ' a nd ' p ee l" a ppea r s t o e ndo r se t h i s IP ee l =pa lu s( h ence p a l i sade )( Ne i l son , 1 893 ) ; =p a l i saded e nc lo su r e( Chambe r s2 0 th C en tu ry D ic t iona ry 1 983 ) ; = as t ockade ; as t ockaded o rp a l i saded ( a nd moa ted ) e nc lo su r e ( Sho r te r O xf o rd E ng l i sh D ic t iona ry o nH i s to r ica l P r inc ip le sv o lI ) ; =ap a l i sade ; ap a l i saded e nc lo su r e( Ekwa l l 1 922 ,4 3 ) . T he w o rd i sf o und i n m any p a r t s o f We s t D e rby , a nd f r equen t ly i n c on junc t ion w i th a m oa ted s i t e , b u t t h e re i s as uf i c ien t n umbe r o f u nmoa ted e xamp le s t o s ugge s t t h a t i t s u s e w a s n o t d e sc r ip t ive o f a nd c e r ta in ly n o t c onc lu s ive e v idence f o r , m oa t ing . T he e v idence f o r am oa t a tP e e l F a rm , Maghu l l ( 106 ) i sf a r f r om s e cu r e t h ough ap a l isaded a r ea w i th in t h e w ood land i sh i gh ly l i k e ly . T he n ame P ee l H ough i sf o und i n B o ld , P e e l C rof ti nL yd ia t e , aP e e l f i e ld n ame a tR idga te i nT a rbock a nd i nH a lewood w he r et h e r e i sc onv inc ing e v idence f o re x ten s ive w ood land . S im i la r ly , w e k now o fw ood land i nH aydo ck w he r e P e e l Meadow a nd P e e l C rof t a r e f o und i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , b o th a s soc ia t ed w i th m oa ted

S heep f a rm ing a nd h o r se r a i s ing i nt h e d une a nd mo s s land a r ea s h ad b een i mpor tan t e l emen t s i nt h e l o ca l e conomy 5

1-L and scape ,g eo log y &r e source s v i ew ( f ig . 4 ) . T he r e i se v idence i na l lt h e se l ow ly ing a r ea s f o r a r ab le c u l t iva t ion i n b o th o pen f i e ld s a nd c l o se s o r c rof t s ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 , 2 6 -27 ; C owe l l 1 982 , 2 2 -26 ; L ew i s 1 982c , 8 4 -87 ) a nd , t h roughou t t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod a nd l a te r , t h e mo s s land f r inge s w e re s ub jec t t o a s sa r t a nd e nc lo su re b yd i tche s .

t h i sp a r to ft h er e g ion t h e r e a ppea r st ob ea no ve ra l l l a ck o f e v idence f o r o pen f i e ld s a nd a s sa r t a nd e a r ly e nc lo su re s e em st ob e i n d ica ted . T he s ou th -we s t c o rne r o f t h e h und r ed i so ccup ied b y a s and s tone r i dge w h ich r e ache s am ax imum o f h e igh t o f 7 5m a nd r un s n or thwa rd s f r om t h e Me r sey t e rm ina t ing a sf a ra st h e R im ro se B rook . T he r i dge i sn ow l a rge ly o ccup ied b y t h e c i ty o f L ive rpoo l a nd i t ss ubu rb s .

S o l id g eo logy ( f ig . 5 ) T he s o l id g eo logy o f t h e w e s t a nd s ou th o f t h e h und r ed c on s i s t s o f T r ia s s ic s a nd s tone s o f t h e K eupe r a nd B un te r s e r ie s , n ow k nown c o l lec t ive ly a s t h e S herwood S and s tone G roup , a nd K eupe r Ma r l s , n ow r e f e r red t o a s t h e Me rc ia Mud s tone G roup . T he se o u tc rop a bove t h e 1 5m c on tou r a nd , o cca s iona l ly , b e low i ti n t h e a r ea o f t h e c oa s ta l p la in . A l though t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e s a nd s tone i sv a r ied i t s u se a s ab u i ld ing ma ter ia l i ss e en t h roughou t t h e r eg ion d u r ing t h e m ed ieva l p er iod a nd l a te r . A r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion h a s p rov ided e v idence i nt h em ed ieva lp e r iod f o ri t su s e , a tl e a s tf o rd wa rf w a l l s . A t t h e moa ted s i te s o f B ew sey O ld H a l l , B u r tonwood ( 4 ) , O ld H u t t , H a lewood ( 65 ) , the w a l l s p robab ly c a r r ied t imbe r s upe r s t ruc tu re s . S im i la r e v idence i ss e en i n 1 6 th -cen tu ry a nd l a te r t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing s s u ch a s S peke H a l l ( 85 ) , R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm ( 77 ) a nd L yd ia te H a l l ( 48 ) . F rom a tl e a s t t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , t h e s and s tone h a s b een u sed f o r c omp le te b u i ld ing s s uch a s R a inh i l l Mano r F a rm ( 78 ) a nd H a lsa l l R ec to ry ( 27 ) , w h ich w a s p robab ly b u i l t i nt h e l a t e 1 4 th o r e a r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry , may h ave b een c omp le te ly o f s t one . B y t h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e 1 7 th -cen tu ry s a nd s tone d e ta i l s w e r e u s ed i n c on junc t ion w i th b r ick a tB ew sey O ld H a l l a nd R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm . A t t h e l a t te r t h e t imbe r w a l l s w e re r e p la ced w i th b r ick a nd s t one -mu l l ioned w indow sw e re i n t rodu ced .

F ig .3 :T he e x ten to f mo s s land sa nd r i ve rs i l t s I nt h e n o r th -ea s t o ft h e r e g ion as e r ie s o fr i dge s , o ve r ly ing c oa l m ea su re s a nd m i l l s tone g r i t s a ch ieve a m ax imum h e igh t o f 1 79m b eyond w h ich t h ey f a l l i n to t h e v a l ley o f t h e r i ve r D oug la s w h ich s epa ra te s t h e h und red o f We s t D e rby f r om t h a t o f S a lf o rd . T he d ocumen ta ry r e co rd i nd ica te s t h a t , a tt h e t ime o ft h e C onque s t i fn o t l a te r , t h i s a r ea w a s e x ten s ive ly w ooded ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 , 2 3 -24 ; T e r re t t 1 962 )t h ough t h eV i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e t e rm sf ore s ta a nd s i lva d emand s c au t ion i ni n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e a c tua l e x ten t o f l a nd w h ich c a r r ied t imbe r . None the le s s , f r equen t r e f e rence i n mona s t ic g r an t s t on amed w ood s a nd r i gh t s o f t e nan t s t o o ak m a s t f o r t h e i r p ig s p e rm i t s ad eg ree o f c er ta in ty i n t h e a s sump t ion t h a t s ub s tan t ia l t r ac t s o f wood land s u rv ived u n t i l a tl e a s t t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry . I n

Much o ft h e s t one f ound i nt h e w e s t o ft h e a r ea , s uch a s t ha t f r om t h e s ma l l q ua r r ie s i nL yd ia te , A l tca r a nd B a r ton , i st o o c l o se ly l am ina ted o rt oo s of tt ob eo fg ene ra l u s e . A s ar e su l t i t s g r ea te s t v a lue a ppea r s t o h ave b een i n t h e p rov i s ion o f r oo f ing f l ag s . A t S peke H a l l s and s tone w a s u sed a s ar oof ing ma te r ia l f o r ab u i ld ing d emo l ished b ef o re t h e m id 16 th c en tu ry , t hough s l a te , p e rhap s f r om Wa le s , h ad b een u sed o n a n e ven e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re . A t I n ce B lunde l l p a rk s and s tone q ua r r ied f r om a n o u t c rop w a s , p e rhap s , u sed i nt h ec on s t ruc t ion o f af o l ly t owe ri nt h e l a te 1 8 th c en tu ry ( Hu s sey 1 958 , 8 76 , f i g . 1 ) , b u t s t one f r om Me l l ing w a s u s ed w hen t h e p o r t ico a tI n ce B lunde l l H a l l w a sb u i l t i n1 802 1803 ( Lanc s RO DD In 5 3 / 114 ) . A tL i t t le C ro sby t h e q ua r ry a ppea r s t o h ave s upp l ied t h e n eed s o f

e nc lo su r e s ( 14 , 7 3 ) . T hough P ee l H ough n ea r F u r the r Mea r H ey ( 1 17 ) i n B o ld , h a s ap o s s ib le a s soc ia t ion w i th moa t ing , n o m oa t h a s b e en i d en t if ied a t e i the r P e e l C rof t , L yd ia te , o r t h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry m e s suag e c a l led P e e l , w i th l a nd s c a l led P ee lf ie ld , i nH a lewood . T he T a rbo ck P e e l f i e ld i sa s soc ia ted w i th am ed ieva l e s ta te a tR idga te a nd i t s p rox im i ty t o P r io ry F a rm s ugge s t s am ona s t ic l i nk , p robab ly w i th B u r scough P r io ry ; b u t n o m oa t h a s b een i d en t if ied . P ee l H a l l a tA s t ley l i e s a d ja cen t t oa n a ppa ren t a r ea o f mo s s land a nd P e e lwood F a rm i nT y lde s ley i s , p e rhap s , s e lf -exp lana to ry . I ns u ch ac on tex t , i ts e em s r e a sonab le t o i n te rp r e t t h e w o rd a si n d ica t ive o fe nc lo su r e , p o s s ib ly f o rs t ock , a nd t os uppo se t h a t i t r e p r e sen t s c l ea ranc e o fw ood land o r m a rg ina l l a nd s . A t t h e s ame t ime , P ee l u s ed i n c on junc t ion w i th k nown e v idence f o r m oa t ed s i te s i s , p e rhap s , b e s t s e en a l ong s ide t h e d ocumen ta ry e v idence f o r f o s se p a lud i l es w h ich a pp ea r s i nt h e 1 5 th -c en tu ry s u rvey o ft h e L egh e s ta t e s ( Boo th , H a r rop e t a l , i n p r epa ra t ion ) . O f t h e se , t h e m o s t c onv inc ing a s soc ia t ion c ome s f r om t h e P e le , G r ea t S ankey ( 1 13 ) a nd P i e le H a l l , H aydock ( 73 )b o th o fw h ich h ad p a l i saded d i tche s i n1 466 .

t h a tt own sh ip u n t i l t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry a nd a t Much Woo l ton , am ed ieva l t own sh ip n ow a s ubu rb o f L ive rpoo l , t h e s and s tone q ua r ry h a s p rov ided h i gh q ua l i ty s t one u sed i n t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e r e cen t ly -comp le ted A ng l ican C a thed ra l i nL ive rpoo l . F u r the r e a s t , t h e s o l id g eo logy c omp r i se s t h e U ppe r C a rbon if e rou s C oa l Mea su re s S e r ie s w h ich i s f ound i n 6

L and scape ,g eo logy & r e source s -1 c on junc t ion w i th M i l l s tone G r i t . T he l a t t e rh a sb een e xp lo i t ed f o rt h e p rov i s ion o fs ma l l b u i ld ing s t one s o fw h ich m any l o ca l h ou se s a r e c on s t ruc ted i nt h e mo r eh i l ly a r ea so fD a l ton , S ke lme r sda le , U pho l land a nd B i l l inge . B i r ch ley H a l l i n B i l l inge ( 8 ) i s a p a r t icu la r ly o u t s tand ing e xamp le t hough i t d a te s f r om t h e e nd o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . I nU pho l land t h e re i si n c r ea s ing e v idence t h a t t h e u se o f s t one a s a b u i ld ing m a te r ia l d id n o t b ecome w ide sp r ead u n t i l t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod ( Coney , p e r s c omm ) . E v id ence f o r s t one e x t rac t ion c an b e s e en o n t h e n o r th e nd o f B i l l inge H i l l w he re r i dge s o f u pca s t w a s t e a r e n ow h eav i ly o ve rg rown . M i l l s tone s w e re s upp l ied f r om t h e s ame s ou rce , t hough i nt h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry N icho la s B lunde l l o f L i t t le C ro sby b ough t m i l l s tone s i n Wh i t t le le - Wood s , i nL ey land h und red , f o r u s e a th i s w indm i l l ( Ty re r 1 970 , 1 01) . R owyn ( ?R iv ing ton P ike i n L ey land h und r ed ) h ad s upp l ied m i l l s tone s t o t h e d eme sne l a nd s o f We s t D e rby i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry ( Fa r re re d . 1 915 , 7 8 ) . C oa l m ea su r e s l i e n ea r t h e s u r f ace a nd h ave b een e xp lo i t ed f o ro penca s t e x t ra c t ion i nt own sh ip s , s uch a s Wh i s ton , s i nce a t l e a s t t h e e a r ly 1 6 th c en tu ry ( C leave r 1 982 , 5 9 ) , t hough c oa l e x t ra c t ion i n v i i in ame sw i th w ood L v i i in ame sw i th l e y We s t le igh m ay h ave o ccu r red a se a r ly a s 1 4311432 c c g r e en n ame s ough s uf f ix ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 23 ) . I n1 429 R ober t h h l e y( m ino rn ame s ) ur s tn ame s S hak e r ley a nd h i s s on , G eof f r ey , w e re i n d ic ted b y p p ee l s haw m ino rn ame s ) H ugh T y lde s ley f o r d igg ing i nh i s s o i l i nT y lde s ley w wood ( a nd t a k ing a way s e a c oa l ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . ig . 4 :P lace n ame si n d ica t ive o fw ood land o ra r ea so fc l ea rance 4 44 , n 9 ) . A lmo s t c er ta in ly t h ey c an b e i d en t if ied F w i th t h e S hak e r ley f am i ly w ho h e ld l a nd i n B u r tonwood ( Lew i s 1 987c ) , T anne r ' s F a rm , C u lche th ( 89 ) T y ld e s ley f r om C ocke r sand A bbey i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry a nd , ( F r eke 1 984 ) , Wr igh t ' s Moa t ( 98 ) a nd t h e O ld H u t t , p robab ly , l i ved a tt h e moa ted s i te o f S hake r ley O ld H a l l H a lewood ( Med A rch 1 96 1 ; Wra t lune l l , 1 992 ) h ave ( 1 10 ) . I nt h ee a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry t h ek i ng g ran ted l i cence st o p roduced l o ca l ma ter ia lo fm ed ieva l d a te b u tt h e s ou r ce so f t h e E a r l o f D e rby t o s ea rch f o r a nd d i g c oa l s a nd s l a te m anuf ac tu re a nd s upp ly a r e , a sy e t , u n loca ted . E xcava t ion s s t one s o nh i s ( t he k i ng ' s l a nd s ) i nD a l ton ( Lanc s RO DDK ( s umme r 1 990 ) i nR oby p roduced c e ram ic e v idence w h ich 9 / 1) . I nB i l l ing et h e re a r e e x ten s ive s and s tone q ua r r ie s a nd a ppea r st oi n d ica te s e t t lemen t i nt h i s 1 4 th -cen tu ry b o rough ' o ne o rt wo u n impor tan t ' c oa l m ine s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l ( Ph i lpo t t , p e r s c omm ) . L a t e m ed ieva l p o t te ry k i ln d eb r i s e d s . 1 907 , 8 3 ) a nd i n 1 751 B i shop P ococke d e sc r ibed t h e h a s a l so b een r e cove red f r om e xcava t ion s i nt h e t own o f m e thod s o fc oa l e x t rac t ion i nt h e W igan a r ea ( Ca r tw r igh t P re sco t , t hough t h e p rodu c t ion s i t e o r s i te s h ave n o t b een e d . 1 888 , 2 06 ) . A bandoned c oa l q ua r r ie s , o r d e lf s a st h ey l o ca ted ( Davey 1 989 ; H o lga t e 1 989 ; P h i lpo t t & D avey a r e k nown l o ca l ly , a r e af e a tu r e o f t h e mo re e l eva ted 1 984 ; 1 989 ) . l a nd scape i n t h e s ou th a nd e a s t o f t h e h und red ; i n t own sh ip s s uch a s Ab ram , I n ce in -Make rf ie ld , P enn ing ton I n t h e P r e sco t a r ea c l ay e x t ra c t ion f o r mak ing b r ick w a s a nd T y lde s ley , t h e ef ec t s o f m in ing s ub s idence h ave t a k ing p l a ce b y t h e e nd o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( Ph i lpo t t , p e r s r e su l t ed i nv a s tl a ke sk nown l o ca l ly a s' F la she s ' . c omm ) a nd i n 1 609 a n u n id en t if ied q uan t i ty o f u nbu rn t b r ick w a s r e co rded a t L yd ia te H a l l ( Lanc s RO WC W

D r if tg eo logy ( f ig . 6 )

L au rence I r e land 1 609 ) . A sa l r eady n o ted a bove , b r ick w a s u sed i nc on junc t ion w i th s a nd s tone d r e s s ing s , p robab ly a sa r e p lacemen tf o rt imbe rf r am ing , b u ta sl a te a s 1 751 B i shop P ococke ' s o b se rva t ion t h a t O rm sk i rk w a s ' we l l b u i l t , m o s t ly o fb r ick ' ( Ca r tw r igh te d . 1 888 , 2 07 ) s ugge s t st h a ta t

B ou ld e rc l ay F o l low ing t h e r e t rea t o ft h e i c e s hee t a tt h e e nd o ft h e l a s t g l ac ia t ion a lmo s tt h ee n t i re a r ea w a sc ove r ed w i th ab l anke t o fb ou lde rc l ay w h ich v a r ie si nt h ickne s sa nd t e x tu re b u t , i n g ene r a l , b ecome s mo re s andy t owa rd s t h e s ou th o f t h e h und r ed .

l e a s tp a r to ft h et own s t i l lc on ta ined t imbe rb u i ld ing s , s ome o fw h ich m ay h ave b een i ne x i s tence s i nce a tl e a s tt h ee a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry ( PRO MR4 ; s ee f i g . 1 4 ) .

C lay d i gg ing b y t h e t e nan t s a tw i l l i nK now s ley P a rk f o r t h em anuf a c tu r eo fp o t te ry w a s r e co rded i n1 523 ( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 6 1 n 4 ) . T h i s i s t h e e a r l ie s t d ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence t o p o t te ry p roduc t ion i nt h e a r ea . A r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion s a t We s t D e rby c a s t le ( 132 ) ( D roop & L a rk in 1 928 ;D avey e d . 1 977 , 6 8 -69 ; P h i lpo t t , i n p r epa ra t ion )a nd o n moa ted s i te s s u ch a sB ew sey O ld H a l l ,

A l luv ia ls and sa nd g rave l sa nd s i l t s T he m o ra in ic s u rf ace i sg en t ly u ndu la t ing b u t d efm i te f o rm . T h roughou t t h e r e g ion t h e re a r e l e n t icu la r d epo s i t s o fw a te r la in s a nd s a nd g rave l s f r om i n te rm i t ten t d ecay o ft h e i c e a nd o cca s iona l a dvance s( G re s swe l l &L aw ton 1 964 , 8 10 ) . 7

w i th n o s po rad ic r e su l t ing s ma l l r e -

1-L and scape ,g eo logy & r e source s g l a s s h ou se a t B icke r s taf f e i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( Hu r s t V o se , 1 992 ) . B i shop P ococke n o ted ' g la s s -hou se s ' a t P re sco t i n 1 751 ( Ca r tw r igh t e d . 1 888 , 2 08 ) a nd a t Wa r r ing ton , s ome 3 0 y ea r s l a te r , t h e L a R ochef oucau ld b ro the r s w e re i n t r igued b y t h e p roduc t ion p roce s se s i n vo lv ed i n t h e manuf ac tu re o f d r ink ing g l a s se s w i th s p i ra l d eco ra t ion i nt h es t em s( Sca rf e 1 995 , 8 3 ) .

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T he u neven d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e b ou lde r c l ay h a s b een t h e c h ief c au se o ft h e o ccu r r ence o f an umbe ro fs ha l low , b u t o f t en e x ten s ive , i l d ra ined h o l low s . I n f low ing d r a inage r e su l ted i n t h e g row th o f d en se v eg e ta t ion w h ich u l t ima te ly l e d t ot h e d eve lopmen t o fa r ea s o f r a i sed b og , k nown l o ca l ly a s m o s s , s u ch a s t h o se i n t h e B icke r s taf f e , S imon swood a nd K i rkby Mo s s b a s in a nd i n t h e a r ea s s u r round i ng t h e t own o f S t . H e len s . T he e x ten s ive mo s s land se a s to ft h e c oa s ta ld une s a nd i nt h e a r ea o f Ma r t in Me r e h ave a l ready b een n o ted . Many t own sh ip s a r e b o rde r ed b y f i e ld s w ho se n ame s b ea r w i tne s s t o e a r l ie r mo s s land s . T he se , a ccompan ied b y l o ng , s t ra igh t f i e ld a nd t own sh ip b ounda r ie s , i n d ica te t h e l a nd s .

F ig .5 :S o l id g eo logy ( ba sed o n S hack le ton 1 953 ,2 0 ) A long t h e c oa s t i ti sa s sumed t h a t t h e t i da l r a nge h a s r ema ined mo re o r l e s s c on s tan t d u r ing t h e p o s t -g lac ia l

l o ca t ion o f f o rme r m a rg ina l

D ocumen ta ry s ou rce s s how t h a t m any l e a se s i n c luded t h e

p e r iod . H oweve r , c hange s i n t h e I r i sh S ea c oa s t l ine o f We s tD e rby d u r ing s t ag e s o fr e s to ra t ion o ft h e s e a l e ve l i n t h e F land r ian p e r iod h ave r e su l ted i n a tl e a s t f ou r m a jo r m ar ine t r an sg r e s s ion s o f v a ry ing d eg ree a nd a f i f th h a s b een i n f e r r ed ( Too ley 1 978 ) . A l l h ave i n f luenced t h e d r if t g eo logy o f t h e c oa s ta l s t r ip w e s t o f t h e 1 5m . c on tou r . I s o s ta t ic r e cove ry l e d t o am a r ine r eg re s s ion , l e av ing i ni t s w ake e x ten s ive d epo s i t s o fD ownho l land S i l t w h ich v a r ie s f r om a b lu i sh -g rey n on -ca lca reou s s i l ty c l ay t o ag r ey c a lca reou s s and ( Ha l l & F o l land 1 970 , 1 ) . I n t h e a r ea b e tween F o rmby , I n ce B lunde l l a nd A l tca r( H i l l H ou se )t h e p re sen t s u rf ace i sa l luv ium w h ich i sp robab ly a d e l ta ic d epo s i t c o inc iden t w i th t h i s p e r iod ( G re s swe l l & L aw ton 1 964 , 1 2 ) . A l luv ia ld epo s i t sa r e a l so f ound a l ong t h eb ank s o f t h e Me r sey a nd a l ong m any o f t h e r i ve r v a l ley s t h roughou tt h er e g ion .

r i gh t s o ft u rba ry a nd , a f t e r t h e t u rf h ad b een r emoved , t h e ' af t e r g round ' w a s f r equen t ly e nc lo sed a nd i mp roved b y t h e o wne r s ( Youd 1 958 u npub ) . T he m o s s land s w e r e a l so u sed e x ten s ive ly f o ri n te r -common ing a nd t h e l a ck o fw e l l d ef ined t own sh ip b ound s l e d t o m any d i spu te s . T he p e rmanen te s tab l i shmen to fb ounda r ie s w a s , i ns ome c a se s , n o t r e so lved u n t i l t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry o r e ven l a te r ( Lew i s 1 982c , 1 0 11) . S o i ls ( f ig . 7 ) Av a r ie ty o fs o i l s w a s d er ived f r om a nd d eve loped o n t h e u nde r ly ing m a te r ia l s . Mapp ing o ft h e s o i ls f o r t h e c oun ty h a s b een u nde r taken a nd t h ey h ave b een d e sc r ibed ( Ha l l & F o l land 1 970 ) . B u t l a rge sca le m ap s a r e a va i lab le o n ly f o r t h e c oa s ta l a r ea a nd t h e c oun ty m ap p ub l i shed i n 1 970 i s t oo g ene ra l i sed t o g i ve p rec i se d e ta i l f o r t h e s o i l s a t s pec if ic l o ca t ion s . L and w h ich l i e sb enea th t h em a jo ru rban

S h i rd ley H i l lS and

c onu rba t ion s i su nmapped . S o i l A s soc ia t ion s r e levan t t o t h e r e g ion a r e d e sc r ibed b r ief ly i n T ab le 1 a nd , w he r e f ound i na s soc ia t ion w i th med ieva l e a r thwo rk s i t e s , mo r e

T he d rop i ns ea l e ve l a l so l e dt ot h e e xpo su r eo fl a rge a r ea s o f s and , k nown l o ca l ly a s S h i rd ley H i l l S and , w h ich w a s s ub sequen t ly b l own o ve r much o ft h e b ou lde r c l ay a s f a r e a s t a s S ke lme r sda le . H e re t h e d epo s i t s a r e t h in t h ey h ave b een p loughed i n to t h e b ou lde r c l ay b enea th , p roduc ing a s o i l w i th h igh a g r icu l tu ra l p o ten t ia l . D eepe r d epo s i t s , o ve r 1 m i nt h ickne s s a nd w i th a l ow i r on c on ten t , h ave b een e xp lo i ted f o rt h eg l a s si n du s t ry ( G re s swe l l &L aw ton 1 964 , 1 0 ) . Af t e r r emova l o ft h e t op so i l t h e w h i te S h i rd ley H i l l S and i se x t rac ted , b r ing ing t h e u nde r ly ing t i l l c l o se rt ot h e s u r f a ce a nd t h e t o p so i l i sr ep laced ( Ha l l & F o l land 1 970 , 17 ) . T h i s h a s r e su l ted i n .a n a r t if ic ia l l a nd s u r f a ce f r om w h ich a ny a r cha eo log ica l e v idence f o r s ma l l s e t t lem en t s a nd c u l t iva t ion o n t h e se l i gh t s o i l s h a s b een e i the r e x ten s ive ly d i s tu rbed o r e n t i re ly d e s t royed . T he re w a s a

f u l ly i nA ppend ix X I I I . S o i l s o ft h e S a lop A s soc ia t ion a r e f ound e x ten s ive ly i nt h e s ou th o ft h e r eg ion i nt h e t own sh ip s s ou th o f al i ne d rawn f r om L ive rpoo lt oW igan , w i th s ma l lp ocke t sa l ong t h e l ow r i dge w h ich r un s s ou thwa rd s f r om H a l sa l l . L e s s e x t en s ive a r et h eC l ive a nd S a lw ick A s soc ia t ion s o i ls , w h ich a r e a l so f ound i nt h es ou th . T he S o l lom a nd A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion s o i l s a r e f ound i nt h e n or th a nd t h e a luv ia l s o i l s o f t h e D ownho l land A s soc ia t ion o ccu r a l ong t h e b ank s o f t h e Me r sey a nd a l ong t h e v a l ley s o ft h er i ve r s A l ta nd D oug la s a nd t h e r i ve r s w h ich d ra in i n to t h em , t h e D i t ton B rook a nd G lazeb rook . 8

L and scape ,g eo logy & r e source s -1

r i blown sand

T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e f i e ld s i nt h e a r ea s c ove r ed b y t h e S a lw ick a nd S a lop A s soc ia t ion s c on ta in d i su sed m a r l p i t s w h ich t e s t if y t o t h e s i gn if ican t r o le o fm a r l i nt h e d eve lopmen t o fa g r icu l tu re i n t h e se d i s t r ic t s ( Ha l l &F o l land 1 970 , 9 0 ) . B u t t h e d ocumen ta ry e v idence f o r ma r l ing i nL i t t le C ro sby s how s t h a t e x t ra c t ion a l so o ccu r r ed i n a r ea s c ove red w i th s o i l s o ft h e A s t ley H a l l A s soc ia t ion . Wr i t ing i n1 795 ,H o l td e scr ibed t h ep roce s s 2.

M E p ea t

r -1 a luv ium S h i r c l ley H i l lS and g l ac igen ic E M 1 T r iass ic C a rbon i ferous

' Ma r ie i st h e g r ea ta r t ic le o ff e r t i l isa t ion , a nd t h e f ounda t ion o f t h e i mp rovemen t s i n t h e a g r icu l tu r e o f t h i s c oun ty ; a nd t h i s e a r th , o r f o s s i l , i sf o r tuna te ly w an t ing b u t i n f ew p l a ce s . T he re a r es e ve ra l k i nd so ft h i s a r t ic le , v a luab le i n p ropor t ion t ot h e i n t r in s ic q ua l i ty o fe a ch , o rt h e c a lca r eou sm a t t e rw h ich i tc on ta in s , o rt h en a tu re o ft h e s o i l t ow h ich i ti sa pp l ied . T o t h e s t if c l ay l a nd s , t h eb l ue o rr e dd i sh s l a te m a r le , f u l l o f c a lca r eou s e a r th , i s mo r e b enef ic ia l ; b u t t o t h e l i gh t l a nd s , t h e s t rong c l ay ma r le i sm o re g en ia l . T hu sn o to n ly ac a lca r eou s s t imu lu s i sg i ven , b u t a dd i t iona l m a t t e r i s a f o rded , t o c o r r ec t t h e n a tu re o ft h es o i ls ,b yl o o sen ing t h et e x tu re o ft h e o ne , o r g i v ing a dhe rence t o t h e p a r t ic le s o ft h e o t he r , b u t t h e o ppos i te q ua l i t ie s o ft h e d if e r en t F ig . 6 :D r if tg eo logy ( ba sed o n W i l son , B a teman & C a t t 1 981 , f i g . 1 ) mu le s a pp l ied . B a r r en s and l a nd s , a nd p oo r h ea th s , i nt h e s ou th o ft h i s c oun ty , h ave b een , u nde r t h e s i gn if i cance o fs o i l t ype s a nd t h e b enef i c ia l u se o fm a r l ing e f e c t s o f m a r le , r e nde red p roduc t ive , b u t t h i s h a s b een i n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod a nd t o r e la te s uch u se t o e s ta te s d one a tn os ma l le xpen se ' ( 1795 , 11) . a s soc ia ted w i th moa ted s i te s .

H o l t a l so r e co rded t h e r e commenda t ion s o f' a n i n te l l igen t L anca sh i r e f a rme r ' w ho s a id t h a t t h e r e w a s r oom f o r i mp rovemen ti nt h e e x t ra c t ion o fm a r l . H e c omp la ined t ha t t hou sand s o fa c r e sh ad b een w a s ted b ym a r l e x t rac t ion a nd p ropo sed t h a t ap i t s hou ld n o t b e d ug u n le s s i tc ou ld b e ' l a id d ry ' , s ome th ing w h ich h e b e l ieved w ou ld b e p o s s ib le i n' t h ree f ou r th p a r t s o ft h e c oun ty ' . Ad r a in s hou ld b e c u t t o e xpo se t h e m a r l a nd t h e ' u se le s s ' c l ay f r om t h e t op w h ich , h e s a id , w a s e xce l len t f o r b r ick -mak ing , s hou ld b e r emoved . When ' s tone s a r e n o t t ob e h ad , ac oa r se r k ind ( no t p ay ing d u ty ) m igh t b e made t oa n sw e rt h e p u rpo se o f d ra in ing a t av e ry t r i f l ing e xpen se , i fn o th ing b u t s un d r ied ' . B y s u ch m ean s , i ta ppea r s , t h e p i t s w ou ld n o t f l ood a nd t h e f a rme r c ou ld e x t rac t ma r l a ta ny t ime o ft h e y ea r ( Ho l t 1 795 , 15 116 ) .

I t i s a ga in s t t h i s l a nd scape o f l ow ly ing p la in s a nd u ndu la t ing h i l l s , s andy d une s a nd p ea ty mo s s land s , i n du s t r ia l e xp lo i ta t ion a nd a g r icu l tu ra l i mp rovemen t t h a t t h e h i s to r ica l , mo rpho log ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f o rt h e c r ea t ion o f moa ted s i t e s a nd d i tched e nc lo su re s c an n ow b ec on s ide red .

C lea r ly , m a r l w a s a n i mpo r tan t r e sou rce i n t h e d eve lopmen to fa g r icu l tu re a nd d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s s how i t s u se i nb o th L anca sh i r e a nd C he sh i re f r om a tl e a s t t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry ( E l l io t t 1 973 , 6 0 ) . A s w i l l b e s e en l a te r ( chap te r 1 4 ) , a n a t temp t h a s b een m ad e t o c on s ide r t h e 2I n

1 780 t h e c o s t o f6 4 y a rd s3 ( c 58m 3)o fm a r l o n B oo t le Ma r sh , n ea r L ive rpoo l w a s 1 0 s t ow h ich t h e c o s t o fs p r ead ing ( 2 s 2 d ) a nd c a r t ing o ve r ad i s tanc eo f6 0 r od s ( c 302m ) w a s £ 1 9 s . I tw a s t h e c u s tom t ol a y b e twe en t h re e a nd s e ven r o od so fm a r l , e a ch o f6 4 y a rd s 3,p e r2 a c 1 81 2 / p e rche s s t a tu t em ea su r e a cco rd ing t ot h e q ua l i ty o ft h e m a r l a nd s o i l t o b ei mp roved , aq uan t i ty w h ich ' a dd s n ea r ly h a lf a n i n ch t ot h es t ap le o f t h e s o i l t o as t a tu t e a c r e o fl a nd ' ( Ho l t 1 795 , 16n , 19 , 1 2 1) . T hu s , b e twe en 1 74m 34 06m 3 w ou ld b e r e qu i r ed t oc ov e r s u ch a n a r ea . A t a c o s to fj u s to ve r£ 2 t oe x t ra c t , c a r t a nd s p read a5 8m 3 l o ad t o ad i s tanc e o fj u s t o ve r 3 00m i tc an b e e s t ima ted t h a t , d epend ing o n t h e a moun t u s ed , i tw ou ld c o s t b e tween £ 6 -£ 14 p e r a c r e . T h i s c ompa r e s w i th £ 10 a n a c re a tL i t t le C ro sby i n 1 7 12 , t ow h ich af u r the r £ 7 o r m o r e w a s p a id t o t h e m a r le r s b y N icho la s B lunde l l ' s n e ighbou r s ( Ty r e r 1 970 , 2 82 -283 ) .

9

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o fL anca sh i re , 1 970 ; s e eT ab le 1f o rk ey )

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C oa r se t ex tu r ed f l uv io -g la c ia l d epo s i t s S h i rd ley H i l l S and a nd c oa r se t ex tu r ed f l uv io -g la c ia l d epo s i t so ve r ly ing t i l l S h i rd ley H i l l S and a nd c oa r se t ex tu r ed f l uv io -g lac ia l d epo s i t so ve r ly ing t i l l F en -ca r rp ea t , r a i sed mo s sp ea ta nd l a cu s t r ine o rgan ic mud A c t ive a nd r e cen te s tua r ine a nd r i ve r ine a luv ium N on -ca lca r eou sb l own s and C a lca reou s b l own s and

T ab le 1 :S o i l a s soc ia t ion s( af t e rS o i l S urvey o fE ng land a nd Wa le s , S o i lA s soc ia t ion Map o ft h eC oun ty o fL anca sh i r e , 1 970 )

1 0

Hund red s ,P ar i she s&T own sh ip s -2

Chap ter 2 Hund r ed s ,P ar i she s&T ownsh ip s A s a n a r ea o fa dm in i s t ra t ion , We s t D e rby w a s o ne o fs i x h und red s i ns ou th L anca sh i re a tt h e t im e o ft h e C onque s t ( f ig . 8 ) a nd , f i r s t -named i n t h e D om e sday r e co rd , w a s p robab ly t h em o s ti mpo r tan to fK ing E dwa rd 's p o s se s s ion s i n t h e r eg ion . Wh i l s t t ho se o f B la ckbu rn , L ey land a nd S a lf o rd w e r e t o r e ta in t h e i r i nd epend ence , N ew ton a nd

e x ten s ive p a r i she s o f W igan a nd Wa l ton ( e ach w i th 1 t own sh ip s ) a nd P re sco t w h ich e x tend s t h rough 1 4 t own sh ip s o ccupy ing t h e w ho le o ft h e w e s ter n p o r t ion o f Wa r r ing ton h und red . F rom P re sco t , a c hape l ry w a s f ounded a tF a rnwo r th ( i nA pp le ton /W idne s )i nt h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry . T he t own sh ip o f We s tD e rby w a sn o tt h eh ead o fa p a r i sh . T ha t h onou r w en t t o Wa l ton , a n e no rmou s p a r i sh f o cu sed a t Wa l ton -on the -H i l l . T h i s m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave e mb ra ced 1 8 v i l l s i n c lud ing s even w h ich b ecame a t tached t oS ef ton p a r i sh w hen i tw a s c r ea ted , p robab ly i nt h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry ( Fa r re r&B ro v vnb i l le d s . 1 907 , 6 2 ) .

Wa r r ing ton b ecame m e rged w i th We s t D e rby b ef o r e t h e t ime o fH en ry I a nd , p robab ly , e a r ly i nt h er e ign o fH en ry I( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 ) . I f s o , t h i s i s c on s ide rab ly e a r l ie rt h an a ppea r s f r om C am ' sc ommen tt h a t s i nce a t l e a s t 1 274 t h e L anca sh i r e h und r ed s h ave b een e s tab l i shed i n t h e f o rm i n w h ich t h ey w e re k nown i n moder nt ime s( 1930 , A pp I V2 ) . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t h und reda l a dm in i s t ra t ion w a s f o cu sed o n t h e c a s t le ( 132 ) w h ich l a y i nt h e t own sh ip o f We s t D e rby . H e re , i th a s b een a rgued , t h e s t ru c tu ra l n a tu r e o fb r idge t imbe r s s how st h a tt h es i t ew a s e s tab l i shed a t l e a s t a s e a r ly a s t h e m id 12 th c en tu ry ( R igo ld 1 975 , p a s s im ) . A sw i l lb e s e en l a te r , t h e f o rme r h und reda l c en t r e s i nN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton w e re t o d ec l ine i n s t a tu s a nd t e nan t s o fl a nd st h e r ew e re o b l iged t oa t t end t h e w apen take c ou r t sa t We s tD e rby .

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S ALFORD T he n ame o f N ew ton w h ich f i r s t o ccu r s a t D ome sday , a nd i t s l o ca t ion , e ncompa s sed o n WEST D ERBY t h ree s i de s b y t h e h und red o f Wa r r ing ton , i n d ica te s t h a t i tw a s c r ea ted o u t o f a n e a r l ie r a dm in i s tra t iv e a r ea l.I nt h e l a te rp o s t -Conque s t p e r iod N ew ton h und red w a s o f t en c a l led Make rf ie ld . E kwa l ln o ted r e f e rence t ot h en ame i n 121 a nd h a s s ugge s ted t ha t Mace r w a s t h e 4 B r i t i sh n am e o f a p l ace , p o s s ib ly i n t h e • 0 1 0m ies t own sh ip o fA sh ton w he re , i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , t wo f i e ld s w e r e c a l led t h e t wo Mak e rf i e ld s 1 0 km ( 1922 , 9 4 ) . H e i d en t if ie s t h e w o rd w i th t h e We l sh magwy r ( wa l l , r u in ) a nd p o in t s o u t t h a t F ig .8 :H und red b ounda r ie si n1 086 ( af t e rF a r r e r 1 906 ) t h e R oman r oad b e tween Wa r r ing ton a nd W igan r an t h rough t h e d i s t r ic t . T he n a tu r e o f T he p a r i sh b ounda r ie s a r e n o t e n t i r e ly c o te rm inou s w i th t h e r oad i t se lf h a s b een e s tab l i shed a r chaeo log ica l ly a nd t ho se o f t h e h und red s ; t h e h i s to r ica l s i gn if icance o f t h i s a e r ia l p ho tog raphy , s uppo r ted b y f i e ld w a lk ing , i ss t a r t ing a wa i t s e xam ina t ion . I n af ew c a se s , a s s hown b e low , t op roduce e v idence o fp o s s ib le R omano -Br i t i sh e nc lo su re s t own sh ip s wh ich f a l l w i th in o ne h und r ed a r e p a roch ia l ly i n b o th A sh ton a nd Winw ick ( Ph i lpo t t , i n p repa ra t ion ) . a s soc ia ted w i th a no the r . H oweve r , w he the r a ny o f t h e se p rov ided t h e o r ig in f o r Make rf ie ld i sq u i te u nknown . S omewha t c u r iou s ly , t h e ma jo r i ty o f c hu rche s a r e n o t

\ N g e " t

s i tua ted a tt h e c en tre o f t h e i r r e spec t iv e p a r i she s b u t l i e c l o se t o t own sh ip o r e ven h tmd r eda l b ounda r ie s . P a r t icu la r ly n o t iceab le a r e t h o se a tP r e sco t a nd L e igh . T he f o rme ri so nt h eb ound s o ft h e We s tD e rby a nd Wa r r ing ton

T he n umbe r o ft own sh ip s s e rved b y t h e p a r i sh v a r ie s ( f ig . 9 ) . A to ne e nd o ft h e s ca le i st h e s i ng le town sh ip p a r i sh o f A l tca r ( c rea t ed o u t o f t h e mona s t ic h o ld ing o f Me reva le A bbey a f t e r t h e D i s so lu t ion ) a nd t h e t wo town sh ip p a r i sh o f A ugh ton a nd U p l i the r land . A t t h e o t he r , a r e t h e I

h und red s ; t h e l a t te r i s n o t o n ly c l o se t o t h e h und red b ounda ry w i th N ew ton b u t i so nt h e t own sh ip b ounda ry o f We s t le igh w i th P enn ing ton . S ef ton c hu r ch , h ead o f t h e p a r i sh o f t h e s ame n am e , l a y c l o se t o t h e e ve r f lood ing r i ve rA l t . I tw a sp robab ly f ounded b yt h e Mo lyneux f am i ly , p e rhap s i nr e cogn i t ion o fr e ce ip t o f af e uda l e s ta te i nt h e 1 2 th c neu t ry . I ti sh a rd ly l i ke ly ,h oweve r ,t h a tt h e l ow ly ing

I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t N ew ton h und r ed w a s c r ea ted o u t o f t h e h und r ed o f We s tD e rby ( F r eke & T ha cke r 1 990 , 3 5 ) b u t i ts e em s mo r e l i ke ly t ha ti tw a s ac on sequenc eo fd i v i s ion w i th in Wa r r ing ton h und r ed . A l though t h e c hu r ch a tW inw ick w a s l i nked w i th t h a t o f Wa l ton t h i s d oe s n o t n ec e s sa r i ly s ugge s t t h a t Wa l ton w a s t h e e a r l ie r , o r m o r e i mpo r tan t , f ounda t ion . We s t D e rby ' s p r e -em inenc e a tD ome sday may h ave b e en a c on sequence o f t r an sf e r o f a dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s f r om Wa r r ing ton t h ough , l i k eN ew ton ,t h eh und r ed w a ss t i l l ar o ya lm ano r .

s i te w a s s e lec ted f r om c ho ice a nd t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e 1

2-Hund red s ,P ar i she s&T own sh ip s a nd m a rg ina l l a nd sh a s a l ready b een s ugges ted ( c hap te r 1 ) ; t h e p o ten t ia l f o r r e sea r ch i n to t h e p roce s se s o f c l ea rance a nd e xpan s ion o fs e t t lemen ti sc on s ide rab le .

f am i ly r e ce ived a n e s ta te i na n a l ready c r owded t own sh ip c anno tb ei g no red . P ar i sh / Mo ther c hurch

H und r ed U pho l land

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t own sh ip s

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2 6( 27% )

1 9( 2 0% )

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5 ,535 ( 2 2% )

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T ab le 2 :A l loca t ion o fp a r i she sa nd t own sh ip st ot h e h und red so f We s tD e rby , Wa r r ing ton a nd N ew ton

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F ig .9 a : S t a tu te a c reage s( c 1900 )a nd n umbe ro fv i l l sp e r p a r i sh T he r eg ion c on ta in s at o ta l o f 9 7 t own sh ip s ( f ig . 1 0 ) . A l though i n an umbe r o f c a se s , s uch a s R ix ton w i th G lazeb rook , Woo l s ton w i th Ma r t in sc rof t a nd T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley , i tm igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h e c omb ina t ion o fn ame s i n d ica te s am e rg ing o ft wo t own sh ip s , t h i s i sn o t n ece s sa r i ly s o . T he m ed ieva l d ocumen ta ry e v id ence f o r T y lde s ley s how s t h a t S hake r ley w a s g ran ted o u t o f T y ld e s ley b y t h e l o rd o f t h a t v i l l t o t h e A bbo t o f C ock e r sand ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 7 14 -716 ) . I t s b ound s w e r e c l ea r ly s t a ted a nd t h e r e i s l i t t le d oub t t ha t t h i s w a s a c on so l ida ted a r ea o f l a nd . F u r the rmo re , t h e t e nan t s o f S hak e r ley w e re t o h o ld c ommon r i gh t s a nd a cqu i t tance o f p am iage i nt h e w ood o fT y lde s ley . H e re , t h e ref o re , i nt h e l a t e 1 2 th o re a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry , t h e r e i sn o s ugge s t ion t h a t S hak e r ley w a s a n i ndependen t v i l l ; c l ea r ly , a tt h i s t ime , i f n o t e a r l ie r , i tw a s a n e s ta te w i th in T y lde s ley . T he s ame m ay , p e rhap s , b e t r ue o f t h e o the r d oub le -named

F ig .9 :P a r i she s( f o rp a r i sh n ame ss e ef i g . 9 a )

W i th in t h e p a r i she s , t h e re i sc on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion i nt h e s i z eo fe ach o ft h et own sh ip s ;t h ea moun to ft h e l a nd w i th in e a ch t own sh ip , a sr e co rded i ns t a tu te a c reage s i nc 1900 , i s s hown o n f i gu re 9 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 911 pa s s im ) . T he e x ten ta s se s sed t op lough land ( on t h eb a s i so f 1c a ruca te = 1 20 s t a tu te a c re s ) i nt h e 11 t h -13 th c en tu r ie s i s s t ipp led .T h i si s ,h oweve r , ag ene ra l i sa t ion .

t own sh ip s .

L e igh ( 14 ) Wa r r ing ton ( 13 ) W i rm ick ( 12 ) W igan ( 1 1) P resco t( 10 ) C h i ldw a l l( 9 ) H uy ton ( 8 )

V a r ia t ion s i nl a nd m ea su remen t a r e p ar t icu la r ly n o t iceab le i nL anca sh i re i nt h ep o s t -Conque s tp e r iod a nd t h ee v idence i s d i scu s sed mo re f u l ly i n c hap te r 1 0 . T he ref o r e , t h e t r an sf e r ence o ft h e f i sca l c a ruca te i n to a s pec if ic a r ea o f s t a tu te a c reage p e rm i t s o n ly ac r ude a t temp t t od i s t ingu i sh b e tween l a nd a va i lab le f o r a r ab le c u l t iva t ion a nd t h a t o fa mo r e ma rg ina l n a tu re . I n a dd i t ion , s i nce i ti sk nown t h a t many o f t h e t own sh ip b ounda r ie s w e re n o t f i na l ly f i x ed u n t i l t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod , t h e i r r ep re sen ta t ion o n t h i s d i ag ram c an o n ly a pp rox ima te t h em ed ieva la r rangemen t . I t d oe s , h oweve r , d emon s t ra te t h a t t h e a moun t a s se s sed a s a r ab le a t D ome sday ( 205 c a ruca te s /24 ,600 s t a tu te a c r e s ) r ep re sen ted n o mo r et h an 9 . 6% o ft h e t o ta l s t a tu te a c reage . T he e x ten tt ow h ich t h er eg ion w a s c ove r ed w i th w ood land

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3-B e tween R ibb le & Me rse yb ef ore 1 066

Chap ter 3 B e tween R ibb l e & Me r sey b ef or e1 066 T he h i s to ry o f t h e r eg ion w h ich w a s t o b ecome t h e s ou the rn p a r t o f t h e c oun ty o f L anca s te r i ss pa r se . I n a g en e ra l s en se i tc an b e d e sc r ibed b y r e f e r ence t oh i s to r ie s o ft h e l a nd s a nd e ven t s wh ich r e la te t o N o r thumb r ia a nd C umb r ia . I n d e ta i l t h e re a r e b u t o cca s iona l g l imp se s i n to s pec if i c e ven t s w h ich r e la te d i rec t ly t o t h e a r ea ; t h e se c u lm ina te i nt h e D ome sday s u rvey . D av id H i l l ' s g raph ic p re sen ta t ion o f t h e m a jo r e f ec t s o f p o l i t ica l c hange o n t e r r i to r ia l o wne r sh ip h e lp s t o e xp la in t h e g ene ra l s i tua t ion ( 1984 ) ;a tt h es ame t ime i td emon s t ra t e st h ep auc i ty o fb o th d ocumen ta ry a nd p hy s ica l e v idence f o rs e t t lemen t i ns ou th L anca sh i r e . A l though a r cha eo log ica l m a ter ia l f o r t h e p e r iod i s a lmo s t e n t i re ly l a ck ing t h e p i c t u r e c an b e a ugmen t ed b y t h e e v idence f o r p la ce n ame s a nd e a r ly c hu rch s i te s . T he se r a the r d i spa ra te s ou rce s a l low a n a t t emp tt or e con st ruc t t h e e f ec t s o fb o th m a jo r a nd m ino r p o l i t ica l s t ra teg ie s w h ich w e r e t o l e ave t h e i r m a rk o n t h e h i e ra r chy o fo wne r sh ip a nd t h e d if e r en t s t rand s o ft e nu re i nt h ec en tu r ie sa f t e r 1 066 .

r i ve r , c onf ined t o W i r ra l . U s ing t h e e v idence o f N o r se p l a ce n ame s i ns ou th L anca sh i re , i th a s b een c l a imed t h a t t h e V ik ing p opu la t ion o ve r shadowed t h a t i n W i r ra l (Wa inw r igh t 1 975 , 1 81182 ) . Wh i l s tt h i s m igh tb e t r ue f o r t h e c oa s ta l a r ea s , t h e d a te a t w h ich s e t t lemen t b ecame e s tab l i shed i n af o rm s uf i c ien t ly p e rmanen t t o l e ave i t s m a rk o n t h e p l ace n ame s i sn o t c l ea r . Smy th h a s a r gued ( 1975 , 2 2 ) t h a t t h e p r inc ipa l r ou te b e tween Y o rk a nd D ub l in r an v i a t h e C lyde a nd F o r th a nd i n vo lved n o mo r e t h an a 2 0 -m i le j ou rney o ve r land . T hough t h i s m igh t b e g ene ra l ly t r ue , t h e v a s t h oa rd o fV ik ing s i lve r ( d epo s i t ed c 903 ) f ound a t C ue rda le o n t h e s ou th b ank o f t h e f a s t f l ow i ng r i ve rR ibb le d oe s s ugge s t t h a t aP enn ine r ou te v i a R ibb le sda le a nd t h eA i r e G ap w a sn o te n t i re ly u na t t rac t ive . T he N o r se c an h a rd ly h ave b een f i rm ly e s tab l i shed i ns ou th L an ca sh i r e a tt h i s t ime , b u t amo r e d i r ec t r ou te m ay h ave b een s e lec ted b y t h e e x i le s i nt h e b e l ief t h a t i tw a s l e s s h aza rdou so p t ion . When R ag na ld r e tu rned t o Dub l in i n9 14 , A e the lf la ed w a s m ak ing r epa i r s t o t h e I r on A ge h i l lf o r t a t E dd i sbu ry i n

T he e a r ly 1 0 th c en tu ry w a s ap e r iod o ft u rmo i l f r om wh ich t h er eg ion w a sn o te xemp t . F rom t h en o r th ,t h e S t ra thc lyde B r i ton s ( Cumb r ian s ) h ad g a ined c on t ro l o fC umb r ia s i nce a t l e a s t 9 00 . F o r much o f t h e n ex t c en tu ry t h e se l a nd s p robab ly i n c luded L anca sh i r e a nd may h ave e x tended a s f a rs ou th a st h er i ve rD ee , i nC he sh i r e . I th a s b een c l a imed t ha t t h e S t ra th c lyde B r i ton s s u rv ived t h e a r r iva l o f No r se V ik ing s e t t le r s i nt h e a r ea a nd w e re a b le t om a in ta in al i ne o fk i ng su n t i l 1 0 18 ( Kape l le 1 979 , 1 0 , 3 3 -37 ) . H ow f a rt h i s m igh tb et r u ef o rs ou th L anca sh i re i sd eba tab le .

C he sh i re f r om w h ich a g a r r i son c ou ld i n te rcep t r a ide r s f r om No r thumb r ia o r e n te r ing t h e Mer sey . H e r e , t h e a r cha eo log ica l e v idence s howed t h a t t h e mo s t o bv iou s p ha se o ft h e d ef ence s c ou ld b e d a t ed t ot h e 1 0 th c en tu ry t h ough b y t h e 11 t hc en tu ry t h e p l ace w a s n o mo re t h an a s ma l l m ano r ia l c en tre ( Bu 'Lock 1 972 , 6 1) . T he f o r t r e s s a t R unco rn , o n t h e s ou th b ank o ft h e r i ve r , w a s b u i l t i n9 15 ( S ten ton 1 97 1 , 3 26 ) a nd i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a tt h i s l e d t o t h e a bandonmen t o f E dd i sbu ry ( Bu 'Lock 1 972 , 6 1) . R agna ld ' s c onque s t o f Y o rk i n 9 19 l e d K ing E dwa rd t o s t r eng then t h e f o r t if i ca t ion s a l ong t h e Me r sey w h ich of e r ed t h e V ik ing s t h e e a s ie s t e n t ry i n to t h e h ea r t o f E ng land . A e the l f laed ' s f o r tre s s a tR unco rn w a s a ugmen ted b y ab u rh a tT he lwa l l c l o se t o( bu t n o t p r ec i se ly l o ca ted ) t h e r i ve rc r o s s ing n o r thwa rd s t o Wa r r ing ton . S ince t h e r e i s a r cha eo log ica l e v idence f o r o ccupa t ion o f Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( 130 ) i n t h e 9 10 th c en tu r ie s t h e s i t e a t T he lwa l lm ay h ave b een s e lec ted t os t reng then t h e e x i s t ing c r o s s ing p o in t . T he R oman f o r t if i ca t ion s i n Manche s te r w e r e a l so r e pa i red . B u t t h e se d ef en s ive m ea su re s f a i led t o d i scou rage t h e i n vade r s a nd i n 9 20 S ih tr ic , R agna ld ' s c ou s in , e n te red n o r th -we s t Me rc ia a nd d e s t royed D avenpo r t , n ea r Nor thw ich i nC he sh i re . E dwa rd ' sr e spon se w a s t o l e ad a n e xped i t ion t o t h e n o r th i nt h e s ame y ea r . T h i s r e su l ted i nt h e s ubm i s s ion t oh im o ft h e S co t t i sh k ing a nd p eop le ,R agna ld o fY o rk , E a ld r ed o fB ambu rgh a nd a l l t h e N o r thumb r ian s a nd t h e k ing a nd p eop le o fS t ra thc lyde ( S ten ton 1 97 1 ,3 33 -334 ) .

T he c on f l ic t b e tween t h e V ik ing k ingdom s o f Y o rk a nd Dub l in w a s t o h ave i t s e f ec t o n t h e r eg ion . T he S cand inav ian l i nk b e tween No r thumb r ia a nd I r e land h ad b een e s tab l i shed s i nce a tl e a s t 8 57 a nd I v a r t h e B one le s s w a s u nd i spu ted ma s t e r o f No r thumb r ia a nd D ub l in b ef o r e h i s d ea th i nc 873 ( Smy th 1 975 , 1 6 18 ) . Smy th h a s a r gued t h a t I v a r ' s g r and son s l e dt h e No r se f r om D ub l in t oe x i le i n s ou th -w e s t S co t land o r t h e I s le o f Man i n 9 02 , a nd H ibemo -No r se e l emen t s i n s ome o ft h e m e ta lwo rk f r om Meo l s i n W i r ra l s ugg e s t No r se p re sence i n t h e 9 th 10 th c en tu r ie s ( Ch i t ty 1 977 , 2 0 ) . I va r 's g r and son , R agna ld , r e tu rned t oi n vade D ub l in i n9 14 ;h i sa r r iva li nY o rk i n9 19 ma rk ed t h e c l imax t o ap ha se o f f r ic t ion b e tween t h e No r seman a nd D ane ( Do l ley 1 966 , 1 7 ; Smy th 1 975 , 6 0 6 2 ) . T o s ome e x ten t s ou th L anca sh i re may h ave b een ab uf f e r z one b e tween t h e t wo S cand inav ian s t rongho ld s . T he a r r iva lo ft h eN o r seman , I ng imund , i n No r th Wa le s i nc 902 a nd t h en i n W i r ra l , c o inc ide s n ea t ly w i th t h e e xpu l s ion f r om D ub l in . H e r e que s ted l a nd s f r om A e the lf laed ' o n w h ich h ew i sh ed t os e t t le a nd t oe r ec ts t a l l sa nd h ou se s , f o r h e w a s a tt h i s t ime w ea ry o fw a r ' ( Smy th 1 975 , 6 1-62 ) . Whe the rt h i s r eque s t p receded a n a bor t ive a t ta ck m ade b y t h e N o r se o n C he s t e r i n c 905 i s n o t c l ea r b u t , o n t h e e v idence o fp l a ce n ame s s ou th o ft h e Me r sey , i ta ppea r s t h a t I ng imund a nd h i s f o l lowe r s w e re , a tl e a s t s ou th o ft h e

T h e l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey w e r e t r an sf e r r ed i n to t h e h and s o f t h e E ng l i sh k i ng s . T he t u rbu len t y ea r s w h ich f o l lowed t h e s ubm i s s ion o f t h e n o r ther n r u le r s t o E dwa rd w e r e t o b e f o l lowed b y as e cond s ubm i s s ion , t o A the l s tan , i n 9 27 , b u t E ng l i sh s up remacy i n t h e n or th e nded w i th A the l s tan ' s d ea th i n9 39 . K ape l le h a s s e en t h e f a i lu r e o ft h e E ng l i sh a f t e r 9 39 t oc on t inue i nc on t ro l o ve r L anca sh i re r e f lec ted i nt h e l o s sb yt h e a r chb i shop s o fY o rk 1 4

B e tween R ibb l e & Me rsey b ef ore 1 066 -3 t ime h i s w i l l w a s d rawn u p ; a lmo s t c er ta in ly , h e w i tne s sed

o ft h e i rp o s se s s ion s i n Amounde rne s s , n o r th o ft h e R ibb le ( 1979 , 3 6 , 2 47 n 34 ) . T he o ve ra l l u nce r ta in ty o ft h e p e r iod w h ich f o l lowed i sr e f lec ted i nt wo f u r the r s ubm i s s ion s o f t h e n or ther n e r st oE dmund ( i n 9 44 ) a nd t oE dga r ( i n 9 73 ) . A l though i th a s b een c l a imed t h a ts u ch s ubm i s s ion s r e f lec t a l l iance s a ga in s t t h e e x ten s ion o f V ik ing p owe r t h rough C umb r ia o r a ga in s t t h e C umb r ian s t h em se lve s ( Kape l le 1 979 , 3 8 ) t h e S co t t i sh t h rea t w a s s t i l l v e ry r ea l . I n 9 72 K enne th I h ad h a r r ied C umb r ia a l l t h e w ay t oi t s s ou ther n b o rde r s a nd w hen E dga rc ame t oC he s te ri n9 73 t or e ce ive t h e s ubm i s s ion s o f t h e s i x n or the rn k i ng s , i n c lud ing t h e C umb r ian mon arch , h e may h ave b een o n t h e C umb r ian b o rde r( Kape l le 1 979 ,3 7 ) .

c ha r te r sa f t e r9 88 a nd i ti sl i k e ly h ew a s o ne o ft wo m en o f t h e s ame n ame w ho w i tne s sed c ha r te r s b ef o re t h a t t ime ( Wh i te lock 1 930 , 1 52 ) . T he r e i s , h oweve r , n o k nown d ocumen ta t ion f o r h i s g r an t o f l a nd s i ns ou th L anca sh i r e a nd C he sh i re . T ha tt h e se w e r e c on so l ida ted b l ock s o fl a nd r a the r t h an i n d iv idua l m ano r s a l low s s pecu la t ion t h a t h i s p re sence i n t h e r eg ion w a s t h a t o f am a rch e r l o rd w i th r e spon s ib i l i t ie s f o rt h e p ro t ec t ion o ft h e se v u lne rab le a r ea s i nt h en o r th -we s to ft h eE ng l i sh k i ngdom ; a nd i ti st emp t ing t os e e h i s a r r iva l h e r e a st h e k i ng ' s r e spon se t ot h e V ik ing t h r ea t w h ich c o inc ided w i th A e the l red ' s a cce s s ion . A e the l red 's g ran t t o A e lt hehn , Wu lf r ic ' s b ro the r , o f t h e e a r ldom o f No r thumb r ia b ef o r e 9 95 a ppea r s t o c onf e r f a vou ro n Wu lf r ic 's f am i ly .

I n d i scu s s ing t h e e a r ly 1 0 th -cen tu ry c o in h oa rd s f r om t h e N o r se s phe r e o f i n f luence , M icha e l D o l ley s aw t h e i r c oncea lmen t a s ar e f lec t ion o fp o l i t ica l u nce r ta in ty . I nt h e C ue rda le , H a rk i rk , C he s te r ( S t J ohn ' s ) , D e rby sh i r e a nd D ean ( Cumbe r land ) h oa rd s , d epo s i ted b e tween c 903 -c920 h e o b se rved ' i ti sh a rd t oi mag ine ab e t t e rc ommen ta ry o n t h ec on t ra s tb e tween t h eb i t te rt u s s le f o rp owe rb e tween t h e V ik ing so fn o r the rn E ng land a nd E dwa rd t h e E lde r ' s c a lm , s y s tema t ic , a nd e s sen t ia l ly p e r sua s ive r e demp t ion o f t h e s ou the rn D ane law ' . T he C he s te rh oa rd s f r om E a s tga te a nd C a s t le E sp lanade , b o th d epo s i ted c 970 , a nd P embe r ton ' s P a r lou r h oa rd , s ome 1 0 y ea r s l a te r , m ay r e f lec t as im i la r p ha se o ft u rmo i l . T hough V ik ing c o inag e i sm i s s ing f r om t h eE a s tga te a nd P embe r ton ' sP a r lou rh oa rd st h ed epo s i t ion d a te o ft h e l a t te rc o inc ide s v e ry n ea t ly w i th t h e d e scen t o n C he sh i r e o f' ap i ra te h o s t f r om t h e n o r th ' i nt h e w in te r o f 9 79 -980 ( Ga rmon sway e d . 1 972 , 1 24 ) . D o l ley s aw t h i s V ik ing a t ta ck e i the r a s ab reach i nt h e a ppa ren t ly f r iend ly r e la t ion sb e tween t h em a nd t h em e r chan t so fC he s te ro rt h e a r r iva l i nt h e I r i sh S ea o f an ew mo r e p i ra t ica l f o rce . A s w i th t h e p l under ing o f I ona a f ew y ea r s e a r l ie r , h e s u spec ted t h e l a t te rt ob e mo re l i ke ly ,a nd b e l ieved t ha tt h e a t tack o n C he sh i re w a s t o p rove a m a jo r d i sa s te r f o r t h e e conomy o fn o r th -we s t E ng land ( Do l ley 1 966 , 2 7 -28 , 3 3 3 6 map 3 ,4 9 -51) .

T he l a nd sb e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey a nd i nW i r ra lp a s sed f r om Wu lf r ic t o h i s b ro the r , A e lfhe lm , a nd t o A e l fhe lm ' s s on , Wu l fheah ' t ha tt h ey m ay s ha r e t h em b e tween t h em a s e ven ly a st h ey c a n -u n le s s e i the r o ft h em w i she s t oh ave h i s o wn ' ( Sawye r 1 979 , x v i i i -xx iv ) . I ti ss u rp r i s ing t of i nd , h oweve r ,t h a tt h e se b eque s t sc ame s e cond o n ly t o Wu lf r ic ' s m ano r a tD umb le ton , ar e cen t a cqu i s i t ion f r om A e the l r ed i n9 95 ( Sawye r 1 979 ,x x i i i ) . T ha t Wu lf r ic r ega rded t h em a s p a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t mu s tb ea s sumed a nd t h eb eque s t st o A e l fhehn a nd Wu l fheah s ugge s t h e r ed i ta ry t e nu re . T he r equ i r emen t o f e ach b enef i c ia ry t o s upp ly B u r ton A bbey s e a sona l ly w i th t h r ee t h ou sand s had f r om t h ese l a nd s i n d ica te s t h a t Wu lf r ic w a s i n a n e xce l len t p o s i t ion t o c on t ro l t h e r eg ion 's e conomy . S ince B u r ton A bbey s e em s t o h ave r e ce ived n o o t he r b enef i t f r om t h e se l a nd s , w e m igh ts u spec tt h a t Wu lf r ic r e ga rded t h em a sh i sd eme sne . Wu lf r ic ' s w i l l s how s h im t oh ave r anked h igh a mong s t t h e l e ad ing f am i l ie s o f l a te 1 0 th -cen tu ry E ng land ( Sawye r 1 979 , x v ) . H i s f i r s t b eque s t , ' t o h i s d ea r l o rd ' , c omb ine s t h e money d ue a s h e r io t f r om a n e a r l w i th t h e h o r se s a nd h a rne s sd ue f r om ak i ng ' st h ane . B u r ton A bbey i ss uppo sed t o h ave r e ce ived e ndowmen t o f t h e w ho le o f Wu lf r ic ' s p a te rna l i n he r i tance , w o r th 7 00 p ound s , a nd h eb equea thed t o t h e A bbey 4 6 e s ta te s i n t h e M id land s . B u t Wu lf r ic ' s h e i r s w e r en o tt o ma in ta in t h e i rn o r ther nl a nd s . D e sp i te h i s p o s i t ion a s e a ldo rman , A e l fhe lm ' s l oya l ty t o A e the l red i s q ue s t ionab le ( Kape l le 1 979 , 1 5 ) . H e w a s k i l led a tc ou r t i n 1 006 a nd r ep laced b yU h t r ed , w ho w a s made e a r l o fY o rk . A t t h e s ame t ime A e l the lm ' s s on s , Wu l fheah a nd U f egea t , w e r e b l inded ( Sawye r 1 979 , x l i i i ) . W i th t h e se e ven t s t h e f am i ly ' si n te re s ti nt h er eg ion s e em st oh ave c ome t oa ne nd a nd b y 1 066 t h e l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey w e re p a r to ft h er oya ld eme sne .

Wu lfr ic S po t 's n or thern e s ta te s T he d ocumen t s s ay l i t t le o f t h e o rgan i sa t ion o f s ou th L anca sh i re f o l low ing E dga r ' s m ee t ing w i th t h e n or ther n k i ng s i n 9 73 . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly , h owev e r , a l l t h e l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey b ecame p a r t o f t h e C rown d eme sne a nd , i n a manne r s im i la r t o t h e g ran t o f Amound e rne s s t o t h e A rchb i shop o f Y o rk i n 9 34 , t h e r eg ion may h ave b een g ran ted o u ta s as i ng le u n i t( Sawye r 1 979 , " o c iv ) . T h i s c on f l ic t s w i th K ape l le ' s c l a im t h a t C umb r ian i nf luence a sf a rs ou th a st h eD ee c on t inued u n t i l 1 0 18 ( 1979 , 3 4 ) . H e f a i led t o n o t e e v id ence f o r E ng l i sh i n t e re s t i ns ou th L anca sh i r ew hen Wu lf r ic S po t , w ho se w i l l w a s d a ted 1 002 1004 , d i ed h o ld ing a l t h e l a nd s b e tween t h eR ibb le a nd Me r sey i na dd i t ion t oW i r ra l , a nd e x ten s ive h o ld ing se l sewhe re i n Me r c ia .

W i th s u ch e v idence i ti sd if i cu l tt os u s ta in K ape l le ' sc l a im t h a t t h e C umb r ian k i ngdom s t i l l e x tended t o C he sh i r e i n t h e s e cond d ecade o ft h e 11 t hc en tu ry . Wu lf r ic ' s p r e sence , a s am an t r u s ted b y A e the l r ed , m ay d a te f r om t h e 9 80 ' s o r e a r l ie r i fh e c an b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e Wu lf r ic w ho r e ce ived A u s t rey i n Wa rw ick sh i r e i n9 56 (Wh i te lock 1 930 , 1 52 ) . C e r ta in ly , b y Wu lf r ic S po t 's t ime C umb r ian i nf luence mu s th ave e nded a tt h eR ibb le .

I t s e em s t h a t b o th Wu lf r ic ' s p a r en t s w e r e Me r c ian l a ndowne r so fs ome c on sequence ( Sawye r 1 979 , x l i ) . F rom A e the l red , Wu lf r ic ' s mo the r , Wu lf run , h ad r e ce ived ag ran t o fl a nd a t Wo lve rhamp ton a nd h e r g r an t t ot h e mona s te ry t h e re w a s c onf i rmed i n 9 96 . Wu lf r ic f ounded B u r ton A bbey , p robab ly b e tween 1 002 1004 , a nd t h i s w a s t h e b u r ia lp la ce o fh i sw if e . H ew a sp robab ly a no ld m an b yt h e 1 5

3-B e tween R ibb l e & Me r sey b ef ore 1 066 a st h a t o f Wu lf r ic m ay h av e b een , t h i s w a s n o t s u c ce s sf u l . D e sp i te a n a g r eemen t f o rp ea ce m ad e w i th Ma lco lm I I i n 1 059 , T o s t ig ' s a b sence f r om t h e r e g ion i n 1 06 1 l e d t ot h e S co t s ' i n v a s ion o fN o r thumbe r land a nd C umbe r land . T he r a id e r s c ame i n to n o r the rn L anca sh i r e w he r e m u ch o ft h e a r ea w a s w a s ted t o s u ch a n e x t en t t h a t m any e s ta te s , p a r t i cu la r ly i n Amoundeme s s , w e r e w a s t e a nd w i thou t a l o rd i n1 066 ( Kape l le 1 979 ,9 3 ; Mo rgan 1 978 ,3 0 1d ) .

Af t e r A e l fh e lm ' s d ea th t h e l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey w e r ep robab ly r e ta ined b yt h eC rown t h ough f o r6 0 y ea r s t h e r e g ion l a ck s d ocumen ta t ion . A l though D av id H i l l ' s m ap t o s how t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f e a r ldom s i n 1 045 p l a ce s L eof r ic , e a r l o f Me r c ia , i np o s se s s ion o ft h e r e g ion a nd h i s s on , E dw in , i ss hown t o h o ld t h e l a nd s i n 1 065 ( 1 984 ,m ap s 1 84 185 ) ,c l ea re v idence f o rt h i sa ppea r st ob e l a ck ing . H ow eve r , b o th E dw in a nd h i s b ro the r , Mo r ca r , h e ld e s ta t e s i nC h e sh i r e i n1 066 a nd , e a s t o ft h e P enn ine s , Mo r ca rs u cceeded t oT o s t ig ' e s ta te s .

K ap e l le h a s s e en t h i s a s t h e e f ec t o ft h e S co t s i n va s ion r a th e rt h an ac on sequence o ft h er e vo l to ft h en o r th e rn e a r l s a ga in s tT o s t ig h im se lf i n1 065 . B u ti ti se qua l ly l i k e ly t h a t , i ft h el a nd sw e r ev i ewed b yt h ee a r l sa sT o s t ig ' sd em e sne i n t h en o r th ,t h ey c ou ld h ave b een p a r t icu la r ly s ub jec tt ot h e i r v eng eance . T o s t ig ' s u npopu la r i ty i nt h e n o r th c ame t o a h ead i n 1 065 w hen , a s ac on sequ en ce o f h i s a t t emp t s t o r a i se l a rge s um s o f m oney , t h e Y o rk sh i r em en a nd N o r thumb r ian s u n i ted a nd r e vo l t ed a ga in s t h im . H e w a s o u t law ed a nd Mo r ca r , y ounge r b ro th e r o f E a r l E dw in o f Me r c ia ,w a si n v i t ed t ob et h e i rn ew e a r l( Kape l l e 1 979 , 9 7 9 8 ) . Mo r ca r ' s i n te r e s t s i nt h e l a nd s n o r th o ft h e H umbe r s e em st oh ave b een v e ry s ho r t l ived a nd t oh av e c e a sed b y 1 066 ( Kape l le 1 979 , 1 05 ) . T h e r e i s n o th ing i n t h e D ome sday s u rvey t os how t h a t Amoundeme s s o rt h e l a nd s f u r th e r n o r th w en t t o Mo r ca r . P e rhap s t h i s i n d i ca t e s t h a t t h ey h ad l o s t mu ch o ft h e i rv a lu e a nd , i fs o , i tm igh t h av e b een ag r ave i n su l t t o Mo r ca r i ft h ey h ad b een i n c luded w i th t h ee a r ldom .

T o s t ig Af ew y ea r s e a r l ie r , i n1 055 a f t e r S iwa rd 's 1 d ea th w i thou t a n h e i r , t h e n o r the rn l a nd s e a s t o f t h e P enn ine s , t h e e a r ldom o f N o r thamp ton a nd p robab ly t h o se o f H un t ingdon a nd L in co ln sh i r e , t oge th e r , p e rhap s w i th l a nd s i nN o t t ingham sh i r e , w e r e g r an ted t oT o s t ig ( Kap e l le 1 979 , 8 7 -88 , 2 59 n 7 ) . I n L anca sh i r e , h e r e ce ived a l Amoundeme s s ( t h e a r ea n ow k nown a s t h e F y lde ) a nd s c a t t e r ed e s ta t e s f u r th e r n o r th a t H a l ton , Wh i t t ing ton , H ougun a nd B ee tham ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 3 01d , 32b ) . H i s v a s t e s ta t e a s soc ia ted w i th Hougun i s s e en a s t h e f o r e runne ro ft h eN o rman l o rd sh ip o fF u rn e s s ( W in ch e s t e r 1 987 , 1 8 ) . S im i la r ly , m o s t o f Amoundem e s s b ecam e a t ta ched t ot h e b a rony o fK enda l ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 57 n 13 ) . T h e se e s ta te s w e s t o ft h e P enn ine s m ay h av e l a in i nm o r e ' n eu t ra l ' t e r r i to ry t h an t h o s e t ot h e e a s t a nd f u r th e r s ou th . I fs o , T o s t ig ' s p o s se s s ion m igh t b e s e en a sc ompen sa t ion f o rh i sr e spon s ib i l i t ie s i nt r y ing t oc on t ro l t h en o r the rn e a r l s .

E dward t he C onf e ssor I n 1 066 t h e C onf e s so r h e ld t h e s i x h und r ed s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey ( f ig . 1 ) . I n We s t D e rby i t s e lf h e h ad t h em ano ro f We s tD e rby a nd s i xb e r ew ick s ;t h er ema in ing e s ta t e s w e r e h e ld b y n amed a nd u nnam ed t h an e s . I n S a lf o rd , o n ly o ne t e nan t w a s n amed a nd t h e k i ng h e ld t h e h und r ed s o f N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton w h e r e t h e t e nan t s w e r e d e sc r ibed a s d reng s . I n L ey land a nd B la ckbu rn h i s t e nan t s w e r e ' f r ee m en ' ( Mo rg an 1 978 , 2 69c -270b ) . Un l ik e m any o f t h e C he sh i r e e s ta te s , t h e r e i s n o s ugge s t ion o fa n i n t e rmed ia t e l o rd sh ip . T h e C onque ro r w a s t o p l a ce R oge r o f P o i tou i n p o s se s s ion o f s ou th L an ca sh i r e t h ough b y 1 086 t h e l a nd s b e tw een R ibb le a nd Me r sey , t o ge the r w i th Amound em e s s w e r e , o nce a ga in ,i nt h ek i ng ' sh and s( Fa r r e r 1 906 ,2 78 ) .

T o s t ig , l i k e Wu lf r ic S po t , w a s a s ou th e rne r . H i s a ppo in tmen th a s b een s e en a st h e k i ng 's c hance t og ov e rn N o r thumb r ia t h rough a n e a r l c l o se ly a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e c ou r t ( S ten ton 1 97 1 , 5 70 -57 1) . B u t t h e n o r th e rn l o rd s t r ea ted T o s t ig w i th s u sp i c ion a nd r e sen tmen t . I fh i s r o l e w a s t os e cu r e t h e se l a nd s a ga in s t i n va s ion f r om S co t land , AG E R IU

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1 6

A l though t h e d ocumen ta ry e v id ence t h row s o n ly a n o cca s iona l s haf t o f l i gh t o n t h e r e g ion 's h i s to ry a f r amewo rk w i th in w h ich t h e a r cha eo log ica l e v id en ce f o r t h e r e g ion m ay b e c on s ide r ed c an b e p o s tu la t ed . We s h a l l s e et h a tt h ep o l i t ica l u ph eava l s o ft h e 1l t h c en tu ry c an b e b e s t e xp re s sed i n t h e a r r iva l o f t h e N o r se i n s uf i c ien t n umbe r s t o i n f luence t h e p l ace n am e s a nd l a nguag e o fa dm in i s t ra t ion i ns ou th L anca sh i r e . I nt e rm s o fo wne r sh ip b yt h e E ng l i sh k i ng s , i ts e em st h a tw e c an n ow a c cep t t h a t t h e n o r the rn b ound s o f t h e Me r c ian k i ngdom h ad b een e x t ended a tl e a s ta sf a ra st h e R ibb le b y t h e e nd o ft h e 1 0 th c en tu ry w hen t h ey w e r e h e ld b y Wu lf r ic S po t . B u tt h e n a tu r e o fl a nd t e nu r e a nd c u s tom s i nt h e r e g ion s e em t oo we r a the rm o r e t oN o r thumb r ian a nd V ik ing i n f luence t h an t o Me rc ian o r N o rman l o rd sh ip .

T he e v id ence f or s e t t l emen tb ef ore 1 066 -4

Chap ter 4 T he e v id ence f o rs e t t l emen tb ef ore 1 066 I fw r i t ten s ou r ce s f o r t h e h i s to ry o f t h e r eg ion b ef o re t h e C onque s t a r e s pa r se , t h en t h e t o pog raph ica l a nd a r cha eo log ica l e v idence f o r s e t t lemen t i ss im i la r ly d i spa ra te a nd p e rm i t sl i t t le c ohe rence o fi n te rp r e ta t ion . None the le s s , a n e xam ina t ion o ft h e r ange o fm a te r ia l g i ve s a n i n d ica t ion o f t h e o ve ra l l p a t t e rn o fc u l tu ra l i n f luence s w h ich a f ec ted t h e r eg ion .

P lace n ame s T he mo s t e x ten s ive w o rk u nder taken h a s b een t h e s t udy o f p la ce n ame s . T he w o rk o fE i le r t E kwa l l ( 1922 ) h a sn o t b een s upe r seded ;b u th ec oncen t ra ted o n ly o nt h em a jo rn ame sa nd t h e mo re r e ad i ly i d en t if iab le m ino r p l ace s . F T Wa inw r igh t ' s mo re d e ta i led w o rk o n t h e A ng l ian a nd S cand inav ian n ame s ( 1975 , 1 62 , 1 8 1-227 )l e dh im t op ropo se t h a tt h ep l ace n ame e v idence a l lowed h im t o d i s t ingu i sh a t opog raph ica l d if e r ence b e tween l a nd s s e t t led p r io r t o t h e a r r iva l o f t h e No r se a nd t h o se w h ich w e r ea va i lab le f o rt h en ewcome r s . F o r t h e p u rpo se o f t h i s s t udy t h e v a lue o f p l ace -name e v idence r e s t s w i th i t s e ndo r semen t o ft h e g ene ra l s equence o fh i s to r ica le ven t s . S ince t h eD ome sday s u rvey i st h ee a r l ie s t s ou r ce o f p l a ce n ame s , a nd i sa lmo s t e n t i re ly r e s t r ic ted t o We s tD e rby a si tw a sr ep re sen ted t h es ou th -we s tc or n e ro ft h e r eg ion , t h ey a l low l i t t le mo re t h an a g ene ra l i sed s t a temen t a bou t s e t t lemen t i n t h e 11 t h c en tu ry . W i th t h e i n c rea se i n

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N N o r se

F ig . 1 2 : G ene ra ld i s t r ibu t ion o fp r inc ipa lp lace n ame e l emen t si n d ica t ive o fl i ngu i s t ic o r ig in s n ea rE cc le s( Came ron 1 968 , 8 9 ) . I tm ay ,h oweve r ,h ave h ad a p o s se s s ive m ean ing o ft h e t u nw h ich b e longed t ot h e c hu r ch . C ame ron h a sc ommen ted t h a t al a rge n umbe ro fe cc le sn ame s a r e f ound w i th in t wo m i le s o f R oman r oad s , t hough h e e xc luded t h e We s t D e rby e xamp le f r om t h i s g roup ( 1968 , 9 0 ) . B u t c an t h e n ame ' Ch e s te rga t e ' f ound i n m ed ieva l d ocumen t s w h ich d ef ine t h e b ound s o f e s ta te s a t B o ld ,

d ocumen ta t ion , p a r t icu la r ly o f mona s t ic c ha r te r s o ft h e l a te 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tu r ie s , l i ngu i s t ic i n f luence s o n p a r t icu la r t own sh ips b ecome mo r e a ppa ren t . A l though h ab i ta t ive ( tun , by a nd s ka l i ) a nd t opog raph ica l e l emen t s ( da l r , m e l r , c oed a nd s cogr ) , t o ge the r w i th t ho se i nd ica t ive o fc l ea rance a nd l a nd u se ( l ey ,s nape a nd e rgh ) a r e ar i ch s ou r ce o ff odde r f o r t h e h i s tor ica l g eog raphe r a nd l a nd scape a r cha eo log i s t , t h e ir r e la t ion sh ip w i th k nown a r ea s o f m ed ieva l s e t t lemen t i s p oo r ly u nd e r s tood . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fp r inc ipa l p l a ce n ame s i nd ica t ive o f l i ngu i s t ic o r ig in s i ss hown o n f i gu re 1 2 , b u t d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s r a re ly r e co rd t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f i nd iv idua l p l a ce s a nd mu s t b e c omb ined w i th a n a r cha eo log ica l a pp roach t o g ive a c l ea r e r i n s igh t i n to t h e h i s to ry o f s e t t lemen t ( Tay lo r 1 983 , 1 08 ) ; f o r s ou th L anca sh i re s u ch w o rk h a s b a re ly s t a r ted . T he k nown e v idence f o r s i t e s a nd f i nd s o f t h e R omano -Br i t i sh /p re C onque s tp e r iod i ss hown o nf i gu re 1 3 .

S cho le s ( Ecc le s ton ) , R a inh i l l a nd B u r tonhead ( Su t ton ) ( Fa r re r & B ro v vnb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 65 n 9 ; 3 70 n 5 ; 3 58 n 5 ; No r th 1 995 ) , a l l i nP re sco t p a r i sh , b e s i gn if ican t? N ew ton 's f i e ld c a l led C he s te r s ide a nd as t ream o ft h e s ame n ame ,n o ted i n 1 466 ( Legh MSS 1 0 .9 .3 , 1 .1 .8 , 1 .1 .10 12 ) , b eg s t h e q ue s t ion o f t h a t m ed ieva l b o rough 's e a r l ie r s t a tu s o n t h e R oman r oad n o r thwa rd sf r om Wa r r ing ton t oW igan ' . T u rn ing t ot h eA ng l ian p l ace n ame sE kwa l l s aw e v idence f o r b o th No r thumbr ian a nd Me r c ian i n f lu ence s i n t h e r eg ion s ou th o ft h eR ibb le t hough t h eh i s to r ica lc on tex tw i th in w h ich h e p l aced t h e se n eed s t o b e r e con s id e r ed ( 1922 , 2 27 -233 , 2 36 -238 ) . S uch a na ly s i s i s f a r o u t s ide t h e s cope a nd c ompe tence o f t h i s s t udy a nd t h e m a jo r p l ace n ame s a r e s hown o n f i gu re 1 2 w i th n o a t temp t t o e va lua te t h e i r s i gn if i cance i nt e rm so fs e t t lemen te v id en ce .

I nd ica t ion s f o r t h e s u rv iva l o f B r i t i sh s e t t lemen t a r e o cca s iona l ly s e en i n p l ace s s uch a s Wa l ton ( Ekwa l l 1 922 , 15 ; Wa inw r igh t 1 975 , 3 4 ) w h ich o ccu r s a tt h e p a roch ia l c en t r e o f Wa l ton -on the -H i l l , a nd a tB re t ta rgh , i nC h i ldwa l l p a r i sh , ac omb ina t ion o ft h e g en i t ive O ld E ng l i sh b re t ta s o r O ld No r se b re ta r w i th t h e No r se w o rd e rgh ( Ekwa l l 1 922 , 11) . I n ag roup o f t own sh ip n ame s i n t h e H und red s o f N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton E kwa l l h a s s e en ar e f lec t ion o ft h e s u rv iva lo f aB r i t i sh p opu la t ion l ef ti nu nd i s tu rbed p o s se s s ion f o r ar e la t ive ly l o ng t ime ( 1922 , 2 25 ) a nd t h e u se o f ' Mak er f ie ld ' a st h e a l te rna t ive n ame f o rN ew ton H und red h a s a l r eady b een c i ted . T he n ame ' E cc le s ton ' i s g i ven t o t h e t own sh ip i mmed ia te ly a d jacen t t o t h e p a r i sh c hu r ch o f P r e sco t . I ti st a ken t or ep re sen tt h eh ome s t ead o rv i l lage a to r

T he d i spo s i t ion o f Ang l ian p l a ce n ame s p rov id e s a n i n t e r e s t ing c on t ra s t w i th t h o se w h ich d emon s t ra te a S cand inav ian i n f luence ( f ig . 1 2 ) . T he p r e sence o ft h e N o r se i n We s t D e rby i st e s t if i ed m o s t v i v id ly b y t h e n umbe r o f m a jo r a nd m ino r S cand inav ian p l a ce n ame s wh ich a r e f ound I

R ob P h i lpo t t h a s s hown t h a t t h e C he s t e r s ide f i e ld s l a y t o t h e s ou th o f N ew ton 's H igh S t r ee t , p re sumab ly t h e R eg ia S t ra ta o f 1 466 ( 1988 , f i g . 4 ;L egh MSS 1 466 , 1 2 .10 .1 , 1 2 .11 .1) .

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4-T he e v id ence f or s e t t l emen tb ef ore 1 066 i na bundan ce i nt h e c oa s ta l t own sh ip s a nd m o s s land a r ea s ( Ekwa l l 1 922 ; Wa inw r igh t 1 975 , 1 8 1-227 ) . S pec if i c d e ta i led e v idence f o r t h e a r r iva l o f t h e i mm ig ran t s i sl a ck ing b u t , s i nce t h e c h ron ic le r s f a i led t or e co rd a ny l a rge sca le b a t t le s , s l augh te r o rl o o t ing , i ti sg ene ra l ly b e l ieved t h a t , u n l ik e t h e D an i sh p l und e re r s o ft h e e a s t er nc oa s t s a nd t h eN o r se a ta ck o nC h e s t e r ,t h ey c am e i ns ma l l , s e pa r a t e c ompan ie s i n t en to n s e t t lemen t r a the r t h an p i l lage . A t t h e s ame t im e , i ti s s uppo sed t h a tt h e i r a r r iva l w ou ld h ave a gg rava t ed t h e s o c ia l a nd p o l i t i ca l i n secu r i ty o fs ou th L anca sh i r e w h e r e t h e N o r se p opu la t ion i ss a id t oh av e q u i te o ve r shadow ed t h a t i nW i r r a l ( Wa inw r igh t 1 975 , 1 8 1 182 ) . T he p l a ce -nam e e v id en ce d emon s t ra t e s t h e i mpa c t o ft h e n ew a r r iva l s i nw ha t w e r e , p robab ly , t h e m o r e s c an t i ly p opu la ted m a rg ina l a r ea s o ft h e c oa s ta l d une s a nd m o s s land s , b u t a lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h ey p ene t ra t ed f u r the r i n land w h e r et h e l a nguage h ad l e s s i mpa c t o ne x i s t ing s e t t lem en tn ame s . N o r se t e s t -wo rd s , s u ch a s b rekka , s ka l i , s l akk i a r e f o und a t S ca r i sb r ick a nd Wa rb r eck (Wa l ton -on the -H i l l ) , S cho le s ( I nce B lund e l l , E cc le s ton a nd W igan ) a nd t h e w o rd ' s l a ck ' i s s t i l l u sed t o day t od e sc r ibe t h e w a t e rf i l led h o l low s f o und i n t h e c oa s ta l d une s a tB i rkda le , A in sda le a nd F o rmby . T h e a dd i t ion o f e l emen t s s u ch a s b y , k i rk ho lme , s cough , t h ough e i the rN o r se o rD an i sh i no r ig in , i sf u r the rt e s t imony t oS cand inav ian i n f lu en ce . H ow eve r , Wa inw r igh th a sp o in t ed o u tt h a tt h e m ino rn am e s a r e n o t n ece s s a r i ly d i r ec t e v id en ce f o r S cand inav ian s e t t lemen t . T hey d o , h owev e r , r e f lec t t h e l a nguag eo ft h ea r ea a nd s how as t rong S cand inav ian e l emen t i n t h e l o ca l p opu la t ion ( 1975 , 1 96 ) . T h i s i n f lu en ce i s p a r t icu la r ly m a rked o n t h e c oa s ta l p l a in a nd n am e s s u ch a s L i the r land a nd L a thom c ou ld o n ly h ave a r i sen i n ad i s t r i c t w he r e aS cand inav ian l a nguage c omp le t ew i th i n f lex ion sw a s s pok en ( Wa inw r igh t 1 975 , 1 84 ) . B u t i n v e r s ion c ompound s i n d ica t iv e o fH ibe rno -No r se i n f luence , t h ough n ume rou s i n C umb e r land a nd We s tmo r land , a r er a r e i nL anca sh i r et h oug h t h ey o c cu r o cca s iona l ly i nt h e m ino r n ame s . T h i s , p e rhap s , c a s t s d oub t o n t h e s uppo s i t ion t h a t t h e m a jo r i ty o fN o r se s e t t lemen t i nt h e r e g ion w a s ac on sequ en ce o fi mm ig ra t ion f r om I r e land ,b u tE kwa l lc ou ld f md n or e a son t os uppo se t h a t t h e i mm ig ran t s c am e f r om o t he rt h an c o lon ie s i nI r e land , t h e I s le o f Man ,t h eH eb r id e sa nd S co t land ( 1922 ,2 55 ) .

+P r e -Conqe s tc hu rche sa nd c hape l s A ng lo -Saxon & S cand inav ian f i nd s 1C ue rda le 2H a rk i rk Sd eco ra ted s t one R oman /Romano -B r i t i sh f i nd s 3O t t e rhead sF a rm 4 ? F ranc i sF a r r e r 's C a s t le E E xcava ted s i te F f i e ldwa lk ing m a t e r ia l R oman r oad ---p o s s ib le l i ne o fR oman r o ad

F ig . 1 3 :P r e -Conque s ts i te sa nd f i nd s e l sewh e r e i tw a s c a l led ac a ruca t e a nd t h e s c r ibe t e l l s u st h a t i ne a ch h i d e t h e r e w e r e s i x c a ru ca t e s . We a r e a l so t o ld t h a t t h e t h ane s c u s tom a r i ly p a id 2 ` o ra o f p en c e ' f o r e a ch c a ru ca te ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c -269d ) . T he m ix tu r e o fV ik ing a nd E ngl i sh p e r sona ln ame so ft h o se w ho h e ld t h ev i l l sa tt h i s t i me i sy e t a no the r i n d ica t ion o f t h e h yb r id n a tu r e o f t h e r e g ion ( c hap t e r 5 ,t a b le 3 ) a nd Wa inw r igh t c i t ed a l i s t o f S cand inav ian p e r sona ln ame si nd ocumen t sd a t ing t ot h e 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tu r ie s( 1975 ,2 13 ) . Ma ry H igham f ound f ou re rg n am e s i n We s tD e rby H und r ed ( 1 978 , 3 52 ) . P la c ing t h e se i na n I r i sh c on t ex t , w h e r e i th a s b een a g r eed t h a tt h ew o rd e x t end ed t o' ah e rd o fc a t t le ' , a nd a l ong w i th s im i la r n ame s f o und i n o t he r a r ea s o f t h e L anca sh i r e f o re s t , s h e a s soc ia t ed t h em w i th d ae r s tock t e nancy i nt h e m ed ieva l p e r iod b u t h e r i n t e rp r e ta t ion o ft h e D ome sday e v idence o fp ecun ia ( g ood s ,w ea l th )f o r as p ec if i c r e f e r en ce t o c a t t le i n We s t D e rby H und red i sq u e s t ionab le a nd t h e r e i sd if i cu l ty i ni d en t if y ing ac l ea rI r i sh i n f luen ce i n t h e r e g ion . T he p l a ce s m ay w e l l h av e b een a s soc ia ted w i th c a t t le f a rm ing o nt h e s umme rp a s tu r e sc l ose t ot h er i v e r s , b u t n o ti nt h es en se o fb e long ing t o av a cca ry .

T he p o s s ib le s i gn if i can ce o ft h es ma l lc l u s t e ro fS cand inav ian t own sh ip n ame s a t We s t D e rby , R oby a nd T h ingwa l l i sn o t s uppo r t ed b y a r cha eo log ica l e v idence b u t aS cand inav ian c ommun i ty o pe ra t ing i t so wn l aw s a nd c u s tom s i si mp l ied b y t h et h ing o rp l ace o fa s semb ly ( Ekwa l l 1 922 , 12 ) .T h ingwa l l i sf o cu sed o n al ow h i l l ( 5 1m OD ) a tt h e n o r the rn e nd o fa s a nd s ton e r i dge a nd s ome 3 km s ou th e a s t o f We s t D e rby c a s t le ( 1 32 ) w h ich w a s t h e c en t r e o f a dm in i s t ra t ion i nt h e p o s t -Conque s t p e r iod . I ta l so l i e s a tt h e m ee t ing p l a ce o f t h ree p a r i sh e s ( Ch i ldwa l l , Wa l ton a nd H uy ton ) a nd o n t h e b ounda ry w i th R oby , s a id t o b e an ame i n d ica t ive o f a ' l andma rk o rb ounda ry l i ne ' ( Ekwa l l 1 922 , 13 ) . T ha t t h i s p l ace w a s t h e a dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s f o r We s t D e rby H und r ed i nt h ee a r l i e ry ea r so ft h e 11 t hc en tu ry mu s tb es u spec ted .

R omano -B r i t i sh s e t t lemen t R ef e r en ce h a sa l ready b een m ad et op o s s ib le R omano -B r i t i sh e n c lo su r e s a nd t h e p r e sence o f aR omano -Br i t i sh p opu la t ion h a sr e cen t ly b een i d en t if i ed a tG r ea t Woo lden H a l l F a rm , o n t h e e a s t e rn b ank o f t h e G laz eb rook , o n t h e e dge o f C ha t C ro s s ( Neve l l 1 987 1988a ) . I tw a s , h oweve r , o ccup ied n o l a t e r t h an t h e s e cond c en tu ry AD . E l sewhe r e i n n o r th C he sh i r e a e r ia l s u rvey i ss t a r t ing t o p rodu ce e v iden ce f o r o t h e rs e t t lemen ts i te sw h ich m ay b eo ft h e s ame d a t e ( Neve l l 1 987 1988b ) a nd r e cen t f i e ldwo rk a nd e xcava t ion s n o r th o f t h e Me r sey h ave p roduced e v id ence f o r R omano -B r i t i sh s e t t lem en t s c l o se t o m ed ieva l f a rm s tead s a t T a rbock ,

N o r se i nf lu ence i sf o und a l so i nt h e l a nguag e o f m ano r ia l a dm in i s t ra t ion a nd , b yt h et im e o ft h e D ome sday S u rv ey , t h e t e rm ino logy h ad b ecom e s p r ink led w i th b o th N o r se a nd E ng l i sh w o rd s ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 69 -27 1) . O n t h e o ne h and a m an ' s h o ld ing w a s a s se s sed a s ah i de o r v i rga t e , b u t 1 8

T he e v idence f or s e t t lemen tb ef ore 1 066 -4 t h e i n i t ia l r e su l t s a r e n ow i n d ica t ing t h a t a l though c on t inu i ty o fo ccupa t ion o ne xa c t ly t h e s ame s i t em igh tn o tb e a ppa ren t , m ig ra t ion a way f r om s uch s i te sw a s c onf ined t o af a i r ly s hor t d i s tance -l i t t le mo r et h an ah und red m e t r e so rs o .

H a lewood a nd S pek e 2.A h oa rd o f c o in s f r om O t t e r shead B rook n ea r t h e moa ted e nc lo su re a tH a l ton C a s t le , L a thom ( 28 ) , d a te s a l so f r om t h e s e cond c en tu ry ( Hawke s 1 949 ) . I n 1 721 a s i gn if i can t g roup o f R oman p o t te ry w a s r e cove red d u r ing d emo l i t ion a s ma l l ' c a s t le ' ( 134 ) ( Edwa rd s 1 976 ; T y r e r 1 972 , 5 3 -54 ) 3. T he b a lance o fe v idence i n d ica te s t h a t t h i s s i te w a s p robab ly i nL a thom t hough a s i t e i nR a inf o rd ( q v ) , L yd ia te ( qv ) , Me l l ing ( qv ) o r D ownho l land i s a l so p o s s ib le .

Ang lo -Saxon s A rchaeo log ica l e v idence f o r s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd u se a tt h i s t ime i s e x t reme ly s pa r se . A e the lf iaed ' s a nd E dwa rd ' s f o r t if ica t ion s w e r e a l l s ou th o f t h e Me r sey a nd o n ly a t Manche s te r w e re t h e R oman f o r t if i ca t ion s r e s to red . H e re , r e cen t e xcava t ion s h ave r e cove r ed e v idence f o r w ha t h ave b een i d en t if ied a sg rubenhau se ro fe a r ly 5 t hc en tu ry d a te a nd an umbe r o f o b jec t s h ave b een d a ted t o t h e p r e -Conque s t p e r iod ( Ho ld swo r th 1 983 , 6 15 ) . O ccupa t ion a t Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton i sd emon s t ra t ed b y f i nd s f r om t h e R oman a nd p re -Conque s t p e r iod s a nd l a te r . A l though t wo c he s smen o f f i ne j e t w e re r e cove red f r om t h e e xcava t ion s t h e r e , G a r s tang w a sn o tc onv inced t h a tt h ey w e r e o fp r e -No rman d a te ( 1906 , 2 62 ) a nd t h e s i te c on t inued t o b e o ccup ied u n t i l t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . B u t , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , i tw a s i nr oya l o wne r sh ip b y 1 066 ; c ou ld i t h ave b e longed t o Wu lf r ic S po t a t t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 11 t hc en tu ry? I th a s a l r eady b een s ugge s ted t h a ti t ss uppo sed p rox im i ty t oA e the lf iaed ' sb u rh o nt h e s ou th b ank o ft h e Me r sey a tT he lwa l l m ay i n d ica te i t s s i gn if icance a s ac r o s s ing p o in to ft h er i ve r .

T he e v idence f o r R oman W igan h a s r e cen t ly b een s umma r i sed ( T inda l l 1 985 , 1 9 -20 ) a nd t h e p l a ce n ame i t se lf p re se rve s a r a re e xamp le o f a B r i t i sh p e r sona l n ame (Wa inw r igh t 1 975 , 3 0 ) . A r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s i n1 982 1 984 p roduced e v idence f o r f ou r p ha se s o f s t ruc tu r e s s pann ing t h e p e r iod f r om t h e l a te 1s t2nd c en tu ry AD . T he e a r l ie r p ha se s w e r e a s soc ia ted w i th s ub s tan t ia l t imbe r b u i ld ing s w h ich w e re b e l ieved t o r ep re sen t a m i l i ta ry p re sence . T he l a te rp ha se si nd ica ted h eavy i n du s t r ia la c t iv i ty . O the r ma te r ia l f r om W igan s ugge s t s t h a t R oma n o ccupa t ion c on t inued i n to t h e 4 th c en tu ry . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e f i nd s i nd ica te s t h a t t h e f o cu s o fR oman s e t t lemen t w a s , a s i nt h e m ed ieva lp e r iod ,o nt h es umm i to ft h eh i l l ,t h ough t h eR oman b u r ia lg round w a so nl owe rg round . S ince Mo t e H i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( 130 ) l a y c l o se t ot h e R oman r oad f r om C he sh i r e t h rough t o W igan , a nd j u s t n o r th o ft h e R oman i n du s t r ia ls i te a tW i lde r spoo l , t h er e cove ry o fR oman p o t te ry d u r ing t h ee xcava t ion s i sn o ts u rp r i s ing . As i ng le r im s he rd f r om e xcava t ion s a tC a s t le H i l l , N ew ton ( 126 ) , a ga in c l o se t o t h e R oman r oad , i sh a rd ly i n d ica t ive o f R oman o ccupa t ion a nd t h e e xcava t ion r epo r t t e l l s u s n o th ing o ft h e c on tex t f r om w h ich i tw a s r e cove red . A R omano -B r i t i sh p opu la t ion i ss t a r t ing t oe me rge ; b u tt h e e f ec t so ft h i so nt h e a r chaeo logy o ft h er eg ion a r e ,a sy e t ,t oo f r agmen ta ry t of o rm ac ohe ren t p a t te rn . A l l t h e s ame , c u r ren t w o rk n o r th o ft h e Me r sey i s b eg inn ing t o s how a c e r ta in r e gu la r i ty i n t h e s e t t lemen t p a t t e rn w i th s ma l l R omano -Br i t i sh f a rm s tead s . T he se , w h ich a r e s t a r t ing t o e me rge a s ar e su l t o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphy , f i e ld w a lk ing a nd e xcava t ion , a ta pp rox ima te ly 1 l c m i n te rva l s , s e em t o h ave b een o ccup ied u n t i l t h e 4 th c en tu ry . O ne x cava t ion ,t h e s i te sh ave n o ty e tp roduced c l ea r e v idence f o r r e se t t lemen t i nt h e p o s t -Roman p e r iod t h ough a tC ou r tF a rm i nH a lewood ( 41 ) s l igh tm ig ra t ion o fn o mo re t h an a f ew m e t re s n or thwa rd s o f t h e R omano -B r i t i sh f a rm s tead s e em st ob es ugge s ted . T he e v idence f o rc on t inu i ty o fs e t t lemen ta ss ugge s t ed b yT ay lo r( 1983 , 1 09 124 )h a sy e t t ob et e s ted a r chaeo log ica l ly o ve r aw ide ra r ea . A l lt h e s ame ,

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N or se a rr iva l s T he e v idence o fc o in h oa rd s a s i n d ica to r s o ft u rmo i l i nt h e 1 0 th c en tu ry h a s a l ready b een n o ted . N o r se p r e sence i nt h e a r ea i sr e f lec ted i nh oa rd s o fc o in s a nd i n go t s f r om C ue rda le ( c903 ) , o n t h e r i ve r R ibb le , a nd H a r l c i rk ( c 915 ) i n L i t t le C ro sby ( Do l ley 1 966 , 4 9 -50 ) ( f ig . 1 3 ) . T he f i r s t4,o f as i ze k nown o n ly i nR u s s ia , c on ta ined a pp rox ima te ly 7 , 000 s i lve r c o in s o f av a r ie ty o ft ype s a nd c oun t r ie s o fo r ig in , t oge the r w i th a bou t 1 , 300 p i ece s o f s i lve r c omp r i s ing c omp le te or namen t s , h ack s i lve r , i n go t s a nd i n go t f r agmen t s ( Lew i s 1 982a , 4 7 -48 ) . T he se w e re a s soc ia ted w i th f ou r b one p in s a nd a b one n eed le a nd t h e h oa rd w a s c on ta ined w i th in a l e aden c he s t . H oweve r , t h e r e i sn o e v idence w ha t soeve r f o r a ny a s soc ia t ion w i th s e t t lemen t i nt h e i mmed ia te a r ea a nd , t hough t h e r i chne s s o ft h e h oa rd s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s ar oya l t r ea su re l o s t b y t h e No r se w hen t h ey w e re e xpe l led f r om Dub l in b yt h e I r i sh i n9 02 ( Smy th 1 975 , 6 0 , 7 9 ) , w e c an o n ly s pecu la te o n t h e c i rcum s tance s o f t h e l o s s . Smy th ' s s ugge s t ion t h a t t h e mo re u sua l r ou te b e tween Y o rk a nd D ub l in w a s , p e rhap s , b y t h e C lyde a nd F o r th h a s a l r eady b een n o ted . I n i g no rance o ft h e f a s t -f low ing c u r r en t s o ft h e r i ve r R ibb le a nd p e rhap s u nde r p r e s su re f r om a p u r su ing f o rce , t h er ef ugee sm ay h ave a t temp t ed t oc ro s st h e P enn ine s b y amo r e d i rec t s ou the r ly r ou te . S ince , h oweve r , t h e No r se

E xcava t ion s a t T a rbock ( 1995 ) a nd H a lewood ( 1 996 -97 ) h ave b een d i rec t ed b y D r . R ob P h i lpo t t , F i e ld A rchaeo logy S ec t ion , L ive rpoo l Mu seum . Ia m g r a tef u l t oR ob f o r d i scu s s ion o n h i s w o rk a nd i d ea s f o r f u tu r e r e sea rch . F i e ldwa lk ing b y t h e w r i te r f o r t h e N a t iona l T ru s t a t S peke H a l l ( 1997 ) p roduced a c on s ide rab le n umbe r o f s he rd s o f R omano -B r i t i sh p o t t e ry ; t h e s i gn f icance o f t h e s i t e h a s y e t t o b e d e t e rm ined . E x cava t ion s i n L a thom ( 1999 ) r e cov e red b u i ld ing d eb r i s , i n c lud ing c e ram ic r oof t i l e so fR omano -B r i t i sh d a t e , u s ed t op a ck r u t s i n at r a ckway .

o ccupa t ion c anno t h ave s t a r t ed b ef o r e c 900 ( Ekwa l l 1 922 , 2 55 ) , i ti sh a rd ly p o s s ib le t h a tt h e c ho ice o fr ou te w a s made i nt h ek now ledge t h a ti tp a s sed t h rough a na r ea o fe s tab l i shed No r se s e t t lemen tw h ich w ou ld a l low s a f ep a s sage . T he o n ly a r tef ac tua l ma te r ia l o ft h e p e r iod f r om We s t D e rby H und red i t se lf i sr ep re sen ted i nt h e h oa rd o fA ng lo -Saxon , V ik ing a nd C on t inen ta l s i lve r c o in s a nd , p robab ly , i n go t s d epo s i ted c 915 a tt h e H a rk i rk i nL i t t le C ro sby ( Lew i s 1 976 1 977 ; 1 982c , 2 8 ) . I tw a s r e cove red i n 1 611 a t at ime o f

B en E dw a rd s ( 1 976 ) a r gued t h a t t h is f i nd spo t w a s a t Mo s sbo rough i n R a inf o rd , o n t h e r ou t e b e twe en L i t t le C ro sby a nd A s t ley i n Wa r r ing ton H und red . I nf a c t , w hen N icho la s B lunde l l v i s i ted t h e s i te h e w a s o n a j ou rney t o v i s i t h i s c ou s in J ohn G i l l ib rand a t A s t ley i n C ho r ley t o c e leb r a te h i s w edd ing . A r ou t e w h ich p a s sed t h rough L yd ia t e , D ownho l land a nd L a thom i s ,t h e r ef o re , mo r e f e a s ib le . I nt h e C a ta logue , F ranc i sF a r r e r 's ' Ca s t le ' a ppea r su nde rt h et own sh ip o fL a thom .

4

1 9

I tw a sr e cove red a bou t3 7m f r om t h es ou th b ank o ft h eR ibb le i n1 840 b y w o rkmen e mp loyed t or emove e a r th t or e pa i r ab r ea ch i nt h er i ve rb ank .

4-T he e v id ence f or s e t t l emen tb ef ore 1 066 r e l ig iou sp e r secu t ion 5 a nd t h i r ty -f ive o ft h e c o in sw e r e d r awn b y W i l l iam B lund e l l , l o rd o fL i t t le C ro sby , a nd e ng rav ed o n ac oppe r p l a t e6.I ti sb e l ieved t h a t s ome o ft h e c o in s w e r e m e l ted d own a nd m ad e i n to a s i lv e r p yx ; a na ly s i s o f i t s s i lve r c on ten t h a s s ugg e s t ed t h a t t h i s c ou ld b e s o . T h e r ema inde r w e r e , s uppo sed ly , s e n t t o n o r th Wa le s f o r s a f e -keep ing b u t t h ey h ave n o t s u rv ived .

o f w omen , b u t t h ey p a id a l t h e o t h e r c u s toma ry d u e s ' ( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 69d ) . I na c co rdan ce w i th t h eg r oup ing o ft h e e n tr ie si nD ome sday ,t h i ss e em st ob e ap o s s ib i l i ty . T he v i l l s o f A rga rmeo l s ( n ow B i rkda le ) a nd N o r th M eo l s c ou ld , a s t h ey d i d u n t i l m oder n t i m e s , h ave f o rm ed N o r th Meo l s p a r i sh . H a l sa l l w i th Me l l ing , L yd ia te , D ownho l land a nd B a r ton c ou ld h ave f o rmed H a l sa l l p a r i sh . T he v i i o f A l t ca r m ay a l so h ave b een a t ta ched t oH a l sa l l a tt h i s e a r ly d a t e s.

N o r th Meo l s( S t . C u thb e r t ) A rganneo l s

M icha e l D o l ley b e l ieved t h a t t h e n a tu r e o f t h e F ig . 1 4 : T h es ub -c i r cu l a re nc lo su re a t c o inag e i n d ica t ed O rm sk i rk c hu r ch i n1 609 l o o t r a the r t h an ( r ep rodu ced f r om P RO MR4 ;n o t e c u r r ency ( p e r s t h a tt h ec han ce li sr oo f le s s ) c omm . 1 976 ) . T h i s w ou ld c o r r e spond w i th ap e r iod o fu n r e s tw hen t h e N o r se s e t t le r s o n l a nd s n o r th o f t h e Me r sey c ou ld h ave b een e xpe r ienc ing t h e e f ec t s o f R agna ld ' s a c t iv i t ie s i n r e tu rn ing t o D ub l in i n 9 14 w h en A e the l f la ed w a s b u i ld ing h e r d ef ence s s ou th o f t h e Me r sey . I t s c oncea lmen t c l o se t o t h e s i te o f ac hu r ch a low s s p ecu la t ion b o th o ve rt h e e x i s ten ce o fa c hu r ch h e r e i n t h e e a r ly y ea r s o f t h e 1 0 th c en tu ry a nd a n i n ten t ion o f r e cove ry f r om a n e a s i ly r e cogn i sab le l a ndma rk a f t e rt h ed ang e rh ad p a s sed . F ig . 1 5 : C a rved f i gu r e so nt h ee a s t w a l lo fO rm sk i rk C hu r ch ( JGHS , a f t e r ap ho tog r aph i nO rm sk i rk P a r i sh C hu rch 1 980 ,2 0 )

Churche sa nd c hape l s

6

7

c a raco le s

c a ruca te s 2 2

6 6 4 1 6

5 H u r l s ton & h a lf Ma r t in L a thom & 1b e r ew ick

2 b ova t e s

h id e s 0 . 5 0 . 5

H u r l s ton w h ich mu s th av e i n c lud ed Ma r t in ( a nd b yi n f e r en ce t h e a r ea sn ow k nown a sS ca r i sb r ick a nd B u r scough )t o g e th e r w i th L a thom c ou ld h av e f o rmed t h e p a r i sh w h ich i sn ow r e p r e sen t ed i n Onn sk i rk9. T he p r e -Conque s tp a roch ia l s t ruc tu r e i sn o te a s i ly d i sce rned . A l l t h e s ame , t h e D om e sday a s se s smen t s f o r t h e se v i l l s p rodu ce , w hen c a lcu la t ed o nt h e b a s i s o f 6c a ru ca t e s i ne a ch h i de ( a nd 8b ova te si ne a ch c a ru ca t e ) , at o ta lo f 3h i d e s . I fw e c o r r e c t i n o u r i n te rp r e ta t ion o f D ome sday , t h i s h ypo th e s i s s e em st oi d en t if yt h e 1l t h -cen tu ry p a r i sh c hu r che sw he r e w e w ou ld e xpec t t h em t o b e , a tO rm sk i rk , H a l sa l l a nd N o r th Meo l s . N one , h oweve r , c on ta in s a ny s t r u c tu r a l o r a r ch i t ec tu ra ld e ta i li n d ica t ive o fs u ch a ne a r ly d a t e . T he c hu r ch a t O rm sk i rk ( f ig . 1 4 ) o ccup ie s al ow h i l l o ve r look ing t h e mo s s land s t ot h e n o r th a nd w e s t . T he p l a ce n ame p o in t s t ot h e f o unda t ion o f ac hu r ch t h e r e b y aN o r se b enef a c to r ' ' ' . T hough i t sd a t ei sn o tk nown a nd t h ep l a ce d o e s n o t a ppea r i n t h e d ocumen t s u n t i l t h e l a t e 1 2 th c en tu ry

C hu r ch d ed ica t ion s ' a l low s p ecu la t ion f o r p o s s ib le p r e -conque s t o r ig in s b u t p hy s ica l e v idence f o rs u ch t h ep e r iod i s f r agmen ta ry ( f ig . 1 3 ) . R ebu i ld ing i nt h e l a te r m ed ieva l a nd p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod s o r e ven mo r e r e cen t ly h a s u sua l ly r emoved a l l b u t t h e o cca s iona l e a r ly a r ch i tec tu ra lf r agmen t s .

8

T he D om e sday r e co rd t e l l s o f c hu r che s a t Wa l ton -on th e H i l l , W inw i ck , Wa r r ing ton a nd C h i ldwa l l a nd a c hu r ch a t W igan i si mp l ied ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c , d ) . T he p a r i she s o f N o r th Meo l s , H a l sa l l a nd H u r l s ton ( O rm sk i rk? ) m ay a l so h ave b een n o t ed , a l be i t o b l ique ly , a s ' 3h i d e s e xemp t f r om t a x o n c a r u ca t e so fl a nd ,t h e f i ne s o fb l ood shed a nd v i o la t ion 5

H a l sa l l( S t . C u thb e r t ) M e l l ing L yd ia t e D ownho l land B a r ton A l t ca r

h id e s 0 . 5

9 1 0

Mag hu l l n ow a l so b e long s t o H a l sa l l p a r i sh , b u t A l tca r h a s b ecome a s i ng le t own sh ip p a r i sh , p o s s ib ly b ecau se o fi t s mona s t ic c onnec t ion s i n t h ep o s t -Conque s tp e r iod . B icke r s taf f ea nd S ke lme r sda le n ow b e long t oO rm sk i rk p a r i sh . T he p e r sona l n ame ` O rm ' h a s b een n o t ed i n s e ve ra l s ou r ce s . I n 1 066 , O rm h e ld t h e e x ten s ive m ano r o f H a l ton i n C he sh i r e a nd , i n n o r th L anca sh i r e , aman o ft h e s ame n ame h ad l a nd s i n Me l l ing , H omby a nd Wenn ing ton , a t T hor n ton a nd B u r row , a nd a t H o lke r a nd B i rkby ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 3 0 1c , 3 27c ) . E a s t o ft h e P enn ine s , O rm s on o fG ama l , w a s r e spon s ib le f o rr e bu i ld ing S t . G r ego ry ' s m in s t e r , n o r th Y o rk sh i r e ' i n t h e d ay s o f E dwa rd t h e k i ng , a nd t h e d ay s o f T o s t i t h e e a r l ' ( Mo r r i s 1 985 , 5 7 ) . B ef o r e 1 066 ,T o s t ig h ad h e ld l a nd si nL anc a sh i r e ,n o r th o ft h e R ibb le , a nd G ame l h ad h e ld R ochda le i nS a lf o rd h und r ed ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 70a ) . O rm , s on o fA i lwa rd , h e ld o ne k n igh t ' s f e e i nD a l ton , P a rbo ld a nd Wr igh t ing ton , a nd w a s a l ive i n 115 1118 a nd h ad ag r and son c a l led O rm ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 27 ) . O rm d e H aydock c on t r ibu ted t ot h e a i d t o ma r ry t h e k i ng ' s d augh te r i n 168 1169 ( F a r r e r 1 902 , 1 4 1 5 ) . O rm d e O rm sk i rk w a s h ang ed o ro u t lawed a nd h i s c a t t le w e r e s o ld f o rt h ek i ng ' sb enef i tb ef o r e 1 20 11203 ( F a r re r 1 902 , 1 69 , 1 74 ) . T he r ei s , h oweve r , n o e v idence t os how t h a t a ny o ft h e se m en w a s t h e f o und e ro f t h ec hu rch a tO rm sk i rk .

W i l l iam B lunde l l , h ad r e con s t ruc ted ab u r ia l g round c l o se t ot h e H a rk i rk f o rC a tho l ic sw ho se b od ie sw e r er e f u sed i n te rmen ti nt h ep a r i sh c hu r ch a t S ef ton . T he a r ea w a s e nc lo sed w i th e a r th b ank s a nd f o l low ing t h e f i r s t i n t e rmen ta bou t` f owe rs co r e ' c o in sw e re n o t iced i nt h es andy u pca s t . T he p l a te i sh e ld a tL anca sh i r eR eco rd O ff ic e ,P re s ton . S t Ma ry a t Wa l ton o nt h e H i l l a nd L e igh ; S tC u thb e r ta tH a l sa l l a nd N o r th Meo ls ; S t C had a t K i rkby ; S t O swa ld a t W inw ick ; S t E lph in a t Wa r r ing ton ; S tM icha e l a tA ugh ton a nd H uy ton ; A l l S a in t s a tC h i ldwa l l a nd W igan ; S tP e te ra nd S tP au la tO rm sk i rk ; Ou rL ady a tP re sco t .

2 0

T he e v id ence f or s e t t lemen tb ef ore 1 066 -4

F ig . 1 6 : F ragmen to f ac r o s s h ead f r om W inw ick ( r ep roduced f r om G a r s tang

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 43 ) , i t s e l eva ted p o s i t ion c ou ld a r gue f o r a n e a r ly f ounda t ion . A h eav i ly w ea the r ed s cu lp tu re , s a id t o b e o f S axon o r ig in a nd t o r ep re sen t S t . P au l a nd t h e c ommandan t o f t h e J e ru sa lem c oho r t , i s b u i l t i n to t h e e a s tw a l lo ft h e c ho i r ( f ig . 1 5 ) . I ti s , p e rhap s , t h e s ame a st h a tn o ted b yB i shop P ococke o nh i st r ave l s i nt h e m id 18 th c en tu ry . H e d e sc r ibed i t a s ' a v e ry r ema rkab le r e l ief , t h r ee f e e t l o ng a nd a bou th a lf a sb road , o f aman a nd aw oman . T he l a t te r h o ld s u p o ne h and , t h e o t he r h a s b o th h and s a s j oyned a bou t t h e w a s te . I t a ke i tt o b e R oman , a bou t t h e 4 th c en tu ry ' ( Car tw r igh t e d . 1 888 ,2 08 ) 1.

A m i le o r s o s ou th o f Onn sk i rk p a r t o ft h e a rm o f a p re -Conque s t c r o s s a t A ugh ton c hu r ch i sb e l ieved , o n t h e e v id ence o f WG C o l l ingwood , t o b e o f m id 9 th -cen tu ry d a te (W ickham 9 15 ) . T he d ed ica t ion t oS t . F ig . 1 7 : F ragmen t o f ac ro s s 1 had a tK i rkby p o in t s t o a h ead f r om A ugh ton c hu rch C p re -Conque s t o r ig in ( Cowe l l 1 982 , 1 2) a nd t h e f on t i ss a id t o b e ' p re -No rman ' ( Tay lo r 1 906 , 1 58 ) . A t H uy ton p a r i sh c hu rch , o rnamen ta t ion o n t h e f o n t , s ugge s t s as im i la rd a te ( Tay lo r 1 906 , 1 85 ) . T he s t epped b a se o f ac ro s ss haf tm ea su r ing 1 8 " x1 5 " ( 0 .45 x0 . 38m )h a s b een r e cove red f r om S t . Ma ry 's c hu rchya rd a t Wa l ton -on t h e -H i l l . H ewn f r om as i ng le b lock o fs t one , i ti ss a id t ob e o f p r e -Conque s t d a te ( Tay lo r 1 906 , 1 79 180 , p l f a c ing p 217 ) . P a r t o f ac ro s s s haf tw i th i n te r lace d eco ra t ion c an b e s e en i n S t . Ma ry 's c hu r ch a t Wa l ton 1 2.

O ft h e e a r ly h i s to ry o fL e igh p a r i sh c hu r ch n o th ing i sk nown a nd D ome sday i ss i len t o n t h e ma t te r . H owev e r , i t s u nu sua l p o s i t ion a tt h ej unc t ion o ft h r ee p a r i she s -L e igh , W igan a nd W inw ick ( f ig . 9 ) b eg s f u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion . A t W inw ick p i ece s o f ah igh ly -deco ra ted , ma s s ive c ro s s h ead w e r e f ound i n t h e c hu r chya rd ( f ig . 1 6 ) a nd a r e n ow i n S t . O swa ld 's

1 2

A t S ou thwo r th , a l so i n W inw ick p a r i sh , ag raveya rd a nd e v idence f o r as ma l l c hu r ch , p robab ly o ft imbe r , w e re f ound d u r ing e xcava t ion o f aB ronz eA ge b a r row . T he a l ignmen to f mo re t h an 6 00 g rave s a nd l a ck o f g rave g ood s p o in t t o a C h r i s t ian o r ig in a nd t h ree p e r iod s o fu se w e r e d emon s t ra ted b yr e cu t t ing a nd s l igh t r e a l ignmen t o ft h e g r ave s . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e b u r ia l g ro u nd p reda te s t h e f ounda t ion o f W inw ick c hu rch i nc 1000 AD , s ome 2km t ot h ew e s t( F reke &T hacke r 1 990 ) . B u tt h e r ew a sn oe v idence f o rs e t t lemen ti n t h e v i c in i ty t os how f r om w he re t h e g rave p opu la t ion m igh t h ave b een d rawn a nd i ti se n t i r e ly p o s s ib le t h a tt h e c eme te ry w a s ap o s t -Conque s t c r ea t ion . T he c hape lm ay h ave s u rv ived a t l e a s t u n t i l t h e l a t te r y ea r s o f t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry w hen a d i spu te w a s r e so lved b y t h e c r ea t ion o f a4 'w id e b ounda ry d i t ch b e tween l a nd s a t K eny law E nd s a nd t ho se a t S ou thwo r th C hape l( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l 1 9 11 , 1 69 n 14 ) . S ou thwo r th c hape l m igh t b ea r c ompa r i son w i th t h e H a rk i rk , L i t t le C ro sby , f r om w he r e t h e N o r se c o in h oa rd w a s r e cove r ed , a nd t o w h ich d ocumen ta ry r e f e r ence i sm ade i n t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . B u t h e r e , i np oo r ly c on so l ida t ed , s h if t ing d une s and ,a r chaeo log ica le xcava t ion p rodu ced n oc onc lu s ive s t ruc tu ra l e v idence f o r a n e a r ly c hape l . I th a s a l ready b een n o ted ( chap t e r 2 ) t h a t S ef ton p a r i sh , t ow h ich L i t t le C ro sby b e longed ,w a sp robab ly n o tc r ea ted u n t i lt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry b u t S t . H e len 's We l l , w h ich l i e s al i t t le t ot h e w e s t o ft h e c hu rch ( a l so d ed ica ted t o S t . H e len ) , c ou ld r e p r e sen t a n e a r ly r e l ig iou sf o cu sa nd i ts e em st oh ave r e ta ined i t sr o le a s ah o ly w e l l u n t i l t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( Tay lo r 1 906 , 1 71172 ) . I n t h e a d ja cen t t own sh ip o f D own l i the r land r e f e rence a ppea r s t o ' Chu rch F i e ld ' , a l be i t i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . N o e v idence h a s b een f ound t os how t h i s w a s f o rme r g l ebe o fS ef ton c hu rch , b u t t h e s i te i se l eva ted ( Lew i s 1 982c , 3 8 -39 ) . T oge the r w i th t h e l i ke ly p r e -Conque s t c hape l a t H a rk i rk t h e q ue s t ion r ema in s o fw he the rt h e re w e r e o t he r c hape l s i nt h e d i s t r ic t a t a n e a r ly d a te -a nd , i fs o , w he re t h ey w e r e . T ha t t h ey p re d a ted t h e c r ea t ion o f S ef ton p a r i sh ( p robab ly o u t o f t h e m a s s ive p a r i sh o f Wa l ton -on the -H i l l )r ema in s ap o s s ib i l i ty . H e r e t h en , b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey , w e e ncoun t e r a m ix tu re o fB r i t i sh , Me rc ian a nd No r thumb r ian c u l tu re sw h ich w e r e s uf i c ien t ly w e l l -e s tab l i shed t o s u rv ive t h e a r r iva l o f S cand inav ian s e t t le r s . B u tt h ough t h e n ewcome r s w e r e mo re u sua l ly r e s tr ic ted t o l ow ly ing a nd c oa s ta l a r ea s , t h e i r i n f luence w a s s t rong e nough t oa l low t h e i n t roduc t ion o fa n a dm in i s t ra t ive l a nguage w h ich b ecame m ing led w i th t h a t o f t h e e a r l ie r o ccupan t s . O r , c ou ld i tb e t h a t , a tl e a s t i nt h e u se o f s uch l a nguage , i tw a s t h e Me r c ian s i n t h e p e r son o f Wu lf r ic a nd h i ss ucce s so r sw ho h ad t oc ome t ot e rm sw i th t h e ' c a ruca te s ' a nd ' o rd w h ich w e re c u s toma ry t e rm ino log y b y t h et ime o fD ome sday? T he a r cha eo logy f o rt h ep r e -Conque s t p e r iod h a s y e t t o p roduce a c l ea r c h rono log ica l s equence i n d ica t iv eo ft h e se c u l tu ra li n f luence s .

I nP re sco t , O u r L ady 's c hu rch s i ted o n ah i l l t o p , ac i rcu la r c hu r chyard a nd h o ly w e l l , a r e a l so f i r s t r e co rded f i r s t a tt h e e nd o ft he 1 2 th c en tu ry ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 2 1) . S i nce P re sco t a d jo in s t h e v i l l o fE cc le s ton , f o r w h ich t h e n ame e cc l e s i s a s sumed t or ep r e sen t aB r i t i sh C h r i s t ian c ommun i ty , i ts e em s t h a t ac l a im f o ra ne a r ly c hu rch c anno tb ed i sm i s sed .

I

C hu rch . T h i s c hu r ch a l so i so n as l igh te l eva t ion a nd c l o se t o ah o ly w e l l . T he f o rm o fd eco ra t ion a nd d ep ic t ion o f ap r ie s t i nv e s tmen t s s ugge s t a1 0 th -cen tu ry d a te a nd a f in i t ie s w i th d eco ra ted s cu lp t u re s f r om Nunbu rnham ( Yo rk sh i re ) a nd N e s ton (W i r ra l )a r es ugge s ted ( R .B a i ley ,p e r sc omm . ) .

D r L loyd L a ing c a s t s d oub t o n s uch a n e a r ly a t t r ibu t ion a nd i ts e em s l i ke ly t ha tt h ec a rv ing c ou ld b eo f1 4 th -c en tu ry d a t e . Ia mg ra tef u lt oM rL . McC racken f o rd r aw ing m ya t ten t ion t ot h i sc r o s s .

2 1

5-I n te rR ipam e t Mer sham

Chap ter 5 I n ter R ipam e t Mer sham L anca sh i r e , a s ac oun ty u n i t , d id n o t e x i s t i n 1 086 . I tw a s n o t u n t i l 168 /9 t h a tr e f e rence t oL anca sh i re a s as epa ra te c oun ty , a s d i s t inc t f r om a n H ono r , a ppea red i nt h e P ipe R o l l s f o r t h a t y ea r ; f u l l r e cogn i t ion o f L anca sh i re a s a c oun ty u n i td a te sf r om a bou t 194 ( Ta i t 1 904 , 1 77 , 1 81) . I n 1 086 t h e s ou ther n p a r t o f t h e a r ea , I n te r R ipam e t Mer sham , w a s a s se s sed w i th t h e r e tu rn s f o r t h e c oun ty o f C he sh i r e ; e s ta te s n o r th o ft h e R ibb le , w e re i n c luded w i th t h e Y o rk sh i r e s u rvey . T he a r ea b e tween t h e R ibb le a nd Me r sey w a s d i v ided i n to s i x H und red s w h ich t ook t h e i r n ame s f r om t h e k ing ' s s i x c ap i ta l m ano r s o f We s t D e rby , Wa r r ing ton , N ew ton , S a lf o rd , B la ckbu rn a nd L ey land . A t s ome t ime a f t e r 1 086 t h e Hund red s o f Wa r r ing ton a nd N ew ton b ecame i n co rpo ra ted i n to We s t D e rby a s as i ng le a dm in i s t ra t ive u n i t d ependen t o n We s t D e rby m ano r ; b y 1 274 , i f n o t e a r l ie r , t h e L anca sh i r e Hund red s w e r e e s tab l i shed i n t h e f o rm w h ich l a s ted u n t i l t h e mode rn p e r iod ( Cam 1 930 ,A pp I V2 ) .

f o rwa rd a s t e nan t s in -ch ief made g r an t s t o t h e h ono r ia l b a ronage w ho , i nt u rn , g ran ted e s ta te st ol e sse rk n igh t s . B y s uch m ean se s ta t e s c ame t ot h e h and s o fs ma l l owne r sw ho l a cked t h e r e sou rce s t o p e rf ec t m ano r ia l i n s t i tu t ion s ( Ha rvey 1 987 , 3 9 ) . I fw e e x tend t h i s p roce ss b ackwa rd s t o t h e t ime b ef o re 1 066 i ts e em s r ea sonab le t o a pp ly i tt ot h e v i l l sh e ld i nt h anage a nd d rengage t e nu re i nt h e H und red s o f We s tD e rby ,N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton . T he D ome sday r e tu rn s f o r We s t D erby a r e mo r e i n f o rma t ive t h an t ho se f o r t h e o the r H und red s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey ; e ven s o , t h ey g i ve o n ly as umma ry o f t h e p r eva i l ing c ond i t ion s . T hey d o , h oweve r , p rov ide t h e n ame s o f s ome l a ndho lde r s i n 1 066 , s ugge s t t h e i r s t a tu s a nd n o t e t a x a s se s smen t s a nd e s ta te v a lue s . Un l ike t h e C he sh i r e s u rvey s ou th o ft h e Me r sey , w h ich p rov ide s t h e n ame s o fl o rd s i n 1 066 a nd b o th o v e r lo rd s a nd t e nan t s i n 1 086 , i n We s t D e rby o n ly 1 4 m en a r e n amed T RE a nd t h e s i tua t ion i n1 086 i sg iven i ne x treme ly s umma ry f o rm . T h e r e co rd f o r N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton i n 1 066 a nd 1 086 i s e ven l e s s i n f o rma t ive . I nt h e a b sence o fo the r l a nd c ha r te r s o r g e ld b ook s f o r t h e p e r iod i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t o e s tab l i sh a ny c l e a rr e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h eh o lde r so ft h eD ome sday v i l l so rt h e i ri mmed ia te o ve r lo rd s .

B ef o re e xam in ing t h e D ome sday e v idence f o r t h e r eg ion t h e w ide r a spec t s o ft e nu r ia l o rgan i sa t ion f o r t h e n o r th o f E ng land m ay b e b r ie f ly c on s ide r ed . When M iche lmo r e l o oked a tt h e e v idence f o r t e r r i to r ia l d i v i s ion , p a r t icu la r ly i n We s t Y o rk sh i r e , h e f ound t h a t p a r t ib le i n he r i tance w a s n o rma l i n t h e l a te A ng lo -Saxon p e r iod ( 1979 , 7 -8 ) . Quo t ing t h e e x amp le o f Wu lf r ic S po t , h e b e l ieved t h a t t h e d iv i s ion o fh i s l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey b e tween t wo h e i r s r e p re sen ted s uch p rac t ice s t h ough , a sh e p o in ted o u t , i n her i tance b y w i l l c ou ld b e d if e ren t f r om t h a t b y c u s toma ry f o rm . P a r t icu la r ly i n a r ea s w he r e l a nd s w e r e h e ld i n t h anage o r b y n on -m i l i ta ry t e nu r e , p a r t ib le i n he r i tance s u rv ived c hange s r e su l t ing f r om r ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl a nd s a f t e r 1 066 . F o r e xamp le , R ochda le w a s t h en h e ld b y G ame l o n t e rm s s im i la r t ot ho se o fU c t red i nh i s We s t D e rby v i l l so fL i t t le C ro sby a nd K i rkda le . B yt h e f i r s th a lf o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry R ochda le w a sh e ld b yt wo b ro the r s ,t h e s on s o fL e syng r , s on o fG ame l . T h i s , M iche lmo re s aw a s d i rec te v id ence f o rp a r t ib le i n he r i tance .

T he e v id ence f o rt h e S u rvey h a s b een c on s ide red b yF a r r e r ( 1899 ; 1 906 ) b u t h e made l i t t le a t temp t t o e xam ine t h e s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f h o ld ing s . A l though h e p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e w ho le o f t h e a r ea w a s i n t h e k ing ' s h and s t h e r ea son s f o r i t s i n c lu s ion a s a n a nnexe t o t h e C he sh i r e s u rvey w e r e n o t d i scu s sed . T he p o la r i sa t ion o f l o ca l h i s to r ian s i n to t h e o ppo s ing c amp s o f C he sh i re a nd L an ca sh i r e h a s , u n t i l r e cen t ly ' , r e su l t ed t o af a i lu r e t o

U c t red ' s v i l l sw e re n o tt ob e t r ea ted i ns im i la rm anne r , b u t w e re g ran ted t od if e r en tf e e sa nd h e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice . I t w a s , h ow eve r , q u i te p o s s ib le f o r s uch t e nu r e t o a l low d iv i s ion b e tween h e i r s . A ga in i n Y o rk sh i re , i n 166 t h e n ume rou ss on s( c e r ta in ly 5a nd p o s s ib ly 8 )o fA sgu lf re ach i n he r i ted ap o r t ion o ft h e i r f a the r ' s l a nd s w h ich l a y i nt h e h ono r o fP on tef ra c t , m ano r o f Wakef ie ld a nd , p o s s ib ly , i n t h e P ayne ' f e e . O u t s ide t h e r oya l d eme sne a nd e cc le s ia s t ica l e s ta te s , t h o se w h ich m igh t b e c on s ide red o f v e ry g r ea t a n t iqu i ty s u rv ived o n ly , t h e ref o re , i ft h ey w e r e i n he r i ted b y as i ng le h e i r . S ince t h e w ho le r eg ion b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey w a s h e ld b y t h e C onf e s so r i n 1 066 i t m ay b e c on s ide red a s am a s s ive a nc ien t e s ta te ; b u t w i th in t h a t e s ta te t h e r e w e r e v i l l s w he re e i the r s i ng le o r d iv ided o wne r sh ip c ou ld b e f ound . F u r the rmo r e , i n b o th c i rcum s tance t h e o wne r s o ft h e se v i l l s o r e s ta te s s e em t o h ave h ad e qua l o b l iga t ion s a nd e qua l r i gh t s . I n t h e p o s t C onque s t p e r iod t h e p roce s s o ff r agmen ta t ion w a s c a r r ied 2 2

r e cogn i se t h a t , i n1 066 , m en o fs im i la rn ame w e re l i v ing i n b o th a r ea sa tt h e s ame t ime . F o r e xamp le , w e s ha l l s e e t h a t b o th U c t r ed a nd D o t , af r ee man w i th e x ten s ive h o ld ing s i n C h e sh i r e ,m igh tw e l lh ave b een t h e s ame men a st ho se w ho h e ld v i l l s i n We s t D e rby . T he re i sn o r ea son t o s uppo se t h a tt h e Me r sey w a s a n u nf o rdab le b a r r ie ra c ro s s wh ich t h e m en o f C he sh i re a nd L anca sh i re s t rayed a t t h e i r p e r i l . I nd eed , f o r t h e m en o f C he sh i re , t h e p re s t ige o f h o ld ing l a nd sf r om t h e C rown m igh tn o th ave b een u na t t rac t ive a nd m ay h ave c a r r ied i mpo r tan to ff ice . T he d i scu s s ion w h ich f o l low s e xam ine s t he e v id ence f o r t e nu r e f o r We s t D e rby i n 1 066 a nd m ake s r ef e rence t ot h e e ven m o r e s c an ty e v idence f o r Wa r r ing ton a nd N ew ton . I n t h i s , i ti si n tended m e re ly t os e tt h e s c ene f o r d i scu s s ion o f t h e e v id ence f o r t e nu re i nt h e l a te r m ed ieva l p e r iod . I nn o w ay d oe s i ta ch ieve t h e l e ve l o f c ompe tence o f J ohn H am she r e ' s r e cen t w o rk o n e s ta te s t ruc ture s i n t h e w e s t M id land s ( 1987 ) a nd i t i s d oub t f u l i f t h e a va i lab le d ocumen ta t ion c ou ld s u s ta in s uch d e ta i led s t udy .

I nt h e V ic to r ia C oun ty H i s to ry f o r C he sh i r e A lan T hacke r r e cogn i se s t h e s i tua t ion i nh i s s t udy o ft h e D ome sday e v idence f o rt h e c oun ty b u t d oe sn o tc on s ide rt h eL anca sh i r ee v idence i nd e ta i l .

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2

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7

8

S ee p r ev iou sn o t e . A s se s sed a so ra ( s ee p r ev iou s n o te ) . T he o ra c on ta ined 1 6 p enc e ( S ten ton 1 97 1 , 5 10 ) . V a lue s w h ich c onf o rm w i th o rd ev ia t e f r om t h i s a r e s hown i n b r ack e t s( =t h eu sua lv a lue ; -u nde rt h eu sua lv a lue ; +o ve rt h eu sua lv a lu e ) . T he s i x b e r ew ick s h ave b een i d en t if ied a sE ve r ton , p a r t o f Wa l ton ( wh ich m ay b e r e p r e sen ted i nt h e l a t e r m ed ieva l v i l l s o fF a zak e r ley a nd A in t re e ) , H a le , G a r s ton , G rea t C ro sby a nd L ive rpoo l . F a r r e r b e l ieved t h a t Wa l ton c on ta ined at o ta l o fo ne h ide o fw h ich 2c a ruca te s 3b ova t e s w e r e h e ld b y W in s tan , 5b ova te sw e r eg l ebe a nd t h er ema inde rw e r ea t tached t ot h er o ya ld eme sne ( 1 906 ,2 84 n 2 ;F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 3n 4 ) . T h ingwa l l , w h ich d o e sn o ta ppea ri nt h ed ocumen ta ry r e co rd u n t i l 177 ,w a sp r obab ly a t ta ched t ot h ed eme sne ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 12 113 ) . C ro sby a nd K i rkda le w e re h e ld b y U c t red f o r o ne h i de e x emp t f r om a l c u s toma ry d ue s e xcep t b r each o ft h e p eac e , h i ghway r obb e ry , b r eak ing a nd e n t ry , ac omba tw h ich p e r s i s ted a f t e r a no a th h ad b e en t a ken , f a i lu r et op ay d eb t s , f a i lu r et oh eed ab ounda ry s e tb yt h eR e eve . U c t red p a id a l t a x e s l i ke t h eo t he rk i ng 's m en i nt h ed i s t r ic t( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 69d ) . C on s ide r ed t ob et h ev i l ll a t e rk nown a sB icke r s ta f f e( F a r r e r 1 906 ,283 n 1 ) .A ugh ton i t se lf w a sa l so h e ld b yU c t r ed . I nt h e s u r vey v i l l s m a rked *o n t a b le s 3 a , 3 b a r ee n t e r ed i ns e quence f o l low ing A rganneo l s . I mmed ia te ly f o l low ing A rganneo l s i st h e s t a temen t ' Th i s l a nd w a se x emp ta pa r tf r om t a x ' ( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 69c ) . T he t o ta l a s se s sm en tf o rt h e se v i l l s w a s 1 8 c a ruca te s 4b ova t e s ,j u s to ve r 3h i d e s . T he s et h r ee h i de s w e r e s a id t ob e f r e e ' f o r h e ( t he k ing ) r em i t t ed t h e i r d ue s t ot h e t h ane s w ho h e ld t h em ; t h e se p a id £ 4 1 4 s 8 d . ' . S ub sequen t ly , i ti ss a id t h a t i n ' No r th Meo l s , H a l sa l l a nd H u r l s ton w e r e 3h i de se x emp tf r om t a xo n c a r uca t e so fl a nd , t h e f i ne s o fb l ood shed a nd v i o la t ion o fw omen , b u tt h ey p a id a l o t he rc u s toma ry d ue s ' ( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 69d ) . S i nce t h e se v i l l st o ge the rc on ta ined o n ly 8c a ruca te s i ts e em st h a tt h i sc ommen t mu s tr e la t et o al a rg e r n umbe ro fe s ta t e s ; c ou ld i tb et h a tw e h ave ah i n th e r eo ft h e p a ro ch ia l a r rang emen t ? A rganneo l s ( 2c a r ) a nd N o r th Meo l s ( 0 .5 h i d e ) m ak e u pN o r th Meo l s p a r i sh ; H a l sa l l p a r i sh c on ta in s H a l sa l l ( 2 c a r ) , Me l l ing ( 2c a r ) , L yd ia te ( 6 b oy ) , D ownho l land ( 6 b oy ) a nd B a r ton ( 1 c a r ) , t o g e the r w i th Maghu l l f o r w h ich t h e i n d iv idua l c a rucag e w a s n o t g i ven . H u r l s ton , w h ich mu s t h ave i n c luded Mar t in ( a t l e a s t 0 . 5 h i de , a nd b y i n f e r enc e t h e a r ea s s ub sequen t ly k nown a s S ca r i sb r ick a nd B u r scough ) , a nd L a thom ( 0 .5 h i de ) c ou ld a l so h ave i n c luded B icke r s ta f f e ( a s se s sed a s o ne U c t r ed 's s i x m ano r s f o r w h ich t h e i n d iv idua l c a rucage w a s n o t g i ven ) a nd S ke lme r sda le ( 1 c a r ) ; t o ge the r t h e se t own sh ip s l i e w i th in O rm sk i rk p a r i sh . T he 4 c a ruca te sa s se s sed f o rA l tca r ,w h ich w a sw a s te i n1 066 , m ay h av eb een e xc luded f r om t h e 3h ide c a lcu la t ion . T he e n t r ie s f o rD a l ton , S ke lme r sda le a nd U p l i the r land f o l low i ns e quenc e i nt h e s u rvey . U c t red h e ld D a l ton a nd ` Uc t red a l so h e ld ' S k e lme r sda le a nd U p l i the r land .T he r ei s ,t h e r ef o r e , l i t t le d oub tt ha tt h es ame U c t red h e ld a lt h re ev i l l s .

2 3

5-I n te rR ipam e tMe r sham

U nnamed t hane s A ind sa le A l le r ton B oo t le C h i ldwa l l * Downho l land F o rmby I n c e( B lund e l l ) ( Much ) Woo l ton * (No r th ) Meo l s ( Raven ) Meo l s S ef t on

3 3 4 4r i de r s 2 3 3 2 5 3 5 3 7

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p lough s

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2

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1

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8d

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6

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T ab le 3 b :U nn am ed o wne r sa nd l a nd t e nu r ei n We s tD e rby H und r ed , 1 066 N ev e r th e le s s ,t h es c ope f o rr e con s ide ra t ion o ft h e e v id en ce b yh i s to r ian s h a s b ecom e i n c rea s ing ly a ppa r en t ; i ti st ob e h oped t h a t h e r e , i nt h e a b sence o fh i s to r ica l c r i t ic i sm , a ny m i scon cep t ion sa nd i n con s i s t en c ie si nt h es t a t em en t sw h ich f olow w i l lb ef o rg iv en . I nt h e S u rv ey t h e t e rm ` manoe ° i sn o t a lway s u sed . S i nce t h e d i s t in c t ion b e tw een t h o se p l a ce s c a l led m ano r s a nd t h o se t ow h ich n o s t a tu sw a s a s s igned m igh tb e s i gn if i can t , a nd t h e t e rm s t own sh ip ' o r ' e s ta t e ' h av e b een u s ed d e l ibe ra t e ly t h roughou tt h i s d i scu s s ion w h e r e e v id ence f o r t r ue m ano r ia l s t a tu s o f t h e p rope r t ie s h a s n o t b een e s tab l i shed . I nt h e l a t e r p e r iod , a cco rd ing t ot h e h i s to r ica l d ocumen ta t ion ,t h ew o rd ' t enem en t ' c an a l so b ef ound a sa d e sc r ip t ive t e rm f o r am a jo rl a ndho ld ing .

E xc ep t f o r K ing E dwa rd ' s m ano ro f We s t D e rby a nd U c t r ed ' s g roup o f s i x m ano r s , t h e t e rm ' mano r ' i sn eve r a s s igned t o t h e h o ld ing s o f n amed i n d iv idua l s . ' Mano r ' i su sed i n mo s to ft h e e n t r ie s o fu nnamed t h ane s ; e xc ep t ion s a r e S ef ton a nd N o r th Meo l s , e a ch h e ld b y f i ve t h ane s , t h en umbe ro fm ano r s b e ing u n s ta ted . T he t e rm o ccu r s a l so i n t h eh o ld ing so fd r eng si nN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton .

I °

T enur ei n1 066 I n 1 066 a l t h e l a nd b e tw een R ibb le a nd Me r sey w a s h e ld b y K ing E dwa rd . T h i s c on t ra s t s w i th C he sh i r e , w h e r e t h e E a r l sE dw in a nd Mo r ca ro wned m any o ft h e mo s tv a luab le v i l l s ,t h ough m any o t he r sw e r e h e ld b y ' f ree m en ' , a nd t h e l a nd s n o r th o ft h e R ibb le , w h ich h ad b een h e ld b y T o s t ig u n t i l 1 065 . S i nce E dwa rd h e ld t h e m ano r o f We s t D e rby , w h ich w i th i t s s i x b e r ew ick s w a s f i r s t -nam ed i n t h e H und r ed o f t h a t n ame , t h i s w a s p r obab ly h i s p r in c ipa l m ano r . E dwa rd a l so h e ld Wa r r ing ton a nd i t s t h r ee b e r ew i ck s ;t h ee n t ry f o rN ew ton i sn o ts os pec if i cb u ts t a te s m e r e ly t h a t o fi t sf i ve h id e s , o ne w a s i nl o rd sh ip ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c , d ) . O u t s ide t h e We s t D e rby d em e sn e al a rge n umbe r o fv i l s w e r e h e ld e i the r b y n amed i n d iv idua l s o r b y u nnamed t h ane s1 2 .I n N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton t h e b e r ew i ck m ano r sw e r eh e ld b ym en d e sc r ibed a sd r eng s .

R ef e r ence h a s a l r eady b een m ad e t ot h e u se o fb o th h i d e s a nd c a ru ca t e sl ° i nt h eD ome sday s u rv ey f o rt h er e g ion a nd t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e w e r e s i x c a ruca te s i ne a ch h i d e" . F o r

9

e a ch c a ruca t e t h e t h ane s p a id 2 o ra o fp en ce . U sua l ly t h e t e rm sc a ru ca t ea nd h ide h av e b een c on s ide r ed s ynonymou s a nd e a ch p a id t h e s ame a moun to ft a x ( Kape l le 1 979 , 9 7 ) . U n le s s t h e s ou th L anca sh i r e c a ru ca t e s w e r e e xcep t iona l ly s ma l l , t h e a r ea w a s b enef i c ia l ly t a xed ; b u t , s i n ce t h roughou tt h en o r th t a xa s se s smen t sw e r e much l ow e rt h an i nt h er e s to fE ng land ,t h er e a son d oe sn o ts e em t ol i ei nt h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a nd s b e tween R ibb l e a nd Me r sey w e r e c on s id e r ed e xcep t iona lb ecau se t h ey w e r e p a r to fE dwa rd ' s d eme sne . K ape l le h a s p r ef e r r ed t o b e l ieve t h a t t h e l ow a s se s sm en t o r ig ina t ed w hen t h e N o rw eg ian k i ngdom o f Y o rk b ecame a t ta ched t o We s sex a nd w a s t h e p r ice o ft h e n o r th ' s s ubm i s s ion . B yt h e t ime o ft h e C onque s tt h ey h ad , p e rhap s ,a l r eady h a rdened i n to c u s tom .

E xc ep t a tT ox t e th , w he r e b o th ` v i rga t e ' a nd ` c a ruca te ' a r e u sed , t h e t e rm s ' h ide ' a nd ` c a ruca te ' n eve r a ppea r i nt h e s ame e n t ry . ` V i rga t e ' , ` c a ruca t e ' a nd ` b ova t e ' a r e a lway s u sed i nc on junc t ion w i th ' o fl a nd ' . ' H id e ' i sn eve ru s ed i nc on junc t ion w i th t h e t e rm ' l and ' e xcep t i nt h e s umma ry ( s ee n o t e3 . 1 b e low ) . ' H ide ' , ` c a ruca te ' a nd ` b ova te ' a r eu sed f o rt h ee s ta te so fb o th n amed a nd u nnamed i n d iv idua l s .

"T he D ome sday S u rvey c i t e st h ef o l low ing : 1 . 2 .

I n We s tD e rby e a ch h i de c on ta in ss i xc a ruca te so fl a nd . I n We s tD e rby a l t h et h ane s c u s toma r i ly p a id 2o ra o fp ence f o r e a ch c a ruca t eo fl a nd . 3 . E a ch t h ane , e xc ep t U c t red a nd t wo o ft h e f r ee m en i nN ew ton h und red ,h ad t op e r f o rm t h ef o l low ing c u s toma ry d ue s : • b u i ld t h e k i ng ' s b u i ld ing s a nd w ha teve r b e longed t o t h em , f i she r ie s ,w ood land e nc lo su re sa nd s t ag -bea t s , a st h ough h ew e r e av i l lag e r ; f a i lu r e t od o s o , 2 s f i ne a nd r e qu i r emen t t o d o t h e w o rk u n t i li tw a sc omp le ted . •

• •

•

A b senc e f r om t h e h und red ( ? cou r t ) o rf r om t h e h ea r ing o fp l ea s w hen o rde r ed b yt h er e eve , 5 sf i ne .

•

F a i lu r e t op e rf o rm s e rv ice i fo rde red t od o s o b y t h e r e eve , 4 s f i ne . Am an c ou ld l e ave t h e k ing ' s l a nd a nd g o w he r e h e w i shed o n p aymen to f4 0 s . R e l ief o f4 0 st ob e p a id f o rp o s se s s ion o ft h e d ead f a the r ' s l a nd ; i f am an d i d n o t w i sh t o d o s o , t h e k ing h ad t h e l a nd a nd p o s se s s ion s .

• •

s e nd h i s h a rve s t e r s f o ro ne d ay i n Augu s tt oc u tt h e k i ng ' s c o rn ; f a i lu re t od os o ,2 sf i ne ;t h ef r e em en o fN ew ton h und r ed ' r eap ed f o rt wo d ay sm o r ei nA ugu s ti nt h ek ing ' sf i e ld s ' . F r ee m en t ob e f i ned 4 0 s f o r t h ef t , h ighway r o bbe ry , b r eak ing a nd e n t ry o rb r ea ch o ft h ek i ng ' sp eace . F ine o f l O s t ob e e xa c ted f o r d raw ing b l ood , r a pe o r a b senc e f r om S h i r e Moo tw i thou tr e a sonab le e xcu se .

1 2

2 4

T he t e rm ' t hane ' i sn eve ru sed i nc on junc t ion w i th an amed i n d iv idua l . I ti s , h ow eve r , u s ed i nt h e s umma ry w he r e i ta ppea r s t oe mb rac e a l l a ndho lde r s , n amed a nd u nnamed . T he t e rm ' f r e e m en ' i su sed o n ly i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e s t a temen t s o fc u s toma ry d ue s i n We s t D e rby a nd N ew ton .T he t e rm d reng o ccu r so n ly i nN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton ,w he r e i n d iv idua ld r eng sh e ld i n d iv idua lm ano r s .

I n te rR ipam e t Me r sham -5 N ew ton T o ta lg i v en i n s u r vey L o rd sh ip D r eng s 2o ft h ef r e em en c hu r ch o ft h e m ano r 16

d reng s

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h ide s 5

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T he mano r o f We s t D e rby i t se lf may b e p r e sumed t o r e la te t ot h ep re sen tt own sh ip o f We s tD e rby w he r et h e a dm in i st ra t iv e c en t re o ft h e H und r ed w a s , a tl e a s t i n t h ee a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry , f o cu sed o nt h e c a s t le ( 132 )( s ee c hap te r 1 ) .I ti sn o tk nown w he the rt h i sh ad r e p la ced ap re -Conque s t m ee t ing p l a ce a t T h ingwa l l , as ma l l

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S tO swa ld 's o f t h ev i l lag e1 7

v i l l a d jacen t t o We s t D e rby t ow h ich i tw a s p robab ly o r ig ina l ly a t tached ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 12 ) ( s ee p p 5 4 -55 ) . T h ingwa l l w a s n o t r e co rd ed i n 1 086 w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s a t tached t o We s t D e rby b u t b y 177 i tw a s t a l laged a th a lf am a rk . I t w a s l a te r s a id t o b e a s se s sed a s o ne p lough land a nd h e ld i nt h anage ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 13 ) . Much o f t h e a r ea i s n ow c ove red w i th h ou s ing d eve lopmen t w i th l i t t le o ppo r tun i ty f o rr e cove ry o ff u r the r i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h es i te .

2

8

1

B a lance h e ld b y t h ed r eng s c a lcu la t ed t ob e

1 6

T ab le 4 : Owne r sa nd t e nu r e i nN ew ton H und red , 1 066 O n ly i n We s t D e rby w e re t h e n ame s o f i n d iv idua l v i l l s g i ven ( t ab le s 3 a , 3 b ) ; t h e se , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f Sm i thdown a nd W iba ld e s le i , c an s t i l l b e i d en t if i ed w i th l i t t le d if i cu l ty . I n Wa r r ing ton a nd N ew ton H und red s o n ly t h e m ano r s o f Wa r r ing ton a nd N ew ton w e r e n amed ( t ab le s 4 , 5 ) . T h ree b e r ew ick s w e r e a t tached t o Wa r r ing ton a nd t h e r e w e r e 3 4 mano r s i n t h e H und red . I n N ew ton , 1 5 m ano r sw e r ed e sc r ibed a sb e r ew ick so ft h e mano r .

T he s i x b e rew ick s a t ta ched t o t h e r oya l mano r o f We s t D e rby w e r en o tn amed i n1 086 b u tt h e d eme sne l a nd sh av e b een i d en t if ied b yr e f e rence t ot h e i r s ub sequen tr o le i nt h e o rgan i sa t ion a nd m anagemen to ft h e l a nd s i nt h e l a t e rp o s t c onque s t p e r iod ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 84 n 2 ; F a r r e r e d . 1 903b , 2 5 ;F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 3n 4 )( s ee t a b le 1 2 ) .

R oya ld eme sne A l though t h e w ho le r eg ion b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey m igh t b e c on s ide red a s o ne v a s t a r ea o fr oya l d eme sn e , i n We s tD e rby H und red o n ly a t We s tD e rby m ano ri t se lf w a s t h e l a nd u nd e r d i rec t c on t ro l o f t h e C onf e s so r , a nd t h e r ema in ing v i l l s w e re h e ld b y t e nan t s . T h i s c on t ra s t s w i th t h er ema in ing f i ve H und red s , i nw h ich o n ly o ne i n d iv idua l , i nS a lf o rd H und red ,w a sn amed . T he k ing ' sm ano ro f We s t D e rby a nd i t ss i xb e rew ick s c on ta ined at o ta l o ff ou rh ide s ( 24 c a ru ca te s ) w i th l a nd f o r 1 5 p lough s . T he re w a s f o r e s t t wo l e ague s l o ng a nd o ne l e ague w ide a nd ah awk ' s e y r ie . T ot h i s , i ts e em st ha tt h eb e rew ick mano r si nt h e H und r ed s o fN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton c ou ld b e a dded , t oge the r w i th w ood land 1 0 l e ague s l ong a nd s i xl e ague s , 2f u r long sw id e i nN ew ton , a na r ea e s t ima ted t ob e r a the rg r ea te rt h an t h a t o ft h e H und r ed ( Te r re t t 1 962 , 4 10 ) . I fc o r r ec t , t h e l a nd s

Wa r r ing ton w i th 3 b e r ew ick s1 3 D r eng s S tE lph in 's c hu r ch 1 4

N amed o wner s K ing E dwa rd

U nnamed d reng s

manor s

Wh i l s tG a r s ton ( w i th A igbu r th ) , G rea t C ro sby a nd E v e r ton w e r e d i s t inc t b e rew ick s , a nd T h ingwa l l i sp r e sum ed t ob e s o , F azake r ley , N ew sham a nd A in t r ee may h ave c omb ined i n as i ng le b e rew ick a t tached t o t h e v i l l o f Wa l ton . T he s i x th b e rew ick w a s , p e rhap s , a tL ive rpoo lw he re F a r r e rh a s s ugge s ted a n a s se s smen t o f t wo c a ru ca t e s ( 1903b , 2 5 ) , t hough t h ee v idence o nw h ich h eb a sed t h i si sn o tc l ea r . H a le r ema ined w i th in t h er oya ld eme sne a nd w a sc u l t iva ted a s e i gh t o xgang s ( one c a ruca te ) ; p a r t o ft h e v i l l , p e rhap s t h e a r ea k nown s ub sequen t ly a s H a lewood , w a s p l a ced w i th in t h e R oya l F o re s t b y H en ry I ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 41 n 8 ) . G a r s ton w a s r a ted a sf ou rp lough l and s i n 1 212 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 21) a nd i t s m ed ieva l s y s tem o f c ommon f i e ld s h a s b een d i scu s sed ( Youd 1 961 ; E l l io t t 1 973 ) . G r ea tC ro sby w a s c aruca te s a l so a s se s sed a s f ou r p lough l and s a nd c on t inued t ob ea t tached t ot h er oya ld em e sne u n t i l i tw a s s o ld b y C ha r le s Ii n1 625 ( Fa r re r

h ide s 1

3 4

3 4

1 . 5

4 2

2 . 5

4 3

B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 9 1-92 ) . T he t h r ee c a ruca te s o f E ve r ton a r e r e co rded i n 1 296 w hen ' i tw a s f ound t h a t t h e m en o fE v e r ton h e ld t wen ty -f ou r o xgang s ' ( Fa r r e r &

[ 1 5 ]

5 8

B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,21) .

1 T o ta lc aruca te s c a lcu la ted t ob e

T he t o ta l a s se s smen t f o r Wa l ton i t s e lf w a s n o t g i ven i n 1 086 , b u t F a r re r b e l ieved t h a t t h e v i l l c on ta ined a s much a so ne h i d e . Two c a ruca te s a nd t h r ee b ova te s b e longed t o W in s tan , f i ve b ova te s w e re a t tached t o t h e c hu r ch a nd t h e r ema inde r w e r e t h e p or t ion o ft h e r oya l d eme sne ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 84

T ab le 5 : Owne r sa nd t enu r e i n Wa r r ing ton H und red , 1 066 o ve r w h ich t h e k ing h ad d i rec t c on t ro l , e xc lud ing t h e w ood land , a moun ted t o 12 c a ruca te s , 5 4% o ft h e c a ru ca l a s se s smen tf o rt h e who le a r ea .

1 5

1 3

1 4

&

T he o u t l ie r sw e r e ,p e rhap s , a tG rea tS ankey , P enk e th a nd L i t t le S ank ey w h ich w e r et h ed eme sne l a nd si nt h el a t e rm ed ieva lp e r iod . E xemp t f r om a l c u s toma ry d ue s e xc ep t t a x . S t . E lph in 's i st h e p a r i sh c hu r ch o f Wa r r ing ton . I ti sa s sumed t h a t t h e c a ruca te b e long ing t ot h e c hu r ch w a s i na dd i t ion t ot h e k ing 's p o s se s s ion s a nd t ho s e o ft h e 3 4 d r eng s .

2 5

T he se m ano r sw e r ed e sc r ibed a sb e r ew ick s . A l lb u tt wo o ft h ef r e em en o ft h e h und r ed w e r e s ub jec t t ot h e s ame c u s tom s a st h e m en o f We s t D e rby , b u t t h ey h ad t op rov ide t wo d ay s m o r e w o rk i nA ugu s t o n t h e k i ng 's d eme sne . T he t wo f r e em en h ad t h e f i ne s o fb l ood shed a nd r a p e a nd p a s tu rag eo ft h e i rm en . T he k i ng h ad t h eo t he rf i ne s .

1 6

P robab ly t h ep a r i sh c hu rch a tW igan .

1 7

T he p a r i sh c hu rch o fW inw ick . T h i sl a nd w a se xemp tf r om a l d u e s .

5-I n te r Ream e t Me r sham t h e B ana sf r e f am i ly , a nd ah o ld ing i nd ua l l o rd sh ip i nt h e v i l l s o f L ow ton , K enyon a nd A rbu ry w h ich l i e o n t h e b ound so fN ew ton ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 148 ) . T h et e nu r e o f R obe r t B an a s t r e , t h e s o -ca l led l o rd o fN ew ton i nt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry ,m ay h ave b een n om o r et h an t h a to f af a rm e r o rb a il if ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 70 ) a nd b o th t h e f am i ly a nd t h e v i i i o fN ew ton s e em t ob e om i t t ed f r om t h e 1 2 12 s u rv ey w h e r e G o lbome w a s i n c luded a mong s t t h e l a nd sh e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,7 3 -74 ) .

n 2 ) F azak e r ley ,A in t r ee a nd N ew sham w e r en o ts e pa ra t e ly a s se s sed , b u t F azak e r ley a ppea r s t oh av e b een o n e o ft h e t ownf i e ld s o f Wa l ton u n t i l a tl e a s tt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 8 ) .A in t ree s e em st oh av eb ecome s ev e r ed f r om t h e d em e sn e f o r e a r ly 1 3 th -cen tu ry r e co rd s s how t h a t i tc on ta ined f o u rt e nanc ie s , o n e t ot h r ee b ova te s i ns i z e , i na dd i t ion t ol a nd s g r an t ed t oC ock e r sand A bbey ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 ,6 31 ; 1 903b ,4 9 -50 ) .

The r oya ld eme sne a nd i t sb erew ick s I n We s tD e rby t h e c ap i ta lh o ld ing a nd i t sb e r ew i ck s a l l l i e i nt h e s ou th a nd w e s t o ft h e H und r ed (f ig . 1 8 ; t a b le 6 ) . E v e r ton , L iv e rpoo la nd Wa l ton a l a bu tt h em ano ro f We s t D e rby ; a cce s s t o t h e r i v e r a nd s e a w a s o b ta in ed a t L iv e rpoo l , G a r s ton , H a le a nd G rea t C ro sby . A l though c on t ro l o f t h e r i v e r Me r sey c ou ld h av e b een a ch ieved t h rough t h e b e r ew ick s , d i r ec t a c ce s s t o t h e W i r r a l a nd C hd sh i r e w ou ld h av e b een l i m i t ed . F e r r ie s r a n b e tw een L iv e rpoo la nd t h eW i r r a la nd b e tween H a le a nd R un co rn i n t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry (Wa lk e r 1 939 , 1 39 142 ; F a r r e r 1 902 , 2 53 ) a nd r e co rd s s how t h a t i tw a s p o s s ib le t of o rd t h e r i v e r a tH a l e i nt h e 1 5 th a nd 1 7 th c en tu r ie s ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 40 14 1) . T he n ea r e s tb r idg ing p o in t w a sa t Wa r r ing ton , 1 3km e a s t o fH a le , o nt h e R oman r o ad f r om W i lde r spoo l i n C he sh i re t o t h e l a nd s n o r th o f t h e Me r sey , v i aN ew ton a nd W igan . A t Mo t e H i l l ( 1 30 ) , n ea r S tE lph in ' sC hu r ch i n Wa r r ing ton , i ti sh a rd ly s u rp r i s ing t o f i nd a n e a r thwo rk s i t e o f p r e -Conqu e s t o r ig in . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly , i tw a s a ta ch ed t ot h e Wa r r ing ton d eme sne h e ld b yt h ek i ng i n1 066 a nd i ti st emp t ing t os e e a na s soc ia t ion w i th Wu lf r ic S po ti nt h eo pen ing y ea r so ft h e 1l t hc en tu ry .

p a r to f Wa l ton )

We s tD e rby A in t re e N ew sham F az ake r ley T h ingwa l l H a le G a r s ton G r ea tC ro sby E ve r ton L ive rpoo l

c a ruca t e s 6 1 1 1 1 4 4 3 2 2 3

R oby K i rkby K now s ley L i t t le C ro sby Maghu l l A ugh ton ( B icke r s taf f e ) T o ta l

c a ruca t e s 2 2 4 3 0 . 5 0 . 5 1 2

T ab l e7 :L and sb e long ing t oU c t r ed ' sg r oup o fs i x m ano r s

The l and so fU c tred ( f ig . 1 8 ;t a b le s7 ,1 2 ) Af t e r t h e k i ng , U c t r ed h e ld mo r e l a nd i n We s t D e rby H und r ed t h an a ny o t he r i n d iv idua l . H i s g r oup o f s i x m ano r s a t R oby , K now s ley , ( L i t t le ) C ro sby , K i rkby , Maghu l l a nd A ugh ton ( B icke r s taf f e ) i n c luded w ood land t wo l e agu e s l o ng a nd w ide a nd t wo h awk s ' e y r ie s . T h i s g roup o f m ano r s w a s f a i r ly c ompa c t a nd , a pa r t f r om B ick e r s taf f e , a l t h e v i l l s e mb ra ced t h e r oya l d eme sne . L i s t ed s e cond i n t h e s u rvey a nd t a k en a s ag r oup o f h o ld ing s , t h e i mp r e s s ion i so f as ub s tan t ia l a nd i mpo r tan t u n i t , p e rhap s o n ly s l igh t ly l owe r i ns t a tu s t h an t h a t o ft h e C rown . A sw i th t h er oya l l a nd s , t h e c a r u ca l a s se s sm en tf o r e a ch v i i i c an b e c on s t ruc ted b y r e f e r en ce t o l a t e r d ocum en ta t ion ( F a r r e r 1 906 , 2 83 n 1) i n w h ich t h e t wo D ome sday h i d e s a ppea rt ob e r e f lec t ed . I ti sr e a sonab le t o s uppo se t h a tt h i s h o ld ing r e p re sen t s t h a t o f at r u s t ed m an , p e rhap st h eb a i l if fo rs t ewa rd o ft h er oya ld eme sn e .

b ova t e s

4 4

I na dd i t ion t ot h i sb l ock o fm ano r s ,U c t r ed h e ld a no the r 1 v i l l si nt h e H und r ed . W i th t h e e x cep t ion o fL i t t le Woo l ton a nd S pek e , t h e se l a nd s l a y t owa rd s t h e n o r th o f t h e H und r ed . H e r e , U c t r ed ' s p r inc ipa l e s ta t em ay h av e b een a t L a thom w h i ch , w i th a b e r ew ick a s y e t u n id en t if i ed , w a s o n e o f t h e e x emp t ed v i l l s . L a thom l i e s o n t h e n o r the rn b o rd e ro ft h e H und r ed w he re i ta bu t st h a t o fL ey land a nd , t o ge the r w i th t h e a d jo in ing v i l l s o fH u r l s ton a nd Ma r t in ( now S ca r i sb r ick a nd B u r scough ) t ot h e w e s t a nd D a l ton a nd S k e lm e r sda le t ot h e e a s t , f o rm s ac on t inuou s u n i t o f l a ndho ld ing a l ong t h e b ound s o f t h e H und r ed . U c t r ed ' s r o le m ay w e l l h av e b een t o p ro t e c t t h e b o rd e r s o f t h e H und r ed .

8

T ab le 6 :L and sa t t a ch ed t ot h er oya ld eme sne

T h es ame s t ra t eg ic s i gn if i cance c anno tb ee x t end ed t o We s t D e rby v i i i a nd i t s c a s t le ( 1 32 ) . T he l a nd scape i sv e ry f l a t a nd f e a tu r e le s s a nd m ax imum e l eva t ion i sa ch iev ed a t6 1m OD i nt h e s ou th , o n t h e b ounda ry w i th t h e t own sh ip o f Wave r t r ee ,a nd a tT h ingwa l l . F u r the r ,t h e i s o la t ion o f We s t D e rby f r om t h e p r in c ipa l r ou te a c ro s s t h e r i v e r w a s p robab ly a ccen tua t ed b y e x t en s iv e a r ea s o fw ood land a nd m o s s land . Why t h e p l a ce , r a th e rt h an Wa r r ing ton , b ecame p r e -em inen t i nt h e y ea r s b ef o r et h e C onqu e s t h a s n o tb een e xp la ined . T he n a tu r eo ft h ec a s t le s i sd i scu s sed m o r e f u l ly i nc hap t e r 1 .

T he se v i l l sc on ta in ed v a ry ing a moun t so fl a nd a nd i n c luded f ou rw h i ch w e r ee x emp tf r om a l ld u e se xcep tt a x( s ee t a b le 3 , n o t e s 4 , 5 ) . When c omb ined w i th h i s g r oup o f s i x m ano r s ( 1 2 c a ru ca t e s ) , t h e c a ru ca t e s a s s igned t o U c t r ed a moun tt oj u s to v e rf i ve h i de s( 30 c a ru ca te sa nd 2b ova te s ) , 2 5% o ft h et o ta l a s se s smen t f o r We s tD e rby H und r ed a nd mo r et h an t h er o ya l d eme sn e . U c t r ed a l so c on t ro l led m uch o ft h e w ood l and i nt h e a r ea ; i na dd i t ion t o t h a t a s se s sed w i th h i sb l o ck o fs i xm ano r s , h e h ad w ood land i nL a thom , L yd ia t e a nd L i t t l e Woo t ton . A c a s t le a tL a thom ( 123 ) i s n o t ed i n t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry ; i t s s i t e i sn o t c l ea r ly

A l though i nN ew ton H und red t h e d eme sne m ano r o fo ne h i de m ay h av e b een f o cu sed o n t h e v i i i o f N ew ton , r e e xam ina t ion o ft h ee v id en ce a nd a n a s se s smen to ft h e l a t e r m ed ieva l h o ld ing s s ugg e s t s , p e rhap s , a no the r l o ca t ion . B y t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry , t h e l a nd s w h i ch c omp r i sed t h e Mak e rf i e ld k n igh t ' s f e e w e r e f ound t o b e d i s t r ibu ted b e tw een u n id en t if i ed d em e sne l a nd s i nt h e p o s se s s ion o f 2 6

I n te rR ipam e t Me r sham -5 i d en t if i ed , b u ti tw ou ld b e h a rd ly s u rp r i s ing t of i nd U c t r ed i np o s s e s s ion o fa ni mpo r tan ts t rongho ld .

c on t ro l l ing t h i s c r o s s ing p r obab ly l a y w i th O rm , l o rd o f H a l ton . T he t r an s la t ion o fH a l ton i n to t h eh ead o f ab a rony b y 1 086 , a nd a nnexa t ion o f an umbe r o fs ou th L anca sh i r e v i l l s , i n c lud ing t h o se o fU c t r ed , t ot h a tb a rony mu s ts u r e ly h av eh ad i t so r ig in si nt h e se p r e -Conqu e s tl a ndho ld ing s .

Two v i l l s , L i t t le C ro sby a nd K i rkda le , w e r e h e ld t o ge th e r a s o n e h i d e w h i ch w a s e xemp t f r om a l c u s tom ar y d u e s e x cep t f i n e s f o r b r eak ing t h e l aw . S hou ld U c t r ed f a i l t o a b id eb yt h er e ev e ' sj udgemen to ro rd e r sh ew ou ld b e f i ned 4 0 sa nd h ew a s l i ab le t ot h e ' K ing ' st a x l i k et h em en o ft h e d i s t r i c t ' ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69d ) . T h e s t a t em en ts ugge s t st h a t U c t r ed w a s am an t o b e d i s t ingu i sh ed f r om t h e o t he r l a ndho ld e r s ; i ts e em s , h owev e r , t h a t h e w a s n o t t h e r e ev e . A t K i rkda l e d ocum en t a ry r e sea r ch h a s s hown p o s s ib le e v id en c e f o r ac a s t le ( 1 27 ) . A l though i tm igh tb et emp t ing t os e es u ch as i t ea so ne o fU c t r ed ' ss t rongho ld s ,t h e r ei sn o e v id en c e t o s how t h a t i th ad a p r e -Conqu e s t o r ig in a nd , s i n ce t h e a r ea i s e x t en s ive ly u rban i sed , t h e r e i s l i t t le p o t en t ia lf o ra r cha eo log ica le v id en ce .

N amed l andho lder s ,u nnamed t hane s a nd t he d r eng so fN ew ton a nd Warr ing ton T h e r ema in ing 2 5 v il s i n We s t D e rby w e r e h e ld b y 1 2 n am ed i n d iv idua l s a nd 3 5 u nnamed t h an e s o r r i de r s ( f ig . 1 8 ) .T ho se n amed h e ld 1 4v i l l so re s ta t e st ow h ich t h et e rm ' m ano r ' w a s n ev e r a s c r ibed . H uy ton a nd T a rbock w e r e c omb in ed u nd e r o ne e n t ry a nd h e ld b y D o t a s o ne h i d e , e x emp tf r om a l c u s toma ry d u e se xcep tt a x . T he se t wo v i l l s s u b s equ en t ly b ecame a t ta ch ed t ot h e f e e o fW idn e s ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 80 ) a nd t h e i r p o s i t ion , t h i rd i n t h e l i s t ing a f t e r U c t r ed ' s g roup o f s i x m ano r s , p e rhap s a l so i mp l i e s p r iv i leg ed s t a tu s .T he n am eo fD o t , l i k et h a to fU c t r ed ,a l so o ccu r ss ou th o ft h e Me r sey w he r e i ti sf o und o n 1 7e s t a t e s ; o n a l b u tt wo o ft h e se h e w a s c a l led af r ee m an ( Mo rgan 1 978 p a s s im ) .

S om e u nd e r s t and ing o f U c t r ed 's s t a tu s c an b e i n f e r r ed f r om o t h e r D ome sday e v idence . T he s im i la r t e rm s o fh i s h o ld ing sa tL i t t le C ro sby a nd K i rkda le w i th t h o se o fG ame l a tR o chda le h ave a l r eady b een n o t ed . Ac a s t l ea tC a s t le ton , av i l lj u s ts ou th o fR ochda le ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 37 -539 ) ,m ay h av e l a in o n G ame l ' s l a nd s . C an t h i s b e s e en i np a ra l le l w i th t h e p o s s ib le e a r ly c a s t le a t K i rkda le a nd t h a t i n L a thom ? S ou th o ft h e Me r sey a f r ee m an c a l led U c t r ed h e ld Wa l la sey ( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 64d )a tt h en o r th -ea s tt i p o f t h eW i r r a l , o v e r look ing t h e mou th o ft h er i v e r Me r sey a nd , p e rh ap s n o t c o in c iden ta l ly , g eog raph ica l ly o ppo s i t e t h e e x emp t ed m ano r o f K i rkda le . S u re ly t h e s ame m an w a s h o ld ing b o th v i l l s w i th r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r c on t ro l o f t h e mou th o ft h e r i v e r . F r ee m en c a l led U c t r ed a nd T ok i a l so h e ld t wo m ano r sa tN o r ton ( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 66b ) .A l though t h e se l a y w i th in a s t one ' s t h row o f H a l ton a nd t h e f e r ry c r o s s ing b e tw een R un co rn a nd W idne s , t h e h onou r f o r We s tD erby K ing E dwa rd U c t r ed O the rn am ed i n d iv idua l s U nnamed i n d iv idua l s Wa l ton c hu r ch C h i ldwa l lc hu r ch

N o . o f i n d iv idua l s

v i l l s

N o . o f b e r ew ick s

I n 1 3v i l l s n o o ne p e r son , a pa r t f r om S t e inu lf w ho a so n e i n d iv idua l m ay h ave h e ld b o th T ox t e th a nd U pho l land , h e ld m o r et h an o ne e s ta t e . T ox t e th w a s , i nf a c t , d i v id ed i n t wo e qua lp a r t s ; o ne h a lf p a id 4s h i l l ing sa nd t h eo t h e rw a s v a lued a t 4s h i l l ing s . F a r r e r h a s s ugge s t ed t h a t t h i s d ua l a s se s sm en t p o in ted t o ad if e r en t a nd u nequa l d i v i s ion o f t h ev i i ii nt h ep a s t( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 1 n 11) . I t s a s se s smen t o f o n e v i rga t e a nd h a lf a c a ru ca t e d emon s t r a te s t h e d ua l i ty o f S cand inav ian a nd Me r c ian t e rm ino log y f o und t h roughou t t h e We s t D e rby s u rv ey .

mano r s

N o . o f b e r ew ick s 6

6 1 3 3 7

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Ad jus ted t o ta l N ew ton L o rd sh ip D r eng s C hu rch o ft h em ano r S tO swa ld ' sc hu r ch

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No . o f i n d iv idua l s

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3 4

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Me l l ing w he r e t h e D om e sday r e co rd f o r w ood land c an b ec omb ined w i th t h e l a t e rp l a ce n am e C un scough , w a s h e ld b y a w oman , G od iva . S he h e ld n o o t h e r l a nd n o r th o f t h e Me r sey a nd t h e r ei sn on eo ft h a tn am ei sc i t ed i n t h e C he sh i r e s u rvey . G od iv a , C oun t e s s o f C h e s t e r , i sb e l iev ed t oh av e b e en d ead b y 1 086 ( DNB 1 975 , 7 94 )b u ti nC h e sh i r eh e rg r and son s , t h e E a r l s E dw in a nd Mo r ca r , w e r e o wne r s o f n ea r ly a l l t h e w e l l -e s tab l i sh ed a nd v a luab l e e s ta t e s ( Bu 'Lock 1 972 , 5 8 ) . I ti sj u s t p o s s ib le t h a t G od iva 's Me l l ing h o ld ing r e p r e sen t s a n o u tpo s t o f t h e Me r c i an e a r l s n o r th o f t h e Me r sey . Me l l ing i s e nc i r c l ed b y U c t r ed ' s w ood land m ano r s i nB ick e r s t af f e , Maghu l l a nd K i rkby a nd a bu t s t h e r oya l d eme sn e a tA in t r ee a nd w ou ld s e em ,t h e r ef o r e ,t oo ccupy af a vou r ed p o s i t ion . Mo reov e r , s i n ce o n ly t h e k i ng , U c t r ed a nd G od iva h e ld v i l l s i nw h ich w ood land w a s r e co rd ed t h i s m ay , p e rhap s , b e s e en a s a n i n d ica t ion o fh e rs t a tu s . T h e r ema in ing 1 v il s , h e ld b y 3 u nnam ed t h an e s a nd f o u r r i de r s , c on ta ined at o ta l o f2 4 e s ta t e s w h ich w e r e u sua l ly d e sc r ibed a s m ano r s ' s.I th a s b een s ugge s t ed t h a t a n e n t ry s u ch a s' t h r ee t h ane sh e ld I n ce a st h r ee m ano r s ' i n d ica t e s t h a t I n ce ( B lunde l l ) m ano r c on t a ined t wo a dd i t iona l , u nnam ed m ano r s ( Te r r e t t 1 962 , 3 94 ) b u t n o s u ch m ano r s h ave e v e r b een i d en t if i ed b y n ame . I nI n ce B lunde l l ad e t a i led s t udy o ft h e e v id ence f o r e s ta t e s a nd s e t t lemen t i nt h el a t e rm ed ieva lp e r iod h a ss hown t h a tt h e r e w e r e s ev e ra l f am i l ie s o f a ppa r en t ly e qua l s t and ing i nt e rm s o fl a nd o wne r sh ip ( Bak ew e l l 1 983 )t h ough t h i se qua l i ty w a s ,p e rhap s ,m a sk ed b y p o s t -Conqu e s t a l loca t ion o ft h e v i i i t o t h e Wa r r ing ton f e e . A l though p r a c t i ca l o rg an i sa t ion o f t h e l a nd s i n to s e pa ra t e e s ta t e s p r obab ly c on t inued a s b ef o r e , l o ca l ly ' s upe r io r ' s t a tu s w a s a s sumed b y t h e f am i ly w h i ch w a s r e spon s ib le t ot h el o rd o ft h ef e e .

.

h e ld b yU c t r ed n umb e ro fu nnamed t h ane s /mano r s

F ig . 1 8 :D i s t r ibu t ion o fh o ld ing si n1 066 i :n am ed m ano r si n We s tD e rby w i th t o ta l sf o rN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton i& i i :a l lo ca t ion o fh o ld ing s 1 8

2 8

L a t e r m ed ieva l e v id en ce f o r I n ce B lund el a nd F o rmby s ugge s t s t h a t t h e D ome sday m ano r s m ay n o t h ave b een g eog r aph ica l ly d i s t in c t e s ta t e s . C e r ta in ly , i nF o rmby t h e f o u r c a ru ca te s s e em t os u rv iv e i nd i s t in c t o wn e r sh ip u n t i l t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ; b u t i n t h e p o s t -Conque s t p e r iod t h e r e i sn o c l ea r i n d ica t ion o f am ano r i nt h a t v i l l . E ven i n t h e m idd le y ea r s o f t h e 1 9 th c en t u ry w e f i nd u ncon so l ida t ed s t r ip s o f l a nd d i s t r ibu ted t h roughou t t h e o pen f i e ld s ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 27 ) . Owne r sh ip o ft h e se c an , w i th s om e d eg r ee o f c onf id ence , b e t r a ced b a ck t o t h e l a t e m ed ieva l p e r iod a nd , m o r e t e n ta t iv e ly , t o t h e e a r l ie r p o s t -Conqu e s t l a nd lo rd s . S e t t lemen t i sb o th d i spe r sed a nd d i s t an t f r om F o rmby H a l l ( 24 ) , a nd t h e p a r i sh c hu r ch a tt h e e a s t a nd w e s t l i m i t s o f t h e t own sh ip

T he a loca t ion o ft h e se e s ta t e s i ss hown n um e r ica l ly o n f i gu r e 1 8 a s n umbe ro ft h an e s /numbe ro fm ano r s .

I n te rR ipam e t Me r sham -5 d i v id ed a lmo s t e qua l ly b e tween t h em a nd a c coun t s f o r a l i t t l e o v e r h a lf o f t h e t o ta l a s se s smen t f o r t h e H und red ( t ab le 8 ) . I nN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton t h e d reng sh e ld b yf a r t h e g r ea t e s t a moun t o f l a nd b u t , s i nce i n N ew ton t h e m ano r s w e r e d e sc r ibed a s b e r ew ick s , a nd t h e d r eng s o f Wa r r ing ton w e r e s a id t o b e long t o t h e m ano r i t s e lf , i t s e em s t h a t t h e i r h o ld ing s m ay h ave b een s im i la r t o t h e b e r ew i ck so f We s tD e rby m ano r .

r e sp ec t ive ly 1 9. D ependency o n We s t D e rby t h rough a b sen t e e l a nd lo rd s h o ld ing b y s e r jean ty o rt h anag e t e nu r e i si mp l ied t h ough t h e r e w a s am e sn e l o rd a tF o rmby H a l l ; t h ep l a ce h a sb een o wned b yt h e s ame f am i ly s i nce a tl e a s t t h ee a r ly 1 4 th c e n tu ry . S ef ton , A in sda l e a nd N o r th Meo l s , h e ld b y f i ve , t h r ee a nd f i v e t h ane s r e sp ec t iv e ly , p rov id e n o s ugg e s t ion t h a t t h e se p eop le h e ld ac ompa rab le n umbe r o fs e pa ra t e m ano r s . I n e a ch c a se a s i ng l e m ano r , w he r e t h e t h ane s h e ld n o m ano r ia l j u r i sd i c t ion , i sp e rhap s i mp l ied . I fs o , t h en t h e c onv e r se m igh t b e s a id f o r t h e p l a ce s w h e r e am ano r i s s p ec if i ca l ly n o t ed . L a te r d ocumen ta t ion t h row s a lmo s tn o l i gh t o nt h e s i t ua t ion . N o r , i nt h e l a te rm ed ieva l p e r iod , i s t h e r e a ny g ood e v id ence t h a tt h e v i l l s c on ta ined mo r et h an o n e m a in f o cu s o f s e t t lemen t . C lea r ly t h e r e i sd if i cu l ty h e r e i nc o r r e la t ing t h e n omen c la tu r e o f ' m ano r s ' w i th a s t ru c tu r e o f m ano r ia l a dm in i s t ra t ion . B a rba ra H a rv ey ' s o b se rva t ion s t h a t f r agmen ta t ion l e d t o al a ck o f l o ca l r e sou r ce s b y w h ich mano r ia l p roce s se s c ou ld b e e s tab l i shed ( 1 987 , 3 9 ) s e em st oc on t rad ic tt h et e rm ino logy u sed h e r e . F o rt h ep r e sen t , t h ep rob lem o fi n t e rp r e ta t ion o f t h e se t h r ee e n t r i e sr ema in su n r e so lved .

D e sp i t et h ed if i cu l t ie so fi n t e rp r e ta t ion ,t h e r ei sl i t t le d oub t t h a t F a r r e r w a s c o r r ec t i n h i s d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e l a nd b e tw een R ibb le a nd Me r sey a s ' ah uge m ano r o f r oya l d em e sn e , w he re t h e o wne r sh ip b yt h e s ove r e ign p r ec luded t h er i s e o fa ny g r ea te s ta te so rc hange s o fa ny c on s ide rab le m omen ti nt h e s t a tu s o fi t si n hab i tan t s ' ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 75 ) . W i th in t h i sf r amewo rk w a s amu l t ip l i c i ty o fe s ta te sr a ng ing i ns i z e f r om t h e m a jo r h o ld ing s o fU c t r ed w ho , i n We s t D e rby H und red , h e ld a lmo s t o n e q u a r t e r o ft h e h und r ed l a nd s , d own t oe s ta t e s a s se s sed a t af ew b ova t e s . A l though U c t r ed s e em s t oh ave b een g i v en p r ef e ren t ia l t r ea tmen t i n r e spec t o fL i t t le C ro sby a nd K i rkda le , t h e r e i so t h e rw i se l i t t le t od i s t ingu i sh b e tw een t h eo b l iga t ion sd u et ot h er oya l d em e sn ef r om e i th e rt h an e so rd r eng s . T h e c on t ra s t b e tween n amed i n d iv idua l s w ho , e x cep t f o r D o ta nd S t e inu lf ,h e ld n o mo r et h an o ne u nd iv id ed v i l l ,a nd t h e l a rg e n umbe r o fu nnamed t h an e s w ho h e ld e s ta t e s i n s ubd iv id ed v i l l s , c anno t b e e xp la ined s a t i sf a c to r i ly . A l though i n We s t D e rby t h e t e rm ' t hane ' s e em s t oh ave a pp l i ed t o a l l t h e l a ndowne r s f r om t h e p o in t o f v i ew o f p aymen t o fc u s toma ry d u e s a nd f i ne s , t h e d i s t in c t ion m ay l i e i nt h e t e rm ino logy o f t h e i n d iv idua l e n t r ie s a nd t h e c on s i s t ency o fc on t ex t w i th in w h i ch t h e t e rm s ' l and ' a nd ' m ano r ' a r e e mp loyed . S i nce l a nd s h e ld i nt h anag e a nd b y l a t e rk n igh t s e rv ice c ou ld b e i n h e r i t ed , a tl e a s t i nt h en o r th o fE ng land i nt h ep o s t -Conqu e s tp e r iod ( Ba r row 1 969 , 1 0 ; M ich e lmo r e 1 979 , 7 8 ) , t h e r e s e em s l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e p ro ce s se x i s t ed i ns ou th L an ca sh i r ei n1 066 . ' Th rough s u ch ap r o ce s s m any v i l lag e s h ad b een d i v ided b y 1 066 i n to m inu t e f r a c t ion s , h e ld a s ' m ano r s ' b y t h egn s w ho , e conom ica l ly , w e r e l i t t le mo r e t h an p ea san t s ' ( S t en ton 1 97 1 , 4 87 ) . B u tt h e s t a tu s o ft h e We s tD e rby m en w a s n o t e n t i r e ly s e rv i le . T hough p a r t ib le i n he r i tance c ou ld r e su l t i n t h e c r ea t ion o f s ma l le r h o ld ing s a nd m ak e i n c r ea s ing ly h eavy d emand s u pon e s ta t e r e sou r ce s , t h e D ome sday r e co rd s how s t h a t t h e t h ane s o f We s t D e rby c ou ld p ay a r e l ief t oh ave t h e i rf a th e r s 'l a nd s .

T h e s i z e o f av i l l a ppea r s t oh ave h ad n or e la t ion sh ip w i th t h em ean sb yw h i ch i tw a s s ubd iv id ed . T hu s , F o rmby w i th f o u r c a ruca t e s o f l a nd w a s h e ld b y t h r ee t h ane s a s t h ree m ano r s a nd B oo t l e ' s t wo c a ru ca t e s w e r e d i v ided b e tw een f ou rt h ane sw i th f o u rm ano r s . A tt h eo t h e re nd o ft h es c a le , D ownho l land h ad o n ly s i x b ova t e s , b u t w a s d i v id ed i n to t wo m ano r sh e ld b yt wo t h an e s . V i l l sh e ld b yu nn am ed t h ane sa c coun t ed f o ro v e rf i v eh i d e s o ft h eo ve ra l l a s se s smen tf o r We s t D e rby . T h e i rv i l l sw e r e u sua l ly l o ca t ed a l ong t h e c oa s t o r , i nt h e c a se o fI n ce a nd S ef ton , a l ong t h es ou th b ank o ft h er i ve rA l t . E x cep t ion st o t h i s a r e A l le r ton a nd Much Woo l ton i nt h e s ou th o ft h e H und r ed , a nd C h i ldwa l l , w h ich w a s h e ld b y f o u r r a dman s a nd w a s a l so o n e o ft h e f ew v i l l s w he r e l a nd h e ld b y t h e c hu r ch w a sr e co rd ed . F o r t h e t e n an t s o fN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton ( t ab le s 4 , 5 ) t h e r e i se v en l e s s i n f o rma t ion t h ough i ts e em s t h a t e a ch h e ld o n e m ano r -as i tua t ion n o t u n l ik e t h a t o ft h e n amed i n d iv idua l s i n We s tD e rby . I nN ew ton w e a r et o ld t h a tt h e m en w e r ec a l l ed d r eng sa nd t h a ta l lb u tt wo o ft h ef r ee m en w e r e s ub je c t t o t h e s ame c u s tom s a s t h e m en o f We s t D e rby . T h ey d i d , h ow eve r , r e ap f o r t wo m o r e d ay s i nt h e k i ng ' sf i e ld s .T ho se e x emp ted f r om t h ec u s toma ry d u e sa l so r e ce iv ed f i n e s o f b l ood shed a nd r a pe a nd t h e i r m en 's p a s tu rag e . I n Wa r r ing ton , 3 4 d reng sh e ld as im i la rn umbe r o fm ano r s a nd b e long ed t ot h em ano ri t s e lf ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69d ) . T he e v id en ce i n d ica te s t h a t t h e d r eng s w e r e f r ee m en w ho ,t o g e th e rw i th t h e We s tD e rby t h an e s ,r e p r e sen ted al a nd -own ing p opu la t ion ; t h ough t h ey m ay h ave h ad l i t t le w ea l th , i ns o c i e ty t h es t a tu so ft h ed reng sw a sa bov et h a to f p ea san t s( S t en ton 1 971 , 5 03 ) .

I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e t e rm ino logy i s u s ed s imp ly t o d i s t ingu i sh t h e s ubd iv id ed v i l l s f r om t h o se i n s i ng le o wn e r sh ip . I fn o t , t h e c on t r a s t b e tween t h em a nd t h o se o f t h en amed i n d iv idua l sb ecome sm o r em a rked . I ft h et h ane s w e r e t h e r e p r e sen ta t ive s o f l o ng -e s tab l i sh ed f am i l ie s , s hou ld t h e n amed i n d iv idua l s b e s e en a s f i r s t -g en e ra t ion l a ndowne r s? I fs o ,i nt h ey ea r sb ef o r e 1 066 t h e r em u s th ave b een c on s id e rab le r e ad ju stmen tt ot h ep a t te rn o fo wn e r sh ip .

I ti sd if i cu l tt oe s tab l i sh t h er e la t iv e s t a tu s o ft h eu nnamed t h ane s a nd n am ed i n d iv idua l s . I n We s t D e rby , t h e l a nd i s 1 9

T he m ed ieva l c hu r ch w a s o ve rwhe lmed d u r ing t h e s t o rm s o ft h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry . T he p r e sen t p a r i sh c hu rch , d ed ica ted t o S t P e t e r , w a s c onse c ra t ed i n1 746 ( L ew i s 1 981c ) .

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6-R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f t e rt he C onque s t

Chap ter 6 R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f t e rt he C onque s t v o lun ta ry s u r rende r o r e x change o f t h e se e s ta te s ( 1906 , 2 78 -279 ) . T he L anca sh i r e e s ta te s w e re , h oweve r , t o b e r e s to r ed t o R oge r a nd t h ey p a s sed i ne n t i r e ty t o S t ephen

U n l ike C he sh i re , w he r e t h e D ome sday i n que s t p rov ide s d e ta i l o fo wne r sh ip f o l low ing t h e C onque s t , f o r t h e t h r ee H und red s o f We s t D e rby , N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton l i t t le i n f o rma t ion i sg i ven . T he s i tua t ion i n 1 086 i s , t h e ref o re , s omewha t o paque . A l l t h e s ame , u s ing l a te r e v idence , a n

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 906 ,2 92 ) .

F ig 1 9 : R ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e We s tD e rby e s ta te sa f t e rt h eC onque s t a t t emp t c an b e mad e t o i d en t if y t h e p l ace s g r an ted t ot h e n ew No rman g ran tee s a nd t o s e e t h e e x ten t t o w h ich t h e r eg ion m igh t h ave b een r e ta ined a s d eme sne . S uch e v idence c once rn s t h ree p r inc ipa l c a tego r ie s o f t e nu r e c rown o r h onor ia l d eme sne s h e ld a s s e r jean t ie s , m i l i ta ry f e e sa nd e s ta te sh e ld i nt h anage -w h ich a r e f ound , s pa t ia l ly i n te rm ixed , t h roughou t t h e t h ree H und red s . T hey a ppea r b o th a sc on so l ida ted g roup so fv i l l sa t tached t o as i ng le f e e a nd a s s ca t te red e s ta te s . C a ref u l c on s ide ra t ion o f t h e g roup s ,h oweve r , p rov ide s ab a s i su pon w h ich t h e s t a tu s o f i n d iv idua lm ed ieva le a r thwo rk s i te sc an b ee xam ined . Af t e r t h e C onque s t , R oge r o f P o i tou ' h e ld a l l t h e l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey . T he se , t oge the r w i th Amoundeme s s a nd o t he r e s ta te s i n t h e n o r th a nd i n D e rby sh i re a nd No rf o lk , w e r e i nt h e k i ng ' s h and sb y 1 086 . R ea son s f o r t h e l o s s a r e n o t c l ea r . P o s s ib ly t h ey h ad b een f o r f e i ta tt h et ime o ft h eC onque ro r ' s q ua r re lw i th h i s e l de s t s on , R obe r t C u r tho se , b u t F a r re r p ref e r red t o s e e a T h i rd s on o fR oge r o f Mon tgome ry , E a r l o fS h r ew sbu ry a nd A runde l , t h rough w hom h e w a s g r an ted t h e e a r ldom o fL anca s te r ( DNB 1 975 , 7 98 ) ,

T he l andowner so f1 086 ( t ab le s9 ,1 0 , 1 ) F rom e s ta te s i n Wa r r ing ton a nd We s t D e rby H und r ed s , R oge r made an umbe r o fg r an t s t on amed i n d iv idua l s . T he m en w ho h e ld b yR oge r 's g if ta nd t h e a moun t o fl a nd t h ey r e ce ived b ef o re 1 086 a r e g i ven o n ly i ns umma ry f o rm . I ti s d if i cu l t , t h e r ef o r e t oa s s ign i n d iv idua l h o ld ing s t ot h e n ew l o rd sw i th a ny d eg ree o fc e r ta in ty a nd n o to ne o ft h en amed t h ane s a tt h e t ime o ft h e C onque s t w a s i n c luded a mong s t R oge r 's m en2.A l l t h e s ame , u s ing t h e e v idence f o r c a ruca l a s se s smen t s f r om t h e G r ea t I nque s t o f 1 212 , F a r r e r a t t emp ted t o i d en t if y t h e h o ld ing s ( ed . 1 903b ; 1 906 , 2 85 n n2 -7 ) ( t ab le s 9 , 1 0 , 1 , 1 2a 12c ) . A l though t h e re a r e c on s ide rab le g ap s i nt h e e v idence , t h e c a ruca l a s se s smen t f o rn o f ewe rt h an 2 1 v i l l s i n We s t D e rby Hund red i n1 066 a nd 1 212 i se xac t ly t h e s ame . F a r re r u sed t h i s r ema rkab le c on s i s tency b e tween t h e t wo r e co rd s t o s ugge s t t h e a l loca t ion o fv i l l st ot h e i rn ew o wne r s i n1 086 a nd t oa r gue e v id ence f o rt h ee a r ly c r ea t ion o fs ome o ft h eb a ron ie s .

2

3 0

I nS a lf o rd H und r ed , G ame l s e em s t oh ave r e ta ined a tl e a s t s ome o fh i s p r e -Conque s tl a nd s .

R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f t er t he C onque s t -6 a t ta ched t ot h e f e e o f Wa r r ing ton b u t , o n t h e e v idence o f c a ruca l a s se s smen t s a nd s e rv ice , F a r re r h a s s ugge s t ed t h a t k n igh t s e rv ice w a s i mpo sed o n t h anage t e nu r e ( e d . 1 903b , 9 ) . P o s s ib ly t h en ew l o rd s m e r e ly i n tervened i nt h et e nu r ia l h i e ra r chy b e tween R oge r a nd t h e p r e -Conque s t t h ane s a nd d reng s , f o r t h i s t h e re i sn o p roof t h ough t h e n umbe r o f t e nan t s w i th N o r se p e r sona l n ame s i n t h e 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tu r ie s s ugg e s t s a n u nde r ly ing c on t inu i ty (Wa inw r igh t

F a r r e r ' s u nd e r s t and ing o f t h e o rgan i sa t ion o f e s ta te s a nd o ve r lo rd sh ip i n 176 1177 ( 1899 p a s s im ) h a s b een t a k en a s t h e b a s i s f o r t a b le s 1 2a 12c ; t h e se , h oweve r , a r e m od if ied t o s how e v idence f o r o wne r sh ip w h ich h a s e me rged i nt h e c ou r se o ft h e p r e sen t a na ly s i s . T he t a b le s , h oweve r , r e p r e sen to n ly t h e o ve ra l l n a tu r e o fo ve r lo rd sh ip . B u t , a sw es ha l ls e eb e low ,t h e re i s ac on s ide rab le p e r iod o f t i me o ve r w h ich t h e m i l i ta ry f e e s w e r e c r ea ted o r a ugmen ted a nd t h e i r v a lue l i e s i n d emon s t ra t ing t h e c on s i s tency o fc a ruca l a s se s smen t s a nd v a lue s a s s igned t o i n d iv idua lv i l l sb e tween 1 066 a nd 1 346 . H ide s

C aruca te s

S ugge s ted l o ca t ion

I nd iv idua l c aruca l A s se s smen t

G eof f rey3

2

0 . 5

Wa l ton G a r s ton n o tk nown

6 4 2 . 5

R oge r4

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T ab le 9 : We s tD e rby H und r ed ,t e nu re i n1 086 T he n e two rk o fu nde rt e nanc ie s , w h ich b ecome s mo r ec l ea r f r om t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s , s how s a mu l t ip l ic i ty o f h o ld ing s b y m e sne t e nan t s t h rough t h e a cqu i s i t ion o f e s ta te s b y i n he r i tance , ma r r iage a nd p u rcha se . T he n ew t e nu r e s a l so m a sk e v idence f o r e a r l ie r f o rm s o f t e nu r e w h ich , b y 1 2 12 , h ad b een s upe r impo sed b y k n igh t s ' f e e s . F o r e xamp le , C u lche th , R ix ton a nd A the r ton b ecame 3

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P o s s ib ly R oge ro fP o i tou 's s he r if f a nd p r edece s so ro fG odf r ey , s h e r if f i n1 094 ( F a r r e r 1 906 ,2 85 , 2 ) .

A l a rge r p ropor t ion ( 5 5% ) o f Wa r r ing ton H und r ed w a s g r an ted o u t t o R oge r 's m en , t h ough s ome 2 6 c a ruca te s s e em t oh ave b een w i thhe ld . F u r the r , i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t

P r obab ly R og e rd e Mon tbegon , p r edece s so ro ft h e Mo lyneux f am i ly i n t h e f e e o f S ef ton ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 85 n 3 ) . T he T ox te th e s ta te w a s s ub sequen t ly e xchang ed f o r h a lf o fD own l i the r land a nd t h e w ho le o f T ox t e th w a s p l ac ed i nt h e R oya l F o r e s t , p robab ly b y R oge r o fP o i tou ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 2n ) ; t h e f am i ly a l so h e ld h a lf o fD own l i the r land i n t h anag et e nu r e .

i oT e tba ld w a s p r obab ly t h e s ame p e r son w ho h e ld 11 2 h / i de s i n We s t D e rby . H i s e s ta te i st h ough tt or e p r e sen tt h e n uc leu s o ft h e Wa r r ing ton f e e( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l 1 906 e d s . 37 n l , 3 40 ) . E ven tua l ly i tw a sh e ld b y t h e B u t le r f am i ly , k i n smen o ft h e B u t le r s o f Amoundeme s s , w he r e t h e n ame T heoba ld Wa l te r /Bu t le r o ccu r s o ve r s e ve ra l g ene ra t ion s ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 906 , 3 50 -357 ) .

W i l l iam f i t zN ig e l , b a ron o fH a l ton ( Fa r re r 1 906 ,2 85 , 4 ) . E l sewhe r e , F a r r e r g i ve s , L i t t le C ro sby , i n s tead o fK i rkby , a st h e v i l l h e ld i n 1 086 a nd s a y s t h a t 11 2 h / i de s b e long ing t oU c t r ed w e r e a l so a t ta ched t ot h e H a l ton f e e( F a r r e r 1 906 ,2 80 ) .

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P o s s ib ly Wa rM B u s se l , l o rd o fP enwo r tham ( Fa r r e r 1 906 ,2 85 n 5 ) . G o i sf r id u sh omo R og er ia ppea r s a st e nan to fO sgodby i nt h eP o i t ev in 's L i nco ln sh i r ef e e . T e tba ld 's e s ta te i st h ough t t o r e p r e sen t t h e f o unda t ion o f t h e f e e o f Wa r r ing ton ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 37 n l ,3 40 ) .

1 2

F a r re r b e l ieved t h a t R obe r t a nd G i lbe r t b e long ed t oR oge r o fP o i tou 's h ou seho ld ( 1906 ,2 85 n 7 ) .

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W i l l iam f i t zN ige l , b a ron o f H a l ton ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 86 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 2 98 ) . S ince t h e i n d iv idua l a s se s smen t i sm o r e t h an 1 6 c a ruca t e s , i ts e em s t h a t A s t ley a nd C ue rd ley s hou ld , p e rhap s , h ave b e en e xc luded f r om t h eH a l ton f e ea tt h i s d a te . C ue rd ley w a s l a t e r h e ld f r om t h eW idne sf e eb yt h el o rd so ft h ef e eo f Manche s t e r . F a r r e rh a ss ugg e s t ed t h a tt h ee s ta t e sh e ld b yR oge r , Wa r in a nd O smund m igh t b e p a r t ly r e p r e sen ted i n R ix ton a nd A the r ton , b o th o f w h ich b ecame a t ta ched t ot h e Wa r r ing ton f e e b ef o re 1 2 12 ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 9 ) .

6-R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f te rt he C onque s t t h e w ho le H und red o fN ew ton , w i th i t s p opu la t ion o fs i x d reng s , 1 2 v i l lage r s a nd f ou r s ma l lho lde r s , c ame t o t h e d eme sne a s al a rge , c on so l ida ted l a ndho ld ing .

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G a r s ton , G r ea t C ro sby a nd L ive rpoo l w e re r e ta ined i nt h e d eme sne h o ld ing a nd w e re m anaged a s s uch . T he c hu rch a nd l a nd s o f Wa l ton -on the -H i l l a nd t h e v i l l o f G a r s ton h ad b een g r an ted t oS h rew sbu ry A bbey b y G odf r ey , s he r if f o f R oge r o f P o i tou , a nd p robab ly G eof f rey ' s s u cce s so r , b ef o re 1 093 b u t b y 1 212 G a r s ton w a s h e ld i n t h anage f r om t h e k i ng a nd t h e Z • a bbey ' s c onnec t ion i sn o t s hown ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 1 9 ; 1 906 , 2 79 ) ( t ab le 9 ) . E l sewhe re , • w e c an s u spec t t h a t c oa s ta l v i l l s s uch a s C , '_. • A in sda le , F o rmby a nd R avenmeo l s , t oge the r w i th A ugh ton a nd U p l i the r land j u s te a s t o ft h e m o s s land s , b e longed t o a n e two rk o f s e r jean t ie s .

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T he v i l l s o fS peke , Wh i s ton , S ke lme r sda le a nd P a r rw e r e g ran ted t ot h e F o r es t F ee w h ich w a s h e ld b y t h e G e rne t f am i ly ; p re sumab ly t h ey h ad b een t aken i n to t h e d eme sne a f t e r t h e C onque s t . T h rough m a r r iage , t h e G e rne t s1 6 a l so a cqu i red H a l sa l l , L yd ia te , Maghu l l a nd W ind le a sg ran tee sf r om t h ef e eo f Wa r r ing ton .

A f u r the r d eme sne v i l l m ay h ave b een B u r tonwood , n ea r Wa r r ing ton . P o s s ib ly o ne o f t h e d eme sne e s ta te s o f Wa r r ing ton H und red i n 2 '5, 1 • 1 066 , i tw a s p l aced i n t h e R oya l F o re s t b y 1 0m i les H en ry I ; i n 1 229 i tp a s sed t o t h e E a r l o f C he s te ra nd t h en t oW i l l iam d e F e r re r s , e a r l o f 1 0 km D e rby . F e r re r s g ran ted p a r t o fi tt ot h e A bbey o fT i l tey i n1 251 . L a te ri nt h a tc en tu ry i ts e em s t h a t t h e v i l l w a s g ran ted o u t t o t wo m e sne 1 D eme sne / se r jean ty 2 Manche s te rF ee 3 Ma r sey F ee 4 P enwo r tham F ee l o rd s . B yt h e e nd o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry t h eB u t le r 5 S ef ton F e e 6 Wa r r ing ton F ee 7 W idne sF ee 8 T hanage l a nd s f am i ly , s o -ca l led b a ron s o f Wa r r ing ton , F ig 2 0 : L and s i nd eme sne , t h anage a nd h e ld b yk n igh t s e rv ice i nt h e l a te b ecame r e s iden t a t B ew sey O ld H a l l , o n t h e 1 th a nd 1 2 th c en tu r ie s s ou th b ounda ry o f t h e v i l l . T h i s w a s i n p r ef e r ence t o t h e i r c a s t le a t Mo te H i l l i n 1 086 1 3 Wa r r ing ton . O nt h en o r th b ounda ry ,t h ed e H aydock f am i ly 6d r eng s l r e ce ived a ne s ta t ef o cu sed o nB rad ley O ld H a l l . 1 2v i l lage r s ] 4s ma l lho lde r s ]

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We h ave a l r eady s ugge s ted t h a t , a f t e r 1 066 t h e w ho le o f Make r f ie ld m ay h ave b een t a ken i n to t h e d i rec t o wne r sh ip o ft h eC rown a nd g r an ted t oR oge ro fP o i tou . T he d eme sne t i the s o f N ew ton w e re g ran ted , p robab ly b y R oge r o f P o i tou , t o t h e A bbey o f S h rew sbu ry a nd t h i s g ran t w a s c onf i rmed b y t h e E a r l o f C he s te r i n 14 1 ( Fa r re r 1 906 , 2 79 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 33 n 13 ) . T he v i l l s o f Woo l s ton a nd P ou l ton w e re a l so g i ven t o t h e A bbey b y R oge r . I n t h e l a te r m ed ieva l p e r iod P ou l ton w a s i n t h e h and s o ft h e l o rd o f Make rf ie ld , w ho m ade ag ran tt h e r e t o al a yt e nan t .

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d eme sne a nd t hanage

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B u t ,

I fG eoff r ey ' s h o ld ing i n We s t D e rby h a s b een i d en t if ied c o r rec t ly ,t h en h i sl a nd s s e em t oh ave c on t inued t ob eh e ld i n h e red i ta ry t e nu re b y t h e ma s te r s e r jean t s o f t h e H und red . T he r e i sl i t t le d oub t t h a t We s t D e rby i t se lf a nd i t s d ependen t v i l l s o f E ve r ton , p a r t o f Wa l ton , H a le ,

1 3

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s ucce s sf u l i n ac l a im a ga in s t t h e l a y t e nan t o f Woo l s ton ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 32 ) , t h e A bbey s e em s t o h ave r e ta ined i t s l o ca l i n te re s t s . T he e s ta te s o fG o lbor n e , L ow ton , K enyon , A b ram , S ou thwo r th a nd A rbu ry w e re t o b ecome t h e f o cu s o f t h e Make rf ie ld f e e ( t ab le 1 ) f r om w h ich , s omewha t c u r iou s ly , N ew ton i s e xc luded a nd f o rmed a n uc lea ted g roup o f v i l l s i n t h e s ou th o f t h e H und r ed . T o t h e se m ay b e a dded t h e e cc le s ia s t ica lf oc i a t

N one o ft h eN ew ton v i l l sh ad b e en g ran ted o u ti n1 086 ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 80 ) . ( Fa r re r 1 899 ,2 3 ) . T he v i l l so fN ew ton a nd W igan a r en o t ic eab ly a b sen t . T he 1 2 12 I n que s tt e l l s u st h a t 91 2 c / a ruca te sm ade t h ef e eo fo ne k n igh t .

1 6

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S e eH a l sa l l i nt h ec a ta logue b e low f o ra loca t ion o ft h eG e rne tl a nd s .

R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f ter t he C onque s t -6 W inw ick a nd W igan . T he f o rme rw a s g r an ted b y R oge r o f P o i tou t o t h e p r io ry o f S t O swa ld o f N o s te l l , Y o rk sh i re ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 7 2 ) . I n 1 213 1219 T hu r s tan B ana s t r e w a s t og ran tt oC ocke r sand A bbey t h e a dvow son o fW igan c hu r ch . H ow eve r , t h e A bbey d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave p r e sen ted a ny c l e rk s t o t h e c hu r ch , a nd t h e r i gh t o f p a t ronage w a s t o b e al o ng -runn ing s ub jec t o f d i spu te b e tween t h e C rown a nd t h e h e i r s o f T hu r s tan ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 6 74 -675 ) . B u tt h e r ema in ing v i l l s , a l though a t ta ched t ot h e Make r f ie ld f e e ,c on t inued t ob eh e ld i nt h anage .

T he m i l i tary f e e s Make rf ie ld

E s ta te sh e ld i nt hanage A na ly s i s o f t h e e v idence s upp l ied b y t h e 1 2 12 I nque s t s how s t h a t 2 3% o ft h e r eg ion a s aw ho le c on t inued t ob e h e ld i nt h anage t e nu re ( f ig 2 2 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o 9v i l l s i n We s t D e rby , t h i s i n c luded 9 i nN ew ton H und r ed a nd 4 i n Wa r r ing ton H und r ed ( t ab le s 1 2b -c ) t h ough , a tl e a s t i nt h e l a t te r , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly e a r l ie r t h anag e t e nu re b ecame s upe r impo sed b y k n igh t s e rv ice . I n We s t D e rby , U c t red ' s e s ta t e s a tL a thom , U p l i the r land a nd B icke r s taf f e c on t inued t ob e h e ld i nt h anage b u th i sr ema in ing 1 4v i l l sw e re e i the r t a ken i n to t h eC rown d eme sne o rr ed i s t r ibu ted a mong s tt h e b a ron ie s ( f ig . 1 9 i ) . B u tt h e r e i sn o a ppa r en t c on s i s tency i n t h e m anne r b y w h ich t h e p re -Conque s t e s ta te s w e r e r e d i s t r ibu ted a mong s t t h e t h anage t e nan t s . S uch v i l l s i n c luded t h o se o f t h e n amed p r eConque s t p eop le i n D own l i the r land a nd B a r ton , t h e u nnamed t h ane s i nB oo t le a nd t h e f o rme r , s uppo sed , r oya l d eme sne l a nd s a tA in t ree . U pho l land a nd Me l l ing , h e ld r e spec t ive ly b y S t e inu lf a nd G od iva i n1 066 ,w e re s ub sequen t ly o wned b yo ne f am i ly i nt h anage . V i l l s w h ich r e ta ined t h anage s t a tu s w e re f ound p r inc ipa l ly a l ong t h e H und reda l b ounda r ie s w i th L ey land a nd S a lf o rd t h ough i n We s t D e rby t h ey i n te rcede l a nd s h e ld b y t h e d eme sne a nd f r om t h e b a ron ie s . Wh i l s t t h o se i n We s t D e rby i t se lf w e r e r e spon s ib le t o t h e c ou r t a t We s t D e rby v i l l , i nN ew ton H und red t h e se e s ta te s b ecame a t ta ched t o t h e Mak e r f ie ld f e e . H e re t h ey f o rmed aw ide , c on so l ida ted b e l t o fv i l l s a r ound t h e h ea r t land o ft h e f e uda l e s ta te s . A s w i l lb e s e en i nc hap te r9 ,t h e i rt e nan t sw e r e r e spon s ib le f o r t h e p rov i s ion o f s e rv ice s r em in i scen t o f t h anage t e nu re . A l though U c t r ed , t h e w ea l thy t h ane o f 1 066 , h ad d i sappea r ed f r om t h e w r i t ten r e co rd b y t h e t ime o f t h e D ome sday S u rvey h i s s ucce s so r s , i f n o t h i s d i rec t d e scendan t s , t h e L a thom f am i ly , c on t inued t o h o ld e x ten s ive e s ta te sf r om av a r ie ty o fo ve r lo rd s -t h e C rown i n t h anage , t h e f e e s o fW idne s , Manche s te r a nd Ma r sey a nd , p o s s ib ly , f r om C ocke r sand A bbey . I nt h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry t h ey w e r e t o f ound a mona s t ic h ou se a tB u r scough ; t h ey p o s se s sed a n , a sy e t , u n loca ted c a s t le a tL a thom ( 123 ) a nd as e cond c a s t le a tK now s ley ( 124 )h a sb een s ugge s ted . A nd m oa ted s i te s h ave b een f ound o n t h e l a nd s o ft h e i r f am i ly o r t e nan t s i nL a thom , T a rbock a nd H u r l s ton . T hey w e re e ven t og a in p o s se s s ion o fR a inf o rd , av i i iw i th y e ta no the r m oa ted s i t e , b u t w he re t h e i mmed ia te p o s t -Conque s t o wne r sh ip i sf a r f r om c l ea r . I ft h anage s t a tu s h ad b een a m a rk o f s e rv i l i ty i n t h e p re -Conque s t p e r iod , i t w a s c e r ta in ly n o t t o p reven t t h e r i se o f t h e f am i ly i n t h e c en tu r ie sw h ich f o l lowed .

T he D ome sday b ound s o f Make r f ie ld a r e t h ough t t o c o r r e spond w i th t ho se o ft h e l a t e r f e e t ow h ich t h e r e c to ry o fW igan a nd a dvow son o ft h ec hu rch w e r e a t ta ched . I th a s a l r eady b een s ugge s ted t h a t R oge r o f P o i tou m igh t h ave h e ld s ome d eme sne l a nd h e r e . T he f r agmen ted n a tu r e o f t h e l a ndho ld ing s , p a r t b y k n igh t ' s f e e a nd p a r t b y t e nan t s w ho h e ld i nt h anage , o f t en i nv i l l s w h ich w e r e s ubd iv ided i n to s ma l le r e s ta te s , s ugge s t s t h e i mpo s i t ion o f ak n igh t s ' f e eo v e r ap re -ex i s t ing t e nu r ia lf r amewo rk . N ew ton t own sh ip a nd W igan s e em t oh ave b een r e ta ined b y t h e C rown a sd eme sne t h ough W igan m ay h ave b een a r e c to r ia l mano r . F a r re r h a s g i ven t h e a s se s smen t f o r N ew ton a s 3c a ruca te s ( 1899 t a b le o pp p 20 ) a nd t h e d eme sne h ide o f 1 066 m ay h ave i n c luded A b ram w h ich s e em st oh ave b een a s se s sed a s1 /c 2 a ru ca te ; t h e a s se s smen t f o r N ew ton i t se lf m igh t , t h e ref o r e , h ave b een a l i t t le l e s s t h an F a r re r h a s s ugge s ted . T he v i l l s o fL ow ton , K enyon , t h e w ho le o fG o lbo rne , A rbu ry a nd o ne th i rd o fW inw ick h ad b een g ran ted o u t b y 164 ( t ab le 1 ) a nd t h e 1 2 12 I n que s t t e l l s u s t h a t 91 / c 2 a ruca te s m ade t h e f e e o f o ne k n igh t . T h i s r e inf o r ce s t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t , a tl e a s t a tt h i s d a t e , N ew ton w a s r e ta ined a s d eme sne a nd h ad n o t b een g r an ted o u t . T he r ema in ing v i l l s i nt h e H und r ed c on t inued t ob eh e ld i nt h anage . E v id ence f o r t h e c r ea t ion o f t h e Make rf i e ld f e e i s c on f l ic t ing . S ince i n 168 1169 t h e l a nd s w e r e t a l laged a s i ft h ey b e longed t ot h e C rown , t h e f e e i t se lf m ay n o t h ave b een c r ea ted u n t i lt h e l a t te rp a r to ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry . F a r re r s t a t e s t h a t t h e B ana s t re f am i ly o b ta ined Make rf ie ld b y g r an t f r om H en ry I a nd t h a t R obe r t B ana s t r e w a s i n p o s se s s ion b y 164 1165 ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 8 ) , b u t t h e r e i s n o th ing i nt h e P ipe R o l l s t os how t h a t t h e B ana s t r e f am i ly h ad a ny p o s se s s ion s i n Make r f ie ld d u r ing H en ry 's r e ign ( 1 902 , 2 62 ) . E l sewhe re , h oweve r , h e s ay s t h a t B ana s t r e w a s g i ven Make rf ie ld i nc ompen sa t ion f o r t h e l o s s o fh i s c a s t le a nd f e eo fP re s ta tyn , d e s t royed b y Owen Gwynedd i n 167 a nd , a sF a r re rh a ss ugge s t ed , B ana s t re c ou ld h ave h ad ap rom i se o f Make r f ie ld t h ough t h i s w a s n o t e f ec t ed d u r ing h i s l i f e t ime . D oub th a s a l so b een c a s t o n t h e s t a tu s o ft h e i rh o ld ing a nd i th a s b een s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e N ew ton t e nu r e m ay h ave b een n o mo re t h an t h a t o f af a rme r o r b a i l if f( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 70 ) . T he B ana s t r e l i ne w a s a l so t o h o ld t h e v i i i o fA b ram , t h e t e nu r e o fw h ich s e em s t oh ave b een i nf e e f a rm s ugge s t ing t h a t i tw a s s t i l l a t tached t ot h e d eme sne . T he B ana s t re s a l r eady h ad e s ta te s i n C he sh i r e a nd S h rop sh i re i n t h e e a r ly 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd i n c 1 165 H en ry d e L a cy , l o rd o fC l i the roe , g ran ted R obe r t , b ro the r o f T hu r s tan B ana s t re , s i x v i l l s w i th in t h e H und r ed o f B la ckbu rn , f o cu sed a t Wa l ton le -Da le o nt h e s ou th b ank o f t h e R ibb le . T he se l a nd s , l i ke Make r f ie ld , p a s sed t o t h e L ang ton f am i ly i n t h e l a te 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l le d s . 1 906 , 3 67 -373 ) . O u t s ide t h e f e e , t h e B ana s t r e s h e ld o t he r e s ta t e s i ns ou th L anca sh i re a nd t h e se s e em t o h ave p a s sed t h rough t h e f ema le l i ne . T hu r s tan B ana s t re ' sd augh te r , Ma rga r e t , w a st o

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6-R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f t e rt he C onque s t ma r ry R icha rd f i t zRoge r , t h ane o f Woodp lump ton a nd p o s s ib ly s h e b rough t K i rkby , A rga rmeo l s a nd A ugh ton , a l l i n We s tD e rby H und r ed , t ot h a t f am i ly i nm a r r iage ( b ef o r e 176 ) . T o t h e i r h e i r s w en t K i rkby , h e ld f r om t h e W idne s f e e , S ünon swood w h ich w a s s e t a s ide f o r h un t ing w i th in t h e R oya l F o re s t , a nd A ugh ton , a n i mpo r tan t v i i i w h ich s e em s t o h ave b een h e ld i n s e r jean ty a nd w he re t h e l e Wa ley sf am i ly w e r eu nd e r tenan t s( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 906 , 3 68 ) . T he l e Wa ley s f am i ly may h ave c ome w i th t h e B ana s t r e s o u t o f Wa le s f o l low ing t h e i r e xpu l s ion f r om P re s ta tyn . T ha t t h e i r l a nd s w e re h e ld i n f r ee t e nu re i s d emon s t ra ted b yt h e i rg r an t st o mona s t ic h ou se s i nD a l ton , U p l i the r land a nd A ugh ton ( s ee A ppend ice s V , V 1) .The h e i r st h rough t h ef ema le l i ne w e re a l so t oh o ld F o rmby a nd B oo t le ( h e ld b y t h e t h ane s o f Woodp lump ton a s e a r ly a s 130 -1137 ) a nd p o s s ib ly , t h ough t h e e v idence i s s t i l l u nc lea r ,K i rkda le ( s ee A ppend ix V I I I ) .

Mar sey a nd G am s ton T o t h e f e e o f Ma r sey a nd G am s ton i n No t t ingham sh i r e w en t H u r l s ton ( Scar i sb r ick ) , H a igh i n N ew ton H und red a nd We s t le igh i n Wa r r ing ton H und r ed . S ince t h e f e e h ad b e long ed t oR oge ro fP o i tou ( Tho ro ton 1 796 , 2 54 ) i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a th ew a st h eg ran to r . T he L anca sh i r e c apu t w a s a t B o l ton le - Moo r s ( Sa lf rod H und red ) a nd t h e f am i ly w e re a l so t o a cqu i r e e s ta te s i n L ey land H und r ed f r om Wa r in B u s se l ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 2 9 , 3 3 ) . A na s soc ia t ion b e tween t h ep a r i sh c hu r ch o fL e igh a nd t h e G i lbe r t ine P r io ry a t Ma t te r sey ( Ma r sey ) , f ounded b y R oge r , s on o f R anu lf d e Ma r sey , i n c 1185 , h a s b een s ugge s ted ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 16 ) . T he p r io r e s s o f Wa l l ingwe l l s , No t t ingham sh i re , w a s t o c l a im h a lf t h e a dvow son o f L e igh c hu r ch i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . H oweve r , t h e l a nd s h ad r e tu rned t o l o ca l o wne r sh ip i n c 1230 w hen R oge r , s on o f R anu lf d e Ma r sey , s o ld h i s L anca sh i r e e s ta te s t o R anu lf , e a r l o f C he s te r ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 22 ) .

Whe the r t h e B ana s t r e f am i ly a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r s , t h e L ang ton s e ve r r e ga rded Make r f ie ld a s t h e i r p r inc ipa l p o s se s s ion i sn o t c l ea r . A l though i ti sp opu la r ly b e l ieved t h a t N ew ton w a s t h e i r c ap i ta l h o ld ing , a nd i n deed t h e s uppo sed c a s t le s i te ( 126 ) a nd t h a t o f J ohn d e L ang ton ' s l a te rc r ene l la ted m ano rh ou se ( 6 1 ) l a y i nt h a t v i l l , i ts e em s t o h ave b een h e ld i ns e r jean ty b y l o ca l r e s iden t s a nd , a t l e a s t i n t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , i tw a s o f ten t h e l o rd s o f t h e n e ighbou r ing v i l l s o f L ow ton a nd G o lbo rne w ho h ad t o a ccoun tt ot h eC rown o nb eha lf o ft h eB ana s t r e s . Manche s te r F ou r v i l l s w e r e g r an ted t o t h e l o rd s o f Manche s te r ; a nd t h ree o ft h e se s e em t oh ave a t t rac ted t h e i n te re s t s o ft h e d e L a thom f am i ly . T he r e s e em s l i t t le d oub t t h a tt h e o r ig in s o f t h e f e e h ad b een e s tab l i shed b ef o re 1 086 a nd i tw a s t r an sf e r red t o t h e G re l ley f am i ly , b a ron s o f Manche s te r , c 1086 1088 ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 2 6 1) . H oweve r , t h e We s t D e rby e s ta te s s e em t oh ave b een a dded s omewha t l a t e r . I n 1 094 , R oge ro fP o i tou g ave t h e c hu r ch o fC h i ldwa l lt oS t . Ma r t in o fS iez a f t e rw h ich t h eb a rony w a sg iven C h i ldwa l l a nd , i n t u rn , i tp a s sed t ot h e d e L a thom s f o r h a lf ak n igh t 's f e e ; A l le r ton , l i ke C h i ldwa l l , w en t f i r s t t ot h e l o rd s o fL a thom a nd o n ly b ecame a m embe r o f t h e b a rony i n t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry . L and i nA igbu r th w a s g iven t o t h e c anon s o fS t . We rbu rgh o f Wa rbu r ton ; C ocke r sand A bbey , t h e H o sp i ta l le r s a nd , p o s s ib ly , S t an law A bbey h ad l a nd , o r r en t s f r om t h e l a nd i nA l le r ton ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 09 , 1 29 ) . D a l ton w a s am embe r o ft h e b a rony b y 150 a nd t h e d e L a thom s h e ld t h e v i i i , w i th n e ighbou r ing P a rbo ld , a s h a lf a k n igh t 's f e e ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 9 7 ) . T he f ou r th v i i i , C ue rd ley , b e longed t o t h e W idne s f e e a nd w a s a t ta ched t ot h e d eme sne . B u t i tp a s sed i n ma r r iage t o Manche s te r a nd w a s h e ld o f H a l ton (W idne s ) b y t h e e i gh th p a r t o f ak n igh t 's f e e ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 94 n 9 ) . B ef o re 117 r i gh t s i n C ue rd ley 's w ood sa nd p a s tu r e sh ad b een g ran ted t oN o r ton P r io ry a nd , i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry , C ue rd ley w a s g i ven t ot h e A bbey o f J e rvau lx i n Y o rk sh i re . O f t h e se f ou r v i l l s , C ue rd ley l a yo nt h e n o r th b ank o ft h e Me r sey , w he r e t h e r e w a s af i she ry a nd t h e f i e ld n ame s s ugge s tt h a ti tc ou ld h ave p roduced s a l t . H oweve r ,b y 1 322 t h e f i she ry w a sw o r th le s s , a ppa ren t ly b ecau se o ft h e c ond i t ion o ft h e b ank s a nd o fa c hange i nt h ed ep th o fw a te r .

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Af t e r t h i s t h ey w e r e d iv ided b e tween l o ca l l o rd s . H u r l s ton w en t t ot h e l o rd o fL a thom a nd s e em s l a te r t oh ave b een h e ld i nt h anage b y t h e m e sne t e nan t s f r om t h e L a thom s . We s t le igh h ad b een h e ld b y t h e h e red i ta ry p a r son , b u t f o l low ing t h e d ec r ee o ft h e L a te ran C ounc i l w h ich d en ied t h e c l e rgy t h e r i gh t t o i n he r i t , t h e m ano r w a s d i v ided a nd a ppea r st oh ave b een h e ld p a r t ly t h eB rad shagh f am i ly w ho a l so h e ld H a igh . R a inf o rd i s ap o s s ib le a dd i t ion t o t h e Ma r sey f e e . I t s e a r ly h i s to ry i sq u i t e u nknown . H oweve r , s i nce t h e p a r son o fL e igh w a s g ran to r o fl a nd s i nR a inf o rd t o C ocke r sand A bbey a nd c 1260 a n e s ta te t h e r e w a s h e ld f r om A lan o f We s t le igh a nd h i sb ro the r , a na s soc ia t ion w i th t h a t v i i i s e em s l i ke ly ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 6 14 -6 16 ; F a r re r & B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 83 n 1) . P enwor tham T he b a rony o fP enwo r tham w a sp robab ly c r ea t ed b y H en ry Io r S t ephen ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 2 61) b u t , s i nce Wa r in B u s se l b ecame e nf eof f ed o fl a nd s i nL ey land a nd Amounde rne s s b e tween 1 088 a nd 100 , h e m ay a l ready h ave b een i n p o s se s s ion o f K i rkda le i n 1 086 ( t ab le 9 ) . T he p l ace , a s a l ready s ugge s ted , may h ave b een o fs t ra teg ic i mpo r tance i nc on t ro l l ing t h e mou th o ft h e r i ve r Me r sey a nd m ay e ven h ave h ad ac a s t le . T enancy o fK i rkda le c an b e t r aced b ack t ot h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry , w hen i tw a s h e ld f r om Wa r in B u s se l b y No rman , f a the r o fW i l l i a m ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 5 6 ) . I t i s , p e rhap s , w or th n o t ing t h a t U c t r ed ' s v i i i o f Wa l la sey , i n W i r ra l , b ecame a p o s se s s ion o f R obe r t o f R hudd lan , w ho se s ucce s so r s , i fn o t h i s d i rec t d e scendan t s , l a te r h e ld t h e f e e o f Make rf ie ld . P enwo r tham w a s a l so g ran ted N o r th Meo l s a nd A rga rmeo l s w h ich l a y o n t h e c oa s t a nd w e r e c l o se t o o t he r l a nd s o ft h a t b a rony i nt h e H und r ed o f L ey land . L ike many o f t h e c oa s ta l d i s t r ic t s , A rga rmeo l sw a s s ub jec tt oi n cu r s ion b yt h e s ea a nd i n1 346 i tw a s c l a imed q ue v i l la modo a dn ich i la tur p e rm a re e te s t i b i n u l la h ab i tac io ( Feuda l A id s 1 904 , 8 6 ; L ew i s 1 982c , 6 1-66 ) . I n 1 205 t h e P enwo r tham b a rony p a s sed t ot h e d e L a cy f am i ly , b a ron s o f H a l ton , a f t e r f a i lu r e t o p ay r e s t i tu t ion f o r t h e h o ld ing . T he v i i i o f P enwo r tham , l i ke H a l ton , l a y o u t s ide We s t D e rby , a nd w a s s i tua ted o n t h e s ou th b ank o ft h e r i ve r R ibb le i nL ey land H und red . H e r e , t oo , t h e re w a s ac a s t le i n 1 086 , a nd P enwo r tham w a s t h e

R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f t e rt he C onque s t -6 t o g e the r w i th Ade la rd 's 61 2 / c a ruca te s1 7 i n Wa r r ing ton ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 3 37 n 1) ( t ab le s 9 ,1 0 ) . I ti s w o r th n o t ing , h oweve r , t h a t i nt h e H und r ed i t s e lf o n ly 3 2 c a ruca te s ( 5 5% ) o f t h e D ome sday a s se s smen t o f 5 8 c a ruca te s h ad b een g ran ted o u t b y 1 086 . R e ten t ion o ft h e b a lance o f2 6 c a ruca te s b yt h e C rown i nd eme sne , f o rl a te r a loca t ion t ot h ef e e , s eem s l i ke ly .

o n ly p l a ce b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey t oh ave b u rge s se sa t t h a td a t e( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 70a ) . S ef ton T he S ef ton f e e ,w h ich c omp r i sed 1 01 2 p / l ough land sh e ld f o r h a lf ak n igh t 's f e e , w a s s ome th ing o f ah yb r id c r ea t ion a nd w a s p robab ly g ran ted t o t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly b e tween 1 088 -1102 ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 2 60 -261) . A l though S ef ton m ay h ave b een h e ld i nd i v ided l o rd sh ip i n 1 066 , i ti su nce r ta in w he the r i t s f i v e u nnamed t h ane s h e ld i ta s as i ng le m ano r t h ough i t s c a ruca l a s se s smen t s how s t h a t i tw a s p robab ly m o re i n t en s iv e ly c u l t iva ted t h an e l sewhe r e i n We s t D e rby H und red ( s ee c hap te r 1 0) .S ef ton ( i nc lud ing N e the r ton a nd L un t ) , h a lf D own l i the r land a nd o ne th i rd o fT ho rn ton , a l l h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice , a nd h a lf o f T ox te th h ad b een g ran ted t ot h el o rd o fS ef ton w ho F a r re rh a si d en t if ied w i th R oge rw ho h e ld 11 /h 2 ide s i n1 086 . W i th in 6 0y ea r sT ox te th h ad b een e xchanged f o r t h e o t he r h a lf o fD own l i the r land , s ot h a t D own l i the r land w a s h e ld p a r t ly f r om t h e C rown i n t h anage a nd p a r t ly b y k n igh t s e rv ice ( t ab le 9 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 9 5 ) . C ue rden , i nL ey land H und red , m ade u pt h eb a lance o ft h ef e e .

T he f i r s t l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton w a s P a in d e V i le r s ( d ied c 1 156 ) , w ho a l so h e ld l a nd s i no t he r p a r t s o f L anca sh i re a nd a s f a r a f ie ld a s L inco ln sh i re , N o t t ingham sh i re a nd S u s sex . Ma t thew d e V i le r s , s on a nd h e i r o fP a in , g ave t h e c hu r ch o f Wa r r ing ton a nd l a nd s o u t s ide t h e r e g ion t ot h e P r io ry o fT hu rga r ton , t oge the rw i th t h e s e rv ice o fR a lph d e S ank ey ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 37 -339 ) , p r e sumab ly a t e nan t i n t h e v i l l o f t h a t n ame ( s ee C a ta logue ) . B u t c 1160 t h e f am i ly w a s s u cceeded b y R icha rd F i tzRobe r t P incema ,t h rough h i sm a r r iage w i th t h e d augh te r o f Ma thew d e V i le r s ( D ick in son 1 986 ) . T he P i ncema , o r B u t le r , f e e i n c luded l a nd s i n C he sh i r e , D e rby sh i re , Wa rw ick sh i r e a nd L e ice s te r sh i r e , b u t t h e se s e em t oh ave b een r e l inqu i shed b ef o r e 1 212 , t h ough t h e d e V i le r s l a nd s w e re r e ta ined . T he se t oge the ra moun ted t os i x f e e s , i nc on t ra s tw i th t h et wo f e e sh e ld i ns ou th L anca sh i r e .

U nde r t h e Mo lyneux i n f luence t h e re i se ve ry i n d ica t ion o f a mono l i th ic l o rd sh ip ( Bakewe l l 1 983 ) w h ich c on t ra s t s w i th t h e p l e tho ra o fs ub inf euda t ion s f ound o n t h e e s ta te s b e long ing t ot h e Wa r r ing ton a nd W idne s f e e s . T he l o rd o f t h e f e e m ad e t h e v i l l o fS ef ton h i s p r inc ipa l r e s idence a nd t h e f am i ly w e r e t o r ema in t h e re u n t i l t h e i r r emova l t o C rox t e th , w h ich p robab ly o ccu r red i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( Lew i s 1 98 1a ,53 -54 ) .

I n 1 2 12 t h e Wa r r ing ton h o ld ing i n We s t D e rby H und red a moun ted t on o mo re t han s i xc a ruca t e sa nd t wo b ova t e s . I f A de la rd h ad h e ld t h e l a nd s s ugge s ted b y F a r r e r , t h ey d i d n o tp a s s i ne n t i re ty t ot h e Wa r r ing ton f e e f o r , i n1 2 12 , o n ly W ind le w a s h e ld b yt h eb a rony a nd P a r ra nd Wh i s ton ,w i th t h e a dvow son o fP re sco t c hu rch , h ad b een g ran ted t ot h e G eme t f am i ly a s t h e i r F o re s t F ee . I n ce B lunde l l w a s g r an ted t o Wa r r ing ton w h ich a l so r e ce ived h a lf o f t h e m o s s land v i l l o f B a r ton . T h i s , l i ke I n ce B lunde l l , w a s t e nan ted u nde r t h e b a ron s b y t h e B lunde l l f am i ly . A rguab ly , t h e mo s t p re s t ig iou s o ft h e Wa r r ing ton m ano r s i n We s t D e rby l a y a tH a l sa l l , w h ich w a s t h e h ead o ft h e p a r i sh o f t h a t n ame . C e r ta in ly , t h e m e sne t e nan t s o f L yd ia te , a no the r Wa r r ing ton v i l l , s e em t oh ave s p rung f r om

T he c r ea t ion o ft h e p a r i sh o f S ef ton i nt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry w a s , u ndoub t ed ly , ac on sequence o ft h e i r i n f luence . B u t , t h ough t h e j ux tapo s i t ion o f t h e p a r i sh c hu rch , moa ted r e c to ry ( 8 4 ) ,m oa ted mano rh ou se ( 83 ) a nd w a te rm i l l m igh t b e e xpec t ed t o b e a ccompan ied b y n uc lea ted s e t t lemen t , f i rm e v idence f o rt h i s i se n t i re ly l a ck ing ; S ef ton 's h am le t s a r es c a t t e r ed a r ound t h e ma rg in so ft h ev i l l . F rom t h e F o r e s t F ee , t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly w e r e g ran ted S peke i n 170 b y R oge r G eme t i nf r ee m a r r iage a nd , a s l a te a s 1 524 , t h e f am i ly h e ld S peke b y k n igh t s e rv ice . H oweve r , t h ey d o n o t s e em t o h ave b ecome r e s iden t i n S peke a nd u nde r t h em a s e r ie s o f s ubo rd ina te t e nanc ie s w e re e s tab l i shed ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 3 1132 ) . B y 1 212 a s im i la r s i tua t ion h ad a r i sen i n L i t t le C ro sby w he re , f r om t h e W idnes f e e , t h e f am i ly r e ce ived a n e s ta te a nd , a s i n S peke , t h ey e s tab l i shed a s upe r io r l o rd sh ip ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 8 5 ) . B y 1 246 amo ie ty o f R a inh i l l w a s a l so h e ld b y m a r r iage f r om t h e W idne s f e e a nd o ccup ied ,a si nL i t t le C ro sby , b y aj un io rb ranch o ft h e f am i ly ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 69 ) . War r ing ton T he d a te w hen t h e Wa r r ing ton f e e w a s c r ea t ed i su nce r ta in a nd w he the ri tw a se s tab l ished b y R oge ro fP o i tou , H en ry I o rC oun tS t ephen i su nc lea r( Fa r re r 1 902 , 2 61) . E l sewhe re i th a s b een s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e f e e o r b a rony w a s p robab ly c r ea ted b y S t ephen a f t e r 118 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 37 ) . F a r re r h a s s ugge s ted t h a t i t s o r ig in s l a y i n t h e 1 01 2 / c a ruca te s h e ld b y T e tba ld i n We s t D e rby a nd Wa r r ing ton , 3 5

t h e f am i ly w h ich h e ld H a l sa l l . T ho rn ton , w h ich h ad b een h e ld a s as i ng le m ano r i n 1 066 , w a s d i v ided ; t wo o f i t s t h r ee D ome sday c a ruca te s p a s sed t o Wa r r ing ton a nd t h e t h i rd w en tt ot h e Mo lyneux f e e o fS ef ton . I nT ho rn ton , t h e l o rd s o fS ef ton w e re a l so t e nan t s o f Wa r r ing ton . S ince t h e f o cu s o ft h e f e e w a s a t Wa r r ing ton i t s e lf , t h e We s t D e rby e s ta te s w e re n o t o n ly r a the r d i spe r sed b u t t h ey l a y s ome d i s tance f r om t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage . T h i s w a s a tt h e p r e C onque s ts i te o f Mo te H i l l( 130 ) , c l o se t ot h e c hu rch o fS t . E lph in . A cqu i s i t ion o f l a nd s i n B u r tonwood l e d t o t h e r emova l t h e r e o ft h e f am i ly f o l low ing af i r e a t Mo te H i l l i n t h e l a t te ry ea r s o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . B ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) , a l a rg e moa ted s i te i n B u r tonwood , b ecame t h e a dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s o ft h e f e e . I n c 1260 t h e B u t le r s a l so a cqu i red B o ld , at h anage m ano r , f o r 1 0 s . y ea r ly a nd t h e t e nan t t h e r e w a s e xpec ted t o d o s u i t a t t h e c oun ty a nd w apen take c ou r t s .

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A de la rd ' sh o ld ing i st hough tt oh ave b ecome p a r to ft h e Wa r r ing ton f e e ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 37 ) b u t Wh i s ton , P r e sco t a nd P a r r , t o ge the r w i th S peke a nd S ke lme r sda le i n We s t D e rby H und r ed , w e r e l a t e r a t ta ched t o t h e F o re s t f e e a nd o n ly W ind le , w h ich w a s s u b sequen t ly l i nked w i th H a lsa l l ,b e longed t o Wa r r ing ton .

6-R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f te rt he C onque s t W idne s

N ew ton i t se lf i s ac l ue t ot h e l o ca t ion o f p a r t o f R oge r ' s

T he f e e o fW idne s w a s p robab ly c r ea ted s oon a f t e r 1 070 w hen t h e B a rony o f H a l ton , o f w h ich W idne s w a s a m embe r , w a s e s tab l i shed ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 2 60 ) . W i l l iam f i tzN ige lh a sb een i d en t if ied a st h e b a ron o fH a l ton ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 85 n 4 ) a nd f r om t h e l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey at o ta lo f 4h i de s a nd o ne c a ruca te , d rawn f r om t h e H und r ed s o f Wa r r ing ton a nd We s t D e rby , w e r e c onf e r red o n t h e c on s tab le o fH ugh L upu s , e a r l o fC he s te r ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l le d s . 1 906 ,2 97 ;t a b le s9 ,1 0 ) .

d eme sne .

T he f e e r e ce ived n o f ewe r t h an s i x o f U c t red ' s v i l l s , i n c lud ing a l l b u t B icke r s taf f e ( Augh ton ) f r om h i s c on so l ida ted t wo -h ide h o ld ing ' s, t oge the r w i th L i t t le Woo l ton . O ft h e se , K i rkby , K now s ley a nd R oby b o rde r ed t h e c r own l a nd s f o cu sed o n We s t D e rby , a nd L i t t le Woo l ton w a s c l o se b y . L i t t le C ro sby l a y n ex t t o t h e C rown 's o u t ly ing d eme sne mano ra tG rea tC ro sby .U c t red ' s mano r a t N o r ton , i n C he sh i re , a l so p a s sed t o W i l l iam f i tzN ige l a nd C ue rd ley , i n Wa r r ing ton H und red , a l so b e long ed t o t h e f e e . D o t ' s t wo e s ta te s o f H uy ton a nd T a rbock , t oge the r w i th Wu l fbe r t ' s h o ld ing o f W iba ld e s le i , a nd t h et wo D ome sday m ano r s i n Much Woo l ton a l so w en t t o W idne s . B y 1 212 t h e H a l ton l a nd s i ns ou th L anca sh i r e h ad b een i n c rea sed t o at o ta l o f 1 6 v i l l s1 9 w h ich t oge the r w e re a s se s sed a s3 7 c a ruca te s 4b ova te s( t ab le 1 2b ) .

c on so l ida t ed g roup ing s o f t hanage -he ld v i l l s s e em s t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e se p l a ce s c ou ld h ave h e ld s ome s t ra teg ic i mpo r tance , t or e p r e sen t a n i mpo r tan t r e sou rce a nd t oh i n t a tt h es u rv iva lo f as pec ia lr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h ed eme sne . T he l a nd s a t tached t o t h e f e e o f Wa r r ing ton a r e mo re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted . A dm i t t ed ly i t s d emesne o ccup ie s a v a luab le p o s i t ion a t ac r o s s ing p o in t o f t h e Me r sey a nd t h e re i s ag roup o f e s ta te s i n t h e e a s ter n p o r t ion o f t h e H und r ed . T he r ema in ing e s ta te s , h oweve r , a r e f ound o n s ome o ft h e mo re d if i cu l t mo s s land v i l l s i n We s t D e rby H und r ed .

T he m e sne t e nan t o f t h e f e e s e em s t o h ave m ade P ee l H ou se ( 72 ) , a moa ted s i te i n t h e v i l l o f A pp le ton , h i s p r inc ipa l p l ace o f r e s idence . T hough a c a s t le ( 133 ) a nd v acca ry w e re n o ted t h e r e i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 6 1) t h e e v idence i s s u spec t a nd t h e f e e 's a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t re w a s a tH a l ton o n t h e s ou th b ank o f t h e Me r sey , i nC he sh i r e .H e re , i nc 1071 , W i l l iam f i tzN ige l , C on s tab le o fC he s te r , i sc r ed i ted w i th s e t t ing o u t ac a s t le o n ar o cky e m inence . I tc ommanded e x ten s ive v i ew s a c ro s s t h e Me r sey v a l ley a nd s ou thwa rd s t o t h e C he sh i r e r i dge w he r e , i nt h e 1 220 s , R anu lf , s i x th e a r l o fC he s te rs t a r ted t o b u i ld B ee s ton C a s t le ( Keen 1 993 , 9 3 , 2 11 ; McNe i l 1 987 , 1 2 ) . I ft h e e a r l 's r e a son f o r c hoo s ing B ee s ton w a s t o c on t ro l o ne o ft h e m a in m ed ieva l r ou te s b e tween C he sh i re a nd t h e M id land s t h en t h e H a l ton f e e w i th i t s o u tpo s t a t W idne s a nd e s ta te s d i s t r ibu ted a c ro s s t h e s ou th -we s t L anca sh i r ep l a in ,w a sw e l l -p laced t oc on t ro lr i ve r ine t r af f i c a l ong ,a nd t r ade a c ro s s ,t h e Me r sey .

T hough t h e o r ig in s o fS ef ton 's c on so l ida ted f e e m ay h ave b een s e t o u t i n R oge r o f P o i tou 's g r an t t o R og e r , i t s c r ea t ion m ay , p e rhap s , d a te f r om n o e a r l ie r t h an c hange s m ade t ot h e p a roch ia l s t ruc tu r e . T he f i r s t n o t ice o fS ef ton p a r i sh d a te s f r om n o e a r l ie r t h an 193 1203 w hen i tw a s c r ea ted o u t o f t h e ma s s ive p a r i sh o f Wa l ton -on the -H i l l t hough w e k now t h a t t h e Mo lyneuxe s h ad b een a ccumu la t ing e s ta te s b y e xchange f r om a tl e a s t a se a r ly a s 140 . T he a cqu i s i t ion o f ak n igh t 's f e e a nd c r ea t ion o f a p a r i sh w h ich c l o se ly r e f lec ted t h e l a nd s t h ey o wned w a s p e rhap s ac rown ing g l o ry o f a ch ievemen t . T he h yb r id n a tu r e o ft h e Mo lyneux e s ta te s , p a r t a s k n igh t s ' f e e f r om t h e C rown , p a r t a sg ran tee f r om t h e F o r e s t F ee , p a r t f r om t h e W idne s f e e a nd p a r t i nt h anage b ea r s c ompa r i son w i th t h e e ven mo re e x ten s ive p o s se s s ion s o f t h e d e L a thom f am i ly . I ts e em st od emon s t ra te , mo r eove r , t h a t i tw a sq u i te a n a ccep tab le p ra c t ice f o rt h o se w ho w e r e i n f luen t ia l i nt h e r eg ion t o h o ld t h e i r e s ta te s u nde r av a r ie ty o f d if e r en t t y pe so ft e nu re .

C on so l ida ted e s ta te sa nd d i sper sed l andho ld ing s S ome i n d ica t ion o ft h e l a nd s h e ld i nd eme sne b y R oge r o f P o i tou c an b es ugge s ted b yh i sg ran t so fN ew ton , Woo l s ton a nd P ou l ton t o h i s f a the r ' s f ounda t ion o f S h r ew sbu ry A bbey a nd h ew a sa b le t oi n f luence h i s s he r if f , G odf r ey , t o d o t h e s ame a t Wa l ton a nd G a r s ton . T o t h e se s hou ld b e a dded We s tD e rby i t se lf a nd i t sd ependen tv i l l so fE ve r ton , H a le ,G rea tC ro sby a nd L ive rpoo l , t oge the rw i th o t he rv i l l s p r ev iou s ly h e ld b y U c t r ed a nd o the r n amed a nd u nnamed t h ane s . I nt h e l a nd s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice a tt h e c o re o f Make rf ie ld , p e rhap s t h e e v idence f o r s e r jean ty h o ld ing s i n

1 8

1 9

W i th t h e r e ten t ion i n t h e d eme sne o f a bou t h a lf o f Wa r r ing ton a nd We s t D e rby Hund r ed s , a nd p robab ly t h e w ho le o f Make rf ie ld , t h e p roce s s o f a l loca t ion f o l low ing t h e C onque s t s e em st oh ave b een ag r adua l a nd c ou ld e ven h ave e vo lved o ve r ap e r iod o f 1 00 y ea r s o r mo r e . T he re i s n oo bv iou sc on s i s tency t os ugge s tt h a tt h e l a nd so rs t a tu so f n amed D ome sday i n d iv idua l s r e p r e sen ted a ny n o tab le ' v a lue ' w h ich d if e r ed f r om t ho se o ft h e u nnamed t h ane s . T he e xcep t ion , h oweve r , mu s t b e t h e e s ta te s w h ich b e longed t oD o t a nd s ome o fU c t r ed 's v i l ls w h ich b ecame ac on so l ida ted g roup o fv i l l s b e long ing t ot h e W idne s f e e , p robab ly s oon a f te r t h e C onque s t . S im i la r ly , t h e

N ame ly R oby , K now s ley , K i rkby a nd Maghu l l . L i t t le C ro sby m ay h ave b een a dded l a te r . N ine v i l l s i n We s tD e rby H und r ed ; s e ven i n Wa r r ing ton H und red .

3 6

R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f t e rt he C onque s t -6 1 176 -77 c a r C hu r ch

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T ab le 1 2a : A na ly s i so fc a ruca l a s se s smen t s , 176 1 346 K ey :

( C )= v i l lw i th ac a s t le o rs t ronghou se ;( M ) =v i l lw i th a tl e a s to ne m oa ted s i t eo rd i t ched e nc lo su r e [] s qua r eb r a cke t s a r ound a n e n t ry i n d ica te t h a tF a ir e re x t rapo la ted t h e a s se s smen tf r om o t he rs ou rce s .nf o rma t ion i st a ken f r om P ipe R o l l s , R en ta l sa nd S u rvey s( Fa r re r 1 899 ; F a i r e re d . 1 903b , 1 907 , 1 9 15 ) . F o rt h ea s se s smen t si n1 066 , s e et a b le s3 5 .

2 0

P a r ra nd Wh i s ton a r e i n Wa r r ing ton H und red ; S k e lme r sda le a nd S peke a r ei n We s tD e rby H und r ed .

2 1

C ue rd ley i si n Wa r r ing ton H und red ;A l le r ton ,C h i ldwa l la nd D a l ton a r e i n We s tD e rby H und r ed .

2H a igh is i nN ew ton H und r ed ; We s t le igh a nd R a inf o rd a r ei n Wa r r ing ton H und r ed ;H u r l s ton ( S ca r i sb r ick ) i si n We s tD e rby H und r ed . 2 3

T he r ema in ing P enwo r tham e s ta te sa r e i nL ey land H und r ed .

3 7

6-R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f t e rt he C onque s t 176 -77 Wa r r ing ton

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T ab le 1 2b : A na ly s i so fc a ruca la s se s smen t s , 176 1346 K ey :

( C ) =av i l lw i th ac a s t le o rs t ronghou se ; ( M ) =av i i i w i th a tl e a s to ne moa t ed s i te o rd i tched e nc lo su r e [] s qua r eb r a cke t sa r ound a ne n t ry i n d ica t et h a tF a r r e re x t rapo la ted t h ea s se s smen tf r om o t he rs ou rc e s I n f o rma t ion i st a ken f r om P ipe R o l l s , R en ta l s a nd S u rvey s ( F a r r e r 1 899 ; F a r r e r e d . 1 903b , 1 907 , 1 9 15 ) . F o r t h e a s se s smen t s i n 1 066 , s e e t a b le s3 5 .

2 4 Wa r r ing ton H und r ed . 2 5

We s tD e rby H und r ed .

3 8

R ed i s t r ibu t ion o fl and sa f t er t he C onque s t -6

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T ab le 1 2c :A na ly s i so fc a ruca la s se s smen t s ,N ew ton H und r ed , 176 1 346 K e y :

( C ) =av i i iw i th ac a s t le o rs t ronghou se ; ( M ) =av i i iw i th a tl e a s to ne m oa ted s i t eo rd i tched e nc lo su r e []s qua r eb r a cke t sa r ound a ne n t ry i n d ica t et h a tF a r r e re x t rapo la ted t h ea s se s smen tf r om o t he rs ou rce s . I n f o rma t ion i st a ken f r om P ipe R o l l s , R en ta l s a nd S u rvey s ( Fa r r e r 1 899 ; F a r r e r e d . 1 903b , 1 907 , 1 9 15 ) . F o r t h e a s se s smen t s i n 1 066 , s e e t a b le s3 5 .

1 Manche s te rF ee ; ( 1 )A spu l l , S a lf o rd H und red 2 Ma r sey F ee 3P enwo r tham F ee 4S ef ton F ee 5 Wa r r ing ton F ee 6W idne sF ee 7t h anage l a nd s F ig 2 1 : D is t r ibu t ion o fd eme sne l a nd s ,t h o se h e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice a nd i nt h anage / / / / / /d eme sne l a nd s

2 6

-.-.-.-.-p a r i sh b ounda r ie s

N ew ton H und r ed . 3 9

7-T he N orman I nf luence o n We s tD e rby Hund red

Chap ter 7 T he Norman I nf luence o n W e s tD erby Hund red I n t h e y ea r s f o l low ing t h e C onque s t , W i l l iam w a s c once rned t o e s tab l i sh f i rm g ove rnmen t t h rough t h e c o o pe ra t ion o ft h eE ng l i sh b y a t ta ch ing t oh i st r a in ag roup o f E ng l i sh m en o fr ank w ho w e re l i ke ly t or e ta in t h e s uppo r t o ft h e i r c oun t rymen . A l though i n i t ia l ly t h i s m e t w i th s ome s ucce s s a nd A ng lo -Saxon t h ane s , s u ch a s Wa l theof , s on o f S iwa rd , w e r e g ran ted v e ry l a rge e a r ldom s i n No r thamp ton sh ir e a nd f u r the r s ou th , t h e s t r eng th o ff e e l ing a ga in s tt h e n ewcome r s w a s t ol e ad t o as e r ie s o fr ebe l l ion s a ga in s t t h e N o rman s . E dga r t h e A e the l ing f ound r e f uge i n S co t land a nd t h e E a r l s E dw in a nd Mo r ca r w e re t o f l ee t o t h e n or th w he r e as t rong a n t i -No rman movemen t w a s g a ther ing i n a nd a r ound Y o rk . A l though t h i s w a s s upp re s sed , as e cond u p r i s ing r e su l ted i n t h e d ea th o f W i l l iam ' s r e p re sen ta t ive , C op s i , a n a ly o fT o s t ig , w ho c an h a rd ly h ave f ound f a vou r w i th t h e n o r the rne r s . T he e a r ldom w a sb ough t f r om W i l l iam b yC o spa t r ic b u th e a l so d ef ec ted t oS co t land a nd h i ss ucce s so r , R obe r td eC om ine s , w a s t o d i e i nt h e a t tack o n D u rham o n 2 8 J anua ry 1 069 . S ome f i ve mon th s l a t e r , t h e A e the l ing , Wa l theof a nd C o spa t r ic w e r e t o a s semb le a t Y o rk w he re t h e No rman s w e re d ef ea ted . T h is w a sf o l lowed b ya n u p r i s ing i nw e s te rn Me rc ia a s f a r n o r th a s C he sh i re a nd e a s twa rd s i n to S taf f o rd sh i r e . W i l l iam ' s r e a c t ion n ow w a s t o l a y w a s te t o t h e c oun t ry s ide i nt h e se a r ea s i no rde rt oi s o la te t h e r e be l s i nt h e n o r th a nd s ubdue t ho se i nt h e w e s t . Wa l theof a nd C o spa t r ic s ubm i t ted t oW i l l iam a nd , a f t e rt h e c onf i sca t ion s w h ich f o l lowed , t h e C onque ro r w a s a b le t o e s tab l i sh No rman f am i l ie sw ho h ad n o ty e tf ound l a nd i nE ng land i n Y o rk sh i r e , t h e n or the rn D ane law a nd n or th -we s t Me rc ia . Wa l theof a nd C o spa t r ic w e re , h oweve r , r e in s ta ted i nt h e i r n o r the rn e a r ldom s . I n 1 072 Wa l theof r e ce ived t h a t o f Nor thumb r ia , f o rme r ly h e ld b yh i s f a the r ;t h er e s to ra t ion o f C o spa t r ic ' s e s ta te s , f o r f e i ted i n 1 068 , w a s t o r e su l t i n a l o ca l w a rb e tween Ma lco lm o fS co t land , w ho l a id c l a im t o t h e l a nd s , a nd C o spa t r ic . I n 1 07 1 W i l l iam made H ugh , s on o fR icha rd o fA v ranche s , e a r l o fC he s te r a nd t h e w ho le o f C he sh i re w a s p l aced u nde r h i s l o rd sh ip . R ober t , c a s te l lan o f R hudd lan , c ou s in o f H ugh w a s t o e x tend t h e No rman l a nd s i n to Wa le s a sf a ra sC onway a nd t oh o ld t h e se l a nd s d i rec t ly f r om t h ek i ng . I n1 075 R oge ro f Mon tgome ry , l o rd o fA runde l , w a s g ran ted t h e e a r ldom o fS h rew sbu ry . F rom m en s uch a s t h e se , w ho a t tended W i l l iam ' s c ounc i l s , t h e C onque ro r c ou ld o b ta in f i r s t -hand i n f o rma t ion a bou t e ve ry p a r t o fE ng land e xcep t t h e f a r n or th ( S ten ton 1 97 1 , 5 99 6 06 , 6 15 , 6 26 , 6 31-632 ) . R ober t o f R hudd lan , w ho a t tended t h ec ounc i l i nt h e l a s ty ea ro fW i l l iam ' sr e ign , m ay h ave b een a b le t o r e po r t o n t h e s i tua t ion n o r th o f t h e Me r sey . A s t h i rd s on o f R oge r o f Mon tgome ry i tw a s , p e rhap s , h i s f a the r ' s i n f luence w i th t h e C onque ro r w h ich l e dt oR oge ro fP o i tou ' sp o s se s s ion o ft h en o r ther ne s ta te s . S ecu r i ty o ft h e r e a lm w a s ah i gh p r io r i ty a nd i np l a c ing t h ese e a r l s i nt h em a rche rr eg ion s i tw a s W i l l iam ' s i n ten t ion t os upp re s s r e s i s tance . H oweve r , d u r ing W i l l iam ' s a b sence i n No rmandy , b e tween 1 077 a nd 1 080 , t h e n o r the rne r s c on t inued t h e ir s t rugg le . U nde r Wa l theof s l e ade r sh ip , t h e No r thumb r ians w e re t or e be l a ga in , b u tt h is w a ss upp re s sed 4 0

d ue t o E ng l i sh s uppor t o f W i l l iam . Wa l theof w en t t o No rmandy t o m ake h i s p ea ce w i th W i l l iam b u t w a s b eheaded , a nd h i s e a r ldom , s on ece s sa ry f o rt h e d ef ence o f t h e r e a lm , p a s sed t o Wa lche r , b i shop o fD u rham . T h i s w a s h a rd ly s a t isf ac to ry , f o r t h e N o r thumb r ians w e re t o b l ame h im f o r t h e m i sdeed s o ft h e f o r e ign k n igh t s i nt h e r e g ion . Y e t a no the r u p r i s ing w a s t o r e su l t i nt h e b i shop ' s d ea th , w h ich l e d t op un i shmen t a nd f u r the rh a r ry ing o ft h e r eg ion b y B i shop O do o f B ayeux w ho h ad b een l ef t i n c ha rge d u r ing W i l l iam ' sa b sence ( S ten ton 1 97 1 ,6 09 -6 13 ) . We k now l i t t le o fR oge ro fP o i tou ' sr o le d u r ing t h is p e r iod . I nc ommon w i th m any o t he rg r an t ee s o ft h e C onque ro r , h i s p o s se s s ion s i n Y o rk sh i re , D e rby sh i r e a nd Nor f o lk m ay h ave a c cumu la ted o ve r ap e r iod o ft ime . A s t h i rd s on o f R oge r o f Mon tgome ry , h i s p r e sence i nt h e n o r th w e s t m ay d a te f r om n o e a r l ie r t h an t h e 1 070 ' s w hen t h e e a r ldom o f S h r ew sbu ry w a s g ran ted t oh i s f a the ra nd t h a to fC he s te rt o H ugh o fA v ranche s . T he se h o ld ing s , t o ge the rw i th t h o se o f R obe r t o fR hudd lan i n Wa le s w e r e t o i mpo se a p owe rf u l No rman l o rd sh ip i nt h e se m a r che r r e g ion s a nd R oge r o f P o i tou ' s l a nd s f u r the r n or th w e r e p robab ly a n e x ten s ion o f t h a t p owe r . B u t t h e se l a nd s n o r th o ft h e Me r sey m ay n o t h ave p r e sen ted ap a r t icu la r t h r ea t . We h av e a l ready n o ted t h a t t h e w a s te r e co rded n o r th o ft h e R ibb le i n 1 086 w a s a p o s s ib le c on sequence o f S co t t i sh r a id ing o r a t ta ck o n T o s t ig ' s p o s se s s ion s a nd n o t t h e e f ec t o f W i l l iam ' s h a r ry ing . T he re i sa l so s o l i t t le e v idence f o r w a s te o n t h e l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey , a nd t h i s o n ly o n l ow l y ing g round s ub jec t t o f l ood ing , t h a t i ts e em s u n l ike ly t o h ave r e su l ted f r om p un i shmen t b y W i l l iam . I tm ay w e l l b e t h a t , i np l ac ing R oge r i np o s se s s ion , t h e C onque ro r s ough t t op ro t ec t t h e I r i sh S ea c oa s ta l a r ea s f r om a t tack f r om t h e n or th o ra c ro s s t h e s ea . H oweve r , R oge r o fP o i tou w a s t o h ave l o s t t h e se l a nd s b y 1 086 . A l though t h ey m igh t h ave b een f o r f e i t a se a r ly a s 1 077 , o rs u r r ende red v o lun ta r i ly , i t h a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t h e w a s d i spo s se s sed d u r ing t h e c ou r se o ft h eD ome sday s u r vey ( Ho l t 1 987 ,6 1) . T o s ome e x ten t t h e d if i cu l t ie s i nd ef in ing t h e manne r i n w h ich t h e a r ea w a s r ed i s t r ibu ted a f t e r 1 066 m ay l i e i nt h e a t t i tude o f t h e n ew o wne r s t o t h e i r l a nd s i nt h i s p a r t o f E ng land . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e r e i sl i t t le e v idence f o r s e t t lemen t i nt h e a r ea b y t h e N o rmans u n t i l l o ng a f t e r 1 066 a nd t h a t R oge r o fP o i tou w a s " l i t t le p l ea sed w i th h i s r ugged n o r ther n f i ef a nd i t s i mpove r i shed i n hab i tan t s" ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , x i v ) . H is f a the r 's v a s t e s ta te s i n No rmandy m ay h ave a ccumu la ted t h rough h i s m o the r 's f am i ly a nd t h rough h i s o wn m a r r iage w i th Mabe l , h e i re s s o f t h e B e l le 'me h o ld ing s a r ound S eez a nd a c ro s s N ormandy 's s ou the rn b ound s . A l though w ea l thy a nd p owe rf u l a nd r e la ted t o t h e C onque ro r , t h e f am i ly w e r e , p e rhap s , a mong s t t h e n ou veaux r i che s o f t h e u ppe r a r i s toc ra cy ( Ho l l i s te r 1 987 , 2 33) . T h rough h i s w if e , A lmod is , d augh te r o ft h e C oun t o f Ma r che i nP o i tou , R oge r o fP o i tou w a s t o t a ke h i s n ame a nd t o i n he r i t t h e e s ta te s o f t h i s f am i ly i n 1 09 1 ( DNB 1 975 , 1 798 ) .

T he Norman I nf luence o n We s tD e rby Hund red -7 A n e l emen t o f t r u th i n F a r r e r ' s s t a temen t a bou t R oge r ' s a t t i tude t o h i s n o r the rn e s ta te s m ay b e f ound i n B lackbu rn sh i re w he re S m i th s aw n o e v idence t os how t h a t t h e g r an t ee s o fR oge r o fP o i tou h ad a l a s t ing c onnec t ion w i th t h e H und r ed ( 196 1 , 2 3 -24 ) . H oweve r , e v idence f o r w ha t w a s a c tua l ly h appen ing a tl o ca l l e ve l i sm a sked b y n a t iona l i s sue s w he r eby l a nd g ran t s a nd f o rf e i tu r e l e d t o w ho le sa le r e a s s ignmen t o f e s ta te s a cco rd ing t o p o l i t ica l a l leg iance a nd m a r i ta l r e la t ion sh ip . I n R ochda le , t h e s on s o fL e syng r , s on o ft h ep r e -Conque s tt h ane , G ame l , w e re t o c on t inue t oh o ld t h i s e s ta te ; p robab ly t h ey a r e t h e S wa in , s on o fL e i s ing a nd L e i s ing , h i s b ro the r , w ho t oge the r p a id 7 0 m a rk s f o r a n a g r eemen t w i th S t ephen f o r al i be r ty o r f r anch ise i n 129 1130 ( Fa r r e r 1 902 ,x v , 1 ) . I n We s tD e rby a nd Wa r r ing ton , a pa r t f r om t h e h o ld ing s o ft h e c on s tab le s o fC he s t e r ,t h e re i sn oc l ea re v idence f o rc on t inu i ty o fl a nd o wne r sh ip b y R oge r o f P o i tou ' s g ran tee s . T h i s , t h ough , m ay b e ac on sequence o f f a i lu r e i n t h e d ocumen ta t ion r a the r t h an o fi n te r e s t o n t h e p a r t o ft h e l o rd s ; a t al o ca l l e ve l ,t h ep e r sona ln ame s o fm any m e sne t e nan t s i n d ica te a c on t inu i ty o f t e nu r e b y S cand inav ian s f r om t h e p re C onque s tp e r iod . A n e xam ina t ion o f t h e n or ther n e s ta te s g ran ted t o t h e N o rman sh a s s hown ac l ea rs p l i tb e tween t h e l a nd s g r an ted t ot h e m en f r om L owe r N o rmandy a nd B r i t tany a nd s ome F l em ing s , t oge the rw i th ac ompo s i te g roup , w ho se f am i l ie s c an o n ly b e t r aced t o s ou ther n B r i ta in , a nd t h e N o rman s f r om U ppe r No rmandy . Wh i l s t t h e l a t te r a r e f ound o n t h e h igh ly p roduc t ive c oa s ta l p l a in s e a s t o ft h e P enn ine s , t h e f o rme r w e re g ran ted l a nd s i n t h e o ld k i ngdom o f S t ra thc lyde a nd C umb r ia ( i n i t s w ide s t s en se , p re sumab ly a sf a rs ou th a sC he sh i r e )( Kape l le 1 979 , 2 13 -214 ) . K ape l le h a s d eve loped t h e a r gumen t t o d emon s t ra te a d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e a r ea s s u i tab le f o rt h e c u l t iva t ion o fw hea t a nd r y e a nd t h o se w he r e o a t s a nd b a r ley w e r e mo re e a s i ly g rown . F o rt h e F rench n ob i l i ty , t h e w hea t g row ing r eg ion s w e re i nf in i te ly p r ef e rab le , a nd t h e se w e re p r edom inan t ly e a s to ft h eP enn ine sa nd s ou th o ft h e Me r sey ( 1979 ,2 19 ) . H oweve r , w h i l s t t h i s a r gumen t i sa t t rac t ive a nd c o inc ide s r e a sonab ly w e l l w i th k nown d i s t r ibu t ion o fl a ndho lde r s i n t h e r e g ion a s aw ho le , t o o l i t t le i sk nown o ft h e d e ta i l o f c u l t iva t ion i n t h e 1 th c en tu ry f o r t h i s t o b e ac e r ta in c onc lu s ion . D av id G r igg 's w o rk c on s ide r ing t h e p roce s se s o fa g r icu l tu ra l c hange ( 1982 ) h a s d emon s t ra ted c l ea r ly t h a t t h e p robab i l i ty o f as i ng le f a c to r b e ing d om inan t i ss ma l l , a nd a r cha eo log i s t s a r e m ov ing a way f r om as i ng le e l emen t a pp roach t o o ne w h ich p rov ide s aw ide r r a nge o f d a ta . G r igg h a s d emon s t ra ted t h a t c r op p roduc t ion c an b e i n f luenced b y e nv i ronmen ta l c hange , b rough t a bou t b y c l ima t ic v a r ia t ion , w h ich i nt u rn e f ec t s t h e n a tu r e o fc r op s w h ich m ay b eg rown a nd t h e l a nd w h ich m igh tb ea va i lab le f o rc u l t iva t ion a ta n e conom ic r e tur n( 1982 , 4 8 -49 , 8 4 -88 ) . I n E ng land , b e tween AD 1000 1200 s umme r t empe ra tu r e s m ay h ave b een a sm uch a s0 . 50 h ighe rt h an a tp r e sen t , w i th a n a b sence o fs eve r e w in te r s d u r ing much o ft h e l a te 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tu r ie s . T he e f ec t s o ft h i sh ave b een s e en i na n e xpan s ion o fc u l t iva t ion a bove t h ep re sen tl i m i t s i na r ea s a s f a r a pa r t a s s ou ther n S co t land , Wea rda le , N idde rda le , S nowdon ia a nd D a r tmoo r . I n a l l t h e se r e g ion s p opu la t ion g row th , c oup led w i th c l ima t ic a me l io ra t ion , a lowed e nc roa chmen t i n to t h e m a rg ina l a r ea s . G iven a r i se i n

s umme r t empe ra tu r e s , t h e r e i sn o r e a son w hy t h e s ame s e r ie s o ff a c to r s s hou ld n o th ave a l lowed t h e n ew N o rman s t o g row c rop s mo r e f a vou rab le t o t h e i r p a la te s . I ts e em s t h a t K ape l le ' s c l a im t h a t t h e N o rman s w e re d i s sa t i sf ied , s imp ly o n t h e g round s t h a t t h ey c ou ld n o t g row w hea t , c anno t b e a ccep ted w i thou t q ue s t ion . R oge r o fP o i tou a nd h i sm en m ay w e l l h ave f ound t h a tt h e f l a t , i l -d ra ined l a nd s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey h ad l i t t le t o of e r i n c ompa r i son w i th t h e r i ch a nd v ar ied l a nd scape s o f N o rmandy a nd P o i tou . B u t i ti s ,p e rhap s ,j u s t a sl i ke ly t h a t t h ey c ou ld n o t c ome t o t e rm s w i th n o r the rn c u s tom a nd l a nguage ; t h e r e ten t ion a nd s t ruc tu r e o f a nc ien t f o rm s o f t e nu re r a the r t h an i mmed ia te a dop t ion o f f e uda l l o rd sh ip m ay h ave f ound l i t t le f a vou rw i th t h e se m en . D e sp i te h i s a ppa r en t d i s l ike o f h i s L anca sh i r e e s ta te s , R oge ro fP o i tou m anag ed t oa t t rac t af ew No rman s , t h ough d e ta i l s o fh i s e nf eof f in en t s s how t h a t t h i s w a s d if i cu l t a nd n o t v e ry s u cce s sf u l . Mo s t w e re o b scu re k n igh t s o f n o s t and ing a nd K ape l le h a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e m a jor i ty p robab ly g ave u pt h e i rl a nd s a nd l ef t( 1979 , 2 23 ) . B y 1 094 t h e re w a s ah yb r id a r i s toc racy i nt h e r eg ion a nd i ts e em s t h a t t h e N o rman s e t t lemen t g radua l ly f aded o u t b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey . Many o f t h e s u rv iv ing t h ane s c on t inued t oh o ld t h e i r l a nd s b y f e e f a rm w h ich , p e rhap s , m ean s t h a t R oge r s imp ly t e rm ina ted t h e o ld r e nde r s a nd w o rk s i n f a vou r o f r e n t s . I n t h i s h e m ay h ave b een o b se rv ing W i l l iam ' s i n s i s tence t h a t e ve ry F renchman w ho w a s g ran ted a n E ng l i sh e s ta te s hou ld h o ld i tw i th a l l r i gh t s a nd s ub jec tt oa l l o b l iga t ion sh e ld a tt h e b eg inn ing o f1 066 ( S ten ton 1 97 1 , 6 26 ) . T enu re i nt hanage w a s t o c on t inue a l ong s ide t h a t b y k n igh t s e rv ice a nd a ppea r s t oh ave b een d i s t inc tf r om l a nd sh e ld b y f e e f a rm w h ich , mo re c o r rec t ly , s e em t oa pp ly t ot h e d eme sne l a nd s r e ta ined b yt h e C rown o r H ono r o f L anca s te r . When F a r re r c l a imed t h a t i tw a s a lmo s ti mpo s s ib le t oe s tab l i sh al i nk b e tween t h et e nu r e s o f 1 086 a nd 1 2 12 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 2 79-281) h e w a s r i gh t i nt h e s en se t h a t i ti sw e l l -n igh i mpo s s ib le t o c o r re la t e t h e l a ndowne r s o f 1 066 w i th t ho se o f t h e p o s t C onque s t p e r iod . B u t t h i s s e em s t o b e a n e f ec t o f i n te rce s s ion i n t h e l a ndho ld ing h i e ra r chy b e tween t h e C rown a nd m e sne l o rd s ; i nm any i n s tance s , w he re t h anage t e nu re s e em s t o d i sappea r a nd b e r ep la ced b y m i l i ta ry s e rv ice , t h e re i s as t rong s u sp ic ion t h a ts uch s e rv ice w a s n o m o r e t h an ag l o s s o n e x i s t ing c u s tom . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e No rman s m ade f ew c hange s t o t h e m anagemen t a nd o rgan i sa t ion o fe s ta te s i nt h er eg ion .

Honor ia ld eme sne ,b aron ie sa nd h o ld ing si n t hanage T he f ounda t ion s o ft h e l o ca l b a ron ie s s e em t o h ave b een l a id b y 1 086 , h oweve r much t h ey w e r e a l te r ed a nd a ugmen t ed i n l a te r y ea r s . I th a s a l ready b een n o ted t h a t t h e i r e s ta te s w e re n o t n ece s sa r i ly h e ld i n c on so l ida ted b l ock s o fl a nd . T o s ome e x ten t t h i s m ay b e ar e f lec t ion o f t h e p e r iod s a tw h ich t h e b a ron ie s o r f e e s w e r e c r ea ted . I f t h e c on so l ida ted b lock o fv i l l s a t tached t oW idne s , f o cu sed o n A pp le ton , S u t ton a nd K now s ley , c an b e s e en a s a p r ima ry g r an t , d o t h e m o re i s o la ted v i l l s , s uch a s L i t t le C ro sby a nd Maghu l l , r e p re sen t l a te r a dd i t ion s t ot h e f e e? S im i la r ly , w e r e N o r th Meo l s a nd A rga rmeo l s a t ta ched t o P enwo r tham a t a n e a r ly d a t e , w i th K i rkda le a dded s ub sequen t ly ( s ee t a b le 9 ,n o te 4 )? A n a r gumen t f o r t h e 4 1

7-T he N orman I nf luence o n We s tD e rby Hund red r e ten t ion o f K i rkda le w i th in t h e d eme sne m igh t w e l l b e r ea sonab le i n t e rm s o f d ef ence o f t h e Me r sey a ga in s t f u r the ra t tack f r om t h e S cand inav ian s o rt h e S co t s . S uch a h ypo the s i s w ou ld a ccoun t f o r t h e s c a t te r ed n a tu r e o f h o ld ing s ( f ig s 2 0 , 2 1) a nd p e rm i t s s pecu la t ion t h a t s uch h o ld ing s w e re ac on sequence o fa ugmen ta t ion o ft h e l a nd s h e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice d u r ing t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry .

t h e p r inc ipa l s ea t o ft h e L a thom f am i ly ; b u t e v idence f o r o wne r sh ip o ft h e c a s t le a tH ind ley i n Make rf i e ld ( 125 ) i s l e s s s e cu re a nd c anno t w i th a ny c e r ta in ty b e a t t r ibu ted t o t h eH aydock f am i ly .

T h i sc on t ra s t sw i th t h ee v idence f o rb a ron ia le s ta te s f u r the r n o r th . A l a rge p a r t o f T o s t ig ' s p r e -Conque s t h o ld ing i n Amounde rne s s b ecame a t tached t ot h e B a rony o fK enda le ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 57 n 13 ) t h ough i n C umb r ia h i s l a nd s a tB ee tham , Wh i t t ing ton a nd A u s tw ick w e re t ob e d i v ided . T o s t ig ' s m a s s ive e s ta te a tH ougun lc an b e s e en a s t h e f o re runne r o f t h e N o rman l o rd sh ip o f F u rne s s t hough t h e n ew b a rony w a s a ugmen ted w i th t own sh ip s i ns ou the rn C ope land , a nd d id n o t i n c lude s ome i n F u rne s s (W inche s te r 1 987 , 1 7 -18 , f i g 4 ) . W inche s te r a l so n o ted t h a t t h e g r ea t f e uda l b a ron ie s c r ea ted a f t e r t h e C onque s t c o r re sponded c l o se ly t o t h e e cc le s ia s t ica l o rgan i sa t ion ( 1987 , 1 5 16 , f i g3 ) . T he s ame c anno tb e s a id f o r t h e l a nd s i n We s t D e rby w he re p a roch ia l b ound s a nd t ho se o f b a ron ia l a nd t h anage e s ta te s w e r e q u i te i n compa t ib le . O n ly a td eane ry l e ve l c an t h e b ound sb e s a id t oc onf o rm -w i th t ho se o ft h ee n t i re H und r ed a si tc ame t o c omp r i se We s t D e rby , N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton . H oweve r , t h e p i c tu r e c hange s s omewha t w hen p a r i sh b ounda r ie s a r e c ompa red w i th t ho se o f v i l l s w h ich m ay h ave b een r e la t ive ly l a te i n f euda t ion s ; t h e se m igh t b e c on s ide r ed a s g ran t s o u t o f t h e d eme sne , p a r t icu la r ly i n We s t D e rby H und red i t se lf ( f ig 2 1) . H e re ,p e rhap s , t h e re i s as ugge s t ion t ha t C oun t R oge r ' s d eme sne r e spec ted t h e s y s tem o f p a roch ia l o rgan i sa t ion . A t t h e s ame t ime , i ti sq u i te c l ea r t ha t t h e l a nd s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice a nd t h o se h e ld i n t h anage i n Wa r r ing ton a nd N ew ton w e r e m o r e l i ke ly t o c ro s sp a r i sh b ound s .

P o i tou m ay h ave s t re tched i na n u n in te r rup ted b lock f r om H a le i nt h e s ou th , n o r thwa rd s t h rough L ive rpoo l a nd a l ong t h e c oa s t t o A in sda le . W i th in t h i s a r ea w a s t h e c a s t le o f We s t D e rby i t se lf ( 1 32 ) a nd t h e p o s s ib le c a s t le a tK i rkda le ( 127 ) . F rom h e re , i n to L ey land , t h e l a nd s w e r e h e ld f r om

I ft h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e H ono r ia l d eme sne i s c o r rec t ly i n te rp r e ted a nd t h e s ca t te red v i l l s h e ld b y m i l i ta ry s e rv ice d emon s t ra te l a te e nf eo f inen t ,t h ev i l l sr e ta ined b yR oge ro f

t h e f e e o fP enwo r tham w he re , i nt h e v i l l o ft ha t n ame , a c a s t le h ad b een e s tab l i shed b ef o r e 1 086 . I n L ey land t h e l a nd s a t tached t o t h i s f e e w e r e t o f o rm a mo re o r l e s s c on so l ida ted b l ock ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , Map t o i lu s t ra t e t h e L anca sh i re F euda l B a ron ie s ) . T he l o rd s o f H a l ton h ad c on t ro lo fl a nd se i the rs i de o ft h ea tW idne sa nd R unco rn w he re N ige l , f i r s t b a ron o fH a l ton , i sa t t r ibu ted w i th s e t t ing o u t t h e p l an o f H a l ton C a s t le b ef o re 170 ( McNe i l 1 987 , 1 )a nd ac a s t le i nW idne s ( 1 33 ) i sr e co rded i n t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . F u r the r e a s t t h e l o rd s o f Wa r r ing ton c on t ro l led t h e r i ve r c r o s s ing p robab ly f r om a s t rongho ld a t Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) . We h ave a l r eady n o ted t h a t h e r e , P ou l ton a nd Woo l s ton h ad b een g r an ted b y R oge r o f P o i tou t o S h rew sbu ry A bbey i nf r anka lmo ign ; t h i s g ran t i n c luded t h e f i she ry a tT he lwa l l a nd o ne th i rd o fT he lwa l l h ad b een g ran ted t o S h rew sbu ry b y W i l l iam f i tzN ige l , c on s tab le o fC he s te r ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 2 69 -273 , 2 77 -278 ) . I n t h e h i n te r land o f P ou l ton a nd Woo l s ton w a s t h e a r ea o f Make rf i e ld o u t o f w h ich t h e t i t he s o f N ew ton w e re a l so g r an ted t oS h rew sbu ry A bbey , a nd i ts e em s l i ke ly t ha t t h i s r eg ion w a s a l so r e ta ined a sd eme sne . S uch a n a r rangemen t , w i th m i l i ta ry s e rv ice i mpo sed o nt h e l o rd s o fP enwo r tham , W idne s a nd Wa r r ing ton , m igh t i n d ica t e a n a wa rene s s o f t h ec on t inu ing n eed t op ro tec tt h ec oa s tf r om i n va s ion .

T a l lage s o fl a nd s r e co rded i nt h e P ipe R o l l s i n 169 a nd 176 1177 p rov ide a c l ue i n d i s t ingu i sh ing b e tween t h e d eme sne l a nd sa nd t h o se h e ld i nt h anage . I nt h ef i r s t , l e v ied o n l o ca l l o rd s f o rt h e m a r r iage o ft h e k i ng ' s d augh te r , t wo t h ane s , R obe r t , s on o f H en ry , l o rd o f L a thom O rm d e H aydock e a ch w e r e c ha rged w i th 1 0 m a rk s . We s t D e rby w i th i t s a ppu r tenance s w a s c ha rged £ 11 3 s 4 d a nd t h e w apen ta l ce o f Make rf ie ld , t a l laged w i th t h a t o f L on sda le , w a s c ha rged £ 24 ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 2 15 ) . T he s e cond w a s mo re s pec if i ca bou tt h e l a nd sw h ich f o rmed t h ed eme sne o f We s t D e rby b u t a l so i n c luded N ew ton w h ich w a s c ha rged 31 / m 2 a rk s ( 46 s 8 d ) , e xac t ly t h e s ame a s Wa l ton . We s t D e rby i t se lf p a id 3 4 s 4 d ; F o rmby a nd G rea t C ro sby e ach p a id 3 6 s 8 d ; H a le w a s c ha rged 2 6 s 8 d ; Wave r t r ee a nd L i the r land p a id Im a rk e ach a nd T h ingwa l l p a id 1 / 2 m a rk ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 3 5 -36 ) . T he e n t r ie s f o rt h e t h ane s o fL a thom a nd H aydock i n 169 a r ep a r t icu la r ly r ema rkab le ; d oe st h i s m ean t h a tt h ey h ad o ve ra l lr e spon s ib i l i ty f o rt h et h ane land s i n We s t D e rby a nd Make rf ie ld r e spec t ive ly ; w a s t h e l e vy r a ised f r om m e sne t e nan t s o fo t he r t h anage e s ta te s i nt h i s d i s t r ic t s? I f s o , a h i e ra rchy s e em s t o e me rge . L a te r e v idence c e r ta in ly s how st h a tt h e i rf am i l ie sw e r et ob ecome e s tab l i shed i n m any o f t h e v i l l s i n t h e t h roughou t t h e r eg ion . B u rna rde sca s t le , i nL a thom ( 123 ) m u s t h ave b een

S tephen a nd h i ss ucce s sor s T he re i sl i t t le d oub tt h a tR oge ro fP o i tou w a s i np o s se s s ion o ft h e w ho le o fL anca sh i re a nd , w hen h e h ad f ma l ly b een d i spo s se s sed o fh i s l a nd sn o r th o ft h e Me r sey i n 102 , t h ey w e r e g ran ted i n 114 -1116 b y K ing H en ry t oh i s n ephew , S t ephen o f B lo i s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 2 92 ) . U nde r H en ry Ii ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e o ve ra l l p a t ter n o f l a ndho ld ing w a s mo re o r l e s s s t ab i l i sed . H en ry 's n ob le s w e re mo r e w i l l ing t o a ccep t l a nd s d e sp i sed b y t h e i r p redece s so r s( Kape l le 1 979 , 2 29 ) a nd i ti sl i ke ly t ha tm any o ft h e t h anage e s ta te s h e ld ' i n a nc ien t f e of fmen t ' i n 1 2 12 h ad o r ig ina t ed o rb een c onf i rmed d u r ing h i sr e ign . S t ephen h a s b een d esc r ibed a s ab r ave , g ene rou s a nd s imp le -m inded m an ; h i s f a u l t sw e r e al a ck o fs t a te sman sh ip a nd o fd ec i s ion a nd f i rmne s s ( Poo le 1 954 , 1 32 ) . E v idence o fh i s i n te r e s t s i nt h e r eg ion i ss c an t b u t i nk eep ing w i th H en ry ' s c o rona t ion o a th , w h ich w a s e xpanded i n to t h e c ha r te r o fl i ber t ie s , i s sued i nt ur n b y H en ry , S t ephen a nd H en ry I , h e m ay h ave b een w e l l -d i spo sed t owa rd s h i s n o r ther n t e nan t s . B y t h e se c ha r te r s , b o th k i ng a nd p eop le w e r e b ound b y mu tua l o b l iga t ion s ( Po l lock & Ma i t land I , 1 968 , 9 5 -96 ; P oo le 1 954 , 5 -6 ) . I n 129 1130 s even t h ane s t oge the r p a id 2 20 ma rk s o fs i lve r f o r a n i mpo r tan t l i be r ty o rf r anch ise a g reed b e tween t h em a nd C oun t S t ephen , a nd s anc t ioned b y t h e k i ng ' s c ou r t r e ga rd ing l a nd s b e tween t h e

IH ougun

i nD ome sday b u t t r an s la ted a s M i l lom b y F a r r e r ( 1 906 , 2 89 ) a nd r e pea ted a sM i l lom b y Mo rgan .

4 2

T he N orman I nf luence o n We s tD e rby Hund red -7 w a s , p e rhap s , t h e p r ice S t ephen h ad t o p ay f o r t h e e a r l ' s p eace , i tm ay h ave b een o n t h e b a s i s o f af o rme r c l a im , a f t e r R oge r o f P o i tou ' s l a nd s h ad b een f o r f e i t i n 102 ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 2 93 -294 ) . C e r ta in ly , i ft h e

R ibb le a nd ( Fa r re r 1 902 , x v , 1 2 ) . O f t h e se m en , o n ly R oge r2, s on o f R avenk i l , l o rd o f Woodp lump ton i n Amounde rne s s , w ho c on t r ibu ted 3 0 m a rk s t owa rd s t h i s f r anch ise , c an b e c on s ide red t oh ave a ny c l ea r a s soc ia t ion w i th We s t D e rby ; i th a s a l r eady b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e b ro the r s , S wa in a nd L e i s ing , w ho a l so a ppea r i n t h e c ha r t e r , h e ld R ochda le , i n t h e H und r ed o f S a lf o rd . C e r ta in ly , t h e Woodp lump ton t h ane s h e ld B oo t le , w h ich F a r re r h a s c l a imed , b e longed t o t h e i r p redece s so r , R aghana ld , i n 1 066 ( 1902 , 4 3 ) . H e re , R oge r g ave L inac re t ot h e H o sp i ta l o fS tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem , a nd h i s s ucce s so r s w e re l a te r i n p o s se s s ion o f e s ta t e s i n F o rmby , A ugh ton , K i rkby a nd A rga rmeo l s , i fn o t K i rkda le , t h ough s ome o f t h e se l a nd s m igh t h ave c ome t o t h e f am i ly t h rough t h e m a r r iage o fh i s s on , R icha rd , w i th Ma rga re t , d augh te r o f T hu r s tan B ana s t re . O the rw i se t h e h o ld ing s h ave n o t b een l o ca t ed ; i ft h ey w e r e l a nd s h e ld i nt h anage a nd s e r jean ty r a the r t han b y m i l i ta ry s e rv ice i tm igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h ey w e re o n t h e l a nd s w h ich h ad b een r e ta ined b y t h e C rown o rH ono r , e i the ra sd eme sn e o ro ne s ta te sw he re t h e m e sne t e nan tw a sd i r ec t ly r e spon s ib le t ot h eH ono r .

f o rme r , i th ad l i t t le e f ec t a nd t h e e a r l w a s t o r e ta in t h e H ono r u n t i l h i s d ea th c 1153 . I n 149 D av id o f S co t land h ad c eded h i s L anca sh i r e e s ta t e s t ot h e e a r l w ho , i nt u rn , r e s igned h i sc l a im o nC a r l i s le ( Poo le 1 954 ,2 75 ) .

Wi l l iam ,C oun to fB ou logne ,a nd J ohn ,C oun t o f Mor ta in I n 153 t h e H ono r w a s b a ck i nr oya l h and s . I tp a s sed t o W i l l iam , C oun t o f B ou logne a nd Mo r ta in a nd E a r l o f Wa r ren , a nd o n ly s u rv iv ing s on o f S t ephen , w ho h e ld i t

T he t h rea t f r om t h e n o r th w a s s t i l l v e ry r e a l a nd , w i th in a f ew mon th s o f S t ephen ' s a cce s s ion , D av id o f S co t land c ro s sed t h e Tweed a nd c ap tu r ed a l l t h e b o rde r c a s t le s e xcep tB ambu rgh . U nde rt h rea tf r om S t ephen h ew i thd rew . B u t t h e t e rm s o ft h i s p eace w e r e b roken t h ree y ea r s l a te r w hen D av id i n vaded t h e n o r the rn c oun t ie s w he r e h i s m en c omm i t ted u n speakab le a t roc i t ie s . A l though S t ephen a t temp ted t o g a in c on t ro l , D av id m e r e ly w i thd r ew a nd , u nde r t h e l e ade r sh ip o f W i l l iam f i t zDuncan , t h e S co t s ma r ched i n to L anca sh i r e a s f a r s ou th a s C l i the roe w he re t h e S co t s d ef ea ted t h e E ng l i sh f o r ce . W i l l iam f i tzDuncan , n ephew o fD av id , m ay i nf a c th ave b een t r y ing t oc l a im h i s L anca sh i re i n he r i tance t h rough h i s m a r r iage w i th A l ice , o ne o ft h e c o -he i re s se s o fW i l l iam Me sch in , b ro the ro ft h e e a r l o fC he s te r ; h e m ay a l so h ave h ad ap r iva te f e ud w i th h i s n e ighbou r , I l be r t d e L a cy , l o rd o f t h e H ono r o f C l i the roe ( Poo le 1 954 ,2 71 n 2 ) . Ma t i lda 's a r r iva l i nE ng land t ol a y c l a im t ot h e t h rone i n 139 w a s t o h ave a n e f ec t o n p o s se s s ion o f S t ephen ' s l a nd s i nt h en o r th . I n 140 , R anu lf , e a r l o fC he s te re n te red t h e s t rugg le o nt h e s i de o f Ma t i lda . A s o ne o ft h e p owe rf u l a nd i n dependen tb a ron s , h ew i shed t oa cqu i r et h e H ono ro f C a r l i s le . T h i s h ad b een h e ld b y h i s f a the r , b u t h ad b een r e l inqu i shed t oH en ry Ia nd g r an t ed b y S t ephen t ot h e s on o fD av id o fS co t land . I n 14 1 t h e a rm ie s m e t a tL inco ln w he r e t h e f o rce s o f t h e e a r l s o f C he s te r a nd G louce s te r d ef ea ted S t ephen ' s m en a nd h e w a s m ade a p r i sone r a t L inco ln . B u t Ma t i lda ' s s ucce s s w a s s ho r t l ived ; h e r i mpe r iou s a nd a u toc ra t ic b ehav iou r d i d n o t e ndea r h e r t o t h e p eop le a nd s he f l ed f r om L ondon t o O xf o rd . S t ephen w a s r e lea sed f r om p r i son i nN ov embe r 141 . I n 146 t h e e a r l o fC he s te rw a s t ol e ad a no the r r e vo l t ; h e w a s a r re s ted a nd o n ly l i be ra ted o n t h e s u r r ende r o f h i s c a s t le s , a f t e r w h ich h e e mba rked o n a n o rgy o ff e roc iou s b ru ta l i ty , a nd w a s t o l e ad a n a t ta ck o n C oven t ry i n 147 . T he e a r l o f C he s te r p robab ly a cqu i red t h e H ono r o fL anca s te r i n 140 w hen S t ephen t r ied t o a ppea se h im w i th l a v i sh g ran t s ( Poo le 1 954 , 1 38 145 , 1 47 148 , 1 5 1 , 1 59 ) . A l though i t

2s e e

u n t i l h i s d ea th s i x y ea r s l a te r ( Fa r re r 1 902 , i x -x i i i ) . D u r ing t h i s t ime W i l l iam g ave l a nd i n Wa l ton , Wave r t r ee a nd N ew sham t o Wa ldeve d e Wa l ton t ob e h i s s e r jean t o ft h e w apen take o f We s t D e rby . I n 175 -1176 G i lbe r t , s on o f Wa ldeve , w a s r equ i red t o p ay £ 4 f o r r e s t i tu t ion o f h i s l a nd s , h av ing b een o u t lawed , p robab ly b ecau se h e h ad t a ken p a r t i nt h eb a ron s 'r e be l l ion . A tt h e s ame t ime h e w a s d ep r ived o fh i s h o ld ing o fC he s te r ton , S t af f o rd sh i re , g i ven b y k i ng H en ry t o Wa ldeve c 1155 1157 ; t h i s w a s t o b e r e s to r ed t oH en ry d e Wa l ton b yJ ohn ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 3 1 , 3) . T he H ono rp robab ly f o rmed p a r to ft h e d owe ro fW i l l iam ' s w idow , b u t r eve r ted t ot h e C rown w hen s he r ema r r ied i n 164 , f r om w h ich d a te , u n t i l 189 , t h e re i sn or e co rd i nt h e P ipe R o l l s( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 906 ,2 95 ) . Af t e r R icha rd ' s a cce s s ion t ot h e C rown h e g r an ted t oh i s b ro the r , J ohn , t h e c a s t le a nd H ono r o fL anca s te r w i th t h e c oun ty , t oge the r w i th l a nd s w h ich i n c luded t h e c a s t le s o f N o t t ingham a nd Ma r lbo rough . J ohn i n he r i ted t h e e s ta te so f h i s g r ea tu nc le , R eg ina ld , E a r l o fC or nwa l l a nd i n 177 h e b ecame t i tu la r ' l o rd o fI r e land ' . H e w a s g ran ted t h e c oun ty o f Mo r ta in a nd m a r r ied I s abe l , d augh te r o f t h e E a r l o f G louce s te r , h e i r e s s o ft h e w ho le o ft h e H ono r . I na dd i t ion , h e w a s g i ven t h e c oun t ie s o f No t t ingham a nd D e rby , D o r se t , S ome r se t , D evon a nd C o rnwa l l . U nde r J ohn ' s l o rd sh ip u n t i l 194 t h e se c oun t ie s m ade n o r e tu rn s t ot h e e xcheque r ; h e r e ce ived b o th t h e f a rm o ft h e se s h i r e s a nd p rof i t s o fj u s t ice . W i th in t h e se l a nd s J ohn c ou ld r u le a sh e c ho se w i th h i s o wn e xcheque r , c hance l lo r a nd j u s t ic ia r ( Poo le 1 954 , 3 48 ) . D u r ing t h e p e r iod 189 1194 J ohn w a s t o s i gn a n i mpo r tan tc ha r te rg ran t ing t h e l i ber t ie s o ft h e F o re s t o ft h e H ono r o fL anca s te r t oh i s k n igh t s , t h ane s a nd f r eeho lde r s w ho l i ved w i th in t h e F o re s t ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 4 20 ) . T h i s h a s b een t r an s la ted a sf o l low s : ' J ohn , C oun t o f Mor ta in , e t c . K now t ha t Ih ave g r an ted a nd b yt h is my c ha r te rc onf i rmed t oa l l k n igh t s , a nd t oa l t h ane s , a nd t o a l f r eeho lde r s w ho d we l l i nm y f o res t o f t h e H ono r o fL anca s t e r , t ha t t h ey m ay i mp rove , a nd s e l l a nd g i ve t h e i r o wn u nde rwood s , a nd t h e re in b u i ld d we l l ing h ou se s a tt h e i r w i l l , a s i n t h e i r o wn f e e , a nd t h e r eof d o t h e i r p l ea su r e w i thou t a ny c l a im o f m e , m y h e i r s , o r b a i l if f s . Ih ave a l so g r an ted t ot h em a cqu i t tance o ft h er egua rd ( s ic )o ft h e f o r e s t . Mo reove r Ih ave g ran ted t ot h em t h e i r o wn d og s , a nd h un t ing o ft h e h a r e a nd f ox , a nd a l o t he r b ea s t s o f t h e c ha ce ( s ic ) e xcep t h a r t a nd h i nd , a nd w i ld b oa r ( por c i s s i lv e s t r i s ) a nd s ow o f t h e w ood s ( l ayae ) , a nd g oa t , t h roughou t a l l t h e s a id f o r e s t o u t s ide m y d eme sne e nc lo su re s . Whe ref o re I w i l l a nd

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7-T he Norman I nf luence o n We s tD e rby Hund red s t r ic t ly c ommand t ha t a l l t h e a f o re sa id k n igh t s , t h ane s , a nd f r eeho lde r s , a nd t h e i r h e i r s a f t e r t h em s ha l l h ave a l t h e a f o re sa id l i be r t ie s w e l l a nd i np ea ce f r om m e a nd my h e i r s . A nd If o rb id t ha t a ny o f my b a i l if f s o r a ny o t he r p e r son s ha l l t h e r e in m o le s t t h em . A nd f o r t h is m y g ran t t h ey h ave g i ven m e f i ve h und red p ound s o fs i lve r . W i th w i tne s se s , R oge rd eP la sne s , W i l l iam d eB u s se i , R oge rd e N ewbu rgh , E ngue r rand d e p r eaux , J ohn d eN ev i 1 1 , D av id l e Wa ley s , Ma s te rP e te rd eL i t t lebu rgh , a tS a lf o rd ' ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 4 19 ) .

F a r re r s e em s t o h ave s e en t h i s a s r e la t ing p r inc ipa l ly t o l a nd s n o r th o ft h e R ibb le . H oweve r , a f t e r t h e c ha r te r h ad b een c onf i rmed b y J ohn i n 199 t h e k n igh t s a nd t h ane s r ende r ed £ 200 a nd 1 0 c ha rge r s f o r t h e c onf i rma t ion , t oge the r w i th £ 220 a r r ea r s o ft h e o r ig ina l a moun t d ue o f £ 500 . Among s t t ho se w ho c on t r ibu ted f o r t h e i r c ha r te r s w e r e R obe r t , s on o f O sbe r t ( C ro sby , 1 0 ma rk s a nd 1 p a lf rey ) , B ened ic t G e rne t ( f o r s e r jean ty o f t h e w ho le F o r e s t , 4 0 m a rk s ) , R icha rd d e V enab le s a nd h i s w if e , Agne s , ( f o r h a lf ak n igh t ' s f e e i nA pp le ton , 2m a rk s ) a nd H en ry d e Wa l ton ( f o r 1 2 b ova te s o fl a nd i n Wave r t ree , 1 p a lf rey o r 1 00 s ) ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 06 ) . T he e f ec t s o f F o re s t l e g i s la t ion o n l a nd sh e ld i n We s tD e rby a r ed i scu s sed mo re f u l ly i nc hap te r 1 0 ; b u t , o n t h e e v idence o ft h e n ame s o f t ho se r equ i r ed t op ay f o r t h e p r iv i lege i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t J ohn ' s c ha r te r d id e x tend s ou th o ft h e R ibb le , i n to We s t D e rby H und red .

R epa i r s t o L anca s te r c a s t le w e re m ade i n 198 1199 a nd , i nt h e s ame p er iod , t h e s um o f £ 4 1 O s w a s e xpended a t We s t D e rby C a s t le ( 132 ) f o r v i c tua l s f o r t h e k n igh t s a nd t e nan t s ( s er v i t ium ) w ho h ad c u s tody o f t h e c oun t ry a f t e r R icha rd ' sd ea th ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 05 , 1 09 ) . Tw en ty ma rk sw a s s pen t o n w o rk s a t L anca s te r a nd We s t D e rby c a s t le s i n 1 20 11202 a nd f u r the r r epa i r s , c o s t ing 1 0 m a rk s , w e re made t o We s t D e rby c a s t le i n t h e s ame y ea r , u nde r t h e s upe rv i s ion o fH en ry T rave r s a nd H en ry d e Wa l ton ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 47 ) . T he f o rme r w a s p robab ly m e sne t enan t o f l a nd s i n We s tD e rby h e ld f r om t h eF o re s tf e e . Du r ing h i sr e ign , J ohn m ade a d ju s tmen t st ot h e F o re s t a r ea b y l a y ing w a s te t o Sm i thdown t o i n c rea se t h e a r ea o f T ox te th H ay a nd g ave T h ingwa l l i ne xchange ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 2 65 , 4 21-424 ) . I n 1 207 h e w a s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e f ounda t ion o f t h e b o rough a nd p o r t o f L ive rpoo l . I n t h e P ipe R o l l f o r t h e f o l low ing y ea r £ 8 o w ing f r om We s t D e rby wa s i n d ef au l t , p robab ly b ecau se t h e p opu la t ion , r ep r e sen t ing m en h o ld ing t h ek i ng ' sd em e sn e ,h ad s t a r ted t o r emove t o L ive rpoo l a nd , w h i l s t e r ec t ing b u rgage t e nemen t s , r e ce ived r em i s s ion o f t h e u sua l r en t o r f a rm ( Fa r re r 1 902 , x v i ) . B u i ld ing w o rk o n t h e k i ng ' s l odg ing s a t L anca s t e r c a s t le w a s a ccoun ted f o r i n 1 209 1211 ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 2 34 -243 ) , b u t t h e a b sence o f e xpend i tu re a t We s t D e rby s ugge s t s ad ec l ine i nt h e i mpo r tance o ft h i sc a s t le .

E dmund ,e ar lo fL anca s ter T he H ono ro fL anca s te rw a st oc on t inue i nr oya l o wne r sh ip u n t i l 1 267 w hen i tw a sg ran ted b yH en ry I It oh i sy ounge s t

I nt h e s ame y ea rJ ohn c onf i rmed t oH en ry , s on o fG i lbe r t , s on o f Wa ldeve , 6b ova t e so fl a nd i n Wa l ton , a nd f ou re ach i n Wave r t r ee a nd N ew sham , w i th t h e m a s t e r s e r jean ty o f t h ew apen tak e , ' f ree a nd q u i tb yt h e s e rv ice o fs e r jean ty f o r a l l c u s tom , i nf e ea nd i n he r i tance ' . I n 1 200 120 1 h e w a st o g ran tt h ew ho le o f Wa l ton i nf e ef a rm t oR icha rd d e Mea th , s on o f G i lbe r t d e Wa l ton a nd b ro the r o f H en ry , o u t o f w h ich v i l ld e Mea th w a st oa l iena te f ou rb ova te st oR icha rd d e Wa l ton , h i s b ro the r . I n 1 202 -1203 d e Mea th o wed 1 0 ma rk sa nd ap a lf rey , w o r th 5m a rk s , f o r ag ran to ft h er oya l d eme sne o fH a le ,t h ough t h er i gh to fc ha se w a sr e se rved t o t h e C rown . I n r e tu rn f o r ac ha sou r o r 3m a rk s d e Mea th w a sa l so g ran ted t wo c a ruca te so fl a nd i nF o rmby t oh e ld i n f e e a nd i n he r i tance o ft h e k ing . T he p l ace h ad , h oweve r , b een h e ld b y t h e Woodp lump ton f am i ly a nd w a s t o b e r e s to red t o t h e i r h e i r , H ugh d e Mo re ton , i n 1 2 16 . B u t i n Novembe r 1 221 , H en ry I I d i rec ted t h e s h e r if ft o p u t d e Mea th i ns e i s in o fH a le , Wa l ton a nd F o rmby , w h ich J ohn h ad g ran ted h im i nf e e f a rm ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 3 1 , 1 67 , 1 72 1 73 ; 1 903b ,2 4 ) .

s on , E dmund . B u t i n 1 229 t h e k i ng ' s d eme sne b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey w a s g r an ted t oR anu lf , e a r l o fC he s te r a nd L inco ln f o r ag o shawk y ea r ly . O n t h e p a r t i t ion o ft h e E a r l ' s e s ta te s , f o l low ing h i s d ea th i n O c tobe r 1 232 , t h e d i s t r ic tp a s sed t oW i l l iam d eF e r re r s ,e a r lo fD e rby , i nr i gh t o f h i s w if e , A gne s , t h i rd s i s te r o f R anu lf ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 2 96 ) . P e rhap s a s am a rk o fh i s a r r iva l i nt h e a r ea , L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) w a s b u i l t b y 1 235 . I n c 1250 W i l l iam d e F e r re r s m ade a g ran t o f l a nd i n B u r tonwood t ot h e monk s o fT i l tey , i nE s sex , f ounded b y Mau r ice f i t zGeof f rey a nd R ober t d e F e r re r s , e a r l o fD e rby i n 153 ( Lew i s 1 987c ) . P e rambu la t ion o f t h e F o re s t b y H en ry ' sm en i n1 228 s how s t h a tB u r tonwood l a yw i th in t h e b ound sa nd s hou ld n o tb ed i sf o r e s ted . H e re , W i l l iam B u t le r o f Wa r r ing ton a nd h i s h e i r s h ad c ommon o f p a s tu re f o r t h e i r s t ock a nd m a s t f o rt h e i rp ig s a sw e l l a st imbe rf o rt h e c a s t le ( c a s te / /ur n ) a t Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) f o rb o th b u i ld ing a nd f u e l . T ox te th w i th Sm i thdown a nd t h eu nde rwood ( bu schu ) o f We s t D e rby w e r e a l so t ob e r e ta ined ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 4 22 , 4 24 ) . I n 1 251 t h e e a r l o b ta ined ac har te r o ff r ee w a r r en i n h i s d eme sne l a nd s o f L ive rpoo l , Wes t D e rby , G rea t C ro sby , Wave r t ree a nd B u r tonwood ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 2 96 ) . W i th h i s d ea th , i n1 254 , i ts e em s t h a t t h e r eg ion r e ve r ted o nce mo re t oE dmund , e a r lo fL anca s te r .

I n 1 205 J ohn w a s t o o rde r a n i n qu i ry t o b e m ade o ft h e s e r jean t ie s , t h anage s d rengage s a nd o t he r s e rv ice s a nd l a nd s w h ich h ad b een a l iena ted f r om t h e H ono r o f L anca s te r s i nce t h e f i r s t c o rona t ion o f H en ry . T ho se s ub sequen t ly a l iena ted w i thou t r oya l w a r ran t w e re t o b e t aken a nd a n a ccoun t o f t h e i r w o r th a nd m anne r o f a l iena t ion w a st ob e p r epa red . As ma l l n umbe ro fh o ld ing s w e re t hu sa ccoun ted f o r , i n c lud ing t h a to fH en ry d e Wa l ton w ho , i n t h e s ame p e r iod o f a ccoun t , p a id 5 m a rk s f o r r e s t i tu t ion o fh i s s e r jean ty o ft h e w apen take ( Fa r r e r 1 903b , 1 ) . T h i s w a s t ob e f o l lowed b y t h e G rea t I nque s t o f 1 2 12 w h ich p rov ide s u s w i th d e ta i l s o ft h e l a ndho lde r s a tt h a t t ime ( c hap te r9 ) .

T he I nqu i s i t ion p o s tm or tem t a ken a f t e rE dmund ' s d ea th i n 1 296 s upp l ie s i n f o rma t ion a bou t h i s t e nan t s a nd t h e i r l a ndho ld ing s ( Fa ire r 1 903b , 2 84 -297 ) . T he H ono r p a s sed t oh i s s on , T homa s , e a r l o fL anca s te r , w ho se f a vou r i te , S i r R obe r t d e H o l land , l o rd o f U pho l land , w a s t o i n cu r t h e j ea lou sy o fh i s L anca sh i re n e ighbou r s . T h i sw a st or e su l t i n ap e r iod o fl o ca l c i v i l w a r i nt h e f i r s t q ua r te r o ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . S u rvey s made i n 1 322 1324 f o l low ing t h e f o rf e i tu r e o f t h e e a r l ' s l a nd s a nd t h ose o f R ober t d e 4 4

T he N orman I nf luence o n We s t De rby Hund red 7 l a nd ,t h e r e i sg ood r e a son t os uppo se t h a t , o nce e s tab l i shed , s uch c en t re sw e r et oe ndu r e .

H o l land , t oge the r w i th t h e e v idence o fp l ea s h ea rd i nt h e k ing ' s c our t a tW igan i n 1 324 , a r e f u r the r d e ta i led s ou r ce s f o rt h e t e nan t so ft h er eg ion ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 7 5 100 , 2 06 2 19 ; T up l ing 1 949 ) .

I n s ou th L anca sh i r e , w he r e t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween p a r i she s a nd e s ta te s i s i n con s i s ten t a nd c onf u s ing , t h e e v idence i sn o t s o c l ea r . T he p a r i sh c hu rch o f Wa l ton -on t h e -H i l l w a s s ome d i s tance f r om We s t D e rby c a s t le ; a t Wa r r ing ton t h e c hu rch a nd c a s t le w e re v e ry c l o se t oe ach o t he r . B u t b o th We s t D e rby c a s t le a nd Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton , t h e c en t re s o fh und r eda l a dm in i s t ra t ion i nt h e p r e -Conque s t p er iod , w e r e t o b e a bandoned f o r mo r e f a vou rab le s i te s i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . T he p a r i sh o fS ef ton w a s p robab ly a l a te c r ea t ion a nd h e re t h e c hu r ch a nd c ap i ta l m e s suage o f S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) a r e i n c l o se p rox im i ty . F a rnwo r th c hape l i sa l so ,p robab ly , o fl a te 1 2 th c en tu ry d a te a nd m ay l i e as ho r t d i s tance f r om t h e ( un loca ted ) s i te o f t h e e a r ly 1 4 th -cen tu ry W idne s c a s t le ( 133 ) . T he c hape l a t N ew ton m ay b e e ven l a te r ; b u t , a l though i tl i e s a tt h eh ead o ft h em a in m ed ieva l s t ree t , i ti s n o t p a r t icu la r ly c l o se t o e i the r C a s t le H i l l ( 126 ) o r t h e moa ted s i te a t N ew ton H a l l ( 6 1 ) . U c t red ' s e s ta te a nd b e rew ick a tL a thom w e r e t oc on t inue t ob e h e ld i nt h anage a st h ep r inc ipa lh o ld ing o ft h e l o rd so fL a thom u n t i l a tl e a s t t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry a nd p robab ly l o ng a f t e r . A ga in , i f B u rna rde sca s t le ( 120 ) l i e s a tt h e s i te o f L a thom H ou se ( 44 ) , i ti s ac on s ide rab le d i s tance f r om t h e p a r i sh c hu r ch a t O rm sk i rk . N ea rby , t h e L a thom s f ounded B u r scough P r io ry a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd t h e i r l a nd s s e em t oh ave b een p r ef e r red a st h e s e a t o ft h e i r a dm in i s t ra t ion t ot ho se w h ich t h ey h e ld f r om t h eW idne sf e e .

T he e x t en t t o w h ich t h e p o l i t ica l s t rugg le s o f t h e p o s t C onque s t p e r iod w e re t o h ave a n e f ec t o n l o ca l managemen t o ft h e r e g ion i sn o t c l ea r ly s t a ted . C e r ta in ly , a s h a s b een s a id , t h e r e i sn o e v idence t o s how t h a t t h e w ide sp r ead r e be l l ion so ft h e l a t e 11 t hc en tu ry w e re t oi n cu r W i l l iam ' s w ra th a nd l e ad t od eva s ta t ion o ft h e r eg ion . T he S co t s i n va s ion s o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry w e r e t o p ene t ra te n o f u r the r t h an t h e R ibb le a nd t h e r e i sn o e v idence f o r a t tack a l ong t h e I r i sh S ea c oa s t . A l though s upe r io rl o rd sh ip o ft h e w ho le a r ea w a s t o c hange h and s t ime a nd a ga in , t h e re i s n o th ing i nt h e d ocumen t s t o s ugge s t t h a t s u ch d i s rup t ion s ef ec ted t h e w ay i n w h ich t h e r eg ion w a s o rgan i sed . T enan t s h o ld ing b ym i l i ta ry s e rv ice mu s t h ave b een c a l led u pon t o s e rve t h e i r l o rd s b u t t o o l i t t le i sk nown o ft h e i r i n vo lvemen ti na ny o ft h em i l i ta ry c ampa ign st ok now h ow s uch c omm i tmen t‚ n igh th ave d i s rup ted t h e m anagemen t o f t h e i r e s ta te s . P ipe r o l l s f o r t h e p e r iod 129 1215 a nd s u rvey s , r en ta l s a nd i n que s t s f o r t h e l a te r p e r iod t e nd t o s how ar ema rkab le c on s i s tency o fe s ta te o wne r sh ip t h rough s ucce s s ive g ene ra t ion s a nd , a l though l a nd w a s t o c hange h and s d ue t om a r r iage a nd e xchange , t h e r e i sn o th ing t o s ugge s t a ny l a nd g rabb ing a mong s t t h e l o ca l t e nan t s . T he o n ly r ea l e v idence f o r d i s rup t ion t ot h e p a t te rn o ccu r s i n t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry w i th t h e c i v i l d i so rde r b e tween t h e s uppo r te r so fS i rR ober td e H o l land a nd t ho se o fS i rA dam B ana s t re a nd S i rW i l l iam B rad shaw ( c hap te r8 ) .

A l though t h e 11 t h c en tu ry N o rman s m ay h ave b een b rough t s omewha t r e lu c tan t ly t o t h e a r ea , as y s tem o f f e uda l l o rd sh ip b ecame e s tab l i shed , a l be i t g radua l ly , t h ough i th ad t oa dap t i t s e lf t oa ne x i s t ing p a t t er no ft e nu r e . I ft h e r e luc tance o ft h e R oge r ' s N o rman l o rd s t o s e t t le i n s ou th L anca sh i re h ad b een b a sed o n af e a r o f f a i lu re t o u nde r s tand t h e c u s tom s a nd l a nguage o ft h e c oun t ry , t h e i r s u cce s so r s w e r e n o t s os ho r t s igh t ed . I ns p i te o ft h e h yb r id n a tu r e o ft e nanc ie s , t h e l o rd s o fh o ld ing s , b o th l a rge a nd s ma l l , f ound i tp o s s ib le t o a dap t a nd , p e rhap s e ven , t o t o le ra te e ach o t he r . A s w e s ha l l s e e ( c hap te r 1 3 ) i tw a s t h e p hy s ica l t r app ing s o f t h e p r inc ipa l l o rd s , t h e i r c a s t le s , w h ich f a i led t os u rv ive t ot h ee nd o ft h em ed ieva lp e r iod .

F a r re rb e l ieved t h a tt h es u rv iva lo ft h anage t e nu re s i n to t h e r e ign s o fR icha rd Ia nd J ohn a l lowed t h e p r e sump t ion t h a t t h e g r ea te r n umbe r o fm ano r s s o h e ld h ad d e scended i n u nb roken p o s se s s ion f r om t h e i r p r e -Conque s t o wne r s ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 83 ) . I s i tp o s s ib le t h a t t h e e a r ly p o s t C onque s t l o rd s o b se rved t h e C onque ro r ' s w i sh t op re serve t h e l aw s o fE ng l i sh t r ad i t ion i ng ove rnmen t w h ich w a s t o b e r e s ta t ed b y H en ry I ,S t ephen a nd H en ry I ? D o w e s e e t h i s e ndo r sed i n S t ephen ' s c ha r te r t o t h e t h ane s i n 129 130 a nd s uppor ted i nJ ohn ' s g r an t t ot h e k n igh t s , t h ane s a nd f r eeho lde r s i n 189 1194? C er ta in ly , t h e F o re s t l aw s t h em se lve sw e re t ob es t r ic t ly o b se rved a nd of ence a ga in s t t h e v er t a nd v en i son w a s p un i shab le . B u t a tt h e s ame t ime a s sa r t w a s e ncou raged , p e rhap s a s am ean s o fa ugmen t ing t h eH ono r ia le xcheque r . T he G rea t I n que s t o f 1 212 i n c lude s v i l l s w he re , a l though t h e o ve r lo rd sh ip w a s v e s ted i n i n d iv idua l s h o ld ing b y k n igh t s e rv ice , t h e t e nu re s h ave c l ea r i n d ica t ion s t h a t t h i s w a s i mpo sed o n e a r l ie r t h anage s . A l though t h e C umb r ian e v idence f o r e s ta te o rgan i sa t ion c on t ra s t s w i th t h a t f o r Wes t D e rby , a n o ve ra l l c on t inu i ty o fn a tu r e o ft e nu r e a nd j u r isd ic t ion f r om t h e p re -Conque s t p e r iod c an b e s e en i n b o th a r ea s . I nt h e n o r th , J o l l if f e s aw many f e a tu r e s w h ich p r e se rved t h e t r ad i t ion s o f C e l t ic B r i ta in s e en b y W inche s te ri nt h eK enda le , F u rne s s a nd C ope land b a ron ie s ( 1987 , 1 8 ) . T o t h i s m ay b e a dded t h e e v idence f o r c on t inu i ty i nC umb r ia i nt h e c ho ice b yt h eN o rman sf o rt h e l o ca t ion o ft h e b a ron ia l o r e s ta te c apu t i . Whe the r i nc l o se a s soc ia t ion w i th p a r i sh c en t re s a s c ommun ica t ion f oc i o r c omb ined w i th g eog raph ica l c on s ide ra t ion so fg ood q ua l i ty 4 5

8-T homa s ,E ar lo fL anca s te r &S i rR obe r td e Ho l land

Chap ter 8 T homas ,E ar lo fL ancas ter & S i rR ober td e Ho l land T he H o l land s w e re d e scended f r om a l o ca l f am i ly w h ich h ad h e ld t h e v i l l s o f Me l l ing a nd U pho l land i n t h anage s i nce a tl e a s tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 8 6 ) . T he r e i ss ome a wkwa rdne s s i n d efm ing t h e f am i ly ' s r i se

I nt h e c en tu r ie s p r io rt oE dwa rd I ' s a cce s s ion t h e r e i sl i t t le t os how t h a t t h e p o l i t ica l s t rugg le s b e tween t h e k i ng s a nd b a ron s h ad a ny p a r t icu la r e f ec t o n t h e l a nd s o f We s t D e rby . T he p e r iod c anno t h ave b een w i thou t l o ca l c on f l ic t b e tween l o rd s w ho w e r e s e ek ing t o a ugmen t t h e i r p o s se s s ion s a nd s t a tu s , b u t t h e d ocumen ta ry r e co rd i s f r agmen ta ry a nd d oe s n o t s how a ny r e a l e v idence f o r d i s rup t ion t o t h e f e uda l p a t te rn . E dmund o f L anca s te r ' s l o ya l ty t ot h e k i ng d u r ing t h e 1 260 s h ad b een r ewa rded b y av a s t t e r r i to r ia l e ndowmen t . Af t e r t h e c i v i l w a r b e tween t h e k i ng a nd S imon d e Mon tf o r t , h e w a s pun ted e a r l S imon ' s f o r f e i ted H ono r o fL e ice s te r a nd i n 1 269 , w hen R ober td eF e r re r sw a su nab le t or edeem h i s l a nd su nde rt h e D ic tum o f K en i lwo r th , h e a cqu i red t h e e a r l o f D e rby ' s e s ta te s ( Madd ico t t 1 970 , 1 ; P ow icke 1 962 , 2 12 n 1) . R ef e rence h a s a l ready b een made t ot h e We s t D e rby l a nd s h e ld b y E dmund a t h i s d ea th ( p 1 20 ) a nd h i s g r and son , H en ry o f L anca s te r , w a s t o b e g iven t h e t i t le o f e a r l o f D e rby i n1 337 .

t h rough t h e l o ca l s oc ia l h i e ra rchy ; r e cu r r ing g ene ra t ion s o f R obe r t s , R icha rd s a nd W i l l iam s d ef y a ny c l ea r i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e i r r e la t ion sh ip s w i th e ach o t he r . S ome t ime i nt h e f i r s th a lf o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , R ober td e H o l land ( a l ive i n1 225 , d ead c 1241-2 )h ad m a r r ied C ec i ly , d augh te r o f A lan d e C o lumbe r s ( Ho l land 1 9 17 , f am i ly t r ee f a c ing p1) .A C ec i ly d e C o lumbe r s a ppea r s i nt h e v i l l o fH a le a t a bou t t h i s d a t e a nd w a s c oncub ine o f R icha rd d e Mea th , l o rd o ft h e c r own d eme sne l a nd s i n We s t D e rby ( Fa r re r & B ro v vnb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 41143 ) . S i nce d e Mea th w a s d ead i nc 1235 am a r r iage w i th R obe r t d e H o l land i sf e a s ib le b u t c anno t b e v e r if ied , t hough H o l land b ecame p r inc ipa l l o rd o fH a le d u r ing h e rl i f e t ime ( Append ice sX I ,X I I ) .

O n t h e d ea th o f E dmund , h i s s on , T homa s o f L anca s te r , w a st os t and c l o se rt ot h et h rone t h an a ny o ft h eo t he re a r l s . H i s ma r r iage , i n1 294 , w i th A l ice L a cy , d augh te r o fH en ry L a cy , e a r l o fL inco ln , w ho , a st h e k i ng ' s c h ief m in i s te ra nd c onf idan t , w a s s e cond o n ly t o E dmund , w a s t o b r ing a s e cond l a rg e i n he r i tance . T homa s w a s t r ea ted w i th g r ea t g ene ro s i ty b y h i s u nc le , E dwa rd I .T h i s , p e rhap s , w a s n o t o n ly b ecau se h e s howed q ua l i t ie s w h ich t h ek ing ' so wn s on l a cked , b u tw a sd ue t ot h e k i ng ' s r e cogn i sed d u ty t oe ndow h i sk i n i n am anne rw h ich r e f lec ted w e l lo nh im ( Madd ico t t 1 970 , 3 -6 ) . U n t i lt h ed ea th o fH en ry d e L acy i n1 311 , T homa s ' s e s ta t e s a nd t ho se o fh i s f a the r in law w e re h e ld s i de -by s id e . W i th t h e e a r l o fL inco ln ' s d ea th T homa s w a s t oa cqu i r e m a s s ive l a ndho ld ing s a nd h i s e s ta te s w e re s e cond o n ly t ot h o se o f t h ek i ng . T hey i n c luded s even H ono r s a nd t h ree b a i l iw ick s , e ach w i th i t s o wn r e ce ive r a nd , u sua l ly , as t ewa rd . W i th in t h eh ea r t land o ft h e se e s ta te sw a s We s tD e rby .

R obe r t ' s g randf a the r , T hu r s tan d e H o l land , h ad a dded c on s ide rab ly t o t h e f am i ly p roper ty b y t h e a cqu i s i t ion o f t h e f o rme r r oya l d eme sne h o ld ing o fH a le , G o lbor n e , h e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice f r om t h e f e e o f Make rf ie ld , a nd C ay ley i n t h e t h anage v i l l o f H aydock . O fT hu r s tan ' s y ounge r s on s , R icha rd p robab ly i n he r i ted t h e l a nd i nH a le , W i l l iam w a s t o r e ce ive C ay ley , a nd T hu r s tan a nd Adam h ad t h e r ema inde r o fa n e s ta te a tP embe r ton a nd W igan w h ich , o n t h e i r d ea th s w i thou t h e i r s , d e scended t o a no the r s on , S imon , w ho a l so h ad G o lbor n e ( Madd ico t t 1 971 , 4 50 n 5 ) . B u t , s i nce T hu r s tan w a s ma r r ied t w ice , f i r s tt ot h e d augh te r o f A dam K e l le t a nd , s e cond ly , t o J u l iana G i l l ib rand , t h e p i c tu re i sl e s sc l ea r . T he P embe r ton a nd G o lbo rne h o ld ing s s e em t o h ave c ome t o t h e f am i ly t h rough t h e G i l l ib rand c onnec t ion , b u t W i l l iam a nd R icha rd w e re p robab ly c h i ld ren f r om t h e K e l le t m a r r iage ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 42 145 ; H o l land 1 9 17 ) . B u t w ha teve r t h e t r u th o f t h e d e ta i l , b y t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry t h i s l a rge f am i ly w a s t ob e f ound o n e s ta te s i nm any p a r t s o f We s t D e rby ' . T h rough t h e m a r r iage o f T hu r s tan 's e l de s t s on , R obe r t , w i th t h e c o -he i re s s o fW i l l iam d e S am le sbu ry , t h e f am i ly ' s l a nd s w e re e x tended i n to t h e H und r ed s o f B lackbu rn a nd S a lf o rd . O r re l l , t h e v i l l a d jo in ing U pho l land , w a s a l so a dded t o t h e e s ta te s a nd t h e se , t oge the r , w e r e R ober t ' s p a t r imony . When R obe r t d e H o l land i n he r i ted h i s f a the r ' s e s ta te s i nc 1304 h e w a s n o mo r e t h an t h e h ead o f ar e spec tab le a nd mode ra te ly w ea l thy c oun ty f am i ly . A l though t h e i r e s ta te s w e re n o t e xcep t iona l ly l a rge t h ey w e re s uf i c ien tt op l a ce t h e f am i ly a mong s t t h e f ew , s i x k n igh t s a nd s i x e s qu i res , w ho h e ld a t l e a s t £ 40 w o r th o fl a nd i nt h e c oun ty i n 1 300 ( Madd ico t t 1 97 1 ,4 51) .

T he e a r ly y ea r so ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry w e re t od egen e ra t e i n to ap e r iod o f n a t iona l d i so rde r . T he e a r l o f L anca s te r ' s p o l i t ica l c l a im sa nd h i so ppo s i t ion t oE dwa rd I ' s f a vou r i te , P i e r s G ave s ton , r e su l ted i nt h e p o la r i sa t ion o fs uppo r t f o r a nd a ga in s t t h e c rown . T he e a r l ' s p a t ronage o fS i r R obe r t d e H o l land o fU pho l land i n We s t D e rby , w a s t ob r ing t h e m en o fs ou th L anca sh i r e i n to t h e c on f l ic t . A t al o ca l l e ve l , t h e c on f l ic t w a s t o b e e choed i n s ou th L anca sh i r e b y w a r r ing f a c t ion s a l l ied t oS i r R ober t d e H o l land a nd t h e i r o pponen t s , S i rA dam B ana s t re a nd S i r W i l l iam B rad shaw . Men o n b o th s i de sw e r ed r awn f r om t h e l a nded g en t ry w ho r a l l ied w i th e n thu s ia sm i ns uppo r to ft h e i rr e spec t ive l o rd s .

IT he

4 6

n ame ` G i l l ib rand s ' s u rv ive s a sa n a r ea o fU pho l land /Ske lme r sda le .

T homa s ,E ar lo fL anca s te r &S i rR obe r td e Ho l land -8 T he y ounge r R obe r t h ad a l ready b een a n a s soc ia te o ft h e e a r l o fL anca s te r b ef o re h i s f a the r ' s d ea th a nd h e a t tended T homa s a s av a l le tu s a tF a lk i rk i n 1 298 a nd s e rved i nh i s r e t inue i n 1 302 a nd 1 303 . Madd ico t t f ound d if i cu l ty i n f i nd ing a n e a r l ie r l i nk b e tween t h e e a r l s o fL anca s te r a nd t h e H o l land f am i ly ( 1971 , 4 52 ) b u t , s i nce E dmund h ad b een i np o s se s s ion o fs ou th L anca sh i re s i nce t h e 1 260 s , i t i sl i ke ly t h a t h e h ad b een a wa re o f t h e f am i ly a nd t h e e x ten s ion o f i t s e s ta te s , a nd t h e o l de r R ober t h ad t w ice w i tne s sed E dmund ' s c ha r te r s . Whe the rT homa s ' sp a t ronage o f H o l land e x tended t o t h e p e r sona l c onf e rmen t o f h i s k n igh thood , b ef o re 1 304 , i su nce r ta in , b u t i n1 307 o r 1 308 h e w a s a l so t or e ce ive al i cence t oc r ene l la te h i s m an s ion h ou se a t U pho l land ( 1 31) . R obe r t d e H o l land ' s m a r r iage w i th Maud , d augh te r a nd c o -he i re s s o f A lan l a Z ouche p robab ly t o ok p l a ce a t a bou t t h i s t ime a nd , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , w a s ac on sequence o ft h e e a r l ' s m anoeuv r ing s i n c on so l ida t ing h i s i n te r e s t s i n t h e M id land s ( Madd ico t t 1 971 , 4 57 -46 1) . T he e a r l ' s g r an t o f U pho l land t o R ober t a nd Maud r e qu i r ed f r om t h em t h e s e rv ice o f d i s t r ibu t ing e a ch y ea r f o r t h e e a r l ' s s ou l , o n S t T homa s t h e Ma r ty r ' s D ay a nd C h r i s tma s D ay , g if t s o fw hea t f l ou r a nd m ea t t o t h e v a lue o f£ 10 a nd af e a s t f o r u p t o2 40 p oo r p eop le a t h i s h ou se o fU pho l land , f o l lowed b y am ea l t h e n ex t d ay a nd ag if to f ap a i ro fs hoe s t oe ach g ue s t o n d epa r t ing . I n a dd i t ion , H o l land e ndowed ac hape l a tU pho l land i n1 307 ; i n1 3 11 t h ee a r lg ave h im p e rm i s s ion t oa pp rop r ia te l a nd a t U pho l land , t o ge the r w i th t h e a dvow son o f C h i ldwa l l c hu rch , f o r t h e m a in tenance o f h i s c o l lege o f s e cu la r c anon s a tU pho l land . T h i s w a s r e f ounded i n 1 319 a s t h e l a s t B ened ic t ine h ou se e s tab l i shed b ef o r e t h e D i s so lu t ion . I n 1 304 R obe r t r e ce ived a g ran t o f f r ee w a r ren i n U pho l land , H a le , O r re l l a nd Ma rk land (W igan ) ; f r om t h i s i ts e em s t h a t h e r e ta ined s upe r io r l o rd sh ip o ve r H a le ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 9 2 n n 1 7 , 1 8 , 9 4 ; H o l land 1 9 17 , 5 ; Madd ico t t 1 971 ,4 7 1 n l ) . T he e a r l ' s g if t s t o R obe r t w e re w ide sp r ead a nd , a mong s t o t he r e s ta te s , i n c luded Me lbou rne , i nD e rby sh i r e , w he r e a l i cence t o c r ene l la t e w a s o b ta ined i n 1 3 11 , ac hambe r a t K en i lwo r th a nd a h ou se i n L anca s te r . I n 1 307 h e w a s a ppo in ted j u s t ice o fC he s te r , a nd w a s t os e rve t w ice mo re a sj u s t ice i n 1 3 111312 a nd 1 3 19 1322 ( Madd ico t t 1 97 1 , 4 55 , 4 63 , 4 65 ) . O the r , mo r e l o ca l , f a vou r s w e r e t o b e g ran t ed . H e w a s p l a ced i nc ha rge o fa dm in i s t ra t ion o ft h e L anca s te r e s ta te s i n s ou th L anca sh i re . H e r e ce ived t h e l o rd sh ip o f Wa l ton , t h e f o rme r d eme sne h o ld ing o f t h e c r own ( and o f R icha rd d e Mea th ) , w i th t h e h omage a nd s e rv ice o f W i l l iam d e Wa l ton , h e red i ta ry b a i l if fo f We s t D e rby , t oge the r w i th t h e m ano r o f K e l le t ( Lon sda le ) a nd t h es e r jean t ie so fL on sda le a nd S a lf o rd a nd o t he rm ano r s i n C he sh i re , S t af f o rd sh i re a nd e l sewhe re . I n 1 3 15 H o l land o b ta ined ag r an tf r om T homa s o ft h e c a s t le a nd b o rough o f L ive rpoo l , t h e d eme sne m ano r s o fE ve r ton , G rea t C ro sby a nd Wave r t r ee , S imon swood F o re s t a nd T ox te th P a rk ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,x xx i ,x l i i ) . H is m a te r ia lp o s se s s ion s i nH a le w e r e a l so s ub s tan t ia l ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 2 12 -214 ) . Ac ha r te r f o r ama rke t , f a i ra nd f r ee w a r r en t h e re h ad b een g ran ted t o S i r R ober t i n 1 304 a nd s oon a f t e r h e s e em s t o h ave o b ta ined ac ha r te r f o r ab o rough ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 43 ) w h ich b y 1 323 i n c luded a t o ta l o f 1 7/ 2 1 b u rgage s ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 9 5 -96 ) . H i s p e r sona l e s ta te i n H a le i n c luded t h e m oa ted s i te w h ich b ecame k nown a ta 4 7

l a t e rd a te a sL ove l ' s H a l l ( 46 )t h rough t h e o wne r sh ip o fS i r J ohn L ove l , w ho h ad m a r r ied Maud , t h e d augh te r o f R obe r t , s e cond L o rd H o l land ( d 1 373 )( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 43 ) o r h i s g rand -daugh te r ( Ho l land 1 9 17 , f am i ly t r ee f a c ing p l) . T h e c i r cum s tance s o f t h e c on f l ic t b e tween t h e e a r l o f L anca s te ra nd E dwa rd I a nd t h e r o le p l ayed b y S i rR obe r t d e H o l land a nd h i s e ven tua l d e ser t ion o fh i s p a t ron h ave b een d e sc r ibed i nd e ta i l ( Madd ico t t 1 970 , 6 7 120 ; 1 971) . I n t h e e a r ly y ea r s t h e m en o f L anca sh i r e w e re u n i ted b eh ind t h e e a r l o f L anca s te r i n h i s o ppo s i t ion t o P i e r s G ave s ton , b u t G ave s ton ' s r e tu rn t o r oya l f a vou r w a s n o t a ccep tab le t ot h o se w hom h e b egan t ot r ea t a sh i s s e rvan t s r a the rt h an a sb a ron s a nd e a r l s . H i s r e jec t ion f r om c ou r t o f aL anca s t r ian s uppo r te rl e dT homa s o fL anca s t e rt oj o in t h e o ppo s i t ion t ot h ek i ng ( McK i sa ck 1 959 , 9 )a nd much o ft h e h i s to ry o ft h e p e r iod l i e s i nt h i s t ype o fs e em ing ly m ino r p e r sona l q ua r r e l . Among s t t h e L anca sh i re t e nan t s w ho s uppo r ted t h e e a r l w e r e R obe r t a nd W i l l iam d e H o l land , R obe r t a nd A dam B ana s t r e , R a lph d e B icke r s taf f e , H en ry d e L ea a nd W i l l iam d e B rad shaw a l l o f w hom w e r e p a rdoned i n1 3 13 f o rt h e i rp a r t i nt h e e ven t s w h ich h ad l e d t ot h e e xecu t ion o fG ave s ton i n 1 3 12 ( Tup l ing 1 949 , x i x , x l i i i ) . I tw a s j u s t t h e se m en , a nd t h e i r f am i l ie s a nd l o ca l r e ta ine r s , w ho w e re s ub sequen t ly t ot a ke s i de s a ga in s t e ach o t he r a nd t or a id a nd mu rde rt h roughou t s ou th L anca sh i r e . Ap e r iod o ft e r ro r , e x to r t ion a nd c i v i l d i so rde r c u lm ina ted i nt h e h ea r ing o fp l ea s b ef o r e t h e K ing a t ac ou r t h e ld i n W igan i n1 324 ( Tup l ing 1 949 )( Append ix XV ) . R obe r t d e H o l land ' s r a p id r i se t op owe r a nd f a vou r s e em s t oh ave b een t h e c a ta ly s t w h ich s pa rked of t h i s p e r iod o f v i o lence . A l though t h e L anca sh i re l o rd s s e em t oh ave b een u n i t ed i nt h e i rs uppor to ft h e e a r l o fL anca s te ra ga in s t P i e r s G ave s ton , b y 1 3 15 t h e H o l land a nd B ana s t re f a c t ion s w e r e i nc on f l ic t . I n 1 3 15 , A dam B ana s t re , am i l i ta ry t e nan t o f e a r l T homa s i n L anca sh i re , g a the red t oge the r ag roup o f s uppo r te r s w ho f o rmed a c onf ede racy p l edged t o c omm i t a c t s o fv i o lence a ga in s t t h e H o l land f a c t ion . A l though t h e l e ade r sc l a imed t ob ea c t ing i ns uppor to ft h e k i ng , i ti sj u s t a s l i ke ly t h a t t h ey w e r e j ea lou s o f R obe r t d e H o l land ' s p o s i t ion a st h ee a r l ' sf a vou r i te a nd , p robab ly , o fa dvan tage s h eh ad t a ken o ve rt h em ( Tup l ing 1 949 , x l i i ) . A dam B ana s t r e c ame f r om B re the r ton i n L ey land H und red . I ti ss a id t h a th e w a st h e s on o fT homa s B ana s t r e o fB r e the r ton ( d 1 303 ) a nd t h a t h e h ad ab ro the r , W i l l iam ( Fan-e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11b , 1 03 n 12 ) . A s w i th t h e H o l land f am i ly , t h e r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t h e g ene ra t ion s a r e n o t c l ea r . W i l l iam w a s s uppo sed ly t h e f a the r o f S i r A dam B ana s t r e a nd h i s b ro the r , S i r W i l l iam B ana s t r e ( d p r e 1323 ) . S i rA dam B ana s t r e i sc l a imed a st h e h u sband o f Ma rga re t , s i s t e r o fS i r R ober t d e H o l land ( Ho l land 1 9 17 , f am i ly t r ee f a c ing p1) . A m ar i ta l l i nk b e tween t h e B ana s t re s a nd H o l land s s e em st ob e i n d ica ted . I fs o , A dam B ana s t re ' s s uppo sed j ea lou sy m ay h ave d eve loped a s a c on sequence o fH o l land ' s i n c rea s ing i n f luence a nd w ea l th f r om w h ich h e w a s e xc luded . T he B ana s t re e s ta te s e x t ended b eyond B r e the r ton i t s e lf f o r , i n 1 307 1308 , S i r A dam B ana s t re g ave t oh i s b ro the r , S i r W i l l iam B ana s t r e , t h e r e n t s f r om h i s m ano r s o f B rough ton , S a le f ie ld , H ea th C ha rnock , A d l ing ton , D uxbu ry a nd S hev ing ton ( Fa r r e r &

8-T homa s ,E ar lo fL anca s te r &S i rR obe r td e Ho l land B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11b 1 03 104 n 12 ) . I ti s ,p e rhap s , h a rd ly s u rp r i s ing t h a t m any o ft ho se s a id t o h ave t a ken p a r t i n f e lon ie s c omm i t ted b y B ana s t re a nd h i s s uppo r te r s ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 2 7 , 4 3 ) a ppea r t oh ave c ome f r om v i l l s i n L ey land h e ld b yt h em i nl o rd sh ip .

O n 6N ovembe r 1 3 15 , t h e e a r l o f L anca s te r , o rde red a f o rce o f a bou t 2 00 m en t o e n t e r L ey land sh i r e t o s e ek r eveng e . A dam B ana s t re a nd H en ry d e L ea f ound s he l te ri n C ha rnock R icha rd , b u tt h ey w e re b e t rayed b yt h e i rh o s ta nd o n 1 N ovembe r W i l l iam d e H o l land a nd T hu r s tan d e No r th legh l e d ag roup o fa bou t 3 00 s uppor te r s i na n a t ta ck o n t h e h ou se ( Tup l ing 1 949 , x l v i i , 3 8 , 4 0 ) . B ana s t re a nd L ea w e re c ap tu r ed a nd b eheaded b y o rde r o f t h e e a r l o f L anca s te r a nd R ober t d e H o l land a nd o the r B ana s t r e s uppor te r s w e re k i l led . S i r W i l l iam d e B rad shaw e s caped o ve r sea s( Tup l ing 1 949 , x l i i i ) .

T he c h ief s uppo r te r s o f B ana s t re w e r e S i r W i l l iam B rad shaw o f H a igh ( i n We s t D e rby ) a nd B lac i c rod , v i l l s w h ich b o rde red A d l ing ton , a nd H en ry d e L ea w ho h e ld C ha rnock R icha rd ( Ley land ) , L ea ( A rnounde rne s s ,n or th o f t h e R ibb le )a nd R avenmeo l s( i n We s tD e rby ) . T oge the rt h e l a nd so fB ana s t r e , B rad shaw a nd L ee f o rmed amo re o rl e s s c on so l ida ted b l ock . Membe r s o f t h e B ick e r s taf f e f am i ly a l so s uppo r ted B ana s t r e . T he i r m a in e s ta t e s e em s t oh ave b een i n B icke r s taf f e i n We s t D e rby ( 7 ) , b u t aR a lph d e B icke r s taf f e w ho h e ld a n e s ta te i nB re the r ton i n1 355 m ay b e o ft h e s ame f am i ly ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911b , 1 03 n 11) . T he o r ig in o ft h i s e s ta te h a s n o tb een e s tab l i shed b u t may i n d ica te a r ea son f o r s uppor t o f A dam B ana s t re i n 1 315 . C e r ta in ly , i n 1 315 R a lph d e B icke r s taf f e w a s i n vo lved i n a n e ncoun te r w i th H o l land ' s s uppo r te r s a t P re s ton a nd d i ed l a te r o fh i s w ound s i nC ro s ton C hu rch , t h ep a r i sh c hu rch o fB re ther ton ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,x l v i ,4 6 ) .

T he d ea th o fB ana s t re a nd L ea d i d n o t , h oweve r , r e so lve t h ec onf l ic ta nd i n1 316 1317 ,a f t e rt h ed ea th o fW i l l iam d e H o l land , b ro the ro fR obe r td e H o l land , ag roup o fH o l land s uppo r te r s m e t a t G a r swood , i n A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld ( ?38 ) , w he re t h ey b ound t h em se lve s b y o a th t os uppo r t a l l w ho w e re w e l l d i spo sed t owa rd s t h em a nd t o d e s t roy a l l w ho w e re u nf r iend ly . T he o a th w a s r e newed i n 1 321 a nd t h e n ame s g i ven o ft h o se l a t e r a ccu sed o ft e r ro r i s ing t h e p eop le c an , i n m any i n s tance s , b e t r a ced t o i n d iv idua l e s ta te s ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 5 -76 , 9 6 ) . S ome o f t h e i r v i c t im s s e em t oh ave i n c luded t ho se w ho h ad p r ev iou s ly s uppo r ted Adam B ana s t r e ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 9 ) a nd S i r W i l l iam d e B rad shaw r e tur n ed t o L anca sh ir e t o g a the r ag roup w ho c on t inued t oo ppo se R ober td e H o l land ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 9 2 9 3) . A s i n 1 3 15 , f r om t h e n ame s g i ven , i ts eem s t h a t mo s t o f h i s s uppo r te r s w e re d rawn f r om o u t s ide We s t D e rby H und red . Among s t t h e H o l land s uppo r te r s w e r e t h e f i ve s on s o f H ugh d e T y lde s ley w ho , i n 1 317 , a t tacked Ma rga r e t Wo r s ley , k i l led h e r s e rvan t a nd t h rew h im i n to h e r h ou se a s i tb u rn t d own . R obe r t d e Ho l land p a id Marga r e t£ 10 s ot h a t s he w ou ld c oncea l t h e a s sau l t a nd h e g ave s he l te r t o t h e b ro the r s ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 5 ) . H o l land h im se lf e x to r ted money a nd g ood sb o th f o rh i so wn u se a nd f o rt h ee a r l o fL anca s te r ; o the r s o fh i s c onf ede racy , s uch a s W i l l iam d eH o l land , T hu r s tan d eN o r th legh , R icha rd o ft h e D ou s t e s , J ohn d e H o l land a nd R icha rd d e H o l land o f S u t ton w e r e s im i la r ly e ngaged i n a c t s o f t e r ro r a nd e x to r t ion ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 9 ) .

O n 8O c tobe r , 1 315 , t h e B ana s t r e c onf ede racy m e t a t We s though ton , n ea r B lack rod , l e d b y A dam B ana s t re h im se lf w i th t h e s uppo r t o f S i r H en ry d e L ea a nd S i r W i l l iam d e B rad shaw a nd o t he r s , w hen t h ey p l edged t o l i ve a nd d i e t oge the r a nd t o s uppo r t a nd m a in ta in o ne a no the r ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 4 2 ) . Two w eek s l a te r t h ey m e t a ga in a nd f o l low ing t h is s e cond m ee t ing t h e g roup p roceeded t oc a r ry o u t as e r ie s o fr a id s a ga in s t s uppo r te r s o f S i r R obe r t d e H o l land . F rom J ohn d e C ruce i nW igan t h ey t ook 8o xen , 4c ow s , c o rn a nd g ood sw o r th £ 60 a nd o n t h e s ame d ay , 2 3 O c tobe r 1 3 15 , t h ey t o ok 1 6 o xen , 1 2 c ow s a nd o t he r g ood s w o r th £ 40 f r om T hu r s tan d e No r th legh a tN o r th legh i nP embe r ton . H e , i ts e em s , w a s a m embe r o f t h e H o l land f am i ly . T he f o l low ing d ay t h ey w en t t owa rd s L ive rpoo l a nd s pen t t h e n i gh t a tK now s ley a f t e rw h ich t h ey m ade a n u n succe s sf u l a t ta ck o n L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) . A tt h e s ame t ime t h ey e x to r ted £ 10 f r om t h e m en o f We s t D e rby i nr e tu rn f o r n o t d e s t roy ing t h e t own . T he g roup s e em st oh ave s p l i tf o r o n2 6 O c tobe rt h e re w a s ar a id o nC l i the roe C a s t le a nd a rm sw e r e s t o len a nd , o nt h e s ame d ay , 3 2 o xen , 2 0 c ow s , 3 0 y oung b ea s t s a nd g ood s a nd c ha t te l s v a lued a t1 00 m a rk s w e r e t a ken f r om E l len o f T a rbock ( 90 ) a nd o t he r s i n t h a t v i l l . T hey p roceeded t o H a l ton C a s t le , a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t re o ft h e f e e o f H a l ton a nd W idne s , f r om w he r e mo r e a rm s w e r e s t o len a nd o nt h e r e tu rn j ou rney t h eh ou se o fW i l l iam d eH o l land i nH aydock w a s a t tacked a nd 1 00 s heep , 1 6 o xen , 1 2 c ow s a nd o t he r g ood s v a lued £ 40 w e re t a ken . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly , t h i s w a s o ne o ft h ef i ve s i te sr e co rded a s moa t s i nH aydock . J ohn d e L ang ton ' s h ou se a tN ew ton ( 6 1 ) w a s a l so r a ided a nd c or n w o r th £ 10 w a s t a ken a nd t h ey b roke i n to t h e b a rn o f T homa s d e H a le a t S ankey t a k ing w hea t , o a t s a nd o t he r c or n w o r th 2 0 m a rk s . T he g roup r ema ined i n t h e Wa r r ing ton a r ea f o rt h r ee mo r ed ay sa nd m ade r a id s o nt h e s u r round ing a r ea . O n 3N ovembe r g ood s a nd c ha t te ls w or th 1 00 s . w e r es t o len f r om G i lbe r td e C u lche th i nW igan a nd t h e n ex t d ay t h e r a ide r s r e t rea ted n o r th t o P re s ton ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,4 3-44 ) .

T he se e ven t s w e re t a k ing p l ace a l ong s ide t h e c on t inu ing c onf l ic t b e tween t h e k i ng a nd t h e e a r l o fL anca s te r w h ich c u lm ina ted i n T homa s ' s e xecu t ion . T he e a r l ' s L anca sh i re t e nan t s w e r e mo re f o r tuna te a nd w e re t o b e p a rdoned f o r t h e i r s uppo r t o f h im a tB o roughb r idge i n 1 322 ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 8 0 -81) . T he l i s to fm en l e db yR ober td eH o l land a nd R icha rd d e H o l land o fS u t ton i n c lude s m any w ho h ad b een i n vo lved i n t h e L anca sh i re c on f l ic t s . S i r R ober t d e H o l land ' s f a i lu re t os uppo r t t h e e a r l i n1 322 h a s b een s e en a s ap r emed i ta ted a c t o ft r eache ry w h ich c o s t L anca s te rt h e c ampa ign . M indf u l o f d ef ea t , h i s d ec i s ion t o d e se r t h i s p a t ron wa s p robab ly c a lcu la ted t om i t iga te t h e p un i shmen t h e w a s l i ke ly t o r e ce ive f o r p a s t r ewa rd s a nd s e rv ice s g ran ted b y T homa s ( Madd ico t t 1 97 1 , 4 67 -468 ) . H ej o ined t h e k i ng a t D e rby o n 1 3 Ma r ch , t h ree d ay s b ef o re t h e b a t t le , b u td e sp i te h i s c hange o fl o ya l ty h e w a st oo l a te a nd t h e k i ng h ad a l ready g i ven o rde r s f o r t h e s eque s t ra t ion o f h i s e s ta te s ( Tup l ing 1 949 , x xx i i i ) . H oweve r , i n 1 325 h i s mano r o fU pho l land w a s h e ld b y Amo ta , w idow o fS imon d e H o l land ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 9 2 n 20 ) a nd i n 1 349 i tw a s h e ld b y Ma t i lda ( s ic ) l a te w if e o f R obe r t d e H o l land ( Fa r r e re d . 1 915 ,2 0 1) w h ich s ugge s t st h a tt h ek i ng 4 8

T homa s ,E ar lo fL anca s te r &S i rR obe r td e Ho l land -8 D e rby ( c hap te r 1 3 ) t h ough , a s w e s ha l l s e e ( c hap te r 1 7 ) , t h e re i sl i t t le t od emon s t ra te t h a tt h e se m en c a r r ied o u tt h e i r a c t so ft e r ro rf r om t h es e cu r i ty o fd ef ended h ome s tead s .

r e spec ted t h e f am i ly ' s l o ng -e s tab l i shed t e nu re o f t h e v i i i . S i r R obe r t d e H o l land w a s i mp r i soned , f i r s t a t D ove r C a s t le a nd t h en , i n 1 322 , a tK en i lwo r th . I n 1 326 h e w a s t r an sf e r r ed t o No r thamp ton , f r om w h ich h e e s caped ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 'm il )a nd i n1 327 h e w a s s ucce s sf u l i nh i s p l ea f o r r e s t i tu t ion o fh i s e s ta t e s ( Madd ico t t 1 97 1 , 4 69 ) . B u t i n O c tobe r 1 328 h e w a s a t tacked a nd k i l led a t B o rehamwood i nH e r tf o rd sh i r e . S i r R icha rd d e H o l land h ad a l so b een i mp r i soned b u t s e em s t o h ave b een r e lea sed b y F ebrua ry 1 323 w hen S i r R obe r t d e D a l ton , A dam d e I r e land ( of H a le ) a nd h i s s on , J ohn , a nd R obe r t d e H ind ley m e t a ga in a t G a r swood t o r e b ind t h e i r o a th s t o H o l land , w ho w a s p robab ly a t K en i lwo r th a tt h i s t ime , a nd t o s uppo r t e ach o t he r a nd d e s t roy t h e i r e nem ie s ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 5 -76 ) . D e sp i te t h e s omewha t d ub iou s s uppo r t t h a t t h e H o l land s h ad g i ven t o t h e k i ng , i n O c tobe r 1 323 E dwa rd ' s p os i t ion w a s s uf i c ien t ly s e cu re f o rh im t ot r ave lt h rough L anca sh i re a nd h e s t ayed a tU pho l land f o rt wo w eek s ( Fa r re r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 9 1) w hen t h e K ing ' s C ou r t m e t a t W igan ( Tup l ing 1 949 ) . T he k i ng ' sr e s t ing p l ace i sn o tk nown b u ti t i st emp t ing t ot h ink t h a t i tw a s a tS i r R obe r t d e H o l land ' s o wn h ou se w h ich w a s d e sc r ibed a s ' Ca s t le s tede ' i n 1 322 1 323 ( 131 )( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 1 43 ) . Wh i l s t t h e c on f l ic t b e tween t h e s uppo r te r s o ft h e H o l land a nd B rad shaw f a c t ion s w a s b e ing a c ted o u t , o the r s w ho s e em t oh ave s t ee r ed c l ea r o ft h e l o ca l w a r w e r e i n vo lved i na c t s o fc o r rup t ion a nd e x to r t ion a ga in s tt h e l o ca lp eop le . I ts e em s c l ea rt h a t t h e w ho le s y s tem o fl aw a nd o rde r h ad b roken d own . Wapen take of i c ia l s , s uch a s R icha rd d e B o ld ( 10 ) , J ohn l e No r rey s o fS peke ( 85 ) a nd R icha rd d e Mo lyneux o f S ef ton ( 83 ) a nd o t he r s , a nd t h e i r u nde r b a i l if f s , u su rped t h e i rp o s i t ion . O n t h e i rt r ave l s a round t h e r e g ion t h ey i mpo sed o nt h e i rh o s t s mo re t h an t h ec u s toma ry d ue s o fh o sp i ta l i ty , a nd e xa c ted m oney a nd p roduce a tt h e e xpen se o f t h e o rd ina ry p eop le f o r w h ich t h ey w e re b rough t t oc ou r t a nd f i ned ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 19 122 ) . T he f o rme r r oya l p a rk s a t T ox te th , S imon swood , P imbo a nd U pho l land w e re a l so a v u lne rab le t a rge t a nd n ume rou s of ences , b y m en a ta l l l e ve l s o fl o ca l s oc ie ty , l e d t of i ne s f o rt a k ing a nd k i l l ing d ee r( Tup l ing 1 949 p a s s im ) . T he d ocumen t sw h ich r e co rd t h e e s ta te sh e ld b yt h e e a r l o f L anca s te r a nd S i r R obe r t d e H o l land p rov ide f u r the r e v idence f o r c on t inu i ty o ft e nancy a nd n a tu re o ft e nu re o r s e rv ices a nd r e n t s f r om t h e p r eced ing c en tu r ie s ( t ab le 1 2 ) e ven t hough t h e n ame s o f t h e t e nan t s t h em se lve s m igh t h ave c hanged t h rough m a r r iage a nd e xchange . T oge the r w i th t h e d e ta i l s o ft h e p roceed ing s o ft h e k ing 's c ou r t a nd t h e l a y s ub s idy r e co rd s f o r 1 332 , t h ey g i ve u s ap i c tu re o f t h es t a tu so ft h o se w ho t ook p a r ti nt h e l o ca l w a ra nd , m o re i mpo r tan t ly f o r o u r p u rpo se s , af a i r ly c l ea r i nd ica t ion o f w he re t h ey w e r e l i v ing . We k now f r om s uch s ou r ce s t h a t t h e d r eadf u l T y ld e s ley f am i ly w e r e f i rm ly r e s iden t i n T y lde s ley a nd S hake r ley ; t h e I r e land f am i ly w e r e i nH a le a nd K i rkda le a nd , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , R icha rd d e l D ou s te s a l so l i ved i n H a le . We c an p l a ce t h e H o l land f am i ly i n S u t ton a sw e l la sH aydock a nd w ea r e t o ld t h a tt h e H o l land c on sp i ra to r s m e t a t G a r swood i n A sh ton i n Make rf i e ld . W i th s uch e v idence , w e c an s t a r t t o c on s ide r t h e a s soc ia t ion o fs uch f am i l ie s w i th t h e moa ted s i t e s o f We s t 4 9

9-L and t e nure a nd s t a tus o ft he t e nan t s

Chap ter 9 L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft he t e nan t s I n p u r su i t o fo u r o b jec t ive -t o e xam ine t h e i n f luence s o f s t a tu s o n t h e c r ea t ion o f moa ted h ome s tead s -t h e t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk w i th in w h ich a m e sne l o rd m igh t d emon s t ra te h i s s t a tu sc an b ec on s ide red . We n eed t ok now t h ee x ten to f l a nd s r e ta ined b y t h e C rown a s i t s d eme sne a nd t os e e t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fe s ta te s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice o r b y af o rm o ft e nu r ew h ich c on t inued t ob et e rmed t h anage .

i n t roduce t h e c oncep t o fm ano r s a nd i tw a s t h e v i l l w h ich w a s t h e b a s i s n o t o n ly o ft h e e a r l ie r S axon t e nu r e s b u t o f t h e b a ron ie s o f N o r thumb r ia ( J o l l if f e 1 926 , 3 ) . T h i s d if i cu l ty p e r s i s t s f o r , a l though a lmo s t e ve ry v i l l i s d e scr ibed a s am ano r i nt h er e n ta l s a nd s u rvey s o f1 322 , b y 1 346 a nd 1 348 t h e s u rveyo r s r e so r t o ft e rm s o f ' h am le t ' , ' t own ' a nd ' t enemen t s ' ( t ab le s 1 3a 13c ) . E xcep t i nt h e c a se o ft h e l a nd s h e ld b yk n igh t s e rv ice , i ti se x t r eme ly d if i cu l t t of i nd c l ea re v idence f o r mano r s a nd , e v en h e r e , t h e r e i sa s t rong i mp re s s ion t h a t mano r ia l r i gh t sw e r e v e s ted w i th t h e l o rd o f t h e c ap i ta l h o ld ing a nd n o t w i th t h e t e nan t s o f i n d iv idua l v i l ls . E v idence f o r t h i s s e em s t ol i e i n amoney p aymen t f o r s akef el b y t h e c h ief l o rd s o f t h e f e e s ; c onve r se ly , n o to ne o ft h ev i l ls h e ld i nt h anage o rs o cage i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry p a id t h i s d ue . C lea r ly , t h e re i sn eed f o r f u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion o fo r ig ina l d ocumen t s r e la t ing t ot i le o f i n d iv idua l e s ta te s t o d i s t ingu i sh t h o se w he r e t h e t e rm ' mano r ' i mp l ie s m ano r ia l r i gh t s . F o re xamp le , i nH a lewood i n 1 422 W i l l iam I r e land h e ld ` mane r ium d e H a le . a c e cc iam m ane r ium d e lb u t t '( Lanc s RO DD IB 8 9 ) . B u td oe s t h i s m ean t h a t h e h ad m ano r ia l r i gh t s o ve r t h e w ho le o f H a le , o r w e r e s uch r i gh t s r e s t r ic ted t oh i s e s ta te s a tO ld H u t t? I nt h i s r eg ion o fd i spe r sed e s ta t e s , d ependen t e i the r d i rec t ly o n t h e C rown o r o n t h e l o rd s o f t h e f e e s , t h e r e spon s ib i l i t ie s f o r l o ca l m ano r ia l a dm in i s t ra t ion i n t h e l a te r m ed ieva l p e r iod a r e f a r f r om c l ea r . I nm any c a se s , i t s e em s p o s s ib le t h a t i tw a s t h e v i l l a nd n o t t h e m ano r c on t ro l led l o ca l a f a i r s .

Af t e rD ome sday t h e d ocumen t sp rov ide o n ly a n o cca s iona l g l imp se o ft h e t e nu r ia l s y s tem . T hough P ipe R o l l s f o r t h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s ( Fa r re r 1 902 ) a r e au sef u l s ou rce , t h ey f a i l t o s upp ly c on s i s ten t c ove rage f o r t h e r eg ion i na ny s i ng le y ea r . I ti sn o tu n t i l t h e G rea tI nque s to f 1 212 t h a t w e s e e t h e n ame s o ft e nan t s o fi n d iv idua l v i l l s a nd a n a s se s smen t o ft h e i r h o ld ing s i nc a ruca te s t oge the r w i th t h e money v a lue a nd , s ome t ime s , t h e s e rv ice d ue f r om t h et e nan tt ot h ec h ief l o rd . T he 1 212 i n qu i ry w a so rde red b yK ing J ohn t or e co rd ' a l l k n igh t s ' f e e s a nd a l l m anne r o f t e nemen t s w i th in b o rough o r w i thou t , w h ich a r e h e ld o fu s i nc h ief i ny ou r b a i l iw ick b y k n igh t ' s s e rv ice , o r b y a ny m anne r o f s e r jean ty , a nd o f t ho se w ho h o ld t h em , a nd b y w ha t s e rv ice ; a nd l i kew i se c once rn ing a l l t e nemen t sw h ich u sed a nc ien t ly t ob e h e ld o fu s o r o fo u r p rogen i to r s , K ing s o f E ng land , w h ich h ave b een g iven o ra l iena ted b y m a r r iage , b y s e rv ice , o r b y a lm s , o r i n a ny o the r m anne r , w he r eby t h ey a r en o th e ld o fu s i nc h ief , a nd a l l t ho se t e nemen t s , o f w ha t soeve r m a nn e rt h ey may b e , a nd t h e n ame s o ft ho se w ho h o ld t h em , b y w ha t s e rv ice , o fw hom , b y w hom , a nd f o rw ha tc au se st h ey h ave b een g i ven o ra l iena ted f r on tt h e c h ief s e rv ice w h ich u sed t o b e t h e ref o r d one t ou s o r o u r a nce s to r s . . . ' ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,2 ) .

T o t h e e v idence o ft h i s i n que s t w e c an a dd a w ho le r ange o fw r i t ten r e co rd sc once rn ing t h er e n t s , s cu tage s a nd i n que s t s o f t h e l a te r y ea r s o f t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , c u lm ina t ing w i th t h e I nqu i s i t ion P o s t Mor tem o f E dmund , e a r l o fL anca s te r i n 1 297 1298 ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b ) . F o r t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry w e h ave d e ta i l s o f k n igh t s ' f e e s , t o ge the r w i th t h e I nqu i s i t ion P o s t Mo r tem o fH en ry d e L acy , a nd t h e r en ta l s a nd e x ten t s o f l a nd s h e ld b y T homa s , e a r l o f L anca s t e r a nd S i r R obe r t d e H o l land , f o l lowed i n 1 346 a nd 1 348 b y f u r the r e x ten t s a nd m in i s te r s ' a ccoun t s ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b ; 1 907 , 1 9 15 ) . F rom t h i s r ange o fm a ter ia l w e c an b u i ld u p ap i c tu re o ft h e n a tu re o ft e nu re a nd c an a t temp t t op l a ce n amed i nd iv idua ls o n t o i d en t if iab le e s ta te s . I ti so n t h e b a s i s o fs uch d ocumen ta t ion t h a t t h e t own sh ip s umma r ie s i nt h e C a ta logue h ave b een p r epa red .

A s w e h ave a l ready s e en , J ohn , a sC oun t o f Mor ta in , h ad g ran ted t o t h e k n igh t s , t hane s a nd f r eeho lde r s w i th in t h e F o r e s t v i l l s o ft h e H ono ro fL anca s te r l i c ence t oa s sa r t a nd p a s tu re t h e i ro wn u nde rwood s a nd h ad c onf i rmed t h i s r i gh t

v i l l t enure e xp ressed a s a% o ft o ta l n o o fv i ls

r e l ig ious h ouses ( 2 .00% )

C rown ( 1 6 .00% )

t h anage ( 2 4 .00% )

F o res tf e e( 4 .00% ) M ake r f ie ld f e e( 1 0 .00% )

W idnes f e e( 1 8 .00% )

A s w i th t h e D ome sday s u rvey , t h e b a s ic u n i t o f F ig 2 2 : a s se s smen t t h roughou t a l l t h e se s ou r ce s i st h e v i l l . A l though f o r t h e N o rman s , v i l l a nd m ano r w e re c o term inou s , i nN o r thumb r ia , a sw eh ave a l r eady s e en f r om t h eD ome sday e v idence ,t h ey w e re a t al o s st ok now h ow t o r e co rd at e nu r ia l u n i t w h ich w a s n o t b a sed o n t h e m ano r ia l c oncep t . A ga in ,w i th t h e 1 212 s u rvey t h e re i sn oa t temp tt o 5 0

M anches te rf e e( 3 .00% ) M er sey f e e( 3 .00% ) P enwo r tham f e e( 3 .00% ) S e f ton f e e( 2 .00% ) W ar r ing ton f e e( 1 5 .00% )

S upe r io rl o rd sh ip o fv i l l s i n1 2 12 T h et e rm s a k ef ei su s ed t oi mp ly m on ey p a ym e n tf o rt h er i g h tt oh o ld a m a no rc o u r t . I ts e em st oh a v eb e en d u eo n ly f r om t h ec h ie fl o rd so ft h e f e e s o f W a r r ing ton , S ef t on a nd W idn e s ( i n c lud ing K i rkda le w h ich s u gg e s t s t h a t t h e m a no r c ou r t c o n t inu ed a f t e r a n n exa t ion o f t h e

L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft he t e nan t s -9 l a nd s t o T e tba ld a nd A de la rd , c l ea r ly t h e r e h ad b een c on s ide rab le r ed i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e h o ld ing s b e tween t h e 1 th a nd 1 3 th c en tu r ie s . T he c on t ra s tb e tween t h e s c a t te red l a nd s o f Wa r r ing ton a nd c on so l ida ted h o ld ing s o fW idne s i sn o tab le a nd a ppea r st or e f lec tt h e d a te s a tw h ich t h e f e e s h ad b een f o rmed a nd a ugmen ted .

w hen h e b ecame k i ng . U n t i l 194 , w hen J ohn ' s l a nd s w e r e f o rf e i t t ot h e C rown , h e h ad b een a b le t oa c t a s a r b i t ra r i ly a sh e w i shed . T he c on sequence s o ft h i s f r eedom m ay w e l l b ed emon s t ra ted i n We s tD e rby . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f l a nd s h e ld b y t h e C rown , a nd t h o se g r an t ed i nt h anag e a nd k n igh t s e rv ice c an b e s umma r i sed b y r e f e r ence t ot h e 1 2 12 I nque s t ( f ig 2 2 ) a nd t h e i r s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion c an a l so b e d emon s t ra ted . A l though t h e n ame s o fv i l l s a r e n o t a lway s g i ven F a r r e r d educed t h e i r l o ca t ion b y r e f e r ence t o o t he r m a te r ia l a nd t h e re i sn o r e a son t o q u e s t ion h i sj udgemen t o n t h i s . T ho se h e ld d i rec t ly b y t h e C rown w e r e f o cu sed o n t h e c ap i ta l h o ld ing a t We s t D e rby w i th a n umbe r o f o u t ly ing v i l l s h e ld b y s e r jean ty f o r v a r iou s s e rv ice s i n We s t D e rby H und red a nd t wo i n Wa r r ing ton H und r ed , t h e se l a t te r b e ing g ran ted o u t a st h e F o re s t F ee o f t h e G e rne t s ( f ig 2 3 ) . T he d eme sne l a nd s , t o ge the rw i th t h o se o ft h e F o r e s tF ee , a ccoun ted f o r al i t t le m o re t h an 2 0% o f t h e l a nd s t h roughou t t h e H und r ed . A l though t h i s i s c on s ide rab ly l e s s t h an t h e D ome sday a s se s smen t , t h e f i gu re s g i ven f o r t h a t d a te i n c luded t h e d rengag e l a nd s o fN ew ton . I td oe s , t h e r ef o re , c o r r e spond m o r e c l o se ly w i th t h e a s se s smen t f o r We s t D e rby H und red i n1 066 .

An umbe ro ft h e W idne s l a nd sa ppea rt oh ave b een a ne a r ly p o s t -Conque s t g ran t t o w h ich o t he r v i l l s , s uch a s L i t t le C ro sby , h ad b een a dded a t al a te r d a te . T he g roup ing o f t h e se a r ound t h e b ound s o ft h e C rown l a nd s a t We s t D e rby p e rhap s d emon s t ra te s ad e s i r e t op l ace t h e f e e i nt h e h and s o f al o ca l , b u tp owe rf u l a nd t r u s ted , m agna te . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e s ca t te r ed n a tu r e o f t h e p o s se s s ion s o f t h e Wa r r ing ton F ee m ay b ea na t temp tt op l aca te ar e s t le s s l o rd b y g iv ing h im l a nd s b u t , a tt h e s ame t ime , e n su r ing t h a t h e d i dn o tb ecome t oo p owe rf u l . I th a s a l ready b een n o ted t h a t W i l l iam B u t le r ' s e s ta te s i n s ou th L anca sh i r e w e r e l e s s e x ten s ive t h an t ho se h e ld e l sewhe re . T he B ana s t re F ee i n Make rf ie ld s e em s t oh ave b een mo re o r l e s s c o te rm inou s w i th t h e D ome sday H und r ed o f N ew ton w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fH a igh w h ich w a s a t tached t o t h e Ma r sey F ee . N ew ton a nd C rof t ( po s s ib ly w i th S ou thwo r th ) w e re h e ld i ns e r jean ty a nd A b ram s e em s t o h ave b een g ran ted o u t i nF ee f a rm . F ive v i l l s w e re h e ld b y k n igh t ' s s e rv ice a nd i nt h e r ema in ing n i ne t h e t e nancy w a s i nt h anage , p o s s ib ly a s ag r an t t o Make r f ie ld o u t o f t h e

L and s a t tached t ot h e b a ron ie s a nd h e ld i nk n igh t s e rv ice t o ge the r a moun ted t oo ve r 5 2% o ft h e t o ta l h o ld ing s . T he l a rge s t F ee w a s t h a t o f W idne s ( f ig 2 4 ) w h ich , t oge the r w i th P enwo r tham , c on ta ined m o r e t h an at h i rd o ft h e t o ta l o fv i l l s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice . T he Wa r r ing ton l a nd s ( f ig 2 5 ) a nd t h o se o f N ew ton w e r e l e s s e x ten s ive , a nd t h e h o ld ing o ft h e Ma r sey , Manche s te r a nd S ef ton F ee s ( f ig 2 6 )t oge the ra c coun ted f o rn o mo re t h an 9% o ft h et o ta l .

11 t h -cen tu ry r oya l d eme sne . T he s t a tu s o ft h e B ana s t r e F ee i nN ew ton i su nc lea r a nd 1 3 th -cen tu ry e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t t h e l o rd s o f G o lbo rne a nd L ow ton w e re , p e rhap s , r e spon s ib le f o rl o ca la dm in i s t ra t ion . ' The h e i r o f R obe r t B ana s t r e h o ld s i n d eme sne h a lf a k n igh t ' s f e e i n Make r f ie ld o ft h e f e e o ft h e e a r l o f F e r r e r s a nd h eo ft h e K ing i nc h ief . W i l l iam d e L au ton a nd R icha rd d e G o lbu rne h o ld h a lf ak n igh t ' s f e e i nL au ton , K en ian a nd H e rbu ry o ft h es a id f e e ' ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 148 ) .

T he p o s se s s ion s o ft h e W idne s F ee w e r e , mo re o r l e s s , a c on so l ida ted b l ock w i th o u t l ie r s a t L i t t le C ro sby a nd Maghu l l , a nd a t A s t ley o n t h e b ounda ry w i th S a lf o rd H und r ed . T he d eme sne l a nd s l a y a tA pp le ton a nd C ron ton , o nt h en o r th b ank o ft h e Me r sey o ppo s i te H a l ton C a s t le a nd o n t h e d eba teab le e v idence o fa n e a r ly 1 4 th -cen tu ry r e n ta l i n c luded av a cca ry a nd ap a rk a nd , p o s s ib ly , ac a s t le ( 133 ) ( s ee A pp le ton i nt h e c a ta logue ) . T he v i l l s a t tached t ot h e P enwo r tham F ee h ad b een t r an sf e r red t o W idne s i n 1 205 a f t e r H ugh B u s se l ' s f a i lu r e t om ake p aymen t f o rr e s t i tu t ion o ft h e b a rony ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 36 ) . T he se l a y o n t h e c oa s t a nd i n c luded t h e D ome sday mano r o f K i rkda le , h e ld b y U c t r ed , w he r e t h e r e m ay h ave b een a c a s t le ( 127 ) 2.

L and s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice f o cu sed o n L ow ton a nd G o lbo rne , t oge the r w i th K enyon , A rbu ry a nd ac a ruca te a t W inw ick ( p robab ly H u lme ) . T hey a bu t ted t h e Wa r r ing ton e s ta te s a nd t h anage l a nd s l a y t ot h e n or th . I n 1 2 12 t h r ee e s ta te s w e re n o ted a tN ew ton a nd h e ld b y s e r jean ty , i n p repo s i to r ia a nd , t h e t h i rd , b y t h e c l e rk o fN ew ton ; a l l d e a n t iqu i ta te . I nC rof t , t wo t e nan t s h e ld e s ta te s b y s e rv ice o f f a lcone rb u tn o s uch s e rv ice w a sr e qu i r ed f r om t h eh o ld ing i n S ou thwo r th ( Book o f F ee s 1 921 , 2 19 ) . B y 1 322 t h e e s ta te o fW i l l iam d e G o lbo rne a nd R icha rd d e L ow ton h ad m e rged w i th t ho se o f t h e l o rd o f Make rf i e ld ( Fa r re r e d .

T he d eme sne v i l l s o f Wa r r ing ton l a y a tt h e n uc leu s o ft h e F ee a t Wa r r ing ton i t se lf . T he r ew a s ac on so l ida ted b l ock o f h o ld ing s i nt h e e a s to ft h a t H und red , w i th a no the rg roup o f v i l l s i n We s t D e rby H und r ed a nd a n i s o la ted h o ld ing a t W ind le . O n t h e e v idence o ft h e e x ten t o f 1 346 , t h i s v i l l , l i ke B utonwood , s e em s t o h ave b een a l a te r a dd i t ion ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 9 15 , 9 3 ) . L o rd sh ip o ft h e t h anage v i l l o fB o ld w a s a l so t op a s st ot h e l o rd s o f Wa r r ing ton b ef o re 1 322 . I f F a r r e r h ad b een r i gh t i nh i s a l loca t ion o f t h e D ome sday

1 907 , 7 7 ) . L e s s e x ten s ive w e r e t h e S ef ton , Manche s te r a nd Ma r sey F ee s . R icha rd Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ' s c ap i ta l h o ld ing l a y i n S ef ton i t se lf a nd h eh e ld h a lf D own l i the r land a nd o ne -t h i rd o f T ho rn ton w h ich , t oge the r w i th S ef ton , f o rmed a c on so l ida ted b lock o f l a nd . H e h e ld a no the r t h i rd o f T ho rn ton f r om Wa r r ing ton a nd t h e o t he r h a lf o f D own l i the r land w a s h e ld i nt h anage . L and s a t tached t ot h e Ma r sey F ee a nd Manche s t e r F ee w e r e o n ly a l i t t le mo re e x ten s ive t h an t ho se o fS ef ton b u tw e re s c a t te red a c ro s st h e r e g ion .

P enwo r tham F e e t oW idne s ) , a nd n o t f r om t h e t e nan t s o ft h e s a t e l l i te e s ta t e s . Ia m g r a t ef u lt oP au l B oo th f o rd i scu s s ion o nt h is p o in t . 2

T he s i te o ft h e c a s t le i ss ugg e s t ed b y m ap e v idenc e o f 1 9 th -c en tu ry d a t e ; p ub l ished d ocumen t s f o r t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod h ave n o t r e vea led a ny e v id enc ef o rs uch as t ruc tu r e .

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D i rec tr e f e rence t or e c to r ia l e s ta te s w a sr a r e ly m ade i nt h e 1 212 s u rvey a nd v i l l s g r an ted t ot h e m ona s t ic h ou se s a l so s e em t o h ave e s caped n o t ice . W i th t h e e x cep t ion o f t h e c hu rch l a nd s a tW inw ick , w he re t wo c a ruca te s h ad b een g i ven t o t h e p r io ry o f S t O swa ld a tN o s te l l ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 7 2 ) , o t he r s w e re p robab ly n o t r e co rded , t h ough r e f e rence t oP re sco t , a t tached t ot h e F o r e s t F ee h o ld ing o f

1 3

A l tca r( Me reva le A bbey )a nd Ma r t in ( p robab ly B u r scough A bbey )d on o ta pp ea ri na ny o ft h ed ocumen t sc i t ed .

1 4

P ou l ton a nd Woo l s ton w e re r e co rded a sp a r to ft h e Make rf i e ld f e eb u t , a lmo s tc e r ta in ly ,t h ey s t i l l b e long ed t oS h r ew sbu ry A bbey .

5 3

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T ab le 1 3c : S t a tu s o ft own sh ip s ; i na l l c a se s t h i s r e la te s t ol a nd s h e ld i nl o rd sh ip ( * =t h e p l ace w a s r e co rd ed b u t t h e e n t ry r e f e r so n ly t o` c a ruca te s ' , ' l and ' o ri t sa t ta chmen tt o af e e ) t h an o ne v i l l , a s i nt h e c a se o fA sh ton in -Mak e rf ie ld a nd H ind ley , w a sh e ld b y s omeone w ho se s ub tenan t s a l so h e ld

I fs o , t h ey c e r ta in ly d i d n o t b ecome a t ta ched t o W idne s a f t e r t h e t r an sf e r o f t h e P enwo r tham e s ta te s i n 1 205 . A ugh ton a nd W igan a l so e s caped n o t ice b u t N o r th Meo l s m ay b e r e f e r r ed t o i nt h e e n t ry f o r t h e p o s se s s ion s o ft h e A bbey o f E ve sham . L ikew i se , O rm sk i rk i s , p e rhap s , i mp l ied i n t h e g ran t m ade b y R obe r t d e L a thom t o B u r scough P r io ry a tt h e e nd o f t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry . L and s a t tached t o t h e H a lsa l l a nd S ef ton r e c to r ie s m ay b e i n c luded i nt h e Wa r r ing ton a nd S ef ton F ee s r e spec t ive ly . R a inf o rd a l so e s cape s n o t ice . R ea son s f o r t h i s a r e u nc lea r t h ough i tm ay , l i ke B u r tonwood , h ave b een a f o r e s t v i l l . G r an t s t oC ocke r sand A bbey , w h ich h e ld t h e m ano r a tt h e D i s so lu t ion ,w e r en o tr e co rded u n t i l 1 250 ( Fan-e re d . 1 900 , 6 14 -6 16 ) a nd R obe r t d e L a thom s e em s t o h ave h e ld R a inf o rd i n 1 322 ' b y f e a l ty , i ns ocage , w i thou t d o ing a ny o t he r s e rv ice t h e ref o r ' ( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 7 9 ) . S omewha t c u r iou s ly , t h e g r an tee s t oC ocke r sand i n1 250 w e re A dam , s on o fJ ohn , p a r son o f We s t le igh , a nd A lan , s on o fJ ohn o f We s t le igh . P e rhap s , h e r e t h e re i s a no the r l i nk t o t h e Ma r sey F ee . S i nce t h e Ma r sey l a nd s p a s sed t ot h e e a r l o f C he s te r i n 1 230 a nd H u r l s ton w a s g ran ted t ot h e L a thom f am i ly ,p e rhap st h eL a thom sa l so a cqu i red R a inf o rd .

d e a n t iquo f ef f amen to ( Book o fF ee s 1 921 , 2 18 ) a nd t h e re i ss ome e v idence t h a t t h e v i l l s w e r e a l ready a loca ted t o s epa ra t e e s ta te s . P rov i s ion o f aj udge w a s a l so e xpec ted f r om s ome o ft h e t h anage v i l l s . F o r h i s h o ld ing o fA sh ton a nd H ind ley , P e te rd e B u rnhu l lh ad t of i nd o ne j udge a nd a h a lf , a nd t wo j udge s w e re t o b e p rov ided f r om A lf r ed d e I n ce 's e s ta te s i n I n ce in -Mak e r f ie ld a nd H aydock . P embe r ton , O r r e l l a nd B i l l inge e a ch h ad t of md o ne j udge a nd t h e f ou r t e nan t s o fM idd le ton e ach f ound o ne q ua r te r o f aj udge . J o l l if f e s aw t h i s a s as u rv iva l o f a nc ien t m in i s te r ia ls e rv ice d ue ,n o tf r om t h e l a nd , b u tf r om t h ev i l l . F rom t h e e v idence o ft h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , h e c on s ide red t h a t t h e t e nan t s ' r equ i remen t t o p e rf o rm s u i t a t t h e w apen take c ou r t e ve ry t h ree w eek s w a s b a sed o n a

I n 1 2 12 a lmo s t aq ua r te r o ft h e a r ea w a s h e ld i nt h anag io ( f ig s2 2 ,2 7 )a nd ,n o ti n f r equen t ly , d ea n t iqu i ta te . A l though i th a sb een p rev iou s ly s ugge s ted t h a tt h e re m igh th ave b een ah i e ra r chy i nt h e v i l l s s o -he ld , i n We s t D e rby H und red i t w a sc l ea r ly s t a t ed t h a tm any i n d iv idua l sw ho h e ld e s ta te s i n t h anage h e ld t h em o ft h ek i ng . T he re i sn os ugge s t ion t h a ta v i l l w a s h e ld i ns ubo rd ina t ion t oa no the r . S ome t ime s m o re

5 4

d uodec ima l s y s tem , i n d ica t ive o fa nc ien t c u s tom , a l be i t b y t h i s t ime t h e e a r ly f o rm s o ft e nu re h ad b ecome o ve r la in b y k n igh ts e rv ice ( 1926 , 3 2 -35 ) . H eb e l ieved ,h oweve r , t h a t i n Make rf i e ld h e c ou ld o n ly f i nd a bou tt wo th i rd s o ft h e t o ta l o f1 2 s u i t s a nd t h a tt h e n ew c ou r t w a s b u t af r a c t ion o ft h e o ld . T hough t h i s m ay h ave b een s o , b y c omb in ing t h e r e qu i r emen t o f 1 2 12 f o r t h e p rov i s ion o fj udge s , w i th t h a t o f t h e 1 4 th -cen tu ry e v idence f o r s u i t , w e s e e t h a t t h e ma jo r i ty o f v i l l s h e ld i n t h anag e i n t h e o l d Make rf ie ld H und r ed w e re p robab ly r equ i red t op e rf o rm am in i s ter ia l f unc t ion ( f ig 2 8 ) . N o s u ch m in is te r ia l f unc t ion w a s r e qu i red f r om t h e v i l l s a t tached t o t h e C rown 's d eme sne o r , e xcep t p e rhap s a t N ew ton , t h o se h e ld b y s e r jean ty . I nc on s ide r ing t h e e a r ly r e la t ion sh ip o f t h e d eme sne w i th t h e r eg ion a s aw ho le ,

L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft he t enan t s -9 J o l l if f e c on s ide red t h a t i tr ep r e sen ted aw ide , o rgan ic e s ta te ' f rom w ho se c en t ra l man s io a s co r e o f v i l l s m ay b e a r ren ted a nd a dm in i s te red , w h ich f o r p u rpo se s o f p a s tu re a nd j u s t ice f o rm a u n if ied c i r cum sc r ip t ion ' . E ven i n t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry t h i s o rgan ic i n teg ra t ion w a s b a sed n o t o n t h e No rman c oncep t o ft e n = o ft h e s o i l , b u t o n t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e a u la w i th t h e v i l la r c ommun i t ie s ( 1926 , 2 ,4 ) . W i th in t h i s f r amewo rk c ame t h e d reng s w ho , i t i s b e l ieved , w e r e m en w ho se d u t ie s c ou ld b e c ompa r ed w i th t h o se o f s e r jean ty , a nd w ho w e re r e spon s ib le f o rv i l la ra dm in ist r a t ion a nd t h e s upp ly o f c ommuna l s e rv ice s t ot h e d om inu s s upe r io r ( J o l l if f e 1 926 , 1 8 , 2 2 ) . I ns u ch m en w e s e e , p e rhap s , s ome o f t ho se w ho h e ld e s ta te s i n t h e d eme sne s i n 1 212 . S imon d e C ro sby a nd R oge r Ma l loch t h ad h a lf a c a ruca te e ach f r om t h e k i ng i n G rea t C ro sby ; f o r t h e se l a nd s t h ey p a id 1 0 s a nd 5 s r e spec t ive ly . I n a dd i t ion R obe r t ,s on o fO sber t ,h e ld h a lf ac a ruca te t o b er e eve o f[ G r ea t ] C ro sby m ano ra nd o ft h eF o re s ti n D e rby sh i re ; h ea l so h ad t wo c a ruca te s a tA in sda le f o r 1 0 s a nd s e rv ice o fr e eve ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 2 0 , 2 2 2 3 ) . H e r e ,w eh ave u n ique r e f e rence t o am ano ri nt h e 1 2 12 i n que s t . I n 1 322 w e may s e e t h e i r s u cce s so r s i n N icho la s B lunde l l a nd H en ry d e Wa l ton , e ach o f w hom w a s af r ee t e nan t a nd h e ld f ou r o xgang s f o r 1 0 s , a nd a no the rf r ee t e nan th ad 3o xgang s( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 9 6 ) . E s ta te s i n Wa l ton , Wave r t r ee a nd N ew sham w e re h e ld b y H en ry d e Wa l ton , c h ief s e r jean to f We s tD e rby H und red . I nN ew sham , H en ry h ad a s ub tenan t , p o s s ib ly h i s b ro the r , a nd i n We s t D e rby v i i i t wo b ova te s w e re h e ld f r om H en ry b y a m an w ho w a s s e r jean t t h e r e ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 2 3 , 2 6 ) . B yt h ee a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry s eve ra l o ft h ed eme sne v i l l s -We s t D e rby , H a le , G rea t C ro sby -h ad s ma l l g roup s o f f r ee t e nan t s w ho se l a nd s w e re c i ted s epa ra te ly f r om t h o se o ft h e b ondmen w ho s e em t o h ave b een t e nan t s a tw i l l . T he r e eve o fE ve r ton w a s p robab ly a l so af r ee t e nan ta nd f r ee t e nan t s a ppea r i n Wave r t r ee ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 8 3 -97 ,2 06 -209 ,2 12 ) .

D eme sne 1 E ve r ton 2 1 /F 2 o rmby 3 2/3 G r ea tC ro sby 4 H a le 5 L ive rpoo l 6 Wa l ton 7 1 / Wave 2 r t ree 8 We s tD e rby 1 T h ingwa l l 1 3 R a inf o rd

S er jean ty 2 1 4 F / o rmby 3 1/ 3G r ea tC ro sby 6 Wa l ton ( w i th F az ake r ley ) 7 1 / Wave 2 r t r ee 8 We s tD e rby 9 A in sda le 1 0 R avenmeo l s 1 2 A ugh ton 2 2 U p l i the r land

R oya l F ore s t 4 H a lewood 1 4 C rox t e th 1 5 S imon swood 1 6 T ox t e th 2 1 B u r tonwood

F ore s tF ee 1 7 P a r r 1 8 S ke lme r sda le 1 9 S peke 2 0 Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t( R )

F ig 2 3 : V i l l s h e ld b y t h e C rown a sd eme sne , b y s e r jean ty , w i th in O nt h e w ho le , t h o se w i th e s ta te s i nt h e d eme sne v i l l s t h eR oya lF o re s to rg ran ted t ot h eF o r e s tF ee , 1 2 12 ( R =r e c to r ia l ) d o n o t s e em t oh ave h e ld e s ta te s e l sewhe r e e i the r i n t h e t h anage v i l l s o r t ho se h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice . w h ich n ow c on s i s ted o f 1 o xgang s , h e ld b y T homa s F o rmby , h oweve r , i sa n e xcep t ion . Q uen i lda d e K i rkda le Mo lyneux a nd h i s c o -pa r cene r s , w e r e a l so h e ld i ns ocage h ad o ne c a ruca te b y s e r jean ty a nd s ub tenan ted t oJ o rdan a nd , w ha t i s mo re , t h ey w e re n ow r e qu i r ed t op e rf o rm s u i t d e T ho rnh i l l . H e a l so h e ld a c a ruca te i nt h anage t h rough a tt h e w apen take c ou r t . O ft h e 1 2 12 v i l l s h e ld i nt h anage h i s m a r r iage w i th t h e d augh te r o f t h e l o rd o f f o rw h ich t h e r e i s at e nu r ia l r e co rd i n1 346 , o n ly a tB oo t le Woodp lump ton . T he t wo r ema in ing c a ru ca t e sw e re h e ld b y a nd L a thom w a s t h anage s t i l l r e co rded ; i nt h e r ema inde r R icha rd d e Mea th , b ro the r o f H en ry d e Wa l ton f r om t h e t h e t e nu re w a s i n s ocage . S ocage t e nu r e w a s a l so d eme sne ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b ,2 3 , 2 5 ,2 7 ; s e eA ppend ix V I I I ) . e ncoun te r ed a l i t t le e a r l ie r , i n 1 322 , a t R a inf o rd a nd i t A t F o rmby , t h e ref o re , i s av i i i i n w h ich t h ree f o rm s o f o ccu r s i n1 346 a tB u r tonwood ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 7 9 ; 1 9 15 , t e nu r e o ccu rt h ough , s i nce R icha rd d e Mea th ' s o t he r e s ta te 9 3 ) ; i nb o th v i l l s t h e re a r e d i ff icu l t ie s i nt r ac ing t h e i r e a r ly ( i n H a le ) l i e s o n C rown l a nd s , i ti so n ly t h e K i rkda le a nd h i s to ry t hough , a lmo s tc er ta in ly , u n t i lt h e l a t te ry ea r so ft h e Woodp lump ton i n te r e s t s w h ich e x t end e l sewhe re t oe s ta te s 1 3 th c en tu ry B u r tonwood w a sr e ta ined w i th in t h e F o r e s t . A h e ld i nt h anage o rb yk n igh ts e rv ice . c l ue t ot h e i rs ocage t e nu re m ay l a yi nt h ef a c tt h a tb o th v i l l s h ad mona s t ic c onnec t ion s ' s.A l though t h e S t a tu te o fQ u ia B y 1 346 , t h e t e rm t h anage h ad u sua l ly b een r ep laced b y e mp to re s t e r ra rum o f 1 290 h ad c u r ta i led t h e c r ea t ion o f s ocage ( Fa r re r e d . 1 915 , 9 0 -95 ) , b u t t h i s a l so a pp l ied t o n ew t e nu re s t h i s c ou ld b e o ve r come i f a t e nan t i n e s ta te s w h ich h ad b een a t ta ched t ot h e d eme sne . T hu s , a t f r anka lmo in m ade af e of f rnen t i nf a vou r o f al a yman . T he F o rmby w ef i nd R icha rd d e Mea th ' st wo d eme sne c a ruca te s n ew l a y t e nan t c ou ld n o t h o ld i n f r anka lmo in , b u t t h e a nd t h a t f o rme r ly h e ld b y t h e Woodp lump ton s a r e b o th h e ld i ns ocage t e nu re . I nG rea tC ro sby , t h e o l d f r ee t e nu re s 1 5

5 5

R a inf o rd w i th C ocke r sand A bbey ; B u r tonwood w i th T i l tey A bb ey .

9-L and t e nure a nd s t a tus o ft he t e nan t s t e nu r e c ou ld b e o ne o fs ocage ( Po l lock & Ma i t land 1 968 v o l 1 ,3 55 ) . T he t e rm h a s b een s e en a s r ep re sen t ing a g radua le x ten s ion u pt h es oc ia ls c a le o nl a nd sn o ts ub jec tt o m i l i ta ry s e rv ice . I n i t s e a r ly f o rm i tw a s p robab ly d i s t inc t f r om t e nu re i nF ee f a rm , w h ich w a s h e r i tab le o n p aymen t o fr e l ief t hough t h e t wo b ecame m e rged . T hough t h e r e i s d oub t w he the rr e l ief w a s p ayab le f o r s ocage , i ts e em s t h a t i tw a s c ommon e nough w hen s ocage l a nd w a s h e ld f r om t h e k i ng ( Po l lock & Ma i t land 1 968 v o l 1 ,2 9 1-294 , 3 09 n 3 ) . S ince t h e r e l ief f o r s ocage w a s p aymen t o f a n a dd i t iona l y ea r ' s r e n t , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t i n We s t D e rby t h e r e w a s at r an sf e r f r om t h e f i xed r e l ief s p ayab le b y t h e t h anage t e nan t s w ho n ow f ound t h em se lve s l i ab le t o a n a dd i t iona l s um . I nt h e c a se o fB oo t le a nd L a thom , p e rhap s

b u t f r om t h e W idne s a nd Wa r r ing ton F ee s r e spec t ive ly . S im i la r ly , W i l l iam , s on o f Ma t thew , h e ld a c on so l ida ted g roup o f v i l l s a tE cc le s ton , S u t ton a nd R a inh i l l f r om t h e F ee o fW idne s . T he se a l l l a y i nt h eN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton H und red s b u t f u r the r w e s t , L yd ia te a nd H a l sa l l , b o th a t tached t o Wa r r ing ton , w e r e h e ld b y o ne f am i ly . B u th e re , w e a r e t o ld t h a t L yd ia te h ad b een g i ven b y P a in d e V i le r s , l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton , t o W i l l iam G en le t t o h o ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice , w h i l s t H a l sa l l , t oge the r w i th W ind le , w e r e h e ld b y W i l l iam f r om h i s ma r r iage w i th Emma , d augh t e ro fP a in d e V i le r s ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 8 ) . F rom t h i s i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e p a t te rn o ft e nu r e w a s al i ke ly t ob e ac on sequ ence o fb o th i n he r i tance a nd m a r r iage , a nd w i th in w h ich t h e re w a s an o t i n con s ide rab le s ub tenancy . I fc on so l ida t ion w a s , p e rhap s , mo r e c ommon o n t h e f e e -he ld e s ta te s , mu l t ip le h o ld ing s h e ld i nt h anage , u nde r as i ng le o ve r lo rd , w e re mo r e s c a t te r ed . T he se i n c lude t h ee s ta te s o fT homa s d eB un ihu l l i nH ind ley a nd A sh ton a nd t ho se o f O rm d e H aydock ' s h e i r , A lf red d e I n ce , w ho h e ld b o th H aydock a nd I n ce in Make rf i e ld . H en ry d e Me l l ing h e ld b o th Me l l ing a nd U pho l land a nd t h e d ocumen ta ry e v idence a l low s u s t o s u spec t t h a t h i s f am i ly c ou ld a l so h ave h ad p roper ty i n Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) ( Append ix V, n o te 7 ) . I tw a s q u i te p o s s ib le f o r aman h o ld ing i nt h anage i n o ne v i l l t oh o ld b y k n igh t s ' s e rv ice i na no the r . T he

W idne sD eme sne : S ub inf euda t ion s 3 A s t ley 4 C ue rd ley 5 E cc le s ton 6 H uy ton 7 K i rkby

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L a thom f am i ly h e ld L a thom a nd Ma r t in i nt h anage , a s t h e i r p r inc ipa l mano r s b u t K now s ley , T a rbock , H uy ton a nd R oby w e re h e ld f r om t h e b a rony o f W idne s , a nd C h i ldwa l l a nd p a r t o f D a l ton f r om Manche s te r . I n a dd i t ion , t h ey h ad R a inf o rd a nd H u r l s ton , t h e f o rme rp o s s ib ly a nd t h e l a t te rc e r ta in ly , a cqu i red f r om t h e F ee o f Ma r sey . T he t emp ta t ion t o m ake ad i rec t l i nk b e tween t h i s f am i ly a nd U c t red o f 1 066 i sv e ry g rea t . F a r re r h a s c l a imed t h a t D unn ing , f r om w hom t h e L a thom l i ne s p rang , w a s a l ive a tt h e t ime o ft h e D omesday s u rvey ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 1 6 ) . D unn ing h e ld n o l a nd b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey i n 1 066 , b u t m en o ft h a t n ame w e r e p r e sen t i nW i r ra l a nd C he sh i re ( f ig 1 8 i ) . S ince a tl e a s t f i ve o fU c t r ed ' s e s ta te s w e r e t o b e f ound a t al a t e r d a t e i n t h e p o sse s s ion o f t h e L a thom f am i ly , a l be i t u nde r d if e r en t t e nu re s , t h e p ropo sa l i sn o t u n r ea sonab le a nd p rov ide s y e t a no the r l i nk i n t h e m y r iad o f

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F ig 2 4 : V i l l sa t tached t ot h eF ee o fW idne si n1 212 ,t oge the rw i th t h o se o ft h eF ee o fP enwo r tham w h ich p a s sed t oW idne si n1 205

h e t h ane s o F rom n o r th o f t h e R ibb le t f Woodp lump ton a nd t h e i rh e i r s w e re i np o s se s s ion o f t h e C rown -owned mano r o f F o rmby , t h e t h anage m ano r o f B oo t le , K i rkby , w h ich w a s h e ld f r om W idne s , a nd t h e P enwo r tham /W idne s m ano r o fA rganneo l s t h ough t h e i rp r inc ipa l h o ld ing w a s a tL y tham , o n t h e F y lde . F a r re r h a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e f am i ly ' s i n te r e s t i ns ou th L anca sh i r e i s o f p re -Conque s t d a te a nd t h a t R avenk i l , s on o f R hagana ld , h e ld B oo t le i n 100 1135 a nd w a s s uf i c ien t ly i mpo r tan t t o h ave w i tne s sed R oge r o f P o i tou ' s g r an t o f L anca s te r c hu r ch t o t h e A bbey o f S t Ma r t in o f S eez i n 1 094 ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 2 2 ) . T he re i sa l so as u sp ic ion t h a t

t h i sw a ss t i l l i nt r an s i t ion a nd t h en ew h e i r sh ad n o te n te r ed t h e i re s ta t e sb y 1 346 . I n b o th t h e t h anage -he ld v i l l s a nd t ho se h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice w e re m en w ho h e ld b u t as i ng le e s ta te a nd o t he r s w ho h ad s eve ra l , e i the r d i rec t ly o r w he re f am i ly l i nk s s ugge s t t h a t t h ey o r ig ina ted f r om as i ng le , mo re e x ten s ive e s ta te w h ich e mb raced m o re t h an o ne t own sh ip . E xamp le s o ft h i s c an b e s e en p a r t icu la r ly i nt h e j ux tapo sed v i l l s o f A s t ley a nd T y lde s ley w h ich w e re h e ld b y t h e s ame m an , 5 6

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H e re t h en w e f i nd a n e two rk o ft e nu re s mo s t o f w h ich a r e r e co rded i n 1 2 12 a nd c on t inue t o b e h e ld u nde rt h e s ame t e rm s u n t i l t h e m idd le o ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry i f n o t c on s ide rab ly l a te r . I n t h e m a jo r i ty o f c a se s , t h e re i s ac l ea r d i s t inc t ion b e tween t e nan t s w ho se l a nd s a r e r e s t r ic ted t ot h e C rown d eme sne , a nd t h o se w ho h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice o ri nt h anage . B u tt h e l a nd s a t tached t ot h e k n igh t s ' f e e s c ou ld b e a ugmen ted b y t h e a dd i t ion o f v i l l s h e ld i n t h anage . T he mo s t s pec ta cu la r e xamp le i si n Make rf i e ld w he re t h e c o r e v i l l s o f t h e F ee a r e s uppo r ted b yn o l e s s t h an 1 5 v i l l sh e ld i nt h anage . T he t emp ta t ion t o s e e t h e se a s t h e 1 5 m ano r s h e ld b y t h e D ome sday d reng s i sa lmo s t i mpo s s ib le t or e s i s t . T o al e s se r e x ten t w e f i nd a d ependency o f t h e t h anage p o r t ion o f D own l i the r land o n t h e S ef ton F ee . T he t h anage l o rd sw e re a l so q u i te c apab le o fh o ld ing e s ta te sb y k n igh t s e rv ice , t h e b e s t e xamp le s b e ing t h e L a thom a nd Woodp lump ton f am i l ie s b o th o f w hom h e ld e s ta te s f r om t h e W idne s F ee . O n e s ta te s b o th l a rge a nd s ma l l , c on so l ida t ed o r d i spe r sed , w e f i nd l i t t le t os how t h a t a ny o ft h e se Warr ing ton D eme sne 1 Wa r r ing ton c a tego r ie s o ft e nu re w a s ab a r t o t h e c r ea t ion o f moa ted s i te sa nd c a s t le s . S ub inf euda t ions

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I ft h e n a tu r e o ft e nu re w a s n o t al i m i t ing f a c to r , ig 2 5 : V i l l sa t ta ched t ot h eF ee o f Wa r r ing ton i n1 2 12 c an w e d i sce rn a ny r e a l d i s t inc t ion i nt h e s t a tu s o f F t h e m e sne l o rd s? I nt h e l o rd s o ft h e b a ron ie s a nd o rgan i sed o n am ano r ia lb a s i s . T he g ene ra l i mp re s s ion i so f f e e s w e s e e t h e p inna c le o ft h e l o ca l h i e ra r chy . We f md i n dependen t ly -managed , c on so l ida t ed e s ta te s a s soc ia ted s uch m en r e s iden t a t Wa r r ing ton , N ew ton a nd S ef ton a nd , w i th i n te r com rnon ing i nn e ighbou r ing v i l l s w h ich i st y p ica l i nt ho se d e lega ted t op e rf o rm s u i t a tt h e w apen tak e c ou r t s o f t h e N o r thumb r ian v i l la r c ommun i t ie s . T he r e a r e , o f o n t h e i r b eha lf , w e p robab ly s e e t h e i r p r inc ipa l l o ca l c o u r s e , e x c e p t i o n s . L i t t l e C r o s b y , I n c e B l u n d e l l a n d r e p re sen ta t ive s . F rom E cc le s ton , L i t t le C ro sby a nd A s t ley T ho rn ton a l l h ad o pen f i e ld s b u t t h e i r m ean s o f c ame t h e m en r e p re sen t ing t h e l o rd o f W idn e s ; f r om m anagemen t i s n o t a lway s e a sy t o d e t e rm ine . T he H a l sa l l , I n ce B lunde l l a nd W ind le w e r e t h e m e sne t e nan t s m ono l i th ic l o rd sh ip o fL i t t le C ro sby i sr e cogn i sab le e nough o f Wa r r ing ton . T he l o rd o f S ef ton r equ i red h i s t e nan t i n b u t , d e sp i te i n ten s ive i n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e d ocumen ta ry D own l i the r land t o b e p re sen t o n h i s b eha lf . B u t w a s t h e s ou rce s , e v idence f o r t h e w ay i n w h ich I n ce B lunde l l 's s t a tu s o ft h e se m en a ny d if e ren t f r om t ho se w ho se v i l ls o p e n f i e l d s w e r e m a n a g e d i s e l u s i v e . N om i n a l l y t h e w e re h e ld i nt h anage? We h ave a l r eady s e en t h a t s u i t w a s l o rd sh ip w a sh e ld b yt h e B lunde l l f am i ly f r om Wa r r ing ton , a l so r equ ir ed f r om s ome o ft h em a nd , i nt h e v i ew o ft h e b u tt h ey a nd t h e o t he rp r inc ipa l t e nan t s a ppea rt oh ave h ad w apen take c ou r t ,t h ey mu s th ave h ad e qua l s t and ing . e qua l s t and ing ( Bakewe l l 1 983 ) . T he p rob lem m ay r e cu r i n T h or n t o n t w o t h i r d s o f w h i c h w a s a l s o h e l d f r om U c tred i n1 066 L a thom f am i ly i n1 2 12 Wa r r ing ton a nd t h e r ema inde rf r om S ef ton . B u t t h e l o rd o f L a thom L a thom T hanag e Ma r t in ? Mona s t ic 2 M / 1 a r t in S ef ton h e ld a mo ie ty o f t h e Wa r r ing ton p o r t ion . Wa s h e K now s ley W idne s K now s ley a b le t o f a rm T ho rn ton a s i f i tw e r e p a r t o f h i s o wn R oby W idne s R oby d eme sne? We k now t h a t t h e v i l l c on ta ined a s y s tem o f 4 D / 1 a l ton Manche s t e r D a l ton o pen -f ie ld s b u t t h e r e i s as u sp ic ion t h a t t h e r e w a s a c on so l ida ted e s ta te f o cu sed o n H ome r G reen F a rm ( 35 ) . T ab le 1 4 : L and so fU c t r ed w h ich p a s sed t ot h ed e E cc le s ton , av i l l w h ich a ppea r s t oh ave h ad as i ng le l o rd , L a thom f am i ly s e em s t oh ave d eve loped ar e cogn i sab le f o rm o f mano r ia l d eme sne , m anaged f r om E cc le s ton H a l l ( 22 ) , b u t t h e D e sp i te t h e i mpo s i t ion o fk n igh t s e rv ice o n s ome o f t h e e v idence f o r t h i s i sp o s t -med ieva l ( Lanc s RO DDSc 2 5 /3 ) t e nan t s , n e i the ri nt h e i rv i l l sn o ro nt h o se h e ld i nt h anage i s a n d t h e e a r l y m a n a g em e n t o f t h e v i l l n e e d s f u r t h e r t h e re c l ea ra nd c on s i s ten te v idence f o rt h e e s tab l i shmen to f i n v e s t i g a t i o n . A s y s t em o f m a n o r i a l i s a t i o n a l s o a p p e a r s i n a w e l l s t ru c tu r ed s y s tem o f m ano r ia l a dm in i s t ra t ion . H a y d o c k i n t h e 1 4 t h a n d 1 5 t h c e n t u r i e s . B y 1 4 6 6 t h e r e w a s C er ta in ly , t h e f e e t e nan t s w e re r equ i r ed t op er f o rm s u i t a t e x ten s ive o pen -f ie ld c u l t iva t ion ( Legh MSS 1 466 ) ; b u t t h e t h e b a ron ia l c ou r t s b u t , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e e a s t o f t h e v i l l h a d b e e n p u r c h a s e d f r om m o r e t h a n o n e o w n e r a n d i t i s r eg ion , i ti sd if i cu l t t o s e e t h a t t h e i r o wn e s ta t e s w e re 5 7

9-L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft he t e nan t s p o s s ib le t h a t t h i s w a s i mpo sed o n ap r e -ex i s t ing s y s tem o f s ma l l e s ta te s . I t s e em s d if i cu l t o the rw i se t oa ccoun t f o rt h e f i ve moa ted s i te s , o ne o fw h ich h ad ap a rk , a nd a n e s ta te c a l led C ay ley w h ich w a sp robab ly f o cu sed i nt h e w e s te rn p o r t ion o ft h e v i l l . W i th s uch ac onf u s ion o fe v idence i ti s d if i cu l t t of i nd a ny c l ea r t h r ead w h ich p l a ce s t h e s t a tu s o fo ne l o ca l l o rd a ny h ighe rt h an a no the r i n t e rm so f am ano r ia l s t ruc tu re . I n H aydock w e f i nd o u r se lve s i n av i l l h e ld i n t h anage t e nu r e , i n aH und red w h ich , a tD ome sday , w a s h e ld b y d reng s . A t D ome sday t h e c u s toma ry d ue s f r om t h e N ew ton d reng s w e re s l igh t ly h eav ie r t h an t h o se r equ i r ed o ft h e t h ane s o f We s t D e rby . H ow eve r , i ts e em c l ea rt h a t t h e D ome sday d rengage s a nd t h anage s c ame f r om t h e s ame s oc ia l l a ye r o f m in i s te r ia l ised d eme sne a nd t h a t b o th b ea rs i gn so ft h e v i l la rs e rv ice t y p ica l i na r ea s o f No r thumb r ian i nf luence ( J o l l if f e 1 926 , 2 2 ) . F a r re r b e l ieved t h a t t h e D ome sday e v idence f o r t hanage s howed t h a tt h e se m en w e re l i t t le s upe r io r t o v i l le in s a nd t h a t t h e s e rv ice s d ue i n d ica ted s e rv i le t e nu r e ( 1902 , x i i i ) . I n t h i s c onv ic t ion , h e b e l ieved t h a t w a r , p e s t i lence a nd f am ine b e tween 1 086 1153 h ad d r iven t h em t o c ommenda t ion o r Makerf ie ld F ee ow ton 9 W inw ick 5 L v i l le inage ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 2 62 -262 ) . T he e v idence 1 Abram 2 A rbu ry 6 N ew ton 1 0 P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead ( Sh rew sbu ry A bbey ) h a rd ly s e em s t o b ea r t h i s o u t . I ti st r ue t h a t i ti s 1 Woo l s ton w i th Ma r t in sc rof t( Sh r ew sbu ry A bbey ) 3 G o lbome 7 C rof t a lmo s ti mpo s s ib le t of i nd f am i ly l i nk s b e tween t h e 4 K igan ( R ) enyon 8 W D ome sday t h ane s a nd d reng s a nd t h e i rs ucce s so r s , ee S ef ton F ee b u t t h e c on t inua t ion o f c u s tom i n t h e c en tu r ie s Manchester F 2 C h i ldwa l l 1 8 1 2 D / own l i the r land w h ich f o l low s e em s t os how t h a t a nc ien tp rac t ice s 1 1 3 D a l ton 1 9 S ef ton ,N e the r ton & L un t s u rv ived a l ong s ide No rman a dm in i s t ra t ion . 1 4 A l le r ton 2 0 1/ 3T ho rn ton C on t inu i ty i ss ugge s ted i nt h e p re -No rman n ame s ee V i l l si n mona s t ic o wner sh ip o f s ome o ft h e mo re w ea l thy t e nan t s i nt h anage . Marsey F 5 H a igh 2 1 A l tca r( Me r eva le A bbey ) Among s t t h e se w e f i nd S iwa rd , s on o f D unn ing , 1 1 6 H u r l s ton ( Sca r i sb r ick ) 2 2 Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) (Bu r scough P r io ry ) d i rec ta nce s to ro ft h e l o rd s o fL a thom ; S iwa rd w a s 1 7 We s t le igh ( R ) t h e f a the ro fH en ry d eL a thom . P e rhap s h ew a st h e s ame S iwa rd , f a the r o f H en ry d e Me l l ing , w ho F ig 2 6 : V i l l sa t ta ched t ot h eF ee so f Manche s te r , Make r f ie ld , Ma r sey h e ld Me l l ing a nd U pho l land i nt h anage i n1 2 12 . I f a nd S ef ton a nd t h o se h e ld b y mona s t ic h ou se s i n1 2 12 ( R =r e c tor ia l ) s o , w e f i nd i nS iwa rd t h e f o rebea r o ft h e L a thom a nd H o l land f am i l ie s w ho w e re t o r e ta in a nd v i l l s . H e re h i sr e spon s ib i l i ty l a y i nt h e a dm in is t ra t ion o ft h e a ugmen tt h e i re s ta te s i nL anca sh i re a nd f u r the ra f ie ld i nt h e v i l l f o rp u rpo se s o fs upp ly ing t h e c en t ra l m an s io . W i th t h e c en tu r ie s w h ich f o l lowed . F a r re r h a s b een t emp ted t o s e e 1 5 d reng s o fN ew ton , e a ch l o ca ted i n am ano r i n1 066 , w e D unn ing a s t h e s on o f U c t red ; c er ta in ly h e w a s h i s c an s e e al a rge R oya l d eme sne s e rved b yt h e v i l l s . P e rhap s , s ucce s so r i n L a thom ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 1 6 ) . F o r t h i s , i nt h e s e r jean t a nd r e eve o f N ew ton i n 1 2 12 w e s e e t h e h oweve r , t h e r e i sn o p roof . I n R ochda le w e h ave a l r eady s u cce s so r s t o t h e d reng s b u t n ow r e spon s ib le f o r o n ly a e ncoun te r ed S wa in a nd L e i s ing , t h e s ucce s so r s o fG ame l . s i ng le v i l l . T he t e nu re o f t h e o t he r v i l ls h a s b ecome I nt h e N ew ton H und red w e f ound O rm d e H aydock i nt h e t h anag e . C an t h i s d emon s t ra te t h a t s ome o f t h e v i l la r t a l lage o f 176 1177 . I n 115 1118 t h e re i sO rm , s on o f r e spon s ib i l i t ie s h ave b een r e d i r ec ted t o We s t D e rby i t se l f ' ? A i lwa rd , h o ld ing o ne k n igh t 's f e e i n D a l ton , P a rbo ld , T h i sd oe sn o ts e em t ob es of o rw e f i nd b yt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry Wr igh t ing ton a nd p a r t o f A sh ton -unde r -Lyne , f o r h i s t h a t t h ey a r e f i rm ly a t tached t o t h e Make rf ie ld F ee . B u t m a r r iage w i th t h e d augh te ro fA lbe r t G re l ley s enex , l o rd o f h e re w e c a tch a g l imp se o f h i e ra r chy . I n 1 2 12 P e te r d e Manche s te r ( Fa r re r 1 906 , 3 27 ) . S i nce h e w a s t h e d i rec t B ur n hu l l h e ld t h anage e s ta te s i n A sh ton a nd H ind ley d e a nce s to ro ft h eh o lde r s o fK i rkby I r e le th i nF u rne s s ( Fa r r e r d om ino r ege i nc ap i te . T he re i sn o s ugge s t ion t h a t h e w a s e d . 1 903b , 5) , o ne o f t h e v i l l s a t ta ched t o t h e e s ta te r e spon s ib le t o t h e l o rd s o f t h e F ee . I n t h e r ema in ing f o cu sed o n D ome sday H ougun , t h e r e i sl i t t le d oub t t h a t t h anage v i l l s t h e r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e k i ng i sn o t s t a ted . No r se a nce s t ry d i d n o t p r ec lude t h e a cqu i s i t ion o f B u t w e r e t h e se v i l l s r e spon s ib le t o t h e k i ng , t o P e te r d e p o sse s s ion s , h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice , o ve r a w ide B u rnhu l l o r t ot h e k n igh t s? A t p r e sen t w e c anno t a n swe r g eog raph ica la r ea . t h i s , b u t d e B ur nhu l l ' s e s ta te o f 1 2 12 m ay b e r ef lec ted i n O rm d eH aydock ' st a l lage o f1 0m a rk s i n 176 1177 . When w e c ompa re t h i s w i th t h e e v idence f r om We s t D e rby H und r ed t h ree d if e ren tt ype s o ft e nu r e i nt h anage s e em t o

T he p o s i t ion o ft h e d reng h a s b een e qua ted w i th t h a t o ft h e s e r jean t w ho h e ld l a nd , i nf r eeho ld , i nt h e C rown d eme sne 5 8

L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft h et e nan t s -9 e me rge ( t ab le 1 5 ) . I nt h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e se t h e r e i s c l ea r e v idence f o rt h e c r ea t ion o fm ino re s ta te s , t h e e xcep t ion s b e ing B oo t le a nd F o rmby . B u t w e k now t h a t h a lf o fF o rmby w a s p a r t o ft h e r oya l d eme sne a nd t h a t a no the r q ua r te r w a s h e ld b y s e r jean ty b y Q uen i lda d e K i rkda le . C an J o rdan d e T ho rnh i l l ' s t h anage p or t ion b et h eo n ly s u rv iv ing e l emen to ft h e p r e -Conque s t t e nu r e? I n t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod w ef i nd o pen -f ie ld s i nF o rmby h e ld i n am u l t ip l ic i ty o f s ub tenanc ie s b u t t h e s hadow o f t h e r oya l d eme sne s u rv ive s i n t h e i r o ve r lo rd sh ip w h ich i s s c a t te red t h roughou t t h e f i e ld s ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 27 ) . B u ta tF o rmby H a l l i t s e lf ( 24 )w em ay s e et h e s u rv iva l o f af o rme rc onso l ida ted a nd d i s t in c te s ta te . T h i s h i e ra r chy m ay n o t b e l i m i ted t o t h e t h anage v i l l s f o r w e f i nd t h a t W i l l iam B u t le r o f Wa r r ing ton a nd W i l l iam d e L ow ton o f Make r f ie ld h e ld t h e i r e s ta te s b y k n igh t s e rv ice a l so d e d om ino r ege i n c ap i te w he rea s T homa s d e G o lbo rne o n ly h e ld d e d om ino r ege ( Book o f F ee s 1 921 , 2 06 , 2 17 -218 ) . B u t , i n t h e a b sence o f f u r the r r e sea r ch , i n con s is tenc ie s i n t h e w r i t ten r e co rd a r e p oo r ly u nde r s tood . P rob lem s p e r s i s t i n d i sce rn ing w ha t e xa c t ly w a s m ean t b y t h e t e nu r ia l t e rm o f t h anage . F o l low ing J o l l if f e ' s u nde r s tand ing o f t h e n a tu re o f N o r thumb r ian a dm in i s t ra t ion , i ti si nt h e v i l lt h a tt h e a n swe r m igh t b e f ound . I f t h e d reng i s t o b e r e p re sen ted i nt h ep o s t -Conque s ts e r jean tw ho h ad a f r eeho ld b u t w ho se r e spon s ib i l i t ie s l a y i n t h e s upe rv is ion o f ad eme sne t own sh ip , t h en t h et h ane ' s l i ab i l i t ie s mu s th ave b een al i t t le d if e ren t . We f i nd an umbe r o ft h anage v i l l s f r om w h ich p u tu re w a s e xpec t ed ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 9 15 , 9 0 -95 ) t hough t h i s w a s n o t al i ab i l i ty o fe ve ry t own sh ip . We f i nd t h a t t h e t h ane s o fN ew ton m igh t h ave b een r e spon s ib le t o t h em an w ho h e ld A sh ton a nd H ind ley i nc h ief f r om t h ek i ng .

1 A in t re e 2 A sh ton in - Ma l ce r f ie ld 3 B edf o rd 4 B icke r s taf f e 5 B i l l inge 6 B o ld 7 B oo t le 8 D i t ton 9 ' AD ownho l land w i th B a r ton

D own l i the r land G a r s ton H aydock H ind ley H ough ton l n c e in -Make r f ie ld L a thom Me l l ing O r r e l l

1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2

P embe r ton U pho l land W in s tan ley V sF o rmby

F ig 2 7 : V i l l sh e ld i nt h anage i n1 2 12

T hey w e r e a l r e spon s ib le f o r f i nd ing j udge s a tt h e w apen take c ou r t s o ft h e d eme sne i nt h i s H und red . F rom e v idence o f t h e d i spu te b e tween T hu r s tan B ana s t re a nd t h e C rown o ve r p o s se s s ion o f t h e r e c to ry a tW igan ( s ee n o te 2 )s hou ld w e b e l o ok ing t oW igan a nd n o t N ew ton f o r ar oya l c en t re? Af t e r a l ,N ew ton w a sh e ld b y as e r jean ta nd b a i l if fw ho se r e spon s ib i l i t ie s , l i ke t ho se o ft h e f a lcone r i nC rof t , m ay h ave l a in i nt h e s ame d i r ec t ion . I n We s t D e rby w e s e e t h et h ane v i l l s h e ld f r om t h e k i ng , b u tn o ti n c h ief . H e re , p e rhap s , i s a c l ue t o t h e l o ca l a dm in i s t ra t ion . T he e v idence i sf l imsy b u t , i n t h e t h anag e v i l l s , p e rhap s w e s e ea ne x ten s ion o ft h e C rown d eme sne . T he i r d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn , o f t en c l o se t o t h e H und r eda l b ound s , c ou ld f i nd t h e v i l l s w i th r e spon s ib i l i ty f o rd ef ence . Af t e r a l l , w e f i nd c a s t le s s t ra teg ica l ly p l a ced a t L a thom ( Bu rna rde sca s t le , 1 23 ) , U pho l land ( Ca s t le s tede , 1 31 ) a nd H ind ley

1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

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( H ind ley C a s t le , 1 25 ) , t h ough w e k now n o th ing o f F ig 2 8 : V i l l sr e qu ir ed t op rov ide j udge s i n1 2 12 , a nd t h o se t h e i r s t ruc tu ra l n a tu re . T he v i l l s w e re s t i l l e xpec ted r e qu i red t op e r f o rm s u i ta tt h ew apen take c ou r t s t op rov ide s u i t a tt h e w apen take c ou r t s . T hey m ay 5 9

9-L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft h et e nan t s h av e h ad t os upp ly t h e d om inu s s upe r io r w i th ar a nge o f s e rv ice sa nd , a s se s smen t

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e s pec ia l d if i cu l t ie s i nl o ca t ing e a r ly s i t e s u n le s s t h ey a r e a c compan ied b ye a r thwo rk so ri d en t if i ed f r om t h ea i r . B a r row s aw t h e n o r th e rn t h ane a s am an o fn ob le s t a tu s h o ld ing i nf r ee t e nu r eb u tr e qu i r ed t ou nde r tak e m in i s te r ia l d u t ie s . T yp ica l ly , h e h e ld a v i l lag e o r e v en a ' s h i r e ' -a g r oup o fs e t t lem en t s c on s i s t ing o f an uc leu s w i th o u t l ie r s . L and w a s h e ld b y i n he r i tance a nd h e w ou ld u sua l ly p ay r e n t i n m on ey o r i n k i nd ( Ba r row 1 969 , 1 0 ) . I n t h i s , p e rhap s ,w es e ea ga in P e te rd eB ur nhu l l ' st h anag ee s ta t e sa t A sh ton a nd H ind ley , t ow h ich t h e o t h e rt h anage e s ta t e s i n N ew ton H und r ed m igh t h ave b e en a t ta ched . B a r row ' s n o r the rn t h ane s w e r e a l so l i ab le f o r c o rnag e a nd , e a r ly i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry ,o xge ld w a s s t i l ld u ee v e ry t h i rd y ea rf r om W idn e s( Lyon s 1 884 ,4 9 ,6 2 ) .

F rom t h ek i ng i nc h ief O nN ew ton H und red ) A sh ton & H ind ley

31 2 c / a r

N os t a t ed r e la t ion sh ip w i th t he k ing ( i nN ew ton H und red ) H aydock & I n ce P emb e r ton O r r e l l B i l l ing e& W in s tan ley H ough ton & M idd le ton

3c a r 2c a r /c 2 1 a r /c 2 1 a r

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T h e p o s i t ion o f t h ane s i n B la ckbu r n sh i re h a s a l so b een c on s id e r ed ( Sm i th 1 96 1 , 2 7 -28 ) . h e r e , i tw a s b e l ieved t h a t t h e t e nu r e r ef l ec t ed s ome s o r t o f i n s t i tu t iona l c onnec t ion w i th ap r e -Conqu e s t s t ruc tu r e o fl a ndho ld ing . B y 1 3 11 i t w a sl i t t le d if e r en ti nf e uda ll aw f r om t h a to fs ocag ea nd w e h av e a l r eady n o t ed t h a tt h e s am e s e em st ob e t r u e i n We s t D e rby . L and w a s i n he r i t ed b yp r imog en i tu r e a nd t h e r e w a s ap a r t i t ion o fh o ld ing s a mong s th e i r e s se s . I tw a s , h ow ev e r , i nt h e c on t inua t ion o fp aymen t o fr e l ief i nt h e s um o f4 0 s w h i ch s ugg e s ted t o Sm i th t h a tt h e r ew a s al i nk w i th t h ep r e C onqu e s tp e r iod . Ac on t inu i ty o ft e nu r e a nd j u r i sd ic t ion i s a l so s e en i nt h e e v iden ce f o r C umb r ia (W inche s t e r 1 987 , 1 8 ) a nd i ti sn o t ab le t h a t a tR ochda le G ame l c on t inued t o h o ld h i s l a nd s a f t e r 1 066 a nd t h a t t h ey s hou ld d e scend t o h i sh e i r si np a r t ib le i n h e r i tance ( M i che lmo r e 1 979 ,7 8 ) .

F rom t h ek i ng ( i n We s tD e rby H und r ed ) Me l l ing & U pho l land L a thom B icke r s ta f f e B o ld D i t ton G a r s ton B oo t le F o rmby D ownho l land , 1 2 / B a r ton & A in t re e

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2 0 s 5 s 2 0 s 4 d l O s 2 0 s 8 s8 d 3 s8 d 2 6 s

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3 4 1 7

T ab le 1 5 : T hanag e -h e ld v i l l s w i th s t a t ed t e nu r ia l r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e C rown , t o ge the rw i th n umbe r o fs ub t e nan t si n1 2 12 a nd e a r thwo rk s i t e s o cca s iona l ly , l a bou r . B u t o t he rw i se t h ey m ay h ave h ad a h i gh l e v e l o fi n d epend ence w h ich s e t t h em a pa r t f r om t h e s e r jean t so nt h ed eme sn ei t s e lf . I n te rna lm anagemen tw ou ld h av eb een t h er e spon s ib i l i ty o ft h ev i i iw h ich c ou ld a ccoun t f o r t h e m a rk ed d if i cu l ty i n i d en t if y ing m ano r ia l i sa t ion . C lea r ly ,t h e r ei sn eed f o rm o re d e ta i led i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h e i n t e rna ld ocumen ta t ion a nd f o rc ompa r i son o ft h e e v id en ce w i th v i l l s h e ld u nd e r d if e r en t t e nu r e ; u n t i l t h i s i s u nd e r tak en t h ep rob lem c anno ts a t i sf a c to r i ly b er e so lved . I n o u r s e a r ch f o r t h e s t a tu s o ft h e We s t D e rby t e nan t i n t h anag e w e m u s t l o ok f u r th e r a f i e ld . I th a s b een s a id t h a t t y p ica lt h ane o ft h e 11 t hc en tu ry w a s am an w i th as p ec if i c d u ty t ot h ek i ng ' sh ou seho ld , i np o s se s s ion o f ac hu r ch a nd ak i t chen , ab e l l -hou se , f o r t if i ed d we l l ing p l a ce a nd a n e s ta te a s se s sed a tf i v e h i d e s o fl a nd ( S t en ton 1 97 1 , 4 87 ) . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f U c t r ed , i n 1 066 t h e l o ca l i mage a ppea r st of a l lf a rs ho r to ft h i s .I th a sa l r eady b een s e en t h a t t h e l o ca l p a roch ia l a r rang emen t , b y w h ich p a r i she s c on ta in ed l a rg en umbe r s o fv i l l s , s e em st om i t iga t e a ga in s t t h e We s t D e rby t h ane s b e ing i np o s se s s ion o f ac hu r ch . E x cep t , p e rhap s , a tA ugh ton , O rm sk i rk a nd Wa r r ing ton , t h e r e i sn o c l ea r i n d ica t ion f o rt h i s i nt h e 1t h c en tu ry . S o f a rt h ea r cha eo log ica la nd d ocumen ta ry r e co rd sh ave f a i led t op rodu ce as i ng le k i t chen , b e l lhou se o rf o r t if i ed d w e l l ing w h ich m igh t h ave b e long ed t o a n 11 t h -cen tu ry t h an e t h ough , a ga in a t Wa r r ing ton ( Mo t e H i l l , 1 30 ) , as i t e c on ta in ing t h e s e e l em en t s m igh t h av e b een e xpec ted . B u t , i na n a r ea o fp r edom inan t ly s c a t te red s e t t lemen t t h e r e a r e

S i n ce ,a sK ape l le h a sp o in ted o u t ,h i d e sa nd c a ru ca t e sw e r e u sua l ly c on s ide r ed e qua lu n i t so ft a xa s se s smen t( 1 979 ,9 7 ) t h er e qu i r emen t s o ft h anage s t a tu s a sd e sc r ibed b y S t en ton c anno t b e s uppo r t ed b y t h e We s t D e rby e v id ence . T h e D om e sday s u rvey s t a te sq u i te s p ec if i ca l ly t h a t ' i ne a ch h i d e t h e r ea r e s i xc a ru ca te s o fl a nd ' , a nd i ti sc l ea rt h a tn o t o n e o ft h e We s t D e rby t h ane s , U c t r ed e x cep ted ( a nd , p e rhap s , D o t i fh i s l a nd s s ou th o f t h e Me r sey a r e t a k en i n to a c coun t ) , w a s i n p o s se s s ion o f a n e s ta t e o f a ny th ing a pp roa ch ing t h a t s i z e . O f mo r e s i gn if i cance a r e t h e r i gh t s o ft h e D om e sday t h ane s . T hey w e r e e n t i t led ' t o l e ave t h e K ing ' s l a nd ' o n p aymen t o f4 0 s h i l l ing s a nd t og o w h e r e t h ey w i sh ed . Af i ne o f4 0 s h i l l ing sr e l ief w a st ob ep a id f o r i n h e r i tan ce o t he rw i se i tw a s t or e v e r tt ot h e k i ng ( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 69d ) . A tp r e s en tl i t t le h a sb een d one t oc on s ide rt h ea moun t sp a id f o r r e l i ef s i nt h e p o s t -Conque s t p e r iod t h ough , d oub t l e s s , a n e x am ina t ion o f t h e P ipe R o l l s w ou ld p rov e f r u i t f u l . H ow ev e r , ac u r so ry a s se s smen t o f t h e m a t e r ia l s how s i n con s i s t en c ie s . T he s um o f 1 00 s p a id b y A dam , s on o f R icha rd d eB o ld , i n1 2 11 f o rp o s se s s ion o ft h et h anag ev i i i o f B o ld s ugg e s t s a r a the r h i gh e r r a t e t h an t h a t i n B la ckbu rn sh i r e , t h ough Ma t thew d e B o ld p a id 3 m a rk s ( 4 0 s ) r e l ief i n 1 223 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 03 ) . I n 1 3 46 w e a r e t o ld t h a t t h e t e nan t s o fD i t ton w e r e t op ay d oub l et h er e n to f2 0 sf o rr e l ief ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 0 ) . S i nce t h ev i l lw a sn ow h e ld i ns ocage i ts e em st h a tt h es um o f4 0 s i sm e r e ly c o inc iden ta l w i th t h a to ft h e o l dt h anag e a moun t . A l so i n1 2 10 1211 t h eh e i ro f Ma t th ew d e Ma r t in p rof f e r ed 2 0 m a rk s ( 2 66 s 8 d ) f o r a n e s ta t e a t Ma r t in . T h e h i gh

6 0

L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft he t e nan t s -9 a moun t i sa ppa ren t ly e xp la ined b y h i s c ha t te l s wh ich w e r e a ccoun t ed f o r t o t h e k ing . I n 1 229 -c 1238 , R icha rd d e R adc l if f e , s on o f Ma t thew , made a g ran t t o B u r scough P r io ry o f a l l h i s l a nd i n Ma r t in wh ich h i s f a th e r h ad e xchanged w i th H en ry d e R adc l if f e f o r l a nd i n O swa ld tw i s t le (Webb e d . 1 970 , 7 9 ) . C lea r ly t h e f am i ly ' s e s ta te s e x tended i n to t h e H und red o f B lackbum sh i r e . I n 1 210 12 11 H en ry d e M idd le ton , at h anage t e nan t o f N ew ton H und red , p rof f e r ed 2m a rk s ( 26 s 8 d ) f o r l i ve ry o f 3o xgang s ,h e ld b yt h es e rv ice o f5 s( Fa r re r 1 902 ,2 45 ) . O nt h e d eme sne l a nd sw e s e er e l ief sp a id i nk ind . I n 1 203 1 204 R icha rd d e Mea th a ppea r s i nt h eP ipe R o l l so w ing 1 0 m a rk sa nd ap a lf rey w o r th 5m a rk st oh ave t h ev i l la o fH a le ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 77 ) . I nt h e s ame r o l l R icha rd , s on o fR obe r t d e Wa l ton o wed ap a lf rey w o r th 5ma rk st oh ave t h ek i ng ' s c onf i rma t ion o f 4 b ova te s o f l a nd i n Wa l ton , w i th a ppu r tenance s , a cco rd ing t o R icha rd d e Mea th ' s c ha r t e r ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 80 ) . I n 1 215 , d e Mea th p rof f e red f ou r p a lf r ey s f o rt h e C rown l a nd s i n Wa l ton , F o rmby a nd H a le ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 4 ) . H es e em st oh ave b een s l ow t os e t t le h i s d eb t s . B u tt h e se w e re o nt h e k ing ' s l a nd s a nd w e k now t ha t s e r jean ty t e nu re w a s s ub jec tt oa r b i t ra ry a moun t s o fr e l ief ( J o l l if f e 1 926 , 2 0 ) . A l so o nt h e d eme sne e s ta te si n1 322 w ea r et o ld t ha tR obe r td eH o l land ' sm ano r s o f Wa l ton a nd H a le w e re h e ld q uan tam p e r t ine tp o r t ion i i a s ser e ie d eu no a u s tu rco m uh ia to v e l4 0 s( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 8 0 ) . H e r e i s , p e rhap s , a n i n s tance o ft h e a nc ien t s e r jean ty s e rv ice d ue f r om t h e ma s te r s e r jean t o f t h e w apen tak e a l ong s id et h e4 0 sf i ne p a id i nr e l ief a tD ome sday .

S ub -d iv ided e s ta te s We h av e a l ready n o ted t h a t i tw a s q u i te a ccep tab le f o r t ho se w i th r e la t ive ly mo re e x ten s ive e s ta te sh e ld i nt h anag e t o m ak e g r an t s o f l a nd o u t o f t h e i r e s ta te s . T he re i s , h oweve r , as t rong s u sp ic ion t h a t s uch g ran tee s w e re , i n f a c t , r e la t ive s o ft h e p r inc ipa l f am i ly i nt h e se v i l l s . I tw a s a l so q u i t e n o rma l f o r e s ta te s , e ven i nt h e b ondage v i l l s t o b e s ub jec tt op a r t ib le i n he r i tance ( Ha l lam 1 981 , 2 11-2 14 ) . I f t h i s w a s p e rm i t ted o n t h e l a nd s o f t h e d eme sne i t b ecome se ven mo r en o t iceab le i nt h e v i l l sh e ld u nde ro t he r f o rm so ft e nu r e . I nt h ek n igh ts e rv ice v i l l s o fC u lche th a nd L yd ia te ( bo th h e ld f r om t h e Wa r r ing ton F ee ) , p a r t ib le i n her i tan ce b y h e i re s se s i sd emon s t ra ted . T he p ar t i t ion o f C u lch e th b e tween t h e f ou r i n f an t d augh te r s o fG i lbe r t d e C u lch e th i nc 1246 i si n d ica ted t h rough t h e i r ma r r iage s t o t h ef ou rs on so ft h e Hugh d eH ind ley ,w ho h e ld h i sl a nd si n t h anage ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911 , 1 56 -162 ) . H ugh d e H ind ley m ay h ave b een s e ek ing t oe nhance t h e s t a tu so fh i s f am i ly b y e n te r ing i n to k n igh t s e rv ice , b u t t h i s m ay a l so h ave b een n o mo r et h an o ppo r tun i sm t oe x tend h i s f am i ly ' s p o s se s s ion s . H oweve r , C u lche th w a s t or ema in i nd i v ided l o rd sh ip a s a c on sequence o f t h i s p a r t i t ion t h ough i n t e rcommon ing b y t h e f ou r l o rd s w a s p ra c t i sed , p robab ly i na cco rdance w i th a nc ien tc u s tom . A tL yd ia t ei n1 411 ,t h et h ree d augh te r s a nd c o -he i r e s se s o f R icha rd d e Wo lf al d iv ided t h e i ri n he r i tance , e ach t a k ing a p o r t ion o ft h eb u i ld ing sw h ich i n c luded ah a l l , c h ambe ra nd h igh c hambe r a nd a c r uck -f ramed b a rn ( Lanc s RO DDM 4 1/4 ) . P e rhap s t h e Mo lyneux h o ld ing i n L yd ia t e , w h ich s u rv ived u n t i l modem t ime s , w a s ac on sequence o f t h i s p a r t i t ion . P a r t ib le i n her i tance o f ab u i ld ing b y h e i re s se s , h o ld ing ab a ron ia l e s ta te , i sa l so t ob e f ound i nt h e m ano r 6 1

h ou se a t B e lf o rd i n No r thumbe r land ( D ixon & B o rne , 1 978 , 2 34 -238 ) . H e r e , a n a un t a nd t wo f ema le c ou s in s i n he r i ted . Doub t le s s ,t h i sp rope r ty w a so fh ighe rs t a tu st h an t h a ta tL yd ia te ,b u ti ts e rve st od emon s t ra te t h a tt h ep ra c t ice w a s a ccep tab le a tb o th b a ron ia l l e ve l a nd a mong t h e l e s s w ea l thy . I nt h e s e r jean ty -he ld v i l l o fA ugh ton t h e i n f luence o ft h e We l sh -named t e nan t s , w ho se p r e sence m ay d a te f r om t h e e xpu l s ion o f t h e B ana s t r e s a nd t h e i r s uppo r te r s f r om R hudd lan i n 167 , m ay a l so h ave l e d t o i t s p ra c t ice . T hough t h i s w a s p robab ly a c on t inua t ion o f e x i s t ing c u s tom i tw a s , p e rhap s , e ven mo re e x tr eme t h an h a s b een s e en e l sewhe re . C e r ta in ly , t h e f r agmen ta ry n a tu re o f t h e A ugh ton h o ld ing s h a s p rodu ced a c omp l ica ted t e nu r ia l s t ruc t u re wh ich may h ave b een e xace rba ted b y c l ea rance a nd a s sa r to ft h ew ood land . T he l e Wa ley s f am i ly a l so h e ld l a nd i n D a l ton w he re , i n 1 322 , t h e r e w e r e e l even f r ee t e nan t s( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 1 00 )b u tt h eh i s to ry o ft h ev i l lh a s n o t b een c on s ide red i nd e ta i l . Ah in t o ft h e s ame p roce s s m ay b e s een a tH aydock w he r e o ne o ff i ve moa t s r e co rded i n1 466 w a sc a l led Wa l shemon shou se ( 115 ) . A rguab ly , t h e mo s t e x t reme , a nd b e s t -documen ted , e xamp le o fd iv i s ion o fl a nd s h e ld i nt h anage o ccu r r ed a t D i t ton . T o t h e s cu tage o f 1 20 1-1202 R icha rd d e D i t ton , P h i l ip d e D i t ton a nd A dam d e D i t ton e ach p a id 6 s .8d . O the r t enan t s h e re , w ho se d eb t s h ad b een s e t t led , w e r e p robab ly R a lph , s on o f Ma r t in , 2 s , a nd R icha rd , s on o f Ma r t in , 3 s ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 53 , 1 60 ) . I n 1 2 12 D i t ton w a s h e ld f r om t h e k ing a nd a s se s sed a so ne c a ruca te . O ft h i s / 2 1 c a ruca t ew a sh e ld b yR icha rd , s on o f Ma r t in , p ay ing 1 0 s o f f a rm„ o f wh ich R icha rd , s on o fO u t i , h e ld t wo b ova t e s b y 5 sy ea r ly r en t a nd R a lph h e ld o ne b ova t e f o r2 s 6 dy ea r ly . T he o t he r 1 /c 2 a ruca te w a s h e ld b y Adam , R obe r t , V incen t a nd H en ry d e D i t ton f o r 1 0 s y ear ly f a rm ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 9030 ,19 ) . I n 1 346 t h e o ne c a ruca te a s se s sed t o t h e v i i w a s s t i l l f r agmen ted . N ow i tw a s s a id t ob eh e ld i ns ocage , r ende r ing 2 0 s y ea r ly , d oub le t h e r en t t ob e p a id i nr e l ief , b u t t h e d iv i s ion o f 1 212 c ou ld s t i l l b e s e en ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 915 , 9 0 -91) . F u r the re a s t , a tA b ram , e a r ly s ub -d iv i s ion o f t h ev i l li sn o ts oc l ea r . I n 1 212 w ea r et o ld o n ly t h a ti t sh a lf c a ruca te w a s h e ld i nf e e f a rm a nd o ft h a t at h i rd p a r t h ad b een g ran ted i n a lm s ( Book o f F ee s 1 921 , 2 18 ) . B y t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry t h e r e n o f ewe r t h an t e n f r eeho lde r s a nd t h e re may h ave b een a s m any a s s i x moa ted s i te s . I n t h e m id -15 th c en tu ry w e f i nd f ou r t e n an t s o f C ock e r sand A bbey ( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 243 1251 p a s s im ) , t wo o fw hom h e ld l a nd s a t B icke r shaw , a n e s ta te w i th a t l e a s t t wo moa t ed s i te s( 6 , 1) .

R en t si nk ind Many o the r e l emen t s o f n o r the rn t hanage t e nu re c an b e s e en a nd t h ei mpo s i t ion o fk n igh t ' s s e rv ice o nv i l l sd oe sn o t s e em t o h ave c u r ta i led e a r l ie r c u s tom . T he r e co rd s a r e l i t te red w i th r e f e rence s t o p aymen t s o f ap a i r o f g l ove s , r o se s , p eppe r , c um in , s pu r s o r b a rbed a r row s w h ich w e re g i ven i nk ind o r c ommu ted t o amoney r e n t . F rom H a l sa l l r en to fl bo fc um in o r 11 /dw 2 a sp a id i n1 322 b yt h el o rd o f H a l sa l l ,t oh i sc h ief l o rd , W i l l iam B u t le ro f Wa r r ing ton . O n b eha lf o f B u t le r , G i lber t H a l sa l l p e rf o rmed s u i t a t t h e c oun ty a nd w apen take c ou r t s ( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . Ar ed r o se w a s p a id a sr en t f r om ah o ld ing i n Much Woo l ton i n c 1307 ( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 15 n 7 ) . F rom a n e x t en t o ft h e o f

9-L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft h et e nan t s Manche s t e r t a k en i n 1 322 w e a r e t o ld o f r e n t s o f a g o shawk , as p a r row -hawk a nd ap a i ro fs pu r s f r om t h e f r ee f o r e ign t e nan t s i nS m i th i l l s , A sh ton a nd H ea ton ; ap a i r o f g l ov e s f r om a f r ee t e nan t i n H ea ton N o r r i s ; a nd o t h e r t e nan t sp a id r e n t so fn ak ed k n ive sa nd c l ove so fg i l ly f lowe r ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,7 2 -75 ) . O nt h ed eme sne m ano ro f Wa l ton i n t h e s ame y ea r t h e f r ee r e n t s o f ' d ive r s t e nan t s ' w e r e r e ce ived i nt h e f o rm o fo ne b a rbed a r row a nd t wo r o se s y ea r ly b y W i l l i am d e Wa l ton , s e r jean t o ft h e w apen t ak e ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 4 8 ) . P o s s ib ly , t h e r o se s w e r e d ue f r om H a l e( s ee b e low ) . F o rt h e i rr e n t s i nH a le i n1 323 , R oge rd e C u lch e th , J ohn d e H o l land a nd R icha rd d e l D ou s te s e a ch p a id ap a i r o f s pu r s o r 2 d ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 9 4 -95 ) . A l l w e r e i mpo r tan t m en a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a t J ohn d e H o l land o ccup ied t h em oa t ed s i t ea tL ove l ' sH a l l( 46 )w he r e ac ha in f o r ad r awb r idg e w a s l i s ted a mong s t R obe r t d e H o l land ' s p o s se s s ion s i nt h e s am e y ea r ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 12 ) . T he c on t ra s tb e tween t h e se r e n t s a nd t h e money r e n t s d ue f r om t h e t wo m embe r s o ft h e I r e land f am i ly a tt h e s am e t ime i s o fi n t e r e s ts i n ce t h eI r e land sw e r et ob ecome e s tab l i shed a t as e cond m oa ted s i t e i n H a lewood , O ld H u t t ( 6 5 ) . T he I r e l and s w e r e s ubo rd ina t e t ot h e H o l land s w ho w e r e l o rd s o fH a le a nd H a lewood . A t l e a s t p a r t o fA dam d e I r e land ' s e s ta t e , p robab ly t h a t i n H a lewood , h ad c om e t o h im t h rough h i s m a r r iag e w i th t h e d augh te r o f R obe r t d e H o l land i n1 285 a nd ,f o r ag r an to f£ 7 f r om H a le a nd o t h e r e a sem en t s i n 1 305 , I r e land p a id H o l land o n e r o se y ea r ly . Af t e r f o r f e i tu r e o ft h e H o l land e s ta te s i n 1 487 , s upe r io r l o rd sh ip o fH a le a nd H a lewood p a s sed t ot h ee a r lo fD e rby t ow hom t h eI r e land sp a id t wo r o se sy ea r ly f o rt h e i re s ta te s . T h i sr e n tw a sr e pea t ed a ga in i n1 525 . G i lbe r td eH aydock ' s r e n ti nH aydock i n1 324 , f o rt wo p a r t so ft h em ano r , w a sa p a i r o f s pu r s ' s o ld 3 d ' a nd o ne p a i r o f g l ov e s ' s o ld i d ' ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 14 ) . H e r e i ts e em s t h a t R obe r t d e H o l land h ad i n t e rv en ed i nt h e f o rme r t h anag e t e nu r e a nd w a st r ea t ing H aydock a sp a r to fh i sd eme sn e , l e tt oG i lbe r t d eH aydock .

The man if e s ta t ion o fs t a tus B o roughs , ma rke t sa ndf a i r s T h er oya l c ha r te rw h i ch r e su l ted i nt h e c r ea t ion o ft h ep o r t a nd b o rough o fL iv e rpoo l i n 1 207 w a s f o l low ed w i th in a f a i r ly s ho r t t i me b yt h e e s tab l i shmen t o fm a rk e t s a nd f a i r s a nd s e v e ra lo t h e rb o rough s i nt h er eg ion . I ti sc l ea rt h a tt h e g r an t ee s c am e f r om t h e m o s t i n f luen t ia l l o ca l f am i l ie s a nd t h a tt h ey h ad r e a ch ed t h a tp o s i t ion o fs t a tu sb yt h et ime t h e g r an t sw e r em ad e ,i fn o tl o ng b ef o re . I ti sh a rd ly s u rp r i s ing t o f i nd r e f e r ence t o b u rgage s a t Wa r r ing ton i n 1 229 , w hen t h e l o rd s o f Wa r r ing ton s t i l l o ccup ied Mo t e H i l l ( 1 30 ) , a nd t h e se a r e f o l lowed a t We s t D e rby , L ive rpoo l , W igan , O rm sk i rk a nd P r e sco t ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 2 2 -24 , 3 4 -35 , 4 2 -47 , 4 9 ) . T he We s t D e rby c ha r te r d oe sn o ts u rv iv e ,b u ti tc ou ld w e l lh ave b een c on t empo ra ry w i th , i fn o t e a r l i e r t h an , J ohn ' s c ha r te r f o r L iv e rpoo l i n 1 207 . W igan w a s g r an t ed i t s r oya l c ha r te r i n 1 246 , ay ea r a f t e r am a rk e ta nd f a i rh ad b een r eque s ted b y , a nd g r an t ed t o , J ohn Man se 11 6,t h e p l u ra l i s t r e c to r a nd l o rd o f t h e

m ano r . U ndoub ted ly , Mama s c l o se a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e C rown i n f lu en ced t h e g r an t a nd h i s r e c to ry a tW igan w a s p robab ly a cqu i r ed u nd e rr oya lp a t ronag e . T he P r io r o f B u r scough w a s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e e s tab l i shm en to f am a rk e ta nd b o rough a tO rm sk i rk i n1 286 ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 4 3 ) , b u tt h i sw a s a lmo s t 1 00 y ea r sa f t e rt h e f o unda t ion o fB u r scough P r io ry b yR obe r t , s on o fH en ry d e L a thom . T h er e c ip ien t o fP r e sco t 's m a rk e t c ha r te r , g r an t ed i n1 333 ,i sn o tk nown .A s ar e c to r ia lv i i i ,p e rhap si tw a st h e c hu r ch b u t t h e p ow e rf u l D ac r e f am i ly o f C umb r ia s t i l l o wned P r e sco t , a s l o rd s o f Wh i s ton a nd s u cce s so r s t ot h e G em e t f am i ly , a nd t h ey m ay h av e w i sh ed t o e s tab l i sh a m a rk e t o n t h e i r s ou th L anca sh i re e s ta t e s . I ts e em s t h a t a n a t t emp tt od o s om ay h ave b een m ad et e n y ea r s e a r l i e rf o r i n1 3 13 1324 , i twa sn o ted t h a tt o l l a nd s t a l lag e o fP r e s co t w a s n i l b ecau se t h e b i shop f o rbad e aS unday m a rk e t ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 08 n 1) . Among s t t h e l a i ty t h e d e L a thom f am i ly w e r e t o b e t h e f o r e runne r sw hen i tc ame t od emon s t ra t ing t h e i rs t a tu s .N o t o n ly d o t h ey s e em t o h av e h ad a c a s t le i n L a thom ( Buma rde sca s t le , 1 23 )b u t i na dd i t ion t ot h e f ounda t ion o f t h e B u r scough P r io ry i n 189 1190 , t h ey a nd t h e i r f r eeho ld e r sm ade m any pun t so fl a nd st ot h i sh ou se a nd t o C ocke r s and A bbey , p r in c ipa l ly f r om e s ta te s i n t h e i mm ed ia te v i c in i ty ( Append ice s V , V 1 ) . S omewha t l a t e r , b u tb y 1 304 ,t h e r ew a s am a rke ti nt h en ea rby s e t t lem en to f N ewbu rgh ,i nL a thom ,a nd b u rgag es t a tu sh e r ei ss ugg e s t ed i n 1 385 w h en I s abe l , w idow o f T homa s d e L a thom , r e ce ived 8m a rk si nr e n tf r om t h ef r eeho lde r s a nd b u rgage s ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 56 ) . T h e p rox im i ty o ft h e m a rk e t w i th t h a t a t O rm sk i rk c an h a rd ly h ave b een e conom ica l ly s ound a nd r e a son s f o r i t s c r ea t ion a r e n o t k nown . P o s s ib ly , i t s m a rk e t a nd b o rough w e r e e s tab l i sh ed s o t h a t t h e p rof i t s c ou ld b e u sed a s d ow e r t o g i v e t h e w idow s o f t h e f am i ly s ome f i nan c ia l i n dependen ce . N o th ing i sk nown ,h ow eve r ,o fN ewbu rg , h 's e a r ly h i s to ry .I t l i e s c l o se t o t h e h und r eda l b ound a ry w i th L ey land o v e r look ing t h e mo s s land sa nd a tt h en o r th e nd o ft h er i dge w h ich r u n ss ou thwa rd st oU pho l land . O n t h e i r l a nd s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice , t h e L a thom f am i ly w e r e a l so g r an ted am a rk e t a nd f a i r a tR oby i n 1 304 a nd t h i s w a s f o l lowed b y ab o rough c h a r t e r i n1 372 ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 4 9 ) . T h i s e n te rp r i se s e em s t oh av eh ad l i t t le s u cce s s f o r , w h i le O rm sk i rk t h r ived , t h e r e i sl i t t le t o s ugge s t t h e s u rv iva l o fR oby a s ab o rough . P e rhap st h i sw a s d u et oi t s p rox im i ty t ot h em a rk e ta tT a rbock ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 4 ,t a b le 1 )a l so o n L a thom l a nd s h e ld f r om t h e W idne s F ee , f o r w h ich r e f e r ence i sm ade i n1 257 . I tm ay a l so h ave b een i n c omp e t i t ion w i th R obe r td eH o l land ' s c ha r t e r s f o r am a rk e t a nd b o rough a t H a le i n 1 304 a nd 1 3 23 r e spec t ive ly ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 4 7 )t h ough t h e l a t e rg r an t s o f am a rk e ta nd b o rough a tW idne s i t s e lf m ay a l so h av e c on t r ibu t ed t oi t s d ec l ine . H oweve r , a r cha eo log ica l e x cava t ion s ( Augu s t

( DNB 1 975 , 1 3 13 ) . P a t ronage o f t h e r e c to ry s e em s t o h ave b e en a m a t t e r o f d i spu te . I n 1 213 1219 T hu r s tan B ana s t r e g r an ted t o C ocke r sand A bbey e cc l es iae d e W ygan t o tum b u sp a t rona tu s q uod i n e a h abu i c um o m inbu s p er t inec l i s . T he m onk s n eve r p r e sen ted a ny c l e rk t ot h e c hu rch n o r s e t u p a ny c l a im t od o s o . I ta ppea r s t h a t t h e r i gh t t op a t ronage w a s t h e s ub jec t o f al o ng runn ing d i spu t e b e twe en T hu r s tan B ana s t re a nd t h ec r own ( Fa r re re d . 1 900 , 6 75 ) .

I 6J ohn

Man se l ( o r Maun se l l ) w a s k e epe r o f t h e s ea l a nd f o remo s t c oun se l lo r o f H en ry D I . T he d a te o f W igan 's b o rough c ha r te r , 2 6 A ugu s t 1 246 , i ss ho r t ly b ef o re h e r e c e ived o fc u s tody o ft h e g r ea t s ea l . H e i ss a id t o h ave h ad a s m any a s 3 00 b enef ice s d i s t r ibu t ed w ide ly o ve r t h e c oun t ry s o t h a t ' t he r e w a s n o w ea l th ie r c l e rk i nt h e w o r ld '

6 2

L and t e nure a nd s t a tu so ft he t e nan t s -9 1 990 ) a t R oby i n a dvance o f d eve lopmen t p roduced g ood e v idence f o r o ccupa t ion i n t h e m ed ieva lp e r iod . T he d a t e s o ft h e m a rke t s a r e s uf i c ien t ly c l o se t o s ugge s t r i va l ry b e tween t h e L a thom a nd H o l land f am i l ies b o th o f w h ich w e re p r e -em inen t i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . I tm igh t e ven b e s ugge s t ed t h a t , s i nce t h ey s e em t o h ave s p rung f r om t h e s ame a nce s t ry , i tw a s t h e H o l land s w ho w e r e t r y ing t o e s tab l i sh t h e i r s t a tu s , a l be i t r a the r l a te r t h an t h e i r k in smen . Af t e r a l l , a tU pho l land w e f md R obe r t d e H o l land 's f ounda t ion o f t h e l a s t B ened ic t in e h ou se a nd w e a r e a wa re t h a t h e o wned a c a s t le ( 131 ) . T he l o rd s o f Make rf ie ld w e r e n o tt ob e l e f to u t o f t h i s p o ten t ia l ly p rof i tab le e xe rc i se . Ag r an t f o r a m a rke t a nd f a i r a tN ew ton w a s o b ta ined i n1 257 a nd w a sf o l lowed b y af u r the rg r an tf o r aS a tu rday ma rke t a nd t wo f a i r s i n 1 301 . C ou ld t h i s h ave b een i n r e spon se t o t h e t u s s le b e tween t h e B ana s t re s a nd t h e C rown o ve r t h e s i tua t ion i n W igan? H oweve r , b u rgage p l o t s a r e n o t n o ted u n t i l 1 3111312 , t h ough p robab ly t h ey d a t e f r om c on s ide rab ly e a r l ie r( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 2 ) . T he l o rd s o f W idne s w e r e r a the r s l owe r of t h e m a rk . F ig 2 9 : C a ruca la s se s smen t s i n1 066 1212 R ef e r ence t ob u rgage s a tF a rnwor th i n1 395 m ay , i nf a c t , b e t h e s ame a st ho se n o ted i n 1 355 1356 t h ek i ng w a s a tU pho l land d u r ing t h eh ea r ing s i nt h e K ing ' s f o r W idne s , b u t a ma rke t i s n o t r e co rd ed u n t i l 1 426 C ou r ta tW igan i n1 324 . ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 5 0 ) . T he d a te s c on t ra s t w i th g r an t s t ot h e L a thom s i nR oby a nd T a rbock w h ich w e r e , a sm embe r s o f I nt h e l a t te ry ea r s o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ,t h e s t a tu s o ft h e e a r l s t h e W idne s F ee , p r e sumab ly , s an c t ioned b y t h e e a r l s o f o fD e rby w a s e xemp l if ied i nl a v i sh e n ter ta inmen t s . I ndeed , L inco ln o rL anca s te r . I nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry W idne sw a s i n1 56 1 a l one t h es um o f£ 1500 w a ss pen tb yt h eh ou seho ld p robab ly s t i l l f a rmed b y t h e b ondm en a s t h e e a r l s ' o n f ood . T he se e n te r ta inmen t s s e em , p r inc ipa l ly , t o h ave d eme sne . I n 1 295 -96 a nd 1 304 -05 t h ey w e r e t a l laged a t t a ken p l ace a tL a thom H ou se ( 4 4 ) , t h e s o -ca l led ' No r the rn £ 13 6 s 8 d a nd £ 20 r e spec t ive ly ( payab le e ve ry t h i rd y ea r ) C ou r t ' ( Lew i s 1 999 ) t h ough m o re p r iva te e n ter ta inmen t a nd , i nt h e f o rme ry ea r , t h e f i ne s o ft h e f r ee m en a moun ted w a s g i ven b yt h e e a r l s a tt h e s o -ca l led ' s ec r e th ou se ' a tt h e t o3 5s ( Lyon s 1 884 ,4 9 -50 , 6 3 ) . L odge i n t h e N ew P a rk a t L a thom . A l though t h ey w e re f r om t ime t o t ime a t tended b y m en s uch a s t h e e a r l o f F ea s t sa nd e n te r ta inmen t s L e i c e s t e r ' s s o n s , t h e s e d i s p l a y s o f h o s p i t a l i t y s e em t o h a v e F ea s t sa nd e n ter ta inmen t s s uch a so ccu r red i nt h e b i shopr ic b een p rov ided a l so t o i mp re s s t h e l o ca l g en t ry . H e re , i n o fD u rham a nd p a r t so f No r thumb r ia a r e n o ta ppa ren tf r om 1 587 , amon th long s e a son o fp l ay s w e re p e rf o rmed b yt h e t h e d ocumen t a ry s ou rce s . T he o n ly r e f e ren ce o ccu r s e a r ly ` Quene s ' P laye r s a nd t h e e a r l o f L e ice s te r 's ` P la ie r s ' . i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry a tU pho l land a nd i sh a rd ly c ompa rab le , A lmo s t c er ta in ly t h e H e ske th p l aye r s f r om R uf f o rd 1 7 t hough i t mu s t h ave d rawn f u r the r a t ten t ion t oR ober t d e ( among s t w hom S hake spea re i sp opu la r ly b e l ieved t oh ave H o l land ' s p l ace i ns oc ie ty . H i s r e qu i r emen t t om ake ag if t n umbe red ) t o ok p a r t i n s uch e n t er ta inmen t s . O the rw i se , o ff ood , t wo m ea l s a nd ap a i r o fs hoe s t w ice y ea r ly t ot h e v i s i t o r s c a m e t o c e l e b r a t e C h r i s tm a s o r f a m i l y o c c a s i o n s p oo r p eop le w ho c ame t o h i s h ou se a tC a s t le s t ede ( 131 ) s u c h a s b a p t i sm s , t o h u n t o r t o l i s t e n t o s e rm o n s p r e a c h e d m ay h ave b een ac ommu ta t ion o fs e rv ice b y h i s o ve r lo rd i n t h e e a r l ' s c h a p e l , t o t h e a u d i t , t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e e a r l ' s a nd p a t ron , t h e e a r l o fL anca s te r . B y r e p la c ing af e a s t f o r c ounc i l a nd t oa t tend mu s te r s ( G i roua rd 1 978 , 7 6 , 8 2 , 1 08 ; h im se lf w i th o ne w h ich p rov ided f o r t h e p oo r , h e w a s , W a l t o n 1 9 8 7 , 7 , 1 3 ) . p e rhap s , p rov id ing f o r t h e h ea l th o fh i s s ou l . N one the le s s , i tw a s ac l ea r ly v i s ib le s t a temen t o f R obe r t d e H o l land ' s w ea l th t h ough w e a r e n o t i n ap o s i t ion t o s a y t h a t i t r ep re sen t ed t h e c on t inu ing p rac t ice o f l o ng -e s tab l i shed c u s tom . We a r e t o ld t h a t t h e e a r l o f L anca s te r s t ayed a t W igan i n 1 3 15 a f t e r t h e d ea th o f A dam B ana s t r e ( Madd ico t t 1 970 , 1 76 ) . P e rhap s h e s t ay ed a t W igan R ec to ry ( 94 ) w h ich h ad b een r a ided b y A dam B ana s t re ' s m en d u r ing t h e l o ca lr ebe l l ion ; t h ough i ti se qua l ly p o s s ib le t h a t h e w a s w i th R obe r t d e H o l land a tU pho l land w h ich i s n o mo re t h an af ew m i le s t ot h e w e s t . I ts e em s , a l so , t h a t

Mona s t ic a s soc ia t ion s Nume rou s g r an t s i nf r anka lmo in b y m en i np o s se s s ion o f e s ta te s , b o th l a rge a nd s ma l l ( Append ice s V , V I) a r e t e s t imony t o t h e s t a t u s o f t h e g r an to r s . S uch g if t s w e r e m ade t h roughou t t h e r e g ion a nd s ome t ime s c on s ide rab le , c on so l ida ted a r ea s o f l a nd w e r e g ran ted , s uch a s B icke r shaw i n A b ram a nd S hake r ley i n T y lde s ley . T he w ho le o f R a inf o rd ma y h ave b een g ran ted i n as im i la r

1 7

6 3

R uf f o rd O ld H a l l ,at imbe r -f ramed h ou se o f 1 5 th -cen tu ry d a te , s t and s o n t h ee dge o f mo s s land st ot h en o r th o fL a thom , i nL ey land H und red .

9-L and t e nure a nd s t a tus o ft he t e nan t s m anne r . F r equen t ly , a se l sewhe re i nE ng land , t h e mona s t ic h ou se s r eg ran ted t h e e s ta te s t o l a y t e nan t s a nd i n m any i n s tan ce s t h e se w e r e t h e g r an to r s t h em se lve s a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r sw ho c e r ta in ly h e ld t h e l a rge r , i fn o tt h e s ma l le r , o f t h e se e s ta te s h e red i tab ly . S ince s uch m en h e ld t h e i r l a nd s i nt h anage t e nu re , b y k n igh t s e rv ice o r i nf e e f a rm , t h e n a tu r e o ft e nu re a tt h e t ime o ft h e g ran t s c anno t h ave b een a n i n h ib i t ing f a c to r . T he s y s tem s e cu red f o r t h e mona s t ic h ou se s ar egu la r i n come b u t t h e r en t s w e r e c on s i s ten t ly l ow , o f ten a s l i t t le a s 1 2d y ea r ly o r e ven l e s s . A s l a te a s 1 501 , t h e m anor o fR a inf o rd w a s h e ld f o r o n ly 4 d , r e n t f r om S hake r ley w a s 1 2d a nd t wo p a r t s o f B icke r shaw p a id 6 d e a ch ( Fa r re r e d . 1 909 , 1 245 , 1 251) . Whe the rt h e mona s t ic o ve r lo rd i n te rf e red w i th m anagemen t o ft h e se d i spe r sed e s ta te s i sn o t c l ea r b u t i ts e em s l i k e ly t h a t , s o l o ng a st h e e s ta te f u lf i l led i t s a nnua l o b l iga t ion s i n p rov id ing c r op s a nd l i ve s tock , i tw a s l ef tt ot h e l a y t e n an t t oo rgan i se i t so wn ma nagemen t . T h i sm igh th ave g iven t h e l o ca l t e nan t s ap a r t icu la r i n dependence , p e rhap s e ven a s en se o fh i ghe rs t a tu st h an t h a to ft h e i rn e ighbou r s . B u t t h e mo s t t a ng ib le a nd s pec tacu la r s ymbo l s o f s t a tu s mu s t h ave b een t h e c a s t le s a nd moa ted s i te s w h ich w e r e s p r ead a c ro s s t h e l a nd scape a nd f ound a ta l l l e ve l s o ft h e f r eeho ld ing c l a s s . We f i nd t h em o n mona s t ic e s ta te s ; w e s e e t h em i n a s soc ia t ion w i th r e c to r ie s . T hey a ppea r o n s ma l l , i s o la ted l a ndho ld ing s o n t h e m a rg ina l l a nd s ; t h ey o ccu r , o cca s iona l ly , i n c on junc t ion w i th s e t t lemen t f o c i . We f i nd v i l l sw i th b u t as i ng le s i te ; e l sewhe r ew e e ncoun t e r u p t o s i x , o r e ven s even moa ted s i te s , w i th in a s i ng le t own sh ip . T he r e a r e s i te s w i th c omp l ica t ed s y s tem s o f d i t che s ; o t he r sh ave n o mo re t h an as i ng le , n a r row d i tch . I f t h e t e nu r ia l s y s tem p roduced i t s o wn h i e ra rchy a nd p rob lem s o f i n te rp re ta t ion , t h e e a r thwo rk s i te s w h ich i t s pawned a r en ol e s sd if i cu l tt ou nde r s tand . I tn ow s e em s c l ea r t h a t , t h roughou t s ou th L anca sh i r e , t h e t e nan t so ft h anage v i l l s a nd t h eh o lde r s o fe s ta te sb yk n igh t s e rv ice w e r e f r ee t o m ake g ran t s o u t o f t h e se l a nd s t o o t he r s , e i the r t om embe r s o ft h e i r f am i l ie s o r t o mona s t ic o rde r s . I ta ppea r s t h a t t e nu re b y k n igh t s e rv ice w a s , i n m any c a se s , n o mo re t h an ag l o s s o n ap r ev iou s ly e x i s t ing s y s tem o fl a ndho ld ing a nd t h a t f e uda l i sm h ad l i t t le e f ec t o n t h e c u s toma ry o rgan i sa t ion o f e s ta te s . T he re i s n o r e a son t o b e l ieve t h a t t h e f r ee l a ndho lde r i n s ou th L anca sh i r e w a s o f a ny mo re h umb le s t a tu s t h an h i s c oun t e rpa r t i n o t he r d i s t r ic t s o f No r thumb r ia . Mo reove r , a l though mu ch o ft h e a r ea w a s w i th in t h e b ound s o f t h e r oya l F o r e s t , t h i s f r eedom h ad b een c onf i rmed b y J ohn ' s g ran t t ot h e k n igh t s , t h ane s a nd f r eeho lde r s t o a s sa r t a nd p a s tu r e t h e i r o wn l a nd s . E ven aF o r e s t d eme sne v i i i , s u ch a s H a lewood , w a s t o b e a va i lab le f o r c l ea rance a nd s e t t lemen tb yt h ee a r ly y ea r so ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry .

6 4

L and u se i nt he p o s t -conque s tp e r iod -1 0

C hap ter 1 0 L and u se i nt h ep o s t -C onque s tp e r iod Sm i th h a s c l a imed t h a tb ova te sw e r en o t at h eo r e t ica lf i sca l u n i t a nd w e r e e s sen t ia l ly p rac t ica l ( 1959 , 2 ) t h e e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s w a s n o t a lway s s o . I n 1 485 a n e s ta t e i n F o rmby h e ld b yt h ew idow o fT homa sN o r r i s o fS peke a nd h i s s on , W i l l iam , w a s g ran ted o u t a nd i n c lud ed t e nemen t s a nd mo ie t ie so f 2b ova te sh e ld b yt e nan t sa tw i l l( Lane s RO

I t i s g ene ra l ly c on s ide red t h a t 1 3 th -cen tu ry L anca sh i re p r e sen ted ' a s pec tac le o f u n rec la imed w i lde rne s se s o f w ood land , mo s s a nd f e l l ' ( Ha l lam 1 981 , 1 93 ) . A tt h e s ame t ime , H a l lam c l a imed t h a t ' Lanca sh i r e w a s e x t rao rd ina r i ly a c t ive i nn ew s e t t lemen t i nm ed ieva l t ime s , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e t h i r teen th c en tu ry , a nd a s sa r t ing c on t inued u n t i l w e l l . a f t e r 1 300 . . T he mo s se s , c ans a nd m a r she s o f t h e L anca sh i re P la in f r om t h e Me r sey t o F u rne s s w e r e e v e rywhe re f a vou r i te a r ea s f o r a s sa r t ing , b u t t h e r eg ion b e tween Me r sey a nd R ibb le w a s p e rhap s t h e mo s t a c t iv e ' ( 1981 , 1 84 ) . D oub t le s s , t h e o ve ra l l p i c tu re i st r ue , b u t i t w ou ld b e w rong t o a s sume t h a t t h e a r ea w a s d evo id o f c u l t iva t ion a nd f i t o n ly f o r s ma l l sca le p a s to ra l f a rm ing i n t h ee a r ly p o s t -Conque s tp e r iod .

DDFo 1 3 /8 ) . T he No r r i s h o ld ing o f 3o xgang s h ad b een g r an ted o u t o ft h e t h ree c a ruca te s i nF o rmby h e ld b y t h e C rown t ot h e B lunde l l s o fI n ce B lunde l l , p o s s ib ly a se a r ly a st h e m id 13 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 7 n 14 ; L umby 1 939 , 1 83 ) . I ts e em s ,t h e ref o r e ,t h a th a lf o ft h e h o ld ing w a sr ep re sen ted i nt h eg ran to f1 485 a nd t h a ti tc an b e d i r ec t ly l i nked w i th t h e a nc ien t c a ru ca l a s se s smen t . O n t h e o t he r h and , ag r an t o f 1 463 s how s t h a t R icha rd S u t ton w a s e nf eof f ed o f ' a n o xgang o f l a nd i nF o rmby l y ing i n d i ve r sp a rce l s i nt h e f i e ld s ,m eadow s a nd m o s s ' ( Lane s RO DDFo 1 3 /6 ) . O n t h e We s t D e rby d eme sne i n 1 322 t h e o xgang i s c l ea r ly a p hy s ica l e n t i ty o f 4 V 2 a c re s a nd a r i thme t ica l a na ly s i s o ft h e r en t s s how s t h a t i tm ay h ave c on ta ined a sm any a s 1 2 r i dge s ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 8 3 -84 ) . I t c ou ld b e f u r the r d i v ided a nd h o ld ing s a s s ma l l a s 1/ 4 8 a r e r e co rded i n 1 346 ( Fa r re r e d . 1 9 15 , 8 3 -85 ) . T he re i sl i t t le d oub t t h a t h o ld ing s a s se s sed a s a c re s a lway s r ep r e sen t a r ea s o fa s sa r t o ft h e w ood s o rw a s te w he r ea s t h e p hy s ica l b ova te i n d ica te s l a nd o f a nc ien t t i l lage ( Sm i th 1 959 , 3 ) . T he c on t ra s t i s d emon s t ra ted i n t h e h o ld ing s o f We s t D e rby 's f r ee t e nan t si n1 346 .

E v idence f o r l a nd u se i n t h e 11 t h c en tu ry i sn o t c l ea r ly i mp l ied 1 086 . A l though h o ld ing s a r e a s se s sed i nc a ruca te s o rh ide s , c u l t iva t ion b yp lough t e am si sn o ted o n ly o n We s t D e rby 's d eme sne s i n 1 066 a nd , i n 1 086 , f o r N ew ton a nd We s t D e rby a s aw ho le ; w e a r e t o ld n o th ing a bou t m i l l s . R ef e rence t ow ood land i sm ade f o r af ew p l a ce s i n We s t D e rby H und r ed b u t i nN ew ton i th a s b een e s t ima ted t h a t t h ew ood land a s se s smen tw a sg rea te rt h an t h a to ft h ew ho le H und red ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 77 ) . F rom Wu lf r ic S po t ' s w i l l w e h ea r o f f i sh t o b e s upp l ied t o B u r ton A bbey a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 11 t h c en tu ry b u t , n o r th o f t h e Me r sey , D ome sday m ake s n o m en t ion o ff i she r ie s . A l l t h e s ame , i t i sp o s s ib le t o d raw t oge the r s ome s c rap s o f i n f o rma t ion a bou tl a nd u se i nt h ee a r ly p o s t -Conque s tp e r iod a nd , u s ing t h ee v idence o ft h et opog raphy ,t op re sen ta ni mp re s s ion o f t h ee x ten to fc u l t iva ted l a nd .

' R icha rd d e H a le h o ld s 4 0a . o f l a nd i n D e rb ie w ood . . . W i l l iam s on o fH en ry d e R idd inge 1 8a . . .H ugh R idd inge 1 2a . . .H en ry R idd inge 1 0a . . .R obe r t d e D e rby h o ld s b y c ha r te ro fW i l l iam d eF e r re r s , l a te e a r lo fD e rby ,m ade t ot h e l a te L uk e d e D e rbye , c l e rk , h i s a nce s to r , 2o xgang s o fl a nd , 2c r of t s , ac u l tu re o fl a nd c a l led l eF laghe , 2r i dg e s i nL ong F o r long , Ir i dge n igh T und ley a nd a p e rch o f l a nd o ft h e w a s t e f r om t h e a nc ien t d i tch al e ng th o f4 0 p e r che s a nd 2 0 p e rche si nw id th ' ( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 , 8 0 -81) ' .

U s ing mo r e p rof i tab le s ou r ce s o fi n f o rma t ion f o rt h e We s t M id land s , J ohn H am she re o u t l ined t h e p rob lem s o f e s tab l i sh ing t h e g eog raphy o f l a ndho ld ing a nd t h e a pp l ica t ion o fs t a t i s t ica l e v idence t ot h e D ome sday e s ta te s ( 1987 , 1 56 ) . O u r m a te r ia l c anno t ma t ch t h a t f ound e l sewhe r eb u t , n one the le s s , t h e c a ruca l a s se s smen t s c an b e

I nG r ea t C ro sby l a nd s i nt h e ` R idd ing s ' w e re m ea su red i n

u s ed a s ab a s i s o fa na ly s i s . A s e l sewhe re , t h e t o ta l a r ea l e x ten t o ft h e v i l l s i sn o t d e scr ibed a nd b ounda r ie s h ave t o b er e con s t ruc ted f r om l a te rs ou rce s , w h ich m ay b eo fp o s t m ed ieva l o r e ven mo re r e cen t d a te . A t b e s t , w e c an c on s ide rt h ec a ruca la s se s smen t sf o ri n d iv idua l We s tD e rby D ome sday v i l l s ,a nd f o rN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton H und r ed s l a t e r s ou r ce s mu s t b e u sed . B u t w e c an c on s ide r t h e c u l t iva ted a r ea o ft h ev i l la r ea i nr e la t ion t ot h e H und red o r p a r i sh a nd s how h ow t h i sm igh t c ompa r e w i th l a nd s o nt h e m a rg in sa nd t h ew ood land s .

a c re so rp a r t st h e reof ( Fa r re re d . 1 915 , 8 9 -90 ) .

U se o ft h et e rm s ` c a ruca te o fl a nd ' , ` o xg ang a nd ` b ova te ` i sf ound i nd ocumen t s o ft h e 1 4 th a nd 1 5 th c en tu r ie s a nd b o th f i sca l a s se s smen t a nd a c tua l a g r icu l tu ra l h o ld ing s s e em t o b e i mp l ied . S ince c a ruca te s a r e f ound i n a s soc ia t ion w i th p r inc ipa l h o ld ing s t h rough s u cce s s ive g ene ra t ion s t h e re s e em s l i t t le d oub t t h a tt h ey r e p r e sen t t h e a nc ien ta s se s sm en t ;a lmo s tc e r ta in ly ,t h es ocag e o xg ang so f G r ea tC ro sby -av i l lb e long ing t o We s tD e rby 's d eme sne i n 1 346 w e r e s im i la r ( Fa r re r e d . 1 9 15 , 9 1-92 ) . A l though 6 5

I t i st h e D ome sday c a ruca te o r i t s s u cce s so r , h e ld b y s e r jean ty ,k n igh ts e rv ice o ri nt h anage , t r an sf e rab le t h rough s ucce s s ive g ene ra t ion s o f l a ndho lde r s a nd c apab le o f s ubd iv i s ion b yg ran tt oc r ea te af r eeho ld e s ta te , w i th w h ich w e a r e n ow c oncer n ed . T he D ome sday r e co rd o f h ide s , e ach o f w h ich c on ta ined s i x c a ruca te s ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69d ) ,w a sp robab ly af i sca la s se s smen tb u tm ay h ave b een b a sed o n a n a t temp tt or e co rd t h e e x ten t o fa r ab le l a nd f o r w h ich a c a ruca te i s u sua l ly b e l ieved t o r e p re sen t 1 20 s t a tu te a c r e s ( J one s 1 987 , 2 00 ) . S ince c u s toma ry l a nd m ea su r emen t s i nL anca sh i re w e r e e x t reme ly v a r iab le , e ven w i th in s i ng le t own sh ip s , a n a c r e c ou ld r e p r e sen t a n a r ea f r om 4 , 840 2 y a rd s u p t o 1 ,900 2 y a rd s ( Sm i th 1 959 , 5 6 , 9 ) . S m i th h a s s hown t h a t , s ou th o ft h e R ibb le , t h e p e r ch o f 2 4 ' w a s f ound i n 7 4% o ft h e k nown e xamp le s ( 1959 , 7 )

R ob e r td eD e r by w a sr e ev ea nd h i se s t a t ec a nb et r a c e db a ck t ot h ee a r ly y e a r so ft h e 1 3 th c e n tu r y( s e eC a t a logu e ) .

1 0 -L and u se i nt he p o s t -conque s tp e r iod i d en t if i ed o nt h e F y lde i nt h e 11 t hc en tu ry a nd a ga in i nt h e

a nd , t h e r ef o re , w e c anno t b e c e r ta in t h a t t h e c a ruca l a s se s smen t r ep re sen ted a s t anda rd m ea su remen t o f a r ea . F o r t h i s r e a son , t h e f o l low ing a na ly se s o f t h e e x ten t o f c u l t iva ted l a nd , b a sed o n au n i t o f 1 20 a c r e s , mu s t b e t r ea ted w i th c au t ion a nd c an g i ve n o mo r e t h an ag ene ra l i mp re s s ion o fl a nd u se . O nt h i sb a s i s , t h eD ome sday r e co rd f o r h ide s a nd c a ruca te s a nd t h a t o f l a te r s u rvey s c an b e m ea su red a ga in s t t h e f i gu re s a va i lab le f o r t own sh ip a c reag e sa tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h e2 0 th c en tu ry ( f ig 9 )a nd t h e e x ten to fa r ab le c u l t iva t ion i ne a ch p a r i sh a nd H und red s i n t h ep o s t -Conque s tp e r iod c an b ee xp re s sed ( t ab le s 1 6 , 1 7 ) .

m id 1 2 th 13 th c en tu r ie s ( Too ley 1 978 , 1 45 ) ; c u l t iva ted l a nd a l ong t h eI r i sh S ea c oa s tm ay h ave b een s po i led , i fn o t d e s t royed . C e r ta in ly , a t A in sda le t e nan t s o f C ocke r sand A bbey w e r e c l ea r ing s and i n o rde r t o b r ing l a nd i n to c u l t iva t ion i nt h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd w e a r e a wa r eo fl o s t s e t t lemen t a tA rga rmeo l s , A in sda le , F o rmby , R avenmeo l s a nd L i t t le C ro sby b e tween t h e 1 4 th 18 th c en tu r ie s d ue t o s e a a nd s a nd i n cu r s ion , t hough t h e e x ten t o fl o s s m ay h ave b een v e ry v a r iab le ( Lew i s 1 982c , 6 1-66 ) .

Mod ern p a r i sh H und r ed

S ta tu te a c re s i n1 900

We s tD e rby

1 4 3 ,726

N ew ton Wa r r in en T o ta l

4 8 ,747 6 2 ,486 2 54 ,959

C a ruca t e si n 1 066 x1 20 = s t a tu t ea c r e 18 .5 x1 20 = 1 4 ,220 3 0 x1 20 =3 , 600 5 8 x1 20 =6 , 960 2 06 .5 x1 20 = 2 4 ,780

E s t ima t eo f c u l t i va t ed l a nd 1 066 1 0 .% 7 .% H .% 9 . 7%

T ab le 1 6 : E s t ima ted e x ten to fc u l t iva ted l a nd b a sed o n c a ruca t e sr e co rded f o r 1 066 A l though D ome sday a ppear s t o g ive t h e t o ta l c a ruca l a s se s smen t sf o rt h eH und red so fN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton i n 1 066 ,i n f o rma t ion f o ri n d iv idua lv i l l si sa va i lab le o n ly f r om t h e 1 212 s u rvey o fl a ndho ld ing s( Fa r re re d . 1 903b ) . T ot h i s may b e a dded t h e e v idence f r om mona s t ic g ran t s w h ich u sua l ly d a te f r om t h e l a te 1 2 th -cen tu ry a nd l a te r a nd a v a r ie ty o fr en ta l sa nd s u rvey sf r om t h e f i r s th a lf o ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . T he c on s i s tency w i th w h ich t h e c a ruca te ( o r i t s c omponen t o xgang o rb ova te ) c on t inue s t ob e r e co rded i n t h e l a te r m ed ieva l p e r iod s ugge s t s t ha t t h e a s se s smen t s b ecame f o s s i l i sed a st h et e nu r ia l u n i t o n w h ich amone ta ry v a lue w a s f i xed ; i tw a s t r an sf e rab le t h rough s ucce s s ive g ene ra t ion s u n t i l w e l l i n to t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod ( s ee C a ta logu ef o ri n d iv idua lt own sh ip s ) . O n t h e u nde r s tand ing t ha t c a ruca te s w e re a n o t iona l r ep re sen ta t ion o fa r ab le l a nd , i tc an b e e s t ima ted t h a t n o mo re t h an 2 4 ,780 s t a tu te a c re s ( 9 .7% ) o ft h e r eg ion m ay h ave b een u nde r t h e p lough . H oweve r , a r ab le c u l t iva t ion a ppea r st oh ave b een mo re w ide sp read t h an t h e D ome sday e v idence f o r w ood land s ugge s t s , e spec ia l ly i n N ew ton H und r ed ( f ig 2 9 ) . H e r e , t h e a r ab le a s se s smen t i sr a the r l owe rt h an t ha t f o r We s t D e rby Wa r r ing ton H und red s a nd , i nt e rm s o ft h e H und red , c o rn p roduc t ion h ad m ade l i t t le i mpa c t o n t h e w ood land b y t h e t ime o f t h e C onque s t . H oweve r , t h i s s e em s t o b e mo r e t r ue f o r t h e v i l l s i nt h e n o r th p a r t o fN ew ton H und red t h an f o r t ho se f o cu sed o n W inw ick p a r i sh . W i th t h e R oman r oad b i sec t ing t h e p a r i sh a nd t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e c hu r ch a tW inw ick r ep re sen t ed ap r e -Conque s t m in s te r ( F reke & T ha cke r 1 990 , 3 4 ) i t s e em s t h a t t h i s l o ca l i ty c ou ld h ave p roved a t t ra c t ive f o r c l ea rance a nd s e t t lemen tr a the re a r l ie rt h an t h e l a nd s t ot h e n o r th . I n We s t D e rby H und red a rab le f a rm ing i nt h e c oa s ta l v i l l s b e tween N o r th Meo l s a nd R avenmeo l s i s , p e rhap s , r a the r h ighe r t h an m igh t b e e xpec ted i n ar eg ion d om ina ted b y s and d une s a nd p oo r ly -d ra ined mo s s land s . P o s s ib ly m a jo r d une d eve lopmen t a l ong t h i s c oa s t w a s ac on sequence o f i n s tab i l i ty a s soc ia ted w i th s ea leve l c hange w h ich h a sb een

E s t ima t ed s t a tu t e a c r e s ( 1 1C c a ruca t es x 1 20 )

E s t ima t eo f c u l t i va t ed l a nd i n 1C

We s tD erby A l tca r A ugh ton C h i ldwa l l H a l sa l l H uy ton N o r th Meo l s O rm sk i rk S ef ton Wa l ton

4 , 083 4 , 609 1 6 ,2 16 1 2 / 1 6 ,698 1 ,342 / 2 1 1 0 ,681 / 2 1 3 1 ,009 1 2 ,686 / 2 1 2 9 ,6 15

6 0 2 40 2 340 8 40 1 440 6 00 9 00 2 760 4 119 .6

1 . 47% 5 . 2 1% 1 4 .43 % 5 . 03% 1 2 .7% 5 . 62% 2 . 9% 2 1 .76% 1 3 .9 1%

N ew ton & Warr ing ton 2 L e igh P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton W igan W inw ick

1 3 ,630 1 2 / 3 5 ,739 1 2 ,86 1 2 9 ,036 V2 2 6 ,512

8 40 3 360 9 90 1 499 .76 3 450

6 . 167 % 9 . 4% 7. 7% 5 . 17 % 1 3 .0 1 %

T ab le 1 7 : E s t ima ted p e rcen tage o fc u l t iva ted l a nd i nt h e 1t hc en tu ry ( s ee a l so f i g s9 a -9d ) When t h ea s se s smen t s a r e a l loca ted o n ap a roch ia l b a s i s , i t b ecome s a ppa ren t t h a t s ome p a r i she s w e r e mo re e x t en s ive ly p loughed t h an o the r s . I ti sh a rd ly s u rp r i s ing t o f i nd aw e l l -deve loped a g r icu l tu ra ls y s tem i n Wa l ton ( 14% ) , w h ich c on ta ined t h e R oya l mano r o f Wes t D e rby , a nd i n t h e a d jo in ing p a r i she s o f C h i ldwa l l ( 14% ) a nd H uy ton ( c 13 % ) . Mo r e s u rp r i s ing , p e rhap s , i st h e e x ten t t o w h ich S ef ton p a r i sh w a sd eve loped ( c 22% )t h ough i td oe sc on ta in t h e R oya lb e rew ick o fG r ea t C ro sby a nd U c t red ' s f a vou r ed m ano ro fL i t t le C ro sby . B u t i nS ef ton v i l l i t se lf , a ppa ren t ly u nd iv ided a nd i nt h e h and s o ff i ve t h ane s , u p t o2 5% m ay h ave b een u nde rt h ep lough . I tm ay w e l lb et ha tt h ev i l lw a s ah i gh ly -p r iz ed a s se t w hen i tw a s g r an ted o u t , s uppo sed ly t oR oge rd e Mon tbegon , b y R oge r o fP o i tou ( Fa r r e r 1 906 , 2 81) . A l though t h e p a r i sh c on ta in s ac on s ide rab le a moun t o fm a rg ina l l a nd , p a r t icu la r ly a tI n ce B lunde l l , t h e c on t ra s t w i th t h e a s se s smen t s f o r Nor th Meo l s ( 6% ) , H a l sa l l ( 5% ) , Onn sk i rk ( 3% ) , A ugh ton ( 5% ) a nd A l tca r ( 1% ) i sv e ry m a rked . I nb o th A ugh ton a nd H a l sa l lp a r i she st h e r e i sg ood e v iden ce f o rt h e s u rv iva l o fw ood land u n t i l a tl e a s tt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd H a lsa l l a l so h a s e no rmou s a r ea s o fm o s s land w h ich e x tend a lmo s t t ot h e c oa s ta l d une s . T he p a r i she s o f N o r th Meo l s a nd Onn sk i rk a l so c on ta in l a rge t r ac t s o f m a rg ina l l a nd w h ich may w e l l h ave b een mo r e s u i tab le f o r p a s to ra l f a rm ing u n t i l t h e a dven t o f l a rge -sca le d r a inage

2

6 6

S ta tu t ea c r es ( 1900 )

I n c lude s U pho l land a nd D a l ton . C a ruca l a s se s smen t s a r e u nknown f o r C ue rd ley , B u r tonwood , H a igh , P ou l ton , P r e se ,o t , R a inf o rd , a nd Woo l s ton .A spu l l , i nW igan P a r ish , i si nS a lf o rd Hund r ed a nd e xc luded f r om t h i ss umma ry .

L and u se i nt h ep o s t -conque s tp e r iod -1 0 N o r thumb r ian o pponen t s o fT o s t ig . S i n ce t h e l a nd s f u r the r s ou th m ay n o th ave b een a f ec t ed b ye i the ro ft h e se e v en t s i ti s , p e rhap s , mo r e l i k e ly t h a t w a s t e w a s d u e t o n a tu ra l c au se s . Af t e r a l l , t h e A l t r i v e r h a s b een r e nowned f o r i t s p ropen s i ty t of l ood ing ; t h e r i ve r D oug la s a nd i t st r ibu ta ry , t h e Y a r row , m ay w e l l h ave h ad t h e s am e e f ec t i n t h e m o s s land so fL ey land a nd ,p e rhap s ,t h es ame c an b es a id o f t h e Me r sey i nS a lf o rd . T he r e gu la r i ty w i th w h i ch f l ood ing o ccu r r ed w a s n o t r e s t r ic t ed t oA l tca r ; m o s t o ft h e c oa s ta l t own sh ip sa nd t h o se a l ong t h e Me r sey v a l ley h ad e x t en s ive a r ea s o fc ommon m eadow w h ich w e r e s ub jec tt os ea sona l f l ood ing . I ti sl i k e ly a l so t h a tr i ve rv a l ley s i nL e igh p a r i sh , m a rk ed ' Sub jec t t o F lood s ' o n 1 9 th - c en tu ry O rdnance S u rvey m ap s , w e r e s u scep t ib le t o f l ood ing a ta n e a r l ie r p e r iod .

p ro jec t s . N on e th e le s s , i ts e em s c l ea rt h a t e ven i nt h e m o s t d if i cu l ta r ea st h e r ew a ss om ea t temp ta ta r ab le c u l t iva t ion . A na ly s i s s ugg e s t s t h a t i n N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton H und r ed st h ep a r i she so fW inw ick ( 1 1% )a nd P r e sco t( 9% ) w e re a l so m o r e e x ten s iv e ly c u l t iva t ed t h an e l sewhe r e i n t h e se d i s t r ic t s , t h ough t h ey h a rd ly a pp roa ch ed t h e l e v e l o f Wa l ton a nd S ef ton . A t W inw ick w e h ave s ugge s t ed t h a t t h i s m ay h av e b een a r e su l t o f s e t t lemen t a r ound a n e c c le s ia s t ica l f o cu s s u ch a s am in s t e r . A n e c c le s ia s t i ca l i n f luence m igh t a l so b e f o und i nP r e sco tp a r i sh b u th e r e i t i sn o tab le t h a t t h e v i l l s w i th t h e l a rg e s t a s se s sm en t s i n r e la t ion t o a r ea a r e a t Wh i s ton ( t o w h ich P r e sco t w a s a t ta ched ) , E cc le s ton , S u t ton a nd R a inh i l l ( wh ich t o g e th e r f o rmed a n i mpo r tan t l a ndho ld ing b e long ing t ot h e F ee o f W idne s ) ,a nd A pp le ton a nd C ron ton ( wh ich w e r ed em e sn e s o f t h e W idne s f e e ) . I n c on t ra s t , t h e a s se s smen t f o r Wa r r ing ton p a r i sh ( 7% ) i sr a the r l ow e r t h an m igh t b e e xpec ted f o r ad i s t r ic tw h ich mu s th ave b een i n f lu en ced b y t r ad ea c ro s st h e Me r sey .H e r e ,h ow ev e r ,t h e r ei s ac omp l e t e l a ck o f i n f o rma t ion f o r a r ab le c u l t iva t ion e xp r e s sed i n c a ruca te si nt h ev i l l so fB u r tonwood , Wa r r ing ton a nd G r ea t S ankey a nd o n ly 6o xgang s w e r e a s se s sed f o rP ou l ton a nd Woo l s ton ; t o g e the r , t h e se v i l l s a ccoun t f o r 5% o f t h e p a roch ia l a c r eage . T he a s se s sm en t f o r L e igh ( 7% ) c an p robab ly b e a c coun t ed f o rb y i t s l ow ly ing t e r ra in , s u b jec t t of l ood ing , a nd i t sp rox im i ty t oC ha t Mo s s . H e r e , i n1 322 , w eh ea rt h a t

Wood land a nd t he R oya lF ore s t I n We s tD e rby H und r ed i n1 066 f o re s ta a nd ah awk ' se y r ie a r er e co rded o n ly f o rt h em ano ro f We s tD e rby a nd t h e s i x b e r ew ick s a t ta ch ed t ot h e k i ng ' s d eme sne . I nU c t r ed ' s s i x m ano r s ( w i th t wo h awk s ' e y r ie s ) a nd h i s v i l l s o f L i t t le Woo l ton a nd L yd ia t e a nd a tG od iva ' s h o ld ing i n Me l l ing t imbe r ed l a nd s w e r e l i s t ed a ss i l vae . T o t h i s t h e s i l va o f N ew ton H und r ed c an b e a dded b u t n o w ood land w a s r e co rd ed f o r Wa r r ing ton H und r ed . S i nce , i na l c a se s , t h e e x t en to ft h ew ood land w a sg i v en i nl i nea rm ea su r emen to f l e agu e s a nd f u r long s , i th a s b een i mpo s s ib le t od e t e rm ine i t sa r ea w i th a ny p r ec i s ion ( T e r r e t t 1 962 ,4 10 ,f i g 18 ) .N o r c an w e a s sume t h a t w ood g r ew i nn ea t r e c t angu la r b l ock s a nd i ti sl i k e ly t h a t t h e a s se s sm en t s r e p r e sen t c umu la t ive t o ta l s o fs e pa ra te t r a c t s o fw ood land ( Da rby 1 987 , 1 1) . P a r t icu la r ly e n igma t ic i s t h e e n t ry f o r N ew ton w h e r e w ood land w a s a s se s sed a st e n l e ague s l o ng a nd s i x l e agu e s a nd t wo f u r long s w id e t o ge th e r w i th a n u nknown n umbe r o f h awk s ' e y r ie s . I th a s b een p o in t ed o u t t h a t s u ch a n a s se s sm en t a moun t s t o a n a r ea c on s id e rab ly g r ea t e r t h an t h a t o f t h e H und r ed i t s e lf a nd s ugg e s t ed t h a t t h e m ea su r em en t sw e r eo n ly a pp rox ima te ( F a r r e r 1 906 ,2 77 ) .

Tha tmo s i s t h e s o i l o f t h e l o rd s o f B a r ton , Wo rke s le , A s te legh , Wo rkede legh a nd B edf o rd p ro d i v i so , a nd i sn o t m ea su red b ecau se i tc on ta in s ag r ea t a r ea f o r v e ry l i t t le w o r th , i nw h ich a l t h e t e nan t s o ft h e se l o rd s h ave c ommon o f t u rba ry ; w h ich moo r i sn o t e x tended a t ay e a r ly p rof i t b ecause i t s t r i f l ing w o r th g r adua l ly d ec r ea se s b y r e a son o f t h is c ommon r i gh t ' ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 6 0 ) . T h e l ow e s t ima t e o fc u l t iva t ed l a nd i nW igan p a r i sh ( 4% ) c an ,p e rhap s ,b ea c coun ted f o rb y ah i gh l e ve lo fw ood land e v idence f o rw h ich i ss e en i nt h ed ocumen t s . R igh t s t o t u rba ry w e r e w id e sp r ead . Tw e lve a c r e s o f ' L e Mo s se ' a t L ive rpoo l w e r e a va i lab le t o t h e w ho l e c ommun i ty o f t h a t v i l l a nd t h e t e nan t s o f t h e H ono r ia l d eme sne s i n E ve r ton , We s t D e rby , G r ea t C ro sby a nd Wave r t r ee w e r e a lowed t od i gt u rve s( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 7 3 , 7 7 , 7 9 , 8 6 , 1 89 ) , p r e sumab ly f r om t h e mo s se s i n t h o se t own sh ip s .T he m o s s land se a s to ft h ec oa s ta ls t r ip p rov id ed t u rba ry f o r t h e v i l l s a r ound t h e m a rg in s ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 6 n 1 ) a nd t h e r e c an b e l i t t le d oub t t h a tt h eo t h e rm o s se sw e r es im i la r ly e xp lo i ted . I n 1 066 w a s t e r e co rded o n ly f o r A l tca r , t h ough o u t s id e We s t D e rby H und r ed t h e r e w a s e x t en s ive w a s t e i n t h e k i ng ' s m ano r a t S a lf o rd , L ey land w a s p a r t ly w a s t e a nd n o r th o ft h e R ibb le m any v i l lage s w e r e d e r e l ic t ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 70a , 3 0 1d ) . S i nce t h i s w a s t h e r e co rd ' T RE , u n l ik e w a s te i np a r t so fC he sh i r e( Sy lv e s t e r & McNu l ty 1 958 , 1 9 ) , n o r th o f t h e Me r sey t h e w a s t e c an h a rd ly h av e r e su l t ed f r om t h e C onqu e ro r ' s s upp r e s s ion o f t h e n o r th i n 1 069 . K ape l le h a s a r gued t h a t , a tl e a s t n o r th o ft h e R ibb l e , t h e w a s te w a s ac on sequence o fi n va s ion b y Ma lco lm , l e ad e r o ft h e S co t s , b e tween 1 055 a nd 1 065 ( 1 979 , 9 3 ) t h ough i t i sj u s t a s l i ke ly t h a t t h e l a nd s w e r e w a s t ed b y t h e 6 7

A l though t h i s m igh t b e s o , t h e r e i se v idence f r om t h e l a te 1 7 th c en tu ry t h a t t h r ee d if e r en t l e ng th s o fm ea su r emen t w e r e a s s ign ed t ow ood land p e r che s ( Sm i th 1 9 59 , 1 ) a nd w ec anno tb e c e r ta in t h a tt h e l e ague s a nd f u r long s o f1 066 a r e r e cogn i sab le s t anda rd m ea su r emen t s . A n e xp lana t ion f o r t h e a ppa r en t ly o v e r la rg e a s se s smen t f o r N ew ton m ay p e rhap s b e f ound i nt h e c omp le t e a b sen ce o fs i l vae f r om t h e e n t r ie s f o r Wa r r ing ton H und r ed ( Te r r e t t 1 962 , 4 10 ) t h ough w eh ave a l r eady n o t ed t h a tt h e e x t en to fl a nd u nde r a r ab le c u l t iva t ion i nN ew ton s e em st oh av eb e en l ow e rt h an e l s ewhe r ei nt h er e g ion . T he c oncen t ra t ion so fp l a ce n ame s i n c lude e l emen t s d e sc r ip t iv e o fw ood land i nb o th N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton H und r ed s h ave a l r eady b een n o t ed ( f ig 4 ) a nd w ek now f r om m ona s t ic a nd o t he rs ou r ce st h a tm any o f Wa r r ing ton 's v i l l sh ad t h e i ro wn c ommon w ood land . S om e o ft h e We s t D e rby w ood land b e l o ca t ed w i th af a i r d eg r ee o f c e r ta in ty t h ough i t s a c tua l e x t en t r ema in s u nknown . C un scough ( k ing ' s w ood ) ( Ekwa l l 1 922 , 19 ) i n t h e n o r th o f G od iva 's Me l l ing , t o g e the r w i th t h e n ame s Wood H a l l a nd Wadd ica r i nt h e s ou th , s ugg e s t t h a t t h e m a rg in s o f t h e v i l l w e r e w ood ed t h ough t h e c a ru ca l a s se s smen ti n d ica t e st h a ta sm uch a s 1 .3% o ft h ev i l lm ay h ave b een d eve loped f o r a r ab le c u l t iva t ion b y t h e 11 t h

1 0 -L and u se i nt h ep o s t -conque s tp e r iod F ee i n c luded Wh i s ton ( w i th t h e a dvow son o f P r e sco t c hu r ch ) ,P a r r , S ke lm e r sda le a nd S peke .

c en tu ry . T h e s cog r ( ON = w ood ) s uff ix o ccu r s a ga in i n L yd ia t e ( Ma i r scough ) a nd a tT a r l scough , a tt h e v e ry n o r th o fL a thom o r B u r scough , a l h e ld b y U c t r ed . T he r e w a s p robab ly w ood land i nU c t r ed ' s Maghu l l a tl e a s t u n t i l t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry w h en g r an t s o f l a nd r e f e r r ed t o4 0 a c r e s o f l a nd i n Maghu l l cun sho a nd 4 0 a c r e s i n Maghu l lwoode ( Lanc s RO DDM 4 2 / 1) . I nd eed , t h e e x t en t o fw ood land i n Maghu l l m ay p e rhap s b e c on t ra s ted w i th t h e s ma l l a r ea o f a r ab le l a nd ( 4b ova t e s =6 0 s t a tu t e a c r e s i n 1 066 ) w h ich r e p r e sen t s a bou t2 . 8% o ft h e p r e sen t a r ea o ft h e t own sh ip . T h i s w ood land p robab ly e x tend ed i n to Me l l ing a nd e a s twa rd st oS i rnon swood ( wh ich w a sp robab ly a t ta ched t o K i rkby ) ,K now s ley a nd B icke r s taf f e ( Fa r r e r 1 906 ,2 78 ) . A t We s t D e rby v i l l , d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s f o r t h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry i n d i ca t e t h a t o v e r 7 66 a c r e s h ad b een a pp roved f r om t h e w a s t e b u t 1 4 th c en tu ry r e co rd s s how t h a tt h e v i l l s t i l l c on ta ined w ood land w h ich , i th a s b een c l a imed , c ove r ed a tl e a s t 6 75 a c r e s ( Ha l lam 1 98 1 , 1 8 1) , p e rhap s 1% o ft h et own sh ip . T h e D ome sday t e rm ino logy m ay p r e se rv e s om e i n d ica t ion o ft h en a tu r e o ft h ew ood land . T he u se o fs i lva i nN ew ton a nd o nU c t r ed ' s a nd G od iva ' s e s ta t e s c on t ra s t s w i th t h a t o f f o r e s ta t wo l e agu e sl o ng a nd o ne l e ague w id ew i th ah awk ' s e y r ie r e se rved f o r We s t D e rby m ano r a nd i t s a s soc ia t ed b e r ew ick s . F o re s ta m igh t b e s uppo sed t o r e p r e sen t t h e p r e se rve o ft h ek i ng f o rs po r t ; a f t e ra l l ' t h e i d ea o f aR oya l F o r e s t , j e a lou s ly p r e se rved , h ad b een f am i l ia r t o E ng l i shmen f o r f o r ty y ea r s a tl e a s t b ef o r e t h e C onqu e s t ' ( S t en ton 1 971 , 6 84 ) . T h i s , p e rhap s , w a s t h e c o r e o f L anca sh i r e 's R oya lF o r e s to ft h ep o s t -Conqu e s tp e r iod . O n t h eo t he rh and ,s i l vae i n We s tD e rby a nd N ew ton H und r ed s c ou ld s ugg e s t t imbe r a s a n e conom ic r e sou r ce i n t h e p rov i s ion o fb u i ld ing m a t e r ia l s f o rh ou sebo t e a nd h aybo t e , f o rf u e la nd i np an r iag e f o rs w ine . I t sp a r t icu la ra t ta chm en t t ot h eh o ld ing so fU c t red a nd G od iva m ay i mp ly t h a ti th ad ar o le b eyond t h a t o f t h e u sua l s upp ly o f t imbe r t o a n i n d iv idua l v i l l ; c ou ld i th ave b een p a r t o f t h e v i l la r c omm i tmen tt ot h e c en t ra l m an s io? T he d i r ec t d epend ence o fa l l t h e N ew ton v i l l s o n t h e k i ng m igh t s ugge s tt h a tt h i s w a s s o ; h ow ev e r , t h e s ugge s t ion d oe s n o t f i nd r e a son f o r t h e a b sen ce o fw ood l and f r om Wa r r ing ton H und r ed w h ich a l so b e longed t o t h e k i ng . I t d oe s , t h ough , a low s p ecu la t ion f o r ad ec l ine i n Wa r r ing ton ' s s t a tu sa s ac en t ra l m an s io a nd s ugg e s tt h a tt h ec r ea t ion o fN ew ton r e su l t ed i n at r an sf e r o fa dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s w h ich m ay h ave b een a c on t r ibu to ry f a c to ri ns u ch ad ec l ine . T h e D om e sday e v id ence h a ss hown t h a tt h ed eme sne l a nd s o f We s t D e rby i n c lud ed F o re s t w h ich , t o g e the r w i th U c t red ' s a nd G od iva ' s w ood land , m igh t b e a s sum ed t o c ove r ab road s wa th e a c ro s s much o ft h e H und r ed . R oge r o fP o i tou p l a ced t h e w ho le o f We s tD e rby H und r ed w i th in t h e b ound s o fh i s F o r e s t w h ich e x t ended e a s twa rd s t ot h e b o rde r s o f N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton . A l though t h i s e mb ra ced a l t h ev i l l s ,t h eh un t ing t e r r i to r yr e se rved f o rt h e C oun t w a s f o cu sed o n t h e D ome sday d eme sn e o f We s t D e rby a nd i t sb e r ew ick s( Shaw 1 956 , 6 10 ) . T h e e xchang e w i th t h e l o rd o f S ef ton o f h a lf T ox te th f o r h a lf D own l i th e r land w a sp robab ly e f ec ted i n1 088 1102 a nd ,a t t h es am et i me ,t h eF ee o ft h em a s te rF o r e s t e rs e em st oh ave b een c r ea t ed ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 0 11) . I ns ou th L an ca sh i r e , t h e

T h e d em e sn e F o r e s t w a s e x t ended b y t h e a dd i t ion o f B u r tonwood d u r ing H en ry I ' s r e ign ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 2 ) a nd H en ry I w as t o a dd A l tca r , C rox t e th , H a lewood a nd S imon swood . Sm i thdown w a s a dd ed b y K ing J ohn ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 3 ) . A l though r e commenda t ion sf o rd i sf o r e s ta t ion o f a l lb u tT ox te th , Sm i thdown a nd t h eF o r e s t s o f We s tD e rby a nd B u r tonwood w e r e m ade a f t e r t h e p e rambu la t ion s i n 1 225 , t h e se w e r e n o t e f ec ted ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 07 109 ) a nd t h eF o r e s tE y r eo f1 334 1336 s how st h a tt h eg r ea te rp a r to f t h e r e g ion w e s t o f N ew ton H und r ed a nd t h e t own o f Wa r r ing ton w a s s t i l l c on s ide r ed t ob e w i th in t h e F o r e s t a t t h a td a t e( Shaw 1 956 , 1 3 14 )( f ig 3 0 ) . H ow eve r , r e laxa t ion o ft h e F o r e s t l aw s mu s t h ave o ccu r r ed f o r a tH a lewood , w h ich w a s a t ta ch ed t o t h e F o r e s t d em e sne , t h e r e i sc l ea r e v id en ce f o rs e t t lem en ta nd t h ed ev e lopmen to fa g r icu l tu ra l l a nd . I na n a c coun t o fw ood land f o r 1 322 -1323 f o r H a le t h e k i ng w a s s e l l ing ' o ak t r ee s s t and ing o n a r ab le l a nd w h i ch b ea rn e i the rf r u i to rl e af ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 83 ) . B u ti ti s c l ea r f r om aC oram R ege r o l l o ft h e s am e d a te , i nw h ich of en ce sa ga in s tt h eF o r e s tw e r er e co rd ed , t h a ta tl e a s tp a r t o fH a le c on t inued t ob er e se rved a s aR oya l p a rk ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 1 02 106 ) . F i e ldwo rk h a s s ugg e s ted t h a t t h e a r ea r e ta ined w i th in t h e F o r e s t l a y i n t h e w e s te rn p a r t o f H a lewood w i th o pen f i e ld s , ap a rk a nd a t l e a s t t h r ee m oa t ed s i t e st owa rd st h ee a s t( Cow e l l 1 982 ,2 2 -23 ) . E xpan s ion o fs e t t lemen t w i th in t h e a r ea s ub jec t t o F o r e s t j u r i sd i c t ion m ay d a te f r om J ohn ' s c ha r te r o f 189 1194 w h ich a lowed t h e k n igh t s , t h ane s a nd f r eeho ld e r s w ho l i ved w i th in t h e F o r e s t o ft h e H ono r t oa s sa r t a nd p a s tu r e t h e i r o wn u nd e rwood s . T he c ha r t e r , c on f i rmed b y J ohn a f t e r h i s s u cce s s ion , s e em s t oh av e b een mod if i ed d u e t o n on -paymen to fa r r ea r sb yt h et e nan t s( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 8 19 , 15 ) a nd i tw a s c onf i rmed a ga in , i n1 228 1229 , b y H en ry I I . T h e e f ec t s s e em t oh ave b een w id e sp r ead a nd t oh av e l e dt o ap ro l if e ra t ion o fs ma l l e s ta t e st h roughou tt h er e g ion w h e r e t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage w a s o f t en a s soc ia ted w i th a moa t ed o rd i t ched e nc lo su re . F rom t h e d a te s o fg ran t s t o m ona s t i c h ou se s w e c an s e e t h a t m any s u ch e s ta te s w e r e e s t ab l i shed b y t h e c l o s ing y ea r s o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry ; t h e d ev e lopmen t o f s e t t lemen t i n to t h e w ood land a nd m o s s land sm ay w e l lh ave r e su l t ed f r om J ohn ' sc ha r t e r .

P ark s I nt h i s r e g ion , l i t t le a t temp th a s b een m ad e t oe va lua t e t h e e v id en ce f o r m ed ieva l e mpa rkm en t t h ough f i e ldwo rk a nd d o cum en ta ry s ou r ce sa r es t ar t ing t os how t h a tp a rk sw e r ea s i gn if i can t f e a tu r e o ft h i s l a nd scape ( Cow e l l 1 982 , 3 6 -39 ; L ew i s , 1 99 1 ,9 8 -99 ) . R eco rd s o f o f en ce s i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry s how t h a t d ee r w e r e k ep t i n R oya l p a rk s a t U pholand a nd T ox te th ( Tup l ing 1 949 ) a nd m any o ft h e l a rg e r e s ta t e s h ad t h e i r o wn p a rk s ( t ab le 4 5 ) t h ough t h e se m ay n o t a lway s h av e b een l e ga l . I n 1 3 34 1336 R i cha rd o f B o ld f i ned f o r e nc lo s ing 2 0 a c r e s t ot h e d amag e o ft h e d ee r , t h ough h e w a s a lowed t o r e ta in h i s e n c lo su r e ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 44 ) . R obe r t B ana s t r e 's p a rk o fL ee l a y o n t h e b ounda ry w i th S ou thwo r th ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 69 n 8 ) a nd i t s hou ld , p e rhap s , b e e qua ted w i th al a rge a r ea f o cu sed o n N ew ton P a rk F a rm a tt h e e a s t e rn e nd o ft h et own sh ip . T he

6 8

L and u se i nt he p o s t -conque s tp e r iod -1 0 a tO t te rhead s F a rm , f r om ad i tch w h ich m a rked t h ew e s t e rn b ound s o ft h e N ew P a rk , i sc oup led w i th t h e h i n t o fe a r ly s e t t lemen t i n t h e p l a ce n ame ` Wo l ton ' t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f p r e -Conque s t s e t t lemen t i nt h e v i c in i ty mu s tb e c on s ide r ed . B u t l im i ted a r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion a tt h e moa ted s i t e o f H a l ton C a s t le ( 28 ) d i dn o tp roduce e v idence t os how t h a t i t w a s o ccup ied a ny e a r l ie r t h an t h e 1 6 th c en t u ry ( S teane & K e l sa l l 1 963 ) a nd , n o tw i th s tand ing t h e c u r r en t u se o f much o ft h ep a rk a s ag o lf c ou r se ,t h e r e i s c on s ide rab le p o ten t ia l f o r f u r the r s u rv ey a nd i n ve s t iga t ion .

p a rk a tB u r tonwood may h ave b een e s tab l i shed a se a r ly a s 1 250 1280 , p o s s ib ly u nde r mona s t ic i n f luence . I n 1 328 r e f e rence w a sm ade t ot h e o ld p a rk o fB eau s i( 4 ) a nd t h e r e w a s as e cond p a rk a t D a l lam ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 25 n 12 ) . T hough n one w a sr e co rded i n1 466 ,b yt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h e r ew a sa l so ap a rk a tB rad ley ( 12 ) .

A t K now s ley ( Cowe l l 1 982 , 3 8 ) t h e r e w a s a n i l ega l p a rk b y t h e e nd o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd , i n 1 324 -25 t h e p a rk , w i th t h e h e rbage , w a s w o r th 2 0s . s ugg e s t ing t h a t c l ea rance s f o r c a t t le h ad b een m ade b y t h i s t ime . W i th a l i cen ce t o e mpa rk a nd a g r an t o f f r ee w a r r en t o S i r T homa s d e L a thom i n K now s ley a nd R oby i n 1 355 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 58 159 n n7 , 9 ) i tm ay b e t h a t t h e L a thom f am i ly r e se rved t h i s p a r t o ft h e i r e s ta te s f o r h un t ing . T he r i gh t t of r ee w a r ren w a s r e newed i n 1 407 0 8 , p robab ly i nr e cogn i t ion o ft h e n ew o wne r , S i rJ ohn S t an ley ,a nd ad ee rl e ap w a sa l lowed i n 1 408 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 59 n 7 ; S haw 1 956 , 1 23 , 1 58 ) .

V i l l sr e ser ved a sF o r e s td eme sne 1 C rox t e th 2 H a lewood V ? =p o s s ib le v a cca ry

3

S imon swood

4

I n N ew ton H und red , i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry T hu r s tan d e N o r ley h ad a d ee r p a rk i n P embe r ton a nd h i s n o to r iou s r e la t ive , S i r R ober td eH o l land ,h ad d ee rp a rk so nh i s e s ta t e s a tU pho l land a nd H a lewood w h ich h e s e em s t o h ave h e ld o n b eha lf o ft h e k i ng ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 5 7 , 1 02 , 1 05 106 ) . S i nce n e i the r p a rk i ss hown o n J ohn S peed ' s m ap o f L anca sh i r e i n 1 6 10 d i sempa rk ing a nd a s s ignmen t t o c l o se s h ad p robab ly t a ken p l a ce b y t h a t t ime . P o s s ib ly o t he r s , s uch a s t h a t a tN ew ton ( Lew i s 1 988 ) , h ad a l so l o s t t h e i r e a r l ie r f u nc t ion a nd b een a s s igned t o c l o se s . T he p a rk s a t T ox t e th , C rox te th a nd S imon swood w e re r e ta ined w i th in t h e d eme sne u n t i l t h e 1 6 th c en tu r y t h ough e ven a f t e r t h i s d a te t h e v a r iou s c omponen t s o ft h e m ed ieva l F o re s t r e venue w e r e s t i l l r e tu rned a sp a r t o ft h e d u chy i n come ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 5 7 , 1 82 ; S haw 1 956 , 4 66 ) . I n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry a l l w e re u s ed f o r

T ox te th

F ig 3 0 : L and ss ub jec tt oF o re s tj u r i sd ic t ion , 1 334 1336 L and scape f e a tu r e s i nd ica t ive o f e mpa rkmen t a r e e l u s ive t h ough f i e ld b ounda r ie s m ay s t i l l s ugge s t t h e i r e x ten t . A d i t ch a nd l ow e mbankmen ta tL a thom a ppea rt od ef ine p a r t o ft h e m ed ieva l e nc lo su re o ft h e G rea t P a rk a nd h e r e , i n 1 325 s umme r g raz ing i nt h e p a rk w a s w o r th 2 6 s . 8 d ) . I n 1 339 T homa s d e L a thom w a s pun ted a c ha r te r f o r f r ee w a r ren o n h i s e s ta te s a t L a thom a nd e l sewhe re a nd , i n 1 407 , S i r J ohn S t an ley w a s g iven as im i la r l i cence ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 50 n 9 ) . D ee r w e r e k ep t i nt h e p a rk a nd r e pa i r s t o t h e p a l ing w e re m ade i n 1 464 w hen b o th d ee ra nd c a t t le w e re k ep ti n an umbe ro fn amed c l o se s A tt h i s d a te ,t h ee xpen se s o f mow ing a nd c a r t ing h ay t ot h e d ee r h ou se s a nd f o r r epa i r s t o t h e h ead o f t h e n ew d am w h ich l a yw i th in t h e G rea tP a rk w e re a l so r e co rded ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 51 n 15 ) . T he b ound s o fL a thom 's N ew P a rk o r L ady 's P a rk , c r ea ted i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry b y T homa s S t an ley e i the r o n h i s m a r r iage t oE leano r N ev i l le ( d 1472 ) o rt oh i s s e cond w if e , Ma rga r e tB eauf o r t , c an a l so b e t r a ced , a tl e a s t i np a r t . I ti ss ugge s ted t h a t t h i s p a rk l a y a t ap l ace , p e rhap s ah am le t , c a l led O l ton w h ich w a s f i r s t r e co rded i n 189 a nd s e em s t or e appea r i nt h e d ocumen t s a s Wo l ton s haw i n t h e m id 15 th c en tu ry ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 51 n 15 , 2 54 ) . I fs o , as ma l l v i l lage o r h am le t m ay h ave b een d i sp laced t o m ak e w ay f o r t h e N ew P a rk . When t h e d i scove ry o f ah oa rd o fR oman c o in s

g raz ing t hough w ood land w a s s t i l l r e ta ined a nd p rov id ed p annage a nd t h e t u rba ry o f Sm i thdown , a f o rme r D ome sday v i l l , w a s a t tached t oT ox t e th ( Shaw 1 956 , 4 65 ) . S imon swood P a rk s upp l ied h oney , t h e r e w a s as m i thy a nd s pa r row h awk s w e re k ep t ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 5 6 n 10 ) . T he w ood land r e sou r ce w a s p robab ly a lmo s t e xhau s ted b yt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry w hen S imon swood m ay h ave b een t h e s o le p rov ide r o ft imbe r f o r f e nc ing i nt h e w e s t o f t h e d i s t r ic t a nd l o ca l l o rd s s e em t o h ave r e sponded b y u rg ing t h e p ro tec t ion o f t imbe red l a nd . Wr i t ing i n 1 667 a bou th i sg r ea tg randf a the r ' sp l an ta t ion a tK i rkda le , E dwa rd Moo re o f B ank H a l l g ave s t er n w a rn ing t o h i s t e nan t s a bou t managemen t o f t h e w ood land i n t h e v i l l a nd i n d ica ted t h a t ' o therw i se t h e T own o f L ive rpoo l w i l l a b so lu te ly d e s t roy i tw i th s t ea l ing p r ick s a nd w ind ing s o u t o fi t ' ( Shaw 1 956 , 4 68 ) . T enan t s o ft h e Mo lyneux e s ta t e s w e re a l so r equ i r ed t op l an t av a r ie ty o ft r ee s a s ac ond i t ion 6 9

1 0 -L and u se i nt he p o s t -conque s tp e r iod o ft h e i rl e a se s . I n1 754 J ohn D a rw in o fS ef ton a g r eed t os e t e i gh t p lan t s o ry oung t r ee s o fo ak , a sh , e lm o r o t he r w ood e ach y ea ra nd i fa ny f a i led i tw a s t ob e r ep la ced w i th in 1 2 mon th s ( Lam s RO DDM 4 6 / 180 ) . T he d i a r ie s o fN icho la s B lunde l l i nt h e f i r s tt wo d ecade s o ft h e 1 8 th c en tu ry s upp ly m inu te d e ta i l s a bou t p l an ta t ion i n L i t t le C ro sby ( Ty re r 1 968 -1972 )a nd w e a r ea l so t o ld o ft r ee p l an t ing a tF o rmby

a g r icu l tu ra l e conomy a t Woo l ton i si n d ica ted i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th -cen tu ry r e co rd s ( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 2 11-212 ) t h ough t h i s w a s p robab ly managed a s a mona s t ic d eme sne . Mona s t ic s ou rce s s how t h a t p ig s w e re k ep t t h roughou t t h e a r ea a nd f r om s u ch e v idence w e c an d educe t h e e x i s tence , t hough n o tt h ee x t en t , o fw ood land i n many v i l l s . As im i la r p i c tu r e e me rge s f r om f u r the r e a s t . H o r se s , c a t t le a nd s heep w e r e k ep t a tB u r tonwood ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 25 n 11) a nd t h e g ran tee o fa n e s ta te a tD a l lam w a s a l lowed t og r aze 1 8 b ea s t s , 3s t a l l ion s a nd 1 2 s h eep i n t h eo l dp a rk o fB ew sey i n1 328 . D a l lam w a sa l so c u l t iva ted a nd m a r led ( Fa r r e r & B rov vnb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 25 n 12 ) . H o r se s w e r e b r ed a t W inw ick ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 5 2 -53 ) , a nd m ixed f a rm ing w a s p rac t i sed i n C ue rd ley ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 2 47 ) . O nt h e H a l ton d eme sne a tW idne s ( App le ton ) i th a sb een c l a imed t h a tt h ep a rk c on ta ined av acca ry ( Shaw 1 956 , 3 6 1) , t h e o n ly f a rm i d en t if ied a s s uch i ns ou th -we s t

( Lew i s 1 987b ) . B u t t h e se e f o r t s d i d l i t t le mo re t h an t o r e s to re t h e w ood land i ns c a t te r ed a r ea s a nd , b y t h e m id 1 8 th c en tu ry , S imon swood i t se lf w a s a lmo s t e n t i re ly e nc lo sed a nd l e t t o t e nan t f a rme r s t hough a n a r ea o f c ommon mo s s s u rv ived i nt h ee a s t o ft h et own sh ip ( Cowe l l 1 982 ,4 1-42 ) .

F arm ing a nd t he l o ca le conomy A l though t h e D ome sday a s se s smen t s s ugge s t t h a t a lmo s t 9 0% o ft h e r e g ion w a s n o t u nde r t h e p lough i nt h e e a r ly p o s t -Conque s t p e r iod , d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s f o r t h e e nd o f t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry s how t h a t t h e r eg ion w a s w e l l su i ted f o r a w ho le r ange o f a n ima l h u sband ry a nd a r ab le c u l t iva t ion ( Shaw 1 956 , 3 40 -345 , 4 02 -403 ) a nd t h i s w a s p robab ly a c on t inua t ion o f w e l l -e s tab l i shed a g r icu l tu ra l p rac t ice s . E nv i ronmen ta l s amp l ing f r om P a r r Mo s s i nS u t ton a nd B u r tonwood s how s t h a t a f u l l , m ixed f a rm ing e conomy , i n c lud ing c e rea l p roduc t ion , e x i s ted i nt h ep r e -Conque s tp e r iod ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 ,2 4 ;I nne s &T om l in son 1 981) 3. G ran t s t o m ona s t ic h ou se s b y f r eeho lde r s t h roughou t t h e r e g ion d emon s t ra te t h e v a r ied n a tu re o fl a nd u se ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 ; Webb e d . 1 970 ) . P a r t icu la r ly a l ong t h eA l tv a l ley , o nt h e c oa s ta l m o s s land s w h ich r an s ou th f r om Ma r t in Me r e , a nd o n t h e m a r shy c oa s t s t h em se lve s t h e e x ten t o f s umme r p a s tu re a nd h ay m eadow w a s c ondu c ive t o s t ock f a rm ing ( E l l io t t 1 973 , 6 2 ) a nd t h e monk s o f Me r iva le A bbey , t o w hom A l tca r h ad b een g ran ted , w e re g ran ted a c ce s s t o p a s t ur e a tA l t Ma r sh a l ong ad roveway 6 0 ' w ide ( Shaw 1 956 , 4 69 ) . S heep , c a t t le a nd h o r se s w e re k ep t a tA l tca r , R avenmeo l s , U p l i the r land , A ugh ton , L yd ia te a nd a tA igbu r th -a n e s ta te i nG a r s ton . S heep w e re a l so g raz ed o n t h e c oa s t a tA in sda le a nd t h e re w e re g oa t s i nL yd ia te . A n e n t i re ly m ixed

3

S amp le s t a k en f o r

1 4C

F ig 3 1 : A s se s smen to fw ea l th p e rv i l l ,b a sed o nt h e 1 334 L ay s ub s idy ( i nf o rma t ion t a ken f r om G la s scock 1 975 , 1 49 -151 ; s e eA ppend ix X ) L anca sh i r e .

d a t ing f r om P a r r Mo s s /Bu r tonwood h ave

p roduc ed ad a te o f2 590 + / - 1 00 B P a tt h e u ppe r e nd o fZ one 6 , 15 c m s b e low t h e p r e sen tg round s u r f ace a nd i nw h ich t h e r e w a s e v idence f o r am ixed e conomy t hough c l ea rance o f l a nd f o r p a s tu r e w a s t h e d om inan t f o rm o f l a nd u se . T h i s w a s f o l lowed b y as ho r t p ha se o f w ood land r e g ene ra t ion i nZ one 7 .T he p o l len r e co rd s how ed t h a t , i n g ene ra l t e rm s , t h e l a nd scape w a s s t i l l e s sen t ia l ly h eav i ly w ooded a nd t ha t t h e t r e e c ove r e x tended t oe ven t h e mo s t f e r t i le s o i l s . I nZ one 8 h uman i n t e rf e rence i n c r ea sed b o th i n f r equency a nd i n ten s i ty . T he r e w a s am a rked d rop i n t r e e p o l len a nd c l ea ranc e f o r p a s tu r e w a s i nd ica ted . I nZ one 9 ,b e twe en 0 55 c m s b e low p re sen t g round s u r f ace , t h e r e w a s c l ea r e v idence f o r ac hang e f r om a p a s to ra l t o a n a r ab le e conomy w h ich w a s f u l ly d eve loped a t t h e u ppe r e nd o f t h e Z one ( I nne s & T om l in son 1 98 1 , 8 10 ) . T he e x ten t t o w h ich t h i s Z one h a s b een e r oded b y w o r e r e c en t f a rm ing p rac t ice s i sn o t k nown . A l though f r om t h e p o l len e v idence w e f i nd t ha t t h e r e w a s s t i l l e x ten s ive t r e e c ove r i n t h e r e g ion i n Z one 7 a nd t ha t i tw a s t o g i ve w ay t o t h e d eve lopmen t o f ap a s to ra l a nd t h en a n a r ab le e conomy , w e c anno t e qua t e t h i s w i th a ny c e r ta in ty t oc l ea ranc e o ft h e D ome sday w ood land ( JI nne s ,p e r s . c omm . ) .

F i sh ing a nd f i sher ie s F i sh ing w a s a l so a n i mpo r tan t p a r t o ft h e l o ca l e conomy a nd l o ca l p eop le t ook a dvan tage b o th o f t h e c oa s ta l a nd r i ve r ine e nv i ronmen t a nd o f t h e i n land m e r e s w h ich p ro l if e ra ted t h e m os s land s . We k now n o th ing o f t h e l o ca t ion o f Wu lf r ic S po t ' s f i she r ie s a nd n one w e r er e co rded n o r th o f t h e Me r sey i n 1 066 . A l l t h e s ame , f r om t h e D ome sday r e co rd f o r C he sh i re w e a r e a wa r e o f t wo f i she r ie s i nt h e Me r sey a t Om i ' s m ano r o f H a l ton a nd a t No r ton , p a r t o fw h ich w a s h e ld b y U c t red ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 66b ) . L a t e r r e co rd s t e l l o ff i she r ie s i ns eve ra l v i l l s a l ong t h e n o r th b ank o f t h e Me r sey i n t h e 11 t h a nd 1 2 th c en tu r ie s . G ran t s t o S h rew sbu ry A bbey i n t h e l a te 11 t h c en tu ry s how t h a t t h e se e x i s ted a tG a r s ton a nd P ou l ton o r 7 0

L and u se i nt he p o s t -conque s tp e r iod -1 0 Woo l s ton a nd t h e r ew a s af i she ry a tT ox te th b y 184 1185 ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 5 8 ) . C ue rd ley 's f i she ry w a s i nd ecay b y 1 322 d ue t oc hange s i nt h e d ep th o ft h e w a te r ' a nd o t he r c au se s ' ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 94 n 9 ) . S i l t ing a l ong t h e b ank s o f t h e Me r sey , p e rhap s i n a s soc ia t ion w i th s ea i n cu r s ion f o l lowed b y d une b u i ld ing a l ong t h e I r i sh S ea c oa s t , m igh th ave b een t h e c au se o fc hange s t ot h e o u t f low a l ong t h e t i da l r e ache s . P e rm i s s ion s t o m ake a s e cond f i she ry a tG a r s ton w a sg ran ted i n1 265 a nd Wha l ley A bbey r e co rd s n o te r i gh t s t ot a ke e l s f r om t h e m i l l s l u ice o n t h e R avenmeo l s s i de o ft h eA l t( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 9 , 1 22 n 6 ) . T he r e w a s a l so a n e l f i she ry a tO t t e rpoo l i n N o r th Meo l sc anoe sf r om t h ev i c in i ty o f Ma r t in Me r e s how t h a t i tw a s u sed f o r f i sh ing ( Lew i s 1 982c , 1 2 ) . A r e cen t s t udy o ft h e 1 7 th -cen tu ry e conomy o ft h e Me re h a s s hown t h e e x ten t t o w h ich l o ca l p eop le b o th c on t ro l led a nd e xp lo i ted t h i s w a te ry e nv i ronmen t a nd i t s p roduc t o ff i sh , f ow l a nd f e n ( Coney 1 992 ) . O n t h e c oa s t , a t U c t red 's D ome sday e s ta te o f K i rkda le monk s o f C ocke r sand h ad r e ce ived ag ran t o f ap l ace t h e re t om ake af i she ry i nt h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd t h ey s t i l l h ad f i she r ie s a tA in sda le a nd F o rmby i n1 451 ( Fa r re re d . 1 900 , 5 64 ; 1 909 , 1 240 )b u t 1 6 th cen tu ry p l ead ing s s how t h a t t h e f i sh ing s t a l lage a t R avenm eo l s w a s i n d ecay b y t h en ( PRO DL 3 / 73 / 162 n o 12 ) . A tt h i st ime ap oo l o n D ownho l land mo s sm ay h ave b een as ou rce o fs upp ly ( PRO MR 2 ) a nd ab oa t w a s k ep t o n Wh i t eO t te rP oo l i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Ha r rop 1 985 , 1 6 ) . H oweve r , l i t t le i s k nown o f l o ca l f i sh ing r i gh t s i n t h e m ed ieva lp er iod t hough t h ey w e re p robab ly r e ta ined b yt h e p r inc ipa ll o rd so ft h ev i l l s . S ta l lage o nt h es ho re a tB i rkda le a nd A in sda le w a sc a ref u l ly c on t ro l led b yt h em anor ia l l o rd s f r om a t l e a s t t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd c a tche s w e r e e i the r c on sumed l o ca l ly o rs en tt ot h e ma rke t s ( Ha r rop 1 985 , 1 8 2 0 ) .

P o s s ib ly ,t h ea n swe ri ss e en i nt h e i rd ependence o np a s to ra l f a rm ing r a the r t h an a r ab le c u l t iva t ion . S ca r i sb r ick a nd H u r l s ton , l i ke L a thom , c on ta ined e x ten s ive t r a c t s o f m o s s la nd a nd w e a r e a wa r e o fp a s to ra l f a rm ing a tA ugh ton w he re s ma l l c on so l ida ted e s ta te s , p o s s ib ly t a k ing a dvan tage o f t h e mo s s land s o f B icke r s taf f e , a r e l i ke ly . B o ld 's d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t p a t ter n s ugge s t s t h a t as im i la r e mpha s i s o np a s to ra la c t iv i t ie sm igh tb ee xpec ted t h e r e . T h e d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s a l so s how e v idence f o re x t en s ive a r ab le c u l t iva t ion ( E l l io t t 1 973 ; T y re r 1 963 ; S haw 1 956 , 3 40 -344 ; Y oud 1 962 ) . I nh i s s umma ry o ft h e e v idence f o r t h e n o r th w e s t o fE ng land , E l l io t th a s s ugge s ted t h a tw hea t g r ow ing h a s a lway s b een m a rg ina l a nd o fl e s s s i gn if i cance t h an o a t s a s ac e rea l c r op ( 1973 , 5 9 ) . T h i s w a s t r ue i nt h e v i l l s o f Woo l ton a nd H a le i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry ( E l l io t t 1 973 , 5 8 ) a nd s e em s t o b e e choed o n t h e We s t D e rby d eme sne i nt h e m id 13 th c en tu ry ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 2 06 , 2 08 ) . H oweve r , p o l len p rof i le s s how n o e mpha s i s o n o a t p roduc t ion b u t at e ndency t owa rd s p o l len s i n d ica t ive o f w hea tt y pe s( JI nne s ,p e r s . c omm . ) . I ts e em s t h a t c o lon i sa t ion o ft h e m a rg in s w a s n o t f o l lowed b y c on t rac t ion t hough s ea a nd s and i n cu r s ion s i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry a nd l a te r mu s t h ave d i srup ted t h e a g r icu l tu ra l o r gan i sa t ion i n t h e c oa s ta l v i l l s . A p er iod o f c oo le r a nd w e t te r s umme r s , p e rhap s a f t e r c 1250 , c ou ld h ave l e d t oa s l ow d ec l ine i n c r op y i e ld s , t h ough t h i s c ou ld a l so h ave b een a c on sequence o f s o i l e xhau s t ion ( G r igg 1 982 , 8 7 ) . T he h i ghe r f r equency o fw e t a u tumn s i n 1 300 1350 c ou ld h ave r educed t h e a r ea s s u i tab le f o rw hea t c u l t iva t ion a nd i t i si n te r e s t ing t o n o te t h a t t h e L ay s ub s id ie s f o r 1 332 a nd 1 3 34 d on o ti n c lude r e tu rn s f o rt h e c oa s ta l v i l l s o fB i rkda le ( f o rme r ly A rga rmeo l s ) a nd A in sda le . We h ave a l r eady n o ted ( a bove a nd c hap te r 6 )t h a t , i n 1 346 , i tw a s c l a imed t h a tA rga rmeo l sh ad b een o verwhe lmed b yt h e s ea a nd t h a t t h e r e w a s n o s e t t lemen t t h e r e . L ive s tock e p idem ic s b e tween 1 3 15 1322 mu s t h ave t a ken t h e i r t o l l D ownwa rd p r ice m ovemen t a nd p opu la t ion c on t ra c t ion c ou ld a l so h ave i n f luenced c r op p roduc t ion , b u t t oo l i t t le i sk nown o f l o ca l c ond i t ion s t o b e c e r ta in w he the r s uch i n c iden t s h ad a ny r e a lb ea r ing o ns e t t lemen ti nt h er eg ion .

L ay s ub s id ie s I n h i s s t udy o f t h e e f ec t s o f L anca s te r 's R oya l F o r e s t , S haw s howed t h a t i nt h e l a te 1 2 th , a nd t h roughou tt h e 1 3 th c en tu r ie s e x ten s ive l a nd s b eyond t h e d eme sne h ey s c ou ld d eve lop a g r icu l tu ra l ly w i thou t r e s t r ic t ion s u sua l ly a s soc ia ted w i th F o re s t l e g i s la t ion ( 1956 , 3 97 -409 ) . O n ly t h o se f a rme r sw ho se a r ab le l a yc l o se s tt ol a nd sr e served f o r d ee r w e r e l i ke ly t o c ome i n to c on f l ic t w i th t h e f o r e s te r s . T h e t r end t owa rd s p ro sper i ty c ou ld a l so b e s e en i n t h e s ub s id ie s l e v ied i n 1 332 ( Append ix X ) . S haw h a s s ugge s ted t h a t , e xcep ti n A pp le ton ,t h eF o re s tt own sh ip s i n P r e sco t a nd H uy ton p a r i she s s how a h ighe r a ve rage a s se s smen t t h an e l sewhe re i n t h e H und red . H e b e l ieved t h a t t h e f i gu re s d emon s tra ted t h i s a r ea 's p ro spe r i ty a nd f r eedom o f a g r icu l tu ra l d eve lopmen t . H oweve r , a l though G la s scock ' s m ap s how ing t h e r e la t ive d i s t r ibu t ion o f l a y w ea l th o ve rE ng land i n1 334 d oe s i n deed s how t h a t s ou th w e s t L an ca sh i re h ad a ppa ren t ly mo re t a xab le s u rp lu s t h an t h e r e s t o ft h e c oun ty , t h e d i s t r ic t c ompa re s p oo r ly w i th mu ch o f s ou the rn a nd e a s te rn E ng land ( G la s scock 1 975 , x xv i i ) . I n 1 334 t h e b o rough o fW igan ( p ay ing £ 4 ) w a s t h e m o s t ly h i gh ly t a xed a nd ac ompa rab le a moun t w a s l e v ied o n S ca r i sbr ick w i th H u r l s ton ( f ig 3 1) . A ugh ton , B o ld , L a thom t h e b o rough o fH a le p a id mo r e t h an t h e b o rough s o f L ive rpoo l a nd Wa r r ing ton (3 ) . A l though t h e h igh a moun t f o r L a thom m ay b e e xp la ined b y i n c lu s ion o ft h e b o rough o f O rm sk i rk , f u r the r r e sea rch i n to t h e e conom ic h i s to ry o f S ca r i sb r ick , A ugh ton a nd B o ld i s i n d ica ted .

S o i li mprovemen t S o i l i mp rovemen t b y m a r l ing t o e ncou rage w hea t c u l t iva t ion h a sb een n o ted i nb o th L anca sh i r e a nd C he sh i r e f r om t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry ( E l l io t t 1 973 , 6 0 ) a nd w a s r e co rded s p ec if i ca l ly i n We s t D e rby , L i t t le C ro sby a nd Wa l ton -on t h e -H i l l ( s ic ) i n t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd i n B u r tonwood i n 1 328 ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 915 , 7 9 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 25 n 12 ; L ew i s 1 982c , 1 2 ; S haw 1 956 , 4 63 ) . H oweve r , w e k now n o th ing o f t h e a c reage s t r ea ted a nd i th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t i tw a s o f t en o n as ma l l s c a le a nd t h e c o s t w a s h i gh ( M i l le r & H a tche r 1 978 , 2 15 ) . O n ly a t L i t t le C ro sby i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry c an w e s e e t h a t m a r l ing w a s e x t en s ive a nd r egu la r ly u nd er taken ( Ty r e r 1 968 1972 ) t h ough w e h ave a l r eady n o ted t h e e x i s tence o f m a r l p i t s t h roughou t t h e r eg ion a nd t h e f a c t t h a t e x t rac t ion w a s u nde r taken o n s o i l s o f d if e r en t t y pe s ( c hap te r 1 ) . T he p r a c t ice o fs p r ing s ow ing , i nw h ich o a t s p r edom ina ted , a nd r unn ing a n ima l s o n t h e s t ubb le a f te r h a rve s t a nd o ve r w in te r m ay a l so h ave b een l o ng -e s tab l i shed a nd a n ima l s a l so g r azed t h e a f t e rma th i nt h e m eadow s ( E l l io t t 1 973 , 5 , 7 1

1 0 -L and u se i nt he p o s t -conque s tp er iod 6 2 ) . B y s uch m e thod s i tw a s p o s s ib le t o r e ta in l a nd i n c u l t iva t ion o ve r af a i r ly l o ng p e r iod w i thou t r e cou r se t o f a l low . Sma l l e s ta te s w ou ld b e a b le t o s u rv ive u nde r t h i s k ind o fm anagemen tt h ough s ub s i s tence may h ave b een a ta v e ry h umb le l e ve l . T he r e i sl i t t le e v idence t o s how t h a t , o nce e s tab l i shed , t h e r e w a s a ny w ho lesa le ' r e t rea tf r om t h e ma rg in s ' .U n l ike o t he rp a r t so fE ng land d e ser ted s e t t lemen t i s n o t as i gn if i can t f e a tu r e o f t h e r eg ion t hough t h e p rob lem so ft h ec oa s ta lv i l l ss hou ld n o tb e f o rgo t ten .

o f t h e m a jo r l a ndowne r s , s uch a s t h e l o rd s o f E cc le s ton , w he r e c ommon f i e ld s a r e i mp l ied f r om e a r ly d ocumen t s , o pe ra ted as y s tem o fd eme sne f a rm ing a nd i n1 509 t h e f r ee t e nan t s w e r e e xpec ted t op e rf o rm c a r ry ing s e rv ice s ( Ch i t ty 1 981 , A ppend ix C , 2 6 -27 ) . E ven i nt h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry , t e nan t s u nd e r l e a se s f o r t h ree l i ve s f r om t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly o f S ef ton l i ab le t o b oon s a nd s e rv ice s d ue f r om t e nemen t s o n e s ta te s o u t s ide t h e d eme sne v i l l . S uch s e rv ice s i n c luded c a r ry ing l o ad s o fc ha r coa l , t u rf a nd s l a te a nd o f ten ar e n th en w a st ob ep a id ( F r ance 1 945 ) . T he c u s tom o f p ay ing a money r e n t a nd s eve ra l c apon s i s a l so f ound a mong s t C ocke r sand A bbey 's t e nan t s a t w i l l a tC tu i scoug ,h i nt h e 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s t h ough t h e f r ee t e nan t s o f o t he r C ocke r sand h o ld ing s p a id o n ly a money r e n t ( Fa r re r e d . 1 909 , 1 240 1245 ) . A t H aydock w he r e t h e r e w e re e x ten s ive o pen f i e ld s i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry ( Legh S u rvey 1 466 ) t h e t e nan t o f a l e a seho ld e s ta t e i n 1 652 h ad t op rov ide t wo d ay se ach p lough ing a nd l o ad ing c o rn , f ou r d ay s e ach r e ap ing a nd h aymak ing , o r p aymen t o f2 s 9 d t o S i r P e te r L egh ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911 , 1 39 n 34 ) . E l sewhe r e , p a r t icu la r ly i n m any o f t h e w ood land a r ea s s u ch a s B i l l inge a nd L yd ia te , t h e r e i s l i t t le e v idence f o r l a rg e sca le a r ab le a g r icu l tu r e , a nd d ocumen ta ry r e f e rence t o c on so l ida ted c r of t s a nd c l o se s s e em s t o p r edom ina te . N o r i si tc l ea rh ow t h e o wne r o fa s ma l l f r eeho ld e s ta t e f i t ted i n to t h e o ve ra l l p a t ter n o f f a rm ing p rac t ice sw i th in t h ev i l l . A l though p ra c t i sed t h e mo r e 1 973 , 7 3

a r ab le c u l t iva t ion w a s i n c ommon i n m any o f l ow ly ing a r ea s ( E l l io t t f i g 2 . 4 ) e v idence f o r

e nc lo su r e t h e c ommon f i e ld s c an b e t r aced b ack t oa tl e a s t t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry t h ough i ns ome v i l l s , s uch a s I n ce B lunde l l C ro sby a nd F o rmby t h e o pen f i e ld s s u rv ived u n t i l t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry o re v en l a te r ( Bakewe l l 1 983 ; T y r e r 1 963 ; L anc s RO DRL 1 / 27 ) . N uc lea ted F ig 3 2 : Map o fT hor n ton t own sh ip ( der ived f r om L anc s RO DD M 1 4 /54 o f1 769 a nd s e t t lemen t a s soc ia ted w i th o pen L anc s RO DRL 1 / 79 o f 1 854 ) . B room s C ro s s m a rk s t h e n or the rn l i m i t o f t h e f i e ld s i sf ound o cca s iona l ly , a s i n m ed ieva lv i l lag e . T ho rn ton ( f ig 3 2 ) , I n ce B lunde l l a nd L i t t le C ro sby , b u t s e em s t ob e E s ta te s t ruc ture a nd s e t t lemen tp at tern s a b sen t f r om F o rmby . I n T ho rn ton , t h e o pen f i e ld s h ave b een t r aced f r om t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod t h rough t ot h e 1 8 th D e sp i te a c on s ide rab le a moun t o f r e sea rch i n to m ed ieva l c en tu ry ( Sheppa rd 1 978 ) . T he v i l l w a s i nd i v ided l o rd sh ip a g r icu l tu ra l p ra c t ice s i n t h e r e g ion ( Youd 1 962 ; T y re r b e tween t h e f e e s o f S ef ton a nd Wa r r ing ton a nd , o n t h e 1 963 ) a nd a s umma ry o f t h e e v idence ( E l l io t t 1 973 ) t h e e v idence o f as u rvey i n 1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /54 ) , i t w o rk ing r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e d emesne s a nd t e nan t s o f w a s t h e l o rd s o fS ef ton w ho h e ld m o s t o ft h e a r ea r e la t ing c on so l ida ted e s ta te s i sn o t c l ea r . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t m any 7 2

L and u se i nt he p os t -conque s tp e r iod -1 0

F ig 3 3 : B u r tonhead e s ta te , c 1580 ( d er ived f r om L ane s RO DDSc 3 2 / 1) . T he ` h a l le o fB u r tonhed ' s t and s i ne nc lo sed f i e ld s . T ot h ew e s ti s` D ichef e i lde sh ow se ' , an ame i n d ica t ive ,p e rhap s ,o f moa t ing i nt h ev i c in i ty .

I n v i l l s s uch a s B o ld a nd C u lche th c on so l ida ted e s ta te s a ppea rt oh ave b een t h en o rm . I nB o ld t h i sc ou ld h ave b een a n e a r ly r e spon se t o t r ad i t ion s a s soc ia ted w i th p a r t ib le i n h e r i tance b u t t h e re i s c on s ide rab le e v idence f o r e xchange s o f l a nd a mong s t s ub tenan t s ( Fa i re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 03-408 ) . H oweve r , t h i s p o in t s m a in ly t og roup ing s o ff i e ld s a l ready e nc lo sed r a the r t h an t o o pen -f i e ld s t r ip s t hough a 1 4 th -cen tur y r e f e rence t o ' d ive r s f r ee t e nan t s ' i n ah o ld ing c a l led T u rn legh r equ i r e s c l a r if i ca t ion ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 08 n 13 ) . I n C u lche th t h e d iv i s ion o ft h e e s ta te s w a s ar e su l t o ff a i lu re o fa n h e i r a nd ac on sequen t a ppor t ionmen t o ft h e e s ta t e t o f ou rh e i re s se s . A ga in , t hough , t h e p rope r t ie s s e em t oh ave b een c on so l ida ted w i th l i t t le e v id ence f o r t h e s upp ly o f l a bou rt o ac ommon a r ab le f i e ld . Tw i s s G reen i nt h en o r th w e s t c o rne r o ft h e v i i i may h ave b een a n a r ea o fc ommon p a s tu re w h ich s e rved t h e o ccupan t s o fT anne r s F a rm ( 89 ) a nd K ingna l l ( 42 ) ( F reke 1 984 ) a nd t h i s , p e rhap s , s uppo r t s t h es ugge s t ion f o rs e lf suff i c iency .

t o t h e o pen f i e ld s . T he s uppo sed moa ted s i te a t H ome r G r een F a rm ( 35 ) l i e s o u t s ide t h e o pen f i e ld s a nd a ts ome d i s tance f r om t h ev i l lage . I ts e em st oh ave b een a t tached t o ac on so l ida t ed e s ta te w h ich w ay h ave d rawn i t sl a bou rf r om t h e n ea rby h am le t o f H ome r G reen . E ven i n E cc le s ton w he re d ocumen t s i n d ica te o pen f i e ld a g r icu l tu re , t h e e v iden ce f o rn u c lea ted s e t t lemen t s e em s t ob e l a ck ing , a nd t h e s ame m ay b e t r ue o fH aydock . T he g ran t ing o fs ma l l e s ta te s l e d , p e rhap s , t o ac l a s s o f f r eeho ld ing f a rme r s w ho se l a nd s w e r e s i ted a nd o rgan i sed t o a low a c e r ta in d eg ree o fs e lf suff i c iency a way f r om t h ed eme sne s . F rom m any g r an t s , t h e re i s as t rong i mp r e s s ion t h a t t h e se r e f e r r ed t oc on so l ida ted h o ld ing sr a the rt h an s t r ip s w i th in a s y s tem o fo pen f i e ld s . H oweve r , i nt h e a b sence o fd e ta i led s t ud ie s i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t o e s tab l i sh t h e a c tua l a r ea s o f l a nd ss og r an ted w i th a ny d eg ree o fc er ta in ty . S ome e s ta te s , s uch a s B ick e r shaw ( Ab ram ) , S hake r ley ( Ty lde s ley ) , B u r tonhead ( Su t ton ) a nd C un scough ( Me l l ing ) , s e em t o h ave b een f a i r ly e x ten s ive a nd t o h ave i n c luded l a nd e n t i re ly s u i tab le f o rm ixed f a rm ing ;w ho le o fR a inf o rd m ay h ave b een g r an ted t o C ocke r sand A bbey . O the r h o ld ing s w e re p robab ly s ma l le rt hough t h ey c omp r i sed c on so l ida ted b lock so fe n c lo sed f i e ld s .

S ef ton O ld H a l l 's moa ted s i te ( 83 ) w a s c l o se t ot h e p a r i sh c hu r ch a nd w a te rm i l l a nd , o n t h e e v idence o f t h e 1 769 s u rvey ( La ne s RO DD M 1 4 /47 ) , s u r rounded b y i t s d em e sne . B u t w he the r t h e a r ea k nown a s S ef ton T own i n t h e c en t r e o f t h e v i l l r e p re sen ted a f o rme r n uc lea ted s e t t lemen t i su nc lea r . A l though e v idence f o r o pen a r ab le 7 3

1 0 -L and u se i nt he p o s t -conque s tp e r iod l a nd o ve ra l lu nde ra r ab le c u l t iva t ion i nt h e 11 t hc en tu ry t h e b a lance c an b e d i s t r ibu ted b e tween mo s s land a nd w ood land . A l though t h e r e co rd i sa lmo s t e n t i re ly s i len t a bou tt h e i ru se a s ar e sou r ce ,t h e r e mu s tb e l i t t le d oub tt h a t , t oge the r w i th t h e c or n -p roduc ing a r ea s , t h ey p rov ided t h e b a s i s f o r aw e l l -ba lanced e conomy wh ich w a s t o s e e a n

f i e ld s h a s b een p ropo sed ( R H a rdm an , p e r s c omm . ) , n one i sr e ad i ly i d en t if ied f r om t h e 1 8 th -cen tu ry map o r o n t h e g round . I n f a c t , l a bou r o n t h e d eme sne m ay h ave b een d rawn f r om s c a t te red h am le t s a t W ind le s G r een , L un t , B uck ley H i l l a nd N e the r ton w h ich f r inge t h e t own sh ip , o r e ven f r om t h e n e ighbou r ing v i l l s o f T ho rn ton o r D own l i the r land ( a l so h e ld b y t h e l o rd s o f S ef ton ) w he r e , u nu sua l ly f o r t h e r eg ion , b o th c on ta in g ood e v idence f o r n uc lea ted s e t t lemen t a nd o pen -f ie ld a g r icu l tu re u n t i l t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( Lanc s RO DD M 1 4 /54 ; 1 4 /43 ) .

e xpan s ion o fb o th a r ab le c u l t iva t ion a nd a n ima l h u sband ry i nt h ec en tu r ie sw h ich f o l lowed .

F rom B u r tonhead i nS u t ton , a1 6 th -cen tu ry p l an ( f ig 3) , s ugge s t sh ow ac on so l ida ted e s ta te m igh tb eo rgan i sed . T he v i i i , h e ld b y k n igh t ' s s e rv ice , b e longed t o W idne s a nd B u r tonhead w a sa s se s sed a s' Ap lough land a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry w hen i tw a s g ran ted t o G i lber t d e H aydock a nd i t s b ound s w e re d e sc r ibed ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 56 , 3 58 n 5 ) . S i x h ou se s a r e d i spe r sed a r ound t h e ' h a l le o fB u r tonhed ' a nd af u r the r h ou se l i e s t ot h e s ou th e a s t o n t h e e dge o f t h e e s ta te . T he r e a r e s i x s t r ip s i n a c ommon f i e ld ; h edge s e nc lo se t h e r ema in ing f i e ld s a nd a n a r ea o f mo s s land l i e st ot h e e a s t . T he l a ne s n ea re s tt h e h a l l a r eg a ted p re sumab ly t op rov ide s ome m ean so fc on t ro l l ing t h e movemen t o f a n ima l s . P ea s ley C ro s s s t and s o n t h e h edged r oad b e tween Wa r r ing ton a nd W igan a nd a tt h e j unc t ion o f f ou r l a ne s o ne o f w h ich g ive s a cce s s t o t h e mo s s land . T h i s i sh edged a bou t s ugge s t ing t h a t i t sb ound s a r e d ef ined t o ma rk t h e mo s s a s ar e sou r ce b e long ing t o B u r tonhead . A no the r l a ne f unne l s o u t o n t o u nf enced g round c r o s sed b y t r ackway s r unn ing s ou thwa rd s . I mmed ia te ly n o r th o f t h e h a l l , Temb ton s c o le m yne ' p rov ide s e v idence f o ra na dd i t iona l r e sou r ce . I ts e em st h a t , f o r b o th a r ab le c u l t iva t ion a nd p a s to ra l f a rm ing , t oge the r w i th at r adeab le c ommod i ty i nt h e f o rm o fc oa l , t h e e s ta te c ou ld h ave b een mo r eo rl e s ss e lf suppo r t ing t hough i tm ay h ave c l a imed c ommon r i gh t s i n t h e w ood a nd w a s t e . I t s o wne r , i n 1 323 , c l a imed amo ie ty o f am i l l f r om J ohn d e S he rd ley i n S u t ton ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 58 n 10 ) . B u r tonhead p e rhap s , p rov ide s amode l f o rt h e o rgan i sa t ion o fs ma l l e s ta te s e l sewhe r e i nt h e r eg ion . F o r e xamp le , a t B i l l inge w he re t h e re w a s n o o ve ra l l m e sne l o rd a s im i la r a r rangemen t m igh t b e s uppo sed . I n A ugh ton , P embe r ton , S ke lme r sda le a nd U pho l land f a rm s a nd h am le t s a r e s ca t te r ed t h roughou t t h e v i l l s a tp l ace s t ow h ich t h e s uf ix ' G reen ' i sa t tached ( s ee f i g4 ) . I ta l so p rov ide s af r amewo rk w i th in w h ich am e sne t e nan t c ou ld e s tab l i sh h i s s t a tu s a nd a u tonomy , a t l e a s t i n sof a r a s l a nd managemen t w a s c once rned . L abou r w ou ld b e d rawn f r om h i s f am i ly o rb y t e nan t s o fh i s s ma l l e s ta t e w h ich , p e rhap s i nt ime , w ou ld d eve lop i n to ah am le to rv i l lage . When t h e D ome sday e v idence i sc omb ined w i th t h a t o f l a te r p e r iod s a nd t h a t o fg eog raphy a nd t opog raphy i tc an b e s e en t h a t t h e r eg ion w a s a dm i rab ly p l aced t o e xp lo i t a f u l lr a nge o fa g r icu l tu ra lr e sou rce s 4.W i th a bou t 1 0% o ft h e 4

Ma ry A tk in s ' w o rk i nL ey land H und r ed ( 1 985 ) h a s s hown e v idenc e f o r l a ndho ld ing p a t ter n sa r ound d i s t inc ta r ea so fa r ab le a nd p a s tu r ew h ich s h e d e sc r ibed a s ' d oub le o va l s ' . T hough h e r d a ta c ome s p r inc ipa l ly f r om 1 9 th -cen tu ry s ou rc e s , m ed ieva l o rgan i sa t ion w a s i n f e r red o n g r ound so fc on se r va t i sm . T he a r ab le i so f t en a s soc ia t ed w i th f a rm s -o r o cca s iona l ly h am le t s -a r ound t h e f r inge s a nd e nc lo sed f i e ld s w e r e d i v ided b e twe en t h e o ccupan t s . I n c on t ra s t , t h e p a s tu re w a s n o rma l ly

R eco rd s o f of ence s i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry s how t h a t d ee r w e re k ep t i n R oya l p a rk s a t U pho l land a nd T ox te th ( Tup l ing 1 949 ) a nd m any o f t h e l a rge r e s ta te s h ad t h e i r o wn p a rk s ( t ab le 4 5 ) t h ough t h e se m ay n o t a lway s h ave b een l e ga l . I n 1 334 1336 R icha rd o f B o ld w a s f i ned f o r e nc lo s ing 2 0 a c r e s t o t h e d amage o ft h e d ee r , t hough h e w a s a l lowed t o r e ta in h i s e nc lo su re ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 44 ) . R obe r t B ana s t r e 's p a rk o f L ee l a y o n t h e b ounda ry w i th S ou thwo r th ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911 , 1 69 n 8 ) a nd i t s hou ld , p e rhap s , b e e qua ted w i th a l a rge a r ea f o cu sed o n N ew ton P a rk F a rm a tt h e e a s ter ne nd o ft h e t own sh ip . T he p a rk a tB u r tonwood m ay h ave b een e s tab l i shed a se a r ly a s 1 250 -1280 , p o s s ib ly u nde r mona s t ic i n f luence . I n 1 328 r e f e rence w a sm ade t ot h e o l dp a rk o fB eau s i( 4 ) a nd t h e re w a s as e cond p a rk a t D a l lam ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 25 n 12 ) . T hough n one w a sr e co rded i n1 466 ,b yt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h e re w a sa l so ap a rk a tB rad ley ( 12 ) . I n h i s s umma ry o f t h e 1 3 th -cen tu ry e v idence f o r t h e a g ra r ian s y s tem o f t h e F o re s t v i l l s , S haw d ec la red ' I t i s c l ea r ly e v iden tt h a tt h e g r ea tw e s ter na r ab le b e l tw a sh igh ly c u l t iva ted a nd c on ta ined many f r eeho lder s a t at ime w hen t h e mona s te r ie s f i r s t r e ce ived [ t he i r ] d ona t ion s , w h i l s t e a s twa rd s o ft h i sw a s t h et imbe red c oun t ry w h ich w a s u sed f o r p a s tu rage ( s ic ) a sw e l l a s c on ta in ing many o ld c en t re s o f c u l t iva t ion a nd n ew a s sa r t s r e cen t ly c l ea red ' ( 1956 , 3 45 ) . T hough t h e mo s s land s s u r round ing t h e c u l t iva ted l a nd m ay h ave b een c on s ide red ' wa s t e ' t h ey w e r e f u l ly e xp lo i ted a ss umme rg r az ing a nd b yt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry t h e re w a s b u t ah andf u l o ft own sh ip s w he re t h e w a s te h ad n o t b een e nc lo sed ( E l l io t t 1 973 ,6 7 -72 , f i g2 . 2 ) . I ts e em s r e a sonab le t os uppo se t h a t e ven t h e s ma l l e s ta te s w ou ld h ave b een a b le t o o pe ra te a s y s tem o f m ixed f a rm ing . T he t e nan t s h ad a cce s st ot h ev i l la rw ood s a nd t h e mo s s land s w e re a va i lab le f o r p a s tu re , p robab ly b y i n te rcommon ing . T hough l im i ted , c o rn p roduc t ion may h ave b een s uf i c ien t t o s upp ly t h e n eed s o f as ma l l e s ta te a nd o cca s iona l ly t op rov ide as ma l ls u rp lu s , a nd t h et e nan t s w e re a wa re o ft h e v a lue o f ma r l ing t oi mp rove t h e i r l a nd s . O n m any s uch e s ta te s t h e p r inc ipa l t e nan t w a s t o c r ea te a moa ted s i t e w h ich w a s t o s u rv ive u n t i l t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod o r e ven t ot h e p r e sen t d ay t hough , a s w e s ha l l s e e ( chap te r 1 7 ) , t h e d a te a tw h ich t h e moa t s w e r e d ug i so f t en d if i cu l t t o d e t e rm ine . Who le sa le d e se r t ion o f s uch s i te s a nd e s ta te s i sn o t ac ha ra c ter i s t ic o f t h e r eg ion ; i tw a s p e rhap s t h e i r s e lf suf f i c iency , c oup led w i th c on se rva t ive f a rm ing p ra c t ice s ,w h ich a l lowed t h em t os u rv ive .

l a rge r a nd h e ld b y as i ng le f a rm , o f t en c a l led ah a l l , s ome e xamp le s o f w h ich w e r em oa ted . H e rt h e s i sh a sn o tb e en t e s ted i n We s tD e rby b u ti s a n i mpo r tan ti n d ica to rf o rf u tu r er e sea r ch .

7 4

C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s -1

C hap ter 1 C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s ' Ac a s t le i s af o r t if ied r e s idence i nw h ich t h ef o r t if ica t ion s p r edom ina t eo ve rt h e d ome s t ic a spec t o ft h e s t ruc tu r e , a nd t h e o ccupan t u sua l ly own s o r c on t ro l s al a rge t e r r i to ry a r ound i t . . I ti st h e e x is tence o f ama s s ive w a l l e nc i r c l ing t h e s i te , t h ick e nough f o r d ef ende r s t o s t and o n i t s t op b eh ind t h e s h e l te r o f ap a rape t , t ha t i st h e d i s t ingu ish ing f e a tu r eo f ac a s t le ' ( Thompson 1 987 , 1 2 ) .

T he e v idence f or d a t ing

I th a su sua l ly b een c on s ide red t h a tt h e re w e r en o mo re t h an f ou r c a s t le s i n s ou th -we s t L anca sh i re ; d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s s how ed t h r ee -a t We s tD e rby ( 132 ) , Wa r r ing ton ( 130 ) a nd N ew ton ( 126 ) ( Mo r r i s 1 983 , 1 6 ) ; L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) w a s o m i t ted s i nce i tw a s n o t b u i l t u n t i l t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry . I ti su sua l ly a ccep ted t h a t We s tD e rby , Wa r r ing ton a nd N ew ton c a s t le s w e re mo t te a nd b a i ley c a s t le s ( K ing 1 983 , 2 46 -249 ) r a the r t h an r i ngwo rk s o r ' o the r e a r ly c a s t le s ' I.T he r e a son f o r t h i s p robab ly l i e s i n af a i lu re t o c r i t ic i se t h e c a tego r ie s t o w h ich G a rdne r a s s igned t h e c a s t le s i nt h e e a r ly 2 0 th c en tu ry ( 1908 ) . T he p re sen t s t udy h a s p roduced n of ewe rt h an f i f t een s i te st ow h ich e i the rt h e n ame ' c a s t le ' h a s b een a pp l ied o r w he r e t h e i r s t ruc tu ra l n a tu r e i n d ica te s t h a t t h ey w e re c apab le o f d ef ence . T hey i n c lude t h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry T owe r i n L ive rpoo l ( 129 ) a nd L a thom H ou se ( 44 ) w h ich , t h ough n eve r d e sc r ibed a s a c a s t le , n eve r the le ss w a s a s t rongho ld o f d ef en s ib le p ropo r t ion s i n t h e 1 5 th 17 th c en tu r ie s ( f ig 3 4 ) . F ou r ' c a s t le s ' , H a l ton C a s t le i nL a thom ( 28 ) , t oge the r w i th o ne a tK now s ley C a s t le ( 124 ) ( 124 ) a nd , p o s s ib ly a no the r a t L a thom o rL yd ia te ( 134 ) , a nd S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) s e em t o h ave b een a s s igned s u ch s t a tu s b y a n t iqua r ian w r i t e r s . H a l ton C a s t le ( 28 )a nd S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 8 3 ) , t oge the rw i th B rad ley O ld H a l l ( 12 ) w h ich h a s b een n o ted a s a s t ronghou se ( K ing 1 983 , 2 49 ) , a r e d i scu s sed l a te r a s m oa t ed s i t e s . T he e x t en t t o w h ich t h e We s t D e rby c a s t le s c onf o rm t o T hompson ' s c r i te r ia i s d eba tab le a nd h ampe red b y t h e p auc i ty o fe v idence . N eve r the le s s , a n e xam ina t ion o ft h e i r k nown c ha ra c te r i s t ic s i s o f i n te re s t i n c on s ide r ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip o f s u ch s i te s w i th moa ted a nd d i t ched e nc lo su r e s o f s uppo sed l e s se r s t a tu s . Mo reove r , w he r e c r i t ica l a na ly s i sc an b e a pp l ied , t h i s s how s t h a t i tw ou ld b e i n genuou st op e r s i s ti nt h e b e l ief t h a t mo t te s w e re t h e o n ly k i nd o fe a r thwo rk c a s t le t o b e f ound i ns ou th L anca sh i r e . T he d i scu s s ion w h ich f o l low s i s b a sed o n h i s to r ica l d ocumen ta t ion a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence , d e ta i l s o f w h ich a ppea r i n t h e r e levan t t own sh ip s e c t ion s o f t h e C a ta logue .

C la s sI I : T ow e r s P o s s ib le c a s t le s : S t ronghou se s :

1 956 , 3 6 1) b u t s i nce t h e W idne s f e e w a s d ependen t u pon H a l ton i nC he sh ir e , w e mu s t u rge c au t ion i np l a c ing t o o m uch r e l iance o n t h i s e v idence . I n 1 406 H en ry I V g r an ted S i rJ ohn S t an ley al i cence t oc r ene l la te h i s T owe r ( 129 ) , i n L ive rpoo l . B eamon t 's t r an s la t ion o f S i r P e te r L egh 's S u rvey o f 1 466 a l lowed h im t o i d en t if y C a s t le H i l l i n N ew ton ( 126 ) ; b u t mo re r e cen t s t udy h a s s hown t h a t t h e p l ace r e f e r r ed t o w a s Gaw le H i l l , af i e ld a d jacen t t o t h e h i ghway b e tween N ew ton a nd W inw ick ( Legh MSS 1 466 , 1 0 .6 .8 ) . A l though e xcava t ion s o n C a s t le H i l l i n 1 843 d i d c onf i rm t h a t t h e mound w a s m an -made a nd o ne s he rd o f p o s s ib le R oman p o t te ry w a s r e cove r ed , r e cen t a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion h a s f ound n o e v idence t o d emon s t ra te t h e d a te o f i t s c r ea t ion . I ft h e s i te w a s e ve r o ccup ied , p o s s ib ly i tw a s u sed u n t i l t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry w hen t h e t h en l o rd o f Makerf i e ld a cqu i red al i cence t oc r ene l la te h i sh ou se ( 6 1 ) . I n 1 72 1 F ranc i s F a r re r , ay eoman o rg a rdene r , r e cove r ed a q uan t i ty o fR oman p o t te ry w h i l s t l e ve l l ing a ' c a s t le ' a ta n u nknown l o ca t ion ( 134 ) . F ranc i s F a r r e r i sc l a imed a s a r e s id en t o f Mo s sbo rough , i n R a inf o rd , L yd ia te ( Ty r e r 1 970 , 1 33 , 2 43 ; 1 972 , 5 3 -54 ) a nd L a thom ( F rance 1 945 , 8 7 ) a nd a l l t h a t c an b e c l ea r ly s t a ted i st h a t t h e s i t e l a y o n t h e r ou te t a ken b y N icho la s B lunde l l o f L i t t le C ro sby t o v i s i t h i s c ou s in a tA s t ley , i n Wa r r ing ton H und red . S i nce , h oweve r , t h e m o re d i rec t r ou te t oC ho r ley w ou ld h ave r un t h rough L yd ia t e a nd O rm sk i rk , i ts e em s r e a sonab le t o s uppo se t h a t F ranc i s F a r r e r ' s d i scove ry w a s m ade e i the r a t L yd ia t eo r ,m o r e l i ke ly , a tL a thom w he r e , i n1 7 19 , h i sw if e g ave b i r th t ot h e i r c h i ld ( Ty re r 1 970 , 2 62 , 2 72 ) 2.A c a s t le a t C a s t le S t ree t , K i rkda le ( 127 ) c anno t b e t r a ced i n

S ou th L anca sh i r ec a s t le s n o ted b yK ing ( 1983 , 2 43 -250 ) : C la s sI :Ma son r yc a s t le s C la s sI :E a r thwo rk c a s t le s

W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( 130 ) , w h ich a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion h a s s hown t ob e o fp r e -Conque s t o r e ven R oman o r ig in , a nd L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) w h ich w a s e r ec ted i n 1 232 1237 , t h e d a te s a tw h ich t h e o t he r s w e re e s tab l i shed a r e l e s s c e r ta in . A s ar oya lp o s se s s ion a nd p robab le f o cu s o f Hund reda l a dm in i s t ra t ion a tt h e t ime o f t h e C onque s t , a n e a r ly c a s t le a t We s t D e rby ( 132 ) c an b e e xpec ted . C e r ta in ly , i tw a s i n e x i s t ence b y 135 1154 , i f n o t e a r l ie r , i fR igo ld ' s i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e b r idge s t ruc tu re i s c o r rec t , a nd r epa i r s w e re u nder taken i n 196 1197 . B u rna rde sca s t le i nL a thom ( 123 ) a ppea r s o n ly i na n e a r ly 1 3 th -cen tu ry d ocumen t ; i tmay h ave c on t inued i nu se u n t i l t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry a nd b een r eu sed f o r t h e b u i ld ing o f L a thom H ou se ( 44 ) w h ich w a s p robab ly c omp le ted b y 1 495 w hen H en ry V I I s t ayed t h e r e . C a s t le s tede , i n U pho l land ( 1 31 ) , i sk nown f r om e a r ly 1 4 th -cen tu ry r e co rd s t h ough t h e l i cence t o c r ene l la te i n 1 307 1308 c ou ld r e p r e sen t r e f u rb i shmen t r a the r t h an c on s t ruc t ion o n an ew s i t e . A c a s t le a t W idne s ( 133 ) h a s b een i n f e r r ed ( Shaw

L a thom H ou se , L iverpoo lC a s t l e C as t le H i l l , [ N ew ton l e -W i l low s ] , Mo t eH i l l[War r ing-t o n] ,W e s tD erby C a s t l e L iv erpoo l T ower H a l ton C a s t l e[ La thom] B rad l ey O ld H a l l[ Bur tonwood ]

2

7 5

B en E dwa rd s , f o rme r ly C oun ty A rchaeo log i s t f o r L anca sh i r e , h a s a r gued t h a t F r anc i s F a r re r 's p la ce w a s a t Mo s sbo rough ( 55 ) , i n R a inf o rd ( 1976 ) . AF ranc i s F a r r e r i sa l so f ound i nD ownho l land 1 7 15 ( W i l l iam s , 1 966 ) a nd a ga in i n 1 734 ( Lanc s RO WC W F ranc i s F a r ra r ( s ic )o fD ownho ll a nd ) .

1 -C a s t l e sa nd S t ronghouse s H und red . O n ly t wo , We s t D e rby C a s t le ( 132 ) , a nd C a s t le H i l l , N ew ton ( 126 ) , w e r e p l aced m o re o r l e s s c en t ra l ly w i th in t h e i r r e spec t ive p r e -Conque s t H und red s w h ich , p e rhap s , a r gue s f o r b o th a n a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd d ef en s ive r o le . T ot h e se , F ran c i s F a r re r ' s e l u s ive c a s t le ( 134 ) m ay b e a dded , i fi tl a y a tL yd ia te . Al o ca t ion c l o se t oL yd ia te H a l l w ou ld h ave b een w e l l s i ted o nt h e e a s te rn m a rg in s o f , a nd o ve r look ing , t h e c oa s ta l mo s s land s . T opog raph ica l ly , We s t D e rby C a s t le ( 132 ) w a s l ow ly ing a nd t h e s i te i t se lf w a s s a id t o b e l owe r t h an t h e l e ve l o f t h e s u r round ing l a nd . G a rdne r n o t ed t h a t t h e s i t e w a s n o t t y p ica l o f m o s t L anca sh i r e c a s t le s w h ich l a y c l o se t o ar i ve r ( 1908 , 5 20 ) ( f ig 3 5 ) . T he c a s t le i sc l o se t o t h e a r ea o f s e t t lemen t w h ich s e em s t o h ave b een g r an ted b o rough s t a tu s b y t h e e a r ly y ear s o f t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 4 2 ) . I nc on t ra s t , C a s t le H i l l i nN ew ton ( 126 ) i se l eva ted , p a r t ly b ounded b y a s t eep s ided v a l ley a nd c ommand s av i ew a c ro s s t h e

1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3

S i t e B uma rde sca s t le , L a thom C a s t le s t ede ,U pho l land C a s t le H i l l , H ind ley C a s t le H i l l ,N ew ton C a s t le S t re e t , K i rkda le L ive rpoo lC a s t le K now s ley C a s t le Mo t eH i l l T he T owe r , L ive rpoo l We s tD e rby C a s t le W idne sC a s t le L a thom H ou se ' F ranc i sF a r r e r 's C a s t le '

1 4 H a l ton C a s t le ef ton O ld H a l l 1 5 S rad ley O ld H a l l 1 6 B

n e ighbou r ing t own sh ip s a nd a l ong t h e R oman a nd m ed ieva l r oad s n o r th f r om Wa r r ing ton t o W igan ( f ig 3 6 ) . I tl i e sr a the r mo r e t h an 0 . 5 I cm t ot h e n or th o fN ew ton t own i t se lf , f o r w h ich t h e re i se v idence f o r b u rgage s f r om t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 2 ) . T he e xac t l o ca t ion o f W idne s C a s t le ( 133 ) i s n o t k nown . D oub t le s s , i tw a s o n t h e d eme sne l a nd s o f t h e f e e a nd m ay h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p a rk a nd v a cca ry t ow h ich t h e moa t ed s i te o fP ee l H ou se ( 72 ) i sb e l ieved t oh av e b een a t ta ched .

d o cumen t c 1224 1245 1 307 1 786 m ed ieva l 1 840 1 232 1237 1 751 1 0 th c en tu ry 1 406 1 2 th c en tu ry 1 296 , 1 304 1 498 1 72 1

a r cha eo logy

( 123 ) ( 131 ) ( 125 ) ( 126 ) ( 127 ) ( 128 ) ( 124 ) ( 130 ) ( 129 ) ( 132 ) ( 133 ) ( 44 ) ( 134 ) ( 28 ) ( 83 ) ( 12 )

1 848 1 893 1 466

1 5 th c en tu ry ? 1 2 th c en tu ry ?

R oman? m ed ieva l R oman?

C a s t le so nt he Me r se y

m ed ieva l

O ft h e r ema in ing c a s t le s i te s , t h o se a t Wa r r ing ton ( 130 ) , L ive rpoo l ( 128 ) a nd C a s t le S t r ee t , K i rkda le ( 12 7 ) l i e c l o se t o t h e Me r sey a nd i lu s t ra t ion s o f

1 7 th c en tu ry R oman?

F ig 3 4 : C a s t le sa nd s t ronghou se s , t h ed a te sa tw h ich t h ey a ppea ri n t h ew r i t ten o ra r chaeo log ica lr e co rd a nd t h es uppo sed e a r l ie s t a r cha eo log ica le v idence p ub l i shed t r an scr ip t s a nd m ed ieva l r e f e rence s t o l a nd s o f t h e Moo r e f am i ly , w ho h e ld p rope r ty a tb o th C a s t le S t r ee t , K i rkda le a nd L ive rpoo ls e em u nequ ivoca l i np l ac ing C a s t le S t r ee ti nt h e l a t te rt own sh ip . O the rw i se t h e K i rkda le s i te i s k nown o n ly f r om t h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry t i t he p l an o n w h ich t h e n ame s C a s t le S t r ee t a nd B ack C a s t le S t ree t w e re g iven . T he e a r l ie s t e v idence f o r C a s t le H i l l a t H ind ley ( 125 ) o ccu r s o n Y a te s ' map o f1 786 a nd i sr e pea ted o nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry O rdnance S u rvey m ap . H e r e , a s i nC a s t le S t ree t , K i rkda le , t h e n ame C a s t le H i l l w a s a s soc ia ted w i th C a s t le S t ree t a nd t h e r e w a s a l so a C a s t le H i l l F a rm a nd e ven a C a s t le H i l lc o l l ie ry . R ef e rence t oK now s ley C a s t le ( 124 ) i s a l so v e ry l a t ea nd i sk nown o n ly f r om as i ng le s ou rce i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry .

L ive rpoo l T owe r( 129 ) s how t h a t i tl a y o nt h e v e ry b ank o ft h e r i ve r ( f ig 3 8 ) . Wh i l s t t h e Wa r r ing ton a nd L ive rpoo l C a s t le s a r e l ow ly ing t h a t a t K i rkda le w ou ld h ave b een c on s ide rab ly m o r e e l eva ted o n a n e m inence w h ich o ve r look s L ive rpoo l t o t h e s ou th a nd m ay e ven h av e b een i n t e rv i s ib le w i th We s t D e rby C a s t le ( 132 ) w h ich l a y s ome 4 . 5km a lmo s t d ue e a s t . E ach a ppea r s t o

h ave s im i la rc ha ra c te r i s t ic s i nt e rm s o fi t sc l o se a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e ma in a r ea o fs e t t lemen t( f ig s3 7 , 3 8 , 4 9 )t h ough , a t Wa r r ing ton , t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f an ew c r os s ing p o in t o f t h e r i ve r i n t h e m id -14 th c en tu ry r e su l ted i n m ig ra t ion w e s twa rd s o f t h e t own l e av ing Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) , a nd t h e a d jacen t p a r i sh c hu rch o f S t E lph in , i ni s o la t ion u n t i l t h e r e la t ive ly r e cen t e xpan s ion o ft h e t own . B o rough s a tb o th Wa r r ing ton a nd L ive rpoo l w e r e e s tab l i shed i n t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 3 4 , 4 9 )b u tn one i sk nown f o r C a s t le S t ree t , K i rkda le ( 127 ) . C a s t le so nt he Hund reda lb oundar ie s T he v i l l s i n w h ich B u rna rde sca s t le ( 123 , L a thom H ou se ( 44 ) , U pho l land C a s t le ( 131 ) a nd C a s t le H i l l , H ind ley ( 125 ) l a y a r e o n t h e t e r r i to r ia l b ound s o f We s t D e rby H und red . T he l o ca t ion o fB u rna rde sca s t le i sn o tk nown b u t L a thom H ou se m ay h ave b een b u i l t o n t h e s ame s i te b y

L oca t ion a nd t opography ( f ig 3 4 ) S e t t ing a s ide t h ep rob lem s o fd a t ing a nd t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a t n o t a l l o ft h e c a s t le s w e re f unc t ion ing a ss uch a tt h e s ame t ime , t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn c l ea r ly s how s ad i s t inc t ion b e tween t h o se w h ich l a y i n c en t ra l l o ca t ion s a nd t h e r ema inde rw h ich w e r e d i s t r ibu ted a r ound t h eb ound s o ft h e

T homa s S t an ley , f i r s t e a r l o f D e rby , i n t h e l a te 1 5 th c en tu ry . T hough D e rby 's n ew s t rongho ld c e r ta in ly l a y w i th in t h e l a rge r o f t wo p a rk s i n 1 6 10 ( f ig 4 4 ) , L o rd 7 6

C a s t le sa nd S t ronghouse s11

F ig 3 5 : We s tD e rby C a s t le , 1 908 ( r ep roduced f r om G a rdne r 1 908 ,5 44 )

F ig 3 6 : C a s t le H i l l ,N ew ton , 1 908 ( r ep roduced f r om G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 31)

B u rgh ley ' sm ap o f1 590 , w h ich i sn o tn ece s sa r i ly a ccu ra te , p la ced i tb e tween t h ep a rk s . R ecen t a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch a nd e xcava t ion h a s s hown t h a t , f o l low ing i t s s i ege a nd d e s t ruc t ion b y t h e P a r l iam en t a r ian s i n 1 645 , L a thom H ou se w a s r ebu i l t ( i nco rpo ra t ing m ed ieva lm a son ry )i nt h ee a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry . T he n ew h ou se s t ood o n a n e nc lo su r e a s soc ia t ed w i th a ma s s ive r o ck -cu td i tch f i l led w i th ma te r ia lo ft h eC iv i l Wa r p e r iod3.A s u cce s s ion o fa tl e a s t t h ree h ou se s o n t h i s s i te , p o s s ib ly o r ig ina t ing i nt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry , i fn o t e a r l ie r , n ow s e em sl i k e ly .C e r ta in ly s u ch al o ca t ion a l low su st os uppo se t h a t B u rna rd e sca s t le w a s a dm i rab ly p l aced t o o ve r see t h e H tmd reda l b ound s o f We s t D e rby a nd L ey land , w ou ld c ommand av i ew o ft h e f am i ly 's f ounda t ion a tB u r scough P r io ry a nd h ave a c ce s s t o t h e r e sou r ce s o f e x t en s ive mo s s land so nt h ef r ing e so f Ma r t in Me r e . U pho l land C a s t le ( 131 ) , l i ke L a thom H ou se , w a sa l so w e l l p l aced . F rom h e r e w a s av i ew o ve r t h e s ou th L anca sh i re p la in a nd t h e b ound s o f b o th L ey land a nd N ew ton H und red s . Among s t t h e m o s t e l eva ted o f a l l t h e k nown e a r thwo rk s i te si n We s tD e rby , o n ly t ot h en o r th , a tD a l ton , a nd b eyond W igan t ot h e e a s td oe st h el a nd r i se t o ah ighe r a l t i tude . A s an a tu ra l d ef ence , i ta ppea r s t o h ave u sed a d eep a nd w ide n a tu ra ld ough o r' s lack ' ( f ig 5 1) ,w h ich w a s p robab ly p a r t ly w a te r -f i l led . T he v a l ley e f ec t ive ly F ig 3 7 : Mo te H i l la nd S tE lph in ' sC hu rch , Wa r r ing ton i n s epa ra ted t h e s uppo sed s i t e o ft h e c a s t le , i nH a l l Meadow , 1 908 ( r ep roduced f r om G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 41) f r om t h e 1 4 th -cen tu ry p a rk t ot h e n or th . L ike t h e c a s t le s a t l im i t s o fN ew ton Hund r ed o n t h e r oad w h ich c ro s sed t h e Wa r r ing ton ( 130 ) , C a s t le S t ree t , K i rkda le ( 127 ) a nd b o u n d a r y i n t o S a l f o r d ( f i g 4 8 ) . I t p r o b a b l y o c c u p i e d a n L ive rpoo l ( 128 ) i tw a s c l o se t ot h e f o cu s o fs e t t lemen t b u t e l eva ted s i t e o ve r look ing a s t eep s ided v a l ley a nd w a s a tU pho l land ( f ig 5 0 ) t h e r e i sn o e v idence t o s ugge s t t h a t c l o se t ot h ev i l lage . t h e p l ace e ve r, a ch ieved b o rough s t a tu s . F u r the r s ou th a nd e a s t , C a s t le H i l l , H ind ley ( 125 ) l a y c l o se t o t h e e x t reme 3

T he e v idenc e s e em s t or e f u t e s ugge s t ion s t h a tC romw e l l 's T r ench ( 1 16 ) r e p r e sen t ed t h e s i t e o f t h e i s t e a r l o f D e rby 's h ou se . I ti sa l so mo s t u n l ik e ly t h a t B u rna rde sca s t le l a y i nL a thom 's N ew P a rk , a tt h e s i t e o f H a l ton C a s t le ( 2 8 )

7 7

1 -C a s t le sa nd S t ronghouse s ( 1892 , 2 08 -213 ; f i g 9 1 .31b ) i s q ue s t ionab le a nd a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion i n t h e v i c in i ty ( Davey & McNe i l 1 985 ) f a i led t o p roduce c l ea r e v idence f o r m ed ieva l s t ruc tu re s . T he c a s t le s t ood o n a n a r t if ic ia l ly c r ea ted s qua r e p l a tf o rm s u r rounded b y aw ide moa t . We k now l i t t le o ft h e s equence o fc on s t ruc t ion t h ough b yt h em id 14 th c en tu ry , w i th in i t s c u r ta in w a l l s a nd mu ra l t owe r s , i tc on ta ined af u l l r ange o f s t ruc tu r e s a pp rop r ia te f o r d ef ence , i n c lud ing ag a t ehou se a nd d rawb r idge . T he re w e r e , i na dd i t ion , ah a l l , c hape l a nd d ome s t ic b u i ld ing s s ome o fw h ich a bu t ted t h e c u r ta in w a l l s . I t s e em s , t hough , t h a t s ome o f t h e l o rd ' s b u i ld ing s l a y o u t s id e t h e c a s t le f o r , i n 1 346 , ac o t tag ea nd b u rgage s a ppea rt o h ave o ccup ied b o th p a r t o f t h e d i tch a nd t h e l o rd ' s f o rme r s t ab le s . D raw ing s , s a id t or e p r e sen t t h e c a s t le i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( f ig s 3 9 , 4 1) , s how F ig 3 8 : L ive rpoo li nt h e 1 6 th -17 th c en tu r ie s( r ep roduced f r om T ay lo r 1 906 , t h a t t h e t ow e r s w e r e s t one -bu i l t a nd f a c ing p age 1 75 ) 1 5 th -cen tu ry r e co rd s i n d ica te t h a t s ome o ft h e w a l l s w e r e t o b e c ove red i n t u rf a nd r oof s w e r e t o b e r epa i red w i th s h ing le s . L ive rpoo lT owe r A rchaeo log ica l e v idence f o r S i r J ohn S t an ley ' s T owe r ( 129 ) i n L ive rpoo l i se n t i re ly l a ck ing a nd t h e re i s n o th ing t o s how w he the r i t r ep re sen ted r e con s t ru c t ion o f a n e a r l ie r b u i ld ing o rw a se n t i r e ly n ew .N o ri si tk nown i f i t s p r inc ipa l c omponen t s w e r e e r ec ted i n a s i ng le p ha se o r , l i k e B agu ley H a l l a nd o t he r n or the rn t owe r h ou se s , w a s ac on sequ ence o f a l te ra t ion a nd e x ten s ion ( c hap te r 1 6 ) . lu s tra t ion s s how i tt oh ave b een b u i l to fs t one F ig 3 9 : L ive rpoo l C a s t le b y D an ie l K ing ( r ep roduced f r om G r eg son I a s a c om p a c t t h r e e s t o r e y e d , s q u a r e o r 1 817 -24 , 1 69 ) r e c tangu la rc r ene l la ted b u i ld ing a s soc ia ted w i th ac ou r tya rd ( f ig s 4 2 -43 , 9 1 .31c ) . O u tbu i ld ing s s e t a ga in s t P lan a nd s t ruc ture o ft he c a s t le s t h ee x te r io rw a l l s may h ave b een a dd i t ion s . A l though i tw a s Wi th t h e e xcep t ion o f C a s t le H i l l a t N ew ton ( 126 ) , s a id t o h ave c e l lar s , i t s p rox im i ty t o t h e s ho re m ake s i t Upho l land C a s t le ( 131 ) a nd , p e rhap s , B u rna rde sca s t le ( 123 ) a nd K now s ley C a s t le ( 124 ) , n one o f t h e s i te s s u rv ive s f o r i n ve s t iga t ion b y mode rn a r chaeo log ica l m e thod s . G ene ra l ly , t h e p hy s ica l e v idence o f t h e i r s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu r e s i s s pa r se t h ough d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s a r e , o n ly o cca s iona l ly , mo re i n f o rma t ive . L iverpoo lC a s t le A l though w r i t ten r e co rd s f o r L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) s upp ly i n f o rma t ion f o r t h e m ed ieva l a nd l a te r p er iod , a nd i t s p l an w a s d rawn i n t h e C iv i l Wa r p e r iod , D an ie l K ing 's d raw ing ( f ig 3 9 ) s how s a f a i r ly mode s t s t ruc tu re w h ich i s a t v a r iance w i th t h a t d rawn b y E ye s ( f ig 4 1) . C e r ta in ly t h e r e l iab i l i ty t ob e p l aced F ig 4 0 : P lan o fL ive rpoo l C a s t le c 1587 1588 ( r ep rodu ced f r om G reg son 1 817 o n r e con s t ruc t ion d raw ing s b y EW C ox 1 824 , 1 70 ) 7 8

C a s t l e sa nd S t ronghou se s -1 h a rd ly l i ke ly t h a t t h e se w e r e b e low g round a nd , p r obab ly , t h e g round f l oo r w a s t h e s t o rag e a r ea . Ag r ea t b a rn l a yt o t h e n o r th , a nd i lu s t ra t ion s s how t h a tt h i s m ay h av e b een f r on ted b y aw a rehou se s u i tab ly p l aced f o rt h eu n load ing o fs h ip s t i ed u p a l ong s ide . L a thom Hou se S eacom e ' s d e sc r ip t ion o fL a thom H ou se ( 44 )a tt h et im eo ft h eC iv i l Wa rh a sb een u sed i n a s ub jec t ive a t temp t t o r e con s t ru c t t h e p hy s ica l a t t r ibu te s o ft h i s s i t e ( f ig 4 5 ) . B u t w ha teve r i t s a ppea ran ce , i t sr ow o fp a l i sade s b e tween t h e e mbank ed m oa t a nd c u r ta in w a l l , t u r re t ed g a tehou se a nd n ine t owe r s w e r e s uf i c ien t ly s ub s tan t ia l t o w i th s tand s u s ta ined b a t t e ry f i re f r om t h e P a r l i amen ta r ian f o rce s i n t h e m id 17 th c en tu ry . T h e t wo c ou r tya rd s a nd p r inc ipa l b u i ld ing s i n c luded a t h ree o r f ou r s to r eyed c en tra l t owe r ( Lew i s 1 999 , f i g2 ) .

F ig 4 1 : L ive rpoo l C a s t le , e ng raved b y E ye s , d a te u ncer ta in ( r ep roduced f r om C ox 1 892 ,p l a te V )

Whe the r a l w e r e b u i l t i n as i ng le p ha se o fa c t iv i ty i se n t i r e ly u nknown b u t , f r om t h ed e sc r ip t ion so f t h e e a r thwo rk s ,t h eb u i ld ing s may h ave o ccup ied a ne a r l ie r s i t e , p o s s ib ly t h a t o f 1 3 th -cen tu ry B u rna rde sca s t le ( 123 ) . T he c ou r ty a rd s i mp ly t h a tt h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry r e bu i ld ing w a s , p e rhaps , i n f lu en ced b y ac hange i n t h e d e s ign o f m a jo r b u i ld ing s a tt h a t t ime 4.S i r T homa s S t an ley , f i r s t e a r l o f D e rby , i sp opu la r ly c on s ide red t o h ave b u i l t ( o r r e bu i l t ) L a thom f o l low ing t h e B a t t le o fB o swor th . A s C on s tab le o f E ng land f r om 1 483 , g odf a the r o f P r ince A r thu r , h u sband f i r s t o f E l eano r N ev i l le a nd t h en o f Ma rga re t B eauf o r t ( DNB I 1 975 , 1 986 ) , S t an ley 's s oc ia l c on ta c t s w ou ld h ave p rov ided m any i d ea s f o r ah ou se s u i tab le f o r am an i nh i s p o s i t ion . A s b ro the r in law o f W i l l iam H a s t ing s , E a r l o f P emb rok e ( DNB I1 975 , 9 14 ) , h e w ou ld h ave b een a wa re o fH a s t ing ' s a s p i ra t ion s f o r t h e b u i ld ing s o n h i s e s ta te s i n L e ice s te r sh i r e . B u tw he the r L a thom H ou se d eve loped o ve r t ime t o ag r andeu r s im i la r t o t h a t o f t h e o rgan ica l ly d eve loped h ou se a tA shby d e l aZ ouche o r w a s b u i l t i na s i ng le p ha se l i k e t h e s i ng le -pe r iod b u t u nf in i shed K i rby Mux loe i sn o t k nown . A l l t h e s ame T homp son h a s n o ted t h a tK i rby 's g unpo r t s i n d ica te as e r iou s i n ten t ion t ob u i ld a d ef en s iv es t ru c tu re .T h i sm igh tb ec ompa rab le w i th L a thom

4

a nd w e k now t h a t , i n 1 490 , S t an ley r e ce ived a l i cence t o c r ene l la te h i s c a s t le a t G reenha lgh , n o r th o f t h e R ibb le ( 1987 , 9 3 -96 ) . P e rhap s L a thom ' s g a tehou se , w i th i t s t wo s t rong t owe r s , b o re s ome r e semb lance t o t h e b r ick b u i ld ing s a tK i rby . A tL a thom , h oweve r ,t hough t h et owe r s w e r e p robab ly s t one -bu i l t , w e k now f r om w r i t ten s ou r ce s t h a t o t he r b u i ld ing s w e r e t imbe r -f ramed . T he i n te rna l d imen s ion s o ft h e t owe r s s ugge s t s t h a t , i nt o ta l , t h ey a l one c ou ld h ave o ccup ied a n a r ea o fc 4 19 .3m 2.S i nce w e k now n o th ing a bou t t h e t h ickne s s o f t h e i r w a l l s , t h e i r r e la t iv e d i spo s i t ion t oo ne a no the ra r ound t h e e nc lo s ing w a l l o rt h e n umbe ro fa nc i l la ry b u i ld ing s , w ec an m e re ly s pecu la te t h a t t h e t o ta l a r ea o ccup ied b y t h e s i te , e xc lud ing t h e moa t , c ou ld h ave e x tended t oc 1 0 ,000m2.A s i te o ft h i s s i ze m igh t b e e xpec ted i nt h e c on tex t o ft h e e a r l 's e l eva t ion t o t h e n ob i l i ty . A s h u sband o f Ma rga r e t B eauf or t a nd s t epf a the r o fH en ry V I I , S t an ley 's a sp i ra t ion sm ay h ave b een t oc r ea te ah ou se c ompa rab le w i th B ou rne , Maxey o rC o l leywe s ton , p l a ce s o fw h ich h i s w if e s e em s t o h ave b een p ar t icu la r ly f o nd ( J one s &U nderwood 1 992 p a s s im ;L ew i s 1 999 ) . K now s ley Ac a s t le a tK now s ley ( 124 ) i sk nown o n ly f r om t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry w r i t ing s o f R icha rd P ococke ( Ca r tw r igh t 1 888 , 2 09 ) a nd , r a the r t h an ac a s t le i nt h e s en se o f ad ef en s ib le s t ru c tu re , i t s s t a tu s w a s p robab ly t h a t o fa n i mpo r tan t a nd s ub s tan t ia l c oun t ry h ou se , K now s ley H a l l . I tm ay h ave l a in w i th in t h e p a rk ( f ig 4 4 ; G i l low 1 907 ) a nd d id n o t o ccupy a p a r t icu la r ly s t ra t eg ic s i te t h ough , i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , i tw a s a s soc ia ted w i th a n e xpan s ive w a te r -f i l led f e a tu r e a nd t e r ra ced g a rden s . K now s ley , l i ke L a thom , w a s o wned b y t h e e a r l s o fD e rby a nd , a tl e a s t d u r ing t h e l a t te rp a r t o ft h e

T he S t an ley f am i ly c anno th ave b e en i g no ran to fn ew f a sh ion s i nh ou se d e s ig n . I n 1 443 S i r T homa s S tan ley ( b 1406 , d 1459 ) w a s a ppo in t ed R ec e ive r f o r t h e D uchy o fL anca s t e r i nL anca sh i r e a nd C he sh i r e , a nd w a s i no ff ice i n1 4 58 . I n 1 451 R a lph , L o rd C romwe l l , b ecame C h ief S t ewa rd f o rl i f e ,o ft h e D uchy l a nd s i nt h e n o r th p a r t s . I n1 439 S t an ley a nd L o rd C romw e l l w e re s t ewa rd s a nd m a s t e r f o r e s t e r s o fD e lame r e a nd Ma c c le sf ie ld , i n C he sh i r e a nd i n 1 452 t h ey w e r e j o in t ly C h ief S t ewa rd sf o rt h es o u th p a r t so ft h e D uchy a nd Wa le s ( Some r v i l le 1 953 , 4 28 429 , 4 93494 ) . I th a s b een e s t ima t ed t h a t L o rd C romwe l l s p en t u pwa rd s o f £ 10 ,000 o n b u i ld ing p ro jec t s w h ich i n c luded w o rk s a t C o l lywe s ton a nd T a t t e r sha l l , b o th o f w h ich e ven tua l ly p a s sed t o T homa s S t an ley I ' s w if e , Ma rga re t B eauf o r t , a nd a tS ou th W ingf ie ld Mano rw he r e h i s i n nova t ive h ou se w a s d e s igned o n t h e c ou r tya rd p l an a nd m ay h ave t a ken u p t o 1 0 y ea r s t oc omp le t e ( F r ied r ich s 1 988 , 1 2 ; T hompson 1 976 ; C ou r tney , D ixon & L ew i s , i n p r epa ra t ion ) . I ti s g ene ra l ly b e l ieved , h oweve r , t ha t i tw a s S i r T homa s S t an ley ' s s on , T homa s , c r ea t ed I s te a r l o fD e rby i n1 485 , w ho b u i l to rr e bu i l t L a thom H ou s e .

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L a thom a nd t h e i r o t he r p rope r t ie s i nL ondon . B u t t h e r e i s n o s ugge s t ion w ha t soeve rt h a tK now s ley p re sen ted at h rea t t ot h e P a r l iamen ta r ian s d u r ing C iv i l Wa r a nd , a l though a n i mpo r tan th ou se i sl i ke ly , o ne b u i l t f o r s e r iou s d ef ence c an p robab ly b e d i sm i s sed . K now s ley 's b u i ld ing s a tt h i s t ime a r ek nown o n ly f r om i lu s t ra t ion s( f ig s4 6 ,4 7 ) . T he se s how 7 9

1 -C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s p a r t ly w a te r -f i l led . A l though t h e d ocumen ta ry r e co rd i sd if i cu l t t o i n te rp r e t , t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e s i te w a s t r an sf e r red t o mona s t ic o wne r sh ip a f t e r t h e f o rf e i tu re o f H o l land ' s l a nd s i si mp l ied b yt h e e v id ence f o rH o lc rof t ' s t e nemen t a t t h e s uppo sed c a s t le s i te i n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ; S i rJ ohn H o lc rof th ad p u r cha sed t h e mona s t ic l a nd s a t t h e D i s so lu t ion . I f c o r r ec t , t h en t h e t e nemen t m ay h ave a ccommoda ted a t l e a s t s ome o f b u i ld ing s r e co rded i n 1 536 - a h a l l , p a r lou r , g r ea t c hambe r w i th a d jo in ing c hape l , k i tchen , o u thou se s , d o r te r a nd t h e c hambe r s o f t wo n amed monk s ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911 , 9 4n 51) . H oweve r , a tl e a s ts ome o ft h e se w e re p robab ly c l o se t o t h e p r e sen t p a r i sh c hu rch , s ome 5 00m s ou th -ea s t a nd d ownh i l l o f t h e s uppo sed c a s t le s i te . i rkda l e ,H ind ley a nd W idne sC a s t l e s F ig 4 2 : L ive rpoo l T owe r , r i gh t f o reg round , w i th t h e w a t er f ron t a nd S t K E v e n l e s s i s k n ow n a b o u t t h e s t ruc tu ra l N icho la sc hu rch c 1792 ( r ep roduced f r om G reg son 1 817 1824 , 1 68 ) a t t r ibu t e s o f t h e c a s t le s a t C a s t le S t ree t , s t ruc tu r e s r a nged a r ound t wo s i de s o fa n o pen a r ea . T he K i rkda le ( 127 ) ,H ind ley ( 125 )a nd W idn e s ( 133 )a nd u rban ma in b lock c omp r i sed a c l u s te r o f b u i ld ing s s how ing d eve lopmen t i s n o t e xpec ted t o a l low t h e s u rv iva l o f d if e r en t a r ch i tec tu ra l s t y le s i n c lud ing at wo s to reyed 1 6 th i d en t if iab le a r chaeo log ica l d epo s i t s . A t p re sen t , t h e e x ten t c en tu ry (? ) h ou se a nd a c hape l w i th a p e rpend icu la r o f t h e d ocumen ta ry r e co rd i s e n t i re ly u n sea r ched . A t w indow . N owhe r e i s t h e re a ny s ugges t ion o f d ef ence s H ind ley , Y a te s ( 1786 ; f i g 4 8 ) g ave o n ly t h e n ame o ft h e t hough t h e u nda ted d r aw ing ( f ig 4 7 ) s how s ah in t o f s i te a nd , u n l ike t h a th e d r ew a t We s t D e rby , d id n o t d ep ic t am o t tel ike f e a tu re . T h i s , h ow eve r , i sh a rd ly h e lpf u l w hen h e a l so f a i led t o d ep ic t t h e k nown mound s a tC a s t le H i l l , N ew ton , o r a t P enwo r tham o nt h es ou th b a nk o ft h eR ibb le .

A rchaeo log ica li nve s t iga t ion s Mo te H i l la nd We s tD e rby C a s t le B o th We s t D e rby C a s t le ( 132 ) a nd Mo te H i l l ( 130 )h ave b een i n ve s t iga ted a r chaeo log ica l ly a nd , w i th in t h e l im i ta t ion s o f t h e p ub l i shed r e po r t s , i t i s p o s s ib le t o r e -exam ine t h e r e co rd . A pa r t f r om t h e d ep ic t ion o f amo t tel i ke f e a tu r e a t We s t D e rby o n Y a te s ' m ap o f 1 786 , t h e r e i sl i t t le e v iden ce f o r s ub s tan t ia l mound s a te i the r s i te . I ndeed , a t We s t D e rby t h e s i t e w a s s a id t ob e l ow e rt h an t h e l e ve l o f t h e s u r round ing l a nd t h ough i t h ad b een l e ve l led i n 1 817 a nd p l oughed i n 1 820 . L ikew i se , a t Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) r emova l o ft h e a ye r s w h ich h ad a ccumu la ted a f t e r t h e s i te F ig 4 3 : L ive rpoo l T owe r c 1760 ( r ep roduced f r om G r eg son 1 817 1824 , l h ad b een a bandoned i n d ica te s t h a t t h e e a r ly f a c ing p ag e 1 72 ) p l a tf o rm h ad a' s auce r l ike ' a ppea rance . E ach c r ene l la t ion o n ac oup le o ft h e s t ruc tu re s . H oweve r , i ti s c on s i s ted o f ar ough ly c i rcu la r d i tched e nc lo su re l i nked t o c l ea rt h a t t h e a r ea h ad b een e x ten s ive ly l a nd scaped b y t h e as e cond c r e scen t ic e nc lo su r e , o r b a i ley , w h ich w a s a l so m id 17 th c en tu ry a nd s ome b u i ld ing s m igh t h ave b een d i tched ( f ig s 3 5 , 3 7 ) . T race s o f ' r ampa r t s ' w e re i d en t if i ed r emoved a tt h i st ime i fn o te a r l ie r . a r ound t h e i n ne re dge so ft h e d i tche s . C a s t l e s tede , U pho l land T he p ub l i shed p l an s o f t h e s i te s , i f c o r rec t i n s ca le , d emon s t ra te t h a t t h e a r ea o ccup ied b y t h e e nc lo su re s a nd d i t che s a t Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) w a s a bou t d oub le t h a t o f We s t D e rby C a s t le ( 132 ) .A t We s tD e rby t h et wo p l a tf o rm s w e re s epa ra ted b y ad oub le d i tch ; t h e o u t e rd i tch w a s c r o s sed b y as i ng le -pha se w ooden b r idge w h ich R igo ld d a ted t o t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd c on s ide red t ob e ap r ima ry f e a tu re ( f ig s 5 2 , 5 3 ) . T he b r idge , c l a s s if ied a sF o rm I IC , i st h e e a r l ie s t k nown e xamp le o f al o ng su rv iv ing m e thod o fc on s t ruc t ion

L i t t le i sk nown o f t h e ` Ca s t le s tede ' ( 131 ) a t U pho l land t hough i tm ay b e s uppo sed t h a t R icha rd d e H o l land ' s l i cence t oc r ene l la te w a s a ccompan ied b y t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f al a rge h a l l t o a ccommoda te t h e 2 40 p eop le h e w a s r equ i r ed t oe n te r ta in . T he d eep a nd w ide n a tu ra l v a l ley o r c l ough , w h ich d i v ided t h e s i te f r om t h e p a rk w h ich l a y t o t h e n o r th , w ou ld h ave f o rmed a n i mp res s ive d ef ence a nd t h e n a tu ra l d ra inage p a t te rn s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s p robab ly 8 0

C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s11 o fm ino rb r idge s w h ich i sf ound i nl a te r c on tex t s a tA c ton B u rne l l a nd L eckhamp ton ( R igo ld 1 975 , 5 9 , 6 9 -70 ) . A l though e xcava t ion a tb o th s i te s w a s e x t reme ly l im i ted t h e re w a s a lmo s t n o e v idence f o r s t one s t ruc tu r e s a nd i t s e em sl i k e ly t h a tt imbe rw a su sed f o rb o th t h e d ef ence s a nd t h e b u i ld ing s . A t Mo te H i l l al a ye r o fs a nd , ' b u rn tt o ar ed c o lou r ' ( f ig 5 4 , ? l aye r H ) , w a s o ve r la id w i th b u rn t ' v ege t ab le m a t te r ' f r om w h ich ' e a r ly ' m ed ieva lp o t te ry w a s r e cove red . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly , t h i s r e la te s t ot h e d e s t ruc t ion o ft h e s i t e i nt h e m id 13 th c en tu ry a f t e r w h ich a ' b ou lde r p avemen t ' w a s l a id ( l aye rC ) . O nt h i s , q uan t i t ie so fd r e s sed a sh la r b l ock s w e r e f ound b u t i n f o rma t ion i sl a ck ing w i th r e ga rd t ot h e i r s t ruc tu ra l n a tu re . At imbe r l ined w e l l , f r om w h ich q uan t i t ie s o fa n ima l b one s , s na i l s , b u rn t t imbe r a nd m e ta ln a i l sw e r er e cove red , a lmo s tc e r ta in ly w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e e a r ly s t ruc tu r e . O the r f i nd s i n c luded R oman p o t te ry a nd af i bu la , o f s uppo sed A ng lo -Saxon d a te , w a s r e cov e red f r om t h ew e l l .

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K i rkbye R ea s se s smen t o ft h e r e co rd n ow s how s t h a t t h e m ound a t C a s t le H i l l , N ew ton ( 126 ) , ( f ig 5 3 ) p rov ide s t h e o n ly i d . Wa l ton e v idence i nt h e H und r ed f o r amo te . I tm igh tb e c ompa red C rox te th H a l l t ot h a ta tP enwo r tham , i nL ey land o nt h e s ou th b ank o ft h e R ibb le ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 33 -536 ) , w he r e ad eep d i tch s epa ra te s t h e m o t t e f r om i t s b a i ley , a nd t o Wa tch H i l l a t We s tD e rby H y ton B owdon , i n C he sh i r e ( B rown & J ohn son 1 985 , 3 5 -37 ) . L e rpoo le H oweve r , a tP enwo r tham t h e mound i sc on s ide rab ly mo r e s ub s tan t ia l t h an t h a t a t N ew ton a nd i s w e l l -p laced t o C h i ldwa l l c ommand t h em ou th o ft h e R ibb le . T he re s e em st ob e c l ea r a r chaeo log ica l e v idence t o s how t h a t i tw a s c on s t ruc ted J GHS g o ve r e a r l ie r o ccupa t ion l e ve l s e nc lo sed b y ap a l i sade , a nd t h e D ome sday r e co rd t e l l su st h a tP enwor tham h ad ac a s t le F ig 4 4 : L a thom a nd K now s ley i n1 6 10 ( r ep roduced a nd s i x b u rge s se s i n 1 086 ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 70a ) . f r om J o h n S p e e d ' s M a p o f L a n c a s h i r e , 1 9 8 8 , 10 111) A rcha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion a tN ew ton i n1 843 s e emed t o s how a s ma l l t imbe r s t ruc tu re e ncap su la ted w i th in t h e g round l e v e l s ugge s ted t h a t t h e se a c ted a s s e cu r e e a r then m ound w h ich w a s s u r rounded b y ad i tch . I ts e em s , f ounda t ion s f o r as upe r s t ruc tu re ( Kenyon 1 990 , 1 4 16 ) . p o s s ib le , h oweve r , t h a t t h e mound h ad b een c on s t ruc ted T he s i ng le f i nd o f ap i ece o fp o s s ib le R oman mo r ta r ia a l so o ve r e a r l ie rm an -made f e a tu re s a nd m ed ieva l f i e ld b ound s , a l low s s p ecu la t ion t h a tt h e s i te c ou ld h ave i t so r ig in s i nt h e k nown o n ly f r om t h e L egh S u rvey o f 1 466 , s ugge s t t h a t p r e -Conqu e s tp e r iod a nd t h a ti tw a ss ub sequen t ly r eu sed . t h e re m ay o nce h ave b een a n o u te r b a i ley . O nt o pog raph ica l g round s i ti s a lmo s t c e r ta in t h a t t h e d i tch w a s d ry a nd r e -exam ina t ion o ft h es i te i n1 987 f a i led t o f i nd a ny e v idence f o r s i l t s i n d ica t ive o f aw a te r -f i l led f e a tu re . T he se e xcava t ion s a l so f a i led t o i d en t if y a ny t imbe r s w i th in t h e m ound o r e v idence f o r mo re e x ten s ive a nc i l la ry f e a tu re s s uch a sa b a i ley a nd b u i ld ing s . B u t s i nce t h e w ho le s i t e , a pa r tf r om t h e mound , h a s r e cen t ly b een e n t i re ly s t r ipped d own t on a tu ra l b ou lde r c l ay o r u nde r ly ing s a nd s tone , a nd t h en o ve r la id w i th m oder n o ve rbu rden d u r ing c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e M6 mo to rway , t h i s i sh a rd ly s u rp r i s ing . T he s c an t a r cha eo log ica l e v idence , w i th a s ugge s t ion o ft imbe r s e nc lo sed w i th in t h e mound , c ou ld s ugges t a n e a r thwo rk n o t d i s s im i la r t ot h e mo t te ig 4 5 : C on jec tu ra lr e con s t ru c t ion o fL a thom H ou se ( r ep roduced f r om R oby a tA b ing e r , S u r rey . H e re , t h ep o s s ib le F 872 , v o lI ,f a c ing p3 11) e v idence f o rh o r izon ta lt imbe r sb e low 1

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8 1

1 -C a s t l e sa nd S t ronghou se s c on sen t . T he N orman C on sue tud ine s e tJ u s t ic ie o f 1 09 1 p e rm i t ted t h e c r ea t ion o f d ef en s ive b ank s , p a l i sade s a nd d i tche s o n ly w i th t h e D uke 's a g r eemen t . I ti sb e l ieved t h a t t h e s i tua t ion i n E ng land w a s n o d if e ren t a nd t h a t t h e c a s te l lac io t r ium s cannorum o f p r iva te c a s t le b u i ld ing , o ve rw h ich t h ek i ng a l one h ad j u r i sd ic t ion , w e r e p a r to ft h e s ame p henomenon ( B rown 1 969 , 1 4 ; C o lv in 1 963 , 3 3 -34 ; H a sk in s 1 9 18 , 2 82 ) . W i th t h e d eve lopmen t o f c a s t le d ef ence s f r om e a r thwo rk st os t one -bu i l t s t rongho ld s , i tw a s t h e l i cence t o c r ene l la te w h ich d i s t ingu i shed a f o r t if i ed b u i ld ing f r om o ne o f l e s s t h rea t t o t h e C rown . S ince e v idence f o r t h e g r an t ing o fc on sen t f o r p r iva te c a s t le s i n s ou th L anca sh i re i nt h e 1 2 th c en tur yi se n t i re ly l a ck ing a nd t h a tf o rl i cence st oc r ene l la te Upho l land ( 131 )a nd N ew ton H a l l( 61 ) i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry a nd L ive rpoo lT owe r( 129 ) i n 1 406 - i s a lmo s t a s r a re , r e sea r ch i s l im i ted t o o t he r h i s to r ica la nd a r chaeo log ica l s ou r ce s . U n t i l 1 399 We s tD e rby C a s t le ( 132 ) w a st h e o n ly c a s t le i n t h e H und r ed d i rec t ly a t tached t ot h e r oya l e s ta te s o r , a f t e r 1 086 1090 , t h o se o f t h e H ono r o f L anca s te r f o l low ing t h e p o s t -Conque s t r eo rgan i sa t ion o fl a nd h o ld ing s . D raw ing o n t h e e xamp le o f r oya l m anagemen t o f c a s t le s i n N o rmandy i n t h e l th c en tu ry , t h e k i ng ' s s e r jean tw a s t or ema in a tR ouen a nd , a pa r t f r om h i s c on t inu ing p r iv i lege s , d r ew h i s l i ve ry o n ly w h i le t h ek ing w a st h e re . I nt h i sr e spec t , t h es e r jean tb e longed w i th t h ec hap la in s a nd p or t e r s w ho w e r e a t tached p e rmanen t ly t ot h e r oya l c a s t le s r a the rt h an w i th t h e of i ce r s w ho f o l lowed t h e k i ng ( Ha sk in s 1 9 18 , 18 ) . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e s ame a r rangemen t p r eva i led i n L anca sh i r e a nd t h e h e red i ta ry s e r jean t s o f We s t D e rby a ppea r t oh av e r ema ined h e r e a nd , p robab ly , o ccup ied t h e c a s t le . H ow f r equen t ly , i f e ve r , t h e k ing o r t h e e a r ly ow ne r s o f t h e H ono r v i s i ted We s t D e rby i sn o t k nown b u t , s i nce t h e c a s t le w a s n o t i n c luded a mong s t t h o se o n J ohn ' s l a nd s w h ich w e re r e ta ined b yt h eg ove rnmen t i nc 1177 ( Poo le 1 954 , 3 48 ) , i ti s a s sumed t h a t i tw a s i nh i sp o s se s s ion . A tt h e e nd o f t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry , i fn o t b ef o re , i tw a s g a r r i soned a nd i t s m i l i ta ry r o le c on t inued u n t i l t h e c r ea t ion o f L ive rpoo l C a s t le i n1 232 -1237 . H oweve r , i ti sc l ea r F ig 4 7 : D raw ing o fK now s ley H a l lo n au nda ted p l an o fK now s ley t h a t e xpend i tu r e o n r epa i r s i nt h e o pen ing y ea r s o f P a rk ( Know s ley H a l la r ch ive s ) t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry d id n o t m a t ch t h e o u t lay a t F ranc i sF ar re r ' sC a s t l e L anca s te r ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 12 113 , 1 47 ) . I n a dd i t ion , We s t D e rby c a s t le w a st h e c en t r e o fH und reda l a dm in i s t ra t ion i n T he r e cove ry o f R oman p o t te ry , i n c lud ing t i l e s , f r om s ou th w e s t L anca sh i re , ar o le w h ich , a t a n e a r l ie r d a t e , F ranc i s F a r re r ' s ' Ca s t le ' r a i se s t h e i n t r igu ing p o s s ib i l i ty m igh t h ave b een f o cu sed i n t h e a d ja cen t v i l l o f . t h a t i t s o r ig in s , l i ke t h o se o f Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) , l a y i nt h e A t tendance a tt h e w apen take c ou r t w a s r equ i r ed b y a l l t h e R oman p e r iod . T he l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te i s , h oweve r , p r inc ipa l t e nan t s , w he the r k n igh t s o r t h ane s , o r t h e i r u nce r ta in t h ough t h ep rox im i ty o fT ay lo r 's F a rm i nL a thom n om ina ted r e p re sen ta t ive s a nd t h e b a i l if f s o rs t ewa rd s w e r e ( ap roper ty w h ich m ay b e n o ted i nF ranc i s F a r re r 's w i l l i n a n swe rab le d i rec t ly t ot h e c r own o r H ono r . H ow l o ng t h e 1 734 ; L anc s RO WC W F ranc i s F a r ra r ( s ic ) o f c a s t l e i t s e l f c o n t i n u e d t o f u n c t i o n i n s u c h a m a n n e r i s n o t D ownho l land ) w i th n ew ly -d i scove r ed l a te p r eh i s to r ic a nd c l e a r b u t i t s d e c l i n e a f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e 1 3 t h c e n t u r y w a s R omano -B r i t i sh f e a tu re s r a i se s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t Fumes f a i r ly r ap id a nd t h e s i te s e em s t o h ave b een f i na l ly ' c a s t le ' l a yc l o se b y . a bandoned i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . L oca l a dm in i s t ra t ion S ta tu sa nd f unc t ion w a s t ob e r e f ocu sed a tL ive rpoo l a nd i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , t h e g r ea t t owe r a t L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) w a s t o b e F o l low ing t h e C onque s t m any o f t h e c a s t le s b u i l t b y W i l l iam Iw e r et ob ea s s igned t ob a ron ia l c a s te l lan sa nd t h e r epa i r ed a nd u s ed f o r ' The Q uene s Ma je s t ie s C ou r te s f o r c on s t ruc t ion o fn ew c a s t le sw a s ap r iv i lege g ran ted b yr oya l H e r G ra ce s Wappen tacke o f We s t D e rby shy r e , b e ing a v e ry g r ea te s ok en ' ( Fa r r e r &B rov vnb i l l e d s . 1 911 , 5 ) . T he b u i ld ing w a sa l so t ob eu sed f o rs t o rage o ft h ec ou r tr o l l s . F ig 4 6 : K now s ley i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( r ep roduced f r om R a ine s 1 867 )5

5

T he o r ig ina l p a in t ing i s aK now s ley H a l l .

8 2

C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s -1

S ince t h e w ho le o ft h e r eg ion w a s h e ld b y t h e k ing a t t h e t ime o f t h e C onque s t , i t s e em s l i ke ly t h a t Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) , Wa r r ing ton , h ad a l so b een a r oya l c a s t le . I ndeed , f i nd s f r om t h e s i te h ave b een d a ted t o t h e p r e -No rman p e r iod , i fn o t e a r l ie r ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 43 ) a nd a s i te o f h igh s t a tu s i ss ugge s ted b yt h e t wo j e t c he s smen f ound i n t h e e xcava t ion s . A l though i ti s t emp t ing t op l ace t h e s i t e i nt h e o wne r sh ip o f Wu lf r ic S po ti nt h el a te 1 0 th c en tu ry , t h i s c anno t b e d emon s t ra ted . A t t h e i mpo r tan t c r o ss ing -po in t o ft h e Me r sey o n t h e r ou t e b e tween C he sh i re a nd W igan , t oge the rw i th S t . E lph in ' s c hu r ch , i tf o rmed t h e f o cu s o f s e t t lemen t a nd , a lmo s t c er ta in ly , w a s t h e s ea t o f H und reda l a dm in i s t ra t ion i n Wa r r ing ton u n t i l t h e p o s t -Conque s t r eo rgan i sa t ion . Af t e rt h i st h e s t a tu s o f Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) w a s p robab ly r educed t o o ne o f m ino r b a ron ia l f u nc t ion ; i t s l o rd s w e r e r equ i red t op e r f o rm s u i t a tt h e We s t D e rby c ou r t . I t s s t a tu s d ec l ined f u r the r f o l low ing t h e r emova l o f t h e b a ron ia l l o rd s t o t h e moa ted s i te a t B ew sey O ld H a l l i n B u r tonwood ( 4 ) i nt h e l a t te r y ea r s o f t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . Af t e rc on s t ruc t ion o ft h e n ew b r idge a c ro s s t h e Me r sey i n t h e m id 14 th c en tu ry t h e m ig ra t ion o f s e t t lemen t ig 4 8 : C a s t le H i l l ,H ind ley ,a nd s i te si nI n ce i n Make r f ie ld , We s t le igh , w e s twa rd sf r om Mo t eH i l l( 130 )l ef tt h es i t e F b ram a nd G o lbome , 1 786 ( r ep roduced f r om Y a te s 1 786 ) a nd a d ja cen t c hu r ch s omewha t i s o la ted A u n t i l t h e r e la t ive ly r e cen t e xpan s ion o ft h e t own . A l though t h e c en t ra l l o ca t ion o f C a s t le H i l l , N ew ton ( 126 ) , s ugge s t s t h a t i t c ou ld h ave a c t ed a s a n a dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s w i th in t h a t H und r ed , i t s r o le i s n o t e n t i r e ly c l ea r . U n t i l t h e C onque s t , a nd f o r s ome t ime a f terwa rd s , i tm ay h ave b een i nr oya l o wne r sh ip a st h e c apu t o fN ew ton H und red b u t , d e sp i te S i b son ' s a s ser t ion s t h a t h i s e xcava t ion s h ad i d en t if i ed t h e ' bu r ia l p l a ce o f C e l t ic k i ng s ' , t h e mo t te i t se lf c an h a rd ly b ea ne a r ly f e a tu r e . C er ta in ly i tw a sw e l l -p la ced t o mon i to rt r af f i c a l ong t h e r ou te b e tween Wa r r ing ton t oW igan a nd , i nt h i s , i tm igh t b e c ompa red w i th t h e mo t te a tP enwo r tham a tt h e c ro s s ing o ft h e R ibb le , o r Wa tch H i l l a tB owdon . U n l ike t h e o t he r H und reda l c en t r e sa t We s tD e rby a nd Mo te H i l l( 130 ) ,C a s t le H i l l l a y s om e d i s tance f r om t h e i mmed ia te s e t t lemen t t hough m ed ieva l m ig ra t ion f r om t h e s i te , w h ich l e dt o t h e c r ea t ion o ft h e b o rough o fN ew ton b y t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , i sp o s s ib le . I ndeed , t h e g ran t ing o f a l i cence t oc r ene l la te i n1 34 1 a ppea r s mo r e p rope r ly t o r e la te t ot h e moa ted s i t ea tN ew ton H a l l( 6 1 ) . G iven i t s s ma l l d imen s ion s a nd t h e l a ck o fs uppor t ing e v id ence f o r as ub s tan t ia lc a s t le s i te , i ta ppea r st h a t i t sp r inc ipa l r o le w a s s omewha t l o ca l i sed a nd t ha t i tw a s , p e rhap s , F ig 4 9 : C a s t le S t r ee t ,K i rkda le , 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 44 ) r e spon s ib le f o rm ino rc on t ro l o ft h e d i s t r ic tr a the rt h an af o cu s o f l a te r m ed ieva l a dm in i s t ra t ion o f e s ta te s

A b inge r w h ich w a s n o mo re t h an t h e m i l i ta ry o u tpo s t o fa

d ependan t o n N ew ton . I n t h i s i tm igh t b e c ompa red w i th

s ma l le s ta t e( Kenyon 1 990 ,2 3 ) .

8 3

1 -C a s t l e sa nd S t ronghou se s a st h e f o cu s o fH und r eda l a dm in i s t ra t ion . I tw a s g a r r i soned d u r ing t h eC iv i l Wa rb yb o th R oya l i s t a nd P a r l iamen ta r ian f o rce s a nd f i na l ly f e l l t ot h e P a r l iamen ta r ian s f o r t h e s e cond t ime i n 1 644 . F ina l d i sman t l ing t o ok p l a ce i n 1 720 b u t i t s o r cha rd h ad a l ready b een l o s tt ot h e d eve lopmen t o f an ew s t ree tp l an s ome t im e e a r l ie r ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 4n 51 , 5 ) . L i t t le i sk nown o f am ed ieva l c a s t le a tW idne s ( 133 ) a nd i t s i n c lu s ion i nt h e r en ta l o fH a l ton 's b a ron ia l e s ta te s i n 1 296 a nd 1 304 -05 ( Lyon s 1 884 , 5 1 , 6 4 ) s ugge s t s e i ther H a l ton C a s t le i t s e lf , s ou th o ft h e Me r sey , o r ac ap i ta lm e s suage o ft h e f e e n o r th o ft h e r i ve r . S ince t h e t e n an t s o f t h e f e e h ad t op e r f o rm s u i t a nd p ay d ue s a tt h e c ou r t o fW idne s , ac a s t le m ay h ave p rov ided a n a dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s . I t s l i ke ly l o ca t ion c l o se t o t h e s uppo sed p a rk a nd v a cca ry i n W idne s s ugge s t s t h a t i ta l so p rov ided t h e l o rd s o fH a l ton w i th f a c i l i t ie s f o r h un t ing . N o m en t ion o f t h e c a s t le i s made d u r ing t h e Of f i c ia l P rog r e s s o f 1 476 t h ough r e f e rence t or e pa i ro ft h em i l l a t App le ton a nd t o r e lea se f r om d eb t s o f t h e b a i l if f s o f W idne s ( Mye r s 1 964 , 1 0 11) s how t h a tt h e p l a ce w a sn o t om i t ted f r om t h e s u rvey .

F ig 5 0 : U pho l land , 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 37 ) A s l o rd o ft h e l a nd s i ns ou th L anca sh i re i nt h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry , W i l l iam d e F e r re r s , E a r l o f D e rby , i s h e ld r e spon s ib le f o rt h e c on s t ruc t ion o fL ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) , p e rhap s a s a n o u tpo s t o f h i s f e uda l c en t re a t T u tbu ry . L ive rpoo lh ad a l r eady b een g ran ted i t sb o rough c ha r te ra nd t h ec a s t le m ay h ave b een i n tended a s ar ep lacemen t f o rt h a t a t We s tD e rby . H e ld b yc on s tab le s , t h e c a s t le p a s sed t ot h e e a r l s o f L anca s te r a nd wa s pun ted t o S i r R ober t d e H o l land i n t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , a t at ime w hen S i r R obe r t a ppea r s t o h ave b een d e sc r ib ing h i s d we l l ing i n Upho l land a s ac a s t le .

S i r J ohn S t an ley ' s T owe r ( 129 ) , o n t h e v e ry e dge o f t h e Me r sey , w a s a lmo s t c er ta in ly b u i l t a s ar e spon se t ow a te r b o rne t r ade . H oweve r , t h e r e c an b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t i tw a s a l so a s t a temen t o fh i s s t a tu s i nL ive rpoo l . S i r J ohn h ad ma r r ied I s abe l , d augh te r a nd h e i r e s s o f S i r T homa s L a thom , a nd t h e T owe r w a s t o b e h e r h ome a f t e r 1 413 1 414 . I ti s , p e rhap s , n o c o inc idence t ha t t h e l i cence t o c r ene l la te d a te s t o w i th in ay ea r o f S t an ley ' s g ran t o ft h e E dwa rd I s t ayed a tL ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) i n 1 323 a nd i t l o rd sh ip o f t h e I s le o f Man ( Moo r e 1 900 , 1 97 ) . T rade w a s t r an sf e r r ed t or oya l o wne r sh ip i n 1 399 . T he p r inc ipa l b e tween t h e i s land a nd L anca sh i r e i sw e l l -d emon s t ra ted b y r o le o ft h e c a s t le w a s c l ea r ly m i l i ta ry b u t , p r io rt ot h e C iv i l t h e o ccu r r ence o fc e ram ic s o f 1 6 th -cen tu ry d a te a nd l a te r Wa r , t h e o n ly k nown a t tack o n i t s d ef ence s o ccu r red i n f r om a r cha eo log ica l d epo s i t s i nt h e t own o f P ee l a nd a t 1 315 d u r ing t h e l o ca l w a rb e tween S i r Adam B ana s t r e a nd P ee l C a s t le ( F reke , f o r thcom ing ) a nd av au l ted w a r ehou se S i r R obe r t d e H o l land ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 4 4 ) . B y t h e 1 6 th o n t h e w a te rf ron t a tP ee l w a s , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , ap rope r ty c en tu ry , i fn o t e a r l ie r , i th ad t a ken o ve r f r om We s t D e rby o f t h e S t an ley s ( Lew i s 1 989c ) . I n t h e m id 16 th c en tu ry t h e re a r e r e f e rence s t ot h e s ha r ing o u t o f f i sh a t t h e T owe r G a te a nd t h e b u rge s se s s e em t o h ave u sed t h e c e l la r s a nd g r ea t b a rn f o r t h e s t o rage o fg ood s . I n 1 566 t h e p lace w a s u sed b y t h e e a r l o f D e rby a nd h i s s on s t o e n te r ta in a n umbe r o f L anca sh i r e k n igh t s , ' e squ ie r s ' a nd g en t lemen . L ike L ive rpoo l C a s t le , t h e T ow e r wa s g a r r i soned d u r ing t h e C iv i l Wa r b u t a f t e r t h e e a r l ' s f o rf e i tu re t h e p l ace b ecau se a p r i son . I n t h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry t h eu ppe rr oom s w e r e u sed f o r a s semb l ie s b u t t h e b u i ld ing w a s d emo l i shed i n1 8 19 . T he g roup o fc a s t les o r s t ronghou se s i n t h e t h anage -he ld v i l l s o f H ind ley ( 125 ) , L a thom ( 44 , 1 23 ) a nd Upho l land ( 1 31 ) , a nd t ha t h e ld b y n igh t ' s s e rv ice i n C a s t le S t ree t , F ig 5 1 : D ing le S l ack , U pho l land , f a c ing s ou th -ea s t , 1 989 . H a l l Meadow i so nt h e k K i rkda le ( 127 ) m ay , p e rhap s , b e b e s t h ighe rg round t ot h er i gh t . 8 4

C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s -1 d e scr ibed a s s a te l l i te s , d ependen t u l t ima te ly o n We s t D e rby . T he i r l o ca t ion i nt h e ma rg ina l v i l l s o ft h e H und red a rgue sf o re a r ly c r ea t ion a ss ymbo l s o fs t reng th a nd c on t ro l a l ong t h e t e r r i to r ia l b ound s a nd , a s p r iva te c a s t le s , t h e i r o wne r s m ay h ave h e ld p o s i t ion s o f p r iv i leged s t a tu s . O n p u r e ly s p ecu la t ive g round s , i t i s t emp t ing t o s e e B u rna rd e sca s t le ( 123 ) a s t h e p r inc ipa l h o ld ing o f t h ane U c t red i nt h e 1t hc en tu ry ; a f t e r a l l , h e w a s a ppa ren t ly t h e mo s t p owe rf u lt h an e i ns ou th w e s t L anca sh i re a tt h a tt ime . I t s s t a tu sm ay ,p e rhap s , b ec ompa red w i th t h a t o ft h e c a s t le a tC a s t le ton , R ochda le , w h ich i sb e l ieved t od a te f r om t h e e a r ly N o rman , i f n o t p r e -Conque s t p er iod . B u t t h e p a l i saded e a r thwo rk s h e r e w e r e n eve r r ep laced w i th m a son ry d ef ence s a nd t h e s i te w a s a bandoned i nt h e e a r ly y ea r so ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 39 ) . I t h a s a l r eady b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e s i te o f B u rna rde sca s t le ( 123 ) m ay h ave c on t inued i n u se u n t i l T homa s , 1 s tE a r l o fD e rby , b u i l t h i s s t rongho ld a tL a thom H ou se i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . H i s p redece s so r , S i r J ohn S t an ley ,h ad b een g ran ted al i cence t oc r ene l la te t h e T owe r i n L ive rpoo l i n 1 406 b u t t h e re i s n o s uch l i cence f o r L a thom . H oweve r ,t h ee a r l ' s s oc ia l a nd ma r i ta l c onnec t ion s p l aced h im h i gh a mong s tt h e l e ad ing l o rd s o ft h e k i ngdom a nd L a thom h ad a ccommoda t ion , o n as ca le s u i tab le f o rt h e e n te r ta inmen to fH en ry V I I i n 1 495 , a nd w a s d e sc r ibed a s t h e ' Nor the rn C ou r t ' i n1 572 ( Lew i s 1 999 ) . A t K now s ley , a l so h e ld b y t h e L a thom f am i ly , t h e l a ck o f a ny n o t iceab le s t ra teg ic s i gn if icance f o r t h e c a s t le ( 124 ) s ugge s t st h a ti tw a s ,p e rhap s , n o mo r et h an ap r iva te r e t rea t b u i l t b y t h e f am i ly , o r t h e i r s ucce s so r s , t h e S t an ley s , p e rhap s a s ah un t ing l o dge w i th in t h e m ed ieva lp a rk . U n t i l t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry K now s ley m ay h ave b een r e se rved a s d owe r t h ough i tp rov ided a r e s t ing p l ace f o r S i r A dam B ana s t r e a nd h i s f o rce s a f t e r t h e i r a bor t ive a t tack o n L ive rpoo l C a s t le i n 1 315 ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 4 4 ) . T he h ou se w a s r e f u rb i shed f o r H en ry V I I ' s v i s i t i n 1 495 a nd f u r the r r ebu i ld ing o ccu r red a f t e r t h e C iv i l Wa r w hen t h e g a rden s m ay h av eb een l a nd scaped ( f ig 5 4 ) . I nt h i s , t h ey m igh tb ea r s ome r e semb lance t ot h e g a rden s a tB ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) w h ich w e r e p robab ly l a id o u t a t a bou t t h e s ame t ime . H oweve r , t h e r e i sn ow n o t r a ce o f t h e e a r ly b u i ld ing s t h ough , p o s s ib ly , s ome e l emen t s may b e i n co rpo ra ted w i th in t h e p r e sen t s t ruc tu r e w h ich i s s t i l l t h e p r in c ipa l r e s idence o ft h ee a r lo fD e rby .

K ey t ol a y e r sd e sc r ibed b yD roop 1 s u rf a ce s o i l 2 s o i lf i l l ing 3 s and f i l l ing 4 c l ay a nd w ood 5 b ea t en g r ave l ly c l ay

&L a rk in 6 f i l l ing o fp ea t ,g r ave l , c l ay 7 c l ay a c cumu la t ion 8 ' v i rg in ' s and 9 s and 1 0 b ou lde rc l ay

F ig 5 2 : P lan a nd s e c t ion sa c ro s st h ed i tche sa t We s tD e rby C a s t le ( r ep roduced f r om D roop & L a rk in 1 928 )

T he h ig h s t a tu s o fR obe r t d e H o l land ' s c a s t le a tU pho l land ( 131 ) i s a l so w i thou t q ue s t ion t hough w he the r i te ve r a ch ieved s t ruc tu r e s t o m a tch t h o se o f o the r 1 4 th -cen tu ry c a s t le s i s u nk nown . T h rough h i s p a t ron a nd f r i end , ig 5 3 : B r idge t imbe r sf r om We s tD e rby C a s t le T homa s , e a r l o f L anca s te r , H o l land h ad s e cu r ed a F ( r e p r o d u c e d f r om ( R i g o l d 1 9 7 5 , 6 5 ) f a vou rab le m a r r iage a nd w a s i n p o s se s s ion o f e x ten s ive e s ta te s . I n 1 3 11 h e h ad al i cence t oc r ene l la te h i s h ou se a t A s a tL a thom , i ti se n t i re ly s pecu la t ive t op l a ce U c tred i n Me lbou rne a nd r eg ran ted t h e e s ta te t o t h e e a r l , w ho w a s p o s se s s ion o fa n 1t h -cen tu ry c a s t le i nK i rkda le ( 127 ) . B u t , r e spon s ib le f o rb u i ld ing t h e c a s t le t h e r e . H o l land a l so h ad s i nce h e a l so h e ld Wa l la sey , o n t h e o ppo s i te b ank o ft h e a ccommoda t ion i nt h ee a r l ' s c a s t le a tK en i lwo r th a nd an ew Me r sey , U c t r ed ' s o wne r sh ip o f K i rkda le , i n f a vou rab le h ou se i nL anca s te ra sw e l la sc a s t le sa tT u tbu ry , D on ing ton t e nu r e , p e rhap s s ugge s t s t h a t h e w a s r e spon s ib le h e re f o r a nd A shby ( Madd ico t t 1 971 , 4 55 , 4 60 , 4 63 ) . A tU pho l land c on t ro l l ing t h e t r aff i c a tt h e mou th o ft h e r i ve r . Moder n t h e h a l l w a s c l ea r ly b u i l t t o b e c ommod iou s e nough t o d eve lopmen t a t Wa l la sey , h oweve r , h a s o b scu red e v idence e n ter ta in l a rge n umbe r s o fp eop le a nd t h e c a s t le mu s th ave f o r a ny d ef en s ive f u nc t ion t h i s v i l l m igh t h ave p l ayed b een s uf i c ien t ly w e l l -appo in ted t o a ccommoda te E dwa rd ( Ch i t ty 1 981a , 8 ) . O nt h e o t he rh and , s i nce K i rkda le p a s sed If o rt wo w eek so nh i sv i s i tt oL anca sh i re i n1 324 . t ot h e b a rony o fP enwo r tham a f t e r 1 066 , ap o s t -Conque s t 8 5

1 -C a s t le sa nd S t ronghouse s a l so p o s s ib le t os ugge s t al i nk ,t h rough h e r mo the r , w i th t h e B ana s t re f am i ly o f P re s ta tyn a nd Make rf ie ld . Ac a s t le i nh e r p o s se ss ion w ou ld n o t b e s u rp r i s ing b u t u nde r s t and ing o f h e r l i neage d emand s c l ose rh i s to r ica la na ly s i s .

C a s t le sa nd r e l ig ious h ou se s

J GHS

3

2

5

I n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod i t w a s n o t u ncommon f o rt h eo wne ro f ac a s t le o rh i s s ucce s so r s t o f ound a r e l ig iou s h ou se n ea rby ( Thomp son 1 987 , 8 ) . B y s u ch a c t s t h eo wne ra nd h i sh e i r sa cqu i red n o to n ly a s p i r i tua l s e cu r i ty b u t , a f t e r d ea th , ar e s t ing p l ace f o rt h e i r b od ie s . T he a c t o fb u i ld ing a c a s t le w a s b y n o m ean s a lway s c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e f ounda t ion o fs uch ah ou se , w h ich m ay h ave o ccu r red s ome c on s ide rab le t ime l a te r a tt h e h and s o ft h e w idow o r l a t e r h e i r s . Wh i l s t t h e f ounda t ion d a te s o f mo s t r e l ig iou s h ou se s a r e d ocumen ted t ow i th in af ew y ea r s , t h e d a t ing e v idence f o r c a s t le b u i ld ing i s u sua l ly l e s s s e cu r e . H ow eve r , i n We s t D e rby al i nk b e tween t h e s uppo sed c a s t le o wne r sa nd mon a s t ic f ounda t ion s o rm a jo r d ona t ion s t o s uch h ou se s c onf i rm s t h e s t a tu s o ft h e o ccupan t s . A tt h e s ame t ime , m any m ino rd ona t ion so fl a nd si na lm sc an b et r aced t ot h e c la s s o ff r eemen o nw ho se l a nd s , a s w i l l b e s e en l a te r ( c hap te r 1 3 , A ppend ice s V ,V I ) ,t h e re i se v idence f o r moa ted s i te s . F o r t h e t h ree l o ca l r e l ig iou s h ou se s , B u r scough P r io ry , Wa r r ing ton F r ia ry a nd U pho l land P r io ry , t h e r e i sa c l ea r a s soc ia t ion b e tween t h e f ound ing l o rd a nd c a s t le o wne r sh ip ( t ab le 1 8 ) .

c .o ne me tre ( f o rs ec t ion so n ly )

A .G r een S wa rd ,c o v e r ing t h et op o fMo t eH i l l B . As t ra tum o fc l ay , m ixed w i th e a r th , c oppe rd ro s s ,f ragmen t so fe ar thenwa re a nd g la s s ; i nt h el owe r p a r tm any t oo l ed a sh la r s . C . As t ra tum o fv eg e tab l es o i l ,w i th b ou ld e rp av emen ti np lac e s . D . B u rn t c l ay , m i x ed w i th c a rbon i zed w ood , r e ed s , e t c ; o nt h e t o p al a y er o fb l ack m a t te rm ix ed w i th u nbu rn tb one sa nd b rok en p o t te ry . E .S and yl oam . F . °d i r ty s and .

T he e a r l ie s t o f t h e se , B u r scough P r io ry , w a s f ounded i nt h e l a s td ecade o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd e ndowed w i th l a nd s w h ich

e xc luded B uma rde sca s t le . H e r e , i ts e em s , t h e d e L a thom f am i ly w e r e s t i l l i n r e s idence . L and s o n o t he r L a thom p roper t ie s , a t K now s ley a nd T a rbock , G . Ac on ica lp i tc on ta in ing w h i t ew ood a she s , w i th b u rn tp o t t e ry a nd b one s( human? ) . H .S and b u rn tt o ar ed c o lou r( no tc l ea r ly s hown o no r ig ina l ;b o t tom o fG ? ) w e r e , h oweve r , i n c luded i nt h e g ran t . I n I .A na nc ien tw e l l , t h es i d e sf o rm ed o fo ak en s t av e s .I ni tw e r ef ound t h eb one so fd ee r ,s heep ,g ee se , U pho l land , ( 1 190 1225 ) , Ma t thew d e a nd o t her a n ima l s ;a l so as ma l lb ron ze f i bu la o rb rooch . H o l land h ad m ade ag r an t t o C ocke r sand A bbey a nd t h i s w a s p robab ly r eg ran ted b y R o b e r t d e H o l l a n d i n 1 2 2 5 1 2 5 4 ( F a r r e r F ig 5 4 : Mo te H i l le xcava t ion s 1 900 , 6 10 -6 11) . I t s e x t en t i sn o t k nown t op -t h ee xcava ted a r ea ( r ep roduced f r om K end r ick 1 853 ,f a c ing p6 0 ) b o t tom -e xp loded v i ew o ft h ee xcava ted s e c t ion sw i th K end r ick 's d e sc r ip t ion o ft h ed epo s i t s b u ti ts e em st oh ave l a in i nt h en o r th o ft h e t own sh ip . T he l a nd sa t ta ched t oU pho l land c a s t le h e r ew ou ld h ave s upp l ied ap hy s ica lm an if e s ta t ion o f P r io ry d o n o t , h oweve r , s e em t oh ave b een v e ry e x ten s ive t ha t b a rony ' s p re sence i n t h i s o u tpo s t o f s c a t te red s ou th b u tl a yi nt h en ea rby v i l l so fO r re l l a nd P embe r ton t oge the r L anca sh i re e s ta te s . T he i d en t i ty o fQ uen i lda o fK i rkda le , w i th l a nd si nt h es ou th w e s to ft h eH und r ed a pp rop r ia ted t o o wne r o f K i rkda le i n t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , i s u nce r ta in ; C h i ldwa l lR ec to ry ( PRO DL 2 304 ,2 7 -28 H 8 ) . p o s s ib ly s he c an b e e qua ted w i th Q uen i lda , w idow o f R oge rd e Wa r ton , o nt h eF y lde ( Append ix V I I I ) a nd , i fs o , h e rs t a tu sa s al o ca l l a ndowne ri so fs ome s i gn if i cance . I ti s

8 6

C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s -1 L ikew i se , a l though Wa r r ing ton F r ia ry a ppea r s t o h ave b een ap ro spe rou s f ounda t ion a nd t o h ave b een s i ted a t af o rme r h o sp i ta l ( M idme r 1 979 , 3 19 ) t h e e x ten t a nd n a tu re o f i t s p o s se s s ion s n eed s f u r the r e xam ina t ion . B u r scough P r io ry w a s e ndowed w i th m any l a nd s i ni t si mmed ia te v i c in i ty . T he se p robab ly i n c luded mo s t , i fn o t a l l , o ft h e D ome sday v i l l o f Ma r t in , w h ich b ecame k nown l a te r a s t h e t own sh ip o f B u r scough . O the r d ona t ion s i n c luded t h e t own o fO rm sk i rk , t h e a dvow son o f s eve ra l c hu rche s , ac hape l i n K now s ley C a s t le ( 124 ) a nd a l e pe r h o sp i ta l i nT a rbock ( PRO DL 2 198 , 2 7 -28 H 8 ; Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 2 1) . Al e s s d i s t inc t l i nk c an b e s e en b e tween o t he r o wne r s o rs uppo sed o wne r s o ft h e c a s t le s a nd g r an t s o fl a nd t or e l ig iou sh ou se s ( t ab le 1 9 ) . A n o tab le om i s s ion f r om t h e c ha r te r s i s a ny s ugge s t ion o fr e l ig iou s h o ld ing s i nt h e v i l l o f N ew ton , t h e s i t e o fC a s t le H i l l . H oweve r , t h e B ana s tr e f am i ly , l o rd s o f N ew ton , w e r e r e spon s ib le f o rg r an t st oC ock e r sand A bbey , i f n o t t oo t he r h ou se s , a nd i n 1 242 1268 R obe r t Ba na s t r e c onf i rmed g r an t s m ade n o t o n ly i n H ind ley b u t i n v a r iou s o t he r v i l l s w i th in h i s l o rd sh ip ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 ,6 42 -644 ) . T he s i ng le 1 3 th -cen tu ry r e f e r ence t o ah o sp i ta l a t H ind ley r a i se s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f as ma l l r e l ig iou s e s tab l i shmen t i n t h a t v i l l . Med ieva l h o sp i ta l s , o f w h i ch n ea r ly 1 000 h ave b een t r aced o u t s ide t h o se b e long ing t ot h e O rde r o f S tJ ohn ,w e re c once rned n o to n ly w i th t h e s i ck b u t i n t h e p rov i s ion o f a c commoda t ion f o r t r ave l le r s a nd f e ed ing t h e p oo r ( Bu t le r & G iven -W i l son 1 979 ,6 3) . T he l o ca t ion , s i z e a nd f unc t ion o ft h e H ind ley h o sp i ta l i s u n iqu e t o Wa r r ing ton h o sp i ta l .I n

F ig 5 5 : C a s t le H i l l ,N ew ton le -W i l low s( r ep roduced f r om S ib son 1 843 )

e n t i re ly u nknown b u t i tw a s n o t t h e r eg ion . We h ave a l ready n o ted t h a t F r ia ry m ay h ave l a in o n t h e s i te o fa n e a r l ie r 1 276 1283 ,t h el e pe rh o sp i ta la tR udga te , i n C a s t le B u rna rde sca s t le i n e x i s tenc ec 1224 1256

Mona s t ic h ou se s B u r scough P r io ry f ounded 190

S i rW i l l iam f i t zA lme r ic B u t le r , l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton a l ive 1 245 ,d i ed 1 304

Mo te H i l l ; p r e -Conque s t ; a bandoned m id 13 th c en tu ry a nd l o rd r emoved t oB ew sey , B u r tonwood b yc 1294

Wa r r ing ton F r ia ry f o unded p r e 1 272

S i rR obe r td e H o l land ,l o rd o f U pho l land , d i ed 1 328

U pho l land ` c a s te l s t ede ' ; l i cenc et oc r ene l la te , 1 307 1308 ; i ne x i s t enc e 1 322 1324

U pho l land P r io ry f ounded 1 3 19

R ob e r tf i t zHen ry , l o rd o fL a thom , a l ive 169 , d ead b y 1 201

g ran t ed t oB u r scough P r io ry b yR icha rd , s on o fH en ry , l o rd o fT a rbock a nd p robab ly t h e b ro the r o ft h e f ounde r o ft h e P r io ry . I t s s i te m ay b e r ep re sen ted b y P r io ry F a rm , wh ich l i e sc l o se t ot h en o r th -we s tb ounda ry o fT a rbock .

C a s t le sa nd r i ngwork s -o rs t ronghou se s? W i th t h e i d en t if i ca t ion o f 1 c a s t le s o r s t ronghou se s , n o t i n c lud ing t h e s o -ca l led ' c a s t le s ' a t H a l ton C a s t le ( 28 ) , K now s ley ( 124 ) , L yd ia te ( 134 ) a nd S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) , t h ep o ten t ia ln umbe ro fd ef en s ive b u i ld ing s i nt h er eg ion i s a lmo s t t h r ee t ime s t h a t w h ich a ppear s i n t h e p ub l i shed r e co rd . T hough p hy s ica l s u rv iva l i s p oo r t h e re i s n eve r the le s s s ome s c ope f o rn ew a venue s f o r r e sea rch i n to c a s t le -bu i ld ing i nt h i s p ar t o fn o r th -we s t E ng land . Wh i l s t L ive rpoo l C a s t le w a s , u ndoub ted ly , a moa ted a nd s t one b u i l t s t ruc tu re c apab le o f d ef ence , s o a l so w a s L a thom H ou se . B u t w i th h i n t s o fs auce r l ike e mbank ed p l a tf o rm s e nc lo sed b y d i tche s a tL a thom , Mo te H i l l a nd We s t D e rby C a s t le t h e se p l a ce s s hou ld n ow , p e rhap s , b e d ef ined mo re p rope r ly a sr i ngwo rk s . T hough a lmo s tn o th ing i sk nown o f W idne sC a s t le , a nd i t ss i te h a sn o tb een i d en t if i ed , i t sr o le

T ab le 1 8 : L oca l c a s t le o wne r s a s f ounde r s o fr e l ig iou s h ou ses T a rbock ,w a s ' n ow c onve r t ed t op rof ane u se a nd f a l len i n to l a y h and s ' (Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 2 1) . R udga te h ad b een 8 7

1 -C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s Owne r /G ran tor t o mona s t ic h ouse

C a s t l e& k nown d a te i n e x i s tence

Mona s t ic Hou se & d a te o ffo unda t ion o rg ran t

R oge ro fP o i tou

?We s tD e rby C a s t le p r e 134 -54

S h r ew sbu ry A bbey 1 094 ;v a r iou sl a nd s i nL anca sh i r e i n c lud ing t h ev i l l s o fP ou l ton a nd Woo l s ton ; c onf i rmed i n 155

G odf r ey , s he r if fo f R oge ro fP o i tou

?We s tD e rby C a s t le p r e 1134 -54

S h r ew sbu ry A bbey 1 094 ;a sa bove

P a in d eV i le r s , l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton

Mo t eH i l l p r e -Conque s t

S h r ew sbu ry A bbey 1 094 ;a sa bove

W i l l iam P inc ema , l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton

Mo t eH i l l p r e -Conque s t

C ocke r sand A bbey 1 200 1233 ; b u rgag ea nd c r of t s i n Wa r r ing ton h e ld b yt h ep r ie s t

Wa r in B u s se l , l o rd o fP enwo r tham ; f am i ly h e ld K i rkda le t o1 205

? Ca s t le S t ree t , K i rkda le n d n d

P enwo r tham f ounded p r e 122 a sc e l lo f E ve sham A bbey ; g r an ted r e c to ry a nd l a nd sa tN o r th Meo l s

R icha rd f i t zRoge r , ? l o rd o f Woodp lump ton a nd p o s s ib ly o f K i rkda le , i fs o ,d ead 1 2011204

? Ca s t le S t re e t , K i rkda le n d

L y tham P r io ry f ounded 1911194

Q uen i lda d e K i rkda lew idow o f R icha rd s on o f R oge rd eK i rkda le

? Ca s t le S t ree t , K i rkda le n d

C o ck e r sand A bbey 1 226 1241 ; g r an ti n c lud ing K i rkda le , ap l ac ef o ra f i sh e ry a nd l a nd i n F o rmby

H en ry d eL a cy ,3 rd E a r lo fL inco ln , l o rd o fW idne s& P enwo r tham a sf e e s o ft h eb a rony o f H a l ton

W idne sC a s t le p r e 1 307 ; ? Ca s t le S t r ee t , K i rkda le n d

Wha l ley A bbey f ounded 1 296 ; m any s ma l le s ta te si ns ou th L anca sh i re

H ind ley f am i ly

? Ca s t le H i l l , H ind ley n d

C o cke r sand A bbey ; 1g r an t so fl a nd s i nH ind ley 190 1242

R icha rd l e Wa ley s

? Ca s t le H i l l , H ind ley n d

C ock e r sand A bbey ; g r an to fl a nd i n H ind ley 1212 1242

T hu r s tan B ana s t re

? Ca s t le H i l l , H ind ley r i d ; C a s t le H i l l ,N ew ton p r e 1 466

C ocke r sand A bbey ;a g r an to fl a nd w h ich n o t ed t h e d i tch h osp i ta lar i i o fH ind ley , 1 2 17 1219

R obe r tB ana s t r e

? Ca s t le H i l l , H ind ley n d ; C a s t le H i l l ,N ew ton p r e 1 466

C ock e r sand A bbey ; ag r an to fl a nd i n H ind ley a nd l a nd s e l sewhe r e , 1 239 124 1

m ed ieva l o r ig in s . C onve r se ly , t h ough w e k now o f t h e C a s t le s tede a t U pho l land i n t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , t h e s t ree tp l an h e re i s mo re l o o se ly d ef ined a nd t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e c a s t le s i te r ema in s e l u s ive . O n t h e o t he r h and , t hough t h e mo t te a tC a s t le H i l la tN ew ton i si d ea l ly s i ted t oc on tro l al a nd scape i ti si s o la ted f r om t h e t own i t s e lf , h a s n o c l o se a s soc ia t ion w i th t h et own . T he c a s t le s a ppea r , h ow eve r , t o d emon s tra te d if e r en t p hy s ica l a t t r ibu t e s . D ef ence s o f am i l i ta ry n a tu r e a r e a ppa ren t a tb o th L ive rpoo l C a s t le a nd L a thom H ou se a nd , a ss uch , t h ey c on f o rm e n t i re ly w i th T homp son ' s c r i te r ia o f p o s t -Conque s t c a s t le s t a tu s . T ha t U pho l land C a s t le w a s a l so w e l l -def ended may b e s uppo sed f r om i t s p o s i t ion , b y t h e l i cence t o c r ene l la te a nd t h e a b sen ce f r om t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry r e co rd s o fa ny a t tack o nR obe r td e H o l land ' s h ou se d u r ing t h e c i v i l u n re s t , t h ough h e a nd h i s s uppor te r s w e re t o a t ta ck a n umbe rof moa ted s i t e s o f l e s se r s t a tu s . S i r R obe r t d e H o l land w a s c e r ta in ly i nc on t ro l o ft h e w ho le r eg ion i nt h e ea r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry a nd i n as t rong p o s i t ion t o i m i ta te t h e e a r lo fL anca s te ri nh i sw o rk s a t Me lbou rne a nd K en i lwo r th ; b u t w ha t w e r e t h e p hy s ica l a t t r ibu te s o f h i s c a s t le a tU pho l land? P e rhap sw es ha l ln eve rk now . S i ted o n t h e H und red b ound s , t h e c a s t le a tH ind ley ( 125 ) may a l so h ave h ad a m ino r d ef en s ive r o le a nd t h a t a t K i rkda le ( 12 7 )m ay h ave h e lped t oc on t ro l t h er i ve rt r aff i c o n t h e Me r sey . A l though t h e re i sn o w ay o fk now ing t h e d a te a tw h ich t h e p e r iphe ra l c a s t le s a tH ind ley , K i rkda le a nd U pho l land ( 131 ) w e re f i r s t e r ec ted , L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 128 ) m ay , p e rhap s , h ave p rov ided t h e d e s ign o n wh ich t h ey w e re b a sed o rr emode l led . N one a ppea r st oh ave h ad a moue o r r a i sed p l a t f o rm t hough e a ch h a s b een t oo much mu t i la ted b y modem d eve lopm en t f o r e f ec t ive d e ta i led s urvey . T he a b sence o fs uch f e a tu r e sr a i se s t h e q ue s t ion o f w he the r e ach , l i ke L ive rpoo l , w a s an ew c r ea t ion o n f r e sh l a nd , a n e a r then mo t te b e ing i n ef f ec t ive f o rt h e s uppo r t o f

_

s ub s tan t ia l s t on e -bu i l t s t ruc tu re s ( Poo le 1 954 , 2 6 ) . E xcep t a t L ive rpoo l a nd L a thom ( 44 ) , e v idence f o r moa t s i s l a ck ing t h ough t h e n a tu ra l d ough a tU pho l land c ou ld h ave p rov ided aw a te r -f i l led d ef ence a r ound t h en o r th o ft h es i t e . O ft h e r ema inde r , We s t D e rby c a s t le ( 1 32 ) w a s c e r ta in ly g ar r isoned t hough , a pa r tf r om i t s d i t che s ,w ek now n o th ing o ft h en a tu r e o fi t sd ef ence s . T he a s soc ia t ion o fc a s t le s i te s a t H ind ley ( 125 ) a nd K i rkda le ( 1 27 ) w i th a r ea s o f s e t t lemen t m ay n o t n ece s sa r i ly a r gu e f o r s t rong -def ence s a nd g a r r i son s b u ts t ruc tu re s o fh igh s t a tu s i nt h e i mmed ia te l o ca l i ty mu s tr ema in ap o s s ib i l i ty . T h e s am em ay b et r ue o f t h e s uppo sed c a s t le a t W idne s ( 1 33 ) a nd a t Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) . A l though i t w a s g a r r i soned i n t h e C iv i l Wa r , L iv e rpoo lT owe r( 129 )w a sp e rhap s as im i la rm an if e s ta t ion o fs t a tu s . I tw a sn o t ad ef en s ive s t ru c tu r ei n am i l i ta ry s en se b u tm ay h ave b een c once ived a s ap o in to fe mba rka t ion f o r

T ab le 1 9 : C a s t le o wne r s a sg ran to r s o fl a nd t or e l ig iou s h ou se s a st h e a dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s o ft h a t f e e mu s tm ake i t s s t a tu s c ompa rab le w i th t ha t o f Mo t e H i l l , i fn o t o f We s t D e rby . S im i la r ly , t hough t h e s i te o fB uma rde sca s t le i sn o t k nown i tw a s , p e rhap s , a l so a n a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t r e b u t f o r t h e t hanage -he ld e s ta te s d ependen t u pon t h e R oya l mano r a t We s t D e rby . T hough t h e v e ry l a te e v idence f o r c a s t le s a t H ind ley a nd K i rkda le u rge s c au t ion i ni d en t if y ing t h em a s t r ue c a s t le s , t h e p o s i t ion o f e ach i n r e la t ion t o t h e i r t opog raphy a nd s t ree t p l an s l e ad s u s t o s u spec t t h e i r

t r ade b e tween t h e I s le o f Man a nd s ou th L anca sh i re . None the le s s , t h rough h i s ma r r iage w i th t h e d augh t e r o fS i r T homa s L a thom , S i r J ohn S t an ley h ad a cqu i red t h a t f am i ly ' s p rope r ty a tL a thom a nd h i s c onn ec t ion s w i th t h e I s le o f Man p l aced h im a mong s tt h em o s ti n f luen t ia lm en i n L ive rpoo l i nt h e e a r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry . As t ronghou se , a s a t r ad ing b a se a nd s u i tab le f o r t h e p ro t ec t ion o f g ood s i n t r an s i t , s e em s l i ke ly . O n d a t ing e v idence , c ompa r i son m ay b em ade w i th R adc l if f e T owe r , n ea r Manche s te r , f o rw h ich 8 8

C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s11 b u i l t i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry , t h e r e w a s n o s ho r tage o ff und s t o c on s t ru c t as t rongho ld o fm a je s t ic p ropo r t ion s wh ich m ay h ave b een i m i ta ted a tK now s ley ( 124 ) . T he m e teor ic r i se o f R obe r t d e H o l land t ot h e p o s i t ion o fc h ief of i c ia l i nt h e E a r l o fL anca s te r ' s h ou seho ld i sr e f lec ted i nh i s l i cence t o c r ene l la t eh i s h ou se a t U pho l land i n 1 307 1308 . B u t t h e f am i ly h ad a l ready h e ld t h a t t own sh ip i nc h ief f o r a tl e a s t 1 00 y ea r s a nd , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , h ad o ccup ied a s i te o f

al i cence t oc r ene l la te w a s g ran ted i n1 403 . H e re , J ame s d e R adc l if f e , w a s p e rm i t t ed t or e bu i ld h i s m ano r h ou se ' w i th w a l l s o fs t one a nd l ime , t oe n c lo se a new a nd w i th in t ho se w a l l s e r ec t ah a l l a nd t owe r s . . ' ( Ty son 1 985a ,39 ) . H ow eve r , a tR ad c l if f e t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e t ow e r a nd i t s a s soc ia ted b u i ld ing s i sf a r f r om c l ea r a nd , u n l ike L ive rpoo lT owe r ,t h eh ou se s e em st oh ave b een e r ec ted o n a ne a r l ie rs i te .

s ome s t a tu sd u r ing t h a tt ime . I nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry t h e c a s t le s a tU pho l land ( 131 ) a nd L ive rpoo l ( 128 ) w e r e s uf i c ien t ly w e l l -appo in ted t oa ccommoda t e t h e k ing a nd t h e s ame c an b e s a id o fL a thom H ou se ( 44 ) a nd K now s ley ( 124 ) i nt h e l a te 1 5 th c en tu ry .

A t l e a s t t h ree s i te s , i n N ew ton ( 126 ) , Wa r r ing ton ( 130 ) a nd , p o s s ib ly , L yd ia te ( 134 ) , h ave p roduced R oman a r tef a c t s i n d ica t ing e a r ly o r ig in s h oweve r much t h e s i te s m ay h ave b een a dap ted i n l a te r c en tu r ie s . Wh i l s t i ti s t emp t ing t oc l a im t h a tt h e re w e r er oya ls t rongho ld s a t We s t D e rby a nd Wa r r ing ton a t t h e t ime o f t h e C onque s t , t h e d a t ing e v idence f o r We s t D e rby i sl a ck ing . I ti se qua l ly t emp t ing l o ok f o r p re -Conqu e s t c a s t le s i n L a thom a nd K i rkda le , b o th h e ld b y U c t r ed , t h e mo s tp owe rf u l t h ane i n s ou th L anca sh i re ; b u ta ga in t h e r e i sn o th ing t os uppo r tt h i s h ypo the s i s . H oweve r , t h e e v id ence d oe s s ugge s t t h a t , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , t h e ma jo r i ty o fc a s t le s w e re i ne x i s tence , o rh ad d ec l ined , b y t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry , a n a rgumen t f o r t h e K i rkda le ( 127 ) a nd H ind ley ( 125 ) c a s t le s b e ing b a sed o n t h e l i ke l ihood t h a tt h e s e t t lemen tp a t te rn i nt h e se v i l l s w a s p l ann ed o rg r ew u p i nr e spon se t ot h e n eed s o f am ed ieva l c a s t le ( Tay lo r 1 983 , 1 46 ) . A l though h e ld i nd if e ren tt y pe s o ft e nu r ei nt h ep o s t -Conque s tp e r iod , i tm ay b ea rgued t h a t e a ch c a s t le w a s i n t h e d i rec t o wne r sh ip o f al o ca l ly p owe r f u ll o rd , o rh i s i mmed ia te t e nan t , e i th e ro fw hom w a s a b le n o t o n ly t o m ake g ran t s o f l a nd t o r e l ig iou s h ou se s b u t , i ns ome c a se s ,w a ss uf i c ien t ly w ea l thy o ri n f luen t ia lt o f ound a n ew mona s t ic h ou se . T he d ocumen ta ry r e co rd i s l a ck ing a bou t r oya l c on sen t t o b u i ld c a s t le s i n s ou th L anca sh i re a nd l i cence s t o b u i ld p r iva te c a s t le s w e re g r an ted o n ly s pa r ing ly b y t h e C rown b e tween 154 1189 ( Poo le 1 954 , 2 7 ) . H oweve r , J ohn , a s C oun t o f Mo r ta in , h e ld t h e H ono r o f L anca s te r a nd s i x c oun t ie s w h ich h e c ou ld r u le a s a r b i t ra r i ly a s h e p l ea sed ( Poo le 1 954 , 3 48 ) . H i s c ha r te rt ot h e k n igh t s , t h ane s a nd f r eeho lde r s o f We s t D e rby i n 189 1194 h ad g i ven t h em t h e r i gh tt oa s sa r ta nd p a s tu r e t h e i r o wn l a nd s ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 8 19 , 15 ) . I ft h e mo re i n f luen t ia l l a ndowne r s b e l ieved t h a t t h i s r i gh t e x tended t o c a s t le -bu i ld ing t h e re i s n o d if i cu l ty i n a l low ing f o rt h e a ppa ren t ly l a rge n umbe ro fd ef ended s i te s i nt h e a r ea w h ich m ay , a rguab ly , h av e b een i ne x i s tence a t t h e t ime o f t h e mona s t ic g r an t s . A s w e s ha l l s e e l a te r ( c hap t e r 1 5 )t h em e sne l o rd so f an umbe ro fs ma l le re s ta te s m ay w e l l h ave i m i ta ted t h e c a s t le o wne r s , a tl e a s t i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o fm u l t ip le -d i tched s i t e s .

Ac a se f o r ag roup o fr i ngwo rk c a s t le s may b e a rgued f o r t h ree s i t e s . L a thom H ou se , w i th i t s moa t e nc lo s ing a n e mbank ed a nd p a l i saded p l a t f o rm i s s ugge s t ive o f a r i ngwo rk l ike e a r thwo rk a nd S ea come ' s s ugge s t ion , t h a t i t r e semb led t h ep a lm o f am an ' sh and ,p e rhap sr e inf o rce st h i s v i ew . A s a tL a thom H ou se ( 44 ) , t h e We s tD e rby ( 132 ) a nd Mo t e H i l l ( 130 ) b ank s a nd d i t che s s e em a l so t o i n d ica te t h a t t h e s i te s b ea r mo r e s im i la r i ty t o r i ngwo rk s t h an t o m o t te a nd b a i ley e a r thwo rk s . T he p l a tf o rm a t Mo te H i l l a ppea r s t o h ave b een s omewha t d ep re s sed t hough t h e c en t r e w a s i nf i l led a f t e r t h e 1 3 th -cen tu ry f i r e . I ts e em s h a rd ly l i ke ly t h a t as uppo sed m o t te a t We s t D e rby c a s t le c ou ld h ave b een s oc omp le t e ly p l oughed o u ta st ol e ave n o t r ace i n t h i s v e ry f l a t l a nd scape a nd t h e a r chaeo log ica l s e c t ion s d o n o t i n d ica te ah eavy o ve rbu rden s ugge s t ive o f l e ve l l ing . N o r i st h e r e a ny s ugge s t ion t h a t t h e d i tche s w e r e r e cu tt oc r ea te amo t t e . T h ee xamp le o fL ougho rh a s s hown t h a tt h e mo t tel ik ea ppea rance o ft h e s i te w a sd ue t o ab u i ld u p o fo ccupa t iona l d eb r i sw i th in t h er i ngwo rk r a the rt h an a d e l ibe ra te d eve lopmen t ( Kenyon 1 990 , 3 1) . T h i s s e em s t o h ave b een t h e c a se a t Mo te H i l l a nd We s t D e rby C a s t le c ou ld w e l lh ave b een s im i la r .

T he c hang ing f o r tune s o ft h e c a s t le o wne r s a ppea r t o b e r e f lec t ed i nt h e c a s t le s t h em se lve s . Wh i l s t Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) h ad b een i n e x i s tence i n t h e p r e -Conque s t o r e ven t h e R oman p e r iod i t ,l i ke We s tD e rby , w a st ob e a bandoned i n t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry .B u t , a sw i l lb es e en ,t h e e x ten s ive moa ted s i te a tB ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) , a pp roached a c ro s s as er ie s o f d i tche s , t ow h ich t h e l o rd s o f Wa r r ing ton r emoved i nt h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry , c an h a rd ly h ave d im in i shed t h e s t a tu s o f t h e B u t le rf am i ly i nt h e e ye s o ft h e i r t e nan t s . T he s t a tu s o f t h eL a thom f am i ly m ay b er e f lec ted e i the ri nt h ec on t inu ing u se o f B u rna rde sca s t le ( 123 o r i t s c r ea t ion a l ong s ide t h e f ounda t ion o f B u r scough P r io ry i n c 1190 . I ft h e s i te o f B u rna rd e sca s t le w a s r eu sed w hen L a thom H ou se ( 44 ) w a s

A rcha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion a tS u lg rave h a s d emon s t ra ted t h a t i tw a s q u i te p o s s ib le f o r ar i ngwo rk t ob e c on s t ruc ted o n t h e s i t e o fa n e a r l ie r S axon m ano r ( Kenyon 1 990 , 2 8 ) . Mo t e H i l l ( 130 ) s e em s t o s ugge s t as im i la r c on t inu i ty o f u se a nd , p o s s ib ly , F ranc i s F a r r e r 's C a s t le ( 134 ) , w he the r r i ngwo rk , mo t te o rs imp ly am oa ted o r umnoa ted d we l l ing h ou se , m igh t d emon s t ra t e o ccupa t ion f r om t h e R oman p e r iod u n t i l t h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . B u t , w i th t h e i r e a r then r ampa r t s a nd w ood en b u i ld ing s , i ts e em s t h a t n e i the r We s t D e rbyca s t le ( 1 32 ) n o r Mo te H i l l ( 130 ) s u rv iv ed a s ad ef ended r e s idence s a f t e rt h e e nd o ft h e 1 3 th o r e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . U n l ike G o l tho , C a s t le A c r e o r A ld ingham i nF u rne s s ,t h ey w e r en o tt ob er emode l led w i th

I fY a te s ' mound a t We s tD e rby C a s t le c an b e d i sm i s sed a s s omewha t f a nc if u l , C a s t le H i l l , N ew ton ( 126 ) a ppea r s t o h ave b een t h eo n ly mo t tel ike s t ru c tu re i nt h eH und r ed . T he f a i lu r e t o i d en t if y a s soc ia ted e nc lo su re s p r ec lude s a ny c l a im t h a t i t w a s e ve r a c a s t le o f ma jo r d ef en s ib le p ropo r t ion s t hough t h e p o s s ib i l i ty r ema in s t h a t i tw a s e r ec ted o ve r a n e x i s t ing s i t e i n t h e e a r ly p o s t -Conque s t p e r iod . A l though t h e s i t e c ou ld h ave f o rmed a n e a r ly f o cu s f o r H tmd reda l a dm in i s t ra t ion , t h i s i s n o t c l ea r a nd t h e mound m ay w e l l h av e b een n o th ing mo re t h an a w a tch towe r . O fa l l t h e c a s t le s i t e s i n We s t D e rby i tw a s , p e rhap s ,t h el e a s ti mpo r tan t .

8 9

1 -C a s t le sa nd S t ronghou se s ar a i sed mound b u i l t o n a n e a r l ie r d ef ended e nc lo su re ( Kenyon 1 990 , 1 7 , 2 8 -29 ) . N o r w e r e t h ey t o s e e t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f s ub s tan t ia l ma son ry c a s t le s , s u ch a s P rudhoe ( Kenyon 1 990 ,2 6 -27 ) . O np re sen tk now ledge , e xcava t ion e v idence h a s p l a ced t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f r i ngwo rk s i n E ng land a nd Wa le s i n t h e p o s t -Conque s tp e r iod ,b u tt h e re i ss t i l l i n su f i c ien te v idence t os how t h a t a l l a r e l a t e rt h an 1 066 ( K ing & A lcock 1 969 , 9 6 -98 ) . Howeve r , w e k now t oo l i t t le a bou t t h e s t ru c tu ra l d eve lopmen t o fl o ca l s i te s t od emon s t ra t e t h a t t h i s w a s s o i ns ou th L anca sh i re . I nt h ec r ea t ion o fa ne f ec t ive d ef ence , ar i ngwo rk i sl i ke ly t oh ave b een c heape r a nd q u ick e r t o c on s t ruc t t h an a mo t te a nd b a i ley c a s t le a nd , w he r e t h e No rman s u sed e a r l ie r f o r t if ica t ion s , r i ngwo rk s s e em t o h ave p redom ina ted ( Kenyon 1 990 , 7 ) . W i th k nown H und reda l c en t re s a t We s t D e rby a nd Wa r r ing ton a nd a l i ke ly c en t re o fs ome l o ca l i mpor tance i nU c t red ' s L a thom , t h e N o rm an p r e sence m ay h ave m an if e s ted i t s e lf i n e a r thwo rk so ft h i sk ind . T he p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e se t h ree s ou th L anca sh i re e xamp le s f a l l i n to t h e c a tego ry o fr i ngwo rk s , mo re t h an d oub le s t h e k nown n umbe ro fs uch s i t e s i nL anca sh i r e ( K ing & A lcock 1 969 , 17 ) a nd i n t roduce s t h em f o r t h e f i r s t t im e i n to t h e s ou th -we s to ft h e c oun ty . I ndeed , i tmay w e l lb et h a t i tw a s t h e r i ngwo rk , r a the r t h an t h e mo re s pec ta cu la r a nd c o s t ly mo t te a nd b a i ley c a s t le , w h ich p rov ided t h e m od e l o n w h ich s ome o ft h e mu l t ip le -d i t ched moa ted s i te sw h ich a r e c ha ra c ter i s t ic i nt h er eg ion w e re d e s igned .

9 0

Moa ted s i t e sa nd d i t ched e nc lo sure s -1 2

Chap ter 1 2 Moa t ed s i t e sa nd d i tched e nc lo sure s W r i t ing i n1 962 , F V Eme ry e s t ima t ed t h a tt h e c oun ty a sa w ho le c on ta ined 7 0s i t e s , as im i la rn umbe rt ot h a tr e co rded ' s ou th o f t h e s a nd s ' s om e s i x ty y ea r s e a r l ie r ( Ga rdn e r 1 908 , 5 48 -550 ) . N o m o r e t h an 3 8 o ft h e s e s i t e s l a y i nt h e p r e sen ta r ea o fs t udy . B y 1 974 ,H e len T ay lo rh ad i d en t if i ed 1 04 s i te s ' s ou th o f t h e s and s ' o f w h i ch 1 2 h ad b een d e s t royed b y 1 845 a nd , i n 1 978 , i tw a s c l a imed t h a t t h roughou tL anca sh i r et h e r ew a s at o ta lo f1 27 m oa t ed s i t e s ( Ab e rg 1 978 , 1 3 ) .

T o t h em ap e v id ence , w r i t t en m a t e r ia l h a sb een a dded a nd t h e m id 1 5 th -cen tur y s u rv ey o f t h e L egh e s ta t e s ( Legh S u rv ey 1 466 ) , w h ich u n t i l r e cen t ly h ad n o t b een f u l ly t r an sc r ibed ( Boo th , H a r rop e ta l ) p rov ide s e v iden ce f o r a n umb e r o f h i the r to u n r eco rd ed moa t s d e sc r ibed a sf o s se p a lud i l i s . F o rs e ve ra l s i t e s a dd i t iona l i n f o rma t ion h a sb een g l ean ed f r om e a r ly 1 9 th -cen tu ry i lu s t ra t ion s w h i ch h ave b een p a r t icu la r ly v a luab le i nt h ep rov i s ion o fd e ta i l s o ft h e s t and ing b u i ld ing s , m any o f w h ich h av e n ow b een d emo l i sh ed . F i e ld s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion h av e a l so a dded t ot h er e co rd .

W i th t h e a r r iva l , i n t h e m id 1970 s , o f a r chaeo log ica l b od ie s c once rn ed w i th t h e d eve lopm en t o f S i te s a nd Monumen t s R e co rd s o n ar e g iona l b a s i s , r e sea r ch b ecame m o r e i n ten s if i ed . B u t b y t h i s t im e , t h e B ounda r ie s C omm i s s ion h ad r e def ined L anca sh i r e s ou th o ft h e R ibb le a nd a r cha eo log ica l r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r t h e r e g ion o f t h e p r e sen t s t udy i s n ow p rov id ed t h rough t h e C oun ty A r cha eo log i s t s a nd S i te s a nd Monum en t s Of f i ce r s o ff ou r l o ca la u tho r i t ie s : C he sh i r e ,G r ea te r Manch e s t e r ,L anca sh i r e a nd Me r sey s id e . Ar e cen t s t udy h a s s hown t h a t w i th in t h a t p a r t o f We s t D e rby w h ich n ow l i e s w i th in t h e r em i t o f G r ea t e r Man che s t e r ( GMSMR ) , t h e r e w e r e 2 5 c e r ta in a nd 3 p o s s ib le m oa ted s i t e s ( T inda l l 1 985 , 6 3 -64 ) . I n t h e a r ea c ove r ed b y t h e A r cha eo log ica l S u rvey o f Me r sey s ide ( AS M ) , 5 1 s i t e s w e r e k nown i n 1 982 ( F r ek e 1 982 , 2 ) o f w h ich 4 2 l a y n o r th o ft h e Me r sey ( Lew i s 1 99 1a ) . R eco rd s h e ld b y t h e C umb r ia a nd L anca sh i r e A r cha eo logy U n i t ( PRN ) ' g i ve 9s i t e s i n We s tD e rby h und r ed . T ot h e se mu s t b ea dded t h e s i t e s w h ich n ow l i ew i th in t h ep r e sen tc oun ty o f C h e sh i r e ( CCCS MR ) . K now ledge o f t h e e x i s tence o r f o rme re x i s tence o f moa t ed s i te si n We s tD e rby h und r ed u p t o 1 985 c an , t h e r ef o r e , b e t a bu la t ed a c co rd ing t o t h e c u ra to r ia l r e spon s ib i l i t ie s o f t h e se f o u r l o ca l a u tho r i t ie s ( t ab le 2 0 ) . S te ve,

c er ta in

p o s s ib le

t o ta l

e xcava ted

GMAU A SM P RN CCCS MR

2 5

3

2 8 4 2 9 9

0 62 33

8 8

3

4

1 2( 1 3 .6% )

T ab le 2 0 : Moa ted s i t e si n We s tD e rby H und r ed i n1 985 T h e p r e sen t s t udy h a s b een a pp roa ch ed f r om s eve ra l d i r ec t ion s . I nt h e f i r s t i n s tance , a l s i t e s r e co rd ed b y 1 985 w e r ec heck ed o nt h ee a r l ie s ta va i lab le p l an s .U sua l ly ,t h e se a r e m id 19 th c en tu ry t ihe p l an s w h ich , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e t own sh ip o f H a igh , a r e g ene ra l ly a va i lab le . S u ch e v idence h a sb een c hecked a ga in s tt h e6 "O rdnance S u rvey

t h e L anc a s te rU n ive r s i ty A rchaeo logy U n i t . R eco rd s i nt h e SMR a r ei d en t if ied u nde rt h ec ode P RN .

L yd ia t e H a l l ( 4 8 ) , O ld H u t t (6 5 ) , S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 8 3 ) ,S peke H a l l ( 8 5 ) , Wr igh t 's Moa t( 9 8 ) , Y ew T re eH ou se ( 99 ) .

3

O ld Wood ( 82 ) ,H a l ton C a s t le ( 28 ) ,H a l sa l lR ec to ry ( 2 7 ) .

4

B ew sey O ld H a l l( 4 ) ,S tE lph in 's R ec to ry ( 67 ) ,T anne r 's F a rm ( 89 ) .

T he c r i t e r ia f o ra s se s s ing m oa t ed s i t e s w e r e s e t o u tb y t h e Moa t ed S i te s R e sea r ch G roup ( Abe rg 1 978 , 7 9 -80 ) a nd d ef ined b y T ay lo r ( 1 978 , 5 13 ) . T he c avea t s i n d i s t ingu i sh ing b e tween s i t e s o fm ed ieva l o r ig in a s soc ia ted w i th d w e l l ing sa nd t h o se o fl a t e rd a t eo rf u nc t ion w e r ea l so d ef in ed . O n t h e a va i lab le e v id en ce , a s f a r a s p o s s ib le d ub iou s f e a tu r e s h ave n o t b een i n c luded i n t h e p r e sen t s t udy t h ough s ome s i t e s r ema in o n t h e l i s t a sp o s s ib le o r d oub t f u lc a nd ida te s( Append ix I ) A t t h e s ame t ime , an umb e r o f w a te r -f i l led f e a tu r e s a s so c ia ted w i th d we l l ing h ou se sh ave b een n o ted w he r et h e d i t ch e s a r e o f c on s ide rab ly n a r rowe r ( i e < 4 .5m ) t h an h i the r to h a sb een a ccep tab le f o rm oa t ed s i t e s . S uch d i t che s h ave b een f ound i n a s soc ia t ion w i th ' n ece s sa ry h ou se s ' H a l sa l l R ec to ry ( 27 ) a nd L yd ia t e H a l l ( 48 ) . T hough i ti s p o s s ib le t h a tt h ey w e r e d ug i nt h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod a s p a r t o f t h e d r a inage p a t te rn a r ound t h e d w e l l ing , t h e i r o r ig in s m ay l i e i nt h e c r ea t ion o fm ed ieva l e nc lo su r e s t o m a rk t h e c u r t i lage o ft h e m e s suage . S uch n a r row d i t che s h ave a l so b een f o und a r ound t h et r ue m oa t sa tt h eO ld H u t t i n H a l ewood ( 65 ) , H opeca r r H a l l , B edf o rd ( 36 ) a nd , p e rhap s , a tB ick e r shaw H a l l , A b ram ( 6 ) w h i ch n ow b eg s t h e q u e s t ion o fw he th e r an a r row d i t ch c an b e c on s ide r ed a na c cep tab le f e a tu r eo fs ou th L an ca sh i r em oa t s . D if i cu l t ie s i nt h e i d en t if y ing s i t e s o fm ed ieva l o r ig in a r e c ompounded b y t h e t o pog raph ica l l a nguage o ft h e p e r iod . T h roughou t t h e r e g ion , d i t che s a nd e mbankmen t s w e r e a c on sp icuou s f e a tu r e o f t h e m ed ieva l l a nd scap e a nd t h e d o cumen t s s how t h a t t h ey w e r e f r equen t ly u s ed t od ef ine p rope r ty b ounda r ie s , w he the r o rn o t t h ey w e r e a s soc ia t ed w i th d we l l ing s . Wh i l s t t h e t e rm s s i ca o r s i ka , l a k e a nd r i vu l z i s m igh t b e s uppo sed t o r e f e r t o n a tu ra l f e a tu r e s , l o cu s , f ovea , f o s sa a nd d uc ta a r e , p e rhap s , m an -made a t t emp t s t o d r a in t h e l a nd o r e nc lo se p rope r ty ( La tham 1 965 p a s s im ) a nd a r e s ome t ime s u s ed i nc on junc t ion w i th

IN ow

2

m ap s o fa pp rox ima te ly t h e s am e d a t e . I n a dd i t ion , e a r l ie r e s ta t e m ap s h ave a l so b een c heck ed a nd h av e , i n s ome i n s tance s , p rodu ced a dd i t iona l s i t e sw h ich h ad d i sappea r ed o rw e r eo n ly f r agmen ta ry b yt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . I nt own sh ip s w he r e t h e r e i sn o k nown w r i t t en o r f i e ld e v id en ce f o r moa t ed e nc lo su r e s , ac h eck o n m ap s o t he r t h an t h o se p rodu ced b y t h e O rdnan ce S u rvey h a s n o t y e t b een a t t emp t ed .

9 1

1 2 -Moa ted s i te sa nd d i t ched e nc lo sure s Ad e ta i led s t udy o ft h e t imbe r -f ram ed h ou se i na dvan ce o r a nd d u r ing r e f u rb i shmen t a nd a n a s se s sm en t o f t h e l a nd scape a tL igh t shaw H a l l( 45 )h a sa l so b een u nd e r tak en ; a nd as im i la rs t udy o fS pek e H a l l ( 8 5 ) i si np rog r e s s" . T h e l a nd scape a nd r ema in s o fL yd ia t eH a l l ( 48 ) h ave a l so b een e xam ined i ns om ed e ta i l1 2.

` a s sa re . O n ly r a r e ly d o t h e d ocumen t s s upp ly e v id ence f o r f o s se p a lud i l i s ( Legh S u rv ey 1 466 ; H awke s 1 9 36 , 6 4 ) a s soc ia t ed w i th d w e l l ing s a nd o u tbu i ld ing s t h u s p rov id ing c l ea r e v id ence f o r m oa ted e nc lo su r e i n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . T o t h e se c an b e a dded t h e h andf u l o f e x cava t ed s i t e s w he r e m oa t c on s t ru c t ion h a s b een d a t ed b y a r cha eo log ica l m e thod s . T h e r ema ind e r a r e k nown o n ly f r om l a te rs ou r ce s .

T he r a t e o f s i t e s u rv iva l v a r ie s a c ro s s t h e r e g ion . T hey s u rv iv eb e s ti nt h eh und r ed so f We s tD e rby a nd Wa r r ing ton ( 6 7% a nd 4 9% r e spec t ive ly ) t h ough t h e C er ta in P robab le P o s s ib le D oub t fu l T o ta l E xcava ted e mpha s i s i sg en e ra l ly o n i n comp le t e s i te s 8 4 1 9 1 4 5 1 22 2 8 a nd t h o se w he r e o n ly t r ace s r ema in , O n ly t h r ee e xamp le s , Mo r ley s ( 54 ) , N ew H a l l T ab le 2 1 : L eve lo fc e r ta in ty o fs i t ei d en t if i ca t ion ( s ee A ppend ice sI I I I , ( 60 )a nd R ix ton H a l l( 80 )a l li nt h eH und red X I I I ) o f Wa r r ing ton , c an s t i l l b e c on s id e r ed c o m p l e t e , a t l e a s t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r C omp le te I ncomp le te T race s D e s t royed No tk nown d e p i c t i o n o n 1 9 t h c e n t u r y p l a n s . A l l s t i l l r e t a i n 1 9C ! 2 0C 1 9C ! 2 0C 2 0C 1 9C !2 0C 1 9C I2 0C A 0 7 2 7 w a t e r -f i l led d i t che s s u r round ing t h e p l a t f o rm . 1 5 1 2 5 1 7 5 B 1 0 2 1 8 1 0 2 1 6 2 2 Mod e rn d ev e lopm en t h a s t a ken i t s t o l l , t h e B 1 3 3 2 8 1 0 1 4 1 1 5 m o s t r e cen t c omp le t e s i te t od i sapp ea r u nde r 3 1 3 7 6 ! 3 3 36 8 !4 8 7 ! 2 l a nf i l l b e ing O ld A bbey F a rm ( 6 2 ) ,a l so i n Wa r r ing ton H und r ed . T ab le 2 2 :E v idence f o rs i t es u rv iva l H und r ed s : A= We s tD e rby ;B =N ew ton ;C = Wa r r ing ton O th e rw i se , t h e l e ve l o f s u rv iva l i sv a r iab le . F o r e xamp le , a t C un scough ( 2 1 ) t h e s i t e s u rv ive st h ough t h e m oa th a s b een f i l led i n ; a tB ew sey ( 4 ) a nd B a r row O ld H a l l ( 5 ) t h e moa t s a r e p a r t ly i n f i l l ed a nd S ef ton O ld H a l l( 83 )w a ss e ve r e ly m u t i la ted b y an ew r o ad a c ro s s t h e p l a tf o rm a nd d i t ch e s i n 1 964 . T h e m oa t a t B rad ley ( 12 ) s t i l l c omp le te ly s u r round s t h e p l a t f o rm b u t o n ly t r a ce s o ft h e a dd i t iona l e n c lo s ing d i t ch e s c an s t i l l b e s e en a s s l igh t e a r thwo rk f e a tu r e s . T og e the r , t h ough s e ven s i te sh ave b een i d en t if i ed s i nce t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry a nd s om e 4 0 o t he r s h av e b een d e s t royed s i nce t h en , i ts e em s t h a t t h o se w he r e s ome c ha ra c t e r i s t ic s o f moa t c on s t ru c t ion c an s t i l l b e s e en a ccoun t f o r 5 9% o ft h e k nown t o ta l . Whe r e s i t e sa r ec i ted a sd e s t royed t h ef i l led d i t che sm ay ,h ow ev e r , s u rv ive b e low t h e mod er ng round s u rf ace .

T h e n umbe r o f i d en t if ied m oa ted s i te s a nd d i t ch ed e n c lo su r e sn ow s t and sa t1 22 ,a ni n c rea se o f3 7( 4 2% )o v e r t h o se k nown i n 1 985 5.B y 1 999 , t h e n umbe r o f t h o se i n v e s t iga ted a r cha eo log ica l ly h ad r i sen t o2 8 ( 2 3% o ft h o se i d en t if i ed i nt h e r eg ion ) . T he se i n c luded B a r row O ld H a l l ( 5 ) a nd S t . M ichae l ' s H ou se ( 87 )6,l a rg e sca le e x cava t ion s a tE c c le s ton H a l l ( 22 ) , l i m i t ed w o rk a tN ew ton H a l l ( 6 1 ) a nd a n a r ea a d jacen t t ot h e d oub tf u l moa t ed s i t e a tT h e C ou r t ( 4 1 )7.H e r e , h ow eve r , ag roup o fc i r cu la r a nd s ub c i r cu la r b u i ld ing s a nd m a s s ive e nc lo su r e d i tche s l i e c l o se t ot h e s i t e a nd h ave b een d a ted t ot h e l a t e R oman p e r iod w i th p o s s ib le o ccupa t ion a f t e r t h e 4 t h c en tu ry . A t O ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 )t h e w ho l e p l a t f o rm a nd p a r t o ft h e d i t ch h a s b een e xcava ted ; t h e r e h a s b een s ome l i m i ted e x cava t ion a tL a thom H ou se ( 44 ) t oge the r w i th b u i ld ing r e co rd ing a tb o th s i t e s . As i t e n ea r H a rb r eck H ou se ( 29 ) h a sa l so b een i n ve s t iga t ed8;a nd t h e r eh a sb een s om ew o rk a tE dg eF a rm ( 2 3 )9,H op eca r rH a l l( 36 ) ,H awk ley H a l l( 30 ) a nd N ew H a l l( 59 )1 °.

D i s tr ibu t ion ( f ig 5 6 ) We s t D e rby H und r ed , t og e the r w i th t h e H und r ed s o f N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton , c on ta in s at o ta l o f9 7 v i l l s , s om e 5 4o fw h ich a r ek nown t oh av eo n eo r mo r em oa t ed s i t e so r d i tched e n c lo su r e s . T ow a rd s t h e w e s t o ft h e r e g ion t h e c l a r i ty o fp hy s ica l o r d ocumen ta ry e v idence f o r ' c e r ta in ' s i t e s d e c l ine s . A t t h e s ame t ime , t h e n umbe ro f ' p robab le ' s i te s , i d en t if i ed f r om t h e t ihe p l an s a nd f r agm en ta ry f i e ld e v id en ce , c oup led w i th t h e s uppo sed t e nu r ia l s t a t u s o f s u ch s i t e s , i sh i ghe r t h an e l sewh e r e . I ti sn o t iceab le t h a t , w h en N ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton h und r ed s a r e c omb in ed , t h e n umb e r o f v i l l s ( 6 1% ) a s soc ia t ed w i th moa t ed s i t e s i sc on s id e rab ly h i ghe r t h an t h e t o ta l a s s igned t o We s t D e rby h und r ed . T h i s c on cen t ra t ion i sa l so a ppa r en tf r om t h eG r ea t e r Man che s t e r s u rvey , w h e r e a lmo s t h a lf o f t h e t o ta l l a y w i th in t h e m e t ropo l i t an d i s t r ic t o fW igan ( T inda l l 1 985 , 6 2 , f i g4 . 1) . H e r e , A d r ianT inda l l f o und ad en s i ty o fs i t e s r a ng ing f r om 1 2 16 p e r 1 00 la n w h ich c on t r a s t ed w i th 0 8 p e r 1 00 k m2 e l sewhe r e . T h e r ei sad emon s t rab le a b sence o fm oa t ed s i t e s

5A n

i n c rea se i nt h e n umbe r o fi d en t if ied s i te s h a s a l so b e en n o t ed i n C he sh i r e . I n 1 962 Eme ry e s t ima ted t h a t t h e r e w e r e 5 5 moa t s i nt h e c oun ty b u t b y 1 974 a f u r the r 4 4 h ad b e en a dded t o t h e l i s t . A e r ia l

p ho tog raphy , c oup led w i th f i e ldwo rk , mapwo rk a nd a s t udy o f d ocumen t s a nd f i e ld n ame s l e d D av id W i lson t o e s t ima te t h a t t h e r e w e r e a bou t 2 00 moa ted s i te s i n C he sh i r e (W i l son 1 987 , 1 43 ) . R hy s W i l l iam s ( 1997 , 5 7 ) c l a im s t ha t 1 80 moa t s h ave b een r e co rded f o r C he sh i r e , O ft h e se ,e v idenc e f o ra bou t 1 40 s i te s i sh e ld i nt h eC he sh i r e SMR , a nd 1 0 i nn o r th -ea s t C he sh i r e a r e l i s t ed b y Wa lke r &T inda l l ( 1 985 ,6 4 ) . 6

F o rt h e No r th - We s tA rchaeo log ica lT ru s t , Un ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l .

7

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2

aO ld A bbey F a rm ,L a thom H ou se a nd as i te n ea rH a rb r eck H ou se b y L anc a s te rU n ive r s i ty A rchaeo logy U n i t . 9

E dg e F a rm , aw a tch ing b r ief b y t h e F i e ld A rchaeo logy S ec t ion , L i ve rpoo l Mu seum .

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0 6 1 0 1 1 4 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 2 2 3

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9 4W ind le 9 7 Woo l s ton w Ma r t in sc rof t T o ta l n oo fv i l ls :

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5 2

V i l ls w i th moa t s o rd i tched e nc losu re s : V i l ls w i th mo re t h an o ne s i te : T o ta l n oo fs i te s : C a s t les o rs t ronghou se s :

2 1 1 4 4 7o r8

• =c e r ta in ; o=p robab le ; A= p o s s ib le ; A =d oub t f u l ; =u n loca ted ; C =c a s t le F ig 5 6 : V i l l sw i th moa t ed s i te s , d i tched e nc lo su re s( * ) a nd c a s t le s o rs t ronghou se s( C ) . F o rk ey t ot own sh ip l o ca t ion ss e e f i g 1 . S ee C a ta logue a nd A ppend ice s I I I I f o rl i s t so f s i t e s

9 3

1 2 -Moa ted s i te sa nd d i t ched e nc lo sure s Hund red

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o ne p robab le s i te a tF o rmby H a l l ( 24 ) . A ga in , t h e b i a sc anno tb ea s c r ibed t o al a ck o fr e sea r ch . T h roughou tt h er eg ion , t own sh ip sw i th m o re t h an o ne moa ted s i te a ccoun tf o r al i t t le mo r et h an h a lf ( 54% ) o f t h e t o ta l w i th at e ndency t owa rd s t h e

T ab le 2 3 : S umma ry o fv i l l sw i th s i t e s

N o . o fs i te sp e r t own sh ip

1

2

3

4

5

6

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1 0 6 9

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6 1 0

0 1 1

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0 1 1

2 5 4 6%

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2 4%

5 9%

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T ab le 2 4 : S umma ry o ft own sh ip s , a s s igned t oH und red sc on ta in ing m o r e moa ted s i te so rd i tched e nc lo su re s

n umbe ro f moat sa nd e nc losu res p e rt ownsh ip

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t h e l a rge n umbe r o f s i te s i n t h e p a r i she s o f L e igh , W igan a nd W inw ick , i s d i sp ropo r t iona te t o b o th t h e a c r eage s a nd a moun t s o f t a x e xa c ted . A l l t h e s ame , w e k now o ft h e l o ca l i mpor tance o ff am i l ie s s uch a s t h e d e B un ihu l l s , d e H ind ley s , d e T y lde s ley s a nd t h e H o l land s a nd c an s u spec t t h a t t h e i r h ome s tead s w e re a l ready w e l l -

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d ub iou s v a lue i n ar eg ion w he re p a r i she s v a ry i ns i ze , c an c on ta in s eve ra l t own sh ip s a nd , a s i n t h e c a se o f Wa l ton o n t h e H i l l , c an b e f r agmen ted . I ndeed , i ts e rves o n ly t oe ndo r se w ha t i s a l r eady k nown o f d en s i ty o f d i s t r ibu t ion ( f ig 5 7 , t a b le s 2 4 ) . B u t , w hen s i te d i s t r ibu t ion i s c on s ide red a l ong s ide p ar i sh a c reage sa nd e v idence f o rt a xa t ion i nt h ee a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry a n umbe r o f p o in t s e me rge ( t ab le s 2 5a -b ) . A c o r r e la t ion b e tween s i te s , a c r eage s a nd t a xe s p a id i s s e en i n mo s t p a r i she s t hough g r ea t e r w ea l th i nP re sco t a nd Wa l ton m igh tb e s uppo sed . Wa l ton , h oweve r , h ad f ewe r m oa ted o r d i t ched s i te s t h ough w ea l th g ene ra ted f r om e s ta te s a t ta ched t o i t s c a s t le s o r s r onghou se i sr e f lec ted , p e rhap s , i n t h er e la t ive ly h igh s ub s id ie sp a id . B yc on t ra s t ,

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T ab le 2 5a : D i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te sb yp a r i sh w i th p e r cen tage o fs ub s id ie sp a id i n1 332 ( Append ix X )a nd 1 334 a nd p a roch ia la c reage t ax 0%

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Wa t ton —

A

L S >

*GA

S e f ton —

0 A MA

P resco t

AA

O rmsk i rk — N or th Meo ls •

•

0

A •

L e igh — H uy ton — H a lsa l l C h i ldwa l l — A ugh ton

0 %

5 %

1 0%

1 5%

2 0%

a creage a nd n o . o fs i tes

A %1 332 t ax

% 1 334 t ax 0

% a creage

• % s i tes

T ab le 2 5b : S i te sa nd s t a tu te a c reage sa r ranged b yp a r i sh c ompa red w i th t a xe sl e v ied i n1 332 ( Append ix X )a nd 1 334 ;e ach c a tego ry i se xp r e s sed a s ap e r cen tage o ft h et o ta l .A l t ca rp a r i sh a nd t h ec a s t le s i te sa r e om i t ted . t h eB u t le rf am i ly i nB u r tonwood o rf r om t h e d e L a thom s i n

e s tab l i shed ( t hough s ome t ime s t h ey d i d c ro s s t own sh ip

L a thom o r K now s ley? O n t h e o t he r h and , s ome s e em t o h ave p a id t w ice . F o r e xamp le , w i th e s ta te s i n t wo t own sh ip s t h e C u lche th /H ind ley f am i ly m ay h ave b een

b ounda r ie s ) , o u r r e sea r che s m u s t c oncen t ra te o n e s ta te s , t h e i r t e nu re a nd t h e t o pog raph ica l c on tex t f o r s i te s w i th in b o th t own sh ip a nd h und red .

v u lne rab le ; aG i lbe r t d e C u lche th c on t r ibu ted i n b o th C u lch e th a nd H ind ley ; Adam d e C u lche th c on t r ibu ted i n H ind ley a nd a nA dam d eH o lec rof tw a st a xed i nC u lche th . I ti sd i ff icu l t , h oweve r , t o c ompa re t h e e v idence o f t h e We s t D e rby s i te s w i th t h a t o f o the r r eg ion s , w he r e t h e p a r i sh h a s b een t a ken a s t h e u n i t o f r e sea rch . T he ref o re , t h ough w ek now o fz one s o fs i te d en s i ty i nc oun t ie s s u ch a s E s sex ( Hedge s 1 978 , 6 5 ) , Wo rce s te r sh i re , ( Bond 1 978 , 7 1) a nd B edf o rd sh i re ( Bake r 1 978 , 6 0 ) , c ompa r i son s w i th s ou th -we s t L anca sh i re a r e a wkwa rd . S ince i ti sn o t t h e p a r i sh b u t t h e t own sh ip w i th in w h ich l o ca l e s ta t e s w e re 9 5

1 4

( Ry land s 1 896 , 1 28 ) .

1 5

( G la s scock 1 975 , 1 49 151) .

1 3 -Moa t sa nd e s ta te s :t he e v idence f or s t a tu s

C hap ter 1 3 Moa t sa nd e s ta t e s :t h ee v id ence f or s t a tu s T he e xce l len tc oun ty h i s to ry o fL anca s te re d i ted b y F a r re r & B rownb i l l ip rov ide s as t a r t ing p o in t f o r t h e c on s ide ra t ion o f t e nu r e o n t h e m a jo r l a ndho ld ing s a nd s ome o f t h e l e s se r e s ta t e s . A l lt h e s ame , t h e s t ud ie sa r e s ome t ime sb i a sed b yt h e r a nge o f d ocumen tary m a te r ia l a va i lab le a tt h e t ime a nd a t e ndency b yt h e c omp i le r st oa s s ign m ano r ia l s t a tu st oe s ta te s w he r e t h e e v idence i sn ow f ound t o b e d eba tab le . Wh i l s t s ome t own sh ip s w e re p ub l i shed i n e x ten so o t he r s r e ce ived l i t t le a t ten t ion ; s ome e s ta te s w e r e c ove red i nd e ta i lb u to t he r s w e re t r ea ted t o o n ly a c u r so ry m en t ion . Many o r ig ina l d ocumen t s a r e n ow mo re r e ad i ly a cce s s ib le t o a ugmen t t h e e v idence o nw h ich t h e h i s to r ie s w e re b a sed t hough t h ey h ave n o tb een s e a rched c on s i s ten t ly f o rt h e p u rpo se so ft h ep re sen t s t ud? . R e sea r ch a nd p ub l ica t ion o n t h e mona s t ic r e co rd s f o r C ocke r sand ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 1 909 ) , B u r scough (Webb e d . 1 970 ) a nd t h e l a nd s o ft h e H o sp i ta l le r s ( F rance 1 947 ) h a s a l so p roved a v a luab le s ou r ce o f i n f o rma t ion a nd w e h ave a l ready s e en t h e v a lue o f F a r re r 's w o rk o n t h e e x ten t s , s u rvey s , r en ta l s a nd f e uda l a i d s i ne s tab l i sh ing t h e n a tu re o f t e nu r ei nt h e 1 3 th a nd 1 4 th c en tu r ie s( ed . 1 903b , 1907 , 1 915 ) . F u r the r e v idence f o r moa ted s i te s h a s b een g l eaned f r om t h e w o rk o fa r t i s t s , s uch a s NG P h i l ip s w ho se e a r ly 1 9 th -cen tu ry i lu s t ra t ion s w e r e p ub l i shed i n 1 893 a l ong w i th h i s to r ica l c ommen ta r ie so ni n d iv idua l s i te s ,a nd t h o se o fo t he r 1 9 th a nd e a r ly 2 0 th -cen tu ry a r t i s t s a nd p ho tog raphe r s . S t ud ie s o f i n d iv idua l t own sh ip s , s uch a s t ho se f o r L yd ia te ( G ib son 1 876 ) a nd S ef ton ( Ca röe & G o rdon 1 893 ) , h ave a l so p roved av a luab le s ou rce o fe v idence . I nb r ing ing t oge the rt h er e su l t s o ft h e i rw o rk as umma ry o ft h e o ve ra l l t e nu r ia l e v idence c an b ea t temp ted .

E s ta te sa nd t enure T he t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk w i th in w h ich e s ta te s w e r e c r ea ted i s c omp lex b u t i ti s i mpo r tan t t o r emembe r t h a t , a f t e r t h e C onque s t , t h e w ho le o fs ou th L anca sh i re w a s r e ta ined b y t h e C rown . S ome v i l l s w e r e a t tached t o t h e C rown d eme sne , o t he r s w e r e h e ld b y l o ca l l o rd s i nt e nu r e w h ich c on t inued t o b e k nown a st h anage a nd af u r the rg roup w e re g r an ted o u tt o b e h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice . T he r e s e em s l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e p r inc ipa lt e nan t so ft h anage l a nd sw e r e s t i l lr e spon s ib le t ot h e c r own t hough t h e l o ca l b a ron s i n te rvened o n t h e k n igh t s e rv ice h o ld ing s . U l t ima te ly , a l l w e re r e spon s ib le t o t h e w apen take o f We s tD e rby a nd o b l iged t op e rf o rm s u i t a tt h a t c ou r t .

2

T o d ef ine t h e t e nu r ia l d e scen t o f a v i l l o r m ano r , e x t rapo la t ion o ft h e d if e ren t l e ve l s o ft e nu re i nv i l l s w he r e moa ted s i te s h ave b een i d en t if ied h a s b een a t temp ted a nd i s s e to u ti nt h et own sh ip s umma r ie s ( s ee C a ta logue ) 3.F rom t h e s umma r ie s t h e p r inc ipa l e l emen t s o fm ed ieva l t e nu re c an b e a na ly sed ( t ab le s 2 6a -c , 2 7a -b ) a nd t h e t e nu r ia l a s soc ia t ion o f moa ted s i te s w i th o ve r lo rd sh ip i ss hown o n f i gu re 5 8 . T he f a i lu r e o ft h e t e nan t s o ft h e Manche s te r f e e t oc r ea te moa ted s i te s i s n o t iceab le . P o s s ib ly , t h i s w a s c on sequence o f r e s t r ic t ion s p l aced o n t h e i r t e nan t s b y t h e l o rd b u t f u r the r r e sea rch i sn ece s sa ry . O therw i se , w e f i nd moa ted s i te s o r d i tched e nc lo su re s h e ld i n ar ange o ft e nu r e s t h roughou t t h e r eg ion a nd a l though t h e ma jo r i ty ( 8 3% ) w e r e o wned o r cup ied b yt h e l a i ty af ew w e re o wned b yt h e c hu rch ( 6% ) o r a r e f ound o n e s ta te s w he re r e l ig iou s h ou se s ( 1 1% ) h ad a n i n te re s t . We f i nd , h oweve r , t h a t i fw e d i s rega rd s even s i te s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e r e c to r ie s a nd t wo i nB u r scough [ Ma r t in ] wh ich w a s e n t i re ly i n mona s t ic o wne r sh ip , t h en t h e a l loca t ion o f moa ted s i te s o r d i tched e nc lo su re s t oe s ta te s h e ld b y t h e c r own , i nt h anage o rt h o se h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice a ppea r s t o b ea lmo s te qua l ly d i s t r ibu ted . I ts e em s , h oweve r , t h a t t h e e v idence i ss omewha t d i s to r ted . T he d om inance o ft ha nage moa t s o ve r t h o se h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice i nN ew ton i sr ema rkab le a nd m ay b e c ompa red w i th Wa r r ing ton w he re t h e b a lance i sr e ve r sed . T he l o rd sh ip o f Make rf ie ld ( New ton ) w a s d iv ided b e tween s even v i l l s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice a nd n ine h e ld i nt h anage , w i th a f u r the r t wo , W inw ick a nd W igan , w h ich w e r e , p robab ly , r e c to r ia l h o ld ing s . H a igh , h oweve r , h ad b een h e ld f r om t h e f e e o f Ma r sey a nd s e em s n eve r t o h ave b een c on s ide red p a r t o f Make r f ie ld . T he re i s n o d oub t t h a t , a t l e a s t b y t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry , i n Maker f ie ld t h et h anage v i l l sw e r e d ependen tu pon t h e f e e . E xc lud ing H a igh ( one m oa ted s i te ) , v i l l s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice a nd a tf e e f a rm c on ta ined at o ta lo f1 0 s i te s , o f w h ich s i xw e r e i nt h e f e ef a rm v i l lo fA b ram ( two o ft h e se

D i scu s s ion a bou t moa ted s i te s h a s f r equen t ly r e vo lved a r ound t h e q ue s t ion o fw he the r t h ey d emon s t ra te ' manor ia l ' o r ' s ub -manor ia l ' s t a tu s . T he m ano r ia l s i te i ss uppo sed t ob e t h a t a s soc ia ted w i th am ano r h ou se w h i l s t t h o se a t al owe r s oc ia l l e ve l m igh tb e d eemed m e s suage s a t tached t of r eeho ld I

e s ta te s b u t n o t i n p o s se s s ion o f t r ue m ano r ia l r i gh t s ( Le P a tou re l & R obe r t s 1 978 , 4 8 ) . Wh i l s t t h i s s i tua t ion c l ea r ly p reva i led i nm any p a r t s o fE ng land , i ns ou th L anca sh i re , i f n o t t h e r e s t o ft h e c oun ty , t h e d i s t in c t ion b e tween ' mano r ia l ' o r ' s ub -mano r ia l ' e s ta te s i sf a r f r om c l ea r . We h ave a l ready n o ted ( c hap te r 9 ) t h e c on s ide rab le d i ff i cu l t ie s o fi d en t if y ing a ny c l ea r s y s tem o f m ano r ia l i sa t ion o u t s ide t h e C rown 's e s ta te s a nd w e mu s tu rge c au t ion i na s s ig n ing a ny o ft h e l o ca l s i te s t o e i the r c l a s s if ica t ion w i thou t c on s ide ra t ion o f t h e n a tu re o ft e nu r e a nd t h ed a te sa tw h ich e s ta t e sw e r ec r ea ted .

3

V ic to r ia H i s to ry o ft h e C oun ty o fL anca sh i r e , v o l . 3( 1 907 ) a nd v o l . 4 ( 19 11) g i ve d e ta i led m ano r ia l h i s to r ie s o fa l t h e t own sh ip s w i th in We s t D e rby H und r ed . O r ig ina l d ocumen t s h e ld b y t h e L anca sh i r e R eco rd O ff i ce a tP r e s ton a r e t h e b e s t s ou rce o fi n f o rma t ion f o r t h e r e g ion a s aw ho le . C o l lec t ion s a t l o ca l r e co rd of ice s i nL ive rpoo l , Wa r r ing ton a nd W igan a r e a l so r e levan t t o s ou th -we s t L anca sh i r e . T ho se a t t h e J ohn R y land s L ib ra ry i n Manche s te rc on ta in a n i mpo r tan tc o l lec t ion o fp ape r s r e la t ing t ot h e L egh e s ta t e sa nd a r eo fp a r t icu la ri n te r e s tf o rt h eH und red o fN ew ton .

W i th in e a ch s imma ry d a ta i sp r e sen ted i nc h rono log ica l o r de r s t a r t ing w i th t h e D ome sday e v idence f o r t e nu r e a nd i st r a ced t h rough t h e 1 2 12 I n que s t t o t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry e x ten t s , s u r vey s a nd r e n ta l s . Whe r e i d en t if ica t ion i sp o s s ib le t h e n a tu r e o ft e nu r e a nd c a ruca l a s se s smen t o f h o ld ing s i sg i ven t o ge the r w i th t h e n ame s o f t h e o ve r lo rd s a nd t h e p r inc ipa l m e sne t e nan t s . Ad i s t inc t ion b e tw een t h e f i sca l a s se s smen t s o n c a ruca te s a nd p l ough land s a nd t h e i r l e s se r p a r t s o fo xgang s a nd b ova te s , w h ich c an b e c o r re la ted w i th t h e e v idence f o r m e sne l o rd sh ip , a nd t h o se w h ich c l ea r ly r e la te t o l a nd s g ran ted a s a g r icu l tu ra l h o ld ing s , h a s b een m ade b y c ompa r ing t h e e v idenc e f o r l o rd sh ip w i th t h a t f o r s e rv ice s o r r e n t s d ue o n ah o ld ing . G ran t st ot h e mona s t ic h ou se s i nt h e l a te 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en t u r ie s p rov ide f u r the r e v idenc e f o r t h e f r e eho ld s t a tu s o f t h e g r an to r s .

9 6

Moa t sa nd e s ta te s :t he e v idence f or s t a tu s -1 3

N o . o fv i l l s

N o . o fs i t e s

V i l ls w i th s i tes

1 8

1 0

1 6 —

—9

1 4

—8 —7

1 2

—6

1 0 —

—5

8—

—4

6—

3

4

—2

2 0 N ew ton F ee

I

1 7 2 ' 0

8 2 g Z . )

4 . 1

.

5b

—1

t . ? 2

' 1 5

0

°

e; (

2 ,

` )

T ab le 2 6a : V i l l sw i th moa t ed a nd d i tched s i t e si nr e la t ion t op r inc ipa lt e nu re s 2 5 No .

o fs i t e s

2 0 —

1 5 — 1 0 —

5—

• , . ,, > , 9 , g 8i 2 ' 6

0 -

T ab le 2 6h :A l loca t ion o fs i t e sb yo ve r lo rd sh ip a nd p r inc ipa lg ran tee s

w e re o n l a nd g r an ted t o C ocke r sand A bbey ) . T enu r e

n o . o f

V i l l sw i th

v i l l s

m oa t so r

l a ys i t es

r ec to r ia l

s i t es o n

s i t e

s i t e s

mona s t i

t o ta l

d i tched

c

e nc losu re s

e s ta t es

C rown l a nd s F o re s tf e e Make rf ie ld

1 6 4 1 0

6 ( 38 % ) 2 ( 50% ) 6 ( 60% )

1 2 1 7

Manche s t e r

3

0

o

1 1 1

1 4

1 4 2 1 2

0

Ma r sey

3

3( 100% )

5

1

6

P enwo r tham S ef ton Wa r r ing ton W idne s T hanage s :

3 2 1 5 1 7

1 1 1 1 0

1 2 1 8 1 7

1 2

3 2 1 1 8

N ew ton

1 0

7 ( 70% )

2 3

2 3

H und r ed Wa r r ing ton H und red

3

2 ( 66% )

9

9

( 3 3% ) ( 50% ) ( 7 3% ) ( 59% )

1

1 1

We s tD e rby H und r ed

9

4 ( 44 % )

7

4

II

R e l ig iou s h ouse s

2

1 ( 50% )

0

2

2

T o ta l

9 7

5 4( 56% )

1 02

1 3

1 22

7

T ab le 2 6c : V i i ia nd t e nu r ia ls ummar y 9 7

C on sequen t ly , i ts e em s t h a t o n ly f ou r s i te s w e r e h e ld t r u ly b yk n igh ts e rv ice . T h i sc on t ra s t s w i th 2 3 s i te s i n t h e t h anage -he ld v i l l s . A par t f r om t h e m ig ra t ion i nA sh ton o ft h e G e ra rd f am i ly f r om O ld B rynn ( 63 ) t oN ew B rynn ( 58 ) i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h e r e r e i sn o o t he r e v idence f o r movemen t o f t h e c ap i ta lm e s suage w h ich l e f t af o rme r s i te i n as t a te o fa bandonmen t . S ot h ea s sump t ion mu s tb et h a ti n t h e v i l l s s o -he ld t h e r e w a s ap ro l if e ra t ion o fs ma l l e s ta te se ach w i th i t so wn moa ted s i te . T u rn ing t o Wa r r ing ton H und red , i ti s b e l ieved t h a t , b y 1 2 12 , k n igh t s e rv ice h ad b een i mpo sed u pon t h anage t e nu r e a t l e a s t i n t h e v i l l s o f C u lche th ( s ix s i te s ) a nd A ther ton a nd R ix ton , e a ch w i th o ne moa ted s i t e ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 9 ) . T he s ame m ay h ave o ccu r red i nT y lde s ley w he r e t h e re m ay b e a sm any a sf i ve s i te s , o ne o fw h ich w a s o n l a nd g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey . I ft h e se w e r e t ob e a na ly sed a st h anage v i l l s t h e b a lance w ou ld b e s w ing c on s ide rab ly a nd b e c ompa rab le w i th t h a tf o r Make rf ie ld .

1 3 -Moa t sa nd e s ta te s :t h ee v id ence f or s t a tu s I n We s t D e rby H und r ed t h e e v iden ce s ugge s t s t h a t t h e t h anag e -he ld v i l l sw e r ed i r ec t ly r e spon s ib le t ot h el o rd sh ip o f We s tD e rby i t s e lf ,w he the ri tw a s v e s t ed i nt h e C rown o rt h e H ono r o r D u chy o fL an ca s t e r . A ga in , t h e f a c i l i ty t oc r ea t e m oa t ed s i t e s d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave b een r e s t r ic ted b y o v e r lo rd sh ip t h ough h e r e t h e n umbe r o f moa t s i nt h anage v i l l s ( 2 5% ) i sc on s id e rab ly l owe rt h an i nN ew ton ( 6 6% ) a nd t h e n umbe r w h ich m igh t b e f o und i n Wa r r ing ton i ft h e C u lche th , A the r ton a nd R ix ton e xamp le s w e r e i n c lud ed . When J ohn , a sC oun t o f Mo r ta in , g r an ted p e rm i s s ion t ot h e k n igh t s , t h ane s a nd f r eeho ld e r s t o a s sa r t a nd p a s tu r e t h e i r o wn u nde rwoo c i s ( c hap t e r 7 ) t h i s m ay h ave p r ov ided t h e f r eedom w i th w h ich t h e s ub sequ en t c r ea t ion o fm oa t ed s i t e s w a s m ade p o s s ib le . N ew ton a nd t h e e a s t er n p o r t ion o f Wa r r ing ton H und r ed a ppea r t o h ave l a in o u t s id e t h e s t r ic t l i m i t so ff o r e s tj u r i sd ic t ion ,b u tt h et e nu r ia le v id en ce s e em st o i n d ica te t h a tt h i sf r eedom e x t end ed t ot h e se r eg ion s . T he n a tu r e o fl o ca l t e nu r e a ppea r s t oh av e h ad l i t t le o r n o i n f lu ence o n t h e f a c i l i ty o ft h e f r eeho lde r s t oc r ea t e m oa t ed s i t e s o n t h e i r e s ta te s t h roughou t t h e r e g ion . B u t w hy t h i s s hou ld h av eo ccu r r ed i nn o mo r et h an 5 6% o ft h ev i l l s ( t ab le 2 3 ) h a s n o t b een e s tab l i shed . S upe rf i c ia l ly , t enu r ia l s t a tu s s e em s t o h av e b een n o d if e r en t i nt h e se v i l l s b u t d e ta i led a na ly s i s o f i n d iv idua l t e nu r e s a nd t h e r e la t ion sh ip w i t h t h e s upe r io rl o rd sh ip si ss t i l ln eed ed .

h e ld e i th e r d i r ec t ly b y , o r b y m embe r s o f , m o r e m a jo r l a ndown ing f am i l ie s . I tw a s , p e rhap s , a n a c cumu la t ion o f w ea l th c oup led w i th ag r ow ing f a sh ion f o rm oa t st h roughou t t h e c oun t ry w h ich l e dt ot h e i r c on s t ru c t ion . A s w e s h al s e e , f r om t h ee v id ence o ft h eL ay S ub s idy R e tu rn sf o r 1 3 32 ,t h e r e i ss ome c o r r e la t ion b e tw een w ea l th a nd t h eh o ld e r so fm oa ted d we l l ing s . T u rn ing t o t h e e v id en ce f o r t h e We s t M id land s , B r ian R obe r t s i d en t if i ed t wo p r inc ipa lg roup ing s o fm oa t sb a sed o n t h e n a tu r e o f o wne r sh ip ( 1965 , 3 2 -33 ) . H e r e , h e f o und ' s e igno r ia l ' m oa t s a s soc ia ted w i th a n a r i s to c ra cy i n c on jun c t ion w i th m ano r h ou se s , a nd as e cond g r oup o n t h e e s ta t e s o ft h e w ea l th ie r f r eemen , w ho h e ld b y s o cage t e nu r e a nd w e r e i n vo lved i n c o lon i sa t ion o f t h e w a s t e b e tw een c 1 150 a nd c 1350 . T h e s ame m ay b e b road ly t r u e i n We s t D e rby b u t h e r e t h e t e rm ' s e igno r ia l ' m u s t b e a lowed t o i n c lud eb o th t h anage -he ld v i l l s d epend en tu pon t h eC rown o r t h el o rd so fN ew ton a nd Wa r r ing ton a nd t h o se h e ld b yk n igh t s e rv ice o n e s ta te s w h i ch w e r e s om e t im e s a t ac on s id e rab le d i s tance f r om t h e c ap i ta l m e s suag e o f t h e f e e . A ga in , a l low ance mu s tb e m ade f o r ac l a s s o ff r eeho ld e r sw ho w e r e a tp e r f ec t l i be r ty t og r an t l a nd s o u t o ft h e i r e s ta t e s e i the r t o m embe r so ft h e i rf am i l ie so rt ot h em on a s t ic h ou s e s .

C lo se rt oh om e ,t h ee v id ence f o rC h e sh i r eh a sb e en n o t ed ( pp 1 00 , 1 02 )a nd s e en t oc on t ra s tw i th t h a tn o r th o ft h e Me r sey . O n l y n i n e t e e n t o w n s h i p s ( 0 . 0 3% ) a r e k n ow n t o L o rd sh ip o fv i l l sw i th W a rr ing ton T o ta ln o W e s tD erby N ew ton h a v e m o r e t h a n o n e m o a t e d s i t e a n d w h e r e t h o s e o fs i te s m oa t so rd i tched H und r ed (% H und r ed ( % H und r ed ( %o f e nc losur es t e nur e ) o ft e nur e ) o ft e nu r e ) s u ch a s D odco t t -cum -W i lk e s ley a nd H un t ing ton 1 3 C rown 1 0( 22% ) 3 ( 7% ) c um -Ch eav e ley4 d o h av e t wo o r m o r e s i t e s , t h e T hanage 1 ( 26% ) 2 3 ( 5 3% ) 4 3 9 ( 2 1% ) a ma lgama t ion o r a b so rp t ion o f t h e m ed ieva l 2 8( 6 5% ) 5 7 K n igh ts e rv ice 1 8( 32% ) 1( 20% ) e s ta t e s i n to s i ng le t own sh ip u n i t s m ay b e R ec to r ia l 3 ( 6% ) 1 ( 2% ) 3 ( 7% ) 7 Mona s t ic 2 ( 5% ) 2 i n d ica ted . E l sewhe r e , m oa t ed e n c lo su r e s m ay 4 3( 3 5% ) T o ta l ( %o fH und r ed ) 4 4( 36% ) 3 5 ( 2 9 . 4 ) 1 22 h ave b een c r ea t ed a nd o ccup i ed b y j un io r b r anche s o f t h e s e ig no r ia l f am i ly b u t D av id T ab le 2 7 : S umma ry o fs i t et e nu r ei nr e la t ion t oH und r eda ld i s t r ibu t ion W i l son a l so n o t ed t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t s ome w e r e ( s ee a l so f i g5 7 ) t h e s i t e o f w indm i l l s , l o dge s , n unne r ie s o r h o sp i ta l s . H e a l so s ugg e s t ed t h a t i s o la t ed m oa t ed C ompa r i son w i th t h e e v iden ce f o r e s ta t e s e l sewh e r e m ay s i t e s m igh t i n d ica t e t h e f o rme r e x i s t en ce o f c en t r e s o f t h row s ome l i gh to nt h ep rob lem . U n l ik e We s tD e rby , i nE a s t m ed ieva ls e t t lemen t (W i l son 1 987 , 1 5 1152 ) . Wh i l s ti ns ome A ng l ia i nt h e m ed ieva l p e r iod t h e m ano r s r a r e ly c o inc ided i n s tance st h i sm ay b es o ,R hy sW i l l iam ss ugg e s t st h a ts i t e so f w i th i n d iv idua lt own sh ip s a nd t h ep a t t er no fl a ndho ld ing w a s t h e w e l l -e s tab l i shed f am i l ie s t e nd ed t ob e i s o la t ed a nd s e lf c onf u sed ( Po s tga te 1 973 , 3 06 -307 ) . H e r e , t h e c r ea t ion o fa c on ta ined a nd t h a t i tw a s t h e m oa t ed d we l l ing s o ft h e l e s s l a rge b ody o ff r eeho ld ing t e nan t s a nd p ro l if e ra t ion o fs ma l l i mpo r tan tw h ich l a y i no rn ea rt h e s e t t lem en tf oc i( W i l l iam s m ano r s i n E a s t A ng l ia i s b e l ieved t o h av e b een a 1 997 , 5 8 ) . N o r th o f t h e Me r sey n u c lea t ed s e t t l emen t a nd c on sequ ence o ft h ep r e -Conqu e s tD an i sh o ccupa t ion . I n We s t o pen -f i e ld a g r icu l tu r e i n t e rm ing le w i th i s o la t ed e s ta t e s a nd D e rby t h e f a c i l i ty b y w h ich s ome e s ta t e s c an b e t r a ced e a r ly e n c lo su r eb u ti ts e em st h a tt h ew el -e s tab l i sh ed f am i l ie s t h rough f r om D ome sday s ugg e s t s a l so t h a t ap r e -Conque s t o r gan i sa t ion o f e s ta te s w a s f undamen ta l t o t h e l a t e r I n 1 066 W i lke s ley 's t wo m ano r s w e r e h e ld b y D o t a nd G od r ic , b o th f r eemen , a nd t h en p a s sed t o W i l l iam Ma lbank ( Mo rg an 1 978 , 2 65d ) . a r r angemen t o f l a ndho ld ing s . A l so , t h e 1 3 th -cen t u ry T he r e c an b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t i nt h e n ame ` Dodco te i sa n e cho o fD o t 's f r eeho lde r s i nE a s t A ng l ia s u rv ived a nd p ro spe r ed i n to t h e p r e -Conque s te s ta te ; t h et wo m ano r s may h ave b een s e pa r a ted b yB a rne t t p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod ; t h i s s e em s a l so t o h av e o ccu r r ed i n B rook a nd , w e s to ft h e b rook , D odco t t G range m ay p r e s e r v et h en ame o f We s t D e rby w he r e m any f am i l ie s c on t inued t oo ccupy t h e i r t ha t b e long ing t oD o t i fn o t i t s p hy s ica l e n t i ty . I nW i lke s ley , e xcava t ion h a s s hown t h a t t h e moa t a tN o r thwood 's F a rm w a s f i r s t o c cup ied i nt h e m ed ieva l e s ta t e s . B u t , u n l ik e , E a s t A ng l ia , t h e r e i s l i t t le 1 2 t h c e n t u r y a n d i t c o u l d h a v e b e e n a g r a n g e b e l o n g i n g t o C om b e n n e r e e v id ence c o s how t h a tm oa t ed s i te s i ns ou th -we s tL anca sh i r e A bbey ( W i l son 1 987 ; SMR 3 93 / 1) . T h i s p l ac e l i e s i n t h e s ou th -ea s t d eve loped o n e s ta t e s w i th t r ue m ano r ia l s t a tu s . I nd i scu s s ing c o rne ro ft h et own sh ip a nd i s ,t h e r ef o re , p r obab ly o n G od r ic 's D ome sday t h em oa ted s i t e so fC amb r idg e sh i r e i th a sb een s ugge s t ed t h a t e s ta t e . S ome 2 1 an t o t h e n o r th , b u t a l so i n W i lke s ley , a1 7 th -c en tu ry h ou se s t and so nt h ep l a tf o rm a tB u t te r ley H ey s ( S MR 3 94 / 1) . H un t ing ton m oa t c on s t ru c t ion m igh t h ave b een a c on sequ en ce n o t o f a nd C heave ley w e r e s e pa ra t e e s ta te s h e ld b y S t . We rbu rgh 's C hu rch m a te r ia l i s t ic r e a son s b u t o f s o c ia l a sp i ra t ion ( Tay lo r 1 972 , w h ich r e ta ined p a r to fe a ch i nl o rd sh ip ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 63b ) . A sm any a s 2 46 ) . B u t m any o ft h e We s t D e rby f r eeho ld e r s h ad b een i n f ou r e a r thwo rk s i te s h ave b een i d en t if ied , t h e l a rge s t o f w h ich , a t p o s se s s ion o ft h e i re s ta t e s s i nce a tl e a s tt h e e a r ly y ea r so ft h e H un t ing ton H a l l , w a s t h e A bbo t 's g r ang e ( M ed ieva lS e t t l emen tR e search G roup R epo r tn o . 6 ,1 99 1 ,2 5 ) . Ia m g r a t ef u lt oD r . J i l lC o l len sf o ra cce s s 1 3 th c en tu ry , i fn o t b ef o r e . I ts e em s t h a t t h e i r s t a tu s wa s t ot h eC he sh i r eS i te sa nd Monumen t sR eco rd . a l r eady w e l l -e s tab l i shed , a nd i nm any c a se s t h e i r l a nd s w e r e 9 8 4

Moa t sa nd e s ta t e s :t h ee v idence f or s t a tu s13 w e r e o f ten r e la t iv e ly s ma l l l a ndowne r s w ho se e s ta te s , a nd p robab ly m oa t ed s i te s , w e re a lway s i s o la ted a nd p robab ly h ad ar e la t ive ly s ma l l , s e lf suppo r t ing l a bou r f o r ce f o r t h e i r m anagemen t . Mo r eove r , c omp le te a bandonmen t a nd r emova l t o an ew s i t e i sr a r e . O n ly a tA sh ton in -Make rf ie ld c ome s c e r ta in e v idence f o r m ig ra t ion f r om o ne moa ted s i te t o a no the r b u t t h i s i st h ough t t o h ave h appened i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . I n A sh ton t h e re i sn o th ing t o s how t h a t e i the r s i te w a s l i nked t o as i gn if i can ta r ea o fn uc lea ted s e t t lemen t .

H aydock H a l l ( 114 ) o ra n u nnamed s i t e ( 122 ) b o th o fw h ich p a s sed b y p u rcha se f r om t h e H o l land e s ta te s t o t h e L egh f am i ly a nd w e re h e ld i n 1 466 b y H ugh T a i lo r ( Legh MSS 1 8 .5 , 1 9 .3 ) . Membe r s o ft h e H o l land f am i ly a ppea r i nH a le ( J ohn , 1s61 / 2d ) , S ef ton ( R icha rd , 3 s a nd W i l l iam , 3 s 11 4d / ) a nd S u t ton ( R icha rd , 6 s 8 d ) . A l though i tm igh t b e a s sumed t h a t t h e H o l land a s se s smen t i nH a le r e la te s t o L ove l ' s H a l l ( 46 ) , w h ich w a s c er ta in ly moa t ed b y 1 332 , J ohn d e H o l land p a id o n ly a bou t i s6 d i n av i i i w he r e t h e a ve rag e c on t r ibu t ion f r om 2 4p eop le w a s2 s2 d . G i lbe r td e C u lche th c on t r ibu ted i n b o th C u lche th ( 2 s ) a nd H ind ley ( 3 s ) a nd i n 1 315 g ood s v a lued a t1 00 s h ad b een s t o len f r om h im i nW igan ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 2 7 ) . H e w a s p r inc ipa l l o rd o f C u lche th a nd , p r e sumab ly , a l so h e ld a n i mpo r tan t e s ta te i nH ind ley a s t h e d i r ec td e scendan to fH ugh d eH ind ley . E l len d e T a rbock p a id 1 2 s , t h e h ighe s t a moun t r e co rded f o r t h e r eg ion , a nd t h ree t ime s t h e s um p a id b y W i l l iam Mo lyneux i n S ef ton ; b o th e s ta te s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th m oa t ed s i te s w h ich m igh t b e a s sumed t ob eo fh igh s t a tu s . E l len ' sp rope r ty h ad b een r a ided b y A dam B ana s t re ' s s uppor te r s i n 1 3 15 w hen 3 2 o xen , 2 0 c ow s , 3 0 b u l lock s a nd s t ee r s w e r e s t o len a nd o the r g ood s w o r th 1 00 ma rk s w e r e t a ken f r om t h e m en o f T a rbock ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 2 7 ) . H e r e w e h ave s ome i n d ica t ion o f t h e n a tu re o fE l len ' s d i spo sab le w ea l th w h ich may , i np a r t , h ave b een d e r ived f r om t h e ma rke t w h ich r e ce ived i t s l i cence i n 1 257 b u tf o r wh ich t h e r e i sn os u rv iv ing f o ca le v idence .

T he L ay S ub s idy , 1 332 U s ing t h ep ub l i shed e v idence f r om av a r ie ty o fs ou r ce s , i th a s b een p o s s ib le t o t r ace t h e s t a tu s o f i n d iv idua l e s ta te s a nd , w i th s omewha tr ema rkab le f a c i l i ty , i nm any i n s tance s t ol i nk t h e se w i th moa ted s i te s . T o t h i s e v idence t h a t o ft h e s ub s idy l i s t s f o r 1 332 h a sb een a dd ed , s i nce t h ey n ame t h e o ccupan t s o f i n d iv idua l v i l l s a tt h a t d a te a nd , i n an umbe r o f c a se s , p e rm i t ac o r re spondence b e tween t h e g r an tee o fa ne s ta te a nd h i s o ccupa t ion o fi t5.F rom t h e S ub s idy r o l l w e c an a l so s e e s ome i n d ica t ion o ft h e r e la t ive w ea l th o f i n d iv idua l s i nt h e r eg ion a s w ho le ( Append ix X ) . H ow eve r a l though t h e r o l l s h ave av a lue i np l a c ing i d en t if iab le p eop le o n t h e i r e s ta te s , s ome o fw h ich m igh th ave i n c luded am oa ted d we l l ing a tt h i s d a te , t h e r e tu rn s f o r as i ng le y ea r a r e n o t a b le t o t e l l u s a ny th ing a bou t e conom ic t r end s w i th in i n d iv idua l v i l l s a nd e s ta te s . T he t a xw a s l e v ied a t ar a te o f af i f t een th i nt h e r u ra l a r ea s a nd at e n th f r om t h e b o rough s . I ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h a t o n ly L ive rpoo l a nd W igan w e r e r e tu rned a s b o rough s t hough o t he r d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s p rov ide e v idence f o r b o rough s t a tu s a t We s t D e rby , Wa r r ing ton , O rm sk i rk , N ew ton a nd H a le b ef o re t h e d a te o ft h i s s ub s idy ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 ,4 ) . S ince , h oweve r , r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r c o l lec t ion o ft h e t a x l a y w i th t h e l o ca l m en o fe ach t own sh ip , i ts e em s t h a t e va s ion w a s f a i r ly w ide sp read . Mo r eove r , s ome l o ca l l o rd s a r e c on sp icuou s ly a b sen t f r om t h e l i s t s o ra ppea r t ob e a s se s sed o n t h e i r l e s s i mpo r tan t h o ld ing s . G la s scock ' s s ugge s t ion t h a t t h e m ovab le s t a xed r e p re sen ted s u rp lu s i sa t t rac t ive a nd m ay t h row s ome l i gh t o n t h e l o ca l s i tua t ion . H e p ropo sed t h a t a m an w i th g r ea te r c omm i tmen t s o r al a rge r f am i ly t os uppo r t m igh t n o t h ave p a id w he r ea s a man w i th f ewe r g ood s , b u t l e s se rr e spon s ib i l i t ie s ,c ou ld h ave h ad as ma l l s u rp lu sf o rs a le o n w h ich t a x w a s l i ab le ( G la s scock 1 975 , x v , x xv i ) . S uch c i r cum s tance s m ay e xp la in w hy s ome i mpo r tan t L anca s t r ian f am i l ie sa r ea b sen tf r om t h el i s t s . T he s en io r b ranch o ft h e L a thom f am i ly , r ep r e sen ted i nS i r T homa s L a thom w ho w a s , p re sumab ly r e s iden t e i the r a t L a thom o r K now s ley , m ade n o c on t r ibu t ion . B u t R icha rd d e L a thom , p o s s ib ly a y ounge r b ro the r , w a s a s se s sed f o r h i s g ood s i n R a inf o rd . T he B u t le r f am i ly , w ho w e re a t B u r tonwood b yt h i s d a te , a r e c omp le te ly o m i t t ed f r om e i the r B u r tonwood o r Wa r r ing ton b u t W i l l iam B u t le r p a id f o r g ood s i n W igan . T he L ang ton f am i ly , l o rd s o f Make rf i e ld , a r ea b sen tf r om t h el i s t sa nd t h eH o l land e s ta te sa tL igh t shaw , i nG o lbo rne , a nd i nH aydock c anno t b e i d en t if i ed f r om t h e l i s t s . A l l t h e s ame , i n 1 315 W i l l iam d e H o l land h ad 1 00 s heep , 1 6 o xen , 1 2 c ow s a nd o t he r g ood s s t o len f r om h i s e s ta t e i nH aydock ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 2 7 ) . P robab ly t h i s w a s a t

5

T he a ve rage p aymen tb yi n d iv idua l sf r om v i l l st h roughou tt h e r eg ion a moun ted t o a bou t 2 s 8 d . T he r e i s , h oweve r , n o i n d ica t ion t h a tv i l l sw i th moa ted s i t e sw e re mo r ew ea l thy t h an o t he r s n o r a ny c l ea r s ugge s t ion t h a t v i l l s w i th mo re t h an o ne moa ted s i te c on t r ibu ted mo re t h an a ve rage a moun t s . B o ld i sa r ema rkab le e xcep t ion . W i th s i x o r s even moa ted s i te s , t h e n ine i n d iv idua l s i nt h e v i i i p a id ap a r t icu la r ly h igh a ve rage a s se s smen t o f 6 s 7 d ( t o ta l 5 9 s 9 d ) . R icha rd d e B o ld a nd R icha rd d e A lvande ley p a id 7 s 9 d a nd 8 s r e spec t ive ly ; W i l l iam d e H e ie a nd R oge r G eme t c on t r ibu ted 9 s e ach b u t J ohn d e H o lb rook p a id o n ly 3 s . E ach m igh t b e s uppo sed t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th a n e s ta te o n w h ich a moa ted e s ta te h a s b een i d en t if i ed a nd ah igh l e ve l o fd i spo sab le w ea l th ( a t l e a s t i nl o ca lt e rm s ) i si n d ica ted . I n 1 334 , t h e t o ta l c on t r ibu t ion o f £ 3 1 0 s m a tched t h a t f r om L a thom a nd w a s g r ea te r t h an t h e a s se s smen t s f o r H a le , L ive rpoo l o r Wa r r ing ton ( G la s scock 1 975 , 1 49 151) . I nc on t au s t , f r om A b ram a nd C u lch e th , e ach w i th s i xs i te s , t h e a ve rage p aymen t w a s a s l ow a s2 s 3 d -2 s 5 d . R icha rd d e A b ram ( 3 s ) c an b e p l a ced f a i r ly c e r ta in ly a tA b ram H a l l ( 1 ) ; W i l l iam d e A sh ton ( 2 s ) a nd W i l l iam G i l l ib rand ( 3 s ) a ppea r t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th B amf u r long H a l l ( 2 ) a nd B icke r shaw H a l l ( 6 ) r e spec t ive ly b u t C ocke r sand A bbey m ay a l so h ave m ade s ome d emand s o n t h e se e s ta te s . G i lbe r t d e C u lche th ' s p rope r ty h a s a l ready b een n o ted b u to t he ro wne r so fC u lche th e s ta te s c an b e i d en t if ied . A l though m oa t s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th e s ta te s o fA dam d e H o lc rof t( 2 s ) , A dam d e K ynkenha le ( 6 s ) a nd R obe r td eR i s ley ( 1 s ) ,t h e v a ry ing a moun t sp a id s how t h a t i tw ou ld b e u nw i se t o a s sume t h a t t h e l i s t s h igh l igh t t ho se w i th m oa ted d we l l ing s . H oweve r , a tS peke , w he re w e c an b e f a i r ly c e r ta in t h a tt h e re i sn om o r et h an o ne moa ted s i te , J ohn l eN o r r ey s c on t r ibu ted 5 s 4 d , o v e r I s mo re t h an t h e n ex t h ighe s ta s se s smen t s .

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . S e e C hap t e r 1 0 , f i g 3 1 , f o r t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fw ea l th i n 1 334 a nd C hap te r 1 2 , t a b le s 2 5a -b , w he r e t h e r e tu rn s f o r 1 332 a nd 1 334 h ave b e en s umma r i sed b yp a r i sh .

9 9

1 3 -Moats a nd e s ta te s :t he e v id ence f or s t a tu s F am i l ie s a nd e s ta te s I n s umma r i s ing t h e e v idence f o r t h e t own sh ip s i ti s a l so p o s s ib le t os e et h em anne r i nw h ich c e r ta in f am i l ie s e x tend ed t h e i r i n f luence a c ro s s t h e r eg ion . T he 1 332 l i s t t e l l s u s t h a t G i lbe r t d e H aydock w a s a s se s sed f o r h i s p roper ty i n H aydock , p e rhap s a tP ie le H a l l ( 73 ) o r B ruche H a l l ( 14 ) , r a the r t han a tB rad ley O ld H a l l ( 12 ) i nB u r tonwood w h ich , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , h e h e ld b y 1 336 i fn o t b ef o re . T he 1 323 /4 r en ta l ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 06 -219 ) t e l l s u s t h a t t h e re w a s a t l e a s t o ne moa ted s i te i n H aydock b y t h a t d a te , t hough i t b e longed t ot h eH o l land f am i ly . I tw a s , p e rhap s , t h e H a l le o f H aydock ( 1 14 ) w h ich b e longed t o t h e H o l land e s ta te s a nd w a s b ough t f r om t h e D uke o fE xe te r 's e s ta te s b ef o re 1 466 ( Legh MSS 1 9 .3 ) . B u t w e a l so k now f r om t h e 1 466 s u rv ey t h a t B rad ley w a s moa ted b y t h en a nd w a s t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage o fe x ten s ive e s ta te sw h ich i n c luded H aydock ( Legh MSS 1 . 1) . P o s s ib ly , w i th s uch e v idence , i s a h i n t o f c h rono log ica ld eve lopmen to f moa tc r ea t ion u nde rG i lber td e H aydock ' si n f luence . I nt h e v i l l o fB o ld w e k now t h a tG i lbe r t h e ld t h e e s ta te a t tached t oC ran shaw H a l l ( 17 ) a nd p robab ly , h e o r h i s s u cce s so r s a l so a cqu i red t h a t o f R icha rd d e A lvand ley . B o th e s ta te s e ven tua l ly c ame t o S i r P e te r L egh . G i lbe r t ' s i n te re s ti nP ou l ton ,w he re w e f md t h e moa ted s i te o f B ruche H a l l ( 16 ) , i s n o ted b e low a nd q u i te c l ea r ly t h e i n te re s t so ft h eH aydock f am i ly w e re f a i r ly w ide sp read a c ro s s s ou th -we s tL anca sh i r e . T he L a thom f am i ly c e r ta in ly r e ta ined L a thom , h e ld i n t h anage , a st h e i r p r inc ipa l p lace o fr e s idence t h roughou t t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . B u t t h ey a l so h e ld K now s ley w he r e , w e h ave s e en , t h e r e m ay h ave b een a b u i ld ing o f s uf i c ien t g ra ndeu rt ob e c a l led ac a s t le i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . I nL a thom i t se lf ,t h e e s ta te o fC ro s s H a l l ( 19 ) w a sg ran ted t oB u r scough P r io ry b u t c on t inued t o b e h e ld b y aj un io r b ranch o f t h e p r inc ipa l f am i ly a nd y ounge rm embe r s o ft h e f am i ly r e ce iv ed e s ta te s i n H uy ton a nd T a rbock ( bo th h e ld f r om t h e f e e o f W idne s ) a nd e ven g a ined p a r t o ft h e t h anage v i l l o fB i l l ing e . T he r e a r e moa ted s i te s i na l l t h e se v i l l s . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t moa t c on s t ruc t ion w a s p a r t o f af a sh ion i nd emon s t ra t ing a f am i ly 's s t a tu sa nd t h a t moa t sm igh th ave b een c r ea ted , i fn o t b yt h eh ead o ft h ef am i ly ,t h en b yt h ej un io rm embe r s a st h e i r h o ld ing ss p read a c ro s st h er eg ion ,p e rhap sw eaken ing i nt h e i r s i z e ,n a tu re o fc omp lex i ty a nd l o ca t ion o ve r ap er iod o ft ime . H oweve r ,t h eL a thom f am i ly d on o t s e em t oh ave e s tab l i shed m oa ted s i te s o n t h e i r l a nd s h e ld f r om t h e Manche s te r f e e ; p e rhap s , i nc on t ra s tw i th t h e W idne s e s ta te s ,t h e l o rd s o ft h a t f e ep l aced mo re r e s t r ic t ion so nt h e i rt e nan t s . T he Mo lyneux o f S ef ton n e two rk o fh o ld ing s d emon s t ra t e s t h a t t h e i r t e nan t s w e r e a b le t o c r ea te moa ted s i te s . T he i r c ap i ta l m e s suage l a y a tS ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) a nd a s e cond m oa t ed s i te w a s c r ea ted o n a n e s ta te g ran ted t o ay oung e r m embe r o ft h e f am i ly , a tE dge F a rm ( 23 ) . T he f am i ly h e ld L i t t le C ro sby f r om t h e f e e o fW idne s , a nd t h e i rt e nan t s t h e r e , t h e B lunde l l s , h ad a moa ted s i te a t C ro sby H a l l ( 18 ) b y c 1275 6.F rom t h e F o re s tF ee t h e Mo lyneuxe s h e ld S peke b u t i tw a s p o s s ib le f o r t h e i r t e nan t s , p robab ly t h e No r r i s f am i ly , 6

I ts e em s l i ke ly t ha tH ome rG re en F a rm , T ho rn ton ( 35 ) s hou ld b e a dded t o t h e h o ld ing s o ft h e Mo lyneuxe s o fS ef ton , g ran ted o u tt o ab ranch o ft h a t f am i ly . Two th i rd so ft h ev i l l w a s a t ta ched t ot h e Wa r r ing ton f e eo fw h ich t h e Mo lyneuxe s h e ld o ne c a ruca te . T he r ema in ing t h i rd w a s l e a sed f r om t h e S ef ton f e e ; p o s s ib ly i tw a st h i s p o r t ion , a tH ome rG r een , t ha tt h em a in b ranch o ft h ef am i ly b ough tb a ck i n1 773 .

t oc r ea te amoa ted s i te a tS peke H a l l( 85 ) . H oweve r ,t h em oa t h e re w a s e i the r r ede s igned , o r e ven c r ea ted , a s l a t e a s t h e 1 590 s a nd , t hough e xcava t ion h a s s hown e v idence f o r a w a te r -f i l led d i t ch b ackf i l led w i th b u i ld ing d eb r i s i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry , t h e re i sa sy e t n o th ing t os how t h a t i te nc lo sed t h e m ed ieva l h ou se . F u r the r e a s t , i nP ember ton , m embe r s o ft h e Mo lyneux f am i ly h e ld moa ted s i te s a tH awk ley ( 30 ) b y 1 466 a nd T un s ted ( 9 1 ) b y m a r r iage i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . I n t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod t h ey a l so h e ld Wood H a l l i n Me l l ing ( 96 )a nd Mo s sbo rough H a l l i nR a inf o rd ( 55 ) . I ti s ,o fc ou r se , e n t i re ly p o s s ib le t h a t t h e P embe r ton , Me l l ing a nd R a inf o rd moa t sh ad b een e s tab l i shed l o ng b ef o re t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly a cqu i r ed t h e se e s ta te s .

Mona s t ic s ub tenan t s I nm any v i l l sg ran t so fl a nd sw e r em ade t oo ne o r mo re l a yo r mona s t ic s ub tenan t s w ho i n t u rn m igh t h ave h e ld t h e i r e s ta te s f r om t h e i r s upe r io r l o rd s i nt e nu re d if e r en t f r om t h a t i nw h ich t h ew ho le v i l lw a sh e ld . G i lber td eH aydock ' s f am i ly a ppea r s a ga in i nP ou l ton w he r e , i n 1 285 , R obe r t B ana s t r e , l o rd o ft h e f e e o f Make rf ie ld , g ran ted t oH aydock ' s d augh t e r , A l ice ,t h ew ho le v i l li nf e e a nd i n he r i tance f o r 1 l bo fc um tn in ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 29 ) . P ou l ton h ad b een g ran ted t oS h r ew sbu ry A bbey b y R oge r o fP o i tou i nt h e l a te 11 t h c en tu ry a nd , s i nce n one o f t h e r e s iden t s o f P ou l ton c on tr ibu ted t o t h e l a y s ub s idy o f 1 332 , i t w a s s t i l l , p re sumab ly , c on s ide r ed t o b e i nm ona s t ic o wne r sh ip . H e r e , t h e ref o r e , t h e r e i s e v idence f o r s ub inf euda t ion o f l a nd s a l ready s ub inf euda ted . H oweve r , t h e s i tua t ion m ay b e e ven mo r e c omp l ica ted . T he e s ta te c a l led B ruche ( t wo o xgang s ) a ppea r s t o h ave b een g ran ted t o t h e B u t le r s o f Wa r r ing ton a nd d i v ided i n to t wo p o r t ion s ; o n e o xgang w en t t o T homa s Wa ley s a nd s ub sequen t ly t ot h e B ruche f am i ly a nd t h e o t h e r t ot h e H aydock s ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 29 ) . T he B u t le r f am i ly , t h e r ef o r e , i n tervened b e tween t h e B ana s t r e s a nd t h e H aydock s . P o s s ib ly t h e t wo o xg ang s r e p r e sen ted t h e w ho le v i l l o fP ou l ton b u t w e c anno t b e c e r ta in . T he B ruche H a l l ( 16 ) e s ta te s e em s t o h ave r ep r e sen ted t h e Wa ley s h o ld ing , b u t w he the r t h e 1 285 g r an t o f t h e v i l l t o A l ice H aydock made t h e h o lde r s o fB ruche H a l l h e rt e nan t s i sn o t c l ea r . I nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry , R icha rd B ruche h e ld h a lf B ruche ' mano r ' f r om P e te r L egh o f B rad ley ,by k n igh t s e rv ice a nd 1 2d r en t y ea r ly ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 30 ) . H e r e , p e rhap s , i s amona s t ic m one ta ry r e n t o f1 2d7 a s soc ia ted w i th ah o ld ing b yk n igh ts e rv ice . T h i s s i tua t ion w a s n o t u n ique t oP ou l ton . W i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o fA l tca r , wh ich w a s h e ld i ne n t i r e ty b y Me r eva le A bbey , a nd B u r scough w he re t wo moa ted s i t e s h ave b een i d en t if ied a t Ma r t in H a l l ( 105 ) a nd Me r r ida le F a rm ( 1 19 ) , m ona s t ic e s ta te s a ppea r t o h ave b een r eg r an t ed t o o ne o r mo r e l a y t e nan t s a nd moa ted s i t e s w e re e s tab l i shed . T he p rac t ice o f g iv ing l a nd t o r e l ig iou s h ou se s a nd r e ce iv ing i t b a ck t o b e h e ld o f t h e H ou se w a s f o rb idden i n t h e 1 2 17 r e i s sue o f t h e Magna C a r ta b u t H en ry I I ' s c ha r te r s a id n o th ing a bou t s uch l a nd b e ing r eg ran t ed t o h e i r s o r n e ighbou r s o ft h e o r ig ina l g ran to r (Webb e d . 1 970 , 10 n 2 ) . T h i s c e r ta in ly s e em st oh ave o ccu r red i nL a thom w he r e l a nd s g ran ted t o B u r scough P r io ry c on t inued t o b e h e ld b y

7

1 00

R en t so f6 d , 1 2d ,2 sa nd 2 s6 dw e r ec ommon o nt h eC ock e r sand e s ta te s i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 1 240 1250 p a ss im ) . S im i la r a moun t s w e r ed ue f r om s ome o ft h e l a nd s o ft h eH o sp i ta l le r s i nt h e s ame r e g ion i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( F rance 1 947 , 6 6 -69 )( Append ix V I I ) .

Moa t sa nd e s ta te s :t he e v id ence f or s t a tus -1 3 m embe r s o ft h e L a thom f am i ly . F o r e xamp le , i n 1 229 t h e r e w a s a n a g reemen t b e tween t h e P r io r a nd C anon s o f B u r scough a nd R icha rd d e L a thom c once rn ing 2 sr e n tw h ich R icha rd w a sb ound t op ay f o rm i l l s a tK now s ley a nd L a thom , h e ld b yh im f r om t h eP r io ry f o rl i f e , a nd 2 sd u e f r om t h e l a nd o f t h e C ro s s ( 19 ) . R oge r a nd R eg ina ld o f t h e C ro s s w e re r e spon s ib le f o rt h i sr en t o n b eha lf o fR icha rd o fL a thom a nd R icha rd o fK now s ley , s on o fR obe r t o fL a thom ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 3 0 -31) . T he p rac t ice o fg ran t ing o u t l a nd a nd r e ce iv ing i tb a ck s e em s t o h ave b een w ide sp read a nd t h e e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t s uch e s ta te s c on t inued t o b e h e ld b y as i ng le m e sne t e nan t a nd h i s i mmed ia te h e i r s u n t i l t h e e a r ly p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod . O n ly a tC un scough ( 2 1 ) , i n Me l l ing , g ran t ed t o C ock e r sand A bbey b y H en ry a nd T homa s d e Me l l ing a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry , d oe s t h e e s ta te s e em t oh ave b een p a r ce l led o u t t ot e nan t s a tw i l l . H e r e , t h ough , w e s e em t of i nd as ma l l l a ndho ld ing r e ta ined a sd eme sn e b y t h eA bbey . C un scough w a s d e sc r ibed a s amona s t ic g r ange o f C ocke r sand i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry ; i tw a s ac on so l ida ted e s ta te i nt h e 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s a nd i t s 1 t e nemen t s a nd o ne c l o se , w e r e a l l h e ld b y l a ymen w ho w e re r e qu i red t o p ay b oon s t ot h e A bbey ( Fa r re r e d . 1 909 , 1 240 1251 p a s s im ) . I t s e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e w ho le o fS hake r ley ( 1 10 ) , a n e s ta te i n T y lde s ley ,h ad b een g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey t h ough , a s e l sewhe re , i tc on t inued t o b e h e ld b y l a y t e nan t s u n t i l t h e D i s so lu t ion ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 7 14 -716 ; F a r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 240 1251 p a s s im ) . T he e v idence p o in t st o as im i la rs i tua t ion a tB icke r shaw i nA b ram , av i l li nw h ich t h ree ( 2 , 6 ,1 )o ft h e s i x moa t ed s i te s w a s g ran ted i n f r anka lmo in t o C ock e r sand .The t e nu r ia l h i s to ry o fR a inf o rd , w he r e t h e r e i s t h e moa ted s i te o f Mo s sbo rough H a l l ( 55 ) , i so b scu re b u t , mo s tp robab ly ,t h eC rown w a st h e s upe r io r l o rd8.T hough t h e m ano r w a s h e ld b y C ocke r sand A bbey a tt h e D i s so lu t ion , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e v i l l m ay h ave b een i n mona s t ic h and s i n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod , t h i s c on f l ic t s w i th t h e e v idence . R obe r t d e L a thom a ppea r s a s p r inc ipa l l o rd i n 1 322 w hen h e h e ld R a i nf o rd m ano r i ns ocage t e nu re a nd t e ny ea r s l a te r R icha rd d e L a thom c on t r ibu ted 2 s2 dt ot h e L ay S ub s idy f o rR a inf o rd w he r et h e a ve rage c on t r ibu t ion f r om at o ta l o fe i gh tm en w a s 3 s ( Append ix X ) . I tw ou ld a ppea r , t h e ref o r e , t h a t t h e A bbey c ou ld h av e h e ld t h e m ano r ia l r i gh t s b u t t h a t i t s c o rpo rea l i n te re s t s d id n o t e x tend t o t h e w ho le o f t h e t own sh ip . We c anno t b e s u r e t h a t Mo s sbo rough w a s g ran ted t ot h e A bbey o rt h a t i tw a s o ccup ied b y d e L a thom . T he e s ta t e h ad p a s sed t ot h e Mo lyneux f am i ly i nt h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry t h ough t h e E a r l so fD e rby r e ta ined t h eg r ea te rp a r to ft h ev i l l . Ar e n ta l o ft h e L anca sh i re l a nd sh e ld f r om t h eH o sp i ta l o fS t . J ohn o fJ e ru sa lem i n1 540 a l so s how s l a yt e nu r e o fm ona s t ic h o ld ing s ( F rance 1 947 ) ( Append ix V I I ) b u t n one c an w i th c onf idence b e l i nked t o t h e k nown moa ted s i t e s . F u r the r , t h ough mona s t ic h ou se s , s u ch a s Nor ton P r io ry , Wha l ley A bbey a nd S t We rbu rgh a t C he s te r r e ce ived g r an t s i n f r an l ca lmo in f r om l o ca l l a ndowne r s , n one s o f a r h a s b een l i nked t oa ne s ta t ew i th amoa ted o rd i tched e nc lo su r e .

Moa ted e nc lo sure sa nd r ec tor ie s Moa ted s i te s a r e f ound i nc on junc t ion w i th r e c to r ie s i ns even p a r i she s , h a lf t h et o ta ln umbe ro fp a r i she si nt h er e g ion . S i nce v i l l s s u ch a s A ugh ton , Wa r r ing ton , W igan a nd We s t le igh w e r e om i t ted f r om t h e 1 212 I nque s tt h ey m ay h ave b een h e ld 8

O nt h em ap o f' F euda l B a ronag e ' R a inf o rd i sp l aced o nt h eC om i ta l d eme sne ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , b e tween p p2 90 -9 1) .

1 01

i ne n t i re ty b yt h e c hu r ch a tt h a t d a te . A l though t h e a dvow son o fP re sco tc hu rch w a s h e ld b yt h e l o rd s o ft h e F o re s tF ee v i l l o f Wh i s ton , P re sco t w a s n o t m en t ioned s pec if i ca l ly i n t h e 1 212 I nque s t , a nd ar e c to r ia l h o ld ing i ss u spec ted . H oweve r , b y 1 332 t h ev i l l s a l lh ad m en f r om w hom t a xw a s l e v ied . T he L ay S ub s idy l i s t f o r We s t le igh s how s am a rked ly h igh c on t r ibu t ion f r om R obe r tt h e P r ie s t ( ove r 5 sI d ) i n av i l l w i th al ow a ve rag e a s se s smen t ( I s 6 d ) . I ti sn o tab le a l so t h a t , i n Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t , N icho la s t h e C hap la in c on t r ibu ted 4 s f o rh i sg ood s . O n ly R ober tT rave r s , w ho m igh tb ea s sumed t o b e t h e t e nan t o ft h e F o re s t F ee , p a id ah ighe r c on t r ibu t ion ( 5 s ) . P re sumab ly , t h e se p aymen t s w e re f o r p o s se s s ion s n o t a t tached t o a n e cc le s ia s t ica l e s ta te ( G la s scock 1 975 , x v i i i -x ix ) . We k now o f moa ted r e c to r ie s i nb o th v i l l s a nd i t m igh tb es uppo sed t ha tt h ep r ie s t sw e r em en o fs ome w ea l th . I ts e em s , t h e r ef o re , t h a tt h e o ve ra l l n a tu r e o ft e nu r e b y w h ich av i l lw a sh e ld p l a ced n or e s t r ic t ion o nt h e l o ca lt e nan t s i nt h e c r ea t ion o f moa ted s i te s t hough t h e v i l l s h e ld f r om t h e f e e o f Manche s te r m ay p rove a n e xcep t ion . T he i n te re s t s o fs eve ra l f am i l ie s , s uch a s t h e H aydock s , Mo lyneuxe s a nd L a thom s , r e su l ted i n an e two rk o fh o ld ing sw he r e amoa tm ay w e l lh ave p roved a s ymbo l o f s t a tu s . I n S ef ton , w i th t h e e xamp le o f S ef ton O ld H a l l a nd E dge F a rm w e m ay s e e a pp rova l b y t h e p r inc ipa l l o rd i n t h e c r ea t ion o f am oa ted s i te b y aj un io r m embe r o f t h e f am i ly w i th in a s i ng le v i l l . T he moa t s o n e s ta te s i n v i l l s h e ld b y t h e H aydock s a nd L a thom s c ou ld d emon s t ra te t h a t t h i s w a s p o s s ib le o ve r a f a r w ide r g eog raph ica l a r ea . L e s s c l ea r i st h e e v idence f o r w ea l th a nd o nt h eb a s i so f as i ng le y ea r ' sr e tu rn s i tw ou ld b e d ange rou st o a s sume t h a tt h e L ay S ub s idy r e tu rn s p rove al i nk b e tween t h e o ccupan t s o f moa ted s i te s a nd a h i gh a s se s smen t . A l l t h e s ame , t h e r e tu rn s o fp eop le s u ch a sE l len d e T a rhock a nd t h e g roup o f m en f r om B o ld a ppea r t o s how t h a t t h ey w e r e s uf i c ien t ly w ea l thy t o h o ld e s ta te s o f s ome s t a tu s i n t h e c ommun i ty . Whe the rt h e i rd we l l ing s w e r e moa ted a tt h i s d a te i sn o tk nown b u t i tm igh t b e a r gued t h a tt h e e xpen se o f moa t d i gg ing w a s n o t b eyond t h e i r m ean s . C onve r se ly , i tc an b e s ugge s ted t h a t ac ompa ra t ive ly l ow a s se s smen t f r om m en s u ch a s G i lber t d e C u lche th a nd R icha rd d e A b ram w a s a c on sequence o f r e cen t h igh e xpend i tu re - moa t d igg ing , p e rhap s . T he r e i s , h oweve r , l i t t le d if e r ence b e tween t h e a ve rage a s se s smen t s p a id f r om v i l l s w i th moa ted s i te s a nd t h o se w he r e n one h ave b een i d en t if i ed . C lea r ly , t h e n a tu re o f t h e r eg ion 's m ed ieva l f ann ing p ra c t ice s r equ i re s f u r the r c on s ide ra t ion b ef o re t h e s i gn if i cance o f t h e s ub s idy r e tu rn s c an b ef u l ly u nde r s tood .

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1 02

L oca t ion ,g eo logy a nd s o i la s soc ia t ion s -1 4

C hap ter 1 4 L oca t ion ,g eo log ya nd s o i la s soc ia t ions h oweve r , ar a r e e xamp le o fa n o pen -f ie ld t own sh ip w i th a n uc lea ted v i l lage a t tached t o t h e p a r i sh o f S ef ton , t h e p robab le m oa ted s i te a t H ome r G reen F a rm ( 35 ) l i e s o u t s ide t h e k nown l i m i t s o ft h e o pen f i e ld s a nd w e l l a way f r om t h e m a in a r ea o fs e t t lemen t b u t c l o se t ot h e h am le t o f H ome r G r een ( f ig 3 2 ) . I nA pp le ton , a l though t h e s uppo sed

I n t h e i r s t udy o f E ng l i sh moa ted s i t e s w r i te r s s u ch a s R obe r t s ( 1965 ) , T ay lo r ( 1972 ) a nd L e P a tou r e l ( 1973 ) e xam ined a w ho le r ange o f t opog raph ica l d a ta i n c lud ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip o f s i te s t o c en t re s o f s e t t lemen t , g eo logy a nd a l t i tude . Wo rk ing i n I r e land , B a r ry c on s ide r ed t h e n a tu re o f e v idence f o r a s soc ia t ion o f s i te s w i th d if e ren t s o i l t ype s a nd t h i s t h eme w a s p u r sued i n F l ande r s b y V e rhaege ( 1981) . T he o ve ra l l e v idence h a s b een s umma r i sed m o r e r e cen t ly b y H e len C la rke ( 1984 , 4 7 -62 ) . T he g eog raph ica la nd t opog raph ica la s soc ia t ion s o f moa ted s i te s a nd d i t ched e nc lo su r e s in s ou th -we s t L anca sh i r e c an b ec on s ide red i n as im i la rm anne r .

c ap i ta l m e s suage o ft h e W idne s f e e a tP ee l H ou se ( 72 ) l i e s i nt h e c en t r e o f t h e v i l l , i ti so ve r 5 00m f r om A pp le ton v i l lage a nd a lmo s t l km f r om t h e v i l lag e o f F ar nwo r th , w he re a c hape l w a s e s tab l i shed a t t h e e nd o f t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry . I tm ay , i nf a c t , h ave l a in w i th in t h e m ed ieva l p a rk a nd b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s uppo sed v a cca ry 3. T he j ux tapo s i t ion o f moa ted s i t e a nd s e t t lemen t i s , p e rhap s , s e en o n ly i n t h e r e c to r ia l moa t s a t A ugh ton ( 100 ) , Wa r r ing ton ( 67 ) a nd W igan ( 94 ) a nd i n t h r ee o f t h e H aydock moa t s w h ich w e r e i n l a y o wne r sh ip . E ven a t H a l sa l l ( 27 ) a nd P re sco t ( 76 ) t h e r e c to ry m oa t s a r e s ome d i s tance f r om t h e p a r i sh c hu r ch a nd s e t t lemen t f o cu s . I n S ef ton , t h e m oa t s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage a nd t h e r e c to ry a r e c l o se t ot h e c hu r ch ; b u t c l ea r e v idence f o r s e t t lemen tn uc lea t ion i sl a ck ing 4.

L oca t ion T o d ef ine t h e l o ca t ion o fs i t e s ag ene ra l i sed d i s t inc t ion h a s b een made b e tween t ho se f ound i nt h e mo r e c en t ra l a r ea s o f at own sh ip a nd o t he r s o n p e r iphe ra l e s ta te s c l o se t ot h e t own sh ip b ound s ( t ab le s 2 8 , 2 9a -b ) 1.S ince , h oweve r , t h e p a r ish c hu r ch o f t en s e rved mo r e t h an o ne t own sh ip t h e r e la t ionsh ip o f s i te s t o t h e p a r i sh c hu r ch h a s l i t t le r e levance . I n a dd i t ion , t h e d if i cu l t ie s o f e s tab l i sh ing t h e s o -ca l led m ano r ia l s t a tu s o f i n d iv idua l s i te s p roh ib i t s a ny c l ea r s t a temen t a bou t l o ca t ion a nd s t a tu s . A cco rd ing ly , n o d i r ec t c ompa r i son s w i th s i t e s i nE s sex ( Hedge s 1 978 , 6 5 , t a b le V ) a nd Wo rces te r sh i r e ( Bond 1 978 , 7 3 ) c an b ea t temp ted .

Wh i l s t i n t own sh ip s w i th m o re t h an o ne m oa t , as i ng le c en t ra l s i te w i th t h e r ema inde r o n o r n ea r t h e m a rg in s

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T he l o ca t ion o f e ach s i t e i n r e la t ion t o i t s 3 6 2( 6% ) 2 6( 72% ) N ew ton 8( 22% ) t own sh ip b ound s h a s b een t a ken f r om t h e 4 2 2 7 ( 64% ) Wa r r ing ton 1 5( 36% ) m oder n O S 1 : 25 ,000 s e r ie s ( w i th t h e o bv iou s 4 4 1 ( 25 % ) We s tD e rby 3 3 ( 7 5% ) c avea t s t h a t t h i s i mp l ie s ) a nd i sc i ted i n t h e T o ta l ( % s i t e l o ca t ion ) r e levan t t own sh ip s e c t ion s o f t h e C a ta logue . 1 22 2( 2% ) 8 6( 70% ) 3 4( 28 % ) T hough i th a sa l ready b een n o ted ( pp . 5 ,8 )t h a t m any b ounda r ie sw e re n o tf i rm ly f i xed u n t i lt h e T i t e l o ca t ion r e la ted t ot own sh ip b ounda r ie s ab le 2 8 : S p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod t h e d i s t inc t ion i s , m igh t b e e xpec ted ( eg B o ld a nd C u lche th ) , i n H aydock p e rhap s , s omewha t a rb i t ra ry , b u t i td oe s s how at e ndency t h e r e a r e a tl e a s t t wo s i te s , P i e le H a l l ( 7 3 ) a nd H aydock f o r s uch s i te s t o l i e i n w ha t m igh t b e d eemed t h e mo re H a l l ( 1 14 ) n ea rt h e c en t r e o ft h e t own sh ip a nd c l o se t ot h e m a rg ina l l a nd s a c ro s s w h ich t h e t own sh ip b ounda r ie s w e re 1 9 th -cen tu ry f o cu so fs e t t lemen t . B y 1 466 b o th b e longed t o e ven tua l ly d ef ined . t h e L egh e s ta te s b u t t hough t h e f o rme r w a s h e ld b y i n he r i tance f r om t h ed e H aydock f am i ly , t h e l a t te rh ad b een I ti sd i ff i cu l tt og ene ra l i se a bou tt h e r e la t ion sh ip o fm oa ted b ough tf r om t h eH o l land e s ta t e s( Legh MSS , f1 7 .6 , 1 9 .3 ) . s i te s t o s e t t lemen t n uc le i . T he r e g ion i sn e i the r o ne o f w idesp read n uc lea t ion n o r o ne f o rw h ich t h e r e i se v idence f o r d e se r t ion l e ad ing t o a n a ppea r ance o f i s o la t ion a nd , 3 T he p a rk p a le w a s r e pa i red w i th p a l ing a nd h edge s i n1 296 a nd 1 305 e ven i nt own sh ip s w h ich h ave mo re c en t ra l ly -p laced s i te s ( Lyon s 1 884 , 5 2 , 6 4 ) . T hough S haw ( 1956 , 3 6 1) s ugge s t ed t ha t t h e o f c on s ide rab le i mpo r tance ( eg L a thom H ou se ( 44 ) , a ny a ccoun t s f o r 1 307 ( s ic 1 305 ) s how n o e v id enc e f o r a r ab le o n t h e d eme sne a tW idne s a nd t ha t t h e e mpha s i s w a s o n c a t t le r e a r ing a nd e v idence f o r s e t t lemen t n uc lea t ion i n t h e i mmed ia te d ee r , h e f a i led t o r e cogn i se t h a t b o th f o r 1 296 a nd 1 305 t hough t h e v i c in i ty o ft h em oa ted s i te i sl a ck ing . Ac l o se a s soc ia t ion o f i n come i se n t e r ed s e pa ra te ly f o r H a l ton a nd W idne s t h e e xpen se s a r e t h e p a r ish c hu r ch , p r inc ipa l d we l l ing a nd s e t t lemen t f o cu s n o t s epa ra t e ly c i t ed f o r e a ch mano r . T he a ccoun t s a l so i n c lude e n t r ie s i sn o t ac ommon f e a tu re o f s ou th L anca sh i r e , a nd s ma l l f o r p annag e a nd 2 0 s r e ce ived f o r t h e b a i l iw ick o fW idne s F o r e s t b u t , s i nc et h e i n come f o rH a l ton i n c lude s h e rbage o fi t s p a rk , t h e r e mu s tb e h am le t s o r f a rm s tead s a r e mo re u sua l . A t T ho rn ton ,

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s ome d oub t w he the r t h e p a rk r e pa i r s r e la te t o w o rk s n o r th o f t h e Me r sey . F i r ewood w a s c u t f o r u se a tt h e c a s t le w h ich w a s , p robab ly , a t H a l ton r a the rt h an W idne s ( 133 ) .

T he t e rm ' i so la t ion ' m igh t b e u s ed i nt h e s ame c on t ex t ; ' p e r iphe ra l ' w a s c ho sen t or e f lec t as i tua t ion c l o se r t ot h e m a rg in s o f at own sh ip a nd , t h e ref o re , mo r el i k e ly t ob es i t ed o n m a rg ina l l a nd .

4

W a l shemonshou s e ( 1 15 ) a nd H ugh T a i lo r 's ( 122 ) , b o th i n H aydock , a r e k nown o n ly f r om t h e L egh S u r vey , 1 466 ( L egh MSS , i f 1 7 .8 .6 , 1 8 .5 ) . Wa l shemon shouse m igh t b e i nC ay ley , a n e s ta t e i nt h e s ou th w e s to fH aydock .

1 03

T he a r ea k nown a sS ef ton T own l i e sm o r eo rl e s s i nt h e c en t r eo ft h ev i i i b u t i s a bou t 1 cm w e s t o f t h e p a r i sh c hu rch . Whe the r t h e n ame r e p r e sen t st h es u rv iv ing e v idence f o rn uc lea ted s e t t lemen t i su nc lea r . I n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry o n ly ac oup le o ff a rm s s t i l l s u r v ived i nt h e a r ea a nd c en t r e s o fs e t t lemen t l a y i nh am le t s o n t h e b ounda r ie s o ft h e t own sh ip ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /47 ) .

1 4 -L oca t ion ,g eo logy a nd s o i la s soc ia t ions m oa t s w e re n o t a b sen t f r om c en t r e s o f e a r ly s e t t lemen t ( 1965 , 3 3 -35 ) . I nt h e f o re s t o fA rden , In P e r iphe r a lL] .C en t r a l L i " . N o tk nown' h e s aw p ea san t c o lon i s t s c r ea t ing n ew f a rm s a nd f i e ld s i np i ecemea l a s se r t o ft h e w a s t e b e tween t h e 1 th a nd e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu r ie s ( 1968 ) . T h i s , h e c on s ide red , w a s ac on sequence o f p ea san t l a nd h unge r i nt h e s e t t led a r ea s c omb ined w i th e ncou ragemen t f r om t h e s e igno r ia l o wn e r s t o i n c rea se t h e i r i n come s f r om r en t s a nd d ue s a nd , p e rhap s , t o c on so l ida t e p o l i t ica l p owe r . T he r e su l tan t l a nd scape i s o ne o f s i ng le f a rm s a s soc ia ted w i th h edged f i e ld s h e ld i n s eve ra l ty b u t a s soc ia ted w i th o pen f i e ld s , p o s s ib ly h e ld i n c ommon a nd a t ta ched t ot h e v i l lage n u c le i . T he e v idence f o r We s t D e rby c e r ta in ly s e em s t o d emon s t ra te an o t d i s s im i la r p i c tu r e o f i s o la ted f a rm s a nd t h e t e nu r ia l e v idence a ppea r s t os how as t eady d eve lopmen to fe s ta te s i n to t h em a rg ina l a r ea s f r om t h e e nd o f t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry , i fn o t T enure C en tra l P er iphera l N o tk nown T o ta l e a r l ie r . H e r e , a si nt h e We s tM id land s ,t h et e nu re (% b y ( * A b y ( ° / 0 b y i n d ica te s t h a t e s ta te sw i th mowed s i te sw e r e h e ld t e nure ) t enure ) t e nure f r ee ly , b u t t h e L anca s t r ian o ccupan t s o f o u r C rown 1 3 ( 100% ) 1 3 K n ig h ts e r v ice 1 6 ( 28% ) 4 1 ( 72% ) 5 7 e s ta te s w e re n o t , a s w e h ave a l r eady s e en 2 ( 28% ) T hanag e 1 4 3 2 9 ( 67% ) ( 4% ) ( c hap te r 9 ) , r en t -pay ing p ea san t s . F u r the rmo r e , R ec to r ia l 5( 7 1% ) 7 2 ( 29% ) t o o l i t t le i s k nown a t p r e sen t a bou t t h e t r ue 1( 50% ) Mona s t ic 2 1 ( 50% ) e x ten ta nd l o ca t ion o ft h er e g ion 's w ood land a nd T o ta l( %b y t h e d a te s a t w h ich c l ea rance a nd s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion ) 3 4( 28% ) 8 6( 70% ) 2( 2% ) 1 22 o ccu r r ed f o rd i rec t c ompa r i son s t ob e m ade w i th o t he r p a r t s o fE ng land . N o r i si ty e t p o s s ib le t o T ab le 2 9 : G raph a nd t a b le t os how s i te l o ca t ion a nd t e nu r e i d en t if y c l ea r a s soc ia t ion s w i th c ommon f i e ld I ti s ac ha ra c te r i s t ic o ft h e r eg ion t h a tt h e m a jo r i ty o fs i te s c u l t iva t ion t h ough , o n t h e e v idence o ft h e 1 466 s u rvey o f ( 70% ) a r e f ound o n t h e t own sh ip p e r iphe ry a nd , i ns ome t h e L egh e s ta t e s , s eve ra l t own sh ip s may d emon s t ra te i n s t ance s , n o tab ly B a r row O ld H a l l ( 5 ) a nd L ang ley H a l l e v idence f o rt h i s 6. F a rm ( 43 ) , t h e moa t s w e re i mmed ia te ly a d ja cen t a nd d i r ec t ly l i nked t ot h eb ounda ry b rook . I ndeed ,L ang ley H a l l I nC amb r idge sh i re , T ay lo rf ound t h a t , w i th f ew e xcep t ion s , F a rm l i e s o n t h e b ound s o ft h e H und red 5.E l sewhe re , i n i s o la t ed moa t s w e re c onf ined t o t h e f o rme r f o re s t a r ea s s i ng le -moa t t own sh ip s t h e s i te d oe s n o t n ece s sa r i ly l i e ( 1972 , 2 43 -245 ) . B u t h e a l so c ommen ted o n p rob lem s o f t owa rd st h e c en t re o ft h e v i l l ( eg F o rmby H a l l ( 27 ) a nd t h e d ocum en ta ry e v idence w hen c on s id e r ing t h e d a te s a tw h ich O ld D a i ry ( 127 ) . T o s ome e x ten t ,t h i sm igh tb e d e t e rm ined s e t t lemen t m igh t b e e s tab l i shed . H e s ugge s ted t h a t m any b y t h et o pog raphy a nd g eo logy b u t m igh t a l so i n d ica te t h e i s o la t ed s e t t lemen t s c ou ld b e o lde r t h an t he i r f i r s t w r i t ten n a tu r e o ft e nu re , t h e moa ted o r d i tched s i te b e ing c r ea ted r e co rd ; i n n o t ing t h a t w ood land h ad b een c l ea red o n a ne s ta te g ran ted f r om ad eme sne w h ich l a ck s am oa ted c on s ide rab ly e a r l ie r t h an i nt h e We s t M id land s h e f ound h ome s tead . F o rmby t own sh ip , h oweve r , w a s d i v ided i n to l i t t le c o r r e la t ion b e tween c l ea rance a nd t h e c r ea t ion o f f ou r l o rd sh ip s t h ree o fw h ich , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , w e r e h e ld moa ted s i t e s . A l though many C amb r idgesh i re s i te s o ccu r b y a b sen tee l o rd s a nd o n ly t h e F o rmby f am i ly , t e nan t s o f a l ong t h e f e n e dge s i nt h e e a s ta nd i nb road r i ve rv a l ley s o f t h e h e r ed i ta ry s e r jean t s o ft h e C rown d eme sne , a ppea r t o t h e s ou th w e s t , t h e ma jo r i ty o f t h e se w e re a l so i nf a i r ly h ave b een r e s iden t . T he p robab le m oa t w a s o nt h e i r e s ta te . c l o se p rox im i ty t o mo r e c oncen t ra t ed a r ea s o f s e t t lemen t . No tab le e xcep t ion s a r e S peke H a l l ( 85 ) w he re , a l though T hey c anno t , t h e ref o re , b e d i rec t ly c ompa red w i th t h e t h es i t ei sc l o se t ot h et own sh ip m a rg in s , i ti sc l ea r ly r e la ted s i tua t ion i n We s tD e rby . T he p a t te rn i nB edf o rd sh i re s e em s t ot h e d eme sne , a nd i nB u r tonwood w he re t h e t wo m oa t ed t os ugge s t t h a t moa t s a r e f ound u sua l ly i n o r n ea r v i l lage s i te s ( 4 , 1 2 ) , e a ch w i th a n e x ten s ive d eme sne , a r e c l o se t o c en t r e s a nd e nd s ( Bake r 1 978 , 6 0 ) . F rom ad if e ren t r a nge t h e b ound s . B u t , i n n one o f t h e se c a se s , d e sp i te a o fd a ta r e ga rd ing d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t i nt ha t c oun ty i th a s r e cogn i sab le d eme sne , i st h e s uppo sed n uc leu s o fm ed ieva l b een p ropo sed t h a t t h i s w a s , p e rhap s , ac on sequence o f s e t t lemen ti nc l o se p rox im i ty t ot h e moa ted s i t e . r i s ing p opu la t ion i nt h e 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tu r ie s ( B rown & T ay lo r 1 989 , 8 0 ) . T h i s , i tw a s s ugg e s ted , m igh t s how t h a t Wo rk ing i n t h e We s t M id land s , B r ian R obe r t s a r gued o nce t h e v i l le in t e nanc ie s t o r un t h e d emesne h ad b een c onv inc ing ly t h a t i s o la ted s i te s c ou ld b e a s soc ia ted w i th a e s tab l i shed t h e r e w a s n o th ing t o p r even t t h e c r ea t ion o f r e la t iv e ly l a te movemen t i n to t h e w ood land a r ea s t h ough n ew , s ma l l h o ld ing s o ccup ied b y f r ee r en t -pay ing t e nan t s . H e re ,h oweve r ,t h e re i sn o s t a ted l i nk b e tween moa ted s i te s 5

L ang ley H a l l F a rm w a s a s s igned , w rong ly , b y t h e G r ea t e r Manche s te r

S u r vey t ot h e t own sh ip o f We s though ton i nS a lf o rd h und r ed ( T inda l l 1 985 , 6 3 ) t hough t h i s w a s c o r rec ted i nt h e g az e t tee ro fc oun t ry h ou se s ( P ea r son & T anne r 1 985 , 1 92 ) . B a r row O ld H a l l , n ow i n B o ld t own sh ip ,m ay h ave b een i nG r ea tS ankey i nt h em ed ieva l p e r iod ( L egh MSS f 4 .7 .4 ) .

6

1 04

O f P e t e r L , egh 's t we lve e s ta te s i n s ou th -we s t L anca sh i r e , a l though e nc lo sed f i e ld s m igh t b e d i spe r sed w i th in t own sh ip s , s pec if ic e v idence f o r s t r ip h o ld ing s ( s e l ion s ) i s f ound o n ly i n G o lbome , H aydock , N ew ton , Wa r r ing ton ( Legh MSS 1 466 ) .

L oca t ion ,g eo logy a nd s o i la s soc ia t ion s -1 4 a nd t h e a r ea s o fd i spe r sed s e t t lemen t b u tt h e a rgum en t f o r r e a son s b eh ind t h e c r ea t ion o f s ma l l , i n dependen t e s ta t e s m ay h ave s ome r e levance t o s ou th -we s t L anca sh i r e . I n E s sex , H edge ss ugge s ted t h a tt h e s ma l ln umbe ro fm oa t s i n t h e s ou th -we s t o f t h e c oun ty c ou ld b e a t t r ibu ted t o t h e e x i s tence o fl a nd sh e ld w i th in t h e R oya lF o re s t( 1978 , 6 5 ) . I n t h e n o r th -we s t o f t h a t c oun ty , h owev e r , h e s aw m oa t c on s t ruc t ion l i nked t o w ood land c l ea rance . A c ro s s t h e C hanne l , i nF l and e r s , V e rhaege f ound m o s t moa ted s i t e s ( 90 -95 % )a way f r om t h e v i l lage c en t re s ( 1981 , 1 49 150 ) , a n umbe rg r ea te rt h an t ho se i n We s tD e rby 's p e r iphe ra la r ea s ( 70% ) . B u t , u n l ike s ou th -we s t L anca sh i r e , i n F l ande r s a p o s i t ion o n t h e m a rg in s m ade t h em v u lne rab le t o 1 4 th c en tu ry e conom ic a nd a g ra r ian c r i se s w hen m oa ted d we l l ing sm ay h ave b een a bandoned . E v idence f o r w ho le sa le a bandonmen t o f t h e m a rg in s i s q u i te l a ck ing f r om s ou th -we s t L anca sh i r e . A l though d e ser t ion d i d s ome t ime s o ccu r t h i s w a s ap o s t -m ed ieva l p henonemon . O ld B ry tm ( 63 ) w a s c omp le t e ly a bandoned f o r an ew moa ted s i te , b u t a tT anne r ' s F a rm ( 89 ) t h e n ew d we l l ing w a sc on s t ruc ted n o mo re t h an af ew y a rd s o u t s ide t h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry moa ted e nc lo su re . I na l l c a se sw he r et h e r e w a s a n e mp ty p l a t f o rm i nt h e m id 19 th c en tu ry , d e se r t ion s e em s t o h ave b een r e la ted t o n o mo re t h an a d e s i r e t o i mp rove t h ed e s ign o ft h eh ou se . T he re i sl i t t le e v id ence t o s how t h a t moa t s m igh t h ave g one o u t o f f a sh ion , a nd r emova l t o amoa ted s i te a tN ew B ry tm ( 58 ) i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry s e em s t oh ave b een q u i te a ccep tab le . I ndeed , e ven a t i mpo r tan t h ou se s s u ch a s B ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s h ave p roduced f a i r ly c onv inc ing e v idence f o r moa t d i gg ing i n t h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry . H e r e , t h e p l a tf o rm w a s e x t ended s ou thwa rd s f r om t h e m ed ieva l h ou se . A d eep , w ide d i tch w h ich h ad c on ta ined c l ean r unn ing w a te rw a sf i l led f i r s tw i th d ome s t ic r ubb i sh , i n c lud ing l e a the r s hoe s a nd a f ew s ub s t an t ia l t imbe r s7 a nd t h en s e a led w i th c l ean c l ay . I ts e em s l i k e ly t h a t t h e c l ay f i l l d e r ived f r om u pca s t f r om a n ew m oa t w h ich w a s c r ea ted af ew m e t re s t ot h e s ou th o ft h e e a r l ie r d i tch . A n ew s u i te o ft imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing s w a s b u i l t , p o s s ib ly b y E dwa rd B u t le r b e tween 1 572 1586 . B u t , a f te r t h e p roper ty p a s sed t o n ew o wne r s i n t h e e a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry , t h e se b u i ld ing s w e re d emo l i shed a nd an ew ,t h ree s t o reyed b r ick h ou se w a s a t tached t o t h e m ed ieva l h ou se w h ich w a sr e f u rb i shed a ta bou tt h es ame t ime . Ac on t ra s t b e tween s i te s i ns ou th L anca sh i re a nd t h o se i n C he sh i re i s a ppa ren t ( T inda l l 1 985 , 7 2 ) . S ou th o f t h e Me r sey t own sh ip s w i th a s i ng le moa t a r e mo re c ommon a nd , i ti sb e l ieved ,t h ey a r e mo re u sua l ly o fm ano r ia ls t a tu s . Many C he sh i r e moa t s a r e f ound mo r e o r l e s s c en t ra l ly w i th in t h e i rr e spec t ive t own sh ip s a nd p e r iphe ra l8 m oa t s a r e b e l ieved t ob e ac on sequence o f movemen to ft h e m ano r ia l f o cu s (W i l son 1 987 , 1 50 ) . A e r ia l p ho tog raphy i s a l so 7

8

p roduc ing e v idence f o r d e se r t ion o fm ed ieva l s e t t lemen t9. H oweve r , t h e moa t a t B roadoak F a rm , T o rk ing ton , b e l ieved t ob e n on -mano r ia l i ns t a tu s , s e em s t oh ave b een c r ea ted c 1354 a s ap r ima ry s i te a nd a s ac on sequence o f w ood land c l earance b yJ ohn d eL egh ; t h e d a te i ss uppo r t ed b y t h e e xcava ted e v idence ( T inda l l 1 985 , 6 7 -68 ) . I n s ou th L anca sh i re , w i th t h e r a r e e xcep t ion o f B ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) , w h ich r ep laced t h e p o s s ib le r i ngwo rk a t Mo t e H i l l ( 130 ) a s t h e c en t r e o f a dm in i s t ra t ion f o r Wa r r ing ton H und red , a nd t h e m ig ra t ion o ft h e G e ra rd f am i ly t oN ew B rynn , t h e r e i sn o e v idence f o r r e loca t ion o f a moa t ed c ap i ta lm e s suage . A s sump t ion s t h a t ac ap i ta l m e s suage w ou ld l i et owa rd s t h e v i l la rc en t r e , w i th s a te l l i te m oa t s o nm a rg ina l l a nd st owa rd s t h e t own sh ip b ound s , a r e n o t a lway s b o rn e o u t . Among s t m a rg ina l s i te s w he re l o ca l ly h igh s t a tu s i sa s sumed a r e B ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) , w h ich b ecame t h e a dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s f o r t h e f e e o f Wa r r ing ton i nt h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry , L ove l ' sH a l l( 46 ) a nd t h eO ld H ut ( 65 )w h ich s e em t oh ave b een p re -em inen t i n t h e f o rme r r oya l f o r e s t v i i i o f H a lewood . T ot h e se c an b ea dded S ef ton O ld H a l l( 83 ) a nd B rad ley O ld H a l l ( 12 ) . T he f o rme rw a s t h e c ap i ta l h o ld ing o ft h e Mo lyneux f am i ly , e a r l s o f S ef ton , a tl e a s t u n t i l t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry l ° a nd t h e l a t te rw a s t h e f o cu s o f al a rge e s ta te h e ld b y t h e H aydock f am i ly a nd t h e i r s u cce s so r s , t h e L egh s . T he se s i te s a r e c l o se t o t h e i r r e spec t iv e t own sh ip b ounda r ie s a nd n one i sk nown t o h ave b een c l o se t o a v i l lage c en t r e . W i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o fO ld H u t t , a l w e r e c l o se t ow a te rm i l l s a nd d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s i n d ica t e t h a t m i l l o wne r sh ip w a s e n t i r e ly o r p a r t ly i nt h e h and s o f o wne r so ft h e moa ted s i te s .

A l t i tude I n t h i s p redom inan t ly l ow ly ing l a nd scape i ti s h a rd ly s u rp r i s ing t o f i nd t h a t t h e ma jo r i ty o f s i t e s ( 60% ) , r e ga rd le s s o ft e nu r e o r l o ca t ion w i th in t h e i r t own sh ip s , l i e b e tween 1 5 -50m OD ( t ab le 3 0 ) . A t 1 40m OD Moa tH ou se , H a igh ( 5 1 ) i st h e mo s t e l eva ted , L a thom H ou se ( 44 ) , a tt h e n or th e nd o f al ow s pu r , d om ina te s t h e m o s s land s i nt h e n o r th o ft h e r eg ion . Q u i te c l ea r ly , L a thom b e longed t oo ne o ft h e f o remo s t m embe r s o fl o ca l m ed ieva l s o c ie ty ( Lew i s 1 997c ) ; i ns ymbo l ic t e rm s i t sp o s i t ion m ay h ave p r e sen t ed t h e l o ca l p opu lace w i th a p owe rf u l g e s tu r e o f c on t ro l t h ough i t sh e igh ta t4 6m . i sm e r e ly r e la t ive t ot h e l a nd scape i to ve r see s . B y c on t ra s t , ' h igh r ank ing ' c on t empo ra r ie s a t p l ace s s uch a sB ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) , L ove l 's H a l l ( 46 ) a nd S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) o ccupy s i te s i n l e s s p rom inen t l o ca t ion s .They a r e a mong s t an umbe r ( 2 0% ) o f v e ry l ow ly ing s i te s , mo s to fw h ich w e r e h e ld b yk n igh t s e rv ice , i n t h e c oa s ta l a nd e s tua r ine a r ea s a nd a l ong t h e r i v e r c ou r se s . B ew sey 's s l igh t ly e l eva ted p o s i t ion w ou ld h ave g i ven i t av i ew o ve r Wa r r ing ton -p e rhap s a s f a r a s t h e Me r sey . A s s uch i tc ommanded t h e i mmed ia te l a nd scape o f i t sf e uda l d oma in a nd m ay w e l l h ave i mp r e s sed i t s v i s i to r s b u t , b y c ompa r i son w i th L a thom , i t sp l ace i nt h e l a nd scape w a s i n s ign if ican t . D ocumen ta ry e v idence s how s t h a t a t

D end roch rono log ica l d a t ing o ff ou r t imbe r s r e cove r ed f r om t h e b a sa l s i l t s w a s u nde r taken b y t h e T r ee -R ing D a t ing L abo ra to ry , U n ive r s i ty o f No t t ingham . T h re e t imbe r s h ad b een f e l led c 1352 1392 ; t h e f ou r th , o c tagona l i ns e c t ion , h ad p robab ly b e en f e l led b y 1 550 . D i sman t l ing o f a1 4 th -cen tu ry b u i ld ing , w h ich m ay h ave b een r e pa i red i nt h em id 16 th c en tu ry , s e em st ob ei nd ica ted ( L ew i s 1 997b ) .

9

P er iphe ra l s i t e s a r ef ound i n Wybunbu ry ( 2 ) , H un t ing ton ( 2o f 3s i te s ) , N ewha l l ( 1o f 2s i te s ) , C hu rch L aw ton , A pp le ton , S idd ing ton , C ho r l ton a nd E ger ton . As i te s ou th o fA l sage r a nd F ox tw i s t ( Bu t ley ) h ave b e en d e sc r ibed a s' i so la t ed ' (W i l son 1 987 ) .

1 °

1 05

Moa t H a l l , Ma r tha l l i st hough t t or e p re sen t t h e s i t e o ft h e l o s t m ano r h ou se o fO ld Wa r f o rd ; P ee l F a rm , A s tbu ry i ss uppo sed t or e p r e sen tt h e l o s tm ano ro fN ewbo ld ( W i l son 1 987 ) . C rox t e th H a l l w a s t h e f am i ly r e s idence a f t e r t h e e nd o f t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , b u t ah ou se a t S ef ton O ld H a l l s u rv ived u n t i l t h e l a t e 1 9 th c en tu ry .

1 4 -L oca t ion ,g eo log ya nd s o i la s soc ia t ions T enure C rown K n igh ts e r v ice T hanag e R ec to r ia l Mona s t ic

7 5 -100m

1 5 -25m

2 5 -50m

5 0 -75m

3 1 9 1 9 2

7 1 0

2

2

5 1 2 9 2

2 4( 20% )

2 9 ( 24% )

4 4( 36% )

1 9( 16% )

3( 2% )

< 15m 4 1 7

> 100m

1( 1% )

N o tk nown

T o ta l

2

1 3 5 7 4 3 7 2

2( 2% )

1 22

T ab le 3 0 : A l t i tude a nd s i te t e nu r e a r ound t h e h ome s tead c am e al a te r a sp i ra t ion t o s u r round t h eh ou se w i th aw ide moa t .

l e a s t o ne o ft h e se l ow ly ing p l ace s , S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) , w a s s ub jec tt op rob lem s o ff l ood ing f r om t h e r i ve r A l t . I n 1 648 t h e r e c to r p e t i t ioned t h e Q ua r te r S e s s ion s ' c l e rk f o r a c t ion t op r even t c on t inua l f l ood ing o ft h e r i ve rw h ich h ad c au sed t h e i n hab i tan t s o f t h e t own sh ip t o a bandon t h e i r l a nd , h av ing n e i the r m eadow n o r p a s tu re f o r t h e i r c a t t le

F o r t h e m a jo r i ty o f s i te s , h oweve r , i ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t a l t i tud e a l one h ad much i n f luence o n t h e d ec i s ion t od ig a moa t . I fa ny th ing , t h e re i s as l igh tt e ndency t of a vou r l a nd s i n f a i r ly c l o se p rox im i ty t o r unn ing w a te r b u t an a tu ra l s pr ing o rh i gh w a te r t a b le m igh t h ave i nf luenced s e lec t ion o f as u i tab le l o ca t ion . A l though , i n t h e r eg ion , a lmo s t n o th ing i sk nown o ft h e p hy s ica l c ha rac te r i s t ic s o ff e a tu re s s uch a ss l u ice st h es i te sa ppea rt os how t h a tf o rs ome p l ace s w a te r re ten t ion c ou ld h ave b een ad e s i rab le f e a tu r e b u t f o r

( Lew i s 1 978 , 5 4 ) . As im i la r p rob lem may h ave o ccu r red n ea r F o rmby H a l l ( 24 ) w he re p l an s d rawn t o s how t h e e x ten to fl a nd ss ub jec tt of l ood ing a l ong t h eA l t( Lanc s RO DDX 1 0 /3 , 1 778 ; C SA 4 4 , n o d a te ) i n d ica t e t h a t t h e p l a ce may h ave s uf e r ed f r om r egu la r i n unda t ion s . T he p rob lem o ff l ood ing i sd emon s t ra ted f u r the r e a s t w he r e ag roup o f s i te s i nt h e t own sh ip s o f A b ram , G o lborne , L ow ton a nd P enn ing ton l i e c l o se t o , b u t s l igh t ly a bove , l a nd d e sc r ibed o nt h em ap s a s' L iab le t oF lood s ' i nt h e m id -19 th c en tu ry . T he c r ea t ion o fm oa t ed s i te s i n s uch l o ca t ion s c ou ld , a t l e a s t i np a r t , h ave b een ar e spon se t os uch d if i cu l t ie s a nd h ave h e lped t o a me l io ra te t h e w o r s t e f ec t s o f f l ood ing . P o s s ib ly t h e c ho ice o fs i te w a s a l so d e l ibe ra te i nt h a t t h e se l a nd s p rov ided a g r icu l tu ra l ly a t t ra c t ive w a te r m eadow s f o r g raz ing a nd h ay c r op s .

o the r s i tw a s i mpo r tan t t o l i nk i tw i th a s oph i s t ica ted d ra inage s y s tem .

Moa ted s i te sa nd g eo logy T he m a jo r i ty o fs i te s s t and o n P e rm ian a nd T r ia s s ic s o l id m a ter ia l s w i th ad om inance o ft h o se o n B un te r S and s tone s ( t ab le 3 1) . Ad e l ibe ra te d ec i s ion t od i g moa t s o n o u tc rop s o fs o l id m a te r ia l mu s t i mp ly ah igh e conom ic c omm i tmen t b u ta tL a thom H ou se ( 44 ) , H a l ton C a s t le ( 28 ) , L yd ia te H a l l ( 48 ) a nd N ew ton H a l l ( 6 1 ) i t s e em s t ha t t h i s w a s u nder taken . A t L yd ia te H a l l a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion l i nked t o ap rog ramme o f d end roch rono log ica l s amp l ing h a s s hown t h a t t h e m id 16 th -cen tu ry t imbe r -f ramed h ou se w a s b u i l t o n as c raped b ed rock s u r f ace a nd t h a t t h e w a l l s w e r e s e t i n to r o ck -cu t t r enche s ( Lew i s & S amue l s 1 990 , 4 1) . H e re , i ts e em s , L aw rence I r e land e mba rked o n as e r ie s o fe xpen s ive v en tu re s w h ich i n c luded t h ep u rcha se o fl o ca l l a nd s o ft h e d i s so lved A bbey o f C ocke r sand . P e rhap s h i s n ew h ou se d emon s t ra ted h i sn ew -f ound s t a tu s a nd i ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t i tl a y af ew m e t r e s t ot h e w e s t o fa n e a r l ie r moa ted s i t ew he r et h e d r if td epo s i t sw e re mo re a menab le t o moa t d i gg ing ) . A tT anne r ' s F a rm ( 89 ) , ap er iphe ra l moa t o f 1 5 th -cen tu ry d a te a round a n e a r l ie r b u i ld ing , t h e d i t ch w a s d ug t h rough 1 2m o fb ou lde rc l ay i n to B un te r S and s tone ; a c l ay l i n ing w a s t e n ta t ive ly i d en t if i ed i n a l l b u t t h e n o r th d i tch .

T he r e i s ,h ow ev e r , l i t t le t os how t h a tt h e p l a t f o rm s o ft h e se v e ry l ow ly ing s i t e s w e re d e l ibe ra te ly r a i sed t h ough f ew s u rv ive t o a l low d e ta i led s t udy" . T he c on tou r p l an f o r S e f ton O ld H a l l ( f ig 9 1 .44e ) s how s t h a t t h e p l a tf o rm w a s h ighe rt h an t h e s u r round ing l a nd , b u t e xcava t ion s po i l a nd l o ca l t r ad i t ion i n d ica t e s t h a t F i r s t Wo r ld Wa r d igg ing p ra c t ice c ou ld b e ac on t r ibu to ry f a c to r . B o th B ew sey O ld H a l l( 4 ) a nd F o rmby H a l l ( 24 ) a r e s l igh t ly e l eva ted . A tt h e f o rme r , t h e s i t e l i e s o n as l igh t e m inence j u s t a bove t h e S ank ey v a l ley , b u t e xcava t ion p roduced n o e v idence t o s ugge s t ad e l ibe ra te b u i ld u p o ft h e p l a t f o rm a nd a tb o th t h e se p l ace s i ts e em st h a tt h e c ho ice o fs i te w a s d e te rm ined b y t h e n a tu ra l t o pog raphy . T he mu l t ip l ic i ty o f d i tche s b eyond t h ep l a tf o rm a tB ew sey a nd o t he rs i te s( f ig . 5 9 )m ay h ave b een a n i n i t ia l r e spon se t o an eed t oc on t ro l t h e f l ow o fs u r f ace w a t e r a r ound a nd a way f r om t h e h ou se . B u t a t B ew sey i ti sn ow t h ough tt h a tt h ee a s ta rm o ft h e moa t( l ike t ha t o n t h e s ou th s i d e o ft h e h ou se ) w a s e xcava ted i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t oc omp le te t h e n ew moa ted e nc lo su r e . I n s o d o ing , t h e w id th -a nd p robab ly t h e d ep th -o fa n e x i s t ing w a t e r cou r se w a s i n c r ea sed s o t h a t t h e h ou se w a s t h en s u r rounded b y aw e t m oa t ( Lew i s 1 997b ) . D e sc r ib ing s i t e s o n b ou lde r c l ay a nd g rave l s i n C he sh i r e , D av id W i l son c l a im s t h a t t h e se p l a ce s r ep re sen t e v idence o f ad e s i r e t o r e ta in w a te r ( 1987 , 1 48 -149 ) a nd t h i s s e em s t o b e s o f o r moa t c on s truc t ion o n c l ay l a nd s o ve r ly ing p ea t i nF lande r s ( Ve rhaege 1 981 , 1 40 143 ) . F o rs ou th L anca sh i r e , h ow eve r , i tm ig h tb e p ropo sed t h a t f o l low ing a n i n i t ia l n eed t od r a in t h e l a nd scape b y d i gg ing c omp lexe s o f n a r row d i tche s H

U sua l ly , s o l id g eo logy i s c ove red b y d r if t d epo s i t s o f v a ry ing t h ickne s s ( t ab le 3 2 ) a nd t h e c ho ice o f s i t e w a s p robab ly d e te rm ined b y l e s s e xpen s ive l a bou r c o s t s . T h roughou tE ng land t h em a jor i ty o f moa ted s i te s a r e f ound o n b ou lde r c l ay ( C la rke 1 984 , 5 3 ) w he re w a te r re t en t ion w ou ld h ave b een f a i r ly e a s i ly managed . I n t h i s t h e Wes t D e rby e xamp le s c oncu ra nd t h em a jo r i ty ( 62% ) , w he the r i n c en t ra lo rp e r iphe ra la r ea s , a r e f ound o nb ou lde rc l ay . T h i s , h oweve r , i sh a rd ly s u rpr i s ing s i nce much o f t h e r e g ion , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h e s ou th , i sp redom inan t ly b ou lde rc l ay ( f ig 6 ) . Mo re s i gn if i can t , p e rhap s , a r e s i te s o n p o rou s s and s , g rave l s a nd a luv ium . T he re i s a s u rp r i s ing ly h igh c o r re la t ion b e tween s uch s i te s a nd t h e i n c idence o f c er ta in ty a nd p robab i l i ty f o r t h e i r i d en t if ica t ion a s moa t s

A tO ld H u t t( 65 )c l ay ,w h ich s ea led f e a tu r e s i nt h ek i tchen , w a s u sed t o c r ea t e al e ve l s u r f ac ew hen t h e s i te w a s r emode l led i nt h e 1 5 th o r 1 6 th c en tu ry ( W ra thme l l 1 992 , 2 2 ) . Whe the r i tc ame f r om p r ima ry m oa t c on s t r uc t ion o rf r om c l ean ing a ne x i s t ing d i tch i sn o tk nown .

1 06

L oca t ion ,g eo log ya nd s o i la s soc ia t ion s -1 4 P erm ian & T r ia s s ic

K eupe r Wa te r s t one s

K eupe r S and s tone

B un t e r S and s tone

P ebb le B ed s

Manche s t e r Ma r l s

( 1% )

1 4 ( 1 1% )

4 0 ( 3 3% )

2 1 ( 17 % )

2 ( 2% )

4 ( 3% )

N o tk nown

3 7 ( 30% )

2 ( 2% )

S he rwood S and s tone G roup

Me rc ia Mud s tone G roup K eup e r Ma r l

C arbon if erou s We s tpha l ian C o l lyhu r s t S and s tone

T ab le 3 1 : S o l id g eo logy o f s i te s BC C rown K n igh t s e r v ic e T hanag e R ec to r ia l Mona s t ic

8 3 1

BC /SHS

BC /S&G

BC /BS

B S

LC 2

2

3 2%

3 2%

2 1 %

b ou lde rc l ay b ou lde rc l ay o ra luv ium b ou lde rc l ay o rS h i rd ley H i l l S and b ou lde rc l ay o rg l a c ia ls and s &g rave l s b ou lde rc l ay o rb l own s and l am ina ted c l ay s

SHS i SHS /A 2 6

3 1 3 3 7 6 6 2%

BC BC /A BC /SHS BC /S&G BC /BS L C

BC /A

B S S HS S HS /A S&G A

S&G

A

S o l id

3

4

2

4

2 2

1 3 1%

9 7%

4 3%

N / I

iT o ta l 1 2 5 6

3

2

4 3 7 4

5 4%

3 2%

1 22

b lown s and S h i rd ley H i l l S and S h i rd ley H i l l S and o ra luv ium g l a c ia ls and sa nd g rave l A l luv ium

T ab le 3 2 : D r if tg eo logy r e la ted t ot e nu r e a nd a n a s sump t ion t h a t t h ey w e r e d e l ibe ra te ly l o ca ted o n t h e se m ed ia c anno t b e a vo ided . T he mu l t ip le m oa t a nd n a r row d i tch s i te s o fH opeca r r H a l l ( 36 ) a nd G eo rge son ' s F a rm ( 26 ) a r eb o th o na l luv ium a nd m ay b e c ompa red w i th t h e O ld H u t t ( 36 ) o n t h e a l luv ium /bou lde r c l ay b ounda ry . Among s t s i t e s o n s and s a nd g rave l s a r e t h e r e c to r ie s o fS t E lph in ' s , Wa r r ing ton ( 67 ) a nd W igan ( 94 ) . T he se a r e j o ined b y t h e moa t a tB ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) t o w h ich t h e f am i ly m ig ra ted f r om t h e p robab le r i ngwo rk a t Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( 130 ) w h ich a l so l a y o n s a nd s a nd g r ave l s . A ugh ton R ec to ry i sb u i l t o n S h i rd ley H i l l S and a nd t h e p robab le moa t a tH a l sa l l R ec to ry ( 27 ) , l i ke We s t D e rby C a s t le ( 1 32 ) i s o n t h e b ou lde r c l ay /Sh i rd ley H i l l S and b ounda ry . T he P e le , G rea tS ankey ( 1 13 ) i sa l so o n S h i rd ley H i l l S and a nd i t s moa t i s k nown f r om t h e 1 466 L egh S u rvey ( L egh MSS f4 . 1 .1) .

S o i l s a nd moa ted s i te s S o i l s d eve lop i n r e spon se t o i n te r re la ted f a c to r s c omb in ing g eo logy , r e l ief , d r a inage , c l ima te , p lan t s a nd t h e i n f luence o fm an o ve r t ime . T he e f ec t s o fp l an t s i n s o i l f o rma t ion , t h rough t h e n a tu ra l p roce s se s o f d ecay , m ay b e mod if ied o re ven r ev e r sed b y h uman i n te rf e r ence b y a r t if ic ia l d ra inage , c u l t iva t ion a nd m anu r ing ( Ha l l & F o l land 1 970 , 6 16 ) . T he s t udy o f moa ted s i te s m ay b e a dvanced a l i t t le b y c on s ide ra t ion o ft h en a tu re o fs o i l s f ound i nt h e i rv i c in i ty 1 2. T o t h i s m ay b e a dded t h e d e ta i l o f r e p re sen ta t ive s o i l p rof i le sw h ich , t h ough n o ta va i lab le f o re ve ry t own sh ip ,a r e au sef u l p o in te rt ot h et y pe o fs o i l e ncoun te r ed a tp a r t icu la r l o ca t ion s . O f c ou r se , mode rn s o i l s m ay n o t b e r e p re sen ta t ive o ft h e s i tua t ion i ne a r l ie r t ime s a nd , f o r t h e p r e sen t s t udy , t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f o r s o i l s f r om i n d iv idua l s i te s i sb eyond t h e s cope o f t h i s d i scu s s ion . N one the le s s , t h e r e la t ion sh ip o fs i te l o ca t ion t og ene ra l i sed s o i l t y pe s m ay d emon s t ra te t h a tt h ey h ave s ome b ea r ing o n m oa t a nd e nc lo su re d i tch c on s t ruc t ion ( t ab le s 3 5 , 3 6 ) . Wh i l s tt h i s a pp roach c anno tp rodu ce p rec i se d e ta i l f o re a ch s i te , t h e m ap s a nd p rof i le s c an b e u sed t o c on s ide r t h e

T h e g eo log ica l e v idence d ep ic ted b y t h e O rdnance S u rvey i s ,h oweve r ,n o tc onc lu s ive ; w he r e a r chaeo log ica l w o rk h a s b een d one , i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e r e a r e s ub t le c hange s w i th in s pec if ic a r ea s . A t B ew sey O ld H a l l t h e p l a tf o rm w a s c ove r ed w i th af i ne g r ey s and c on ta in ing p ocke t s o fs ma l l g r ave l , b u t t h i s o ve r lay b ou lde r c l ay i n to w h ich t h e moa t w a s d ug ( Lew i s 1 997b ) . T he d i t ch a t We s t D e rby c a s t le w a s c u t i n to m a te r ia l d e sc r ibed a s g rave l ly c l ay ( D roop & L a rk in 1 928 ) a nd t h e s i te i sv e ry c l o se t ot h e S h i rd ley H i l l S and /bou lde r c l ay b ounda ry . A t H a l ton C a s t le t h e e xcava to r s d o n o t s e em t o h ave e ncoun te red b ed rock o u tc rop ,b u tt h e i re xcava t ion s d i dn o t e x tend i n to t h e moa t . T he m oa ta tS tE lph in ' s R ec to ry w a s c u t i n to s and a nd w a s l i ned w i th s t icky g r ey c l ay ( Le igh 1 977 ) . A t S ef ton O ld H a l l( 8 3 )t h ee xcava to r s c on s ide red al a ye ro fs and a nd c l ay t or e p re sen tt h e n a tu ra l g eo logy , b u t as ho r t d i s tance a way , a t S ef ton O ld H a l l F a rm , e xcava t ion s howed t h a t t h e n a tu r a l m a t er ia l w a s as t if b ou lde r c l ay c on ta in ing l a rge , r ound ed p ebb le s( Lew i s 1 981a , 1 985 ) .

r e la t ion sh ip o f moa ted s i te s t ol o ca l s o i l s ( t ab le 3 4 ) . I nt h e s t udy o f moa ted s i t e s s o i l e v idence h a s b een u sed o n ly s po rad ica l ly t h ough , i n B edf o rd sh i re , i ti sb e l ieved t h a t a na ly s i s m igh t p rove i n f o rma t ive ( Bak e r 1 978 , 6 0 ) . A l though h i s s ou rce s w e re i mpe rf ec t , TB B a r ry s how ed t h a t i n s ou the rn I r e land mo s t moa ted s i te s w e re o n s o i l s w h ich h ad n o s e r iou s a g r icu l tu ra l l im i ta t ion s ( 1978 , 5 7 ; 1 98 1 , 7 3 -76 ) . I n F lande r s , F ran s V e rhaege f ound n o l i nk

1 2

1 07

S o i l m ap s a r e a va i lab le i nt h e 1 : 633 ,360 O S s e r ie s o n ly f o r t h e m o s t w e s te r ly p a r t o f We s t D e rby ( Shee t s 7 4 , 7 5 a nd 8 3 ) b u t t h e w ho le o f L anca sh i r e h a s b een m app ed a t as ca le o f 1 : 250000 a nd s upp l ie s a n o ve ra l l i n d ica t ion o f t h e g ene ra l p a t t e rn o f s o i l t y pe s . T he p r inc ipa l c ha ra c t er i s t ic so fl o ca l s o i lt ype s , d ef ined b yt h eS o i l s S u rvey , a r eg i ven i nA ppend ix X I I I .

1 4 -L oca t ion ,g eo logy a nd s o i la s soc ia t ions A bou t 6 7% o f t h e r eg ion 's s i te s c an b e l i nk ed t o ap a r t icu la r s o i l a s soc ia t ion ( t ab le s 3 4 -36a ) . O f t h e se , j u s t u nde r h a lf o ccu r w h e r e S a lop A s soc ia t ion s o i l s p r edom ina te , b u t as i g n if i can t n umbe r ( 20% ) a r e o n s o i l s d e r ived f r om S h i rd ley H i l l S and . T he se p ropo r t ion s d o n o t a l te r w hen c on s ide r ed 3 5 a ga in s t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f c en t ra l a nd p e r i p h e r a l s i t e s . T h e r a t i o c h a n g e s a l i t t l e , 2 h oweve r , w hen s o i l t y pe s a r e a na ly sed a l ong s ide t h e e v idence f o r s i ng le -moa t 4 t o w n s h i p s f o r j u s t o v e r h a l f o f w h i c h 1 22 1 4 8 5 1 9 i n f o rma t ion i s a va i lab le . O f 2 5 t own sh ip s w i th a s i ng le moa t , 1 5 c an b e a na ly sed f o r T ab le 3 3 : S o l id a nd d r if tg eo logy o fs i te sw i th l e ve l o fc e r ta in ty o f e v idence o fs o i l a s soc ia t ion a nd t h e l o ca t ion i d en t if i ca t ion ( s ee t a b le 3 2 f o rk ey t os o i lt y pe s ) o f t h e i r s i te s ( t ab le 3 6a ) . We f i nd t h e b e tween moa t s a nd s o i l t ype s a nd b e l ieved t h a t s i te ma jo r i ty ( f iv e s i t e s ) o n A s t ley H a l l s o i l s a nd f ou r o n s e lec t ion r e la ted mo re s a t i sf ac to r i ly t ot e nu r ia ls t a tu s( 1981 , S a lop A s soc ia t ion s o i l s t h ough , o ft h e l a t t e r , o n ly H a l sa l l 1 50 153 ) . R ec to ry ( 27 ) , i sc en t ra l ly loca ted . O f s i t e s o n t h e v i l l p e r iphe r ie s , t wo l i e o n D ownho l land A s soc ia t ion s o i l s , Whe re b ou lde r c l ay p r edom ina te s a n a s soc ia t ion b e tween S peke H a l l ( 85 ) i so n s o i l s o f t h e S o l lom A s soc ia t ion , moa ted s i te s a nd s o i l s d e r ived f r om t i l l ( 64% ) i s n o F o rmby H a l l ( 2 4 ) i so n b l own s and a nd Moa t /Dam H ou se s u rp r i se . S uch s o i l s o ccu r t h roughou t t h e a r ea w i th ( 51 ) i so n s o i l s o ft h e B r ick f ie ld A s soc ia t ion . P ee l H a l l , e x ten s ive s p read s o f S a lop A s soc ia t ion i n t h e s ou th a nd H ough ton ( 70 ) i sp l aced c en tra l ly o n C l ive A s soc ia t ion S a lw ick A s soc ia t ion s o i l s mo r e s po rad ica l ly f u r the r n or th s o i l s . ( f ig 7 ) . B o th d eve loped f r om s l igh t ly c a lca reou s t i l l w he re d ra inag e i si mpe rf ec t . B o th a r e s u i tab le f o ra g r icu l tu ra l u se I th a s b een s hown ( t ab le s 2 8 , 2 9a -b ) t h a t t h e m a jo r i ty o f a nd b e tween L ive rpoo l a nd Wa r r ing ton m ixed f a rm ing i s s i te s l i e i n t h e p e r iphe ra l a r ea s o f t own sh ip s a nd t h a t p a r t icu la r ly p rac t i sed o n S a lop A s soc ia t ion s o i l s ( Ha l l & t own sh ip b ound s f r equen t ly c ro s s l a nd s w h ich m igh t b e F o l land 1 970 , 8 2 , 8 4 ) . T he c a lca reou s n a tu re o ft h e t i l l i s d eemed a g r icu l tu ra l ly m a rg ina l . Who le sa le d ra inage t e s t if ied b y t h e l a rge n umbe r o f d i su sed m a r l p i t s f r om p rog ramme s , a l though s t a r ted i nt h e m ed ieva l p er iod w i th w h ich c l ay w a s e x t ra c ted u n t i lt h e i n t roduc t ion o fl ime a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f d ra inage d i t che s , w e re n o t f u l ly f e r t i l i se r s . Ma r l w a s u sed n o t o n ly t o c o r r ec t an a tu ra l e f ec ted u n t i l t h e l a te 1 7 th c en tu ry o r l a te r , t h e mo s t t e ndency t owa rd s a c id i ty o n f i ne r s o i l s , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h e d rama t ic e xamp le s b e ing s e en a t Ma r t in Me re a nd C ha t s ou th a nd w e s t o f t h e c oun ty , b u t a l so t o i mp rove Mo s s a nd o n t h e mo s s land s i mmed ia t e ly e a s t o f t h e a gg rega t ion o np ea ty a nd s andy s o i l s ( Ha l l&F o l land 1 970 , c oa s ta l s t r ip . D ocumen ta ry e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t s t ock 9 0 ) . T he m a jo r i ty o f l o ca l s o i l s w ou ld , t h e r ef o r e , b enef i t b r eed ing a nd s h eep f a rm ing w e re p robab ly f a i r ly w ide f r om m a r l ing . s p read o n t h e m a rg in s t h ough a r ab le c u l t iva t ion , w h ich er ta in G eo logy I C BC 5 7 BC /A 2 BC /S HS 1 BC /S&G 1 BC /B S 1 L C 2 B S S HS 4 S HS /A S &G 7 A 3 S o l id 4 N o tk nown 2

P robab le 1

P o s s ib le 6 1 1

D oub t fu l 2

T o ta l 7 6( 6 2% ) 3( 2% ) 3(2% ) 1( 1% ) 1(1 % ) 2(I % ) 1(I % ) 1 3( 1 1% ) 1(1 % ) 9(7% ) 4( 3% ) 5(4% ) 3(2% )

may h ave b een m o re c oncen t ra ted i nt h e ' c o re ' a r ea s , w a s p robab ly n o te x c luded f r om t h e f r inge s .

T he p rac t ice o f ma r l ing t oi mp rove w hea t -g row ing s o i l s i n L anca sh i r e a nd C he sh i r e i sd ocumen ted f r om a tl e a s t t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry ( E l l io t t 1 973 , 6 0 ; s e e a l so p p 1 0 , 7 5 , 7 7 ) . A t Wa l ton o n t h e H i l l i n 1 266 R ober t d e H o l land w a s a ccu sed o fw a s te a nd o fm a r l ing l a nd s ,t h e ma r lb e ing s o ld t o t h e l o s s o f t h e h e i r ( Shaw 1 956 , 4 63 ) . Ma r l ing i s s ugge s ted s pec if ica l ly i n L i t t le C ro sby i n c 1275 w hen H en ry t h e Ma r le r h e ld ' a mo ie ty o ft h e Ma r led E r th n ex t t o H a rky rke s c h . o n t h e s ou th s i de ' ( La m s RO DDB1 5 0 / 16 ) . Ma s s ive p i t s i nt h e p a rk a r e r e f e r red t ol o ca l ly a s ' L i t t le S w i tze r land ' b u t t h i s a r ea i sc ove red w i th s o i l s o f t h e A s t ley H a l l A s soc ia t ion d e r ived f r om S h i rd ley H i l l S and o ve r ly ing t i l l w h ich i s n o t u sua l ly d e sc r ibed a s c a lca reou s . H oweve r , c on s t ruc t ion o f an ew d uck d ecoy a t L i t t le C ro sby i nt h ee a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry p roduced q uan t i t ie s o f m a r l w h ich w a s t a ken t o s p read o n t h e f i e ld s ( Ty re r 1 968 , 3 02 ) . I n We s t D e rby t own sh ip i n 1 346 t h e t e nan t s w e re a l lowed c hem inag e o ve r t h e l o rd ' s l a nd f o r m a r l ing t h e i r f i e ld s ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 9 15 , 7 9 ; S haw 1 956 , 1 85 ) . H e re , p o s s ib ly , t h e i r l a nd l a y o n s o i l s o ft h e S a lop A s soc ia t ion . I nB ur tonwood , a n i l -d ra ined a nd l ow ly ing v i l l p robab ly d om ina ted b y s uch s o i l s , w e k now o f ma r l ing i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry ( Fa r re r&B rov vnb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 25 n 12 ) .

W i th t h e a g r icu l tu ra l e xpan s ion i n to t h e m a rg in s , w h ich may b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c r ea t ion o f s ma l l f r eeho ld e s ta te s f r om t h e e nd o f t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry i fn o t e a r l ie r , i mp rovemen t si ns o i lq ua l i ty a nd d ra inag ew ou ld h ave b een e s sen t ia l . H e r e , t h e u se o f ma r l w a s p robab ly a n i mpo r tan t f a c to r r e su l t ing i n l a nd s c apab le o f p roduc ing g r a in i n q uan t i t ie s s uf i c ien t a tl e a s t f o r t h e i mmed ia te u se o ft h e f am i ly a nd p o s s ib ly l e av ing a s ma l l s u rp lu s f o r s a le . T he l e s s a menab le a nd mo re d i s tan t l a nd s w ou ld h ave b een s u i tab le f o rs umme rg raz ing . T h roughou tt h e r eg ion a lmo s t a l lt h es i te sa r ef o und o n , o rw i th in as ho r td i s tance o f , s o i l s w he re m a r l ing w a s d e s i rab le . T h i s r a i se s t h e q ue s t ion o f w he the rt h e a c t ion o f moa t d igg ing w ou ld h av e r e su l ted i n ab y -p roduc t w h ich w a s c a r r ied a way a nd s p read o n t h e f i e ld s ° .A tN o r ton P r io ry P a t r ick G reene e s t ima ted t h a tt h e moa t s , w h ich h ad a t o ta l l e ng th o f a bou t 1 , 100m , a n a ve rage w id th o f9 ma nd d ep th o f 2m , w ou ld h ave t a ken 4 0 m en a bou t t h r ee y ea r s t oc omp le te . H e b e l ieved t h a t m a r l

1 3

1 08

A tT anne r ' s F a rm ( 89 )D av id F r eke f ound t h a tt h e m oa tw a s e xcava t ed i n t h e 1 5 th c e n tu ry a r ound a n e x i s t ing s t ruc tu r e a nd t h e r e w a s n o s ugge s t ion t h a tt h ep l a tf o rm w a sr a ised a tt h is t i me ; i tmu s tb e a s sumed t h a tt h ec l ay w a sc a r t ed a way .

L oca t ion ,g eo log ya nd s o i la s soc ia t ion s -1 4 p i t s o n t h e e s ta te c ou ld h ave d a ted f r om t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod a nd h e i n c luded m a r l a mong s t t h e e conom ic r e sou r ce s w h ich p o ten t ia l ly a l lowed t h e P r io ry t om ee t a l l t h e m a jo r r e qu i remen t s o f d a i ly l i f e f r om w i th in i t s o wn b ound s . T h e a moun t o f ma te r ia l e x t ra c t ed d u r ing moa t c r ea t ion w a s b een e s t ima ted a s 1 9 ,800m3 c ompa red w i th 2 , 500m 3 w h ich w ou ld b e e x t rac ted f r om a moa t 5m o r mo re w ide a nd 2m d eep e nc lo s ing a p l a t f o rm 4 , 000m2 ( G reene 1 989 , 3 5 , 6 0 , 6 2 ) m .T he r e sou r ce s o f N o r ton P r io ry w ou ld o bv iou s ly h ave b een b eyond t h o se o f as ma l l l a ndowne r b u t e v idence f r om B a l lyconno r , C oun ty Wexf o rd , s ugge s t s t h a t moa t d i gg ing w a s n o t b eyond t h e m ean s o fs u ch m en . H e re , i n1 282 1284 , t h e d i tch w a s d ug b y 1 8 m en o ve r a bou t 2 0 d ay s a nd c o s t u nde r £ 20 . T h i s i n c luded o ve r £ 10 f o r c on s t ruc t ion o f aw ooden p a l i sade ; t h e m oa t i t se lf m ay h ave c o s t l e s s t h an £ 4 . T he l e ng th o f t h em oa tw a s6 6 .8 p e rche s( c 336m )a nd e nc lo sed a na r ea o f c 7 ,056m 2 ( Ba r ry 1 973 , 5 8 -59 ) w h ich m igh t b e c ompa red w i th t h e s i z e o ft h e mo re e x ten s ive s i te s i n We s t D e rby . H o l t ' s d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e a moun t o fm a r l r equ i r ed t oc ove r j u s t o ve rt wo a c re s i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( p 1 0 n 2 ) s ugge s t s t h a t m a r l f r om amoa t e nc lo s ing ap l a tf o rm 4 , 000m2 c ou ld h ave c ove r ed b e tween c 6 -14 a c r e s a t ac o s to fb e tween £ 6 £ 14 a nd m o r ea na c re . I ft h e moa ted s i te l a ya tt h ec en t re o f t h e a r ea t o b e ma r led i tw ou ld h ave t h e a dvan tage t h a t m a te r ia lc ou ld b ec a r ted a way t oa l l p o in t s o ft h e c ompa s s . O fc ou r se ,t h ec o s to fm a r l ing i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry c anno tb e e qua t ed w i th t h a t i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . F rom as i ng le y ea r ' s f i gu r e s ( 1 332 ) , s uppo s ing t ha t s ub s id ie s w e re l e v ied a f t e r a l l d emand s o n al a ndowne r ' s c omm i tmen t s h ad b een m e t , w eh ave s ugge s ted t h a tt h e r ew a s as ma l la moun to fs u rp lu s w ea l th o n m any We s t D e rby e s ta te s . T h i s i s h a rd ly s uf i c ien te v idence f r om w h ich t od raw c onc lu s ion sa bou ta p e r son ' s w ea l th o r t o s uppo se t h a t t h e m a jor i ty o f moa t s w e re c r ea ted i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . B u t , i ft h e c o s t o f moa t d i gg ing w e re t o b e of se t b y t h a t o f m a r l ing o r , i n deed , t h e r e ve r se , i t may h av e b een l e s s c r ipp l ing . We h ave n o t ed t h a t , t od a t e , a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion sh ave p rodu ced l i t t le e v idence t os ugge s tt h a te nc lo su re p l a tf o rm s i nt h e r e g ion w e r e d e l ibe ra te ly r a i sed t h rough t h e u se o f s po i l f r om t h e moa tt hough t h e s amp le o fs i te s i sr a the rt oo s ma l l f o r g ene ra l i sa t ion s . No r i st h e re a ny s ugge s t ion t h a t moa t sw e re d ug o ve rs eve ra ls ea son s a sm a r lw a sr equ i r ed . T he p r ime o b jec t ive o f moa t c r ea t ion , t h e ref o re , m ay l i e i n ab a lance b e tween o b ta in ing a u sef u l b y -p roduc t a nd m ak ing a n o s t en ta t iou s s t a temen t o fs t a tu s a nd a cce s s t oa l a bou r f o r ce . O n b ou lde r c l ay s i te s au sef u l w a l l ing m a te r ia l f o r t h e u b iqu i tou s t imbe r -f ramed h ou se a nd f a rm b u i ld ing so ft h er eg ion w ou ld h ave b een o b ta ined . W i th t h e i n t roduc t ion o fb r ick -bu i ld ing i nt h e l a t te ry ea r so ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ' s,m oa t d i gg ing w ou ld a l so h ave s upp l ied s u i tab le

1 4

1 5

I nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry t h ec o s to f ma r l ing o nt h em ano r so fC h r i s tC hu r ch , C an t e rbu ry w a s 1 sa na c r eo r mo r e( M i l le r&H a t che r 1 978 ,2 15 ) . T he s ou th w ing o ft h e f o rme r ly moa t ed S am le sbu ry H a l l , o n t h e s ou th b ank o ft h e R ibb le i nB la ckbu rn H und r ed , i st h ough t t ob et h e e a r l ie s t b r ick b u i ld ing i nt h e r e g ion a nd t oh ave b e en r e bu i l t b y S i r T homa s S ou thwo r th ( 1 497 1546 ) a r ound i t s t imbe r f r ame ( Hodg e 1 990 , 7 ) . I t i n co rpo ra ted aw indow b rough t f r om t h e d i s so lved Wha l ley A bbey a nd ac h imney p i ec e c a r r ie s t h e d a te 1 545 ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11b , 3 07 ; P ev sne r 1 969a , 2 16 -2 17 ) . I f t h e d a t ing i sc o r r ec t , t h e r ef o r e , w e m igh t s uppo se t h a t S ou thwo r th b u i l t an ew t imbe r r a ng e w i th a s a nd s tone c h imney p i ece b ef o re 1 546 a nd t h e b r ickwo rk c ou ld h ave c ome s ome y ea r sl a te rt os uppo r tt h e Wha l ley A bbey w indow .

1 09

m a t e r ia l . I n c r ea t ing a m oa t e ven t h e l e s s w ea l thy l a ndowne r s c ou ld h ave u sed t h e p roduc t t ob o th e conom ic a nd ,p e rhap s , i mp re s s ive s o c ia la dvan tage .

I ns o u th -we s t L anca sh i r e ,t h e u s e o f b r ick a ppea r s t o d a t e f r om n o e a r l ie r t h an t h e 1 570 s . C rox t e th H a l l , h ome o ft h e Mo lyneux f am i ly , e a r l s o f S ef ton , i ss a id t o h ave t wo b r ick g ab le s o f c 1575 ( P ev sne r 1 969 ,18 ) . O f s im i la r d a t e i sA s t ley H a l l , n ea r C ho r ley i n L ey land H und r ed , w he r et h e e a r l ie r 1 6 th -c en tu ry h ou se w a s i n co rpo ra t ed i n to a s ub s tan t ia l n ew h a l l ( Ha r r i s 1 985 , 1 43 , p l a t e 1 52 ) , b u t P ev sne r c on s ide r st h e f r on t a tA s t ley t od a t e f r om s ho r t ly a f te r 1 653 ( 1 969 , 9 6 9 8 , p l a t e 3 9 ) . S t and ing t h r ee s t o r ey s h igh , t h e c on t inuou s f e ne s t ra t ion a l ong t h e u ppe r f l oo r o f t h e s ou th e l eva t ion b ea r s ar ema rkab le r e semb lance t ot h a ta tB ew sey . I nP r e sco t , p aymen t s f o rc a r t ing c l ay a nd f u e l a nd f o rm ak ing b r ick a r e r e co rded i n t h e p e r iod 1 579 1586 ( Ba i ley 1 953 , 8 2 , 9 9 100 ) . A q uan t i ty o f' b r ick u nb rd ' w a s v a lued a t£ 4 .10 s . a tL yd ia te H a l l i n1 609 ( Lanc s . RO WC W L au r ence I r e land ) a nd b r ick w a s f o und a tB o ld a t t h es am ed a te ( Ch i t ty 1 981 , 4 8 , q uo t ing f r om P RO DL44 /773 ) . I n1 6 12 ab r ick k i ln a tB o ld H a l l w a s v a lued a t£ 12 ( Lanc s . RO WC W S i r T hom a s B o ld ) . A n i n sc r ip t ion o ve r t h e d oo r o fB o ld H a l l b o r e t h e i n t i ta l s a nd d a te RB 1 6 16 AB ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 06 n 8 ) ; p e rhap s t h i s c ommemo ra te s w o rk a ccoun ted f o r a s 5 0 ,000 'b r e eke ' v a lued a t£ 18 i n1 6 16 . I n L i ve rpoo l t h e f r e e b u rge s se s , a mong s t w hom w e r e m en s u ch a s T homa sI r e land o fB ew sey , r e ce ived f a vou rab le t r ea tmen tw hen b uy ing t h e i r b r ick s . T hey w e re e n t i t led t ob r ick a t ac o s t o f8 s . p e r t h ou sand a nd ' t h en a f t e r t h a t b y t h e h und r ed ' a t 12 b r ick s t o t h e h und r ed ( Chand le r & S ax ton 1 960 , 1 3 , 1 62 , 1 74 , 2 18 ) . P re sumab ly , t h e i n c r ea sed a lowanc e o ft we lve b r ick s w a s r e ckoned o n t h e p r opo r t ion w h ich w e r ew a s te r s . L ic enc e s w e r e i s sued f o rc l ay e x t ra c t ion f o rb r ick m ak ing . I n1 6 37 t h e i n hab i tan t s o fL ive rpoo l w e r e b e ing e ncou raged t or e pa i r ' t he i r h ou se s a nd b u i ld ing s ' i n b r ick . O n 2 6 F eb rua ry t h e m ayo r , b a i l if f s a nd b u rge s se s g ave l i c ence t oT homa s T a r le ton t od i g c l ay o n t h e T own C ommon o rh ea th f o r p u rpo se o fb r ic i cmak ing . I na dd i t ion , t h e ' i nhab i tan t s o ft h e s a id T owne o fL ive rpoo l f o r t h e R epa i r e ing o f t h e i r h ow se s a nd b u i ld ing s s ha l l b e s e rved w i th b r icke a f t e r t h i s R a t e , t o w i t t a ba te ing 8 d i n e ve ry h und r ed t h a t a l f o r e igne r s g i v e , T he i n hab i tan t s p ay ing R eady m oney , o t he rw i se t op ay a sf o r r e igne r s g i ve , a lwaye s p rov ided , t h a t t h e i n hab i tan t s f r eemen o f t h e s ame T owne c ome t oR ec e ive b r icke f o r t h e i r n ec e s sa r y u s e w i th in Tw e lve d aye s n ex t a f t e r t h e b r eak ing u pp o f t h e b r ick k i lne ' ( Chand le r & W i l son 1 965 ,2 42 ) .

1 4 -L oca t ion ,g eo l og ya nd s o i la s soc ia t ion s Hundred

' C l ive

We s tD e rby N ew ton Wa r r ing ton

j

B r ick f ie ld

1 3

1 2

4( 3% )

3( 2% )

S a lw ick

S a lop

S o l lom

7

9 1 3 1 7

9 1 2

7( 4% )

3 9( 32% )

A s t ley Ha l l 1D ownho l land iF ormby 1 No tk nown 4 1 1 3 1 8 1 • 1 7 1 1

1 2( 1 1% ) i 1 2( 10% )

i

3 9( 32% )

1 22

No tk nown 4 7 2

T o ta l 1 3 1 6 4 1

1 3( 38% )

3 4

1( 1% )

5( 4% )

T o ta l 4 4 3 5 4 3

T ab le 3 4 :H und r eda ld i s t r ibu t ion o fs i t e sa nd S o i lA s soc ia t ion s

T enur e T hanage K n igh ts e rv ice R ec to r ia l Mona s t ic

C l iv e

B r ic ld ie ld

S a lw ick

2

S a lop

S o l lom

5 3 1

3 2

9( 26% )

5( 1 5% )

•A s t ley H a l l 'D ownho l land j F ormby

.

2 1

1 2( 6% )

0

2( 6% )

3( 9 . 4 )

0

0

T ab le 3 5 :C en t ra ls i t e s -t e nu r ea nd S o i lA s soc ia t ion s( t wo s i t e sh e ld i nt h anag en o tl o ca t ed ) ;p e r ec en tage sc a lcu la t ed a ga in s t at o ta lo f3 4s i t e s

T enure C rown T hanag e K n igh t s e rv ice R ec to r ia l Mona s t ic

C l ive 1 1

B r ickf ie ld

S a lw ick

S a lop

2

5 7 1 8

3

iS o l lom 5 4

A s t ley Ha l l 3 2 2

D ownho l land 1 4

F ormby iNo tk nown I T o ta l 1 2 1 2 1 2 8 4 0 8 2 1

1 2( 2% )

3( 3% )

3( 3% )

3 0( 3 5% )

9( 10% )

9( 10% )

5( 6% )

2 4( 28% )

I 1( 1% )

3 3 I 8 6

T ab le 3 6 : P e r iphe r a ls i t e s -t e nu r e a nd S o i lA s soc ia t ion s ( t wo s i te sh e ld i nt h anage n o tl o ca ted ) ; p e r cen tage s c a lcu la ted a ga in s t at o t a lo f8 6s i t e s

S i t el o ca t ion ' C l ive c en t ra l p e r iphe ra l n o tk nown

1

•B r ic ld ie ld ' S a lop 1 1 3

S o l lom

'A s t ley Ha l l

D ownho l land

j F ormby

1

3 2

2

1

1( 4% )

5( 20% )

2( 8% )

1( 4% )

j

N o tk nown

j

T o ta l 5 1 0

1 0 1( 4% )

1( 4% )

4( 16% )

1 o( 4 0% )

2 5

T ab le 3 6a : S i t el o ca t ion a nd S o i la s soc ia t ion si n s i ng le s i t et o v va sh ip s1 6

1 6

F o rmby ,G o lbo rne ,H a igh ,H a l sa l l ,H ough ton , I n ce B lunde l l ,K now s ley ,L i t t le C ro sby ,L yd ia t e ,N ew ton ,R a inf o rd , S pek e ,T ho rn ton , Wa r r ing ton , W in s tan ley .N oi n f o rma t ion f o rs i te si nA pp le ton ,A the r ton ,E c c le s ton ,H uy ton ,K i r l c c la le , P enn ing ton ,P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead ,R ix ton , Wh i s ton w i th P r e sco t ,W igan .

10

Morpho log y -1 5

C hap ter 1 5 Morpho logy C la s s if i ca t ion o f moa ted s i te s i n to g roup s a cco rd ing t o s hape , s i ze a nd a r rangemen t o f p l a tf o rm s a nd d i t che s p rov ided t h e p i onee r s o f moa ted s i te s r e sea r ch w i th a m ean s o f a na ly s ing t h e mo rpho logy o f s i te s a nd a lowed t h em t od i scu s s t h e p o s s ib le d eve lopmen t o f moa t s o ve r a p e r iod o ft ime ( Robe r t s 1 965 ; T ay lo r 1 972 ; L e P a tou r e l 1 973 ) . A l though t h i s p roved au sef u l b a s i s f o r d i scu s s ion , V e rhaeg e b e l ieved t h a t , a l though s i ze m igh t b e r e la t ed t o i mpo r tance , s uch m ean s o fc l a s s if i ca t ion p rov ided n om o re t h an a n a i d t o d e scr ip t ion ( 1981 , 1 40 ) . H e len C la rke q ue s t ioned t h ev a lue o fu s ing a na ly se so fc omp lex i ty , s hape a nd s i z e a nd t o pog raph ica l l o ca t ion a s a m ean s o f

T enure P lan

C r

T

A 1 .1 A 1 .2 A 1 .3 A 1 .4 A 2 A 2 / 3 A S MEx ND U df

1

3 1 4 3

S ub t o ta l

1 1

3 1 9

5 2

K

T o ta l

ml

M

R

1 2 6 2 2 2

7 5

1 1

1

5

2 1

2 7

6

1

5

5( 4% ) 3( 3% ) 1( 9% ) 6( 5% ) 4( 3% ) 6( 5% ) 1( 1% ) 2( 2% ) 2 2( 18% ) 9( 7% )

F o r t h e moa ted s i t e s i n We s t D e rby f o r w h ich i n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le a n a t temp ta tc l a s s if i ca t ion c an b em ade , b u t i t s v a lue mu s t b e q ue s t ioned w hen , i nt h e m a jo r i ty o f c a se s , t h e o n ly c on s i s ten t e v idence i st a ken f r om r e la t ive ly r e cen t s ou r ce s . T he se r e ly mo s th eav i ly o n 1 9 th -cen tu ry m ap s a nd s ome d oub t mu s tb ee xp re s sed a st ow he the rt h e i rd ep ic t ion a tt h i s d a te r ep re sen t s t h e i r f o rm i nt h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . N one the le s s , t h e s amp le s how s d i s t inc t s im i la r i t ie s w i th moa t s e l sewhe r e i n L oca t ion E ng land a nd n o r th -we s t E u rope ( f ig s C P N /k 5 9 -64 ) . S ome 3 5 s i te s h ave n ow b een 1 4 s ub jec t t o s t udy i n t h e f i e ld t h rough 1 2 e a r thwo rk s u rvey ( 2 1 s i t e s ) o r e i the r 2 9 e x ten s ive ( 7 s i te s ) o r l i m i ted ( 1 5 s i te s ) 2 4 4 e xcava t ion ( Append ix X I I I ) 2. 6

F orm

8 1

1 4 8

6 9( 57% )

1 6

5 3

;1 8

3 3

2

3 4

8 6

2

U dfC

3

1 8

2 4

5

1

2 ;

5 3 ( 4 3% )

T o ta l

1 2

3 9

5 1

1

2

7F

1 22

A l .! A 1 .2 A 1 .3 A 1 .4 A 2 A 2 / 3 A S MEx ND U df U dfC

b a sed o nn on in t ru s ive f i e ld s u rvey o r as t udy o fm ap s i ti s , t h e ref o re , u nw i se t o s uppo se t h a t c l a s s if i ca t ion b a sed o n v i s ib le e v idence d emon s t ra te s a ny th ing o t h e r t h an t h e d a te o ft h e s ou rce f r om w h ich i tw a sc o l lec ted .

a s soc ia t ion w i th a d we l l ing i n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . S ome 3 6 s i te s h ave n ow b een s ub jec t t o v a ry ing l e ve l s o f i n ve s t iga t ion i nt h ef i e ld .

C omp le te -d i tch e nc lo su r e( f ig 6 1) Mu l t ip le c au seway e n t ranc e s( f ig 6 0 ) S ing le c au seway e n t rance ( f ig 6 1) R ound ,o va lo rs ub -ova lp l a t f o rm s( f ig 6 4 ) D oub le p l a t f o rm s( f ig 6 0 ) Mu l t ip le -d i tched e nc lo su r e s( f ig 5 9 ) T r ip le p l a t f o rm s( f ig 6 0 ) Moa t sw i th e x t ended c o rne r s ( f ig 6 4 ) N a r row d i t ch e nc lo su re s( f ig s6 2 , 6 3 ) U ndef ined f o rm s( f ig 6 4 ) U ndef ined f o rm s( i l lu s t ra ted i nc a ta logue )

T enu re : C r =C rown ; T =T hanage ; K =K n igh ts e rv ice ; m =m ona s t ic ( f ranka lmo in ) ; M= R e l ig iou sh ou se s ; R =R ec to r ia l L oca t ion : C =c en t ra l ; P=p e r iphe ra l

T ab le 3 7 : C la s s if i ca t ion o fp l a tf o rm sb a sed o nf i e ld a nd m ap e v idence . T ype s a r eb a sed v e ry b road ly o nJ ean L eP a tou r e l ' sc l a s s if i ca t ion ( 1973 , 3 5 , f i g 1 ) a dvanc ing moa ted s i te s r e sea r ch w i thou t c on s ide ra t ion o f o t he r e v idence w h ich m igh t p e rm i t ac o r r e la t ion b e tw een c omp lex i ty , d a t ing a nd t h e s t a tu s o ft h e o wne r s ( 1984 , 5 3 ) . F i e ldwo rk a nd e xcava t ion p rov ide s c l ea r e v idence t os how t h a t m oa ted s i te s , l i ke a ny o the r a r chaeo log ica l s i t e , u nde rgo c hange so ff o rm a nd s i ze w h ich m igh tm a sk e a r l ie r e v idence . T h i s i ss e en mo s t s pec tacu la r ly a tE ng l i sh s i t e s s u ch a s Weo ley C a s t le , G o l tho a nd H u t ton C o l swa in ( Le P a tou re l 1 981 , 1 0 ) a nd a t P oo r tugaa l , i n t h e c oun ty o f H o l land , N e the r land s ( Hock 1 981 , 1 76 189 ) . Whe the r

2

A l t hough b y t h e m id 19 th c en tu ry e mp ty p l a tf o rm s a r e f o und a t 2 2 s i te s ( 19% o ft h e t o ta l ) , n o t i n f r equen t ly t h e s u rv iv ing b u i ld ing s w e r e o n ly a s hor t d i s tance a way 3. I n s u ch c a se s , t h i s p robab ly i n d ica te s a bandonmen t s o a s t ob u i ld an ew , mo r e f a sh ionab le h ou se t h ough a tB rad ley ( 12 ) , a nd L igh t shaw ( 45 ) f o r e xamp le , t h e p o s t -med ieva l b u i ld ing s s t and f i rm ly o n t h e p l a tf o rm a nd p robab ly e ncap su la te e l emen t s o f

F i e ld s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion p l an sa ppea ri nt h eC a ta logue ;t h ey u sua l ly c onf i rm t h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry map e v idence . A t Mo s sbo rough H a l l ( 55 ) t h e p re sen tf o rm o ft h e moa t d oe s n o t c onf o rm w i th t h et ihe p l an e v idenc e a nd t h e re mu s t b e s ome d oub t w he the r i tr e p r e sen t s am ed ieva l e nc lo su re o r a1 9 th cen tu ry l a nd scap ing . S u rv ey a tB icke r s ta f f e H a l l ( 7 )p roduced e v idenc ef o r amoa t t hough t h i s i sn o tc l ea rf r om t h et i the map . A t T anne r ' s F a rm ( 89 ) , t hough m ap s s how n o e v idenc e f o r a moa t , e xcava t ion p roduc ed a r e c tangu la r p l a t f o rm w i th a 1 0m w ide d i tch o nt h re es i de s a nd an a r rowe rd i tch f o rm ing t h ef ou r th a rm o ft h e moa t .

3

I

A n a t temp ta tc l a s s if i ca t ion b y f o rm c an b e made f o r 6 9 s i te s ( 5 7% ) ( t ab le 3 7 ) f o r w h ich t h e m ap e v idence o r f i e ldwo rk s upp l ie s s uf i c ien t i n f o rma t ion f o r m oa t s a nd d i tched e nc lo su re s a nd w e c an s uppo se

P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead t o S h rew sbu ry A bbey ; B amf u r long a nd B ick e r shaw i nA b ram , C un scough i n Me l l ing , S hake r ley O ld H a l l i n T y lde s l ey , Mo s sock a nd B icke r s ta f f e H a l l i n B icke r s ta f f e , Mo r ley s e s ta t e i n A s t l ley a nd p o s s ib ly Mo s sbo rough i n R a inf o rd , a l t o C ocke r sand A bb ey ;C ro s s H a l l i nL a thom t oB u r scough P r io ry ,

B u i ld ing s , a s d ep ic t ed o n t h e e a r l ie s t p l an s , a r e p r e sen t ed i n t h e C a ta logue . F o r t h e p u rpo se o fc l a s s if ica t ion b y f o rm t h ey a r e o m i t ted f r om f i g s 5 9 -64 . F o r s ome s i te s c l a s s if ica t ion b y f o rm c anno t b e a t temp ted . ; t h is u nc la s s if ied g roup ( UdfC ) i n c lude s s i te s s uch a sB ank H a l l ( 3 ) , C ro sby H a l l ( 18 ) a nd E cc le s ton H a l l ( 88 ) w h ich a r e a mong s t t h e mo r ep re s t ig iou sh o ld ing s .

111

1 5 -Morpho log y

6

4

6 5

12

1H a

0

1 00 m

2 6 F ig 5 9 : Mu l t ip le d i tche s( A2 /3 ) 6B icke r shaw H a l l ; 3 6 Hopeca r r H a l l ; 4B ew sey O ld H a l l ; 6 5 O ld H u t t ; 12 Much C rof t ; 2 6 G eo rge son 's F a rm

12

Morpho logy 15

C7 CZ > 2

1 2

3 7

c

8 7

3 8

L c J 1 0

7 5

1

1H a

o

1 00 m

F ig 6 0 : D oub le a nd mu l t ip le e n t rance p l a tf o rm s : i d oub le p l a tf orm s( A2 ) :

2B amf u r long H a l l ; 1 2 B rad ley O ld H a l l ; 3 7 H uy ton H ey ; 8 7 S tM icha e l ' sH ou se

i t r ip le p l a tf orm ( A5 ) : i m u l t ip le e n t rance p l a tf o rm s ( A1 .2 ) :

3 8 G a r swood O ld H a l l 1 0 B o ld O ld H a l l ; 1A b ram H a l l ; 7 5P y le /U rm s ton i 't h ' Meadow s

13

1 5 -Morpho log y

1 7

8 8

2 8

9

: 2 :

>

2 1 9 8

2 9

6 0

6 6

8 3

2 3

9 5

5 9

9 0

5

(

0)

7 2

8 0 1H a 0

1 00m

F ig 6 1 : S qua re o rr e c tangu la rp la tf o rm s c omp le te d i tche s( A 1 .1) :

1 7C ran shaw H a l l ; 2 8H a l ton C a s t le ; 8 8 S t an ley B ank ; 2 1 C unscough H a l l ; 9 8 Wr igh t ' s Moa t

i s qua re p l a tf o rm , s i ng le e n t rance ( A1 .3) :

2 9H a rb reck H ou se ; 6 0N ew H a l l ; 6 6 O ld Moa t Hou se ;2 3E dge F arm ; 9 0T a rbock H a l l

i r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm , e n t rance o nl ong a rm o fd i tch ( A 1 .3) : 8 3 S ef ton O ld H a l l ; 9 5 Win s tan ley H a l l ; 5B a r row O ld H a l l i v r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm , e n t rance o n s ho r ta rm o fd i tch ( A 1 .3) : 8 0 R ix ton H a l l ; 5 9N ew H a l l ; 7 2 P ee lH ou se

14

Morpho log y15

4 6

9 9

c

9 1

6 8

6 9

o

4 7

7 0

c

8 4

r =

1 00

1H a 0

1 00m

F ig 6 2 : N a r row d i tch moa t s( ND ) : 4 6L ove l ' sH a l l ;9 9Y ew T ree Hou se ;4 7L owe H a l l ;6 7S tE lph in ' sR ec to ry ;9 1 Tw i s ted H ou se ; 7 0P ee lH a l l Mano rF a rm ; 6 8P a r sonage F a rm ;6 9S andho le sF a rm ;8 4S ef ton R ec to ry ;4 9 Mano rH ou se ; 1 00 A ugh ton R ec to ry

15

15 - Morphology

97

1

� 27

53

C

118

°

\J

0 r:; 107

\) 45

�

�o

11

104

a

/)

6 105

�

a

l

I Ha 0

100m

Fig 63: Narrow ditch moats (ND): 110 Shakerley Old Hall; 30 Hawkley Hall; 97 Worsley Hall; 53 Moor Hall; 27 Halsall Rectory; 118 Hurlston Hall; 107 Cleworth Hall; 104 Maypole House; 45 Lightshaw Hall; 11 Bolton House: 105 Martin Hall 116

Morpho logy -1 5

6 3

5 44Q

6 2 7 1

C 4 3

1I l a 0

1 00m

7 3

5 8

r

5 7

8 5

1 09 2 4 8

7 9

7 7

( ? )

F ig 6 4 : R ound ,o va la nd s ub -ova lp l a t f o rm s ; moa t sw i th d i tch e x t en s ion s ;u ndef ined f o rm s R ound ,o va la nd s ub -ova lp la tf o rm s( A 1 .4 ) : i Moa t sw i th d i tch e x ten s ion s (MEx ) : i i U ndef ined f o rm s( Udf ) :

1 3B r ick H ou se ;5 4 Mo ney s ;6 3O ld B rynn ;6 2O ld A bbey F a rm ; 7 1 P ee lH a l l ;4 3L ang ley H a l lF a rm 4 2O ld K ingna l lH a l l ; 7 3P i e le H a l l 5 8N ew B ryan ;8 5S peke H a l l ;5 7 Mo s sock H a l l ; 1 07 H ind ley H a l l ; 8 1 S ca r i sbr ick H a l l ;2 4F o rmby H a l l ; 7 9R i s ley H a l l ; 7 7R a in lü l lH a l lF a rm ;3 5H ome rG reen F a rm

17

1 5 -Morpho logy r e p r e sen t aw id en ing a nd r a t iona l i sa t ion o f p a r t o f a n e a r l ie r c omp lex o fn a r row d i tche s . G iv en t h e l a te d a t e o f t h e se a c t iv i t ie s , t h e r e mu s t b e s ome s u sp ic ion t h a t t h e w o rk sw h ich c u lm ina t ed i nt h e p r e sen t v e ry l a rge p l a tf o rm s u r rounded b y ad eep , w id e d i t ch w e r e ar e su l t o f moder n i sa t ion o ft h eo l dh ou se a nd t h e c r ea t ion o f aw a t e r f i l led g a rd en f e a tu r e .

t h e m ed ieva l s t ru c tu r e s . P l a t f o rm s w h ich h ave n ev e r c on ta ined ad we l l ing a r e r a r e . E ven a t Wr igh t ' s Moa t ( 98 ) ( f ig 6 1 i ) , e xcava t ion o f as i ng le t r ench a c ro s s t h e p l a tf o rm s howed e v iden ce f o r m ed ieva l o ccupa t ion b e low t h e t o p so i l . B e low t h i s , r e d -b rown c l ayey s o i l w a s d e sc r ibed a s ' make -up ' a nd m ay h av e b een d e r iv ed f r om t h e d i t ch ( W ra thme 1 1 , 1992 ,4 4 ) . W i th am ake -up l e ve lo fc l ay o np a r t o ft h ep l a tf o rm a tO ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 ) ,t h e se s i t e sa r er a r e e xamp le so fs l igh t ly r a i sed p l a t f o rm s . Mu l t ip l ed i tche s( A2 / 3 )( f ig 5 9 ) I n f o rm , t h e se a r e t h e m o s t s p ec ta cu la r g roup o f moa t ed e nc lo su re sa nd c on s i s to fs i xs i t e s( 5% o ft h et o ta l )w he r ea s e r ie s o f d i t ch e s s u r round s , o r i s a s soc ia t ed w i th , a r e c tangu la ro rs ub r ec tangu la rp l a t f o rm o n w h i ch t h e m a in a r ea o f o ccupa t ion w a s l o ca ted . I n a dd i t ion a e r ia l p ho tog raphy a tS ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) a nd L ove l ' s H a l l ( 4 6 ) i n d ica t e s t h a t t h e se s i t e s m ay a l so h ave h ad amuch m o r e c omp l ica t ed s y s t em o f d i t ch e s t h an i sa ppa r en t f r om t h e m ap e v id ence w he r e t h ey a r e d ep ic ted a s s imp le , q uad rangu la r e nc lo su r e s ( f ig s 61i i , 6 2 ) . T he g r oup i n c lud e s t wo s i t e s i n T a rbock , G eo rge son ' s F a rm ( 26 ) , w he r e m u l t ip le d i t che s w e r e a l so a s soc ia ted w i th o ccupa t ion b u t e v iden ce f o r ad i s t inc t p l a tf o rm i s l e s s o bv iou s , a nd Mu ch C rof t( 1 12 )w he r e ac omp lex o fd i t ch e s m ay i np a r t b e l i nked t o ar u ra l i n du s t r ia l p roce s s s u ch a s

A t l e a s t f ou r o ft h e e s ta t e s o n w h ich l i e t h e mu l t ip le -d i t ch s i t e so fB icke r shaw H a l l( 6 ) , H opeca r rH a l l ( 36 ) , O ld H u t t ( 65 )a nd B ew sey O ld H a l l( 4 )h ave t h e i ro r ig in si nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , i fn o te a r l ie r , t h ough t h e d a t e a tw h ich t h e i rm oa t s w e r e d ug r ema in s u n ce r ta in . A s s u cce s so r t o Mo t e H il ( 1 30 ) , t h e h i gh s t a tu s o fB ew sey i su nque s t ionab le b u t t h e o r ig in s o ft h e e s ta te a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e O ld H ut a r e l e s s p r e s t ig iou sa nd ,i n' mano r ia l 't e rm s ,i t s 1 4 th -cen tu ry o wn e r s ( t he I r e land f am i ly ) a ppea r s t oh ave b een l owe r d own t h e s o c ia l s c a le t h an t h e H o l land s o f L ove l ' s H a l l . A r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion a tB ew sey O ld H a l l p roduced e v id en ce f o r ad eep d i t ch w h ich r a n i n a n e a s t -w e s t d i r ec t ion b e low t h e s ou the rn p a r t o ft h e p r e sen t p l a tf o rm f o r a tl e a s t 2 0m ( Lew i s 1 997b ) . P l an t a nd a n ima l r ema in s f r om t h e s i l t s s howed t h a t i th ad c on ta ined r unn ing w a t e r i n d ica t ing ,p e rhap s ,t h a ti tw a sa s soc ia t ed w i th t h e mu l t ip le d i t che s w h ich l a y t o t h e s ou th a nd e a s t o f t h e p l a tf o rm . D end roch rono log ica l a na ly s i s o f t imbe r s r e cov e r ed f r om s i l t s b e low at h ick s p r ead o f c l ean c l ay s howed t h a t t h e d i tch h ad b een f i l led n o e a r l ie rt h an t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry a nd , m o r e p robab ly , t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . I ti sn ow t h ough t t h a t t h e p l a t f o rm w a s e x t ended af ew m e t r e s s ou thwa rd s t om ak e r oom f o r t h e c on s t ru c t ion o f an ew b r ick -bu i l tr a nge a tt h e s ou th e nd o f t h em ed ieva lh a l la nd t h a t an ew s ou th d i tch w a sc r ea t ed . I f s o ,t h ep r e sen te mbankm en tw h ich n ow s epa ra t e st h i sd i t ch f r om t h e f i shpond m ay r e p r e sen t s po i l f r om e xcava t ing e i th e r t h e n ew d i t ch o r t h e f i shpond i t se lf . I n a dd i t ion , e xcava t ion s how ed t h a t t h e w ide e a s t d i tch ( n ow i nf i l led ) c u t o ne o r m o r e m ed ieva l s t ru c tu r e s a nd t h a t i tm ay a l so

4

T he d i tch c omp lex i s as ho r td i s tanc e f r om e i gh t e nc lo sed f i e ld s c a l led D y e H ey , f o u r c a l led Wa lke r H ey a nd a Wh i twe l l F i e ld ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /53 ) . D y e H ou se F a rm s t ood as ho r t d i s tanc e t ot h e w e s t o f Much C rof t( OS S hee t 14 , 1 849 ) .

I ti s , p e rhap s , s u rp r i s ing , t h a t a l t h e mu l t ip le -d i t ch s i t e s , w i th t h e p o s s ib l e i n c lu s ion o f S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 8 3 ) a nd L ove l ' s H a l l ( 46 ) , a r e f o und i na r ea s d eemed p e r iphe ra l . S uch l o ca t ion s m igh tb e c on s ide red i n d ica t ive o fr e la t iv e ly l ow s t a tu s b u t a t l e a s t t wo , B ew sey a nd S ef ton , w e r e r e spec t ive ly t h e p r in c ipa l h ou se s o f t h e l o rd s o f t h e Wa r r ing ton a nd S ef ton f e e s . I n a dd i t ion , f r om t h e L ay S ub s idy l i s t s a nd o t he r s ou r ce s w e k now t h a t s ome o ft h e o ccupan t s w e r e m en o f s ome w ea l th o r s t a tu s i n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . T h e e s ta t e p robab ly a s soc ia t ed w i th B ick e r shaw H a l l ( 6 ) a ppea r s t o h ave b een g r an t ed i n f r anka lmo in t oC o ck e r sand A bbey b u t , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , i t w a s r e ta ined i n l a y o ccupa t ion a nd J ohn G i l l ib r and c on t r ibu t ed 3 st ot h e L ay S ub s idy , mo r e t h an t h a tp a id f o r O ld H ut ( 65 ) , L ov e l ' s H a l l ( 4 6 ) o r S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) . B y m a r r iag e i n to t h e p r in c ipa l l a nd -own ing f am i ly i n B edf o rd i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , t h e S a le f am i ly h ad a cqu i r ed t h e e s ta te a t ta ch ed t o H opeca r r H a l l ( 36 ) , w h ich r e p r e sen ted o n e -qua r t e r o ft h e ' mano r ' . I n t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry t h e S a le s h e ld t wo f r ee t e n emen t s i nt h e v i l l b u t , l i ke t h e B u t le r f am i ly a tB ew sey , t h ey e xcape m en t ion o n t h e s ub s idy l i s t . S i n ce w e k now o f m ed ieva l o r p o s t m ed ieva lw a t enn i l l s c l o se t oa tl e a s tt h r e e , B ew sey , S ef ton a nd L ov e l ' sH a l l( t ab l e4 5 ) ,t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a ts ome o ft h e d i t che sr e la t et ol a rg e r sca le w a t e rm anag em en tl i nked w i th t h e moa t ed e nc lo su r e sc anno tb er u led o u t . B ew sey 's mu l t ip l i c i ty o f d i t che s , h oweve r , m ay n o t n ece s sa r i ly b e e xp la in ed s imp ly b y an eed t o d r a in t h e p l a t f o rm s i n ce t h i s i sn a tu ra l ly al i t t le e l eva ted a bove t h e S ankey V a l ley . A t l e a s t a se a r ly a s 1 724 , n o r th o ft h e s i t e w a t e rw a st a k en o f as t r eam p robab ly t or un i n to t h e w e s t e nd o ft h e f i shpond a t af i e ld c a l led D a tn sh ead ( Lan e s RO DDL i ) . Ac hann e lr a nf r om t h e e a s te nd o ft h ep ond t ot h e s ou th -ea s t c o rn e r o ft h e m oa t s ugg e s t ing t h a t f r om h e r e i t w a s l i nk ed b a ck i n to t h e n a tu ra l w a t e r cou r se o rn ea r e s t o f t h e mu l t ip l e d i t ch e s .Th e r e i sn ow g ood r e a son t ob e l ieve , h oweve r , t h a t B ew sey 's o r ig in s l a y i n a h i the r to u n r ecogn i sed r oya l h un t ing l o dg e t o w h i ch t h e B u t le r f am i ly , f e uda l l o rd s o f Wa r r ing ton , r emov ed f o l low ing a f i r ea tt h e i rh om ea t Mo te H i l l( 1 30 )t owa rd st h ee nd o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Lew i s 1 997b ) . Whe the r B ew sey w a s d i tched a tt h a tt im ei sq u i t eu nknown b u ti ti sr e a sonab l et os uppo se t h a t w i th t h i s p r e s t ig iou s m ov e c am e a n i n t en t ion t o i mp r e s s t h e i r n ew n e ighbou r s . T he c a s te l lac io t r ium s cannorum o f p r iva t e c a s t le b u i ld ing u nd e r t h e e a r ly N o rman k i ng s h a s b een s uppo sed t o i n d ica t e t h e c on s t ru c t ion o f f o r t if i ca t ion s c on s i s t ing o f t h r ee e a r th e mbankmen t s . I fs o , ad oub le d i t ch a r ound as i t e c ou ld b e e xpec t ed ( Co lv in 1 963 , 3-34 ; D owne r e d . 1 972 , 1 09 , 3 23 ) 5.W i th t h e a dven to fs t on e -bu i l tc a s t le s , b yt h e e nd o f t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry i tw a st h e l i cence t oc r ene l la t e w h ich w a s 5

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1a m g ra tef u l t o P rof e s so r A lan H a rd ing , D epa r tmen t o f H i s to ry , U n ive r s i ty o f L ive rpoo l f o r d r aw ing m y a t ten t ion t o L I D owne r ' s c ommen ta ry o nt h eL eg es H enr ic iP r im i .

Mo rpho l og y -1 5 w a s e v e r s ub jec t t o a t ta ck b y m en o f t h e B ana s t r e /B rad shaw f a c t ion . H ow ev e r , a se a r ly a s 1 302 ,t h e e s ta t ei sb e l ieved t oh ave b een h e ld b yt h eA th e r ton f am i ly , o ppo se r s o fR obe r t d e H o l land a nd , b y i n f e r ence , t ot h e t h en o v e r lo rd so ft h ev i l l ,t h e S t ap le ton s( s ee C a ta logue ) . A r e a son f o ri t su s eb yt h ed eH o l land s uppo r t e r sh a sy e tt ob e f o und .

s e en a s at h r ea t t o t h e C rown 's s e cu r i ty . L oca l ly , i n f o l low ing a f a sh ion f o r m oa t b u i ld ing , a d w e l l ing s u r round ed b y as e r ie so fd i t ch e s ,r a the rt h an as i ng le m oa t , m ay h av e b een c on s ide r ed a mo r e t h an u sua l s ymbo l o f w ea l th a nd p r e s t ig e p a r t icu la r ly i n ar e g ion w h e r e l i cen ce s t oc r ene l la t e a r e v e ry r a re a nd n one i sk nown f r om e a r l ie r t h an t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . H ow eve r , a t p r e sen t w e k now n o th ing o ft h e d a t e s o f moa t c on s t ru c t ion a ta ny o f t h e mu l t ip le -d i t ch s i t e s . N o r , f r om t h e e xcava t ed e v idence , d o e a r th e mbankm en t ss e em t ob e an o tab l ef e a tu r e . Mu l t ip le d i t ch s i t e s s im i la r t ot h e We s t D e rby g r oup a r e f o und a tU pbu ry P o l loxh i l l , B edf o rd sh i r e ( Bak e r 1 978 , 6 2 f i g 1 9 ) , Ma id en s T y e , E s sex ( Hedg e s 1 978 , 6 7 f i g 2 2 ) . T hey a r e a l so f o und a s f a r a f ie ld a st h e A rdenne s , w h e r e t h e s i t e o fV i l ly le -Ma r6cha l h a s ap a i r o fl i nked d i t che s ( Bu r 1 98 1 , 8 f i g 4 . 2 ) , a nd a g r oup ( A 3 ) i n F l ande r s6 ( Ve rha eg e 1 98 1 , 1 36 ) h a s s ome s im i la r i ty w i th t h o se i n We s t D e rby . B u t d if i cu l t ie s i n i n t e rp r e ta t ion o f t h e e v iden ce f o r m u l t ip le d i t che s h ave b een d emon s t ra t ed . L u t ton , i nN o r thamp ton sh i r e , h a sb een s hown t oc on s i s to f as e r ie s o f a bandoned h o l low w ay s a s soc ia t ed w i th a s h runken v i l lag e t h ough t h e s i t e w a s m a rk ed a s' moa t s ' o n O S m ap s ( Tay lo r 1 978 , 8 f i g 3 a ) . A t H aw ton , i n N o t t ingh am sh i r e , t h e i n n e r d i t ch w a s c on s t ruc t ed a s a r edoub t i n t h e 1 7 th c en su r e ( Tay lo r 1 978 , 8f i g 3 e ) . C lea r ly , t h e r e i sn eed f o r c au t ion i ni n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e We s tD e rby e v id ence b a sed ,a si ti s ,o nl a t es ou r ce s . D oab l ea nd t r ip l ep la tf orm s( A2 ,A . 5 )( f ig 6 0 i ) S i t e s w i th t wo o rm o re p l a tf o rm s a r e f ew i nn umbe r a nd r e p re sen to n ly 4% o ft h e i d en t if iab le m oa t s . I nt h ea b sence o fd e ta i led f i e ld i n ve s t iga t ion ,w e c anno tb ec e r ta in t h a ta l l w e r e ac on sequ en ce o f as i ng le p ha se o fm oa td i gg ing b u t , o n ce a ga in , m o s t a r e f ound i np e r iph e ra l a r ea s o ft h e i r r e spec t iv e t own sh ip s . T he e x cep t ion , i n ac en t ra l l o ca t ion a tG a r swood O ld H a l l( 38 )i st h e mo s te l abo ra t ea nd al a rg e b u i ld ing s e em st oh ave b een s t and ing o nt h ep l a t f o rm u n t i l a t l e a s t t h e l a t e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( Ya te s 1 786 ) . Y a t e s ' m ap s how s o n ly o n e m oa t , h oweve r , t h ough m u l t ip le p l a t f o rm s a r e d ep ic t ed o nt h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry 6 " O rdnance S u rv ey m ap a nd t ihe p l an . T hough t h e e xp lana t ion f o r t h i s c ou ld b e f o und i n r e la t iv e ly r e cen t g a rd en l a nd scap ing , t h e se e nc lo su r e s l i k e t h a t a tB ew sey , m ay h ave t h e i r o r ig in s i n t h e m ed i eva l p e r iod . I n t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry G a r swood w a st h em ee t ing p l a ce o ft h ed eH o l land c on sp i ra to r sw hen , o n s e ve r a l o cca s ion s , t h ey p l o t ted - a ga in s t S i r A dam B ana s t re a nd S i r W i l l iam d e B rad shaw ( s ee C hap t e r 8 ) . W i th ap a rk a nd al i cence f o ra no ra to ry , t h eh i gh s t a tu s o f t h e e s ta t e ( a t l e a s t i nl o ca l t e rm s ) i sn o t c on t e s t ed a nd a m oa t ed e n c lo su r e w ou ld b e n o s u rp r i se . Aw e l l -d ef end ed h ou se s u r round ed b y w ide moa t s , s u ch a s t h o se a t G a r swood O ld H a l l , w ou ld h ave b een w e l l su i t ed f o r s u ch m ee t ing s . T hough T a rbock H a l l ( 90 ) , h om e o f ac ad e t b r anch o ft h eL a thom f am i ly , a nd R a inh i l l H a l lF a rm ( 77 ) , w h e re J ohn d eL an ca s te rw a sk eepe ro fE a r lT homa s ' l a nd s i nL an ca sh i r ei n1 323 1324 , w e r er a id ed d u r ing t h i sp e r iod o fc i v i l u n r e s t t h e r e i sn o k nown e v id en ce t h a t G a r swood 6

J ean L e P a tou r e l p l ac ed t h e A 3 s i te s i n Y o rk sh i r e i n ac a tego ry o f moa t s w he r e e x ten s ive p o s t -med ieva l mod if ica t ion s w e r e a ppa r en t . F r an sV e rha eg ea s s igned t h eA 3 moa t s i nF l ande r st o ag r oup w he r et h e mu l t ip le d i t che ss e em t ob ec on tempo ra ry . A tp r e sen tt h e r ei sn ow ay o f k now ing w he the r t h e We s t D e rby g roup a r e s im i la r t o t h o se i n Y o rk sh i r eo rF l ande r s .

19

Ad oub l e p l a tf o rm i ss ugg e s t ed a tB rad ley O ld H a l l ( 1 2 ) w h ich ,l i k eB ew sey ,i si nB u r tonwood a nd w a s ,p r e sumab ly a l so a ta ch ed t o t h e C rown d eme sn e i n t h e e a r ly p o s t C onqu e s tp e r iod . B yt h e m idd le o ft h e 1 5 th c en tu ry i tw a s t h e p r in c ipa l r e s idence o f t h e L egh f am i ly . F rom t h e S u rv ey o f1 466 ( Legh MSS f1 . 1) w ek now o fa tl e a s to n e p a l i sad ed d i t ch e n c lo s ing ap l a t f o rm w i th b u i ld ing s a nd o f al a rg e o r ch a rd e n c lo sed w i th h edg e s a nd d i t che s . We a l so k now t h a tt h ef a rm b u i ld ing sl a yo u t s id et h ep a l i saded d i t ch a nd t h a t aw a t e r -m i l l a nd f u l l ing -m i l l b e longed t o t h e e s ta t e . E v id ence f o r d oub le p l a t f o rm s a tB am f u r long H a l l ( 2 ) i nA b r am , a nd H uy ton H ey ( 37 ) c anno t b e c onf i rmed t h ough t h e se a r e s ugg e s ted b y t h e m ap e v idence . A t b o th B rad ley O ld H a l l a nd B a in f u r long , i m i ta t ion o ft h e m o r e e x t en s iv em u l t ip le d i t ched s i t e sa tB ew sey a nd B ick e r shaw m igh t b e i n d ica t ed . T he s t a tu s o f B rad ley O ld H a l l i s u nqu e s t ionab le a nd , s i nce w e f i nd a f r eeho lde r c a l led H en ry d eH uy ton i nA b ram i nt h e l a t e 1 3 th a nd e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu r ie s a nd a m an o f t h e s ame n am e i n B i l l inge a nd H uy ton a tt h e s am e t ime , i tm ay b e n o s u rp r i se t o s e e c ompa r ab l es i t e si na l t h e s ev i l l s( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 69 ; 1 9 11 , 8 4 n 12 , 1 22 n 11 ) . T he p l a tf o rm a tS t M icha e l ' s H ou se ( 87 ) i n S u t ton a ppea r s t o h av e b een d i v id ed f o r a t l e a s t p a r t o f i t s w id th b u t a l though a r cha eo log ica l e x cava t ion f o und t h a t t h e s i t e m ay h ave b een o c cup ied d u r ing t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod t s e em s m o r e l i k e ly t h a tt h em oa tw a s ap o s t -m ed ieva l c r ea t ion , p o s s ib ly a s ag a rd en f e a t u r e . F u r th e r e xamp le s o fd oub le p l a t f o rm s m ay h av ee x i s t ed a tO ld K ingna l l H a l l ( 4 2 ) a nd P i e le H al ( 7 3 )w h e r et h em oa td i t che sa r e s l igh t ly e x t end ed a to n e o r m o r ec o rn e r s( f ig 6 4 i i ) . I n C amb r idg e sh i r e d oub le o r mu l t ip le l inked moa t s a r e s e en a tC roydon , Mad ing ley a nd H a r l ton ( Tay lo r 1 978 , 1 f i g5 ) . Moa t sw i th as e cond a nd t h i rd i s land ( t ype sA 2 a nd A 5 )h av ea l so b een f o und i nY o rk sh i r e ( Le P a tou r e l 1 973 , 4f i g 1 )a nd F l and e r s ( Ve rha eg e 1 981 , 1 36 ) . Of t en s u ch s i t e s h av e ar a i sed p l a tf o rm c on ta in ing t h e d w e l l ing w i th l ow e r , a n c i l la ry p l a t f o rm s s e pa ra t ed f r om t h e f o rme r b y a d i t ch a nd w h ich a r e b e l iev ed t oh av e p rov id ed e n c lo su r e s f o r s t o ck , g a rden s o ro r ch a rd s . T h e d ocum en t a ry e v id en ce f o r B rad ley O ld H a l l i n 1 466 d oe s i n deed i n d ica te t h a t t h e r e w e r e t wo d i s t inc t a r ea s o f d i t ched e n c lo su r e s b u t , t h ough t h ew a t e r -f i l l ed moa ts t i l l s u rv ive s , n e i the rp l a tf o rm i sr a i sed a bove t h es u r round ing l a nd scape . S ing l ep la tf orm s i te s( A1 .1 ,A 1 .3 )( f ig s6 0 i i ,6 1 ,6 2 ) T he m a jo r i ty o fs i t e s ( a pp rox ima t e ly 3 8% o ft h o se w he r e a na t t emp ta tc l a s s if i ca t ion i sp o s s ib l e ) , w h e the rw i th w id e o r n a r row d i t che s , a ppea r t o h ave c omp r i sed a s i ng le p l a tf o rm o f v a ry ing s hape . H e r e , f o r t h e f i r s t t im e , w e e ncoun t e r s i t e s p l a ced c en t ra l ly w i th in at own sh ip t h ough , o nce a ga in , t h e m a jo r i ty a r e o n t h e m a rg in s . T h e d i t ch e i th e r c omp le t e ly e n c lo sed t h e p l a t f o rm o r t h e r e w a s a b r eak a l ong o n e o r m o r e o ft h e a rm s . S u ch b r eak s m ay , h ow ev e r , i n d ica t en om o r et h an a n i n f i l l a c ro s st h e moa tt o

1 5 -Mo rpho logy c r ea t e ac au seway ; a t T anne r ' s F a rm ( 89 ) D av id F r ek e f o und t h e r ema in s o f aw ood en b r idg e b enea th a 1 7 th c en tu ry c au seway ( 1 984 , 7 10 ) . S t ru c tu ra l ly , t h e f o rm o f t h e b r idg e l a y b e tw een R igo ld ' s t y pe s H a nd I I b e ing b ra ced o n b o th t h e t r an sv e r se a nd l o ng i tud ina l p l ane s b u t n o ti n to as o le p l a t e . R ound ,o va la nd s ub -ova lp la e rm s( A1 .4 )( f ig 6 4 i ) R ound , o va la nd s ub -ova lp l a t f o rm sa r eo cca s iona l ly f o und ( 5% ) a nd a ppea r t ob e a mong s t t h e s ma l le s t s i t e s i nt h e r e g ion . As ma l ln umbe ro fc i r cu la ro rs ub -c i r cu la rs i t e s a r e k nown f r om E s sex ( Hedg e s 1 978 , 6 7 f i g 2 2 ) , Y o rk sh i r e a nd C amb r idge sh i r ew h e r et h ey a r eb e l ieved t ob e e a r ly i n d a t e ( L e P a tou r e l 1 973 , 1 9 ) . D a t ing e v idence f o rt h e We s t D e rby e xamp le s i se n t i r e ly l a ck ing b u t t h e l ow n umbe r o f s u ch s i t e s s e em s t o c onf o rm t o t h e n a t iona l p a t t e rn . H oweve r , a l though t wo o ft h e se s i t e s , B r ick H ou se ( 1 3 ) a nd O ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 ) a r e f o und i nc en t ra l a r ea s o f t own sh ip s , w he r e a n e a r ly s i t e m igh t b e e xpec t ed , t h e r ema in ing f ou r a r e n ea r e r t o t h e m a rg in s ' . T hough t h e p o s s ib le B r i t i sh n am eo fO ld B ryan ( 6 3 ) 8,m igh ts ugge s ta n a r ea o fe a r ly s e t t lem en tt h e o t he r s , Mo r ley s ( 54 ) , P ee lH a l l ( 7 1 ) a nd L ang ley H a l l F a rm ( 4 3 ) c ou ld i n d ica te t h a t t h e i r e s ta t e s w e r e c r ea t ed a s ar e su l t o f e xpan s ion i n to t h e m a rg ina la r ea so ft h e i rr e sp ec t iv ev i l l s . N ar row d i t ch e nc lo sure s( ND )( f ig s6 2 ,6 3 ,t a b le 3 8 ) A s u rp r i s ing ly h i gh n umbe r o f s i t e s ( 1 8% ) f a l l i n to a g ene ra l c a t ego ry o f r e c t angu la r o r s ub E s t ima ted d i tch r e c tangu la r p l a t f o rm s a s soc ia ted w i th w id th ( m ) s t ruc tu r e s a nd e n c lo sed b y o r a d ja cen t t o C rown ee s n a r row d i t ch e s , s om e o f w h ich a r e F o re s t e s t ima t ed a t l e s s t h an 5 m i nw id th . E ven F Ma l ce rf ie ld mo r es u rp r i s ing i st h a tm o r et h an h a lf o ft h i s Ma r sey g roup a r e f o und i n t h e c en t r a l a r ea s o f P enwo r tham t own sh ip s w h e r e ap r im a ry m oa t ed s i t e S ef ton ing ton m igh t b e e xpec t ed . Among s tt h i s g r oup w e Warr W idne s f i nd f i v e o ft h e s e ven r e c to r ia l m oa t s9 a nd T hane s t h ep r e s t ig iou s s i t eo fL ov e l ' sH a l lw h ich , i t N ew ton h a s a l r eady b een s ugg e s t ed , m ay h ave b een Warr ing ton mu l t ip le -d i t ched . I ns ome i n s tan ce s , s u ch a s West D e rby ec to r ia l H a l sa l l R ec to ry ( 27 ) , H awk ley H a l l ( 30 ) R e l ig iou sh ou se s a nd S hak e r ley O ld H a l l ( / /0 ) n a r row R mona s t ic d i tche ss e em t oh av ee nc lo sed s l igh t ly w id e r ( f ranka lmo in ) w a t e r -f i l led f e a tu r e s a nd , p e rhap s , t h e se s hou ld b e l i nk ed m o r e c l o s e ly w i th t h e mu l t ip l ed i t ch s i t e s . U nd e f inedf orm s( Ud f )( f ig 6 4 i i i )

8

9

D i tch w id th a nd p la t form a rea C ompa r i son s o fd i t ch w id th a nd p l a t f o rm a r ea a c ro s s t h e f u l l r a ng e o fs i t e s c an a tb e s t b e g en e ra l i sed ; f o r 2 2 s i t e s ( 1 8% )t h e r ei si n suf f i c ien te v id en ce t oe s t ima t e e i th e rd i t ch w id th o rp l a tf o rm a r ea a nd f o r 1 7 s i t e s ( 14% ) a n e s t ima t e o fd i t ch w id th b u tn o to ft h ep l a t f o rm a r ea c an b em ad e . D i t ch w id th > 5m

5 10m

1 0 -15m

1 5 -20m

2

2

2

3

1 1

1 3 1

3 3

5 6

1

4 2

7 3 2

1

4

1

1

1 1

1 3

3

1 3 1%

3 1 2 5%

3 2 2 6%

1 6 1 3%

3 1 1 2 3 3

< 20m 1

n ik 2

1 2

2 2

1

4 3

1 8 5 1 2 1 8 1 7

3 3

2 1

6 1 3

2 3 9 7

2

1 2 5 5%

2 5 2 0%

i 7 2 1 0 1 22

T ab le 3 8 :E s t ima ted d i t ch w id th i nr e la t ion t ot e nu r e

F o r n i ne s i te s ( 7% ) t h e r e i s i n suf f i c ien t e v id en ce t o d emon s t ra t e aw e l l -d ef in ed p l a t f o rm s hape 7

t h ough e nough o ft h e d i t che s s u rv ive i n af o rm t o a l low d i scu s s ion a nd m o s t o f t h e s i t e s a r e a s soc ia t ed w i th d we l l ing s . Among s tt h i s g r oup i st h e p robab le moa t ed s i t e o f F o rmby H al ( 2 4 ) , w he r e aw a te r -f i l led f e a tu r e i s a s soc ia t ed w i th as ub r ec tangu la r g a rden . T he p ond , a s i t w a s d e sc r ibed i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , i sf e d b y as t r eam a nd t h ef l ow o fw a te ri sc on t ro l led b yw ooden s l u ice s . T he p l an o ft h e s uppo sed m oa t a tS ca r i sb r ick H a l l ( 8 1 ) d oe s n o t f i t n ea t ly i n to a l o ca l ly r ecogn i sed f o rm a nd m ay b e a n a nc i l l a ry f e a tu r e , s u ch a s af i shpond . I ti so ne o ft h e f ew s i te sf o rw h ich e v id ence f o rb u i ld ing si sl a ck ing a nd f u r the r f i e ld s u rv ey m ay h e lp t oc onf i rm i t s s t a tu s . T he s t a tu s o f H ome r G r een F a rm ( 3 5 ) l e ad s u s t oe xpe c t amoa t ed s i t e . T he l a t e 1 6 th o r 1 7 th -cen tu ry d w e l l ing h ou se ( n ow b r i ck w a l led o n ah i gh s a nd s tone f o unda t ion b u t , p robab ly , o r ig ina l ly t imbe r -f ramed ) i se n c lo sed b y n a r row d i t che s . P o s s ib ly , t h e i regu la r ly shaped p ond s s ou th o ft h e h ou se r e su l tf r om c l ay e x t ra c t ion f o rd aub o rb r ick -mak ing .

I n 1 995 t h e r ema in s o f as ub s tan t ia l t imbe r b r idge , n ow d a ted t ot h e m id 15 th c en tu ry , w e r e f o und b enea th t h e c au seway a t O ld A bbey F a rm ,C u lche th ( 62 ) . E l c s va l l ( 1922 , 1 00 ) s uppo r ted b y G e l l ing ( 1 984 , 1 29 ) s ugge s t s t h a t B rynn m ay b e i d en t ica l w i th We l sh b lyn = h i l l , t hough E kwa l l f i nd s a p o s s ib le d e r iva t ion f r om OE b runna = b rook a s a tB r ind le , L ey land H und r ed . ( 1922 , 1 34 ) . S i nc e t h e s i t e l i e s c l o se t o ab rook t h e l a t t e r f o rm s e em s mo r e a cc ep tab le t h ough t h e p l a ce i si n ar e g ion w he r e s u rv iva l o f B r i t i sh p l ac e n ame s i sn o t u nu sua l . T he 1 3 th -c en tu ry i n t e re s to ft h e d eB umhu l l f am i ly i nA sh ton i n Make rf ie ld ( a nd a l so i n B r ind le ) m ay a l so h ave h ad s ome i n f luence o n t h e n ame o ft h e s i t e . A e r ia lp ho tog raphy h a sr e c en t ly p roduc ed e v idenc ef o re a r ly e nc lo su re s i nt h i sp a r to ft h er e g ion ( D r . R ob P h i lpo t t ,p e r s . c omm . ) . T he m ap e v idenc e f o r m oa t s a t P r e sco t a nd W igan r e c to r ie s i s i n su f i c ien tf o rc l a s s if ica t ion b yf o rm .

1 20

W i th b u t ah andf u l o f e xcava t ed d i tche s a nd a lmo s t n o g ood d a t ing e v id ence , a n a na ly s i s o ft h e o r ig ina l w id th o f t h e d i t che s i sn o t p o s s ib le . Wo rk ing f r om d a ta b a sed o n a s t udy o ft h e a va i lab le m ap s , e s t ima t e s o fd i t ch w id th a nd p l a t f orm s i z ec an o n ly b ea pp rox ima t eb ea r ing i nm ind t h a t n a tu ra l s i l t ing , r e cu t t ing a nd l a nd scap ing m ay m a sk t h e o r ig ina l w id th a nd p rof i le . F u r th e r , s u rvey ing t e chn iqu e s a nd d r augh t sman sh ip e mp loyed i nt h e p roduc t ion o fe a r ly s u rveyo r s ' a nd c a r tog raphe r s ' p l an s m ay d i s to r t t h e i n f o rma t ion . T he r ef o r e , w h i l s t w e h ave n o t ed a c on s id e rab le n umbe r o f s i t e s s uppo sed ly a s soc ia t ed w i th n a r row d i t ch e s , t h e i r c l a s s if i ca t ion c an o n ly b e c on s id e r ed a sr e la t iv e t ot h o se w i th w ide rm oa t s . O fc ou r se , t h e e a r ly m ap e v id ence c an b e a d ju s ted f o r r e cen t ly s u rveyed a nd e xcava t ed s i t e s a nd f o rt h o se , s u ch a sL a thom H ou se ( 44 ) w he r e t h e r e a r e w r i t t en d e sc r ip t ion s , b u t t h e se a r e f ew i n

Morpho logy -1 5 t h e a r ea w i th in t h em a in p l a t f o rm ( 80m x 1 00m ) , s hou ld i t i n c lud et h eb anked a r ea b e tw een t h e moa ta nd f i shpond , o r s hou ld i te x t end a s f a r a st h e t r ip le d i t ch a l ong t h e s ou th a nd e a s ts i d eo ft h es i t e? F o rt h ep r e sen ta na ly s i sa no v e ra l l a r ea e s t ima t ed a s9 , 500m2 i n c lude s t h e s ou th b ank , w h ich m ay b ea na c cumu la t ion o fm oa to rf i sh p ond s po i lo v e ra n e a r l ie r , s e cond p l a t f o rm , a nd p l a ce s B ew sey a mong s t t h e

n umb e r .A ny c on c lu s ion sm u s tb ec on s id e r ed i nt h el i gh to f s u ch e v id ence . A na ly s i s s ugg e s t st h a t , o f9 7 s i t e s f o rw h ich s ome e s t ima t e o fd i t ch w id th m ay b e m ad e ( 8 0% o ft h e t o ta l ) , t h ey a r e e v en ly d i s t r ibu t ed b e tw een a g roup 5 10m w id e a nd a s e cond g roup 1 0 15m w id e . B u t w i th in t h i s w id th r a nge E s t im a t ed p l a t f o rm a r ea ( m 2 )

> 500

5 00 1 000

1 000 2 000

2 000 3 000

3 000 4 000

4 000 5 000

5 000 6 000

2

1

2

C rown F o re s t Make rf i e ld Ma r s ey P e nwo r t ham S e f ton Wa r r ing ton W idne s

4 3

9 000 1 0 ,000

< 10000

1

1

2 3 3

3

2

R ec to r ia l

8 000 9 000

j

1

T o ta l

1 0 1 5 2

1 1 3

2 2

4

N ew ton t h anag e Wa rr ing ton t h anag e We s tD e rby t h an n e

7 000 8 000

1 2 1

2

2

6 000 7 000

1

j

1

2 2 3 1

2 8 1

1 0 6

1 5 6

8 3

4

3

5

2

9

2

7 9 6 5%

4 3 3 5%

R e l ig iou s h ouse s m ona s t ic ( f r an l ca lmo in ) T o t a l L oca t ion

C

P 1

2

3

1 0 8%

2 0 1 6%

C 3

P ! C 7! 3

2

P 1 7

1 7 1 4% C 5

P 1 2

6 5% C 2

1 0 8% P 4

C 2

5 4% P C 8! 1

2 2%

1 1 % P! C 4 ! 1

P

C

1 1 %

3 3% Pi C 2 2

P 1

C

3 3% f C 1! 1

P 2

T ab le 3 9 :E s t ima t ed o v e ra l lp l a t f o rm a r ea ( Loca t ion -C=c en t ra l , P =p e r iphe ra l t h e r e i s n o d i sce rn ib le d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h o se o f d if e r en t t e nu r e s . O ft h o se l e s s t h an 5 m w ide ( 1 1% ) t h e e mph a s i s i sw i th t h o se h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice b u t f o r t h e s ma l l n umbe r o v e r 2 0m w id e ( 5% ) t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s e em s t of a vou rt h o se o n e s ta t e sh e ld b yt h e C rown o ri nt h ang e . H ow eve r , i ti sc l ea r t h a t v a r ia t ion s i n w id th c an o ccu r w i th in a s i ng l e s i t e . Wh i l s t a t H opeca r r ( 36 ) a nd B icke r shaw ( 6 )t h e r e s e em st ob e l i t t le d if e ren ce b e tw een t h e w id th o ft h e d i t ch w h i ch s u r round s t h e h ou se p l a tf o rm a nd t h o se w h i ch e n compa s s t h e r e s t o ft h e s i te , a tB ew sey O ld H a l lt h e d i t che s a r ound t h e d w e l l ing a r e c on s id e rab ly w ide r t h an t h o s e w h ich p a r t ly s u r round t h e w ho le s i t e . I n deed , i ti sn ow c on s id e r ed t h a t t h e e a s t a rm o f t h e B ew s ey 's moa t i s ar e su l to fp o s t -med ieva lw id en ing o fa n e a rl i e r n a r row d i t ch . A t Mano r H ou se , Maghu l l ( 49 ) ( f ig 6 2 ) an a r row d i t ch a l ong s id e o ne s i de o ft h ep l a t f o rm r u n s i n to aw ide r m oa t . H e r e t h e r e s e em s l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e n a r row d i t ch i sn o t af e ed e r s t r eam b u t a c tua l ly e n c lo se s p a r t o ft h ep l a t f o rm . A to t he rs i te s ( f ig 6 3 ) , i nt h e a b sen ce o ff i e ld e v idence ,w ec anno tb ec e r ta in t h a tn a r row d i t ch e s a lway s e nc lo se a d w e l l ing , b u t u ndoub t ed ly t h ey h av e a r o l ei n as y s t em o ff e ed e rs t r eam s . P lae Orm a rea P l a t f o rm s i z e v a r ie s f r om o n e s i te b e low 5 00m2 t ot h r ee w h e r e t h ey a r e a t l e a s t 1 0 ,000m2 ( t ab le 3 9 ) a nd a s i gn if i can t g r oup o f1 2 s i t e s f a l l b e tween 5 , 000 10 ,000m2. E s t ima te s o f d im en s ion s o f t h e d ry a r ea s w i th in o n e o r m o r e w a t e r -f i l led e nc lo su r e s a r e u sed t o g i v e s om e i n d ica t ion o ft h eo ve r a l le x t en to ft h es i t ea nd c on s id e ra t ion o f i t s l o ca t ion a nd t e nu r ia l l i nk s b u t , p a r t icu la r ly f o r t h e m o r e c omp lex s i t e s , t h e r e a r e d if i cu l t ie s i n d e t e rm in ing h ow t h e p l a tf o rm s h ou ld b e m ea su r ed . F o r i n s tan ce , a t B ew s ey O ld H a l l( 4 ) s hou ld t h em ea su r emen tb e g i ven f o r 1 2 1

l a rg e s ts i t e si nt h er e g ion .B u ts u ch a r b i t r a ry j udgemen t so n t h ea r ea t ob em ea su r ed c an b eu sed o n ly f o rc ompa r i son o f s i t e s s im i la r ly e s t ima t ed . F o r t h i s r e a son , a l though t h e o ve r a l l e x t en t o f G a r swood O ld H a l l ( 38 ) m igh t a ppea r v e ry l a rg e , t h e d r y a r ea s w i th in i t st h r ee o rf o u r moa t s a r e s ma l l ( r ang ing b e tw een 4 00m24 ,500m2)w h en c ompa r ed w i th t h o se a tO ld H u t t( 65 ;u pt o2 7 ,600m2) ,H opeca r rH a l l ( 36 ; u p t o 2 4 ,000m2) o r L a thom H ou se ( 44 ; u p t o 1 0 ,000m2) . T h i s l a t t e r w a s , u ndoub ted ly , t h e mo s t p r e s t ig iou ss i t e i nt h er e g ion a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 5 th c en tu ry a nd t h e a r ea e n c lo sed w i th in t h e moa t c an e s t ima t ed f r om C iv i l Wa r r e co rd s . I t h a s b een s ugge s ted e l sewh e r e ( c hap t e r 1 ) t h a t S i r T homa s S t an ley 's r e f u rb i shmen t s i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry m ay h ave i n c luded a dap ta t ion o fa ne a r l ie r c a s t le ( 1 23 ) . T o t h e se t h r ee e x t en s ive s i t e s c an b e a dd ed a f u r the r 1 2 w he r et h ep l a tf o rm a r ea i se s t ima t ed a to ve r5 , 000m2.F ou r s u ch s i t e s w e r e h e ld b y t h e C rown o r i ns e r jean ty , a l l i n p e r iph e ra l a r ea s o ft h e i r r e spec t ive v i l l s . Two a t t a ched t o t h e c hu r ch a sr e c to r ia l s i te s w e r e c en t ra l ly loca ted . O ft h e t h r ee t h anag e -he ld s i t e s , o n ly L a thom H ou se w a sc en t ra l ly p l a ced a nd a l l b u t o n e o ft h e s i t e s h e ld b y k n igh t s e rv ice ( i nc lud ing t wo g r an t ed i n f r anka lmo in ) , w e r e o n t h e v i l l p e r iph e ry . I tw ou ld s e em t h e r ef o r e , t h a t i fl a rg e s i ze a nd a c en t ra l l o ca t ion a r e i n d ica to r s o f e a r ly a nd t e nu r ia l ly s i gn if i can t s i t e s , t h en L a thom H ou se ( 44 ) , t h e r e c to r i e s a t H a l sa l l ( 27 ) a nd A ugh ton ( 100 ) , E cc le s ton H a l l ( 22 ) a nd t h e p o s s ib le s i t e o f O ld Wood ( 82 ) s hou ld b e t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t i n t h e r e g ion . S i n ce p e r iphe ra l b u t l a rg e a nd i mpo r tan t s i t e s s u ch a sB ew sey ( 4 ) , B rad ley ( 1 2 ) a nd O ld H u t t ( 6 5 ) w e r e a l o n e s ta t e s r e ta ined a s h un t ing a r ea s w i th in t h eR oya lF o r e s t ,t h e i rc r ea t ion m igh tb e c on s id e r ed ac on sequ en ce o fr oya l f a vou r a nd H a rb re ck ( 29 ) s hou ld ,

1 5 -Morpho logy p e rhap s ,b e s e en a st h ed we l l ing o ft h e. C rown 's s t ewa rd i n We s t D e rby . A s f o cu s o ft h e i mpo r tan t Mo lyn eux e s ta t e s , t h es t a tu so fS ef ton O ld H a l l( 8 3 ) i sn o ti nd oub ta nd r a i se s t h e p o t en t ia l t o h i gh s t a tu s o f o t h e r m a rg ina l l a rg e s i t e s s uch a s Mo s s ley H a l l ( 56 ) a nd o f B amf u r long ( 2 ) a nd S hak e r ley ( 1 10 ) w h ich w e r e g r an t ed f r om t h e i r f e e -he ld e s ta te si nf r anka lmo in t oC ock e r sand A bbey . T he e mpha s i s o np e r iphe ra ls i t e s i ss e en a l so i n ag roup o f 1 6 s i t e s w he r e t h e p l a tf o rm s a r e b e tween 3 , 000 -5 ,000m2 ( f ou rc en t ra ls i t e sa nd 1 2p e r iphe ra ls i te s ) . T h ec en t ra ls i t e s w e r e a l l o n t h anag e -he ld e s ta t e s -a tB o ld O ld H a l l ( 10 ) , B icke r s taf f e H a l l ( 7 ) a nd t h e t wo G a r swood H a l l s i t e s ( 2 5 a nd 3 8 ) , w he r ea s t h e p e r iph e ra l s i t e s a r e d i s t r ibu t ed b e tween C rown e s ta t e s( two s i t e s ) , Wa r r ing ton a nd W idn e s f e e s ( t h r ee a nd f o u r s i t e s r e spec t iv e ly ) a nd t h r ee t h anag e h e ld e s ta t e s . T he l a rg e s t g roup o f s i te s ( 3 0% ) h ave p l a t f o rm a r ea s e s t ima t ed b e tween 1 , 000m2 a nd 3 , 000m2.T h e r e i s as l ig h t e mpha s i so ns i t e sh e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice ( 1 5 s i t e s -4 0% )o f w h i ch o n ly t wo w e r e c en t ra l ly loca t ed w i th T a rbock H a l l ( 90 ) t h e o n ly c e r ta in c en t ra l m oa t ed s i te . T h e r ema inde r w e r e h e ld b y t h e C rown ( t h r ee s i t e s , a l l p e r iphe ra l ) , i n t h anage ( 1 2 s i t e s , o fw h ich f o u r a r e c en t ra l ) , t wo r e c to r ia l s i te s ( on e c en t ra l ) a nd f ou r g r an t ed i n f r anka lmo in ( a l l p e r iph e ra l ) . T h e c en tr a l t h anag e s i t e s i n c luded t wo i n P embe r ton ( 9 1 , 9 7 ) , B r ick H ou se ( 1 3 ) a nd H a l ton C a s t le ( 28 ) . T h e s ma l le s t p l a t f o rm s a r e f o und a te l even s i t e s o f w h ich t h r ee a r e i n c en t ra l l o ca t ion s . T he se i n c lude P ee l H ou se ( 72 ) a t W idne s w h ich m ay b e a s so c ia ted w i th a 1 3 th -cen tu ry p a rk a nd v a cca ry b e long ing t ot h e b a rony o f H a l ton . T he g r oup a l so i n c lud e s t h e f r anka lmo in . , p e r iphe ra l e s t a t e s a tC un scough ( 2 1 ) a nd Mo s sbo rough ( 55 ) . When d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s i n d ica t iv e o f s t a tu s , s u ch a s o ra to r i e s , c hape l s a nd p a rk s , a r e c ompa r ed w i th p l a t f o rm s i ze a nd l o ca t ion ( t ab le 4 5 ) w e f md t h a t t h e h o ld e r s i n t h anag e o fe v en ar e la t iv e ly s ma l l a nd p e r iph e ra l s i t e s u ch a s P ee l H a l l Mano r F a rm ( 70 ) c ou ld h av e h ad a 1 3 th c en tu ry p a rk . S u ch e v iden ce d oe s s ugge s t , h ow ev e r , a g en e ra l d ec r ea se i ns t a tu s f o r s i t e s w i th p l a t f o rm s b e low 5 , 000m2.I ts e em sl i k e ly t h a ta tt h el a rge s ts i t e sw ef i nd n o t o n ly t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage , w h i ch m ay h av e h ad i t s o wn moa t ed e n c lo su r e ,b u ta l so i t sa nc i l la ry b u i ld ing sn ece s sa ry f o rr unn ing a n e s ta t e a nd , p o s s ib ly , t h e d we l l ing s o fl e s se r t e nan t s . S i te s o ve r 4 , 000m2 r e p r e s en t ed t h e m a jo r i ty o f t ho se i nC amb r idg e sh i r e a nd i th a s b een c l a imed t h a t s u ch s ub s tan t ia l f a rm s c ou ld h av e c on ta ined a bou tt h ir ty p eop l e a nd b een t h es i z eo f as ma l lv i l lag e( Le P a tou r e l &R obe r t s 1 978 , 4 9 ) . W i th t h e l a rg e r We s t D e rby e xamp le s w e s hou ld , p e rhap s , c on s id e r t h e se a s s e t t lem en tf oc i w h i ch i n c lud ed b o th t h e d we l l ing o ft h e p r inc ipa l l o rd a nd t h o se o ft h et e nan t s ,o rh i sf am i ly g r oup ,w ho f a rm ed h i se s ta t e . E xcep t f o r s i ng le p l a t f o rm s i te s , c ompa r i son s o fp l a t f o rm s i ze w i th t h o se e l sewhe r e i n E ng land a r e f a r f r om s a t i sf a c to ry s i nce t h e c r i t e r ia o n w h ich m ea su r emen t s a r e g iven i s v a r iab le . T he d if i cu l ty i sd emon s t ra ted w hen c ompa r i son i sm ad e w i th t h e m ea su r emen t s g i ven f o r t h e s i te sw h ich f a l lw i th in t h eG r ea t e r Manche s t e ra r ea ( T inda l l 1 985 , 6 7 ) . B ick e r shaw H al w a s s h own t o c ompa r e w i th 1 22

P ee l H a l l , I n ce ( 7 1 ) e a ch s a id t oh ave ap l a tf o rm a r ea o f l e s s t h an 1 , 000m2.C lea r ly t h e r e s ea r ch d i d n o t e x t end t o c on s id e ra t ion o f B ick e r shaw 's a s soc ia ted d i t che s t h ough t h e se w e r e s hown o nt h e 6 " O S m ap o f 1 848 1849 ( Shee t 9 4 ) w h i ch i s t h ough t t o h av e b een t h e s ou r ce o f i n f o rma t ion . U n t i l w e c an b e s u r e t h a t w e a r e c ompa r ing s im i la r e v idence a nd t h a t t h e b a s i s u pon wh ich t h a t e v id en ce w a s c o l l ec t ed ( i nt h e p r e sen t s t udy t h i s i s mo s t ly f r om m ap s w i th o n ly a s ma l l p r opo r t ion o f s i t e s f r om m ea su r ed f i e ld s t udy ) as t udy o fd im en s ion sc an p rov ide n o mo r et h an ag u id et ow h ich o t he rc r i t e r ia o fs t a tu s , s u ch a s s t ru c tu r e s a nd s ymbo l s o fp r e s t ig e , c an b e a ppl i ed w i th in a s i ng le g eog raph i ca la r ea . T hough t h e r e a r e u sua l ly n o n o t i ceab le d i s t in c t ion s b e tw een t h o se h e ld i n d if e r en t f o rm s o f o v e ra l l t e nu r e , e xcep t ion sm ay b e s e en a ts i t e s w i th mona s t ic a s soc ia t ion s w h e r et h e r e s e em st ob e at e nd en cy t owa rd sw ide rd i tch e s . F u r th e r , a tC un scough H a l l ( 2 1 ) a nd Mo s sbo rough H a l l ( 55 ) t h e p l a tf o rm s a r e u nu sua l ly s ma l l . H oweve r , t h ough w ef i nd ac ompe l l ing a r gum en tt os u gg e s tt h a tl a rge c en t ra l a nd p e r ipha l s i t e s a nd s ma l le r c en t r a l s i te s a r e l i ke ly t ob e a mong s tt h e e a r l ie s t a nd mo s ti mpo r tan t i nt h e r e g ion , t h i s r ema in s t o b e c onf i rmed b y m o r e d e ta i led f i e ld i n ve s t iga t ion f o rt h er e cov e ry o fa r cha eo log ica le v iden ce .

S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion -1 6

Chap ter 1 6 S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t he e v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion T o d e te rm ine t h e s t a tu s o ft h e r e g ion 's m oa t ed s i t e s t h e n a tu r e o ft h e b u i ld ing s w i th w h i ch t h ey w e r e a s soc ia t ed i s n ow c on s id e r ed . W i th in t h e H und r ed t h e a va i lab le e v idence i si n con s i s t en t . A t o n e l e ve l t h e r e a r e s t and ing s t ru c tu re sw h ich s t i l lc on ta in f e a tu r e so fl a t em ed ieva ld a t e ; s om e o f t h e se h av e b een e xam in ed i n d e ta i l . E l sewhe r e t h e re m ay b ew r i t t en d e sc r ip t ion s o rp l an s a nd i l u s t ra t ion s o f b u i ld ing s w h ich n o l o ng e r s u rv ive b u t w h ich , n one th e le s s , p rov ide s om e i n d ica t ion o f t h e i r f o rm a nd s t ru c t u re . F o r as ma l l n umbe r o f s i t e s t h e r e i ss ome o f r a the r l i m i t ed e v idence f r om e x cava t ion . T h e r ef o r e , d i r ec t c ompa r i son s b e tw een o ne s i t e a nd a no th e r m ay n o t b e p o s s ib le b u t ag en e ra l p i c tu r e o f t h e o ve ral n a t u r e o f s t ruc tu re s c an b e d i sce rned a nd a pp l ied t o t h e m oa t ed p l a tf o rm st ow h ich t h ey r e la te . I nh i sd i scu s s ion o n s t ru c tu r e sw i th in E ng l i sh m oa t ed s i t e s , S ER igo ld i d en t if i ed f o u rc l a s se so ff e a tu r e s 'w h ich m ay b e r ough ly b a sed o n t h e i r a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e m oa t ed e nc lo su r e ( 1 978 , 2 9 ) . T he se h e c on s id e r ed w i thou t p r e jud ice t o q ue s t ion s o f d a t e o r o r ig ina l p u rpo se b u t s ugge s ted t h a t t h ey m igh t b e i n te rp r e ted a s p r ima ry , s e conda ry o rt e r t ia ry f e a tu r e s . A n o b jec t iv e a pp roach s u ch a s h e a dop t ed a low s c on s ide ra t ion n o t o n ly o ft h e m o r e s p ec ta cu la r a nd a e s th e t ica l ly a trac t ive f e a tu r e s , w h ich m igh tb e d eem ed t or e p r e sen th i gh s t a tu s , b u t a l so p e rm i t s a n e xam ina t ion o fm o r e o rd ina ry b u i ld ing s w h ich , i nt h e i r p r e sen t f o rm , m igh t c on ta in o n ly f r agm en ta ry e l emen t s i n d ica t iv e o ft h e s t a tu s o ft h e i r f o rme r t e nan t s . H owev e r , R igo ld w a s c once rned p r inc ipa l ly w i th b u i ld ing s s t i l l s t and ing o rr e co rd ed i ns t and ing c ond i t ion ,r a the rt h an w i th e x cava ted e v id en ce . T h e a r cha eo log ica l e v id en ce h a s b een d i scu s sed b y J e an L e P a tou re l ( 1 978 , 4 2 ) a nd h a s s hown h ow e x cava t ion a t m oa ted s i t e s c an a dd t o t h e u nde r s tand ing o ft h e w ay i nw h ich moa t ed h ou se s a nd a v a r ie ty o fa n c i l la ry b u i ld ing s d eve loped o ve r ap e r iod o f t im e . B o th a u tho r s h av e r e cogn i sed t h a t b u i ld ing s a r e s ub jec t t o e xpan s ion o r a dap ta t ion a cco rd ing t o f a sh ion , f u nc t iona ln eed a nd c hang e si nu s eo f ma t e r ia l s . As t udy o ft h eh i s to r ic m ap s a nd p l an sf o r We s tD e rby h a s s hown t h a ti nt h e 1 8 th a nd m id 19 th c en tu ry t h em a jo r i ty o f c e r ta in , p robab le a nd p o s s ib le m oa t ed s i t e s o r d i tch ed e nc lo su r e s ( 8 1% )h ad e i the r ab u i ld ing o rb u i ld ing s o nt h e p l a tf o rm o rt h e r e w e r e s t ruc tu r e s o u t s id e t h e p l a t f o rm b u t

1

i n f a i r ly c l o se p r ox im i ty t o t h e d i t che s ( t ab le 4 0 ) . T he r ema ind e r ( 1 6% ) h ad e mp ty p l a t f o rm s w i th n o c l ea r e v id en ce i nt h e i mm ed ia te v i c in i ty b u t a tf o u r s i t e s ( 86 , 13 , 15 , 1 22 ) , t h r ee o fw h ich h ad b u i ld ing s a s soc ia t ed w i th a m oa t ed e n c lo su r e i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry , t h e r e i s d if i cu l ty i n e s tabl i sh ing t h e i r l o ca t ion i n t h e mode rn l a nd scape . F rom d ocumen t a ry s ou r ce s w e f i nd t h a t a t W a l shemon shou se ( 1 15 ) t h e b u i ld ing m ay h ave d i sappea r ed b yt h em id 15 th c en tu ry . I ti sd if i cu l t t ok now t h e e x t en t t ow h ich t h e s u rv iva l o f s t ru c tu r e s o n o r v e ry c l o se t o moa t ed s i t e s m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th e v id ence f r om e l sewhe r e i n E ng land . I n 1 978 i tw a s s a id t h a t ' t he r e i sn o l i s to fm ed ieva lb u i ld ing s w h ich s u rv iv e o n m oa t s , a nd t h i s i sa nyway d if i cu l t t o c omp i le w h en G eo rg ian o rV ic to r ian f a cad e s m ay c oncea l a ne a r l ie rt i mbe rf r amewo rk ' ( Abe rg 1 978 , 4 ) . I nt h e s ame p ape rA be rg r e po r t ed t h a ti nw e s t S uf f o lk o n ly 4 4 s i t e s o u t o f3 14 h av eb u i ld ing so nt h ep l a tf o rm ( 1978 ,4 )a l low ing a s u rv iva lr a t eo f1 4% o fw h ich o n ly e i gh tb u i ld ing sd a ted t o t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry o r e a r l i e r . I n C h e sh i r e w e a r e t o ld t h a t ' many o ft h e m oa t ed p l a tf o rm s . . a s e l sewh e r e , a r e n ow t o ta l ly d e se r t ed ' ( W i l son 1 987 , 1 47 ) . B u t w e a r e n o t t o ld w h e the r t h i s i s ar e la t ive ly r e cen t p henom enon , s i n ce t h e 1 8 th o rm id 19 th c en tu ry , o rw a s ac on sequ en ce o fe a r l ie r d e se r t ion a nd m ig r a t ion . H ow ev e r , t h e n ew b u i ld ing s w e r e o f t en aq ua r t e ro f am i le o rl e s sf r om t h e moa tt h ough t h e r e a r ee xamp le sl o ca t ed a t ag r ea t e rd i s tance .

F ig 6 5 :R oof t i mb e r sa tR a inh i l lH a l lF a rm ( r ep roduced f r om Wa i t e 1 888 192 1)

R igo ld s ugge s ted t h ef o l low ing c l a s s if ica t ion s( 1 978 ,2 9 ) :

T he l i s t f o r We s t D e rby g oe s s ome w ay t or e c t if y ing t h e s i tua t ion f o r as ma l la r ea o fn o r th -we s tE ng land b u tw i thou t d e ta i led e x am ina t ion o f s u rv iv ing s t ru c tu re s , w h ich r e p r e sen t a bou t 5 2% o ft h e b u i ld ing s w h ich w e r e e i the r c e r ta in ly o n , o rj udg ed t ob e i nv e ry c l o se p rox im i ty t o , m oa t p l a tf o rm s i nt h e 1 8 th 19 th c en tu r ie s , w e c anno t b e c e r ta in t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s c on ta in e l emen t s o f m ed ieva l o r ig in . F o r i n s tan ce , i ti sv e ry d oub tf u l t h a t t h e re a r e a ny m ed ieva l f e a tu r e s w i th in t h e p r e sen t C ro sby H a l l ( 18 ) a nd d ocum en ta ry s ou r ce s t e l l u s t h a t Mo s sbo rough H a l l ( 55 ) w a sr e bu i l ti nt h ee a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry .P ee lH a l l ,I n ce in -

A : S t ruc tu re s i n t eg ra l w i th t h e moa t sy s t em a nd i mpo s s ib le w i thou t i t : r e ta in ing w a l l s ,s he e t ing sa nd p i l ing s , b r idge s ,s l u ic e s ,w e l l -head s . B : S t ruc tu r e s f i t t ing t h e m oa t ed a r ea t i gh t ly , o r f o l low ing t h e o u t e r ma rg in o ft h e m oa t , b u t a bove g round . T he se i n c lude c u r ta in w a l l s , l i gh te rw a l l sa nd f e nce st o g e the rw i th c omp le t er a nge sa nd g a tehou se s . C las se s Aa nd B c an h a rd ly a n teda t e t h e moa t b u t a r e n o t n ece s sa r i ly p r ima ry . C : S t ruc tu re s o n t h e p l a t f o rm b u t i n dep enden t o fi ta t mo s t p o in t s . I n t h i s g roup t h e m oa t may b e al a te r f e a tu r e , i t s s hape a nd o r ien ta t ion a d ju s ted t oa low f o rt h es i t ing a nd d ra inag eo fe x i s t ing s t ruc tu r e s . D : S t ruc tu re s c l o se ly a s so c ia ted w i th a moa t ed a r ea b u t o u t s ide a ny v i s ib ly d i tched e nc lo su r e .

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1 6S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion

F ig 6 6 :T h eG a t ehou se a tO ld H ut ,H a lewood ( r ep roduced f r om R imme r 1 852 ;f o rc omp ar i son s e et h ei l u s t r a t ion b y P h i l ip si nt h eC a ta logu e ,f i g9 1 .18e ) Make rf i e ld ( 7 1 ) h a s b een c l a imed a st h e s i t e o f am oa t ed h ou se i n 1 300 ( c hap te r 1 7 ) a nd a s ma l l c r u ck -f r amed b u i ld ing o f s uppo sed m ed ieva l d a t e i s s t i l l o ccup ied . H owev e r , w e k now f r om o t he r s i t e s , s u ch a s t h e S co t ch P ipe rI n n , L yd ia t e a nd , p robab ly , 6 2 G o r e s L an e , F o rmby , t h a t c r u ck f r ame s w e r e s t il u s ed f o r n ew b u i ld ing i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd l a t e r ( Legg e t t 1 982 ; 1 990 ) a nd , i nt h e a b sen ce o f d end ro ch rono log ica l d a t ing f o r P ee l H a l l , w e c anno tb e c e r ta in t h a t i td a t e s f r om t h em ed i eva lp e r iod . A c r uck -f ramed b u i ld ing o fa tl e a s tt h r ee b ay s , p r obab ly w i th a no p en h ea r th h a sb een i d en t if i ed a tS pek eH a l l( 8 5 ) . I ti s t emp t ing t os e e t h i s a sp a r t o f ad e ta ch ed r a ng e w h ich l a y o nt h es ame a x i sa nd e a s to ft h e G r ea tH a l lw h ich h a sb een d a ted t o 1 530 1531 . We k now t h a t S pek e 's c ou r tya rd p l an w a s c omp le t ed b y 1 598 b yw h ich t i me t h e w e s tb ay o ft h e c r uck b u i ld ing h ad b een d emo l i shed a nd i n co rpo ra t ed i n to t h e e a s tr a nge w h ich wa s e r ec ted i nt h r ee p h a se s , w i th t h e i n se r t ion o f m a s s iv e s and s tone c h imney s t a ck s a f t e r i t s c omp le t ion2.

F ig 6 7 :B ank H a l li n1 754 ,d r awn b yM B la ckamo r e ( B r i t i sh L ib r a ry K .Top .XV I I I .87 1) 3 A r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion a nd s u rvey o f s t and ing s t ruc t u r e s a dd s al i t t le s ub s tan ce t h ough t h e e v id ence i s o f t en f r agmen ta ry a nd d if i cu l t t o i n te rp re t . I t d oe s , h ow ev e r ,i n d ica t et h a tc hange si nt h ef o rm ,u se o fm a te r ia l s a nd f u n c t ion o fb u i ld ing s w e r e n o t u nu sua l a nd t h a t t h ey d emon s t r a t ed ac on t inu ing s equen ce o fo c cupa t ion f r om t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod s om e t ime s u n t i l r e la t ive ly r e cen t ly . F rom Wr igh t ' s Moa t ( 98 ) a nd O ld H u t t ( 6 5 ) o ccupa t ion d eb r i s h a s b een d a t ed t ot h e 1 3 th 15 th c en tu r ie s b u t i ti sd if i cu l t t oa s soc ia t et h i sw i th c l ea r ly d ef ined s t ru c tu r e s .A t Wr igh t ' s Moa t t h e r e w a s n o s t ruc tu ra l e v idence f r om t h e v e ry l im i ted e xcava t ion b u t i tw a s c l ea r t h a t t h e p l a t f o rm h ad b een a bandoned a s ad we l l ing p l a ce d u r ing o ra tt h e e nd o f t h e m ed i eva l p e r iod . Ad i tch c onn ec t s t h e s i te t oO ld H ut w h ich s e em s t oh ave b een b u i l t a ta bou tt h e s ame t i me b u t c on t inu ed i nu s e u n t i l t h e 2 0 th c e n tu ry . H e r e t h e d a teab le m a te r ia l w a s a s soc ia ted w i th o ccupa t ion a nd d emo l i t ion l a ye r s r e la t ing t o as t one -bu i l t h a l l w i th a t imbe r r oof s uppo r t ed o n c o rbe l s a nd a s qua r e f r e e s tand ing k i t chen w i th ap y ram id r oof w h ich l a y t ot h e n o r th . I ts e em s t h a t t h e se s u rv iv ed u n t i lt h e s e cond q ua r t e ro ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry w hen r e bu i ld ing w a s u nd e r tak en t o b r ing t h e s e rv ice q ua r t e r sw i th in t h e m a in b ody o ft h e h ou se a nd t oc r ea t e a c hambe rb l ock e a s t o ft h e s c r een s p a s sag e . T he u ppe r e nd

F o rb u i ld ing sw h ich s t ood o u t s ide t h e moa tp l a t f o rm i nt h e 1 8 th 19 th c en tu r ie s t h e s u rv iva l r a te i se v en h i ghe r w i th 6 8% o fb u i ld ing s s t i l l s t and ing i ns ome f o rm . T he se r a nge f r om t h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry r u ined r e c to ry a t H a l sa l l ( 27 ) , t h rough t h e d e r e l ic t F o rmby H a l l ( 24 ) a nd L yd ia t e H a l l ( 48 ) , b o th o f 1 6 th -cen tu ry d a te w i th l a t e r a dd i t ion s , t o c omp le t e a nd h ab i tab le s t ru c tu r e s , s u ch a sC ro s s H a l l ( 19 ) a nd C un scough H a l l ( 2 1 ) , b o th o f w h ich m ay b e l a t e c on s t ru c t ion s .

S truc ture so ft he 1 3 th -1 5 th c en tur ie s D ocumen t a ry s ou r ce s f o r t h e 1 3 th a nd 1 4 th c en tu r ie s p rov id e u s w i th as ma l l a moun t o fe v id en ce f o r m ed ieva l s t ru c tu r e s b u t t h e se c an o n ly s ugge s t t h e e x i s t en ce o f b u i ld ing s a nd t e l l u s a lmo s t n o th ing a bou t t h e i r p l an o r d i spo s i t ion . S u ch i n f o rma t ion i n c lud e s t h e o n ly l i cen ce t o c r ene l la t e ,b e l iev ed t ob ea tN ew ton H a l l( 6 1 )i n1 34 1 , a nd l i cence sf o ro r a to r ie sa ts e ve ra ls i te s , i n c lud ing ac han t ry i n H en ry o fT a rbock ' s o r a to ry , e i the rb ef o r e 1 2 51 o r , a lmo s t 2

c e r ta in ly , b ef o r e 1 303 . P o s s ib ly t h i s w a s a tT a rbock H a l l ( 90 ) . F rom 1 3 th -cen tu ry r e co rd s t h e r e i s am e r e h i n t t h a t T i l t ey A bbey h ad a g r ang e i n B u r tonwood . T hough p opu la r ly c on s id e r ed t oh av eb een o no rc l o se t ot h es i t eo f B ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) (WRDC 1 98 1) , Mandy N o r th 's c a ref u l e x am ina t ion o ft h e d ocum en ta ry e v id ence f o r B o ld ( No r th 1 995 ) n ow l e ad s u s t ob e l ieve t h a t t h e mona s t ic e s ta t ea bu t t ed B u r tonwood 's b ounda ry w i th B o ld , p robab ly b e tw een t h e B ew sey a nd B rad l ey e s ta t e s . F rom C ro sby H a l l ( 18 ) w e h ea r o fa n o l d h a l l w i th ag r ea t g r ange a nd o r cha rd i nc 1275 , a nd o fa n o l d c ou r tya rd w i th a n o r cha rd e nc lo sed b y ad i t ch i n1 332 .O the r 1 4 th -cen tu ry s ou r ce st e l l u so fr a id so ns ev e r a lp rope r t ie sb e tween 1 3 15 1323 . F rom s uch i n f o rma t ion w e k now o fJ ohn d e L anca s te r ' s h ou se a t R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm ( 77 )( f ig 6 5 ) ,t h a to fJ ohn d eL ang ton i n N ew ton ( p o s s ib ly 6 1 ) a nd o f l a rg e a moun t s o f l i v e s tock t a ken f r om t h e e s ta t e s o f E l len o f T a rbock ( 90 ) a nd W i l l iam d e H o l land i nH aydock . P o s s ib ly , t h e l a t t e r w a s f o cu sed a tH aydock H a l l ( 1 14 ) . B y t h e m id 15 th c en tu ry t h e d o cumen ta ry s ou r ce s p rov id e r a the r mo r e d e ta i l . F rom t h e L egh S u rvey o f 1 466 w e h ea r o fs ub s tan t ia l g roup s o f b u i ld ing s a t an umbe r o f s i t e s a nd a n i n ven to ry o f 1 429 p robab ly r e la te st oH uy ton H ey ( 3 7 )( t ab l e4 1) .

A s e le c t ive p rog ramme o f d end roch rono log ica l s amp l ing w a s u nde r taken b y t h e T re e -R ing D a t ing L abo ra to ry , U n ive r s i ty o f No t t ingham . T he c r uck f r ame t imbe r s f a i led t o p r oduc e a ny d a teab le s amp le s . T he e s t ima ted f e l l ing d a te o fr oof t imbe r s i nt h e P a r lou r w a s 1 531 ;t ho se i nt h e We s tR ange w e r ee s t ima ted t oc 1544 a nd i nt h em o s t n o r the r ly b ay o ft h eE a s tr a nge t o1 598 , ad a te w h ich c o r r e spond s w i th t h e d a t ed i n sc r ip t ion o ve r Sp oke 's g a t ehou se ( V ernacu la rA rch i t ec tur e v o l . 2 3 , 1 992 , 5 3 , 5) .

3

1 24

B en E dwa rd s , f o rme r ly C oun ty A r chaeo log i s t f o r L anca sh i r e , d r ew my a t ten t ion t ot h i si l u s t ra t ion .

S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t he e v idence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion -1 6

S i r P e t e r L egh w a s n o t e mba rk ing o n ac omp le t e ly n ew v en tu r e w hen h e e r e c t ed h i s n ew b u i ld ing s b u t w e c anno t b e c e r ta in t h a t t h e e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e s l a y w i th in am oa ted e n c lo su r ea nd t h ec r ea t ion o f amoa tm ay h av eb een p a r to f h i sm a s t e rp l an .

o ft h e h a l l w a s r emod e l led a nd t h e l ow e r e nd w en t o u t o f u se a s ar e cep t ion a r ea t h ough v a r iou s c hambe r s a t ta ched t oi ts t i l lp r ov id ed s e rv i ce a nd r e s id en t ia lf a c i l i t ie s . T h e g a t ehou se a tO ld H u t t w a s at h r ee s to r ey ed t imbe r f r am ed s t ru c tu r e , p o s s ib ly o f t h e 1 5 th c en t u ry a nd mode rn i s ed i nt wo p ha se s i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( f ig 6 6 ) . T he s e cond o ft h e se p ha se s r e su l t ed i n an ew b u i ld ing o n t h e s ou th s i d e o ft h e g a t ehou se , o n am ed ieva l p e r im e t e rw al w h ich r a n a l ong t h e i n n e r e dg e o f t h e moa t . A b r ick f a rmhou s e w a s a t ta ch ed t ot h e n o r th s i d e o ft h e g a t ehou se i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ; i t sw e s tw a l l a l so s e em s t oh av e b een b u i l to nt h ep e r im e t e rw a l l . L i t t le c an b e s a id a bou t e i th e r t h e p l an o r n a tu r e o f m a t e r ia l s u s ed a tB ank H a l l ( 3 ) t h ough c l ea r ly i tw a s a h ou se o f c on s ide rab le i mpo r tan ce . I lu s t ra t ion s d a t ing t o t h e 1 8 th cen tu ry a r ei n con s i s t en ti nd e ta i la nd t h e r e mu s tb e s ome u n ce r ta in ty a bou t t h e r e la t ion sh ip o ft h e h ou se w i th i t s m oa t ( f ig s 6 7 , 9 1 .27c ,d ,e ) . T h e r e w a s ag a t ehou se , p robab ly s t on e -bu i l t a nd p o s s ib ly f r ee s tand ing , w i th t wo s t o r ey s a bov e b u t e v en o n i l u s t ra t ion s b y t h e s am e a r t i s t t h ew indow d e ta i li sa tv a r ian ce . B u t , w i th i t sp i la s t e r s a nd c i r cu la r t ow e r i ta ppea r s n o t d i s s im i la r i n d e s ign t o t h e t h r ee s to r ey ed g a t ehou se d a ted t o1 590 w h ich s t ood b ef o r e t h e j e t t i ed h ou se a t L o s tock H a l l , B o l ton , i n S a lf o rd h und r ed ( f ig 6 8 ) . T he i l u s t ra t ion s s how t h a t t h e r e w e r e w a l l s a r ound t h e s i t e a nd o n w h ich t h e r e w e r e c u r iou s s em i c i r cu la r a r ch e s w h ich a l so o ccu r o n t h e L o s tock g a t ehou s e a nd m ay b e s im i la rt oa r che s o n t h e b r idg e a nd o ve ra n o r namen ta l g a t e a tS pek e H a l l . S een a l ong s ide t h e L o s to ck a nd S pek ee v id ence ,i tm ay b es u spec ted t h a tB ank H a l l w a s r e f u rb i shed , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , i n t h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry . T h e o n ly s u rv iv ing f r ee s tand ing g a t ehou se i nt h er e g ion i s a tB r ad l ey O ld H a l l ( 1 2 ) ( f ig 6 9 ) . U n l ik e t h a t a tt h e O ld H u t t i ti sb u i l t e n t i r e ly o fs a nd s ton e a nd , a l though i nv e ry p oo r c ond i t ion , s t i l l c on ta in s ap a i r o fo ppo s ing , r e ce s sed w indow s w i th c u sped o pen ing s a tt h e h ead . T h e s t ru c tu r e w a s i ne x i s t en ce i n1 466 w hen i th ad aw e l l -f o r t if i ed s t on e t owe r a bov e t h ough t h i s h ad c e r ta in ly d i sappea r ed b y t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . T h eg a t ehou se ,t o ge the rw i th o t he r p ar v i s t u r ns , ah a l l , t h r e e r oom s , d i n ing r oom , c hape l a nd k i t ch en , ab ak ehou se a nd b r ewhou se w e r e s a id t ob e n ew a nd t oh av e b een b u i l tb y S i rP e t e rL egh . I na dd i t ion t h e r e w a s a n ' O ld K nygh t e s C hambe r ' a nd o mn ia p red ic ta c um a l i i s d i v e r s i sD om ibu sc i rcumc lud on tu rc um q uad am f o s sa p a lud i le c um u no p on t et r ac tab i l e( Legh MSS f i ) .T he f a rm b u i ld ing s , a n o r cha rd a nd g a rd en s l a y o u t s ide t h e m oa t ed a r ea . T o d a t e t h e r e h a s b een n o a r cha eo log ica l i n v e s t iga t ion a tt h e s i t e a nd w e h av e n o e v idence t os how h ow t h e se b u i ld ing s w e r e d i s t r ibu ted . T h e p r e sen t f a rmhou se s t and s o nt h ep l a t f o rm c l o se t ot h e w e s t e rn a rm o ft h em oa ta nd i sb e l iev ed t or e ta in s om e e l emen t s w h ich m ay b e o f 1 5 th cen tu ry d a t e t h ough i tn ow h a s t h e a ppea ran ce o fa n 1 8 th -cen tu ry b u i ld ing . H owev e r , J e an l e P a tou r e l ' sd i ag ramma t i cr e con s t ru c t ion o fC h ingf o rd ,E s sex ( 1 978 , 2 4 -25 , f i g 9 ) , p rov id e s am od e l u pon w h ich t h e b u i ld ing s a tB r ad ley m igh t b e c on s id e r ed a l low ing f o r a d i s t in c t ion b e tween t h eb u i ld ing sw h ich w ek now l a yo nt h e p l a t f o rm i t s e lf a nd t h o se w h ich w e r e o u t s id e . F rom t h e e v idence o ft h e O ld K n igh t ' s C hambe r i ts e em s c l ea r t h a t

1 2 5

F ig 6 8 :L o s tock H al ,d r awn b y NG P h i l ip s , 1 822 1824 ( 1 893 ,f a c ing p6 3 )

F ig 6 9 :G a tehou se a tB rad ley O ld H a l l , c1 9 07 ( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,f a c ing p 328 ) I nd a t e , P e te r L egh ' s n ew w o rk a tB rad ley O ld H a l l w a s , p e rhap s , ad ecad e o rs o e a r l ie r t h an S i r T homa s S t an ley ' s s uppo sed r e bu i ld ing a tL a thom H ou se ( 44 ) ( Lew i s 1 999 ) . B i shop S t an ley ' sp oem ,w r i t ten i n1 562 ,t e l l su so n ly t h a t ' F i r s t h e b u i lded f a y re L a thom -ha l l o u t o f t h e g r ound , S uch ah ouse o ft h a t a ge c anno t n ow b e f o und ; Im eane n o tf o rt h eb eau ty t h e reof a l o ne ly , B u te ve ry o ff ice i ss e t t s oe h and some a nd n ece s sa ry . ' When L a thome m anno r w a s m ade n o t a f te r l o ng , A g en t leman s a yd , m y L o rd , t h is h ou se i ss t ronge ; A nd i f e nemye s c ome n ea r t h ey w i l l f a l l aq uake ing e , ( Sea come 1 793 ,4 80 -481) .

We c anno t b e c e r ta in t h a t t h e n ume rou s t owe r s a nd o t he r b u i ld ing s d e sc r ibed i n t h e m id 17 th c en tu ry w e r e a l l c on s t ruc t ed i n as i ng le p ha se b u t i ts e em s l i k e ly t h a t t h ey h ad b een c omp le ted b yt h e t i me H en ry V I I , s t ep son o fS i r T homa s , v i s i t ed L a thom i n 1 495 ( c hap t e r 1 ) . I t i s i n t e r e s t ing t on o t e t h a t t h e L egh f am i ly h ad s uppo r t ed t h e Y o rk i s t c au se w h i l s t t h e L a thom s h ad s uppo r t ed t h e

1 6S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t he e v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion ( Be re sf o rd 1 977 , 2 31-232 ) , u rg e s c au t ion i nd e te rm in ing t h e t r ue n a tu re o f t h e B ew sey s t ruc tu r e s s.T he f l oo r o f c ompac ted c l ay h ad b een p a tched o n s ev e ra l o cca s ion s a nd t wo s i lve rc o in s d a t ing t ot h e 1 4 th c en tu ry w e re f ound , o ne b enea th t h e u ppe r l a ye ro ff l oo rr e pa i r a nd t h e o t he r i no ne o ft wo o ve r ly ing h ea r th s . T he k i tchen l a y t ot h e s ou th a nd t h e r e w a sp robab ly ac hambe rb l ock a tt h en o r th e nd o ft h e

L anca s t r ian s . I n t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f a m agn if icen t s t rongho ld a t L a thom w e may s e e S i r T homa s S t an ley e xe r c i s ing n o to n ly h i s n ew -f ound s t a tu s a st h e f i r s t E a r l o f D e rby b u t a l so d emon s t ra t ing t ot h e l o ca l Y o rk i s t s t h a t h e w a s c apab le o fb u i ld ing a f a r mo r e i mpo r tan t h ou se t h an t h a t b u i l t b y S i r P e te r L egh a t B rad ley O ld H a l l . I n s o d o ing h e w ou ld b e e ndo r s ing t h e i r d ef ea t . S ince S i r T homa s S t an ley w a s a l so o ve r lo rd o ft h e I r e land f am i ly a t O ld H u t t as ymbo l ic s t a temen t o f s up r ema cy i sa l so n o t s u rp r i s ing b u t , a l though t h e g a tehou se a t O ld H u t t i s s uppo sed t ob e o f 1 5 th -cen tu ry d a te , w e c anno t b e c e r ta in o f i t s d a te i n r e la t ion t o S tan ley ' s m a s s ive u nder tak ing . C e r ta in ly , i td oe sn o ta ppea rt oh ave h ad a ny r e a l d ef en s ive p u rpo se .

h a l l w he re al a rge , s qua r e s and s tone f ounda t ion i st hough t t or e p re sen t t h e b a se o f ac h imney s t a ck . T he r e m ay a l so h ave b een as ma l l p ro jec t ing r oom a tt h e n o r th -ea s t e nd o f t h e h a l l . E l sewhe re o n t h e s i te p o s tho le s a nd s p read s o f s and s tone p rov ided e v idence f o r o t he r m ed i eva l b u i ld ing s . T he se i n c luded a tl e a s to ne w h ich h ad b een d e s t roy ed w hen t h e e a s t a rm o ft h e moa t w a s c r ea ted , p robab ly i nt h e l a te 1 6 th c en tu ry . B y 1 587 B ew sey w a s o wned b yt h e E a r l o fL e ice s te ra nd a s u rvey o f t h a t d a te s upp l ie s ac on s id e rab le a moun t o f i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e h a l l a nd i t s d eme sne l a nd s (Wa r r . L ib . MS 174 ) . A rchaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s how s t h a t s ou th o ft h e h a l l a nd k i tchen a r ea ad eep a nd w ide d i tch , w h ich h ad c on ta ined r unn ing w a te r , h ad b een f i l led w i th b u i ld ing d eb r i s , i n c lud ing s t ruc tu ra lt imbe r sw h ich s panned t h e p e r iod 1 352 -1392 6,a nd s e a led w i th c l ean c l ay . T h i s p robab ly d e r ived f r om e xcava t ion o ft h ep r e sen t s ou th a rm o ft h e moa t . I ts e em st h a tt h e p l a tf o rm w a sb e ing e x tended , p robab ly b y E dwa rd B u t le r , f o r t h e c on s t ru c t ion o f an ew t imbe r -f ramed r a nge , s e t o n a n e a s t -we s t a l ignmen t . H e i s a l so t h ough t t o h ave b een r e spon s ib le f o r e x tend ing o r r ebu i ld ing t h e s ou th e nd o ft h e h a l lt op rov id e a cce ss t oh i s n ew s ou th r ange .

F ig 7 0 : B ew sey O ld H a l l( r ep roduced f r om R oby 1 872 , v o l I ,f a c ing p 69 ) T he a r chaeo log ica le v idence f r om B ew sey O ld H a l l( 4 )( f ig 7 0 ) i sd if i cu l tt oi n te rp re t ( Lew i s 1 997b ) . B u i ld ing s s e t o n t imbe r s i l l s w i th , p o s s ib ly , p o s tho le s a tt h e c o rne r s , c ou ld d a te f r om a s e a r ly a s t h e 1 th o r 1 2 th c en tu ry , a t at ime w hen B u r tonwood w a s e i the r i nt h e d i rec to wne r sh ip o rt h e C rown o r o fW i l l iam d e F e r re r s I ,e a r l o fD e rby4.U se o f B ew sey a tt h i st ime , p e rhap s a s ah un t ing l o dge , i se n t i re ly p o s s ib le t hough t h e s t ruc tu ra l e v idence i st o o f r agmen ta ry t oe s tab l i sh ac ohe ren tp l an . H oweve r , t h e h ou se m ay h ave b een e nc lo sed b y o ne o r mo re l o ng n a r row g u l ley s w h ich r an i n an o r th sou th d i rec t ion a nd a r e t hough t t or ep re sen t e v idence f o r ap a l i sade a l ong t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e b u i ld ing s . Whe the r W i l l iam B u t le r e mba rked o n n ew w o rk s a f t e r h e moved f r om Mo te H a l l i nt h e l a t te rp a r to ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry i su nc lea r , b u t r ebu i ld ing i n t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry i si n d ica ted n o t o n ly b y t h e r e p lacemen t o f t h e t imbe r s i l l a nd p o s tho le s t ruc tu re s w i th b u i ld ing s s e t o n s and s tone s i l l s b u t a l so b y t imbe r s d i sca rded w hen t h e p l a tf o rm w a se x tended i nt h e l a te 1 6 th c en tu ry ( s ee b e low ) . As e r ie so fp o s tho le s , s e tw i th in a nd p a ra l le lw i th t h e s t one w a l l s , s ugge s t s t h a t t h e h a l l , w h ich l a y o n an o r th sou th a x i s , c ou ld h ave b een a i s led . B u t p o s s ib ly t h i s w o rk w a s a mod if ica t ion a nd e x ten s ion o u twa rd s o fs i de w a l l s b u i l t o f e ar th -f a s t p o s t s a nd c ompa r ison w i th t h e e v idence f r om W in t r ingham , w he re t h e p e r iod 1h ou se h a s b een s hown t o b ea ne xamp le o f aq ua s i -a i s led h a l l o ft h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry

4

As i l l b eam , r e se t i nt h eh a l l i nt h e l a te 1 6 th o r 1 7 th c en tu ry , p roduc ed a r a d ioca rbon d a t e o fa d 130 ( 820 + / - 7 0 b p ) f a l l ing , t h e r ef o r e , w i th in t h ed a te r a nge 1 060 1200 ( HAR3504 ) .

1 26

F u r the r r ebu i ld ing t ook p l ace i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , a f t e r B ew sey h ad p a s sed t ot h e I r e land f am i ly . A t B ew sey , a sa t t h e o t he r I r e land p rope r ty a tO ld H u t t , r e bu i ld ing a ppea r s t o d a te f r om t h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e c en tu ry a nd B ew sey 's t h ree s to rey , b r ick h ou se w i th s and s ton e d r e s s ing s a nd mu l l ioned w indow s s hou ld , p e rhap s , b e s e en a sp a r t o ft h e 5

A t N o r ton P r io ry P a t r ick G r eene i d en t if ied p o s t p i t s a s soc ia ted w i th d if e r en t p ha se s o f t wo g roup s o f t empo ra ry b u i ld ing s w h ich w e re d e s t royed w hen t h e w e s t r a nge a nd p r io ry k i tch en s w e r e c on s t ruc ted . T he e a r l ie s t s t ruc tu r e i nt h e f i r s t g roup l a y o n an o r th sou th a x i s , a nd a ppea red t o h ave b e en a s soc ia ted w i th a n a i s led b u i ld ing a s soc ia ted w i th s ma l le rp o s th o le so nt h es ou th a nd e a s tw h ich m ay h ave h e ld w a l l t imbe r s . T h i s b u i ld ing w a s a tl e a s t 1 2m l o ng . I tw a s e i the r b u rn t d own o rd e l ibe ra te ly d emo l i shed a nd al a rg e d ra inage d i tch w a s c u t t h rough i t .I tw a s r e p la ced b y a n e ven l a rge r a i s led b u i ld ing o n a n e a s t -we s t a x i s , I lm w ide a nd a tl e a s t 1 4m l o ng . T he a i s le p o s t s w e re a s soc ia ted w i th p o s t sr e la t ing t ot h ew a l l s a nd t h e r ew a s ac en t ra l h ea r th . T he l a te r o ft h e se b u i ld ing sw a sr e p laced b yt h ew e s tr a ng ei nc 1 190 . T he s e cond g roup o f b u i ld ing s l a y t o t h e e a s t o f t h e d r a inag e d i tch a nd a l so r e p re sen t ed t wo p ha se s o fc on s t ruc t ion . T he s e cond o ft h e se c ompr i sed t wo r ow s o fa i s le p o s t s . T he n o r the rn r ow w a s p a r t ly o b scu r ed b y l a te r m ed ieva l m a son ry w a l l s b u t s ou th o ft h e s ou th e rn r ow w a s at r ench w h ich w a s b e l ieved t or e p r e sen t t h e w a l l l i ne , p a ra l le l t ow h ich w a s a f e a tu r e i n te rp re t ed a s ad ra inage g u l ley . T h i s b u i ld ing w a s a tl e a s t 1 2m l o ng a nd a bou t 6 m w ide a nd t h e s pa c ing b e tw een t h e p o s t s w a s 3 . 8m . A t al a t e r d a te t h e s i te o ft h i s b u i ld ing w a s o ccup ied b y t h e mona s t ic k i tchen s ( G reene 1 989 , 7 5 -77 , f i g 3 1) . I fP a t r ick G r e ene ' s p l an c an b e i n te rp r e ted c o r r ec t ly , t h e p rox im i ty o ft h e a i s le p o s t s t ot h e w a l l l ine t r ench i n t h e s e cond -pha se a i s led b u i ld ing e a s t o f t h e d i tch m ay , p e rhap s , a low c ompa r i son w i th t h e m ed ieva l h a l la tB ew sey . H ow eve r , a tB ew sey t h e r e i sn oc l ea ri n d ica t ion t h a tt h eb u i ld ing sw e r et empo ra ry a nd i ta ppea r s t h a t t h ey w e r e i n co rpo ra t ed i n to l a te r s t r uc tu re s a s t h e h a l l i n c r ea sed i n s i z e . Ia m g ra t ef u l t o P e te r D avey f o r d raw ing my a t t en t ion t ot h ee v idence f r om N o r ton P r io ry .

6

D end ro ch rono log ica l s amp le s d a ted b y N o t t ingham U n ive r s i ty T r ee R ing D a t ing L abo ra to ry .

S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t he e v idence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion -1 6 L icence t o c r ene l la te 4 7 1 0 1 2 1 7 1 8 2 2 3 8 14 1 22 3 7 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 9 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 5 7 1 7 3 13 8 0 8 9 9 0 8 1 8 3 8 5 15 9 3 9 5

1 2 1 7 1 8 14 13 9 3

B ew sey O ld H a l l B icke r s taf f eH a l l B o ld O ld H a l l B rad ley O ld H a l l C ranshaw H a l l C ro sby H a l l E cc le s ton H a l l ' G a r swood O ld H a l l H aydock H a l l H ugh T a i lo r 's H uy ton H ey L ang ley H a l l F a rm L a thom H ou se L igh t shaw H a l l ' Mo r ley s3 N ew H a l l N ew ton H a l l O ld A bbey F a rm O ld B rynn O ld H u t t P ee l H a l l4 P ie le H a l l T he P e le R ix ton H a l l T anne r 's F a rm T a rbock H a l l S ca r isb r ick P a rk S ef ton O ld H a l l S peke H a l l W a l shemonshouse Wh i t t le H a l l W in s tan ley Moa t

B rad ley O ld H a l l C ranshaw H a l l C ro sby H a l l H aydock H a l l T he P e le Wh i t t le H a l l

H ou se / R oom s

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E xc

1 466 1 466

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1 466 1 275

1 387 1 395 1 360

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1 466 1 466 1 429

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S

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1 5C?

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E xc 1 25 1 1 447 E xc E xc < 1466 1 466

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1 466 1 466 1 275

1 466 1 466 1 466

S t ab le s

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1 466 1 466

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1 466 1 466

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Ma l th ou se

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1 . T h re et imbe r sr e cove r ed f r om t h eo rgan ic i nf i l lo f am a s s ive d i tch p roduc ed t r e e r ing d a t e sw h ich s ugge s t ed t h a tt h ey h ad b e en f e l led i nt h el a t e 1 3 th o re a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry ( G rove s 1 993 c i t ed i nV ernacu la rA rch i t ec tur e 1 997 , 1 57 ) . 2 . At h r ee -bayed s o la rb u i l ti n1 553 1554 , w i th t wo r oom sa tg r ound l e ve l a nd t wo c hambe r sa bove ,L igh t shaw H a l l h a sp r oduced e a r l ie r s and s tone f o unda t ion sa nd t wo e a r ly t imbe r s . O ne , at i eb eam w i th t r ee r i ng ss p ann ing t h ep e r iod 150 1209 ,c on ta in sn oo bv iou ss i gn so fr e u se . T he o t he rt imbe r ,w i th r i ng ss pann ing t h ep e r iod 106 1270 f o rw h ich af e l l ing d a te a f t e r 1 280 i ss ugg e s t ed , w a s b u r ied b enea th as p read o fc l ay a nd i st h ough tt oh ave b een d i sca rded w hen t h eb u i ld ing w a sr e f u rb i shed ( L ew i s 1 996 ; V ernacu la rA r ch i t ec tur e 1 997 , 1 43 , 1 52 ) . 3 . T he c r own -po s tr o of a t Mo ney s i ss a id t od a t et o1 463 ( N ig e l Mo rgan , p e r s . c omm . ) . 4 . Ap ropo sa lt h a tP e e lH a l l i s am ed ieva l s t ruc tu r e ( P r ic e 1 985 ,4 3 ; Wa lk e r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 95 )c anno tb ec onf i rmed ; i ni t sp r e sen tf o rm t h e b u i ld ing s e em st ob eo fp o s t -med ieva l d a t e .

T ab le 4 0 : E v idence f o r 1 3 -15 th c en tu ry s t ruc tu re sf r om d ocumen t a ry s ou rce s , e xcava t ion ( Exc )o rb u i ld ing s u rvey ( S ) I r e land p lan t or e f u rb i sh t h e i rh ou se s . A tt h i st im e O ld H u t t m ay h ave b een h e ld a s ad owe rp o r t ion f o ri n1 636 w eh ea r t h a t H ugh R igby , w ho h ad m a r r ied E l izabe th , w idow o f J ohn I r e land l i ved t h e re . I ts e em s , t h e ref o re , t h a t B ew sey w a st h ep ref e r red p l ace o fr e s idence o ft h eI r e land h e i r .

` S t ronge d r awe b r idge ' o f 1 587 a nd , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , t h e w a l l w a s al a te r c on s t ruc t ion . T he w a l l s e em s t o h ave s uppo r t ed as e r ie s o fe l abo ra te c e ram ic g a rden u rn s w h ich w e re r e cove r ed f r om t h e moa t f i l l . T hough p robab ly o f 1 7 th -cen tu ry d a te , c ompa ra t ive f o rm s a nd d e s ign s h ave n o t b een f ound i nE ng land a nd t y po log ica l l ly t h ey a r e s im i la r t ou rn sf ound a tC o lon ia l W i l l iam sbu rg ( Hume 1 974 ) .

T he n ew w o rk i st h ough tt oi n c lude n o t o n ly d emo l i t ion o f E dwa rd B u t le r 's s ou th r ange , b u t c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e p re sen t b r ick -bu i l t h ou se a nd mod if ica t ion o f t h e e a r l ie r c hamber a nd r a nge a t t h e n o r th e nd o f t h e h a l l . T h i s p rog ramme o f r e f u rb i shmen t a l so i n c luded s ub s tan t ia l w o rk s t o t h e g a rd en s a nd moa t i n c lud ing r e l in ing o f t h e moa tw i th b r ick w a l l s

A t O ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 ) ac on s t ruc t ion d a te f o rt h e h ou se i n t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e 1 3 th -cen tu ry s e em s l i ke ly . A w a l lpo s tw h ich w a s s ca rf ed t ot h ew a l lp la t eh ad b een f e l led a f t e r 1 240 . F u r the rmo re ,r eu sed r af t e r s f r om t h e l a te rh ou se p rodu ced f e l l ing d a te s a f t e r 1 249 a nd 1 26 1and at i e b eam c ame f r om at r ee f e l led i n1 268 . C lea r d a t ing e v idence f o r t h em oa ti t s e lf w a s , h oweve r , l a ck ing t h ough t h e e xcava to r s b e l ieve t h a t i tw a s d ug i n t h e l a t e r y ea r s o f t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , s ome 1 50 y ea r s o r s o e a r l ie r t h an t h e o ak b r idge o ve r t h e w e s t a rm . T he r ema in s o f a n o ak -bu i l t b r idge f ound i n e xcava t ion b enea th t h e e a r l ie s t r ema in ing moa t

S and s tone m a son ry o f ab r idge a bu tmen t l a y a tt h e c en t re o ft h e i nne rb ank o ft h ee a s ta rm o ft h em oa t . I tw a s b u t ted b y ab r ick r e ve tmen t w a l l w h ich w a s f ound i ne xcava t ion a l ong t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h e moa t 's e a s t a nd n o r th d i tche s . T hough t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e b r idge a nd w a l l w a s u nc lea ri ti ss uppo sed t h a tt h e b r idge w a s t h e 1 27

1 6S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion f i l l sp rodu ced f e l l ing d a te s o f1 4 55 a nd 1 448 1493 7.S om e t ime b ef o r e 1 700 t h e b r idg e w a s r e p la ced b y o n e o fs t on e ( Heawood 1 999 ) 8.

p oo r ly u nde r s tood , t h e r e m u s t b e s ome d oub t a bou t t h i s . S and s ton e a bu tmen t s f o r ab r idg e w e r e i d en t if i ed o n t h e w e s ta rm o ft h e moa ta nd t h e r ew a s aw e l li nt h e s ou th -ea s t c o rn e r o ft h e p l a t f o rm . H ow ev e r , t h e o n ly o the r s t ruc tu r e s l o ca t ed i n e xcava t ion a ppea r t o h av e b een o f b r ick . A n e a r ly 1 9 th -cen tu ry i l u s t ra t ion ( f ig 7 1 ) , w h ich m igh t c once ivab ly r e la te t ot h e h a l l , s h ow s at wo s to r ey b u i ld ing w i th a v a l ley r oof , s a nd s ton e q uo in s a nd mu l l ioned a nd t r an somed w indow ss e ti n to ap ro jec t ing b ay . I tb ea r ss ome s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e s u rv iv ing p a r t o fB ew sey a nd a l a t e 1 6 th o re a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry d a t e s e em s l i k e ly . I ti sb e l iev ed t h a t t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly m ad e C rox te th H a l l t h e i r p r inc ipa l r e s id ence d u r ing t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd P ev sn e r r e co rd ed t wo g ab le s t h e r e w h i ch h e c l a im ed t o d a t e t o c 1575 ( 1 969 , 1 8 ) . S om e d emo l i t ion o ft h e h a l l a tS ef ton o ccu r r ed i nt h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en t u ry w hen N icho la s B lunde l l a cqu i r ed w indow g l a s s w h i ch , i t i s a s sumed , h e i n co rpo ra t ed i n to w o rk a t C ro sby H a l l . P o s s ib ly t h e i l u s t ra t ion s how s d e r e l ic t ion w h ich r e la t e s t o t h i s d i sman t l ing .

D av id F r ek e ' s e xcava t ion s a tT anne r ' s F a rm ( 89 ) , a l so i n C u lch e th , f o und e v idence f o r at imbe r b r idg e s e t o n s and s ton e ' s t ep s ' a nd ap o s s ib le t imbe rr e v e tmen ta l ong t h e m oa t .H ow eve r ,t h em oa th e r ei st h ough tt od a t et ot h e 1 5 th c en tu ry a nd w a s c e r ta in ly o f l a t e r d a te t h an a s e r ie s o f s t ru c tu r e s f o und o n t h e p l a tf o rm . W i thou t e xcep t ion t h e b u i ld ing s h ad b een t r un ca t ed b yt h en o r th a rm o ft h e moa t a nd t h e r e c an b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h ey w e r e s t and ing p r io r t o i t s e x cava t ion . F rom t h e e v id ence o f p o s t h o le s t h r ee p ha se s o f b u i ld ing h ave b een p ropo sed b u t i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t o d e t e rm in e a ny f u n c t ion . Aw e l l f o und o n t h e p l a t f o rm m ay b eo ft h e s am ep e r iod . F u r the rr e con s t ru c t ion t ook p l a ce a f t e r t h e m oa t w a s d ug . T he n ew b u i ld ing , p o s s ib ly w i th a n o pen h ea r th , h ad t h r ee r oom s d i v ided b y t imbe rp a r t i t ion sa nd l a t e rt h eh ea r th w a sr e bu i l ti nb r ick i n o n e o ft h e s ou the rn r oom s . P o s s ib ly , i tc an b e c ompa r ed w i th P ee l H a l l ( 71 )i nt h e s imp l i c i ty o fi t sp l an b u t , u n l ik e P ee l , i t s a bandonm en t a s ad w e l l ing p l a ce o ccu r red s om e t ime i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . T he b r idge t imbe r sw e r es e a led b y ac au seway d a t ed t ot h i sp e r iod a nd at h ick s p r ead o fs andy c l ay s e emed t ob e a s soc ia t ed w i th p o s t -hab i ta t ion f e a tu r e s f ound e l sewhe r eo nt h ep l a t f o rm ( F r ek e 1 984 )

F ig 7 2 :H u r s t ,C u lche th ;c u sped b r a ce si nt h eb a rn s ugge s t e v id ence f o ra no pen h a l lo rs o la r( r ep rodu ced f r om Wa i te 1 888 1921 ) T h e r oof s t ru c tu r e a tR a inh i l l H a l l F a rm ( 77 ) , p o s s ib ly o f 1 5 th -cen tu ry d a t e ( f ig 6 5 ) , c an b e c ompa r ed w i th t h a t o fa b a rn a tH u r s t , an on -moa t ed e s ta t e i nC u l che th , w h ich m ay h av e b een a t ta ched t o t h e H o l c rof t l a nd s ( 34 ) ( f ig 7 2 ) . P e rhap s t h i s w a s t h e b u i ld ing r e co rded b y P ev sne r i n G laz ebu ry , ad i s t r ic t i nt h e n o r th -ea s t c ome r o fC u lche th , w he r eh en o ted a no pen t imbe rr o of o f ah a l lu sed a s ab a rn ( 1969 , 1 6 ) . As t one -mu l l ion ed w indow i n co rpo r a t ed i n to a n i n t e rna l w a l l a t H o lc rof t H a l l ( 34 ) , a no the r s i t e i n C u lch e th , i sp e rhap s ,f r om t h el a t e 1 4 th o r1 5 th c en tu ry b u t m ay n o tb e i ni t so r ig ina l p o s i t ion . O the rw i se t h e b u i ld ing a ppea r s t o b e o f 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd l a te r c on s t ruc t ion . D ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s t e l l u s t h a t b o th R a inh i l l H al F a rm ( Lan c s RO WC W T homa s L an ca s t e r , 1 629 ) a nd H o lc rof t H a l l ( P iccope 1 857 , 1 48 157 ) w e r e a s soc ia t ed w i th g a t ehou se s i nt h e p o s t -m ed ieva l p e r iod , i fn o t e a r l ie r , b u t o ft h e se t h e r ei sn ow n ot r a ce .

F ig 7 1 : Ab u i ld ing ' n ea rS ef ton C hu r ch ' i nt h ee a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry ,s uppo sed t ob eS ef ton O ld H a l l( L iv RO B inn s C o l l ec t ion F F69 )9.A r u ined s t ru c tu r ea bu t st h el ef tg ab le . Am ed ieva l g a t ehou se o n s a nd s tone f ounda t ion s h a s b een s ugg e s t ed f r om t h ee x cava t ion sa tS ef ton O ld H a l l( 8 3 )a nd t h e 1 8 th -cen tu ry p l an s ugg e s t s t h a t t h i s s t ood a t t h e e n t ran ce t oa n i n ne r c ou r t ( Lew i s 1 981b ) . P o s tho le s a l ong t h e i n n e r l i p o ft h e e a s t a rm o ft h e moa tw e r e s uppo sed t o c on ta in p o t t e ry o f 1 2 th -cen tu ry d a t e a nd w e r e s a id b y t h e e xcava to r st or e p r e sen te v id en ce f o r ap a l ing b u t , s i nce t h e f i nd sh ave a l b een l o s ta nd t h es t ra t ig raphy o ft h e s i te w a s

7

8

9

I n i t ia l ly t h e b r idg e w a st h ough tt ob eo fs im i la r d a t et ot h e f ounda t ion s o f o ne a t W i l la s ton i n C he sh i r e , d a ted t o 1 215 la t e 1 4 th c en tu ry ( Reyno ld s 1 990 , 32). Ia m g r a t ef u l t o D r R icha rd N ewman o f t h e L anca s t e r U n ive r s i ty A r chaeo log ica lU n i tf o rs i gh to f ad r a f tc opy o ft h er e po r t .

T he s t ru c tu ra l e v id ence f o r e a r ly r e c to r ies i ss pa r se a nd o n ly a tH a l sa l l R ec to ry ( 27 ) i st h e r e a ny s t and ing s t ruc tu r e t h ough , e v en h e r e n o th ing r ema in s b u t as i ng le w a l l o f y e l low s a nd s ton e p i e r ced b y t wo l a rg e w indow s w i th p o in ted a r che s f l anked b yd oo rw ay s( f ig 7 3 ; L ew i s 1 987a ) .

D on H igham d r ew my a t t en t ion t ot h i s d r aw ing . T he B inn s c o l lec t ion c on ta in s 3 5 f o l io s , n ow b roken u p , o f ma te r ia l f o r ah i s to ry o f L ive rpoo l a nd i n c lude s h und red s o fi lu s t ra t ion s o fb u i ld ing s made i n t h ee a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry .

1 28

S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t he e v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion -1 6 P robab ly t h e r ema in s r ep re sen t ab u i ld ing o f 1 5 th -cen tu ry d a te a nd ab roken f i n ia l f ound i nt h ev i c in i ty i sl i k e ly t ob e c on tempo ra ry . T h e h a l l w a s d e sc r ibed i n 1 897 , a s a' f ine g rea t h a l l , 4 0 f e e t l o ng a nd 3 0 f e e t w ide , w i th a n o pen t imbe red r oof , b u i l t d u r ing t h e l a te p e rpend icu la r p e r iod , p robab ly t emp .H en ry V I I ' ( Tay lo r&R adc l if f e 1 897 , 1 95 ) .

d e ta i led s t udy o ft h e b u i ld ing c l ea r ly s how s t h a t t h e h a l l w a s c on s t ruc ted i n as eve ra l p ha se s , e x tend ing w e s twa rd s a nd n o r thwa rd s f r om t h e G r ea t H a l l a nd e a s twa rd s f r om a d e ta ch ed k i tchen r a nge c u lm ina t ing i n c omp le t ion o ft h e n or th r ange i n1 598 ( Lew i s , 1 989a ;r e sea r ch i np rog r e s s ) .

F ig 7 4 : S pek eH a l lb yF rede r ick T ho rpe , c 1907 ( r ep roduced f r om G a rne r&S t ra t ton 1 911 , 1 73 )

F ig 7 3 : R ema in so fH a l sa l lR ec to ry ( r ep roduced f r om Wa i te 1 8811921) F rom a n i n ven to ry o f 1 563 w e k now a l so t h a t t h e r e w e re s eve ra l c hambe r s a nd o u tbu i ld ing s a s w e l l a s ag a t ehou se . T he H a l sa l l f i n ia l i ss im i la r t o o ne n ow u sed a s ag a rden or namen t a tW igan R ec to ry ( 94 ) w he re t h e re i sn o o the r v i s ib le e v idence f o r am ed ieva lb u i ld ing . E xcep t a tH a l sa l l t h ep o ten t ia lo fd ocumen ta ry s ou rce s f o rb u i ld ing sn o ted i n g l ebe t e r r ie r s h a s n o t b een e xam ined t hough w e a r e t o ld t h a t t he W igan r e c to ry h ad t wen ty r oom s i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Ba r ley 1 987 , 1 72 ) . T h i s s e em s t o h ave b een s omewha tl a rge rt h an t h a ta tH a l sa l l .

B u i ld ing so ft he 1 6 th c en tury a nd l a ter F rom t he 1 6 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s t h e re i sa n i n c r ea se i nt h e a moun to fp ub l i shed a nd u npub l i shed d ocumen t a ry s ou rce s i nd ica t iv e o fb u i ld ing s . W i th b o t h p roba te i n ven to r ie s a nd t h e H ea r th T ax r e co rd s o f t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry w e c an s e e s ome i nd ica t ion o ft h e s i ze o fb u i ld ing s , b u t t h e m a te r ia l h a s n o tb een s e a rched e xhau s t ive ly . S u rvey o fh ou se s s u ch a sS peke H a l l( 85 )a nd L yd ia te H a l l( 48 )h a ss hown t h a t , i n t h e i rp re sen tf o rm ,t h ey b ea rr ema rkab le s im i la r i t ie si nt h e i r c ou r tya rd p l an t h ough n o t n ece s sa r i ly i n d e ta i l ( f ig s 7 4 , 7 5 ) . S ince b o th p l ace s w e re h e ld b y m embe r s o ft h e s ame f am i ly c ompa rab le f e a tu re s a r e , p e rhap s , n o t u nexpec ted . A t n e i the r s i te i st h e r e a ny th ing t o s how t h a t t h e h a l l w a s e ve r o pen t ot h e r oof b u t , w h i l s t a tL yd ia te i ts e em s t h a t t h e re wa s as u i te o f r oom s o ve r t h e h a l l , t h a t a t S peke e x tended t h rough t wo s t o rey s . H oweve r , t h e h a l l c e i l ing a t S peke i sr ema rkab ly s im i la r t o t h e c e i l ing i n a n u ppe r c hamber a tL yd ia t e .A tL yd ia te t h eu ppe rf l oo rw a sr e ached b y as t a i r s e t i n to a p ro jec t ing b ay w h ich f a ced i n to t h e c ou r tya rd b u t a t S peke t h e r e i s n o s ugge s t ion t h a t t h e c ompa ss b ay se ve rp rov ided a cce s st ot h eu ppe rf l oo r s . I th a s n ow b een s hown t h a t t h e G rea t H a l l a tS peke w a s r a i sed s ho r t ly a f t e r 1 529 -30 a nd e xcava t ion h a s s hown t h a t t h e n o r th e nd o ft h e We s t r ange w a s r a i sed o ve r a n e a r l ie r d i tch s i l t ed u p b y t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry a nd wh ich c on ta ined b u i ld ing d eb r i s b e l ieved t o r e la te t o e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e s . A

F ig 7 5 : L yd ia te H a l l , 1 9 th c en tu ry ( G ib son 1 876 , f r on t i sp iece ) B yc on t ra s t , d end roch rono log ica la na ly s i sh a sg iven amo r e o r l e s s c on s i s ten t m id 16 th c en tu ry d a t e f o r t h ree o f t h e r ange sa tL yd ia te H a l ls ugge s t ing t h a tt h ep l ace w a sb u i l ti n • as i ng le p ha se . I t s e a s t r ange w a s d emo l i shed i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ; i ti sk nown o n ly f r om map e v idence a nd w a s n o t c l ea r ly i d en t if i ed i n e xcava t ion . R ecen t c on so l ida t ion ( 1996 ) o ft h e s u rv iv ing s t ru c tu re c oup led w i th a d e ta i led g round s u rvey , h a s s hown t h a t t h e b u i ld ing m ay w e l l h ave b een mo r e e x ten s iv e , w i th t h e n o r th r ange p ro jec t ing e a s twa rd s b yu p t o 1 5m . f r om t h e s u rv iv ing b u i ld ing . T h i s s ugge s t s e i the rt h a t t h e e a s t r a nge l a y s omewha t f u r the rt o t h e e a s t t h an h a s h i th e r to b een t hough t , o r t h a t t h e h ou se m ay h ave h ad a n o u t e rc ou r tya rd . B u t , u n l ike S peke , w he r e d i tch i nf i l l c on ta in ing b u i ld ing d eb r i s i n d ica te s t h e d emo l i t ion o f s t ru c tu re s i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry p r io r t o t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e w e s t r ange , t h e re c an b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t L yd ia t eH a l lw a sc on s t ruc ted d en ovo ,p robab ly i n as i ng le , s u s ta ined p ha se o f b u i ld ing . T he p o s i t ion o f a n e a r l ie r h ou se , p o s s ib ly s u r rounded b y an a r row d i t ch , i ss ugge s ted b yl ow e a r thwo rk s i nC ou r t sF i e ld , i mmed ia te ly t ot h e e a s t o ft h eh ou se ( f ig . 9 1 .33 i ) . 1 29

1 6S tand ing s t ruc tu re sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion D ocumen ta ry e v iden ce f o r 1 4 11 p rov id e s e v id en ce f o r a h a l li nL yd ia t e . T he b u i ld ing w a st op a s st ot h r ee h e i r e s se s , t h e t h ree d augh te r s a nd c o -h e i r s o fR icha rd o ft h e Wo lf a l l o f L yd ia t e , w ho se i n he r i tance w a s d i v id ed i n to t h r ee p o r t ion s ( Lan e s RO DDM 4 1/6 ) . T h e f i r s tw a s t ot a k e ' a l l t h e h a l l a nd at h i rd o ft h e l a nd ' , t h e s e cond r e ce iv ed ' t he c hambe r b e tw een t h e h a l l a nd t h e h i ghway , w i th t h e e a s t e nd o ft h eb a rn a nd b o th d oo rway a nd p o r ch ' ,a nd t h et h i rd h ad ' t he h i gh c hambe ra tt h ew e s t e nd o ft h eh a l l , t h e w e s t e nd o ft h e b a rn a sf a r a st h e c r oke s n ex t t ot h e d oo rway ' . Whe the r as e r ie so ff r ee s tand ing s t ru c tu r e sc an b e i n f e r r ed i s n o t k nown a nd , a pa r t f r om u nda ted p o s tho le s , a r cha eo log ica l e x cava t ion a t L yd ia t e H a l l f a i led t o f i nd e v id ence f o r am ed i eva l b u i ld ing o n t h e s i t e o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry b u i ld ing . F o r t h e p r e sen t , h ow ev e r , w e c an o n ly s pecu la t e t h a t t h e p rope r ty i sr e p r e sen t ed i n t h e C ou r t s F i e ld e a r thwo rk s . A t S p ek e i ts e em s t h a t t h e r e w a s as u b s tan t ia l , s l igh t ly b u t t r e s sed s a nd s ton e w a l l u pon w h ich p a r t o f t h e w e s t r a ng e w a s c on s t ru c t ed a nd t h a t t h i s w a l l m ay h ave r e appea r ed a tt h e n o r th -ea s t c o rne r o f t h e m oa t . A t t h i s p o in t ad oveco t ew a ss e tw i th in t h e a ng l eo ft h er e tu rn , b u t w a s n o t a n o r ig ina l f e a tu r e ( Lew i s 1 992 ) . A t L yd ia t e t h e w e s te nd o ft h e s e rv ice r a nge s t and s a tt h e e dge o f ar o ck c u t d i t ch w h ich m ay c on t inu e a l ong t h e w e s t w a l l o ft h e h a l l . J u s t n o r th o ft h e k i t ch en , a nd a bov e t h e d i t ch , i sa s qua r e s e t t ing o f s a nd s tone m a son ry a nd a no the r s im i la r s t ru c tu r e h a s b een f o und s ou th -w e s t o ft h e h ou se . T he se f r ee s tand ing s t ruc tu r e s , o ne o f w h i ch i n co rpo ra t ed a d i sca rd ed p i ece o fd eep ly i n c i sed c a rv ed m a son ry , a r en ow t h ough tt ob e ' n ece s sa ry h ou se s ' p e rhap s c ompa rab le w i th t h a t k nown f r om d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s a tH a l sa l l R ec to ry ( 27 ) a nd , a r guab ly , r e sp re sen t ed i n as ma l l b r ick s t ruc tu r e o nt h ee dg eo ft h em oa ta tS ef ton O ld H a l l .

e x t e r io rf a ce a nd b een c omb ined w i th t h et owe rt of o rm t h e g a t ehou se . T he t owe r w a s n o t ed i n ap roba te i n v en to ry o f 1 6 12 .

F ig 7 7 :H u r l s ton H a l l( r ep rodu ced f r om Wa i te 1 888 1921)

F ig 7 8 : Mo s sock H a l l( r ep roduced f r om S t ewa r t -B rown 1 9 11 ,f a c ing p2 20 ) Sma l le r t imbe r -f r amed h ou se s a r e f o und t h roughou t t h e r e g ion i na s soc ia t ion w i th m oa ted s i te s .A t Moo rH a l l( 53 ) , H u r l s ton H a l l ( 1 18 ) ( f ig 7 7 ) a nd Mo s sock H a l l ( 57 )( f ig 7 8 ) t h e b ox f r ame s a r e s e t o n l ow s and s ton e w a l l s . S ome t ime s , a s a t H ome r G r een F a rm ( 35 ) , the f r am ing s e em s t oh av e b een r e p la ced w i th b r i ck w a l l a nd i ts e em s t h a tt h et i mbe rf r am eo fR a inh il H a l lF a rm i se n cap su la t ed w i th in b r ick . A l l s e em t o r e la t e t o b u i ld ing s e r ec t ed , o r p o s s ib ly e x t end ed f r om am ed ieva l h a l l , i nt h e l a t e r y ea r s o ft h e 1 6 th o r e a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry . T h e u se o fb r ick a s a b u i ld ing m a te r ia l i nt h e v i c in i ty o fH om e r G r een F a rm i s , h oweve r , t e s t if i ed f r om e a r ly 1 7 th -cen tu ry p roba t e i n ven to r ie s a nd t h e i regu la r s hape o f t h e w a t e r -f i l led d i tche st h e r em ay , p e rhap s , r e la t et oc l ay e x t ra c t ion . T he se a r e n o t l a rge h ou se s a nd t h e r e i sn o e v idence t os how t h a t t h ey e ve ra s p i r ed t ot h ed e s ign o fS pek ea nd L yd ia t e . S i n ce Moo rH a l l , Mo s sock H a l la nd H u r s ton H a l la ppea rt os t and o u t s ide t h e p r e sumed a r ea o ft h e m oa t p l a tf o rm s i ts e em s t h a tt h ey m ay h ave r e p la ced m ed ieva ls t ruc tu re s .N o th ing i s k nown o fJ ohn d e L ang ton ' s c r en e l la t ed h ou se a tN ew ton H a l l ( 6 1 ) a nd i t ,t o o , s e em s t o h ave b een r ep la ced b y a t imbe r -f r am ed b u i ld ing i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry .

F ig 7 6 :B o ld O ld H a l l ,e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry ( r ep rodu ced f r om P h i l ip s 1 893 ,f a c ing p 11) T he c ou r tya rd p l an i ss e en a tB o ld O ld H a l l ( 10 ) ( f ig 7 6 ) t h ough i th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h i sw a s ac on sequence o f a tl e a s tt h r ee b u i ld s ( Sm i th 1 970 , 1 68 )w i th l e s s c oh e r ence t h an a tS pek e o rL yd ia te . L ik e L yd ia t e , af o u r th , e n c lo s ing r a nge m ay h ave b een d emo l i shed . Ag a t ehou se i sk nown f r om t h e p roba te i n ven to ry o fS i r T homa s B o ld , 1 6 12 a nd t h e i lu s tra t ion o ft h e h a l l , p robab ly e xe cu t ed i nt h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry , s how s t h a t i th ad a s ub s tan t ia l , c r en e l la t ed , t h r ee s to r ey s t on e t owe r a t ta ched t o a nd , p e rhap s o r ig ina l ly , i nt h e c en t r e o f at h r ee s to r ey s t on e -bu i l tr a ng e . At i mbe r -f r am ed s t ru c tu r e m ay h ave b e en a ta ch ed t o i t s

F l u sh w a l l s , w i th p o s t s w h ich r un f r om g round l e v e l u p t o t h e e ave s , a r e f ound c ommon ly t h roughou t t h e r e g ion ( Sm i th 1 970 , 1 75 )b u ta tC lewo r th H a l l( 107 )( f ig 7 9 )t h e r e i s ar a r e e xamp le o f at imbe r -f ramed h ou se w i th aj e t t ied 1 30

S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t he e v idence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion -1 6 u ppe r s t o r ey . P o s s ib ly t h i s o ccu r red a l so a tB o ld O ld H a l l w he r e as e r ie s o fs ho r t s t ud sb e low t h e f i r s t f l oo rw indow s m igh ts ugge s tt h a tt h eu ppe rf l oo r sw e r ej e t t ied o u t( f ig 7 6 ) a nd P h i l ip s ' d raw ing o fL o s tock H a l l( f ig 6 8 )c l ea r ly s how s at h r ee -s to ryed b u i ld ing w i th t h ree j e t t ied g ab le s . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t , i nL anca sh i r e a nd C he sh i r e , t h ej e t ty d id n o t c ome i n to u se u n t i l a bou t t h e m idd le o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( Sm i th 1 970 , 1 77 ) b u t i ti sc l ea r f r om t h e d a ted e v idence f r om L yd ia te H a l l a nd S peke H a l l t ha t i tw a s n o t t a k en u p t h roughou t t h e r e g ion . A t S peke a s ma l l a r ea o f p ane l l ing a tt h e n o r th c o rne r o ft h e e a s t r ange , f a c ing i n to t h e c ou r tya rd s e em s t o b e s im i la r i n d e s ign t o p ane l s a t B amf u r long H a l l ( 2 ) ( f ig 8 0 ) , b u t h a s n o t b een s e en e l sewhe r e . I to ccu r s a tf i r s t -f loo r l e ve l j e t t ied o u t o ve r a s em i -c i r cu la r b ay s e t o n s and s tone f ounda t ion s , u n l ike S pek e w he r e t h e p ane l l ing o ve r t h e c our tya rd b ay s c on t inue s i na nu nb roken l i ne t ot h e e ave s . A t L yd ia te t h e u ppe r s t o rey o ft h e p o r ch i sj e t t ied o u t o ve r t h e e n t ry b u t o t he rw i se t h e w a l l s w e r e a l l f l u sh -bu i l t t hough , s omewha t c onf u s ing ly , Sm i th s e em st oh ave p e r s i s t ed i n ab e l ief t h a t n o t o n ly d id L yd ia te H a l l h av e aj e t t ied u ppe r s t o rey b u t t h a t i ta l so h ad a h igh -ce i l inged h a l l ( 1970 , 1 76 177 ) . R ecen t f i e ldwo rk a nd a s t udy o f 1 9 th -cen tu ry i lu s t ra t ive m a te r ia l , s uppo r ted b y ap ho tog raph ic r e co rd b y RCH M (E ) i nt h e 1 950 s a nd 1 960 s , s how st h a th e w a s w rong o nb o th c oun t s( Lew i s&S amue l s 1 990 ;L ew i s&S wogge r 1 996 ) .

F ig 8 1 : B a rn a t Ma r t in H a l l( r ep roduced f r om Wa i te 1 888 1921)

F ig 7 9 : C lewo r th H a l l , 1 823 ( r ep roduced f r om P h i l ip s 1 893 ,f a c ing p5 3 )

. .

e

T imbe r -f ramed b a rn s s u rv ive o n ly r a re ly i n t h i s p a r t o f n o r th w e s t E ng land . U n t i l r e la t ive ly r e cen t ly , a tR a inh i l l H a l l F a rm ( 77 ) , O ld H u t t ( 65 ) a nd E dge F a rm ( 23 ) t h e re w e re c ruck -f ramed b a rn s i n t h e y a rd o u t s id e t h e moa t p l a tf o rm a nd l a rge b a rn s o fc ompa rab le c on s t ruc t ion s t i l l s u rv ive s a t' r i ce B lunde l ll ° a nd H a r roc i c , i n Wr igh t ing ton . T he se c on t ra s tw i th b ox -f ramed b a rn s a t Ma r t in H a l l ( 105 ) ( f ig 8 1) a nd N ew ton P a rk F a rm , an on -moa ted s i te i n N ew ton le -W i l low s . T h i s i s b e l ieved t o b e o f p o s t m ed ieva l d a te a nd t oh ave b een r a i sed i nt h e 1 4 th -cen tu ry , o re a rl i e r ,p a rk ( Lew i s 1 988 ) .

O n h i ghe rg round t owa rd s t h e e a s t o ft h e h und r ed t imbe r f r am ing g i ve s w ay t o s t one -bu i l t h ou se s t hough , f r om t h e e v idence o f 1 7 th -cen tu ry c ou r t r o l l s f o r U pho l land ( A . C oney , p e r s . c omm . ) , t h e t r end may n o t h ave d eve loped u n t i l t h en ( p 7 ) . B i r ch ley H a l l ( 8 ) ( f ig 8 2 ) w a s p robab ly b u i l t ,t hough n o tc omp le ted , a ta bou tt h i st ime . I ti se n t i re ly o fs and s tone a nd i ss im i la ri np l an t oB i spham H a l l , an on moa ted h ou se r e cen t ly r e scued f r om a n a dvanced s t a te o f d e re l ic t ion , a l so i n B i l l inge l1. T he se t wo h ou se s h ave g r ea te r af in i t ie s w i th t h e l a rge h ou se s i nt h e L anca sh i re P enn ine s ( Pea r son 1 985 ) t h an w i th t h e d ome s t ic b u i ld ing s f u r the rw e s t . T he s t a tu so fB i r ch ley H a l l a s amoa ted s i te i s q ue s t ionab le . I ti se n t i r e ly p o s s ib le t h a t c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e

4 1

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' zee ; ze e . ;z ; t 7 3 ) 7 4

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F ig 8 0 : B amf u r long H a l l( r ep roduced f r om F a r r e r& B rownb i l le d s . 1 911 , f a c ing p8 4 )

1 3 1

T he I n c e B lunde l l b a rn , k nown a sC ro s s B a rn , i sp opu la r ly c on s ide red t o h ave b een b u i l t a s ap l ac e o fs e c re t w o r sh ip d u r ing t h e p e r iod o f C a tho l ic s upp r e s s ion . As t udy o fB i spham H a l l h a s s hown t h a t at imbe r -f ramed s t ruc tu r e , p robab ly o f 1 6 th -c en tu ry d a te , l i e s a tt h e c o r e o ft h e s t one b u i ld ing ( Neve l l 1 990 ) . P o s s ib ly , h oweve r , t h e f r amed w a l l s w e r e i n te rna l p a r t i t ion s , s uch a st h o se a tH a rdw ick H a l l , D e rby sh i r e , r a the r t h an t h e r emnan t so fs t ruc tu ra lm embe r s . T he b u i ld ing h a sn ow b een r e s to red .

1 6S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion p r e sen th ou se a nd o u tbu i ld ing sh a s d e s t royed t h e m ed ieva l e v idence b u t p o s s ib le g a rd e robe c hu t e s o n t h e r e a r e l eva t ion s ugg e s t t h a t w a s t e w a s d i sch a rg ed i n to aw a t e r f i l led d i t ch w h ich m ay h av e b een f e d f r om al a rge p ond a s ho r t d i s t ance f r om t h e h ou se . T h i s p ond s e em s a l so t o h av e p rov ided p ow e r f o r t h e w a t e r m il t h e r ema in s o f w h i ch s u rv ive i nw ood land b eh ind t h eh a l l .

F ig 8 2 :B i r ch ley H a l l , 1 988

Un i t-p lan h ou se sa nd p ar t ib le i nher i tance As t udy o ft h e a r ch i tec tu ra l a nd s o c ia lh i s to ry o fh ou se s i n L an ca sh i r e a nd C h e sh i r e h a s l e d t o t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t s t ruc tu ra l d ev e lopmen t o n ' u n i t -p lan ' b a s i s c an b e i d en t if i ed a nd r e cogn i sed a ts e v e ra ls i t e s i nt h e Manch e s t e r a nd B la ckbu rn a r ea s a nd , p o s s ib ly , a tR uf f o rd O ld H a l l , i n t h e h und r ed o f L ey land ( Sm i th 1 970 , 1 79 180 ) . T h i s i s d emon s t ra t ed b y g r oup s o f i n d ependen t s t ruc tu r e s , e a ch c omp le t ei ni t s e lf a nd w i th a l lt h ee l emen t so f au sua lh ou se p l an , b u t s e t t o ge the r t o f o rm a c ou r tya rd a r rang emen t . P a ra l le l s f o r s u ch a r r ang em en t s h av e b een s e en i nN o r th Wa le s , w he r e p a r t ib le i n he r i t an ce l e d t ot h e g roup ing o f k i n smen ' s h ou se s t o a vo id t h e d i spe r sa l o f e s ta t e s . T he p o s s ib le e x amp le o f B o ld O ld H a l l ( / 0 ) , w he r e Sm i th s ugge s t ed a t l e a s t t h ree , a nd p robab ly m o r e , b u i ld ing p ha se s ,h a sb een c i t ed ( Sm i th 1 970 , 1 68 ) .B u tt h e r e i sl i t t le e v iden ce i n t h e d ocumen ta t ion t o s how t h a t t h e B o ld f am i ly w e r e p rov id ing s u ch a c commoda t ion . I ndeed , t h e t e nd ency h e r e , a tl e a s ti nt h e m ed ieva lp e r iod a nd o no t he r s ou th L anca sh i re e s ta te s s u ch a s t h o se a t S ef ton a nd C u l che th , s e em s t o h ave b een t o g r an t l a nd s o u t o f t h e d eme sne o n w h ich t h e h ou se s , t o ge th e r w i th m oa t ed e nc lo su r e s , w e r e b u i l t . Sm i th ( 1 970 , 1 73 ) s ugg e s ted S p eke H a l l ( 85 ) a s ap o s s ib l e c and ida t e f o ro ccupa t ion b yt wo o r mo r e f am i l ie s a nd t wo k i t ch en s m igh t b e i mp l ied i nt h e i n ven to ry o f1 624 . S i n ce ,h ow eve r ,o ne o ft h e se m igh th ave b een i n w ha t w a s d e sc r ibed a s t h e ' n ew e b uy ld ing ' , i t s e em s l i k e ly t h a t t h i s i s m e r e ly a c on sequen ce o f r e o rgan i sa t ion f o l low ing c omp le t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing i n 1 598 . A t S pek e i ti sn ow c l ea r t h a t t h e p r e sen t c ou r tya rd h ou se d eve loped o r gan ica l ly , a nd t h e r e i s g r ow ing e v idence t o s ugg e s t t h a t , a tl e a s t o n t h e n o r th r a ng e , t h e c ou r tya rd p l an w a s f i na l ly a ch ieved a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry b y i nf i l l ing b e tween a nd mod if y ing p r e -ex i s t ing , s e lf -con ta in ed s t ru c tu r e s ( Lew i s 1 998a ) . I ti sj u s t p o s s ib le t h a t as e r ie s o f u nda ted w a l l l i ne s n o t ed i n t h e e a s t c ou r ty a rd a r e e v id en ce f o rm ed ieva l s t ru c tu r e s w h ich w e r e r e p la ced w hen t h ec ou r tya rd p l an o ft h eh a l lw a sc omp le t ed i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( Lew i s 1 992 , 8 7 -89 ) . A l though w eh av e 1 32

h ea rd o fp a r t ib le i n h e r i t ance a tL yd ia t e i n 1 4 11 ( p 1 30 ) , c l ea r ly t h i s r e la te s t os ubd iv i s ion o ft h e f am i ly ' s d we l l ing a nd d oe s n o t i n d ica t e d ome s t ic o ccupa t ion o fm o r e t h an o n e s t ruc tu r e . W i th t h e p o s s ib le e xc ep t ion o fS pek e H a l l , w e h ave y e t t oe ncoun t e r a ny c l ea r s t ru c tu ra l e v idence t o s uppo r t Sm i th ' st h eo ry . A l though t h e d ocum en ta ry s ou r ce sh av en o tb een s e a r ched i na ny d e ta i l i ts e em st h a tb yt h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s t h e r em ay h ave b een at r end f o re x i s t ing h ou se st ob ecome s ubd iv id ed . T h e r i g id e n f o r cem en t o fr e cu sancy l aw s a nd p ena l t ie s i n cu r r ed a s ar e su l t o f l o ya l ty t o t h e R oya l i s t c au se w a s t or e su l t i nc onf i sca t ion o fm any e s ta t e s . A s a c on sequ en ce o f p l ea s f r om t h e f am i l ie s c on ce rn ed c once s s ion sw e r es ome t ime sm ad ef o ro ccupa t ion o fp a r to f t h ef am i ly h om e . I nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd l a t e r ,L yd ia te H a l l ( 48 ) w a s h e ld b o th b y t h e w idow s o ft h e l o rd s , a sd ow e r , a nd b yt e nan t s . T he w idow sw e r e s a id t oh o ld o ne th i rd o f t h ep rope r ty . As im i la rd i v i s ion o fb u i ld ing sh a sb een n o ted a t Wa l sh H a l l ( 92 ) , w h e r e i n t h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h e ' u ppe r e nd ' w i th h a l l , p a r lou r , t h r ee r o om s a nd ab u t te ry t og e the r w i th t h r ee b ay s o f t h e b a rn , t h e o l d s h ippon , s w ine -hou se s a nd k i ln , g a rd en , h empya rd , o r ch a rd a nd s t a ckya rd s e em t o h av e b een d i s t in c t f r om w ha t w a s d e sc r ibed i n 1 653 a s ' t he l ow e r p a r t ' o f t h e h ou se c on ta in ing s i x r oom s , a no the r s i x r o om s b e ing h e ld s epa ra te ly ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 00 n 6 ) . H e r e , t h ough , i ti sn o tk nown w he the rt h i s i n d ica t e s s e pa ra te a nd d i s t inc t d om e s t ic b u i ld ing s . F rom s u ch e xamp le s i ts e em s t h a tb o th l a rge a nd s ma l lh ou se sm igh th ave b een o ccup ied b y mo r e t h an o ne f am i ly o rg ene r a t ion t h ough t h e re i sn o s ugge s t ion t h a tt h ey w e r e d e l ibe ra t e ly c on s t ruc t ed f o r s u ch p u rpo se s . I t s e em s t h en t h a t e v idence f o r t h e o rgan i sa t ion o f b u i ld ing s o n au n i t -p lan b a s i s i su n c l ea r a nd c anno t b e a pp l ied v e ry s a t i sf a c to r i ly t os ou th -w e s tL an ca sh i r e . N o ri s i tp o s s ib le t of i nd c l ea rr e a son sf o rs u ch a na r rang emen t .A t B o ld , w h e r et h e e v id ence f o r s u ch ap l an i ss ugg e s t ed , t h i s m igh t h av e e vo lv ed f r om e a r l ie r g r an t ing o u t o fa va i lab le l a nd , t h u s f o r c ing t h e p r in c ipa l l a ndowne r s i ns ub sequ en t y ea r st om ak ep rov i s ion f o rt h e i r f am i l ie sw i th in t h e i ro wn d eme sne sr a th e rt h an a l low ing f u r the rf r agm en ta t ion o ft h e e s ta t e s . Af t e r a l , t h e l a rge n umbe r o fm oa ted s i t e s , e a ch p robab ly m anag ing i t so wn e s ta t ew i th in t h ev i l ls how st h a t t h e r e w a s l i t t le r oom f o r f u r the r e xpan s ion o u t o f t h e d eme sne . A s im i la r s i tua t ion m ay h av e e x i s ted a tS pek e t h ough h e r e t h e r e i sn o e v iden ce f o r s ub s tan t ia l m ino r e s ta t e s a nd , q u i t e c l ea r ly , t h e d em e sn e w a s f a rm ed b y t e nan t s w ho a l so h e ld l a nd s i n t h e o pen f i e ld s ( Cowe l l 1 983 , 5 8 -62 ; N icho l son 1 983a ) a nd p e rhap s , a s i nB o ld , t h e r ew a sn om ean so fg r an t ing o u ts ma l le s ta t e s .T he s t a tu s o f R icha rd d e Wo lf a l l ' s h o ld ing i n L yd ia t e i n 1 4 11 i s u n c le a rt h ough t h ef am i ly h ad o ccup ied l a nd st h e r es i nce a t l e a s t 1 332 a nd m ay h av e b een t h em e sn et e nan t s w hen t h e d e L yd ia t e f am i ly l i v ed i nG a r s ton . I fs o , t h ey c ou ld h av e o ccup ied t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage . T he l a te r e v id ence f o r mu l t ip le o ccupa t ion o fL yd ia te H a l l a nd Wa l sh H a l l s e em s m o r el i k e ly t oh av eb een ao u t com eo fs e qu e s t ra t ion b yt h e C rown i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry .

T ower sa nd c hamber b lock s F o r s e ve r a l b u i ld ing s t h e d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s h av e p roduced r e f e r en ce s t ot owe r s b u t t h e i r r o l e a sd ef en s ive

S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion -1 6 o rd ome s t ic o r ,p e rhap si ns om ei n s tan ce s , ac omb ina t ion o f t h e t wo n eed s s om e c on s id e r a t ion . I n a dd i t ion , a t s ev e ra l p l a ce s c a r ef u l e xam ina t ion o f t h e s t ru c t u re s h a s i d en t if i ed r oom s w h ich a r e n ow t h ough t t o r e p r e sen t ah ou seho ld 's p r iva t ea c commoda t ion . Wh i ls t L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( 1 28 ) s t and s u nequ ivoca l ly i nt h e c a t ego ry o fm il i ta ry s t ru c tu re s t h e f u n c t ion o f t h e t ow e r s a t o t h e rm oa t ed a nd n on -moa t ed s i t e si sl e s s e a s i ly d e t e rm ined . L ive rpoo lT ow e r( 129 ) ( c hap t e r 1 , f i g s 3 8 , 4 8 , 9 1 .31 i , j ) f i t s s om ewha t u n ea s i ly i n to t h e k nown e v id en ce f o r t ow e r h ou se s i n s ou th L anca sh i r e . I n a dd i t ion t o p rov id ing 1 :c h imney o v e rh ea r th ;2 :a r ea o fr ubb l ef ac ing ;3 :i n t erna ls p lay o fw indow ; a c commoda t ion , i tm ay h av eh ad am ino r 4 :p ro j ec t ed a r ch o fb a r r e lv au l t ;5 :r e c e s si nw e s ti n t erna lw a l l ; 6 :o r ig ina lf l oo rl e v e l d ef en s ive r o l e . A cco rd ing t oi t sl i cen ce t o c r ene l la t ei tw a sb u i l ti nt h eo pen ing y ea r s F ig 8 3 :I n t e rna le l eva t ion o fR ad c l if f eT owe r( af t e rT y son 1 985b ,4 8f i g3 . 8 ) o ft h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . H ow ev e r , d eba t e h a s f u r th e r i n t e rp r e ta t ion . Whe th e r t h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry s t ru c tu r e f o cu sed o n t h e i n c lu s ion o ft h e c l au se d e n ovo c on s t rux i t e v e r h a d m o r e t h a n o n e t o w e r i s u n c e r t a i n b u t , i f s o , i t c a n d ep e t ra e tc a l ce i nS i rJ ohn S t an ley 's l i cen ce o f1 406 a nd b e c ompa r ed w i th P r e s ton P a t r ick H a l l , C umb r ia . A t t h i sh a s b een t a k en t oi n f e rt h a t as t one -bu i l t s t ru c tu r e w a s R a d c l if f e t h e t o w e r h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d a s ' a f a i r l y t y p i c a l a l r eady s t and ing w h en t h e l i cenc e w a s g r an t ed f u nne l v au l ted p e l e t ow e r o ft h e t y pe c ommon ly f o und i n ( S tew a r t -B rown 1 9 10 , 4 445 )1 2 .F rom t h e e v id en ce f o r n o r t h L a n c a s h i r e a n d C um b r i a ' ( T y s o n 1 9 8 5 a ; 1 9 8 5 b ) a n d C a rk ing ton , N o r thumbe r land , w h e r e t h e t ow e r i sd a t ed t o t h ek i ng -po s tw i th c u rved s t ru tr oof c on s t ru c t ion i nt h eh a l l 1 4 15 b u t t h e l i cence t o c r ene l la t e w a s n o t g r an t ed u n t i l m a y a l s o b e s i m i l a r t o t h a t a t P r e s t o n P a t r i c k ( S m i t h 1 9 6 4 , 1 442 , w e c an s e e t h a t s u ch as i tua t ion i sn o t u n l ik e ly . A t 1 4 3 144 ) . L a t e r s t ru c tu ra l w o rk i n c lud ed t h e a dd i t ion o fa C a rk ing ton , t h e s ma l l c ou r tya rd c a s t le w i th a t ta ch ed t ow e r t i mbe rw ing a tr i gh t ang le st ot h em a in h a l l .A tR ad c l if f et h e i n d ica ted n o t o n ly r e f o r t if i ca t ion b u t a n a t t emp t t o n a t u r e o f e x c a v a t i o n , c o u p l e d w i t h s h a l l ow s t r a t i g , r a p h y a n d d emon s t ra t es t a tu s1 3. i n t ru s ion b y 1 9 th -cen tu ry f e a t u r e s , p r ec lud ed i n t e rp r e ta t ion o ft h e s t ru c tu ra l a nd c h rono log ica lr e la t ion sh ip s o ft h eh a l l We h av e n o m ean s o fk now ing w ha t t h e o r ig ina l b u i ld ing a n d t i m b e r w i n g w i t h t h e t o w e r i t s e l f . F r om a d e s c r i p t i o n l o oked l i ke t h ough i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e s t on e -bu i l t g i v e n b e f o r e i t w a s p u l l e d d o w n i n t h e 1 8 3 0 ' s w e k n ow t h a t s t ru c t u r e s i l u s t ra t ed i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( f ig s 4 2 -43 ) w e r e t h e h a l l w a s 4 3 ' 2 " ( c 1 3m ) l o n g a n d b e tw e e n 2 6 ' 2 8 ' ( c 8 t h o se e r e c ted b y S i rJ ohn S t an ley . I fe v e rt h e r eh ad b een a 8 . 5m ) w id e , p ropo r t ion s s im i la r t o t h o se f o r t h e t imb e r t i mbe rh a l l i ts e em st oh ave b een r e p la ced b y c 1540 w hen b u i l t G r e a t H a l a t B a g u l e y H a l l , M a n c h e s t e r ( S m i t h 1 9 6 0 , L e land n o t ed t h eE a r lo fD e rby ' s s t one h ou se i nL iv e rpoo l . 1 46 ) . T he b u i ld ing s e em s t oh av e h ad c e l la r s , o ne o fw h ich wa s k nown a sL ea the rH a l la nd w a sf i t t ed u pa s ag ua rd room i n 1 745 b u tw he the rt h e c e l la r sw e r e b e low g r ound o rs imp ly a tg round l e ve l w i th a c commoda t ion o n t h e u ppe r s t o r ey s w ec anno ts a y . I nd a t ei tm ay ,p e rhap s ,b ec ompa red w i th R ad c l if f eT owe r , n o r th o f Man ch e s t e r . H e r e al i cence t or e bu i ld t h e m ano r h ou se ` . .w i th w a l l so fs t on ea nd l i me ,t oe n c lo se a n ew a nd w i th in t h o se w a l l s e r ec t ah a l l a nd t ow e r s . . ' , w a s g r an t ed t o S i r J am e s d e R ad c l if f e i n 1 403 ( f ig 8 3 ) . T he h a l l w a s c on s t ruc t ed o n t h e s i te o f a n e a rl i e r b u i ld ing a s so c ia t ed w i th a w e t , b u t s i l ted -up , d i t ch t h e u ppe rmo s t l e v e l s o f w h ich c on ta ined c ha rcoa l a nd b u rn t c l ay . A bove t h i s , a l a y e ro fs a nd s tone b l ock s a nd ` s capp l ing s ' w a s i n t e rp r e t ed a su nu sed w a s t e m a te r ia l d umped i n to t h e d i t ch t ol e v e l i t d u r ing c on s t ru c t ion w o rk i nt h e e a r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry ( Ty son 1 985a ; 1 985b ) . A l though i ts e em s l i k e ly t h a t t h e d i t ch r e la ted t oa ne n c lo su r e a s so c ia ted w i th a ne a rl i e rs t ru c tu r e , t h e l a ck o f r e co rd ed f i nd s f r om t h e s i l t d epo s i t s a nd a b sen ce o f c l ea r e v iden ce f o r e a r ly s t ruc tu r e s p r e c lude s

1 2

T hank sa r ed u et oJ ohn H a r rop f o rd i scu s s ion o nt h i sp o in t .

1 3

Ia m

g r a t ef u lt oP h i l ip D ixon f o rd r aw ing m ya ten t ion t ot h i ss i t e .

1 33

F ig 8 4 : N o t iona l a r rang em en t o f t h e t ow e r s a t L a thom H ou se i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry n umbe r s i nd ica t e t h e s equenc e o fb u i ld ing s a s t h ey a r e c i t ed i nt h eP a r l iamen ta r ian o rd e r st od i sman t le ( S ea come 1 793 ,4 00 )

1 6S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion b u i l tp ro jec t ion s ( W ra t lune l l 1 992 , 6 ) . W i th m u l l ion ed a nd t r an somed w indow s o ve r look ing t h e m oa t b r idge t h e r e i s n o s ugg e s t ion t h a t t h e g a t ehou se w a s b u i l t f o r s e r iou s d ef en ce a nd s ma l l r ound ' p o r tho le s ' a tf i r s t f l oo r l e ve l i n t h ef r on ta nd s i de e l eva t ion sm ay h av ed on el i t t le mo r et h an l i gh tt h es t a i r ca se st ot h eu ppe rf l oo r s .

Whe the r c a s t le o r s t ronghou se , o r a n e x t en s iv e a nd e l abo ra t em oa t ed h om e s t ead ,t h em any tow e r ed d ef en ce sa t L a thom H ou se ( f ig s 7 4 , 8 4 ) w e r e s t rong e nough t o w i th s tand s u s ta ined p e r iod s o f s i eg e b y t h e P a r l iam en ta r ian sd u r ing t h eC iv i l Wa r . T hough t h ey a ppea r t oh ave b een b u i l ta s am an if e s ta t ion o fp ow e ra nd s t a tu s ,a t l e a s tt h o se a r ound t h e w a l l s mu s t a l so h av e h ad am i l i ta ry a spec t . We h av e n o i n f o rma t ion , h ow ev e r , a bou t t h e s t ruc tu ra l r e la t ion sh ip o fa ny o ft h e t ow e r s w i th L a thom 's o t he rb u i ld ing s t h ough w e k now t h a t t h e se i n c lud ed s om e t imbe r s t ru c tu r e s w h ich , a c co rd ing t o t h e d ocum en t a ry s ou r ce s , s e em t oh av e s u rv ived t h e C iv i l Wa r d i sman t l ing . R eco rd s f o r t h a t t im e s ugge s t t h a t L a thom 's E ag le T ow e r s t ood a tl e a s tf o u rs t o r ey sh i gh a nd w a sa d jo ined b ya tl e a s t o n e r oom a tg r ound l e ve l . T he t wo s to r ey M idd l e Wa rd w a s , p o s s ib ly , m o r e e x ten s iv e i na r ea ( f ig 9 1 .29g ; L ew i s 1 999 t a b le 1 ;s e ea l so p 279 b e low ) . P o s s ib le c ompa r i son s o fL a thom H ou se w i th t h eh ou se s a t A shby a nd K i rby Mux loe i nL e ice s te r sh i r e h av e a l r eady b een n o t ed ( c hap t e r 1 ) b u t t h e r e i sn o w ay o fk now ing h ow c l o se ly L a thom m ay h av er e semb led t h em . T h et owe r a tA shby , 4 5 f e e t2 ( c 14m2)e x tended t h rough f o u r f l oo r s w h ich a r et h ough tt oh av ep rov id ed as e rvan t s ' h a l l ,p r iva te h a l l , a ud ience c hambe r a nd b ed room ( Thomp son 1 987 , 9 3 ) . P o s s ib ly t h eE ag le T ow e ra tL a thom c on ta in ed s im i la r a ccommoda t ion . T h e m a s s iv e m oa t a t K i rby Mux loe e nc lo sed ar e c tangu la r a r ea o fc 55m b y c 36m ( 1 ,980m2) ( Thomp son 1 987 , 9 4 ) c on s id e rab ly s ma l le r t h an t h e e s t ima t ed a r ea w i th in t h e m oa t a t L a thom . A t K i rby Mux loe s qua r e ,b r i ck t owe r sw e r et ob ec on s t ru c t ed a te a ch c o rn e ro ft h em oa t ;a tl e a s to n eo ft h eL a thom t ow e r s ,t h r ee s t o r ey s h i gh , l a y ' i nt h e c o rn e r ' a nd t h e r e w a s as e cond a t t h ek i t ch en b r idg e .

E v idence f o rt ow e r s a to t he r s i te s , s u ch a sH a l sa l l R ec to ry ( f ig 8 4a )a nd ,p o s s ib ly , Ma r t in H a l l( f ig 8 6 )a ppea r st og i v e t h em am o r e d ome s t ic c h a ra c te r . T ha t a tH a l sa l l , d ep ic t ed o n ad r aw ing p robab ly e xecu ted i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , s e em s t oh av e b een r a th e r a n i n s ign if i can t f e a tu r e a nd s u rvey o f t h ep robab le f ounda t ion sh a s s hown t h a ti tc an h a rd ly h ave b een l a rg e e nough t o p rov ide a ny th ing o t he r t h an v e ry l i m i ted a c commoda t ion . A t l e a s t t of i r s t f l oo r l e v e l i tw a s b u i l t o f s t on e . P o s s ib ly i tp rov id ed n o th ing mo r e t h an a m ean s o fa c ce s s t ot h e u ppe r f l oo r s o ft h e r e c to ry a nd n o r e f e rence t o at ow e r h a s b een f o und i n i n ven to r ie s a nd g l ebe t e r r ie r so ft h el a t e 1 6 th a nd m id 17 th c en tu ry .

F ig 8 4a :R ema in so ft h es ma l ls a nd s tone t ow e ra tH a l sa l l ( r ep rodu ced f r om Wa i t e 1 888 192 1) . T he d oo rway a nd w ind ow s i l l ss hown i nf i g7 3a re v i s ib l ei nt h er ea rg round t ot h er i gh t( n o r th -ea s t )o ft h e ' t owe r '

A t B rad ley O ld H a l l t h e e v id ence a ppea r s t oi n d ica t e t h a t t h et ow e r sw e r e b u i l ta sa n o s t en ta t iou s d i sp lay r a th e rt h an s e r iou s m i l i ta ry p u rpo se a nd t h e s i te i t s e lf i s , p e rhap s , r a th e r t o o s mal t o h av e s uppo r ted a ny s u b s t an t ia l f o r t if i ca t ion s . We k now t h a t t h e g a t ehou se h ad ab a s t e l lo l a p id io s up ra p red ic tam p o r tam b ene p ropungnacu la to b u t S i r P e t e r L egh ' s s u rvey d oe s n o t s ugg e s t t h a t t h e p ar ve t u r r e s p e rf o rmed a ny d ef en s iv e r o le a nd w e k now n o th ing o ft h e i rd im en s ion s . Wh e the rt h ew o rk c an b er e la t ed t ot h e t u rbu len ce o f1 463 -64 w hen s ou th L an ca sh i r ea nd C h e sh i r e e xpe r ienced a n i n c r ea se i nL anca s t r ian s uppo r t a ga in s tt h e Y o rk i s t s c an o n ly b e c on je c tu r ed , b u t S i r P e t e r L egh 's Y o rk i s t l e an ing s m ay h ave g i ven h im g ood r e a son t ot a k e e x t ra s t ep st op ro t ec th i sf am i ly a nd p rope r ty . T he t ow e r a tB o ld O ld H a l l ( f ig 7 6 ) s e em s a l so t oh ave b een a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e g a t ehou se a nd w e a r e n o t a wa r e t h a t i tp l ayed a ny r e a l d ef en s iv e r o le t h ough , w i th i t s s u r round ing m oa tt h es i t ew a ss uf i c ien t ly w e l l -p ro t e c t ed t o p r ev en t t h e 1 7 th -cen tu ry C omm i s s ione r s f r om g a in ing a cce s s t o t h e h ou se ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 , 3 7 -39 ) . H ow ev e r , i t s e em s t oh ave b een l i nked s t ruc tu r a l ly t o am a s s iv e t h r ee s t o r ey s t one -bu i l tr a ng e a nd w ou ld h ave g i ven t h e h a l l t h e a ppea r an ce o f , i fn o t e f ec t ive , p ro tec t ion . P e rhap s t h e 1 5 th cen tu ry t h r ee s to r eyed g a t ehou se a tt h e O ld H u t t w a s s im i la r t h ough , i n i t s o r ig ina l f o rm , i tm ay h av e b een f r ee s t and ing . A t i t s c o r e w a s at imbe r -f r amed s t ru c tu r e o f t wo b ay sa bu t t ed o ne i the rs i d eb ye a r ly 1 7 th -cen tu ry b r i ck 1 34

F ig 8 5 : L igh t shaw H a l l 1 6 11 ( Devon sh i r eC o l lec t ion , C ha t swo r th 5 45 -7A )1 4 A tL igh t shaw H a l l , G o lbome ( 45 )( f ig 8 5 )t h et imbe r -bu i l t , t h ree -bay ed a nd t wo s to r eyed b u i ld ing h a sb een i n te rp r e t ed a s as o la ro rp a r lou rt h ough t h eh a l l i t s e l fd oe sn o t s u rv ive ( Lew i s 1 996 ) . Two b ay s o ft h e u ppe rc hambe rc on ta ined a r e d -pa in t ed q ueen -po s t t r u s s i n se t w i th q ua t r ef o i l p ane l s ( f ig . 9 1 .15d ) . Af e l l ing d a te o f 1 553 h a s b een g i v en f o r t h e f r ame a nd t r u s s a nd t h e d a t e c o in c id e s a lmo s t e xa c t ly 1 4

1 5

R ep roduced b yp e rm i s s ion o ft h eD uke o fD evon sh i r ea nd t h e C ha t swo r th S e t t lemen tT ru s te e s . T he t imbe r sw e r es amp led b yS he f i e ld U n ive r s i ty T r ee -R ing D a t ing L abo ra to ry ( Tye r se ta l1 997 , 1 43 , 1 52 ) .

S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e x cava t ion -1 6 w i th e n t ry o f an ew h e i r t ot h e p r ope r ty . T he c hambe r i s s e pa r a t ed f r om a s e cond r oom b y af r am ed w a l l w i th a s i ng le d oo rway . T h et i eb e am a bov et h i sf r am e d a t e st ot h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly s u rv iv e s f r om a n e a r l ie r s t ru c t u r et h ough i ti sn ow s e to np o s t so f1 6 th -cen tu ry d a t e . T hough d ocum en t a ry s ou r ce s m ak e n o r e f e r ence t o a ny b u i ld ing s w e h ave e v id ence f o r a n e s ta t e a tL igh t shaw i n t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , a nd a r cha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s d u r ing r e cen t r e f u rb i shm en t o f t h e b u i ld ing p rodu ced e v id en ce f o r s a nd s tone f o unda t ion s a nd p o s t -ho le s w h ich p r e -da ted t h ep r e sen ts t ruc tu r e .

F ig 8 5a :R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm ( r ep rodu ced f r om Wa i t e 1 888 1 92 1) . T he t i mbe rp o r t ion i st ot h er i gh t ,s e to n as t one p l in th , a nd c ove red w i th c r eepe r

v i s i t ed L an ca sh i r e i n J anu a ry a nd N ov embe r 1 588 a nd a ga in a tt h e e nd o fA ugu s t i n 1 589 w hen h e v i s i t ed t h e E a r l so fD e rby ( Ra in e s e d . 1 8 53 , 4 7 , 5 2 , 6 5 ) . H e c an h ave b een l i t t le mo r et h an ab oy b u ti ti sl i ke ly t h a tB ew sey h ad b e en a s s igned t o h im a nd w a s u sed d u r ing t h e se v i s i t s . C e r ta in ly ,t h eE a r l ' sw i l ls t a t ed t h a tR obe r tw a st oh av et h e B u t le r e s ta t e s ; a nd h e wa s g r an t ed t h e i r u se i n May a nd J un e 1 589 ( D ick in son 1 986 ) n ea r ly ay ea r a f t e r t h e E a r l ' s d ea th ( DNB 1 975 , 5 82 ) . I nt h e c on s t ru c t ion o f ac hambe r b l ock f o rt h eh e i ro fa n e a r l a tB ew sey O ld H a l l i tm ay b e a r gued t h a tw e f i nd aw eak en ed b u tc on t inu ing t r ad i t ion o f t h em ed ieva ls o la rt owe r .

F ig 8 6 : Ma r t in H a l l( r ep rodu ced f r om Wa i t e 1 888 192 1)

P e rhap s t h e t imbe r -bu i l t r a nge a tR a inh i l l H a l l F a rm ( f ig 8 5a ) s h ou ld a l so b e c on s id e r ed a s as o la rw h ich m ay h ave b een s e ta tr i gh tang le st o ah a l lr e p la ced i nt h e 1 7 th o r 1 8 th c en tu ry . At ow e ro rc hambe rb l ock a t Ma r t in H a l lm igh tb e s ugg e s t ed b y t h e a lmo s t s qua r e p l an o f t h e e a r l ie s t s u rv iv ing s t ru c tu r e o n t h e s i te ( f ig s 8 6 , 9 1 .35c ) . I ts t and s t h r ee s to r ey s h i gh a bove a c e l la r a nd , a l though e n t i r e ly b r i ck -bu i l t w i th s and s ton e d r e s s ing s a nd mu l l ioned w indow s ,i t sw a l l sw e r es a id t ob et wo f e e tt h ick . T h e r ei sa n o t iceab l e a b sence o f w indow s o n t h e s ou th e l eva t ion t h ough , p o s s ib ly , t h e se m igh tb e o b scu r ed b y l a t e rp l a s t e r ; t h e r em ay h av eb een a n a d jo in ing b u i ld ing r e p la ced b yt h e w ing c on ta in ing t h e s t a i r ca se . T he w indow s o n t h e n o r th o v e r look Ma r t in Me r e a nd l o ca l f o lk l o r e d i c ta t e s t h a t t h e s t ru c tu r e s e rved a s al i gh thou se . H ow ev e r , t h e b u i ld ing a ppea r s t o h av e b een e n t i r e ly d ome s t ic i n c ha r ac t e r . P o s s ib ly , i tc an b e c ompa r ed w i th t h e l a t e 1 6 th o r e a r ly 1 7 th cen tu ry b r ick r a ng e a tB ew sey O ld H a l l w h ich s e em s t oh av eb een b u i l tt op rov ide p r iva t ea c commoda t ion .H e r e , t o o , t h e r e w a s ab a semen t a nd t h e f l oo r l e v e l s a bov e w e r e l ow e r ed a ta n u nknown d a te e f ec t iv e ly p u t t ing t h e c e l la r o u t o fu s e . F rom t h e E a r l o fL e ice s t e r ' s s u rv ey o fB ew sey i n1 587 w e k now t h a tt h e n ew b u i ld ing c on ta in ed aG r ea t C h ambe r a nd f o u r o t he r c hambe r s t o g e the r w i th ak i tchen a nd b u t t e ry , t h e k i t ch en a nd b u t t e ry i nt h e o l d b u i ld ing b e ing i np oo rr e pa i r . C ompa r i son w i th t h e i n ven to ry o fS i r T homa s B u t le r , e i gh t y ea r s e a r l ie r a ppea r s t os ugg e s t t h a t t h e n ew w o rk h ad b een c a r r ied o u t w i th in t h i s s ho r t s pa ce o ft i me . We a r ea wa r et h a tt h eE a r lh ad m ad ea l t e ra t ion st o t h e c a s t l e a t K en i lwo r th b ef o r e 1 575 ( Thomp son 1 987 , 1 32 )a nd , p e rhap s , h e w a sr e spon s ib l e f o rm oder n i s ing t h e a c commoda t ion a t B ew sey a f t e r h e f i na l ly a cqu i r ed t h e e s ta t e i n1 584 ( D ick in son 1 986 ) . A s ' my L o rd D ud ley ' i t w a s p r obab ly t h e E a r l ' s i l eg i t ima t e s on , R obe r t , w ho 1 35

At owe r a tt h e n on -moa t ed A ugh ton H a l l s e em s t oh ave b een s ub s tan t ia l . K nown o n ly f r om t h e e v idence o f al a te 1 6 th -cen tu ry m ap , i ts e em st oh ave b een t h r ee s t o r ey sh i gh a nd p o s s ib ly b u i l t o fs t on e . I t s a ppa r en t a t ta chmen t t ot h e g ab le o f at imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing s ugge s t st h a ti ta l so m ay h ave b een as o la rt ow e r( f ig 8 7 ) . A l though i tw a s p robab ly s t i l l s t and ing w hen t h e p l an w a s c r ea t ed , w e k now n o th ing o fi t sd a te o fc on s t ru c t ion o ri t s t r ue r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e r e s t o f t h e b u i ld ing . We k now f r om e xcava t ion t h a t t h e B ew sey 's c hambe r b l ock w a s a dded t o a n e x i s t ing t i mbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing ; p o s s ib ly t h e r e w a s a s im i la r s e quence o fc on s truc t ion a tA ugh ton H a l l .

F ig 8 7 :A ugh ton H a l l , 1 6 th c en tu ry ( r ep rodu ced f r om P RO MPC 2 4 ) . T he t owe rs eem st oh a ve b een at h ree s to rey b l ock a tt h ee a s te nd o f ar ang ew i th ap ro jec t ing p o rch S o la r t ow e r s a t ta ched t o e a r l ie r h a l l s s t a r t ed t o a ppea r d u r ing t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry 1 6 .T h ey a r e k nown f r om a w ide 1 6

D rP h i l ip D ixon 's a dv ic e a nd d i scu s s ion o n s o la rt owe r s , o n b u i ld ing s i n g ene ra l a nd o n B agu ley H a l l i n p a r t icu la r i s mo s t g ra tef u l ly a cknow ledg ed .

1 6S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t he e v idence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion a r ea o ft h e N o r th a nd M id land s , n o tab ly a s f a r a f i e ld a s S tok e say C a s t le , S h rop sh i re , L ong tho rpe T owe r , n ea r P e te rbo rough , T a t te r shal a nd K yme i n L inco ln sh i re , H alough ton i n No t t ingham sh i re a nd H a l ton C a s t le a nd E d l ingham i n Nor thumbe r land . S toke say i s s a id t o d a te f r om t h e e nd o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry (Wood 1 965 , 7 4n ) a nd L ong tho rpe i sd a ted t oc 1300 . T he o the r s w e re c on s t ruc ted s l igh t ly l a te r . A t E d l ingham t h e t owe r w a s a dded t o t h e e a r ly 1 4 th -cen tu ry h a l l i n t h e l a t te r y ea r s o f t h e s ame c en tu ry a nd t h e s t one -bu i l t h a l l a tH a l ton w a s a ugmen ted b y at owe r p e rhap s n o t e a r l ie r t han 1 390 1407 . A l though s ome e l emen t o f p ro tec t ion a ga in s t t h e S co t s m igh t b e a s sumed a t H a l ton C a s t le , c l ea r ly i t w a s n o t a s e lf -con ta ined t owe rhou se a nd i t s f unc t ion i ss e en mo re p rope r ly i nt h ep rov i s ion o fp r iva te a ccommoda t ion ( Bo rne &D ixon 1 978 , 1 36 , 1 38 ) .

1 964 , 1 36 138 ) . I n t h i s t h e r e a r e s ome s im i la r i t ie s w i th S peke H a l l , ab u i ld ing n ow k nown t oh ave b een r a i sed i n m any p ha se s b e tween 1 530 -1598 b u t s e to n o ro v e re a r l ie r s t ruc tu re s . T he p rec i se n a tu re o ft h e se , h owev e r , h a s n o t b een e s tab l i shed .

F ig 8 8 : T u r ton T owe r , c 1822 -1824 ( r ep roduced f r om P h i l ip s 1 893 ,f a c ing p8 9 )

F ig 9 0 : P lan o fT u r ton T owe r( ba sed F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911a ,2 77 ; ' mode rn ' w o rk h a sb een e xc luded ;p ha s ing i sa ss ugge s ted i n1 911)

F ig 8 9 : T u r ton T owe r , c 1844 ( r ep roduced f r om F a r re r & B rownb i l le d s 1 911a , f a c ing p2 74 ) T owe rb u i ld ing i nt h e Me r sey r eg ion i sn o tu nknown i nt h e e a r ly c en tu r ie s f o l low ing t h e C onque s t . F ounda t ion s f o r a s t one t owe r h ave b een r e co rded a tB agu ley H a l l a nd may b e a se a r ly a st h e 1 12 th c en tu ry i nd a te . H e re , h oweve r , t h e t owe r h ad b een r ep laced b y ac hambe r i nt h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry t hough t h i s w a s s ub sequen t ly d emo l i shed . T he t imbe r -f ramed h a l l a tB agu ley d a t e s a l so f r om t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry a nd i sr ema rkab le f o r t h e p l ank l ike n a tu re o fi t s ma in s t ruc tu ra l t imbe r p o s t s a nd w a l l p l a t e s w h ich r e su l t i nw a l l s n o mo re t han 7 i n che s t h ick ( Sm i th 1 36

T u r ton T owe r , n ea r B o l ton , a l so h a s at h r ee s to reyed , s qua re s t one t owe r ( f ig s 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 0 ) . T he b u i ld ing i s s uppo sed t o d a te f r om 101 a nd t o h ave b een g r an ted a l i cence t o c r ene l la te t hough t h i s w a s n o t n o t ed i n t h e V ic to r ia C oun ty H i s to ry a nd t h e c omp i le r s o ft h e m ano r ia l h i s to ry o fT u r ton w e re d oub tf u lw he the rt h ee a r l ie s tp a r to f t h e t owe r c ou ld h ave b een b u i l t b ef o re t h e f i r s tp a r t o ft h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . I tw a sr ebu i l ta tl e a s t , i np a r t , i n1 596 ( F r ench 1 893 ) . Ad e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion h a sb een p ub l i sh ed ( Fa r re r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 911a , 2 75 -278 ) a nd i lu s t ra t ion s s how c on s ide rab le d if e r ence s b e tween t h e b u i ld ing d ep ic ted b y P h i l ip s a nd t h e a ppea rance o ft h e p l ace a f t e r ap rog ramme o fr ebu i ld ing b e tween 1 835 1844 . T he r ew a s n o i n d ica t ion t h a t t h e t owe r h ad e ve r b een l a rge r t h an i ss hown ; i t s o ve ra l l d imen s ion s a r e 4 5 ' x2 8 ' ( c 14m x 8 . 5m ) a nd t h e w al sw e re 4 't h ick .

S tand ing s t ruc ture sa nd t h ee v id ence o fb u i ld ing sf rom e xcava t ion -1 6

I th a sb een a s sum ed t h a tt h e o r ig ina l s t ru c tu r e c omp r i sed a s i ng le ' p ee l ' t ow e rw i th w ood en b u i ld ing s a d jo in ing . S i nce t h e re i se v id ence f o r w indow s o n t h e n o r th e l eva t ion , b y t h ep an t ry d oo ra nd a tf i r s tf l oo rl e v e l( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 911a , 2 76 ) , i ts e em s mo r e l i k e ly t h a t t h e t ow e r w a s f r ee s tand ing . I th ad a g a rde robe s h af t i nt h e n o r th -w e s t c or n e r . T he t o ps t o r ey o ft h et ow e rh ad a l r eady b een r e bu i l t i nt h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry , p robab ly a tt h e d a t e s ugg e s t ed b y F r en ch w ho a ppea r s t o h ave t a k en i tf r om C amd en . T h e c r o s s r a ng e i sc r u ck -f r am ed w i th a n a bu t t ing p a s sage , t h e w ho le c on s ide r ed t ob e o fe a r ly 1 6 th cen tu ry d a t e . A tl e a s t o ne f u l l t r u s s s u rv ive s a nd , t h ough c on cea led w i th in t h e w a l l so nt h eg r ound f l oo r , i se xpo sed a tf i r s tf l oo rl e ve l ;t h e d i v id ing w a l l s s hown o n t h e p l an ( f ig 9 0 ) h av e b een r emoved . T he a dd i t ion o f ar a nge a t ac u r iou sa ng le t ot h en o r th -ea s t p rov id ed s om e s emb lance o f ab u i ld ing s e t a r ound t wo s i d e so f ac ou r tya rd . H ow eve r ,t h es t r ang ea l ignmen to ft h e c r uck -f ramed r a ng e , t o ge the r w i th t h e e v id en ce t h a t t h e t owe rw a sa ppa r en t ly f r ee s tand ing b eg sc on s ide ra t ion a st o w he the r T u r ton T ow e r d eve loped o n au n i t -p lan b a s i s . A l though i t i s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e 1 6 th -cen tu ry r a nge r e p la c ing a p r e -ex i s t ing s t ruc tu r e , S m i th w a s u nhappy a bou ti n c lud ing i ta mong s th ou se s o ft h i st y pe ( 1 970 , 1 80 ) . I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t T u r ton w a s h e ld i nc h ief b y t h e d e L a thom f am i ly o fL a thom f r om a tl e a s t a s e a r ly a s 1 2 12 a nd t h a t i tw a s g r an t ed t ot h ej un io rb r an ch o ft h a t f am i ly w ho s e t t l ed a tT a rbock a nd w e r e c h ief l o rd s u n t i l a tl e a s t 1 420 w h en ap a r t i t ion o ft h e T u r ton e s ta t e s w a s m ad e o r e ven i n to t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11a , 2 73 -274 n 1 4 ) . W i th in t h e w id e sp r ead n e two rk o f e s ta te s h e ld b yt h eL a thom f am i ly o rt h e i rk i n sm en a nd s u cce s so r s w e f i nd , t h e r ef o r e , ag roup o f s i te s a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft ow e r s a tL a thom H ou se , L ive rpoo l T ow e r a nd T u r ton T ow e r ,a l lp robab ly i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . F rom a c on s id e rab ly e a r l i e r d a te , 1 229 -c 1238 , w e k now a l so o fa f am i ly l i nk b e tw een t h e o wne r s o fR adc l if f e t ow e r a nd t h e L a thom s ( Webb c d 1 970 , 7 9 -80 ) . P e rhap s t h i s p l a ce , t o o , s hou ld b e i n c lud ed w i th in t h e r e g iona l w eb o f t ow e r h ou se s ; e ven t h e r e la t ive ly h umb le , s qua r e b r ick s t ru c tu r e a t Ma r t in H a l lw a so wned b yt h eE a r l so fD e rby i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry .

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p la tf orm a rea n o t e s tab l i shed B ank H a l l B ly the H a l l B i rch ley H a l l B lack leyhu r s t B ruche H a l l B ruche H a l l B y rom H a l l C haddock H a l l C lewor th H a l l C ro sby H a l l C ro s sH a l l C u lche th H a l l F ur the r Mea rH ey G a r re tH a l l H aydock H ay f ie ld F a rm H awk ley H a l l H eye s F a rm H o lb rook H ou se H o lc rof tH a l l H ugh T a i lor ' s H u r ls ton H a l l I n ce B lunde l l H a l l B ig L ea G reen F a rm L yd ia te H a l l Ma r t in H a l l Me l l ing H ou se Me r r ida le F a rm Moa tL and s N ew ton H a l l O ld B rynn O ld H a l l O ld I n ce H a l l P ee l F a rm T he P e te P la t tB r idge Moa t P re sco tH a l l R a inh i l l Mano r F a rm R is ley H a l l S ca r isb r ick P a rk S t an ley G a te Wa lsh H a l l Wa lshemonshou se Wh i t t le H a l l W igan R ec to ry Wood H a l l

? *S

? *

? *S

7 *

? *S ? *

* D * S

7 7

2 2

1 9

6 3%

1 8%

1 6%

2 4

4

1 5

2 7

4 4

2 6

5

8

3 3

F o rt h ree s i te s ( 86 , 15 a nd 1 22 ) al o ca t ion h a s n o tb een c l ea r ly e s tab l ished . a )s t and ing s t ruc tu res o n p la tf orm s ; b ) s t and ing s t ruc tu re s o u t s ide p la tforms ; c ) emp ty p la tforms /no a s soc ia ted s t ruc tu re s ; S= b u i ld ing s t i l l s urv ive s a tt h is s i te ; D =b u i ld ing h a s b een d es t royed s i nce t he d a te o ft h e map . D a tes f o rs urveyed s i tes may b e t ho se s ugge s ted b yO rdnance S urvey i n spec to r s i nt h e 1 950s 1 960s a nd , t h erefo re , a r e n o tn ece ssar i ly s uppor ted b yr e cen te xam ina t ion .

T ab le 4 1b : E v idence f o rs t and ing s t ruc tu re sf r om m ap s , p ub l i shed o ru npub l i shed d ocumen t s , a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion o r b u i ld ing s u rvey

1 39

1 7 -D a t ing

Chap ter 1 7 Da t ing T he d a t e a tw h ich amoa t o r d i tched e nc lo su re m igh t h ave b een c r ea t ed i sn o t e a s i ly e s tab l i shed a nd a v a r ie ty o f f a c to r s -o ft e nu re , e conom ic c l ima te , a sp i ra t ion s t o s t a tu s o r ar e spon se t oc hang ing f a sh ion , n ew a s sa r t o rf unc t ion a l l h av e t h e i r p la ce i n t h e d i scu s s ion . F u r the r , w he the r mu l t ip le d i tche s a t s i te s s uch a s B ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) , B icke r shaw H a l l( 6 ) , O ld H u t t( 65 ) a nd H opeca r rH a l l( 36 ) w e r et h ep roduc to f as i ng le , s u s ta in ed p e r iod o fa c t iv i ty o r w e r e a n o rgan ic d eve lopmen t o ve rt ime , w i l l p e rhap s o n ly b e c onf i rmed b yr i go rou s a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion . We k now t h a t s ou th -we s t L anca sh i re , ap redom inan t ly l ow l y ing a r ea , w a s n o to r iou s ly i l -d ra ined t h roughou t much o f t h e r eg ion a nd t h a td i tch d igg ing w a s an a tu ra lr e spon se t o a t temp t st ob r ing l a nd i n to c u l t iva t ion . T he d eve lopmen to f s e t t lemen t w i th in mo re h eav i ly w ooded a r ea s a nd o n m a rg ina lm o s s land s i sa l so l i ke ly t oh ave r e su l ted i nd i tch d igg ing t om a rk t h e b ound s o f an ew a s sa r t o r a s s i s t w i th d ra inage . C on sequen t ly , i ti so f t en d if i cu l t t o d i s t ingu i sh b e tween d i tched e nc lo su re s c r ea ted i nt h e i mmed ia te p o s t C onque s t p e r iod a nd t ho se w h ich r ep re sen t a l a te r e xpan s ion o fs e t t lemen ti n to t h em a rg ina l a r ea s . T he re h a s , s o f a r ,b een n oa t temp tt or e la te d i tched f i e ld b ounda r ie st o t h eu nd e r ly ing d r if tg eo logy a nd t h ev a ry ing s o i lc ond i t ion s t hough i t m igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h e l o ng , s t ra igh t b ounda r ie s f ound i nm any o ft h e mo s s land a r ea s a r e l i ke ly t o b e o fp o s t -med ieva l o r mo re r e cen t d a te ( p 4 ) . B u t w e k now t h a t t h e l a nd scape w a s ad ynam ic c ommod i ty a nd t ha tv i s ib le i n d ica to r sf o rs e t t lemen ta nd l a nd u se m ay ma sk e a r l ie r p r a c t ice s . A l though w e h ave s e en a r ema rkab le s u rv iva l o f d we l l ing h ou se s a nd moa ted e nc lo su re s , s ome t ime su n t i lt h ep re sen td ay , w e s t i l l k now f a rt oo l i t t le a bou tt h e i rc h rono log ica l d eve lopmen ta nd mo re o f t en t h an n o t h ou se s a nd o t he r a nc i l la ry s t ruc tu re s t e l l u s n o th ing a bou t t h e d a te o f t h e i r moa ted e nc lo su re s . A l though t h e r eve tm en tw a l l a l ong t h ew e s ta nd n o r th s i de s o ft h e h ou se a t S pek e H a l l ( 85 ) mu s t b e d i rec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e moa t , w e k now t h a t t h e n or th c or n e r o f t h e w e s t r ange o ve r lay a ne a r l ie rd i tch ( H igg in s 1 992 )a nd i t s c on s t ruc t ion i nt h e m idd le d ecade s o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry mu s t , t h e r ef o re , d emon s t ra t e s ome r eo rgan i sa t ion o ft h e s i te ( Lew i s 1 998 , w o rk i np rog re s s ) . S im i la r ly , i tm igh tb e s uppo sed t h a t t h e b u i ld ing sa tB o ld O ld H a l l( 10 )w e r es e ta round t h e e dge o f t h e moa t b u t t h i s d oe s n o t c onf i rm t h a t t h e moa t a nd b u i ld ing sw e r e c r ea ted a tt h e s ame t ime . E xcava t ion o ft h e b r idg e s a tB ew sey O ld H a l l ( 4 ) a nd S ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) d id n o ts upp ly ac on s truc t ion d a te ; a l lw ec an s ay i st h a tt h e b r idge s c an h a rd ly a n teda te t h e moa t s b u t t h a t t h ey w e re n o tn ece s sa r i ly ap r ima ry f e a tu re .

p o s t q uem f o r s uch w o rk s . I tm igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h e ma jor i ty o fp er iphe ra l s i te s w e r e o n m a rg ina l l a nd b rough t i n to c u l t iva t ion f o l low ing t h e c r ea t ion o ft h e m ino r e s ta te s o n w h ich t h ey o ccu r . We k now t h a t , a s a n o u tpo s t o ft h e C rown a nd s ub sequ en t ly h e ld a s t h e H ono r o r D uchy o f L anca s te r ,t h er eg ion w a sh e ld i ns uch am anne rt h a t , i nt h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry , J ohn c ou ld a c t q u i te a r b i t ra r i ly w i thou t r e f e r ence t ot h eg ove rnmen t( Poo le 1 954 , 3 48 ) . H i s c ha r te r o f 189 1190 , c onf i rmed b y H en ry I I i n 1 228 -1229 , h ad o pened t h e w ay f o r f r ee a s sar t b y t h e k n igh t s , t h ane s a nd f r eemen w i th in t h e R oya l F o re s t . T he G r ea t I nqu e s t o f 1 212 c l ea r ly s how s t h a t many v i l l s w e r e a l ready s ub d iv ided i n to s ma l le s ta te s( t ab le 4 3 ) . B yt h e s ame t oken ,t h e S t a tu te o f Q u ia Emp tore s ( 1289 -1290 ) a bo l i shed s ub i n f euda t ion a nd p reven ted t h e f u tu re c r ea t ion o f m ano r s a nd i tm igh t b e a s sumed t h a t e s ta te s c r ea ted a f t e rt h i s d a te w e r e , mo r e u sua l ly , n on -mano r ia l . H oweve r , w e h ave a l ready e ncoun te red d if i cu l t ie s i n c omp rehend ing t h e d i s t inc t ion b e tween s i te s a nd e s ta te s o fm ano r ia l a nd n on m ano r ia l s t a tu s ( chap te r 1 3 ) a nd h ave s e en t h a t t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween d eme sne h o ld ing s a nd p e r iphe ra l s i te s i nv i l l ss u ch a sB o ld a nd C u lche th i sd i s t inc t ly o paque . We h ave a l so f o und t h a ts ome v i l l sd i dn o th ave m ano r ia ls t a tu s i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry w hen , i nd e sc r ib ing t h e h o ld ing s o ft h e D uke o fL anca s te r , t h e t e rm s ' t enemen t s ' a nd ' t own ' w e r e u sed , o rt h e l a nd a s se s smen t w a s g i ven s imp ly i nc a ruca te s w i thou t s pec if i c r e f e rence t o am ano r ( t ab le 1 3 ) . E ven t h e h o ld ing s o f R icha rd Mo lyneux i n S ef ton a nd S i r R obe r t L ang ton i nN ew ton w e r e d e sc r ibed a s ' t enemen t s ' t h ough e ach h e ld h i s e s ta t e s a sp r inc ipa l t e nan t b y k n igh t s e rv ice . T he moa ta tS ef ton O ld H a l l( 83 ) w a s p robab ly e s tab l i shed b y t h i s t ime b u t , t hough w e k now L ang ton w a s g i ven a l i cence t o c r ene l la te i n 1 341 , w e k now n o th ing o f t h e N ew ton H a l l 's ( 6 1 ) moa tu n t i lt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . p r e 1 300

1 4C

1 5C

1 6C

1 7C

1 8C

? 4 ( 3% )

? 3 ( 2% )

8 ( 6% )

2 ( 1% )

6 ( 5% )

( 6% )

8

1 9C

2 0C

8 2 ( 6 7% )

9 ( 7% )

T ab le 4 2 : D a te sf o rt h e e a r l ie s tk nown e x i s tence o fm oa t ed a nd d i tched e nc lo su re s F ew s i te s( 12% )h ave p roduced c l ea rd a t ing e v idence , f r om w ha teve rs ou rce o fi n f o rma t ion , f o rt h e e x i s t ence o f moa t s , n eve rm ind t h e i r c r ea t ion , i nt h e p er iod b ef o re 1 500 ( t ab le 4 2 ) . A rguab ly , v e ry a rguab ly ,t h ee a r l ie s tw a sa tS ef ton O ld H a l l ( 83 ) w he re e xcava t ion s i n d ica ted t h a t t h e r e m ay h ave b een ar ow o fs ma l l p o s tho le s a l ong t h e ' i nne r e dge o ft h e moa t ' ;t h e se w e re s a id t oh ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th p o t t e ry d a ted t ot h e 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd o the r ma ter ia l f r om t h e m oa t p la tf o rm i sb e l ieved t o h ave b een o f 1 4 th -cen tu ry d a te

We h ave a l r eady s e en ( t ab le 2 8 ) t h a t mo s t moa ted s i te s o r d i tched e nc lo su re s ( 72% ) l a y i nt h e p e r iphe ra l a r ea s o ft h e v i l l s . U s ing t h e C a ta logue s umma r ie s w e c an i d en t if y t h e d a te s b y w h ich s ome m ino r e s ta te s h ad b een g ran ted o u t a nd p o s tu la t e t h a tt h e f r eeho ld n a tu r e o ft h e i rt e nu re c ou ld h ave a lowed t h e c r ea t ion o f a moa ted s i te . H oweve r , w h i l s t s u ch a na ly s i s a l low s s pecu la t ion a bou t t h e c i rcum s tance s u nde r w h ich t h ey m igh t h ave b een e s tab l i shed i td oe s n o mo re t h an p rov ide al i ke ly t e rm inu s

( Lew i s 1 981a ) . B u t t h e l o s s o f mo s t o f t h e f i nd s a nd e xcava t ion r e co rd s c a s t d oub t o n t h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e e v idence . Two moa t s , C ro sby H a l l ( 18 ) a nd o ne o f t h e I n ce in -Makerf ie ld s i te s ( 59 o r 7 1 ) c an b e a s s igned t ot h e l a t te ry ea r so ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry o nt h e b a s i s o fd ocumen ta ry i n f o rma t ion a nd e xcava t ion h a s s ugge s ted as im i la rd a te f o r t h e moa t a tO ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 ) . Moa t s a tL ove l ' s H a l l 1 40

Dating-17

(46) and one of the five Haydock sites, possibly Haydock Hall (J 14), were in existence by the early 14th century when they were respectively inferred or recorded in the survey of lands belonging to Sir Robert de Holland. Occupation at Wright's Moat (98) and Old Hutt (65) has been indicated by pottery of 13th-15th centuries but the excavations failed to demonstrate that any structures of this period were directly contemporary with moated enclosures. A clay level found over the medieval kitchen at Old Hutt may have been derived from the moat ditch but it contained pottery consistent with rebuilding of the kitchen in the 15th or 16th century (Wrathmell 1992). A medieval moat at Speke Hall (85) has been inferred from excavation of levels beneath the 16th-century west range. This showed a ditch containing fragments of building and occupation debris,' metalwork and pottery which indicated that the ditch had been filled in the 15th century (Higgins 1992).

century, we must use this data with caution. All the same, Lovel's Hall (46) and Old Hutt (65) were established on the Crown's estates in Halewood before 1500 and we may suppose that there was little to prevent the medieval creation of moated sites on such lands. The same might be supposed for other forms of tenure. By 1466 we know of four moated sites in Haydock. Here the vill was held in thanage in 1212 an� by the 14th century, at least part of it was held by the Holland family though the tenurial relationship between the de Haydock and Holland families is still not clear. We can be fairly certain that at least one member of the de Haydock family lived in the township in the 14th century and that most, if not all, of the remainder of the vill passed to the Legh family from the Haydocks. Although the situation is still not fully understood it seems that, amongst the free-holding classes, the niceties of tenure did not restrict the creation of moated sites.

With five sites on the lands of Sir Peter Legh in 1466, three in Haydock (73, 115, 122), Bradley Old Hall, Burtonwood (12), and the Pele, Great Sankey (J 13), we know of moats in the mid-15th century. To these can be added Tanner's Farm, Culcheth (89) where excavation has shown that the moat was also dug in the same century on the site of an earlier building. The moat at Lathom House (44), known from Civil War records, may have been created by the first earl of Derby in the late 15th century. A moat at Bewsey Old Hall (4) is certainly known from a survey of 1587 but it had been created by 1436 when Isabel, widow of John Butler, was abducted. However, since the estate had passed to the Butler family and replaced their dwelling at Mote Hill in the 13th century, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the transfer of administration for the Warrington fee was accompanied by the creation of a moated site appropriate to their status. But archaeological excavation at Bewsey found that the construction of brick revetments around the inner bank of the moat and the creation of terraced gardens in the late 16th or 17th century had obliterated any dateable relationship between the moat and features on the moat platform. A deep, linear pit on the platform, however, contained silts indicative of running water and had been backfille� possibly at the end of the 14th century; it may represent evidence for an earlier moat prior to digging of the south ditch.

Aspirations to the physical trappings of social prestige might well have influenced the owners of estates to create ditched enclosures, an expensive and labour-consuming exercise, which would set the seal on their status in the neighbourhood. Under John's charter the principal tenants were treated favourably and their ability to make assarts may have been extended to freedom to create moated sites.. It has already been seen that the administrative centres of West Derby and Warrington may have been focused on ringworks (chapter 11) and it is not inconceivable that tenants of lesser status sought to emulate their social superiors. Consent for the creation of ditched and embanked enclosures might have been more easily forthcoming if it could be demonstrated that these lay on lands belonging to immediate tenants of the Honor or Duchy, the hereditary freemen or knights of the county. It has been· suggested that there is reason to believe that, as � France, the extent to which a private castle might be surrounded by ditches and banks was limited by feudal custom. The 'Laws of Henry I' appear to have included those of creating castellacio trium scannorum 1 as well as crimes of treason, murder and arson over which the king alone had jurisdiction (Colvin 1963, 33-34). Whilst the status of West Derby Castle and Mote Hill, Warrington seems to be without question, a triple bank, or double ditch, might well have been seen by the more influential Lancastrian landholders as a stamp of royal favour. It is not inconceivable, though entirely unsupported by dateable evidence, that the enclosures at the Old Hutt (65), in the royal forest at Halewoo� at Bickershaw (6) in the fee farm vill of Abram (though this appears to have been an estate granted in frankalmoign to Cockersand Abbey) and on the thanage holding at Hopecarr Hall (36) in Bedfor� fell into this category of high-status estates. The estimated overall dimensions of these sites (c27,600m2, 15200m2 and cl8,000m2 respectively) place them amongst the more extensive in the region and considerably larger than the known evidence for West Derby Castle (c5,547m2) and Mote Hill, Warrington (cll,84lm2). Their very size perhaps argues for a date of construction when the status of West Derby Castle and Mote Hill was in decline and the owners of free estates might have been creating their own

Documentary sources for the 16th century provide evidence for moats at Bold Old Hall (J 0) and Morleys (54). A group of sites, Bank Hall (3), Huyton Hey (37), Blythe Hall (JO 1), Wigan Rectory (94p of'sites, Bank Hall (3), Huyton Hey (37), Blythe Hall (101), Wigan Rectory (94) and, probably, St. Michael's House (87) and Newton Hall (61) were in existence in the 17th century though the moat at Newton may have been dug when the licence to crenellate was obtained in 1341. But, even allowing for the problems of finding clear dates, we can see that the local evidence falls short of the estimated 50% of dated moats which may have originated in the 13th century (Clarke 1984, 54).

Tenure and status When the dating evidence is considered alongside that for villar or estate tenure there is little to distinguish between holdings in thanage or knight service (table 44). But, with a about 25% of our sites not recognisable until the 19th

1 L. scandere = to climb, mount, rise; by inference, therefore, jursidiction over the creation of banks or upcast as fortifications, the act of creating a bank resulting in excavation of a ditch.

141

1 7 -D a t ing s t a t em en t s o fs t a tu s . B y t h i s t i me , a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry o r e a r ly y ea r s o f t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , t h e mo r e f a sh ionab le g r an t ing o f al i cen ce t o c r ene l la t e , t a ken a l ong s id e J ohn ' s g r an t f o r f r ee a s sa r t a nd a f a sh ion f o r m ak ing g r an t s o f l a nd t o m ona s t ic h ou se s , m igh t h ave a l low ed a g r ea t e r f r eedom f o r m oa t c on s t ru c t ion t o p e rm ea t et ot h en ex ts t ra tum o fs o c ie ty . T he g r adua le r o s ion o ft h rea ti mp l ied b ym oa tc on s t ruc t ion w ou ld , i nt i m e , a low t h e s ame p roce s s o f e mu la t ion o f t h e i rs o c ia l s u pe r io r s b ym o r e w ea l thy f r eeho ld e r s o nt h e i r s ma l l , p e r iphe ra l e s t a t e s . As o c ia l a nd e conom ic h i e ra r chy o f d a ted m oa t s m igh t t h u s b e p o s tu la t ed a nd u sed a s a mod e l o n w h ich d a t ing o fo t he r s i t e s m igh t b e a t t emp ted . F o re xamp le , i nt h et h anage v i l lo fB o ld , a tl e a s to ne e s ta t e h ad b een g r an t ed o u t b y 1 2 12 , p o s s ib ly t ot h e a n ce s to r o f G i lb e r t d e H aydock w ho h e ld C ran shaw H a l l ( 17 )i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry t h ough , o nt h ee v id ence o ft h eL egh S u rv ey o f 1 466 , i ts e em s u n l ik e ly t h a t i tw a s m oa t ed e v en b y t h i s d a t e .C u lch e th w a sd i v id ed b e tw een f ou ri n f an th e i r e s se si n c 1246 . T h ey w e r e m a r r ied t ot h e f o u r s on s o ft h e l o rd o f H ind ley a nd m oa ted s i t e s c an b e f o und o n t h r ee o ft h e i r e s ta t e s , C u lch e th H a l l ( 20 ) , O ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 ) , R i s ley H a l l ( 7 9 ) a nd p o s s ib ly a t af o u r th , H o lc rof t H a l l ( 3 4 ) . A t O ld A bbey F a rm t h ough am ona s t ic a s soc ia t ion m igh t b e e xpec t ed n on e s o f a r h a s b een f ound a mong s t t h e w r i t ten s ou r ce s2;m o r e l i ke ly , i ts e em st h a tt h e n ame i st a ken f r om t h e t r ee n am e a be l e , t h e w h i t e p op la r t ow h ich t h e mo s sy t o pog raphy w ou ld b ew e l ls u i t ed .R ecen te x cava t ion s3h av e p rodu ced e v id ence f o r as ub s tan t ia l w ood en b r idg e a c ro s s t h em oa ta nd h av e s hown t h a tt h i s w a s r e p la ced b y as t on e b r idg e i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd , f ma l ly , b y ac au seway . T hough t h er e su l t s o fd end roch rono log ica l s amp l ing o ft h e b r idg e t i mbe r s a r e s t i l l a wa i ted , r e -u sed t imbe r s w i th a f e l l ing d a t e a f t e r 1 26 1 w e r e r e cove r ed f r om t h e h ou se . C lea r ly , t h e p l a ce w a s o ccup ied , i fn o t m oa t ed , i n t h e m idd le y ea r s o f t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd i ts e em s t h a t , i n C u l ch e th i fn o t e l sewhe r e , i mpo s i t ion o fk n igh t s e rv ice o n e a r l i e rt h anag et e nu r ew a sn or e s t r ic t ion t od i v ide av i l li n to s ma l le s ta t e so nw h ich m oa ted s i t e sb ecam ee s tab l i shed . We h ave a l so s e en i n d ica t ion s o f an e two rk o f f am i ly i n f lu en ce sw h ich m ay h ave s om eb ea r ing o nm oa tc r ea t ion . H ow ev e r , i nt h e a b sen ce o fu n equ ivoca l d a teab le f e a tu r e s w ec anno ts a yw he th e rm oa tc on s t ru c t ion i nC u lche th w a sa d ev e lopmen t i n f luenced f r om H ind ley ; w e c anno t b e s u r e t h a tm oa t s o n G i lbe r t d e H aydo ck ' s e s ta te s i nB u r tonwood a nd B o ld w e r e c r ea t ed i n i m i ta t ion o f t h e 1 4 th -cen tu ry m oa t w h ich w e b e l ieve e x i s ted a tH aydock H a l l . We h ave f o und c ompa rab le e v id ence f o rm oa t ed s i t e so nt h eL a thom e s ta t e s i nL a thom a nd T a rbock a nd h av e s e en t h a t c ad e t b ran ch e s o ft h e i r f am i ly w e r e i np o s se s s ion o f e s ta te s a t H uy ton , K now s ley a nd B i l l ing eb u tw e a r e s t i l l a t al o s st o d i s ce rn t h ec h rono log ica ls equ ence o fd eve lopm en t .

T he P ee l s Moa t ed s i t e s r e p r e sen t ing c l ea ran ce m ay , p e rhap s , b e r e p r e sen t ed b y t h e s e ven w h ich b ea r t h e n ame ' P ee l ' ( 70 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 5 , 1 06 , 13 ) t h ough t h e f i e ld n ame h a s a l so b een f o und a tL yd ia t e , H a lewood , T a rbock a nd T y ld e s ley 2

3

w he r e t h e r e i sn o k nown a s soc ia t ion w i th moa t s ( f ig 4 ) . T h e m oa t ed s i t e a tP ee l H ou se , A pp le ton ( 72 ) , m ay h av e e x i s t ed i na s soc ia t ion w i th t h e p a rk a nd v a cca ry i n 1 307 a nd P i e le H a l l , H aydock ( 73 ) a nd t h e P e le , G r ea t S ank ey ( 1 13 ) w e r e a s soc ia t ed w i th f e nced d i t ch e s i n 1 466 . T he n am eP ee lC rof ti sg i ven t o af i e ld a d ja cen tt oB ru che H a l l , H aydock ( 1 4 ) as i te w h ich d id n o t h ave af e n ced d i t ch i n 1 466 t h ough t h eh a l l s e em s t oh av eb een a s soc ia ted w i th a m oa to rd i t ched e n c lo su r e a t al a t e rd a t e . Ag roup o fP ee l n amed e n c lo su r e s i n B o ld m ay b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p o s s ib le m oa t a tF u r the r Mea r H ey ( 1 17 ) . We c an s ugg e s t t h a ts u ch n ame sr e p re sen t a s sa r ta nd d ev e lopmen t , p e rhap s o f w ood land r a the r t h an t h e m o s se s , b u t i t i s q u i t e i mpo s s ib le t o p l a ce t h i s i n a ny c h rono log ica l s e qu ence a s so c ia t ed w i th c r ea t ion o ft h e m oa ta tB o ld O ld H a l l ( 10 ) o ra ny o ft h eo t he r moa ted s i t e s i nB o ld . T he i d en t if i ca t ion o fP e e l H a l l ( 7 1 ) b y H awke s ( 1 937 , 6 4 -65 ) a s am oa t ed e n c lo su r e i n1 300 i sq ue s t ionab le . We k now t h a t am oa t ed s i t ei nh i ce in -Mak e rf i e ld b e longed t oH en ry d eC h i ld r e sa t t h i sd a t e . We a l so k now t h a ti n1 3 32 J ohn , s on o fH en ry d e C h i ld r e s , a nd T homa s d e C h i ld r e s e a ch c on t r ibu t ed 1 2d t o t h eL ay S ub s idy a nd t wo m embe r so ft h a tf am i ly r e s id en ti n t h e v i l l s e em s t o b e i n d ica ted . T ha t d e C h i ld r e s a c tua l ly h e ld P ee l H a l l i sn o t c onf i rmed , h owev e r , a nd t h e e s ta t e c ou ld b e o ne o ft h e o t he rt wo k nown moa ted e nc lo su r e s i n t h e v i l l . I ti so n ly w i th ad ocumen t d a t ed t o 1 671 t h a t w e h ea r o f at e nemen t c a l led P ee l D i t ch a nd a s sume t h a t t h i s w a s P ee l H a le . O n ly t wo P ee l -named m oa t s ( 72 , 7 3 ) a nd F u r th e r Mea rH ey ( 1 17 )l a yi nt h ec en t r eo ft h e i rr e spec t iv e t own sh ip s b u t w he the r t h i s c an b e t a k en a s e v id ence o f e a r ly c r ea t ion i su nce r ta in a nd o n ly F u r the r Mea r H ey s u rv iv e sf o ra r cha eo log ica ls t udy .

B u i ld ing s ,p ark sa nd f i shpond s I ft h e t e rm ' g a tehou se ' c an b e t a k en t oi n f e r t h e e x i s ten ce o fm oa t ed s i t e ,a nd t h ee v idence f o rt h i si sn o ta lway sc l ea r , t h en t h e n umbe r o f moa t s a t ak nown d a te m ay b e i n c r ea sed . H ow eve r , o f t en t h e w r i t ten r e co rd f o r s u ch s t ru c tu r e s i sv e ry l a te ( t ab le 4 7a ,b ) a nd i so fl i t t le h e lp i n o u r s e a r ch f o r d a t ing e v idence . B y t h e s ame t ok en , t h e g r an t ing o f l i cence s t o c r ene l la t e , e mpa rk o r h ave a n o r a to ry m ay ,p e rhap s ,b e a s soc ia t ed w i th ag ene ra lt r end t o s how s t a tu sw h ich c ou ld h ave g on eh and in -hand w i th m oa t d i gg ing . When t h i s i se xam ined m o r e c l o se ly , a l though o n ly 2 7% o ft h e s i te s may c once ivab ly b e l i nked t os u ch a c t iv i t ie s , w e s e e at e ndency f o rt h e i r o wne r s t oh av e s i t e s l o ca t ed m o r e c en t ra l ly w i th in t h e i r r e spec t ive t own sh ip s ( t ab le 4 5 ) . B u t , t h e r e a r e n o tab le e xcep t ion s a mong s t h i gh s t a tu s s i t e s , s u ch a s B ew sey O ld H a l l a nd L ove l ' s H a l l w h e r e w e k now o f p a rk s i n t h e 1 3 th a nd 1 4 th c en tu r ie s r e spe c t ive ly ,a nd w h ich l i eo nt h ev e ry m a rg in so ft h ev i l l s . T h e s amp le o fs i te s w he r e d ocum en ta ry e v iden ce m a t ch e s t h a t o fs e cu r e ly d a ted e xcava ted m a te r ia l i st o o s ma l l f o r a ny f i rm c onc lu s ion s t o b e m ad e a nd t h e r e a r e i n con s i s t en c ie s . F o r e xamp le , w e k now o f t h e m oa t a t C ro sby H a l l i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry , b u t e mpa rkmen t d i d n o t o ccu r u n t i l t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd , t h ough i n d ica t ive o f s t a tu s ,p a rk l i cence sc anno tt h em se lv e sb e t a ken t oi n d ica t e

4

Ia m g r a t ef u l t oP au l B oo th , D epa r tmen t o fH is to ry , T he U n ive r s i ty o f L ive rpoo lf o rd i scu s s ion o nt h is p o in t . B yL anca s t e rU n ive r s i ty A rcha eo log ica lU n i ti n1 995 .

1 42

T he c omp i le r s o ft h e moa ted h ou se s g az e t t ee r f o r G rea t e r Manche s te r f o l low H awke s ' p r em i se (Wa lke r &T inda l l e d s . 1 985 , 5 3 , 6 9 ) a nd n o t o n ly a c cede t o ac l a im t h a tt h e c r uck -f r ame a tP ee l H a l l d a te s f r om t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry b u ta l so t h a ti tw a s moa ted a tt ha tt ime .

Da t ing -1 7 b e s uppo r ted b y amoa t a tP enk e th H a l l . A l though b y t h e m id 16 th c en tu ry , a nd p robab ly e a r l ie r , t h e re w a s af r ee s t and ing c hape l o n t h e d em e sne a t L yd ia t e H a l l ( 48 )

t h e e x i s tence o f a moa t . T he g ran t t oR icha rd A sh ton o f P enke th ( G r ea tS ankey ) o f al i cence f o ra no ra to ry i n1 361 ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 11 n 9 ) d oe s n o t s e em t o T own sh ip N o . 1 6 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 9 2 3 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 3 5 4 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 6 0 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 7 0 7 2 7 7 8 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 4 8 6 8 7 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 3 9 5

T own sh ip

C er ta in

P robab le

A b ram A pp le ton A s t ley A sh ton in - Mak e rf i e ld A the r ton A ugh ton B edf o rd Bi c ke r s ta f f e Bi l ing e B o ld B u r tonwood C u lche th E cc le s ton F o rmby G o lbome G r ea tS ankey H a igh H a lewood H a l sa l l H aydock H ind ley H ough ton H u r l s ton H uy ton I n c eB lunde l l I n c e in - Make rf ie ld K i rkda le K now s ley L a thom L i t t le C ro sby L ive rpoo l L ow ton L yd ia t e Maghu l l Ma r t in Me l l ing N ew ton in - Mak e r f ie ld P embe r ton P enn ing ton P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead R a inf o rd R a inh i l l R ix ton w i th G lazeb rook S ef ton S peke S u t ton T a rbo ck T ho rn ton T y lde s ley w i th S hak e r ley U pho l land Wa l ton Wa r r ing ton We s tD e rby We s t le igh Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t W igan W in s tan ley

4 1 +C 2 4 1 2 2 2

2

P o s s ib le

Doub tf u l

2 5 2 5

1 1 4 5 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 C+C 2

1+C +C

1+C 1

1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

2 1

1

1

2

2

1+C 2 1 1 1 8 6

1 8

1 5

3

M in n oo ff reeho ld e s ta te si n1 212 2 n / i 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 3 n / i 4 1 3 2 n / i 2 1 1 2 3 4 n / i 1 1 2 1 1 4 3 r i l 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 2 n / i 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 2 4 n / i 3 1 1 n / i 9 7

T ab le 4 3 : A lphabe t ica l l i s t o ft own sh ip s w i th c a s t le s ( C ) , moa ted s i te s o r d i tched e nc lo su r e s t o ge the r w i th t h e m in imum n umbe ro ff r eeho ld e s ta te sw h ich c an b e i n f e r red f r om t h eG rea tS u rvey o f1 212 ( s ee f i g 1 f o rt own sh ip l o ca t ion ) p robab ly b e longed t ot h e W ind le H a l l e s ta te s . A l l w e c an s a f e ly s ay i st h a tt h ed a ted e v idence s ugge s t st h a to wne r so f c en t ra l ly -p laced s i te s t e nded t o a cqu i r e l i cence s f o r o ra to r ie s o rt oc r ea te p a rk s r a the r e a r l ie r t h an t ho se i nt h e p e r iphe ra la r ea s .

( D 'A rcy 1 990 ; L ew i s &O 'Han lon 1 990 ) i td oe s n o t s e em t h a t s uch s t ruc tu re s a r e r e l iab le p o in te r s f o r d a t ing o f moa t s . None h a s b een f ound i na s soc ia t ion w i th t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry c hape l a tR idga t e ( Ta rbock ) ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 51 n 3 ) , w h ich may i t se lf h ave h ad l i nk s w i th t h e 1 3 th -cen tu ry l e pe rh ou se (Webb e d . 1 970 pa s s im ) , o ra t W ind le w he r e ac hape l o fs im i la r d a t e t o t ha t a tL yd ia te 1 43

1 7 -Da t ing K t p r e 1 300 1 4C 1 5C 1 6C 1 7C 1 8C a f t e r 1 800 T o ta l s i t e s

8

1 0

1

2

3( 2% )

1 6 1 1 2 3 1

1 2 1 4 3 4 4

3( 2% ) 97% ) 2( 1% ) 6( 5% ) 8( 6% ) 9 1(74% )

4 3

5 8

1 3 3

7

4

4

E ar l ie s t d a ted e v id ence

C > 1300 1 4C 1 5C 1 6C 1 7C I 8C < 19C

1 22

p r e 1 300 1 300 1400 1 400 1500 1 500 1600 1 600 1700 1 700 1800

C

P

C

P

1

1

2

1 1

1

3

1 4

4

1 8

4

5

7

1 0

1 2 4 2 7

2

3 6

3

T o ta l

n o t k nown C

P

6

2 1 1 0

2 1 2 7

3( 2% ) 3( 2% ) 95 ( 7% ) 2( 2% ) 6( 5% ) 8( 7% ) 9 1 ( 7 5% )

8

1 5

3 1

1 22

1 2

1 1

1

1

T ab le 4 6 : E s t ima ted p la tf o rm a r ea ( m2)a nd e v idence f o rd a t ing l e s s , c on tempo ra ry a c t iv i t ie s t hough p o s t -med ieva l a nd i n du s t r ia l m i l l b u i ld ing m ay b lu r t h e s u rv iv ing e v idence a nd f ew o ft h e se s i te s s u rv ive t o t e s t t h e h ypo the s i s . A t E cc le s ton H a l l ( 22 )t wo w a te rm i l l s a t tached t ot h ee s ta te i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry m ay n o t b e t h e s ame a s aw a te rm i l l n ea r t h eh a l l i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry w h ich s e em st oh ave b een u sed a s ap ape rm i l l b y 1 811 . Af t e r a l l , B a s i l T homa s E cc le s ton w a s w e l l -known f o r h i s i n te re s t i n w a te r -managemen t , b e ing r e spon s ib le f o r a t temp t s t od ra in Ma r t in Me r e i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r 1 903 , 19 -122 ) , a nd h i s e f o r t s i n E cc le s ton t o c r ea te aw a t e r -powe red c o t ton m i l l i n 1 784 1 786 h ave b een r e co rded ( G lynn & Me red i th 1 98 1 , 3 9 ) . S ince h e a l so o wned S ca r i sb r ick H a l l , t h e m ed ieva l mona s t ic w a tenn i l l b e long ing t o B u r scough P r io ry (Webb e d . 1 970 , 2 27 ) , -p e rhap s t h e moa t a tt h e P a rk ( 8 1 ) o rO ld Wood ( 82 ) -c ou ld h av e f a l len p rey t o h i s p a s s ion f o r w a te r -powe r .

P e r iphe ra ls i te s a s soc ia ted w i th o ra tor ie s , c hape l sa nd p ark s 1( 4 ) 4( 46 , 6 3 , 8 5 , 9 5 ) 3( 48 , 6 0 , 7 6 ) 3( 83 , 4 7 , 5 4 ) 4( 2 , 8 ,5 8 , 10 )

2( 18 , 4 0 ) 1 8

< 1 ,000

1 , 000 5 , 000

C =c en t ra l ; P =p e r iphe ra l

T ab le 4 4 : K nown d a te so f moa ted s i te s a cco rd ing t oo ve ra l lv i i it e nu re ( s ee a l so t a b le 4 2 ) C en t ra ls i te s a s soc ia ted w i th o ra tor ie s ,c hape l sa nd p ark s 4( 68 , 7 2 , 9 0 , 1 20 ) 1 0 ( 7 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 2 2 , 3 8 , 4 3 , 4 4 , 5 1 , 6 1 , 14 ) 2( 28 , 8 1 )

P

5 , 000 1 0 ,000 C P 1

T o ta l s i t e s

C r =c r own ; T=t h anage ;K t =k n igh ts e rv ice ; R= r e c to r ia l ; M =m ona s t ic

E ar l ie s t d a ted e v id ence

> 10 ,000

1 5

T ab le 4 5 :O ra to r ie s ,c hape l sa nd p a rk sa cco rd ing t o l o ca t ion F ea tu r e s s uch a s f i shpond s a ppea r r a re ly i n t h e r e co rd s t hough t h a t n o ted a t B icke r s taf f e H a l l i n 1 400 ( 7 ) m ay , p e rhap s , b et a ken t oi n d ica te t h a tt h e re w a s amoa tb y t h i s d a te a nd w e k now o f av i va r ium i nt h e moa t , p robab ly a t H aydock H a l l , i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . Mo re f r equen t a r e m ed ieva l r e co rd s f o rw a te rm i l l s a nd , a t an umbe r o fs i te s , t h e d i t che s a ppea r t o b e d i rec t ly l i nked t o t h o se o f t h e m i l l s . H oweve r , t hough t h e d a te o f s uch m i l l s i sk nown f r om t h ed ocumen t s ,t ho se s hown o nt h et i the p l an sm ay b e l a te r c r ea t ion s . I tw ou ld a l so b e d ange rou s t oa s sume t h a t a l l t h e m i l l s l a y o n o r c l o se t o t h e moa t s . Af t e r a l l , o wne r sh ip o fm i l l si si n d ica t ive o ft h e o wne r 's s t a tu s r a the r t h an t h a t o ft h e o ccupan t b u t t h e re i ss ome p o ten t ia l h e r e f o r f u r the r r e sea rch a nd e x ten s ive managemen t o fd i t che s w h ich a lowed w a te rt ob eu sed b o th f o r moa t sa nd d r iv ing t h e m i l l m ach ine ry a ppea r s o cca s iona l ly t o b e i n d ica ted . O ne o ft wo w a te rm i l l s r e co rded i nS ef ton i n 1 568 ( Lew i s 1 982c , 8 8 ) i sp robab ly t h e s ame a s t h a t w h ich s u rv iv e s t oday b enea th t h e f l oo r o f a modem m i l l a nd i t s w a te rcou r se w a s , p robab ly , l i nked t o t h e moa t a t S ef ton O ld H a l l( 83 ) .

L oca t ion ,s i ze a nd f o rm A t T anne r ' s F a rm , C u lche th ( 89 ) , a nd S t . M ichae l ' s H ou se , S u t ton ( 87 ) , e xcava t ion h a ss hown moa tc on s t ru c t ion i nt h e 1 5 th a nd 1 8 th c en tu r ie s r e spec t ive ly . B o th s i t e s l i e i n p e r iphe ra l a r ea s a nd , a s s u ch , may p rov ide a m ode l o n w h ich a rgumen tt h a ts u ch s i te sa r eo fl a te c r ea t ion m igh tb e b a sed . T he a n swe r d oe s n o t , h oweve r , a ppea r t o b e s o s imp le . A l though H awke s may h ave b een w rong i n a s s ign ing t h e p e r iphe ra l moa t a t P ee l H a l l i n I n ce in Make rf ie ld ( 71 ) t o t h e d ocumen t o f 1 300 , t h e o t he r t wo s i te s i n t h a t v i l l a r e a l so i n p e r iphe ra l a r ea s . When t h e d a t ing e v idence i sc ompa r ed w i th t h a t f o r am oa t a tt h e c en t ra l s i te o fC ro sby H a l l i nc 1275 w e mu s t a ccep t t ha t moa tc r ea t ion w a sp robab ly t ot e nu r ia ls t a tu sa nd al o ca t ion o nt h ev i i ip e r iphe ry c ou ld r e su l tf r om p a r t ib le i n he r i tance . A na rgumen tf o rd a t ing moa t sb yt h e i rs i z e a nd f o rm i sa l so d if i cu l t t o s u s ta in ( t ab le 4 6 ) . A l though w e c an p robab ly a s s ign l a rge s i te s , s uch a sB ew sey O ld H a l l , O ld H u t t a nd L a thom H ou se t o t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry , i fn o t e a r l ie r , i ti s u nknown w he the rt h e i r e s t ima ted p l a tf o rm a r ea c ame f r om as i ng le p ha se o f moa t c on s t ruc t ion . W i th in t h e g roup o f s i te so ve r5 000m 2 f i ve c an b e d a ted t ot h em ed ieva lp e r iod , t h e r ema in ing t we lve b e ing k nown o n ly f r om 1 9 th -cen tu ry s ou r ce s . C onve r se ly , t h e moa t s a tO ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 ) , P ee l H a l l ( 71 ) , o f d ub iou s 1 3 th -cen tu ry c r ea t ion , a nd T anne r ' s F a rm ( 89 ) , o fn o e a r l ie rt h an t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry , a r e a mong s t t h e s ma l le s t i n t e rm s o f p l a tf o rm a r ea . T he

T he p rox im i ty o f aw a te rm i l lt oN ew ton H a l l ( 6 1 ) s ugg e s t s a s im i la r a s soc ia t ion a nd moa ted s i te s a t A sh ton i n Ma l c erf ie ld ( 58 , 8 8 ) , B i l l inge ( 8a nd p o s s ib ly 9 ) ,B o ld ( 10 ) , B u r tonwood ( 4 , 1 2 ) , C u lche th ( 34 ) , G o lbome ( 45 ) , H a igh ( 51 ) , H a lewood ( 46 ) , H ind ley ( 47 o r 7 4 ) , S peke ( 85 ) , T a rbock ( 90 ) a nd T y lde s ley ( 108 ) b ea r t h e s ame c ha rac te r i s t ic so fs ha r ing ac ommon w a te rcou r se . H oweve r , b y r e a son o ft h e i r t opog raph ie s t h e s i te s i nC u lche th a nd T y lde s ley mu s t b e c on s ide r ed d oub tf u l a s moa t ed e nc lo su r e s . I t s e em s r e a sonab le t o p o s tu la te t h a t m oa t d igg ing a nd m i l l c on s truc t ion c ou ld h ave b een , mo r e o r

5

1 44

T he s i z ea nd l o ca t ion o ft wo 1 5 th c en tu ry s i te si su nknown .

D a t ing 17 r e la t iv e ly l a rg e d oub le -p la tf o rm e nc lo su r e a tS tM icha e l ' s H ou se i sb o th l a t ei nd a t e( 17 th c en tu ry )a nd p e r iphe ra l .

An eed f or d ef ence? W i th t h ew ide sp r ead b r eak d own i nl aw a nd o r d e ri ns ou th L anca sh i r e i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry p e rhap s w e s hou ld s e a r ch f o rm oa tc on s t ru c t ion a s am ean s o fd ef ence a tt h a t t im e . T h e d ocumen ta ry e v idence o ft h e c ou r t h ea r ing s i n 1 324 ( Tup l ing 1 949 ) s how s t h a t ac on s ide r ab le n umbe r o f r e co rd ed c r im e s w e r e c omm i t t ed a ga in s t i n d iv idua l s o n w ho se h o ld ing s a m oa ted s i t e h a s b een i d en t if i ed ( Append ix X IV ) . F u r th e rmo r e , i ts e em s t h a t m any o ft h e m en i n d i c t ed f o r c r ime s w e r e a l so l i nk ed t o e s ta t e s o n w h i ch m oa t ed s i t e s o r d i t ched e nc lo su r e s a r e l o ca t ed . O f c ou r se t h i s c anno t b e t a k en a s d i r ec t e v id en ce f o r moa t c r ea t ion a sp ro t ec t ion a ga in s tv i o la to r s i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . T h el e ng th o ft im et od i g amoa ta nd ,p r e sumab ly ,t h en eed f o r as u s ta in ed a nd s upe rv i sed p e r iod o f c on s t ru c t ion m i l i ta t e s a ga in s t s u ch as ugge s t ion a s , i tw ou ld s e em , t h a t t h e p ro t agon i s t s w e r e f a r t o o h eav i ly i n vo lved i nc r im ina l a c t s a ga in s t t h e k i ng o rt h e i r l o ca l o pponen t s f o r t h em t o h ave s p en t m u ch t ime i nt h e o rgan i sa t ion o fs u ch w o rk . I t s ugge s t s , r a the r , t h a t m oa t s c ou ld a t l e a s t h av e p rov ided s ome s e cu r i ty i nt h e e v en t o fa t ta ck ; a l t e rna t iv e ly , amoa t m igh th av eg i ven s e cu r i ty t ot h ep ro tagon i s t st h em se lv e so r t h i rd ly ,t h a tm oa tc on s t ru c t ion m igh th av eb een c on s ide r ed aw i se a c tt od i scou rag ea t ta ck i nt h ef u tu r e . T h e l a ck o fe v id ence f o rd a t ing moa t c on s t ru c t ion l e ad s t o d i ff icu l ty i n p u r su ing t h e se a r gum en t s t o a ny f i rm c on c lu s ion s . We k now t h a t S i r R obe r t d e H o l land h ad a m oa ted s i t e a tL ov e l ' sH a l l i n1 324 . H i sr e la t iv e s a l so h e ld e s ta te s i nH aydock , G o lbome a nd S u t ton w he r e m oa t s a r e k nown b u t c anno t b e r e la ted w i th a ny c onf iden ce t o o ccupa t ion b y t h e H o l land s . B e tween 1 3 16 / 1317 1323 G a r swood , i nA sh ton in -Make rf i e ld , w a st h em e e t ing p l a ce o na tl e a s tt h r ee o cca s ion s o ft h e H o l land f a c t ion ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,7 5 -76 ) . I nt h e i rc ho ice o fG a r swood i ti st emp t ing t o i d en t if y t h e m ee t ing p l a ce w i th G a r swood O ld H a l l ( 38 ) b u t , a ga in , w e h av en o d a t e f o rt h i s moa t . A tt h i st i me , t h e f i v e T y ld e s ley b ro th e r s w e r e r e spon s ib le f o r c r ime s o f e x t r eme v i o lence ( Append ix X IV ) . T h e se i n c lud ed t h e m u rd e r o f ac l e rk a nd t h en t h row ing h i s b ody i n to t h e b u rn ing h ou se o f Ma rge ry d e Wo r s ley o f Wo r s ley ( Sa lf o rd h und r ed ) a nd t h en b r ib ing Ma rge ry w i th £ 10 t os t op h e r t a k ing a c t ion a ga in s tt h em ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 3 2 , 5 7 , 7 5 ) . N o t o n ly d i dR obe r td eH o l land p ay t h e£ 10 t op r ev en t Ma rge ry f r om b r ing ing a na c t ion a ga in s tt h em b u th ea l so h a rbou r ed t h e b ro th e r s a f t e r t h e c r ime . F ou r y ea r s l a t e r , i n 1 321 , C haddock H u r s t ( 1 11 ) i n T y lde s ley , h e ld b y H en ry a nd A d am d e T y lde s ley , w a s t h e s c en e o fa n a f f ray ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 3 1-32 ) . Mo r e t h an 3 6 m en a t ta ck ed t h e T y lde s ley s a nd t h e g roup i n c luded m en f r om b o th s i de s o f t h e H o l land /B rad shaw f a c t ion s . P robab ly ,t h ea t ta ck w a sa na c t o fr e v eng e f o r t h e T y ld e s ley o u t rag e a ga in s t Ma rg e ry d e Wo r s ley a nd A dam d e T y lde s ley w a s k i l l ed b y o n e o fh i s G a r swood c o -con sp i ra to r s . We k now o f t wo c e r ta in a nd t wo p o s s ib le m oa t ed s i t e sa tT y lde s ley , o n eo fw h ich w a sa t C haddock H a l l ( 1 11 ) , a nd i tm igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h e T y ld e s ley b ro the r s c a r r ied o u t t h e i r d r eadf u l a c t s i n t h e k now l edge t h a t t h e i r o wn h ome s w e r e r e la t iv e ly s e cu r e f r om a t ta ck .

1 45

S k i rm i she s , mu rde ra nd t h ef tw e r ew id e sp r ead a tt h i st ime . J ohn , s on o f R a lph d e B ick e r s taf f e , w a s k i l led b y S i r R icha rd d e H o l land , R obe r t d e H ind ley , W i l l iam d e H uy ton a nd o t he r s a t Wo lf a l l i nH uy ton i n 1 3 14 a nd S i r R a lph d eB i ck e r s taf f ed i ed f r om h i sw ound sa f t e ra na f f ray w i th t h eH o l land f a c t ion a tP r e s ton i n1 3 15 ( Tup l ing 1 949 , x l iv ,3 6 ) . T h ef tw a sr i f e .N o to n ly w e r ed ee rt a k en f r om t h e r oya l p a rk s a t T ox te th , U pho l land a nd S imon swood b y l a nd -own ing i n d iv idua l s a nd t h e i r m en , b u t s om e o f t h e l e ad ing f am i l ie s w e r e t a rg e t t ed . We h av e a l r eady h ea rd o f t h et h ef to fl i v e s tock f r om W i l l iam d eH o l l and i nH aydock a nd E l len o fT a rbock i n 1 3 15 ( c hap t e r 1 3 ) . I n 1 323 t h e h ou se o fJ ohn o fL anca s t e ro fR a inh i l l( 77 )w a sb rok en i n to a nd g ood s w o r th 2 0 s w e r e s t o len ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 3 6 ) . P o s s ib ly , h e w a s t h e J ohn o fL an ca s t e r w ho , a f t e r 1 322 , w a sr e spon s ib l e f o ra dm in i s t ra t ion o ft h e f o rf e i t ed l a nd s o f t h ee a r lo fL an ca s t e ra nd S i rR obe r td eH o l land . Men s u ch a st h e se c an a l b et r a ced t oe s ta t e sw h e r e moa t ed s i t e s a r e f o und b u t t h i s c anno t b e t a k en t os how t h a t t h e i r d w e l l ing s w e r e moa ted i n t h e e a r ly y ea r s o f t h e 1 4 th c en t u ry . H owev e r , i nC h e sh i r e , i n c r ea s ing l aw le s sn e s s a nd a s p i ra t ion s t os o c ia l p r e s t ige d u r ing t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry h av e b een s e en a s r e a son s f o r m oa t d i gg ing . S i r J ohn d e L egh ' s h ou se s a t B roadoak ( To rk ing ton ) , B oo th s ( Knu t sf o rd ) w e r e moa ted a tt h e t i me o fh i s d ea th i n1 355 . B o th B roadoak a nd Ma r tha l l ,w h ich m ay h ave b een a no the r L egh p rope r ty , h ave w id e m oa t s ( o ve r 1 5m ) w h ich c ou ld i n d ica t e an eed f o r d ef ence ( Ha r rop 1 983 ) . P e t e r L egh , w ho w a st om a r ry t h e d augh t e ro fG i lbe r td e H aydock a nd t h e r eby a cqu i r e m any e s ta te s i ns ou th L anca sh i r e , w a s a g r ea t -nephew o ft h i s S i r J ohn d e L egh . H i s f a th e r , P e t e r L egh I ,h ad a cqu i r ed B rad ley , a n e s ta t e w i th a m oa t ed h ou se i n A pp le ton ( Ch e sh i r e ) a nd w e k now t h a t t h e m e s suage h ad a' f i she ry i nt h e d i t ch ' i n1 3 54 . B u ti tw ou ld b e e n t i re ly s p ecu la t ive t o s ugg e s t t h a t P e t e r L egh I e x t end ed t h e p ra c t ice o f m oa t c on s t ruc t ion t o h i s L an ca sh i r ee s ta t e s . I ndeed , s i n ce w ek now t h a tt h e r ew a sa t l e a s t o ne m oa t i n H aydock i n 1 323 a nd o f l i cence s f o r o r a to r ie s i nH aydock a nd B r ad ley g r an t ed t ot h e H aydock f am i ly i n 1 387 , w e m ay s uppo se t h a t t h e H aydock s m igh t b eg i ven s om ec r ed i tf o rt h ec r ea t ion o fm oa t ed s i t e s . We c an f i nd r e a son s e nough f o r m oa t -c r ea t ion i nt h e 1 3 th a nd 1 4 th c en tu r ie s b u t , w i th t h e e x cep t ion o f t h e s ma l l n umbe r o f d a t ed e xamp le s , t h e e v idence i s mo s t ly c i r cum s tan t ia l a nd w e c an a dd b u t l i t t le u nd e r s tand ing t o t h e c h rono logy o f moa t c on s tr u c t ion . We c an s a y w h en m oa t s e x i s t ed a nd w e h ave f o und a t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk w h ich w a s , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , s ympa the t ic t ot h e i r c r ea t ion . We f i nd m oa t s i n a s soc ia t ion w i th f i shpond s a nd w a t enn i l l s ; w e s e e t h em o n i s o la t ed e s t a t e s a nd c l o se t o a r ea s o fs e t t lem en t . B u t , w i th t h e e x cep t ion o ft wo s i t e s o f l a t e m ed ieva l a nd p o s t -med ieva l d a t e , a lmo s t w i thou t e x cep t ion l o ca lr e sea r ch h a s f a i led t op rodu ce u n equ ivoca l e v idence e i the r f o r t h e d a te s a t w h ich t h e m oa t s w e r e c r ea t ed o r f o r s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip s w i th t h e d w e l l ing h ou se sw i th w h ich t h ey w e r ea s soc ia t ed .

1 7 -Da t ing

S i te , l o ca t ion & n ame

D a ted e v idence f o ra s soc ia ted b u i ld ing s

D a ted e v idence f o r

P l a t f o rm s

S o i ls

F ea tu re s a s soc ia ted w i th t h ee s ta te

moa t sa nd d i tches H a l l / t owe r / s o la r

G a te h ou se

O ra to ry

C hap e l

P a l isaded d i tch

Moa t

O ve ra l l p l a t f o rm a r ea ( m 2)

F i sh p ond

P a rk

Wa te r m i l l

c 122 1

c 1 189

c 1250

1 251

1 539

1 373 1 466

W ind m i l l

o ve rc I0 ,000m 2 6 5 3 6 4 4

P P

O ld H u t t H opeca r rH a l l

C

L a thom H ou se

1 5C > 1513

> 1644

? l5C > 1847 1 361

> 1644

1 368

> 1587

> 1644

c 27 ,600

D h

c 24 ,000 c 10 ,000

n / i S m

c 9 ,500 c 8 ,736

n / i

1 587

S p n / i

1 509

o ve r c5, 000m ` 4 2 7 2 2 1 2 5 6 3 8

P C C P P C

1 00 8 3 2 9 2 8 2 10

C P P P C P

3 5

P

2 4 2 6 2 5

P P C

16

P P

3 7 4 6 8 7

P P

B ew sey O ld H a l l H a lsa l lR ec to ry E cc les ton Ha l l B rad ley O ld H a l l Mos s ley H a l l

1 6C ? 15C

1 563 > 1720

> 1466

> 1466

G a r swood O ld H a l l A ugh ton R ec to ry S ef ton O ld H a l l

1 395 1 387

> 1587 > 1843 > 1700

> 1770 > 1466

> 1466

> 1838 > 1839

1 360

? < 14C

> 1769

H a rb reck H ou se B am f u r long H a l l O ld Wood

? 12C

> 1684

S hake r ley O l dH a l l _ o ve rc 4 ,000m ` H ome rG reen F a rm F o rmby H a l l

> 1841 > 1769 > 1846 > 1844 > 1960 > 1847 > 1845 > 1845 > 1847 > 1839

G eo rgeson 's F a rm G a r swood H a l l F a rm C romwe l l 's T rench

> 1848

H uy ton H ey L ove l ' sH a l l S t . M ichae l 's H ou se

> 1632 > 1324 1 7C

c 8 ,000 c 7250 c 7 ,200 c 6 ,650 c 6 ,300 c 5 ,600 c 5 ,460 c 5 ,400 c 5 ,278 c 5 ,200

S p D h S p

? 16 10

1 373

1 254

AH AH n / i

1 590

S p Sm B r

c 4 ,950 c 4 ,800

AH B S

c 4 ,550 c 4 ,500

D h S p

c 4 ,500 c 4 ,200 c 4 ,200 c 4 ,000

Sm n / i S p S p

1 3 18

? 1228

1 9C ? 16 10

1 322

1 285

o ve rc 3 ,000m2 1 0 12 8 0 9 5 7 4 3 4 9 9 0 5 1 4 7 5 3 1 04 6 7 9 1 2 8 1 7 1 20 I 6 0 2 3 4 5 8 5 9 7

C P P P C P P C C P P P P C C P P P P P P P C

B o ld O ld H a l l Much C ro f t R ix ton H a l l W in s tan ley Moa t B icke r s ta f f e H a l l L anz l ezHa l l F a rm

> 16 12

> 16 10

> 1582 > 1847

1 451 1 388 1 371 1 360

o ve rc 2 ,000m2 Mano rH ou se T a rbock H a l l Moa t /Dam Hou se L owe H a l l Moo rH a l l Maypo le H ou se S tE lph in 's R ec to ry T un s ted H ou se H a l ton C as t le C ran shaw H a l l O ld D a i ry B o l ton H ou se N ew H a l l E dge F a rm L i gh tshaw H a l l S peke H a l l

1 387

1 251

> 1537 > 15 17

? I36 1 ? 1758

1 531

1 598

1 367

c 3 ,500 c 3 , 149 c 3 0 00

> 1840 > 1769 > 1848 > 1839 > 1848 > 1844 > 170 1 > 1848

c 2 ,688 c 2 ,585 c 2 ,500 c 2 ,500 c 2 ,500 c 2 ,436 c 2 ,400 c 2 ,280

> 1846 > 1840 > 1982

c 2 ,250 c 2 ,200

> 1838 1 545< > 1848

> 1568

Wo r s lei H a l l

S p S p n / i S p Sm n / i

> 1840 > 1770 > 1847 > 1839

> 1844 > 1847 > 1769

1 554

c 3795 c 3 ,600 c 3 ,510

c 2 ,030 c 2 ,050 c 2 ,025 c 2 ,021 c 2 ,000 c 2 ,000 c 2 ,000

? I582 1 579 1 400

? 1590

1 228

1 6C

D h S p B r n / i AH S p n / i

1 251 1 322

n / i Sw S p S p

7 7

P

R a inh i l lH a l l F a rm

P C P P P C P

N ew B rynn . N ew H a l l S ef ton R ec to ry B a r row O ld H a l l H ighe rH ouse P a r sonage F a rm P ee lH a l l Mano r F a rm

P P

Mos sock H a l l Y ew T ree H ou se O ld Moa tH ou se B i cke r shaw H a l l

5 9 8 4 5 1 03 6 8 7 0 5 7 9 9 6 6 6 1 3 I 4 2 5 4 7 5

P P C P P P P

6 9 4 1

P P

B r ick H ouse A b ram H a l l O ld K ing na l l H a l l Mo r ley s P y le /U rm s ton i` t h ' Meadow s S andho le sF a rm T he C ou r t

1 5C

> 1629

> 1843

n d

> 1839 > 1841 > 1769 > 1812 > 1844 > 1846 > 1840 > 1847 ? 17C > 1840 > 1844 > 1847

7 1758

> 1562

T ab le 4 7a : A t t r ibu tes o f moa ted s i tes a nd d i tched e nc lo su re s

1 46

c 1 ,982 c 1 ,890 c 1 ,860 c 1 ,800 c 1 ,710 c 1 ,600 c 1 ,600 c 1 ,600 c 1 ,575 c 1 ,444 c 1 ,369 c 1 ,200

C l n / i

1 292

1 685

1 421

? 1345

1 715

1 352 c 1390

Sm S p S p n / i S p

> 1844 > 1840 > 1539 > 1847

c 1 ,225 c 1 ,200 c 1 ,200 c 1 ,200 c 1 ,200

S p D h

> 1846 > 1843

c 1 ,050 c 1 ,000

S p S p

S p S p

1 352 ? 1282 _

1 6 10

n / i AH S p S p n / i C l

? l3C

1 464

S p S p Sm S p Sm n / i

? 13C 1 58 1 1 687

o ve rc 1 ,000m 5 8

1 579

1 275

1 786

Da t ing 17 S i te , l o ca t ion & n ame

D a ted e v idence f o ra s soc ia ted b u i ld ing s H a l l / t owe r / s o la r

5 5

P

2 1 8 6 1 09 7 2 8 9 7 1 6 2 7 3 8 8 9 8

P ? P C P P

3

C C P P

9 1 4 1 6

P P P P P P

1 5 II 1 07 1 8 1 9

P P P C P

2 0 17 1 08 14 3 1 3 0 3 2 3 3 3 4

C C P C P P

1 0 1 8

1 22 18 4 0 5 2 4 8 1 05 5 0 19 1 02 6 1 6 3 6 4 3 9

C P P ? P C C P C P

1 06 13 7 4 7 6

P C C P C P P P P P

7 8

P

7 9

P

8 1

C P P ?

1 21 9 2 15 9 3 9 4 9 6

C C P

b e low c 1 ,000m2 Mos sbo rough H a l l C un scough H a l l S t rawbe r ry F a rm H ind ley H a l l P ee l H ou se T anne r sF a rm P ee lH a l l O ld A bbey F a rm P i e le H a l l

G a te h ou se

O ra to ry

C hape l

D a ted e v idence f o r moa t sa nd d i tches P a l isaded d i tch

c 972 c 950

> 1868 > 1848 > 1808 > 15C

c 925 c 900 c 750 c 750

> 1466 > 1839 > 1843

p la tf orm a rea n o t e s tab l i shed B ank H a l l B ly the H a l l B i rch ley H a l l

1 754 1 7C

B lack leyhu r s t B ruche H a l l Bn iche H a l l B y rom H a l l C haddo ck H a l l C lewo r th H a l l C ro sby H a l l C ros sH a l l

1 7C

1 387

C u lche th H a l l F u r the r Mea tH ey G a r r e tH a l l H aydock H a l l

1 466

H ayf i e ld F a rm H awk ley H a l l H eye sF a rm H o lb rook H ou se H o lc rof tH a l l

1 559

H ugh T a i lo r ' s H u r ls ton H a l l

1 609

1 6C

? l6C

1 367 1 379

1 447

1 6C

n d

S p

c 225

1 823 c 1275 1 846 1 749 1 840 1 847 1 323

S p AH AH n / i S p

1 98 1 1 848 c 188 1 1 840 1 988

Sm

S p n / i

n d

? 1 8C 1 228

? 1345 1 323

1 323

n / i n / i

1 839

S p Sm n / i Sm

1 98 1 1 843

AH C l

1 876 1 9 11 1 840 1 988 1 843 1 7C 1 849 1 849 1 822 1 977

AH Sm Sm Sm

1 331

< 18C

1 3C

1 3C

1 769

C l n / i n / i

1 322 1 6 10

n / i n / i S p n / i n / i n / i

c 1478

1 695

n / i

1 840

n / i

1 839 1 988 1 848

Sm Sm AH n / i n / i

1 839 1 6 19 1 800

W ind m i l l

n / i S p n / i

S p B r?

1 466

Wa te r m i l l

n / i S p

1 838 1 847

1 848 1 750 1 843

P a rk

AH Sw n / i n / i

n / i AH Sm S p n / i n / i

1 466

? 1840

c 630 c 550 c 500 c 500

F ea tu re sa s so c ia ted w i th t h ee s ta te F i sh p ond

1 7C 1 659 1 843 1 843 1 839 1 842

1 466

P ee lF a rm T he P e le P la t tB r idge Moa t P re sco tH a l l R a inh i l l Mano r F a rm R is ley H a l l S ca r isb r ick P a rk S t an ley G a te Wa lsh H a l l Wa lshemon shou se Wh i t t le H a l l W igan R ec to ry Wood H a l l

> 1841 > 1840

1 455

Wh e t s Moa t

S o i ls

O ve ra l l p l a t f o rm a r ea ( m 2)

? 1300 > 1296

S t an ley B ank

I n c , eB lunde l l H a l l B ig L ea G reen F a rm L yd ia te H a l l M . a r t in H a l l Me l l ing H ouse Me r r ida le F a rm Moa tL and s N ew ton H a l l O ld B rynn O ld H a l l O ld I n ce H a l l

Moa t

P l a t f o rm s

? 1228

n / i Sm

T h ree s i te s( 86 , 15 a nd 1 22 )h ave n o t b een c l ea r ly l o ca ted . L icenc ef o ra n o ra to ry w a s g r an ted t oG i lbe r t d e H aydock i nH aydock a nd B rad ley i n1 387 ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 39 n 27 ) . I nt h eL egh S ur vey o f1 466 t h e r e i sn o r e f e r ence t o ac hape l a ta ny o ft h e moa t ed s i t e s i nH aydock . H ow eve r , t h e s u r vey n o ted t h e h o ld ing o fR icha rd C ronk , f r om P e te r L egh w i th ah a l l ' bu i l t i no l den t ime sw i th ac hape l a nd b a rn a nd al a rg et ihe b a rn a l so al a rg e g rana r y , s t ab le , ma l tk i ln a nd c ou r tya rd , at u r fh ou se a nd l a rg ee n t r anc eo nt h es ou th s i de o ft h es a id mano r ' ( Legh MSS ) . A tl e a s to ne s i t e ,p robab ly H aydock H a l l ,w a s moa t ed i n1 323-4 . I n1 466 t h e r ew e re t wo p a rk si nH aydock ; a ga in i ti sn o tp o s s ib le , a tp re sen t ,t oa s s ign t h e se t oa ny o ft h em oa t ed s i te s . C =s i te sp l ac ed c en t ra l ly w i th in t own sh ip s K ey t oS o i l A s soc ia t ion s :

P= s i t e si np er iphe ra l a r ea s

AH = A s t ley H a l l C l =C l ive

B S =B lown S and Sm =S o l lom

P la t f o rm a r ea i se s t ima ted f r om map e v id enc eo rf i e ld s u rvey D h =D ownho l land S p S a lop

T ab le 4 7b : A t t r ibu te so fm oa ted s i te s a nd d i tched e nc lo su res

1 47

S w =S a lw ick

B r =B r ick f ie ld

1 8 -T he e a r thwork s i te so f We s tD e rby Hund red

Chap ter 1 8 T he e ar thwork s i te so fW e s tD erby Hund red T h i s s t udy h a s c on s ide r ed ar e g ion , t h e h i s to r ica l H und r ed o f We s t D e rby , a nd w i th in t h a t r e g ion h a s a t t emp ted t o p rov id e as o c ia l a nd e conom ic c on t ex t a ga in s t w h ich t h e m a te r ia l e v id en ce o f e a r thwo rk s i t e s c an b e e va lua t ed . A l though i ti st h e s i t e s t h em se lve s w h ich p rov ided o u r r e sea r ch w i th a p o in t o f d epa r tu r e , t h e l i m i ta t ion s o f a r cha eo log ica l r e sea r ch i n to i n d iv idua l s i te s o f as i ng le c l a s s , t h e m oa ted s i t e s , l ef t t h em b e r ef t o f as o c ia l a nd e conom ic f r amewo rk .Q u i te r i gh t ly ,t h ep a r t icu la ra t t r ibu t e s o fl o ca t ion , s i z ea nd c omp lex i ty o fe a ch s i te h av eh ad t h e i r p l a ce i no u rs t udy b u tt ou nde r s tand t h e i rr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e s o c i e ty w i th in w h ich t h ey w e r e c r ea ted w e h ave a imed f o r w ide r h o r izon s . T he a pp roa ch o f t h e h i s to r i ca l g eog raph e rh a s a l lowed u s t oc on temp la te e a ch s i t e i nt h e c on t ex to fi t se s ta t e a nd t h e e conom i c f a c to r s w h ich m igh t h av e p l ay ed a p a r t i n i t s m anag emen t . T ha t o f t h e d ocumen t a ry h i s to r ian h a s b een u sed t o c on s id e r t e nu r ia l h i e ra r ch ie s a nd m ano r ia l f r amewo rk s t h rough w h ich w e h av e f o und as o c ia l c on t ex t w i th in w h ich o u r s i t e s c an b e p l a ced . I no rde rt oe xam ine o u rs i t e sw i th in t h e i rm ed ieva l c on t ex tw eh ave , t h e r ef o r e , l o ok ed a tt h em b o th f r om a f a r , i nt h e m anne r o f ap a ra chu t i s t , a nd f r om c l o se , d e ta i led s t udy t h e p r ov ince o ft h e t r uff l e h un t e r ' . A s w e h ave s e en , n e i th e ra pp roa ch h a sp rov ided a l t h e a n swe r s b u tw e h av e s t a r t ed t oc l a r if yt h e p i c tu r e a nd t oi d en t if y w ha tw e k now a nd c ou ld b ec apab le o fk now ing f r om f u r the rr e sea r ch . B ef o r e w e c onc lude o u r d i scu s s ion ag l imp se a tt h e s o c ia l h i s to r ian ' s v i ew o fL an ca sh i r e (Wa l ton 1 986 , 7 19 ) i nt h e e a r ly p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod i sn o t i n app rop r ia t e . We a r e t o ld t h a t , e v en i nt h em id 16 th c en tu ry , L anca sh i re wa s ' a n o b scu r e , r emo t e , i n su la ra nd b a ckwa rd c o rn e ro fE ng land ' . I nt e rm so fw ea l th i tl a gged f a rb eh ind t h e We s t R id ing o f Y o rk sh i r e a nd t h e M id land s a nd t h e a s se s sed w ea l th o ft h e c oun ty h ad g rown v e ry l i t t le i nr e a l o r c ompa ra t ive t e rm s b e tw een t h e 1 4 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s . T hough t h e p opu la t ion m ay h av e e xpanded w e l l o ve r t wo a nd h a lf t ime s b e tw een 1 377 a nd 1 563 , i n 1 565 t h e p opu la t ion o f L iv e rpoo l c ou ld h ave b een l e s s t h an 1 , 000 i n d iv idua l s , t h ough W igan a nd Wa r r ing ton m ay h ave b een s l igh t ly l a rg e r . D e sp i t e t h e ,e x i s tence o f e x t en s ive , u np rodu c t iv e m o s s land s a nd m a r she s , We s t D e rby a nd t h e n e ighbou r ing h und r ed o fL ey land , w e r e p robab ly m o r e h i gh ly p opu la ted t h an e l sewhe r e i nt h e c oun ty . Mo s t o ft h e c u l t iva ted l a nd h ad b een e n c lo sed a si tw a s c l ea r ed ( ap roce s s w h ich w a s c on t inu ing d u r ing t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ) , w i th a c on sequen t p r edom inance o f s c a t te red s e t t lemen t a nd s ma l l p a s to ra l f a rm s w i th n ume rou s s ma l l m eadow s a nd a r ab le c l o se s ; t h e r e i sl i t t le t os how t h a t e nc lo su r e w a s a tt h e e xpen se o f f a rm ing p r a c t ice sd om ina ted b yo pen f i e ld a r ab le .

T h e p i c tu r e o f c on se rva t i sm p a in t ed b y Wa l ton w a s t o c hange w i th t h e r i se o fL iv e rpoo l a nd Manche s te rt oc i t ie s o fm a jo r i mpo r tance d u r ing t h e i n du s t r ia l r e vo lu t ion . T h e d ev e lopmen t o f i n du s t ry a nd d emand s o n a g r icu l tu r e t o f e ed t h e n ew u rban c en t r e s w e r e t oa f ec t b o th t h e s o c ia l s t ru c t u r e a nd t h e l a nd scape . I nt h e s u rv iv ing r u ra l a r ea s o f We s t D e rby t h e p o t en t ia l f o r d e ta i led s t udy o f l a nd scape e v id ence i ss t ra i t ened b yt h en a tu r e o ft h e l a nd scape i t s e lf . G ene ra l ly v e ry f l a t a nd b r ok en o n ly b y b ounda ry a nd d r a inag e d i t che s o f g en e r a l ly u nknown a n t iqu i ty , t h e p r eda t ion so fi mp roved f a rm ing p ra c t ice sa nd t h ee x t en s ion o fa r ab le c u l t iva t ion i n to t h e d r a ined m o s s land a r ea s h av e b l u r r ed m any f e a tu r e s w h ich h ad b een m apped i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . I ti st h e s u rv iva l o f e a r thwo rk s i t e s a nd t h e i r a s so c ia t ed b u i ld ing s , o r k now ledge o f t h e i r f o rm e r e x i s t en ce f r om d ocumen ta ry s ou r ce s , w h ich d i r ec t s u s t owa rd sm ed ieva le s ta t e s . F o r We s tD e rby H und r ed t h er a ng e o fa c ce s s ib le h i s to r ica l d a ta a nd t o pog raph ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v id en ce r e la t ing t om ed ieva l e a r thwo rk s i t e s h a s a low ed f a c to r s o f t e nu r e a nd l a nd u se t ob e c on s id e r ed a nd a pp l ied g en e ra l ly a nd , w i th v a ry ing l e ve l s o fc e r ta in ty ,t op a r t icu la rs i t e sa nd t h e i r a s soc ia t ed l a ndho ld ing s . I n f o rma t ion p rov id ed b y t h e se s ou r ce s i s , h ow ev e r , n o t a lway s c on s i s t en t w i th o u r r e qu i r emen t s ; t h e w r i t ten r e co rd c an b e u sed o n ly w i th in t h e c on s t ra in t s o fi t s o r ig ina l p u rpo se a nd t h e e v id ence i t c on ta in sm u s tb ej udg ed i nt h ec on tex to ft h ep r e sen ts t udy . N one th e le s s ,t h ec a ruca la s se s sm en t sr e co rded f o r 1 066 c an b e t r a ced t h rough P ipe R o l l s o ft h e 1 2 th a nd e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu r ie sa nd a r ep i ck ed u p a ga in i nr e n ta l s a nd s u rv ey s o f t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry w i th a r ema rkab ly h i gh l e v e l o f c on s i s t ency . F am i ly n ame s c an b e l i nked t o t h e se a s se s smen t s a nd t r a ced t h rough t h e c en tu r ie s . T o t h e t r an sc r ibe r s , t r an s la to r s a nd i n te rp r e t e r s o ft h e se c l a s se s o f d ocum en t s w e a r e d eep ly i n deb t ed . I ti st h e u nde r ly ing s t ab i l i ty o fs u ch e v id en ce w h ich h a s a lowed u st of o l low t h e t e nu r ia l h i s to ry o f i n d iv idua l l a ndho ld ing s a nd t o p o s tu la t e t h e i r s ubd iv i s ion a nd d eve lopmen t i n to s ma l le r , i n d epend en t e s ta t e s . A t t h e o t he r e nd o ft h e c h rono log ica l

B y t h e 1 6 t h c en tu ry t h e t e r r i to r ia l a nd p o l i t ica l p owe r o f t h e E a r l s o fD e rby i nL anca sh i r e w a s u nque s t ionab le a nd I

' u n iqu ei nm id -Tudo rE ng land ' ; i nc on t r a s t , t h roughou tt h e c oun ty o n ly t e n o rt w e lv e f am i l ie s w e r e o fn o tab le w ea l th a nd h e ld h i gh of i ce i n l o ca l a dm in i s t r a t ion . S u ch m en m ad e l i t t le i mpa c t o u t s ide t h e r e g ion a nd o n ly r a r e ly d i d t h e g en t ry c l a s s s e ek e du ca t ion , m a r r iag e o r p o l i t ica l r e cogn i t ion o u t s ide t h e c oun ty . S ome s t i l l e x e r c i sed f e uda l r i gh t so fw a rd sh ip a nd m a r r iag eo v e rt h e i rt e nan t sa nd c h i ld m a r r iag e s , w i th a v i ew t o p rope r ty a nd t e r r i to r ia l e nhan cemen t , w e r e n o t u n common . A l though t h e f i gu r e s a r e d if i cu l t t o d e t e rm ine , t h e r e s e em s t o b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t , i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , L anca sh i r e h ad f ew m embe r s o f t h e g en t ry c l a s s a nd t h a t ac on s id e rab le n umbe r o fl e s se r l a ndown e r s e x i s ted u nce r ta in ly b e tw een t h e p a r i sh g en t ry a nd t h eu ppe ry eoman ry . T he s o c ia ls y s t em a pp ea r st oh av e b een e s sen t ia l ly s t ab le a nd b a sed o n a n e s tab l i sh ed h a rmony b e tween t h ep a t e rna l i s t ic l a ndowne ra nd t h es ma l l f am i ly f a rme r .

T he a na logy i st a ken f r om t h ed e sc r ip t ion b y Emmanue lL eRoy L , adu r ie o f a n h i s to r ian ' s a pp roach t o h i s s ub jec t . T he a pp roach o f t h e p a ra chu t i s t a nd t r uff l e -hun t ing a r cha eo log i s t h a s b een c on s ide red b y R icha rd H odg e s( 1989 ) .

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T he e ar thwork s i te so f We s tD e rby Hund red -1 8 s e quence w e f i nd ac on s i s t ency i nt h e e v idence f o rm oa t ed s i t e s i nt h e i r d ep ic t ion o n t i t h e m ap s o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . F o rp l ace sw h e r e t h e e v id en ce i s ,b yt h i s t ime , f u g i t iv et h e t e nu r ia lf r amewo rk ,w h i l s tn op roof o ft h ef o rme re x i s t en ce o fm oa t s , c an i n d ica te al i k e l ihood o nt h eb a s i s o fs t a tu s i n t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . When a r chaeo log ica l s t udy o f l a nd scap e sa nd b u i ld ing st o g e the rw i th e xcava t ion i sa dd ed t ot h es c h eme ,w es t a r tt of i l ls ome o ft h eg ap sa nd w ef md o u r se lve si n ap o s i t ion t oc ommen t , i ng ene ra li fn o ta lway s s p ec if i c t e rm s , o n t h e t e nu r ia l a nd mo rpho log ica l r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween i n d iv idua l s i t e s . F o rt h e f o rmu la t ion o fs p e c if i c r e sea r ch d e s ig n s t oa n sw e rp a r t icu la r q u e s t ion s w e c an p roceed f r om t h i s h o l i s t ic b a se a nd c on s id e r t h e a r cha eo log ica lp o t en t ia lo fi n d iv idua l s i t e s o nt h em e r i t so f t e nu r ia l s t a tu sw i th w h ich ,w eh ave f o und , s i te m o rpho logy a nd l o ca t ion m ay h av el i t t le b ea r ing . A l l t h e s am e , w e m u s t r emembe r t h a t t h e r e a r e c on s id e rab le g ap s i n o u r u nde r s tand ing o f m ed ieva l L an ca sh i r e . We k now f a rt o o l i t t le a bou tt h e o ve ra l ln a tu r e o fl a nd u s e a nd t h e d eve lopm en t o fs e t t lemen t d u r ing t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . A l though i tc an b e s uppo sed t h a t i nt h e 11 t h c en tu ry m u ch o f t h e r e g ion , a nd p a r t icu la r ly t h e h und r ed o f Mak e rf i e ld , w a s e x t en s ive ly w ood ed , w e k now n o th ing o ft h e p roce s se s o fw ood land c l ea ran ce . We a r e a wa r eo fe s ta t e so nt h ef r ing e so ft h em o s s land sb u ta r ea ta l o s s t o k now w h en t h ey w e r e c r ea ted . F a ced w i th s u ch d if i cu l t i e s i ti s i mpo s s ib le t o c ompa r e t h e s e t t l em en t e v idence i nt h e m a rg ina l a r ea s o f We s t D e rby w i th t h a t o f t h e We s t M id land s a nd e l sewh e re ( Robe r t s 1 968 ; T ay lo r 1 972 , 2 43 -245 )t h ough t h e d ocumen ta ry m a t e r ia l s e em s t o s h ow t h a t c l ea ran ce a nd s e t t lemen t h ad p robab ly s t a r t ed l o ng b ef o r e t h e e nd o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry . A s C h r i s tophe r T ay lo rp o in t ed o u t , i ti sl i k e ly t h a t i s o la t ed s e t t lemen t s a r e o l d e r t h an t h e i r f i r s t a ppea ran ce i nt h e d ocumen t s ( 1 972 , 2 44 ) a nd t h e p r e sen t s t udy , w h ich h a s p rodu ced m u ch e v idence f o r ad i t ch ed a nd e nc lo sed l a nd scape i nt h e l a t e 1 2 th c en tu ry , u rge s c au t ion i na t t r ibu t ing moa t ed s i t e s a sf e a tu r e so fp r ima ry s e t t lem en t .

a r ea s d u r ing t h em ed ieva lp e r iod . A s sa r ta nd p a s tu r e m ade p o s s ib le b y J ohn ' s c h a r te r i nt h e l a t e 1 2 th c en tu ry c ou ld a low e xp lo i ta t ion o fe conom ic a nd a g r icu l tu r a l r e sou r ce s b u t l a nd p r e s su r e r e su l t ing f r om a n i n c r ea s e i np opu la t ion i sn o tn ece s sa r i ly i mp l ied .A l though r e co rd so f1 323 t e l lu s o fp opu la t ion c oncen t ra t ion so nl a nd sh e ld b yt h eC rown a s d em e sne a nd i n o t h e r v i l l s a t ta ched t o t h e m ano r o f U pho l land ( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 8 3 100 ) w e h ea r a lmo s t n o th ing , b eyond t h e n ame s o ft h e p r inc ipa l l a ndowne r s , o f t h e s i tua t ion o u t s id e t h e se v i l l s . T h e a n c i en t c a ru ca l a s se s smen t s , e s t ima t ed a ta bou t 1 20 s t a tu t e a c r e s , h ad l o ng b een u n i t s o f f i sca l a nd t e nu r ia l a s se s sm en t a nd h ad b ecom e f o s s i l i sed a s t h e h o ld ing s o ft h e m o r e i mpo r tan t l a ndowne r s . B y t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry t h ey a r e e n t i r e ly r e dundan t a s a i d s i n e s tab l i sh ing t h e a c tua l a r ea o f a p e r son ' s e s ta t e a nd f u r the r d ocum en ta ry w o rk w i l l b e n ece s sa ry t o d i sce rn t h e s i z e o f i n d iv idua l m ed ieva l h o ld ing s o n w h ich o u r moa t ed s i t e s a r e f o und . B u te ven i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry o n ly am ino r i ty o ff r eeho ld e r s h ad f a rm s o f6 0 c u s toma ry a c r e s ( a pp rox ima t e ly t h e s i z e o ft h e o l d a g r i cu l tu ra l c a ru ca t e ) o r mo r e a nd m o s t o c cup ie r s o fl a nd h e ld b e tw een 5a nd 2 0 c u s toma ry a c r e s ( Wa l ton 1 987 , 1 6 ) . I th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a te s ta t e s a bandon ed f o l low ing t h e B la ck D ea th m igh t h ave p rov id ed t h e m ean s b y w h ich f r eem en c ou ld b u i ld u p p rop e r t ie s t o s u s ta in t h e c o s t o f m oa t c on s t ru c t ion ( L e P a tou r e l 1 98 1 , 1 3 14 ) b u t , w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o ft h e C rown i t s e lf i nH a lewood , w e f i nd a lmo s t n o th ing t o s how t h a t t h e m o r e w ea l thy l a ndowne r s w e r e s e l l ing of t h e l e s s p rof i tab le l a nd s o n t h e i r d em e sne s . Whe r e a s p i r ing l a ndowne r s w e r e a ugmen t ing t h e i r e s ta te s , a cqu i s i t ion t h rough m a r r iage a ppea r st oh ave b een m o r eu sua l .

I ti sb y n o m ean s u nu sua l t o f i nd v i l l s i nw h i ch s e v e ra l e s ta t e sw e r eh e ld b ys e ve ra lt e nan t s o fe qua l s t and ing . T h e e x t en t t o w h ich t h e e s ta t e s w e r e h e ld a s c on so l ida t ed b l o ck s o f l a nd r a the r t h an s c a t te r ed h o ld ing s i ss t i l l n o t c l ea r t h ough t h e s uppo sed e v idence f o r e a r ly e n c lo su r e s ugg e s t st h a tt h e f o rme rw a s , p e rhap s , t h e mo r e u sua l . B u t w h en w e e n coun t e r l a te m ed ieva l d ocumen ta ry e v id en ce f o r e x ten s ive s t r ip h o ld ing s i nv i l l s s u ch a s H aydo ck a nd E c c le s ton ( c hap t e r 1 0 ) w e n eed t oc on s ide rt h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h i s w a s ac on sequ en ce o fr e o rg an i sa t ion o f f a rm ing p r a c t i ce s a nd t h e i mpo s i t ion o f o pen -f i e ld a r ab le a g r icu l tu r e o nt oa n e n c lo s ed l a nd scape . A tt h e s am et i m e , w em u s tb e a wa r e t h a tr e cen t s t ud ie s i nB edf o rd sh i r eh av e s ugg e s t ed t h e c r ea t ion o fd i spe r sed h o ld ing s o v e r a r ea s o f f o rm e r a r ab le i n t h e 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tu r ie s a s a c on sequ ence o fr i s ing p opu la t ion ( B rown & T ay lo r 1 989 ) . B u t , i n s om e o f t h e B edf o rd sh i r e v i l l s , i ts e em s t h a t d i spe r sa l o f s e t t l emen t w a s ap e rpe tua t ion o f a n c i en t p r a c t i ce s w h ich i mpo sed l i m i ta t ion s o n t h e m ann e r i n w h ich t h eo pen f i e ld sm igh tb ee x t ended . We c an s a yn o th ing a bou tp opu la t ion c hange o rm ov em en t t owa rd st h em a rg ina l l a nd sa s ad emand f o rn ew s e t t lem en t 1 49

We k now l i t t le o f t h e p hy s ica l d e ta i l o f s e t t lemen tf oc i t h ough i tm igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h e n ew b o rough s w e re g r adua l ly e xpand ing a nd d r aw ing p eop l e f r om t h e r u ra l a r ea st h roughou tt h em ed ieva lp e r iod . B u te ven i nt h ew e l l p opu la t ed v i l l s o fH a le a nd We s t D e rby i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , t h e e x t en t t o w h ich s e t t lemen t m igh t h ave b een n u c lea t ed , t h ough l i k e ly , i sn o t k nown a nd b o th s upp ly e v id ence f o r d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t t owa rd s t h e t own sh ip m a rg in s . Ma ry A tk in s ' w o rk i nt h e L anca sh i r e h und r ed o fL ey land ( 1 985 ) h a s p roduced e v idence f o r p a t t e rn s o fl a ndho ld ing a r ound d i s t inc t a r ea s o f a r ab l e a nd p a s tu r e ( c hap te r 1 0 ) . H e r t h e s i s h a s n o t b een t e s t ed i n We s t D e rby b u t i t i n d ica te s a n a r ea f o r f u tu r e r e sea r ch . T h e d ocumen t a ry m a t e r ia l f o r B u r tonh ead , S u t ton , i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry s ugg e s t sm anag emen to f as mal e s ta te w i th i t so wn a r ea o f a r ab le ( c hap te r 1 0 , f i gu r e 3) b u t w e c an o n ly h i n t a tt h e p o t en t ia l f o r s im i la r e v id en ce o n o t h e r e s ta t e s i n We s t D e rby . O n o u r p r e sen t u nde r s tand ing o fl o ca t ion , i ts e em s l i k e ly t h a t o u r moa t ed s i t e s w e r e a s so c ia t ed w i th b o th a n a r ab le a nd a p a s to ra l e conomy . I nd eed , t h e s u rv iva l o f m oa t ed e n c lo su r e s i n to t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , w i th l i t t le e v id ence f o r a bandonmen t , s ugg e s t s c on t inu i ty o f o ccupancy a nd a dap tab i l i ty o ff a rm ing p r a c t i ce s o ve r t h e c en tu r ie s . I nm any o ft h e e s ta t e b ounda r ie s d ef ined i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , i ti st emp t ing ,t h ough b yn om ean sp roven ,t o s e e t h e f o s s i l i sa t ion o f a n a nc ien t p a t t e rn o f l a nd o r gan i sa t ion .

1 8 -T he e a r thwork s i t e so fW e s tD e rby Hund red I ti s , h ow ev e r , w i th t h e t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk w i th in w h i ch e a r thwo rk s i t e s a r e f o und t h a t o u r r e sea r ch h a s b een p r in c ipa l ly f o cu sed a nd w e h ave a t temp t ed t o e s tab l i sh w he the r m o rpho logy a nd l o ca t ion a r e i n d i ca to r s o fs o c ia l s t a tu s . I n We s tD e rby w ef i nd l i t t le t os how t h a tt h e a r r iva l o fN o rman o v e r lo rd s i nt h e 11 t hc en tu ry w a s t oh av e a ny r e a l i mpa c to nt h er e g ion . I ndeed , t h e r e i se v e ry i n d ica t ion t h a t a p a r t ia l f r amewo rk o f b a ron ia l t e nu r e w a s s upe r impo s ed o n ap r e -ex i s t ing s y s tem o f l a ndho ld ing w he r e r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r e s ta t e o rgan i sa t ion w a s d i r ec t ed f r om a c ap i ta l m an s io o r m an s ione s f o cu sed o n t h e o l d h und r eda lc en t r e s .T h eo r ig in so ft h ec on se rva t i sm w h ich i s s o w el d emon s t ra t ed i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry m ay l i e i n a l a nd scape i n w h i ch t h e r e w a s n o r oom f o r f u r the r e xpan s ion b u t i ti sa l so l i k e ly t h a t t h e n a tu r e o f a n c ien t t e nu r e a nd f a rm ing p r a c t ice s w e r e t op l ay t h e i r p a r t . T h e a ppa r en t ly m ono l i th ic a dm in i s t ra t ion b y t h e C rown , w h ich m ay h av e d evo lv ed o n Wu lf r ic S po t i nt h e l a t e 1 0 th o r e a r ly 11 t h c en tu ry a nd , i n l a te r c en tu r ie s , p a s sed t o t h e H ono r o rD u chy o fL anca s t e r , p e rm i t t ed a n e x t rao rd ina ry f r eedom t ot h e l o ca l l o rd s a nd , e ven w i th in t h e p u r l ieu o f t h e r oya l f o r e s t , t h e r e s e em s t oh av e b een l i t t l e r e s t r ic t ion o n l o ca l l a ndown e r s , r e ga rd le s s o f t h e i r t e nu r ia l r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e i rs upe r io r s , t oc r ea t e a nd make g r an t s o f s ma l l , f r ee e s ta t e s . G r an t s i n f r ankahno ign t o t h e m on a s t i ch ou se si nt h el a t e 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd l a t e rs how t h a t m any l a ndown e r s , w h e r eve rt h e i r e s ta t e s l a y a nd w ha t ev e r t h e i r s i z e , w e r e f r e e t o m ake s u ch g r an t s a nd t h e r e i sa s t rong l i k e l ihood t h a tt h e se e s ta te sw e r e e conom ica l ly s e lf s uff i c ien t . U nd e r s u ch ar eg ime t h e r e c an h av e b een l i t t le d e s i r e f o rt h e i n t rodu c t ion o fl e s s f a vou rab le t e rm s o fl a nd o rgan i sa t ion . T h e s e ed s w h ich a l lowed s u ch f r eedom m ay h ave b een s own l o ng b ef o r et h eC onqu e s t . I tc ome s a sn o s u rp r i se t of i nd t h e p r inc ipa l f am i l ie s , s u ch a st h e Mo lyneux e s o fS ef ton a nd t h e L a thom s o fL a thom , i n c on t inu ing o ccupa t ion o f t h e i r e s ta t e s o v e r v e ry l o ng p e r iod s o f t i m e a nd i t i s n o t i n con ce ivab le , t h ough u n suppo r t ed b y h i s to r ica l f a c t , t h a t t h e L a thom s w e r e t h e d i r ec td e scend an t so ft h ep l u ra l i s t ic U c t r ed o f1 066 . A l lt h e s am e , t h ey w e r e p r epa r ed t o m ake g r an t s o f f r ee e s ta t e s a nd , i nt h e c a se o fS ef ton , i ts e em s t h a t f r agm en ta t ion o f t h ed em e sn ew a sn o ti n con s id e rab le .I ndeed ,t h e mono l i th ic l o rd sh ip o f S ef ton i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry s e em s t o h av e r e su l ted f r om t h e p u r cha se o f l a nd s g r an t ed o u t f r ee ly d u r ing t h e 1 3 th a nd 1 4 th c en tu r ie s . T h e a r r iva l o f t h e B ana s t r e s i n L anca sh i r e , s uppo sed ly d u r ing t h e 11 t h c en tu ry , m ay a l so h av e h ad m o r e f a r r ea ch ing i mp l ica t ion s t h an h a s h i th e r to b een r e a l i sed . A l though t h e i r e s ta t e s a ppea rt oh ave b een f o cu sed p r inc ipa l ly i n Mak e rf i e ld a nd a t Wa l ton le -Da le ( Ley land h und r ed ) t h e p r e sen t r e sea r ch i n d ica t e s ap o s s ib le f r amewo rk o fl a ndho ld ing sw h ich m ay b e e xemp l if i ed i nt h e e s ta te s o ft h e u b iqu i tou s Q uen i lda o f t h e l a t e 1 2 th a nd e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Append ix V I I I ) . We c anno t b e s u r e t h a t s h e i s t h e s ame p e r son a nd t wo g ene ra t ion s o fw om en o ft h e s ame n ame i sp o s s ib le . B u t t h e e s ta t e s o f Q uen i lda o f Woodp lump ton , d augh t e r o f Ma rga r e t B ana s t r e ( s i s te r o f T hu r s t an a nd p robab ly a d e scend an t o fR obe r t o fR hudd lan o f 1 086 ) , Q uen i lda o f K i rkda l e a nd Q u en i lda o f Wa r ton h av e a n u n canny c o in c id en c e i nt h e i r p o s se s s ion s a nd t e nu r ia l a s soc ia t ion s w h ich s ugg e s t st h a tt h ey s t em f r om t h e s am eo r ig in . A tt h i s p o in t ,w em u s tc a l lo nt h eh i s to r ian st oc l a r if yt h ee v id ence , 1 50

b u t i t r a i se s i n t e r e s t ing p o s s ib i l i t i e s t h a t t h e c on f l ic t b e tween S i rA dam B ana s t r e a nd S i r R obe r t d e H o l land i n t h ee a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry m ay h ave b e en b a sed o n ap e r ce iv ed t h r ea tt ot h eB ana s t r ee s ta t e sa st h eH o l land sa cqu i r ed m o r e l a nd s a nd m oved u pt h e s o c ia l s c a le . T he a sp i ra t ion so ft h e H o l land f am i ly d u r ing t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a l low ed t h em t o e x t end t h e i rp o s se s s ion st om any p a r t s o ft h eh und red a nd , d e sp i t e t h e c onf i sca t ion s w h ich f o l lowed t h e 1 4 th -cen tu ry d i s tu rban ce s , t h e i r s u cce s so r s c on t inu ed t oh o ld e s ta t e s i n s ou th L an ca sh i r e t h ough t h ey w e r e p r obab ly o ccup ied a nd m anag ed b yt e n an t s . F am i l ie s s u ch a s t h e L a thom s a nd H o l l and s w e r e w e l l p l a ced t o c r ea t e i mp r e s s iv e s i te s w h ich m ay h ave b e en i m i ta ted b y o t he r s . We k now t h a tt h e L a thom s c ou ld h ave h ad l i nk sw i th T u r ton T ow e ra nd t h a tt h ey m ay h ave h ad a d i s t an t a s soc ia t ion w i th R adc l if f e T ow e r . We c an s ugg e s t t h a t R ad c l if f e T ow e ra nd , p o s s ib ly , L ive rpoo l T owe rw e r e r e bu i l t i n t h e e a r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry o n t h e s i t e o f e a r l ie r s t ru c tu r e s t h ough t h e i r l i cence s t oc r en e l la t e w e r e g r an t ed a t at im ew hen s u ch s t a tu ss ymbo l sw e r ea l ready i nd ec l ine ( Thomp son 1 987 , 1 8 ) . T he S t an ley f am i ly 's l i nk s w i th t h e e a r l o f H a s t ing s , a l low s p ecu la t ion t h a t L a thom H ou se m igh t b e c ompa r ed w i th A shby o rK i rby Mux loe . O n t h e o t he rh and ,t h ec on st ruc t ion o rr e con s t ru c t ion d e s ign o f' t h e f am i ly s t rongho ld a tL a thom i nt h e l a t te ry ea r so ft h e 1 5 th c en tu ry m igh t h av e b een i n f lu en ced b y R a lph , L o rd C romw e l l 's c a s t le a tT a t te r sha l l w h ich p a s sed t oT homa s S t an ley 's w if e , Ma rg a re t B eauf o r t . S uch a s soc ia t ion s r a i se L a thom t o ap l a ce o f n a t iona l s i gn if i can ce o fw h ich t o o l i t t le i sy e t k nown . I n a dd i t ion , t h e r e w e r e n o f ew e r t h an t we lv e m oa t ed s i t e s o r d i t ched e n c lo su r e s e i th e r o n t h e L a thom /S t an ley e s ta t e s o r i nv i l l s w he r e t h ey h ad f am i ly l i nk s o re xe r c i sed c on t ro l . S uch s i t e s m ay , p e rhap s , r e f lec t t h em o r el i m i ted a s p i ra t ion so ft h e i ro ccupan t sm od if i ed b y t im e , e conomy , c h ang ing f a sh ion a nd d im in i sh ing s o c ia l s t a tu s . B u t s im i la r i nf luen ce s c an , p e rhap s , b e s e en o n t h e e x ten s ive n e two rk o fH aydock a nd H o l l and l a ndho ld ing s a nd t h o se o f m any o t he r f am i l ie s i nt h e 1 3 th a nd 1 4 th c en tu r ie s( Append ix I X ) . O th e r f am i l ie s a l so r ema in ed f i rm ly e n t r en ch ed o n t h e i r c ap i ta l h o ld ing s o v e r m any c en t u r ie s . T h e B u t le r s o f Wa r r ing ton h e ld t h e f e e f o r 5 00 y ea r sa nd a pa r t f r om t h e i r r emova l f r om Wa r r ing ton t o B ew s ey , i nB u r tonwood , i n t h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry , t h ey a ppea rt oh av eh ad l i t t l e i n t e r e s t i n a ugm en t ing t h e i r h o ld ing s . U n l ik e t h e L a thom s w i th t h e i r ' s econd s t r ing ' h o ld ing a t K now s l ey , t h ey d o n o t a ppea rt oh ave h ad o t he r e s ta t e s i nt h e i r d i r ec t o ccupa t ion a nd t ow h ich t h ey r emoved f r om t i m e t ot ime . T h e B o ld f am i ly w e r e t oh o ld t h e c ap i ta l m e s suag e i nt h a t v i l l , a nd p robab ly t h e s am e s i t e , f o ra tl e a s t 5 00 y ea r s . B u tp a r t s o f B o ld h ad b een g r an t ed o u t b y 1 2 12 a nd i ts e em s t h a t f am i l ie s w ho h e ld e s ta te s o n t h e v i l la r m a rg in s m ay a l so h ave c on t inued t o o ccupy t h e i r h o ld ing s f o r c on s id e rab le p e r iod s o f t ime . E l sewh e r e w e f i nd o t h e r f am i l ie s i n c on t inuou s o ccupa t ion o f t h e i r m ed ieva l e s ta t e s . i n B edf o rd , w e f i nd A dam d e S a le i n 1 259 129 1 ; t h e S a le h o ld ing a ppea r s t oh ave r e p re sen t ed 1 / 4 o ft h e m ano r . I t w a s d e sc r ibed a s af r ee t e nemen t i n1 332 a nd G i lbe r t S a le h e ld H opeca r r o v e r 2 00 y ea r s l a t e r . We c anno t b e c e r ta in t h a t t h e f am i ly w e r e a tH opeca r r t h roughou t t h e w ho le o f t h i st i me b u tt h e r ei sas t rong l i k e l ihood t h a tt h i sw a ss o .

T he e ar thwork s i te so f We s t De rby Hund r ed -1 8 F am i ly i n f luen ce w a ss t rong a nd d om inance n o to n ly b yt h e L a thom s a nd H o l land s b u t a l so b y t h e H aydock s , B rad shaw s , C u l che th s a nd H ind ley s a nd o t he r s m ay h av e p l ayed i t sp a r ti nt h ec r ea t ion o f moa t ed s i te s ,p e rhap se v en o f c a s t le s , i n i m i ta t ion o f t h e i r p ee r s . P a r en t s m ade s e t t lemen t s o f l a nd o n t h e i r c h i ld r en a nd b ro th e r s a nd s i s t e r sm a r r ied t h e i rn ea rn e ighbou r s . I ne i the rc a se t h ei d ea o fm oa t ing c ou ld b e e a s i ly a dop t ed n o t n ece s sa r i ly a s a s t a t u ss ymbo lb u ts imp ly b ecau se i th ad b een t h e c u s tom t o h av e a w a t e r -f i l led e n c lo su r e a r ound t h e p a r en ta l h ome s tead . I ti sa l so n o t u nu sua l t o f i nd e s ta t e s h e ld b y h e i r e s se sa nd t h e i rs u cce s so r s w i thou tr e cou r se t ot h em a le l i n e .T h em ann e ri nw h ich t h ee s ta t e sh e ld b yt h ed augh t e r s o f R icha rd o f Woodp lump ton , a mong s t w hom w a s Q u en i lda , p a s sed t ot h e i r s u cce s so r s i se choed i nB i l l ing e a nd L yd ia t e t h ough i n t h e se v i l l s t h e p o r t ion s o f t h e h e i r e s se s s e em t oh av er e su l t ed i nf u r the rs ub -d iv i s ion a nd f r agm en ta t ion o ft h e a nc ien t h o ld ing s . I fw e c an f i nd n o t e nu r ia l r e a son w h ich m igh t r e s t r ic t t h e a b i l i ty t o c r ea t e m oa t s ,t h en t h e c l o se -kn i tc ommun i ty o f We s tD e rby , w i th l a nd a cqu i s i t ion t h rough m a r r iage ,p e rhap s a low su st os e e m oa td i gg ing w i th in af r am ewo rk o ff am i ly o wn e r sh ip . H ow eve r ,a l though t h i sf r amewo rk c an b ec l ea r ly d i s ce rn ed a nd t h e d a t e s a t w h ich l e s se r e s ta t e s m igh t h av e b een e s tab l i sh ed c an o f t en b e s uppo sed , w e c an o n ly s p ecu la t e o n t h e n am e s o f t h o se r e spon s ib le f o r t h e c r ea t ion o f m oa t ed s i t e s a nd t h e d a t e s a tw h ich t h ey w e r e d ug . A l so , q u i t e c l ea r ly , w ha t eve rt h e d a t e o fi t sc r ea t ion , t h e m oa t ed s i t e c ou ld b e e s tab l i sh ed o n b o th l a rg e a nd s ma l l e s ta t e s t h ough d i f f u s ion b o th t empo ra l ly ( t h rough c ad e t b r an ch e s o f t h e f am i ly ) a nd s pa t ia l ly ( i n to t h e m a rg ina l a r ea s ) i s e n t i r e ly p o s s ib le . I n ar e g ion o fc on se rva t i sm , i ti sq u i t e l i k e ly t h a t t h e p r a c t ice o f d i gg ing a moa t a r ound o n e 's h ou se c on t inued i n to t h ep o s t -med ieva lp e r iod .A tt h es ame t i m e ,w em u s tr emembe rt h a t moa t sh av eb een i d en t if i ed i n o n ly 5 6% o ft h e We s tD e rby v i l l s . S o f a ra sw ek now t h e r e i sn o th ing t od i s t ingu i sh t h et e nu r e o fv i l l s a nd e s ta t e sw i th m oa t s f r om t h o se w i thou tm oa t ed s i t e s a nd f u tu r e r e sea r ch m igh tc on s id e rw hy t h i ss hou ld b e . Own e r sh ip o f as ma l l e s ta t e w ou ld n o t n ece s sa r i ly i n cu r w ea l th b u t a c ce s s t o s ma l l a r ea s o f a r ab le l a nd a nd a t r ad i t ion o f i n t e r common ing o n t h e m a rg ina l l a nd s c ou ld h av e a lowed a dap tab i l i ty t o c hang ing e conom ic c i r cum s t an ce s . U nd e rs u ch as y s t em o fl a ndho ld ing p e r iod s o f e conom ic s t r e s s n eed n o t n ece s sa r i ly h av e l e d t o w ho le sa l e c hange f r om o n e t y pe o f f a rm ing p r a c t ice t o a no th e r . O fc ou r se , t o pog raph ica l c on s id e ra t ion s a nd c o s t m igh t h ave i n f lu enced t h e d eve lopm en t o f m oa t c on s t ru c t ion . T hey m ay h ave d e lay ed i t s c r ea t ion . I tm ay h av e b een m od if i ed o re x t end ed a c co rd ing t on eed ; i tm ay e v en h av e p rov id ed m a r l t oi mp rov e t h e s o i l s o nt h e l a nd s i nt h e v i c in i ty . We h av e f o und t h a t al a rge n umb e r o f m oa t ed s i t e s i n t h e r e g ion ( 6 4% ) l i e o n s o i l s t h e a g r icu l tu ra lp o t en t ia lo fw h ich c an b ei mp roved b ym a r l ing . T h e e x t r a c t ion o fc l ay t o c r ea te am oa t c an , p e rhap s , b e s e en i nt h ec on t ex to fs o i l i mp rovemen tw h ich , p a r t i cu la r ly f o r t h e o wne r o f as ma l l e s ta t e , w ou ld h e lp t o o f se t t h e c o s to fm oa td i gg ing . We k now t h a tm a r l ing w a s p r a c t i s ed i ns ou th L anca sh i r ef r om a tl e a s tt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ;w ek now a l so t h a ti tw a s a ne xpen s iv e e xe r c i se ( c hap te r s2 ,1 4 ) . B u t i si tp o s s ib le t h a tt h e c o s t o fd i gg ing am oa t w a s o f se tb y 1 5 1

t h eu s eo ft h ec l ay i tp rodu ced a sa na g r icu l tu ra lb y -p roduc t o r ab u i ld ing m a te r ia l? We c anno t e qua t e t h e c o s t o f m a r l ing i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry w i th t h a t o f t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . F rom as i ng le y ea r ' s f i gu r e s ( 1 332 ) , w e h av e s e en t h a tt h e r ew a s as ma l la moun to fs u rp lu sw ea l th o nm any o f t h e s ou th L an ca sh i r e e s ta t e s . B u t t h i s i sh a rd ly s uf i c ien t e v id ence o n w h ich t oa s se s s a ny o n e p e r son ' s w ea l th o rt o s u ppo se t h a tt h em a jo r i ty o fm oa t sw e r ec r ea ted i nt h ee a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . N on e the le s s , i ft h e c o s t o fm oa tc on s t ru c t ion w e r et ob e of se tb yt h a to fm a r l ing ( o ri nu s ing t h ec l ay a s d aub ) , b o th a c t s m ay h ave b een l e s s c r ipp l ing e conom ica l ly . T h e a sp i r ing l a ndho ld e r w ou ld a ch iev e h i s s t a tu ss ymbo la nd i mp rove h i sl a nd sa tt h es am et im e . T h e e conom ic s o fm oa t c r ea t ion s ugge s tt h e a va i lab i l i ty o f al a bou r f o r ce a nd t h i s p r e suppo se s t h a t t h e o wn e r o f a m oa t ed s i te m u s t h ave b een i n ap o s i t ion t oe x e r t c on t ro l o v e r ag roup o fs ubo rd ina t e s . Wh i l s t t h e r e i sn o d if i cu l ty i na pp ly ing t h i s t h e s i s t o l a rge e s ta te s i ti sl e s s e a sy t o d ef in e t h e m ean s b y w h ich moa t s c ou ld b e c r ea t ed o n s ma l le r l a ndho ld ing s . I ts e em s h a rd ly l i k e ly t h a t m a jo r l a ndowne r s a dop t ed ap h i lan th rop ic a t t i tud e t owa rd s t h o se w ho h e ld f r ee e s ta te s a r ound t h e m a rg in s o f ac a p i ta l h o ld ing o rt h a tl a bou rc ou ld h av eb een d r awn f r om al o rd ' s w o rk f o r ce . O nt h e o t he rh and , i fw e c an a c cep tt h en o t ion o fs ma l l e s ta t e s a s s e lf suff i c ien t e conom ic u n i t s , a nd t h e e v id en ce s e em st os ugge s tt h a tt h i sm igh tb e s o , t h en m oa t c r ea t ion b y l a bou rd r awn f r om t h e e s ta t e i t s e lf , o rf r om t h e v i l la rc ommun i ty ,m igh tb es uppo sed . I n c on s ide r ing t h e s t a tu s o f moa t ed s i te s t h e t e rm s ' mano r ia l ' a nd ' s ub -mano r ia l ' , h ave b ecom e a c cep t ed d e t e rm inan t s o f t h e d i s t in c t ion b e tw een s i te s h e ld b y a p r in c ipa l l a ndown e r , o f ` s e igno r ia l ' s t a tu s , a nd t h o s e o f f r eeho ld t e nan t s , o f t en o nt h em a rg ina l f r inge s o fa ne s ta t e ( L e P a tou r e l 1 973 , 7 15 ) . I n d eed , t h e t e rm s ' mano r ' a nd ' moa t ' h ave b ecome s ynonymou s ( C la rk e 1 984 , 5 7 ) . I n We s t D e rby , h oweve r , w e h av e s e en t h a t s u ch d i s t in c t ion s p r odu ce a n a wkwa rd a nd u nea sy d i cho tomy w h i ch i s r e f lec t ed i n t h e w r i t t en s ou r ce s f r om t h e 11 t h c en tu ry o nwa rd s ( c hap t e r 9 , t a b le 1 3 ) . T h rough e xam ina t ion o f a n c ien t c a ru ca l a s se s smen t s w e k now o f s ub -d iv i s ion o f v i l l s a nd t h e c r ea t ion o f s ma l le r e s ta t e s b ef o r e 1 2 12 a nd t h a th o ld ing sc ou ld h ave b ecom e e ven m o r ef r agmen t ed b y t h e f o l low ing c en tu ry . We a l so k now t h a t o f t en t h e f r agm en ta t ion r e su l t ed f r om p a r t i t ion o ft h ec ap i t a lh o ld ing , s ome t ime s t o a s l i t t le a s o n e s ix teen th o f t h e o r ig ina l c a ruca l a s se s sm en t , b u t t h a t t h e f r agmen t c ou ld s t i l l b e d e sc r ibed a s am ano r i nt h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry . I ts e em s r e a sonab le t os uppo se t h a t , w i th t h e p a r t i t ion o fa n e s t a t e w en tt h e i n d epend ence t om anage t h a te s ta t e a si mp l ied b y m ano r ia l c u s tom a nd w a s , s om e t ime s , a ccompan ied b yt h e d u t ie s o f p u tu r e , a t tendan ce a t t h e b a ron ia l c ou r t o r r e p r e sen ta t ion o f t h e s upe r io r ( b a ron ia l ) l o rd a t t h e w apen take c ou r t a t We s t D e rby . Sma l l e s ta t e s i n d e ed , b u t h a rd ly ' s ub -mano r ia l ' . I ns u ch c i r cum s t ance s ac o r r e la t ion b e tw een t h e m ed ieva l m ano r a nd moa t ed s i t e a s a n i n d ica to r o f s upe r io r a nd m ono l i th ic l o rd sh ip i se n t i r e ly i n app rop r ia t e a nd , e qua l ly , w e c anno t a c cep t t h a t a l t h e d i spe r sed h o ld ing sw e r eo fm ino rs t a tu s . B u t t h e r e m u s t h ave b een a s y s tem o f l a nd o rgan i sa t ion w i th in t h e v i l l a nd w e n eed t o u nde r s tand w h e r e t h e

1 8 -T he e ar thwo rk s i t e so fW e s tD e rby Hund r ed W i th in t h ef r am ewo rk o ft e nu r ew ea r en ow i n ap o s i t ion t o c on s id e r a nd e va lua t e t h e a r cha eo log ica l a t t r ibu te s o fo u r e a r thwo rk s i t e s . H owev e r , t h e e x t en t t o w h ich a r cha eo log i ca l i n ve s t iga t ion b y m ean s o f e xcava t ion h a s c on t r ibu t ed t oo u r u nde r s tand ing i sd i sappo in t ing ly s ma l l . T he p o t en t ia l w h i ch e me rged f r om s t udy o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry m ap sa nd p l an s h a sb een w eak en ed b yt h em a s s ive l o s s o f s i t e s t o a g r icu l tu ra l , u rban a nd i n du s t r ia l d eve lopm en t , a nd t o l e s s t h an s a t i sf a c to ry a r cha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion , o v e r t h e l a s t 1 00 y ea r s o r s o . T o a c on s id e rab le e x t en t w e h av e b een f o r ced t o r e so r t t o i n te rp r e ta t ion o f t h e i r m o rpho logy o n t h e b a s i s o f l a nd scap e e v id en ce a nd h i s to r ica l d e sc r ip t ion i n o rd e r t o a low c omp a r i son b e tween t h em a nd t os e et h e i ri n d iv idua l a t t r ibu t e s , i n c lud ing s t and ing s t ru c tu r e s , i na s soc ia t ion w i th t h e i r t e nu r ia l s t a tu s . D e sp i t e s u ch d if i cu l t i e s i th a s b een p o s s ib le t od r aw s om ec onc lu s ion s .

r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r t h i s l a y . I n t h e a b sen ce o f c l ea r ly i d en t if i ab le m ano r ia l s y s t em s o pe ra t ing f r om a c en t ra l d eme sn e , r e spon s ib i l i ty m ay h ave d evo lved o n t h e v i l la r c ommun i ty , a s ub jec t w h i ch h a s b een d i scu s sed b y C h r i s toph e rD y e r( 1 985 ) . H e s ugge s ted t h a t , a tl e a s t i nt h e p e r iod b ef o r e 1 200 ,t h er emo t ene s so ft h el o rd f r om v i l lag e m a t t e r sa nd u nd e rd eve lopmen to fa dm in i s t ra t iv ep roce s se s , a l low st h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t v i l lag e c ommun i t ie s , r a the rt h an m ano r ia l o v e r lo rd s , w e r e r e spon s ib l e f o r t h e p l ann ing o f v i l lage s a nd f i e ld s y s tem s . I nt h e l a t e r M idd le A ge s f i e ld s y s tem s w e r e r e o rg an i sed b y ac omb ina t ion o fb o th l o rd s a nd t h ev i l lag ec ommun i t ie s . S in ce i ts e em st h a tt h eo r ig in s o fl a nd o rg an i sa t ion i n We s t D e rby l a y i nt h e p r a c t ice s o f t h et h anag ed u t ie s o f' No r thumb r ian I n s t i tu t ion s ' i ti sq u i t e a ccep tab le t h a t o u t s id e t h e C rown d eme sne s a nd , p e rhap s , t h e H o l land e s ta te s i n U pho l land , t h e v i l la r c ommun i ty c on t inu ed a s t h e m od u s o pe rand i b y w h ich l o ca l a f a i r s w e r es e t t led t h roughou tt h em ed ieva lp e r iod . T h e t e nu r ia l l i nk s b e tween e s ta t e o wne r s a nd moa ted d we l l ing s i n We s t D e rby c on tra s t , t h e r ef o r e , w i th t h o se i n Y o rk sh i re ( Le P a tou r e l 1 973 , 1 2 15 ) .I nt h a tc oun ty t h e r ei s c l ea r e v id en ce t h a tm oa t c on s t ruc t ion o ccu r r ed p r inc ipa l ly o n t h e m ano r s o ft h e s e igno r ia l c l a s s i n c lud ing t h e h i gh e r r a nk s o ft h e c l e rgy . T he r ema in ing s i te s a ppea r ed o n t h e l a nd sh e ld b yf r eemen b u tt h e r e i sn ot r ace o f ap ro spe rou s p ea san t p rop r ie to r m oa t ing a h ou se . P o s s ib ly t h i s i s b ecau se t h e e m e rg ence o f ap ro to -yeom an ry w a s n o t e v id en t b ef o r e t h e m idd le o f 1 4 th c en tu ry w hen m oa t c r ea t ion w a s i nd ec l ine a nd t h e i mp r e s s ion i st h a t e a s t o f t h e P enn in e s t h e p r a c t ice o f moa t c on s t ru c t ion d i d n o t e x tend v e ry f a rd own t h e s o c ia l s c a le . Un l ik e We s tD e rby , v i l l sw i th m o r et h an o ne moa ta ppea rt ob er a r ea nd t h e r ei s as t rong p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t m oa t s w e r e b ecom ing f a sh ionab le i ns ou th L an ca sh i r e w hen t h e i r c r ea t ion i nY o rk sh i r e w a s a l r eady i nd ec l in e . F o r as ma l ln umbe ro fo u rs i t e st h e r e i s s o f a rn o d ocum en ta ry e v iden ce t os how t h e s t a tu s o ft h e i r o ccupan t s . W i th s u ch c a se s i nm ind w e c anno ty e ts a yh ow f a rd own t h es o c ia ls c a le t h ep ra c t ice o f moa t ing w a st og o . T u rn ing t o t h e h i gh i n c id ence o f moa t ed s i t e s i n E a s t A ng l ia , ar e g ion o f s ok e land , i tm igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h e r e w ou ld b e s ome c o r r e la t ion i n t h e t e nu r ia l p a t t e rn w h ich w ou ld a low t h e e me rgen ce o f n um e rou s moa t ed s i te s w i th in as i ng le t own sh ip . B u t i ts e em s h a rd ly l i k e ly t h a t t h e f r ee m en o f We s t D e rby , m any o f w hom m ad e g r an t s i n f r anka l r no ign o u t o f t h e i r e s ta te s t o mona s t ic h ou se sa nd ,i nt u rn ,c on t inued t oo ccupy t h e se l a nd s ,c an b e e qua t ed w i th t h e c oncep t o fs ok emen . A l though s u ch m en w e r ef r ee a nd c ou ld l e av et h e i rt e nem en t sa tw i l l ,t h ey h e ld t h e i r l a nd b y f i x ed v i l le in s e rv ice s ( Po l lock & Ma i t l and 1 968 , v o l . 1 ,3 89 -39 1) . We h ave s e en t h a tt h em en o f We s t D e rby h e ld t h e i r l a nd s i n t h anage , a l be i t t h a t , i n s om e i n s tance s , t e nu r e b y k n igh t s e rv ice a ppea r s t o h ave b een s upe r impo sed . I nt h anage w e f i nd af o rm o ft e nu r e w h ich w a sn o tr e la t ed t o am an ' sh o ld ing i nt h el a nd b u t wa sb a sed o n t h e p rov i s ion o f s e rv ice s f r om t h e w ho le v i l la r c ommun i ty t ot h ec en t ra l m an s io . C e r ta in ly i nE a s tA ng l ia , a s i n We s t D e rby , p a r t ib le i n he r i tance l e d t o t h e p ro l if e ra t ion o fs ma l l e s ta t e sb u tt h e f o rm s o ft e nu r e u nd e r w h ich t h i s w a s p o s s ib le a ppea r t o s t em f r om d if e r en t o r ig in s .

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I th a s b een s u rp r i s ing t o f i nd d ocum en t a ry r e f e r ence s t o c a s t le s o r s t ronghou se s a t n o f ew e r t h an f i f t een s i te s t h ough , o ft h e se , H a l ton Ca s t le a nd S ef t on O ld H a l l a r e d oub tf u lc and ida t e sf o rt h i sc l a s so fm onumen t . T h r ee h ave p rodu ced R om an m a t e r ia l a nd f i v e w e r e r e co rded d u r ing t h e m ed i eva l p e r iod . I n a dd i t ion , L a thom H ou se w a s s uf i c ien t ly s t rong t ow i th s t and s i eg e d u r ing t h e C iv i l Wa r a nd L iv e rpoo l T ow e r a ppea r s t o h av e b een u sed a s a g a r r i son a tt h e s am e t ime . We k now t h a tL ive rpoo l C a s t le w a s b u i l t o n an ew s i t e i n t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd d ocum en t a ry s ou r ce s t e l l u s s om e th ing o f i t s s t ru c tu r e . O th e rw i s e t h e n a tu r e o ft h e e a r thwo rk s i t e s t o w h ich t h e t e rm ' c a s t le 'h a sb e en a pp l ied i su n ce r ta in .C on s ide ra t ion o f t h e w r i t t en r e co rd s f o r We s t D e rby C a s t le a nd Mo t e H i l l , Wa r r ing ton , i n d i ca t e s t h a t t h e se a r e l i k e ly t o h ave b een r i ngwo rk s r a th e r t h an mo t t e a nd b a i ley c a s t le s . T he f i nd s h av es uppo r t ed t h ee v iden ce t h a tt h e se w e r ei mpo r t an ts i t e s a nd w ek now t h a te a ch w a sa bandon ed f o rn ew ,h igh s t a tu s s i t e sd u r ing t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . I ti st emp t ing t os e e t h e l a rge s i t e a tB ew sey O ld H a l l , a s t h en a tu ra l s u cce s so rt o , a nd ad ev e lopm en to f , ar i ngwo rk a t Mo t e H i l l . W i th i t s a pp roa ch o ve r as e r ie s o f t h r ee d i tche s b ef o r e t h e f i na l e n t ran ce o v e r t h e m oa t , i ta ppea r s t o s i gna l ac l ea r m an if e s ta t ion o f s t a tu s a nd a d e l ibe ra t e i n ten t ion t o i mp r e s s , i f n o t i n t im ida te , t h e v i s i to r . A r cha eo log ica l e x cava t ion s h ave p rodu ced e v iden ce f o r s t ru c tu r e s a nd ac on s ide rab le a moun t o fc e r am ic m a t e r ia l d a t ing f r om t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . B u t , s i nc e mu ch o ft h e m ed ieva lp o t t e ry i sd if e ren tf r om t h ep rodu c to fa ny o ft h e k nown p r oduc t ion c en t r e s i n t h e r e g ion i t s v a lu e i n e s tab l i sh ing d a t e s f o r t h e c h rono log i ca l s equ ence o f a c t iv i t ie so nt h es i t ei se x t r eme ly l i m i ted .I nf a c ta tB ew sey , a s e l sewhe r e , t h e d a t e o fm oa t c on s t ru c t ion c ou ld n o t b e e s tab l i sh ed a nd t h ough t h e r e w a s am oa t b y 1 436 t h e p l a tf o rm m ay h av e b een l e s s e x ten s iv e t h an i tw a s b y t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry .B o th B ew sey a nd O ld H u t ti nH a lewood w e r e o wned b y t h e s am e f am i ly i nt h e e a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd b o th s aw ap e r iod o fr e bu i ld ing a ta bou tt h i st ime o r al i t t le l a te r . A r cha eo log ica l w o rk a t O ld H u t t p rov id ed n o u nequ ivo ca l e v id ence f o r t h e d a t e o fm oa t c on s t ru c t ion i n t h e i mm ed ia t e v i c in i ty o ft h e h a l lt h ough w ek now t h a tt h e p l a t f o rm w a s l e v e l led w i th c l ay , w h ich i sb e l ieved t oh ave c ome f r om t h e m oa t , b ef o r e n ew b u i ld ing s w e r e c on s t ru c t ed i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . A t B ew sey t h e f i na l

T he e ar thwork s i te so fW e s tD e rby Hund r ed -1 8 a r r ang em en to ft h em oa t d i t che s a r ound t h eh ou se m ay n o t h av e b een c omp le t ed u n t i lt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry o rl a t e r . I nt h e c omp l ex d i t ch s y s t em a tO ld H u t td ow es e ea ni m i ta t ion o f t h a ta tB ew sey .D ot h ea n c i l la ry d i t che sr e p r e sen ta ne a r l ie r d ema r ca t ion o fl a nd t ob e s e t t led d u r ing t h e p roce s se s o f w ood l and c l ea r an ce? O ri s ac omp lex d i tch s y s t em n om o r e t h an a n ece s sa ry e xped ien t d e s igned t o p ro t ec t a n i n d iv idua l 's p rope r ty i nt h i s r e g ion w he r e f l ood ing w a s a p e rpe tua lp rob l em? L e s s c e r ta in i se i the r t h e s t a tu s o r d a t e o f t h e c omp lex s y s t em s o fd i t ch e s a tH op eca r rH a l l a nd B ick e r shaw H a l l . Wh i l s ti ti st emp t ing t oc ompa r et h em w i th B ew sey a nd t o s e ei nt h em ac ompa r ab le m an if e s ta t ion o fs t a tu st h eh i s to ry o ft h e i re s ta t e sh a sp rodu ced n oc l ea re v id en ce t os how t h a t t h i s w a s s o . P o s s ib ly t h e i r e x ten t w a s i n f lu en ced b o th b y t o pog raphy , v e ry c l o se t o m a rg ina l i n o s s land s , a nd b y f u n c t ion a si mpo r t an tf a rm s tead s . I nr ega rd t ol o ca t ion a nd m o rpho logy , i fn o t t o t e nu r ia l s t a tu s , t h e r e i s l i t t le t o d i s t ingu i sh t h e s e s i t e s f r om B ew sey a nd O ld H u t t .Bo th a r e l a rge ly d e s t roy ed b u tf i e ldwo rk m ay y e td e t e rm ine w he th e r a r cha eo log ica l i n v e s t iga t ion w ou ld b e a p ra c t ica l p o s s ib i l i ty .

H ou s e , m igh t b e a dded t ot h e l i s t o fs uppo sed r i ngwo rk s . A s as i t e o f r ema rkab le s t a tu s a nd w i th i n c r ea s ing c onf id en ce i ni d en t if i ca t ion o fi t s l o ca t ion , L a thom H ou se m u s tb ep l a ced h igh o nt h el i s to fs i t e sw h ich m e r i td e ta i led r e sea r ch . S i r R obe r t d e H o l land 's 1 4 th -cen tu ry c a s t le i n U pho l land h a s b een l o ca t ed s omewha t t e n ta t ive ly . T h e e x t en tt ow h ich a r cha eo logy c an a dd t oo u ru nde r s t and ing o fh i s L an ca sh i r e s t rongho ld h a s y e t t o b e t e s t ed a nd , a t p r e sen t , w e c an b e s u r e n e i th e r o f i t s o r ig in s n o r o f i t s p hy s ica l s t ru c tu r e . . O n t h e o t he rh and , L ov e l ' s H a l l o n h i s e s ta t e i nH a lewood i sc l ea r ly i d en t if iab le a nd i s as ound c and ida t e f o r a r chaeo log i ca l i n v e s t iga t ion . L ike L a thom H ou se , i t s hou ld b e c on s id e r ed a s a s i t e o f h i gh a r cha eo log ica lp o t en t ia l . H ow ev e r , a r cha eo log ica l i n v e s t iga t ion h a s s om e t im e s c on f ound ed t h eh i s to r ica l e v id en ce . E xcava t ion a tT ann e r ' s F a rm i nC u lch e th h a sc l ea r ly d emon s t ra t ed t h ee x i s t en ce o f as t ru c tu r e l o ng b ef o r e t h e m oa t w a s c r ea t ed , b u t t h e t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk f o r t h i s s i t e i sq u i t e o paque . T h e r e i s l i t t l e d oub t t h a t t h e moa t a tS t M icha e l ' s H ou se , S u t ton , w a s ap o s t -med ieva l c r ea t ion a r ound t h e s i t e o fa n e a r l ie r , p r obab ly m ed ieva l , b u i ld ing . A ga in o u r u nd e r s tand ing o f t h e t e nu r e o ft h i s p l a ce i se x t r eme ly l i m i ted . O n t h e o t h e r h and , t h e mo r e c e r t a in h i s to r ica l e v idence f o r t e nu r e a t B a r row O ld H a l l w a s n o t e choed i na r cha eo log ica l t e rm s e i th e rf o rt h ed a t eo ft h e moa to rt h en a tu r eo fs t ruc tu r e so n t h e p l a t f o rm . C l ea r ly , t a k en i n d iv idua l ly , n e i th e r h i s to r ica l n o ra r cha eo log ica le v iden ce c an p rov ide ac omp le t ep i c tu r e a nd t h ed i sc ip l ine s mu s tb ec omb in ed i nt h ef o rmu la t ion o f r e s ea r ch d e s ign s w h ich s e ek t op l a ce at e nu r ia l h i e ra r chy o nm oa t ed s i t e s .

T h e i d ea t h a t t h e o r ig in s o f m oa t c r ea t ion l a y i n t h e r i ngwo rk s o fe a r l ie r d a t e h a s b een p ropo sed ( Tay lo r 1 972 , 2 46 ) a nd w e k now o fs i t e s , s u ch a sG o l tho a nd S u lg r av e , w h e re t h e m oa t ed s i te w a s d eve loped o ve r e a r l i e r r i ngwo rk l ik e e n c lo su r e s ( Be r e sf o rd 1 987 , 2 9 -37 ; C l a rk e 1 984 , 1 2 1) . C omp lex e nc lo su r e sh ave b een f o und i nm any p a r t so fE ng land , f r om Y o rk sh i r e ( Le P a tou r e l 1 973 , 4 ,f i g 1 )t oC amb r idg e sh i r e , f r om D o r se tt oS u r r ey ( Tay lo r 1 973 , 3 7 -38 )a nd i nE s sex ( Hedg e s 1 978 ,6 7 -69 ,f i g s2 2 ,2 3 ) .T h e c omp lex s i t e s o f We s t D e rby , l i k e t h o se f r om E s sex a nd Y o rk sh i r e , a r e e x t en s iv e a nd i ts e em s f a i r ly c e r ta in t h a t t h ey c an b e c on s ide r ed a st r ue m oa t ed e nc lo su r e s t h ough t h e i r c r ea t ion m ay h ave o ccu r r ed a s ar e su l t o fa dap ta t ion o v e r ap e r iod o ft im e . T h e m oa t ed s i t e o f P o r tugaa l , i n H oland , h a s s hown h ow a s i ng le s i t e m ay d emon s t ra t e s u cce s s iv e r e -occupa t ion o ve r s e ve ra l m i l lenn ia w i th a l t e ra t ion s t ot h e w a te r cou r se s a nd c h ang e s o fu se o ft h e p l a tf o rm a r ea ( Hoek 1 981 , 1 76 182 ) . O u ru nd e r s tand ing o f t h e c omp lex m oa t ed s i te s o f We s t D e rby H und r ed i ss t i l l t o ol i m i t ed t oa low c ompa r i son w i th s u ch s i t e sa nd w ec an o n ly s p e cu la t e o n t h e c h rono log ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e r e c tangu la r m oa t p l a tf o rm s a nd t h e i r s u r round ing d i t che sa tB ick e r shaw ,O ld H u t ta nd H opeca r rH a l l .A tO ld H u t t w e h ave s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e r e c tangu la r m oa t w a s c on s t ruc t ed a r ound a p r e -ex i s t ing d we l l ing i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry ; b u tw e r e t h e a nc i l la ry d i t che s a n e a r l ie r c r ea t ion? S i t e s o fs u ch p r opo r t ion s c ou ld h ave c on ta in ed s ub s tan t ia l f a rm s h ou s ing a sm any a s 3 0 p eop le , t h e s i z e o f as ma l l v i l lag e ( Le P a tou r e l &R obe r t s 1 978 , 4 9 ) , f r om w h ich , w e h av e a l r eady p r opo sed , t h e l a bou r f o r ce r e qu i r ed f o rm oa t c r ea t ion m igh th ave b een d r awn .

A t m oa t ed s i t e s f o r w h ich t h e r e i s r e a sonab ly c l ea r e v id en ce f o r t h e s i z e o f t h e e n c lo su r e t h e k nown d o cum en t a ry s ou r ce s s how t h a t l a rge s i t e s t e nd t o b e a s so c ia t ed w i th t h ea ccep tab le t r app ing so fs t a tu s( t ab l e4 5 ) t h ough , w h e r e a n e s t ima t e o fp l a t f o rm s i z e c an b e m ad e , t h e r ei sn os ugg e s t ion t h a ts u ch s i t e sc an b ea lway se qua t ed w i th c en t ra ll o ca t ion s( t ab le 3 9 ) .F rom t h ee xamp le so fO ld H u t ta nd B ew sey ,w e s e et h a t amoa t ed s i t es i tua ted o nt h e t own sh ip b ounda r ie si sn o ti n d ica t iv eo fl ow s t a tu s . R a th e r , al o ca t ion w h e r e m ax imum a dvan tag e c an b e t a ken o fa l t h ea va i lab le a g r icu l tu ra lr e sou r ce sa ppea r st oh ave b e en o f c on s id e rab le i mpo r tan ce . I fw e i n c lud e t h e e v id en ce f o r l o ca t ion o ft h e c a s t le s , w ha t ev e r t h e i r d a t e , w e f i nd t h a t t h e se a r e d i v ided a lmo s t e qua l ly b e tw een t h o se p l a ced c en t ra l ly w i th in a v i l l a nd t h o se c l o se r t o t h e m a rg in s . T hough o r ig ina l ly ad i s t inc t ion m igh tb es uppo sed b e tw een t h o se c on s t ru c t ed f o r a dm in i s t ra t ive p roce s se s a nd o t h e r s w h e r e am i l i ta ry f u nc t ion w a s m o r e i mpo r t an t , s u ch d i s t in c t ion s m igh t w e l l h av e b ecome b l u r r ed o ve r t i me . F u r th e r f i e ldwo rk a nd h i s to r ica l r e sea r ch i sn eed ed t o e s tab l i sh t h e s t a tu s o ft h e s o -ca l led c a s t le s s u ch a st h o se a t H ind ley a nd K i rkda le . A l so , w e n eed t o k now w h e th e r t h e r e i sa ny c o r r e la t ion b e tw een t h e p l a t f o rm s i z e o f a m oa t ed s i t e a nd t h e e x t en t o f t h e e s ta t e t o w h i ch i t b e long ed . Wh i l s t l a rg e , i mp r e s s ive m oa t s m igh t b e e xpe c t ed a r ound t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage o f e x t en s ive l a ndho ld ing s , s u ch a st h o se o ft h e L a thom s a nd S t an ley s , t h e B u t l e r s o f Wa r r ing ton , a nd t h e H aydock s a nd t h e i r L egh f am i ly s u cce s so r s , w e s t i l l k now f a r t o o l i t t le a bou t

T h e r e mu s t b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r b u i ld ing s u ch l a rg e e a r thwo rk s l a y w i th t h o se a tt h e u ppe r l e v e l o f s o c ie ty a nd , o nt h e We s tD e rby e s ta te so ft h e L a thom sa nd t h e i rs u cce s so r st h eS t an ley f am i ly ,w ef i nd a sm any a sf o u r s i t e s t o w h ich t h e s t a tu s o fc a s t le o r s t ronghou se c an b e a pp l ied b ef o r e t h e e nd o f t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . B uma rd e sca s t le , a s t h e s ugge s t ed p r edece s so r o f L a thom 1 53

1 8 -T he e ar thwork s i te so fW e s tD e rby Hund red t h es i z eo fs i ng le e s ta t e sh e ld b yt h em a jo r i ty o ft h eo wn e r s o fm oa t ed d we l l ing s . I n t h e i r p r ef e r ence f o r l o ca t ion o n b ou ld e r c l ay , t h e r e g ion 's m oa ted s i t e s a r en o d if e r en tf r om s i te s e l sewh e r e i n E ng land . I n t h e i r u sua l i s o la t ion f r om c en t r e s o f s e t t lem en t a nd l a ck o fc l e a rm ano r ia l a s soc ia t ion s w e s e e , p e rhap s , ad i ve rgen ce f r om t h e u sua l p a t te rn . T h e d en s i ty o fs i t e s , t h ough h i gh e r t owa rd s t o e a s t o ft h e h und r ed , i s c ompa rab l e w i th o t he r a r ea s o ft h e c oun t ry w h e r e d e ta i led w o rk h a sb een u nde r t ak en ( c hap t e r 1 2 ) . When ,a nd i f ,m o r e i sk nown a bou tt h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fw ood land a nd t h e d a t e s a tw h ich i ta nd t h em o s s land sw e r e c l ea red t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tw een ah i gh d en s i ty o fm oa t s a nd n ew s e t t lemen t m ay b ecom e m o r e c l ea rt h ough , a sw e h ave s e en , t h e n a tu r e o f t e nu r e i su n l ik e ly t ob e a n i n f lu en t ia l f a c to r . A l though t h e m o s s land s i nt h e n o r th o ft h e r e g ion p robab ly p r ec lud ed s e t t l em en t a nd m oa t c r ea t ion , t h e r e i sn o c l ea r r e a son f o r t h e i ra b sen ce f u r the ri n land .A ga in ,r e sea r ch i n to t h en a tu r e o f l a nd u s e m ay p rov id e s om e c l u e s . W i th t h e n a r row d i t ch ed s i t e s w h ich o n ly p a r t ly e nc lo sed ad w e l l ing h ou se i n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry w e m ay s e e t h e d i tche s a s s imp le b ounda ry d ema r ca t ion s w h i ch a r e l i nk ed t oc l ea ran ce a nd a s s a r t , w h e the r o f m o s s l and o r w ood land . T hey w e r e , p e rhap s , t h e f i r s t s t ag e o f m oa t c r ea t ion b u t f a i led t o d ev e lop i n to m o r e s ub s t an t ia lm oa t ed e nc lo su r e s t h ough i t i se n t i r e ly p o s s ib le t h a tt h e i rm oa t s h ad b een f i l led b yt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . N one th e le s s , a sl i k e ly i n d ica to r s o fa r ea s o f m ed ieva ls e t t lem en tt h ey h av e ar o le t op l ay i no u ra t t emp t t o u nd e r s t and t h e l o ca l l a nd scape a nd t h ey m ay p rov id e c l u e s t o f u r th e r r e sea r ch i nv i l l s w h e r e e v id ence f o r t h e d ev e loped m oa ted s i t eh a sp r oved e l u s ive . I n t e rm s o f f u nc t ion t h e r e i s n o th ing t o s ugg e s t a ny o u t s tand ing r e a son f o rm oa tc r ea t ion i n We s tD e rby . S om e a r e c l ea r ly l i nk ed t ow a t e rm i l l s a nd , i ns u ch c a se s , s t r eam d i v e r s ion t of e ed m oa t s s h ow s ac l ea ri n t en t ion t oc r ea t e a w a t e r -f iled e n c lo su r e , n o t o n e o fd r a inage o f aw e t s i t e . T he s imp le r e qu i r em en t t o d i spo se o f f ou l w a t e r f r om a r ound t h e d we l l ing a nd f a rm s tead s e em s t o b e ag ood e nough r e a son f o r t h e i r c r ea t ion . S u ch e xp lana t ion d oe s n o t ,h oweve r , a dm i tt h en eed f o rc l ean w a t e rf o rf i shpond s o rh u sband ry o fw a t e r f ow l . T h e w r i t t en e v idence f o rt h e se i sr a r e a nd d e ta i led f i e ldwo rk w i l l b e n eed ed a ts u rv iv ing s i t e st or e vea lh ow t h ey m igh th ave f i t t ed i n to t h ec omp lex . F i sh s t ock ing i n d i su sed m a r l p ond s i sw e l l k nown i n m od er nt im e s a nd t h i s m igh th ave b een s o i nt h e m ed i eva l p e r iod . E l sewh e r e , p ro t e c t ion o ft h e d we l l ing h ou se , f a rm b u i ld ing s , l i v e s tock , c r op s a nd o r cha rd s f r om t h ieve s a nd p r eda to r s , o r p o s s ib ly f r om l a rg e r b and s o f ma raud e r s , m igh t b e s uppo sed . T h e r e w a s c e r ta in ly a n eed f o r p ro tec t ion d u r ing t h e u n ce r t a in y ea r s o f t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry b u t , a l though w e k now o ff l oat sa t av e ry l a t e d a t e a r ound t h e h ome s t ead s o f t h o se r e spon s ib le f o r a c t s o f v i o len ce o rt h e i rv i c t im s ,w ec anno tc l a im t h a tt h e se m oa t s w e r ei ne x i s t en ce a ts u ch a ne a r ly d a te . I n m any i n s tance s ( 8 1% o f a l s i t e s i n t h e m id 19 th c en tu ry ) ,w eh ave f ound o ccupa t ion o fd we l l ing so no rv e ry c l o se t ot h e i rm oa t ed p l a t f o rm s . I ts e em s , the r ef o re , t h a tt h e m a jo r i ty o fl a ndowne r sw e r ec on ten tt om a in ta in t h es t a tu s q uo a nd w e r el i t t le c on ce rn ed w i th r e loca t ing t h e i rd w e l l ing h ou se s a t ad i s tance f r om a n u n f a sh ionab le moa t . A pa r t 1 54

f r om t h e o s t en ta t iou s a nd p r e ten t iou s g r and eu r o ft h e E a r l o f D e rby ' s h ou se s , m o s t o f t h e L an ca sh i r e g en t ry w e r e s l ow t oa dap tt h e i rh ou se s t on ew a r ch i t ec tu ra l s t y le s a nd , e ven i nt h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry , t h e u s e o ft imbe r f r am ing i n n ew b u i ld ing s w a s w id e sp r ead . I ti sn o t u nu sua l t o f i nd s u ch s t ru c tu r e s s t and ing o n moa t p l a t f o rm s a nd f r om s u ch e v id en ce i ts e em s t h a t b o th t imb e r b u i ld ing s a nd moa t s w e r e s t i l l c on s id e r ed ' f a sh ionab le ' a tt h i s l a t e d a t e . We h ave a l so f o und e v iden ce f o r s om e l i nk s b e tween f am i l ie s w ho c on s t ru c t ed b u i ld ing s i n s im i la r s t y l e a t d if e r en t l o ca l i t ie s , t h o se a t S pek e a nd L yd ia t e b e ing s p ec if i c e xamp le s . I na dd i t ion ,w eh ave s e en mu l t ip le o ccupa t ion o f h ou se si nt h ep o s t -med ieva lp e r iod ,p e rhap sp a r t ly a sr e su l t o fe s ta t es eque s t ra t ion b u t , mu ch e a r l i e r , d i v i s ion o fh ou se s b e tween h e i r e s se sha s b een f ound a s ac on sequence o f p a r t ib le i n he r i tan ce .L im i t ed r e sea r ch i n to t h e d ocum en t a ry a nd s t ru c tu ra l e v id en ce f o r mu l t ip l e o ccupa t ion s ugg e s t s t h ep o t en t ia lf o rd ev e lopm en to ft h es t udy . I f o u r i n v e s t iga t ion s h av e s hown t h e e x t en t t o w h ich d ocum en t a ry s ou r ce s m igh t b e i n t eg ra ted w i th a t o pog raph ica l a nd a r cha eo log ica l a pp roa ch t h ey h ave a l so i d en t if i ed b o th s t r eng th s a nd w eakn e s se s i n s u ch a n a pp roa ch . I ts e em s t h a to v e r lo rd sh ip b yt h e C rown , H ono r o r D u chy o f L an ca s t e r d i d n o t p r ec lude c on t inu ing p ra c t ice so fa n c i en tt e nu r e sa nd t h a tt h e r ew a sc on s id e rab le f r eedom t oa s sa r t a nd m ak e g r an t s o ff r eeho ld e s ta te s . I n m any i n s t an ce s t h e l o ca t ion a nd s i z e o f moa t ed s i t e s h a s l i t t le r e levan ce t o t h e t e nu r ia l s t a tu s o f t h e l a ndho lde r . T he r ei s as t rong l i k e l ihood t h a te s ta t e sw e r ee s tab l i shed t o t a k ea dv an tag eo fb o th ap a s to ra l a nd a r ab le e conomy a nd , a tl e a s t o n ad ay to -day b a s i s , t h ey m ay h av e b een a b le t o f u nc t ion q u i t e i n dependen t ly o f a s up e r io r m ano r ia l c on t ro l . T hough t h e s i tua t ion i s n ow i mp rov ing , a nd c l ea r e r r e sea r ch d e s ign s a r e s t a r t ing t o e m e rg e , a r cha eo log ica l i n v e s t iga t ion o ft h e r e g ion 's s i te s h a s o f t en b een l e d b y d emand so f ' r e scu e ' ,l i m i t ed b yb udg e tc on s t ra in t so r ,w o r se s t i l l , a n t iqua r ian c u r io s i ty . S uch l i m i ta t ion s i mpo se a myop ic a pp roa ch w h ich d oe s n o t a low i n d iv idua l s i t e s t o b es e ti nt h e i rw id e rt o pog raph ica la nd h i s to r ica lc on t ex t . I f t h i ss t udy l e ad st ot h ep romu lga t ion o fm o re c l ea r ly d ef ined r e sea r ch o b jec t iv e s i tw i l lh ave s e rv ed i t sp u rpo se . W i th a n e me rg ing a moun t o f a r cha eo log ica l e v idence t o s how a j ux tapo s i t ion o f s ub -Roman o ccupa t ion s i te s w i th t h e moa t ed s i t e s a nd d i t ch ed e n c lo su re so ft h em ed ieva lp e r iod a nd l a t e r , t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e o r ig in s o f t h e r e g ion 's m ed ieva l e s ta t e s l a y i nt h e p r e -Conqu e s t p e r iod c anno t b e i g no r ed . W i th e v id ence n ow f o r o ccupa t ion o f , o r o n ly s l igh t m ig ra t ion f r om , m any o ft h e m oa t ed p l a tf o rm s , t h e r eg ion 's c on se r va t i sm i d en t if i ed i n t h e w r i t ten s ou r ce s a ppea r st ob e e choed i nt h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd . I ti so n s u ch p r em i se s t h a t a r cha eo log ica l i n v e s t iga t ion i n t h e r e g ion c an m ov e f o rwa rd ; c ompa r i son s b e tween o u r e a r thwo rk s i t e s a nd b u r ied r ema in s m ay b e m ade a nd q ue s t ion s a sk ed a bou t t h e c i r cum s t ance s s u r round ing t h e i r c r ea t ion , o ccupa t ion a nd f u nc t ion .

I n t roduc t ion -CATALOGUE T he c a ta logue p r e sen t s as umma ry o ft h e h i s to r ica l a nd a r cha eo log ica l e v idence f o r t own sh ip s a nd s i te s i nn ume r ica l a nd a l phabe t ica lo rd e ra ss e to u ti nt h et own sh ip l i s t s( f ig s 1 , 5 8 ;A ppend ix I I ) . I te xc lud e st own sh ip s f o rw h ich t h e re i sn o k nown e v id ence f o rc a s t le s , moa ted s i te s o rd i tched e nc lo su r e s ; h ence , t h e o ve ra l l n ume r ica ls equen ce o ft h et own sh ip l i s tw i l lb eb roken . Me rged t own sh ip s ( e g B i l l inge a nd W in s tan ley , T y lde s ley w i th S ha l ce r ley , P ou l ton w i th F ear nhead , R ix ton w i th G laz eb rook ) a r ec on jo ined u nd e rt h ef i r s t -named .

W i th in e a ch t own sh ip i n f o rma t ion i sp r e sen ted a sf o l low s : 1 P lans o fi nd iv idua lt own sh ip s 1 . 1 T he se a r et a ken f r om mode rn 1 : 25000 O rdnance S u rvey m ap s w i th a dd i t iona l i n f o rma t ion f o r t own sh ip b ounda r ie s a dded f r om t h e 6 " O rdnance S u rvey m ap sc omp i led i nt h em id 19 th c en tu ry . A s f a r a sp o s s ib le p l an s a r e r ep roduced a t ac on s i s ten t s ca le b u t g r ea t e r r educ t ion h a s h ad t ob eu sed f o rv e ry l a rge t own sh ip s . 1 . 2 S i nce m e t r ic c onve r s ion i s n o t a va i lab le f o r much o ft h e r eg ion , c on tou r s a r e u sua l ly s hown a t 2 5 ' i n te rva l s . I n con s i s tenc ie s i n c on tou r ing h ave o ccu r red p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e t own sh ip s o f I n ce in -Make rf ie ld a nd H ind ley w he re s eve ra l s h ee t s , u s ing e i the r i mpe r ia l m ea su re o r m e t r ic m ea su r e o r ac omp rom i se b e tween t h e t wo , a r e m e rged t oc ove rt h et own sh ip s . I ns uch i n s tance s c on tou r s h ave b een d rawn t o a l low a c omp rom i se b e tween t h e d if e ren t m ea su r emen t s . O cca s iona l ly , a s i n T y lde s ley , h e igh t sa r es hown i nm e t re s ;c on tou r sd ef a ced b y u rban d eve lopmen t a r e a s sumed a nd a r e s hown a sb rok en l i ne s . 1 . 3 C a s t le s , moa ted s i te so rd i tched e nc lo su re sa r e s hown a sf i l led c i rc le s . 1 . 4 O the rs i t e sn amed i nt h ec a ta logue a r es hown a s o pen c i r c le s . 1 . 5 L a rge a r ea so fs t and ing w a te ra r es t ipp led . 1 . 6 L a rge a r ea so fl a nd u nde ri n du s t r ia lw a s te a r e o u t l ined b yh a chu re s . 1 . 7 Whe r ek nown ,t h ef o cu so fm ed ieva ls e t t lemen t i si n d ica ted b ya no pen c i r c le ; s e t t lemen tn ame s a r eg i ven i fd if e ren tf r om t h a to ft h et own sh ip . 1 . 8 T he p o s i t ion o fc hu r che sa nd c hape l si sm a rk ed b y ac r o s sw i th in ac i rc le . 1 . 9 P a rk b ounda r ie sa r es hown b yb roken l i ne s .

2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4

2 . 6

2 . 7

2 . 8

2 . 9

3 S i te s ummar ie s t a bu la te t h e f o l low ing i n f o rma t ion . T he f i e ld i sl e f tb l ank i fi n f o rma t ion i sl a ck ing . 3 . 1 3 . 2

3 . 3 3 . 4 3 . 5 3 . 6 3 . 7 3 . 8 3 . 9 3 . 10

2 T ownsh ip s ummar ie ss how t h ep r inc ipa lt e nu r ia ld e scen t o fv i l ls t og e the rw i th e v idence f o r s ma l le r e s ta te s ; at a b le i sf o l lowed b yf o o tno te s : 2 . 1

2 . 5

D a te T he k nown d a te sf o re v idence r e la t ing t o t e nu r e ;s upe r sc r ip tn umbe r s i n d ica te s ou r ce s d i scu s sed i nt h ef oo tno t e s . T enure T he n a tu r eo fp r inc ipa lt e nu re b a sed o n d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s . E s ta te C a ruca la s se s smen t , mano r ia ld iv i s ion o r e s ta te n ame b a sed o nr e co rded e v idence . L ord o fF ee /S uper ior L ord sh ip T he n ame o f

3 . 11 3 . 12 3 . 13

t h ef e eo rs uper io rl o rd f r om w h ich t h et own sh ip o re s ta t ei sh e ld ;r e ve r s ion o fh o ld ing st ot h e C rown o rD uchy o fL anca s te ri ss hown w hen 1 55

i n d ica ted b yd ocumen ta ry e v idence ; i ns ome c a se s ,t h i s i sd ue t ot h em ino r i ty o ft h es upe r io r l o rd ; i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry i tc an i n d ica te f o rme r mona s t ic h o ld ing sa nd l a te ri tm ay r e la te t o s eque s t ra t ion o fe s ta te s f o rr e cu sancy o rt r ea son . Me sne l o rd T he n ame o ft h er e s iden t , o r s uppo sed r e s iden t , l o rd o rp e r son w ho h o ld st h e l a nd i nc ap i te ;w he r ea ni n d iv idua lh o ld sl a nd i n m o re t h an o ne t own sh ip ,t h ea c tua lp l ace o f r e s idence m ay n o tb ec l ea r . S erv ice /ren t T he r en t s , s e rv ice sa nd m ano r ia l d u t ie st ot h es upe r io rl o rd f r om t h eh o ld ing ; s ome t ime st h is w a sp a s sed t os ub t enan t sw ho b ecame l i ab le . L andho lder s T he n ame so ft ho se w ho se h o ld ing ss e em t ob er e la ted t om ino re s ta te si n t h et own sh ip ;t h ed i s t inc t ion b e tween m e sne l o rd a nd t e nan ti sn o ta lway sc l ea r ; e n t r ie sf o rt h e 1 332 L ay S ub s idy a r et a ken a se v idence f o r r e s idence i n at own sh ip . S i te s Al i s to f moa ted s i te sa nd t h e i rc a ta logue n umbe r s i sa ppended a tt h ee nd o fe ach t own sh ip s umma ry . F oo tno te s R e la te t oi n f o rma t ion i nt h et own sh ip s umma ry ; c r o s s ref e r ence t oo t he rt own sh ip so r m oa ted s i te si sg i ven a sa pp rop r ia t e .

N o . ( t he n umbe ro ft h es i t e i nt h i sc a ta logue ) SMR ( t he S i te s a nd Monumen t s n umbe r , i f k nown ) A SM =A r cha eo log ica l S u rvey o f Me r sey s id e CCC = Che sh i re C oun ty C ounc i l GMS MR= G rea te r Manche s te r P RN =L anca s te rU n ive r s i ty A r cha eo log ica lU n i t L eve lo fc er ta in ty S i te n ame T own sh ip P ar i sh Hundred T enure N a tu re o fs upe r io rt e nu r e N a t iona lG r id R ef erence L oca t ion S i t e l o ca t ion i nr e la t ion t o t h e t own sh ip b ound so rt opog raph ica lm a rg in s S o l id g eo logy t a ken f r om t h eO rdnance S u rvey G eo log ica l S er ie so fm ap s( 1 :50 0 00 ) D r if tg eo logy t a ken f r om t h eO rdnance S u rvey G eo log ica lS e r ie so fm ap s 1 : 50 0 00 ) S o i l sN a tu re o fs o i l si nt h ei mmed ia te v i c in i ty t a ken f r om t h em ap p ub l i shed b yt h e S o i l A s soc ia t ion ( 1 :25000 ) ; i n mo s ti n s tance st h e se

CATALOGUE -I n t roduc t ion c an b et a ken a sn o mo r et h an ag ene ra li n d ica t ion o ft h es o i lt y pe i nt h ev i c in i ty o ft h es i te 3 . 14 3 . 15 3 . 16 3 . 17 3 . 18

3 . 19 3 . 20 3 . 21 3 . 22 3 . 23 3 . 24

3 . 25 3 . 26 3 . 27 3 . 28 3 . 29 3 . 30 3 . 31 3 . 32 3 . 33 3 . 34

A l t i tude T opography ag ene ra ls t a temen t P lan t h e moa tp l an ( s ing le , mu l t ip le )b a sed o n map e v idence o rf i e ld s u rvey ( chap te r 1 5 ) F orm p l a t f o rm f o rm / shape a s ce r ta ined f r om m ap e v idence o rf i e ld s u rvey ( c hap te r 1 5 ) A rea e s t ima ted p l a tf o rm a r ea i n m2 b a sed o n m ap so rf i e ld s u rvey ( s ee t a b le s4 1 a b ,4 7a -b f o r l i s t so fs i te sa r ranged a cco rd ing t oe s t ima ted p l a t f o rm a r ea ) Moa tw id th b a sed o nm ap s ,e xcava t ion o rf i e ld s u rvey Moa td ep th i fk nown f r om e xcava t ion o rf i e ld s u rvey We t /dry c ond i t ion o ft h e moa ta cco rd ing t om ap e v id ence ,d ocumen ta ry e v id ence o rf i e ld s u rvey Wa ter s upp ly i fk nown f r om f i e ld s u rvey o r s uppo sed f r om m ap e v idence E n trance p o s i t ion o fp l a t f o rm e n t r ance i fk nown f r om m ap e v idence , f i e ld s u rvey o re xcava t ion A cce s sn a tu r eo fa cce s sa c ro s st h e moa ti fk nown f r om d ocum en ta ry s ou r ce s ,f i e ld s u rvey o r e xcava t ion E nc lo sure b ank sa round t h e i n ne re dge o ft h e moa t P la tf orm h e igh ti fs i gnf i can t ly r a i sed a bove g ene ra lg round l e ve l E xcava t ion d a t ea nd n ame o fe xcava to ro r o rgan i sa t ion S urvey d a t ea nd n ame o fs u rveyo ro r o rgan i sa t ion Moa tc ond i t ion p re sen tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing st y pe si n d ica ted b yd ocumen ta ry s ou rce so rf i e ld s u rvey U se p r e sen tu se o ft h es i t e P lan sr e f e r ence t os ou r ce sa nd s ca le o fo r ig ina l p l an s P ho to s / i l lu s tra t ion sr e f e r ence t os ou r ce s P ub l ica t ion r e f e rence t os ou rce s , i n c lud ing u npub l i shed m a te r ia l

4 H i s tor ica la nd /or a rchaeo log ica ls ummary o ft h es i t e . 5 S i te p l an sa r es hown a l ong s ide ,o rf o l low ing ,t h er e levan t s umma ry a nd a r eb a sed o nt h ee a r l ie s ta va i lab le m ap s . U sua l ly t h e se a r e 1 9 th -cen tu ry t i t he p l an so rO rdnan ce S u rvey m ap sb u te a r l ie rp l an sh ave b een u sed w he re a va i lab le . I fa pp rop r ia te , as e r ie so fm ap si ss hown . S e lec ted f i e ld s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion p l an sa r e i n c luded . 6 E ar ly i lu s tra t ions a nd p ho tograph sa r ec i ted w he r e a pp rop r ia te . C ro s sr e f e rence i sm ade t ot ho se i nt h em a in b ody o ft h et e x t .

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E s ta t e

154 1189 1 190 11992 1 212 3

f e ef a rm

Y 2c a ruca t e

f e ef a rm

1b ova te

W i l l iam d eO cc le shaw R icha rd d eE dbu rg ,ham A lan d eB u r ton J ohn s on o fR icha rd d e A dbu rgham

f r e eho lde r s

O cc le shaw ? Bamf u r long 1 32-2 3 1 332 7

4 s 1 2d

c 1230 1245 4 1 305 5

s ocag e

C ocke r sand A bbey

1 2d

J ohn d eL ang ton

1 346r 1 451'

R ico d eA ldbu rgam W i l lo G i l ib rond W i l lo d eA s sh ton R ogo d e l Wode J ohe d e l Wych

i j s i j s i j s i j s i j sq a

R ica rdu sE sch ton G i lbe r tu sC u lchy th R ica rdu sA th i r ton e t s oc i i J ohanne sH e sch ton W i l le Imu sC u lchy th R ica rdu sA d r e ton

x i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd v j d

R obe r tu sB o l ton

v j d

P e t ru sA s she ton W i l le lmu sC u lchy th H e rR ica rdu s A the r ton R obe r tu sB o l ton

x i jd x i jd v j d

R ob e r td eL ang ton ? Bamf u r long

1 50 11 F

C o cke r sand A bbey

? Bamf u r long

C ocke r sand A bbey

B icke r shaw B icke r shaw O cc le shaw

1 507 1 1 2

J ohn d e U rm s ton o f We s t le igh

? Bamf u r long

C ocke r sand A bb ey

B icke r shaw B icke r shaw 1 556 °

S i t e s : 1

R icha rd so fJ ohn d eA dbu rgham A gne sw idow o fJ ohn Maud w idow o fR icha rd H en ry d eH uy ton W i l l iam d eB rad shaw R oge rd eB rad shaw S imon d eH o l land J ohn G i l l ib rond W i l l iam s on o fR oge rd eA sh ton R icha rd s on o fA dam d e lL ache

f e a l ty

? B icke r shaw

1 537

L andho ld e r s

S er v ice/ r en t

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord Wa r ine so f G odf r ey Wanne B ana s t r e

v j d

A dam B o l ton J ohn O cc le shaw J ohn S ou thwo r th R og e rC u lche th C ec i ly A sh ton N icho la sH uy ton A b ram H a l l

2

B amf u r long H a l l

6

B icke r shaw H a l l

1 B o l ton H ou s e

1 03

H ighe rH ou se

1 04

Maypo le H ou se

Wa r ine , s o n o fG odf r ey d e A b ram, w a s g r an ted t h e m ano r b y H en ry I .G odf r ey m ay h ave b een ak i n sman o fR obe r t B ana s t r e o fP r e s ta tyn a nd Wa r ine w a s , p e rhap s , ay ounge rb ro the ro fR obe r t( Fa r r e r 1 900 , 6 62 ) . Wa r ine ( d 1 20 112 12 )w a s f a the ro fR icha rd o fA dbu rgham ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 7 7 ) . 2

Wa r ine B ana s t r e g r an ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey o ne o xgang o u t o fh i s d om in ico i nA b ram s av ing h i s H ay o fB eh l ewd e i nw h ich h e g r an ted t h e b r e th r en o akma s tf o r3 0p i g s . W i l l iam d eO cc le shaw g r an ted a l o fO cc le shaw t ot h eb r e th r en a nd t h eg r an tw a s c on f i rmed b yh i s u nc le , Wa r ine , s on o fG odf r ey d eA b ram ( Fa r re re d . 1 900 ,6 60 -662 ) .

3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,77 ) . R icha rd ' sl a nd w a sh e ld b yg if to fK ing H en ry ; at h i rd p a r to ft h ef o u rb ova te sw e re h e ld i ne l emo s inam . O ne o xgang m ay h ave b een h e ld i nb yA lan d eB u r ton i nf e ef a rm f o r 1 2d r e n t( Book o fF e e s 1 92 1 ,2 18 ) . B e twe en 1 205 -c 1230 R icha rd , s on o f Wa r ine d eA b r am g r an ted t o C ocke r sand A bbey a na c r eo fh i s l a nd i nA b ram n ex tt ot h ed eep l e a ch ( l akum )w h ich d i v ided A b ram f r om O cc le shaw a nd a no the rp a r to fh i s l a nd a t B emeg r ene s . E a ch g r an ta lowed p annage i nA b ram w ood ( Fa r r e re d .1900 ,6 63-664 ) .

4

J ohn d e A b ram g r an t ed t o C ocke r sand A bbey a n a s se r t i nA b ram f o rme r ly h e ld b y G i lbe r t a nd m a rked b y c r o s se s . H e c onf i rmed t h e g r an t o f O cc le shaw a nd t h i sd e ed m ake sr e f e r enc et oB icke r shaw w h ich s e em st oh ave m a rked ap o in to nt h eb ound s . I n1 268 J ohn G i l l ib rond h e ld t h i sl a nd i n f e ef a rm ( F a r r e re d . 1 900 ,6 64 -665 n 1 ) .

5

6

7

T he se e i gh tf r e eho lde r sw e r en amed i n ac a se b rough tb yR icha rd , s on o fA dam d e l L a che . P robab ly ,t h ey r e p r e sen t a l , o rm o s to f , t h e f r e eho lde r s i n A b ram a tt h i sd a t e ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 12 n 11 ) .J ohn G i l l ib rand h ad t h eO cc le shaw e s ta t ef o r 1 2d a st e nan to fC o cke r sand A bbey ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 13 n 29 ) . J u l iana , d augh te ro fJ ohn G i l l ib rand , w a s s e cond w if eo fT hu r s tan.d eH o l land ( a l ive 1 24 11272 ) b yw hom s he h ad f ou r s on s , T hu r s tan , A dam , E l ia s a nd S imon ( Ho l land 1 9 17 , 3 ) . T hu r s tan ' s l a nd s m ay h ave b een i nP embe r ton ( q v ) ; S imon a l so h ad a n e s ta t e a t L igh t shaw i nG o lbome ( q v ) . ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) .J ohn d eL ang ton s ucceeded t h eB ana s t re sa sl o rd o f Make rf i e ld . C on t r ibu to r st ot h eL ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . R icha rd ,s on o fJ ohn d eA bb e rham ,W i l l iam , s on o fW i l l iam G i l l ib rand a nd W i l l iam s on o fR oge rd e A sh ton w e r ea t ta ched t ot h ec onf ede ra cy l e db yS i rR obe r td eH o l land ( Tup l ing 1 949 p a s s im ) .

8( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . 9

1 °

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 246 ) . T en y ea r sl a t e rW i l l iam A sh ton ,W i l l iam C u lche th a nd R icha rd A the r ton s oc w e re i np o s se s s ion . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 243 ) .

1 57

C a ta logue : ABRA M

1 1 2

1 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 13 n 30 ) . ( F a r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 251) . C on t r ibu to r st ot h el a ys ub s idy ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 14 ) . e a s t s i de o fi t .B y t h a tt ime t h e h a l l w a s c omp le te ly d emo l i shed ( SD 6 0 SW 8 ) . T he h ou se i ss uppo sed t o h ave b een r e bu i l t c 1598 ( Wa lk e r& T inda l l 1 985 , 1 85 ) a nd t o h ave b een o fs im i la r a g e t o B amf u r long H a l l ( OS S D 6 0 SW 1) .

B amf u r long m ay b e r e p re sen ted b y t h e o xgang o f l a nd h e ld b y A lan d e B u r ton i n1 2 12 . I ts e em st o h ave b e en t h e e s ta t e h e ld F ig 9 1 .1b : Ab ram H a l l 1 844 b y t h e A sh ton f am i ly s i nc e ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 1) t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 13 n 34 ) a nd s ub sequen t ly p a s sed t o aj un io rb r anch o ft h e G e ra rd f am i ly , t h en t ot h e G e ra rd s o fI n ce in -Make r f ie ld ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 85 186 ) . I ft h e a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e A sh ton s i s c o r re c t , B amf u r long m ay h ave b e en h e ld f r om C ocke r sand A bbey b ym embe r so ft h eA sh ton f am i ly w ho p a id ar e n to f1 2d f o rt h e i r l a nd s b e tween 1 4511251 ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 246 1251) . I nf o rm t h e d oub le p l a t f o rm i ss im i la r t o B rad ley O ld H a l l , B u r tonwood ( q v ) w h ich , l i k eB rad ley , m ay i n d ica t et h a tB am f u r long w a s a s soc ia ted w i th a ma jo re s ta t e . T he h a l l h a s b e en d e sc r ibed a sd a t ing f r om t emp H en ry b u tm ay h ave b e en a l te r ed o rr e bu i l t i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ; at imbe r i nt h e h a l li si n sc r ibed JA 1 577 ( Wa lk e r&T inda l l 1 985 , 1 85 186 ) .

F ig 9 1 .1a :A b r am N o . SMR

1 - GMS MR 4 94 1

c e r ta in

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

A bram H a l l A b ram W igan N ew ton F e ef a rm

NGR L oca t ion S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l A l t i tude T opog raphy P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

S D6 062 0 125 p e r iphe ra l C o l lyhu r s ts and s tone s / Manche s te rm a r l s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion 2 5m w e s t -f ac ing s l ope ;6 0m e a s to fc ana l s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 40 x3 0m / 1200m2 c l 5m

P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 1 , 1 8 44 @ 1 0c ha in s=3 1 4" /

N o . SMR S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e NGR L oca t ion S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l A l t i tude T opog raphy P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

w e t 1 844 ? s t r eam n o r th & s ou th b r ick c au seway o ve re a s td i tch

i n comp le t e h ou se r e bu i l tc 1598 : d emo l i shed c 1970

Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

A b ram H a l l i s s a id t o h ave b e en t h e m ano r h ou se o f R icha rd d e E dbu rgham a nd t h e o l de s t o ft h e A b ram m oa t ed s i te s ( Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985 , 1 85 )t h ough t h er e a son f o rt h ea s sump t ion i sn o tg i ven . I fc o r r ec t , i t w a sp robab ly a s soc ia ted w i th Wa r ine B ana s t r e ' sd eme sne o u to fw h ich h e made ag r an t o f l a nd t o C ock e r sand A bbey i n 190 1199 ( s e e n o te 2 a bove ) . T he s imp le f o rm o ft h e m oa t , c ompa r ed w i th t h o se a tB icke r shaw H a l l ( q v ) a nd B amf u r long H a l l ( q v ) , m ay s ugge s t e i the r as i te o fl e s se r s t a tu s o r i t s e a r l ie r c r ea t ion . P a r t o ft h e moa t w a s s t i l l w e t i n1 952 w hen t h e r e w a s ab r ick c au seway o ve r t h e e a s t a rm . O the rw i se a l t h a t r ema ined o f t h ed i t ch w a st h eo u te rb ank o ft h ew e s ta rm w i th ad amp h o l low o nt h e

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

2 GMS MR 4 932

c e r ta in

B amfur long H a l l A b ram W igan N ew ton F ee f a rm ( Cocke r sand A bbey ) S D6 0 11 0 160 p e r iphe ra l C oa l Mea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion 3 0m w e s t -f a c ing s l ope ; 1 60m w e s to fc ana l d oub le r e c tangu la r c 60 x3 0m / 1800m 2;5 400m2 o ve ra l l c l Om w e t 1 844 s t r eam n o r th

p a r to ft h e moa ts u rv ive s c hape li n1 7C ; 1 6C t imb e r -f ramed h a l l L anc s RO DRL 1 / 1 , 1 844 @ 1 0c ha in s =31 4" / ; G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 47 @ 3 00 '= 1" F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 911 , 8 4( s ee f i g8 0 ) Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985 ;F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 ; F a r re re d . 1 909

T he h a l l w a s t imbe r -f ramed a nd h ad aj e t t ied u ppe r s t o r ey ( f ig 8 0 ) p e rhap s s im i la r t o t h a t a tC lewo r th , T y lde s ley ( f ig 7 9 ) . S ome o f t h e t imbe r f r am ing i sn o t d i s s im i la r t o t h a t i nt h e n o r th e a s t c o rne r o ft h e c ou r tya rd a tS p eke H a l l ( q v ) , c omp le ted i nt h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry . T he h a l l

1 58

C a ta logue : ABRA M F ig 9 1 .1c :Bamf u r long H a l l 1 844 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 1)

0

s p ec ta cu la r ly l a rge r t h an t h o s e a t t h e o t he r C ocke r sand s i te s a t C un scough , Me l l ing ( q v ) a nd Mo s sbo rough H a l l , R a inf o rd ( q v ) . A h i n t o f a no u t e rd i tch o n t h ep l an s ugg e s t s c ompa r i son s w i th H opeca r r H a l l , B edf o rd ( q v ) a nd t h e O ld H ut , H a lewood ( q v ) . I n 1 927 t h e r e w e r e o n ly t r ace so ft h ea nc ien tw a l l s a l l 1 844 F ig 9 1 .1e : B icke r shaw H o ft h e d w e l l ing . T he s i t e ( L a n c s R O D R L 1 / 1 ) w a s o ccup ied u n t i l 1 931 a nd , e xcep t f o r as ma l l p o r t ion , t h e h ou se w a s d emo l i shed i n 1 948 -9 . I n 1 952 t h e f o unda t ion s w e r ec ove red w i th v ege ta t ion ; p o s s ib le o r ig ina l s t ruc tu r e s w e r e i d en t i f ied i nt wo w a l l s s e t a tr i gh tang le s a tt h e w e s t e nd o f a modem b u i ld ing . T h e se c on ta ined ac h imney s t a ck a nd f i r ep lac e s a tg r ound a nd f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l s . T he r e w a s n o i n d ica t ion o f am oa t ( OS 6 0 SW 2 ) . F r agmen t s o f B ick e r shaw H a l l , w i th amo sa ic f l oo r i na n o u tbu i ld ing , c an s t i l l b e s e en ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 86 ) .

i s s a id t o h ave b e en s im i la r i na g e t oA b ram H a l l b u t w a s c omp le te ly d emo l i shed b y 1 959 w hen t h e e a s t a nd n o r th a rm s o f t h e m oa t w e r e s t i l l v i s ib le b u t t h e r e s t w a s l a rge ly f i l led i n( OS S D 6 0 SW 1) . T he r e w a s ac hape l a tB amf u r long i nt h e l a t e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 14 n 36 ) .

»Om

F ig 9 1 .1d : B amf u r long H a l l ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 47 ) N o . SMR

6 GMS MR 5 95

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e NGR L oca t ion S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l A l t i tude T opog raphy

B ick er shaw Ha l l A b ram W igan N ew ton F e ef a rm ( Cocke r sand A bbey )

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s

? concen t r ic r e c tangu la r c 30 x4 0m / 1200m 2 c 10 15m

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

N o . SMR

1 GMS MR 4 727

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

B o l ton H ou se A b ram W igan N ew ton F e ef a rm ( Cocke r sand A bbey ) S D6 256 0 129 • p e r iphe ra l C oa lm ea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

NGR L oca t ion S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

S D6 264 0 185 p e r iphe ra l

A l t i tude T opog raphy P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

C oa lm ea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion 3 5m s ou th f a c ing

w e t 1 844 s t r eam n o r th

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

m oa td e s t royed b y 1 927 p a r t ly d emo l i shed 1 948 -9 g a rden n u r se r ie s L anc s RO DRL 1 / 1 , 1 844 @ 1 0c ha in s= 31 /" 4 Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 ;F a r r e re d . 1 909

B icke r shaw w a s h e ld b y C ocke r sand A bbey i n 1 538 1540 a nd w a s a cqu i r ed b yS i rT homa sH o lc rof ta f t e rt h eD i s so lu t ion . T he e s ta t ea ppea r s t oh ave b een i n c luded i nO cc le shaw , f i r s t n o ted i n 190 1199 , w hen i t w a s g r an ted t ot h ea bb ey ( s e en o t e 2a bove ) . A sw i th o t he rg r an t s i na lm s t om ona s t ic h ou se si tw a so ccup ied b yl a yt e nan t s ;J ohn G i l l ib rond h e ld i t i n 1 268 ( F a r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 60 -66 1) a nd , p o s s ib ly , W i l l iam G i l l ib rond h e ld i ta sh i s s ucc e s so ri n1 332 . B e tween 1 451146 1 R icha rd A the r ton e t s oc i ih e ld a ne s ta t e f r om C ocke r sand A bbey f o r 1 2d ; b e twe en 1 50 11537 R icha rd A the r ton , o rh i s h e i r s , a nd R obe r t B o l ton e a ch h e ld a n e s ta t e i n B icke r shaw f o r6 d( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 246 1251 ;s e eB o l ton H ou se ) .

T he a r ea e nc lo sed b y d i tche s a tB ick e r shaw i sa mong s tt h e l a rge s t i nt h e h und r ed . A s a m oa ted s i t e i n m ona s t ic t e nu r e , t h e p l a t f o rm i s

1 59

c e r ta in

3 5m s ou th f a c ing s i ng le s qua re c 45 x4 5m /2025m2 c1O m w e t 1 844 n o r th o re a s t g a tehou se 1 758

d e s t royed H ou se 1 844 w a s te l a nd L ane s RO DRL 1 / 1 1 844 @ 1 0c ha in s =31 4" / Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 ;F a r r e re d . 1 909

B o l ton H ou se w a s p robab ly a t ta ched t o l a nd s g r an ted t o C ocke r sand A bbey ,p e rhap s a se a r ly a s 190 1199 . I tm ay h ave b e en h e ld b yR icha rd A the r ton e t s oc i i b e tween 1 4511461 f o r 1 2d ; i n 1 50 11537 R icha rd A the r ton , o r h i s h e i r s , a nd R obe r t B o l ton e a ch h e ld a n e s ta t ef r om t h e a bbey f o r6 d ( F a r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 246 1 2 51 ;s e eB icke r shaw H a l l ) . As u rvey o f1 758 a pp ea r st o r e la t e t o B o l ton H ou se w h ich w a s h e ld a tt ha t d a t e b y aC ap ta in D ucken f ie ld . T he h o ld ing c omp r i sed a ' Ha l l g a te H ou se F o ld s O r cha rd a nd C rof t ' a nd i n c luded f i e ld s c a l led B ick e r shaw H ey a nd o l ton H ou se 1 844 ig 9 1 .1f : B M eadow ( Lane s RO DDH I c F S u r vey s a nd R en ta l s / 12 ) . ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 1)

C a ta logue : ABRA M D eed s r e la t ing t oB o l ton H ou se a nd o t he rp rope r t ie s o ft h eB o l ton f am i ly h ave b e en p ub l i shed ( Lanc sa nd C he s . H i s ta nd G en n o t e si ,3 9 ,4 7 ) . I n 1 952 t h es i t ew a so nw a s te g r ound ; p o s s ib ly t h en o r th a rm o ft h e moa t w a s c ove r ed b y h eavy f o o t ing s a nd n e t t le s ( OS R eco rd C a rd S D 6 0 SW9 ) . T he moa t w a s v i s ib le u n t i l a bou t 4 0 y ea r s a go b u t h a s n ow d i sappea red ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 86 ) .

1 0 3

p robab le

N o . SMR S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e NGR L oca t ion

H igher Hou se A b r am W igan N ew ton F ee f a rm

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s

3 5m s ou th f a c ing s i ng le s qua r e c 40 x 40m / 1600m 2 c 8 10m

S D6 200 0 120 p e r iphe ra l

N o . SMR

1 04

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e NGR L oca t ion

Maypo le House A b ram W igan N ew ton F e ef a rm

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l A l t i tude T opog raphy P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

P ebb le b ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

w e t 1 844 s ou th -ea s t

S D6 168 0 088 p e r iphe ra l

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n ov i s ib le e v idenc ef o r amoa t w a s t el a nd L anc s RO DRL 1 / 1 , 1 844 @ 1 0c ha in s =31 4" /

n ov i s ib le e v idenc ef o r amoa t f a rm l a nd o ru nd e rs po i l L anc s RO DRL 1 / 1 , 1 844 @ 1 0c ha in s= 31 /" 4

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion H ighe r H ou se i sc on s ide r ed h e r e a s ad i tched o r moa ted s i t e s o le ly o n e v idenc e o ft h e t i the p l an . T he a r ea i sn ow c u l t iva ted a nd t h e r e i sn o o bv iou s s u r f a ce e v idence f o r a d i tched e nc lo su r e . N o h i s to r ica l r e sea rch h a sb een u nde r taken .

F ig 9 1 .1h : Maypo le Hou se 1 844 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 1)

F ig 9 1 .1g : H ighe rH ou se 1 844 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 1)

1 60

p r obab le

T he s i te h a s b e en i d en t if ied s o le ly f r om t h e t ihe p l an . I t s n a r row d i tche s s ugge s t a s im i la r i ty w i th G eo rg e son ' s F a rm a nd C ro s s H i l lock s , b o th i n T a rbock ( q v ) . T he s i t e i sl o ca ted t oa na r ea o fw a s te l a nd a nd t h e re i s n o o bv iou s s u rf a ce e v idence f o r a d i tched e nc lo su r e . H i s to r ica l r e sea rch h a s n o t b een u nde r taken .

C a ta logue :APPLETON

T enure

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1 33

W idne sC a s t le

P o s s ib ly t h i sw a so ne o ft h ed r engag em ano r s a t tached t ot h eh und r ed o f Wa r r ing ton a tt h et ime o ft h eC onque s t . B y 1 086 W idne s a nd o t he rl a nd s i n Wa r r ing ton h und red ( 2h i de s a nd 4p l ough land s ) a nd We s tD e rby h und r ed ( 1 1 h i de s )w e r eh e ld b yW i l l iam f i t zN ige l , l o rd o fH a l ton n ea rR uncor ni n C he sh i r e . B y 117 C ue rd ley ( Wa r r ing ton )a nd S ta in ing ( Amounder n e s s )h ad b een a dded ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 87 ) . 2

R oge rh e ld W idne s a nd i t sa ppu r t enance sb yt h es e rv ice o f 4k n igh t s 'f e e s . T he s i xp l ough land sw e r e i nA pp le ton ( W idne s ) a nd C ron ton , a na d jo in ing v i l l( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 87 n 6 ) .

3

A pp le ton a nd C ron ton w e r eh e ld i nd eme sne a nd b e long ed t ot h ed ow e ro ft h ec oun te s so fL inco ln ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . A tt h is d a t et h eE a r lw a s a m ino r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 87 ) .

4

( Lyon s 1 884 , 4 9 -50 ) . ` d ef i rma d e W yd nes se A pe l tone c um b r eda . ' Two m i l l s p roduced ar e n t o f£ 1 1 0 s . ;r e pe s i lve r y i e lded 6 s 8 d . F o r o xge ld ` n ich i lh oc a nno q u ia n i h i l n i s i t e rc io a nno , q uod e r i t i np rox imo a nno ' ; s akef e e y i e lded £ 1 6 s i d . T he m en o f R unco rn p a id 2 s f o rh av ing p eat R oge rd eW idne sw a st h eE a r l 's s e rf ; W i l l iam s on o fD obbe d e U p tone p a id af i ne f o rt h et e nemen th e ld b yJ ohn Magge , as e r f eo ft h e E a r l . Me rche t w a s p a id f o rt h e d augh te r so fW i l l iam d eU p ton , R icha rd d eD en tone , W i l l iam s on o fE dde a nd W . d eA s seb roke . T he f o re s t e ro fW idne sp a id af i ne o f£ 1 f o r b a i l iw ick o ft h e f o re s t a nd p annag e y i e lded 9 s 01 4 d / .T he t a l lage o fb ond smen ' who g i ve t a l lag e o n ly e ve ry t h i rd y ea r ' y i e lded £ 13 6 s . 8 d . S haw ( 1 956 , 3 61) c l a imed e v idenc e f o r ac a s t le a tW idne s w h ich , h e s a id , w a s n o t ed i na ccoun t s f o r 1 307 ( s ic ) . H i s s ou rc e , h oweve r , h a s n o t b e en i d en t if i ed f o rt h i sy ea ra nd s ome d oub t mu s tb ec a s to nh i s i n t e rp r e ta t ion o ft h ef a c t s . S ince t h ea ccoun t sf o r 1 295 -96 a nd 1 304 -05 ( s e en o te 6b e low ; L yon s 1 884 , 5 1 , 6 4 ) r e la te t ob o th H a l ton a nd W idne s , i nt h e a b sence o fa ny a r cha eo log ica l e v idence f o r ac a s t le a tW idne s w e mu s t s uppo se t ha t i t w a s , mo s tp robab ly , a tH a l ton , s ou th o ft h e Me r sey . R epa i r sw e r em ade t ot h e c a s t le a nd a s soc ia t ed b u i ld ing s a tb o th d a t e s . S haw a l so l a id c l a im t oa d eme sne v a cca ry a nd p a rk i nW idne s i n1 296 a nd a ga in i n1 307 ( s ic ) . T he a ccoun t ss how t h a ta tt h ef o rme rd a te t h ep a rk h ad b een r e pa i r ed a t ac o s t o f1 2 s 1 0d ' I n C x l jr od i se td im id io v e t er i sp a l ic i ir emovend i se ti t em p lan tand ix i i jr oda sn ov ip a l ic i if ac t ie tm c v i jr odas h ay ef ac t e c i r ca p arcum ' a nd r obe s h ad b een p rov ided f o r t h e p a rke r ( Lyon s 1 884 , 5 2 , 6 4 ) b u t , a s w i th t h e c a s t le , i ti se n t i r e ly p o s s ib le t h a t t h e p a rk w a s a tH a l ton . T he a ccoun t s f o r 1 304 -05 c i te r e pa i r s t ot h e p a rk p a le ( 6 s ) . Nowhe re i nt h e H a l ton a nd W idne s r e tu rn s f o r 1 295 -96 a nd 1 304 -05 i st h e t e rm ` v accar ia ' u sed t hough i ta ppea r s e l sewhe r i nt h e a ccoun t s f o rt h e d e L acy e s ta te s i nn o r th -w e s t L anca sh i r e ( e g L yon s 1 884 , 3 7 ) ; a ga in , i nt h e a b senc e o ft h e p u ta t ive 1 307 d ocumen tw e mu s tq ue s t ion S haw 's i n te rp r e ta t ion .

5

P robab ly ac u s toma ry p aymen t( s e ec ap i tag ium i n L a tham 1 965 ,6 9 ) . 1 5m en p a id at o ta lo fi s3 dc henag io .

6

( Lyon s 1 884 , 6 2 -63 ) . I nt h i s y ea r w e a r e t o ld t ha t t h e r e n t w a s ' c um b r eda d e A pe l tone x m c v j s . i x d . d ef i rma i y Mo l end inorum . d e x i j s d e T h i s t e l tak ed e W ed ene s W i l l iam d eU p ton a nd h i sa s so c ia te sp a id 2 1s 8 df o ra c ce s st oa na c r eo fi mp roved w a s te ;J ohn , s on o fA nd r ew o fD en ton p a id 4 0 s f o ra cce s s t oh i s g r andf a the r 's p rope r ty ; m e rche to f3 sw a sp a id f o r Ma t i lda , d augh t e ro fW i l l iam o fU p ton . A s i n1 295 -96 £ 1 w a s p a id b y t h eF o r e s t e ro fW idne sf o rt h eb a i l iw ick . T a l lage o fW idne sb ond smen w a s£ 20 a ni n c rea se o f£ 6 1 3 s4 ds i nc e 1 295 -96 . S ee a l so n o t e 4a bove .

7

2 6b ondmen p a id at o ta lo f2 s2 d .chenag io . ( F a r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 7 ) . T he e s ta te i sr e co rded i nt h eI nqu i s i t ion P o s t Mo r t em o ft h ee a r lo fL inco ln i n1 3 10 1311 . R icha rd d eD en ton a nd R og e r , s on o f R a lph h e ld f r ee ly 3a c r e so fl a nd a nd aw a t e rm i l l . I na dd i t ion t ot h ee s ta t e sq uo ted a bove ,t h e r ew e r et h ef o l low ing l a nd s ,a l lp robab ly i nt h ev i l l : •A p l a tf o r ac h ief m e s suag et h e re ( i nA pp le ton? )w o r th 2 sy ea r ly • 4s co r ea nd 1 6a c r e s [ 9 6a c re s ]o fl a nd i nd eme sne d em i sed t od i ve r st e nan t sa tw i l lw o r th 6 4 sy ea r ly ,p r ice o fe a ch a c r e8 d •1 6o xgang so fl a nd i nb ondage w h ich r e nde red 8 sy ea r ly , a t6 df o re ach o xgang •f r om e a ch o xgang f o rw o rk s i na u tumn , 5 da tM ichae lma s ,6 s8 d •f r om e a ch o xgang a tC h r i s tma s ,3 df o r as e r v ice c a l led ' L eB r ede ' ,4 s A tU p ton i nW idne st h e r ew e r et h ef o l low ing l a nd s : • 8o xgang so fl a nd i nb ondage w h ich r e nde r ed 2 sy ea r ly f o re ach o xgang , 1 6 s • 2m i l l s ,o ne w a te ra nd o ne w ind ,w o r th 2 6 s8 dy ea r ly F o l low ing t h ed ea th o fH en ry d eL acy ,t h ew ho le o ft h eW idne s f e ep a s sed t oT homa s , E a r lo fL anca s te r( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 87 ) . H eh ad ma r r ied A le s ia ,d augh te ro fH en ry d eL a cy .

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 -78 ) . Af e oda ry o ft h es ame d a te s t a t e st ha tt h et own o fA pp le ton w a sh e ld o ft h el o rd i nb ondage , a sw e r ea l so i t sm embe r s ,w i th 3 p l ough land s . T he n e ighbou r ing v i l lo fC ron ton , f o rme r ly h e ld i nd eme sne ( s e en o t e 3a bove )h ad b een g r an t ed t ot h e a bbo to f Wha l ley w ho h e ld i t s2 p l ough land s i np u r ea lm s( F a r re re d . 1 907 , 1 37 ) . F rom t h i st o ta l ,o ne p l ough land i sm i s s ing .

1 °

R anu lf d eD en ton w a sd e sc r ibed a s' s e rvan to fW idne s ' ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 19 ) .

1

( F a r re re d . 1 907 ,2 28 -229 ) .A ne x ten to ft h eC a s t le o fH a l ton a tt h i sd a t eg i ve st h ef o l low ing :

•T own o fW idne s : 1 05 a c re si nd eme sne ,f a rmed a t7 0 s aw a te rm i l la nd w indm i l lw o r th 5 3s 4 dt e nemen to fR icha rd d e Moo re h e ld a ti sr e n ty ea r ly 2 4 m e s suage s , 2c o t tage s , 1 44 a c r e sh e ld b yc u s toma ry t e nan t s •T own o fA pp le ton : 3 2m e s suage s , 1 5o xgang so fl a nd a nd o ne th i rd , 1 44 a c re sh e ld b y 1 6c u s toma ry t e nan t s •T own o fD en ton : 3 2m e s suag e s ,2 06 a c r e sh e ld b y2 1 c u s toma ry t e nan t s •T own o fU p ton :2 9m e s suage sa nd ac o t tage , 8o xgang so fl a nd , 1 28 a c r e sh e ld b y 1 9c u s toma ry t e nan t s i nb ondage 1 2

1 3

C on t r ibu to r s t ot h e L ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . S i r R icha rd d e D en ton w a s , n o t s u rp r i s ing ly , as uppo r te r o fT homa s , E a r l o fL anca s t e r , a nd S i r R obe r td eH o l land . H ew a s a tP r e s ton i n1 3 15 , i nc ompany w i th a bou t3 00 m en , t oc ap tu r eA dam B ana s t r e b yo rde ro ft h eE a r l . Two d ay s l a te r , o n 6 N ovembe r , h e w a s a mong s t a bou t 2 , 000 m en w ho r a ided t h roughou tt h e w apen take o fL ey land , s t ea l ing h o r se s , o xen , c ow s , b u l lock s , s i lve r , g o ld , l i nen a nd w oo l len c l o th s ,a nd o t he rg ood sa nd c ha t te l sw o r th i na l £ 5 ,000 ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,3 9 -40 ) . T he K ing h e ld t h e f e e a so ft h e i n he r i tanc eo fA l ice , l a t e c oun te s s o fL inco ln . T he 3c a ruca t e s a r ea ga in r e co rded ( s ee n o te 5a bove ) , t o g e the rw i th 2 f o r C ron ton ( Fa r re r e d . 1 9 15 , 9 4 ) . Two y ea r s l a te rt h e r e w a s ar e n t o f3 0 s f o rt h e m ano r o fW idne s w i th t h e m embe r s f o r w a rd o fL anca s te r c a s t le ( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 , 1 88 ) .

1 4

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 89 m ) . I ts e em s t ha tt h ee s ta te c a l led L owe rH ou se b e longed t ot h e H awa rden f am i ly ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 88 n 7 ) .

1 62

C a ta logue :APPLETON

1 5

I n 1 8 17 1824 t h e r e w e r e f ou r e s ta te s i nt h e t own sh ip s o fA pp le ton , W idne s a nd U p ton w h ich h ad l o ng b een k nown a sU ppe r H ou se , L owe r H ou se , C a r te r 's H ou se a nd P e e l H ou se ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 88 ) . i .

P ee lH ou se ( s ee s i t es umma ry b e low ) U pp e rH ou se M rC ow ley " who r e s ide s u pon i t " ; i tm ay b e t h e s ame a sW idne s H a l l ( N ick son 1 893 , 4 1-42 , p l a te ) . I tw a s o ccup ied b y t h e Wr igh t f am i ly w ho se r e s idence i nW idne s c an b et r ac ed f r om a tl e a s t 1 437 -8 . I n1 666 R obe r ta nd J ohn W r igh t h ad 5h ea r th s t ob et a xed a tA pp le ton a nd Ma rga r e t W r igh t h ad 5a tF a rnwo r th . W idne s H a l l h ad ad a te s tone o f 1 670 o ve rt h e p o r ch . M r C ow ley , t h e o ccupan t i n 1 895 , w a s s a id t ob e a d e scendan t o ft h e W r igh t s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 88 n 6 ) . H ow eve r , i n 1 849 U p ton a nd Wr igh t H ou se E s ta t e a r e s hown t ob e i nt h e n o r th -we s t c or ne r o ft h e t own sh ip o fW idne s ( 1 s te d i t ion 6 " O S , s hee t 15 ) . W idne s H ou se l a y w e s t o fA pp le ton a nd j u s t t ot h e n or th o fL owe r H ou se ,o nt h ee dg eo fn a r row S shaped f i e ld s .

i i .

L ow e r H ou se J ohn L e igh e sq o fL ive rpoo l . I tw a s p robab ly a cqu i r ed b y p u rcha se f r om t h e H awa rden f am i ly w ho s o ld t h e i r l a nd s i nW idne s i n 1 8 11 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 89 m ) . W i l l iam d e H awa rden w a s ac on t r ibu to r t o t h e L ay S ub s idy i n 1 332 . L owe r H ou se i sw e s t o f A pp le ton a nd a lmo s to nt h et own sh ip b ounda ry ( 6 " O S s hee t 15 , 1 849 ) .

i v .

C a r t e r ' sH ou se M rT ay lo ro fL ive rpoo l . F o rme r ly h e ld b yt h eC a r te rf am i ly w ho , i n1 586 , g ave s he l te rt oR icha rd B ana s t r e , a n ' o ld p r ie s t ' , i nt h e i r h ou se ' b y t h e R unco rn b oa t ' ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 88 n 7 ) . T he 6 " O S m ap f o r 1 849 ( s hee t 15 ) s how s C a r t e r ' s H ou se o n t h e n o r th b ank o ft h e Me r sey ,e a s to ft h ef e r ry c r o s s ing ( Shee t 15 ) .

I n t h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry , Ma t thew G r eg son r ema rked t h a t t h e f a rm s i n W idne s w e r e s ma l l , h av ing o n ly 8 10 a c r e s a p iec e . T hey w e r e h e ld b y c opyho ld t e nu r e , o f i n he r i tance , p ay ing s ma l l a nnua l r e n t s w i th ay ea r ' s r e n t b e ing p ayab le o n t r an sf e r ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 88 n 2 ) . B u rgage p l o t s a tF a rnwo r th a r e f i r s t r e co rded i n 1 395 a nd t h e e a r l ie s t k nown m a rke t g r an t o ccu r s i n 1 426 ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 5 0 ) . T he c hu rch a t F a rnwo r th d a t e s f r om t h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd w a s a t ta ched t ot h e p a r i sh o fP r e sco t t h ough i ts e em s t oh ave e n joy ed a lmo s t f u l l p a roch ia l r i gh t s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 89 -39 1) . T he t ihe p l an o f 1 808 s how s t h a t A pp le ton a nd F a rnwo r t h w e r e t wo s epa ra t e a nd d i s t inc t a r ea s o f s e t t lemen t( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 86 ) .

F ig 9 1 .2b : P ee l Hou se 1 808 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 86 )

F ig 9 1 .2a : A pp le ton (W idnes )

1 63

C a ta logue : APPLETON 7 2

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s i ng le 1 808 r e c tangu la r 1 808 c 25 x3 0m / e750m 2 c 8m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

Sm i th o fC ue rd ley , w i th t h e d augh t e r o fR icha rd D en ton o fW idne s . O n t h e o the r h and , p e rhap s t h e Sm i th f am i ly w e r e t e nan t s o ft h e D en ton s a t t h e t ime o fW i l l iam Smy th ' s b i r th . Whe the r t h e s i t e w a s o ccup ied b y t h e 1 4 th -cen tu ry D en ton f am i ly i s a ma t te r o f s pecu la t ion . T he G reg son f am i ly l i ved a t P ee l H ou se i n 1 669 . I n t h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry , M r Ma t thew G r eg son , L anca sh i re ' s h i s to r ian , l i ved a tP ee l H ou se ; i n1 819 i t

c e r ta in

w a s o ccup ied b yM rS amue l Woo l r ich

w e t 1 808

N o . SMR

1 33

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

W idne sC a s t le A pp le ton P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton W idne s F ee

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 8

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s

s ou th c au seway 1 808

A l t i tude T opog raphy

d e s t roy ed 1 5C u rban h ou s ing

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 86 , 1 808 @ 2 0c ha in s =2 5/ 8" ; O S 6 "S hee t 1 849 , S hee t 15 G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 78 F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ;G r eg son 1 8 17 1 824

L i t t le i sk nown o f t h e e a r ly h i s to ry o f P ee l H ou se t hough i t s c en t ra l l o ca t ion a nd a d ja cen t f i e ld p a t t er ns ugg e s t t h a t i tmay h ave l a in w i th in a p a rk b eyond t h e b ound s o fw h ich w e r e t h e v i l lage s o fA pp le ton ( t o t h e s ou th -we s t ) a nd F a rnwo r th ( t o t h e n o r th ) . I fs o , i t s r o le m igh t h ave b een e i the rt ha to f ag range o rt h eh ou se o ft h ep a rk e ro rk eepe ro ft h e v a cca ry

E xcava t ion S u r vey C ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

i n t h e l a te 1 3 th -e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu r ie s . H ow eve r , t h e a ccoun t s f o r t h i s p er idd a r e a mb iguou s ( s e e n o t e 4a bove ) a nd b o th t h e p a rk a nd s uppo sed v acca ry m ay h ave b een a tH a l ton , s ou th o ft h e Me r sey . T he a r ea o ft h e moa t p l a tf o rm i sa mong s t t h e s ma l le s t i nt h e r e g ion ( s ee t a b le 4 5 ) . A d raw ing o fP ee l H ou se h a s b e en p ub l i shed ( G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 78 ; f i g 9 1 .2c ) .

d e s t royed 1 3C - 1 4 thC

S haw 1 956 ; L yon s 1 884

E v idence f o r ac a s t le i sv e ry d oub tf u l a nd i sb a sed o n S haw 's d ub iou s i n te rp r e ta t ion o fa nu n r ef e r enced d ocumen td a ted t o 1 307 ( 1956 , 3 6 1 ; s e e a bove n o te 4 ) . T he c a s t rum a nd o the rb u i ld ing s c i ted a mong s tt h e l i s to f e xpen se s f o r r e pa i r s i n t h e E a r l o f L inco ln 's a ccoun t s i n 1 295 -96 a nd 1 304 -05 ( Lyon s 1 884 , 5 0 -51 , 6 2 -64 )w e re , m o r e p robab ly , a tt h e W idne s c apu t o f H a l ton C a s t le , o n t h e s ou th b ank o ft h e Me r sey . A l l t h e s ame , a n a dm in is t ra t ive f o cu s f o r m anagemen t o ft h e b a rony 's l a nd s n o r th o f t h er i ve rp l ace m igh tb ee xpec ted i nt h i sl o ca l i ty .

T he h ou se w a s o ccup ied b y R obe r t Smy th w ho se f ou r th s on , W i l l iam , w a s b or nt h e r ei nc 1460 ( d1 513 ) . H eb ecame b i shop o fL inco ln a nd L o rd P re s iden to f Wa le s , w a s c o -f ounde ro fB raz enno se C o l leg e , O xf o rd , b u i l t ac hape l i nt h ec hu r ch a tF a rnwo r th a nd e ndowed ag ramma rs choo l t h e r e ( G reg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 78 , 1 84 185 ) . I n 1 582 , R icha rd Sm i th l i ved a tt h e P ee l H ou se i nF a rnwo r th ; i n1 592 t h e r ew a s ad i spu te r e spec t ing t h e P ee l H ou se i n A pp le ton ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 88 -389 n 7 ) . T he h ou se w a s a l so k nown a s D en ton ' s H ou se . I t may h ave c ome t o t h e D en ton f am i ly t h rough t h e ma r r iag eo fW i l l iam Smy th ' s n ephew , R icha rd

F ig 9 1 .2c : P ee l H ou se , 1 8 19 ( r ep roduced f r om G reg son 1 817 1 824 , 1 78 ) 1 64

C a ta logue : ASHTON -IN - MAKERFIELD T enure 1 2 12 1

T hanage

1 302 1 305 2

E s ta te

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

2c a ruca te s

T homa sd eB umhu l l

H ugh d eE s ton

S e r v ice /r en t 3 5s & 11 /j 2 udee s

1 / 3 S ocage

W i l l iam d e A the r ton

N icho la s d eS tap le ton

J ohn L au r ence o f A sh ton

1 332 3

G a lf rd e We rbu rgh ton A gn r e l ic d eH en rd e A th ir ton H ug f i lH en rd eH a idok W i l lo d eH a idok R ogo d e We s tehu l l T hom R yngo the ro se R ob to R igh ted H en rd eH a rg r eue R og f l uR ob t i W i l lo f l uH ug R oo S pa rk

1 346 g

S i t e s :

i js v j s i js i js i j s i js i js i j s i j si jd v j s i j s

R obe r td eL ane ton k t S ocae e

T emp H 88 1 60&

H en ry s .o fR oge r

J ohn d eL ang ton

1 323 1 324 4

1 4 16 1

L andho ld e r s

A lan s on o fP e t e rd e B umhu l l

( Ga r swood ) 1 322 1

Me sne l o rd

/ 3o fA sh ton G a r swood

F r e eho lde r s

H en ry d eL ane ton

S i rT homa sG e ra rd

2 0 s

L o rd Moun t eag le

B rynn G a r swood

2 5 G a r swood H a l l F a rm

S i rT homa sG e r a rd o fB rynn T homa sG e r a rd o fG a r swood J ame sA sh ton E dwa rd K now le s J ame sR icha rd son W i l l iam S lynehead W i l l iam S tan ley 3 8 G a r swood O ld H a l l

5 8N ew B rynn

6 3 O ld B rynn

8 8 S tan ley H ou se F a rm

T he a s se s smen t w a s f o r at o ta l o f 31 2 c / a ruca t e s h e ld i nt h anag e f o r 3 5s , a nd i n c luded T homa s d e B umhu l l ' s l a nd s i nH ind ley . I nA sh ton , H en ry d e E s ton h e ld 1c a ruca t eo fT homa s ' o fa nc ien tf e of fmenf . H en ry , s on o fR og e r , h e ld o ne c a ruca t eo ft h e a f o re sa id H en ry ' o fa nc ien tm a r r iag e ' . P robab ly H en ry d eE s ton h e ld t wo c a ruca t e s , o ne i nd eme sne a nd o ne i ns e r v ice ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b '7 4 -75 ) . T he d eme sne c a ruca te m ay h ave b e en a tB rynn a nd t h a th e ld b yH en ry ,s on o fR og e r , w a sp robab ly a tG a r swood ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 42 ) . T he s e rv ic eo f' o ne j udg ea nd ah a l f ' f e l lt oT homa s d eB u mhu l l . 2

3

4

5

6

A lan , s on o fP e t e r d e B umhu l l , w a s a l so k nown a sA lan d e W ind le . H e w a s a l so l o rd o fS k e lme r sda le ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 42 n 16 ) . I n 1 32 1 h i sh ou se i nW ind le w a s b roken i n to b yR icha rd d e L aw ton o fG o lbome ( q v )a nd H en ry d e E cc le s ton ( qv ) a nd o t he r s . T hey t o ok g o ld a nd s i lve r , j ewe l le ry , l i nen a nd w oo l len c l o th w o r th £ 10 ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 3 5 ) . A lan w a s s ucc eeded b yh i s s on , P e t e r , w ho w a s o ne o ft h e s ub -ke epe r s o ft h e p ea ce i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 1 08 ) . H e d i ed b ef o re 1 330 a nd h i s s i s t e r s b ecame h e i r s t o h i s e s ta t e s . J oan m a r r ied W i l l iam G e ra rd o f K ing s ley ,n ea rF rod sha rn a nd Agne s ma r r ied D av id E g e r ton ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 43 ) . H oweve r ,A gne s i sa l so s a id t oh ave b een m a r r ied t o W i l l iam d eA the r ton , f a the ro fH en ry , s ome t ime b ef o r e 1 305 . W i l l iam h ad d i ed b ef o r e 1 3 15 , w hen h i s s on , H en ry , i n he r i ted t h e e s ta te s i nA the r ton ( q v ) ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 36 ) . W i l l iam d e A the r ton , w ho h e ld G a r swood i n1 302 , w a s s on o fH en ry d e A the r ton a nd b ro the r o fH ugh d e A the r ton ( Fad e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 46 n 60 ) . T he G e ra rd f am i ly b ecame e s tab l i shed a tB rynn i n A sh ton , a n e s ta t e w h ich s e em s t o h ave r e p r e sen t ed t wo th i rd so ft h ev i l l ( s e en o te s 7& 8 ) . A tt h i s d a t e 1 5m ano r s , i n c lud ing A sh ton , w e r eh e ld b yJ ohn d eL ang ton , i ns ocag e( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,7 7 ) ,t h es ame n umbe rh e ld i nd r eg nage i n1 066 . I n 1 323 -4 i tw a s r e co rded t h a t f a rm o ft h e mano r h ad b e en d em i sed b y N icho la s d e S t ap le ton t oJ ohn L au r enc e o fA sh ton f o r t h e t e rm o fh i s l i f e r e nde r ing 2 0 ma rk s e a ch y ea r( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 2 17 ) . P r e sen t r e sea rch h a s f a i led t of i nd ad i r ec tl i nk b e tween N icho la s d e S tap le ton a nd t h e mano ro f A sh ton . H oweve r , h em ay h ave b een t h e s on o fM i le s S tap le ton , as t aunch s uppo r te ro fT homa s , e a r lo fL anca s t e r( DNB 1 975 , 1 988 ) . I fs o , t h i s c ou ld a ccoun t f o r h i s i n te re s t i nA sh ton a nd i tm igh t b e s uppo sed t ha t h e h e ld G a r swood . I n 1 3 16 1317 , f o l low ing t h e d ea th o fW i l l iam d e H o l land , a s uppo r te ro ft h ee a r l o fL anca s t e ra nd r e la t ive o fS i r R obe r t d e H o l land , t h e i rs uppo r t e r s m e t a tG a r swood w he r e t h ey b ound t h em se lve s b yo a th . T he o a th w a sr e newed a tG a r swood o nc l 1D ec embe r 1 32 1 a nd a ga in o n 1 2 F eb rua ry 1 323 w i th t h ep a r t ie ss wea r ing t os uppo r ta l w ho w e r ew e l l d i spo sed t owa rd s t h em a nd t od e s t roy a l t ho se w ho w e r e u nf r iend ly ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 5 -76 ) . O nt h eo t he rh and , s i nce t h e A the r ton f am i ly , s wo rn s uppo r te r s o f t h e o ppo s ing f a c t ion l e d b y S i r W i l l iam d e B rad shaw ( s e e n o t e 5 ) , a r e b e l ieved t oh ave h e ld G a r swood a tt h i s d a t e , i ti sd if i cu l t t oc o r re la t e t h i s e v idence f o rG a r swood a st h e m ee t ing p la ce o ft h e H o l land c onf ede ra te s . P o s s ib ly t h eG a r swood e s ta t e w a s i nt h e h and s o ft e nan t s s i nc e , a f t e r 1 315 , H en ry A the r ton m ay h ave l i ved i nA the r ton ( s ee n o te 3 ) . I n 1 332 t h e se p eop le w e r e n amed a s c on t r ibu to r s t ot h e L ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . I n 1 319 1320 G eof f rey d e Wa rbu r ton j o ined t h e f o rce s o f C he sh i r em en l e d b y S i rO l ive r d e I ngham o fC he s t e r a ga in s t t h e s uppo r t e r s o fT homa s , e a r l o fL anca s t e r a nd S i r R obe r t d e H o l land ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 8 6 -88 ) . T he A the r ton ss e em t oh ave o ppo sed S i rR obe r td eH o l land ; R obe r td e H o l land w a s a ccu sed o ft a k ing 1 00 s f r om H en ry d eA the r ton b yw ay o f r a n som , f o r t h e u se o f t h e E a r l o f L anca s t e r ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 9 ) . O the r d ocumen t s r e co rd t h e a leg iance o f t h e A the r ton s w i th S i r W i l l iam d e B rad shaw , a dve r sa ry o ft h eH o l land s( Tup l ing 1 949 p a s s im ) . ( F a r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . A sh u sband o fJ oan , d augh t e ro fH ugh d eA the r ton , R obe r td eN ev i l lo fH omby c l a imed h i s r i gh ti nH ugh d eA ther ton ' s l a nd s i n A sh ton a nd e l sewhe r e( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 46 ,n 60 ) .

7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 43 ) . F rom t h ee v idence o f as a le o fl a nd i n1 574 ( s ee n o t e8 )i ta ppea r st ha tt h eG e ra rd e s ta t e sw e r ef o cu sed o n B rynn .

8

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 46 n 60 ) . L o rd Moun teag le h e ld a n e s ta te i nA sh ton a st h e i n he r i tanc e o fJ ame s H a r r ing ton . T h i s w a s G a r swood w h ich , i n 1 574 , h e s o ld t o S i r T homa s G e ra rd i n 1 574 ( Fad e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 46 n 60 ) . S ub sequen t ly , G a r swood b ecame t h e f a vou r i te r e s idenc eo ft h eG e r a rd s( Fad e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 44 ) .

9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 46 ) .

1 65

C a ta logue : ASHTON -IN - MAKERF IELD

F ig 9 1 .3a : A sh ton i n Make r f ie ld No . SMR

2 5 A SM 5 398 /5

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

Gar swood Ha l l F arm A sh ton i n Make r f ie ld W inw ick N ew ton manage

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 395 9 812 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l m ea su re ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 1m s ou th f a c ing

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 90 x5 0m /4500m 2 c 20m

p robab le

w e t 1 839 ? s t r eam n o r th & s ou th

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

F ig 9 1 .3b : G a r swood H a l lF a rm a nd G a r swood O ld H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL , 1 / 5 )

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

G a r swood H a l l F a rm , i nG a r swood P a rk , w a s s o -ca l led i n t h e m id 19 th c en tu ry ( 6 " O S s he e t 1 0 1 , 1 849 ) . T he p a rk i sp robab ly o ne o f t h r ee i n A sh ton s hown o n J ohn S peed ' s map o f 1 6 10 . As econd G a r swood P a rk i s r e co rded i n 1 849 o n t h e t own sh ip b ounda ry w i th H aydock a tt h e s i te o f N ew H a l l , a nd t h e t h i rd w a s a tN ew B rynn . I n 1 839 G a r swood H a l l F a rm w a s a s soc ia t ed w i th t wo w a te r -f i l led p ond s w h ich may r e p r e sen t s u r v iv ing e v idence f o r am oa t .

A er ia l s u r vey s how s e v idence f o r t h e p a rk p a le , w h ich r un s i n as em i c i rc le e nc lo s ing t h e f a rm o n t h e e a s t , a nd f o r ar e c tangu la r e nc lo su re w h ich m ay b e d oub le -d i tched ( AS M LM88 .1219 ) . F ie ldwa lk ing i nG r ea t Meadow ,n o r th -ea s to ft h e p r e sen t f a rm c omp lex , h a s p roduced c e ram ic s , i r on s l ag a nd c oa l ' . T he e a r l ie r f a rm m ay l i e i nt h e p a rk , p e rhap s a st h e

1

1 66

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 5 , 1 838 @ 1 0 c ha in s =21 4 " / ; 6 "O Sm ap s hee t 1 0 1 , 1 849 : S peed 1 6 10 AS M LM88 .1219 f o ra e r ia l s urvey

I n f o rma t ion s upp l ied b yD r . RA P h i lpo t t , F i e ld A rchaeo logy S ec t ion , L ive rpoo l Mu seum

C a ta logue : ASHTON -IN - MAKERFIELD p a rke r ' s o rf a rme r ' s h ou se . E l sewhe r e , a tB ew sey O ld H a l l ( q v ) , B rad ley O ld H a l l ( q v ) , L a thom H ou se ( qv ) a nd T a rbock H a l l ( q v ) , t h e r e i sc l ea r e v idenc et h a tt h e c ap i ta lm e s suag el a yb eyond t h ep a rk p a le .

N o . SMR

3 8 A SM 5 397 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

G ar swood O ld Ha l l A sh ton i n Make rf ie ld W inw ick N ew ton T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 395 9 768 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l m ea su r e s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 6m g en t le s ou th s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea

mu l t ip le [ ? 4e nc lo su r e s ] r e c tangu la r c 25 x5 0m / 1250m 2;c 20 x2 5m /500m 2; c 20 x2 0m /400m 2;c 90 x5 O r n /4500m 2; e s t ima ted t o ta l p l a t f o rm a r ea 6 650m 2 c 20m

Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t r ance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

A sh ton s i nce t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , t h rough m a r r iage w i th J oan , d augh te r o f P e t e r d e B ur nhu l l . G a r swood s ub sequen t ly b ecame t h e f a vou r i t e r e s idenc e o ft h e G e ra rd s ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 44 ) . T he s i te s e em s t o b e t h a t n amed a s G a r swood H a l l i n 1 786 w hen a b u i ld ing , p o s s ib ly s u r rounded b y amoa t , i si n d ica ted ( Ya t e s 1 786 ) . A t t h i s d a t e , t h e p a rk l a y t ot h e n o r th -we s t o ft h e h a l l . G a r swood O ld H a l l m ay h ave b een a bandoned , o r a tl e a s t d im in ished i ns t a tu s , i nf a vou r o f N ew H a l l al i t t le t ot h e e a s t a nd w i th i t s o wn p a rk . T he d a t e o ft h e N ew

c e r ta in

H a l l h a s n o t b e en e s tab l i shed t hough i tw a s s t and ing i n 1 786 ( Ya te s 1 786 ) . A l though t h e G e ra rd p ape r s a r e h e ld a tt h e L anca sh i r e R eco rd Of f ice ( DDGe ) t h e l a ck o fc a lenda r s f o r t h e e s ta t e p ape r s h a s p r ec luded d o cumen ta ry a s se s smen tf o re i the ro ft h e h o ld ing s . T h e t ihe p l an s how s t h e m oa t a s ac omp lex a r rangemen to ft h ree o rf ou r p l a t f o rm s l i nked b y w ide d i tche s i n a n a r ea n ow k nown a s I c e H ou se P l an ta t ion ( f ig 9 1 .3b ) . A n i c e -hou se , n amed o nt h e6 "m ap o f1 849 , s t ood a tt h e e a s t e nd o f aw ide d i tch . P o s s ib ly , t h e s i te i s ac on sequence o f e x t en s ive p o s t -med ieva l l a nd scap ing b u t i t s l o ca t ion a nd r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h es uppo sed b ound so fG a r swood P a rk p o in tt o am ed ieva l o r ig in a s t h e c ap i ta l m e s suag e o ft h e l o rd o fG a r swood . I fo fm ed ieva l d a t e , t h e p l an i ss omewha ts im i la rt o ,t hough mo re e x t en s ive t h an , t h ee xamp le s o f mu l t ip le , l i nked moa t s i l u s t ra ted b yT ay lo r( 1978 , 1 ) . Wh i l s tt wo o ft h e p l a t f o rm s a r e f a i r ly l a rg e , t wo a r e v e ry s ma l l a nd t h e d i t che s m ay h ave e nc lo sed a r ea s s pec if ica l ly a loca t ed f o r t h e d w e l l ing h ou se , f a rm b u i ld ing s , g a rden s a nd o r cha rd s . T he c omp lex s e em s t ob e l i nked w i th a d i t ch w h ich r un s i n as ou th -we s te r ly d i rec t ion t owa rd st h ew a te rm i l l . T he s i t e n ow h a s n o s t and ing b u i ld ing s ; t h e moa t s a r e p a r t ia l ly i nf i l led a nd s i l t ed u p a nd t h e p l a tf o rm s h ave b een p lan t ed w i th t r e e s ( Ch i t ty 1 981 , A ppend ix G , 4 8 ) . C lea r ly G a r swood i s as i t e o fc on s ide rab le i mpo r tance b u td e ta i led f i e ld i n ve s t iga t ion i ss t i l la wa i ted .

w e t 1 839 s t r eam

p a r t ia l ly i nf i l led o ra to ry 1 360 i c ehou se a t NE c o rne ri n1 9 thC t r e ec ove r ed L anc s RO DRL 1 / 5 , 1 838 @ 1 0c ha in s =21 4" / ; 6 "O S map s hee t 1 0 1 , 1 849 ; Y a t e s 1 786 C h i t ty 1 98 1 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 9 11 ; T ay lo r 1 978 ;T up l ing 1 949

T he G a r swood e s ta t e , w h ich i n 1 302 r e p re sen ted o ne th i rd o fA sh ton , i s t hough t t o h ave b e en h e ld f r om A sh ton 's m e sne l o rd w ho se p r inc ipa l h o ld ing w a sa tB rynn . I n1 360 S i rW i l l iam d eA the r ton r e c e ived al i c enc e f o ra no ra to ry a tG a r swood ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 36 ) . P o s s ib ly t h e e s ta te h ad p a s sed t o t h e A ther ton f am i ly t h rough t h e m a r r iage o f A gne s , d augh t e ro fP e t e rd e B ur nhu l l , w i th W i l l iam d e A the r ton ( d 1315 1 316 ) . A l though f i rm e v idenc e i s l a ck ing , t h e n ame s ugge s t s t h a t t h e a r ea h ad b e en w ooded a nd p o s t -conque s t c l ea rance a nd e nc lo su r e m igh t b e e xpec ted . T he s i t el i e s al i t t le t ot h es ou th o f t h e s uppo sed m ed ieva l p a rk p a le a s soc ia ted w i th G a r swood P a rk a nd a ppa ren t ly e nc lo s ing G a r swood H a l l F a rm ( q v ) . G a r swood O ld H a l l w a s p r obab ly t h e 1 4 th -cen tu ry m e e t ing p l a ce o n a t l e a s t t h r e e o cca s ion s f o r t h e s uppo r t e r so fS i rR obe r td e H o l land , t h e s o -ca l led G a r swood c on sp i ra to r s , ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 5 -76 ) b u t n o th ing i s k nown o f i t s p hy s ica l a t t r ibu te s a t t ha t t im e . I n 1 547 G a r swood p a s sed t o t h e G e ra rd f am i ly w ho se a n tec eden t s h ad h e ld t wo t h i rd s o f

N o . SMR

5 8 GMS MR 4 792

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

N ew B rynn A sh ton i n Ma l ce rf ie ld W inw ick N ew ton T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S D5 881 0 165 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l m ea su re s B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 3m s ha l low , e a s t -f ac ing v a l ley

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s qua r e c 45 x4 2m / 1890m 2 c 10 18m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

0

c e r ta in

w e t 1 839 s t r eam ? s ou th ? 1 6C g a t ehou se

d e s t roy ed 1 6C c ou r tya rd a r rang emen t c u l t iva ted L ane s RO DRL 1 / 5 , 1 839 @ 1 0c ha in s= 21 4" / ;6 "O S s hee t 1 01 , 1 849 : S peed 1 6 10 : Y a te s 1 786 F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 ; Wa lk e r& T inda l l 1 985

I ti sb e l ieved t h a tt h eh a l lw a s b u i l td u r ing t h er e ign o fE dwa rd V I ( SD 5 0 S E7 ) a f t e rt h eG e r a rd f am i ly a bandoned O ld B rynn ( q v )a nd , p r e sumab ly , a ta bou tt h et ime t h a tt h ey a cqu i r ed t h ee s ta t eo fG a r swood . I fs o , t h en t h e m oa t i s , p e rhap s , n o e a r l ie r t h an t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry i nd a t e . C ha r le s Hi s s a id t oh ave l o dg ed a tB rynn o n h i s w ay f r om S co t land t o Wo rce s t e r i n

2 0O rn

1 651 ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 911 , 1 45 n 49 ) .

F ig 9 1 .3c : N ew B rynn 1 839 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 5)

N ew B rynn l i e s c l o se t oB r ynn Mo s s a nd aw a te rm i l l i ss hown c l o se t o t h e s i t e i n 1 786 ( Ya te s 1 786 ) . A l though t h e r e s e em s t oh ave b een ap a rk

1 67

C a ta logue : ASHTON -IN - MAKERF IELD i n t h e v i c in i ty i n 1 6 10 ( Spe ed 1 6 10 ) i ti sn o t s hown o n Y a te s ' m ap t hough f i e ld b ounda r ie s s ou th a nd w e s t o ft h e h a l l s ugge s t t ha t i tm ay h ave l a in i nt h i s a r ea ( 6 " O S s hee t 1 0 1 , 1 849 ) . N ew B rynn w a s o ccup ied b yt h eG e ra rd su n t i lt h e i rr emova lt oN ew H a l l , p robab ly t h e s i te n ea r e rt o G a r swood , i n t h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he h a l l w a s b u i l t a r ound a c ou r tya rd a nd h ad a g a t ehou se ; i n te rna l ly , ag a l le ry w a s s uppo r ted o n r i ch ly c a r ved p i l la r sa nd a r che s ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 . 1 87 ) .

No . SMR

6 3 GMS MR 4 655

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

O ld B rynn A sh ton i n Make r f ie ld W inw ick N ew ton manag e

NGR L oca t ion

SD 5 779 0 150 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa lm ea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 3m s ha l low ,e a s tf a c ing v a l ley

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance

s i ng le s qua r eo rr e c tangu la r c 60 x7 0 tn /4200m2 1 0m

1 9 th -cen tu ry m ap .

c e r ta in

w e t 1 849 s t r eam

A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

F ig 9 1 .3f : S tan ley B ank 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 5 ) t r ac e s / s l igh th o l low o ra to ry 1 379 u nde rc u l t iva t ion 6 "O Ss hee t 1 01 , 1 849 ;G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 46 @ 3 00= 1" Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985 ( a e r ia lp ho tog raph ) Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 ;F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11

P o s s ib ly o wned b y t h e d e B u rnhu l l f am i ly , O ld B rynn s e em s t o h ave p a s sed b y ma r r iag e t ot h e G e ra rd s i nt h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry w hen W i l l iam G e ra rd ( b 1 259 ) m a r r ied t h e d augh te r a nd s o le h e i r o fP e te r d e B ryn o f B rynh i l l ( G r eg son 1 817 -24 , 2 39 ) . S i r P e te r G e ra rd r e ce ived a l i cence F ig 9 1 .3d : O ld B rynn 1 849 f o r a n o r a to ry a t B rynn i n 1 379 ( ba sed o n6 " OS S hee t 1 01) ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 43 n 22 ) . I n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h e G e ra rd s a bandoned O ld B ryan a nd moved t oN ew B rynn ( qv ) .

F ig 9 1 .3e : O ld B rynn p re 1 6 thC ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 46 )

I ti sc l a imed t ha tO ld B rynn 's moa t i s s im i la r i n f o rm t o t ha t a t B amf u r long H a l l , A b ram ( qv ) (Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 94 ) ; a l though t h e p l a t f o rm a t B amf u r long i s c on s ide rab ly s ma l le r , t h e o ve ra l l a r ea o ccup ied b y t h e m e s suag e a nd e nc lo s ing d i tche s t h e r e i s m o r e e x t en s ive t han O ld B rynn . H oweve r , a n a e r ia l p ho tog raph o f O ld B rynn (Wa lk e r & T inda l l 1 985 , 7 0 ) i nd ica t e s t h a t t h e s i t e may h av e b e en c on s ide rab ly l a rge r t h an s hown o n t h e 1 9 th -c en tu ry m ap . T he p ho tog raph a ppea r s t os how a mo r e o r l e s s s qua r e p l a tf o rm w i th e x t en s ion s o u t i n to t h e d i tch a t e a ch c o r ne r . T rac e s o f ad ra inag e d i tch w h ich r un s t owa rd s t h e s t r eam a r e , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , t ho se r e p re sen t ed i n ab ounda ry o n t h e

No . SMR

8 8 AS M 5 397 /

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh Hund r ed E s ta t e

S tan ley B ank A sh ton i n Mak e r f ie ld W inw ick N ew ton T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S J5 385 9 700 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa lm ea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 8m w e s ts i de o ft own sh ip b ounda ry s t r eam

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly

s i ng le s qua r e c 20 x2 5m /500m2 c l5m

E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s :

c e r ta in

w e t 1 839 s t r eam ?b r idg e

t h e moa t m ay s u r v ive a sp ond

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 5 , 1 839 @ 1 0c ha in s =21 4" / ; 6 " OS map s hee t 1 0 1 , 1 849

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ubl ica t ion :

No th ing i sk nown o f t h i s s i t e 's h i s to ry , t h ough i t s p rox im i ty t o t h e w a te rm i l l m ay s ugge s t t ha t i tw a s a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e m i l l . S ince i ti s l o ca ted c l o se t ot h eb ounda ry o ft h eG a r swood e s ta te , i tm igh th ave b een as ma l l -ho ld ing l e a sed f r om t h e d eme sne . T he p l a tf o rm i sa mong s t t h e s ma l le s t i nt h e r e g ion a nd may b e c ompa r ed i ns i ze w i th t h e t wo s ma l l p l a tf o rm sa tG a r swood O ld H a l l ( qv ) .

1 68

C a ta logue : ASTLEY T enure 1 212 1

k n igh t ' s f e e

1 251 1

E s ta te

L ord o ffe/ S upe r io rL ord

1c a r uca t e

R oge r , C on s tab le o f

P e e l

C ocke r sand A bbey

1 2dpa

A lecock d eA s t ley

C ocke r sand A bbey

1 2d f r ee r e n t

J ohn so fJ ohn G i l ib rond

1 292 1

Me sne l o rd

S e r v ice / r en t

H ugh d e C h e s t e r T y l d e s l e y

Mo ney s

1 303 4 1 3 10 / 11 5

A l ic ew idow o fH ugh d e Mo r ley

k n igh t ' s f e e

1 322 4

1p l ough land

1 332 /

Mo ney s?

1 344 g

f r ee t e nan t s

1 346

k n igh t ' sf e e

E a r lo fL inco ln

H ugh d e T y lde s ley

1 2d s akef ee

A le s ia d au & h e i r o fE a r lo fL inco ln

H ugh d e T y lde s ley

s u i ta t c oun ty & w apen take c ou r t s H ugoe d e Mo r legh H en rV a len t in W i l lo d eA s t e legh H en rd e l B i r che s T hom G i l ib rond R ico d eC layde legh A dam S co t

R obe r td e R adc i lf f eo f O rd sa l l

1 431

1c a r uca t e

K ing

s u i ta t c oun ty & w apen ta l ce c ou r t s

Mo r ley s f r ee t e nenen t

1

1 451146 1f 2

L ey land f am i ly

Mo r ley s

S i rR icha rd R adc l if f ek t

P e e l

1 501 1 3

1 3 s4 dp a

R obe r tL ey land

C ocke r sand A bbey

i j s

G i l l ib rand f am i ly

C ocke r sand A bbey

x i id x i id

K a ro lu sG e leb rand K a ro lu sG e leb rand

t e nan ta tw i l l 1 514 1 4

G i lbe r tG e ra rd &w if e , A nne R adc l if f e

1 539 1 3

Mo r ley s

S i r W i l i a m L e y l a n d

1 606 1 6 1 631

A dam Mo r t

1 Y

c 1640 1 g

S i te s :

i j sv i i jd i j sv d i j s i jd i j si i jd x v jd x i jd x i jd

R icha rd d eA the r ton W i l l iam d eA s t ley H ugh , s on o fW l i l iam d eA s t ley R obe r t , s on o fE l ia s H ugh d e Mo r ley s

Mo r ley s?

1 381 1 °

L andho ld e r s

5 4

Mo r ley s P e e l

A dam Mo r t

Mo r ley s

M rT y lde s ley o f Mo r ley s T homa s Mo r t

Mo r ley ' s H a l l

6 9

6 sf r ee r e n t

T homa sT y lde s ley 1 8 d T h o m a s G i l i b r a n d

S andho le sF a rm

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 4 0 ) . I n 199 1212 H ugh d e T y lde s ley g ave t oC ocke r sand A bbey p a r t o fh i s l a nd i nA s t ley i n c ip iendo a da quam q uae v oca tu r l e F l ee t , s equendo r i vu lum v er su s a qu i lon em u sque a ds uper io r em p ar tem d e L impu t h u r s ts i cu t i c ruc es s i gnan t .e ts i c s equendo l eB runeheues e u squ e i np raed ic tum a quam q uae v oca tur l eF l ee te xcep ta t e r ra A lb in ie tB rad emedowe e tS t rynd e se tm ed ie ta t e a s sa r torum q uae s un t i n t e rc u r ear n q uer cum e tl eF l ee t . I nh e r w idowhood , Emma d augh te r o fO rm d e A s t ley c onf i rmed t h i s g ran t i n 199 122 1 ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 7 12 -713 ) . A no the r g ran tb yH ugh g ave t wo a c r e sl e s so ne r o od o nt h ew e s te rn s i d eo fL imep i t i n f ra f o s sa ta a nd n ine a c r e s a nd o ne r ood o n Bmna c r e s , a nd h a lf a n a c r eo f m eadow i n f ra f o s sa ta ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 7 11-7 12 ) . At h i rd g ran t b y H ugh t oC ocke r sand A bbey i n c luded D icf ur long e t Mor l egh e tm ed i e ta tum d e B irch es e ts ar tum q uod e s t i u x ta r i vu lum e td im id iam s i lvam q uae e s t i n t er r i vu lum e tB lak e /ache e tt o t em m ed ie ta t em d e l S penne q uae e s t i n t er G ar t emo se tB lak emor e tu nam a c ram d ed om in ico m eo i nc rof tq u if un 'A l exand r i . T h i s g ran t a l so g ave p annage f o rt h ep ig s b e long ing t ot h et e nan t o ft h eA bbey e ta dm o l end inum m eum q u ie t is i n td em u l tura ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 7 10 -7 11) . 2

3

4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 47 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 47 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,4 47 ) . A l ic e c l a imed d owe ri n am e s suag e a nd o ne o xgang o fl a nd f r om h e rs on s , R icha rd a nd H en ry w ho c a l led H ugh , s on o fH ugh d e Mo r ley ,t ow a r ran t . T he r e wa sa l so aH ugh d e Mo r ley , s on o fW i l l iam d eA s t ley a tt h i sd a t e .

5H e ld a so ne e igh th o f ak n igh t ' sf e e( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 7 18 ) . 6

7

8

9

1 ° 1

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . J ohn d eL ang ton s ucceeded t h eB ana s t r e sa sl o rd o f Make rf ie ld . C on t r ibu to r st ot h eL ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . R icha rd , s on o fJ ohn d eA bbe rham , W i l l iam , s on o fW i l l iam G i l l ib rand a nd W i l l iam s on o fR og e rd e A sh ton w e r ea t ta ched t ot h ec onf ed e ra cy l e db yS i rR obe r td e H o l land ( Tup l ing 1 949 p a s s im ) . A t t h i s d a te A dam , s on o fJ ohn d e T raf f o rd , a nd h u sband o fE l len ( w idow o fH ugh d e T y lde s ley ) c onveyed A s t ley b y f i ne t oR obe r t d e R adc l if f e o f O rd sa l lw i th t h eh omage a nd s e r v ic e so ft h ef r ee t e nan t s ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,4 46 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . Mo r ley sw a sh e ld b yt h eL ey land f am i ly a tt h i s d a t e( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 47 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 4 47 ) . T h i s c a s t s d oub to nt h ea s soc ia t ion o f Mo r ley sw i th a n e s ta t eh e ld f r om C ocke r sand A bbey . T he I nqu is i t ion P o s t Mor t em , 1 431 ,o fS i rR icha rd R adc l if f eg i ve sa ne x ten to fA s t ley ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 . 4 46 n 8 ) .

1 69

C a ta logue : ASTLEY

1 2

( Fan-e re d . 1 909 , 1 246 , 1 248 ) . R oge rG i l l ib rand h e ld a tt h ef o rme rd a t e ,N icho la sG i l l ib rand a tt h el a t te r .

1 3

( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 245 ) .N icho la sG i l l ib rand h e ld t h i sf o r2 si n1 537 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 251) .

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

T he h o ld ing c omp r i sed 4 0 m e s suage s , 4w a t e rm i l l s , 2 400 a c r e s o fl a nd , m eadow , p a s tu r e a nd mo s s a nd 4 0 s r e n t i nA s t ley , B edf o rd , T y lde s ley , Manche s te r ,C ho r l ton ,C u lche th a nd N ew ton in -Ma l ce r f ie ld ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 46 n 10 ) . O n h i s t r ave l s i n to L anca sh i r et h e w r i te rJ ohn L e land s t ayed a t Mo r ley s H a l l , t h e h ome o fS i r W i l l iam L ey land w ho i sb e l ieved t oh ave b e en ac l o se r e la t ive ( Chand le r 1 993 ,2 63 ,2 65 ) . T he e s ta te w a ss o ld i n1 606 t oA dam Mo r tw ho h ad a l ready a cqu i r ed l a nd i nt h en e ighbou r ing t own sh ip o fT y lde s ley ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 46 ) . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 46 n 15 ) . A dam Mo r th ad e s ta te s i nA s t ley c on s i s t ing o f2 4 m e s suage s , 2 70 a c re s o fl a nd , m eadow a nd p a s tu re , 5 80 a c re so fh ea th a nd t u rba ry , 6 so ff r ee r e n tf r om T homa sT y lde s ley ,e sq . , 1 8d f r om T homa sG i l l ib rand o fP ee l ,t o ge the rw i th am e s suag e a nd 1 5 a c re so f l a nd i nA s t ley a nd T y lde s ley . T h i sl a t te rh o ld ing i sp r obab ly t h eD am H ou se e s ta t ew h ich s t radd le sA s t ley a nd T y lde s ley . A tt h i sd a t eh a lf t h et i the o fA s t ley d ue t ot h ev i ca ro fL e igh w a sh e ld b yM r . T y lde s ley o f Mo r ley sa nd t h eo t he rh a lf w a sh e ld b yT homa s Mo r t( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 17 n 14 ) .

N o . SMR

5 4 GMS MR 4 064

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

Mor ley s A s t ley L e igh Wa r r ing ton W idne sF ee /mona s t ic ( Co cke r sand )

NGR L oca t ion

S J6 896 9 927 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m f l a t

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le o va l c 40 x3 0m /c 1200m2 c 10 -20m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s

F ig 9 1 .4a :A s t ley

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

T he w ho le o f Mo r ley s s e em s t oh ave b een g r an ted t oC ock e r sand A bbey i n 190 1221 ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 7 10 -711) a nd t h e e s ta te m ay h ave o ccup ied much o ft h e w e s te rn p a r t o ft h e v i l l . S p ec if ic r e f e r ence t o a n a s sa r t i nt h e g r an t made b y H ugh d e T y lde s ley i n d ica t e s c l ea rance a nd s e t t lemen ti nt h is p a r to fA s t ley i nt h el a te 1 2 th o re a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry . T he a bbo t a ppea r st oh ave r e g r an ted i tt ot h e l o ca l f am i ly w ho t o ok t h e n ame Mo r ley . H oweve r , i td oe sn o ta ppea rt ob en o t ed i nt h eC ocke r sand

c e r ta in

w e t 1 846 s t r eam e a s t s t one b r idge ? none

c omp le t e 1 463 ; 1 6 thC t imbe r -f r am ed ;c hape l 1 562 o ccup ied ;w o rk ing f a rm P l an s : L anc s RO DRM 1 / 8 , 1 846 @ 3c ha in s= 1 " P h i l ip s 1 893 C ro s ton 1 893 ;E a rwak e r1 884 ; F af f e re d . 1 900 ;F a re re d . 1 909 ;F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ;P i ccope 1 857 : Wa lk e r &T inda l l 1 985

r e n ta l s b e tween 1 4511537 . T he m ap e v idenc es ugge s t st h a t Mo r ley s a nd P ee l ( wh ich w a s r e ta ined b y C ocke r sand a nd h e ld b y t h e G i l l ib rand f am i ly ) w e re s e pa ra te e s ta t e s d i v ided b y t h e T own B rook ( 6 " O S s he e t 1 02 , 1 848 1849 ) . T owa rd st h ee nd o ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry , Mo t ley sp a s sed t o t h eL ey land f am i ly a nd i n1 431 R obe r tL ey land h e ld af r e et e nemen tf r om S i rR icha rd R adc l if f ef o r I 3 s4 dy ea r ly . I n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , S i r W i l l iam L ey land 's h ou se o f Mo r ley ' s w a s d e sc r ibed b yh i sr e la t ive , J ohn L e land ,a sf o l low s : ' M rL ey land 's h ou se , Mo r ley s H a l l i n We s t D e rby , i ss u r rounded b y al a rg e moa ta nd h a sf ounda t ion so fs t one b l ock sr i s ing s i xf e e ta bove t h e w a t e r ; b u t t h e r e s t , a s i st h e u sua l t y pe o f c on s t ruc t ion f o r a l g en t lemen 's h ou se s i n mo s to fL anca sh i r e , i se n t i r e ly b u i l to ft imbe r . T he o r cha rd s t h e r e , w i th t h e i r g r ea t v a r ie ty o f f r u i t , a nd t h e f i ne w a lk sa nd g a rden sr i va la ny h ou se i nL anca sh i r ef o rt h ep l ea su r et h ey g i ve . O n ly t u r fa nd p ea t a r e u sed f o rf u e l , b ecau s et h ey a r e s o e a s i ly o b ta ined f r om t h e n ea rby p ea t -bog s a nd s wamp s . C ha t Mo s s , w h ich c au se ss o much e r o s ion d amage t ot h es u r round ing l a nd w i th i t sg r ea t q uan t i ty o fw a t e r ,r i ve r s o fc r eep ing m o s s , a nd s t agnan tw a t e r , i sl e s s t h an am i le f r om Mo r ley s . A nd y e t a r ound Mo r l ey s i t se lf t h e re i sa r e a sonab le s upp ly o fw ood f r om h edg e row s a nd s ma l l p l an ta t ion s ;

F ig 9 1 .4b : Mo t ley sH a l l( r ep roduced f r om P h i l ip s 1 893 , f a c ing p 95 ) ;t h eb r idge c an b es e en o nt h er i gh t 1 70

C a ta logue : ASTLEY a nd g ood h u sband ry m a in ta in s i t l i ke a j ewe l . ' ( Chand le r 1 993 ,2 65 ) 1.

F ig 9 1 .4c : Mo ney sH a l l 1 846 ( Lancs RO DRM 1 / 8 )

T homa s L ey land 's p roba te i n ven to ry o f 1 562 i n c luded ' My C hambe r n ea r e u n to m y c hape l ' , t h e d ayehow se , b ackehow se , l a rde r , b r ewhow se a nd k i ln ( P iccope , 1 857 , 1 62 167 ) . T he w i l lo fh i s s ucce s so r ,E dwa rd T i lde s ley , p roved i n 1 599 , a l though a v e ry l e ng thy d ocumen t , n o ted o n ly t h e ' c ap i ta l

h ou se a nd d eme sne o f Mo l l ie s ' , p o s se s s ion s w i th in t h e h ou se a nd l i me , ' b reeke ' v a lued a t £ 4 , a nd s a l tf i sh ( Ea rwake r 1 884 , 1 32 153 ) . T he r e f e rence t ob r ick i so fp a r t icu la r i n t e re s t s i nce t h e d a te o ft h e w i l l , 1 586 , p l ace s t h i s a mong s t t h e e a r l ie s t r e co rd ed e v idence f o r b r ick i ns ou th L a nca sh i r e . Ap a in t ing o f Mo ney s ( f ig 9 1 .3b ) , d a ted t ot h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry , s how s as t one b r idge a c ro s s t h em oa t( Ph i l ip s 1 893 , f a c ing p 95 ) , b u tt h e b u i ld ing i ss a id t oh ave b een d emo l i shed i n1 804 . I nt h e a ccompany ing d e scr ip t ion ( C ro s ton 1 893 , 9 5 1 02 ) t h i s c l a im i s d eemed i n co r r ec t a nd , mo r e l i ke ly , t h e h a l l w a s e x ten s ive ly r e bu i l t a t t h a t t ime . I n p l an , t h e b u i ld ing i s s a id t o d emon s t r a t e c on s t ruc t ion i nt h e 1 4 th o r 1 5 th c en tu ry , w i th ac en t ra l h a l l a nd p ro je c t ing w ing s f o r t h e p r iva t e a nd d ome s t ic q ua r te r s t og e the r e nc lo s ing t h r ee s i de s o f ac ou r tya rd . T he moa t a nd a h ou se , m o s t ly mode rn , o fb r ick , i n co rpo ra t e st wo p o r t ion so fe a r l ie rw a l l s . O ne i n c luded ab l ocked w indow ; t h eo t he r , 2 . 3m h igh a nd 3 . 2m l o ng , w a s o fs and s tone b lock s ( SD 6 9 NE 1 ) . P a r t s o ft h e h ou s e a r e s a id t od a te t ot h e 1 6 th a nd 1 7 th c en tu r ie s ( Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 6 4 , 1 93 194 ) b u t m o r e r e cen t r e sea r ch h a s s hown t ha t o ne r a ng e s t i l l c on ta in s s ome e l emen t s o f a c rown -po s t r oof w h ich h a s b een d a t ed t o 1 463 ( N ige l Mo rgan , p e r s .comm . 1 984 ) . T he f r ame , m o s t o fw h ich i sn ow o b scu r ed a bove t h e c e i l ing o fa n u ppe r r oom , h a s ac ambe r ed t i e b eam f r om w h ich t h e a r ch b race sh ave b e en r emoved .

N o . SMR

6 9

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

S andho le sF arm A s t ley L e igh Wa r r ing ton W idne sF e e

NGR L oca t ion

S J6 920 9 985 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rS and s tone B ou lde rC lay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m s ou th f a c ing

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 30 x3 5m / c 1050m 2 c 4 15m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

w e t 1 846 s ou th -w e s t

t r ace so f an a r row d i tch a r ev i s ib le a l ong w e s t s i de o ff a rmhou se 1 8C o rl a t e rf a rmhou se d we l l ing a nd g a rden L anc s RO DRM 1 / 8 1 846 @ 3c ha in s =1 "

T he s i te a tS andho le s F a rm w a s i d en t if ied o n t h e t ihe p l an a nd n o th ing i sk nown o fi t s h i s to ry . I tl i e s as ho r t d i s tanc e t o t h e n o r th o f Mo r ley s a nd m ay h ave l a in o n t h e l a nd s g ran t ed t o C ocke r sand A bbey i n t h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry . F rom t h e e x t e r io r t h e p r e sen t h ou se d oe s n o t a ppea r t o c on ta in a ny e a r ly f e a tu r e s . T he w e s t s i de o f t h e c u r t i lag e i s b ounded b y an a r row d i tch w h ich c ou ld r e p re sen t a n a rm o f ad i tched e nc lo su r e .

I n C hand le r 's w o rd s ( 1993 , p r ef a ce ) ' Ih ave . t u rned i t[ Le land 's I t ine ra ry ] i n to mode rn E ng l i sh , a nd r e a r rang ed i t. . ' . L e land 's o r ig ina l w o rd s a r e g i ven i nt h e V ic to r ia C oun ty H i s to ry ; ' Mode i nD a rby sh i r e , M r . L e land ' s P l ace , i sb u i ld id -s av ing t h e f ounda t ion o fS tone s qua r id t ha t r i s i th w i th in a g r ea t Moo te a v i F oo te a bove t h e Wa t e r -a lo f T ymb r e , a f t e r t h e c ommune s o r t e o fb u i ld ing o fH ou se s o fG en t i lmen f o r m o s t o fL anca s t re sh i r e . T he r e i sa s m uch P l ea su r o fo r cha rde s o f g r ea t V a r i te o fF ru t e a nd f a i r m ade Wa lke s a nd G a rd ine s a st h e r i si n a ny P l ac e o f L anca s t re sh i r e . H e b r en i th a l T u r f e s a nd P e t e s f o r t h e C ommod i te o f Mo s se s a nd Mo r e s a th and . F o r C ha t e ley Mo s se t ha t w i th b r ek ing u po fA bundance o f Wa t e ry n h i td i d much h u r tt oL ande s t h e r eabou t a nd R ive r s w i th w ande r ing Mo s se a nd c o r rup te Wa t e r i s w i th in l e s se t h an am i le o f Mo r le . A nd y e tb y Mo r le a si nH egg e R owe s a nd G rove t t e s i sm ea t e ly p ood P l en t i o f Wood . b u t g ood H u sbande s K e ep eh i tf o r aJ ewe l l ' ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 47 n 10 ) .

1 7 1

c e r ta in

F ig 9 1 .4d : S andho les F a rm 1 846 ( Lan c s RO DRM 1 / 8 )

C a ta logue : ATHERTON T enure

E s ta te

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L o rd

Me sne l o rd

S er v ice/ r en t

L andho ld e r s

1 086 1 1 212 2

k n igh t 's f e e

1 242 -43

k n igh t 's f e e

1c a ruca te

W i l l iam l eB o t e le r

H en ry d eA the r ton , so f W i l l iam

H e i ro f Eme ry l eB o te le r

W i l l iam d eA de r ton ( s ic ) W i l l iam d eA the r ton

1 298 4

H em) /d eA the r ton

1 315 16 5 W i l l iam l eB o t i le r

1 322 6

H en ry A the r ton

l o rd o ft h em ano ro f Wa r r ing ton

f r e et e nemen t

1 332 7

H en rd eA the r ton W i l lo P r e e J ohe d eT u r ton A lex l eN ay le r R og d e lL a che W i l lo C hapmon R og f i lN u t r ic R ogo d e I n ge lwode W i l lo f i lA lan J ohe C a rpen t H en rd e l Mo s se T hom d eG o r ton

i j s i j s i j s i j s i j sv i i jd i j si i jd

u s

x v jd i j si i jd ' u s i j s i j s

S i rW i l l iam d eA the r ton

1 3899 1 496 1 6

` Cho lbene

R and le A the r ton

1 573 1

m ano ro f A the r ton

S i rJ ohn A the r ton

1 6 16 1 6 17 1 2

C how e 's , G reen H a l l& C a r rbank t e nemen t s

J ohn A the r ton e s q

1 646 1 s

G eo rge C howe

J ohn A the r ton e s q C how e

1 705 1 4

C howe f am i ly

1 723 1 1 748 1 749 1 6

R icha rd A the r ton R obe r t Gw i l lym a nd w if eE l izabe th A the r ton

1 787 1

1

h omag e

W i l l iam B o t i l le r

1 346 8

S i te s :

1m a rk

AL A the r ton T homa s Wr igh t ing ton J ame sA shwo r th S amue lC ha r l son

c1/ 5t own sh ip

4 3

L ang ley H a l lF a rm

P robab ly o ne o ft h e3 4m ano r s i nt h eh und r ed o f Wa r r ing ton ,h e ld i nd r egnage a tt h et ime o ft h eC onque s t . I tm ay b eo ne o ft h e 1 086 h o ld ing s o fo ne c a ruca te e a ch h e ld b yR oge r , Wa r ine a nd O smond ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,9 ) .

2

3

4

A the r ton w a s h e ld ' o fa nc ien t t ime ' , p robab ly d a t ing f r om b ef o r e t h e r e ign o fH en ry I .T he s e r v ic e a ppea r s t oi n d ica t e t h anage t e nu re u pon w h ich k n igh t 's s e rv ic ew a s i mpo sed ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b . 9 ) . T h i sw a so ne ten th o f ak n igh t ' sf e e( F a r re re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 36 ) . I n 1 298 W i l l iam w a s e nf eof f ed w i th t h e mano r s o fH a igh ( q v ) a nd B la c i c rod ( Sa lf o rd h und r ed ) a ppa ren t ly t h rough am a r i ta lc onnec t ion w i th t h eB rad shaw f am i ly . W i l l iam a l so h e ld A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld ( q v ) .

5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 36 ) .

6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,7 6 ) .

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 39 ) . C on t r ibu to r st ot h eL ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) i n c luded H en ry d eA the r ton . H ew a s as uppo r te ro fA dam B ana s t r e a nd a f t e r t h e d ea th o fA dam , R obe r t d e H o l land e x to r ted 1 00 s f o r h i s o wn u s e f r om H en ry d e A the r ton ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 9 ) . I n 1 323 , f o r h i s s uppo r t o fS i r W i l l iam B rad shaw a nd f o r o t he r t r e spa s se s , R og e r d e A the r ton w a s f i ned 4 0 s . H is s u re t ie s w e r e G i lbe r t d e H a lsa l l , H en ry d e A the r ton , A dam d e B rad shaw a nd J ohn d e Wo r th ing ton ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 9 4 ) . I n1 332 A gne s ,w idow o fW i l l iam d eA the r ton ,w a s l i v ing i nA sh ton i n Make rf ie ld ( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 36 n 9 )t hough i nR y land s 'l i s tf o rA sh ton s h ei ss a id t ob et h ew idow o fH en ry . I nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry t h eA the r ton s a l so h e ld l a nd i nA s t ley ( q v ) .

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 9 3 ) . I n 1 360 S i r W i l l iam A the r ton h ad al i cence f o r a n o r a to ry a tA the r ton , a nd f o r a no the r a tG a r swood , i nA sh ton i n Make r f ie ld ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 36 ) .

9

1 6 1

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 36 ) . S i r W i l l iam d i ed i n1 389 a nd w a s s ucceeded b y h i s s on , S i r W i l l iam A the r ton k t . As e cond s on , S i rN icho la s A the r ton k t ,a cqu i red B icke r s taf f e( q v )t h rough h i sm a r r iage w i th J o an , d augh te ra nd h e i ro fA dam d eB icke r s taf f e . R and le A the r ton o f` Cho lb ene a l so h e ld at e nemen ti nA s t ley ( q v )( F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 37 n 16 ) . S i rJ ohn A the r ton 's w i l l o fA p r i l 1 573 c i ted h i s m ano r so fA the r ton i nL anc a sh i r ea nd S l ing sby , F ry ton a nd H ov ingham i nY o rk sh i r e . H e h ad b ough t t h e Y o rk sh i r em ano r s i n1 562 , 1 563 a nd 1 570 ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 37 n 5 ) .

1 2 T he se t h r e e t e nemen t s w e r e s o ld b y J ohn A the r ton i n 1 6 16 16 17 . T he t wo l a t te r t e nemen t s w e r e l a te r r e pu rcha sed b y t h e A the r ton s ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 37 n 19 ) . 1 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 37 ) . J ohn A the r ton d i ed i n1 646 . H i s w idow w a s E leano r , d augh te ro fS i rT homa s I r e land o fB ew sey , B utonwood ( qv ) . S he w a sh e i rt oh e rc ou s in , D ame Ma rga r e t , w if eo fS i rG i lbe r tI r e land o fB ew sey , a nd g r and -daugh t e ro fS i rT homa s . D ame Ma rga r e td em i sed B ew sey t oS i rR icha rd A the r ton , g r and son o fE leano r .

1 4

1 5

I n 1 705 t h e C howe t e nemen t p a s sed b y mo r tag e a nd , e ven tua l ly , b y s a le t oM r N a than Mo r t , s on o fR obe r t Mo r t o f Wha r ton H a l l a nd c ou s in o f T homa s Mo r to fD am H ou se ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 38 ) . N e i the r Wha r ton H a l ln o rD am H ou se h a sb een l o ca t ed d u r ing p r e sen tr e sea r ch . I n1 723 R icha rd A the r ton c omm i s s ioned t h ea r ch i tec tW i l l iam Wak ef i e ld t od e s ign aN ew H a l la tA the r ton ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 37 ) . Wo rk c on t inued a f t e rh i sd ea th i n1 726 b u t , w hen h ev i s i ted A the r ton i n1 750 , t h et r ave l le rR icha rd P ococke o b se rved t ha tt h ough t h eb u i ld ing w a s ' af i ne s ea tw i th l a rg e of ic e s ' i tw a s ' n o te n t i r e ly f i n i shed n o rk ep ti ng ood o rde r ' ( Ca r tw r igh te d . 1 889 , 8 ) .

1 72

C a ta logue : ATHERTON

1 6

Ap a in i tng b y A r thu r D ev i s d a t ed t o 1 748 1749 s how s R obe r t Gw i l lym a nd h i s w if e , E l izabe th A the r ton , d augh t e r o fR icha rd A the r ton , i nf r on to fa h ou se p u rpo r t ed t ob eA the r ton H a l l ( Ha r r i s 1 985 ,2 31) .

1 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l 1 907 ,4 38 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h el a nd t a xr e tu rn st h e se p eop le w e r et h ep r inc ipa l l a ndowne r s .

T he h i s to ry o f L ang ley H a l l F a rm h a s n o t b e en a s c er ta ined a nd n o m en t ion o fi ta ppea r s i nt h e m ano r ia l h i s to ry f o r A the r ton p ub l i shed i n t h e V ic to r ia C oun ty H i s to ry . L ic enc e f o r a n o ra to ry a t A the r ton a nd G a r swood , A sh ton i n Make rf ie ld ( q v ) w a s g r an t ed t o S i r W i l l iam A the r ton i n 1 360 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 36 ) . J ohn A the r ton 's w i l l ( d ied 1 646 )r e co rded h i sm an s ion h ou se c a l led t h eL odge i nA the r ton ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 37 n 11) . S ince , h ow eve r , b o th t h e O ld H a l l a nd t h e n ew h a l l a tA the r ton , w h ich w a s s t a r ted i nc 1723 b u t n o t c omp le ted u n t i l t h e 1 750 s ( L ew i s 1 997 ) , s t ood s ome 3 km t ot h e s ou th o f L ang ley H a l l F a rm , i ti sd oub tf u l w he the rL ang ley H a l l F a rm w a s e ve r i n t h ed i r ec to ccupa t ion o ft h eA the r ton f am i ly . T he s i t e l i e s o n t h e We s t D e rby ' s h und r eda l b ounda ry w i th S a lf o rd H und r ed a nd c l o se t o t h e b ounda r ie s o f t h ree t own sh ip s -A the r ton , We s though ton a nd O ve r H u l ton . I n 1 849 i tw a s c a l led L ong ley s ( 6 " O S s hee t 9 4 ) . T opog raph ica l ly , i ta ppea r s t o r e la te t o a n a r ea o f d i spe r sed f a rm s t ead s a s soc ia ted w i th H oope r G reen w h ich l i e s j u s t i n We s though ton . I ts e em st ha tt h em oa tm ay h ave b een r e co rded i n1 724 i n t h e p ape r s o ft h e L i lf o rd f am i ly w ho h e ld A the r ton i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( OS S D6 0 S E2 ) . T h i s c o l lec t ion ,w h ich i su nca lende r ed , c an b ef ound a t t h eL anca sh i r eR eco rd O ff ice i nP r e s ton ( Lanc s RO DDL i ) . T he moa tw a s f i l led i nc 1946 a nd i n 1 952 t h e o n ly r ema in ing p o r t ion w a s as ma l l d ry d i tch o nt h e e a s t s i de o fL ang ley ' s F a rm . B y 1 972 t h e r ew a s n ot r ace o fi t ( OS S D 6 0 S E 2 ) t hough i ts e em s t h a t p a r t may s u r v ive a s ad ra inage d i tch ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 92 ) .

F ig 9 1 .5a : A ther ton N o . SMR

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w e t 1 839 s t ream n o r th o rs ou th

t r ac e s

L anc s RO DRM 1 / 9 , 1 839 @ 5 00 y a rd s =4 1 / 8" ;6 "O S s hee t9 4 , 1 849 F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ; Wa lke r& T inda l l 1 985

1 73

C a ta logue : AUGHTON T enur e

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1 066 1 m id 1 2C 1

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c 1220 1250 3

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1 2 35 4

1 / 3v i l l

1 2 52 3

R oge rG e rne t& Q uen i Ida h i sw if e T homa sd eB e e tham A v ic ed eM i l lum

R icha rd l e Wa ley s Madoc d eA ugh ton B leddyn d eA ugh ton

K n igh t ' s F e e

1c a ruca te

W i l l iam d eF e r r e r s , E a r lo fD e rby

Q uen i lda ,w if eo fR oge r G e rne t

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Two p a r t so f m ano r

T homa s , E a r lo f L anca s t e r

R a lph d eB e thum

p r e 1 303 6

J ohn l e Wa ley s

1 322 1

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1 3 32 3

S imon d eB ick e r s ta f f e R ico l e Wa ley s H ea rd eL i the r lond H ea rd eB ike r s ta th W l i lo f i lH em J ohe d eS wynya rd G i lb to d eB rok f e ld W i l lmo S ha l ce shaf t W i l ld eH a le H ea rf l u Madoc i

1 36 11

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1 428 3

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1 551 3

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1 571 1 1

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1 592 1 2

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1 593 1 3

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k n igh t ' s f e e

1 6 4 01 4

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1 6 57 1 3

C a ry l l ,L o rd Mo lyneux L aw r enc eI r e land B a r tho lom ew H e sk e th

1 687 1 6 .

L o rd Mo lyneux S i rC ha r le sA nde r ton A lexande rH e ske th R og e rB o s tock J ohn P l umbe o f Wave r t re e

1 7 18 2 7 S i te s :

G ab r ie lH e sk e th

5 3

Moo rH a l l

9 2

Wa l sh H a l l

1 00

A ugh ton R ec to ry

( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c ) . 3 2d w a s t h e v a lue i n1 066 . U c t r ed , p r obab ly t h e s ame p e r son , a l so h e ld R oby , K now s ley (0 ) , K i rkby , C ro sby ( q v ) , Maghu l l ( q v ) a nd A ugh ton ( b e l ieved t ob e B icke r s taf f e ) ( q v ) , K i rkda le ( q v ) , L i t t le Woo l ton , S p eke ( q v ) , D a l ton , S ke lme r sda le , U p l i the r land , L a thom ( q v ) , H u r l s ton ( Sca r i sb r ick ) ( q v ) a nd 1 2 M / a r t in ( Bu r scough ) ( q v ) , L yd ia te ( q v ) a nd A l tca r . H ew a s , t hu s , t h e o wne r o f mo r e v i l l s i n We s t D e rby t h an a ny o t he rt h ane . 2

I nt h em id 12 th c en tu ry A ugh ton w a s g r an ted t oT hu r s tan B ana s t r e , o fN ew ton h und red . H i s d augh te r , Ma rge ry , c a r r ied i ti nm a r r iag et ot h e l o rd s o f Woodp lump ton . A f te r R icha rd o f Woodp lump ton 's d ea th i n1 20 1 , i tp a s sed t oQ uen i lda , o ne o fh i s f i ve d augh te r s . S he h ad m a r r ied f i r s tJ o rdan d e T hor nh i l l a nd t h en R og e r G eme t , m a s t e r f o re s t e r o fL anca s te r ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 97 ) . T he Woodp lump ton s a nd t h e i r h e i r e s se s h e ld p r ope r ty e x t en s iv e ly t h roughou t We s tD e rby ( Append ix V D I ) . A ugh ton s e em st oh av ee s caped t h e 1 2 12 i n que s t p e rhap s b ecau se i tw a so wned b yt h e C rown .

1 74

C a ta logue : AUGHTON

3

4

5

( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 5 44 -545 ) . R icha rd Wa ley s made ag ran t t oC ocke r sand A bbey o f ap o r t ion o fh i s l a nd i nA ugh ton s c i l ic e t aS tanr if o rd s equendo r i vu lam d e sc end endo u sque i nS i ther i thepu l e tE t a a scend endo S i ther i thepu l u sque l e Mor e ts i c u sque a dp raed ic tum S tanr if ord w i th r i gh t s o f p annage . H en ry l e Wa ley sr e lea sed l a nd t ot h eb r e th ren a nd S imon d eH a l sa l l r e lea sed t ot h em l a nd c a l led B rookf ie ld . F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 88 n 3 , 2 95 ) . Madoc a nd B leddyn , t oge the r w i th R icha rd l e Wa ley s o f U p l i the r land , w e r e d ef endan t s i n as u i t c once rn ing t h e a dvow son o fA ugh ton c hu rch . T he se We l shmen w e r e , p e rhap s , a s soc ia te s o ft h e B ana s t r e s a f t e rt h e i re xpu l s ion f r om Wa le s i n 177 . Madoc w a s t h e s on o fL lewe l lyn ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 95 n 11) a nd h i s s ucce s so r s w e r e t h e S ta rk ie f am i ly ( Augh ton H a l l e s ta t e ) . T he G e ra rd H a l l l a nd s h ad , p e rhap s , b een g ran ted t oS imon d e B ick e r s taf f e a nd h i s s ucce s so r s b y Madoc , s on o fB leddyn , a nd w e re p a s sed t h rough t h e B ick e r s taf f ef am i ly . I n 1 235 G eme ta nd Q uen i lda , d eB ee tham a nd A v ic ed eM i l lum a lowed l e Wa ley s , Madoc a nd B leddyn t op r e sen tt ot h eb enef ice o fA ugh ton . A v ice d e M i l lum w a s a no the r d augh te ro fR icha rd d e Woodp lump ton a nd Ma rga r e t B ana s t r e ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 42 ) . T he a dvow son w a s , i n f a c t , a t ta ched t ol e Wa ley s ' h o ld ing i nU p l i the r land . B e tw een 1 303 a nd 1 337 R icha rd l e Wa ley s w a s p a t ron a nd v a r iou s m embe r s o ff am i ly w e r e p r e sen ted a sr e c to r s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 89 ) . I fA ugh ton , l i ke We s t le igh , w a s o r ig ina l ly ar e c to r ia l mano r t h e f i r s t L a te ran C ounc i l may h ave f o rb idden t h eh e r ed i ta ry p o s se s s ion o ft h e c hu rch b yt ho se n o t i nh o ly o rde r s , al aw w h ich b ecame m o re s t r ic t ly e nf o rced i nt h e l a t e 1 2 th o re a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 22 ) . B leddyn ' s s ucce s so r s , t h rough h i s s on , E in ion , w e r et h e L i the r land f am i ly , t h rough t h e m a r r iage o f h i sg rand -daugh t e r , Ma rga r e t , w i th H en ry d eL i the r land . L i the r land H a l l , w h ich i sa l so k nown a sI n c e H a l l , may b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s f am i ly . I n ce ' s ( s ic ) H a l l ( cSD 3 98 0 72 ) l a y o n t h e s ou th s l ope o fG o r se H i l l , al i t t le u nde r 2 km . n o r th ea s t o fA ugh ton c hu rch . A n a na ly s i s o ft h e d e scen t o ft h e p r inc ipa lh o ld ing si ss ugge s ted ;t h i ss how st h ec omp lex n a tu r eo ft h ep r inc ipa l e s ta te s i nA ugh ton a nd U p l i the r land ( s e ef i g9 1 .6b ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 95 ) . Q uen i lda d i ed i n 1 252 ; s he r e ce ived n o th ing f r om A ugh ton b u t w a rd sh ip a nd r e l ief . T he h e i r s , R obe r t d e S tockpor ta nd S i rR a lph d eB e e tham ,w e re h e rb ro the r s in law .

6

( Webb e d . 1 970 ,9 8 10 1) . J ohn l e Wa ley sg ran ted t oB u r scough P r io ry q uamdam p ar t em t e r r em ee i nv i l la d eA c ton , s c i l ic e tt o t em m eam t e r ram c um m esuag( io ) i n t er t e r ram Madoc ie tt e r ram e cc l e s ie w i th e a semen t s i nA ugh ton a nd U p l i the r land a dc en tum o ye se ta dt r ig in ta a n ima l ia c um s ep t em e qu i se te quabu s. . e tc um a qu i e tanc ia p annag i iv ig in t ip orc i s i nb o sco d eA c ton e tc um h ou s ebo t e e th ay ebo t ed e q uercu e ta lm s l i gn i s i nn emo r e d eA c ton e td um i sd eL y ther lond . H e a l so g ave ap i ec e o fl a nd c a l led Wa l shc rof tb u t , s i nce t h e b ound s a bu t ted H a l sa l l , i ts e em s u n l ike ly t ha tt h i s c an b er e conc i led w i th t h e moa ted s i t eo f Wa l sh H a l l .

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 9 ) . R icha rd l e Wa ley s h e ld t h e a dvow son o fA ugh ton C hu rch . E l sewhe r eJ oan , e l de rd augh te ro fS i rR icha rd d e S tockpo r t( d 1292 ) , i ss a id t oh ave b e en t h ew if eo fN icho la sd eE ton ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 6n 19 ;L ang ton , 1 875 , 1 33 ) .

8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 92 n 15 ) . O ne th i rd o fA ugh ton p a s sed t oR icha rd ' ss on ,J ohn , a nd t h en t oa no the rs on , R icha rd ,a nd h i sh e i r s .

9

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 93 ,2 98 n 5 ) . S imon , s on o fS imon d e B icke r s ta f f e , h e ld t h e Moo rH a l l e s ta te w h ich p a s sed i nm a r r iag et ot h e d eI n ce f am i ly .

1 °

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he se c on t r ibu to r s t ot h e L ay S ub s idy a l so h e ld p rope r ty i nU p l i the r land . H en ry d e B ick e r s taf f e m ay h ave h ad t h e l a nd s a s so c ia ted w i th G e ra rd H a l l b u t t h e t e rm s o ft h e t e rnue a r e n o t k nown . H en ry , s on o f Madoc , i sp robab ly ad e scendan t o fB leddyn . g r ea t -g rand son o fB leddyn ,w a sa l ive i n1 328 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 99 n 2 ) .

1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

Madoc , s on o fB a ldw in ,

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 93 , 2 98 n 5 ) . E leano r i sc i t ed a st h e d augh t e r a nd h e i r o fJ ohn , s on o fE in ion , t hough e l sewhe r e s he i sg i ven a st h e d augh te ro fR icha rd Wa l sh ( d 136 1) ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 92 ) . T homa s d e F o rmby w a sj o ined b y R oge rd e B rad shagh i np r e sen t ing J ohn , s on o fR icha rd d e Wa l sh , a sr e c to ro fA ugh ton i n1 369 . B rad shagh w a s m a r r ied t o Maud , d augh t e ro fR icha rd Wa l sh ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 89 , 2 93 n 2 ) . T h e B rad shagh s c on t inued t o p r e sen t u n t i l t h e e a r ly 1 6 th c en tu ry a f t e r w h ich t h e H e ske th s o r t h e C rown u sua l ly h ad t h e r i gh t o f p r e sen ta t ion . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 00 ) . I n 1 428 Moo r H a l l p a s sed t oR og e rd e A ugh ton , s on o fN icho la s , s on o fA gne s d e I n c e , a nd w a s h e ld f r om t h e B ee tham p o r t ion . Twen ty y ea r s l a t e rT homa s B rad shaw a nd J ohn A ugh ton d i v ided t h e i r l a nd s , T homa s r e ce iv ing Moo r H a l l w i th i t s d eme sne l a nd s a nd t h e m i l l . P o s s ib ly t h ed eA ugh ton l i ne h ad i n t er vened f o r , i n1 448 ,t h e Moo rH a l le s ta t er e ve r ted t ot h ed eA ugh ton sa sd e scendan t so f Madoc , s on o fL lewe l lyn . I nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry G e ra rd H a l lw a sa l so h e ld o ft h i sl i ne . ( F a r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 244 ) . I n1 50 1 G i lbe r t Wa l sh h e ld t h i st e nemen ta nd i n1 537 i tw a sh e ld b yR obe r t Wa l sh ( Fa r re r 1 909 , 1 247 , 1 249 ) . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 03 ) . H ugh , s on o fN icho la s d e B icke r s ta f f e r e lea sed 1 2 m e s suage s , 2 00 a c re s o fl a nd , 1 00 a c r e s o fm eadow a nd 2 00 a c r e so fp a s tu r e i nB icke r s taf f ea nd A ugh ton t oM i le sG e ra rd . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 03 ) . M i le sG e ra rd h ad o b ta ined h i sl a nd sf r om H ugh , s on o fN icho la sd eB icke r s taf f e , i n1 498 1490 . ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 0 1) . I n t h i s y ea r W i l l iam B rad shagh c onveyed t h e r e ve r s ion o f Moo r H a l l a nd i t s l a nd s t o P e te r S tan ley o f B icke r s taf f e . ( F rance 1 947 , 6 7 ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 99 ) . T he Mo lyneux i n te r e s t d a t ed f r om 1 479 . T he f am i ly l a t e r b ough t am i l l a nd o t he r p rope r ty o ft h e A bbo t o f Me r eva le .

1 9

2 °

2 1

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 93 ) . S ca r i sb r ick p u rcha sed t h eB rad shagh l a nd s ,o r ig ina l ly t h eh o ld ing o fR icha rd l e Wa ley s . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 00 ) . R obe r th e ld 1 0 m e s suag e s a nd 1 00 a c r e s o fl a nd i nA ugh ton , O rm sk i rk a nd E gga rga t e . H ew a s am embe ro ft h e f am i ly wh ich h ad h e ld t h e Wa l sh H a l l e s ta t e a s aj un io rb ranch o ft h e l e Wa ley s f am i ly . F rom t h i s i ts e em st ha tt h e Wa l sh H a l l h o ld ing may r e p r e sen t t h e 1 / 3 o ft h ev i l lw h ich w en tw i th t h ea dvow son o fA ugh ton C hu rch ( s ee n o t e 6a bove ) . L and sh e ld f r om t h eQ ueen f o rme r ly b e longed t oC ocke r sand A bbey i nB rookf ie ld . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 94 ) . I n 1 551 1/ 3o fA ugh ton h ad b een s o ld t oJ ame s S ca r i sb r ick b y W i l l iam B rad shagh ; t h e 6 s 2 d r e n t , p r e sumab ly , r e la te s t ot h i s p o r t ion . I n 1 594 T homa s Wa l sh w a s h o ld ing t h e Wa l sh H a l l e s ta te o fH en ry S ta rk ie a nd E dwa rd S ca r i sb r ick ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,3 00 n 4 ) .

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,3 0 1 n 2 ) . No i n te rmed ia t el o rd sh ip i si n d ica ted . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 97 ) . Ap l an o fa bou tt h e s ame d a te s how s l a nd s a r ound A ugh ton H a l l i nt h e h o ld ing o fM r . S t a rk ie b u tt h e h a l l i t se lf w a s a s s igned t oM r . I r e land ( PRO MPC 2 4 ; f i g . 8 9 ) . T h i s h ou se , w h ich s e em s t oh ave h ad at owe r a to ne e nd o t at imbe r -f ramed r a ng e , l a yc l o se t o A ugh ton c hu r ch ( c SD 3 9 1 0 55 )a nd c a l led t h e ' O ld H a l l ' i n1 849 ( OS 6 " s he e t9 1) . I r e land o w ed S t a rk ie ac h ief r e n to f4 s 6 d . T he S ta rk ie s c ame i n to p o s se s s ion o fp a r to fA ugh ton a ss ucce s so r st ot h el a nd s f o rme r ly h e ld b y Madoc o fA ugh ton i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r &B rownbi l le d s . 1 907 ,2 96 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 97 ) . T he se f ou rw e r e l o rd so fA ugh ton . A tt h e d ea th o fL aw r enc eI r e land i n1 609 i tw a s s a id t ha th i s l a nd s i nA ugh ton w e r e h e ld f r om t h e E a r l o fD e rby ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 98 n 14 ) . T he Mo lyneux i n t e r e s t s e em s t od a t e f r om t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . When S i r W i l l iam Mo lyneux d i ed i n1 548 h eh e ld a tm e s suage a nd 2 0a c re so fl a nd f r om J ohn S t a rk ie b y8 dr e n t( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 99 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 97 ) . T he se t h r ee w e r e s a id t ob e t h e l o rd s d i s t inc t . T he b ounda r ie s b e tw een A ugh ton a nd U p l i the r land w e r e f i xed b y b l u r r ed ( Coney 1 986 , 6 0 ) . T he w i l l o fE dwa rd S t a rk ie r e co rd s t h a t i n 1 670 c ap i ta l m e s suag e a nd man s ion h ou se c a l led t h e h a l l o fA ugh ton ' , t og e the r

o fA ugh ton a nd i tw a s c l a imed t ha t U p l i the r land w a s q u i te s epa ra t e a nd r e f e ree s b u t b y t h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry t h e d i s t inc t ion s e em s t oh ave b een h e g ran ted t ot r u s t ee s ' a l l t h e mano r a nd l o rd sh ip o fA ugh ton a nd a l t h e w i th A ugh ton w indm i l l a nd t h e c ommon l a nd o fA ugh ton Mo s s a nd h i s

o t he rl a nd s ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 97 n 11) . 2 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 97 -298 ) . A nde r ton h ad s ucce eded t ot h eI r e land p rope r t ie s a nd B o s tock h ad o b ta ined h i s l a nd sf r om t h eS ta rk ie s .

1 75

C a ta logue : AUGHTON

2 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 94 ) . A lexande r H e ske th a nd h i s s on , T homa s , s o ld t oJ ohn P lumbe t h e h a l l a nd d eme sne o fA ugh ton a nd a l o the r l a nd s i nU p l i the r land a nd A ugh ton . P lumbe ' s a t t emp t s t or e gu la r i se t h e r i gh t s o ft h e f r eeho lde r s a nd o t he r s t ot h e c ommon s l e d t op ro t ra c t ed d i spu t e s ( Coney 1 986 ) .

F ig . 9 1 .6a Augh ton U p l i the r land & o ne t h i rd o fA ugh ton

O ne -t h i rd o fA ugh ton

R i ch a rd l eW a ley s c l1 2 2 1 R i cha r dl eW a ley s o fU p l i the r l and a l iv e 1 2 35

M aud mR i cha rd d eB r ad shagh o fP enn ing ton J ohn d eI n. d1 428 ( M oor H a l l ) J am e ss e a r i sb r ick

o fS c a r i sb r ick 1 55 1

W i l l iam B i ad sh agh 1 533 ( Moo rH a l l ) ,5 ,

H en ry a l iv e 1 3 56 1367

R obe r t Wa lh

T homa sB rads hagh a l iv e 1 4 57 1458 ( Moo rH a l l )

a l iv e 1 4 74 s

P e t e rS t an ley 1 533 , d1 592 ( Moor H a l l )

G i lb e r tW a l sh a l ive i , 5 2 ,1 5 29

B a r tho lom ew H e ske t h d1 600

E dwa rd S t an ley d1 6 10 ( M oo rH a l l )

P e te rS t an ley d1 673 ( Moo rH a l l ) J ohn P l umb e o fW ave t r ee 1 7 18

E dwa rd S t an ley d1 689 m Ma rga r e tG e r a rd ( Moo rH a l l )

mR ich a rd d e L a ce ( M oo r ;H a l l ) J ohn 'd eI n. d1 428 ( Mo or H a l l )

1 448 ( M oor H a l l )------------

T hom a sW a l sh d1 6 94 ( W a l sh H a l l ) R oge rB os to ck a l iv e 1 687 ( Aug h ton H a l l )

G uly d1 2 82

H en ry d eB icke r s taf f e a l ive 1 326 ( G e ra rd H a l l )

i E inon

Mädo c B a ldw in , I M a rga r e t I mH en ry M ado c , d eL i th e r land

( ? l nc e /L i t he r l c uu lH a l l ) T homa sB r ad shag h o fU p l i the r l and a l ive 1 448 ( Moor H a l l )

I r e l and o fL yd i a t e

J ohn L i the r land l a t e 1 6C 4

A nd enon o fL o s to c k &L yd ia te

B lund e l l M a rga r e tG e r a rd o fl o r eB lund e l l a l iv e 1 67 1 ( G e ra rd H a l l ) mE dw a rd S t an ley _( Moo rH a l l )

J o hn S t a rk ie d1 683

S t a nl e yo fH oo ton ( Aug h ton H a l l ) _ ( M oo rH a l l ) ( G e ra rd H a l l )

F ig 9 1 . 6 b : D e scen to ft h e Augh ton a nd U p l i the r land e s ta tes

1 76

J ohn

D iony s ia ? m R icha rd B ymm son o fF o rmby

E l e an o r mT homa sd eF o rmby

J oh n

M i le sG e r a rd d1 5 22 ( Ge rard H a l l )

Ma rge ry a l ive ? 1522 mJ ohn S t a rk ie

E dw a rd S t a rk ie dc 1674 -75 ( h a l lo fA ug h ton )

S i rW i l l iam S t an ley o fH oo ton 1 73 1 ( M oo rH a l l )

D iony s ia a l iv e 1 328

a l iv e 1 4 26 1432 N icho la sd eA ugh ton ( Moor H a l l )* &w if eC e c i ly J ohn d c A ugh t . .

A l ice A ugh ton d1 5 20 m( ? 2 )D av id G r if f i th

()M oo rH a l l )

S imon mD iony s ia d au o fJ oh nl eW a ley s

T homa sd eA ugh ton R oge r di eA ugh ton

N icho la s ind er Augh ton mlE .

M ado c

a l iv e 1 2 82

N icho l a sd eA ugh ton a l ive t oc 140 4 1405

1 J oh nd eA ugh ton

G ab r ie lH e ske t h 16 1

S imon d eB i cke r s ta f fu e

T homa s a l iv e 1 3 53 Ag ne sd eM e e

H en ry l e Wa l ey s G i lbe rt a l iv e 1 292

E le ano r mT homa sd eF o rmby

B l eddyn a l iv e 1 2 35

Wa l te r ? dp r e 1 3 16 17

( C ock B e ck )

J ohn I c Wa ley s R i ch a rd W a l sh d c 1 36 1

O ne -t h i rd o fA ugh ton

Madoc d eA ugh ton , s o no fL l ewe l lyn a l ive 1 2 35 m L, ) ,

C a ta logue : AUGHTON 5 3

N o . SMR

P RN 7 56

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Moor H a l l A ugh ton A ugh ton We s tD e rby D eme sne / se r jean ty

NGR L oca t ion S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

S D4 114 0 536 p e r iphe ra l

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 6m s ou th -f ac ing ;g en t le s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t r ance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

? mu l t ip le ? s qua r e c 50 x5 0m /2500m 2 c 2 -5m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p r ob ab l e

B un t e rs a nd s tone S h i rd ley H i l lS and A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

F ig 9 1 .6d : G round p l an o f Moo rH a l l( r ep roduced f r om F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 02 )

w e td i tche si n1 848 ;o rnamen ta ll a k e s t ream ? s ou th

t r ace si ng a rden r e pu t ed c hap e l h ou se a nd g a rden L ane s RO DRL 1 / 6 1 848 @ 1 0c ha in s =31 / 4 " F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907

T he o r ig in o ft h e Moo r H a l l e s ta t e a ppea r s t o l i e w i th B leddyn 's h o ld ing o f o ne t h i rd o fA ugh ton t h ough , a s c an b es e en ( f ig s 9 1 .6b i , ) , i t a ppea r s t o h ave p a s sed t h rough t h e h and s o fs eve ra l o wne r s a nd t h e i r t e nan t s i n d ica t ing , p e rhap s , a r e la t ive f l u id i ty o f e s ta te o wne r sh ip w i th in a s i ng le t own sh ip . T he p r e sen t h ou se h a s ad a te s tone o f1 566 o ve r t h e p o r ch a nd h a s 1 7 th c en tu ry a l t e ra t ion s a nd l a te r a dd i t ion s ( P rov . L i s t 1 965 ; S D4 0 NW 2 1) . I fs o , i tmu s t F ig 9 1 .6c : Moo r H a l l 1 848 h av e b e en r e bu i l t b y P e t e r ( L a n c s R O D R L 1 / 6 ) S t an ley o fB icke r s taf f e a f t e r h e h ad b ough t i t f r om W i l l iam B rad shagh i n1 533 . Ap l an a nd d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e b u i ld ing h ave b een p ub l i shed ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 0 1-302 ; f i g 9 3 . 6 d ) . P o s s ib ly ,t h e 1 6 th -c en tu ry b u i ld ing w a se r ec ted al i t t le t ot h es ou th o re a s t o ft h e moa t ed s i t e ( SD 4 0 NW 2 1 ) w h ich i ss a id t ob e r e p r e sen ted b y a s unken g a rden p a th ( CLAU P RN 7 56 ) . A t t h e n o r th -we s t c o rne r o ft h e h ou se i sas ma l lt wo s to r ey o u t shu tw h ich may h ave b e en ag a rde robe ( f ig 9 3 . 6 e ) . T h i s i ss hown o nt h et ihe p l an w he r e i tl i e so n ab ounda ry w h ich m igh t ,c onc e ivab ly ,b et h ev e s t ig e so f amoa td i tch . A l though i ti ss a id t h a tt h e c en t ra l h a l l w a s o r ig ina l ly o pen t ot h e r a f t e r s , t h i sw ou ld n o t s e em t ob e a cc ep tab le f o r a1 6 th -cen tu ry b u i ld ing t h ough i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t P e te r S t an ley ' s s uppo sed w o rk o f 1 566 w a s n o t a c omp le t er e newa lb u t ar emode l l ing o fa ne a r l ie rs t ruc tu r e . T he f l oo ro ve r t h e h a l l i ss uppo sed t o h ave b een i n se r ted t o p rov ide a cc e s s f r om o ne w ing t o t h e o t he r a t f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l . T he d e s ign c an , p e rhap s , b e c ompa r ed w i th t h a t o f H u r l s ton H a l l ( qv ) a nd Mo s sock H a l l i n B icke r s taf f e ( q v ) . A t L yd ia te H a l l ( q v ) w he r e t h e r e w a s at wo s to r eyed h a l l a nd t h e p o rch a nd ap ro jec t ing b ay , w h ich c on ta ined t h e s t a i r ca se , l a y i n t h e a ng le b e twe en t h e h a l l a nd t h e c r o s s w ing s . A t L yd ia t e , h ow eve r , t h e c r o s s w ing s w e r e c on s ide rab ly l o nge r a nd t h e d e s ign , a sa t S peke H a l l( q v ) ,w a sf i n i shed a r ound ac ou r tya rd .

F ig 9 1 .6e : G a rde robe o rs t a i rt u r re ta t Moo r H a l l o na ne x ter na lw a l l , u n l ik et h a ta t Mo s sock H a l l , B ick e r s taf f e( q v ) ,w h ich i so n t h e d i v id ing w a l l b e twe en t h e h a l l a nd p a r lou r . I n 1 666 E dwa rd S t an ley ' sh ou se h ad e i gh th ea r th s( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 86 n 3 ) . I ti st h ough t t h a t t h e g ab le s w e r e t i mbe r -f ramed ; i n 1 957 t h e O rdnanc e S ur vey i n spec to rs ugge s ted t h a t h a lf t imbe r ing a tt h e e a s t e nd m ay h ave b een o r ig ina l , b u t o ft h i s t h e r e i sn ow n o e x ter na l e v idence . C lay f l oo r s s u rv ived b e twe en t h ej o i s t s i nt h e r o of s pac e , p e rhap s c ompa rab le w i th t h o se w h ich c an s t i l l b e s e en i nt h e n o r th r a nge a tS pek e H a l l . T hough t h e r e w e r e k i ng p o s t t r u s se s , m o s t o ft h e k i ng p o s t s h ad b een c u t o u t t o m ake ac en t ra l p a s sag e ' b u tt h e t i e -b eam s a r e s uf i c ien t ly s t rong a nd d o n o ts e em t oh ave s agged i nc on sequence ' ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 02 ) . Al a rg el a ke s ou th o ft h eh a l l i sp robab ly o rnamen ta l .

Wa l sh H a l l w a s h e ld b y aj un io r b r anch o ft h e l e Wa ley s f am i ly a nd s e em s t oh ave p a s sed b a ck e i the r t ot h e p r inc ipa l l o rd , G ab r ie l H e ske th , o rt ot h e S t a rk ie f am i ly ( f ig 9 3 .12b ) t h ough i tc on t inued t ob e o ccup ied b yt h e Wa l she s u n t i l a tl e a s t t h e m id 1 7 th c en tu ry . T he r e i sn o a ppa r en t l i nk b e tween t h i s s i te a nd t h e g r an to fl a nd a t Wa lshc rof t , o n t h e b ound s b yU p l i the r land , made b yJ ohn l e Wa ley st oB u r scough P r io ry i nt h e l a te 1 2 th o re a r ly 1 3 th c en tu r y( Webb e d . 1 970 ,9 6 ) . I nt h el a t e 1 9 th c en tu ry G ib son o b se r ved t h a t t h e r e w e r e r ema in s o f a moa t a nd s ome c oped w a l l ing ' a bou t i t '( 1 876 , m o cv i ) ; ap o r t ion o ft h e m oa tw a s s t i l l v i s ib le i n 1 893 b u tt h e r ew a sn ot r ac eo fi ti n1 957 ( OS S D3 0 NE 3 ) . Mo r e r e c en t f i e ldwo rk b y m embe r s o f t h e We s t L anca sh i r e A rcha eo log ica l S oc ie ty h a s i n d ica t ed t h a t t r a ce s o ft h e moa t m ay s t i l l s u rv ive . T he r e i ss a id t ob e am ed ieva l w a l l t ot h e n o r th a nd w e s t o ft h e p r e sen t f a rmhou se ( P rov . L i s t 1 965 ) t h ough e l sewhe re t h e w a l l i s , s uppo sed ly ,o f1 7 th cen tu ry d a t e( CLAU P RN 7 93 ) . I n c 1590 t h e h a l l h ad a n ' u ppe r e nd ' c on ta in ing a h a l l , p a r lou r , t h re e r o om sa nd ab u t te ry ,t o g e th e rw i th t h r ee b ay so ft h eb a rn ,t h eo l ds h ippon ,

A l though c on s ide rab le a r ea so fs a nd s tone a sh la r sc an s t i l lb es e en o nt h e r e a re l eva t ion ,m o s to ft h eb u i ld ing i sn ow r e nde red . T he h a l lf i r ep lac ei s

1 77

C a ta logue : AUGHTON s w inehou se s a nd k i ln , g a rden , h empya rd , o r cha rd a nd s t a cky a rd ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 00 n 4 ) . D iv i s ion o ft h e b u i ld ing i n to s e pa ra t e a ccommoda t ion f o r o t he rm embe r s o ft h e f am i ly i s ,p e rhap s , i mp l ied b y u se o ft h et e rm ' u ppe re nd ' . T ha tt h i sw a ss o i si n d ica ted i n1 653 w hen a s u rvey w a s m ade o fT homa s Wa l sh ' s l a nd s . T homa s h e ld t h e l owe r p a r t o f t h e m an s ion h ou se , c on ta in ing s i x r oom s , a nd h i s f a the r h ad t h e r ema inde rw h ich a l so c on ta ined s i xr oom s( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 00 n 6 ) . I n 1 666 , T homa s Wa l sh ' s h ou se h ad f ou r h ea r th s ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 86 n 3 ) . T he h ou se c on s i s ted o f ac en t r er a ng ew i th t wo p ro je c t ing w ing s ,b u th ad b e en r e f ron ted i nb r ick ' s oa sc omp le t e ly t o d e s t roy i t sa nc ien tc ha ra c te r ' ( G ib son 1 876 ,x xxv i ) . No . SMR

9 2 P RN 7 93

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

Wa lsh H a l l A ugh ton A ugh ton We s tD e rby D eme sne / se r jean ty

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 806 0 618 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m s ou th -we s tf a c ing s l op eo ve r look ing m o s s land s

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t r anc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? s ing le u nc e r ta in u nc e r ta in c 20m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U s e P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

No . SMR

1 00 P RN 7 99

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Augh ton R ec tory A ugh ton A ugh ton We s tD e rb R e c to r ia l

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 9 19 0 522 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone S h i rd ley H i l l S and A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m s ou th -we s tf a c ing s l ope ;e a s to fp a r i sh c hu rch

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

d oub le r e c tangu la r c 90 x7 0m /6300m2 c lOm

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion

B u i ld ing s U se

w e t 1 848

w e t 1 84 1 ? s t ream e a s t

d e s t royed ; s l igh t d ep r e s s ion s i n f i e ld w e s t o f t h e s i t e m igh t m a rk t h e p o s i t ion o f as t ream 1 7 th C ;s upposed ly d emo l i shed c 1711 t hough b u i ld ing sa r es hown o np l a tf o rm i n1 84 1 modem h ou se s

P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

? no r th -e a s t

c e r ta in

L iv RO 9 20 P LU N , 1 84 1 @ 3c ha in s =1 " F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,286

E v idenc e f o r amoa t i ss e en o n ap l an o f1 841 ( L iv RO 9 20 P LU N ) b u t t h es i te i sn ow c ove red w i th modem h ou s ing . t r ac e s ? med ieva l ; 1 7 thC h ou se a nd f a rm

I n1 650 i tw a ss a id t h a tt h eo l dp a r sonage w a s i n ar u ined s t a te a nd n o tf i t f o rr e pa i rb u ti n1 666 t h er e c to ry h ad s i xh ea r th s( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 86 n 3 ) . An ew r e c to ry w a s b u i l t i n1 711 al i t t le t ot h e e a s to ft h e e a r l ie rb u i ld ing ( CLAU P RN 7 99 ) . T he s i t eo f aw e l l o n af i e ld b ounda ry n o r th o f t h e moa t ( 6 " O S s he e t 9 1) p o s s ib ly r e p re s en t s e v idenc e f o r s h runken s e t t lemen ti nf i e ld sb e tween t h ec hu rch a nd r e c to ry .

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 6 , 1 848 @ 1 0c ha in s =31 4" / N ew s t ead 1 893 G ib son 1 876 ; F a r r e r B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ; Webb e d . 1 970

&

Wa l sh H a l l w a s d emo l i shed i n 1 891 a nd o n ly t h e p o r ch o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry b u i ld ing s u r v ive s ( CLAU P RN 7 93 ) . Ad a te s tone , b ea r ing t h e i n sc r ip t ion HOM CH 1 675 w a sn o ted i nt h en o r th w a l lo fa no u tbu i ld ing t ot h e w e s t o ft h e n ew h ou se ( OS S D 3 0 NE 3 ) . As ke tch o ft h e h ou se h a s b e en p ub l i shed ( New s t ead 1 893 , 9 0 ) . A rguab ly , t h e s t ruc tu r ew h ich w a sd emo l i shed i nt h el a te 1 9 th c en tu ry i st ha tc l o se t ot h el a rg e ro ft wo w a te r -f i l led f e a tu re sd ep ic ted o nt h et ihe p l an .

F ig 9 1 .6g : R ec to ry 1 841 ( L iv RO P LU N ) F ig .9 1 .6f : Wa l sh H a l l 1 848 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 6 )

1 78

C a ta logue : BEDFORD T enure 1 2 13C 1

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord «f ee/ S upe r io rL ord

S er v ice / r en t

L andho ld e r s

1c a ruca te

T emp R ic I-H en 1 / 2

S imon d eB edf o rd

1 292 3

' Am ano r

H en ry d eK igh ley & E l len h i sw if e

4 m / 1 ano r

A dam d eS a le J ohn d e Wave r ton

4 m / 1 ano r

1 2964 1 303 3

h a l lo fB edf o rd

1 3 14 1 3 17 6

1mo ie ty

1 3 15 1 1 322 *

H en ry d eK igh ley

R icha rd d el aD oune

H en ry d eK igh ley & w if e E l len

W i l l iam d el aD oune

4 p / 1 a r t

W i l l iam so fA dam d eS a le

4 m / 1 ano r

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, ,

W i l l iam l eB o t i le r l a nd a tH opka r

1 332 1 °

R icha rd d eP enn ing ton H en ry d eE cke r s ley T homa sd eS hu t t lewo r th

W i l l iam d el aD oune T homa sS hu t t lewo r th

k n igh ts e rv ice

1 329 *

W i l l iam d eB edf o rd

A dam g r and son o fA dam d eS a le

f r e et e nemen t f r ee t e nemen t f r ee t e nemen t

B edf o rd H a l l S hu t t lewo r th H a l l

R icha rd K ygh ley W i l l iam S a le T homa sS hu t t lewo r th

h omag e h omag e h omage

f r e et e nemen t

H op eca r rH a l l

A dam so fA lexande rS a le

h omage

W i l l iam l eB o t i l le r

T home d e S hu t t le swo r th J ohe d eV au ton R ogo d e Wa r ton W i l lo l eC rou the r J ohe d eW i rha le A d ed e Mo r leghe s A dam d e lg r ene W i l lo d eB y rom R ic f i lR ob i W i l lo f l uJ ohn

1 346 1

i j sv d

i j si i jd i j s i j sv i i jd i j sv i jd i js v i i jd v si i jd i j sv i i jd x vd x i jd

W i l l iam B o t i l le r

1 490 1 2

H opca r r( s ic )

1 496 1 3 1 5 10 1 4

B u t le rl a nd s

Ma t thew d eS a le

S i rT homa sB u t le r

G i lbe r tS a le

H opeca r r

h omage

H en ry d eS a le

1 548 U .

H en ry K igh ley L au r ence A s shawe W i l l iam S a r jean t R icha rd S hu t t lewo r th W i l l iam S a le G eo rg eP emb e r ton

' Am ano r /m 4 1 ano r

1 587 1 4

R obe r tE a r lo f L e ic e s te r B edf o rd H a l l S hu t t lewo r th H ou se H op eca r r

4 s6 d 2 s3 d 1 6d 1 2d 6 d 4 d

H e i r so fH en ry K igh ley e s q T homa sL a thom H ugh S hu t t lewo r th G i lbe r tS a le J ame sP embe r ton H e i r so fP e te rS e r jean t H en ry S peakman

1 589 1 7

S i rR icha rd S hu t t lewo r th S i rR icha rd B r e r e ton

c 1630 1 t

H opeca r r

W i l l iam S a le

1 768 1 9

H opeca r r

G i lbe r tS a le & m o the rJ ane

S i te s :

1 3

B r ick H ou se

3 6

H opeca r rH a l l

1O ne

c a ruca t ei sc l a imed a st h ea s se s smen t( F a r r e r 1 899 ,t a b le o pp . p 24 ) . I ti sa l so c l a imed t h a tB edf o rd w a sn o th e ld b yk n igh ts e rv ice b u tb y ay ea r ly r e n to f 1 0 s , i n d ica t ing t h e c on t inua t ion o f ap r e -conque s tf o rm o fd r egnag et e nu re a nd , p o s s ib ly , u n in t e r rup ted o wne r sh ip b yE ng l i shmen f o l low ing t h e C onque s t ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 31) . T he b a s i s f o rt h e se c l a im s i sn o t k nown . I n 1 200 S imon d e B edf o rd p rof f e r ed 1 0 ma rk s a nd ah un t ing h o r se t ob e ` i n lawed ' a nd r e s to r ed t ot h eb enef i to ft h el aw i np r oceed ing sw h ich m igh tb et a ken a ga in s th im f o r mu rd e r .

2

3

4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 31) . W i l l iam d eB edf o rd ,b ro the ro fS imon ,w a sf a the ro fH en ry ,H aw i se a nd A v ice . H en ry ' sd augh te r ,A gne s , d i ed c h i ld le s s a nd t h e e s ta te s p a s sed t oh i s s i s te r s . H aw i se m a r r ied aS a le , a nd t h e i r s on , A dam , w a s a l ive i n1 259 . A v ic e m a r r ied W i l l iam a nd t h e i r d augh t e r , A gne s , m a r r ied a nd w a s m o the ro fJ ohn d e Wave r ton . I n1 231 A v ic ew a s s ued b y H aw i se , r e l ic t o fH en ry d e B edf o rd , ( po s s ib ly h e rs i s te r in law ) f o r d owe r i na t h i rd p a r to fo ne p l ough land i nB edf o rd . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 4 31) . B ef o r e 1 292 A dam d eS a le h ad g r an ted t oJ o rdan d eH u l ton h a lf t h em ano ro fB edf o rd f o rl i f ea nd h ad m ade ag r an tt o W i l l iam , s on o fA dam d eS a le , a nd h i sw if e , Ma rga r e t . J o rdan d eH u l ton a l so o b ta ined a n i n te re s ti n Me l l ing ( q v ) . H en ry d eK igh ley s e em st oh ave o b ta ined h i s h o ld ing , p e rhap s f r om t h e l a nd sp r ev iou s ly h e ld b yS imon d e B edf o rd , b yg r an tf r om A dam d e S a le . K igh ley a cknow ledged t h a tA dam d e S a le s hou ld h ave a ny p r of i ta r i s ing f r om w a rd sh ip , r e l ief o re s chea tf r om 1 4 o / ft h em ano r ;t h em ano rc ou r t ,w i th v i ew o ff r ankp ledg e , w a s v e s ted i nt h eK igh ley h o ld ing ( F a r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 31 n 14 ) . R icha rd d eP enn ing ton a nd H en ry d e E cke r s ley p a id h omage t oH en ry d e K igh ley f o rt h e i rl a nd s . O ne s ix te en th p a r to ft h eK igh ley p o r t ion w a sh e ld b yT homa sd eS hu t t lewo r th . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 31) . H en ry d eK igh ley g ave t h em ano rt oR icha rd d el aD oune f o rl i f e .

1 79

C a ta logue : BEDFORD

( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 31 n 17 ) . I n 1 303 , W i l l iam d e l aD oune w a s s ummoned o n ac ha rge o ft h row ing d own t h e h a l l o fB edf o rd , w i th t wo a d jo in ing c hambe r s a nd ah a l l f o r e squ i r e s , a nd f o r f e l l ing 3 00 o ak t r ee s a nd 4 0 a pp le t r ee s . H e r e sponded t h a t w hen h e h ad o b ta ined t h e p l ace t h e r e w a s o n ly a n o l d h a l l w i th t wo a d jo in ing c hambe r s ' u n roof ed a nd r u inou s ' , w h ich h ad f a l len d own . W i th t h e c on sen to fK igh ley a nd h i sw if e , h eh ad b u i l t an ew h a l l , w i th t wo a d jo in ing c hambe r s a nd an ew k i t chen . H e a l so d en ied t a k ing t r ee s , e xcep t h ou sebo te a nd h aybo t e , f r om B edf o rd Wood , w h ich c on ta ined

5

5 00 a c re s , t wo th i rd so fw h ich b e longed t oK igh ley . R ega rd ing w a s te o ft h eg a rden , D oune c l a imed t ha t i th ad n eve re x i s ted .

S im on d eB ed f o rd a l iv e1 2 00

W i l l i am d e Be d f o rd a l iv eR i c I-H en I H en ry i nH am / I s e 1 2 3 1

9

H aw is em

A g n e s

H en ry d eK igh ley m E l l en a l iv e 1 2 92 1 / 2m ino r t r IC S hu t t i ewo r t h S i rR i cha r dd eK igh ley 1 3 30 G i lbe r t m C l em en cy 1 3 30 m an o ro fB ed f o rd

A v ic e m W i l l iam 1 2 3 1

A d am d eS a le a l iv e 1 2 59 -1 2 92 B e e r c iH al

W il iam m M a r g a r e t 1 2 92 1 4m 2no r B ed/rd H a l l W i l l iam

A g n e s m

A lex and e r m Am i ce db y 1 3 15 H op e ca r r 1

J o hn 1 3 50 J o hn m E l len d au o f J o lm l eJ e u o fH ind le y

S i rH en ry d eK ig h le y

J o hn

S a le

A d am 1 3 29 H opk a r \

J o hn

W a v e r t o n

J o hn d eW a v e r ton m Am e r ia 1 2 92 1 / 4 mu :o r B r i ck H ou s e J o hn dp r e1 3 35

W il i am m A gn e s

?

T h oma s

G i lbe r t 1 3 50 M a t thew 1 3 58

I I H ug h R ich a r d

H e n ry c 14 19 H en ry

6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 31 n 15 ) . T he re w e r es u i t sb e twe en T homa sd eS hu t t lewo r th a nd W i l l iam d el aD oune ,w ho h e ld o ne mo ie ty , a nd W i l l iam d e S a le w ho h e ld o ne q ua r t e r .

7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 33 ) . L unn ( nd 1 87 )c l a im st ha tt h ed e Wave r ton f am i ly h ad t h ee s ta te a t ta ched t ow h ich B r ick H ou se b e long ed .

8

H e ld b yW i l l iam B u t le ra so ne o ft h ee s ta te sa t tached t ot h ef e eo f Wa r r ing ton ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 7 6 ) .

9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 33 n 9 ) . A dam , g rand son o fA dam d eS a le g ave l a nd a tH opca r rt oH en ry d eL e igh a nd h i sw if e ,A gne s .

I °

( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 2 39 ) . W i l l iam S a le h ad B edf o rd H a l l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 32 ) ; T homa s S hu t t lewo r th h ad S hu t t lewor th ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 34 ) ; A dam , s on o fA lexande r S a le , h ad H opeca r r ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 33 ) . T he t e nan t s w e r e n amed a s c on t r ibu to r s t o t h e L ay S ub s idy i nt h i s y ea r ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . J ohn d e V au ton ( Wave r ton ) h e ld 1 4 o / fB edf o rd . A dam d e Mo r ley s p e rhap s t ook h i s n am e f r om t h e e s ta te i nA s t ley ( q v ) . I n 1 323 R icha rd d e K igh ley w a s a ppo in t ed as ub -keepe ro ft h e p eac e i n Amoundeme s s ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 1 08 ) . T he K igh ley so fI n sk ip ( Amounde rne s s ) a ppea ra tL igh t shaw H a l l i nG o lbome ( qv ) i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry .

H

( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 , 9 3 ) .

1 2

( Lunn n d 1 96 ) .

1 3

1 4

1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 33 n 15 ) . G i lbe r tS a le w a s o u t law ed f o rt r ea son i n1 496 , a tw h ich t ime h e h e ld 4m e s suage s , 1 00 a c r e so fl a nd a nd m eadow , 4 0a c re so fp a s tu r e , 3a c r e so fw ood a nd 1 0a c re so f moo ri nB edf o rd , f r om S i rT homa sB u t le r . ( Lunn n d 1 96 ) . H en ry d eS a le s ucceeded t ot h ee s ta te ; h ew a sk i l led a tF l odden . T he se p eop le h e ld t h e m ano r f o rt h e a moun t s g i ven ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 32 ) . L au r enc e A s shawe h e ld V s o ft h e m ano r , w h ich h e a l iena ted t o T homa sL a thom o fI r lam ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 32 -433 ) . T he m ed ieva lh o ld ing o f' / 4o fB edf o rd ,h e ld b yt h e Wave r ton sa ppea r st oh ave p a s sed t o t h eS e r jean tf am i ly ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . , 1 907 , 4 33 ) .

1 6

1 7

1 8

T he E a r l o fL e ice s te r h ad o b ta ined t h e l a nd s b e long ing t ot h e B u t le r f am i ly o fB ew sey , B utonwood ( qv ) . S ub sequen t ly t h ey w e r e s o ld t o S i r T homa s I r e land o fB ew sey w ho , i n1 598 s o ld B edf o rd t oR icha rd B r e r e ton o f Wo r s ley e sq ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 32 ) . K a the r ine , d augh te r o fH en ry K igh ley , a nd h e r h u sband , T homa s Wo r s ley , c onveyed B edf o rd t oS i r R icha rd S hu t t lewo r th a nd S i r R icha rd B r e r e ton . T he e s ta te s c on ta ined 1 8 m e s suag e s , 1 0 c o t tag e s , o r cha rd s a nd g a rden s , aw a te rm i l l , 6 40 a c r e s o fl a nd , m eadow a nd p a s tu r e , 2 560 a c r e s o fm o s s a nd t u rba ry ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 32 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9097 , 4 33 n 18 ) . F o rd e S a le 's r e cu sancy , t h e e s ta te h ad b een f o r f e i ted f o r4 1 y ea r s . I tc omp r i sed t h e ` me s suag e c a l led H opeca r r ' t o g e the r w i th 3 0 a c re s o f l a nd , m eadow a nd p a s tu r e i nB edo rd a nd P enn ing ton . T he r e w a s af r ee f i she ry i n ' t he w a te r o f B re t ton ' a nd 5 s f r ee r e n t i n B edf o rd .

1 9

( Lunn n d 2 46 , 3 46 ) . I np aymen t o ft h e i r d eb t s , H opeca r rw a s s o ld b y G i lbe r t S a le a nd h i s mo the r , J ane , t oR anda l S o r ton /Go r ton t ob e l e a sed t oT homa s L e e .

1 80

C a ta logue : BEDFORD

T he r oug ly c i r cu la r p l an o f t h e e nc lo su r e c an b e c ompa red w i th t h e s u r v iv ing moa t a t A r ley H a l l i n B la ck rod a nd L ee H a l l F a rm i n We s though ton w he r e t h e s i t e h a s b een d e s t royed . I tm igh t a l so b ea r s ome r e semb lance w i th P oo l F o ld i n Manche s te r (Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 6 3 , 6 7 ) .

Ke rn

F ig 9 1 .7b : B r ick H ou se

B y 1 951 a l b u t a s ma l l p a r t o f t h e moa t h ad d i sappea r ed ; b u i ld ing s h ad r e cen t ly b een d e s t royed . T he l a s t v e s t ig e s h ad g one b y 1 962 a nd t h e r e w e r e n o r ema in s i n 1 976 ( OS S i 6 9 NE 3 ) . I n 1 985 i tw a s s a id t ha t t h e m oa t h ad a lmo s t e n t i r e ly d i sapp ea r ed . B r ickhou se F a rm ,w h ich s t ood a tt h e s i te , w a s p robab ly ap o s t -med ieva l b u i ld ing b u t i tm igh t h ave r ep la ced a n e a r l ie r b u i ld ing o fs ome i mpo r tance ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 87 ) .

1 847 ( Lancs RO DR M 1 / 11)

F ig 9 1 .7a : B edf o rd N o . SMR

1 3 GMS MR 4 722

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

B r ick House B edf o rd L e igh Wa r r ing ton t hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S i 6 710 9 925 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay /G la c ia lg r ave l s ? Sa lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 5 -23m f l a t , l ow ly ing

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le c i rcu la r c 35 x3 5m / 1225m 2 c l0 15m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

N o . SMR

3 6 GMS MR 4 958

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

Hop e carr H a l l B edf o rd L e igh Wa r r ing ton t hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

S i 6 677 9 863 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone A l luv ium

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 7m f l a t ;p l a tf o rm s l ope sd own f r om n o r th

P lan F o rm A r ea

mu l t ip le r e c tangu la r c 38 x7 0m /2 ,600m 2; c 160 x 1 50m 124 ,000m 2 o ve ra l l c 8 15m 1 1 .2m w e t 1 847 s t r eam w e s t

Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

c e r ta in

E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

GMAU 1 992 1993 t r ace s

P lan s :

L anc s RO DRM 1 / 11 1 847 @ 4 0 c ha in s -

s ewag ew o rk ss i nce 1 885 3"

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

w e t 1 847 n o r th

F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ; Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985

H opeca r rl i e s i nt h e s ou th ea s to ft h e t own sh ip c l o se t ot h e b ounda ry w h ich s epa ra te s B edf o rd f r om P enn ing ton . I tw a s t h e h o ld ing o ft h e S a le f am i ly , o ne o f t h e p r inc ipa l l a ndowne r s i n B edf o rd f r om a t l e a s t 1 29 1 t o 1 700 ( Wa lk e r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 9 1) . I n 1 630 ,t h ee s ta t ec on s i s t ed o ft h e m e s suag e c a l led H opeca r r , 3 0 a c r e s o f l a nd , m eadow a nd p a s tu r e i n B edf o rd a nd P enn ing ton , af r ee f i she ry i n t h e ' wa t e r o f B r e t ton ' a nd 5 s f r ee r e n t i n B edf o rd ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 33 n 18 ) . T he s i t e o ft he f i she ry i s , p e rhap s , o n o rn ea rt oB rea s ton B r idg e , s hown o nt h e m id 19 th c en tu ry m ap ( 6 " O S s hee t 1 02 ) . Al e e tr un s f r om t h eh a l l d own t oB r ea s ton B r idge w he r e i tj o in sP enn ing ton B rook .

t r a ce s

L ane s RO DRM 1 / 11 , 1 847 @ 4 0 c ha in s — 3"

T he h ou se h ad n i ne h ea r th s i n1 663 1664 ( La nc s RO Mf 1 /27 , Mf 1/29 ) a nd ,

L unn n d ; Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985

i n1 666 , R icha rd S a le o fH opeca r rw a sc ha rg ed f o rs even h ea r th s ( Lanc s RO Mf 1/28 ) . T aken i nJ u ly 1 7 15 , t h e i n ven to ry o fg ood s b e long ing t oG i lber t S a le c i te s t h e g a t ehou se c hambe r , p a r lou r c hambe r , h a l l c hambe r , k i tchen c hambe r , n ea r e r c l o se t , l i t t le p a r lou r , g a rden c hambe r , g r ea t p a r lou r , h a l l , b r ewhou se , l a rde r , m i lkhou se a nd f u r the r b u t t e ry l( GMAU 1 992 ; GMAU 1 993a ) .

B r ick H ou se i ss a id t oh ave b e en a t ta ched t ot h e e s ta t e r e p r e sen t ed i n1 4 o / f B edf o rd h e ld b y t h e d e Wave r ton s b y r i gh t o f A v ice ( l iv ing i n 1 231 ) , d augh t e r o f W i l l iam d e B edf o rd ( Lunn n d 1 87 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 . 4 33 ) . I tw a s s o -named i n t h e m id 19 th c en tu r y ( 6 " O S s he e t 1 02 , 1 848 1849 ) . I tl i e s al i t t le t ot h e n o r th o ft h e n on -moa ted s i te s o fB edf o rd H a l l a nd S hut t lewo r th H ou se a nd t ot h e e a s t o fH opeca r r H a l l ( q v ) . A l l a r e s i tua ted i nt he s ou th o ft h e t own sh ip a nd s e em t oo ccupy a n a r ea o fb e t t e r d ra ined l a nd , p o s s ib ly a s soc ia ted w i th af i e ld s y s t em o fm ed ieva l d a te .

I Ia m

g ra tef u l t oN o rman R edhead , G r ea te r Manche s te r SMR f o r s i gh t o f t h e e xcava t ion r e po r t i n w h ich t h e i n ven to ry i s n o ted ; n o a cc e s s ion n umbe ri s ,h oweve r , g i ven .

1 81

C a ta logue : BEDFORD

T RENCH E 2 0m

c u lve r t

_ ,1 8 . 3 1r •r I M OAT

1 7 ..9

T RENCH DI

.

6 06 /50N +

s tone b u i ld ing [ 02 ]

T RENCH C [ 07 ]

1 ‘,. 1

i l s

2 h e d g e

LI [ 04 ]

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1 6 .3 4

M OAT

b nck [ 03 ] b u i ld ings 4 0E 1 50N +

1 7 . 1 35

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4 0E / 100N

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F ig 9 1 .7c : H opeca r rH a l l 1 847

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( Lancs RO DRM 1 / 11)

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T RENCH B e dge

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W i th ap a i r o fd i tche s e nc lo s ing a p l a t f o rm , L i H opeca r rm ay b e s im i la rt o B amf u r long H a l l i nA b ram ( q v ) a nd t h e O ld H u t t , H a lewood s i te o f Hopeca rr H a l lc 1800 ( q v ) a nd i sa mong s tt h e l a rg e s t o ft h e m oa ted s i te s i n t h e r e g ion . L ike O ld H u t t , i tl i e s ig 9 1 .7d : T rench a nd f e a tu re p lan ( ba sed o n GMAU 1 993a ) a lmo s t o n t h e t own sh ip b ounda ry . T he i n ne r F p l a tf o rm i sd i v ided i n to t wo h a lve s , t h ew ho le a f t e rc 1650 . Two w e l l s[ 05 , [ 06 ]a nd ac i s ter n[ 07 ]w e r e f o und o n t h en o r th o ccupy ing a bou t 1 . 2 a c re s . T he mu l t ip le e nc lo su r e s s ugg e s t as i te o fh i gh e nc lo su r et oge the rw i th as e r ie s o fl i nea re a s t -we s t a l ignm en t s i n te rp re ted a s s t a tu s , p robab ly o fe a r ly d a t e , a nd o wne r sh ip o fB edf o rd b y t h e B u t le r s o f e v idence f o r g a rden ing a c t iv i t ie s . P o t te ry s he rd s w e r e o f 1 7 18 th -cen tu ry B u r tonwood ( q v )m ay s ugge s tt ha ti t s f o rm w a s i n f luenced b yB ew sey i fn o t d a t e . T he d i tch b e tween t h en o r th a nd s ou th e nc lo su re sw a sf i l led s ome t ime f r om t h es uppo sed r i ngwo rk a t Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( qv ) . b ef o r e c 1780 a nd , a t a bou t t h e s ame t ime , t h e b r ick h ou se o n t h e s ou th e nc lo su r ew a s a bandoned f o r an ew b r ick h ou se o u t s ide t h e w e s t a rm o ft h e H op eca r rp a s sed t ot h e l o ca l a u tho r i ty i n1 885 s i nce w hen t h e s i te h a s b e en moa t . u sed a s as ewage w o rk s . A n a r cha eo log ica l a s se s smen t i n 1 992 w a s f o l lowed b y e va lua t ion t h e f o l low ing y ea r( G MAU 1 992 ; 1 993a ) . T h i s t o ok T he m ed ieva l p o t te ry i n c luded b o th g l az ed a nd u ng laz ed c ook ing a nd t h e f o rm o f l im i t ed e xcava t ion o f s even t r enche s , e ach 2m w ide , a s t o rage p o t s , j ug s , j a r s , s ma l l b eake r s a nd d i she s . C i s te r c ian a nd M id land p ho tog raph ic r e co rd o ff e a tu r e s e xpo sed f o l low ing m echan ica l s t r ipp ing o f P u rp le type w a re sr ep r e sen ted o ccupa t ion i nt h e 1 5 -16 th c en tu r ie s . c 5 ,100m 2 ( 90% ) o ft h e p l a t f o rm a nd ag eophy s ica l s ur vey b y G eophy s ica l S u r vey so fB radf o rd . T rench A : e a s t -we s ta l ignmen t ; a c ro s sw e s ta rm o ft h e moa t ; 1 5m w id e ;c u t t h rough b lue s t reaked o range -b rown & b rown c l ay ; c on ta ined m any f i l l s T rench B : e a s t -we s t a l ignmen t ; e xpo sed g en t ly s l op ing e a s t s i d e o f t h e moa t . T remch C : n o r th sou th a l ignmen t ; a c ro s s n o r th a rm o ft h e moa t ; 8 m w ide ; 1 . 2m d eep ; a symme t r ica l p rof i le ; c oncave b a se ;t h re el a ye r so ff i l l . T rench D : e a s t -we s t a l ignmen t ; " 1 373 1" es ' es 1 24 : * ( 3 1 1 , ee( 3 2 1 e e i .e.eeeeeeee a c ro s se a s ta rm o ft h e moa t ; e xpo sed 4 eeee • e4 ee4 • 4-e .4e+eee+ee ( 3 1 1 e** ,,e . 4, w e s te dge o ft h em oa t . , 4 4e ,, , • • *, +• et r :i T rench E ; e a s t -we s t a l ignmen t ; ' o u te r ' moa t , c 6m e a s t o f ' i nne r ' w a te rl e ve l c o l lapsed a rea moa t ;c 9m w ide ;c lm d eep .

1 68 5

TRENCH B ( nor th -fac ing s ec t ion )

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1 23 S t an ley G a t e

( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c ) . U c t r ed ' s h o ld ing o fs i xm ano r swh ich c omp r i sed 2h id e s , i n c luded B icke r s taf f ew h ich , i nt h e 1 086 s u rv ey w a s c a l led A ugh ton . U c t red a l so h e ld A ugh ton i t se lf ( qv )a nd i t sn e ighbou r ,U p l i the r land ,t o ge the rw i th n i ne o t he rv i l l s i n We s tD e rby h und r ed .

1 83

C a ta logue :B ICKERSTAFFE

2

3

4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 7 ) . I nt h e m id 12 th c en t u ry R a lph , s on o fB e rnu lf , g r an ted ' c u l t iva t ion s 'i n Ho lme sa nd S to tf o ld shaw t ot h e H o sp i ta l o fJ e ru sa lem . I nc 1180 S t o tf o ld shaw w a sg ran ted t oN o r ton P r io ry f r om w h ich i tw a sh e ld b yt h eI n ce f am i ly o fA ugh ton ( qv ) , p o s s ib ly r e la t ive so ft h e B icke r s ta f f e s . W i l l iam ,t h ep r ie s to fS to tf o ld shaw , g ran ted t h ew ho le o fS tod f o ld shahom a nd Menshahom t ot h e c anon so fN o r ton . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 45 -548 ) . B e twe en 190 1206 A dam , s on o fR a lph d e B icke r s ta f f e g r an ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey 31 2 a / c r e s n ex tt ot h ew ood , w i th a t o f t . I nc 1200 -c 1225 E swa rd , s on o fR obe r td e B icke r s taf f e , g ran t ed t oC ocke r sand A bbey p a r to fh i s l a nd n ex tt oW i ld emeref o rd o n b o th s i de s o ft h e r oad a nd b e tween W i t e l eche a nd O rf e l l e s . I n 190 Wa rne rd eN ap le s , p r io ro ft h e H o sp i ta l o fS tJ ohn , g ran ted t of a rm t oR icha rd d e l a Mo r et h e l a nd o fB icke r s ta f f eh e ld b yt h eg if to fA dam ,s on o fR a lph . S ub sequen t ly , d e l a Mo re g ave t h i sl a nd t oh i ss on , W igoon o rW igan ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b 1 7n ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 7 18 ) . A dam , s on o f Wa l theve , h e ld o ne th i rd o fh a lf ac a ruca te f o r2 0d y ea r ly f r om R a lph , s on o fA dam . H ugh d e Mo re ton a nd Ma rg e r y , h i s w if e , h e ld o ne b ova te f o r2 1d y ea r ly f r om H en ry , s on o fE i l s i . Ma rge ry , d augh te ro fR icha rd , s on o fR og e ro f Woodp lump ton , w a s s i s t e r o fQ uen i lda o fF o rmby ( qv ) a nd , p o s s ib ly , o fK i rkda le ( qv ) . T he d e Mo r e ton s w e r e c h i ld le s s ; t h e i r B icke r s taf f e e s ta t e p robab ly r e ve r ted t ot h e c h ief l o rd . E i l s i w a s t h e u nc le o fR a lph , s on o fA dam , f r om w hom h e h ad r e c e ived t h i s l a nd . B e tween 1 206 1246 R a lph d e B icke r s ta f f e g ave at of ti nt h e e a s ta nd t h r ee a nd ah a lf a c r e s i nt h ew e s to fB icke r s taf f et oC ocke r sand A bbey . P e rhap st h i s w a s ac onf i rma t ion o ft h e e a r l ie rg r an t( s ee n o t e3 ) . W i th t h e c on sen t o fH en ry , s on o fE i ls i , h e g ave t wo a c r e s o fR a lph ' s l a nd n ex t t ot h e t h re e a nd h a lf a c r e s p r ev iou s ly g ran ted ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 5 47 ) . T h e s ucce s so r s t ot h i s e s ta t e w e r e S imon d e B icke r s taf f e a nd h i s s on , W i l l iam , w ho s e em t ob e a s soc ia ted w i th Mo s sock H a l l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 76 n 9 ;s e en o t e 7 ) .

5

6

7

8

9

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( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 36 ) . R en tp a id a st e nan t i nt hanage a tt h i s d a t e . T he r e f e rence t oA lan , s on o fB e rnu lf , m ay h a rk b ack t oB emu lf o ft h e m id 1 2 th c en tu ry . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 76 n 11) . I n 1 246 A lan d e B icke r s taf f e c l a imed o ne th i rd o fh a lf ap l ough land ( one th i rd o ft h e mano r ) f r om A dam a nd S imon , G i lbe r t d e R ohe l , R oge ra nd Wa l te rd e B icke r s taf f e . Af t e r 1 250 R icha rd d e R ynaky r s o ft h e o r r eo d ec ima l[ e] d eB y ky r s ta th _g ran t ed h a lf a na c r eo fh i sl a nd t oB u r scough P r io ry ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 6 6 -67 ) . T he b a rn w a sh e ld b y Onn sk i rk R ec to ry , a so fB u r scough P r io ry , i n1 537 1538 ( PRO L i s t sa nd I n dexe s3 ,v o l 2n o2 11) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 79 n 16 ) . T he e s ta t e o f Mo s sock s e em s t o b e t h a t g ran ted i nc 1280 b y R icha rd d e B icke r s taf f e , s on o fA lan o f R ena c r e s ,t oW i l l iam , s on o fS imon d eB ick e r s taf f e f o r2 dr e n ta nd f o rw h ich t h eb ound sw e re s t a ted . R ena c r e s i sa ne s ta te i nH a l sa l l ( qv ) . ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 2 87 ) . I n 1 292 1315 R a lph , s on o fA dam d eB icke r s ta f f e , g ran ted B u r scough P r io ry p a r to fh i s l a nd i nt e r r i tor io d eB yky r s ta th f r om t h ee nd o ft h eh edge t ot h eh ead o fB lak e lache ,t h en b yc r o s se s a nd d i tche st oK y r l c ega t e , b yd i tche sa nd t h eK y rkega t e t oS imon ' s d i tch e ts i cd ef o s sa S ymon i s u sque a dq uamdam f o s sam e ts epem e ts i cp er f o s sam e ts epem u sque a dp r ed ic tum c ornu s ep i s u sque a dc apu t d e B lak e lache ( W ebb e d . 1 970 , 6 7 ) . S i rR a lph d eB icke r s taf f e , aB ana s t re s uppo r te r i nt h ee a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , d i ed i nC ro s ton c hu rch f r om w ound s i n f l ic t ed a tP re s ton i n1 3 15 . J ohn , s on o fR a lph d e B icke r s taf f e , w a s k i l led b y H o l land s uppo r t e r s i n 1 314 ( Tup l ing 1 949 , x l iv , 3 6 ) . T he f am i ly a l so h e ld e s ta t e s i nB r e the r ton , L ey land h und red ( c hap te r8 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 80 ) . I n1 300 1310 W i l l iam g ave t oR a lph , s on o fH en ry d e Mo s sock , a l h i s m e s suage s i nB ick e r s ta f f ea nd A ugh ton , i nf r e em a r r iag ew i th A n i l la , h i s d augh t e r . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 9 ) . B ef o r e 1 320 A dam d eB ick e r s taf f e , i no b se rvance o fa n a g reemen tw i th C o cke r sand A bbey ( 1268 -c 1272 ) f o r2 sr e n tw i th h a lf a m a rk p ayab le a tt h ed ec ea se o fe ve ry t e nan to ft h e l a nd , s ub jec t ed h i s m ano rof B icke r s taf f e a nd a l g ood s f ound w i th in t h e d eme sne t ot h e d i s t ra in to f t h eA bbo t( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 49 -550 ) . R en ta l s f o rC ocke r sand A bbey , 1 4511537 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 ) , f a i lt on o t e B icke r s taf f e . P rox im i ty t ot h e A bbey ' s h o ld ing a tC un scough , Me l l ing ( qv )m ay s ugge s tt ha tC un scough e mb ra ced p a r to fB icke r s taf f e , i n c lud ing Mo s sock . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 08 ) . F o rme r ly t h e r e n t w a s p a id b yA lan , s on o fB e rnu lf . I n 1 323 ac ha r te ro fc onf i rma t ion r e co rd s t ha tR a lph , l o rd o fB icke r s ta f f e g ave i o ta t e r ra i nt e r i tor io d eB yky r s ta th t oB u r scough P r io ry ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 46 ) . T h i s may a ugmen tR a lph d eB icke r s ta f f e ' sg ran to f1 29 11315 .

1 2

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he se t e nan t sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . W i l l iam ,s on o fW i l l iam , m ay h ave h e ld Mo s sock .

1 3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 2 ) .

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 77 n 14 ) . I n1 377 A dam , s on o fR a lph d eB icke r s taf f e , s e t t led h i s e s ta te s o n h i s o n ly d augh te ra nd h e i r , J oan , w if eo f N icho la sd eA the r ton o fA the r ton ( qv ) .

1 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 78 n 1) . H en ry w a st h eg rand son o fN icho la s d eA the r ton .

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 78 n 4 ) . T homa s d eA the r ton d i ed i n1 5 15 .

1 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 78 n 5 ) . Ma rga r e t , w if e o fJ ame s S ca r i sb r ick , w a s T homa s A ther ton ' s d augh te r . He r d augh te r , E l izabe th ( dc 1560 ) , ma r r ied P e t e rS tan ley o fH oo ton , w ho a cqu i red t h e Moo rH a l l e s ta t e i nA ugh ton ( qv ) . Ma rga re t S tan ley , d augh te ro fE l izabe th a nd P e te r , w a sm a r r ied i n1 563 t oH en ry S tan ley o fL i t t le H a l l i nA ugh ton a nd C ro s s H a l l i nL a thom ( qv ) ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 78 ) . T he S tan ley s w e r e r e la t ed t o t h ee a r l so fD e rby a nd s i nce 1 735 1736 , B icke r s taf f eh a sb een h e ld b yt h ee a r l s( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 79 ) .

1 8

( F ranc e 1 947 , 6 6 ) . T he S ta rk ie f am i ly h e ld G e ra rd H a l l , A ugh ton ( q v ) .

1 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 82 ) .

2 0

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 82 ) .

1 84

C a ta logue :B ICKERSTAFFE

F ig

9 1 .8b :

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H a l l

1 847

( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 7 ) A the r ton a nd o t he r s w e r e a ccu sed o fp l o t t ing a tB ick e r s taf f e t o mu rde r R obe r t Wa l sh ; N icho la s w a s a ccu sed o fh a rbou r ing t h e mu rde r e r sa th i sh ou se ( Pa rke re d . 1 928 , 5 7 -59 ) . I n1 666 t h eh a l l h ad 1 h ea r th s ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 39 n 12 ) . A t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , t h eh a l l w a s a' s hoo t ing b ox ' o ft h e e a r l s o fD e rby ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 79 ) . Am oa t i si mp l ied i nt h e l a t e 1 4 th -cen tu ry f o r , i n1 400 , t h e t h ef t o f f i sh w a s r e co rded ( Pa rke r e d . 1 928 , 5 6 ) . I t h a s b e en t e n ta t ive ly i d en t if ied d ur ing f i e ld s u rvey ( CLAU P RN 2 628 ) . I t l i e s i mmed ia te ly t ot h e w e s t o ft h e p r e sen t l a k e a nd c ou ld b e r e p r e sen ted i n t h e s qua r e e nc lo su r e s hown o n t h e t ihe p l an . T he r e a r e an umbe r o f e a r thwo rk s i nt h e a r ea a nd t h e s uppo sed moa t i sl i nked t ot h e l a ke a nd a m a r l p i t . O the r e a r thwo rk s i n c lude a h a -ha a nd a b ank a nd d i tch i n a s ma l l w ood . Ma son ry h a s b een r e cove r ed f r om t h e f i e ld i mmed ia t e ly t o t h er e a ro ft h ep re sen th a l l , w h ich d a te s f r om 1 772 . Ab a rn i ss a id t ob eo f 1 7 th -cen tu ry d a te ( P rov L i s t 1 965 ) .

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S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 1m s ou th -we s tg en t le s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry

s i ng le t r apezo id ( 1987 ) c 67x 4 7m /3149m 2

w e t

c e r ta in

Mo s sock H a l l a ppea r s t o b e d i r ec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e h o ld ing o f S imon d e B icke r s ta f f e i n t h e m id 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd w i th h i s s ucc e s so r s , t h e Mo s sock f am i ly . S imon ' s d i tch ma rked t h e b ound s o f l a nd g r an ted t o B u r scough P r io ry i n 1 292 1315 . I t s e em s l i k e ly t ha t Mo s sock w a s h e ld b y l a y t e nan t s f r om C ocke r sand A bbey .

1 847 / ?o rnamen ta l

Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

A d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e h ou se , w i th a d raw ing a nd p lan , h a s b een p ub l i shed ( f ig s 7 8 , 9 1 .8d ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 8 1-282 ; S t ewa r t B rown 1 9 11) . I n 1 666 H en ry Mo s sock ' s h ou se F 847 a l l 1 ig 9 1 .8c : Mo s sock H h ad e i gh t h ea r th s ( Fan-e r ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 7 ) & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 39 n 12 ) . T he t ihe p l an i n d ica te s t h a t , a tl e a s t b y t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , t h e h ou se m igh t h ave l a in o u t s ide t h e m oa t p l a tf o rm . I fs o , s i nc e t h e w r i t t en d e sc r ip t ion s t a te s t h a t t h e o l de s tp a r t s o ft h e h a l l d a t e f r om b ef o r e 1 650 , t h e p l a t f o rm m ay h ave b een a bandoned a s e a r ly a st h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ; . W i th i t s p o r ch a nd l o bby w i th b af f le e n t ry , t h e b u i ld ing i st y p ica l o f 1 7 th -cen tu ry h ou se s i n t h e

WLAS 1 987 t r ace s 1 4C o ra to r ie s f a rm L anc s RO DRL 1 / 7 1 847 @ 1 0c ha in s= 21 4" / F an-e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ;P a rke r e d . 1 928

T he r e n t o f5 sp ayab le o n B icke r s ta f f e c an b e t r ac ed f r om 1 2 12 t h rough t ot h e 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd f r om t h ence t ot h e e a r l s o fD e rby a nd i ts e em s t h a t t h e h a l l w a s t h e c ap i ta l m e s suag e . E v idence f o r mona s t ic e s ta te s i n B icke r s taf f e s ugge s t s t ha t t h e h a l l w a s o ccup ied b y l a y t e nan t s o f t h e A bbey . I n1 37 1 A dam d eB icke r s taf f eo b ta ined al i cence f o ra n o ra to ry a t h i s mano r h ou se ; N icho la s d e A the r ton a cqu i red al i c enc e f o r a n o ra to ry i n1 389 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 77 n 16 ) . I n1 40 1 S i rN icho la sd e

n o r th -we s t . T he h ou se w a s r e nova ted i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry w hen t h e r e a r w a l l s e em s t o h ave b een r e bu i l t o n e a r l ie r s and s tone f o o t ing s . T imbe r j o i s t s s uppo r t ing t h e u ppe r f l oo r a r e s a id t oh ave l a in o n t h e o u t e r w a l l s a nd n o t t o h ave r e s ted o n t h e c h imney ma son ry . P o s s ib ly , a s h a s b e en

1 85

C a ta logue :B ICKERSTAFFE s hown e l sewhe r e ( Lew i s 1 989d ) ,t h e c h imney w a s n o ta n o r ig ina l f e a tu r e . Mo s sock H a l l w a s l i s ted G rade I i n 1 965 ( P rov L i s t ) w hen i tw a s i na b ad c ond i t ion a nd i tw a s d emo l i shed i n 1 975 . A p ub l ic f oo tpa th s t i l l f o l low s t h e l i ne o ft h e r oad s hown o n t h e t ihe p l an . D if f e ren t ia l g r ow th o ft h ev eg e ta t ion a tt h e s i te may i n d ica te t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e moa t( CLAU P RN 7 73 ) .

N o . SMR

5 7 P RN 7 73

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Mo s sock Ha l l B icke r s taf f e O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby t hanage ( mona s t ic )

NGR L oca t ion

5 D4 102 0 359 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m f l a t ;o nt own sh ip b ounda ry w i th A ugh ton

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 45 x3 5m / 1575m 2 c l Om

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

w e t 1 847 s t r eam ? ea s t

t r ace s d emo l i shed 1 975

N o . SMR

1 23

d oub tf u l

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

S tan ley G a te B icke r s taf f e O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby t hanage?

NGR L oca t ion

5D443 0 56 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone S h i rd ley H i l l S and ? So l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 8m f l a tl a nd n ea rb ounda ry b rook w i th L a thom

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? doub le

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

t r ace s? i d en t if ied b ya e r ia l s u rvey

P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

a e r ia lp ho tog raph A S M LM88 .1296

o pen f a rm l a nd

T h i s s i t e w a s i d en t if ied b y t h e A rcha eo log ica l S u r vey o f Me r se r sy ide i n 1 978 d u r ing a e r ia l s u rvey o ft h e r ou te o ft h e M58 . P o s s ib ly t h e re a r et wo e nc lo su r e s , o ne s l igh t ly s ma l le rt han t h e o the r , a nd a s soc ia ted w i th l i nea r f e a tu r e sw h ich m igh tr ep re sen t t h er ema in so fd i tche s .

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 7 , 1 847 @ 1 0 c ha in s =21 4" / F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ; S tew a r t B rown 1 911 F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ; L ew i s 1 989d

T he s i t e i sn o t s hown o n t he t ihe p l an t hough t h i s s how s B ick e r s taf f e t o b e at own sh ip w i th n ume rou s p ond s , t h e m a jo r i ty o fw h ich a r e p robab ly ma r l p i t s . F i e ldwa lk ing h a s f a i led t op roduce a ny e v idenc e f o r m ed ieva l o ccupa t ion i n t h e v i c in i ty o f t h e f e a tu re a nd t h e r e i sn o v i s ib le f i e ld e v idence f o r amoa t ed s i te .

F ig 9 1 .8d : G round p lan o f Mossock H a l l ( r ep roduced f r om F a r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 82 )

1 86

C a ta logue :B ILLINGE w i th WINSTA NLEY

T enure

E s ta te

L ord o ffe e /S upe r io r L ord

? B lake ley 1 / 2C rookhu r s t B i rch ley W i te low ehu r s t

190 1 2 12 1

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S er v ice / r en t

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1 2d y ea r ly

4b ova t e s

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1j udge & l O sy ea r ly

11/ 3b ova t e s 11/ 3b ova te s ar i dd ing

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c 1216 1 268 3

p a r to fC rookhu r s t &L eve r iche rud ing p a r to fW in s tan ley p a r to fW in s tan ley

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1 246 1 252 4

? C rookhu r s t

A dam d eK now s ley

1 2 12 2

t h anage

W in s tan ley W i t e lowehu r s t

C ocke r sand A bb ey

1 283 6

i nv i l la d e W in s tan l ey 2/ 3w ood & moo r

R obe r tB ana s t r e

1 292 1

1 6d r e n t

H ugh d eC rookhu r s t

W i l l iam d eQ u i t e lowe

H en ry d eH uy ton R oge rd eW in s tan ley H en ry s on o fR a lph d e B i l l ing e H en ry d eH uy ton A dam d eB i l l ing e R oge rd eW in s tan ley

/ 3 m ano r 1 / 3[ mano r ]

1 305 g 1

R icha rd d eC rookhu r s t

R oge rs on o fR oge rd e W in s tan ley

1 308 1 °

A bbo to fC ocke r sand

1 309 1 3 13 1

1 322 1 2

W i l l iam d eF a l l ing

l o rd o fW in s tan ley R obe r td eH uy ton W i l l iam d eH uy ton H en ry d eH uy ton A dam d eB i l l inge

s o cage

B i l l inge & W in s tan ley

J ohn d eL ang ton

f e a l ty

1 332 n

R ob to d eH uy ton R ogo d eW in s tan legh W i l lo d eB u l l ing e R ico d eC rokehu r s t H ea rf i lH ea r A dam f i lO lo t A dam d e lL egh t A dam f i lH ancok

1 346 1 4 1 348 1 352 1 5

i j s i j s i j s i j s i j s x v i i jd x v i i jd x x i t jd

R obe r td eL ang ton k t h a l l

R obe r td eH uy ton o f B i l l ing e A lan c l e rk o fR a inf o rd &A gne s R obe r ts on o f Ma t thew d eH uy ton I s o lda w idow o fR oge r o fW in s tan ley

1 366 W

1 / 4m o ie ty

A lan d eR a inf o rd & A gne sh i sw if e

1 372 1 7

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G eof f rey d e W r igh t ing ton H en ry d eS ca r i sb r ick R icha rd d eH ea ton A lan l eB a rke r

l e s see

1 374 1 8

l o rd o fN ew ton

1 38 11 9 1 39 0

W i l l iam d eB u r ley

A dam d eW in s tan ley

1 268 3

1 290/

L andho ld e rs

W in s tan ley B i l l inge H ea ton E ve s

W i l l iam D aw son o fB i l l ing e

i s i s i s i s

I dr e n t I dr e n t 1 dr e n t i dr e n t

H ugh d eW in s tan ley s o cag e

G a lf i ley i n B i l l inge

R a lph d eL ang ton

R obe r td e lE ve ss on o f A lan & A gne sd e R a inf o rd

1 87

1 3d r e n t

C a ta logue :B ILLINGE w i th WINSTA NLEY

T enure 1 422 2 1

E s ta te m ano ro fB i rch ley

1 451 2 C rokh i r s t m ano ro f W in s tan ley

1 490 1 49 12 3 1 50 1"

G rukhu r s ti n W in s tan ley

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord l o rd o fN ew ton

Me sne l o rd W i l l iam H ea ton & J oan h i sw if e

C ock e r sand A bbey

J acobu sW in s tan ley R adu lf u sA th i r ton

G i lbe r tL ang ton o f L owe ,H ind ley

A gne s ,m o the ro f E dmund W in s tan ley

C o cke r sand A bb ey

T homa sA dy r ton E dmundu s Wyn s tan ley

t e nan ta t w i l l 1 5302 6

m ano ro fB i r ch ley

1 537 2 6

C rokhu r s t

T homa sA th i r ton a nn ig e r R icha rd C omp J ohanne sA rg lynge , J acobu s Wyn s tan ley

a tw i l l

3 s2 dr e n t u s x v iüd

x v i i id x i id x i id

u s

x i jd x i jd

h er H umf ra Wyn s t e r lay

T homa sW in s tan ley J ohn W in s tan ley T homa sB i spham

1 581 2 8

B i rch ley & 1 4 / m ano r

W i l l iam H ea ton

1 596 2 9

W in s tan ley

E dmund W in s tan ley & h i sw if eA l ic e

B i rch ley

A nde r ton o fB i rch ley T homa sB i spham R icha rd B i l l ing e W i l l iam A nde r ton J ohn Wood J ame sB ank e s E dmund A the r ton J ame sW in s tan ley

f r e eho lde r s

W in s tan ley W in s tan ley B lack leyhu r s t 1 6 13 3 1

s ocag e

B i rch ley H a l l

b a ron o fN ew ton

J ame sA nde r ton o f L o s tock

3 s2 dr e n t

1 6 17 i 2

s o cag e

W in s tan ley

S i rR icha rd F l e e twood

J ame sB anke s

3 s6 dr e n t

B lack leyhu r s t

R icha rd o rW i l l iam B la ckbu rn e

1 628 J 2

R oge rA nde r ton W i l l iam B i spham W i l l iam B la ckbu rn E dmund Wood

B lack leyhu r s t b a ron o fN ew ton

1 639U 1/ 5B i l l inge

m ano r

B i rch ley & 1 4 / B i l l inge mano r S i te s :

E dmundu s Wyn s tan ley

x v i i jd

x i jd

1 556 2"

1 69 11 692 5

L andho ld e r s

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Wyn s tan ley

1 600 3 °

S er v ice / r en t

8B i r ch ley H a l l

9B lack leyhu r s t

W i l l iam B i spham

1 3d r e n t

J ohn B i l l ing e &w if e Ma rga r e t Ma rge ry B i l l inge Ma ry d au o fJ oh n C an sf ie ld 9 5 W in s tan ley Moa t

1( Fa r r e r

e d . 1 900 , 6 65 -666 ) . A dam d eB i l l inge made g r an t st oC ocke r sand A bbey . T he f i r s tg ave ap o r t ion o fh i s l a nd t o tam F a l ing ee tR yh lowe i nf ra h a sd i v i sa sd eK id e sa i ebroc u sque B lak e l e ie e ts equendo B lak e l e ie u sque l e Wa l e l e i ec loch e ts equendo d i c tum c l oh u sque a d W a t ec rof t e l eche e ti t a t u na p ar vam R uh lawe d escendo i nK id e saebroc . T he s e cond c once rned h a lf C rookhur s t a nd l a nd w i th in b ound s d ef ined b y S w inep i tc lough t o B i rch l eyb rook , t oB lak e l eybrook a nd b ack t oS w inep i tc lough , w i th as e cond a r ea f r om S w inep i tc lough t o ad ough d own i n to B i r ch l eyb rook . B o th i n c luded r i gh t s o fp annag e . T he p l a ce n ame s s ugge s tt h a tt h e se l a nd s w e re i nt h e s ou th p a r to fB i l l ing e . I n 190 -1219 R oge r d e W in s tan ley , s on o f O u t i ,g ave t oC o ck e r sand p a r to fh i s l a nd i n Win s tan ley c a l led W i t lowehur s tw i th p annag e f o rt h ep ig so ft h et e nan t . W i l l iam d eB u r ley h e ld t h i s l a nd f o r 1 2d y ea r ly , 1 0 st ob ep a id o nh i sd ec ea se a nd t h a to fh i sh e i r s( Fa r r e re d . 1 990 ,6 54 -656 ) . I n 199 -c 1220 , R oge r ,s on o fA dam d eW in s tan ley ,g ave t o C ocke r sand a p o r t ion o f h i s l a nd b ounded b y G r ene lache t o E ld e l e iebroc , d own t o T urnehu r s t ebro ( s ic ) , u p T urnehu r s tebroc a nd b ack t o G r ene lache ,w i th p annage ( Fa r re re d . 1 900 ,6 57 ) .

2

( Book o fF e e s 1 921 ,2 18 ) . T he v i l l 's f ou rb ova te sw e r eh e ld b yA dam d e B i l l inge d e a n t iquo f ef amen to . S imon a nd R oge r d e W in s tan ley e ach h e ld 11/3 o f ab ova t ed ea n t iqu i ta t e . A dam h ad g i ven 1 8 a c r e st oC ocke r sand A bbey a nd 6t ot h e H o sp i ta l o fS tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem . R og e rd e W in s tan ley h ad g i ven 3a c r e sd u r ing J ohn 's r e ign .

3

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 56 -658 , 6 66 -667 ) . I n 1 216 -c 1225 R oge r g ave t o C ocke r sand p a r t o f h i s l a nd i n W in s tan ley , b ounded b y t h e r o ad w e s t o f No r thc rof t ,t oS andy f o rd ,a c ro s st oB ud e sahebroc a nd a l ong t o Muk e l ebroc a nd t h en t oS tanr ic loch a nd G r enecopp i t lowe b a ck t oB ud e sahebroc ,w i th o ak m a s tq u i to fp annage . I n1 212 1246 R oge r , s on o fA dam d eW in s tan ley ,g ave p a r to fh i sl a nd i nW in s tan ley t oC ocke r sand f r om t h eC rucemjux ta l eQ ue thebr igg ei no cc id en t ee ts i cs equendo d ef ovea . q uandam C rucem i no r i en t ee ts equendo d ef f ov ea i nf oveam d e C ruc e i la u sque q uandam C rucem i n. .e td e C ruc e i la i nA us t ro s equendo d ef ovea i nf oveam u sque q uandam C rucem v er su so cc id en tem e ts i cs equendo d ef ovea i nf oveam d e C ruce i la u squ e q uandam C rucem i nt r an sver s e v er su sa qu i lonem q uae e s tp r ima d i v i sa w i th r i gh t s o fp annage ( F a r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 58 ) . B e twe en 1 230 1268 W i l l iam ,s on o fS imon d eB i l l inge g ran ted a l h i sp a r to fC rook /ne s t ,t h eb ound so fw h ich w e r ec i ted a nd i n c luded al o ca f o s sa ta a nd p a r t o fh i sl a nd c a l led L ever icherud ing . H er e se rved f o rh im se lf a nd h i sh e i r s ,t h eh awk s ,b ee sa nd m i l l so u t s ide t h eb ound s .

4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 4n 10 ) .A dam d eK now s ley ( q v ) ,a l ia sd eH uy ton ( q v ) ,w a sh u sband o fG od i th ,p robab ly ar e la t ive o ft h eB i l l inge l o rd s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 69 ) . I n1 252 Adam a nd G od i th h ad t h el o rd sh ip o fB i l l inge . C h r i s t iana ,w idow o fH en ry , s on o fQ u en i lda , s ued H ugh d eC rookhu r s tf o rd ow e ri n1 2 a c r e s . I tw a s , p e rhap s , H ugh d eC rookhu r s t 's s on s , W i l l iam a nd h i s w if e , Emma , a nd A dam a nd h i sw if e , A gne s , w ho

1 88

C a ta logue :B ILLINGE w i th WINSTANLEY

w e r e p a r t ie s t oa n a g reemen t o ve r C rookhu r s t i n 1 256 . I n 1 292 W i l l iam , s on o fH ugh , i sc a l led W i l l iam d e R a inf o rd ( q v ) ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 4 n 10 ) . I n 1 252 W in s tan ley w a s h e ld b yA dam d e W in s tan ley ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 8 7 n 5 ) . F a r r e r s ay s t h a t i tw a s p robab ly h i s s on , R og e r , w ho g r an ted l a nd s t oC ocke r sand A bbey b e twe en 1 2 12 1246 b u tt h e d a t eo ft h e g ran ts e em s r a the rt o oe a r ly f o rt h i st ob e s o ; i ti sp r ef e rab le t o s e et h eg r an to ra s am embe ro fa ne a r l ie rg ene ra t ion . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 54 -656 ) . W i l l iam d e Wh i te low eh e ld t h el a nd f o rme r ly h e ld b yW i l l iam d eB u r ley . 6

7

8

9

1 ° 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 6 58 -660 ) . R obe r t B ana s t r e , l o rd o f Make rf ie ld , r e lea sed t ot h e A bbo to fC ocke r sand t h e l a nd w h ich R oge rd e W in s tan ley e xchang ed w i th H en ry ,s on o fR a lph d e B i l l inge i nt h ev i l la o fW in s tan ley , d ef ined b ym a rk sa nd c ro s se s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 8 4 n 12 ) . H en ry d e H uy ton , s on o fA dam d e K now s ley ( qv ) , w a s p l a in t if fr e ga rd ing m ine ra l . T he d ef endan t sw e r eR oge rd eW in s tan ley a nd H en ry , s on o fR a lph d eB i l l inge .

2/ 3

o f aw ood a nd moo r a nd i r on

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 4 ) . I n 1 278 H uy ton w a s a ccu sed o ft h e d e s t ruc t ion o f ad i tch i nB i l l inge b e long ing t oW i l l iam d e B i l l ing e . I nc 1284 1 285 H uy ton w a s a ccu sed b yA dam d e B i l l inge o fd i s se i s ing h im o fh i s f r ee t e nemen t i nB i l l ing e . I n 1 292 C roo l chu r s t c l a imed h e h ad b e en d ep r ived b y H uy ton , B i l l ing e a nd W in s tan ley o fh i s r i gh t s i n 1 00 a c r e s o fw ood f o r h ou sebo t e a nd h aybo t e . A dam d e B i l l ing e w a s p robab ly ad e sc endan t o f S imon , t e nan t o fA dam d e B i l l inge i n 1 2 12 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 4 n 12 ) . I n 1 292 R oge r d e W in s tan ley w a s p l a in t if fa ga in s t H en ry d e H uy ton . H en ry , s on o fR oge r d e W in s tan ley , a nd A dam , s on o fW i l l iam d e W in s tan ley , w e r e n amed i nt h e s ame y ea r ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 7 -88 n 5 ) . H en ry d eH uy ton ' se s ta te sw e r et op a s st ot h re eo rf ou rg randdaugh t e r s , c h i ld ren o fh i s s on , R obe r t( d ead i n1 363 ) ; I s o lda , w idow o fR og e r d e W in s tan ley , a nd w if eo fW i l l iam t h e c l e rk o fW igan i n1 363 ( po s s ib ly s he w a s a l so ma r r ied t oR icha rd d e H ea ton ) , A gne s , w if e o f.E ve s a nd o f A lan d e R a inf o rd i n 1 352 ( po s s ib ly t h e s ame p e r son a s A lan l eB a rke r w ho w a s ma r r ied t oA gne s i n 1 372 ) , A v ic e , w ho se h u sband h a s n o t b e en i d en t if i ed b u th ew a sp e rhap s aB i l l inge a nd , p o s s ib ly , E l len ,w ho m a r r ied R og e rd eW in s tan ley a nd t h en G eof f r ey d e Wr igh t ing ton . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 7 -88 n 5 ) . R oge r r e cove r ed m e s suage s a nd l a nd s f r om R icha rd , s on o fW i l l iam t h e L ew ed , h i s w if e , A l ic e , a nd h e r d augh te r , Amo ta . A l ic e ' st i t le c ame f r om ag ran tb yR obe r td eH uy ton a nd W i l l iam d eW in s tan ley . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 4n 9 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11„ 8 4 n 13 ) . T he se m en w e r e d ef endan t s i n as u i t c once rn ing t h e b ound s o fB i l l inge a nd W in s tan ley . I n 1 313 R ob e r t d e H uy ton r e cove r ed t h e mano ro fB i l l inge f r om H en ry d eH uy ton , p robab ly h i s f a the r . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . A tt h i sd a te B i l l ing ea nd W in s tan ley w e r ea mong s t 1 5m ano r sh e ld i ns ocage b yJ ohn d eL ang ton , l o rd o ft h e Make rf i e l F e e . T he se p eop le c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . R obe r td eH uy ton ,s on o fH en ry , c on t r ibu ted i nB i l l inge a nd R obe r td eH uy ton , p robab ly t h es on o fW i l l iam d e H uy ton , c on t r ibu ted i nH uy ton ( q v ) . E a ch w a sn amed i n1 332 i n as e t t lemen t made b yE l len o fT a rbock ( q v ) , ar e la t ive t h rough t h eL a thom f am i ly o fL a thom ( qv )a nd K now s ley ( qv ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 4 n 13 ) . H uy ton c omp la ined t h a t h i s t e nan t , W i l l iam D aw son , h ad p u l led d own ah a l l w o r th £ 10 a nd t wo c hambe r s w o r t h £ 5 e a ch a nd c u t d own 2 0 a pp le t r ee s , w o r th 2 0 s e a ch . T he l a nd s w e r e h e ld j o in t ly b y A lan o fR a inf o rd a nd R obe r t d e H uy ton . I s o lda w a s a d ef endan ti nt h ec a se .

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 4 -85 n 14 ) . I n as e t t lemen to ft h i sd a t et h er ema inde rf e l lt oR obe r td e lE ve s ,p e rhap s Agne s 's on b y af o rme rm a r r iage . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 4 n 14 ) . T he se r e p r e sen ted t h e f ou r c o -he i r s t ot h e H uy ton p o r t ion o fB i l l ing e . G eof f r ey d e Wr ig ,h t ing ton c l a imed d ow e ri nt h er i gh to fh i sw if e , E l len ,w idow o fR obe r td eW in s tan ley , f r om H en ry d e S ca r i sb r ick , g ua rd ian o ft h ee s ta te a nd h e i ro fR ober td eB i l l inge , f r om R icha rd d e H ea ton a nd I s o lda , h i s w if e , a nd f r om A lan t h e B a rke r a nd A gne s , h i s w if e . A lan t h e B a rk e r m ay , p e rhap s , b e t h e s ame p e r son a s A lan d eR a inf o rd , h u sband o fA gne s i n1 366 . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 4 -85 n 14 ) . T he W in s tan ley p o r t ion w a s p robab ly t ha t h e ld b y G eof f r ey d e W r igh t ing ton i n 1 372 a nd t h e B i l l inge h o ld ing w a st h a th e ld b yS ca r i sbr ick . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 7 -88 n 5 ) . W in s tan ley c on t r ibu t ed t ot h ep o l lt a x . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 5 n 15 ) . A gne s w a s o ne o ft h e d augh te r s a nd h e i r s o fH en ry d e H uy ton . P o s s ib ly E ve s w a s t h e s on o f ap r ev iou s m a r r iag eR obe r td e l E ve s d i ed i n1 398 , h i s s on ,N icho la s , b e ing h e i rt ot h i s e s ta te . U l t ima te ly i tp a s sed b y m a r r iage t ot h e L a thom s o f Mo s sbo rough , R a inf o rd ( q v )w ho h e ld i ti n1 620 . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 5 n 16 ) . T he r e n t a ppea r s t oc omp r i se 2 s 2 d f r om t h e h e i ro fA dam d e B i l l ing e a nd I sd ue f r om t h e q ua r t e r i n he r i ted f r om t h ed eH uy ton f am i ly . ( Fa r r e rc d . 1 909 , 1 244 , 1 246 ) . I n 1 46 1 t h e se e s ta te sw e r eh e ld b yJ ame s W in s tan ley a nd H en ry A the r ton . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 7 -88 n 5 ) . G i lbe r tL ang ton o ft h eL ow e i nH ind ley ( qv )e nf eof f ed t r u s tee s o fa l h i s l a nd s i nW in s tan ley , W igan , O r r e l l a nd B i l l ing et h en o ccup ied b yA gne s , mo the ro fE dmund W in s tan ley ,a nd b yR and le a nd R obe r tW in s tan ley .

2 4

( Fa r r e rc d . 1 909 , 1 243 ) .

2 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 8 5 n 16 ) .

2 6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 251) .

2 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 6 ) .

2 8

2 9

3 0

3 1

3 2

3 3

3 4

3 5

( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 5 n 17 ) . I n 1 58 1 af i ne b e tween J ame s a nd T hu r s tan A nde r ton , s on s o fC hr i s tophe r , a nd W i l l iam H ea ton a nd h i s s on s , R a lph a nd R icha rd , c oncer ned B i rch ley a nd o ne -qua r te ro ft h em ano r . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 8 n 6 ) . W in s tan ley w a s r e p re sen t ed i n aq ua r t e ro ft h e mano ra cqu i r ed b yt h e B anke s f am i ly f r om E dmund W in s tan ley a nd h i s w if e A l ic e i n 1 596 . T he h o ld ing i n c luded 4 0 m e s suag e s , 5w a t e rm i l l s , 2d oveco te s , 3 00 a c re s o fl a nd , 1 00 a c r e s o fm eadow , c ommon o f p a s tu re f o ra l c a t t le a nd v a r iou sh ou se sa nd l a nd s . T hey o b ta ined t h ec oa lm ine sa nd v i ew o ff r ankp ledge . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 6 , 8 9 ) . I n 1 552 T homa s B i spham w a s a ccu sed o fd e s t roy ing t imbe ri nG a l t ly w ood ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 5 n 19 ) . T h i s i st h ef i r s tn o te o ft h eB i spham i n t e r e s t i nB i l l ing e ,t h ough t h ef am i ly w e r el a te rf ound i np o s se s s ion o fB i spham H a l l . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 5 n 17 ) . J ame sA nde r ton d i ed i n1 6 13 h o ld ing h ou se sa nd l a nd s i nB i l l inge . B i rch ley H a l lw a s t h ec ap i ta l m e s suag e ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 7 , 8 8 ) . B anke s d i ed i n 1 6 17 . H i s o t he r p o s se s s ion s i n c luded t h e m ano r o fH ough ton ( q v ) , l a nd s i nW in s tan ley a nd e l sewhe r e . B la ck leyhu r s t p a s sed f r om t h e W in s tan ley s t ot h e B la ckbu rne f am i ly i n1 6 17 a nd l a t e r i tw en tt ot h e G e ra rd s , o wne r s o fB i rch ley t h rough t h em a r r iag eo f Ma ry C an sf ie ld w i th S i rW i l l iam G e ra rd ( s e en o t e3 5 ) . C on t r ibu to r st o as ub s idy ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 6 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 5 n 18 ) . W i l l iam B i spham d i ed i n1 639 . T h i s p o r t ion e ven tua l ly p a s sed b y m a r r iage t ot h e L e igh f am i ly . H o l t L e igh d i ed i n1 785 a nd i nc 1850 B ispham H a l lw a st h ep rope r ty o fJ ohn H o l t( Fan-e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 5 n 2 1) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 5 n n 17 , 1 8 , 2 2 ) . I n 1 69 1 t h eB i l l ing e s s o ld t h i s e s ta t et oF ranc e s B i spham , w i th h ou se s , w indm i l l , d oveco t ea nd l a nd s i nB i l l ing e a nd R a inf o rd ( qv ) . I tw en t w i th t h e o the r B i spham l a nd s t o H o l t L e igh . F rance s B i spham ( d 1703 ) , w idow o f T homa s , a nd T homa s B i spham w e r ev ouche ,e s i n ar e cove ry o ft h em ano r s i n1 703 . I n1 692 Ma ry , d augh te ro fJ ohn C an sf ie ld , h e ld B i r ch ley a nd o ne q ua r t e ro ft h em ano ro f B i l l ing e . S he w a st h eg rand -daugh te ro fJ ame sA nde r ton ( d 1673 )a nd ma r r ied S i rW i l l iam G e ra rd w ho se f am i ly a l so a cqu i r ed B la ck leyhu r s t .

1 89

C a ta logue :B ILLINGE w i th WINSTA NLEY

F ig

9 1 .9b :

B i rch ley

H a l l

1 843

( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 8 ) A n e s ta te a s soc ia ted w i th B i rch ley b rook a nd C rookhu r s t ( wh ich l i e s t o t h e n o r th o f B i r ch ley H a l l ) w a s g r an ted t o C ocke r sand A bbey i n 190 1212 ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 66 ) b u t i td oe s n o t s e em t h a t B i rch ley i t se lf w a s i n c luded . P o s s ib ly i tw a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e l o ca f o ssa ta n o ted o n t h e b ound s o f C rookhu r s t i n 1 230 1268 . B i rch ley w a s p robab ly h e ld b y t h e H uy ton f am i ly a s s ucce s so r s t o A dam d e B i l l inge . T he r e n t o f 3 s 2 d p a id i n 1 422 b y W i l l iam H ea ton i s e cho ed i n 1 6 13 a nd t h e h o ld ing s e em s t o r e p re sen t o ne -qua r t e r o f B i l l ing e . L ike B lack leyhu r s t i tw a s u l t ima te ly h e ld b yt h eG e ra rd f am i ly .

F ig 9 1 .9a : B i l l inge a nd W in s tan ley

8

N o . SMR

A SM 5 299 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

B irch ley H a l l B i l l ing e W igan N ew ton T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

S J5 242 9 982 P e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r i f tg eo logy S o i l

C oa lm ea su r e s s and s tone S h i rd ley H i l l S and S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 8m w e s t -f ac ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U s e P lan s :

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p o s s ib le

I ti sb e l ieved t h a tB i rch ley h ad amoa ta nd i th a s b e en i n c luded o nt h el i s t o f moa ted s i t e s ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 A pp D ) . N o moa t h a s b e en p o s i t ive ly i d en t if ied , h owev e r , a nd a d i tch i mmed ia te ly a bu t t ing t h e n o r ther n b ounda ry o f t h e h a l l may b e a s soc ia ted w i th d ra inage f r om t h e g a rde robe s . Aw a t e rm i l l l i e s i nw ood land w e s to ft h e h a l l w he r et h e r e i sa s e r ie s o fd i tch e s a nd ad i tched p l a tf o rm , w h ich i sp robab ly t h e e nc lo su re p a r t ly m a rked b yb roken l i ne so nt h et ihe p l an . T he p l a t f o rm m ay b et h e s i te o fa n e a r l ie r w a t e rm i l l r a the r t han t ha t o f am ed ieva l p r edec e s so r t o t h ep r e sen th a l l . I ni t s d e s ign t h e h a l l i ss im i la rt oB ispham H a l l w he r e , i ti ss ugge s ted , a t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing i se ncap su la ted w i th in t h e e a r ly 1 7 th -cen tu ry s t ruc tu r e( Nev e l l 1 990 , 1 7 18 ) .

w e tm i l lpond ? m i l l s t ream ? e a s t

NWAT 1 987 t r a ce s? 1 6 thC r e s iden t ia l h ome L anc s RO DRL 1 / 8 , 1 843 @ 1 0c ha in s = 11 2 " / ; NWAT 1 987 o fd i tche sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e w a t e rm i l l s e ef i gu r e 8 2 C h i t ty 1 98 1 ;F a r r e re d . 1 900 ; F a r re r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 ;N eve l l 1 990

1 90

C a ta logue :B ILLINGE w i th WINSTANLEY

No . SMR

9 A SM 5 399 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

B lack leyhur s t B i l l ing e /W in s tan ley W igan N ew ton t hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 385 9 993 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa lm ea su r e ss and s ton e B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

9 9m s ou th -f a c ing f a i r ly s t eep s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? s ing le ? r ec tangu la r u nce r ta in

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

p o s s ib le

w e tp ond i n1 843

t r a ce s? o np l a tf o rm

F ig 9 1 .9c : B lack leyhu r s t 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 8 )

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 8 , 1 843 @ 1 0c ha in s =1 ' A " ; DRL 1 / 89 , 1 838 ,s ca le u nknown ; DDGE [ E ] B ox V n o9 14 , Map o fm ine s i nB i l l inge a nd W in s tan ley , 1 836 ,s ca le u nknown ; Y a t e s 1 786

T he s i te a ppea r s o n t h e l i s t o f moa ted s i te s i nt h e a r ea ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 A pp D ) . T he w a te r -f i l led p ond s hown o nt h et ihe p l an i ss im i la ri ns i z et ot ha t a tB i r ch ley a nd , p o s s ib ly , i tw a s am i l l p ond a s soc ia t ed w i th o ne t h e 5 w a t e rm i l l s i n W in s tan ley i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , r a the r t han a moa t . H oweve r , Y a t e s ' m ap ( 1786 ) s how s a n e nc lo su re s im i la r t o t ha t a t G a r swood O ld H a l l ,A sh ton ( qv ) . A s ma l l e nc lo su r ee a s to ft h ep ond may h ave b een b ounded b y ad i tch ; i tw a s ag a rden i n1 843 .

C h i t ty 1 98 1 ; F a r r e re d . 1 900

B la ck leyhu r s t l i e s i n ad e ta ched p a r t o fW in s tan ley o n t h e b ounda ry o f B i l l ing e . B lack ley a nd B la ck leyb rook w e re n o t ed o n t h e b ound s o fl a nd s g ran ted b yA dam d eB i l l ing et oC ocke r sand A bbey ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 65 6 66 ) b u tt h e r e i sn o c l ea re v idence t ha t i tw a s am ona s t ic h o ld ing . J ame s W in s tan ley o fB lack leyhu r s t w a s r e co rded i n 1 600 a nd t h e p l a c e p a s sed t ot h eB lackbu rne sa nd u l t ima te ly t ot h eG e ra rd so fB i rch ley .

1 F ig 9 1 .9d : B lack ley h u r s t 1 836 ( Lanc s RU DDGe ( E )B ox V No 9 14 )( no s c a le )

1 91

C a ta logue :B ILLINGE w i th WINSTA NLEY

N o . SMR

9 5 GMS MR 4 659

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Wins tan ley Moa t W in s tan ley W igan N ew ton T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

SD 5 443 0 310 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rC lay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tud e T opog raphy

7 6m n o r th ea s tf a c ing , f a i r ly s t eep s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 70 x5 0m /3500m 2 c 10 15m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

O r ig ina l ly t h e e s ta te t ha t w a s t ob ecome t h e t own sh ip o fW in s tan ley w a s c on s ide r ed a s p a r t o f B i l l ing e . O n ly a t W in s tan ley , h oweve r , i st h e r e u nequ ivoca l e v idence f o r amoa ta nd l i cence f o ra n o ra to ry f o rt wo y ea r s w a s g r an ted t o H ugh d e W in s tan ley i n 1 388 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 8 7 -88 n 5 ) .

c e r ta in

T he s i t e may h ave b e en a bandoned w hen t h e n ew W in s tan ley H a l l w a s b u i l t( c 1548 1584 ) b yt h eW in s tan ley s a nd b ef o r et h ee s ta te p a s sed t ot h e B anke s f am i ly i n1 596 . T he n ew h ou se w a s r a ised a bou to ne q ua r t e ro fa m i le t ot h e s ou th o ft h e moa ted e nc lo su r e ( f ig 9 1 .9g ) a nd i ni t s d e s ign i t c an b e c ompa r ed w i th B i rch ley a nd B i spham H a l l s (Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 97 ) . Ap l an o ft h ee s ta t e d rawn i n1 770 s how st ha tt h e moa t s u rv ived o nt h r ee s i de s a nd t h e p l a t f o rm w a s d evo id o f b u i ld ing s ( Banke s & K e r r idge 1 973 ) . S ome 6 8 y ea r s l a te r t h e m oa t w a s c omp le te e xcep t f o r a

w e t 1 770 ? m i l l s t r eam s ou th

i n comp le te o ra to ry 1 388 L anc s RU DRL 1 / 89 , 1 838 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 21 /" 4 ; DDBa u nca lenda r ed r e p roduced i n B anke s&K e r r idge 1 973 @ 4 40 y a rd s =l ' A " ; O rdnance S u rvey 6 " S hee t9 3 , 1 849

; :

c r ( -• e .Woo • 4 1, ,

B anke s &K e r r idge 1 973 ; F a r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 ; Wa lk e r&T inda l l 1 985

' ef

i4 . 4 11 4n 33 , 4r

• i t

F ig 9 1 .9g : Win s tan ley Moa t , 1 849 ( Ordnance S urvey 6 " s hee t9 3) c au seway (? ) a c ro s s t h e s ou th a rm a nd t h e d i tche s a ppea r t o h ave b een r e duced i nw id th . Ar ang eo fb u i ld ing sa nd af o rma l g a rden w e r ed ep ic ted o u t s id et h e p l a t f o rm , b eyond t h e s ou th a rm . C ompa r i son o ft h i s e v idence w i th t h a t p ub l i shed b y t h e O rdnanc e S u r vey s ugge s t s f u r the r d i sc r epanc ie s -t h e r e i s ab r eak i nt h e d i tch a tt h e s ou th ea s t c o rne r a nd t h es ou th -we s ta rm o ft h e moa ti sn o ts hown .

F ig 9 1 .9e : Win s tan ley Moa t 1 770 ( r ep roduced f r om B anke s&K e r r idge 1 973)

F ig 9 1 .9f : Win s tan ley Moa t 1 838 ( La ms RO DRL 1 / 89 ) 1 92

C a ta logue : BOLD T enure

E s ta te

135 154 '

c a ruca t e

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord T uge rt h eE ld e r

1 20 12

T hanae e

4c a ruca te s

R icha rd d eB o ld

1 2 12 3

T hanage

3c a ruca te s i n B o ld & L awyke 1 / 2c a ruca t e 3b ova te s

K ing

1 223 4

3c a rcuca t e s

S er v ice /r en t

A lbe r t

4 s6 d

A dam so fR icha rd

2 1s 4 d

R icha rd so fG i lbe r t

4 s6 d 4 s6 d

2 1s 4 d

T hanae e

Wh ike

l O sr e n t ,s u i ta t w apen take c ou r t

L o rd o fB o ld

1 298 8

W i l l iam B u t le r 4a c r e si nG r ea t S ankey ( ?Ba r row )

1 3 13 4 1 322 1 0

' Robe r td e j B o ld

l O s &s u i t

W i l l iam B u t le r W i l l iam B u t le r

4 s R obe r td eB o ld

2 1s 4 d

1 329 1 2

? Ho lb rook

1 330 1 5

B a r row

W i l l iam so fH en ry d e H o lb rook

3 s6 d

W i l l iam l e B o t i l le r

R icha rd d eB o ld

2 1s 4 d

S ocage

W i l l iam B o t i l le r

R icha rd B u lde

1 0 s &s u i ta t c oun ty & w apen take c ou r t s

S ocage

R oge r so f A dam G eme t G i lbe r t so f J ohn d e H aydock

1 332 '4

1 39 1 -3 1 6 C ran shaw

1 404 5 '7

v i js i x d v i i js i x s i x s i x s v sv jd v sv j d i j s i j s

b a rbed a r row

S i rJ ohn d e B o ld C ocke r sand A bbey

H en r icu sB u ld

v j d

1 466 9

A lbun legh C ra v vne shaghe L eL un ty she the h ow se B a r row

S i rP e te rL egh

W i l l iam Wo rke s legh R icha rd B o ldE sq . [ Hen ry B o ld

2 0 sr e n ta tw i l l 8 s4 dc h ief r e n t 3 s4 dc h ief r e n t

E l len B o ld

2 2d c h ief r e n t

R obe r tF u r the & h e i r s

c . 1535 2 °

H o lb rook

R a lph C o ran

1 537 2'

B a r row

S i rT homa s G e ra rd

c . 15402

Qwyke H a l l

S tJ ohn o f J e ru sa lem

S i te s :

3

R ico d eB ou lde R ic d eA luande legh W i l lo d eH e ie W i l lo d eD a lham R ogo G eme t H ea rd e Eme shed R ico f l u Ma th i J ohe d eH o leb rok J ohe f l uD andy

Qwyk f e ld

1 662 2 5

I

H en rys o fA lan d eB a r row

1 4516 11 8

1 6062 3 1 6 122 4

2

T homa sd eB a rw e &S i l ic ie ( s ic ) , h i sw if e

l O sy ea r ly ,s u i ta t c oun ty & w apen tak ec ou r t s

1 323 -4 1

1 346 1 5

[ Hen ry ] so fA lbe r t

2 1s 4 d W i l l iam d eB o ld

c 1265 6 c 12707

L andho ld e r s

Ma t thew d eB o ld G i lbe r td eH aydock

C ran shaw 1 226 -7 5

Me sne l o rd

[ Ba r row ] S ocage

S i rT homa s G e ra rd B o ld H a l l C ran shaw & H o lb rook

5 B a r row O ld H a l l 3 H o lb rook H ou se

1 0 B o ld O ld H a l l 6 6 O ld Moa tH ou se

R icha rd B o ld

x i jd

B o ld o fB o ld S i rT homa sB o ld

2 1s 4 d

M r sJ oan Owen H en ry G r eene

1 7 C ran shaw H a l l 17 F u r the r Mea rH ey

3 1

H ayf ie ld F a rm

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 8 ) .T ug e rt h eE lde r ,g r andf a the ro fA dam ,s on o fR icha rd ( bu ts e en o t e2 ) ,g r an ted L aQ u ick o u to fh i sd eme sne . ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 59 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 03 n 5 ) . R icha rd d eB o ld i st h ough tt ob et h es on o fT uge rjuven i s , s on o fT ug e rs e nex . I n 1 20 1 h e p a id h a lf am a rk t ot h es cu tag e . H eg ave o ne a c r et oS t .J ohn o fN o r thga t eo u t s ide C he s t e ra nd ar i dd ing t oN o r ton P r io ry ( Book o fF e e s 1 92 1 ,2 09 ) . ( Book o fF e e s 1 921 ,2 09 ; F a r re re d . 1 903b , 1 8 ) . T he s ou rce ss how d i sc r epanc ie s i nt h es i ze o ft h ee s ta te s a nd t h er e n t s . T he e s ta t eh e ld b yH en ry ( po s s ib ly s t ruck t h rough ) ,s on o fA lb e r t , a nd g r an t ed b yT uge rt h eE lde r ,w a sh e ld f r om A dam . I n 190 -c .1220 H en ry , s on o fA lbe r td el aQ u ick e ,g r an t ed l a nd a tL a Q u icke t oC ocke r sand A bbey w i th in n amed b ound sw h ich i n c luded u nam l a ndam q uae v oca tu rl eH u s tud ea nd t h ec r of to fR icha rd s on o fR avenk i l l u sque a df ov eam o r ien ta l em w i th m a s tf a l l f o rt h e p ig s o ft h ose l i v ing t h e r e ( F a r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 12 -6 14 ) . G i lbe r t t e nu i ta n t iqu i tu s t h e e s ta t e w h ich , i n 1 2 12 , w a s h e ld b y R icha rd ; F a r r e r ( e d . 1 903b , 1 8 ) g i ve s t h e r e n t a s3 s . 6 d . G i lb e r t ' s i d en t i ty i su nc e r ta in ; h e m ay h ave b een ay ounge r b r o the ro f Onn d e H aydock ( q v ) .

1 93

C a ta logue : BOLD

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 03 ) . Ma t thew ,b ro the ro fA dam d eB o ld ( d1 2 22 ) , h ad t os how h i sr i gh t i nt wo c a ruca te s . Ma t thew d eB o ld , f a the ro fA l ic e , g r an t ed t oG i lbe r td eH aydo ck , i nf r e em a r r iage ,t h ee s ta te o fC ran shaw ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 08 n 2 ) .

4

5 6

( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 1 36 ) . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 03 ) . I nc .1 260 R obe r td eF e r r e r se n f eof f ed W i l l iam B u t le r o f Wa r r ing ton ,o ft h em ano ro fB o ld w i th t h es e r v ic eo fW i l l iam d eB o ld a nd h i sh e i r s ,f o r 1O sy ea r ly r e n t . T he t h anag er e n to f2 1s . 4 d . w a sp a id t oB u t le ra nd 1 0 s . w a sd ue t ot h eE a r lo fL anca s t e r .A1 5 th -cen tu ry c opy o f t h e g r an t b y W i l l iam F e r re r s , E a r l o fD e rby , t oW i l l iam o fB o ld , e xecu ted b ef o r e 1 254 , c i te s t h e b ounda r ie s i n ac l ockw i se d i re c t ion a r ound t h e e s ta t e (Wa r r . L ib . MS 4 03 ; N o r th 1 995 ) . F rom Ha rd s ty i n B u r tonwood ( q v ) t h ey r a n b e tween B o ld a nd B u r tonwood t o t h e S ank ey ( q v ) b ounda ry n ea r Hu r l i scha l l s ,a l ong as i ke a nd t h eb ounda ry b e tw een B o ld a nd S ankey t oP ighu l l sbrok e ;t h en e a s to fC u[m]ba lwod , a l ong t h ed i tche sa nd B o ld a nd S ankey b ound so nt h es ou th t oP enke th . T hen t h ey r a n a l ong t h e d i tche s a nd b ound s b e twe en B o ld a nd P enke th s ou thwa rd st ot h e e a s te nd o fC row h e th i nB o ld , n ea rP enke th a nd C ey rd l ey , a l ong ad i tch o nt h ew e s tb e twe en C rowhe th a nd C ey rd l ey t o al a ne l e ad ing t oC erd l ey , f o l low ing t h eB o ld -C ey rd l ey b ounda ry t ot h e Me r e s tone n ea r B o ld , W ydd yn s ( qv ) a nd C ey rd l ey o n t h e w e s t ; a l ong t h e h i gh r oad t of i ve l a ne s o n t h e w e s t , f o l low ing t h e r o ad t oL on ty shea th , w e s twa rd s o ve rL on ty shea th t oP exhy l lh y l l( s ic ) t oC hes t er l a yne , a nd t oC ro s layne o n t h e n o r th . T hen f o l low ing t h e r oad t oP r e sco t t( q v ) t ot h e H igh C ro s s o fB o ld o n t h eR ayny l l( q v ) -Bo ld b ounda ry . F rom h e r e , s t ra igh t a l ong t h i s b ounda ry t o W ynd ia t s n ea r S u t ton ( q v ) o n t h e n o r th a nd a l ong t h e l a ne b e twe en B o ld a nd S u t ton t ot h e e a s t e nd o fD ud l es layne a nd a l ong t h e b ounda ry b e twe en B o ld a nd S u t ton t ot h e E a s t w ood s i nS u t ton a sf a r a sP r i e s t ' s o u l l er ; a l ong t h e b ounda ry t oB ay l eby rck e a nd Mork e lmo se n ea rB o ld , S u t ton a nd P a r ro nt h en o r th a nd a l ong t h eb ounda ry b e twe en B o ld a nd P a r ro nt h e e a s t t owa rd s W ynwhyk e a nd t ot h e B u r tonwood b ounda ry ; t h enc e t oH ay l eyhed i nB u t tonwood a nd t h e e a s t e nd o fS ad e l er s layn e , a l ong t h e s t ra igh t b ounda ry b e twe en B u r tonwood a nd B o ld t oH a rd s ty . E a r ly i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry H en ry , s on o fW i l l iam d e B o ld , r e c e ived f r om R icha rd , s on o fR og e r d e Mo lyneux , a l h i s l a nd s i nB o ld , r e se rv ing m a s t f a l l . I n 1 325 , B ea t r ice , w idow o fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux , r e lea sed h e rc l a im i n am e s suage a nd t wo o xgang s o fl a nd ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,408 n 13 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 07 n n12 , 1 6 ) . P a r t o f Wh i l ce w a s r e cove r ed b y t h e l o rd o fB o ld a nd , a ta bou t t h e s ame t ime , W i l l iam , s on o fH en ry d e P i lo tha lgh , s o ld l a nd s i n Wh ike t oH en ry , s on o fR icha rd t h e Me rce r . H en ry ' sl a nd sw e r es a id t ob ei n' t he v i / /o fL aQ u ick ' .

7

8 9

( Farrer

e d . 1 903b ,287 ) .

W i l l iam B u t le rc onf i rmed ag r an to ff ou ra c re so fh i sl a nd w i th a ppu r tenance s ,w h ich i n c luded b u i ld ing s , i nt h et own sh ip o fG rea tS ankey ( q v )t oT homa sd e B a rw ea nd S i l ic ie ( s ic ) ,h i sw if e . T hey h ad af u r the rt wo a c r e s l y ing b e tw een t h el a nd o fR obe r td eW igan a nd t h a to fE dmund S co t( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D ,N S 4 48 , E 13 ) . O the r d ocumen ta ry a nd map e v idence s e em s t oi n d ica te t h a t t h e b ounda ry b e tween B o ld a nd G r ea t S ankey l a y s omewha t w e s twa rd s o fi t s p r e sen tp o s i t ion a nd t h a t ,p e rhap s ,B a r row b e longed mo r ep rop e r ly i nG r ea tS ank ey ( s e en o te s6 ,1 , 1 9 ; f i g9 1 .10b ) .

I °

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) .

II( Fa r r e r 1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

e d . 1 907 ,2 07 ) .

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 08 ) . T h i ss e em st or e la t et oH o lb rook . T he r e n tm ay s ugge s tt h el a nd h e ld b yR icha rd , s on o fG i lbe r t , i n1 2 12 ( bu ts e en o te 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 08 ) . H en ry w a sg i ven ame s suage a tB a r row i nB o ld b u tt h en ame o ft h e g r an to rh a s n o tb een e s tab l i shed . A lex d e B a rw e c on t r ibu t ed t ot h eL ay S ub s idy i nG r ea tS ankey ( q v )i n1 332 ( s e ea bove ,n o t e9 ) . ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 ,2 39 ) . 2 1s . 4 d . w a st h eo l dc h ief r e n tf r om B o ld .T he t e nan t sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . A sw apen take b a i l if f , d eB o ld w a sa ccu sed o fs ummon ing 3 0 -40 m en w hen h i s l i m i tw a s 1 6 18 ;h ew a sf i ned 2 0 s . ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 19 121) . I nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ,R icha rd d e Mvande ley ' s l a nd s w e r e h e ld b yR ob e r t t h e Me rce r , f r om w ho se s on , R obe r t , t h ey w en t t oR icha rd . H i s s ucc e s so r , A gne s , w a s a l ive i n 1 393 w hen t h e e s ta t e s e em s t o h ave p a s sed t oG i lbe r t ,s on o fJ ohn d eH aydock ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 07 n 12 ;4 08 n 2 ;s e eb e low n o t e 1 8 ) . A gne se nf eof f ed h e rl a nd st ot r u s t e e s , ac h ief r e n to f4 s . b e ing p a id . W i l l iam d e H e ie o rR oge rG e rne tm ay b ea s so c ia t ed w i th H ayf ie ld F a rm ( qv ) . J ohn d e H o lb rook w a s , p r obab ly , a sso c ia t ed w i th t h ee s ta te o ft h a tn ame ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 08 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . R icha rd B o ld w a st e nan to fW i l l iam B u t le r . L ike B u r tonwood ( q v ) , B o ld w a sh e ld i ns ocage a nd n o tc on s id e r ed ap a r t o ft h eB u t le r ' s k n igh t ' sf e e . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 08 a n2 ,1 3 ) . I n1 39 1 R oge rs o ld h i sl a nd st oS i rJ ohn d eB o ldand G er n e tF i e ld w a sn amed i n a1 5 th cen tu ry q u i tc la im . I n 1 393 C r an shaw s e em s t oh ave p a s sed t ot h e H aydock s f r om t h e d e A lvande ley f am i ly ( s ee n o t e s 4 , 1 2 a bove ) . P o s s ib ly t h ey h ad b e en t e nan t s o ft h e H aydock s .

1 7

( Made ley 1 893 , 12 ) . S i rJ ohn d eB o ld r e ce ived al i c ence t oe mpa rk 5 00 a c r e s i nB o ld .

1 8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 244 ) . I n1 501 a nd 1 537 H en ry B o ld ' sh e i r sh e ld Q u ick f ie ld ( F a r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 247 , 1 251) .

1 9

2 0

( L egh MSS , f o l s . 4 . 7 ; 1 4 .1 ; 1 5 .3 , 1 5 .4 ) . B y 1 466 t h e f o rme r d e H aydock p o s se s s ion s h ad p a s sed t o S i r P e te r L egh o fB rad ley i nB u t tonwood ( q v ) . A lbun legh c omp r i sed a' n ew m e s suag ew i th an ew b a rn a nd ay a rd w i th af o ld p l ac e a nd ay a rd o rt of tw he r e f r om o l den t ime t h em e s suag e s t ood w i th a c r of t ' . I tl a yw e s to fl a nd c a l led D amme sf e ld ;t ot h en o r th w a sL eE nd e i e sL ane a nd t h el a ne f r om W inw ick t oL ive rpoo ll a yt ot h es ou th . C ran shaw ( q v )l a y o n t h en o r th s i de o fL eL un ty she the a nd , i n1 553 ,w a s d e sc r ibed a s am ano r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l l e d s 1 907 , 4 08 n 3 ) . E l len B o ld , m o the ro fH en ry B o ld , h e ld L eL un ty she the H ow se w i th ab a rn , ma l t -k i ln ,t u r fhou se a nd y a rd , a sh e rj o in tu r e . S ince B a r row w a s a s s igned i nt h eS u rvey t ot h ev i l lo fG r ea tS ankey ( qv ) i ts e em sl i ke ly t h a tt h eb ounda ry b e twe en B o ld a nd S ank ey r a na l ong s ide a na r ea o fw ood land k nown a sC ucumber Wood i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ; s e en o t e 6a bove f o rr e f e r enc et oC umba lwood i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 08 ) . R a lph C o ran g ave H o lb rook H ou se t oh i ss on ,R icha rd , o nh i sm a r r iage w i th Ma rga r e t , d augh te ro fR icha rd L anc a s te r o fR a inh i l l( q v ) .A bou t 1 2y ea r sl a t e rt h el a nd sr e tu rned t ot h eB o ld f am i ly .

2 1

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 08 ) . B a r row f o rmed p a r to ft h ed owe ro fR icha rd B o ld ' sd augh t e ro nh e rm a r r iage w i th S i rT homa sG e ra rd i n1 537 .

2 2

( F rance 1 947 ,6 8 ) . Qwycke H a l lw a sd e sc r ibed a s am e s suag e .

2 3

2 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 09 ) . S ince t h e B o ld f am i ly a cqu i red G rea t S ank ey ( q v ) a tt h i s d a te , p e rhap s t h e B a r row e s ta t e b ecame a nnexed t oB o ld t own sh ip a tt h i st ime . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 03 n 15 ) . T he G e ra rd s a cqu i r ed t h e B u t le re s ta te s i nt h e l a te 1 6 th c en tu ry . I ts e em s t h a tt h ey h ad h e ld B a r row f r om 1 537 t hough i tw a sh e ld f r om t h eB o ld sa nd i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , B a r row O ld H a l lwa s i n c luded i nt h ep o s se s s ion so ft h eB o ld s . A th i sd ea th i n1 6 12 , S i rT homa s B o ld h e ld t h e m ano r s o fB o ld , B u t tonwood ( q v ) , S u t ton ( q v ) , G rea t S ankey ( q v ) a nd No r th Meo l s ( Made ley 1 893 , 12 ) . H i s c ou s in , R icha rd , s on o f W i l l iam B o ld ,s u cce eded t ot h ee s ta te s .

2 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 09 ) . M r s . Owen , mo the ro ft h ei n f an th e i r ,P e t e rB o ld , l i ved a tB o ld H a l l . H en ry G reene h ad C ran shaw a nd H o lb rook .

1 94

C a ta logue : BOLD

O ld Moa t House ,

• / H ea r t s ley ( 1839 ) I BURTON WOOD •

F ig 9 1 .10b : 1 3 th c en tu ry b ounda r ie s o fB o ld r e con s t ruc ted f r om d ocumen ta ry a nd map e v idence ( af t e r No r th 9 95 )

F ig 9 1 .10a : B o ld

N o . SMR

0 05 A SM 5 689 / 1 ; CCC 5 68

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

B arrow O ld H a l l B o ld /G rea tS ankey P re sco t Wa r r ing ton manage

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 6 18 8 960 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le b ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 7m . l ow ly ing

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 38 x5 4m /c 17 10m 2 9 11 m + 1 .62m w e t 1 840 b ounda ry s t r eam w e s t s t one b r idge , 1 8 12 n one 1 6 .5m

E xcava t ion S u rv ey

NWAT , 1 987 M i lne 1 98 1 ; NWAT , 1 987 1 981 i n comp le te 1 5C ; 1 7C o pen s pace

Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s :

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

t hough l i ke ly , t h e r e mu s t b e s ome r e se rva t ion s r e ga rd ing i t s i d en t i f ica t ion w i th B a r row O ld H a l l . T he B a r row , i n B o ld , w a s n amed i n 1 330 w hen H en ry , s on o f Man d e B a r row , w a s g i ven am e s suag e t h e r e b y a n u nknown g ran to r . ` Ba roha l lane o t he rw ise S ankey L ane ' a nd a ` me s suag e , c a l led F u r thep lac e b u t i no l den t ime c a l led B arowhow se ' w e r e n o t ed i nl a nd s i n G r ea t S ankey ( q v ) b e long ing t oS i r P e te r L egh i n 1 466 ( L egh MSS f o l . 4 . 7 ) . T he h ou se h ad a n u pp e rr oom a nd t h e re w e r e t wo b a rn s , a n a pp le o r cha rd a nd a g a rd en a l o ccup ied b y R obe r t F u r the a nd h i s h e i r s . T he h o ld ing e x tended f r om L e W od e lane o nt h e s ou th a sf a ra s S i r H en ry B o ld 's C umba l lwod e o n t h e n o r th . T he e v idence i n d ica te s t ha t , a t l e a s t u n t i l 1 466 , t h e e s ta t e l a y i n G r ea t S ankey ( s e e n o t e s 6 , 1 , 1 9 a bove ; f i g 9 1 .10b ) .

c e r ta in

F ig 9 1 .10c : B a r row O ld H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL

I n 1 537 B a r row w a s p a r t o f t h e d owe r a s s igned t o t h e d augh te r o f S i r T homa s G e ra rd o n h e r ma r r iag e w i th R icha rd B o ld ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,

1 / 11)

0 ,:, r i i . . 1 987 ;

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B a r row , p e rhap s , c an b e i d en t if ied w i th t h e e s ta te o ff ou r a c re s w i th s ome b u i ld ing s , h e ld b y T homa s d e B a rw e a nd h i s w if e , S e l ic ia , i n 1 313 . T he

r

' 1 4. I 4 ,

. " * " . . .V . eL. . . •i . ,

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 11 , 1 840 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 11 4" / ; O S 6 " 1 849 , s hee t 1 08 ; M i lne f o rA SM 1 98 1 @ 1 : 500 ; NWAT 1 987 Wa i t e 1 897 C leave r 1 987 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ; H o l lo s 1 987 ; L ew is 1 992b ; Wa i te 1 897

her 4 e i r gr4.

rTJ :r T : 1 T Ir I

•

/ .

F ig 9 1 .10d : S u rvey p l an , 1 981 ( M i lne f o r ASM )

d ocum en t c l ea r ly s t a te s t ha t t h is p rope r ty w a s i n G r ea t S ankey ( q v ) a nd ,

1 95

1

. , . . . 9 . . e' 9i e2 9-

C a ta logue : BOLD a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e h a l l ( Lane s RO WC W S i r T homa s B o ld 1 6 12 ; R icha rd B o ld 1 635 ) . T ho se n o ted i n 1 635 i n c lude a s t ab le a nd s t ab le c hambe r , a c oach s t ab le , aw o rkho r se s t ab le a nd e nd s t ab le e a ch w i th ac hambe r , b a rn s , g rana ry sa nd k i ln s , am i l l , aP o r te r 's l o dge , T owe rc hambe ra nd B r ewe r( s ic ) c hambe r , aL odge i nt h e p a rk , B rewhou se , K i tchen , P an t ry a nd L a rde r , t h e H a l l , D in ing r o om , W i thd raw ing c hambe r a nd Ma t ted c hambe r , B a ron ( s ic ) c hambe r , I n ne r c hambe r , ' U t te r ' c hambe r , M r . H i l l ( s ic ) c hambe r , F ur the r S tone c hambe r , N ea r e r S tone c hambe r , G a l le ry c hambe r . A ccommoda t ion i n t h e ' Nea r e r N ew w o rke ' c on ta ined b ed s a nd t h e ` M id le N ew w o rk e ' i n c luded a G round c hambe r , S tewa rd ( s ic ) c hambe r a nd ' W i lk in son ' c hambe r . T hen f o l lowed t h e F ou ld ing e c hambe r , Ma id ( s ic ) c hambe r , G r ea t Nu r se ry , L i t t le N u r se ry a nd G en t lewomen 's c l o se t a nd , f i na l ly , t h e ' Deceden t h i s c hambe r ' . T he d ome s t ic a ccommoda t ion a l so c on ta ined a B u t t e ry , N ea r e r a nd F u r the r d a i ry h ou se , F u r the r a nd N ea r e r S to r ehou se , F laxhou se , L ow e r c l o se t . B u i ld ing ma te r ia l s i n c luded b r ick , l ime s tone a nd l ime . I n 1 662 t h e h a l l h ad 2 0 h ea r th s a nd , t h e r ef o re , a ppea r s t o h ave b e en t h e l a rg e s t d w e l l ing i nP r e sco t p a r i sh ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 09 n l ) .

F ig 9 1 .10e : E xcava t ion p l an 1 986 -1987 ( b roken l i ne s s how t h e s uppo sed o u t l ine o ft h e e a r ly h a l l ; c r os s -ha tch ing r e la te s t ot h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry a nd l a te rb u i ld ing s )( N WAT ) 4 08 ) . T he i n ven to ry o f H en ry B o ld ' s p o s se s s ion s a t B a r row H a l l ( 1604 1 605 )n ame s ah a l l a nd al a rde r( Lanc s RO WC W H en ry B o ld o ft h eB a r row H a l l ) . T ha t o f S i r T homa s B o ld ( 16 12 ) n o ted o n ly a p a r lou r ( Lane s RO WC W S i r T homa s B o ld ) . B e tween 1 662 a nd 1 666 t h e h a l l w a s t a xed f o r t h r ee h ea r th s ( C leav e r 1 987 ) . When t h e B o ld e s ta te s w e r e s o ld i n 1 859 B a r row w a s d e sc r ibed a s ' An a nc ien t moa ted Man s ion , c on ta in ing m any e xce l len t R oom s i n ag ood s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion , s u r rounded b y a g reeab le a nd p roduc t ive G a rden s a nd G round s , w i th S tab le s a nd O u tbu i ld ing s a t ta ched ' . T h e f a rm b u i ld ing s l a y s ome d i s tance f r om t h e h a l l ( C leave r 1 987 ) . A t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry t h e h a l l w a s d e sc r ibed a s at imbe r f r amed b u i ld ing a pp roa ched b y a' o ne -a rched b r idge ' ( da ted 1 812 ) . B yt h en t h eb u i ld ing w a s i n ap oo rs t a te o fr e pa i ra nd t h e o n ly o r ig ina l f e a tu r e s w e r e b e l ieved t ob e r e p r e sen t ed i n as i t t ing r oom w i th ac hambe r a bove a nd t wo b r ick c h imney s ( Wa i t e 1 897 , 1 84 186 ) . T he h ou se w a s d emo l i shed i nt h e l a te 1 920 ' s . T he moa t i sf e do nt h ee a s tb yt h e b ounda ry s t ream w h ich n ow d iv ide s B o ld t own sh ip f r om G r ea t S ankey . E xcava t ion s t ook p la ce i n1 986 1987 b u t , a s aS chedu led A nc ien t Monumen t , t h ew o rk w a s l im i t ed t o as ma l l a r ea o ft h e p l a tf o rm a nd as e c t ion a c ro s s t h e n o r th a rm o ft h e moa t i no rde r t o i n f o rm o nt h es u r v iv ing a r cha eo log ica le v idence i na dvance o fl a nd scap ing t h ea r ea

I tw a s f ound t ha t t h e l a t te r h ad b een i n f i l led e a r ly i n t h e 2 0 th c en tu ry , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly w hen t h e h a l l w a s d emo l i shed . T imbe r s i l l s s e t a ga in s tt h e e dge s o f ag u l ley a tt h e e dge o f t h e moa t may r e p r e sen t e v idence f o r a ' n ece s sa ry h ou se ' . E v idence f o r t h e e a r ly h a l l a ppea r ed o n ly i n as e r ie s o f u nda ted p o s tho le s , ac l ay f l oo ra nd s and s tone f oo t ing s , a l so u nda ted ( L ew i s 1 992b ) . A pa r t f r om af r agmen t o ft i l e o fp o s s ib le l a te m ed ieva l d a te , a l t h e p o t te ry r e cove r ed i so f 1 6 th c en tu ry d a te o r l a te r , a nd s ome i ss im i la r t o ma t er ia le xcava t ed f r om B ew sey O ld H a l l ( L ew is , 1 997b ) .

B o ld O ld H a l lw a s , u ndoub ted ly , t h e c ap i ta l m e s suag eo ft h eB o ld f am i ly . A p a rk a tB o ld c an b e i n f e r r ed f r om e nc lo su r e s m ade i l ega l ly i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 44 ) . R icha rd B o ld h ad a l i cence f o r h i s o ra to r ie s a t B o ld a nd C l iv ige r( B la ckbu rn h und r ed ) i n1 387 ; e i gh ty ea r s l a te rJ ohn B o ld h ad as im i la rl i cence ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 04 n 19 ,4 05 n 3 ) . Ad epo s i t ion o f1 582 i n c luded r e f e r ence t ot h e ' dam -head ' , ab ack -ga t e i n to t h e g a rden a nd ad r awb r idg e i n to t h eh ou se , t oge the rw i th a' day ' h ou se a nd k i tchen ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 , 3 6 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 06 n 4 ) , w h ich s e em t o h ave b e en d e ta ched f r om t h e h a l l i t se lf . I n 1 6 10 c omm i s s ione r s a c t ing o n b eha lf o ft h e D uchy o fL anca s te r w e r e u nab le t oe n te r t h e h ou se b ecau se ' t he Manno rh ou se b e inge w a te red a bou tw i th aMo t e a nd h ave ing e aS t ronge g a te u ppon t h e B r idg e w h ich w a s f a s te l o ck ed o rB a r red s oe w e e C ou ld n o te n te r ' . T hey v i ew ed t h e b u i ld ing f r om o u t s ide t h e moa t ' u n to t h e H a l l a nd C hambe r s w i th in ' ( Ch i t ty 1 981 , 3 7 -39 ) . P roba t e i n ven to r ie s o f 1 6 12 a nd 1 635 g i ve a n i n d ica t ion o ft h e n umbe r o f r oom s a nd b u i ld ing s

c e r ta in

A SM 5 490 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

B o ld O ld Ha l l B o ld P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton manage

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 417 9 035 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r i f tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 4m s ou th ea s tf a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

? doub le r e c tangu la r c 69 x5 5m /c3795m 2 e xc lud ing e nc lo su r ea tw e s t o fd i tched a r ea 1 2 -25m 2 . 87m w e t , 1 840 m i l ls t ream s ou th d rawb r idge c 1590 ; s t one b r idge c 16 16 n one c 32m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

A SM 1 981 i n comp le te 1 4C ; 1 6C ; 1 7C ; g a tehou se ; t owe r modem h ou se ;o pen s pac e

P lan s :

f o rp ub l ic a cc e s s .

1 0

No . SMR

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 11 , 1 840 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 11 4 " / ; OS 6 " 1 849 , s hee t 1 08 ; M i lne f o rA SM 1 981 @ 1 : 500 P h i l ip s 1 893 ; Wa i te 1 888 1921 C h i t ty 1 981 ; S haw 1 956 ; DNB 1 975 ;F a r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ;G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 ; Made ley 1 893 ; Sm i th 1 970

A n e a r ly 1 9 th -cen t u ry i lu s t ra t ion o ft h e o l d h a l l ( Ph i l ip s 1 893 o pp p 111) ( f ig 7 6 ) h a s b een u sed t o s ugge s t t ha t a t l e a s t t h ree d if e r en t p ha se s o f b u i ld ing w e r e r e p r e sen ted a nd t ha t o r ig ina l ly i th ad c omp r i sed t wo l o ng r ange s a nd at h i rd , s ho r t e r r ange g rouped a round ac ou r tya rd ( Sm i th 1 970 , 1 68 ) . T h i s a r rang emen t l e d t o t h e s ugge s t ion t ha t t h e h a l l w a s b u i l t o n a ' un i tb a s i s ' w i th g roup so fi n dep enden tb u i ld ing s ,e a ch c omp le te i ni t se lf , i n p la ce o f as i ng le , l a rg e h ou se . T he t owe r , s hown o n t h e i lu s t ra t ion i s , p r e sumab ly , t h a t r e f e r red t o i nt h e 1 612 a nd 1 635 p roba t e i n ven to r ie s . I n 1 893 i tw a s s a id t h a tt h e b u i ld ing d if e r ed c on s ide rab ly f r om t ha t s hown i n t h e d raw ing ( Mad e ley 1 893 , 11114 ) ; t h i s i sc onf i rmed b y p ho tog raph s o f t h ep e r iod ( Wa i t e 1 888 1921 , v o l I ,3 9 -41) . An ew h a l l , d e s igned b yL eon i , w a s b u i l tt ot h e n o r th o ft h e moa ted s i t e i n1 730 ( DNB 1 975 , 1 20 1) a nd t h e o l d h a l l s e em s t oh ave b ecome af a rm h ou se ( G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 89 ) . I n 1 849 , t h e b u i ld ing s s ou th o f t he p l a tf o rm w e re r a ng ed a r ound t h re e c ou r tya rd s ( O rdnance S u rvey s hee t 1 08 ) . Am odem h ou se n ow s t and s o n t h e p l a tf o rm t h ough a p a i r o f 1 7 th c en tu ry s and s tone g a te -p ie r s s t i l l s u rv ive s . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e w a te rm i l l s t ood a tt h e h ead o f ad eep g u l ley a nd w a s a s soc ia t ed w i th s t one w o rk w h ich s t i l l s u r v ive s w e s t o ft h e m oa t p l a tf o rm .

1 96

C a ta logue : BOLD Wa i t e ' s p ho tog raph o f aw a t e r -co lou r s ke tch o f C ran shaw H a l l s how s a t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing (Wa i t e 1 888 1921 v o l I ,8 3 ) a nd as a le c a ta logue o f 1 860 s t a ted t ha tt h e h a l l w a s a1 6 th -cen tu ry b u i ld ing o fb r ick a nd t imbe r , i n a n e xc e l len t c ond i t ion , t hough a l te r ed i n s ide t o ' mee t t h e r e qu i r emen t s o f t h ep r e sen ta g e ' ( Bo ld H a l lE s ta t e S a le C a ta logue , 1 860 ) .

T he g u l ley a nd i t s f e ede r d i tch e f ec t ive ly f o rm a n e x ten s ion o ft h e w a t e r f i l led e nc lo su r e t oc r ea t e ad oub le p l a t f o rm . I n 1 849 i ts e em s t ha t t h i s a r ea w a sp l an t ed a sa no r cha rd .

F ig 9 1 .10f : B o ld O ld H a l l 1 840 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 11)

1 7

c e r ta in

N o . SMR

A SM 5 188 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

C ranshaw H a l l B o ld P re sco t Wa r r ing ton manag e

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 179 8 872 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 0m s ou th -ea s tf a c ing s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 40 x5 m /2200m2 6 15m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

w e t 1 840 s t r eam w e s t

d e s t royed 1 5C ; 1 7C d ome s t ic L anc s O S 6 " Wa i te C h i t ty

RO DRL 1 / 11 , 1 840 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 11 4 " / ; 1 849 ,s hee t 15 1 888 192 1 1 98 1 A pp D . , F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s .

1 907

F ig 9 1 .10g : B o ld O ld H a l l 1 981 ( M i lne f o r AS M ) T he s i te w a s i d en t if ied f r om t h e a i r a nd t h e t ihe map g i ve s t h e n ame G a rne t t F i e ld . R oge r , s on o fA dam G eme t , h e ld a n e s ta t e i n 1 39 1-93 ( s ee n o t e 1 5 a bove ) a nd , i n 1 332 , W i l l d e H e ie a nd R og e r G eme t b o th c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . G eme t F i e ld w a s n amed i n a1 5 th -cen tu ry q u i tc la im ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 4 08 , n 13 ) . I n 1 466 t wo m en c a l led

C ran shaw i sf i r s t n o ted i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry w hen Ma t thew d e B o ld g ran t ed i ti n f r e e m a r r iage t o G i lbe r t d e H aydock o n h i s ma r r iag e t o B o ld 's d augh t e r , A l ice ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 08 n 2 ) . S i r P e t e r L egh a cqu i r ed C ran shaw a nd A lvande ley f r om t h eH aydock so n h i s ma r r iag ew i th J oan , d augh t e ro fG i lbe r t H aydock . I n 1 466 t h e e s ta te w a s h e ld b y R icha rd B o ld E sq . a nd d e sc r ibed a s ' o ne f i ne m e suage o r h a l l w i th r oom s h igh a nd l ow , a k i tchen , b a rn s , b ea s t -hou se s a nd y a rd s , g a rden s a nd o r cha rd s s i tua ted o n t h e n o r th s i de o f ah ea th c a l led L e L un ty she th e w i th f i ve f i e ld s . ' . T h i s m e s suag e o r h a l l w a s ' f rom l o ng a go k nown a s L e C rawneshaghe ' ( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l . 1 5 .3 ) . Ah ou se o ft wo o r mo r e s t o r ey s i ss ugge s ted b u t , a sa t B a r row , n o moa t i s m en t ioned . E l izabe th B o ld ' s p roba t e i n ven to ry o f h e r g ood s a t C ran shaw , 1 596 , r e co rded ag rana ry , k i tchen w i th a n F ig 9 1 .10h :C ranshaw H a l l i r on ` c h im ley ' a nd f ou r f u r the r i r on g ra te s , s ome w e t a nd d ry l e a the r , 3 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 11) h o r se h ide s a nd 7 4 d oz en c a lf s k in s , af u rnac e , k i ln ( Lanc s RO WC W E l izabe th B o ld 1 596 ) . T he l a rge a moun t o f l e a the r a nd h ide s i ss t rong e v idenc e f o r t a nn ing b u t n o e v idence f o r t a nn ing p i t s h a s y e t b e en i d en t if ied . I n1 662 t h e h a l l h ad f i ve h ea r th s a nd s i x w e re r e co rded i nc 1673 ( PRO E 179 /250 /6 ; E 179 / 132 /355 ) .

G a rne th e ld p rope r ty i n Wa r r ing ton f r om S i rP e t e rL egh ; i nB o ld aN icho la s G a rne th e ld l a nd w e s to fC ran shaw b u tn o tf r om t h eL egh e s ta t e( L egh MSS 1 5 .3 .1) . H ayf ie ld F a rm , h oweve r ,l i e s i nt h e s ou th -e a s to ft h ev i i i a nd s e em s t ob ei nt h ea r ea k nown a sB run sop ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 , 3 8 ) .

F ig 9 1 .10 i : H ayf ie ld F a rm 1 840 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 11) 1 97

C a ta logue : BOLD N o . SMR

3 1 A SM 5 488 /3

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

H ayf ie ld F arm B o ld P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

S i 5 433 875 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone S h i rd ley H i l l S and S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy P lan

2 3m s ou th -ea s tf a c ing g en t le s l ope

F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

p robab le

F ig 9 1 .10 j : H o lb rook Hou se 1 840 ( Lanes RO DRL 1 / 11)

c l8m ,p ond i n1 840 w e tp ond i n1 840 s t ream ? ea s t

t e rm ina ted o n al i ne w i th t h es ou th w a l lo ft h eb u i ld ing . t r a ce s

P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 11 , 1 840 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 11 4 " / A e r ia lp ho tog raph s ,A SM C h i t ty 1 98 1 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907

N o . SMR

3 3 A SM 5 189 /2

S i te T own sh ip P a r ish H und red E s ta t e

Ho lbrook H ouse B o ld P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton manag e

NGR L oca t ion

S i 5 169 8 952 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone B ou ld e rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 3m g en t le s ou th f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le ? r ec tangu la r

c e r ta in

No . SMR

6 6 A SM 5 592 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

O ld Moa t House B o ld P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton Manage

NGR L oca t ion

S i 5 524 9 223 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 6m g en t le s ou th -ea s tf a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s qua r e c 37 x3 7m /c 1369m 2 1 5 16m + 1 .77m w e t , 1 840 s pr ing n o r th

E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

c 10 15m w e t 1 840 s t ream ? sou th

P lan s :

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

E xcava t ion S urvey Moa tc ond i t ion

d e s t royed

B u i ld ing s U se

f a rm

c e r ta in

n one c 31 m A SM 1 98 1 i n comp le te f a rm La ne s RO DRL 1 / 11 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s= 11 4" / ; O S 6 " 1 849 , s hee t 1 08 M i lne f o rA SM 1 98 1 @ 1 : 500 C h i t ty 1 981

T he O ld Moa t H ou se m ay h ave b e longed t o t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly ( Ch i t ty 1 981 , 3 8 ) ; i fs o , i tc ou ld b e r e p r e sen ted i nt h e r e lea se b yB ea t r ic e , w idow o f R icha rd d e Mo lyneux , o f h e r i n t e re s t i n am e s suag e a nd t wo o xgang s i n 1 325 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 4 08 , n 13 ) . T he s i te h a s r e cen t ly b een

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 11 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s= 11 4 " / ; O S 6 " 1 849 s hee t 1 08

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 11)

T he p l ace w a s k nown a s H oo l B rook i n 1 849 ( O rdnance S u rvey , 6 " s hee t 1 08 ) . O n t h i s m ap , t h e n o r th d i tch w a s s hown t o r un i n as t ra igh t l i ne w e s twa rd s f r om t h e t r a ck , a l ong t h e e nc lo su r e b ounda r y af ew m e t r e s n o r th o f t h e b u i ld ing a nd t o t u rn s ou thwa rd s a t ar i gh tang le a tt h e n o r th -w e s t c o rne r . T he w e s ta rm r an s ou thwa rd s , af ew m e t r e sw e s to ft h eb u i ld ing , a nd

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

P lan s :

F ig 9 1 .10k : O ld Moa t H ou se

s chedu led .

C h i t ty 1 98 1 A pp D

L o ca ted i nt h e n o r th o ft h e t own sh ip i na n a r ea w he r e , i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , t h e n ame s ' Wood E nd ' a nd ' Common H ead ' a r e g i ven b y t h e O rdnance S u rvey , t h i s e s ta t e w a s p e rhap s c r ea ted f o l low ing c l ea rance a st h e l a nd w a s b rough t i n to c u l t iva t ion . A lmo s t n o th ing , h owev e r , i sk nown o f i t s e a r ly h i s to ry .

H o lb rook a ppea r st oh ave b een t h ee s ta t eg ran ted t oR icha rd , s on o fG i lbe r t , b ef o re 1 212 . P robab ly i tw a s h e ld b yJ ohn d e H o lb rook i n 1 332 . I tp a s sed t ot h e C o ran o rC u r r en f am i ly a nd i n 1 535 H o lb rook H ou se w a s g i ven b y R a lph C o ran t oh i ss on , R icha rd ,o nh i s ma r r iage w i th Ma rga re t , d augh te ro f R icha rd L anca s t e ro fR a inh i l l ( q v ) . I n 1 662 t h e re w e re f i ve h ea r th s b u tt wo y ea r s l a te ro n ly o ne w a sr e co rded ( PRO E 179 /250 /6 ; E17 9 /250 /8 ) .

1 98

C a ta logue : BOLD

F ur ther Mear H ey B o ld P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton T hanage

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S J 5 452 9 008 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m f i a t

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th

s i ng le r e c tangu la r

w e t , 1 840 m i l l s t ream o u t f low f r om B o ld O ld H a l l

E xcava t ion S u r vey

T he a e r ia l p ho tog raph s s how t h ree a rm s o f aw ide d i tch e nc lo s ing a r e c tangu la r , m oa t l ik e p l a tf o rm b u t i t s s t a tu s a s am oa ted s i t e h a s n o t b een c on f i rmed . G iven t h e r e f e r ence t o af l axhou se i nt h e p roba te i n ven to ry o f R icha rd B o ld ' s p o s se s s ion s i n 1 635 ( s ee B o ld O ld H a l l , a bove ) , p e rhap s t h e se d i tche sw e r ea s soc ia t ed w i th t h e r e t t ing p rc ,o e s s . T he re i s ,h oweve r , n o e v idence i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry f o ra ny b u i ld ing s i nt h ea r ea .

.

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

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T he p o s s ib le m oa t a tF u r the r Mea r H ey w a s n o ted d u r ing a e r ia l s u rvey i n 1 980 . I tl i e s b e tw een B o ld O ld H a l l a nd a n a r ea d e sc r ibed a sL ow e r P a rk i n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . I ti sa s soc ia ted w i th ac omp lex o fw a te rcou r se s w h ich r un s ou th f r om t h e m i l l s t r eam a tB o ld O ld H a l l ( q v ) a nd w i th t h ree e nc lo su re s c a l led P ee l H ough w h ich w ou ld a ppea r t os ugge s tt h a tt h i s p a r to fB o ld h ad b e en e nc lo sed d u r ing t h em ed ieva l p e r iod .

L

A SM 5 490 /

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F ig 9 1 .10 1 : O ld Moa t Hou se 1 981 (M i lne f o r AS M )

1 26

N o . SMR

Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

t r a ce s

P l an s :

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 11 , 1 840 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 11 4" / ; OS 6 " 1 849 , s hee t 1 08 A e r ia l p ho tog raph s ,A SM 1 980

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

S h ippon Meadow

L owe r Meadow

4 F ig 9 1 .10m : F u r the r Mea rH ey ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 11)

1 99

c u l t iva ted

C a ta logue : BURTON WOOD T enure 1 066 1

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c 1260 5 -

w ood o f B u r toneswod e H a rd er s l ey i n B u r tonwood

R obe r td eF e r r e r s

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i dy ea r ly

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1 28-0 6 1 298 7

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1 3 13 -141

1 32i3

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31 2 a / c r e so f l a nd & w a s t e 3 0a c r e so f l a nd & w a s t e

1 323 °

W i l l iam B u t le r

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1 32 0

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1 587 21 1 596

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1 628

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i j sv do bq i j s i j sv i i jd x i jd i j s x i jd x i jd x dq

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S i rP e t e rL egh T homa sB u t le r

c 15562

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m ano ro f B rad ley

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1 33 6 g— 1 3371

1 463 I ö 1 4601

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1 332 1 s

1 346 1 9

1 3 s6 d y ea r ly

3 01 2d / y ea r ly

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1 344 1 . g —

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8a c r e s 3r o od so f l a nd & w a s te Ward er s l egh ) 1 330 1 4

1 5 sy ea r ly

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1 325 1 . 2

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1 324 1

L andho lde r s

R obe r tD ud ley ,e a r l o f L e ice s t e r R icha rd B o ld T homa sI r e land S i rP e t e rL egh T homa sI r e land

2 00

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—

C a ta logue : BURTON WOOD

T enure 1 636 2 6 1 64 1"

s o ca. g s.

1 675 2 8

S i t e s :

E s ta te m ano r

L ord o ff ee . /S upe r ior L ord D uchy o fL anca s te r K ing

B ew sey & B u r tonwood 4

B ew sey O ld H a l l

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S e rv ice / r en t 1 d& f e a l ty

L andho ld er s

1 2 B rad ley O ld H a l l

( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 69d ) . B u r tonwood w a s p robab ly o ne o ft h et h r ee Wa r r ing ton b e r ew ick sa t tached t ot h el o rd sh ip a nd a s se s sed a so ne h i de a tt h et ime o ft h e C onque s t . ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 2 ) . T he v i l lwa sp l a ced i nt h ef o re s tb yH en ry I .I n1 229 i tp a s sed t ot h eE a r l o fC he s te ra nd l a te rt oW i l l iam d eF e r r e r s , E a r l o fD e rby ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 25 ) .

2

( Shaw 1 956 , 1 2 , 1 07 ) . B u r tonwood w a s p e rambu la ted i na cco rdanc e w i th t h e f o r e s t c ha r t e r o f 1 224 -5 a nd w a s r e ta ined w i th in t h e f o r e s t . I t s b ounda r ie s e x tended ' f rom H a rd e s ty a sf a ra sf r om S ankey B rook a nd f r om R a vne sne s lak e( Raven sne s s lea ch )u n to B rad e l esbroc ' . H a rd er es l ey i sn ow b e l ieved t ob e p r e se rved i n 1 9 th -c en tu ry p l ace c a l led H ea r t s ley o n t h e b ound s o fB u r tonwood a nd B o ld ( No r th 1 995 , 6 6 ) . W i l l iam l eB o te le r a nd h i s h e i r s ' h ave c ommon o fp a s tu r ea nd s t o re c a t t le a nd m a s tf o rt h ie r( s ic )s w ine 't o g e the rw i th t imbe rf o rt h e i rc a s t le a t Wa r r ing ton ( q v )a nd o t he rb u i ld ing sa nd f u e l .

3

4

( D ick in son 1 986 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 25 n 4 ) . I nN ovembe r 1 250 am e s suag e i nH a rd er e s l ey , i nt h eh ey o fB u r ton , w a s p un t ed b y W i l l iam d e F e r r e r s t ot h e T i l t ey A bbey i nE s sex , w i th 1 20 a c r e s o fl a nd a nd w ood , t o g e the r w i th t h e r i gh t t oe nc lo se t h e s ame p a s tu r e f o r t h e i r s t ock a nd p l ough a n ima l s a nd l i c ence t om ake t wo w a t e r -m i l l s o n S ankey B rook . T he b ounda ry r a n f r om M e r lak e b y S ank ey B rook 6 0 p e r che s o f2 0 f e e t t oB a l l e rmo s s ( ?Da l lam Mo s s ) t h en ce i nw id th t h e s ame d i s tanc e t oF ernha i , t h enc e i nl e ng th t oB u r ton B rook a nd b eyond i tt oC r e s sdok e a nd S ho tb r igga t e , a nd p a s t H a rd er e s l ey t oa n o ak t r e e i nt h e F u l e l a k e , t h enc e t ot h e h edg e o ft h e w ood , a nd f o l low ing t h e h edg e t oB r endo ak t owa rd s t h e g a t e o ft h e m e s suag e ( o f H a rd e r e s ley ) , t h enc e t h rough t h e w ood a nd a c ro s s t h e e a r l ' s m eadow t ot h e w a t e ro fS ank ey a nd a l ong t h e s ame t o Me r lak e . I tm igh t b e s uppo sed t h a tt h e m ona s t ic h o ld ing l a yt owa rd s t h e c en t r e o ft h e t own sh ip , b e twe en t h e B rad ley a nd B ew sey e s ta t e s ; as wa the o fl a nd b e twe en H a rde r e s ly o n t h e w e s t a nd S ankey B rook o nt h ee a s ti n c lude sr e c la imed mo s s land s i n c lud ing D a l lam Mo s s( O rdnance S u r vey 1 849 , 6 " S hee t 1 08 ) . I ts e em st h a tt h e S ank ey f l owed i n t h ree c hanne l s t h rough t h e m eadow s ( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l . 2 . 6 .1) . Y a te s ' m ap o f 1 786 d ep ic t s t wo w a te rm i l l s o n t h e e a s t e rnmo s t c hanne l b u t s i nc e t h e t own sh ip b ounda ry h a s t a ken t h e l i ne o ft h e w e s te rnmo s t c hanne l , t h e i r s i te s a r e n ow w i th in t h e t own sh ip o fW inw ick . W i l l iam d e F e r r e r s w a s g r an ted a c ha r t e ro ff r ee w a r r en i nB u t tonwood . ( D ick in son 1 986 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 25 ) . R obe r t , s on a nd h e i ro fW i l l iam d e F e r r e r s s o ld t h e ' wood o fB u r tone swode ' t oW i l l iam B u t le r f o r 9 00 m a rk s ( £ 600 ) . L a t e rR obe r t c onf i rmed t h e g r an tt oW i l l iam t o g e the rw i th h un t ing r i gh t s i nS ank ey , P enke th a nd D a l lam . I ns e ve ra l e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry g r an t s B u t le rr e f e r st o' h i sw ood ' a nd ' h i s f o re s t ' ( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . )

5

( D ick in son 1 986 ) . F o rt h e s um o f£ 40 , t h ee a r l r e lea sed t oW i l l iam B u t le rt h e p l o to fl a nd c a l led H a rd es l ey f o rme r ly h e ld b yt h eA bbo t o fT i l tey f r om t h e E a r l o fF e r r e r s . T he d ocumen t w a s s i gned i nL ondon a nd l o ca l m en w ho , a mong s t o t he r s , a c ted a sw i tne s se s i n c luded R obe r t B ana s t r e , H en ry d e L e , R icha rd l eB o t i l le r ,R obe r td eB o land , G i lbe r td eH aydock a nd G i lbe r td eS ou thwo r th ,f r om w h ich a ni n d ica t ion o ft h e i rs t a tu sc an b es uppo sed ( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 2 1 , E . 27 ) . W i l l iam B u t le rw a s l i v ing a tB ew sey i n1 294 w hen h es i gned a n a g r eemen tw i th R icha rd d eC u lche th a t B eu s ej ux ta W er ing ton ' . T he B u t le r sa r e b e l ieved t oh ave r emoved t oB ew sey f o l low ing af i r ew h ich d e s t royed t h e i rc ap i ta l h o ld ing a t Mo t e H i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) ( Kend r ick 1 853 , 5 9 -68 ) .

6

7

( F a r r e re d . 1 903b ,2 88 ) .

8

9

T he e s ta t e g r an t ed t oR obe r t d e W igan w a s i nt h e n o r th -we s t p a r t o ft h e t own sh ip a nd l a y b e twe en l e Mo s shewod e a nd Mork e l e smo s she ; i tw a s e nc lo sed w i th h edge s a nd d i tche s a nd h e w a s p e rm i t ted t ot a ke w ood f o r h ou sebo t e a nd h eybo t e ' i n b o soc m eo d e B ur tonwod ep ro v i sum F o r e s ta r i i m e t '( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS .446 , E .35 ) . T he e s ta te h e ld b y H en ry l eP a rk e r a nd h i s w if e w a s a l so e nc lo sed w i th h edge s a nd d i tche s ; t h ey a l so h ad t h e r i gh t t o h ou sebo te a nd h eybo t e i nB u r tonwood , a nd a l so i n' v e i lp a rco m eo d e B eau se ' f o r r e spon s ib i l i t ie s a sB u t le r 's f o r e s t e r a nd p a rke r . T h i s w o rk i n c luded m a in tenanc e o ft h e r o ad w h ich r a n b e tween G i lbe r t d e S ou thwo r th 's l a nd a nd D a l lam Mo s s ( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 45 , E . 16 ) . B o th d ocumen t s w e r e s i gned a tB ew sey . W i l l iam Mu sk i l a nd h i sw if e , Amo ta , h ad r e ce ived t wo a c r e s o fl a nd a nd w a s t e i nB u r tonwood f r om W i l l iam B u t le r i n1 314 . T he se l a y a ga in s t Mu sk i l 's l a nd o nt h ew e s tp a r to fE ggard es l egh ( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 49 ,E . 11 ) . T he y ea r ly r e n to fi dw a s ' f o ra l t h ing s ' ( Fa r r e re d .1907 , 7 7 ) . W i l l iam B u t le rw a so ne o ft h ec h ief k e epe r so ft h ep eace i nL anca sh i re ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 1 08 ) . T he 31 2 a / c r e s g r an t ed t oJ ohn , s on o fH en ry l eP a rk e r , l a y i nt h e n o r th -we s t c o rne r o fB u r tonwood , n ex t t o l e Mo swode a nd a l ong t h e S ankey B rook b e tween H aydo ck Wood a nd l eC o l c e shey e a l ong t ol eS t ak ec long i r e( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 58 ,E .30 ) . T he i r3 0a c r e s ,w h ich w e re a l so i nt h i sp a r to ft h e t own sh ip , l a yb e twe en l e Mo s shewod ea nd Mork e l e semo s she a nd w e r ee nc lo sed w i th h edge sa nd d i tche s( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld . MS459 ,E . 37 ) .

I

1 2

A tH ay l eyhead ,A lan l e Wa rd w a s p e rm i t ted t og r az et wo d r augh ta n ima l s , t e n b ea s t s a nd 1 2s heep ( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 63 , E . 36 ) . T he h a lf a c r e a l so l a ya tH ay l eyhead a bu t t ing l eD epe lache u pt ol eH ard ehur s t e ( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 621 , E . 17 ) . R icha rd d e l R eye s a nd h i s w if er e ce ived t h i s h o ld ing i nB u r tonwood ,w i th t h er i gh tt og r az et wo d raugh ta n ima l sa nd f o u rb ea s t s( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 65 ,D .7 ) . R oge r a nd Emma w e r e p e rm i t t ed t og r aze ad r augh t a n ima l a nd t wo o x en i nB u t tonwood a nd 1 2 s heep i nB ur towood a nd t h e o l d p a rk o fB eau s e ( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . D .11) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 25 n 12 ; Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 72 . F5 6 ; MS 4 71 , E . 14 ) . I n1 328 B u t le rd em i sed t oS ou thwo r th a nd h i s c h i ld r en ,J ohn a nd Ma rga r e t , ap l a t o fl a nd , m eadow a nd w a s t e i nB u r tonwood a nd i nt h e o l d p a rk o fB eau s i a nd o ne a nd ah a lf a c re s i nt h e f i e ld o fH a rd es l egh . T he b ounda ry . ` b egan a tD a l lam Y a te a nd f o l lowed ad i tch n ea rt h e mo s sof D a l lum ( s ic )P a rk w h ich Ma t thew d e S ou thwo r th h ad m ade ,t ot h ea id ep a l e i si nt h e s a id p a rk , a nd a l ong t h eo l dp a le st ot h e h ou se l a te o fR obe r tC u r tay s ,t h enc eb ya na nc ien td i tch e a s twa rd t ot h eo u t lane w h ich l e ad sf r om W inw ick t ot h e w ood o fB u r tonwood , a nd a l ong t h a t l a ne b yh edge s a nd d i tche s a ga in s tt h el a nd o fR ob e r ts on o fA dam o ft h eG range s i n to t h e m id s t ream o ft h ew a t e ro f S ankey ,a nd f o l low ing t h em id s t r eam o nt h ee a s ter ns i de t ot h ea f o r e sa id D a l lum Y a t e ,e xc ep t ing o n ly 1 3a c r e so fm eadow w i th in t h a tb ounda ry l y ing i nt h e F r er eghes ,w h ich G i lbe r td eH aydock H en ry h i sb ro the r ,a nd H en ry t h eP a rke rh e ld o ft h eg r an to rf o r at e rm . ' S ou thwo r th c ou ld c l ea ra l t r ee s , c u l t iva t et h e l a nd a nd ` t i l l w i th m a r l ' , m ake ab r idge o ve r S ankey B rook t ol i nk h i s B u r tonwood e s ta t e w i th t h a t h e h e ld i nW inw ick . H e c ou ld g r az e a tc ommon 1 8 b ea s t s , 3s t a l l ion s a nd 1 2 s heep i nt h e o l d p a rk o f` B eau s ee ' . T h i s m ay b et h e o r ig in o ft h e B rad ley e s ta t e w h ich w a s h e ld b yt h e H aydo ck s a nd , a l though t h e e a r ly r e co rd s f o r B rad ley h ave n o t b een p r e se rved , i n 1 466 S i r P e te r L egh ( s ucce s so r i nt h e H aydock e s ta te s ) h ad f ou r a c r e s a tF r er eeghes o n t h e S ankey ( L egh MSS 1 466 ,2 . 6 ) . R obe r to ft h eG range sw a s ,p e rhap s , s o -named b ecau se h eh e ld s ome o ra l o ft h e l a nd f o rme r ly b e long ing t oT i l tey A bbey . I ts e em sc l ea rt h a tb y 1 328 t h e re w e re t wo p a rk s ,p o s s ib le c on jo ined , i nB u t tonwood -a tD a l lam a nd B ew sey . T he H a rde re s ley p rope r ty i n c luded t h er i gh t t oa s sa r ta nd c y l t iva t et h el a nd b ym a r l ing ( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 70 . G .20 ) .

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

T he l a nd l a yi nB u t le r 's w ood a nd t h eg r an ti n c luded t h er i gh tt oa s sa r ta nd c u l t iva t ea nd t om a r lt h ew a s t e( Wa r r . L ib . B o ld D . MS 4 72 ,E . 32 ) . ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 ,2 39 ) . B u t tonwood w a sn o t am embe ro ft h ef e eo f Wa r r ing ton b u tw a sh e ld a s as e pa ra te mano ro rl o rd sh ip . A tt h i sd a t et h ev i l l c on ta ined a tl e a s t5 0m e s suage s ,2 50 a c r e so fl a nd a nd m eadow a nd 14 a c re so fw ood h e ld b yt e nan t sf o rt h et e rm so fl i ve s( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 26 ) . T he l a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu t ed t ot h eL ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 27 ) . B u t le rd em i sed t oC i lbe r t d eH aydock a nd h i ss on , Ma t thew , f o rt h e i rl i ve s , s e ve ra l l a nd s i nB u r tonwood w i th l i be r ty t oc l ea rt h et r e e sa nd c u l t iva te . ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 26 ) . T he se t h ree m en w e r et h ep r inc ipa lt e nan t s .B u r tonwood w a sd e sc r ibed a sn e i the r av i l ln o r ah am le t .

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C a ta logue : BURTON WOOD

1 8

I n1 344 G i lbe r tH aydock h ad ac ha r t e ro ff r ee w a r r en i nh i s mano ro fB rad ley ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 27 ) . B yh i sm a r r iage w i th J oan , d augh te ra nd h e i ro fS i rG i lbe r tH aydock ,B rad ley p a s sed t oS i rP e t e rL egh .

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2 3

2 4

( Fa r r e rc d 1 9 15 , 9 3 , 1 88 ) . Two y ea r s l a t e rt h e s ame r e n tw a s r e co rded . I n1 353 W i l l iam B u t le r o f Wa r r ing ton , k n t . , J ohn D iccon sone o fB u r tonwood a nd W i l l iam l eD a l lum o f Wa r r ing ton w e r ea c cu sed o ft a k ing a' s oa rs t ag i nB u r tonwode b yt h em ano ro fB eau sey ' ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 73 ) . I ts e em s t h a tt h eC rown c on t inued t oe xe rc i se c on t ro lo ff o r e s tr i gh t s i nt h ev i l l . T he r e f e r enc et oL o rd F e r r e r sp r obab ly r e f e lc t st h eg r an tm ade b yt h eE a r lt oW i l l iam B u t le ri nc 1256 . ( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l 1 ) . T h i s s u r vey o fS i rP e t e rL eg ,h ' s h o ld ing s g i ve s d e ta i ls o fh i s l a nd s a tB rad ley a nd i nG r ea t S ank ey ( q v ) , Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) ,N ew ton ( q v ) , B o ld ( q v ) , H aydock ( q v ) , G o lbo rne ( q v ) , L ow ton ( q v ) , H ind ley ( q v ) , P embe r ton ( q v ) . B rad ley d eme sne i n c luded aw a te rm i l l a nd f u l l ing m i l l , t wo w ood s , m eadow a nd a r ab le a nd t h e w ho le a nnua l w o r th o ft h e d eme sne w a s c a lcu la ted a t£ 27 . 1 7 s . 1 0d . P e te r L egh a l so h e ld f ou r a c r e s o fm eadow i n B u r tonwood i nL eF r er eeghe s , an ame w h ich p e rhap se voke st h ef o rme ri n t e r e s to fT i l tey A bbey . T he t e nan t so fL egh ' s l a nd i nB u r tonwood w e r eN icho la s R o tou r ( 8 s ) , J ohn R obyn son ( 2 s ) , N icho la s S o thewu r the ( 4 s ) , E l len L appr ige ( v a lued a nnua l ly ) , T homa s R yche rop ( 2 s ) , I s abe l la , w if e o fW i l l iam R ide r ( 2 8d ) , N icho la s H a t ton ( 7 s ) . T ho se w i th m e s suage s a nd l a nd a nd f r om w hom l a bou r s e rv ic e w a s d ue w e re T homa s N ay lo r ( 3 6 s . 11d ) , G i lbe r t , s on o f N icho la s G ibun son ( 9 s ) , W i l l iam H en r e son J a c son (4 ) , W i l l iam W i l l cyn son R icha rd son ( 8 s ) , N icho la s Wh i te lawe ( 2 6 s ) , W i l l iam B y rkeda le ( 3 5 s ) , W i l l iam M i le son ( 4 7 s ) . B rad ley a nd l a nd s i nB u r tonwood w e re h e ld f r om t h eD uchy o fL anca s te rb yf e a l ty o n ly ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 27 n 11) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 28 ) . L egh a nd B u t le rc on t r ibu ted t ot h es ub s idy . ( D ick in son 1 986 ) . A f te r E dwa rd B u t le r ' s d ea th i n1 586 1587 , t h e e s ta t e s p a s sed t ot h e E a r l o fL e ice s t e r t ow hom B u t le r h ad b e en i nd eb t s i nc e a tl e a s t 1 58 1 . I n1 578 T homa sB u t le r , h ad a t temp ted t os e cu r et h ee s ta te b ym ak ing i to ve rt oh i s d augh t e ra f t e rE dwa rd ' s d ea th . H oweve r ,E dwa rd m ade t h ee s ta te o ve rt ot h eE a r l ,t h ough h e c on t inued t oh o ld t h e l a nd st oh i s u se , w i th r e ve r s ion t ot h eE a r l , o ne o fw ho se a gen t s w a s R icha rd B o ld o fB o ld ( q v ) . I n 1 582 t h eE a r lg r an t ed a nnu i t ie st oE l izabe th a nd Ma rga r e t , d augh t e r so fT hom a sB u t le r ,a nd h es e cu r ed ar e lea se f r om B u t le r ' sw if ei nF ebrua ry 1 587 . I n1 587 S i r P e te rL egh a nd S i rR icha rd S he rbur n em ad e as u rvey o fL e ic e s te r ' se s ta t e s( Wa r rL ib , MS1174 ) . ( D ick in son 1 986 ) . T ran sa c t ion s i n1 596 1597 c u lm ina t ed w i th t h e p u rcha se o ft h e m ano r s o fB ew sey , B u r tonwood , G r ea t S ankey , L i t t le S ankey a nd t h e b a rony a nd m ano ro f Wa r r ing ton b yR icha rd B o ld o fB o ld ( q v ) a nd T homa sI r e land o fH a lewood ( q v )f o r£ 16 ,000 . B yt h i s a g re emen tB o ld w a s t oh ave t h e m ano ro fB u r tonwood a nd o ne p a rce l o ft h eB ew sey d eme sne i nG rea tS ankey ( qv ) . I r e land a cqu i r ed t h e ` Cap i ta l l , Me s suag eo r Mano rh ow se o fB ew sey ' , B ew sey P a rk a nd d eme sne ,t h em ano r so f Wa r r ing ton ( q v )a nd G rea tS ankey ( q v )i n c lud ing S ankey m i l l s .

2 5

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 28 ) . T he i rs u cc e s so r s i n1 628 w e r eS i rP e t e rL egh a nd T homa sI r e land .

2 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 26 n 11) . R icha rd B o ld d i ed i n1 641 .

2 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 26 n 12 ) .

2 8

( D ick in son 1 986 ) . G i lbe r tI r e land o ft h eH u t t , H a lewood ( q v ) a nd B ew sey d i ed i n1 675 . H ea nd h i sw if e , Ma rga re t( daugh te ro fT homa sI r e land o fB ew sey , a nd c ou s in o fG i lbe r t ) ,h ad n oc h i ld r en . B ew sey ,G rea tS ankey , h a lf o ft h em ano ro fB u r tonwood a nd p rope r ty e l sewhe r e , w e r el e f tb y Ma rga r e tt oR icha rd A the r ton o fA the r ton ( q v ) . S ub sequen t ly t h eA the r ton e s ta t e sp a s sed t ot h eL i lf o rd f am i ly ( Lane s RO DDL I ) .

F ig 9 1 .11a : B u r tonwood

F ig 9 1 .1lb : R econ s t ruc ted 1 3 th -cen tu ry b ounda r ie s

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C a ta logue : BURTON WOOD

N o . SMR

4 CCC 5 63 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

B ew sey O ld Ha l l B u r tonwood Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton C rown d eme sne

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 908 8 958 p e r iphe ra l

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A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 m s l igh t ly e l eva t ed o ve r look ing t h ev a l ley o ft h e S ank ey B rook ; p l a t f o rm s l ope su pwa rd sf r om e a s ta rm o fm oa tt of l a ta r ea o ccup ied b yt h e h ou se

P l an F o rm A rea

mu l t ip le , 1 724 r e c tangu la r , 1 724 c 110 x7 5m /8250m 2;c 25 x5 0m / 1250m 2; c 9500m 2 o ve ra l l c 10 -20m ; i n ne rb ank l i ned w i th b r ick r e ve lmen t w a l l s + 2 .5m w e t d i ve r ted w a t e rcou r se , 1 724 e a s ta nd w e s t s t rong d r awb r idge 1 587 & p o r t e r 's l o dg e

Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r e b ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion

B u i ld ing s

U se P l an s :

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c onc ea l t h i s i n f o rma t ion ) e mba rked o n ap rog ramme o f r e con s t ruc t ion i mmed ia t e ly a f te r h i s f a the r 's d ea th . I n a dd i t ion t o w o rk o n t h e m ed ieva l h ou se , i ti st h ough tt ha tt h i s i n c luded c on s t ruc t ion o f at imbe r -f ramed s ou th r a ng e , s l igh te v idence f o rw h ich w a s s e en i ne xcava t ion ( f ig 9 1 .11f , 1 ) .

c e r ta in

A s u r vey o f B ew sey m ade f o r t h e E a r l o f L e ice s te r i n 1 587 ( Wa r r . L ib . MS 1174 ) n o t ed t h e ` F ay r e mo t e o ve rw h ich i s aS t rong d r awe b r idg e ' . P a r t o ft h e h ou se , w h ich i n c luded t h e h a l l , o l d b u t t e ry , p an t ry , c e l la r , k i tchen , d eyhou se a nd b r ewhou se , w a s i nd ecay t hough t h r ee c hambe r s a nd ap a r lou r w e r e i n ' g ood r e pay r e ' . T he c hape l , w h ich m ay h ave b een f r ee s tand ing , w a s I nuche d ecayd ' . T he o t he r h a lf w a s ' n ew b u ld ing a nd n o t d ecay ed ' . H e r e w e r e t h e g r ea t c hambe r a nd f ou r o the r c hambe r s ' o r b uy ld inge s ' , a k i tchen a nd b u t te ry . T he se , p e rhap s , w e r e t h e n ew w o rk s u nde r taken b y E dwa rd B u t le ra tt h e s ou th e nd o ft h em ed ieva l h ou se . T h e b a rn , s t ab le s a nd ` Fy shya rde ' s t ood o u t s ide t h e moa t , p r e sumab ly i n t h e p o s i t ion o f t ho se s hown o n t h e 1 724 p l an ( Lane s RO DDL I ; f i g 9 3 .11c ) . T he d ovehou se s t ood i nt h e p a rk , b y t h e ` Sou the s yde o ft h e mo t e ' . T he l o dge w a s a l so i n t h ep a rk w he r ed ee rw e r ek ep tb u tt h es o i lw a s s a id t ob ev e ry b a r ren . R econ s t ruc t ion , i n c lud ing an ew t wo s to rey b r ick h ou se i nt h e k i tchen a r ea , p robab ly f o l lowed c omp le t ion o ft h e s a le t oT homa s I r e land i n 1 596 . E i the r h e , o ro ne o fh i s s ucce s so r s , w a s r e spon s ib le f o r r a i s ing t h e h ou se t ot h r ee s t o r ey s . E dwa rd B u t le r ' s s ou th r ange w a s d emo l i shed , t h em ed ieva l h a l l a nd n o r th r a ng e w e r e r e f u rb i shed a nd l ow t e r rac e w a s s e t i nf r on t o ft h e h ou se ( f ig 9 1 .11f ,2 3 ) . I n 1 663 , 2 5 h ea r th sw e re r e co rded ( PRO E / 179 /250 /8 ) a nd S i rG i lbe r t I r e land 's p roba t e i n ven to ry o f1 675 t e l l s o f 1 8r oom s ( Lanc s RO WC W S i r G i lbe r t I r e land 1 675 ) . I na dd i t ion t ot h e d ome s t ic q ua r t e r s w e r e t h e H a l l , P a r lou r , K ing ' s C hambe r , G r ea t C hambe r i nt h e R oof s , G a rdne s ( s ic ) C hambe r , J ohn H odg son 's C hambe r , C or n e r C hambe r , R ed C hambe r , M r G eo rg e 's C hambe r a nd G room 's C hambe r . I ti sp opu la r ly c on s ide red t ha tt h e K ing 's C hambe r l a y w i th in t h e b r ick h ou se ; p a in ted p la s te rwo rk i n t h e s ou the rn , u ppe rmo s t c hambe r c e r ta in ly s ugg e s t s t h a t t h e r oom w a s i mp r e s s iv e a nd t h e a b sence o f d eco ra t ion o n t h e r o of t imbe r s l e ad s u s t o s uppo se t ha t t h e r oom w a s c e i led o ve r . T he h ou se , w h ich b y t h i s t ime w a s a pp roa ched u p as ho r t f l igh t o f s em i -c i rcu la r s t ep s f r om a l ow t e r ra ce , t og e the rw i th ag roup o ff a rm b u i ld ing s s ou th -we s to ft h em oa tp l a tf o rm a nd t h ep a rk w e r ed ep ic ted o n ap l an d rawn i n1 724 ( f ig 9 1 .11c ) .

c ll m OD WRDC 1 977 1981 ; LURAU 1 983 1985 ( c on t ex t s i d en t i f ied a s 1 / 987 ) WRDC 1 979 1981 w e ts ou th a nd w e s td i tche s a nd w e s te nd o fn o r th d i tch ;e a s td i tch a nd e a s te nd o fn o r th d i tch i n f i l led 1 2 13C ; 1 4C ; 1 405 1600 ( d end ro d a te s ) ;r e bu i l t l a te 1 6C 17C ; m ed ieva lb u i ld ing s b u i l to ve ri n 1 8C ;h ou se p a r t ly d emo l i shed i n1 9C l e av ing 1 6C !7C b r ick h ou se a nd e a r ly 1 9C f a rmhou se e x ten s ion p l a tf o rm o ve rg rown ; b u i ld ing sp a r t ly d e r e l ic t L anc s RO DDL Ie s ta t ep l an 1 724 @ 8c ha in s= 1 " ; DRL 1 / 14 , 1 839 @ 4 0c ha in s = 65/ 8" ; e xcava t ion s : B ea rpa rk 1 980 & LURAU 1 984 -5 F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 26 ; LURAU ; R oby 1 872 v o l If a c ing p 69 L ew i s 1 997b ; Sma r t 1 986 ; L egge t te ta l1 982 ; S imp son 1 985 ;B ea rpa rk 1 980

T h e e a r l ie s te v idence f o rB ew sey h a s b e en t hough tt od a t e f r om t h e i n t e r e s t s T i l t ey A bbey ( E s sex ) w h ich w a s g ran ted a n e s ta te a t H a rde r e s ley i n B u r tonwood i n1 250 ( Bea rpa rk 1 980 ) b u tr e eva lua t ion o ft h ee v idence n ow s ugge s t s t h a t t h e m ona s t ic h o ld ing l a y t o t h e n o r th o f B ew sey , p robab ly b e twe en D a l lam o n t h e e a s t a nd t h e b ounda ry w i th B o ld t own sh ip a t H a rde r e s ley ( L ew i s 1 997b ) . Mo r e l i ke ly , i t s e em s t ha t a n e s ta te i n B u r tonwood , w h ich i n c luded t h e T i l t ey l a nd s , p a s sed t o t h e B u t le r f am i ly o u t o ft h e f o rme r r oya l f o r e s t . T he o r ig in s o fB ew sey i t se lf c ou ld , t h e r eby , l i e e i the r a s ah un t ing l o dge o ra s ag range a t tached t ot h e r oya l f o r e s t . I n c . 1256 R obe r t d e F e r r e r s , a s g r an tee o f t h e C rown , g ran ted t h e w ood o f B u r tonwood t o t h e B u t le r s , l o rd s o f Wa r r ing ton , a nd t h e f am i ly w e r e i n r e s idence a tB ew sey b y 1 294 a f t e r af i r e h ad d e s t royed t h e s i te a t Mo t e H i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) . W i l l iam B u t le r 's o l d p a rk o f ` Beau sr w a s r e co rded i n 1 3 13 , p e rhap s i n d ica t ing t ha t h e h ad a cqu i r ed a n e x i s t ing p a rk b u t h ad a l so m ade a n ew p a rk . C e r ta in ly , t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry g ran t s m ade b y h im i n c lude g r az ing r i gh t s w i th in h i s o l d p a rk . A l i cence f o r a n o ra to ry w a s o b ta ined b y W i l l iam B u t le r i n1 368 b u t , t hough i ti sp opu la r ly b e l ieved t ha t t h em oa t w a s c r o s sed i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry t oa bduc tJ ohn B u t le r( d ied 1 430 ) o rh i ss on ,J ohn ( d ied 1 463 ) , t h e e a r l ie s tr e l iab le w r i t ten s ou rce f o rt h e m oa t a ppea r sn oe a r l ie rt h an 1 587 ( Wa r r . L ib . MS 174 ) .

5 r/ ih 1 2 , 4 , r a r e /er r

a e g ) .

B u i ld ing s r e co rded i n 1 579 ( Lane s RO WC W S i r T homa s B u t le r 1 579 ) i n c lud ed ah a l l , p a r lou r , S i r T homa s ' c hambe r a nd t h re e o the r c hambe r s , a k i tchen , b u t t e r y , d eyhou se , b r ewhou se , ` y ey lyng ' h ou se , b o l t ing h ou se , c he e se c hambe r , p o r te r ' s l o dg e , S t and i nt h e p a rk a nd b a rn s a tS ankey a nd B ur tonwood . S ince a l a rg e n umbe r o f t imbe r t r ee s h ad b een f e l led i nt h e p a rk , i ts e em s t h a t E dwa rd B u t le r ( who a ppea r s t o h ave a t t emp ted t o

. 6 ypr rri b a c i ae C art r oad s 6 , 'd o. .gg f ry el a e ye hmb i c dvat ere .ear .e .div5er ce d cad e de

F ig 9 1 .11c : B ew sey e s ta te i n1 724 ( Lancs RO DDL I ; r ed rawn b yK ay L anca s te r )

2 03

C a ta logue : BURTON WOOD

F ig 9 1 .11d : B ew sey O ld H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 14 )

E x ten s ive r e bu i ld ing , w h ich i n co rpo ra ted t h e m ed ieva l s t ruc tu r e s , t o ok p l ac e a f t e r B ew sey p a ssed f r om t h e I r e land f am i ly ( i n 1 675 ) t o t h e A the r ton s o f A the r ton a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r s . T he p rope r ty w a s h e ld b y t ha t f am i ly f o r a bou t 9 0 y ea r s b u t t h ey a ppea r t o h ave b e en a b sen t ee l a nd lo rd s a nd t h e H a l l w a s p robab ly o ccup ied b yt e nan t s f o r much o f t h a t t ime . I n 1 765 R obe r t Gw i l lym , h u sband o f E l izabe th ig 9 1 .11e : S i te p lan t os how p r inc ipa le xcava ted f e a tu re s A the r ton , m oved t oB ew sey w i th h i s s e cond w if e , E l izabe th F A lde r sey . T hough h e r e ta ined t h e 1 7 th -c en tu ry b r ick h ou se , a nd p o s tho le ( 1 /985 .799 , 8 12 ) a nd r a n s ou thwa rd s f r om t h e b u i ld ing . I t , Gw i l lym i st h ough t t o h ave b een r e spon s ib le f o r r e f u rb i shmen t o f t h e a l so , w a s s t ra t ig raph ica l ly o f e a r ly d a te a nd i st h ough t t o r e p r e sen t t h e I r e land h ou se b yr e con s t ruc t ion i nb r ick o fi t s i n t e rna l w a l l s a nd g i v ing i ta r ema in s o f ap a l i sade . T hough m ed ieva l s h e rd s f r om b o th t h e g u l ley a nd ` v i l la l ik e ' f a cade ( f ig 7 0 ) . H e a l so d emo l i shed t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd p o s tho le h ave n o tb e en s a t i sf a c to r i ly d a t ed ' ,b o th f e a tu re sw e r eo ve r la in b ya l a nd scaped t h e g a rden s , r emov ing t h et e r rac e i nf r on to ft h eh ou se . B u tt h i s t h ick s p r ead o fm a t e r ia l ( 1 /985 .479 , 5 15 , 5 17 , 7 95 ) w h ich c on ta ined l a rg e h ou se s u rv ived n o mo r et h an a bou t6 0o r7 0y ea r sa nd h ad b een d emo l i shed q uan t i t ie s o fp o t te ry i n c lud ing Ew loe a nd H umbe rwa r e , t oge the rw i th l a rg e b y 1 839 l e av ing o n ly ap o r t ion o ft h e l a t e 1 6t h /ea r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry b u i ld ing a moun t s o fa n ima l b one . B o th t y pe s o fp o t t e ry c ou ld d a t e f r om t h e 1 5 th a nd a n e a r ly 1 9 th -cen tu ry f a rmhou se a t ta ched t ot h e w e s t w a l l . H oweve r , c en tu ry ( McCa r thy & B rook s 1 988 , 3 96 , 4 78 ) . S i nc e , h oweve r , m a t e r ia l o f l o ng p e r iod s o f n eg lec t a nd o ccupa t ion b y t e nan t s r e su l ted i n s e ve r e r e cogn i sab le 1 6 th -cen tu ry a nd l a t e r d a te w a s q u i t e a b sen t f r om t h e se l a y e r s d i lap ida t ion s a nd , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fs ome i s o la t ed d e ta i l s , r e cen t w o rk ( t hough f ound i nq uan t i t ie si ns t ra t ig raph ica l ly l a te rc on tex t s ) ,t h e r em u s tb e t o c on so l ida t e t h e f a b r ic h a s d e s t royed m uch o f t h e h i s to r ica l a nd as t rong p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t , t h ough s t ra t ig raph ica l ly o f e a r ly c r ea t ion , t h e a r cha eo log ica l i n teg r i ty o f t h e h ou se . C on sequen t ly , i n t e rp r e ta t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing w a s r emoved a nd t h e g u l ley w a s f i l led a t at ime o f m a jo r m anne r i nw h ich t h e b r ick h ou se r e la ted t ot h e m ed ieva l a nd e a r ly p o s t r e f u rb i shmen t . m ed ieva ls t ruc tu re si s ,a tb e s t ,b a sed o ne duca ted g ue s swo rk . F u r the rmo r e , d e sp i te al e ng thy p e r iod o f i n ve s t iga t ion , t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idenc e f o r t h e e a r ly b u i ld ing s i sn o t c l ea r ly u nde r s tood . Much d i s tu rbed b y t h e r ema in s o f R obe r t Gw i l lym 's h ou se , t h e e a r l ie s t b u i ld ing i sn ow t h ough t t o b e r e p re sen ted i nt h e c ha r red r ema in s o f ab eam , o ve r 1 2 .5m l o ng , s e t o n a n e a s t -we s t a l ignmen t a nd , a r guab ly , a tt h e w e s t e nd i tw a s a s soc ia t ed w i th a s e r ie s o f r o bbed -ou t p o s tho le s . A r a d ioca rbon d a t e o f AD 1130 ( 820+ 1 -70 B P ) , r e la te s t ot h e p e r iod AD 1060 1200 a nd , i fc o r r ec t , q u i te c l ea r ly t h i ss t ruc tu re d a te sf r om l o ng b ef o r eB ew sey w a s g r an t ed t ot h e B u t le r f am i ly . A l i nea r s p r ead o f m a te r ia l , w h ich w a s d e sc r ibed a s a I n idden ' a tt h et ime o fe xcava t ion , i sn ow t h ough tt or e p r e sen tt h e r ema in s o fa no the re a r ly w a l l s ome 5 m n o r th o fa nd p a ra l le l t ot h e c ha r red b eam ; i t p roduc ed ac o in o f 1 4t h -c en tur y d a te . B e tw een t h e se w e r e t h e r ema in s o f t wo h ea r th s a nd , f r om a n a r ea o fi n ten se b u rn ing , c ame t h e c ha r r ed r ema in s o fa no the r 1 4 th -c en tu ry p enny . Ar e c tangu la r b u i ld ing m ea su r ing a tl e a s t 1 2 .5m x 5 m i si n d ica ted . T he r e w e r e , i n a dd i t ion , an umbe r o f p i t s o r p o s tho le s a nd g u l ley s w h ich c on ta ined m a te r ia l o f 1 4 th -cen tu ry d a te s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e r ew a s ac on s ide rab le a moun to fn ew w o rk a tt h a tt ime . A m a s s ive p o s tho le ( 1 /985 .799 ) a nd t h e r ema in s o f ab eam s l o t ( 1 /987 .812 ) w e re , a r guab ly , a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s e a r ly b u i ld ing t h ough t h e s l o t , w h ich r a ns ou thwa rd sf r om t h e m a in a l ignmen to ft h eb u i ld ing i n d ica te st h a tt h e r e c ou ld h ave b e en ac r o s s r a ng e a tt h e e a s t o ft h e h a l l . T hough u nda ted , t h e p o s tho le a nd s l o t w e r e s t ra t ig raph ica l ly a mong s t t h e e a r l ie s t f e a tu re s f ound d u r ing t h e 1 983 -95 e xcava t ion s . S ome 7 m t ot h e s ou th o ft h i s s uppo sed s t ruc tu r e ap i t e xcava t ed i n 1 977 , a nd k nown a st h e ' Acor n p i t ' f r om t h e t h ick l a ye ro fa cor n s w h ich l a yw i th in i t ,c on ta ined t h e r ema in s o f al e a the r s hoe a nd w a sc on s ide r ed t oh ave b e en f i l led d u r ing t h ep e r iod c 1350 -c 1450 . Al o ng ,s ha l low g u l ley a bou t 1 mi nw id th l a ys ome 2m . e a s to ft h eb eam s l o t

2 04

A l l t h e s ame , ap a i r o fl ow s t one w a l l s a l igned n o r th sou th a nd s ome 9m a pa r t , w e r e t h ough t a t t h e t ime o f e xcava t ion ( 1997 -1981) t o r e la te t o r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eh ou se f o l low ing af i r e i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . T he d a te i s s uppo r ted b yd end roch rono logy o ft h r e et imbe r s ( at o ta l o f1 46 r i ng s )f e l led i nt h ep e r iod c 1352 1392 ( S imp son 1 985 ) a nd d i sca rded i nt h el a t t e rh a lf o f t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry i nt h e b a sa l s i l t s o f am a s s ive d i tch s ou th o f t h e b r ick h ou se . I f ,h oweve r , i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e e a r l ie re v idenc e f o r t h e b u i ld ing i s c o r r ec tt h en t h i s n ew b u i ld ing w a s , p e rhap s , ap a r t ia l r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e e a r l ie rh ou se o n an ew a l ig nmen t , l e av ing t h er ema in s o ft h ee a s tw ing . T h i s b u i ld ing ( o r ap a r t o fi t )w a s d i sman t led i nt h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry , p robab ly b y E dwa rd B u t le r . T h i s n ew b u i ld ing s u r v ived s eve ra l p ha se s o f r e con s t ruc t ion b u ti t sf o o tp r in tc o r r e spond sw i th t h ep o s i t ion o ft h eh ou se a s i ta ppea r so nt h e 1 724 p l an . A s n o ted a bove , t h e p r e sen t b r ick h ou se , w h ich s t and s a tt h e s ou th e nd o f t h e m ed ieva l b u i ld ing , w a s p robab ly r a i sed a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd t h e f i r s t d ecade s o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . A l low ing f o r a n e s t ima te o f3 0 y ea r s f o r s apwood , d end roch rono logy d a t e s f r om t imbe r s r emoved d u r ing r e pa i r o ft h e b r ick h ou se f e l l w i th in t h e p e r iod 1 587 1630 ( L egge t t e ta l 1 982 ) . I tw ou ld a ppea r , t h e r ef o r e , t h a tT homa s I r e land w a s r e spon s ib le f o r much , i fn o ta l ,o ft h i sw o rk .

1A

t o ta l o f 1 , 620 m ed ieva l s h e rd s r e p re sen t ed am in imum o f3 72 v e s se l s . 7 5% o f t h i s p o t te ry c ame f r om t h e p l a tf o rm , t h e r ema inde r b e ing r e cove r ed f r om t h em oa tf i l l s . W i thou tp a ra l le l i nt h er e g ion a nd p r obab ly o fl o ca lm anuf a c tu r e ,t h ep roduc t ion s ou r ce i sn o tk nown .

C a ta logue : BURTON WOOD

F ig 9 1 .11g : R econ s t ruc ted g a rden u rn r e cove red f r om t h em oa ta nd t e r race f i l l s ;4 60mm h igh ( d rawn b yC h r i s t ine P h i l l ip sf o r NWAT ) h ad a f i na l r i ng d a t e o f 1 545 . A f e l l ing d a te i n c 1550 s e emed l i ke ly s ugge s t ing t h a ta tl e a s t s ome b u i ld ing w o rk s h ad b een e f ec t ed , p e rhap s b y T homa s B u t le r o n ly t ob e d i sman t led n o l a te r t h an t h e f i r s t d ecade o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e m ed ieva l d i tch w a s f i l led s o a s t o e x t end t h e p l a t f o rm a nd t h a t t h e c l ean b ou lde r c l ay f i l l w h ich s e a led t h e b a sa l s i l t s c ame f r om an ew a rm o ft h e m oa t d ug al i t t le t ot h e s ou th . T h i s i n ne r d i tch m ay b e s im i la rt oo ne o fu nkown d a t e f o und o n t h e p l a t f o rm a t S ef ton O ld H a l l , S e f ton ( q v ) . S ome t ime l a t e r ag a rde robe w a s b u i l to ve rt h e w e s te nd o ft h em ul led d i tch .

F ig 9 1 .11f : S ugge s ted d eve lopmen to ft h eh ou se ( J -GHS ) I .T wo s torey b r ick h ou se a nd E dward B u t l er ' sr ang ea tt h es ou th e nd o f t h em ed ieva lh a l l ;2 .B r ick h ou se r a i sed t ot h ree s t orey sw i th t o pf l oor a cc e s sf rom t h es ou th r ang e ;3 .B y1 724 , t h es ou th r ang ed emo l i shed a nd g a rd en t e r rac el a id o u t ; 4 . Gw i l lym p er iod h ou se , c 1765 -p r e 1 839

A l though s and s ton e a bu tmen t s f o r ab r idge a c ro s s t h e c en t re o ft h e e a s t d i tch m ay b e i d en t if ied a s t h e ` s t ronge d r aweb r idg e ' o f 1 587 , t h e e xcava t ion sp roduced e v id enc eo n ly f o r as e r ie so fp o s tho le ss ugge s t ing t h a t a ny g a t ehou se i n t h i s p a r t o f t h e s i t e w a s b u i l t o f t imbe r ( f ig 9 1 .11h ) . Mo reove r , c l o se e xam ina t ion o ft h e e v idenc e n ow i n d ica te s t h a t t h e e a s t d i tch c u t o ne o r m o r e s t ruc tu re s , s e t o n s ha l low s a nd s tone f ounda t ion s , w h ich s u r v ived w e l l i n to t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod . I ts e em s , t h e r ef o r e , t h a t t h es i t eo ft h e 1 6 th -c en tu ry d r awb r idge h a sy e tt ob ei d en t if ied . T he e a s ta nd n o r th a rm so ft h em oa tw e r er e ve t t ed w i th ab r ick w a l lw h ich w a sa s soc ia t ed w i th 1 7 th -cen tu ry a c t iv i t ie s t o c r ea te t h e g a rden t e r rac e . T h i s e f ec t ive ly d e s t royed e v idenc e o fa l p hy s ica l a nd s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t h ep l a t f o rm a nd m oa t . T he w a l l m ay h ave b een s e tw i th d eco ra t ive c e ram ic g a rden um s o fv a r iou s d e s ign a nd f a br ic ( one e xamp le i si l u s t ra ted , f i g 9 1 .11g ) , t h e r ema in s o f w h ich w e r e f ound i n t h e m oa t f i l l s a nd i nt h e f i l l o f t h e l ow t e r rac ej u s t e a s t o f t h e 1 7 th -c en tu ry h ou se .

T he w a te r -f i l led m oa tn ow s u rv ive s o n ly o nt h e w e s t , n o r th a nd s ou th s i de s o f t h e p l a t f o rm ; t h e e a s t a rm i si nf i l led a nd o ve rg rown . T he f i shpond , r e duc ed f r om i t s l a t e 1 6 th -cen tu ry s i z e , i sl i nked b y al e e t t ot h e m oa t . A r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion o ft h e p l a tf o rm a nd n o r th a nd e a s t a rm s o ft h e m oa t w a s u nd e r taken b e twe en 1 977 1985 ( L ew i s , 1 997b ; S ma r t 1 986 ; B ea rpa rk 1 980 ) . Ad e ep d i tch o n t h e p l a tf o rm , p a ra l le l w i th t h e p r e sen t s ou th a rm o ft h em oa t , w a s f i l led w i th av e ry t h ick d epo s i to fc l ean c l ay b u t s i l t s f r om t h e b o t tom c on ta ined f ou r s pec ie s o fs na i l i n d ica t ive o fr unn ing w a te r . F u r the rmo r e , t h e a b senc e o fp l an tr ema in s s howed t h a tt h e d i tch h ad b een k ep t c l ean . P o s s ib ly t h i s w a s p a r t o f a n e a r l ie r m oa t w h ich , o n t h e e v idenc e o ft imbe r s f o und a tt h e b o t tom o ft h e f i l l , h ad b een i n f i l led a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( S imp son 1 985 ) . O ne t imbe r , o c tagona l i ns e c t ion ,

F ig 9 1 .11h : E xcava ted f e a tu re sa l ong s ide t h ee a s ta rm o ft h e moa t 2 05

T he 1 724 p l an a nd t h e t ihe m ap o f 1 839 ( f ig 9 1 .11d ) s how a s e r ie s o f d i t che s e a s t o f t h e p l a tf o rm . T he i r d a te i sn o t k nown b u t a t l e a s t o ne i s l i nked t ot h e l e e t f r om t h e w a t e rm i l l w h ich a l so l a y s ou th -w e s t o f t h e s i t e . S i nc e t h ey o b s t ruc t t h e a pp roa ch t o B ew sey f r om Wa r r ing ton i t m igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h ey w e r e c r ea ted , a tl e a s t i np a r t , t o p r e sen t v i s i to r s w i th a n i mp re s s ion o f s t r eng th p r io r t ot h e i r a r r iva l a tt h e ` s t ronge d r aw eb r idge ' .

C a ta logue : BURTON WOOD C ompa r i son m ay , p e rhap s , b e m ade w i th t h e mu l t ip le d i tche s a tt h e O ld H u t t , H a lewood ( e ) , whose f am i ly a cqu i r ed B ew sey i n t h e l a te 1 6 th c en tu ry ,a nd H opeca r rH a l l , B edf o rd ( q v ) . N o . SMR

1 2 CCC 59 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r ish H und r ed E s ta te

B rad ley O ld H a l l B u r tonwood Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton C rown d eme sne

NGR L oca t ion

p e r iphe ra l S J 5 7 19 9 388

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m s l igh te a s t -f ac ing s l ope ; f l a tp l a t f o rm

P l an F o rm A r ea

d oub le 1 839 s qua r e / r ec tangu la r 1 839 c 58 x5 8m /3364m2 ;6 0 x5 8m / 348om 2;o ve ra l l 5 8 x1 25m /725om 2 c l5m

Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

w e t 1 839 m i l l s t r eam n o r th d r awb r idg ea nd g a t ehou se 1 466 p a l i saded 1 466

c omp le t ea ss hown o nt h et ihe p l an o r a to ry 1 387 ;g a tehou se ,t ow e r s &n ew b u i ld ing s 1 466 ; 1 9C b r ickwo rk o ne a r l ie rf r ame ? w o rk ing f a rm L anc s RO DRL 1 / 14 , 1 839 @ 4 0c ha in s =6 5 / 8" ;G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 49 @ 3 00 ' =1 " ;G i l low 1 907 ;S peed 1 6 10 F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 9 11 ;L egh MSS

F ig 9 1 .11 i : 1 .B rad ley O ld H a l l 1 908 ( r ep roduced f r om G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 49 ) ; 2 .B rad ley O ld H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s ROD DRL 1 / 14 )

P robab ly t h e B rad ley e s ta t e w a s c r ea ted b ef o r e t h e B u t le r f am i ly c ame t o B ew sey i nt h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry . W i th i t s d i sc r e te d eme sne a tt h e n o r ther n e nd o fB u r tonwood , t h e r e i sn o th ing t os ugge s tt h a t i tw a s c a r ved o u to ft h e B ew sey e s ta te a nd , mo r e l i ke ly , i t s o r ig in s l i ke t h o se o fB ew sey l i e i n a g r an t o u t o ft h e r oya l f o re s t . I tm ay h ave b een h e ld b yt h e H aydock f am i ly s i nce t h ee a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . I n1 387 G i lbe r td e H aydo ck r e ce ived al i c enc e f o ra n o r a to ry a tB rad ley ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 39 n 27 ) . B rad ley p a s sed t ot h e L egh f am i ly t h rough t h e m a r r iage i nc 14 14 o fJ oan , d augh t e r o f S i r G i lbe r t d e H aydock ( d ied c 1425 ) t o P e t e r L egh I ( d ied 1 422 , a ppa ren t ly p r edece a s ing h i s f a the r in law ) . I n1 466 B rad ley w a s f i r s t -named i n as u rvey o ft h e e s ta t e s o fS i r P e te r L egh I l ( L egh MSS f o l 1 ;s e e a l so B o ld , G o lbo rne , G rea t S ank ey , H aydock , H ind ley , L , ow ton , N ew ton , P embe r ton , Wa r r ing ton ) . A t t h i s t ime t h e r e w a s af i ne n ew h a l l , t h r ee n ew r oom s , af i ne p a r lou r , n ew k i tchen , b akehou se a nd b r ewhou se t o ge the rw i th an ew s t one t ow e r a nd s ma l l t u r r e t s , af i ne g a t e a nd s t one t ow e r ( ba s t e l lo ) a bove t h ew e l l -def ended g a te ( b ene p ropungnacuh to ) , a nd af i ne c hape l , a l b u i l tb y S i rP e te r L egh . I na dd i t ion , t h e r ew a s a n o l d c hambe rc a l led t h eL e K nygh t es C haumbr e . A l l w e r e s u r rounded b y ap a l i saded d i tch ( f o s sa p a lud i l i ) w i th ad r awb r idg e . N o r th o ft h e e nc lo su r e w e r et h re e b i g b a rn s , a b ig o xhou se a nd h o r se s tab le , as ma l lh ou se f o rt h eb a i l if fa nd ad oveco t e . A n ew ma l tk i ln s t ood a tt h e e a s to f ap l a ce c a l led P a roga rd yne . S ou th o ft h e g a rden w a s a n o r cha rd e nc lo sed w i th h edge s a nd d i tche s , a nd t h e r e w a s a no the r g a rden n ex t t ot h e o l d m a l t k i ln . T he d eme sne a l so i n c luded t wo w ood s c a l led O ve rb rad legh h ey e a nd N e th i r B rad legh h ey , aw a te rm i l l a nd f u l l ing m i l l( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l 1 ) . T he s ur vey d oe sn o t , h oweve r , s how t h a tt h e moa tp r eda te s S i rP e t e rL egh ' s n ew w o rk s . A l l t h e s ame , t h e o l d K n igh t ' s C hamb e r w a s a mong s t t h e b u i ld ing s e nc lo sed b y t h e p a l i saded d i tch a nd , t h ough t h e r e w a s an ew g a t ehou se , t h e d r awb r idg e i sn o t c i ted a s b e ing n ew ly -bu i l t . T he moa t , t h e ref o r e , c ou ld h ave b e en t h e p roduc t o fh i s f a the r 's a c t iv i t ie s o r e ven o f t h eH aydo ck s . T he s u rvey s ugge s t st h a tt h e r ew a s an umb e ro ff r e e s tand ing b u i ld ing s o n t h e p l a t f o rm , b u t i ti sn o t c l ea r w he the r S i r P e t e r L egh ' s n ew h a l l , c hamb e r s , d i n ing r o om a nd k i tchen w e r e a l u nde r o ne r o of , a nd t h e c hape lm ay h ave b e en as e pa ra t es t ruc tu r e .

I n1 539 -40 L e land n o ted t h a tS i rP i e r sL egh 's h ou se s t ood w i th in t h ep a rk a t B rad ley ( Chand le r 1 993 , 2 69 ) b u t , s i nce t h e r e i sn o m en t ion o ft h e p a rk i n 1 466 , i tmu s tb e s uppo sed t h a t i tw a s c r ea t ed i nt h e l a t e 1 5 th o re a r ly 1 6 th c en tu ry . B rad ley P a rk w a s n o ted o n L o rd B u rgh ley ' s m ap o f 1 590 ( G i l low 1 907 ) a nd b y S pe ed i n 1 6 10 . H oweve r , s i nce t h e e s ta te c on s i s t ed o n ly o f ' 1 10 a c r e s o f l a rg e m ea su r e ' , i th a s b e en s uppo sed t h a t t h e p a rk w a s o f ' i ncon s ide rab le e x ten t ' ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 27 n 13 ) . I n 1 663 , t h e h ou s e , a ppa r en t ly o ccup ied b y R icha rd L e igh ( s ic ) , h ad s i x h ea r th s ( PRO E / 179 /250 /8 ) . B rad ley O ld H a l l , l i ke Mo r ley 's i nA s t ley ( q v ) , i sa mong s tt h eb e s ts u r v iv ing e xamp le so f moa ted s i te s i nt h eh und r ed a nd i np l an t h ef o rm o ft h em oa ti s s im i la rt ot h a ta tB amf u r long H a l l ,A b ram ( q v ) . T he 1 5 th -c en tu ry g a t ehou se , t hough r o of le s s , s t i l l c on ta in s r emnan t s o fi t s f l u t ed v au l t ing ( f ig 6 9 ) . I ti s n ow a pp roa ched o ve r as t one b r idge . A pa r tf r om t h eg a t ehou se ,t h e r ei sn ow o n ly o ne b u i ld ing o n t h e p l a tf o rm , c l o se t ot h e s ou th a rm o ft h e d i tch . I ti s t imbe r -f r amed o n as and s tone p l in th , b u t a l d e ta i l i sm a sked b y 1 9 th c en tu ry b r ickwo rk a nd mo r e r e c en t p ebb le -da sh . T he r ema inde r o f t h e p l a tf o rm c on ta in s g a rden s a nd a f l agg ed p a th l i ned w i th s a nd s tone . ma son ry ;w he the rt h i sh a sb een t a ken f r om t h eg a t ehou se o ro t he rb u i ld ing s i nt h ev i c in i ty i sn o t k nown . O u t s ide t h e p l a tf o rm , t h e r u in s o f as and s tone b u i ld ing s t and a tt h e n o r th -we s t c or n e r o ft h e p r e sen t f a rmya rd a nd m ay r e p re sen t o ne o ft h e s t ruc tu r e s w i th in t h e 1 5 th -c en tu ry P a roga rd yne . T he s i te o f t h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry o r cha rd i s , p e rhap s , r e p r e sen ted b y t h e d i tched e nc lo su r e ,n ow u nde rg r a s s ,w h ich l i e st ot h ew e s to ft h e moa t . T he m i l l s t r eam , s hown o n t h e t ihe p l an , s u r v ive s a s as e r ie s o fs ha l low , l i nea r d ep re s s ion s e a s t o f t h e h a l l ; t h e s ho r t s pu r w h ich r u n s s ou thwa rd s f r om t h e moa t , a nd i ss hown o n t h e t ih e p l an , i sr e p r e sen ted b y as ha l low d ep re s s ion i nt h ea d jac en tf i e ld . T he re i sn oo bv iou s e v idence f o rt h es i te o f t h e 1 5 -c en tu ry w a t e rm i l l s b u t b u i ld ing s i nt h e a r ea , n o t y e t e xam ined , m ay c on ta in m ed ieva l e l emen t s . T he e x ten s ive w a t e rf e a tu re s s hown o n t h e t i t he p l an c ou ld b ea s soc ia ted w i th S i rP e te rL egh ' sw a t e rm i l la nd f u l l ing m i l l .

2 06

C a ta logue : CULCHETH T enure 1 2 12 1 1 242 / 32

k n igh t ' sf e e

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1 3004

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1 332

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f r ee t e nemen t f r ee t e nemen t f r ee t e nemen t

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1 574 I S .

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S i rJ ohn H o lc rof t

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1 605 1

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G i lbe r ts on o fR icha rd d e C u lche th 1 3 11144

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G i lbe r td eC u lche th R icha rd s on o f J ohn d eH aydock R icha rd d eC u lche th T homa sd eH o lc rof t &J oan R obe r td eH ind ley& E l len A dam d eH ind Iey & I s abe l

C u lche th H o lc rof t R i s ley P ea sf u r long c 1303 3

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2 s 71 2d / r e n t ; s u i t a tc ou r t

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2 07

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2

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( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,9 ) . F ou rc a ruca te sh ad f o rme r ly b een h e ld b yR eg ina ld f r om P a in d eV i le r s , l o rd o ft h e Wa r r ing ton f e e . F a r r e rh a ss ugge s ted t h a tt h el a ck o fr e f e r enc ei nt h e 1 212 i n ques tt o af e of fmen tb yP a in d eV i le r si n d ica te s at e nu r eo fe a r l ie ro r ig in a nd t h a tt h ey ea r ly p aymen td ue s ugge s t st h anag et e nu r e u pon w h ich k n igh t ' ss e rv ic eh ad b een i mpo sed .

( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . G i lbe r td eC u lche th w a sk i l led i nc 1246 l e av ing f ou ri n f an td augh te r s i nt h ew a rd sh ip o ft h el o rd o f Wa r r ing ton . H eg r an ted t h em i n m a r r iage t ot h ef ou rs on so fH ugh d eH ind ley ( q v )a nd e ach w a sg i ven as ha re o fC u lche th : Ma rg e ry m . R icha rd d eH ind ley

E l izabe th m A dam d eH ind ley

J oan m T homa sd eH ind ley

E l len m R ob e r td eH ind ley

CULCHETH w i th L i t t le Tw i s s , B l ind Hur s t&K ingna l l

PEASFURLONG

HOLCROFT

R ISLEY

C u lche th f am i l y

R ad c l if f ef am i l y

Ho lc rof tf am i l y

R i s le yf am i l y

T he e s ta t eh e ld b yR icha rd d eH ind ley i n c luded t h em i l lh ou se s( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 56 n 11) . A dam d eH ind ley w a sg r an t ed a l t h ew a s t eb e twe en t h eS ou thwood a nd We s twood a nd b e twe en P ea sf u r long a nd C rof tw h ich c ou ld b ep l oughed a nd s own . T he r ema inde ro ft h ew a s t ew a st ob eh e ld i nc ommon . A dam w a s p e rm i t t ed t oh o ld a l t h e l a nd a nd w ood w h ich h e h ad e nc lo sed b e tween h i s h ou se a nd S ou thwood ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 59 n 52 ) . W i l l iam B u t le rr e lea sed T homa s d eH ind ley o ft h ep rov is ion o fp u tu r e f o ro ne b ead le , i n s t ead o ft wo , a tt h e c ou r to f Wa r r ing ton ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911 , 1 60 ) . H i s s ha re w a s H o lc rof tw i th t h e M i l l H ou se s a nd l a nd s f o rme r ly h e ld b y Om i a nd A dam , h i s s on , a nd Wyon ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 60 n 62 ) . R obe r td eH ind ley w a sp e rm i t t ed t ok e ep a lt h ea pp rovemen t sh eh ad mad e ,e xcep t 1 2a c re s i nR o s sa le a nd p a s tu re o nt h e mo s sb e tw een R i s ley a nd C rof t . H e w a s a l so a lowed 2 0 a c r e s i nt h e R ough H u r s t b y C row Wood , b u t h i s h o r se -m i l l w a s t ob e t a ken d own s i nce i tw a s t ob e p r e jud ic e o ft h e o t he r c o -pa rcene r s . I nc ompen sa t ion f o rt h e ' wa s t ea nd d e se r t ' o f much o fR i s ley ,R obe r ta nd E l len r e c e ived G i lbe r td eC u lche th ' sl a nd s i nL ow ton ( q v )( F a r r e r& B rownb i l le d s . 1 911 , 1 6 1162 n 77 ) . 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 57 n 1 2 ) . Ac l a im f o rc ommon o fp a s tu re w a sb rough tb yR icha rd , s on o fJ ohn d eH aydock ,t h eo t he r sb e ing d ef endan t s . I n 1 258 R oge rd e l Tw i s s c omp la ined t h a tH ugh d eH ind ley a nd o t he r st r e spa s sed o n h i s l a nd s . I n1 278 J ohn d eH aydock c on t inued h i s c a se a ga in s tR icha rd d e l Tw i s s , A dam a nd T homa s a nd t h e i r w ive s , R oge r d e l Tw i s s a nd H en ry , s on o fR obe r t d e P a r i s . A dam , s on o fH ugh d e H ind ley , g ave l a nd s n ea r We s twood a cqu i red f r om J ohn d eH aydo ck t oG i le sd eP enke th w i th s e rv ice t ot h ec h ief l o rd s( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 911 , 1 62 n 79 ) .

4

5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 911 , 1 57 n 1 6 ) . B u t le ra g reed t h a ti nf u tu r eG i lb e r td eC u lche th s hou ld f i nd o n ly o ne b ead le f o rt h ec ou r ta t Wa r r ing ton . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 6 1 n 77 , 1 62 n 79 ) .J ohn a nd E l len G i l l ib rand a nd t h eh e i r so fE l len a nd R ob e r td eR is ley p a id 1 4d f o ra ne s ta t e .

6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 64 n n 105-6 , 1 08 ) . A ta n u n spec if ied d a t e , R obe r t d e K inkna l l g r an t ed l a nd i nK inkna l l t oW i l l iam d e S ankey . A dam d e K inkna l l o b ta ined l a nd s i nC u lche th f r om W i l l iam d e R adc l if f e a nd T homa s d e H o lc rof t . I n 1 3 13 14 , A dam , s on o fR icha rd d e l H u r s t , c omp la ined t h a t T homa s d e H o lc rof t a nd o t he r s h ad d i s se i sed h im o ft h i s t e nemen t ; a ta bou t t h e s ame t ime H ugh d e l Tw i s s o b ta ined t h r ee m e s suag e s a nd l a nd f r om H o lc rof t .

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 6 ) .

8( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 59 n 55 ) . 9

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 39 ; R y land s 1 896 ) . B y t h i s d a t e , P ea sf u r long h ad p a s sed t ot h e R adc l if f e f am i ly t h rough t h e m a r r iage o fW i l l iam d e R adc l if f e o f R adc l if f ew i th Ma rge ry ,d augh te ro fE l izabe th a nd A dam d eP ea sf u r long ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 59 ) .T ho se l i s ted a st e nan t s c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy .

1 0

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . I n1 347 A dam d eH o lc rof ts e t t led h i se s ta te o nT homa s ,s on o fJ ohn d eH o lc rof t( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 60 n 64 ) .

1

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 60 n 56 ) . R adc l if f ed i ed i np o s se s s ion o ft h i se s ta t e .

1 2

1 3

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 62 n 90 ) . R obe r t d e R i s ley d i ed i n 1 516 h o ld ing 2 0 m e s suage s , 2b u rgage s , aw indm i l l , l a nd a nd m eadow i nC u lche th , Wa r r ing ton ,P enke th , L ow ton , K enyon a nd C rof t . ( F ranc e 1 947 , 6 7 ) . T he l a nd s h ave n o t b een i d en t if i ed . I n 1 539 -40 , S i r W i l l iam L ey land h e ld Mo ney s , a n e s ta te g r an ted i nf r anka lmo in t oC ocke r sand A bbey ,i nA s t ley ( q v ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 56 n 5 ; 1 60 -6 1 n n58 , 6 6 ) . T he f ou rr e n t s o fe qua l a moun t s w e r ep ayab le t oS i rT homa s B u t le r . I n1 549 S i rJ ohn H o lc rof t , e l de rb ro the ro fS i rT homa sH o lc ro f t ,b ough tP ea sf u r long a nd H o lc rof t ,w i th l a nd si nC u lche th a nd i nP enn ing ton ( q v )a nd h e ld e a ch o ft h eC u lche th e s ta te s f o r3 s6 dr e n t ,p ayab le t ot h el o rd o f Wa r r ing ton . H o lc rof t mano ri n c luded t wo w a te rm i l l sa nd h ad b een h e ld b yh omag e ,f e a l ty a nd u nc e r ta in s c u tage .

1 5

S i rJ ohn H o lc rof th ad n os on s a nd , b y as e t t lemen t i n1 574 , H am le ta cqu i red P ea sf u r long w h ich i n c luded t wo w a te rm i l l s ,t wo d oveco t e s , a nd af r e ef i she ry

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 63 -64 ) . I n1 600 W i l l iam L ew i sa nd T homa sR icha rd son a ppea red a sf r e eho lde r s , i na dd i t ion ' t ot h o se a l r eady n amed '

i nt h eG laz eb rook ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 60 n 59 ) .

1 7

1 8

J ohn H o lc rof t , s on o fH am le t , s o ld P ea sf u r long t oR a lph C a lve ley . T he e s ta te i n c luded 1 00 a c r e s c ove r ed i nw a te r , i na l f o u r q ua r te r s o ft h e t own sh ip ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 60 ,n . 60 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 6 1 n 7 1) . R a lph C a lve ley o fS a igh ton , C he sh i r e , d i ed i n 1 6 19 i np o s se s s ion o fH o lc rof t H a l l w h ich w a s l e a sed t oa nd o ccup ied b y D ame A l ice F i t ton , d augh te r o f S i r J ohn H o lc rof t . T he e s ta t e , w h ich p a s sed t o h i s s on J ohn , i n c luded a f r e e f i she ry i nG laz eb rook a nd me s suage s a nd l a nd s i nW ig shaw p u r cha sed f r om T homa s S ou thwo r th a nd o t he r s . C ec i ly , w if e o fJ ohn C u lche th ( d 1 593 ) , w a s d augh t e r o fT homa s S ou thwo r th .

2 08

C a ta logue : CULCHETH

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 58 n 35 ; 1 63 n 104 ) . O n C u lche th 's d ea th i n 1 625 , h e h e ld t h e mano r w i th w a te r rn i l l , h ou se s a nd l a nd s f r om J ohn S ou thwo r th .

1 9

2 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 64 ) . T he se i nd iv idua l s c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . G eof f r ey H o lc rof th e ld H u r s tw h ich h ad b een h e ld b y h i s f a the rf o r 2 s r e n t . T homa s H o lc rof t , s on o ft h e G eof f r ey o f 1 628 , d i ed i n1 637 h o ld ing t h e H u r s t , aw a te rm i l l a nd l a nd s i nC u lche th o fJ ohn C u lche th . K ingna l l w a s d e sc r ib ed a s ac ap i ta l m e s suag ea nd w a sh e ld a s 1 / 100 o f ak n igh t ' s f e e( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 63 ) .

2 1

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 60 , n 60 ) . C a lve ley a l so h e ld G rea t a nd L i t t le Woo ld en i nB a r ton , o n t h e e a s t b ank o ft h e G laz eb rook a nd H o lc ro f t H a l l , t og e the rw i th W ig shaw i nC u lche th .

2 2

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 56 n 5 ) . O n h i s d ea th i n 1 640 , J ohn C u lche th w a s f ound t o h o ld t h e m ano r o fC u lche th a nd l a nd s t h e r e f r om J ohn M in shu l l . T he r e n to f8 s 1 0d i st h es ame a st h et o ta l p a id i n1 548 . H e h ad b ough tt h e Tw i s s f r om T homa s H o lc rof to fH u r s t( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 64 n 1 05 ) . J ohn C u lche th a l so h e ld t h em ano ro fH ind ley ( q v )f r om S i rR icha rd F l e e twood ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 58 n 36 ) .

2 3

2 4

2 5

A nne E rdw ick s e em st oh ave b een J ohn H o lc rof t 's w idow ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 60 ,n 6 1 ; 1 6 1) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 6 1) . T he se m en w e r el o rd so fC u lche th a tt h et ime o fe nc lo su r ea nd d i v i s ion o ft h e c ommon s a nd w a s t e . T he c ommon sw e r eF ow ley a nd Tw i s s G re en ( o the rw i se H ighe ra nd L owe r Tw i s t ) . P ow e rw a sr e se r ved t ot h eo wne ro fC u lche th H a l lt ot u rn t h eb rook o n Tw i s sG re en t ot h em oa to ft h eh a l l , a th i sp l ea su r e , a sh ad b een t h e c u s tom ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911 , 1 63 n 97 ) . R icha rd S tan ley w a s h u sband o fA nne C u lche th , o ne o ft h e s i x d augh te r s o f T homa s C u lche th a nd A nne , d augh t e ro fJ ame s B rad shaw o fH a igh ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 59 ) . B y as e t t lemen t i n1 680 , P ea sf u r long a nd H o lc rof th ad p a s sed r e spec t ive ly t o S tand ish o fD uxbu ry ( L ey land H und r ed ) a nd T y lde s ley o f Mo ney s ( i n A s t ley , q v ) a nd My e r scough ( Amounder n e s s H und r ed ) , h u sband s o f t h e t wo d augh t e r s a nd c o -he i r so fT homa s , s on o fJ ohn a nd Ma rga r e tH o lc rof t( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 6 1 n 75 ) . N o . SMR

2 0 CCC 6 10 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

C u lche th H a l l C u lche th W inw ick Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S J6 589 9 59 1 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone G la c ia ls and sa nd g rave l s n o i n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m s l igh tn o r th f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

? s ing le u nce r ta in

c e r ta in

d ry 1 840 s t r eam

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

t r ace s

P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 2 1 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s=2 1 / 2" A e r ia l p ho tog raph sc 1980 h e ld b y LUFAU F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 911

f a rm

T he c en t ra l p o s i t ion o fC u lche th H a l l s ugge s t s t ha t i ti st h e p r ima ry s i te i n t h et own sh ip a nd t h a t i tmay b et h e o r ig ina l h o ld ing o ft h eC u lche th f am i ly , o u t o fw h ich o t he r e s ta te s w e r e c a rved f o l low ing t h e d ea th o f G i lber t d e C u lche th i nc 1246 . F rom t h i s t ime o nwa rd s , i fn o t b ef o r e , t h e e s ta te w a s c on s id e red a so ne -qua r t e ro fC u lche th . T he b rook b e tween Tw i s s G re en ( s ee T ann e r ' s F a rm b e low ) a nd t h e moa t a tC u lche th H a l l w a s n o t ed i n 1 749 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 63 n 97 ) . T he h a l l h a s b een d emo l i shed a nd o n ly o u tbu i ld ing s , w i th 1 7 th -cen tu ry b r ickwo rk , a nd i s o la ted w a l l ing w e r e s t and ing i n 1 959 . A n e a r thwo rk w a s c on s ide r ed t o h ave f o rmed t h e p e r ime t e r o f a n or namen ta l g a rden ( OS S J 6 9 NE5 ) . A e r ia l p ho tog raph s s how al a rg e p ond o n t h e s ou th s i de o f ab a rn . T he t ihe p l an p rov ide s n o c l ea re v idence f o rt h ep o s i t ion o rf o rm o f amoa t .

F ig 9 1 .12a : C u lche th

H o lc rof t a ppea rs t oh ave b e en a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e C u lche th w a te r m i l l s o n t h e r i ve r G laz eb rook . T he e s ta te , w h ich c an b e t r aced f r om t h e m id 13 th c en tu ry , i sr e p r e sen ted i n o ne -qua r te r o f C u lche th a nd i n c luded t h e M i l l H ou se s . I tw a s h e ld a f t e r t h e d ea th o f G i lb e r t d e C u lche th i n c 1246 b y T homa s d e H ind ley a nd h i s w if e , J oan . I n 1 242 a nd i n 1 331 A dam , s on o f T homa sd eH o lc rof t , m ade a n a g reemen tw i th J ohn , s on o fJ ohn d e Woo lden ( i n t h e n e ighbou r ing v i l l o f C ad i shead , S a lf o rd H und r ed ) c once rn ing H o lc rof t ' s m i l l a nd m i l l p oo l u pon t h e r i ve r a nd t h e e mbankmen t s t r e tch ing

F ig 9 1 .12b : C u lche th H a l l 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 21) 2 09

C a ta logue : CULCHETH a c ro s st h e s t ream ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 60 n 64 ) . T he e a r l ie r d a t e e i the r s ugge s t s t ha t t h e p l a c e h ad p a s sed t o d e H ind ley a s h i s w if e 's ma r r iag e p o r t ion b ef o r e t h e d ea th o f h e r f a the r , o r t ha t G i lbe r t h ad d i ed s omewha t e a r l ie r t han i su sua l ly b e l ieved . I n 1 549 J ohn H o lc rof t ' s e s ta te i n c luded t wo w a te rm i l l s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911 , 1 60 -6 1 n 66 ) . H o le M i l l F a rm l i e s al i t t le t ot h e s ou th o fH o lc rof tH a l l , o n t h e e dge o fH o lc rof t Mo s s , a nd o n t h e o ppo s i t e b ank o ft h e r i ve r f r om L i t t le Woo lden H a l l . T he H o lc rof t s a l so h e ld a n e s ta t e a tH u r s t , t ot h e n o r th o fH o lc rof tH a l l . H e r e a t imbe r -f ramed b a rn p robab ly r e p r e sen t s t h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry h a l l ( Wa i te 1 888 1 921 ; CCC 6 11 / 1/2 ; s e ef i g7 2 ) . No . SMR

3 4 CCC 6 09 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

Ho lcrof tH a l l C u lche th W inw ick Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NOR L oca t ion

S i 6 799 9 514 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone L a t eg l ac ia l f l ood gave l s S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 5m a bove b ounda ry s t r eam

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p o s s ib le

c 5m -l i nea rd ep re s s ion d ry 1 840 ? w e s t g a tehou se 1559

t r ac e s 1 5C a nd l a te r f a rm L anc s RO DRL 1 / 2 1 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s=2 / 2 " 1 F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 ; P i ccope 1 857 S i rJ ohn H o lc rof t 's w i l l ( 1559 ) n o te s h i s n ew h ou se w i th a b u t te ry , i n h i s o ccupa t ion , t og e the r w i th ' my h ou se a t H o lc rof t ' w h ich i n c luded t h e ' Co r ra l ' c hambe r , l i t t le c hambe r n ex t t o t h e c o rne r c hambe r , ` Medu l l ' c hamb e r , g r een c hambe r , g r ea t c hambe r c a l led t h e ' D in ing P a r lou r ' ,r e d c hambe r , a nd t wo ' H ighe s t ' c hambe r s o ve rt h e g a t e , o ne o f w h ich w a s t h e p a r lou r o f t h e ` h ey se c hambe r ( P iccope

N o . SMR

4 2 CCC 6 13 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

O ld K ingna l l H a l l C u lche th W inw ick Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone L am ina ted c l ay s S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i t ude T opog raphy

3 0m s l igh te a s t -f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? mu l t ip le 1 840 r e c tangu la r c 30 x4 0m / 1200m 2 c 1 0 12m

S i 6 485 9 522

c e r ta in

.

w e t 1 840 e a s t

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

t r a ce s

P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 21 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s=2 / 2" 1 A e r ia lp ho tog raph sh e ld b y LUFAU F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 911

f a rm

K ing na l l ( o r K inkna l l ) i sr e co rded i nt h e m id 13 th c en tu ry w hen i tw a s a t ta ched t o t h e e s ta t e b e long ing t o R icha rd d e H ind ley a nd h i s w if e , Ma rga r e t . R icha rd d eC u lche th /H ind ley m ade a pp rovemen t sw h ich s e em st o s ugge s t t ha t t h e l a nd s w e r e a t tached t ot h e c ap i t a l me s suage . I n 1 311 a nd 1 314 A dam d e K inkna l l o b ta ined l a nd s i n C u lche th f r om W i l l iam d e R adc l if f e a nd T homa s d e H o lc rof t ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 64 n 108 ) a nd h e c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e 1 332 L ay S ub s idy . K inkna l l w a s h e ld b y J ohn C u lche th i n 1 628 b u tw a so ccup ied b yR icha rd U rm s ton . I n 1 959 t h e h ou se w a s i ng ood r e pa i r b u t t h e r e w e re n o s u r f ac e i n d ica t ion s f o r am oa t( OS S J6 9 NW 7 ) . A l though o n ly a s i ng le F ig 9 1 .12d : O ld K ingna l l H a l l p l a tf o rm i s s hown o n t h e 1 840 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 21) t ihe p l an , p ro jec t ion s a tt h e c o rne r s s ugg e s tt h a tt h i sm ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een amo r e c omp lex s i t e . O ld K ingna l l H a l l w a s , p e rhap s , r e p lac ed b y al a t e rh a l lw h ich l i e s al i t t le t ot h ee a s t .

F ig 9 1 .12c : H o lc rof t H a l l 1 840 1 857 , 1 48 -57 ) . T he I nqu i s i t ion

P o s t Mor t em o f S i r E dwa rd F i t ton o f G aw swo r th ( d 1606 ) g i ve s a d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e c on ten t s o ft h e h a l l . T he p r e sen t b u i ld ing i sp a r t ly s e to n as and s tone p l in th c ou r se a nd t h e w a l l c on s t ruc t ion i ss a id t ob e ' r ubb le -p la s te red ' ( OS S J 6 9 NE 8 ) . I ti sb e l ieved t o d a t e f r om t h e l a t e 1 5 th / ea r ly 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd i s n o ted a st imbe r -f ramed ; h oweve r a1 4 th -c en tu ry s t y le w indow i ss e t i n to a n i n ter na l s and s tone w a l l .

( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 21)

T he s i t e s t and s j u s t a bove t h e f l ood p l a in o ft h e G laz eb rook . T hough t h e s t a tu s o ft h e p rope r ty i se n t i r e ly c ompa rab le w i th t ha to ft h e moa ted h ou se s e l sewhe r ei nC u lche th , amoa th e re i sm e r e ly p o s s ib le . Aw ide d ep r e s s ion o n t h e n o r th s i de o ft h e h ou se i sb e l ieved t oh ave b een d ug i n to s and ; i ti s p a r t ly f i l led w i th b u i ld ing d eb r i s . As e cond l i nea r f e a tu r e , e a s t a nd s ou th o f t h e h ou se , i sr e co rded i n 1 849 ( 6 " O S m ap s hee t 1 09 ) . P o s s ib ly t h e se f e a tu r e s r e la t e t o o ne o f t h e m ed ieva l w a t e r m i l l s a nd , w i thou t f u r the r f i e ldwo rk , s hou ld n o t b e c on s ide r ed a s f i rm e v idence f o r a ny a s soc ia t ion w i th am oa t .

2 10

O ld A bbey F a rm i s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e e s ta t e k nown a s P ea sf u r long w h ich i sf i r s t n o ted i n t h e m id 13 th c en tu ry w hen i t p a s sed t oA dam d e H ind ley a nd h i s w if e , E l izabe th , a s o ne -qua r te r o f C u lche th . A l though t h en ame s ugge s t s amona s t ic h o ld ing t h e re i s n o e v idenc e t o s how t h a t t h e p l ac e r e p r e sen t s o ne o f t h e t wo m e s suage s h e ld b y ig 9 1 .12e : O ld Abbey F a rm 1 840 S i r W i l l iam L ey land o f F Mo r ley s i nA s t ley ( q v ) f r om ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 21) t h e H o sp i ta l o f S t J ohn o f J e ru sa lem i n 1 540 ( F rance 1 947 , 6 7 ) . P o s s ib ly t h e n ame i s ac o r rup t ion o f

C a ta logue : CULCHETH t e nu r ia l ly s upe r io rt ot h e i rC u lche th u nde r l ing s . H e r e , n o to n ly i st h e r e g ood e v idence f o r u s e o fp o t t e ry b u t a l so w hen t h e h ou se w a s r e bu i l t i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry c on s ide rab le q uan t i t ie s o f m ed ieva l d ome s t ic d eb r i s , i n c lud ing c ook ing p o t s a nd j ug s , w e r e u s ed t o f i l l g u l ley s a nd d ep r e s s ion s o n t h e p l a t f o rm .

t h eL a t in a baya =m i l ld am ( La tham1965 ) ;t h e r ew e re t wo w a t e rm i l l s o nt h e e s ta te i n1 574 ( s e en o te 1 5a bove ) . A l te rna t ive ly , i tc ou ld b e t a ken f r om t h e L a t in a be l e =w h i t e p op la r , s ugge s t ing t h e n a tu re o f t r e e s p ec ie s i n t h e v i c in i ty . T he p l a tf o rm a tO ld A bbey F a rm i sa mong s tt h e s ma l le s t i nt h er e g ion ( t ab le 4 7b ) . B e tween 1 990 -4 p r io rt od e s t ruc t ion o ft h e s i t e f o rl a ndf i l l , ac omp le t e a r cha eo log ica l s u r vey o ft h e b u i ld ing w a s u nde r taken ' . T h i s w a s f o l lowed b y s y s tema t ic d emo l i t ion a nd e xcava t ion o f t h e p l a t f o rm a nd p a r t o f t h e m oa t a c ro s s t h e w e s t a rm o ft h e d i t ch . T hough t h e b u i ld ing d a t ed ma in ly f r om t h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod , a nd w a s o ff a i r ly s imp le v e rna cu la r f o rm , i t h ad ac omp lex s t ruc tu ra l h i s to ry . D end roch rono log ica l s amp l ing o fr e u sed r o of t imbe r s a nd aw a l lpo s t p r oduced d a t e s w h ich s ugg e s t ed t h a t t h e h ou se w a sb u i l ts ome t i me a f te r 1 268 a nd i th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h eh ou se w a s r e bu i l t i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry w i th a dd i t ion s a nd a l t e ra t ion s i nt h e e n su ing c en tu r ie s . A 1 7 th -cen tu ry b a rn , w h ich s t ood o u t s ide t h e p l a t f o rm , a l so c on ta ined t imbe r sw h ich m ay b eo fm ed ieva ld a t e . C lay f r om t h e m oa t a ppea r s t o h ave b e en u sed t o r a i se t h e l e ve l o f t h e e a s t er n s i de o f t h e p l a t f o rm b y 0 . 9m s o m ak ing t h e g r ound s u r f ace c o r re spond w i th t h a t e l sewhe r e a nd p roduc ing al e ve l s u i tab le f o r b u i ld ing . A l l t h e s ame , t h e o ve ra l l h e igh t o ft h e p l a t f o rm w a s n o g r ea te r t h an t h a t o f t h e s u r round ing l a nd scape . T he r e w a s n o d i r ec t e v idence t os how w hen t h e moa t w a s f i r s te xcava ted b u t a n o r ig in i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry -p robab ly w hen t h eh ou se w a sb u i l t -s e em s l i k e ly . At r ench a c ro s st h ew e s ta rm o ft h e m oa t p roduc ed t h e r ema in s o f a t imbe r b r idg e , w h ich h a s p r oduc ed a d end roch rono log ica l d a te o fc 1455 . I tw a s c ove red b y t h e p r ima ry moa t f i l l a nd h ad b een r e p lac ed b yo ne o fs t one a nd t h en b y ac au seway . N o . SMR

6 2 CCC 6 04 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

O ld A bbey F arm C u lche th W inw ick Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S i6 622 9 356 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l A l t i tude T opog raphy

K eup e rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le t r apezo id c 25 x2 2m /c550m 2 1 4 15m 3 . 25m w e t 1 840

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

1 990 , 1 994 -95 , L UAU g eophy s ica l 1 990 , LUAU d e s t royed c 126 1 ; 1 6 19C d e s t royed f o rl a nd f i l l L anc s RO DRL 1 / 21 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s=2 ' A " A e r ia l p ho tog raph s h e ld b y LUFAU ; e xcava t ion p l an s , LUAU H eawood , 1 999

P l an s P ho tos / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

2 6m s l igh t ,e a s t -f a c ing s l ope o nt h ee dge o fm o s s land

w e s t t imb e rb r idg e ; c au seway n one g r ound l e ve lr a i sed b y0 . 9m o nt h ee a s t

T he t ihe m ap s how s a b u i ld ing a t a p o in t w he r e t h e e a s t a rm o f t h e m oa t n a r row s ; t h i s m igh t , p e rhap s , h av e b e en t h e p o s i t ion o f a g a t ehou se . T he s i t e h ad ig 9 1 .12f : R i s ley O ld b een d e s t roy ed b y t h e F l a t e 1 9 th c en tu ry a nd ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 21) n ow l i e s b enea th t h e HM R i s lev R emand C en t r e . 7 9 N o .

H a l l

1 840

c e r ta in

SMR

CCC 6 03 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

R i s ley O ld H a l l C u lche th W inw ick Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S i6 642 9 266 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rw a te r s tone s B ou lde rc l ay n oi n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m s ou th f a c ing s l ope o nt h ee dg eo fm o s s land

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c1 O m w e t 1 840 s ou th ea s t ? ga t ehou se 1 840

d e s t royed ? ga tehou se A tom ic E ne rgy C omm i s s ion a nd R oya l N avy i n 1 959 HM R i s ley R emand C en t r e 1 990 L anc s RO DRL 1 / 21 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s=2 / 2" 1

L i t t le Tw i s s w a sa t ta ched t ot h eC u lche th q ua r te ro ft h et own sh ip a nd n o ted a s o ne o f R icha rd d e C u lche th ' s a pp rovemen t s i nt h e l a te 1 3 th c en tu ry ; R og e r d e l Tw i s s w a s at e nan t o f R icha rd d e C u lche th i n 1 276 . I n 1 258 R og e rd e l Tw i s s c omp la ined o ft r e spa s se s o nh i s l a nd . H oweve r , Tw i s s m ay h av eb e en a t ta ched t ot h eH o lc rof th o ld ing a tH u r s t . I n1 3 14 H ugh d e l Tw i s s o b ta ined t h r ee m e s suag e s a nd l a nd f r om T homa s d e H o lc rof t . B ef o r e c 1540 J ohn d e C u lche th b ough t t h e Tw i s s f r om T homa s H o lc rof t o f t h e H u r s t ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 64 n 105 ) .

O n e a r ea o ft h e p l a t f o rm c on ta ined as u r f ac e o ff l ag s tone s a nd ac obb led p a th b e low w h ich t h e r e w e r e p o s tho le s , o ne o fw h ich c on ta ined m ed ieva l p o t te ry . E l sewhe r e al o ng , l i nea r f e a tu r e r unn ing i na n e a s t -we s t d i r ec t ion m ay r e p re sen t af e nce l i ne . T he s i te , h ow eve r , p roduced f ew f i nd s o f m ed ieva l d a te w i th o n ly s e ven a b raded s h e rd s o fp o t te ry f r om t wo c ook ing p o t s , t h e n umbe ro fv e s se l s b e ing s im i la rt ot h a t s ugge s ted b y t h e e v idence f r om T anne r 's F a rm ( s e e b e low ) . S eve ra l r e a son s f o rt h i s m ay b e s ugge s ted . D e sp i te t h e s t a tu s o f i t s o wne r s , p o t te ry m ay n o t h ave b e en i n g ene ra l d ome s t ic u se u n t i l r e la t ive ly l a t e . A l t er na t ive ly , t h e s i t e m ay h ave b e en k ep t c l ean w i th d ome s t ic d eb r i s r emoved f o r d i spo sa l i nt h e f i e ld s . T h i s i si n m a rked c on t r a s t w i th B ew sey O ld H a l l ( q v ) t h e o wne r s o f w h ich w e r e

I

R i s ley i sn o t ed i nt h e m id 13 th c en tu ry w hen i tp a s sed a s o ne -qua r te r o f C u lche th t o R obe r t d e H ind ley a nd h i s w if e , E l len . T he R i s ley f am i ly c on t inu ed t o o wn t h e e s ta t e u n t i l t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry .

T he m oa t a tT anne r 's F a rm i sn o t s hown o n t h e t ihe p l an a nd i tw a s f i r s t n o ted i n1 981 a f t e rt h e f a nne r a pp roa ched t h e L ive rpoo l U n ive r s i ty R e scue U n i tw i th a ne nqu i ry r e ga rd ing u nexp la ined e a r thwo rk s a d jac en tt ot h ef a rm b u i ld ing s . T h e p l a t f o rm i sm a rked o n t h e t ihe p l an a s at r e e -cove red e nc lo su r e e a s t o f ap a i ro ff a rm b u i ld ing s . T he w ho le p l a t f o rm a nd p a r t s o f t h em oa th ave b een e xcava ted a r cha eo log ica l ly ( F r eke 1 984 )s how ing t h a t

I a m g r a tef u l t o D r R icha rd N ewman , L anca s t e r U n ive r s i ty A r cha eo loog ica l U n i t , f o rs i gh to ft h ed raf tr e por to nt h ee xcava t ion s .

2 11

C a ta logue : CULCHETH N o . SMR

8 9 CCC

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

T anner sF arm C u lche th W inw ick Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

S J6 520 9 600 p e r iphe ra l

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m s l igh t n o r th ea s t f a c ing s l ope ; o n t h e e dg e o f m o s s land

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le t r apezo id 2 5 x3 O rn /750m 2 c 5 10m c lm -2m d r y 1 840 l e e ta ts ou th -w e s tc or n e r ;o u t f low t owa rd st h e n o r th -ea s t w e s t w ooden b r idge ; c au seway n one 2 9m

E xcava t ion S u rvey

LUFAU 1 982 LUFAU 1 982

Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

i n comp le t e m ed ieva l 17C a bandoned 1 7 thC ; o r cha rd i n1 840 ; p a s tu r e

P lan s :

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 21 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s=2 ' A " ; e xcava t ion s LUFAU 1 983 A e r ia l p ho tog raph s 1 982 -83 h e ld b y LUFAU F r eke 1 984 ; R igo ld 1 975

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

t h ew e s ta rm o ft h e moa ta nd s e t o n s a nd s tone ' s t ep s ' w a s o f a f o rm b e tw een R igo ld ' s m ino r b r idg e s t ruc tu re s t y pe s Ia nd I I t h e d a t e s o f w h ich f a l l i n t h e p e r iod f r om t h e l a te 11 t h 16 th c en tu r ie s ( R igo ld 1 975 ) . P o s s ib ly o f t wo p ha se s , i tw a s b r aced i n b o th a t r an sve r se d i r ec t ion ( t ype I ) a nd i n t h e l o ng i tud ina l p l ane u s ing i n dependen t s ocke t b l ock s ( f ig 9 1 .12 i ) .

c e r ta in

B un te rs and s tone L am ina ted c l ay s S a lop A s soc ia t ion

F ig 9 1 .12g : T anne r ' s F a rm 1 840 A n ew h ou se , p o s s ib ly w i th a n o pen h ea r th , w a s i d en t if ied i na ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 21) s e r ie s o fr obbe rt r enche s , w h ich p a r t ly h e ld as a nd s tone f o unda t ion c ou r se a nd e l sewhe r e h ad h e ld t imbe rs i l l b eam s . T he h ou se h ad t h r e e r o om s d i v ided b yt i mbe rp a r t i t ion s a nd l a te rt h e h ea r th w a s r e bu i l t i n b r ick i n o ne o f t h e s ou ther n r oom s . T he s i t e w a s a bandoned i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry w hen t h e f a rmhou s e may h ave b een m oved t o ap o s i t ion w e s t o ft h e p l a tf o rm a nd w a s t h en s upe r seded b y t h e p r e sen t 1 9 th -cen tu ry f a rmhou se . T he b r idg e t imbe r s w e r e s ea led b y ac au seway d a ted t ot h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , ad a t e c ompa rab le t ot h a t o ft h e p o t t e ry f o und w i th in t h e moa t f i l l . Af t e r a bandonmen t p a r t o ft h e p l a t f o rm s e em s t oh ave b een u sed f o r ab u i ld ing w i th ac l ay f l oo r a nd p a r tb ecame u s ed a s ar a bb i t w a r r en ; t h e d i tch w a s i n f i l led a nd t h e p l a t f o rm w a s s ub sequen t ly p l oughed ( F r eke 1 984 ) .

t h ep l a tf o rm h ad b e en p l oughed a f t e ra l t h eb u i ld ing sh ad b een d emo l i shed . T he w o rk s howed t h a t t h e m oa t w a s n o t ap r ima ry f e a tu r e b u t w a s d ug i n t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry p a r t ly d e s t roy ing ab u i ld ing s e to n an o r th sou th a l ignmen t . W i thou te xcep t ion t h ew a l l l i ne s h ad b e en t r unca t ed b yt h en o r th a rm o ft h e moa t . F rom t h e e v idenc e o fp o s t h o le s t h ree p ha se s o fb u i ld ing w e r e s e en b u t i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t o d e te rm ine a ny f u nc t ion . Aw e l l f o und o n t h e s ou th -w e s t q ua r te r o ft h e p l a tf o rm may a l so p r e -da te c r ea t ion o ft h e moa t . O r ig ina l ly i th ad b een l i ned w i th t imbe r f o r t h e t o p 1 m w he r e i t s e em s t o h ave b een r e c tangu la r i nf o rm . As ub s tan t ia l d i t ch , e a s t o f t h e b u i ld ing s b u t w i th in t h e moa t ed a r ea , c on ta ined 1 0m q uan t i t ie s o f l a t e m ed ieva l p o t t e ry ( c 15 th c en tu ry ) i n i t s p r ima ry s i l t s a nd , a f t e r ap e r iod o fn a tu ra l s i l t ing , w a s f i l led w i th s t if c l ay w h ich a l so c on ta ined l a te m ed ieva l p o t t e ry . A l though at o ta l o f 4 45 s uch s h e rd s w a s r e cove r ed , t h ey r e p r e sen t ed o n ly a s ma l l n umbe r o f v e s se l s , p e rhap s o n ly t wo b e ing o f m ed ieva l d a te , t h e r ema inde r b e ing f r om t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . T h r ee s i lve r c o in s h ad b een m in t ed b e tween 1 279 a nd 1 490 .

F ig 9 1 .12 i : R econ s t ruc t ion d raw ing o ft he b r idge ( 1984 , a r t i s tu nknown ;n os ca le )

1 0m Pa s t -med reva lf ea tu res s haded

=2 ;

11

Whe r e i tc u t i n to t h e u nde r ly ing s and s tone , t h e m oa t w a s l i ned w i th c l ay o n i t s w e s t , s ou th a nd e a s t a rm s . H e r e , i tw a s a bou t 1 0m w ide a nd f l a t -bo t tomed w i th s t e ep ly s l op ing s i de s . T he n o r th a rm w a s V shaped i n s e c t ion a nd o n ly 5 m w ide . S eve ra l r e cu t s w e r e i d en t i f ied a nd t e n ta t ive e v idenc e f o r a b r idg e w a s s e en i n ab eam s l o t o n t h e i n ne r e dg e o f t h e e a s t ig 9 1 .12h : C on tou rs u rvey , 1 982 ( l ef t )a nd e xcava t ion p l an , 1 982 ( r igh t ) d i tch . A w ooden b r idge a c ro s s F

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C a ta logue : ECCLES TON T enure 1 086 1 184 : 1190 2

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A lan d eE cc le s ton R ico d eS t anyh i r s t A dam f i lR og i W i l lo d e lS pen R ogo f i lA lex i R ob to C l ico H en rd eH a le

1 346 1 4

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1 349 1 4 .

k n igh t ' sf e e

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R obe r td eP r e sco t t H ankyn d eF e the rb ie W i l l iam d eB u rgh A dam d eS t anyhu r s te H en rys o fW i l l iam so fH en ry d e S tanyhu r s t e W i l l iam d e l S p enne R icha rd d eS t anyhu r s t e

1 332 1

1 466 1 g

R obe r td eE cc le s ton R obe r ts on o fR icha rd d eE cc le s ton

1 264 -666

1 322 1

L andho ld e r s

? John d eE cc le s ton

R a lph E cc le s ton 3m e s suag e s 2t e n s / land S co l le s t e nemen t 2m e s s / land m e s s &l a nd m e s suag e m e s s &l a nd m e s s &l a nd m e s s /2 c l o se s m e s suage m e s suag e m e s suage t e nemen t t e n / land t e nemen t t e n / land m e s s / land l a nd i n E cc le s ton S co l l e si u x ta S u t ton

c ou r t

C ocke r sand A bbey

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2 13

T homa sS t an ley E a r lo fD e rby T homa sG e r a rd d eB ry r tn H en ry S t and i sh H en ry d eS co l le s H en ry Web s t e r J ohn C ann R a lph D awne T homa sB ake r J ame sG le s t R a lph K enw rygh t R obe r tL yon J ohn Wodf a l l E dwa rd P r e sco t t R icha rd B owe r N ico lu sC o l ley H omf r eS t anyhu r s t R oge rA sche ton J ohn H ough ton

C a ta logue : ECCLESTON T enure 1 522 2 1

E s ta te

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

2p a r t so fa f e e f r eeho lde r s

1 600 2

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1 630 2 4

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1

2

3

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5

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7

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1 743 2 3

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E a r l o fD e rby E dwa rd E cc le s ton R obe r tP re sco t R icha rd R igby R a lph A sh ton J ame sG le s t W i l l iam S tand i sh W i l l iam B ank s H ugh L ang shaw W i l l iam L ang shaw

G le s t G le s t G le s t G le s t 1 602 2

Me sne l o rd

T homa s E cc le s ton

2 2

E cc le s ton H a l l

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 55 ) . E cc le s ton w a s n o t s pec if ica l ly n o t iced a tt h e t ime o ft h e D ome sday S ur vey . T oge the r w i th S u t ton a nd R a inh i l l , E cc le s ton w a sp robab ly a t ta ched t ot h ef e eo fW idne sb y 1 086 . ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 5 99 -560 ) . R oge r d e B euchamp , l o rd o fC rog l in a nd S taf f ie ld i n C umbe r land , g ran ted t o C ocke r sand A bbey 1 0 a c r e s o f l a nd i nh i s d eme sne i nS ca le s . B euchamp i sn o to t he rw i se k nown a s al a ndowne ri n We s tD e rby h und r ed . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 0 1) . H ugh d e E cc le s ton g ran t ed o ne l a nd i nE cc le s ton t oC ocke r sand A bbey ;N icho la s a nd A dam , w i th t h ec on sen to fH ugh , g ran ted t wo l a nd s . ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 4 1) . W i l l iam o fD a r e sbu ry h e ld o ne k n igh t ' s f e e o ft h e t o ta l o ff ou ra t ta ched t ot h e f e e o fW idne s . H e w a s t h e f a the r( o r , mo r e p robab ly , g randf a the r )o f Ma rge ry ,w if eo fH en ry l eN o r r ey s , s on o fA lan l eN o r rey so fF o rmby ( q v ) . T h rough h e r , t h e No r r ey s f am i ly c ame t oh o ld t h i s f e eo fS u t ton ( 4c a ruca te s )( qv ) ,E cc le s ton ( 4c a ruca te s )a nd R a inh i l l( 2c a ruca te s )( qv ) . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . A t a bou t t h i s t ime W i l l iam ` S am son ' s u r r ende r ed h i s r i gh t i nE cc le s ton a nd R a inh i l l t oA lan l eN o r r ey s o fS u t ton ( qv ) w i th t h e h omage o fR obe r td eE cc le s ton w ho p a id 3 sy ea r ly t oW i l l iam ` Sam son ' . R obe r td eE cc le s ton d i ed 1 276 1280 l e av ing aw idow , Ame ry ,w ho c l a imed d ow e r i nl a nd s h e ld b yP e te rd eW ind le ( Fa r r e l-& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 63 n 8 ) . ( Fa r r e rc d . 1 900 , 6 0 1-603 ) . R obe r tg ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bb ey p a r to fh i s l a nd i nE cc le s ton f o rme r ly h e ld b y Wa l te r , s qu i r eo ft h eA bbe s s o fP o l le swo r th , e xcep tr i dd ing s made o rt ob e made , w i th h ou sebo te o fo ak t r ee s a nd h aybo te a nd q u i t tanc eo f pa nnage i nE cc le s ton w ood f o rt h ep ig so ft h et wo m en w ho s hou ld b et e nan t so ft h eA bbo t . H e a l so c onf i rmed t h eg ran t made t oC ocke r sand b y h i s g randf a the r , H ugh d e E cc le s ton ( s ee n o t e3 )i et h e h ead land o ft h e f u r long c a l led B o thum a nd t wo s e l ion s i nt h es ame f u r long . ( Fa r re rc d . 1 900 , 5 99 -560 ) . T he se l a nd s h ad b e en g r an ted t ot h e A bbey b yR oge rd e B euchamp ( s ee n o te 2 ) . A tt h i s d a te d e B umhu l l a l so h e ld a n e s ta t e i n E l tonhead , S u t ton ( qv )f r om C ocke r sand . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 65 n 10 ) . I nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry S cho le s w a s c a l led am ano r ; t h e e s ta t e w a s i nt h e s ou th p a r t o fE c c le s ton . I n 1 292 R obe r t , g rand son o fR obe r td e E cc le s ton , c omp la ined t h a t Ame ry , w idow o fR obe r t d e E cc le s ton , h ad h e ld s i x m e s suage s , s i x o xgang s , 4a c r e s o fw ood a nd 1/3 o f 2 0 a c re s o fw ood i nE cc le s ton a nd h ad d e s t royed 1 2 o r cha rd s w o r th 2 s , t wo g ra nge s w o r th 1 00 s a nd ac hambe r w o r th 4 0 s . I tw a s f ound t h a t s he h ad n o t made w a s t e ; p a r to f ad ecayed h ou se h ad f a l len d own o fi t so wn a cco rd a nd s he h ad c a r r ied i ta way ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,3 63 n 8 ) .

9

( Fan-e re d . 1 903b ,3 12 ) . G i lb e r tl eN o r r ey s 'h e ld o ne f e e i nS u t ton c um m embr i s( Ecc le s ton a nd R a inh i l l ) , 4 0 sb e ing p a id f o rt h ew ho le f e e .

1 °

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 7 ) .

1

( Fan-e re d . 1 907 , 7 8 ) . S u i ta tt h eW idne sc ou r tw a sp e r f o rmed b yN o r rey s ' t e nan t ,A lan d eE cc le s ton .

1 2

1 3

( Hawke s 1 936 , 7 1-73 ) . I n 1 327 1328 A lan d e E cc le s ton m ade a n a g re emen t w i th t h e se n amed c ha r te r e r s a nd f r eemen . R og e r d e P re sco t , c l e rk , h ad b een g i ven ag ran to fL y s tanhu r s ti n1 315 ; b y ag ran to f1 3 17 o ne h ead o ft h e l a nd o fW i l l iam , s on o fH en ry d e l eS tan i shu r s tb u t ted t h el a nd o fR oge r , t h ec l e rk , t h eo the rh ead b u t ted ` u pon t h ec hanc e l ' . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T ho se l i s ted a sl a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu t ed t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . A lan d eE cc le s ton w a s as uppo r te ro fR obe r td eH o l land a nd , w i th h i s b ro the r s , H en ry a nd T homa s ,w a sp a r ty t ot h ec on sp i ra c ie sa tG a r swood ,A sh ton in - Makerf ie ld ( q v )( Tup l ing 1 949 , x x iv n l , 7 0 -71) .

1 4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 4 ) .

1 5

( Fa r m-& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 63 n 11) . A lan a l so h e ld R a inh i l l ( qv ) a th i sd ea th i n1 349 .

1 6

1 7

1 8

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 65 n 1 2 ) . J ohn d e L anca s te ro fR a inh i l l ( qv ) h e ld S cho le s a sh e i ro f ad augh te ro fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux . Ar e n t o f4 0 s w a s p a id i n1 373 . ( Fa r r e rc d . 1 909 , 1 242 , 1 248 ) . L eB o thum w a sc a l led a` l and n ex tt oE cc le s ton ' . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 64 m ) . T he s i x c a ruca t e s i nE cc le s ton a nd R a inh i l l w e r e h e ld f r om T uche rB o ld f o r 5 s I dr e n t . S i nc e n one o ft h i s n ame h a s b e en i d en t if ied a tt h i s d a te , at e nu r ia l l i nk d a t ing f r om t h e 1 2 th -cen tu ry w hen T ug e rB o ld o fB o ld ( qv ) w a s t h e p r inc ipa l l o rd i nt h a t t own sh ip i s , p e rhap s , i n d ica ted . J ohn d eE cc le s ton made p rov i s ion f o rt h em a r r iage o fh i s s on , R a lph , w i th A gne s , d augh te ro fW i l l iam L ey la nd . J ohn E c c le s ton 's r e n ta l f o r 1 476 n o ted : T ot h ek i ng f o rs ake a nd w a rd 4 s4 d T homa s D an ie l l f o rr e n to fE cc le s ton 5 sI d t h eA bbo tC ocke r sand 1 2d T he s e rv ice so ft h ef r ee t e nan t s a r ea l so g i ven ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 63 -364 n 1 2 ) . I n1 483 R a lph E cc le s ton i n he r i ted t h ee s ta t e s ; h ed i ed i n1 522 .

1 9

2 0

2 1

( Lanc s RO DDSc 2 5 /3 i nC h i t ty 1 981 A ppend ix C ) . T h i s r e n ta l o fR a lph E cc le s ton l i s t s t h e f r e e t e nan t s w ho h e ld t e nemen t s o rm e s suag e s w i th l a nd o r c l o se s . T hey w e r e s t i l l e xpec ted t od o ` c a r ry ing s e rv ic e ' f o r w h ich am oney r a t e , u sua l ly 2 s , w a s c ha rged f o r e ach t e nancy . S ome o ft h e h o ld ing s w e r e f u r the rs ub le t . T he l o ca t ion o fR a lph K enw rygh t 's t e nemen t may b ep re se rved i nt h ef i e ld n am e ` Kenw r igh t 's Meadow ' ( f ig 9 1 .13b ) . ( Fan-e re d . 1 909 , 1 247 , 1 249 ) . T he n ame s a r e s im i la ra tb o th d a te s . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 65 -366 n 12 ) . P e rhap sG eo rge S tand ish i n te r vened i nS cho le s b e twe en 1 50 11537 . H i st wo p a r t sw e re o f af e e ` i n f i ve p a r t s d i v ided '

2 2

( Fan-e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 67 n 3 ) . T he E a r l o fD e rby a l so h ad l a nd i nG le s t . T h i se s ta te w a s i nt h en o r th o fE cc le s ton .

2 14

C a ta logue : ECCLESTON 2 3

2 4

2 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 65 -366 n I 2 ) . W i l l iam S tand ish d i ed i n1 602 . I n 1 565 H en ry d e E cc le s ton h ad p a r t ed w i th t h e f o rme rr e n t o f4 0 s a nd w i th t h eh omag ea nd s e r v ic eo ft h et e nan t . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 66 m ) . L a t e ri nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry t h eh a l lw a sh e ld f r om J ohn H u r s tb yt h eH a r r ing ton so fH uy ton ( qv ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 65 ) . T homa s E cc le s ton d i ed i n 1 743 , t h e l a s t o fh i s f am i ly . H av ing b ecome aJ e su i t h e h ad e n ta i led h i s e s ta te s o n h i s s econd c ou s in , J ohn G o r such o f S ca r i sb r ick ( Hu r l s ton , q v ) , w i th r ema inde r t o ac ou s in t h rough h i s mo the r , B a s i l T homa s S ca r i sbr ick . J ohn G o r such a s sumed t h e n ame E cc le s ton b u t h e d i ed w i thou t a n h e i r . H i s s ucc e s so r , B a s i l T homa s S ca r i sb r ick , a l so t o ok t h e n ame E cc le s ton a nd a cqu i red t h e S ca r i sb r ick l a nd s i nS ca r i sb r ick o nt h ed ea th o fh i sb ro the r ,J o seph . B a s i l c on t inued t ol i ve a tE cc le s ton u n t i l h i sd ea th i n1 789 .

c on sequence o fw o rk s c a r r ied o u t b yE cc le s ton . T he l a nd s w e r e a l so s a id t o b e as ou rce o fc oa l a nd p o t te r s ' c l ay ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 65 n 3 ) w h ich may a ccoun t , a tl e a s t i np a r t , f o rs ome o ft h ew a t e rf e a tu re s s hown o n t h e 1 770 p l an . N o . SMR

2 2 4 894 / 1-3

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

E cc le s ton H a l l E cc le s ton P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S i4 882 9 499 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone s o l id o u t c rop sa ts i te

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 8m g en t l r en o r th s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e

? s ing le ? squa re c 100 x 1 00m /c 10 ,000m 2 4 15m

A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

g a tehou s e 1 720

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion

LMFAS 1 99 1 ;G if f o rd s , C he s te r 1 994

B u i ld ing s

F ig 9 1 .13a : E cc le s ton

U se P lan s

T he s i t e a tE c c le s ton H a l l may h ave b een o ccup ied b y t h e E cc le s ton f am i ly f r om a tl e a s tt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . B y 1 3 15 t h e r ew a s ap a rk ( p e r s . c omm . S u san N icho l son ) a nd l i cence f o r a n o ra to ry w a s a cqu i r ed i n 1 395 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 63-4 n I 2 ) . ' S i t eo fc hu rch ' i sg i ven w e s to ft h eh a l lo n ap l an o fc l7 70 ( Lane s RO DDSc ) . Ar e n ta l o fJ ohn d e E cc le s ton 's e s ta te s i n 1 373 r e f e r r ed t o ah ey c a l led t h e P a rk , c on ta in ing s i x a c re s ; t h e r e w e r e t wo w a t e r -m i l l sa nd t wo w indm i l l s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 63 n 11) . I n1 509 af ou r -a c r e c l o se c a l led t h eP a rk , t o g e the rw i th ' t he mano r ' , g a rden s a nd o r cha rd s w e r e v a lued a t4 0 s a nd ag roup o ff i e ld s c on ta in ing o ve r 1 00 a c re s i n c luded ` Ecc le s ton g r ene o n w h ich aw indm i l l i sb u i l t a nd w i th o ne p oo l c a l led l ef i she p o le ' y i e ld ing ar e n to f£ 14 ( Lane s RO DDSc 2 5 / 3 ) . T he l o ca t ion o ft h ep a rk , e a s to ft h eh a l l , i sp robab ly p r e ser ved b y f i e ld n ame s i n t h e l a te 1 8 th ea r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry ( f ig 9 1 .13b ) ; t h e s ame p l an a l so i n d ica te s t h ep robab l el o ca t ion o ft h ew a te rm i l l s .

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

w e tc 1770 ? m i l l s t r eam ;? f i shpoo l 1 485 1509 ? sou th

t r ace so fm oa ti nc 1770 ; p ond s i n1 8 11 ; d i sappea r ed b y 1 840 1 3 14C ; r a f t e r ed g r ea t h a l l a nd g a l le ry c 1567 ; 1 7 th 18 thC l a nd scaped ; f o rme r ly E cc le s ton H a l l H o sp i ta l L anc s RO DDSc c 1770 n os ca le ; P i lk ing ton B ro sL td 1 8 11 @ 1 8 c ha in s ,e a ch 3 2y a rd s =4 362 " ; L anc s RO DRL 1 / 24 1 840 C h i t ty 1 98 1 A pp D ;G lynn & Me r ed i th 1 981 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l 1 907 ; R ob in son 1 947

T he h a l l a nd p a r to ft h e e s ta te w e r eo b ta ined b yS amue l T ay lo r i n1 8 12 a nd , i n1 834 , h e b u i l t an ew h a l l . T he o l d E cc le s ton H a l l w a s d e s t royed a nd t h e r e i sn oe a r thwo rk e v idence f o r amoa t( Ch ity 1 981 A ppend ix D ) . I n 1 99 1 , i n r e spon se t o ap l ann ing a pp l ica t ion , o pen a r ea e xcava t ion s i n ve s t iga t ed as i t e s ome 1 00m t ot h e e a s t o ft h e 1 9 th -c en tu ry h ou se . T hey r e cove r ed e v idence f o r b eam s l o t s w h ich r e la t ed t o ab u i ld ing w th ac r o s s r a nge a nd t wo p ro jec t ing w ing s . Al a rge p ea t -f i l led d ep re s s ion , p o s s ib ly a f i shpond , w a s a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e r ema in s o f s l u ic e s . I t s i n f i l l c on ta ined t h r ee t imbe r s w h ich p roduced f e l l ing d a te s a f t e r 1 278 , 1 284 a nd 1 326 , a t l e a s t o ne t imbe r c ame f r om ar oof . I ts e em s t ha t al a te 1 3 th o re a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry b u i ld ing w a s d i sman t led w hen t h e n ew G rea t H a l l w a s b u i l t i n c 1567 a nd , p r e sumab ly , t h e s uppo sed f i shpond w a s f i l led a tt h i s t ime . A s ma l l a moun t o f 1 3 14 th c en tu ry p o t t e ry w a s r e cove red t o ge the r w i th 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu ry ma te r ia l f r om t h e u ppe r f i l l o fs ome o ft h e d i tche s f ound o n t h e s i te . T h i s i n c luded C i s te rc ian w a r e s a nd T udo r G reen p o t te ry a nd i n du s t r ia l w a s t e f r om t h e s uppo sed f i shpond w a s a s so c ia ted w i th t h e m ed ieva l m a t e r ia l ' .

H en ry E cc le s ton b u i l t an ew G r ea tH a l l, ' m i t e r ed ' w i th ag a l le ry , i nc 1567 a nd i n1 662 t h eb u i ld ing i ss a id t oh ave h ad 2 4 h ea r th s ( Rob in son 1 947 ) . I n 1 666 E c c le s ton H a l l h ad 1 5 h ea r th s a nd , a f t e r B o ld H a l l ( q v ) , w a s t h e l a rge s t h ou se i nP re sco t p a r i sh ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 67 n 5 ) . A s u r vey o f 1 720 ( Lanc s RO DDSc 2 5 /9 ) n o ted t h e h a l l , ag a t ehou se , s t ab le , h ay b a rn w i th a n ' o u te y le ' , s h ippon , c or nb a rn , c oachhou se , w o rkhou se a nd g a rne r , d ov eco t e , o r cha rd , g a rden a nd t wo c ou r t s . A l so o n t h e d eme sne l a nd s w e re t wo w a te r m i l l s , a n o a t -d ry ing k i ln a nd a no the r k i ln , am a l t h ou se , a' g r ea t D amme ' a nd t h re e ' L e s se r D amm s ' . T he p l an o fE cc le s ton H a l l f o r c 1770 s how s as i ng le b u i ld ing a s soc ia t ed w i th t wo s ma l l w a te r f i l led f e a tu re s , a nd a s e r ie s o fe x t en s ive l a ke s t o t h e n o r th a nd n o r th ea s t ( Lanc s RO DDSc ) . I n 1 784 -86 a w a te r -powe r ed c o t ton m i l l w a s b u i l t o n l a nd l e a sed f r om B a s i l T homa s E cc le s ton . I tw a s p owe r ed b y m ean s o fa c hanne l c u t f r om t h e D am s o n t h e d eme sne n ea r E cc le s ton H a l l ( G lynn & Me r ed i th 1 98 1 . 3 9 ) . T he e x t en s ive p ond s s hown o n t h e 1 770 p l an m ay b e a

2 15

1

Ia m g ra t ef u l t oD r . R ob P h i lpo t to fL ive rpoo l Mu suem F i e ld A rcha eo logy S ec t ion f o ri n f o rma t ion r e ga rd ing t h ee xcava ted e v idenc e .

C a ta logue : ECCLESTON

F ig 9 3 .13b : L and o wned b yB a s i lT homa sE cc le s ton ( d e ta i lb a sed o na ne s ta te m ap o fc 1770 w i th s e lec ted f i e ld n ame s t a ken f r om a n e s ta te m ap o f 1 8 11 ; L anc s RO DDSc , n o a cce s s ion n o . ; n o s c a le ) F u r the re xcava t ion s w e r e u nde r taken b y G if f o rd s o fC he s t e r i na dvanc e o f r e deve lopmen t . T he se i n ve s t iga t ion s , w h ich e xam ined a n a r ea a r ound t h e e dg e o f t h e 1 99 1 t r ench , p roduc ed e v idence f o r t h e m oa t s u r round ing a p l a tf o rm c 100 x 1 00m . T h i s c ompa re s t h e E cc le s ton s i te w i th B ew sey O ld H a l la nd p l ace s i ta mong s tt h el a rge s ti nt h er e g ion .

C a ta logue : FOR MBY T enure '1 066 1 163 -64 1 1762

E s ta te

t h anage

4c a ruca te s

t h anag e d eme sne

1c a ruc a t e

1944

S er v ice / r en t

2c a ruca t e s

R icha rd s on o fR oge r J ohn ,C oun to f Mon t a in

R icha rd s on o fR og e r o f Woodp lump ton

K ing

H ugh d e Mo re ton

d eme sne t h anage

2c a ruca te s 1c a ruca t e

K ing K ing

s e rj e an ty

1c a ruca t e

K ing

1 3 s4 d

J o rdan d eT ho rnh i l l& t h ed au o fR icha rd s on o fR oge r Q uen i lda d eK i rkda le

2 8 s 3 s8 d

c onduc t ing t h ek i ng ' s t r ea su ry

R icha rd d e Mea th H ugh d e Mo r e ton t h anage

K ing

H en ry d e Wa l ton

5o xgang s 2o xgang s 7o xgang s

W i l l iam d eL e e H en ry d eN o t t ingham

R icha rd s on o fR og e r 1 252 3' 1 298 1 0

1 5 s2 d& p a i ro f w h i t e g l ove s 1 3 s4 d

Q uen i lda G eme t

8 s4 d

m o ie ty

E dmund E a r lo f L anca s te r

W i l l iam s on o f R icha rd d e Wa l ton h e i r so fR icha rd s on o fR oge r

3 4 s8 d

1 323 -24 1 2 t h anage 1 327 1

2 8 s

W i l l iam d eF e r re r s

1 6o xgang s 8o xgang s 8o xgang s

7o xgang s

Ma s t e rR oge rd eD e rby Ma s te rR og e rd eD e rby H ugh d eC o rona ,s on o fR oge rd e D e rby

4 s8 d

S imon d e Wa l ton R a lph d eB e e tham N icho la sd eE ton & Ma rga re th i sw if e

2 4 s6 d 2 s4 d 2 s4 d

H en ry d e Wa l ton R icha rd s on o fR oge r

3 4 s8 d 1 3 s4 d

A dam d eF o rmby

1 332 1 4

A dam d eF omeby T ho rn B eek W i l lo l eR ay W ino Mu l l W i l lo d eL ong e ton R ob to f i lR og i A dam f l uG i lb t i W i l lo d eA yno l sda le R ado f l uR og i J ohe d eW yg an

1 334 1

3o xgang s

W i l l iam l eN o r r ey s R obe r td eS h i r ebume R a lph d eB ee tham A dam d eF o rmby S imon d e Wa l ton R a lph d eB e e tham J ohn D ampo r t

3 4 s8 d 2 s4 d 2 s4 d

W i l l iam N o r r i s

6 s6 dr e n t

1 346 1 4

s ocage s ocage k n igh t ' sf e e

2c a ruca te s 1c a ruca t e 1c a ruca te

1 40 11 7

k n igh t ' sf e e

3o xgang s

D uchy o fL anca s t e r

1 446 1 8

J ohn Wa r r en T homa sB ee tham T homa sN o r r i s W i l l iam F o rmby

1 451-6 1M 1 4802 °

J o rdan & t h ed au o fR icha rd s on o f R oge r H en ry d e Wa l ton

2c a ruca te s

mo ie ty 1 322 -24 1

L andho lde rs

K ing E dwa rd

1 2 15 16 '7 1 226 -27 i

Me sne l o rd

K ing

1 208 3 1 2 126

L ord o ff ee l S uper ior L ord

1 / 2 0 k n igh t ' s f e e

f i she ry & l a nd 6m e s suage s &4 0a c r e s

-C ock e r sand

K ing

A bbey

H en ry H a l sa l l

2 0 s

J ohn Wa r r en

1 5 11151

A bbo to f Me r eva le E a r lo fD e rby G eo rge H o lf o rd W i l l iam F o rmby S i rW i l l iam N o r r e s

x x i i js i jd v i i js i j d i j sx do b l i j sx do b x l l i js

1 5 14 2 Y

H e i r so ft h ev i l lo f F o rmby

3 9 s4 d

1 5 182 Y

1 / 5k n igh t ' s f e e

1 523 2 4

s ocage

V sv i l l &3 0 m e s suage s

S i rJ ohn Wa r r en W i l l iam F o rmby

2 17

1 5 sy ea r ly

i j s x v jd x v i i jd i j s i j sv j d x i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd

i j si x d

C a ta logue : FOR MBY

T enure

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L o rd

1 553 2 5

S e r v ice / r en t

L andho lde r s

S i rE dwa rd Wa r r en E dwa rd , E a r l o f D e rby S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux W i l l iam F o rmby

1 558 2‘

1/ 5

k n igh t ' s

f e e 1 56 1-63

4 v 1 / i i i &3 0 m e s suaee s

C rown

S i rE dwa rd Wa r r en

4 m / 1 ano r

1 / 4m ano r

H en ry H a l sa l l ( Wa r r en q ua r te r ) ( De rby q ua r te r )

4 m / 1 ano r

( No r r i sq ua r te r)

1 565 2

W i l l iam F o rmby

f r eeho lde r

1 600 2 5

2 s4 dr e n t

1 5s y ea r ly &p a i ro f w h i te g l ove s

R icha rd F o rmby

S i t e :

2 4F o rmby H a l l

I( Mo rgan

1 978 ,2 69c ) . T he v a lue w a s 1 0 s .

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 6 ) . R icha rd , s on o fR oge r , w a s l o rd o f Woodp lump ton o n t h e F y lde . T he r e n t i n c luded t h e Woodp lump ton h o ld ing s i n B oo t le , a s se s sed a t8 s8 d . 3

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 6n 10 ) . T he c on t r ibu t ion t ot h eA id w a s3 6 s 8 d . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 7 ) . B e tween 189 1194 R icha rd , s on o fR oge r , h e ld a no the r 2c a ruca te s w h ich w e r e g ran t ed t oR icha rd d e Mea th i n1 202 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,2 7 -28n ) . I n 194 t h e Woodp lump ton sw e r e d i spo s se s sed a nd t h en r e in s ta t ed ; w hen R icha rd d i ed i n1 200 h i s l a nd sw e r ed i v ided b e twe en h i sf ou rd augh te r s .

4

Amer ia m T homas d eB ee tham

Marga re t m Hugh d e More ton b ef ore 1 208

Quen i lda m 1 ? ; 2Roge rG e rne ti n1 219

B oo t le

K irkby

F orm b y

Ma t i lda m R obe r td eS tokepor ti n1 180 A rgarmeo l s

( 2c a ruca te si nt h anage ) Ar ga r meo ls

( 2c a ruca te s wh ich a f t e r 1 252 p a ssed t ot h e B ee tham a nd S tokepo r tf am i l ie s )

( 1c a ruca te i nt h anage , 1c a ruca te b y s e r jean ty )

( 1c a ruca te b yk n igh ts e rv ice )

( 1c a ruca te b yk n igh ts e rv ice ) Q uen i lda d i ed c h i ld less a nd i n 1 252 h e r t wo F o rmby p o r t ion s p a ssed t oR a lph d e B e e tham a nd R obe r t d e S tokepo r t . I nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h ey p a s sed , w i th o ne o ft h e d emesne c a ruca te s ,t ot h eH a lsa l lf am i ly a nd i n1 631 w e re s o ld t ot h eB lunde l l f am i ly o fI n ce B lunde l l . T he r ema in ing q ua r te r wa so wned b yt h eF o rmby f am i ly .

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 7 ) . ( Book o fF e e s 1 921 , 2 10 ; F a r r e r e d . 1 903b , 2 3 , 2 7 ) . Q uen i lda w a s c ha rg ed p ro t h es sau ro s uo c onduc endo u sque l eB lak ebroc ; p o s s ib ly t h i s w a s t h e b ounda ry f o rmed b yt h er i ve rD oug la s (We l sh d u= b l a ck )b e twe en t h eh und r ed s o f We s tD e rby a nd L ey land . T he r e i sc onf u s ion a st ow h e the rQ uen i lda d e K i rkda le a nd t h ew if eo fJ o rdan d eT homh i l l a r et h e s ame p e r son . Q uen i lda d e K i rkda le w a s h e i ro fh e r f a the r , R oge rd e K i rkda le ( d 1199 120 1 ) , a nd w if e o fR oge ro ro fR icha rd , s on o fR oge r . J o rdan d e T hor nh i l l h e ld Q uen i lda d e K i rkda le ' s c a ruca t e f o r 2 s , b y g if to fW i l l iam , s on o fN o rman . T he e s ta te s o f

6

Q uen i lda d eK i rkda le a nd o the rQ uen i lda s a r en o t ed i nA ppend ix V I I I . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 7 ) . H en ry d e Wa l ton w a s g ran ted t h i s e s ta t e ( and a l h i s l a nd i n Wa l ton ) b y h i s b ro the r , R icha rd d e Mea th . D e Mea th a l so h e ld e s ta t e s i nH a lewood ( qv ) ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 2 52 , 2 57 ) . I n 1 2 17 124 1 Q uen i lda d e K i rkda le g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey t h e y ea r ly r e n t o f2 s w h ich s he r e c e ived f r om o ne t e am land i nF o rmby ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 64 -565 ) . T h i ss e em s to b et h ee s ta t eh e ld b yJ o rdan d eT ho rnh i l l .

7

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 35 137 ) . I n 1 227 t h eK ing c onf i rmed h i s g r an to ft wo c a ruca te s , f o rme r ly o fr oya l d eme sne ,t oR icha rd d e Mea th a nd R icha rd ' s pun tt o h i s b ro the r , H en ry , o fl a nd s i nF o rmby , H a le a nd Wa l ton ( Fa r r e re d . 1 899 , 1 38 n 2 ) . A n i n c r emen to f6 s 8 d h ad b een p l a ced o n t h e a nc ien t f a rm o f2 8 s . I n t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry t h e Wa l ton e s ta t e i nF o rmby w a s h e ld i nt h ree p a r t s , t wo b y Ma s te rR og e rd e D e rby a nd t h et h i rd b y h i s s on , H ugh d e C o rona f o r 1 5s 2 d a nd ap a i r o fw h i te g l ove s . T he 7o xgang s o ft h e No t t ingham /Co rona h o ld ing i n c luded t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 8 ) . H ugh d e C o rona may b et h es ame p e r son a sH ugh d eF o rmby . T he a moun td ue f r om R icha rd , s on o fR oge r , i n c luded t h et hanag ea s se s smen tf o rB oo t le .

9

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 7 ) . Q uen i lda ,w if eo fR oge rG eme th e rs e cond h u sband , d i ed i n1 252 ;d eS tokepo r ta nd d eB ee tham w e r eh e rh e i r s ( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 6 n 12 ) .

I °

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,2 87 ) .

" (Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 8 1 ,2 08 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 6 n 12 ) . T he s um o f2 4 s6 dd ue f r om t h e Wa l ton h o ld ing s hou ld ,p e rhap s ,b e3 4 s 8 d . 1 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 08 ) . T he t hanage h o ld ing o ft h e Woodp lump ton s i sr e f lec t ed i nt h es um o f1 3s 4 dp ayab le f o rb o th F o rmby a nd B oo t le .

1 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 8 ) . A dam w a st h es on o fH ugh d eF o rmby ( ? a l ia sC o rona ) .

1 4

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 7 n 14 ) . T he se m en w e r e s a id t ob et h e l o rd s o fF o rmby b u to t he r s , i n c lud ing R obe r t l eR ay e , a s s e r ted ac l a im . T he N o r r i s p o r t ion w a s h e ld f r om t h e Wa l ton h o ld ing ; i t may b e r ep re sen t ed i n am e s suag e a nd 3 o xgang s g ran t ed t oA lan l eN o r r ey s , o fF o rmby , S peke ( qv ) a nd S u t ton ( qv ) ,b yW i l l iam B lunde l l i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry .

1 6

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 9 15 , 9 1) . B e e tham a nd D avenpo r t h ad t op rov ide p u tu r e . D avenpo r t w a s g ua rd ian o fR icha rd d e E a ton , s on o fR obe r t , a nd s u cc e s so r i nt h e S to ckpo r t mo ie ty . I n 1 348 , t h e h o ld ing s o f d e B ee tham a nd D avenpo r t w e r e d e scr ibed a s 2c a ruca t e s , b u t S imon d e Wa l ton ' s e s ta t e w a s r e co rded a s t e nemen t s( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 1 88 ) .

1 7

1 8

1 9

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 7 n 14 ) . T he re w e re a l so 4m e s suage s . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 7 -48 n 17 ) . T he se w e r e t h e l o rd s o fF o rmby . T he Wa r r en p o r t ion w a s t h a t f o rme r ly h e ld b y t h e S to ckpo r t /E ton f am i ly a s h e i r so fQ uen i lda ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 6 ) . I n 1 453-4 t h eN o r r i se s ta te c on s i s ted o f 7t e nemen t s , e a ch o fh a lf a n o xgang , a nd o t he rl a nd s ( Lumby 1 939 , 1 87 ) . T he B ee tham p o r t ion w a s c onf i sca ted i n1 487 f o ra dhe r enc et ot h e H ou se o fY o rk , a nd w a s g ran ted t ot h e e a r l o fD e rby , l o rd o fL a thom ( qv ) a nd K now s ley ( qv )( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 7 ,n 1) . ( Fa r re r e d . 1 909 , 1 240 , 1 245 , 1 249 ) . T he o r ig in o ft h e g ran t t oC ocke r sand A bbey h a s n o t b een a sc e r ta ined . P o s s ib ly i tc an b e e qua t ed w i th o ne o f t h e g ran t s f r om e i the rA in sda le o rR avenmeo l s . A l t e rna t ive ly , a s aw idow , Q uen i lda o fK i rkda le pan ted t oC ocke r sand t h e s e rv ic eo ft wo o xgang s i nK i rkda le t og e the r w i th ap l a ce b y t h e Me r sey ' whe r e t h e c anon s c ou ld m ake af i she ry , v i z , b e tw e en t h e f i she r y o fT homa s t h e C hap la in a nd t h e s e a ' ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 5 n 17 ) . T he H a l sa l l s o fH a l sa l l ( qv ) h e ld t h e f i she ry i nF o rmby a nd A in sda le i n1 50 1 a nd 1 537 . T hey a nd t h e F o rmby l o rd s w e r e f r equen t ly i nd i spu te o ve rr i gh t so fp a s tu r eo nD ownho l land Mo s s( PRO DL 3 / 75 -76 )w h ich a d jo in sF o rmby Mo s s .

2 18

C a ta logue : FOR MBY

2 °

2 1

2 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 4 6 n 13 ) . Wa r r en d i ed i n1 480 h o ld ing p roper ty w o r th 2 0 sy ea r ly . T h i sh eh ad d em i sed i n1 445 t oI s abe l , d augh te ro fR obe r t L e igh o fA d l ing ton a nd s he s t i l l h e ld t h ee s ta t e i n1 506 . ( Heywood 1 846 , 2 ) . T he se m en c on t r ibu ted t o as ub s idy . T he A bbo t o f Me r eva le h e ld t h e n e ighbou r ing v i i i o fA l tca r b u t t h e re i sn o th ing t oi d en t if y t h e F o rmby h o ld ing . ( F a i re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 7 n 17 ) . T he mo ie t ie sw e re a sf o l low s : Q uen i lda ' sh a lf

Wa l ton h a lf

4 s8 d

3 4 s8 d

E a r l o fD e rby ( Bee tham q ua r te r )

2 s4 d

No r r is

l Os

Wa r ren ( E ton q ua r te r )

2 s4 d

F o rmby G e ra rd o fA ugh ton

1 5s 4 s4 d

E a r lo fD e rby

4 s4 d

A ugh ton o fN o r th Meo l s

I s

2 3

( Fa i r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 6 n 13 ) .

2 4

( Fa i r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 8 n 6 ) . W i l l iam F o rmby d i ed i n1 523 .

2 5

( Fa i r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 7 -48 n 17 ) . S i rW i l l iam N o r r i sh ad e xchanged l a nd sw i th S i rW i l l iam Mo lyneux i n1 543 .

2 6

( Fa i r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 6 n 13 ) .

2 7

( Fa i re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 7 ) . Two q ua r t e r s h ad d e scended f r om Q uen i lda ' s e s ta te s . T hey w e r e s o ld b yJ ohn Wa r r en a nd t h e e a r l o fD e rby t oH en ry H a l sa l l o fH a l sa l l ( q v ) . T he o t he r ( Wa l ton ) h a lf i n c luded t h e f o rme r N o r r i s e s ta t e w h ich w a s s o ld i n 1 56 1 t oH en ry H a l sa l l w ho , b y t h e se t r an sa c t ion s , a cqu i red t h r ee -qua r t e r s o fF o rmby . T he F o rmby f am i ly e s ta te w a s a l so c on s ide r ed a so ne q ua r t e r . A t t h e s ame t ime H a l sa l l a cqu i r ed t h e p a t ronag e o ft h e c hu rch ; a ts ome d a t e l a t e r t h e F o rmby s h e ld t h e a dvow son ( Fa i r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 8 n 1 ; 5 1 ) . T he H a l sa l l e s ta t e s w e r e s o ld t oB lunde l l o fI n ce B lunde l l i n1 631 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 . 4 8 ) .

2 8

( Fa i r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 8n 6 ) . W i l l iam F o rmby d i ed i n1 565 .

2 9

( Fa i r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 8 n 6 ) . R icha rd F o rmby w a st h eo n ly f r eeho lde r .

F ig 9 1 .14a : F o rmby

2 19

C a ta logue : FOR MBY

N o . SMR

2 4 A SM 3 109 /3

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

F ormby H a l l F o rmby Wa l ton o nt h eH i l l We s tD e rby D eme sne / se r jean ty

NGR L oca t ion

5D3115 0 990 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rm a r l B lown s and /pea t d e r ived f r om b l own s and

A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 m e a s t -f a c ing o ve r look ing mo s s land

P l an

s i ng le t r apezo id c 80 x6 0 tn /4800m 2 c lOm a c ro s sp ond

F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in ly , t h e p r e sen th a l l l i e so no rc l o se t oi t sm ed ieva l p r edec e s so rb u tt h e b u i ld ing c on ta in s n o m ed ieva l e l emen t s . S a id t oh ave b e en b u i l t i nc 1700 ( Rob in son 1 991 , 1 84 ) , b u i ld ing w o rk i nt h e l a t e r 1 8 th c en tu ry r e su l t ed i n t h e c r ea t ion o f a' S t rawbe r ry H i l l ' f a cade , p robab ly a s ac on sequenc e o f

p robab le

f am i ly l i nk s w i th t h e C hu t e f am i ly , a s soc ia te s o f H o rac e Wa lpo le ( Lew i s 1 987b ) . H oweve r ,t h i sw o rk p robab ly e ncap su la ted a1 6 th cen tu ry s t ruc tu r e . L and scap ing a nd t r ee p l an t ing o b scu re s e v idence f o r a moa t b u t a r e c tangu la r e nc lo su r e , s ugge s t ive o f am oa t , i s i n d ica ted b y b ounda r ie s s hown o n 1 9 th -cen tu ry p l an s . Ac u rv i l inea r p ond a tt h e s ou th e nd o ft h e g a rden i sf e d b y as t r eam a nd t h e f l ow o f w a t e r i sc on t ro l led b y s l u ice s . U n t i l r e cen tl a nd scap ing t oc r ea te ag o lf c ou r se , af i e ld w e s ta nd s ou th o ft h e h a l l h ad a nu neven s u rf ace . I nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , a cc e s st ot h eh a l l w a s a c ro s s t h i s f i e ld a nd f r agmen t s o fb u rn t c l ay h ave b een n o t ed d u r ing f i e ld w o rk s ou th o f t h e p ond . T he u neven g round l e ve l m igh t b e s ugge s t ive o f e a r thwo rk s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e h a l l , b u t c ou ld b e ac on sequence o f s and a ccumu la t ion o r Wo r ld Wa r 2e mp la cemen t s .

w e tp ond c on t ro l led b ys l u ice s s t r eam s ou th

b u i ld ing d u r ing r e pa i r 1 985 i n comp le te 1 7 18 thC h ou se a nd o u tbu i ld ing s ; d e r e l ic t h ou se a nd g a rden ;r e s to r ed d oveco te d e r e l ic t L anc s RO DRL 1 / 27 , 1 845 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 3 5/ 1 6" ; DDFo 3 2 / 14 15 , 1 835 @ 5 0c ha in s=4 3/32" J a c son 1 898 , 1 9 10 ;F l ee twood H e ske th 1 955 L ew is 1 987b

F ig 9 1 .14b : l ef t -F o rmby H a l l 1 835 ( Lanc s RU DDFo 3 2 / 14 ) r i gh t -F o rmby H a l l 1 845 ( Lanc s RU DRL 1 / 27 ) W i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e F o rmby f am i ly , t h e re i sn o w r i t ten e v idenc e t o i n d ica t e t ha t a ny o ft h e o the r l o rd s o fF o rmby w a s e ve r r e s iden t i nt h e v i l l . T he f am i ly h o ld ing o f 7o xgang s c an b e t r ac ed b a ck t o t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry w hen i ti n c luded t h e c ap i ta l me s suage a nd i ts e em s r e a sonab le t o s uppo se t h a t t h e e s ta te w a s a t ta ched t o t h e d e Mea th h o ld ing g ran ted t o H en ry d e Wa l ton . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly , i ti s r e p re sen ted i n t h e s o -ca l led q ua r t e r o f F o rmby h e ld b y t h e f am i ly w hen t h e f o rme r Wa l ton a nd Woodp lump ton h o ld ing s w e r e s o ld t oH en ry H a l sa l l i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . I tc an b e s uppo sed t h a tF o rmby H a l l r e p re sen t st h ec ap i ta lm e s suag e . S inc et h e a dvow son o fF o rmby C hape l l a y w i th t h e H a l sa l l f am i ly a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r s , t h e B lunde l l s , r e f e r ence t oR icha rd F o rmby ' s mano r a nd c hape l i nh i s m a r r iag e s e t t lemen t( ? 16 th c en tu ry ) p e rhap s s ugg e s t s t ha tt h e r e w a s a p r iva t e c hape l a tt h e h a l l ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 5 1 n 13 ) . A lmo s t

2 20

C a ta logue : GOLBORNE T enure

E s ta te

L ord °f l ee /S upe r ior L ord

154 -86 1 1 2 12 2

k n igh t ' sf e e 1 / 3k n igh t ' sf e e

2c a ruca t e s 2c a ruca te s

K ing K ing

1 242 -43 1

2 k / 1 n igh t ' s

?1 2G / o lbor n e

H e i ro fR obe r t B ana s t r e

f e e

1 278 4

7o xgang s

1 322 1

1 324 -27 6

Me sne l o rd

S er v ice /r en t

A ugu s t ine d e G o lbo rne

W i l l iam s on o fH amon

W i l l iam d eL aw ton T homa sd eG o lbor n e

H ugh d eH aydo ck W i l l iam s on o fH amon

R obe r td eH o l land

k n igh t ' sf e e

1mo ie ty

J ohn d eL ang ton

s ocag e s ocag e

1mo ie ty m ano ro f L igh t shagh

J ohn d eL ang ton

k n igh t ' sf e e s ocag e

1m o ie ty 1

S imon d eH o land

J u l iana G i l l ib rand s u i ta tc oun ty & w apen take c ou r t s f e a l ty 1l bc um in o r 11 /d& f 2 e a l ty

S imon d eH o l land

( 1k n ight sf e e ) s o cag e

1 3 52 1

R obe r td e L ang ton

Ma t i lda l a t ew if eo f R obe r td eH o l land

1 2r n e s suage s

N icho la sd eT y lde s ley &w if e Am ic e

A l ic ew idow o fS imon d e H o l land

L igh t shaw

J oan w idow o fH ugh d eT y lde s ley

A l ice w idow o fS imon d e H o l land

s oc ee

N icho la s ,s on o fH en ry B lunde l l &w if e ,E l len

[ L igh t show ) S nowba l le H ow se

[ L igh t shaw )

S i rJ ohn d eH o ll a nd

R icha rd L ang ton

R a lph H a se lhu r s t

6 s 31 4 d /

N icho la sH uy ton o f B la ck rod

x i jd x i id

L igh t shaw

h e i r so fT hu r s tan d e H o l land E l izabe th K igh ley R a lph H a se lhu r s t

1l bc um in

L igh t shaw

A nne C avend i sh

2r e s suag e s

1 554 51 9

S tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem

f r eeho lde r

E dwa rd B anke s L igh t shaw e D ema in s

i

2 s

T home G e ra rd R ica rdo P e rpoyn t

c 1540 f t

K ig ,h ley f am i ly H ugh T yk i l l

T homa sL ang ton

1 5892 0

l d

S i rP e t e rL egh S i rT homa sG e ra rd G i lbe r tP enu lbu ry R icha rd K igh ley

f r e et e nan t

1 527 1' 1

S i t e :

f e a l ty a nd s e rv ic eo f6 d

m ano ro f L igh t shaw

1 466 1 S'

1 6002 1

i i j s i j s ' i s i j s „ I s

T hu r s tan & R icha rd

1 396 1 s

1 502 1 6

T hom d e lD ene S imon d e l Mo s se E l ia D ik e sone W i l lo f i lC ec i l ie W i l lo f l uR ad i R ob e r td eL ang ton k t 1m o ie ty

1 367 1 2

1 4 16 1 4

1 6d 6 d 6 d 2 2d

l ib c um i in

1 3 32 i

1 340

R oge rs on o fR obe r t R oge rd eS ny thu l l E l ia ss on o fR icha rd E l ia ss on o fR obe r t

m r o i e t y

1 325 /

1 349 1 °

L andho ld e r s

L o rd C avend i sh

4 5 L igh t shaw H a l l

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 n 6 ) . I nt h e r e ign o fH en ry H A ugu s t ine d e G o lbo rne g ave t h ree o xgang s t oW i l l iam , s on o fH amon . T homa s , s on o f W i l l iam d eG o lbor n ep a id 3s 4 dr e l ief f o rh i se s ta t ei n 186 a nd c o n t r ibu ted t ot h es c u tage o f1 206 .

2

G o lbor n ea ppea r st oh ave b e en h e ld i nt wo mo ie t ie s ,e a ch o ft wo c a ruca te s . W i l l iam d eL ow ton h ad at o ta l o fs i xa nd ah a lf c a ruca te so fl a nd i n Make r f ie ld , h e ld o ft h e K ing i nc h ief b y k n igh t ' s s e rv ic e , w he r e n i ne a nd h a lf c a ruca t e s made t h e f e e o fo ne k n igh t . Two o ft h e se c a ruca t e s a ppea r t oh ave b een i n G o lbor n e , a nd t h e r ema inde r w e r e i nt h e v i l l s o fL ow ton (q v ) ( 2c a ruca te s ) , K enyon ( 2 c a ruca te s ) , A rbu ry ( ha lf c a ruca te ) . H ugh d e H aydock ( q v ) h ad r e c e ived f o u rb ova te s i nG o lbor n e i nm a r r iage w i th t h ed augh t e ro fA dam , f a the ro fW i l l iam d eL ow ton . Two o fT homa s d eG o lbor n e ' s p l ough land sa ppea r t oh ave b e en i nG o lbo rne , a nd w e r e l a rge ly r e p r e sen t ed i nt h e L igh t shaw e s ta te (F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 n 6 ) w i th t h e t h e r ema in ing t h ree b ova t e s h e ld b y W i l l iam , s on H amon ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 3 ) . T he r ef o r e , i ta ppea r s t h a t i nG o lbor n e W i l l iam d e L ow ton h ad 1 2 b ova t e s i nd eme sne a nd T homa sd eG o lbor n eh e ld 1 3b ova t e s a sd eme sne (F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 3 -74 ) ,r e p re sen t ed i nt h eL igh t shaw e s ta te ( f ig 9 1 .15b ) . O the rt e nan t s o fW i l l iam d e L ow ton i n c luded t h e f o l low ing , e a ch o fw hom h e ld 2b ova te s b u tt h e l o ca t ion o ft h e i rh o ld ing s h a s n o tb een i d en t if i ed : R obe r ts on -o fS iwa rd i nm a r r iage ( h o s s ib ly t h e L a thom f am i ly ) , Onn d eM idd le ton b yk n igh t ' s s e r v ic e a nd R obe r t d e K enyon t oa cqu i th im se lf o fo ff ic eo fj udge . T homa s d e G o lbo rne w a s p robab ly s ucce eded b y R a lph w ho se d augh t e r , L evo ta , s o ld h e r r i gh t t oa n e s ta t e i nG o lbor n e t oT hu r s tan d e H o l land , l o rd o fU pho l land (q v ) b e twe en c 1242 1276 . H e , i nt ur n , g r an ted a l o rm o s t o fh i s m o ie ty t oh i s s on , S imon d e H o l land , s uppo sed c h i ld o fh i s m a r r iag e w i th J u l iana , d augh te r o fJ ohn G i l l ib rand . T h is w a st h e L igh t shaw e s ta t ew h ich w a s d e sc r ibed a s am ano r i nt h ee a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . L igh t shaw p a s sed t ot h eT y lde s ley f am i ly t h rough t h e m a r r iag eo f Am ic e( d eH o l land )w i th N icho la sd eT y lde s ley ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 ) .

3

( F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 148 ) . W i l l iam d eL ow ton a nd R icha rd d eG o lbor n eh e ld h a lf ak n igh t ' s f e e i nL ow ton , K enyon a nd A rbu ry o ft h ef e eo ft h eh e i ro f R obe r tB ana s t r e . T he h e i ro fR obe r tB ana s t r eh ad h a lf ak n igh t ' s f e e a sd eme sne o ft h e E a r l o f F e r r e r s a nd h e o ft h e K ing i nc h ief T h i s s e em st oi n d ica te t h a tt h eL ow ton f am i ly ' s mo ie ty o fG o lbo rne w a sa t ta ched t ot h ed eme sne l a nd so f Make rf i e ld .

4

( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 n 7 ) . J u l iana , d augh t e r o fJ ohn G i l l ib rand a nd s e cond w if e o fS i r T hu r s ton d e H o l land , c l a imed t h a t s he h ad b een d i s se i sed b yh e rs t ep son . R obe r td eH o l land ,o f am e s suag e ,c r of t , 7o xgang so fl a nd a nd h a lf t h es i t eo f am i l l .

2 21

C a ta logue : GOLBORNE

5

6 7

( Fan-e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 , 8 2 -83 ) . O ne mo ie ty o fG o lbo rne w a sh e ld w i th t h em ano r so fN ew ton ,L ow ton , K enyon a nd A rbu ry b yt h et o ta ls e rv ic eo fo ne k n ight s f e e a nd 1 3 s 4 d a nd s u i t a tt h e c oun ty a nd w apen take c ou r t s . As e cond m o ie ty w a s d e sc r ibed a st h e ' t own ' o fG o lbome a nd w a s h e ld w i th o t he rv i l l s i n Make r f ie ld b y f e a l ty i ns ocage ' w i thou t a ny o t he r s e rv ice t h e r ef o r d one ' . L igh t shaw w a s p e rhap s t h e s o cag e mo ie ty i nt h e ' t own ' o fG o lbome w he r e t h e t e nan t sa pp ea rt oh ave b een a t tached t oL igh t shaw . E a ch h e ld o ne m e s suag e . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 48 n 5 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 1 49 n 7 ) . T he I nqu i s i t ion p o s tm o r t em f o l low ing t h e d ea th o fS imon d e H o l land f ound t h a th e h e ld a' c e r ta in t e nemen t ' i n G o lbome a so ft h em ano ro fH o l land b ys e rv ice o fI l b o fc umm in . T he r ew a s am e s suage w o r th 1 2d y ea r ly a nd 2 0 a c r e s o fa r ab le w o r th 9 s . I na dd i t ion h e h ad a na l de rg rove i nA b ram ( qv ) , h e ld o fR icha rd d eA b ram , b ys e r v ice o f2 s3 d , a nd aw ood c a l led B rookhu r s t i nP enn ing ton . S imon , s on o fS imon , w a s t h eh e i r .

8 9

1 °

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he se i n d iv idua l sc on t r ibu t ed t ot h eL ay S ub s idy ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . G o lbome w a s a t ta ched t oN ew ton ( qv )w h ich R obe r td eL ang ton h e ld a s1 0c a ruca t e so fl a nd i nN ew ton i n Make rf ie ld c um m embr i s b ys e r v ic eo f 1k n igh t ' sf e ea nd r e nde r ing l O sy ea r ly f o rw a rd o fL anca s te rC a s t le ,t o ge the rw i th s u i to ft h ec oun ty a nd w apen tak e . Tw e lve o xgang sw e r ei n d i spu t e i n1 345 (F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 48 149 n 8 ) . A l though i th a s b een s ugge s t ed t h a tt h i s s e em st ob et h ee s ta t e h e ld i ns ocage t e nu r e , t w e lve o xgang sa ppea rt or e la te t ot h ep o r t ion f o rme r ly h e ld a sd eme sne b yW i l l iam d eL ow ton . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 2 02 ) . A th e rd ea th Ma t i lda , l a te w if e o fR obe r td e H o l land , h e ld am o ie ty o fG o lbome o fR obe r td e L ang ton , i ns ocage b y f e a l ty a nd t h e s e rv ic eo f6 d .

1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 n 10 ) . I n 1 352 , A l ic e , w idow o f S imon d e H o l land , c l a imed d owe r i n 1 2 m e s suag e s , w indm i l l , w a t e rm i l l e t c i n G o lbome ,f r om N icho la s d eT y lde s ley a nd h i sw if e , Am ice ( d eH o l land ) ,h e i r e s st ot h eH o l land e s ta te . A l ic ea l so c l a imed d ow e ri nt h em ano ro fL igh t shaw f r om J oan ,w idow o fH ugh d eT y lde s ley . ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 n 10 ) . T hu r s tan a nd R icha rd w e re s on so fS i rW i l l iam d eH o l land ( Append ix X I ) . Am ic ed eH o l land /Ty lde s ley m a r r ied h e rs e cond h u sband , W i l l iam s on o fR oge rd eB rad shagh ; h e rs i s te ra nd c o -he i r ,J oan ,m a r r ied H en ry d eB rad shagh . I n1 367 t h ey c l a imed s i xm e s suage s , a m i l la nd l a nd i nG o lbome f r om T hu r s ton a nd R icha rd ,b yv i r tue o f ag r an tb yT hu r s tan d eH o l land t oJ u l iana G i l l ib rand . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 8 n 1) . T he m ano ro fL igh t shaw w a s a cqu i r ed b yR icha rd , s on o fH en ry d eK igh ley , f r om N icho la s , s on o fH en ry B lunde l l o fL i t t le C ro sby ( q v ) ,a nd h i sw if e ,E l len , d augh te ro fN icho la sd eT y lde s ley o fT y lde s ley ( q v ) . ( Fane r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 n 11) . T he K igh ley t e nemen t s i nG o lbome w e r e s a id t ob eh e ld i ns ocage o fS i rJ ohn d eH o l land o fB egwo r th a nd f o ra r e n to fI dy ea r ly . I ta ppea r st h a tt h ey h ad c ome t ot h eK igh ley so fI n sk ip ( Fy lde )t h rough m a r r iage w i th a nh e i r e s so ft h eT y lde s ley s . ( L egh MSS 1 466 ,f o l2 0 ) . L egh h e ld t h e f o rme rH aydock l a nd s i nG o lbome ( s ee n o te 2a bove )a sh ed i de l sewhe r e . T he se c omp r ised an ew m e s suag ew i th t wo y a rd s a nd s ma l l g a rden s c a l led S nowba l le H ow se , h e ld b y H ugh T yk i l l , amu s ic ian , t o ge the r w i th c r of t s , s t r ip s i nt h e o pen f i e ld s a nd s ome a c r e s ' s u r rounded w i th o l d d i tche s ' . T homa s G e ra rd , G i lbe r tP enu lbu ry a nd P e t e rL egh h ad ' j o in t ly ' 2 3 p a rce l s o fl a nd i nt h e ' d oma in ' . R icha rd K igh ley ' s l a nd w a sd e sc r ibed a s' l a te ly J ohn H o land 's ' ( Legh MSS f o l2 0 .2 p a s s im ) .

1 6

( Fane r& B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 50 n 21) .

1 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 50 n 20 ) .

1 8

1 9

( F ranc e 1 947 , 6 7 ) . T he P i e rpo in t f am i ly a r e a l so f ound i nN ew ton ( q v ) a nd I n c e i n Make r f ie ld ( q v ) . P e rpun t i sf e ld a nd P e rpun t i s H ey a r e n o t ed i nP e te r L egh 's S u rvey o f1 466 w he r ei ti ss a id t h a t ' a man c a l led S imon P e rpun tm ade ad i tch w i th ah edg e ' ( Legh MSS f o l2 0 .2 .8 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 n 11 , 1 50 ) . E l izabe th K igh ley w a s aw idow ;h e rh u sband H en ry d eK igh ley d i ed i n1 554 a nd w a s s ucceeded b yh i ss on , H en ry . H ed i ed i n1 567 l e av ing ' t oe ve ry o ne o f my mo the r 's s e r van t s a tL igh t shaw o ne w ho le y ea r 's w age s ' . L igh t shaw a ppea r st oh ave b e en o ccup ied b y E l izabe th K igh ley u n t i l a tl e a s t 1 577 a nd h e rs i s te r , A nne , h ad a l so l i ved t h e r eu n t i l h e rd ea th i n1 566 ( Fane r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 49 , n 11 ; 1 9 12 ,2 80 n n 17 , 1 9 ) .

2 °

A nne ,d augh t e ro fH en ry K igh ley o fI n sk ip ,w a st h ew if eo fW i l l iam C avend i sh , f i r s tD uke o fD evon sh i r e . S he w a so n ly f o u ry ea r so l dw hen h e rf a the rd i ed i n1 567 a nd L igh t shaw m ay h ave p a s sed t oh e re i the ro nh e rm a r r iage o rw hen s he c ame o fa ge i n1 584 ; ap l an o ft h eC avend i sh h o ld ing s i nG o lbome w a s m ade i n1 587 ( D evon sh i r eC o l l 5 45 -9A ) . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 50 ) .

2 1

n

( Fowke s &P o t te r 1 988 , 4 9 -52 ) . T he n ame o ft h e t e nan t a tL igh t shaw i sn o t g i ven . A pp rox ima t e ly 1 , 059 a c re s o fl a nd i nG o lbome , L ow ton ( q v ) a nd N ew ton ( p o s s ib ly n o t i n Make rf i e ld b u t o n t h e F y lde ) w e r e a t ta ched t ot h e D evon sh i r e e s ta t e s o fw h ich ap l an w a s m ade ( D evon sh i r e C o l l 5 45 -7A ; L igh t shaw ` D ema in s ' c on ta ined o ve r2 88 a c r e s ' a cco rd ing t ot h er a te o f1 61 4 f / e e tt ot h eP o l ' . O the rt e nan t s i n c luded R icha rd K igh ley , W i l l iam K igh ley a nd H en ry K igh ley . P e te rK igh ley w a st e nan ti nL ow ton .

A d am d eL ow tm

d a um H ugh d eH aydo ck C o l bo r ne 2c a ru c a te s 4b o va t e s

W il i am d eL ow t on 6 5 c a ru c a t e s R o be r td eK enyon Omi d eM idd le ton R obe r ts o n 2b ova t e s 2b o va t e s o fS iwa r d 2b ova t e s

C o lbor n e 1 2b o va t e s

T h om a sd eG o l bcme 3c a ruc a t e s

K eny on 2c a ru c a te s

L aw ton 2c a ru c a t e s

d em e s ne 1 3b o v a t e s

Ae r ie , 4l i o v a t e s

d em e sne G eo f f r ey G e rn e t d em e sne J o rdan d eK enyon s o no fW il iam S anke y T hu r s t an B an a s t r e

L egh f am i ly T hu r s t an d eH o l l and

C o cke r s i an dA bbey d e r ri i e sne 4b ov a t e s ? 2b o va t e s

2 22

S imo nd eH o l l and L ig h t skow T y ld e sil e yf am i ly K igkey f am i ly

H ahne 1c a ruc a t e R i ch a rd d eW inw i ck ) ya n c i en tf e of fm en t )

C a ta logue : GOLBORNE c on ta ined a t o ta l o f j u s t o ve r 2 88 a c re s ( Fowke s & P o t t e r 1 988 , 5 2 ) . T he s i te o f t h e w a te rm i l l a nd i t s p a t t e rn o f l e e t s i ss hown o ne s ta t ep l an so f 1 587 a nd 1 6 11 ( f ig s 9 1 .15e , f ) . Mo r e r e cen t ly , t h e e s ta te w a s o wned b y t h e L egh s o f L yme w ho se f am i ly c on t inue t o h o ld t h es hoo t ing r i gh t s . T he s i te o ve r look s p oo r ly d ra ined l a nd a t t h e b ounda ry F ig 9 1 .15b : L igh t shaw b rook w i th A b ram a nd a d jacen t ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 29 ) f i e ld s a r e m a rked ' L iab le t o F l ood s ' o n t h e 1 848 1849 6 " O S m ap . I nt h i s , t h e l o ca t ion i sc ompa rab le w i th P y le ( 75 ) , Mo s s ley H a l l ( 56 ) a nd , p e rhap s ,A b ram H a l l( 1 ) .

H a l l

1 838

F i t 9 1 .15a : G o lbome a nd L ow ton N o . SMR

4 5 GMS MR 5 67

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

L igh t shaw Ha l l G o lbo rne W inw ick N ew ton Make r f ie ld F ee

NGR L oca t ion

S J6 155 9 955 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m n o r th f a c ing s l op e ;o ve r look ing s i t eo ff o rme r w a t e rm i l lo n b ounda ry b rook

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t r anc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

? mu l t ip le r e c tangu la r c 50 x4 0m /2000m 2 c 710m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

L ew i s 1 995 -7 L ew i s 1 990 ; 1 994 -96 ;d end ro s amp l ing 1 994 i n comp le te 1 3C ; 1 6C ; 1 8 : 1 9C f a rm

P lan s :

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 29 , 1 838 @ 3 c ha in s= 1" ; 6 " OS map s hee t 1 02 , 1 848 1849 ; D evon sh i re C o l l 5 45 -7A , 1 6 11 & 5 45 -9A , 1 587 L ew is 1 990 ; 1 997 F owke s &P o t t e r 1 988 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 ; L ew i s 1 990 , 1 996 ; Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 ; T ye r se ta l1 997

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p robab le

w e t 1 838 ? su rf ace v i ad ra inag eg u l ley s s ou th o rw e s t ? d rawb r idg e

F ig 9 1 .15c : G round p l an o ft h eh ou se

F ig 9 1 .15d : F rame sA -A l a nd B -B1 T he c ompa s s mo t if i s ac a rpen t e r 's ma rk

L igh t shaw b e longed t ot h eH o l land f am i ly i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry a nd , a rguab ly , i th ad r e p re sen t ed t h e d eme sne e s ta te o fT homa s d e G o lbome i n t h e l a t e 1 2 th a nd e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu r ie s . F rom T hu r s tan d e H o l land ( d 1 276 ) i tp a s sed t o S imon , s uppo sed s on o f h i s s e cond m a r r iag e t o J u l iana G i l l ib rand . L igh t shaw m ay h ave b een J u l iana 's d ow e r p o r t ion . S imon d e H o l land 's e s ta t e a tL igh t shaw w a s r e co rded i n 1 322 a nd , o n h i s d ea th i n 1 325 i t p a s sed t oh i s s on , a no the r S imon . F rom t h e H o l land s i tp a s sed i n ma r r iag e t ot h e T y lde s ley f am i ly i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry i fn o t e a r l ie r a nd , a tt h e e nd o f t ha t c en tu ry , i tw en t , p e rhap s b y m a r r iag e , t ot h e K igh ley f am i ly o fI n sk ip ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 1 49 ) . H ow L igh t shaw c ame t ob e i n c luded a mong s t t h e p o s se s s ion s o fW i l l iam C avend i sh , f i r s t e a r l o fD evon sh i r e , i n 1 6 11 h a s n o t b e en e s tab l i shed b u t t h e e a r l ' s l a nd s i nL anca sh i re i n c luded I n sk ip . I n 1 6 11 t h e h ou se , g a rden a nd o r cha rd a tL igh t shaw c on ta ined l a c O r2 0p ( mea su r ed a t1 61 /'t 2 ot h e p o le ) a nd f i e ld s c a l led M i lne L ane , M i lne O r cha rd a nd M i lne I l and ( s ic ) w e r e i n c luded i nt h e d eme sne l a nd s w h ich

2 23

L igh t shaw H a l l i s at imbe r -f ramed , t wo s to r ey ed s o la r r a nge o ft h r ee b ay s ( 1 -3 ) e nc a sed w i th in b r ick w a l l s a nd w i th as t one -f lagged r oof . I tl i e s o n a n o r th sou th a x i s w i th a 1 9 th -c en tu ry t wo s to r eyed b r ick w ing a t ta ched t o t h ee a s t . A rchaeo log ica l r e co rd ing i na dvance o fa nd d ur ing r e pa i rp roduc ed e v idence f o r t wo c omp le te t imbe r t r u s se s , A -A ' a nd B -B ' ( f ig 9 1 .15d ) , c a r r ied o n t imbe r p o s t s ( t h re e o f w h ich h ad s u rv ived ) ' . I n a dd i t ion , b o th w i th in a nd o u t s ide t h e b u i ld ing , f r agmen ta ry r ema in s o fe a r l ie r s and s tone w a l l f ounda t ion s a nd f l agg ed f l oo r s w e re f ound d u r ing t h e r e pa i r s , t o ge the r w i th as ma l l a moun to fm ed ieva lp o t te ry . T he c l o sed t r u s s ( B 1 3 1)i sc a r r ied o n at imbe r f r ame . P e rhap s o r ig ina l ly o pen a tg round l e ve l , o n t h e f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l af r amed w a l l w i th ab l ocked O ne p o s t o n ly , a tt h e e a s t e nd o ff r ame B 1 3 1,h a s b een r e ta ined f r om t h e r e pa i rp rog ramme ,t ho se o nt h ew e s te l eva t ion b e ing t o om uch d ecayed .

C a ta logue : GOLBORNE s t and ing w hen S imon d e H o l land 's e s ta te a t L igh t shaw w a s r e co rded i n 1 322 a nd t h a t h e w a s p robab ly r e spon s ib le f o r i t s c on s t ruc t ion . A s h e r d owe r p o r t ion , i tm ay h ave b een o ccup ied b y J u l iana G i l l ib rand , S imon s ' mo the r . D a t ing c ompa r i son s c an b e m ade w i th O ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 ) , E cc le s ton H a l l ( 22 ) a nd B agu ley H a l l , n ea r Manche s t e r . T he 1 6 th -c en tu ry w o rk m ay h ave b e en u nder taken b yH en ry K igh ley a f t e rh i s f a the r 's d ea th i n 1 554 ( s ic ) a nd s ub sequen t o ccupa t ion b y K igh ley 's w idow s ugge s t s , t h a t a s i n t h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry , t h e p l ace may h ave b een c on s ide r ed t h e d ow e r p rope r ty . B r ick o u tbu i ld ing s o u t s ide t h e p l a tf o rm a r e o f 1 8 th a nd e a r ly 1 9 th -cen tu ry d a te a nd c on ta in n ume rou s p i ece s o f r e u sed t imbe r . T h i s i n c lude s c r uck b l ade sn ow u sed a st i ebeam sb u tt h e i rp rovenance a nd a ge a r en o tk nown . I th a s b een s a id t h a t t h e moa t i ni t s p re sen t f o rm i sd oub tf u l a nd may b e n o mo r e t han ac omb ina t ion o fd ra inage d i tche s i n al ow ly ing l a nd scape ( OS 6 9 NW 1 ; Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 93 ) . I n 1 952 t h e O rdnance S u rvey i n spec to rr e po r ted t h a t p ond s s ou th o ft h e f a rmhou se ( 3 -4 , f i g . 9 1 .15f ) w e r e w eed -f i l led a nd t h e n o r th d i tch h ad b een s eve r ed a tm id -po in t ( 7 ) . H oweve r , w i th e v idenc e f r om t h e t ihe p l an a nd e a r l ie r m ap s ( f ig s 8 5 , 9 1 .15b , e )a nd r e cen t f i e ld i n ve s t iga t ion , ac l a im f o r am o r e c omp lex s e r ie s o fp ond s a nd d i tche s c an b e m ade . T he s i te i sa pp roached f r om t h e w e s t a l ong an a r row l a ne l i ned w i th d eep d i t che s ( 8 ) . T he l a ne , w h ich r un s a l ong t h e c on tou r F ig 9 1 .15e : L igh t shaw e s ta te 1 587 ( 545 -9A -D evon sh i re a bove t h e w ide , s ha l low v a l ley o fH ey B rook , c on t inue s p a s t t h e H a l l i n to L ow ton t own sh ip . C lea r ly , t h e d i tche s a r e a r t if ic ia l a nd i tm u s t b e a s sumed C o l lec t ion , C ha t swor th )2 t ha t t h ey w e re i n t ended t ob r ing s u rf ac ew a t e rf r om t h e f i e ld s t ot h e H a l l . I t d oo rway d i v ide s b ay 3f r om b ay 2 . Emp ty mo r t ice s i nt h e l ow e r f a ce o ft h e h a s b een c l a imed t ha t c l0 0 y ea r s a go t h e H a l l w a s a pp roa ched f r om t h e t i ebeam t oge the rw i th c o r re spond ing p egho le ss ugge s tt h ef o rme rp o s i t ion o f w e s to ve r ad rawb r idge ( M rH ew i t t , p e r s c omm ) b u t f o rt h i st h e r e i sn ow n o s ub s tan t ia l a r ch b race s . F o r t h e se , h ow eve r , t h e r e w a s n o e v idenc e o n t h e e v idence . A t t h e H a l l t h e d i t che s w iden o u t i n to p ond s ( 3&4 ) . Ap a i r o f p o s t s . A s e cond f r ame ( A -A 1) h a s ap a i r o f q ua t r ef o i l p ane l s a nd w a s d i tche s ( 1&2 ) ,e a ch a bou t9 mw ide a tt h et o p a nd 0 . 75 1 .25m d e ep , r un s a t s uppo r ted o n o ne s u rv iv ing p o s t ( now r i gh tang le s n o r thwa rd s a nd d own t owa rd s H ey B rook . r e p la ced ) ; i t s e a s t e nd w a s c a r r ied o n N e i the r n ow c a r r ie s much w a te r a nd , s im i la r ly , t h e w eed t h e b r ick w a l l w h ich p robab ly r e p la ced f i l led d i tch s ou th o ft h e p ond s a t4i sa lmo s t d ry . A t i t s t h e f r amed w a l l i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . n o r ther n e nd t h e w e s t d i tch ( 1 ) i sj o ined b y a no the r , 7 B o th f a ce s o f t h e t r u s s a r e f i ne ly n a r rowe r( 1m ) a nd mo r e s ha l low ( 0 .25m ) , w h ich f o rm s t h e f i n ished a nd h ave t r ac e s o f r e d p a in t b ounda ry o f t h e h ou se p l a t f o rm . T h i s b ounda ry ma rk s a 5 o n t h e s u rf a ce . S amp le s f o r d a t ing c hang e i n s l ope b e twe en t h e f l a t t i sh p l a t f o rm a nd t h e 1 r1 1 3 -11 9 w e r e t a ken f r om b o th f r ame s , t h e t h r ee d own s lope o f t h e f i e ld t o t h e n o r th . A s ha l low ( 0 .25m ) 1 0 p o s t s a nd t h e w a l lp la te s . T ho se f r om l i nea r d ep r e s s ion , a bou t 1 . 5m w id e , r un s f r om m id -po in t 3 f r ame A -A ' , t oge the r w i th t h e p o s t s a l ong t h e d i tch t owa rd s t h e s i te o ft h ew a t e rm i l l . S hown a s a nd w a l lp la te s , p roduced ac h rono logy 1 1 af i e ld b ounda ry o n t h e h i s to r ic m ap s , a nd w i th n o s pann ing t h e p e r iod AD 1 4 14 1552 v eg e ta t ion i n d ica t ive o fw a t e r logg ing , i tm ay r e p re sen tt h e i n c lu s ive a nd a f e l l ing d a t e i n o r r ema in s o f at r ack b e tween t h e H a l l a nd m i l l r a the r t h an a 0 2 00m s ho r t ly a f te r s p r ing 1 553 w a s d ra inage d i tch . B e tween t h ee a s td i tch ( 2 )a nd t h eH a l l i sa s ugge s t ed . W i th a f i na l t r ee r ing d a te w ide w a te r f i l led p ond ( 12 ) . T he h ou se p l a tf o rm i ss ome 2 o f 1 209 , h ow eve r , t h e t i e b eam f r om F ig 9 1 .15f : E a r thwo rk f e a tu re s a t 3m h ighe rt h an t h ep ond s u r f ac ea nd b e tw een t h e p ond a nd f r ame B 1 31 f e l l o u t s ide t h e s equence a s t d i tch t h e g ra s sy s u r f a ce i s s l igh t d omed a nd L igh t shaw H a l l i n 1 999 b a sed o n t h e 1 838 e a nd , i nt h e a b sence o fs apwood , ad a te u ndu la t ing . Wa te re n t e r s t h e p ond a tt h e s ou th b u t t h e r e i s t i the map n o c l o se rt h an at e rm inu sp o s tq uem i n n ow n o e v idence f o r a n o u t f low a t t h e n o r th t hough , A r row si n d ica t et h ef a l lo fl a nd t owa rd st h en o r t h t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry c ou ld b e p o s s ib ly , t h e f o rme r b ounda ry ( 9 ) b e twe en t h e p ond a nd s ugg e s t ed ( Tye r se ta l1 997 , 1 43 , 1 52 ) . a s td i tch f o rme r ly s e r ved a sa no u tf low . m w id e x e 1 2 We s t a nd e a s t b ounda r y d i t che s c9 0 . 75 1m d e ep , f a i r ly s t e ep s i de s ; 1w i th l i ne o f m a tu r e t r ee s a l ong d ow n s lop e o f e a ch b ank ; 2 w i th h edge row s p e c ie s P ond s f i l led a f t e r 1 9 52 l e av ing aw ide d r y d i t ch a l ong s ou t h b ounda r y ( e a s t o f 4 ) , s l igh t u ndu la t ion sa t3 . P ond s u r v ive s a s s l igh t b u lg e w e s twa rd s a l ong f i e ld b ounda ry P ond f i l led i n ;n ov i s ib le s u r f a c ef e a tu r e s S l igh tl i nea rd ep r e s s ion r u n s n o r thwa rd sd ow nh i l l f r om n o r th d i t ch t ot h e w a t e rm i l l -s e e 1 587 a nd 1 6 11 m ap s 8 A cce s s r o ad w i th d e ep d i tche s e i the r s i de r u n s a l ong c on tou rd ow nwa rd st op ond sa t 3& 4 9 B ounda ry n ow d ef ined a ss l igh tl i nea rd ep r e s s ion ; p o s s ib le o u t le tf r om 1 2i n to 2 1 041 B ounda r ie sr emoved 1 2 Wa t e r -f i l led p ond , i n f low o r ig ina l ly f r om l a ne d i t che s ( 8 ) & p ond s a t 3& 4 ; s u r f a c e c . 2 -3m l ow e rt h an h ou s ep l a tf o rm

J u s t b eyond t h e e a s t w a l l o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry w ing , a nd b e low at h ick s p r ead o fc l ean c l ay , al e ng th o fs awn t imbe r 3 -4 a ppea red t o b e i n s i tu , s ea led b y a t h ick s p r ead ( 05 0m ) o f c l ean c l ay w h ich , a ti t s u ppe r l e ve l s , c on ta ined a 5 c oup le o f s he rd s o f 1 6 th -c en tu ry p o t t e ry . S ince i ts e emed t o a l ign w i th 6 7 t h e g ene ra l p l an o f t h e s and s tone f o unda t ion s i tw a s i n te rp r e ted a s as i l l b eam s e t d i r ec t ly o n t o t h e n a tu ra l s u r f ac e . A s l ice t a ken f o r d a t ing p u rpo se s p roduced a 1 65 -yea r m a s te r c u r ve s pann ing t h e p e r iod AD 106 1 270 a ga in s tw h ich ama tch w a s f ound f o rt h eB 1 3 1s amp le ; af e l l ing d a t ea f t e r 1 280 w a s p ropo sed f o rb o th .

m a jo r p rog ramme s o f r e bu i ld ing i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry i s s uppo r t ed b yt h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd .

I nc onc lu s ion , i ts eem s l i ke ly t h a t t h e h ou s e p l a tf o rm w a s o r ig ina l ly d ef ined b y f a i r ly n a r row d i t che s a l ong t h e w e s t , s ou th a nd e a s t s i de s a nd t h e r e m ay h ave b e en l a rge rp ond s a tt h en o r the rn e nd so ft h ew e s ta nd e a s t d i tche s . I fs o , t h ey c ou ld r e p r e sen t p r ima ry s e t t lemen t a tL igh t shaw , p e rhap s w hen w ood land s ugge s ted b y t h e n am e w a s c l ea red . T hough t h e s u r v iv ing p ond c ou ld a l so b e a n e a r ly f e a tu r e , a lmo s tc e r ta in ly i th a s b een r e dug . I tc ou ld h ave p rov id ed b u i ld ing ma te r ia l s i n t h e 1 6 th cen tu ry ; i tc ou ld e ven h ave p roduc ed c l ay f o r b r ick -mak ing w hen t h e d aub p ane l s w e r e r e p laced i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . F u r the r s t udy m ay s how t ha t t h e e s t ima t ed p l a tf o rm a r ea o f c 2 ,000m 2 i s s omewha t c on se rva t ive , b u t i ts e em s t h a t L igh t shaw f a l l s i n to t h e c a t ego ry o fn a r row d i tched e nc lo su re s .

T hough t h e d end roch rono log ica l a nd s t r uc tu ra l e v idenc e d i d n o t e s tab l ish w he the r b o th t imb e r s c ame f r om t h e s ame b u i ld ing , t h e r e su l t s i n d ica t ed t h a t t h ey p robab ly c ame f r om al o ca l s ou rce a nd , t hough al i t t le l a t e r t h an O ld A bbey F a rm ( 62 ) , i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t at imbe r h ou se w a s b u i l t i nt h e f i na l d ecade o f t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . I tc an b e a r gued t ha t t h i s b u i ld ing w a s

2

L aye r s w h ich s ea l t h e 1 3 th -cen tu ry s i l l b eam s ugge s t t ha t w hen t h e h ou se w a s r e f u rb i shed i nc 1553 t h ep l a tf o rm w a s l e ve l led , p e rhap s w i th c l ay d ug f r om t h e p ond ( 12 ) . T h i s c ou ld a l so h ave p rov ided d aub f o r t h e p ane l led w a l l s . Whe the r t h i s w o rk e nhanced a n e x is t ing d i t ch o r moa t o r w a s i n t ended b o th t o l e ve l u p t h e s i t e a nd c r ea t e an ew moa t i su nknown . I ft h e l a t te r , c ompa r i son s m ay b e made w i th S peke H a l l ( qv ) a nd B ew sey O ld H a l l i nB u r tonwood ( q v ) , w he r e moa t c r ea t ion o re nhanc emen t a s soc ia ted w i th

R ep roduced b yp e rm i s s ion o ft h e D uke o fD evon sh i re a nd t h eC ha t swo r th S e t t lemen tT ru s tee s .

2 24

C a ta logue : GREAT SA NKEY T enure

E s ta te

1 212 1

k n igh t s e r v ic e

1c a ruca te

L ord o ff er /S uper ior L ord W i l l iam l eB o te le r

1 242 -43 1

1/ t ok n igh t ,s f e e 1 / 2 0 k n igh t 's f e e

S onky

H e i ro f Eme ry l eB o t e le r

R obe r td eS ame l i sbu ry

P enke t

H e i ro f Eme ry l eB o te le r

R og e rd eS onky

c 12801

R obe r ts on o fR obe r t

W i l l iam B u t le r m ano r

1 322 3 s ocag e

o fP enke th

f r e et e nemen t

T homa sd eB a r row

W i l l iam J eB o t i le r W i l l iam l eB o t i l le r

R icha rd P enke th

h omage

?Wh i t t le 1 346 /

1

i j s i j sv j d x v i i jd i js i i jd v s v s v s i j si j d x v i i jd

R icha rd A sh ton o f P enke th k n igh t s e rv ic e k n igh t s e rv ic e

' mano r ' o f Wh i t i l l

S i rP e te rL egh

R icha rd Wh i t i l l

' mano r ' o fP e le

S i rP e t e rL egh

R anu lph s on o f Ma t thew o fR ix ton

1 /5 kn ight 's

? Pe le

1 507 1 c 1 511

J o rdan d eP enk e th R ico P enke th A lex d eB a rwe R ico d eA s sh ton J ohe d e lB i rche s R ico d eG a t e lond legh H e ir l ec o l t R ico f i lS imon H en rd e Wh i tf e ld

W i l l iam B o t i l le r

1 361 i 1 466

L andho lde r s

G i lbe r td eP enke th R ob e r td eP enke th

1 313 4 1 332

S er v ice / r en t

Me sne l o rd

4 s2 d c h ief r e n t 5 s2 d c h ief r e n t

T homa s Whe t i l l R icha rd R ix ton

f e e 1 585 1 2 1 600 1 3

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S ankey

J ame s Wh i t t le R and le R ix ton T homa sT ay lo r J ohn A sh ton ? . . . P enke th

P enke th 1 6 13 1 4

k n igh t s e rv ic e

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Wh i t t le H ou se & P enke th

1 620 1 c 1628 1 g .

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9 3

Wh i t t le H a l l

13

9 s6 d us . 1 0d 51 /d& 2 l i bo f p epp e r 3 s ' A d

C and i sh l a nd s J ohn A xon

1 6 s8 d 1 9d 6 d ' A d& ' A lb o f P ePPe r 3 s6 d

T he P e le

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 0 ) . O ne c a ruca te h ad b e en g i ven b y P a in d e V i le r s , l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton a nd p r edec e s so ro fW i l l iam B u t le r , t oA dam l eV ie lu r . T h i s i s b e l ieved t oh ave b een P enke th .

2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . R obe r td eS ame l i sbu ry ' se s ta te w a sp robab ly i nt h en e ighbou r ing v i l lo fL i t t le S ankey .

3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 11) .

4

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 09 n 5 ) . T homa s d e B a r row a nd C ec i l ia , h i s w if e , w e r e g r an ted l a nd s i nG rea t S ank ey b y W i l l iam B u t le r . P robab ly t h e i r e s ta t ew a s f o cu sed o nB a r row O ld H a l l i nB o ld ( q v )w h ich l i e so nt h eb ounda ry b e twe en G r ea tS ankey a nd B o ld a nd w h ich m ay h ave b een a nnexed t oB o ld t own sh ip a f te r 1 585 ( s ee n o te 1 2b e low ) .

5

6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 6 ) . S ankey a nd P enke th w e r el i s ted w i th t h em ano r sh e ld b yW i l l iam B u t le r . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 39 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 12 n 11 ; R y land s 1 896 ) . G r ea t S ankey a nd P enke th w e r e r e co rded a sm emb e r s o ft h e m ano r o f Wa r r ing ton . R icha rd P enk e th h e ld h i sf r e et e nemen ti nP enke th b ys ocag et e nu r ea nd p e r f o rmed h omage a nd s e rv ic e . H ew a st h es on o fG i lbe r td eP enke th a nd h i s s uc ce s so r , Ma rg e ry , m a r r ied R icha rd , s on o fW i l l iam d e A sh ton , w ho se f am i ly c on t inued t oh o ld t h e l o rd sh ip o fP enke th u n t i l t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 11 ) . H en ry d e Wh i t f e ld h e ld l a nd a t tached t o Wh i t t le H a l l ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 10 n 2 ) . A lex d eB a rw em ay t a ke h i sn ame f r om t h eB a r row e s ta t en ow i nB o ld ( q v ) .

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . S ankey a nd P enk e th w e r en amed a sm embe r so ft h e Wa r r ing ton f e e .

8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 11 n 9 ) . R icha rd d eA sh ton o fP enke thwa sg r an ted al i c enc ef o ra no r a to ry .

2 25

C a ta logue : GREAT S ANKEY

( Legh MSS 1 466 , f o l . 4 . 1 , 4 . 9 ) . R icha rd Wh i t t le h e ld t h e e s ta t e a t Wh i t t le a nd a ppea r s t oh ave b een t h e s ucce s so r t oH en ry d e Wh i tf e ld o f 1 332 ; R a lph

9

R ix ton h ad t h e P e le . T he L egh i n te r e s t s w e r e f o cu sed o n B rad ley i nB u t tonwood ( q v ) a nd i n c luded p rope r ty i n Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) a nd e l sewhe r e i ns ou th L anca sh i r e . I °

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 10 n 2 ) . T homa s Wh i t t le d id h omage f o rh i sl a nd s i n1 507 .

I

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 09 -4 10 n 11) . R icha rd R ix ton , s on o fR and le , s on o f Ma t thew p a id 2 0 s r e l ief f o rh i se s ta te .

1 2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 09 ) . G r ea t S ankey w a sa cqu i red b yt h eB o ld f am i ly o fB o ld ( qv )o u to ft h ef o rme rB u t le re s ta te i nB ut tonwood ( qv ) .

1 3

1 4

1 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 10 , 4 11-4 12 n 10 , 4 13 ) . T he A sh ton a nd P enke th f am i l ie s l i ved i nP enke th . I n 1 624 E dmund T ay lo r o fB utonwood d i ed h o ld ing l a nd s i nG r ea t S ankey f r om t h ek i ng i nc h ief ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 10 n 7 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 09 n 7 ) . Wh i t t le p a s sed t oS i rT homa sT y Ide s ley i n1 6 10 b u tw i th in 1 5y ea r s i th ad p a s sed t oS i rT homa s I r e land o fB ew sey i nB utonwood ( qv ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 12 n 2 ) . T he A sh ton p rope r ty i n c luded aw a t e rm i l l , w indm i l l , d oveco te , f i she ry i nt h e Me r sey a nd c ommon o fp a s tu re i n P enke th , G rea t S ankey , Wa r r ing ton a nd Ma r t in sc rof t . T he h o ld ing i nP enk e th w a s n o t d e sc r ibed a s am ano r . I ts e em s t ha t t h e A sh ton s h e ld P enke th H a l l w h ich m ay h ave b een h e ld i ns ub t enancy b yt h eP enke th f am i ly ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 12-413 ,4 13 n l ) .

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 09 n 8 ) . G r ea tS ankey d e scended l i ke o t he ro ft h eI r e land e s ta t e st ot h eA the r ton f am i ly a nd t h e i rs ucce s so r s . T homa sI r e land h ad Wh i t t le H ou se ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 10 )w h ich p a s s ed l i ke t h eo t he r I r e land e s ta te st ot h eA the r ton s a nd t h en t h eL i lf o rd s ( Lanc s RO DDL i ) . H e , T homa s R ix ton , P e t e rS lynehead a nd Ma rga r e tA sh ton c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e s ub s idy d ue f r om S ankey . T homa s I r e land , T homa sA sh ton a nd R obe r t R yve c on t r ibu ted f o rP enke th ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 13 ) . A l l b u tJ ohn A xon h e ld t h e i rl a nd s b yk n igh ts e r v ice . T he R ix ton f am i ly a r e s a id t oh ave l i ved a tt h eP ee l ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 10 n 1 ) .

F ig 9 1 .16a : G rea tS ankey

F ig 9 1 .16b : T he Wa r r ing ton a r ea i n1 610 a ss u rveyed b y J ohn S peed Wh i t t le H a l l w a s t h e p rope r ty o ft h e L egh f am i ly i nt h e m id 15 th c en tu ry b u t t h e o r ig in o ft h e i r i n te r e s t h a s n o t b een e s tab l i shed . I n 1 466 R icha rd Wh i t i l l h e ld i n c h ief b y k n igh t ' s s e r v ice ( ' socage ' e xpung ed f r om t h e d ocumen t )f r om S i rP e t e rL egh ,t h e ' mano r ' o f Wh i t i l lw i th ' r oom s ,k i tchen , s t ab le , b a rn , b y re s im i la r ly w i th o r cha rd s a nd t h r ee g a rden s w i th ah und r ed a c re s o f l a nd l y ing i n f ou r te en f i e ld s e nc lo sed t oge the r w i th h edg e s a nd d i tche s ' ( L egh S u r vey 1 466 , f o l4 .9 ) . T he a b sence o fs pec if ic r e f e r ence t o a' p a l isaded ' d i tch a s n o ted o n L egh p rope r t ie s a tT he P e le , G r ea t S ankey ( qv ) , B rad ley O ld H a l l , B u t tonwood ( q v ) a nd i n H aydock ( qv ) , p e rhap s s ugge s t s t ha t Wh i t t le h ad n o m oa t ed h ome s tead a tt h i s d a te . T homa s V Vhe t i l l d id h omage f o r h i s l a nd s i n 1 507 ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 10 n 2 ) . S ub sequen t ly t h e p l ace w a s g ran ted t o S i r T homa s T y lde s ley f r om w hom i tp a s sed t o t h e I r e land s o f B ew sey ( Bu t tonwood ,q v )a nd t h e i rs ucce s so r s . T he h a l l i ss a id t ob eo f1 7 th -cen tu r y d a te o n t h e s i t e o fa n e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e , b u t t h e C he sh i r e SMR r e co rd s t h a t i t h a s b e en d emo l i shed . T he re i s af a rm a tt h e s i te , i nt h e l o ca t ion i n d ica ted o n t h e t ihe p l an a nd i t h a s b e en s ugge s t ed t ha t t h e e a s t w ing i st h e o l de s t p a r t o ft h e b u i ld ing ( OS S i 5 8 NE 3 ) t h ough n o d a t e w a s g i ven . S ou th a nd w e s t o f t h i s s ha l low , g r a s s -f i l led d ep r e s s ion s may r e p r e sen te v idence f o r amoa t .

2 26

F ig 9 1 .16c : Wh i t t le H a l l 1 839 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 70 )

C a ta logue : GREAT S ANKEY

N o . SMR

13 CCC 5 65

Wh i t t le H a l l G r ea tS ankey P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

T he P e le G rea tS ankey P re sco t Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 700 8 9 13 c en t ra l

NGR L oca t ion

c S J 5 829 8 7 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo log y S o i l

B un t e r /Uppe r Mo t t led s and s tone B ou lde rc l ay

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

U ppe r Mo t t led S and s tone S h i rd ley H i l l S and

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 5m s ou th s l ope o fs ha l low v a l ley

A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 m s ou th -f a c ing

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th

s i ng le

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th

? s ing le u nc e r ta in

We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su re b ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

w e tp ond s i n1 839

N o . SMR

9 3 CCC 5 64 /2

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r e b ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

p o s s ib le

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P lan s F a r re r &B rownb i l l . e d s 1 907 ; L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l4 . 9 P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

? sou th f e nced d i tch , 1 466

d e s t royed ; v e ry s l igh t u ndu la t ion s m ay r e p r e sen t e v idenc ef o rt h e moa t 1 5C p ub l ic o pen s pac eo rm ode rn h ou s ing S peed 1 6 10 ` The P e le ' ; L anc s RU DR I , 1 / 70 1 839 @ 1 0c ha in s=3 5/16" ;OS 6 " s he e t 15 , 1 849 p o s s ib ly t h ep l ac en amed C a l lon 's o 't h ' Wa sh F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 : L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l4 . 1

T he P e le w a s n o ted i n t h e L egh S u r vey o f 1 466 w hen i tw a s h e ld b y R anu lph , s on a nd h e i r o f Ma t thew o fR ix ton b y k n igh t s e rv ice ( L egh MSS f o l 4 . 1) . I tw a s d e sc r ibed a s ' t he Mano r o fP e e l .w i th c hambe r s , k i tchen , t wo b a rn s , b y r e w i th s t ab le , h ay b a rn w i th at u r fs t o r e , w i th a pp le o r cha rd a nd y a rd s , s u r rounded b y ap a l i saded d i t ch ' t og e the r w i th a C a l l eng ef e ld c on ta in ing 1 2 a c re so fl a nd , a no the rc a l led l eK y lnef i ld e c on ta in ing 1 0 a c re s o fa r ab le l a nd a nd t wo f u r the rf i e ld s . T he f i e ld s l a yb e twe en t h e t own sh ip o f Sonky ' o nt h ee a s ta nd t h e ' Mano ro fP e le ' o nt h ew e s t . I n 1 6 10 T he P e le w a s d ep ic ted o n J ohn S peed ' s m ap o fL anca sh i r e . I n 1 666 L aw r ence C a l len ' s h ou se h ad 4 h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 10 n 7 ) . T he l o ca t ion g i ven i n 1 466 p l ace s i tv e ry a pp rox ima te ly a tt h e s i te o f C a l lon s o 't h e Wa sh , s hown o n t h e O rdnance S u rvey map o f 1 849 ( s hee t 15 )b u tt h et ihe m ap s howed n oc l ea re v idenc ef o r amoa ted s i t e . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e s i te o f T he P e le i sn ow o ccup ied e i the r b y modern h ou s ing o rl i e s w i th in a r ea o fo pen s pac e u sed a s ap l ay ing f i e ld . T he re a r e n os u r v iv ing b u i ld ing sa nd n oc l ea rs u r f a ce e v idence f o r amoa t .

F ig 9 1 .16d : ? The P e le 1 839 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 70 )

2 27

C a ta logue : HAIGH E s ta te

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L andho ld e r s

S er v ice /r en t

R icha rd d eO ru l

v i l la d e Hache

190 1220 1

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1 220 -30

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1 282 4

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1 298 g

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1 673 2 1

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i j si i jd x i jd x v jd x v jd i s

R og e rB rad sha lgh C h r i s tophe r B rad sha igh W i l l iam B rook

5 1 Moa t /Dam H ou se

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 12 ) . R icha rd d eO ru l g ave t oC ocke r sand A bbey p a r to fh i s l a nd i nv i l la d e Hache l y ing w i th in t h ec hu rch r o ad t ot h eh ead o fG r en e s ic , f r om t h e r et oa s sar tum H ugon i st h en u pt ot h ed yke a nd f o l low ing t h ed yk eu pt ot h ea f o r e sa id c hu r ch r o ad ,w i th p annag e f o rt h ep ig so ft h o se w ho m igh t h o ld t h e l a nd . I n 193-4 H ugh d eH a igh , p robab ly Hugh l eN o r rey s , p a id t h re e m a rk s f o rh av ing t h e k i ng ' s g ood w i l l ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 15 ) a nd i n 199 1200 H ugh N o r rey s o wed t wo m a rk s a nd t wo c ha scu r s f o r c onf i rma t ion o f ag r an t f o r w h ich at o ta l o f 1 0 m a rk s a nd t wo h o r se s w a s d ue , p robab ly f o rh i se s ta te i nB la ck rod , S a lf o rd h und r ed ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 16 , 1 22 ) . T he N o r r ey s f am i ly h ad e s ta te s i nF o rmby ( q v ) , S peke ( q v ) , S u t ton ( q v ) a nd e l sewhe r ed u r ing t h em ed ieva lp e r iod . 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 15 ) . H ugh d eH a igh i st hough tt ob et h es ame p e r son a sH ugh l eN o r r ey sw ho r e ce ived t h ea d jac en tv i l lo fB la ck rod . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 15 ) . H a igh , l i ke H u r l s ton ( q v )a nd We s t le igh ( q v )h ad b een a t ta ched t ot h eF e eo f Ma r sey a nd G am s ton i nN o t t ingham sh i re a nd w a ss o ld t oR anu lf ,E a r lo fC he s te ra ta bou tt h is d a t e .

3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 15 ) . I n 1 282 H ugh , s on o fA lan l eN o r r ey s , w a s l o rd o fH a igh . H ugh d e H a igh ( l e No r r ey s ) s e em s a l so t oh ave b een t h e

4

s ame p e r son a sH ugh o fB la ck rod T he v i l lof B la c i c rod l i e s i mmed ia te ly t ot h en o r th ea s to fH a igh ,i nt h eh und r ed o fS a lf o rd . 5( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 15 n 11) . Mabe l ,w if eo fW i l l iam d eB rad shagh ,w a st h eh e i ro fH ugh l eN o r r ey s . I n1 282 s he a nd h e rh u sband w e r ec ha rg ed b yt h er e c to ro fW igan o fh av ing d i ve r ted t h ew a te rcou r se b e tween H a igh a nd S t and i sh t ot h e d e t r imen to fh i s m i l l s . T he j u ry f ound t h a tt h en ew m i l l h ad b een b u i l tb yW i l l iam ,f a the ro fR icha rd d eB rad shagh ,w h i l s th ew a st h e i rg ua rd ian . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 3 13 ) . W i l l iam d e B rad shaw h ad m a r r ied Mab e l , d augh t e r a nd h e i r o f H ugh l eN o r r ey s . H e w a s s e cond s on o f R icha rd d e

6

B rad shawe /B rad shaghe o f We s t le igh ( q v )( Hawke s 1 945 ,f am i ly t r ee ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 9 ) . S i rW i l l iam d e B rad shaw w a s as t aunch s uppo r t e ro fS i rA dam B ana s t r e a nd s wo rn e nemy o fS i rR obe r t d e H o l land ( Tup l ing 1 949 p a s s im ) . H e w a s o u t lawed f o r l e ad ing ab and o fc onf ede ra te s a f t e r B ana s t r e ' s d ea th i n 1 3 15 a nd w a s k i l led a tN ew ton le -W i l low s , Mak e r f ie ld i n1 333 ( Hawke s 1 945 ,f am i ly t r ee ) .

7

8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 16 ) . B y 1 317 H a igh a nd B la ck rod h ad b e en t a k en i n to t h ek ing ' sh and sa nd d em i sed t oP e t e rd eL üne sey .

9

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 15 ) . S i rR obe r td eH o l land h e ld H a igh f r om t h ee a r l ,t o g e the rw i th o t he rm ano r sf o rme r ly b e long ing t oR icha rd d eO r r e l l .

1 0

1

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,8 1-82 ) . H a igh w a si nt h ek i ng ' sh and sb yf o rf e i tu r eo ft h el a nd so fS i rR obe r td eH o l land . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 44 , 2 15 ) . H en ry d eA the r ton a nd A dam d e B rad shaw h e ld t h e m ano rf r om R obe r td eN o t t ingham a nd J ohn T rave r s . T rave r sw a so ne o f t h e k eepe r s o f' c a s t le s , m ano r s , t own s a nd l a nd s , l a te o fT homa s , s ome t ime e a r l o fL anca s t e r a nd o fo t he r r e be l s i nt h e c oun ty o fL anca s t e r ' ( F a r r e r e d . 1 907 , 7 6 ) . H a igh w a s h e ld a tf a rm f o r t h re e y ea r s f o r £ 20 .9 s ; h e rbag e o ft h e p a rk w a s i n c luded ' s av ing t ot h e k i ng p annag e w hen i th appen s , v e r t a nd v en i son ' .

1 2

T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . W i l l iam d e G ryme sf o rd s uppo r t ed W i l l iam d e B rad shaw f o rw h ich h e w a s f i ned 1m a rk ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,9 3 ) .

2 28

C a ta logue : HAIGH

1 3

( Fa r re r e d . 1 9 15 , 9 3 ) . Mabe l d e B rad shaw w a s t h e h e i r o fH ugh l eN o r r ey s . O n h e r d ea th i n 1 348 H a igh w en t t o h e r h u sband ' s n ephew , W i l l iam d e B rad sghaghe ; B la ck rod w en tt oh e rh u sband ' sb ro the r , R oge rd eB rad shaghe ( Hawke s 1 945 , f am i ly t r ee ) .

1 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 16 n 23 ) . T he e s ta t ew a st ha tf o rme r ly h e ld b yH ugh l eN o r rey s .

1 5

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 246 , 1 248 ) .

1 6

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 16 n 30 ) . I nA ugu s t 1 477 , t h e m ano r o fH a igh w i th i t s a ppu r t enance s , t oge the r w i th aw a te rm i l l a nd l a nd i nW igan w e r e s e t t led o nJ ame s , s on a nd h e i ro fW i l l iam B rad shaw o fH a igh .

1 7

( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 243 , 1 251) .

1 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 18 n 57 ) . I n 1 58 1 , R obe r tC ha rnock , i nr i gh to fJ ame sB rad shaw , c l a imed p o s se s s ion o f aw a t e rm i l l i nH a igh .

1 9

2 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 18 ) . R oge rB rad shaw w a s p robab ly a l so af r eeho lde r i n1 600 . H ew a s t h eo n ly l a ndowne rw ho c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e s ub s idy i n 1 628 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 18 n 57 ) . ( Hawke s 1 945 , 6 1-63 ) . T he m a r r iage s e t t lemen to fR oge rB rad sha igh i n1 673 i n c lude s r e f e r ence t ot h e ' c ap i ta l m e s suage a nd m an s ion h ou se c a l led H a igh H a l l ' a nd t ot h e M i lne H ou se , o ccup ied b y h i s u nc le , C hr is tophe r B rad sha igh , a nd t h e s l i t t ing m i l l , o ccup ied b y W i l l iam B rook . I ta l so n o te s an ew w a te r c o rn m i l l .

F ig 9 1 .17a : H a igh A l though i tm ay b e a s sumed t h a t t h i s s i te w a s h e ld , i fn o t o ccup ied , b y t h e B rad shaw f am i ly n o h i s to r ica l e v idence h a s b een f ound d u r ing p r e sen t r e sea rch . T he t i t he p l an ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 30 ) , w h ich i sb a sed o n am ap o f 1 796 , e xc lude st h i sp rope r ty .

c e r ta in

N o . SMR

5 1 GMS MR 5 75

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

Moa t /Dam House H a igh W igan N ew ton Ma r sey

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S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay B r ickf ie ld A s soc ia t ion

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s i ng le s qua r e 5 0 x5 0 /c2500m 2 8 m 1 . 5m w e t 1 848 s ou th s t one b r idg e

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

t r a ce s ; a s soc ia t ed w i th s unk en g a rden

P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion :

O S 6 " S he e t 8 5 , 1 848 H a r r i s 1 985 ( Ha igh H a l l ) G a rdne r 1 908 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

I nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry t h e B rad shaw s h ad amagn if ic en t h ou se w i th at e r rac ed g a rden , s hown o n ap a in t ing b yE dwa rd H ay t ley i nc 1750 , mod if ied f r om a n e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e i lu s t ra ted b y K nyf fa nd K ip i n 1 708 ( Ha r r i s 1 985 , 2 19 , p l a te 2 36 ) . T h i s b u i ld ing , w h ich i sp robab ly R og e r B rad sha igh ' s m an s ion h ou se o f 1 673 ( Hawke s 1 945 , 6 1) , h a s n o o bv iou s a s soc ia t ion w i th Moa t /Dam H ou se . Whe the r Moa t /Dam H ou se i sa s soc ia t ed w i th t h e M i lne H ou se o rs l i t t ing m i l l o ft h i sd a t e i sa l so n o tk nown . T he moa t , w h ich i sn ow d ry , i su sed a s as unken g a rden ; p a r t w a s f i l led i n t of o rm a na i rr a id s he l te r( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 93 ) .

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I n1 066 H a le i st h ough tt oh ave c on ta ined t wo c a r uca te s a nd b een a t ta ched t ot h ed eme sne o f We s tD e rby ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 2 5 ) . ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 77 ) . I n 1 203 1204 K ing J ohn g ran ted t h e v i l l o fH a le t oR icha rd d e Mea th , s on o fG i lbe r t , l o rd o f Wa l ton ( qv ) . H a le h ad b een r e ta ined a s C rown p rope r ty t h roughou t t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 4 1) a nd p a r t o fH a le , p robab ly t h e a r ea o fH a lewood , w a s p l aced w i th in t h e r o ya l f o re s t i nt h e t ime o fH en ry I ( 1 154 1189 ) . D ocumen t s o ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry s how t ha t t h e v er t b e longed t ot h e g ran tee s b u t t h e v en ison w a s t h e p rope r t yo ft h ek i ng o rl o rd o fL anca s te r( Shaw 1 956 ,9 5 ) .

2

3( Fa r r e r

e d . e d . 1 903b , 2 5 ) . Two c a r uca te sa nd R icha rd d e Mea th ' sl o rd sh ip a r e i mp l ied .

4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 36 ) . R icha rd d e Mea th p a id £ 4 l O s a s s iz ed r e n t f o r h o ld ing d eme sne l a nd i nH a le b y J ohn ' s c ha r t e r . A n i n c r ea se o f£ 2 1 O s h ad b een m ade i n1 200 t hu s g i v ing at o ta l o f£ 7 u sua l ly s hown ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 43 ) . I n1 226 -7 R icha rd g ran ted t h e v i l l o fH a le a nd i t sa ppu r t enance s t oh i s ' c oncub ine ' , C ec i ly d e C o lumbe r s . S he w a s t oh o ld i to fh im d u r ing h i s l i f e t ime a nd t h en o fh i s b ro the r , H en ry d e Wa l ton w i th r ema inde r s t ot h e i r c h i ld r en . S ome t ime b ef o r ed e Mea th ' s d ea th i nc 1235 s ome o ft h et e nan t s g ran ted h im t h es i te o f am i l l i nt h e p oo l b e tween H a le a nd D i t ton , t oge the rw i th h a lf t h ew a t e ra nd f i sh t h e re , i nr e tu rn f o r3 s r e n ta nnua l ly ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 4 1 n 19 ) . D e Mea th w a s s ucc eeded b yC ec i ly a nd t h en i nt u rn b y h e rf ou rs on s -R icha rd ,G eof f r ey ,A dam a nd H en ry ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 4 1142 ; s e eA ppend ix X I I ) .

5

( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 42 ) . I nd ef ence o f ac l a im made b yW i l l iam d e Wa l ton , H en ry d eH a le , s on o fR icha rd d e Mea th , s t a ted t h a th ed i d n o th o ld t h ew ho le m ano ra nd t ha tH e rbe r t , r e c to ro fC h i ldwa l l , h ad am e s suage w i th 3a nd ah a lf a c r e s o fl a nd a nd t h e s i te o f ac hape l . H en ry w a s s ucceeded b yh i s s i s t e r , C ec i ly ,w if eo fJ ohn d e Wo lf a l l , w ho g ran t ed o ne th i rd o fH a le t oh e ro ve r lo rd ,W i l l iam d e Wa l ton . ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 42 ) . R obe r t d e F e r r e r s , e a r l o fD e rby , g r an ted t h e w a rd sh ip o fR icha rd d e Wa l ton t oN icho la s d e l aH o s e , a l ong w i th t h e

6

m e sne l o rd sh ip o fH a le . T he Wa l ton s h e ld f r om d e l aH o se a nd t h e Mea th d e scendan t sw e r e s ub t enan t s . A f te r 1 273 d e l aH o se s o ld h i s r i gh t s t oR obe r td e H o l land , l o rd o f U pho l land ( qv ) ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 42 n 7 ) . T he i n te re s t o ft h e H o l land f am i ly d a t e s f r om t h e s uppo sed m a r r iag e o f S i r T hu r s tan d e H o l land ( dc 1276 ) w i th h i s t h i rd w if e , s uppo sed ly ad augh t e ro fH en ry o fH a le . Af i ne o f1 262 o f4 00 a c re s b e tw een J ohn d e Wo lf a l l a nd h i s w if e , C ec i ly , a nd T hu r s tan d e H o l land p e rhap s w a s t h e o r ig in o ft h e H o l land h o ld ing ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 42 n 8 ) . I n 1 263 T hu r s tan w a s i n d i spu t ew i th W i l l iam d e Wa l ton a nd s ho r t ly a f t erwa rd sR a lph , s on o fR eyno ld , c omp la ined t h a t T hu r s tan a nd h i s b ro the r s , R obe r ta nd R oge r , a nd h i s s on s , W i l l iam a nd A dam , a nd o t he r s h ad b roken t h et imbe r s o fh i s h ou se i nH a le a nd t a ken p rope r ty w o r th 1 2 ma rk s ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 42 n 8 ) . I n 1 276 T hu r s tan w a s i nd i spu te o ve rt h eb ounda r ie so fH a le a nd S peke a nd c l a imed h eh ad b een d i s se ised o fh i s f r ee t e nemen to f1 00 a c r e s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 42 ) . I n 1 279 A dam I r e land m ad e ac l a im f o r h i s m o the r ' s s ha r e o ft wo th i rd s o fH a le a nd f o r as ha r e o fo ne th i rd a ga in s t R icha rd d e Wa l ton . A dam ' s ma r r iag ew i th t h ed augh te ro fR ober td eH o l land s e cu red h im ag ran to fh a lf o fa l t h e l a nd o fH a lewood , w i th t h e f a the r ' ss ha r e o ft h e o l d m i l l b e tween D i t ton a nd t h e d eme sne o fA lan l eN o r r ey s a nd o ft h e n ew m i l l b e tween T a rbock P a rk a nd H a lewood . I n 1 305 , t h e g r an t w a s e x tended b y R obe r t , s on o fR obe r t d e H o l land t oi n c lude 6 0 a c r e s i nH a le t oge the r w i th t h e £ 7 r e n t w h ich T hu r s tan ( s ic ) d e H o l land h ad o b ta ined f r om N icho la sd el aH o se ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 44 n 3 ) .

7

( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 43 ) . I nt h is y ea rR icha rd d e Wa l ton w a ss ummoned t os how h i s r i gh t i no ne t h i rd o ft h e mano r , b u tc l a imed t h a th eh ad o n ly o ne s ix th . T ho se c i ted a s l a ndho lde r s h e ld a c r eag e s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 1 44 n 6 ) . T he l i s t m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th t h a t o ft h e t e nan t s i n 1 322 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,9 1-96 ; s e en o te 1 0 ) . 9

1 9

1

( Fat e re d . 1 907 , 9 1-96 , 2 12 -2 14 ) . B yt h i s d a te R obe r td eH o l land ' s l a nd s w e re f o r f e i t ed f o rh i s a s soc ia t ion w i th T homa s , e a r l o fL anca s t e r . H i s p o s se s s ion s i nH a le a r e l i s t ed i nd e ta i l ; t h ey i n c luded m eadow b o th i na nd w i thou tt h e p a rk o fL ina l e a nd h e rbag e o ft h e p a rk , p u t t of a rm ; t h ev eg e tab le g a rden o ft h e m ano ra nd h e rbage a nd f r u i to ft h eo l d o r cha rd ; t h eo r cha rd f o rme r ly h e ld b yP a t r ick l e No r r ey s ; h e rbage o f ap l a t b e tween t h ep a rk a nd t h et own o fD ilon a nd o ft h e m eadow a nd ma r sh b e tween t h eo rcha rd a nd t h e H okm i lne a nd f a rm o ft h e [ f i sh ] w e i r i n Mer sche . A s w e l l a ss t ock a nd a r ab le p roduce , f a rm ing a nd d ome s t ic m a te r ia l sr e la t ing t ot h em ano ri t se lf a r ec i ted . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . R obe r t d e I r e land w a s t h e e l de r s on o fA dam d e I r e land a nd h i s w if e , Ame r ia o rA v ina , d augh te ro fS i rR ob e r td eH o l land . A tt h i s t ime h es e em st oh ave b e en r e s iden t i nH a le a nd A dam d e I r e land , p e rhap s ab ro the r , w a s a s se s sed t ot h es ub s idy i nK i r l cda le ( q v ) . T he t e nu r e s a r e t a ken f r om ar e n ta l o f 1 322 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 9 1-96 ) . F o rt h e i rh o ld ing s J ohn d e H o l land , R icha rd d e D ou s te s a nd R og e r d e C u lehe th e ach p a id ap a i r o fw h i te s pu r s a nd 2 d o r3 d r e n t . J ohn l eS pen s m ay b e t h e s ame a sJ ohn l eD ispence r ; J ohn t h e C hap la in a nd R obe r t , h i s b ro the r , w e r e t e nan t s -a t -w i l l i n 1 322 . R a lph , s on o fE l len , R obe r t t h e M i l le ra nd R icha rd l e May r e a l so a ppea r i nt h e 1 322 r e n ta l . I n 1 336 R obe r t , s on o f S imon Awa rd son , w a s i nd i spu t ew i th J ohn d eI r e land o ve r am e s suag ea nd 1 0 a c re so fl a nd ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 45 n 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 5 1) . I n 1 347 R obe r t d e D a l ton h ad a ne s ta te i nH a lewood c on s i s t ing o f ah ou se a nd g a rden a nd 4 0 a c r e s o fl a nd h e ld f r om S i rR obe r td eH o l land . T h i se s ta te e ven tua l ly p a s sed t oT homa sN o r r i so fS peke ( q v ) .

1 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 43 ) .

1 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 43 ) .

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B row nb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 45 n 11) . B o th t e nan t ss u r r ende r ed o rs o ld t h e i rh o ld ing st oW i l l iam d e I r e land i n1 4 16 .

1 5

1 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 43 144 ) . Maud , w ho w a s t h e d augh t e r o fS i r R obe r t d e H o l land , s e cond b a ron H o l land , m a r r ied J ohn , 9 t h L o rd L ove l l . I n DNB s h e i s g i ven a s t h e g rand -daugh te r o f t h e s e cond b a ron H o l land ( 1975 , v o l 1 , 1 247 ) . I n 1 483 F ranc i s , V i scoun t L ove l l o f T ichma r sh , N o r thamp ton sh i r e , h ad c e r ta in e s ta t e s c onf e r red o n h im a sh e i rt ot h e H o l land s . H e d i ed a tM in s t e r L ove l l i nO xf o rd sh i r e c 1487 a nd i nt h e s ame y ea r h i s l a nd s i nH a le w e r e f o rf e i ted a nd g i ven t oT homa s , i s tE a r l o fD e rby . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 46 ) .

1 7

( F a r r e r &B row nb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 46 n 5 ) .

1 8

( Ry land s 1 893 , 1 5 ) . J ohn I r e land d i ed i n1 6 14 a nd w a s s ucceeded b yh i sb r o the r , G i lbe r tI r e land o fC row ton .

1 9

( Ry land s 1 893 , 2 5 ) . S i rG i lbe r t I r e land d i ed i n 1 626 a nd w a s s ucc eed ed b yh i s s on , J ohn . G i lbe r th ad b een k n igh ted b y J ame s Ia tL a thom i nA ugu s t 1 6 17 . H i sk i n sman , T homa s I r e land ,w a sk n igh ted a tB ew sey , B utonwood ( q v ) ,t h e f o l low ing d ay .

2 31

C a ta logue : HALE w i th HALE WOOD

2 °

2 1

( Ry land s 1 893 , 2 5 ) . H ugh R igby o fO ld H u t t h ad ma r r ied , E l izabe th , w idow o fJ ohn I r e land ( d 1633 ) a nd i sn o t ed i n ap o em w r i t ten b y t h e R ev R icha rd J ame si n1 636 ( Co r se r 1 845 , 1 3 ) . H ed i ed i n1 642 . ( Lanc s RO WC W S i rG i lbe r tI r e land ) . S i rG i lbe r t I r e land d i ed a tB ew sey O ld H a l l , B u r tonwood ( qv ) i n1 675 . H i s p roba t e i n ven to ry s how s t h a t i nH a le h e h e ld H a le H ou se , w he r e a n ima l s t ock o n ly i sr e co rded , t hough l a t e r e n t r ie s i nt h e i n ven to ry f o r r oom s a tH a le , i n c lud ing ah a l l , m ay r e f e r t ot h e s ame p rope r ty . H e a l so h ad t h e H u t t i nH a le , a sw e l l a sh i s p rope r ty a tB ew sey . H a le H ou se , w h ich i sp robab ly H a le H a l l , w a s b u i l t i nc 1600 a nd r emode l led b y S i rG i lbe r ti nc 167 11674 ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 47 ) ; i th a sb een d emo l i shed .

F ig 9 1 .18c : L ove l 's H a l l 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 32 ) a9 th -cen tu ry Ci 4 d a t e ; a nd t h e m a s s iv e d i tch w a s f ound t o c u tt h eR omano -B r i t i sh l e ve l s( Rob P h i lpo t t ,p e r sc omm ) .

F ig 9 1 .18a : H a le w i th H a lewood N o th ing i sk nown o ft h e h i s to ry o ft h i s s i te . I ti sc a l led T he C ou r t o n t h e mode rn ( 1951) 1 : 25000 O S map b u ti tl i e se a s to ft h ec u r t i lag eo f ah ou se . F i e ld s u r vey i n 1 981 s howed t ha t t h e s i te c omp r i sed t wo p loughed -ou t b ank s , c l OOmm h igh . T ha t o n t h e s ou th w e s t w a s c 2m w ide ; t ha t o n t h e n o r th w e s t w a s c 4 -5m w ide . T he n o r th e a s t s i de w a s f o rmed b y a? na tu ra l b r eak i nt h e d own s lop o fa bou t 0 . 5m w h ich p o s s ib ly r e p r e sen t s p a r t o ft h e 1 9 th cen tu ry h edg e l i n e . F i e ld w a lk ing p roduced a l a rg e a moun t o f p o s t -med ieva l a nd r e cen t d ebr i s .

NE

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SW

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lan F ig 9 1 .18b : T he C ou r t , s ke tch p a nd p rof i le s

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2 32

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S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P e rmo -T r ia s s ic s and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 m g en t le e a s t -f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry

s i ng le r e c tangu la r

Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

d oub t f u l

4 586 /9

c 35 x3 2m /c 1120m 2

? 100mm h igh ;2 -5m w id e

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

? t rac e s 1 98 1 ( AS M )

P lan s

A SM 4 586 /9 r ough f i e ld s ke tch a nd p rof i le ,

1 997 LMFAS

c u l t iva ted 1 981

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

C a ta logue : HALE w i th HALE WOOD

F ig 9 1 .18d : A e r ia lv i ew o fL ove l 's H a l l 1 981 , f a c ing n o r th N o . SMR

4 6 A SM 4 784 /6 ; CCC 7 3

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

L ove l 's H a l l H a lewood C h i ldwa l l We s tD e rby C rown d eme sne

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 787 8 479 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 m n o r th -ea s tg en t le s l op e

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

p o s s ib ly mu l t ip le r e c tangu la r c 70 x6 0m /c420 (hn 2 c 22m c 1 .6m ? d ry 1 843 ;p ond so nw e s ta rm ? bounda ry s t r eam

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

F ig 9 1 .18e : G a tehou se a tt h e O ld Hut 1 822 ( r ep roduced f r om P h i l ip s 1 893 , f a c ing p 23 )

c e r ta in

d rawb r idg e 1 323 -24

LURAU c 1980 ? a lmo s tc omp le te p a s tu r e L anc s RO DRL 1 / 32 , 1 843 @ 1 0c ha in s= 1 5/ 8" ; 6 " OS s hee t 14 , 1 849 ; LURAU a e r ia l p ho tog raph sh e ld b yA SM F a r r e re d . 1 907 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907

T he 1 4 th -c en tu ry e s ta te h e ld b yt h e H o l land f am i ly s e em s t oh ave l a in c l o se t ot h eb ounda ry w i th T a rbock a nd D i t ton . A lmo s tc e r ta in ly , L over sH a l lw a s h e ld b y S i r R obe r t d e H o l land a nd h i s s ucce s so r s i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry i fn o t e a r l ie r . I tw a s , p e rhap s , o fl e sse r s t a tu s t han d e H o l land ' s s uppo sed c a s t le a t U pho l land ( q v ) b u t i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t i tr e p r e sen t s t h e p r inc ipa l m ed ieva l h o ld ing i nH a lewood . I t s n ame i s ,p re sumab ly , t a ken f r om o wne r sh ip b yt h e L ove l l( s ic )f am i ly a f t e rt h em a r r iag eo fS i rJ ohn L ove l l w i th Maud H o l la nd . I n 1 323 -24 H o l land ' s f o rf e i ted e s ta te s i n H a lewood i n c luded c ha in s f o r a d r awb r idg e , t h e h e rbage o ft h e v eg e tab le g a rden i nt h e mano r a nd t h e o l d o r cha rd ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 12 -214 ) . I n 1 843 t h e s i te w a s o ve r la id b y f i e ld s c a l led ' Ca r t Y a rd s ' ( p e rhap s ac o r rup t ion o f ' Cou r t ' ) a nd f i e ld s c a l led L innow l a y t ot h e s ou th ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 32 ) . T he n ame m ay b e d e r ived f r om L ina l e ,t h ep a rk w h ich w a s n o t ed i n1 323 -24 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 12 ) . T he s i t e i sr e p r e sen t ed b y as e r ie s o fg r a s s -f i l led h o l low s a nd p l a tf o rm s w i th as ma l l d i t ch e x ten s ion t ot h es ou th ea s t . I t s o u t l ine i sv e ry p l oughed o u ta nd t h e o u t e r b ank h a s b e en l e ve l led . A bandonmen t m ay d a te f r om 1 487 w hen t h e L ove l l e s ta te s w e r e f o r f e i ted a nd H a le a nd H a lewood p a s sed t ot h e e a r l s o f D e rby ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 43 144 ) . I t s a r cha eo log ica l p o t en t ia l i se n t i re ly u n te s ted b u t i t s s i gn if icance , a s o ne o f t h e p r inc ipa l h o ld ing s o f S i r R ober t d e H o l land , may w e l l b e r ef lec ted i n d a t eab le d epo s i t s .

2 33

N o . SMR

6 5 A SM 4 583 / 1

c e r ta in

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

O ld Hut t H a lewood C h i ldwa l l We s tD e rby C rown d eme sne

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 504 8 384 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P e rmo -T r ia s s ic s and s tone B ou lde rc l ay /a luv ium D ownho l land A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 5 -23m s l igh te a s t -f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

c oncen t r ic /mu l t ip le r e c tangu la r c 45 x5 8m /c 138 x2 00 tn /c27 ,600m 2o ve ra l l c 5 15m w e t 1 843 s t ream w e s t g a tehou se 1 642 p e r ime te rw a l l

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

G reenf ie ld c 1960

P l an s

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 32 , 1 843 @ 1 0c ha in s= 1 )/ 8" ; Wra thme l l 1 992 G reg son 1 824 ; R imme r 1 852 ; P h i l ip s 1 893 ; Wa i t e 1 88 11921 F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; H and 1 9 14 ; Med ieva lA rchaeo lV , 1 96 1 ; R y land s 1 893 ; W ra thme l l 1 992

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

d e s t roy ed 1 3C ; 1 5 16C ; 1 7C i n du s t r ia l

O ld H u t t w a s t h e p r inc ipa l h o ld ing o ft h e I r e land f am i ly a nd , p r obab ly h ad b e en o ccup ied b y t h em s i nce a tl e a s t t h e e a r ly 1 5 th c en tur y . 1 7 th c en tu ry p roba t e i n ven to r ie s g i ve s ome i n d ica t ion o f d i spo s i t ion a nd n umbe r o f r oom s a nd b u i ld ing s ( Lane s RO WC W G i lbe r t I r e land 1 675 ; H and 1 9 14 , 1 4 15 f o r al i s t o fH ugh R igby ' s p o s se s s ion s i n1 642 ; R y land s 1 893 , 2 5 f o r G i lbe r tI r e land ' s i n ven to ry o f1 624 ) . Av i s i tt oO ld H ut b yt h e R ev . R icha rd J ame s i n1 636 , e voked f r om h im t h e l i ne s ` To R igby o fy eH u t t e ,w he r et oo u rc hee r e We p l en t ie h ad o fc l a r e t ta l ea nd b e e r e a nd a f ew l i ne s l a te r h e n o ted ' I r e land o f H a le ' ( Co r s e r 1 845 , 1 3 ) . T h i s s ugge s t s t ha t b yt h i s d a t e t h e I r e land f am i ly h ad , p e rhap s , r emoved e i the rt o H a le H a l l o r , p e rhap s , t o B ew sey O ld H a l l , B utonwood ( q v ) t h ough t h e 1 624 a nd 1 675 p roba te i n ven to r ie s c l ea r ly s how t h a t t h ey r e ta ined o wne r sh ip o fO ld H u t t . E l izabe th , w idow o fJ ohn I r e land , h ad m a r r ied H ugh R igby a sh e r s e cond h u sband ( Ry land s 1 893 , 2 5 ) ; i tm ay b e s uppo s ed t ha t

C a ta logue : HALE w i th HALE WOOD O ld H ut w a s r e ta ined b y h e r a nd t h a t J ohn I r e land ' s h e i r w a s l i v ing e l sewhe r e . J ohn I r e land i sb e l ieved t o h ave b een r e spon s ib le f o rr e pa i r s t ot h e s t ab le i n 1 603 a nd f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o r r e pa i r t o a b ed room o ve r t h e g a tehou se i n 1 608 ( Ry land s 1 893 , 2 5 ) . T he i n ven to r ie s s how t h a t t h e h ou se w a s e x ten s ive a nd t h e re w e r e 2 2 h ea r th s i n 1 662 ( Hand 1 9 14 , 5 ) , an umbe r c ompa rab le w i th S peke H a l l ( q v ) i n 1 624 a nd t wo mo r e t h an B o ld O ld H a l l ( qv ) . D e sc r ip t ion s o ft h e h ou se i n 1 893 , c 1907 a nd 1 9 14 h ave b een p ub l i shed ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 50 ; H and 1 9 14 ; R y land s 1 893 ) a nd S tua r t Wra thme l lh a sd i scu s sed t h ee v idence o f as ur vey b y WG P ro s se ri nc 1960 ( 1992 ) . T he s i t e i n c luded ab anque t t ing h a l l , m ea su r ing 1 00 ' x3 0 ' ( 30 .5m x 9m ) , w i th a 1 6 th c en tu ry f i r ep la c e . Ag a t ehou se g ave a cc e s s t o ac ou r tya rd w he re t h es t ab le s a nd o t he ro u tbu i ld ing s l a y ; t h e d i s tance b e tween t h eg a t ehou se a nd b anque t t ing h a l l w a s4 0y a rd s ( 36 .5m ) . O pen ing s i n t h e f r on t w a l l o f t h e g a tehou se w e r e b e l ieved t or e p r e sen t e v idence f o r c ha in s t os uppo r t ad rawb r idg et h ough R y land s h ad c l a imed t ha t t h ey w e r e t o o f a r a pa r t f o r s uch af unc t ion a nd may h ave b een g un p o r t s ( 1893 , 2 4 ) . A t l e a s t o ne o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w a s c r uck -f ramed , t h ough o t he r b u i ld ing s w e r e o fs and s tone F ig 9 1 .18f : O ld a nd b r ick . T he r e w a s ac hape l ' b y t h e q uad rangu la r moa t ' w h ich e n t i r e ly s u r rounded t h e h ou se . T he e v idence i sa ugmen t ed b y an umbe ro f1 9 th -cen tu ry i lu s t ra t ion s ( G r eg son 1 824 , 2 13 ; R imme r 1 852 ; P h i l ip s 1 893 ,2 3 ; Wa i t e 1 881192 1) .

Hu t t 1 843 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 32 )

L im i ted e xcava t ion b y n a r row t r ench ing o n t h e ma in p l a t f o rm w a s u nde r taken i nc 1960 ( M ed ieva lA rchaeo l 1 96 1 , 3 27 ) . I tw a s d e sc r ibed t h en a s al a rge r e c tangu la re nc lo su r ew i th s t and ing w a l ls a nd b u i ld ing sa nd i tw a s c l a imed t h a t t h e e v idence s howed t wo ma in p ha se s o f o ccupa t ion . Mo r e r e cen t ly , S tua r t W ra thme l l h a s a na ly sed t h e e xcava ted e v idence f o r HB MC (E ) ( 1992 ) ( f ig 9 1 .18h ) . T he e a r l ie s t e v idence f o r o ccupa t ion d a ted t o 1 3 th 15 th c en tu r ie s w i th m a te r ia l a s soc ia ted w i th o ccupa t ion a nd d emo l i t ion l a ye r s r e la t ing t o as t one -bu i l t h a l l w i th at imbe r r oof s uppo r t ed o n c o rbe l s a nd as qua r e f r ee s tand ing k i tchen w i th ap y ram id r oof w h ich l a y t o t h e n o r th . C lay , p o s s ib ly f r om t h e moa t d i tch , o ve r lay a tl e a s t p a r t o f t h e se f e a tu r e s a nd c on ta ined m a te r ia l c on s i s t en t w i th d emo l i t ion a nd r e bu i ld ing i nt h e 1 5 th o r 1 6 th c en tu ry . B y t h e s econd q ua r t e r o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry t h eu ppe re nd o ft h eh a l lh ad b een r emode l led a nd t h el owe re nd h ad g one o u t o fu s e a s ar e cep t ion a r ea t hough v a r iou s c hambe r s a t tached t oi t s t i l l p rov ided s e r v ice a nd r e s iden t ia l f a c i l i t ie s . Ac hambe r b lock w a s b u i l t e a s t o ft h e s c r e en s p a s sage , t h e k i tchen s w e r e r e bu i l t t ob r ing t h em w i th in t h eb u i ld ing c omp lex a nd f u r the rr oom sw e r ea dded e a s to ft h ek i t chen . T he g a tehou se a tO ld H ut w a s at h ree s to reyed t imbe r -f ramed s t ruc tu r e , p o s s ib ly o f t h e 1 5 th c en tu ry a nd moder n i sed i n t wo p ha se s i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ; t h e s e cond p ha se a ppea r s t oh ave r e su l ted i n ab u i ld ing e r ec ted o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e g a tehou se , o n am ed ieva l p e r ime te r w a l l w h ich r a n a l ong t h e i n ne r e dg e o ft h e moa t . Ab r ick f a rmhou se w a s a t ta ched t ot h e n o r th s i de o ft h e g a t ehou se i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ; i t s w e s t w a l l a l so s e em s t o h ave b een b u i l to nt h ep e r ime t e rw a l l . T he O ld H ut w a s c omp le t e ly d emo l i shed i nt h e 1 960 ' s a nd t h e s i t en ow l i e s w i th in t h eF o rd Mo to rC ompany ' ss i te a tH a lewood .

No . SMR

9 8 AS M 4 484 / 1

c e r ta in

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Wr igh t s Moa t H a lewood C h i ldwa l l We s tD e rby C rown d eme sne

NGR L oca t ion

NGR S i4 463 8 4 10 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m s l igh te a s t -f a c ing s l ope ;2 00m w e s to fO ld H ut

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s qua r e c 15 x 1 5m /225m 2

E xcava t ion S urvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

G reenf ie ld c 1960

P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

La ne s RO DRL 1 / 32 , 1 843 @ 1 0c ha in s= 1 5/ 8"

c l5m w e t 1 843 s t r eam r un st ot h eO ld H u t t

d e s t royed i n du s t r ia l

Med ieva lA rchaeo lV , 1 96 1 ; Wra thme l l 1 992

Wr igh t ' s Moa t i sc onnec ted b y ad i tch t ot h e O ld H u t t ( f ig 9 1 .180 a nd , a s s uch , m igh t b e c on s ide r ed t ob e p a r t o ft h e I r e land h o ld ing t hough t h e r e i s n o d ocumen ta ry e v idence t o s uppo r t t h is . At r ench a c ro s s t h e moa t w a s e xcava ted b y G r eenf ie ld i n c 1960 (M ed ieva l A rchaeo l 1 96 1 , 3 27 ) . H e r e cove red as c a t t e ro fs t one s , c oa l a nd p o t te ry w h ich h e b e l ieved t ob e 1 2 th 1 3 th c en tu ry i nd a t e , s omewha te a r l ie rt han t h e e v idence f ound a tO ld H u t t . S tua r t W ra thme l l ' s a na ly s i s o ft h e e v idence h a s s hown t ha t t h e p o t te ry c an b e d a ted t o t h e 1 3 th 15 th c en tur ie s a nd o ve r lay a d e l ibe ra t e ly c r ea ted s u r f ace o f b ou ld e r c l ay . T he re w a s n o s t ruc tu ra l e v idence f r om t h e v e ry l im i ted e xcava t ion b u t i tw a s c l ea rt ha tt h ep l a tf o rm h ad b een a bandoned a s ad we l l ing p l a ce d u r ing o ra tt h e e nd o ft h e m ed ieva l p e r iod . T he s i te n ow l i e s b enea th t h eF o rd Mo to rP lan t .

F ig 9 1 .18g : D oo rway a tO ld Hu t t( r ep roduced f r om Wa i te 1 888 1921) 2 34

C a ta logue : HALE w i th HALE WOOD

F ig 9 1 .18h : E xcava t ion p l an o ft h eh ou se a tO ld Hut ( af t e r Wra thme l l 1 992 ) N o . SMR

9 9 A SM 4 485 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Y ew T ree H ou se /Peacock H ouse H a lewood C h i ldwa l l We s tD e rby C rown d eme sne

NGR L oca t ion

S i4 405 8 522 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m g en t le e a s t -f a c ing s l ope

P l an F o rm A rea

? doub le s qua re c 38 x3 8m /c 1444m 2

Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly

c 5m 2 -3m w e t 1 843

E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

? ea s t

E xcava t ion

MAS 1 976

S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

d eb r i s , w a s f ound a t t h e b o t tom . T h i s c on t r a s t ed w i th e v idenc e f r om t h e w e s t a rm o f t h e moa t w h ich w a s u n l ined a nd h ad a c l ean , l o amy f i l l d evo id o ff i nd s . A r im s he rd o f 1 6 th c en tu ry d a t e w a s t h e e a r l ie s t e v idence f o r o ccupa t ion . D ue t o c on t ra c to r s ' d i s tu rbanc e o f t h e s i t e n o e a r ly s t ruc tu re s w e r e i d en t if ied .

c e r ta in

F ig 9 1 .18 i : Y ew T ree Hou se 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 32 )

d e s t roy ed mode rn h ou s ing L ane s RO DRL 1 / 32 , 1 843 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 1 5/ 8" ; Wa rhu r s t 1 977 Wa rhu r s t 1 977

T he s i t e w a s k nown a sP ea cock H ou se i nt h e m id 19 th c en tu ry * ( L anc s RO DRL 1 / 32 )b u tn o th ing i so the rw i se k nown o fi t sh i s to ry . H ou s ing d eve lopmen t i n 1 976 w a s w e l l -advanced w hen m embe r s o f t h e Me r sey s id eA r cha eo log ica l S oc ie ty o b ta ined a cce s s f o rr e co rd ing ( Wa rhu r s t 1 977 , 5 10 ) . I nt h e s ou th -we s t c ome r , t h e moa tw a s f ound t ob e s t one l ined o n b o th s i de s a nd t h e b a se . O ak t imb e r s w e r e r e cove r ed f r om b l ack h um ic m a t e r ia l a t t h e b o t tom a nd w e r e s en t t o L ive rpoo l P o ly t echn ic f o r d end ro ch rono log ica l d a t ing .

F ig 9 1 .18 j : S ec t ion i n moa td i tch a tY ew T ree H ou se 1 976 , s how ing ( r igh t )t h e s t one r eve tmen t( r ep roduced f r om Wa rhu r s t 1 977 ,4 )

T he s ou th a rm o ft h e moa t w a s a l so l i ned w i th u nmo r ta r ed s t one t o ad ep th o f a bou t 3m e t r e s . B lack h um ic m a t e r ia l , m ixed w i th 1 9 th -20 th c en tu ry

2 35

C a ta logue : HALSALL T enure

E s ta t e

1 066 1 1 2C2

1/ 10

k n igh t ' s

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe e / S upe r ior L ord K ing E dwa rd

K e te l

P a in d eV i le r s

V iv ien G eme t

L andho ld e r s

S er v ice /r en t

f e e 190 12203 1 212 4

A lan d eL yd ia te 1 / 1 0

k n igh t ' s

1c a ruca t e

W i l l iam l eB o t e le r

A lan s on o fS imon

R obe r td e V i le r s

f e e R obe r td eV i le r s

1 224 -25 3 1 242 -43 6

1/ 3

&

1 3 sr e n t

S imon d eH a l sa l ls on o fA lan S imon

E a r lF e r re r s

1/ 20

k n igh t ' sf e e W i l l iam l eB o te le r o f Wa r r ing ton

1 2561 1 275 8

1c a ruca te

R obe r td eV i le r s

1 278 9

t e nemen t

G i lbe r td e H a lsa l l

1 / 3t e nemen t

D en i se ,w idow o f R icha rd d eH a lsa l l

4 m / 1 ano r

H en ry d eL ea , r e c to r R obe r td eH a lsa l l

1 313 1 ( ö

4 m / 1 ano r

1 322 ( 1

1 332 1 2

f r e e t e nemen t

s u i ta tc ou r t

G i lbe r td eH a l sa l l

1m a rk y ea r ly ; s u i ta tc ou r t o f Wa r r ing ton

G i lbe r td eH a l sa l ls on o fR icha rd

W i l l iam l eB o t i le r

G i lbe r td eH a l sa le

l bc um in a t C h r i s tma so r 11 /d 2 ;s u i ta t c oun ty & w ap en tak e c ou r t s

W i l l iam B o t i l le r

G i lbe r tH a l sa l l

h omage

v i js o b R ob to D o l lan Adam Wa l shc ro f t S imone f i lR ic i Adam B e rca r R og B e rca r Adam f i lR og i W i l lo l eO xhe rd R ob to f i lR ic i S imon d eT eu land W i l lo f i lR og i R og f i lR og

W i l l iam B u t le r

1 346 °

5o xgang s

1 354 1 4

9 20

k n igh t ' s

f e e c 1540 1 2 1 600 1 8

C ocke r sand A bbey

H en r icu sH a l sa l l

T homa sB u t le r

S i rH en ry H a l sa l l

R ena c r e s

S tJ ohn o f fe ru sa lem

S i rT homa sH a l sa l l

f r eeho lde r

1

2

i j s

1 2d

S i rC u thbe r tH a l sa l l S i rC ha r le sG e ra rd M rC o le

1 628 °

S i te :

l bc um in a t C h r i s tma so r 11 /d 2 ;s u i ta t c oun ty & w apen take c ou r t s

R icha rd d eH a l sa l l r e c to r

m ano ro f H a l sa l l

1 451-6 11 S 1 522 1

O te sd eH a l sa l l

i j si x do b i i j s i js i x do b i i js i j d i j sv i jd o b i j s i i jd i ü js i j sq i j sq x v i i jd x i xd

2 7

H a l sa l lR ec to ry

( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c ) . T he v a lu e w a s 8 s . T he 2 c a ruca t e s p robab ly i n c luded E gga rga r th ( 2 o xgang s ) i n L yd ia t e ( qv ) , a nd S nape ( i n H u r l s ton /Sca r i sb r ick ,q v )( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 88 n 8 ) . T he l a t e ra s se s smen tf o rH a l sa l l w a s 1c a ruca te ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 92 n 7 ) . P o s s ib ly p a r to ft h es e cond c a ruca te r e p re sen ted t h eh o ld ing o ft h ec hu rch ( s ee n o te 1 0b e low ) . A f te rt h eC onque s t , H a l sa l l w a s g i ven t ot h e l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton f o rs e rv ic eo f1 l bo fc um in . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 92 ) .A sl o rd o f Wa r r ing ton ,P a in d eV i le r sg r an t ed H a l sa l lt oV iv ien G eme ti n ma r r iag ew i th h i sd augh te r , Emma , f o r f e e .

1 / 1 0k n igh t ' s 3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 37 ) . W i th t h ec on sen to fh i sw if e ,A l ic e ,A lan d eL yd ia te g r an t ed t oC o ck e r sand A bb ey 1 5p e rche so fl a nd i nl e ng th f r om S ond if ord t ot h ec r o s sa tt h ew e s tp a r t ,a nd 6 6p e rche sf r om t h ec r o s st ot h ec r o s sa tt h eh ead o fB echak ,f r om t h e r e2 6p e rche st ot h es t r eam a nd a l ong t h es t ream b a ck t oS ond yf o rd ( s ic ) ,s a v ing t h es i te o f am i l lw i th c ommon o fp a s tu r ea nd e a semen t so ft h et own o fH a l sa l l .

4

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 8 ) . A lan , s on o fS imon , w a s b ro the r o fB ened ic t w i th w hom h e h e ld t h e l o rd sh ip o fL yd ia te ( qv ) . H i s w if e , A l ice , t h e h e i r e s s o f H a l sa l l , w a se i the r aG e rne to rd eV i le r s . A sA lan d e L yd ia te h e g ave l a nd s a tR ena c r e s i nH a l sa l l t ot h eH o sp i ta l le r so fS t . J ohn o fJ e ru sa lem ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b ,9 ) .

5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 92 n 13 ) . T he money r e n t w a s c ommu t ed t o 1l bo fp epp e r ; p e rhap s i th ad b een i mpo sed i nl i eu o ft h e c um in b u t r e ve r ted b ack t oc um in l a t e r . B e twe en 1 232 -56 S imon d e H a l sa l l g r an ted p a r t o fh i s l a nd s i nH a l sa l l t oB u r scough P r io ry , b ounded b yt h e d i t ch q ue c ad i t i nd uc tam s upra v ad um d e A c tona , s equendo f o s sam i lam u sque a dm oran e t am o ra p er a l iam f o s sam u sque a dd i v i sam d e S t uh ec rof t e t s equendo d i v i sam d e S t u l t ec rof t u sque i n A l reneschahes iche , s equendo A l r ene schahe s iche u sque a d d uc tam e t s equendo d uc tam u sque a d p renom ina tam f o s sam ( W ebb e d . 1 970 , 11) . A l rene schahes iche i ss uppo sed t ob et h e s t r eam c a l led W a rneschagh i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd , i fs o , i s

2 36

C a ta logue : HALSALL

s hown o n ap l an o fB a r ton Mo s s c 1560 ( PRO MR2 ) w hen t h e l o rd s o fH a l sa l l a nd F o rmby w e r e i nd i spu t e o v e rr i gh t s t op a s tu re c a t t le o n t h e mo s s . T h i sw ou ld p l a c et h el a nd g ran t ed t ot h ep r io ry i nt h es ou th -we s to ft h ev i i i . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . T he f e e , w h ich w a s p e rhap s h e ld b yt h e e a r l b yd ef au l to f am e sne t e nan t , a l so i n c luded H oo le a nd W ind le , b o th o fw h ich h ad b e en h e ld b yR obe r td eV i le r s i n1 212 . I nH a l sa l l , S imon w a st e nan tu nde rt h ee a r l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 93 ) .

6

7

( Fa r r e r&B row nb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 93 ) . B u t le rr em i t t ed a l r i gh tt oc l a im ' b ode ' o r' w it ne s s ' f r om G i lbe r ta nd h i sh e i r so rp u tu re f o rh i ss e r jean t s .

8

9

1 °

I

1 2

1 3

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 93 ) . T he s e rv ice h ad f o rme r ly b een r e nde red b y G i lbe r t ' s f a the r , R icha rd , t oR obe r t ' s f a the r , R obe r t . O ne m e s suag e b e longed t ot h eh o ld ing . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 93 ) . T he w idow ' s l a nd sw e r eh e rd owe r . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 88 n 10 ) . T he r e c to r c l a imed t h a t aq ua r te r o fH a l sa l l b e longed t ot h e c hu rch a nd t ha t t h e r ema inde r w a s R obe r t d e H a lsa l l ' s . R ob e r td eH a l sa l l c l a imed t h ew ho le . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . T he 1 l bo fc um in d ue f r om H a l sa l l w a s p ayab le t ot h e e a r l o fL anca s t e r a nd R obe r t d e H o l land a ss upe r io r l o rd s o fW i l l iam B u t le r . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 39 ; R y land s 1 896 ) . G i lbe r t d e H a l sa l l p a id h omag e t oW i l l iam B u t le r f o r h i s f r e e t e nemen t . H e d i ed i n 1 346 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 93 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 9 3 ) . A s b ef o r e ( s ee n o te 1 a bove ) , W i l l iam B u t le rr e nde r ed t h e 1 l bo fc um in o r 11 2 dt / ot h eD uke o fL anca s t e r , a nd t h i s s e r v ic ew a s r e co rded t wo y ea r s l a t e r ; 11 2 dr / e n ta ppea r ed a ga in i n1 548 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 92 n 8 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 88 n 10 ) . T he r e c to r c l a imed c ommon o ft u rba ry b e long ing t o 5m e ssuage s a nd 5 o xgang s h e ld i nt h e r i gh t o ft h e c hu r ch . T h i s w a s o ppo sed b y O te s d e H a l sa l l a nd R ober t d e Meo l s . I n 1 36 1 O t e s w a s g ran t ed l i cence f o r a n o r a to ry f o r t wo y ea r s ; H en ry d e H a l sa l l a nd h i sw if e , K a the r ine ,w e r ea l so g ran ted al i c enc e i n1 453 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 93 194 n 17 ) .

1 5 1 6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 244 ) . I n1 50 1 t h i se s ta t ew a sh e ld b yS i rH en ry H a l sa l l , a nd i n1 537 b yT homa sH a l sa l l , a nn ige r( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 249 1 251) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 94 ) . S i r H en ry a l so h e ld R ena c r e s f r om t h e H o sp i ta l le r s a nd o t he r l a nd s , i n c lud ing a n e s ta te h e ld b y s ocage i n We s t le igh ( q v ) , a tt h et ime o fh i sd ea th i n1 540 .

1 7

( F rance 1 947 ,6 7 ) .

1 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 83 ) .

1 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 83 ) . G e ra rd a nd C o le c on t r ibu ted t ot h e s ub s idy . T he G e ra rd f am i ly h ad p u rcha sed t h e mano ra nd a dvow son o fH a l sa l l i n1 625 . C u thbe r t H a l sa l l , g rand son o fH en ry H a l sa l l , h ad d i s s ipa ted h i s w ea l th a nd l a nd s a nd , a sg rand son o fS i r G i lbe r t H a l sa l l , S i rC ha r le s G e ra rd w a st h ep u r cha s e r . S ub sequen t ly ,H a l sa l l p a s sed t oC o l . Mo rdaun ta nd f r om h im t ot h eB lunde l l so f' n ee ( L ew i s 1 987a , 1 7 18 ) .

P a in d eV i le r s a l ive Hen I WARR INGTON Fhb Emma

mV iv ian G e rne t( a l ly eHen I ,Mas ter F o r es te r )

HA1 ,SALL WINDLE Roge rG e rne t Adam G e rn e t Ch ief F cres te rc1140 -> 117 0 I S PEKE B ened ic tG em e t PRESCOT e t c

W i l l iam Gene t LYD *TE

d1 206

S i mon d eL yd ia te

Mabe l P e trc r i i l la A l ice m A lan a l ive 1 8 9 -1190 LYDLATE Wi l l iam G e rne t S i r Roge r Gene t mAGE TT LL HAL SALL Ma s ter F or es te r Mas te rF cres te r d12 06 d1 252 m 2Q uen i lda d e Woodplumpton S t rB ened ic t Gene t Mas t er F o re s ter dc l2 92 J oan m S i rW i l l iam d eD acr e d1 324 , R anu lf , l o rd Dace d1 33 9 W i l l iam , l o rd D ace d1 36 1

R anu lf ,r e c tor o f PRESCOT

2 37

B ened ic t LYD IATE

C a ta logue : HALSALL r i gh t o f t h e c hu rch , i n 1 354 . I t i s a s sumed t h a t t h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry b u i ld ing w a s o n o r c l o se t o i t s m ed ieva l p r edece s so r a nd t o h ave b een l o ca ted c l o se t ot h e c hu r ch l a nd st ot h en o r th a nd e a s t o ft h e c hu rch a nd t h e s uppo sed s i t e o fH a l sa l l H a l l ( L ew i s 1 987a , 1 9 ) . R icha rd H a l sa l l 's w i l l o f 1 563 , n o ted t h e g r ea t c hambe r , p a r lou r , c hambe r u nde r t h e n ew c ha mbe r , o u t c hambe r n ex t t o t h e g a tehou se , `ba ckehou se ' , b a rnhou se , F ig 9 1 .19b : H a l sa l l l a rde r a nd g ar n e r . T h i s , t oge the r w i th R ec to ry 1 843 ( Lanc s RU r oom s r e co rded i n ap roba te i n ven to ry o f DRL 1 / 33 ) 1 660 , s how t ha t t h e b u i ld ing s o n t h e s i t e w e r e e x t en s ive a nd s ub s tan t ia l . ' Nece s sa ry h ou se s ' r e co rded i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry c an , p e rhap s , b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t wo s ma l l b u i ld ing s s hown s t and ing a d jacen t t o ad i tch a l ong t h e n or the rn b ounda ry o f t h e s i t e . I n t h e l a t e 1 9 th c en tu ry t h e r e c to ry w a s i nr u in s a nd r e p r e sen ted b y f r agmen t so f as t one h ou se w h ich l a y b e twe en t h e c hu r ch a nd t h e n ew r e c to ry (Wa i t e 1 888 192 1 ; f i g s 7 3 , 8 4a ) . T he r ema in s i n c luded a' f ine g r ea t h a l l , 4 0 f e e t l o ng a nd 3 0 f e e t w ide , w i th a n o pen t imb e red r oof , b u i l t d u r ing t h e l a te p e rpend icu la r p e r iod , p robab ly t emp . H en ry V I I ' ( Tay lo r &R adc l if f e 1 897 , 1 95 ) .

0

1k r n

F ig 9 1 .19a : H a lsa l l

No . SMR

2 7 P RN

S i t e T own sh ip P a r ish H und red E s ta t e

H a lsa l l R ec tory H a l sa l l H a l sa l l We s tD e rby Wa r r ing ton /R ec to ry

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 702 1 038 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay /Sh i rd ley H i l l S and S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 5m s l igh tw e s tf a c ing s l ope ; 5 00m n o r th o fc hu rch

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 78 x 12m /8736m 2 o ve ra l l c 4m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

c 1964 L ew i s 1 986 d e s t royed 1 5 thC ; o ne w a l l o n ly s ur v ive s o p en s pac ea nd w ood land

P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s :

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 33 , 1 843 @ 3 c ha in s = I " ; NWAT 1 986 a e r ia l p ho tog raph s CLAU ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ; Wa i te 1 888 192 1

P ub l ica t ion :

L ew i s 1 987a ;T ay lo r&R adc l if f e 1 897

p robab le

F ig 9 1 .19c : H a lsa l l R ec to ry ( r ep roduced f r om F a r re r & B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 88 )

w e t 1 843 ? s t r eam s ou th g a t ehou se 1 563

F ig 9 1 .19d : Wa l le l eva t ion s( r ep roduced f r om L ew i s1987a ,2 5 ) As u rvey o ft h es i t ep roduc ed e v idence f o ro ne s and s tone w a l l s t and ing t o ah e igh to fc 4 .5m , w i th a tl e a s tt wo w indow s a nd t wo d oo r s . F oo t ing s f o r as ma l l s t one s t ruc tu r e a tt h e w e s t o ft h e s t and ing w a l l m ay r e la te t ot h e s ma l l t owe rs hown o n a n i l u s t ra t ion ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 88 ; f i g 9 1 .19c ) . L oo se ma son ry f o und o n t h e s i te i n c luded a 1 5 th -c en tu ry f i n ia l a nd d oo r l i n t e l . T he s i t e w a s b ad ly d i s tu rbed b y t h e 1 964 e xcava t ion s f o r w h ich n o r e co rd s s u rv ive e xc ep t f o r p o t t e ry o f 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd l a t e rd a t e l a be l led H PH ( ?Ha l sa l l P r ie s t H ou se ) . N o e v idence f o r am oa t o r g a t ehou se h a s b een f ound d u r ing r e c en t f i e ldwo rk ; t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd a s soc ia t ed p ond s a nd e nc lo su r e s n ow l i e i n af i e ld i mmed ia te ly e a s t o f t h e h a l l w he r e f i e ld w a lk ing i sl i ke ly t o p roduc e a r cha eo log ica l m a te r ia l .

T he r e c to ry l a nd s w e r e , p r e sumab ly , r e p r e sen t ed i nt h e 1 / 4 m ano r c l a imed b y t h e r e c to r i n 1 3 13 a nd t h e 5m e s suage s a nd 5 o xgang s , h e ld i nt h e

2 38

C a ta logue : HAYDOCK T enure

E s ta te

168 1 t h anag e

1 2 12 2

1c a ruca te 1c a ruca t e

L ord o ffe/ S uper ior L ord Onn d eH aydock A lf red d eI n c e

Me sne l o rd

S e rv ice . /r en t

H ugh d eH a idoc W i l l iam d e H a idoc

? 1j udge

1 282 2

1c a ruca t e

T hu r s tan d eH o l land

1 286 4

4o xgang s

R obe r td eH o l land

1 3 15 1

j udg e

Ma t thew d eH aydock

W i l l iam d eH o l land

1 322 6

s ocag e /m 2 1 ano r

J ohn d eL ang ton S i rR obe r td eH o l land

f e a l ty 6 s8 d

1 322 -23 1

d eme sne

R obe r td eL a thom

1 ma rk sy ea r ly

1 323 -24 g

2p a r t so f t h e mo ie ty o fH aydock

R obe r td eH o l land

p a i ro fs pu r s s o ld 3 d p a i ro fg l ove s s o ld i d

C ay ley

R ob e r td eC a l legh d e H o land

1 327

G i lbe r td eH aydock

J oan ,w idow o f W i l l iam d eH o l land

1 332 1 °

G i lb to d eH a idok W i l lo P ee se W i l lo G renef i s sh R ob to d eG o ldbu rn R ico d e lL one W i l lo H a rdy R ob to d eA dbu rgham

1 346 1

m ano ro f H aydock

1 348 1 2

R obe r td eL ang ton k t

S i rR obe r td eH o l land

l O s

G i lb e r td eH aydock

R obe r td eL ang ton

Ma t i lda ,w idow o fR obe r t d eH o l land

1 l bo fc umm in

G i lbe r td eH aydock

R obe r td eL ang ton

Ma t i lda ,w idow o fR obe r t d eH o l land

f e a l ty & 6 s8 d& s u i ta tN ew ton c ou r t

G i lb e r td eH aydock

1 7 s

J ohn d eH aydock

1 349 1 3

s ocage

m ano ro f H aydock

1 3 8 71 4

s o cag e

mo ie ty o f H aydock m ano r

S i rJ ohn H o l land o f T ho rpe Wa t e rv i l l

H aydock p a rk

S i rJ ohn H o l land o f T ho rpe Wa t e rv i l l

1 394 1

i i js x v i i jd x i jd x i jd x i i jd x i jd x i jd

S i rG i lbe r td eH aydock

S i rP e t e rL egh i f

c 1425 W 1 46 11 7

C rown

1 466 n

m ano ro f H aydock

1 50 0

2 m / 1 ano r

S i rP e t e rL egh I C rown

S i rP e te rL egh V S i rP e te rL egh V

2 m / 1 ano r

R a lph C ronke

1 5402 1 3

C agh s

S tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem

G uy H o l land

1 2d

1 54 12 1

2 m / 1 ano r

l o rd o f N ew ton

S i rP e t e rL egh V I

6 s8 d

S i te s :

L andho ld e r s

1 4

B ruche H a l l

7 3

P i e le H a l l

14

H a l lo fH aydock

15

Wa l shemon shou se

1 22

H ugh T a i lo r ' s

( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 37 ) . O rm d e H aydock c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e a i d f o r m a r ry ing t h e k i ng ' s d augh t e r . H e g r an ted ac r of tc a l led K a ue ( Cay ley ) , p robab ly i nt h es ou th -ea s tp a r to fH aydock ,t ot h eH o sp i ta l le r s . 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 4 ) . A lf r ed d eI n c e ,s on o f Onn , h e ld t h r ee c a ruca t e s i nt h anage f o rw h ich h er e nde red 3 0 sa nd t wo j udg e s . S inc eH ugh d eH aydock a nd W i l l iam d eH aydock e ach h e ld o ne c a ruca t e ' o fa nc ien tf e of fmen t 'f r om A lf r ed d eI n c e , i ti sa s sumed t ha tH aydock w a sa s se s sed a tt wo c a ruca te s ,t h et h i rd b e ing r e p re sen ted i nt h ev i l lo fI n c e in -Make rf i e ld ( q v ) . H ugh a nd W i l l iam a r eb e l ieved t oh ave b e en k i n smen o fA lf r ed d eI n ce . H ugh d eH aydock a l so h e ld 4o xgang si nG o lbo rne ( q v )i nm a r r iage w i th t h ed augh t e ro fA dam d eL ow ton .

3

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 37 n 10 ) . I nt h em id 13 th c en tu ry W i l l iam d eH aydock ' sh o ld ing p a s sed t oT hu r s tan d eH o l land , l o rd o fU pho l land ( q v )w ho i ss uppo sed t oh ave d i ed c 1276 . T hu r s tan h ad g r an t ed h i s p a r t o fC ay ley t oh i s s on , W i l l iam ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 40 n 37 ) , s uppo sed ly t h e l o rd o f S ha rp le s . A l te rna t ive ly , t h eT hu r s tan o ft h i sd a te , w ho d e sc r ibed h im se lf a s ` l o rd o fH aydock ' , m ay p o s s ib ly h ave b een as on o fT hu r s tan d eH o l land f r om h i sm a r r iag ew i th J u l iana G i l l ib rand ( s ee A ppend ix X I ) .

4

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 38 n 13 ,n 16 ) . I n1 286 Ma t thew d eH aydock h e ld 1 0m e s suage s , 8o xgang s a nd 4a c re so fl a nd i nH aydock a nd B o ld ( q v ) . Ma t thew w a s g r an t ed t h e mo ie ty o ft h e m ano ro fH aydock i n1 292 . H e h ad f r om h i s f a the r , G i lbe r t , a nd A l ice ( d e B o ld ) , 4o xgang s i nH aydock , o ne o f w h ich w a sc a l led Va lf t heu rony so xeg eng s , w i th t h es e rv ic e s d ue t ot h ec h ief l o rd o ft h ef e e , R obe r td eH o l land , a nd s u i to f aj udge t ot h ec ou r to fN ew ton f o r a' m ed ie ty 'o fH aydock . ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,2 7 ,4 4 ) . S i rW i l l iam d eH o l land ' sh ou se a tH aydock w a sb r oken i n to i n1 315 b ys uppo r te r so fA dam B ana s t r ea nd W i l l iam B rad shaw . T hey t o ok f r om h im 1 00 s heep , 1 6o xen , 1 2c ow sa nd o t he rg ood s . P o s s ib ly t h eh ou se w a sa tC ay ley .

6

H aydock w a s o ne o f1 5 m ano r s h e ld b yJ ohn d e L ang ton i ns o cage a tt h i s d a t e ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . A tt h ef o rf e i tu r e o fh i s l a nd s i n1 322 , S i rR obe r t d e H o l land h e ld h a lf H aydock f r om J ohn d e L ang ton a nd A l ic e h i s w if e . S i r R icha rd d e H o l land o fC ay ley , s on o f S i r W i l l iam d e H o l land o f S ha rp le s ( p o s s ib ly t h ep e r son w ho s uf e r ed t h ea t ta ck o nh i sh ou se i n1 3 15 )a nd J ohn d eC a i legh o fH o l land ,p o s s ib ly t h es on o fS i rR obe r td eH o l land ,w e r ep a r ty t o t h e c on sp i r a c ie s a ga in s t S i rA dam B ana s t r e a nd S i rW i l l iam B rad shaw ( Tup l ing 1 949 p a s s im ) . We h ea ro fR obe r t d e H o l land o fC ay ley a nd h i s b r o the r , J ohn ,i n1 323 ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,3 3 ,3 4 ) . P e rhap sh a lf o fH aydock wa sr e p r e sen ted i nC ay ley .

7

( F a r r e r e d . 1 907 , 1 44 ) . T he d eme sne l a nd s , m eadow s , p a s tu r e s a nd u nde rwood s w e r e l e t t oR obe r t d e L a thom f o r 1 m a rk s s av ing t oJ oan , w idow o f W i l l iam d eH o l land ,h e rd owe ri nt h es ame .I n1 324 t h en ame o fT homa s d eL a thom w a ss ub s t i tu ted f o rt h a to fS i rG i lbe r td eH aydock ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 38 n 22 ) . ( F a r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 14 ) . T he h o ld ing w a s c a l led t h e ' P a rk o ft h e m ano r o fH aydo ck w i th t h e m embe r s ' f o rw h ich r e n t o fa s s iz e o ft wo p a r t s o fR obe r t d e H o l land ' s m o ie ty o fH aydock w a s v a lued a t1 9 s I dw i th ap a i ro fs pu r s a nd ap a i ro fg l ove s o fr e n t , ' s o ld ' 3 d a nd I dr e sp ec t ive ly , o fG i lbe r t d e H aydock ; f a rm o ft h et e nan t s o f 1 6 m e s suage s , 4 4a c 3 ro fl a nd h e ld a tw i l l w a s v a lued a t8 0 s 1d .R en t s f r om G o lbor n e , N ew ton , H ough ton a nd H ind ley w e r e a l so

2 39

C a ta logue : HAYDOCK

r e tu rned u nde rt h e P a rk o fH aydock w h ich i n c luded f a rm o f8 0 a c r e s o fd eme sne l a nd w i th t h e h e rbage , s eve ra l p a s tu r e s , o t he r p r of i t s o ft h e d eme sne s e xc ep th a lf t h ep annage o ft h e ' f o r e ign 'w ood b e long ing t ot h em ano ra nd t h ep rof i to ft h ev i va ry g o ing a r ound t h e moa ti nt h em ano r . 9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 20 -221) . I n1 327 J oan , w idow o fW i l l iam d eH o l land , h e ld d owe ri no ne th i rd o f am e s suage , 6 0 a c r e s o fl a nd , 8a c re s o fm eadow , 1 80 a c re s o fp a s tu r e a nd s e ve ra l a c re s o fw ood i nH aydock , b y a s s ignmen to fh e rb ro the r in law , R obe r t d e H o l land ( s e e n o te 7a bov e ) . S he a l so h e ld l a nd i n O r r e l la nd i nt h eh und red o fS a lf o rd .

1 °

1

1 2

1 3 1 4

1 5 1 6

1 7

C on t r ibu to r s t ot h e L ay S ub s idy ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . I n 1 336 G i lbe r t d e H aydock a nd Ma t thew , h i s s on , h ad ag ran t o fl a nd s i nB u t tonwood ( q v ) ; ag r an t t o G i lb e r td eH aydock a nd h i ss on ,J ohn , i n1 357 made r e f e r enc et ol a nd s i nB u r tonwood ,s ou th o fB rad ley b rook ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 27 ) . ( F a r re re d . 1 9 15 , 9 3 ) . I n 1 346 t h e r e r ema ined t oG i lbe r t d e H aydock t h e m ano r o fH aydock , h e ld o fS i r R obe r t d e H o l land b y t h e s e rv ice o f 1 O s y ea r ly ; H o l land h e ld i tf r om S i rR obe r td eL ang ton b yt h es ame s e rv ic e( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 37 n 10 ) . I n 1 348 t h ek i ng g r an ted l i cence t oG i lbe r td e H aydock t og i ve am e s suage , l a nd a nd 5m a rk s r e n t i nH aydock a nd N ew ton f o r ac hap la in a tt h e c hape l o f H o ly T r in i ty o fW inw ick . H i s H aydock l a nd s w e re h e ld f r om Ma t i lda /Maud , w idow o fR obe r t d e H o l land b y t h e s e rv ic e o f3 s4 d ; s he h e ld t h em f r om R obe r td eL ang ton b y l i bo fc umm in y ea r ly f o ra l s e rv ice s . G i lbe r ta l so h e ld 1 0m e s suage sa nd 1 60 a c r e so fl a nd i nH aydock ( F a r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,2 00 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,2 02 ) . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 39 ) . J ohn d e H aydock d i ed i n 1 387 h o ld ing t h e m o ie ty o ft h e m ano r o fH aydock a nd v a r iou s l a nd s i nN ew ton ( q v ) , G o lbome ( q v ) a nd B o ld ( q v ) . H i s s ucc e s so rw a s h i s s on , G i lbe r t , t h en 3 0 y ea r s o l d . S i rG i lb e r t d e H aydock ( dc 1425 ) o b ta ined al i c enc e f o r a n o ra to ry i n B rad ley ( Bu r tonwood q v )a nd H aydock i n1 387 . I n1 394 S i rJ ohn d eH o l land o fT ho rpe Wa t e rv i l l l e a sed t h ep a rk i nH aydock t oS i rG i lbe r td eH aydock . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 39 n 27 ) . G i lbe r t d e H aydock d i ed i n1 425 a nd h i s e s ta te s p a s sed t ot h e L egh s o fL yme t h rough t h e m a r r iage o fG i lbe r t ' s d augh te r ,J oan ,w i th P e te rL egh ( d 1 422 ) . T he i rs on a nd h e i r ,P e t e rd eL egh I ,w a sb o rn i n1 4 15 . J oan ' st omb , i nS ef ton ( q v )c hu r ch i d en t if i e sh e re s ta te s . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 . 1 38 ) . H aydock c ame i n to t h eh and so ft h eC rown b yf o r f e i tu r eo ft h ee s ta te s o fH en ry , D uke o fE xe t e r , i n1 46 1 a nd f a i lu r e o fa n h e i r . T he D uke w a s ad i r ec t d e scendan to fS i rR ob e r td eH o l land t h rough h i s s e cond s on , S i rT homa s H o l land , i s tE a r l o fK en t ( Append ix X I ) . T he H o l land l a nd si nH aydock w e r eb ough tb yS i rP e te rL egh I .

1 8

1 9

2 8

2 1

( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l 1 6 19 ) . S i r P e t e r L egh ' s l a nd s a cqu i r ed f r om h i s mo the r , J oan , i n c lud ed a ' Ha l l b u i l t i no l den t ime s w i th ac hape l a nd b a rn a nd a no the rl a rge n ew b a rn , n ow at iheba rn . al a rge t a nhou se , as t ab le a nd ma l t i c i ln , l a rge c ou r tya rd a nd t u r fhou se a nd al o ng e n t ranc e o n t h e s ou th o ft h e mano r ' t og e the rw i th a n a pp leya rd , ac r of t , s t r ip s i ns e ve ra l f i e ld s a nd s ome m eadow t o g e the r y i e ld ing 5s 8 d r e n t . T h i s p rop e r ty w a s h e ld i n 1 466 b y R a lph C ronk e ( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l 1 7 .1) . As umma ry o ft h e o t he r t e nan t s w ho h e ld m e s suag e s i nS i r P e te r 's i n he r i ted e s ta t e , t wo th i rd s o fH aydock a ppea r sb e low ( f ig s9 1 .20a -b ) . ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 38 n 11) . S i r P e te r L egh V s ucceeded h i s g randf a the r i n 1 478 ; i n 1 506 h e h e ld h a lf o fH aydock a s s ucce s so r t ot h e H aydock sa nd t h eo t he rh a lf ,t h eH o l land p o r t ion ,f r om t h ec r own . 1 540 G uy H o l land h e ld ac l o se i nH aydock c a l led C agh sf o r 1 2d f r om t h e H o sp i ta l o fS tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 7 4 ) . I tp a s sed i n1 546 t o S i rP e te rL egh V I I( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 1 40 n 36 ) .

1 n

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 38 n 11) . T he o t he rh a lf o fH aydock s e em st oh ave b e en i g no r ed ; p e rhap st h el o rd s o fN ew ton n ol o nge rh ad a n i n t e r e s t i n i t . f o l 1 7 .2 1 7 .4

t e nan t J oan, w idow o fT homa s We s ty l l IL au r enc eW ileson

m e s suage sw i th t h e f o l low ing

g a rden o r o r cha rd

w ood

s el ion s

f i e ld s

c r of t s

c l o se s

meadow

r e n t

i mp roved l a nd

s e rv ic e

b a rn ,y a rd , f o ld i p lace ,sma l lh ou se

3 2 s

2 s9 d

b a rn ,y a rd

2 4 s

I2 s9 d

b a rn , 2y a rd s

1 3 s4 d

1 75

Ma t i lda f o rme r ly w if eo f R og e rL ey land

1 7 .6

S i rP e te r Leh

P e le o f Haydock

1 7 .8

R ober tN ay lor

2 0d

3 s4 d 2 s9 d

p a l isade

1 7 .10

O l ive rF e r e

Wa lshemon ishow se , b arn 'ma l tk i ln b a rn

1 7 .11

P e te r We s ty l l

b a rn

1 7 .12

J ohn Aw r e f ay r e

y a rd ,k a leya rd

1 7 .13

R og e r We s ty l l

b a rn ,y a rd ,f o ldp lac e

1 7 .14

R oge rK enyon

b a rn ,t u r fhouse ,y a rd , f o ld2 lace

4 0 s

2 s9 d

1 7 .16

R icha rd D u rny qe

b a rn ,y a rd s

2 0 s

I2 s9 d

1 7 .18

N icho la sG ef f un son

b a rn ,y a rd

1 7 .20

R obe r t We s ty l l

n ew b a rn

1 7 .2 1

W i l l iam S l akke

b a rn ,y a rd ,r n a l thouse

• • •

•

1 7 .28

R icha rd Aw f ay r e

b a rn ,y a rd s

1 7 .29

J ohn I r l and

•

1 73 0

J oan f o rme r ly w if eo f H ugh I r l and

y a rd, b a rn ,y a rd

•

2 6 s8 d 4 0 s 1 3 s4 d 2 4 s

4 0 s

2 s9 d I2 s9 d 2 0d 120d

2 s9 d 2 s9 d

2 0 s 4 s 2 6 s8 d

2 s9 d I20d 2 s9 d

1 7 .31

T homa sB rowneb i l l

b a rn ,y a rd s

1 3 s4 d

2 s9 d

1 7 .32

G i lb e r tB oy e

b a rn ,m a l tk i ln ,ya rd

3 3s 4 d

1 73 4

N icho la sH a s i ld ene

b a rn ,t u r fhou se ,r oom , y a rd s

3 6 s8 d

2 s9 d 2 s9 d

1 7 .35

J ohn S my th e

b a rn , wo rkshop , f o ldp lace

2 6 s8 d

2 s9 d

F ig 9 1 .20a : T enan t so nS i rP e te rL egh 's i nhe r i ted e s ta te i nH aydock .G i lbe r tB oy e 's t e nemen ti n c luded af i e ld c a l led i . eB ruche a d jac en tt oa f i e ld c a l led L e W e tynegg ee nc lo sed w i th h edge sa nd d i tche s( 1 7 .32 .4 -5 ) . Embo ldened e n t r ie si n d ica t ep rope r ty a s soc ia ted w i th p a l i saded d i tche s

2 40

C a ta logue : HAYDOCK

f o l

t e nan t

m e s suage sw i th t h e f o l low ing

o r cha rd o rg a rden

s e l ion s

w ood

f i e ld s

c rof t s

c l o se s

m eadow

i mp roved l a nd

r e n t

s e rv ice

1 9 .1

H en ry Mo s se

b y re , b a rn ,y a rd

4 0 s

2 s 9 d

1 9 .3

Hugh T a i l lour & s on Ma t thew

b arn , ma l tk i ln , t ur f house ,y ards , f o ldp lace

4 0 s

2 s9 d

1 9 .4

H ush N ay le r

b a rn ,y a rd s

3s 4 d

2 s 9 d

1 9 .5

R icha rd B u r scoshe

b a rn s , y a rd s

2 0 s

2 s 9 d

1 9 .6

R a lph K enyan

b a rn ,y a rd

1 9 .9

W il iam Wa rg reve

b a rn ,y a rd s

1 9 .10

G eo rg eC oke

n ew m e s suase

3 0 s

2 s9 d

1 9 .11

R oge rK enyan

b a rn , s t ab le , h ay h ous e , y a rd , f o ldp lace , ma l tk i ln

4 6 s 8 d

2 s 9 d

1 9 .12

T homa s K enyan

n ew m e s suase ,y a rd

2 6s 8 d

2 s9 d

1 9 .13

Ma t thew K enyan

b a rn , s t ab le , y a rd

2 2 s

2 s9 d

1 9 .14

A l ice w idow o fJ ohn B u r s coghe

b a rn , y a rd s

2 6 s 8 d

2 s9 d

3 2 s 6 d

2 s9 d

2 s

2 s 9 d

F ig 9 1 .20b : T enan t sw i th m e ssuages o nt h et h i rd o fH aydock b ough tb yS i rP e te rf r om t h e f o rme rH o l land e s ta te s . T he i mp roved l a nd w a sg ran ted o u to fS i rP e te r 's i n he r i tance . Embo ldened e n t r ies i nd ica te p rope r ty a s soc ia ted w i th p a l i saded d i tche s

F ig 9 1 .20d : H aydock N o . SMR

1 4 AS M 5 696 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

B ruche H a l l H aydock W inw ick N ew ton T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

S i 5 624 9 655 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r i f tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay n o i n f o rm t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 1m s ou th f a c ing g en t le s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su re b ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r u nce r ta in c l5m w e tp ond s , 1 839

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

d e s t royed

P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

F ig 9 1 .20c : B ruche H a l l 1 839 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 34 ) L e B ruche p robab ly b e longed t o G i lbe r t B oy e w ho , i n 1 466 , h e ld a s ub s tan t ia l p rope r ty f r om S i r P e te r L egh . I ti n c luded a f i e ld c a l led L e W e tyng egg e w h ich c on ta ined t h r ee a c r e s a nd w a s e nc lo sed w i th h edge s a nd d i t che s . O n i t se a s te rn s i de h eh e ld ac r of tc a l led L eB ruche w h ich c on ta ined a n a c r e a nd ah a lf o fl a nd , a nd e a s t o ft h i s w a s t h e ' h igh r oad o fH aydock ' ( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l 1 7 .32 . 4 -5 ) . T he r e i sn o s ugg e s t ion o fe i the r am oa to r a ny b u i ld ing s a tL e B ruche h a l l a tt h i st ime . A moa ted e nc lo su r e c on ta in ing b u i ld ing s i ss hown o n t h e O S m ap o f 1 849 a nd af i e ld c a l led P e e l C rof t i s s hown s ou th -we s t o f t h i s o n t h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry t ihe p l an ; p e rhap s i t r e p r e sen t sL e W e tyng egg e . T he s i t eh a sb een d e s t royed ( Ch ity 1 98 1 A pp D ) .

T he P e le o fH aydock c ame t ot h e L egh f am i ly t h rough t h e m a r r iag e o fS i r P e t e r L egh w i th J oan , d augh t e r o fS i r G i lbe r t d e H aydock a nd w a s h e ld b y S i rP e t e rL egh i n1 466 ( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l 1 7 .5 .6 ) . P e te rL egh h im se lf h ad ' am e s suage o rs ma l l p l ac es u r rounded w i th af e nced d i tch c ommon ly c a l led t h e P e le o fH aydock o rc a l led f r om o l den t ime s T he H a lghe P e l e ' . Ma t i lda , w if e o fR oge r L ey lond , h e ld am e s suag e a tt h e n o r th e nd o f aw ood c a l led L e H a lghehey a nd h e r e s ta te i n c luded a c r of t c a l led L e P e le C rof t ( L egh MSS 1 466 1 7 .5 .1-2 ) . L e H a lghehey w a s h e ld b y L au renc e W i l le son w ho se o r cha rd w a s n ex t t o' as ma l l h ou se c a l led L e P e l e ' (Ugh MSS 1 466 , 1 7 .4 .

? we s t

5 ,1 7 .4 .8 ) . I nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry P ee l Meadow l a yd i r ec t ly n o r th o ft h eh a l l .

i n du s t r ia l

T he s i t eh a sb e en d e s t royed ( Ch ity 1 981 A pp D ) .

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 34 , 1 839 @ 1 0c ha in s =1 5/ 8" ; O S m ap s hee t 1 0 1 , 1 849 C h i t ty 1 981 ; L egh MSS 1 466

2 41

C a ta logue : HAYDOCK

No . SMR

A SM 5 697 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

P ie le H a l l H aydock W inw ick N ew ton manag e

NGR L oca t ion

S i 5 622 9 715 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay n oi n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 9m s ou th f a c ing g en t le s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 20 x2 5m /c500m 2 c1 O m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

T he H a l l o f H aydock s e em st oh ave c ome t o S i r P e te r L egh b y p u rcha se f r om t h e D uke o f E xe te r i n 1 46 1 . I n 1 466 H ugh T a i l l iou r a nd Ma t thew h e ld a ` me s suage h i the r to k nown a s t h e H a l l e o f H aydock s u r rounded w i th a n o ld f enc ed d i tch w i th b a rn , ma l tk i ln a nd t u r fhou se w i th t wo y a rd s a nd a f o ldp la ce l y ing o n t h e w e s t s i de o f t h e w ide l a ne o f H aydock n ex t t o a l a rge o ak ' ( Legh MSS 1 466 , 1 9 .3 .1) . S i nce t h e E xe te r e s ta t e h ad d e r ived f r om t h e f o rme r d e H o l land p rope r t ie s , p e rhap s i t w a s t h e moa ted s i t e a t H aydock P a rk n o t ed a t t h e f o rf e i tu r e o f S i r R obe r t d e H o l land ' s l a nd s i n 1 323 1324 ( Fa r re re d . 1 907 ,2 14 ) .

7 3

c e r ta in

.

F ig 9 1 .20e : P i e le H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 34 )

w e t 1 839 ? we s t f e nced d i tch 1 466

d e s t roy ed 1 5C L anc s RO DRL 1 / 34 , 1 839 @ 1 0c ha in s = 15/8 " C h i t ty 1 981 ;L egh MSS 1 466

N o . SMR

14

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

H a l l o fH aydock H aydock W inw ick N ew ton T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

NGR S i 5 730 9 740 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r i f tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e s S and s tone s B ou lde rc l ay n o i n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 5m s ou th ea s tf a c ing

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? s ing le u nce r ta in

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s :

c er ta in

? w e t ? no r th o rw e s t f e nc ed d i tch 1 466

d e s t royed 1 5C o re a r l ie r i n du s t r ia l O S s he e t 1 0 1 , 1 849 ' s i t e o f H aydock H a l l ' ; L ane s RO DRL 1 / 34 , 1 839 @ 1 0 c ha in s =1 5/ 8 ,

P ho to s / i l lu s t r a t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

F a r r e re d . 1 907 ; L egh MSS 1 466

N o m en t ion h e r e o f a moa t b u t i t s c hape l m ay h ave b een t ha t f o r w h ich G i lber td eH aydo ck a cqu i r ed al i cenc ef o ra no ra to ry i n1 387 .

F ig 9 1 .20f : H a l lo fH aydock a nd H aydock H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 34 )

T he L egh S u rvey a l so i n c lude s ap rope r ty c a l led t h e H a l l w h ich , i n 1 466 , w a s o ccup ied b y R a lph C ronke . I tw a s p a r t o f P e te r L egh 's ' o r ig ina l i n he r i tance ' , p r e sumab ly t h rough t h e H aydock f am i ly l i ne . T h i s h ad b e en ' bu i l t i no l den t ime s w i th a c hape l a nd b a rn a nd a no the r l a rge n ew b a rn , n ow at i theba rn b y l i cenc e o ft h e s a id P e te r , w i th al a rg e t a n -hou se f o r t h e u se o ft h e s a id R a lph n ow t e nan t o ft h e s ame , w i th as t ab le a nd m a l tk i ln , a l a rge c ou r tya rd a nd t u r fhou se a nd a l o ng e n t rance o n t h e s ou th o f t h e m ano r ' ( L egh MSS 1 466 , 1 7 .1 .1) .

2 42

R a lph C ronk 's p l a ce , a lmo s tc e r ta in ly , l a ya tt h e s i t eo fH aydock H a l lw h ich t oge the rw i th H a l l Meadow , w a s d ep ic ted o n t h e O S m ap o f1 849 . T he s i t e o fH ugh T a i l l iou r 's H a l l o fH aydock i sl e s se a s i ly i d en t if ied b u t i to ccup ied , p e rhap s , a r e c tangu la r a r ea o f l a nd b ounded b y r oad s o r l a ne s as hor t d i s tance n o r th o fH aydock H a l l , o n t h e w e s t o ft h e r oad w h ich r a n t owa rd s H aydo ck T own .

C a ta logue : HAYDOCK

N o . SMR

15

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

Wa lshemonshou se H aydock W inw ick N ew ton T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

? cS J 5 55 9 76 ? pe r iphe ra l

c e r ta in

S o l id g eo log y D r if tg eo log y S o i l

Hugh T a i lor 's H aydock W inw ick N ew ton T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

? cS J5 730 9 740

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

f enc ed d i tch 1 466

f e nced d i tch 1 466

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

L egh MSS 1 466

N amed i n t h e L egh S u rvey o f 1 466 b e long ing t o S i r P e t e r L egh b y i n he r i tance f r om G i lbe r td e H aydock , t h i s p rope r ty w a so ccup ied b y R obe r t N ay lo r . I t i n c luded t wo c r of t s ' e nc lo sed w i th h edge s c a l led L e Wa l l shemon i sH a ld yng e ' a nd ' a no the r c r of to rt of tw he r e t h e h ou se k nown a sL e W a l shemon i show se o nc e s t ood , c on ta in ing a n a c r e , a nd as ma l l w ood w i th f e nced d i tch c a l led L ay lond i s w od e . . t o t h e w e s t o f n o r th o f t h e a f o re sa id p la c e o rm e s suage ' ( L egh MSS 1 466 , 1 7 . 8 . 4 , 1 7 .8 .6 -7 ) . G i lbe r t B oy e , t e nan t o fB r uche ( qv ) , h ad a ' quad ran t o fl a nd o n t ha t p l ace c a l led W a l shemon i sc r of t e . .( a nd )t wo q uad ran t s o nt h es ame p l ac e l y ing b e tween l a nd c a l led C ay l e land e o n t h e n o r th s i de '( Legh MSS 1 466 , 1 7 .32 .15 1 6 ) . T h i s , a t l e a s t , a ppea r s t o p l ac e W a l shemon i s C rof t e i n t h e a r ea o f H aydock k nown a s C ay ley w h ich w a s i n t h e s ou th -we s t p a r t o f t h e t own sh ip . W a l shemon shouse i st hough t t o h ave b een a tt h e l o ca t ion c i ted a bove ' n ea ra na r ea n ow k nown a s No r th F lo r ida .

I

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

d oub tf u l

A l t i tude T opog raphy

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

1 22

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

A l t i tude T opog raphy P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

N o . SMR

L egh MSS 1 466

T he s i t e i sk nown o n ly f r om P e te r L egh ' s s ur vey o f 1 466 . H ugh T a i l l iou r h e ld f r om t h e f o rme r H o l land /Exe te r e s ta t e af i e ld o ff ou r a c r e s c a l led L e F erne l eghf e ld o rL e O ld ef e ld . I tl a yb e tween H aydock L ane o n t h e e a s ta nd af i e ld c a l led F erne l egh ' r ough ly ' o n t h e w e s ta nd r unn ing s ou thwa rd sf r om ' a n o l d d i tch w i th f e nce s , s u r round ing a m e s suag e h e ld b y H ugh ' ( L egh MSS 1 466 , 1 8 .5 ) . T h i s d i tched m e s suag e may , i n f a c t , b e t h e ' H a l l e o f H aydock ' ( q v )w h ich w a sh e ld b y Hugh T a i l l iou r .

Ia m g ra tef u l t oA r thu r S ay e r f o r d i scu s s ion o n t h i s p o in t a nd o n o t he r ma t te r sr e la t ing t oH aydock .

2 43

C a ta logue : HINDLEY T enure

E s ta te

L ord o ffe e /S upe r ior L ord

190 1 212 1 p r e 1 2 12 2 1 212

Me sne l o rd

S e rv ice /r en t

L andho ld e r s

R obe r tu sd eH inde le

Swa in s on o fL eofw in t h anag e

2 o / 1 r

1 c a ruca t e /c 2 1 a ruca te 2b ova t e s ? 6b ova t e s

G o spa tr ic

T homa sd eB ur nhu l l T homa sd eB u rnhu l l

R oge rs on o fG o spa t r ic A dam d eH ind ley R icha rd d eH ind ley

1 217 1 2194

T hu r s tan B ana s t r e

1 212 1 242 5

R obe r tB ana s t r e

A dam d eH inde le R ica rd t t s Wa lenc i s G od i th d au o fA dam d eH inde le R icha rd s on o fR obe r td e H ind ley

C ocke r sand A bbey

J ohn G i l l ib rand

J ohn d eL ang ton & A l ice h i sw if e

G i lbe r td eC u lche th & h i ss on G i lbe r t

1 268g 1 3027

2b ova t e s

f r e e t e nemen t

[ 1j udge & 1 2] /

H en ry d eA the r ton R icha rd d e Mo lyneux o f C ro sby & w if eB ea t r ic e A lan d eW ind le

A dam d eH ind ley

R obe r ts on o fF ul cB ana s t r e A dam d eB rad shagh A dam d eU rm s ton & w if e I s abe l R ob e r tB u lgu t H en ry s on o fR oge rd eI n c e H ugh d eH ind ley J ohn s on o fH en ry l eS uu ro f H ind ley R icha rd s on o fW i l l iam H a r t 1 308 g 1 3224

2 m / 1 ano r

R ob e r ts on o fF u lk B ana s t r e

s ocage

f e a l ty

J ohn d eL ang ton

1 323 1 324 1 °

R obe r td eH o l land

c 1330. 1

L owe e s ta t e

1 331 1 2

2/ 3o f 1/ 8o f

3 s 61 2d /

R obe r td eL ang ton K a the r ine w idow o fP e t e rd e B u rnhu l l

m ano r 1 332 1

G i lb to d eK u lch i th H ug l eJ eu W i l lo d eH a rpe r sone A dam d eK u lch i th H ugoe d eT hu r ska r R ico f i lJ oh i s

1 346 a

R obe r td eL ang ton k t

1 443 1 3

H en ry L ang ton

J ohn L ang ton

1 451 i g

C ocke r sand A bbey

R obe r tu sH o lynhed H e r e sJ ohann i sT u r ton

i j s v j d

1 508 1 2

G i lbe r tL ang ton

J ohn U rm s ton

f e a l ty & 2 s 7 dr e n t

1 528 1 g

R obe r tL ang ton 2 m / 1 ano r

&

G i lbe r tC u lche th

H ind ley H a l l H igh H ind ley o fA spu l l 1 531 ° 1 535 2 ° c 15402 1

1 / 8m ano r

T homa sL ang ton T homa sL ang ton S tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem

H ugh H ind ley o fA spu l l H en ry C ha rnock J ohanne A the r ton ,a nn ig e ro R obe r to L ee R adu lpho G a t e P e t ro L ang ton ( h e red G i lbe r t i D y l l ) G i lbe r to H ynd ley

C ro s sho le s

1 5731 2

1 / 8

1 6001 3

f r eeho lde r s

1 6281 4

f r eeho lde r s

1 6401 3

s o cage

S i te s :

4 7 L owe H a l l

m ano r

T homa sC ha rnock

L owe

P h i l ip L ang ton R obe r tP inn ing ton P e t e rH a r r ison A b raham L ang ton C h r i s tophe rS t ananough t

m ano ro f H ind ley

S i rR icha rd F l e e twood

7 4 P l a t tB r idge Moa t

J ohn C u lche th

1 25 C a s t le H i l l

2 44

1 0d r e n t f e a l ty ' i s v j d v j d v j d x i jd

C a ta logue : HINDLEY

( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 6 49 -650 ) . R obe r t d e H ind ley g ran ted l a nd t oC ocke r sand A bbey ; s i x a c r e s o n t h e n o r th s i de b e low T u r s seka r , w i th p a s tu r e f o r a s m any a n ima l s a st h e b r e th r en ' s t e nan tm igh th ave a nd q u i t tance o fp annage ; o ne a c r e i nH ind ley o nt h e n o r th s i de o fB icke r shaw ( Ab ram , q v ) , w i th p annage f o r 2 0p ig s . I nt h er e ign so fH en ry Ia nd J ohn ,R obe r t , f a the ro fR icha rd d eH ind ley , g r an t ed l a nd st ot h eH o sp i ta lo fS tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem ( s e en o t e 3b e low ) .

I

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 06 ) . Swa in , s on o fL eofw in , h e ld t h e s ha r ew h ich l a t e rf e l l t ot h e B umhu l l f am i ly . H e h ad g ran t ed i ti nf r e e m a r r iag e t oh i s s on in law , G o spa t r ic ,w ho a l so h e ld l a nd s i nL a thom ( q v )a nd w ho se s ucce s so r s i nb o th L a thom a nd H ind ley w e r et h el e Wa ley sf am i ly .

2

( Book o fF ee s 1 92 1 , 2 18 ; F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 5 ) . T homa sd eB urnhu lt e ne t c aruca t e se td im id iam . d ed om ino r eg e i nt ha inag io p er m c c v .s . e tj ud icem e t d im id ium . H en r icu sd eE s ton 't e ne t I .c a ruca tam d ee od em T homa d ea n t iquo f ef f amen to e tH enr icu sf i l iu sR og er it e ne tj .c aruca tam d ep r ed ic to H enr ico d ea n t iquo m a r i tag io . E tH enr icu sd eE s ton 'd ed i tO sp i ta l il e ro so lyme x x . a c ra s . S wanu sf i l iu sL ofw in id ed i tG o spa t r ic d im id iam c aruca tam i nH ind e l e i n l i bero ma r i tag io , e tR og eru sf i l iu sG o spa t r ic t e ne ti l /am . t e r ram d e T homa d eB urnu l . A dam d eH ind e l et e ne ti tb ova ta s i nH ind e l ed ea n t iquo f ef amen to . R ober tus p a t er R ica rd id e H ind e l e d ed i tO sp i ta l ix xt a c ra sd e i la d im id ia c aruca ta t empor eH enr ic iR eg i s , e ti d em R ober tu sd ed i t i j .a c ra se td im id iam

3

O sp i ta l it empo r ed om in iR eg i sJ ohann i s , e ti d em R ober tu sd ed i ta bbac ie d eK ok er sand v j .a c ra st empo r ed om in ir eg i sJ ohann i s . H ind ley w as i n c luded i nt h e a s se s smen t f o rA sh ton ( q v )w he r et wo c a r uca t e s w e r eh e ld b yg r an tee s . I nH ind ley p a r t may h ave b een d e B u rnhu l l ' s d eme sne w i th a no the rh a lf c a ruca t e h e ld b y R oge r , s on o fG o spa t r ic ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 06 n n6 , 8 ) . T he p rov i s ion o f' o ne j udg e a nd ah a lf ' may h ave f a l len o n t he H ind ley e s ta te o fd e B u rnhu l l r a the rt han t ha t i nA sh ton . R oge r , s on o fG o spa t r ic , a l so h e ld a n e s ta t e i nL a thom i nt h e r i gh t o fh i s mo the r , d augh te r o fS wa in , s on o fL eofw in . I ti sd if i cu l t t oa ccoun t f o r R icha rd d e H ind ley ' s a s se s smen t . F a r r e r ( 1903b , 7 5 ) c l a im s t h a t t h e h o ld ing r e p re sen t s 6 b ova te sb u t VCH g i ve s 1 / 2 c a ruca t e( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 06 ) . H i st e nu r ia lr e la t ion sh ip w i th T homa sd eB ur nhu l li su nc lea r . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 51) . T hu r s tan B ana s t r e g ave t o C ocke r sand A bbey t o tam p a r t em m eam a quae q uae v oca tur G la s ebroc s c i l ice t d e Mar e lf a lf o rd e s equenda u sque a df o s sa tum H enr ic ih osp i ta la r i id eH ind e l e .

4

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 45 -649 ) . T he se p eop le made g ran t s t oC ocke r sand A bbey . A dam d e H ind ley g ave 1 0 a c r e s i nt h e s ou th p a r t o fS tan i s t r e t e i n te rN icho l

5

s i c e ta l ium s i c , a nd t wo a c r e s i nF ern iha lh ; am e s suag e a tS tan i s t r e t e a nd 2 a c r e s a tF e rn iha lh w i th p annage i nH ind ley w ood ; u nam l a ndam t e r rae v oca tur l eC ro l c e lond ; a nd ap o r t ion o fl a nd i nH ind ley , p a r t ly b ounded b yl eL anu lache . R icha rd l e Wa ley s a nd h i sw if e , A l iano ra , g ave t wo a c re s n ex tt o t h e l a nd a tF e rn iha lh p r ev iou s ly g i ven b y A dam d e H ind ley . G od i th , d augh te r o fA dam d e H ind ley , g ave p a r t o f h e r l a nd c a l led T unck erc rof t c um m esuag io q uod f ace t i na qu i lona l ip a r t e t e r rae S anc t iJ ohann i s B ap t i s tae a nd a n a c r ej ux ta h e s iam w h ich l a y n ex t t o R icha rd d e H ind ley ' s l a nd , w i th p annage i nH ind ley w ood f o rt h ep ig so ft h em en w ho h e ld t h el a nd . R icha rd , s on o fR obe r td eH ind ley , g ave o ne a c re n ex tt ot h el a nd h e ld b yR icha rd ,s on o fG od i th . H e a l so g ave h i s m i l l i nH o sebernemedwe , p a r to fh i s l a nd c a l led B er l e t e shu s t ed e a nd a no the rp i ece o fl a nd w i th p annag e i nH ind ley wood . I n 1 239 1242 R obe r tB ana s t r eg ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey ap o r t ion o fh i s l a nd i nF e rn iha lw i th p annage i nH ind ley w ood ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 44 -645 ) . 6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 45 -646 ) . J ohn G i l l ib rand h e ld l a nd a nd t h em i l l p r ev iou s ly g ran t ed t oC ock e r sand A bbey b yR icha rd , s on o fR obe r td eH ind ley .

7

( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 1 07 n 12 ) . A dam d e H ind ley c omp la ined t ha t L ang ton a nd h i s w if e a nd t ho se l i s ted a s t h e l a ndho lde r s h ad j o ined i n d i s se i s ing h im o f af r ee t e nemen ti nH ind ley , a cqu i r ed f r om A dam P lump ton w ho h ad b oug h ti tf r om H ugh d eH ind ley . G i lbe r td eC u lche th r e p l ied a sc h ief l o rd a nd o ve r lo rd o ft h e t wo b ova te s f o rme r ly h e ld b yA dam d e H ind ley ; t h e se h ad b een j o ined e i the rt oG o sp t r ic ' s h a lf c a ruca t e o rt ot ha t o fR icha rd d e H ind ley ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 ) . T he C u lche th i n t e re s t p robab ly d e r ive s f r om t h e m a r r iage o ft h e f ou r d augh t e r s o fG i lbe r t d e C u lche th ( qv ) w i th t h ef ou rs on so fH ugh d eH ind ley i nt h em id 1 3 th c en tu ry . H en ry d eA the r ton m ay a l so h ave b een l o rd o fA the r ton ( q v ) . F u lk B ana s t r ew a s ar e la t ive o f t h e B ana s t re f am i ly , l o rd s o f Make rf ie ld ( s ee n o t e 8 ) . T he B rad shaw a nd U rm s ton f am i l ie s a r e f ound i n We s t le igh ( qv ) . I n 1 3 19 ac l a im a ga in s tA dam d e B rad shaw a nd h i sw if e , I s abe l ,w idow o fF u lk B ana s t r ew a s made f o rt h et h i rd p a r to ft h em o ie ty ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 108 n 14 ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 ) . I n 1 3 16 R obe r t , s on o fJ ohn d e L ang ton , l o rd o f Mak e r f ie ld , a nd h i s w if e , A l ic e B ana s t r e , c l a imed f r om J o rdan d e Wo r s ley t wo p a r t s o ft h e mo ie ty o fH ind ley w h ich R obe r t B ana s t r e , g r ea t -g randf a the r o fR obe r t B ana s t re , g ran t ed t o F u lk B ana s t r e . Af t e r t h e d ea th o f R obe r t , s on o fF u lk ,w i thou ti s sue ,t h ep o r t ion w a st or e ve r tt oL ang ton . T he L ang ton c l a im w a ss ucce s sf u l ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s 1 911 , 1 07 n nl3a ,14 ) .

8

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . H ind ley w a so ne o f1 5 mano r sh e ld b yJ ohn d eL ang ton b ys ocag ea nd f e a l ty w i thou ta ny o the rs e r v ice .

I ° I

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 15 ) . H ind ley w a sn o t ed a so ne o ft h ev i l l sh e ld w i th t h eP a rk o fH aydock ( q v )b yR obe r td eH o l land f o r3 s 61 2 dr / e n t . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 108 ) . A bou tt h i s t ime t h e l o rd sh ip o ft h ew ho le m ano r , t o ge the rw i th l a nd s t h e r e , w a s g r an ted t oR obe r t d e L ang ton , a y ounge rs on o fR obe r td eL ang ton , l o rd o f Make rf ie ld T h i sb ranch o ft h eL ang ton f am i ly h e ld t h eL ow ee s ta te .

1 2

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 n 10 ) . Ac l a im f o r d ow e r i nt wo th i rd s o fa n e i gh th o fH ind ley w a s made b y K a the r ine , w if e o fH ugh d e V enab le s , w idow o fP e t e rd eB umhu l l .

1 3

1 4

1 5

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu t ed t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . G i lbe r td e C u lche th a l so c on t r ibu ted i nC u lche th ( qv ) . W i l l iam , s on o fA dam t h e H a rpe r , a cqu i red l a nd sc 1290 a nd h i s s on s , J ohn a nd T homa s , s o ld t h e i r l a nd s i n1 364 t oA dam , s on o fR icha rd , s on o fJ ohn d e H ind ley . H ugh d e T hu r ska rh ad a g ran to fB u rghu r s ti nH ind ley ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 09 110 n 33 ) . ( F a r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 08 n 17 ) . J ohn L ang ton d i ed i n1 443 h o ld ing H ind ley f r om H en ry L ang ton , l o rd o f Make r f ie ld . T he s e rv ice w a s n o tk nown b u t i tw a s w o r th DO y ea r ly , i n c lud ing t h e H o l l inhey . H i s h e i rw a s h i s s on , P e te r . I n 1 485 R obe r t a nd P e te r w e r e n amed a ss on s o fG i lbe r t L ang ton o ft h e L ow e ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 08 n 19 ) . G i lbe r tL ang ton w a s c h ief l o rd o fH ind ley i n1 475 w hen h eh ad g ran ted p e rm i s s ion t o' o ld H ugh H ind ley ' s w if e 't og e tc oa l .

1 6

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 240 , 1 242 ) . I n 1 46 1 H o lynhed ' s e s ta t e w a s h e ld b y J ame s A spu l l f o r 4 s . I ts e em s t oh ave d i sappea r ed b y 1 50 11537 w hen o n ly t h e T u r ton h o ld ing ,f o r6 d , w a sn o ted ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 24 1 , 1 251) .

1 7

1 8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 n 13 ) . L ang ton , C u lche th a nd H ind ley w e re p a r t ie st o ad i spu t e c onc er n ing t i le st ot h e w a s t e a nd t h e r i gh tt od i g c oa l . L ang ton c l a imed t h a th ew a s s o le l o rd a nd o wne r o ft h e m ano r o fH ind ley . C u lche th c l a imed h a lf t h e m ano r a nd ad we l l ing c a l led H ind ley H a l l ; i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h i s w a s o ccup ied b y J ame s S t rangeway s a nd b ecame k nown a sS t rangeway s H a l l ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 08 , n 19 ) . H ugh H ind ley o fA spu l l s a id t ha th i s a nce s to r s h ad h e ld 9 m e s suage s a nd 8 0a c re s i nt h i s mo ie ty o ft h e mano r' f rom t ime i mmemo r ia l ' ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 08 ) .

1 9

2 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 n 13 ) . ( Fa r re r &B row nb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 n 13 ) . I n 1 535 H en ry C ha rnock h ad am e s suag e a nd l a nd s i nH ind ley . T he o r ig in o ft h i s h o ld ing may l i e i nt h e d ow e r p o r t ion o fB ea t r ice , w if eo fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux o fC ro sby i n1 302 . I n1 517 , t h ef e of f ee so fN icho la s B lunde l l r e lea sed t oh im t h e i r i n t e r e s t i nt h e e i gh th p a r t .

2 1

( F ranc e 1 947 ,6 7 ) .

2 2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 07 n 13 ) .

2 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 10 ) .

2 4

C on t r ibu to r st ot h es ub s idy ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 10 ) .

2 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 58 n 36 ) .

2 45

C a ta logue : HINDLEY

F ig 9 1 .21b : L owe H a l l 1 839 ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 35 )

I n 1 952 t h e n o r th a rm o f t h e moa t w a s s t i l l w a t e r -f i l led a nd t h e s i te w a s u sed a sa lo tmen t s . T race s o fb u i ld ing f ounda t ion s w e r e v i s ib le . B y 1 955 t h e s ou th a nd p a r t o ft h e w e s t a rm o ft h e moa t h ad b een f i l led i n( OS SD 6 0 SW 7 ) . T he s i t e i s n ow s e ta s ide a so pen s pa ce a nd t h e re i so bv iou s e v idence f o rw a t e r c ou r se s ,b u tn od e ta i led f i e ld s u r vey h a sb een u nde r taken .

F ig 9 1 .21a : H ind ley ( con tou rh e igh t s i n me t res ) N o . SMR

7 4 GMS MR 4 954

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

P la t tB r idge H ind ley W igan N ew ton T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S J6 13 0 29 p e r iphe ra l

C oa l Mea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo log S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 5m s ou th f a c ing s l ope

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 5m s ou th f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th

s i ng le s qua r e c 50 x5 0 tn /2500m 2 c 4m

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 47 x2 7m / 1269m 2 c lOm

N o . SMR

4 7 GMS MR 4 930

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

L owe H a l l H ind ley W igan N ew ton T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

SD 6 065 0 320 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

I t i s t hough t t ha t t h e moa t d a te s f r om t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry (Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 93 ) , b u t t h e r e a son f o r t h i s a s sump t ion h a s n o t b een g i ven . F rom t h e e v idence o f t h e t i the map , t h e d i tche s w e r e v e ry n a r row b u t t h i s , p e rhap s , c onf l ic t s w i th t h e e v idence o ft h e 6 " OS map o f a bou t t h e s ame d a t e . F i e ld b ounda r ie s s hown i n 1 848 1849 s ugge s t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t ha t L ow e H a l l a nd P la t t B r idg e Moa t w e r e f ed b y t h e s ame w a t e r cou r se .

c e r ta in

w e t 1 839 ? s t r eam e a s t

E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion. B u i ld ing s U se

t r a ce s c hape l 1 6C

P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 35 , 1 839 @ 5c ha in s ( e a ch 3 2 y a rd s ) =21 4" / ;6 "O S m ap S hee t9 4 , 1 849 F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 911 ; Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985

c e r ta in

w e t 1 848 -9 ? s t r eam

d e s t royed u nde r ac oa l s po i l h eap 6 " O S map S he e t9 4 , 1 849 G a rdne r 1 908 ; Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985

No th ing i sk nown o ft h e h i s to ry o ft h i s s i t e ; i t s p rox im i ty t o B icke r shaw

L owe H a l l b e long ed t o aj un io r b ranch o f t h e L ang ton f am i ly , l o rd s o f Make rf ie ld . T he i r i n t e re s t i nt h e s i t e m ay d a t e f r om c 1330 w hen t h e w ho le v i l l w a s g ran t ed t oR obe r t d e L ang ton . I n 1 5 17 t h e re w a s ac hape l a tL ow e b u tt h eL ang ton sp robab ly c l a imed i ta sp r iva t ep rope r ty a nd t h en a lowed i t t o d ecay ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 10 n 39 ) . Aw a te rm i l l , d oveco t e a nd g a rden sw e r e i n c luded i n af i ne c onc e rn ing t h e mano r i n1 687 ( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 09 n 27 ) . I n 1 768 t h e ' Low D eme sn ' i n c luded ah a l l , b a rn ,s t ab le s , s h ippon ,f o ld s , c ou r t sa nd t wo o r cha rd sa nd t h eb u i ld ing sw e r e ' a l l B r ick a nd S la ted b u t S e t t m o s t ly i nC lay m o r ta r ' ( Lane s RO DDHk R en ta l sa nd S u rvey s / 12 ) .

2 46

( Ab ram , q v ) w h ich w a s n o ted a mong t h e b ounda r ie s o f ag ran t t o C ocke r sand A bbey b ef o r e 1 2 12 , s ugg e s t s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t ha t i tl a y o n a n e s ta t eg ran t ed t ot h ea bbey . T he n ame P l a t t B r idg ew a s g i ven b ef o r e 1 908 ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 50 ) , b u t t h e s i t e w a s n o t n o ted b y t h e t ihe c omm i s s ion s u rveyo r s i n 1 839 s ugge s t ing t ha t i th ad b een a bandoned b y t ha t t ime . A l l t h e s ame , t h e p l a tf o rm w a s s u r rounded b y ar e c tangu la r moa t w hen s u rveyed b y t h e O rdnanc e S u rvey ( 6 " O S , 1 849 s he e t 9 4 ) a nd i t s p la t f o rm a r ea s e em s t ob e al i t t le l e s s t han t ha t o f L owe H a l l w h ich l a y as ho r t d i s tance t o t he w e s t . T he re w e r e n o b u i ld ing s o n t h e p l a tf o rm i n 1 849 . T he OS map a ppea r s t o s how t ha t t h e d i tche s a tb o th s i te s w e r e o fs im i la r w id th a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t b o th s i te s

C a ta logue : HINDLEY B y t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , al a rge o va l e nc lo su r e b e tw een C a s t le H i l l a nd C hape l G r een h ad b een d i v ided i n to a n umbe r o f r e c tangu la r e nc lo su r e s w i th a s ma l le r o va l e nc lo su r e a tt h e n o r th ea s t l im i t . N a r row , c u rv ing l i nea r e nc lo su r e s b ounded o n a l s i de s . T he se , i tm ay b e s uppo sed , c ou ld r e p r e sen t e v idenc e f o r a n e a r l ie r r oad p a t t e rn b e twe en t h e H i l l a nd G reen . O ve ra l l , t h e a r rangemen t i ss im i la rt ot ha ta tK i rkda le ( qv ) w he r e , a s a tH ind ley , t h e s uppo sed s i t e o f ac a s t le i s p r e se r ved i nt h es t r ee tn ame s .

0

2 00m

P l a t t B r idge M oa t

F ig 9 1 .2 1c : P la t tB r idge Moa t a nd L owe H a l l 1 848 -9 ( ba sed o n 6 " OS s hee t 9 4 ) w e r ef e df r om t h es ame w a t e r cou r se . T he s i t e i sn ow c ove r ed b y as po i l h eap ( Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985 , 1 93 ) .

N o . SMR

1 25 GMSMR 5 459

S i te T own sh ip P a r ish H und red E s ta t e

C a s t le H i l l H ind ley W igan N ew ton manag e

NGR L oca t ion

c SD 6 255 0 483 p e r iphe ra l

T he n a tu r eo fa ny c a s t le a tH ind ley i sq u i t e u nknown . S ince , h ow eve r , a n t iqua r ian i n te r e s t f a i led t o n o t e e v idenc e f o r a mo t t e o r , i n deed , a ny s u rv iv ing h igh s ta tu s m ed ieva l b u i ld ing i n t h i s l o ca t ion , t h e c a s t le m ay h ave b een a r i ngwo rk o ccup ied b y t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing s . T he e a r ly r oad a nd f i e ld p a t ter n , c oup led w i th i t s a ppa r en t ly s t ra t eg ic l o ca t ion ,s ugge s t s as i te o fe a r ly p o s t -Conque s to r ig in a r ound w h ich a c ommun i ty d eve lop ed . I f c o r rec t , i n am anne r c ompa rab le t oL a thom ( q v ) w h ich a l so l a y o n t h e h und reda l b ound s ( a nd d ocumen ta ry e v idence h a s p roduc ed l i nk s b e twe en t h e l a ndho ld ing f am i l ie s i n b o th L a thom a nd H ind ley , s e en o t e 2a bove ) , i ts e em s t h a tt hanage t e nu r e w a s n o s oc ia l i mpedence . R a the r , i n ar e g ion o wned b y t h e C rown , t h e t hanage t e nan t s a ppea r t o h ave h ad r e spon s ib i l i t ie s w h ich c an b e l i nked t oe v idence f o r c a s t le s o nt h e i re s ta t e s .

T he c a s t le h ad p robab ly f a l len i n to d ec l ine b y t h e e nd o f t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod , i fn o t b ef o r e , l e av ing a r oad s y s tem f o s s i l i sed i n t h e f i e ld p a t t er n a nd , p e rhap s , as ca t te ro fb u i ld ing s a tC hape lG r een .

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 5m e l eva ted o n t h e s ou th d own s lope o f a h i l l ; o ve r look ing t h eb ounda ry s t r eam t ot h ew e s t

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey P r e sen tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p r obab ly d e s t royed h ou se sa nd g a rden s Y a t e s 1 786 ; 6 "O Ss hee t9 4( 1848 1849 )

F ig 9 1 .21d : C a s t le H i l l 1 848 -1849 ( ba sed o n6 " OS s hee t9 4 )

Y a te s 1 786

T h i s s i t e i sk nown o n ly f r om m ap e v idenc e . I ti ss hown o n Y a te s ' m ap o f 1 786 ( f ig 4 4 ) a nd t h e 1 9 th -c en tu ry 6 " O rdnance S u rvey s hee t . I tl i e s e a s to f t h e T u rnp ik e r oad , c a l led C a s t le H i l l i n 1 849 , a nd a bou t h a lf am i le n o r th e a s to ft h e s uppo sed R oman r o ad b e twe en We s t le igh a nd W igan . C a s t le H i l l i ss hown e a s t o fB o r sdane B rook a nd a tt h e n o r ther n l im i t o fh ou se s w h ich l i ned t h e r oad . C a s t le H i l l F a rm a nd C a s t le H i l l C o l l ie ry l a y t o t h e e a s t . C a s t le H i l l f i e ld o ccup ied a n a r row n eck o f l a nd b e twe en t h e h und r ed b ounda ry w i th S a lf o rd ( We s though ton t own sh ip ) , m a rked b y t h e Ma r sh B rook o n t h e n o r th a nd e a s t a nd t h e t own sh ip b ounda ry w i th I n c e in Ma l ce rf ie ld o n t h e w e s t w h ich i s d ef ined b y t h e s t eep s ided v a l ley o f B o r sdane B rook .

2 47

C a ta logue : HOUGHTON w i th MIDDLETON T enure 1 212 '

t h anag e f e ef a rm

1 3C -e a r ly 1 4C 2

E s ta t e 3o xgang s 3o xgang s 3o xgang s 3o xgaeg s

R obe r td eM idd le ton H en ry s on o fS iwa rd W i l l iam d eM idd le ton R icha rd s on o fH en ry

' Ao fv i i io f M idd le ton 11 /o 2 xgang s

E l ia ss on o fR obe r td e A in swo r th A dam s on o fR icha rd d e M idd le ton R icha rd s on o fH en ry d e M idd le ton R obe r ts on o f Mo l le /Maud d e M idd le ton

1 / 24o f M idd le ton

1 o xgang ( / 1 2 o fv i i io f M idd le ton & H ough ton )& l a nd i nt h e S t a l l /o 2 1 xgang P e e lC rof t 1 3 15 1 322 3

A nd r ew d e M idd le ton T homa ss on o fR icha rd s on o f H u lcock ( ?Hugh )d e H ough ton J ohn d eL ang ton

1 3184 /o 2 1 xgang i n M idd le ton & H ough ton M idd le ton & H ough ton

1 323 1 3246

H agh ton

1 329 1 330 '

,2 f 4 o M idd le ton & H ough ton v i l l s h am le to f H ough ton M idd le ton w i th A rbu ry

1 332 8

J ohn d eM idd le ton

p a i ro fg l ov e s p a i ro fg l ove so r ' A d b a rbed a r row & 2 0d t oc h ief l o rd

R oge rd eA sh ton & A l ice h i sw if e

f e a l ty o n ly

T hom a s ,E a r lo f L anca s t e r &R obe r t d eH o l land Ma t thew d eS ou thwo r th

G i lbe r td eS ou thwo r th W i l lo f l uJ oh is

x v jd

R ico l eR eve H ug f l uG i l le G i lb to L uc a s sone R ob to l eP ipe r J ohe d eH o land

) o ed x i jd i x d x vd x i jd

J ohn ,s on o fG eof f r ey H enne J ohn ,s on o fJ ohn ,s on R obe r td eM idd le ton G i lbe r td eS ou thwo r th Q uen i lda & A gne s ,d au so f T homa s Wrych

1 334 4

1 341 °

c ap i ta l

J ohn ,s on o fG eof f r ey d e

m e s suage i n M idd le ton & H ough ton

H ough ton

1 346 1

R obe r td eL ang ton k t

1 430 5

1 437 5

( 9 2 4o f M idd le ton )

Ma t thew d eS ou thwo r th

H ough ton m ano r P ee l m ano ro fP ee l

J ohn d eS ou thwo r th & w if e , E l len

1 502 1 4

l o rd o fN ew ton

1 520 5

M idd le ton H a l l &P ee l

1 605 1 6" S i te s :

5 s&' Aj udg e 5 s&' Aj udg e 5 s&' Aj udg e 5 s&' Aj udge

L andho ld e r s

G eof f r ey s on o fA dam H enne o fH ough ton R ob e r tt h eT a i lo ro fW inw ick &s on ,J ohn

l a nd i n M idd le ton & H ough ton ' I sM idd le ton

s ocage

S er v ice /ren t

J ohn s on o fJ ohn d eB u l tham W i l l iam s on o fR obe r td e W inw ick

H enne C rof t

1 322 3

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe e/ S upe r ior L ord

s ocage 7 0

H ough ton

E l len ,w idow o fJ ohn d e S ou thwo r th

5m a rk sr e n t &2 s 6 dt oc h ief l o rd

R obe r tS ou thwo r th

3 s2 dr e n t

T homa sS ou thwo r th R icha rd F l ee twood

J ame sB anke so fW in s tan ley

P e e lH a l l Mano rF a rm

2 48

5 sr e n t

J ame sd eL ang ton ,r e c to ro f W igan

C a ta logue : HOUGHTON w i th MIDDLETON

1( Book

o fF ee s 1 921 ,2 18 -2 19 ) . E a ch o ft h e se m en p a id 5 sy ea r ly a nd p rov ided t h e s e r v ice o ft h e f o u r th p a r to f aj udg e . O n ly R obe r td eM idd le ton ' s l a nd w a s s a id t ob e h e ld i nt hanag ed ea n t iqu i ta t e a nd t ha to fW i l l iam d e M idd le ton w a s h e ld i nf e ef a rm . J ohn d e M idd le ton h e ld o ne p a r t , a ppa r en t ly o fR obe r t d e M idd le ton 's t h r ee b ova te s , b yt h e s ame s e rv ic e . P re sumab ly , h e w a s R obe r t ' s t e nan t a nd h ad t op rov ide t h e f ou r th p a r t o ft h e s e rv ic e o fo ne j udge . A t t h i s d a te M idd le ton a nd H ough ton w e r e a s se s sed t oge the r ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 66 ) . F a r r e r h ad a s s igned 1 4 c / a ruca t e t oM idd le ton w i th H ough ton ( 1899 ,t a b le o pp p2 1) a nd i nh i sn o te s o n t h e 1 212 s ur vey h e i d en t if ied 2c a ruca t e s( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 7 8n ) . H oweve r , t h ea s se s smen ta ppea r st oa moun tt o 1 2 b ova t e s ( 11 /c 2 a r uca te s ) . A t a n u nknown d a te a n e s ta te o f1 / 2 o xgang w a s h e ld a s 1/ 24p a r t o fM idd le ton b y R icha rd , s on o fA u s t in , f r om R icha rd s on o f H en ry d eM idd le ton , b ys e r v ice o f ap a i ro fg l ove so r' A d . R icha rd , s on o fH en ry r e se rved t wo m e s suag e sa nd t h ec r of ti nH ough ton ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 66 n 6 ) .

2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 66 n 5 ; 1 67 n 8 ) . T ho se n amed g ran t ed t h e i rh o ld ing sa sf o l low s :

3

•

E l ia s , s on o fR obe r td eA in swo r th t oG i lbe r td eS ou thwo r th a nd h i sh e i r s ;

•

A dam , s on o fR icha rd d eM idd le ton t oA dam , s on o fR icha rd , s on o fQ uen i lda d eM idd le ton ;

•

R icha rd , s on o fH en ry d eM idd le ton t oR icha rd , s on o fA u s t in d eM idd le ton ,t h eh a lf o xgang w h ich h i s m o the r , Ma rge ry , h ad h e ld i nd owe ra s 1/ 24 p a r to fM idd le ton . H er e se rved t wo m e s suage s a nd t h ec r of ti nH ough ton ;

•

R obe r t , s on o f Mo l le /Maud d eM idd le ton t oG i lbe r td eS ou thwo r th ,l a nd p r ev iou s ly l e tt oB ene td eH u lme a nd H en ry l e Wa ley s ;

•

R obe r t , s on o f Mo l le /Maud d eM idd le ton t oP e te rd eM idd le ton , c hap la in , l a nd i nt h eS ta l lo fH ough ton ;

•

J ohn , s on o fJ ohn d e B u l tham t oJ ohn , s on o fW i l l iam d eM idd le ton ,h i s c h ief l o rd ;

•

W i l l iam , s on o fR obe r td eW inw ick ,t oG i lbe r t , s on o fG i lbe r td e S ou thwo r th .

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 7 ) . I n 1 315 a nd 1 322 R obe r tt h e T a i lo ro fW inw ick a nd J ohn , h i s s on , a cqu i r ed l a nd s i nM idd le ton a nd H ough ton . I n 1 316 G eof f r ey , s on o fA dam H enne , g ran ted H enne C rof t t o G i lbe r t d e S ou thwo r th . P e rhap s a ta bou t t h i s t ime W i l l iam d e W inw ick , s on o f R obe r t , f o rme r ly r e c to ro fW inw ick , g r an ted t oG i lbe r td eS ou thwo r th , h i sc h ief l o rd , a l h i sl a nd i nM idd le ton a nd H ough ton .

4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 66 n 6 ) . T he A sh ton s c l a imed 1/ 8p a r t , l e s s o ne o xgang , f r om A nd r ew d e M idd le ton . G i lbe r t d e S ou thwo r th h ad al e a se o f

5

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . M idd le ton w i th H ough ton a ppea red t oge the ra so ne h o ld ing .

6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 14 ) . R en to fa s s iz ef o rH ough ton a ppea r ed u nde rt h er e tur n sf o rt h ep a rk o ft h em ano ro fH aydock ( q v )w i th t h em embe r s .

h a lf a n o xgang f r om T homa s , s on o fR icha rd , s on o fH u lcock .

7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 8 ) . Ma t thew d e S ou thwo r th a cqu i r ed t h i s e s ta t e f r om J ohn , s on o fR obe r t ( t he T a i lo r o fW inw ick ? ) . I ti n c luded t h e c ap i ta l m es suag e a nd o t he r h ou se s a nd l a nd s . I n 1 330 G i lbe r t d e S ou thwo r th , Ma t thew d e S ou thwo r th a nd o the r s w e r e c o -pa rc ene r s i nt h e h am le t o f H ough ton . Ma t thew w a sb ro the ro fG i lbe r td e S ou thwo r th a nd a l so h e ld l a nd i nB u t tonwood ( q v ) .

8

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he c on t r ibu to r s t ot h e L ay S ub s idy w e re i nM idd le ton w i th A rbu ry , t h e a d ja cen t v i l l , w h ich w a s h e ld b y T homa s S ou thwo r th i n 1 362 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 68 ) n 18 ) .

9

1 °

( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 66 n 6 ) . T he se i n d iv idua l sc l a imed t ob el o rd so ft h ev i l l . I na dd i t ion t ot h eh o ld ing s c i ted a bove ( no te s2 ,3 ,4 ,7 ) , G i lbe r td e S ou thwo r th ' s e s ta te s i n c luded l a nd i nB lackwe l l S haw a cqu i r ed f r om J ohn , s on o fR obe r t , s on o f Mo l le . B la ckw e l l H ey h ad b een n amed i n1 296 i n ag ran t b yW i l l iam ,s on o fR icha rd d eM idd le ton t oh i s c h ief l o rd , G i lbe r td eS ou thwo r th . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 10 ) . H ew a s r e -enf eof f ed o fh i sc ap i ta l m e s suag ee t c . i nM idd le ton a nd H ough ton . ( Fa r r e rc d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . M idd le ton a nd H ough ton w e r en o ted s epa ra te ly . I n1 346 Ma t thew d e S ou thwo r th ' sh o ld ing , w h ich i n c luded t h ec ap i ta l m e s suage ( 1 / 24 o ft h ev i l l o fH ough ton a nd M idd le ton i n1 329 )w a s d e sc r ibed a sf o u rm e s suag e s , o ne o xgang a nd 1 0 a c r e s o fp a s tu r e i nM idd le ton ( Fan-e re d . 1 903 , 1 22 ; F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 8 ) .

1 2

1 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 8 ) . T he t e nu r ew a s f o rl i ve sw i th r ema inde r st ot h eh e i r so f Ma t thew d eS ou thwo r th . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 8 ) . E l len l e a sed t h e mano ro fP ee l t oJ ame s d e L ang ton , r e c to ro fW igan f o r ar e n t o f 5m a rk s a nd 2 s6 dt ob e p a id t o t h e c h ief l o rd . T he h o ld ing r e p re sen t s 1/ 8o ft h ew ho le v i l l .

1 4

1 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 9 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 9 ) . P ee l w a s s o ld t oT homa s S ou thwo r th o fS ou thwor th b y Ma rga r e t , w idow o fJ ame s C a r r , a nd h e r s on T homa s . I n 1 534 t h e re w e r e d i spu te s o ve rt i t le b e tween T homa s S ou thwo r th a nd t h e d augh te r s o fJ ame s C an-,s on o f Ma rga r e t . I n 1 521 T homa s S ou thwo r th , s on a nd h e i ro fS i rJ ohn S ou thwo r th ,d ec ea sed ,g ran ted t of e of f ee sh i s c ap i ta lm e s suage c a l led M idd le ton H a l l .

1 6 16

( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 68 n 11) . T he s e r v ic e s t ot h e c h ief l o rd w e r e s t a ted a tt h et ime o fJ ame s B anke s ' d ea th i n1 6 17 . H e a l so h e ld W in s tan ley

( B i l l inge a nd W in s tan ley ,q v )a nd l a nd s i nN ew ton ( q v ) .

F ig 9 1 .22a : H ough ton , M idd le ton a nd A rbu ry

2 49

C a ta logue : HOUGHTON w i th MIDDLETON

7 0

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CCC 5 95

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S J 6 150 9 180 p e r iphe ra l

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P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s qua r e c 40 x4 O r n / 1600m 2 c 5 10m

E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

w e t 1 840 n o r th ea s t

F ig 9 1 .22b : P ee lH a l l Mano rF a rm 1 840 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 38 )

s em i -de r e l ic tf a rm L anc s RO DRL 1 / 38 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s =2 " F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ; R y land s 1 896

A lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h i s s i te b e long ed t ot h e S ou thwo r th f am i ly ; W i l l iam , s on o f R obe r t d e W inw ick , g ran ted P ee l C rof t t o G i lbe r t , s on o f G i lbe r t d e S ou thwo r th i n t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 8 ) . Ma t thew d e S ou thwo r th h e ld t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage i n 1 329 ; G i lbe r t d e S ou thwo r th w a s o ne o ft h e f ou r l o rd s o fH ough ton a nd M idd le ton i n 1 334 . T he 1 332 L ay S ub s idy d oe s n o t r e co rd t h e i r p r e sence i nH ough ton o r t h e n e ighbou r ing v i l l o fS ou thwo r th b u tm embe r s o ft h e f am i ly w e r e i nN ew ton ( qv ) a nd B u r tonwood ( Ry land s 1 896 ) a t t h i s t ime . I n 1 430 J ohn d e S ou thwo r th a nd h i s w if e , E l len , h e ld t h e m ano r o fH ough ton P ee l f o r l i f e ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 8 ) . E l len , w idow o fJ ohn d e S ou thwo r th , l e a sed t h e m ano r o f P e e l t o J ame s d e L ang ton , r e c to r o f W igan i n 1 437 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 1 67 n 8 ) . I n 1 436 t h e S t a l l , a d jo in ing P e e l , w a s g ran t ed b yJ ohn H ough ton t oS imon P i e rpo in t ; t h i s w a s f i r s tn o ted i na ( ? )13 th -cen tu ry g ran t b y R obe r t , s on o f Mo l le , t o P e t e r d e M idd le ton , c hap la in ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 66 , n 6 ) . I n 1 520 P ee l w a s s o ld t o T homa s S ou thwo r th o f S ou thwo r th b y Ma rga r e t , w idow o f J ame s C a r r ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 67 n 9 ) . I n 1 835 a l t ha t r ema ined o ft h e s i te w e r e am oa t a nd ad e ep w e l l ; i n 1 955 t h e O rdnance S u rvey I n spec to rf ound n ot r ac e o f amoa t ( OS S D 6 9 SW 3 ) . P re sen tb u i ld ing s s e em t od a t e f r om n oe a r l ie rt h an t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry b u tt h e L i s ted B u i ld ing s d e sc r ip t ion o fP ee l H a l l s t a te s t ha t i ti s1 7 th c en tu ry w i th a l te ra t ion s i n 1 828 . T race s o ft h e moa t c an s t i l l b e s e en i na n o ve rg rown d i tch o nt h es ou th s i de o ft h ef a rmya rd .

2 50

C a ta logue : HURLSTON ( SCARISBRICK ) T enure

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1 066 1

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S imon d eG rubhead R obe r ts on o fU lf d e H u r le ton R obe r td eH u r I ton R ob e r ts on o fU lf , G i lbe r td eS ca r isb r ick

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[ ? lo rd o fL a thom ) Wa l te rd eS ca r i sb r ick

4 sy ea r ly , h omage , f e a l ty , 1 2d r e n t&l b o fc um in

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1 298k

H u r le ton & S ca r i sb r ick S ka re sb r ek

1 322 9

1 332 1 0

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1 348 1

1 365 1 4

k n igh t ' sf e e

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1 38 11 3

8 sy ea r ly

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8 sy ea r ly ,s u i t a tc oun ty & w ap en take c ou r t s

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D uke o fL anca s t e r

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8 sy ea r ly f o r w a rd o f L anc a s te rc a s t le

t e nemen t s i n H u r l s ton & S c a r i sb r ick 1 2o xgang sa t H a r le ton S ca r i sb r ick & H u r l s ton

E a r lo fL anca s te r

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R ob to d eH u r le ton J ohe d eG o sef o rd s ik A dam d eS ho reac r e s S imon d e lS hagh Wa l to d e l S haghe A lano f i lS imon G i lb to d eA sp enwa l l J ohe d e Wha t ton J ohe f i lR ob i A lex d e Ma r c lan H en rf i lA de R ob to d e Wy th in snape J ohe Ma s sone

i js i js i j s i j s i js v s i j s v s v s v j sv i i jd v s v j s v i js

R ob e r td eH u r le ton 8 4i n d iv idua l sn amed a sc on t r ibu to r st o s t ipend o fp r ie s ta tO rm sk i rk

H a r le ton 1 /

f r e e ly

1 g

f r ee ly 1 502 1508 °

W i l l iam d eH u r le ton

1t e nemen ti n f l i rdy l ton 1t e nemen ti n H i rdy i l ton 2a c re sI n S ca re sb r eke

C ocke r sand A bbey

1a c r ei n S l ca re sb r ek i nH y r Ie ton

C ocke r sand A bbey

S ca r i sb r ick & H u r l s ton

E a r lo fD e rby

1 60 0 1 64 12 1

s ocage

1 6661

H a r le ton

1 7 1 0

H a r le ton

8 1

S ca r i sbr ick P a rk

J ohanne sB a r ton

v s /v jd

J ohanne sT a r l ton

x i jd

H en r icu sS ca r e sb r eke

i j s

G i lbe r tu sS ka r e sb rek

u s

R ica rdu sT a r le ton U xo rG i lbe r t iB a r ton

x i id v s

J ame sS ca r i sb r ick

3 0 sy ea r ly

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H en ry S ca r i sb r ick

8 sy ea r ly

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f e a l ty & 1l bo f c um in

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1 684

S i te s :

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m o ie ty o f S nape

1 34 0

1 50 1

E dmund E a r lo f L anca s te r E a r lo fL anca s te r& R obe r td eH o land

S ca r i sb r ick w i th H u r l s ton

1 34 11

1 45 1146 1

R oge r , s on o fR obe r ts on o fU lf d e H u r le ton

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c 1260 c 1275 7

1 366

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1 200 1246 1

1 220 1230 3

S er v ice/ r en t

J ohn S haw g en t J ame sH a lsa l l W i l l iam Sm i th G ab r ie lH e sk in R obe r tH e ske th J ohn H u r le s ton L o rd o fS ca r i sb r ick

8 2

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C ha r le sH u r le s ton

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2 51

2 s2 ' Ad c h ief r e n t

C a ta logue : HURLSTON ( SCARISBRICK )

I( Mo rgan

1 978 , 2 69c ) . T he a s se s smen t i n c luded h a lf Ma r t in ( Bu r scough , q v ) . T he v a lue f o rb o th w a s l O s 8 d . T he n ame o fH u r l s ton i sp re se rved a tH u r ls ton G re en a nd H u r l s ton G a te . T he t own sh ip b ecame a t ta ched t ot h ef e eo f Ma r sey a nd G am s ton i nN o t t ingham sh i re . F rom l a t e re v idence , i ts e em st ha tH u r l s ton a nd S ca r i sb r ick w e r et wo d i s t inc te s ta te s .

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 65 ) . S imon d e G rubhead g ave H u r l s ton a nd S ca r i sb r ick t oh i s b ro the r , G i lbe r t , i n' a nc ien t f a rm ' , at e nu r e w h ich s ugge s t s t hanage . T h i s g ran t w a s c onf i rmed 4 0 y ea r s l a t e r . I n 190 R obe r t , s on o fU lf d e H u r le ton , g ave 2 a c re s o fh i s l a nd i nH u r l s ton t oC ocke r sand A bbey . B e tween 199c l2 30 , h e g ran ted t oB u r scough P r io ry u nam t e r ram i u x ta A y scogh 'i n f ra d i v i sa s d e H y rd i l ton w i th t h e se b ound s d e s ycha i no cc id en ta l i p ane t e r r e , s equendo q uercu s n emor i s u sque a dG r ene syche e ts equendo l eG renesyck u sque a dv i am q ue v ad i t d e A sp inwa l l 'e ts equendo i lam v i am u sque a df oveam i na us t ra l ip a ne t e r re e ts equendo i lam f oveam u sque a dp r enom ina tam s ycham ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 2 2 1) .

2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 51-552 n 2 ; 6 38 -640 ) . T he se m en m ade g r an t s o fl a nd t oC ocke r sand A bbey . R obe r t d e H u r l s ton a nd R obe r t , s on o fU lf , a r e p robab ly t h e s ame p e r son . R obe r t d e H u r l s ton g ran ted a l N a iha la r the , w i th p annage f o r t h e p ig s o ft h e man w ho s hou ld h o ld t h a t l a nd , a nd l a nd i n T w inneg rea ve . R obe r t , s on o fU lf , g ave t wo a c r e s : ap e r ch a nd t o f t i nt h e t own , ap e r ch i n Mo rc rof t a nd 11 2 a / c r e s i nt h e c ord e t e r rae _of H u r l s ton . P o s s ib ly t h i s w a s a c onf i rma t ion o fh i s g ran t made i n 190 . R ober tg ave l a nd b ounded b y B lak e /ache , Hw i t es top a nd B roadhead S t r eam , u p t h e s t r eam t ot h e f o rd , f o l low ing Wa inga te o n t h e w e s t s i de o ft h e Mo r e t ot h e c o rne r ium o ft h e d i tch , a c ro s s t h e moo r s t ra igh t t oB lak e /ache a nd Hw i t e sop , w i th p annag e . B e tween 1 200 1 238 G i lbe r td e S ca r i sbr ick g ran ted at of ti nS ca r i sb r ick .

3

(Webb e d . 1 970 , 7 0 ) . R icha rd , s on o fG i lbe r td e S ca r i sb r ick , c onf i rmed t ot h e c hu rch o fS t Ma ry o fO rm sk i rk t h eg ran to fl a nd c a l led A sp inwa l l i nH u r ls ton m ade b y h i s a nce s to r s . Webb c on tend s t ha t R icha rd ' s p r edece s so r s h ad m ade t h e g ran t t ot h e c hu rch b ef o r e t h e f ounda t ion o fB u r scough P r io ry ( 1 189 -

4

190 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 70 n 3 ) . H u r l s ton w a s h e ld f r om t h e l o rd so fS ca r i sb r ick b u t b ef o r e 1 230 i tw a s h e ld d i r ec t ly f r om t h e l o rd s o fL a thom w ho m ay h ave i n te rvened b e twe en t h e l o rd s o f Ma r sey a nd G am s ton a nd t h e m e sne t e nan t s . O ve r lo rd sh ip o ft h e v i l l p a s sed f r om Ma r sey a nd G am s ton t ot h e E a r l o fC he s t e r i nc 1230 . W i th L a thom , t h i s t own sh ip m ay h ave f o rmed t h e t h anage n uc leu s o ft h e L a thom f am i ly w ho se l a nd s e l sewhe r e w e re h e ld b y

5

m i l i ta ry s e rv ice ( Webb 1 970 , 6 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 70 ) . Wa l t e rw a s t h es on o fG i lbe r td e S ca r i sb r ick . T oC ocke r sand A bbey h e g ave a n a c re o fh i s t e r r i to r io o fS ca r i sb r ick o n L eho r i s ton i shu l , a nd i n1 238 1245 h eg ran t ed a n a c r eo fh i s d eme sne i nS ca r i sbr ick ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 51-552n2 , 52 -553 ) . T o B u r scough P r io ry h e g ave t h e l a nd c a l led G o sf o rd es eche , o n t h e b ound s w i th R ena c r e s , H or eberd e , H awk shead , Mo r ec rof t a nd o t he r l a nd i nH u r l s ton ( Webb e d . 1 907 , 5 3 -58 ) . H e g ave h i s s on , A dam , t h ee s ta te o fG o r such w h ich , A dam g ran ted t oB u r scough P r io ry a nd w a s r eg ran ted t oh im a t ar e n to f1 2d w i th o t he rl a nd s a nd l b o f c um in ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 72 -273 ) . Wa l t e r ' s h e i rw a s h i s s on , H en ry , a nd o t he rc h i ld r en w e r e S imon ' d e l S hawe ' , R icha rd a nd G od i th . R oge r , s on o fR obe r t , w a s ab enef a c to ro fB u r scough P r io ry b ef o r e 1 233 o fq uamdam p a r t em t e r r em ee i nt e r r i to r io d e H ur l e ton 'i n f ra h as d i v isa s ; i n c ip iendo a d d uc tam e x a us t ra l ip ane d e l T oung r ene , s equendo a u s t ra l em p ar t em d e T oung r ene u sque a d W aynega t e , s equend o l e W aynega t e u sque a df oveam i n o cc id en t e e ta b ind e u sque i nF o ld e sech 'e ts equendo l eF o ld e sech 'u sque i nd uc tam e t ad uc ta s equendo f o s sam u sque a dK y lne s tyd e e ta b ind es equendo f oveam u sque a do r ien ta l em p a r t em o r re i e ts equendo s ukum ( s u l tum ) u sque a dd uc tam e ta scend endo d uc tam u sque a dp r ed ic tum T oung r ene . H e a l so g ave 11 /a 2 c r e s i nH u r l s ton , 1 3 p e rche s i nl e ng th a nd 1 0 i nb r ead th , o n t h e e a s t s i de o fN a the rda l e , f r om S imon ' s b ar n w i th in t h e d yk e t o G rayne thake (Webb e d . 1 970 , 6 1-62 ) . O the r g ran t s b y R oge r i nH u r l s ton i n c luded t h e h or reo d e H ur l e ton e a s t o ft h e l a nd o fC ocke r sand a nd t e r ra i n c ap i te d e A yk e scogh ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 6 0 -6 1) . ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 6 3 ) . T h i s w a s t h e d a te o fa n a g r eemen t b e twe en P r io rN icho la s o fB u r scough a nd H en ry o fS ca r i sb r ick a nd R og e r o fH a r le ton c once rn ing t h e b ounda ry b e twe en B u r scough a nd H u r l s ton . G i lbe r t , s on o fH en ry , c onf i rmed t h i s a g reemen t i n 1 303 ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 7 1) . H en ry d e S ca r i sbr ick g ran ted t oB u r scough P r io ry l a nd a tS haw h e ld b yh i sb ro the r , S imon , i nH u r l s ton a nd S ca r i sb r ick ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 5 9 ) .

7

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,287 ) .

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 8 -79 ) .

I °

I

( Ry land s 1 896 , 5 ) . C on t r ibu to r st ot h e L ay S ub s idy . W i l l iam , J ohn a nd N icho la s , s on s o fR obe r t d e H u r l s ton , w e r e a l ive i nH u r l s ton a tt h i s d a t e ( Fa r re r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 70 n 13 ) . T he S haw f am i ly a r e s uppo sed t ob e a n e a r ly of shoo t o ft h e S ca r i sb r ick s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 72 ) ; p o s s ib ly t h ey w e r e d e scendan t so fS imon d e l S haw e , s on o f Wa l t e rd eS ca r i sb r ick . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 88 n 8 ) . Am o ie ty o fS nape w a st a xed a t6 s 5 d i n 1 34 1 . A l though S nape l i e s i nS ca r i sb r ick i ts e em s t oh ave b e en a t tached t oH a l sa l l ( qv ) ; p o s s ib ly i tw a sp a r to ft h ee s ta te a tR ena c r e sw h ich l i e so n mo s s land b o rde r ing b o th S ca r i sb r ick a nd H a l sa l l .

1 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 5 ) .

1 3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 1 88 ) .

1 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 70 n 14 ) . T he 4 s r e n tw a s d ue t ot h e l o rd o fS ca r i sbr ick . I n 1 365 t h e r ew a s ad i spu t e o ve rt h e w a rd sh ip o fR obe r t , s on a nd h e i ro fR obe r t d e H u r l s ton . H en ry d e S ca r i sb r ick c l a imed a si mmed ia te l o rd b u t S i r W i l l iam d e A the r ton c l a imed a sr e p r e sen ta t ive o ft h eL a thom i n te re s t . B yt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h eH u r l s ton f am i ly s e em t oh ave b een l i v ing n ea rC he s te r .

1 5

( Ry land s 1 896 , 11113 ) . T he n ame sc an b ec ompa r ed w i th t ho se w ho c on t r ibu ted t ot h e 1 332 s ub s idy .

1 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 70 ) . H u r l s ton w a sg ran ted b yW i l l iam t oG i lbe r td eG o r such i nm a r r iage w i th Maud , d augh t e ra nd c o -he i r e s so fG i lbe r t .

1 7

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 240 , 1 242 , 1 244 ) . I n 1 46 1 R icha rd T a r le ton h e ld t h e T a r le ton l a nd ; t h e r e n t f o r t h e B a r ton t e nemen t w a s 5 s , t ha t f o r t h e S ca r isb r ick t e nemen tw a s 1 2 s .

1 8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 245 , 1 251) . I n 1 537 R icha rd A n t ew a s u nde r t enan to fT homa s T a r le ton , h o ld ing a tw i l l ; C h r is tophe r B a r ton a l so h e ld a tw i l l ( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 249 ) .

1 9

2 0

2 I

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 67 ) . T he e s ta te i n c luded E gga rga r th i nL yd ia te ( qv ) a nd o t he rl a nd s w e r e h e ld f r om H en ry H a lsa l l , t h e P r io ro fB u r scough a nd t h e l o rd so fA ugh ton ( qv ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 68 n 13 ) . T he r e n t i ss im i la r t ot ha t p a id i nt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry . H en ry ' s e s ta te s i n c luded t h e t wo w indm i l l s , 1 00 m e s suage s , 3 000 a c re s o fl a nd . B ef o r e h i s d ea th i n1 608 t h e h a l l o fS ca r i sb r ick a nd i t s l a nd s h ad b een d em i sed t oJ ame s A nde r ton o fC lay ton le - Wood s f o rt h e u se o f H en ry ' sw if e ,A nne . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 74 n 6 ) . T he E a r l o f D e rby h e ld G o r such ' a s o fB u r scough P r io ry ' . G o r such H a l l s e em s t oh ave b een a t wo s to r eyed b u i ld ing . I n 1 653 i th ad ak i tchen , l a rde r , t wo b u t t e r ie s a nd s even o t he rl owe rr oom s , al o ng u ppe rr oom c a l led t h e C hape l C hambe r , f ou rf u r the rl a rge a nd s ma l l u ppe rr oom s , f ou rc l o se t s , aw a sh h ou se , d ecayed m i l lhou se , b r ick k i ln h ou se o fs i xb ay s , af i ve -bayed b a rn a nd n i ne o t he rb ay s o fo u thou s ing . T he r e w e r eg a rden s , o r cha rd s , c our t sa nd af o ld o rm i lk ing y a rd a nd ,o nt h el a nd sh e ld i nd owe r , ar a bb i tw a r ren ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 74 n 9 ) .

2( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 39 n 11 ; 2 71-272 ) . I n1 666 t h e h a l l o fS haw , o ccup ied b yJ ohn S haw , w a s n o t ed i nt h e h ea r th t a xr e tur n s . I tl i e sj u s tt ot h e s ou th o fS ca r i sb r ick P a rk a nd i nt h e v i c in i ty o fH u r l s ton G reen . J ohn S haw ' s w i l l w a s p roved i n 1 692 . S ca r i sb r ick H a l l h ad 1 8 h ea r th s ; J ame s H a lsa l l 's h ou se ( pe rhap s a tH u r l s ton t hough n o ta tH u r l s ton H a l l ) a nd G o r such H a l l h ad 1 a nd n i ne h ea r th sr e spec t ive ly .

2 3 2 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 7 1 n 4 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 71 n 4 ) . H u r l s ton w a ss o ld b yt h e H u r ls ton f am i ly t ot h e S ca r i sb r ick s i nc 1739 . T he l o rd sh ip o fS ca r i sbr ick p a s sed t oB a s i l T homa s S ca r isb r ick w ho a l so b ecame l o rd o fE cc le s ton ( q v ) t h rough f a i lu r e o f ac ou s in , J ohn G o r such , t op rov ide a n h e i r . H encef o r th h e t ook h i s n ame f r om t h a t t own sh ip . I nt h e l a t e 1 8 th c en tu ry h i s s on , T homa s E cc le s ton , w a s r e spon s ib le f o r m a jo r p rog ramme s o fm o s s land d r a inage , i n c lud ing Ma r t in Me r e( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 69 ) .

2 52

C a ta logue : HURLSTON ( SCARISBR1CK )

GORSUCH HALL

T h i s s i te l i e s w i th in S ca r i sb r ick p a rk , al i t t le t ot h e e a s t o f am i l l p ond . S i nc e t h e p a rk i sn o t s hown o n Y a te s ' map o f 1 786 i tm ay b e al a t e 1 8 th o r 1 9 th -cen t u ry c r ea t ion ; as c hem e t o i mp rove t h e p a rk w a s c on s ide r ed i n1 803 ( P ev sne r 1 965 ,2 18 ) . When s u r vey ed b y WLAS i n1 979 t h ree a rm s o f amoa t w e r e i d en t if ied , t wo o f w h ich w e r e w a t e r -f i l led . I t a ppea r s t o h av e b e en a r e c tangu la r e nc lo su r e a nd t h e t ihe p l an s how s t ha t i tw a s a s soc ia ted w i th a no the r w a te r -f i l led d i tch c onnec ted t o t h e s ou th a rm o f t h e m oa t . T h i s m ay r e p re sen t e v idence f o r a d oub le e nc lo su r e o rr e la t e t o af i shpond c onnec ted t ot h e moa t b y as ho r tl e e t .

F ig 9 1 .23a : Hu r l s ton a nd S ca r isb r ick

N o . SMR

8 1 P RN 1186

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

S car i sbr ick P ark S ca r i sb r ick ( Hu r l s ton ) O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby Ma r sey t o1 230

NGR L oca t ion

SD 3 954 1 246 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

Mud s tone /Keupe r Ma r l S h i rd ley H i l l S and S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tud e T opog raphy

1 5m e a s t -f a c ing ;e a s to fm i l lp ond i nS ca r i sb r ick P a rk

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? doub le r e c tangu la r 1 979 c 70 x3 0m J2100m 2 c 7 10m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p o s s ib le

w e t 1 979 s t ream

WLAS 1 979 i n comp le te ? l5C ; 1 6C p a rk land s e t t ing

No . SMR

8 2 P RN 8 04

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

O ld Wood S ca r i sb r ick ( Hu r l s ton ) Onn sk i rk We s tD e rby Ma r sey t o1 230

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 9 18 1 282 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eup e r Ma r l S h i rd ley H i l lS and S o l lom A s so c ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 5m n o r th f a c ing i nv a l ley o fE a sB rook n o r th o f S ca r i sb r ick H a l l

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 99 x5 3m /5247m 2 4 -5 .8m I m w e t

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

S t eane 1 960 S t eane 1 960 i n comp le t e

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 71 , 1 839 @ 1 0 c ha in s =33/ 16 " ; WLAS 1 979

P lan s :

P iccope 1 857 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

2 53

p robab le

t r e ec ove r ed L anc s RO DRL 1 / 7 1 , 1 839 @ 1 0 c ha in s =33/16" p o s s ib ly s how st h em ed ieva l d i tch ; 6 " O S m ap . s he e t8 3 , 1 848 g i ve sm oa tl o ca t ion S t eane 1 960 S t eam 1 960

C a ta logue : HURLSTON ( SCARISBR1CK ) B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 66 n 10 , 2 67 n 5 ) . T he p o s se s s ion s o f T homa s S cha re sb r ek , a rm ige r , i n 1 530 1531 , i n c luded a c hape l , k i tchen , b r ewhou se , b u t te ry , c hambe r , l a rde r h ou se a nd h a l l a sw e l l a sb a rn s a nd o xhou se s ( P iccope 1 857 , 1 83 187 ) . I n 1 666 t h e r e w e re 1 8 h ea r th s a tt h e h a l l ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 39 n 11) . I n c 1718 r e f e r ence w a s m ade t ot h e N ew H a l l , t h en i nt h e o ccupa t ion o fR obe r t S ca r i sb r ick ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l 1 907 , 2 69 n 5 ) . A t t h i s d a te , M r s . S ca r i sbr ick , p r e sumab ly F rance s , m o the r o f R obe r t , w a s aw idow a nd m ay h ave b e en l i v ing i n t h eo l dh a l l -p o s s ib ly a tt h e moa ted s i t e .

e e 2e e e eg e e e e pe ee 4 ) Te T e 2 e A e ei c e _H o u _ s e 9 ef e e e e f 91 ' f ' e e -96 2 \ qc 2 Q . 5 ? ) e p e ep , 9 9 9 „ , :o o l d Wood c e c . r e

T he t imbe r -f ramed 1 6 th -cen tu ry h ou se w a s e x ten s ive ly r e bu i l t d u r ing t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . P ropo sa l s i n 1 803 t or e bu i ld t h e h ou se o n an ew s i t e c ame t o n o th ing b u t , i n 1 8 15 , T homa s S ca r i sb r ick i ss a id t oh ave e nca sed t h e h ou se i n s t one a nd b u i l t an ew w e s t w ing . B e tween 1 836 1 845 h i s b ro the r , C ha r le s S ca r i sb r ick , e mp loyed AWN P ug in t oc r ea t e an ew g r ea t h a l l , t h e s ou th f r on t a nd e a s t w ing . T he e a r l ie r c en t ra l a nd w e s t e rn p a r t s r e c e ived o n ly s upe rf ic ia l n ew t r ea tmen t . B e tween 1 860 -1872 , e x ten s ive w o rk , i n c lud ing ma jo r a l t e ra t ion s t ot h e e a s t w ing , w a s u nde r taken b y E dwa rd We lby P ug in ( P ev sne r 1 969 , 2 18 -219 ) . T h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry w o rk s a r e s a id t oe nve lop t h e E l izabe than h ou se . H oweve r , w i th r e f e r ence t o aN ew H a l l i nc 17 18 , i ts e em s mo r e l i ke ly t h a t i tw a s t h i s b u i ld ing w h ich r e c e ived a t ten t ion f r om t h eP ug in s .

6 4 , e eo 9 e ee

M i l l Wood

• -" 4-

/4 3 0t e

eee er e 9 ee c p ZeZ9 ,2, S ca r isb r ick P a rk

T h i s s i te , j u s t t o t h e n o r th o f S ca r i sb r ick H a l l , t a ke s i t s n ame f r om a n a r ea c a l led O ld Wood w he r e a moa t w a s s o -ca l led i n 1 848 a nd a n i c e h ou se l a y as ho r t d i s tance t o t h e w e s t . A d i tch 3 25 ' ( 9 9m ) l o ng w i th a n a ve rage w id th o f 1 9 ' ( 5 .8m ) r un s i n an o r th -we s t d i r ec t ion a nd t u rn s a pp rox ima te ly a tr i gh tang le s t o r un f o r af u r the r 1 75 ' ( 5 3m ) t ot h e E a s B rook ; t h i s s ho r t e r d i tch i s a pp rox ima te ly 1 3 ' ( 4m )w ide . I n 1 960 t h e a r ea w a s s u rveyed a nd e i gh t s ma l l t r enche s w e r e o pened a l ong s ide a nd a c ro s s t h e d i tche s .

2 00m

F ig 9 1 .23b : S ca r isbr ick P a rk a nd O ld Wood 1 839 ( Lanc s RU DRL 1 / 71) w i th a dd i t iona l i n f o rma t ion f r om 6 " OS S hee t 8 3 ( 1847 )

Al i cence f o r m a s se s i nh i s o r a to r ie s w a s p an ted t oJ ohn S ca r i sb r ick i n 1 420 -2 1 a nd a no the r l i cence f o r a n o ra to ry w a s g r an ted i n 1 447 ( F a r r e r &

A : 2 0 ' x3 ' ; l e a fm ou ld a nd b l a ck s o i l ( 1 ) o ve r r e dd i sh b l ack s and d i pp ing d own t owa rd s t h e d i tch a nd c on ta in ing p o t te ry o f 1 4 th a nd 1 5 th c en tu ry d a te ( 2 ) , o ve r b l a ck s o i l a nd p ebb le s ( 3 ) , o ve ru nd i s tu rbed s t if y e l low c l ay ( 4 ) .

B : l e af mou ld w i th b r ick , p ebb le s a nd s t one f r agmen t s ( 1) , o ve r p i nk s and a nd r ounded p ebb le s (2 ) , o ve r w h i t e s and ( 3 ) ; w a te r e ncoun t e red a t3 '6 "( 1m )f r om t h es u r f ace . C : t h ick mud c on ta in ing f r agmen t s o fb ur n t w ood ( 1 ) , o ve r r e dd i sh s and c on ta in ing f r agmen t so fg r ey s l a t e( 2 ) . D : p a th ( I ) , o ve r r e dd i sh s a nd c on ta in ing o fl a t e m ed ieva l p o t t e ry ( 2 )o ve ro l dt u rf l i ne ( 3 )o ve rc l ay ( 4 ) . E : l e a f mou ld ( 1 ) , o ve r r e d s a nd ( 2 ) o ve r c l ay ( 3 ) ; c on ta ined af i e ld d ra in ; 1 8 th -cen tu ry p o t t e ry . F : 1 5 ' a l ong s ide t h e d i tch a tr i gh tang le s t oA ; l e af m ou ld ( 1 ) o ve r r e dd i sh b l ack s a nd c on ta in ing 1 4 th a nd 1 5 th c en tu ry p o t te ry ( 2 ) , o ve r b l a ckened l e ave s a nd a cor n s ( 3 ) , o ve rc l ay ( 4 ) . Ga nd H : l e af mou ld ( 1 ) , o ve r r e d s and ( 2 ) o ve r g r ey c l ay ( 3 )o ve ry e l low s and ( 4 ) ; w a t e re ncoun te r ed a t5 '6 "( 1 .6m ) f r om t h es u r f ace .

F ig 9 1 .23c : S i te o fe xcava t ion sa tO ld Wood ( ba sed o nS t eane 1 960 , 1 50 ) 2 54

I nt r enche s Aa nd F ,t h e s a nd l a y e r s ( 2 ) w e r e i n t e rp re ted a s u pca s t f r om t h e d i tch o ve r a n e a r l ie r g r ound s u r f ac e . Med ieva l p o t te ry f r om t h eu pca s t , f r agmen t so fb u rn tw ood a nd s l a te f r om a n ea rby t r ench ( C ) a nd l a t e m ed ieva l p o t te ry f r om t r ench D s ugg e s tu s e , i fn o to ccupa t ion , o ft h e a r ea i nt h e 1 4 th 15 th c en tu r ie s . T he c onnec t ing d i tch w i th t h e E a s B rook w a s b e l ieved t o b e much l a t e r i n d a te ,

C a ta logue : HURLSTON ( SCARISBRICK ) p robab ly 1 8 th c en tu ry , a nd t o h ave b een r e -excava ted o r c l eaned mo r e r e c en t ly a s am ean so fd ra in ing t h ew ide rd i tch t ot h es ou th . T he e xcava to r b e l ieved t h a t t h e a r ea , b e ing e xc e s s ive ly d amp , w a s u n su i tab le f o r ad w e l l ing a nd t ha t t h e s i te o ft h e p r e sen t S ca r i sb r ick H a l l w a s m o r e f a vou rab le a st h e l i ke ly l o ca t ion f o r t h e m ed ieva l b u i ld ing s . H e c onc luded t ha t t h e e a r thwo rk w a s af i shpond o rf i sh d i tch ( 1960 , 1 47 153 ) . I fs o , t h en p e rhap s i tw en t o u t o f u se t o b ecome a p l a ce f o r d i spo sa l o f h ou seho ld d eb r i s . T og e the rw i th t h e E a s B rook w h ich b ounded t h e n o r th s i de o ft h e p l a tf o rm , t h e d i tche s e nc lo se av e ry l a rg e a r ea mak ing t h e s i te a mong s t t h e l a rge s t i n t h e r e g ion . A t l e a s t o ne o ft h e d i t che s i so fm ed ieva l d a te a nd i t sp rox im i ty t ot h e l a t e r S ca r i sb r ick H a l l ( p e rhap s t h e e a r ly 1 8 th -cen tu ry N ew H a l l ) m ay i nd ica t e m ig ra t ion t o an ew , d rye rs i t e . I fs o , t h e h ou se n o ted i n1 666 c ou ld h ave s t ood O ld Wood a nd b een a bandoned a tl e a s t d u r ing t h e l a t t e rd ecade s o f t h a t c en tu ry . C ompa r i son s hou ld b e m ade w i th a s im i la r s e r ie s o f e a r thwo rk s i nw ood land j u s tn o r th o fI nc eB lunde l l H a l l ( qv ) .

F ig 9 1 .23 e : Hu r ls ton H a l l 1 839 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 71)

F ig 9 1 .23f : g round p l an o f Hu r l s ton H a l l( ba sed o n F a r re r&B ro f l unb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 72 ) N o . SMR

18 P RN

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

Hur l s ton Ha l l S ca r i sb r ick ( Hu r l s ton ) O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby Ma r sey t o 1 230

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 022 1 062 p e r iphe ra l

F ig 9 1 .23d : Hu r l s ton 1 847 ( ba sed o n6 " OS s hee t 8 3)

S o l id g eo logy D r i f tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rS and s tone B ou lde rC lay S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

1 Hu r l s ton H a l l ; 2H ur l s ton G reen ; 3 Mar shy g round m ark ed W i l low s ' ; 4 Hu r l s ton B rook ( ? cana l i s ed ) ; 5N ar row Mo s s

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m f l a tl a nd n ea rt own sh ip b ounda ry w i th Ma r t in /Sca r i sb r ick

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le

H u r l s ton a ppea r ed i n 189 119 1 a mong s t t h e b ounda r ie s r e la t ing t o l a nd s g ran t ed t oB u r scough P r io ry a nd g ran t s i nH u r l s ton m ade t ot h e P r io ry n o te ab a rn a nd o t he r p o s s ib le s t r uc tu re s ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 9 -21 , 5 3 -65 , 7 0 , 8 0 8 1 , 2 21) . H a r le ton F o rd o rF e r ry w a s c l ea r ly a n i mpo r tan t l a ndma rk b u t i t s l o ca t ion h a sn o tb e en i d en t if ied ;t h eT own G reen w a sa l so r e co rded . H u r l s ton H a l l w a s at imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing w i th ac en t ra l h a l l a nd p a r t s o f t h e e a s tw ing o f1 5 th -c en t u ry d a t e , much a l te red i nt h e t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry b y t h ea dd i t ion o f aw e s tw ing a nd e x t en s ion o ft h ee a s tw ing ( OS S D4 1 SW 2 ; f i g 7 7 ) . T he r e w a s aw e l l i nt h e c e l la r . T he h ou se m ay h ave s t ood a tt h e s ou th e nd o f a n o pen -f ie ld s y s tem a s soc ia ted w i th a h am le t a t H u r l s ton G reen . I nt h i s , i tb ea r s s ome r e semb lance t oH ome r G reen F a rm , T hor n ton ( qv ) . T he h a l l w a s i nr u in s i n 1 937 a nd w a s d emo l i shed i n 1 947 1949 . B y 1 957 a l a rg e b ank o fe a r th o ccup ied t h e s i te a nd c on ta ined a f ew w o rked s t one s . As t one l ined w e l l l a y al i t t le t ot h e w e s t o ft h e s i te ( OS S D 4 1 SW 2 ) .

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

A moa t w a s i d en t if i ed b y T homa s B u lp i t , al o ca l w r i t e r , i nt h e e a r ly 2 0 th c en tu ry b u t t h e O rdnance S u r vey i n spec to r d i d n o t f i nd a ny t r a ce a nd s a id

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

t ha t t h e h ou se l a y o n g round c on s ide rab ly h ighe r t h an t h e d i tch w h ich w a s s uppo sed t o f e ed i t( OS S D 4 1 SW 2 ) . H e a l so d i d n o t b e l ieve t ha t t h e n a tu r e o f t h e g round c ou ld p e rm i t ac on t inuou s ly w a te r -f i l led ' o b s ta c le ' .

p robab le

c 2m w e t 1 839 s t r eam s ou th

i n comp le t eo rd e s t royed 1 5C ; 1 7C ? t rou tp ond L anc s RO DRL 1 / 7 1 , 1 839 @ 1 0c ha in s =3 3/16" ;6 " OS s he e t8 3 , 1 847 Wa i t e 1 888 1921 F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; Webb e d . 1 970

p l an ; g i ven t h e s t a tu s o f t h e h o ld ing a moa t m igh t b e e xp ec t ed . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly , r e c en tw o rk st oc r ea t e at r ou tp ond h ave n ow d e s t roy ed a ny a r cha eo log ica l e v idenc ew h ich m igh th ave s ur v ived .

H ow eve r , a na ng led , d i tched e nc lo su r ea tH u r l s ton H a l l a ppea r s o nt h et ihe

2 55

C a ta logue : HUYTON T enure

E s ta te 1h ide w i th T a rbo ck

1 066 1

D o t

R oge rC on s tab le o f

R obe r ts on o f H en ry d eL a thom R icha rd s on o f

C he s te r E a r lo fL inco ln

R obe r td eL a thum

198 2 1 212 3

k n igh t ' sf e e

1 242 1243 4

1k n igh t ' s

1 258 4

2c a ruca t e s f e

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe e/ S uper ior L ord K ing E dwa rd

S e rv ice/ren t

1 2d r e n ty ea r ly

R obe r t ,s on o fR icha rd

R obe r t

1 / 3m ano r

A dam

1 29 14

d e K n o w s l e y

H en ry d eH uy ton

1 310 1311 1

1/ 2 k 1 n igh t ' s f e e

1 322 8

E a r lo fL inco ln

5p l ough land s i nH uy ton w i th R oby

S i rR obe r td e L a thum

A le s ia d au & h e i ro f E a r lo fL inco ln

1O s 7 dy ea r ly , s akef ee & s u i t a tW idne sc ou r t H omage & 3 0 s y ea r ly

1 332 9

J ohe d eF o rd J ohe f i lA ug us t i A dam f i lN ich J ohe f i lR ic i A dam d e Wy rha le R ob to d eH uy ton J ohe G i l le sone R ico ( F ) i l le son e A dam f i lH ug

1 346 1' 5 1 354 ( 1

2c a ruca te s 2/ 3m ano r

1 382 1 2

S i rT homa sd e L a thom

1 527 1528 1 4 1 534 1535 1 3 1 600 1

i / 5 km •g h t s f e e k n igh t ' s s e rv ice f r e eho lde r s

1 628 1 2

H en ry N o r r ey s A v ic ed eS t ock ley

S i rT homa sd e L a thom & h i sw if e J oan

1 397 1 2

v sj d v sj d i j sv j do b i j sv i i jd i i js i j s i j si j do b i j si i jd i j si i jd

K ing

1 / 3m ano r

S i te :

L andho ld e r s

( 1 3r e t ta rg l»

Ma rga r e tH a r ing ton , d augh te ro fS i r T homa sL a tham

H uy ton & H uy ton H ey

E dwa rd ,E a r lo f D e rby

H am le t /Hamne t t H a r ing ton

1 71 2 dr / e n t

L o rd o fK now s ley

P e rc iva l H a r ing ton

1 7d r en t

T homa s Wo lf a l l W i l l iam S pence r E dwa rd S tock ley J ohn H a r ing ton T homa s Wo lf a l l

3 7

H uy ton H ey

1( Mo rgan

1 978 ,2 69c ) . D o th e ld b o th H uy ton a nd T a rbo ck ( qv ) a so ne h ide e xemp tf r om a l c u s toma ry d ue se xc ep tt a x . T he r ew a sl a nd f o rf ou rp l ough sa nd t h e v a lue w a s 2 0 s . T he l a t e ra s se s smen t o fH uy ton w a s e i the rt h r ee o rf ou rc a ruca te s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 69 n 6 ) . T he o cca s iona l i n c lu s ion o f R oby m ay a ccoun tf o rt h el a rge ra moun t . A f t e rt h eC onque s ti tb ecame a t tached t ot h ef e eo fW idne sa nd w a sr e ckoned a s am embe ro fK now s ley ( qv ) .

2

3

4

5

6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 69 ) . R obe r t ,s on o fH en ry d eL a thom , d i ed i n 198 l e av ing t h r e es on s ,R icha rd ,A dam a nd W i l l iam , b yh i ss econd m a r r iage , t o Amabe l ,d augh t e ro fS imon ,c anon o fB u r scough .T he s on st o ok t h en ame H uy ton o rK now s ley i n d if f e r en t ly . T h i sR icha rd ,s on o fR obe r t , i ss a id t oh ave b een d i s se i sed o fh i s m ano ro fH uy ton ( s ee n o te 1 b e low ) . B ef o re 198 R obe r t , s on o fR icha rd , h ad b een g r an ted Wo lf a l l i nH uy ton b y R obe r t , s on o f H en ry d e L a thom ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 72 ) . A s w e l l a sb e ing t h ane s o fL a thom ( q v ) a nd l o rd s o fH u r l s ton /Sca r i sb r ick ( q v ) , t h e L a thom f am i ly h e ld H uy ton t o g e the r w i th K now s ley ( q v ) , T a rbock ( q v ) a nd R oby b y k n igh t s e r v ic e f r om W idne s , a nd C h i ldwa l l f r om t h e b a rony o f Manche s t e r T he f am i ly a r ea l so f o und i nB i l l inge ( qv ) . A t al a t e rd a t e ,t h e Wo lf a l lf am i ly h e ld l a nd i nL yd ia t e( q v ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,4 0 -4 1) . R icha rd , s on o fR obe r t , w a sf i r s t -named a mong s tt h eh o lde r so ft h eb a rony l a nd s . F a r r e l-c l a im s t ha tt h e H uy ton a s se s smen tw a s t wo c a ruca te s . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . K now s ley , H uy ton a nd T a rbo ck t oge the r made o ne k n igh t ' s f e e . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t R oby w a s a l so i n c luded . I n 1 245 A dam d e K now s ley h ad l e a se o f am i l l o nt h e s ame t e rm s a sh i sb ro the r , R icha rd , h ad h e ld i t ,p ay ing 3 sy ea r ly ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 69 n 13 ) . I nt h e s ame y ea rR icha rd d e Wo lf a l l g r an ted t oB u r scough P r io ry h i sm i l lpoo l i n Wo lf a l l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 72 ) . I n1 252 A dam d eK now s ley a nd h i sw if e , G od i th ,c l a imed 11/ 3o xgang o fl a nd i nW in s tan ley ( q vB i l l inge a nd W in s tan ley ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 69 ) . R icha rd d eH uy ton ( p robab ly R icha rd d e Wo lf a l l )c l a imed f r om A dam d eK now s ley 1/ 3m ano r , e xcep tt h ea dvow son o f 1 / 3o ft h ec hu rch a nd 1/ 3 o ft h em i l l . H ea l so c l a imed t wo o xgang s wh ich h e ,R icha rd ,h ad f o rme r ly d em i sed t oA dam w hen h ew a su nde ra ge . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 69 ) . H en ry d e H uy ton s e em s t oh ave b e en t h e s on o fA dam d e K now s ley . S ub sequen t ly H uy ton p a s sed t oa no the r s on , W i l l iam , w ho se d e sc endan t s w e r e l a te r t o c l a im t i le . H en ry d e H uy ton w a s a l so o ne o ft h e B i l l inge l o rd s i n 1 29 1 . R obe r t , at h i rd s on o fA dam d e K now s ley ,w a st ol a te rt oh ave t h eB i l l inge e s ta t e( q v ) .

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 7 ) . S i rR obe r t ' sf e ei n c luded K now s ley ,R oby ,H uy ton a nd T a rbo ck f o rw h ich t h es um o f1 0 s7 dw a sd ue .

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7-78 ) .

9

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . R obe r td eH uy ton w a st h es on o fW i l l iam w ho h ad d i ed i n1 328 l e av ing h i ss on , am ino r , i nt h ew a rd sh ip o fS i rT homa sd eL a thom , l o rd o f K now s ley ( q v ) a nd L a thom ( q v ) ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 69 ) . R obe r td e H uy ton d i ed i n1 345 l e av ing h i s d augh te r , K a the r ine , w a rd o fK a the r ine , f o rme r ly w if eo fS i rR obe r td eL a thom , a nd t h e i rs on , S i rT homa s . I n 1 349 K a the r ine m a r r ied J ohn l e No r r ey s , y ounge rs on o ft h e l o rd o fS pek e ( q v ) , w ho c omp la ined t h a t Emma d eN ew ton ( w idow o fW i l l iam d eH uy ton )a nd Ma rge ry ( w idow o fR obe r td eH uy ton )w e re m ak ing w a s t ei nt h eh ou se s ,w ood sa nd g a rden sw h ich t h ey h e ld a sd owe ra nd w e r eK a the r ine ' si n he r i tanc e( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 70 ) .

2 56

C a ta logue : HUYTON

1 °

1

1 2

1 3

( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 , 9 4 ) . A f t e rt h e d ea th o fA l ice , C oun te s s o fL inco ln , t h e k i ng h e ld t h e l a nd s a t ta ched t ot h e f e e o fW idne s . I nt h i s s u r vey , R oby i ss a id t o h ave 3c a ruca t e s . ( Fa r re r &B row nb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 70 n 3 ) . A v ic e d e S tock ley w a s t h e d augh te r o fW i l l iam d e H uy ton . I tw a s p robab ly s he , a sA v ic e d e B r e t ta rgh w i th h e r h u sband , W i l l iam d e B r e t ta rgh , w ho s o ld 1/3 o ft h e mano r t oW i l l iam d e Wa l ton i n 1 357 . I nt h e m ean t ime , J ohn l eN o r rey s h ad s o ld h i s 2/3 t oH en ry d e Wa l ton , a r chdea con o fR ichmond . T he a r chdea con c l a imed t i le a nd 6 s 8 d y ea r ly r e n t f r om S i r T homa s d e L a thom , w ho i nt u rn c l a imed t h a t h i s g r ea t g randf a the r , R icha rd , s on o fR obe r t , s on o fH en ry d eL a thom h ad b een d i s se i sed many y ea r sb ef o r e( s e en o t e 2a bove ) . T he L a thom c l a im w a ss ucce s sf u l . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 7 1) . I n 1 382 S i r T homa s a nd h i s w if e , J oan , made as e t t lemen t o ft h e i r e s ta te s o n t h e i r f ou r d augh te r s , Ma rga r e t , I s abe l , C ec i ly a nd K a the r ine , t h en t oJ oan a nd h e rh e i r s f o re ve r . A f te rS i rT homa s ' d ea th , J oan m a r r ied R oge rd e F a za l ce r ley a nd h ad ag ran to f 1/ 3o fH uy ton . H e r t h i rd m a r r iag ew a st oS i rN icho la sd eH a r ing ton . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 7 1) . I n 1 397 J oan r em i t ted t oh e r d augh te r , Ma rga r e t , h e rm o ie ty o fH uy ton . Ma rga re t h ad ma r r ied N icho la s d e H a r ing ton , ay ounge r s on o fS i r N icho la s ( J oan ' s s e cond h u sband ) b y ap r ev iou s m a r r iage . N icho la s , h u sband o f Ma rga r e t , d i ed i n 1 429 . F rom t h i s l i ne c ome t h e H a r ing ton so fH uy ton H ey .

1 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 7 1 n 6 ) .

1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 7 1 n 6 ) . H i se s ta te i n c luded l a nd i n Wh i s ton a nd K now s ley .

1 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 52 , 1 73 ) . T he Wo lf a l l e s ta te i sp r e sumed t ob et ha ti ne x i s t enc e i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( s ee n o te 2a bove ) .

1 7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 52 ) .

N o . SMR

3 7 A SM 4 490 / 13

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

Huy ton H ey H uy ton H uy ton We s tD e rby W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 508 9 080 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l M ea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 0m e a s tf a c ing g en t le s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? doub le r e c tangu la r c 70 x6 O rn /c4200m 2 p o s s ib ly mo r ee x ten s ive c 8 10m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

r oad m ay i n d ica t e t h a tt h i s w a s f o rme r ly amo r e c omp lex s i t e . I ts e em s t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s t and ing i n 1 850 c anno t b e t ha t o f 1 632 . T he s i t e h a s b een d e s t royed .

c e r ta in

w e t 1 632 w e s t w ooden b r idge 1 632

F ig 9 1 .24a : H uy ton d e s t royed 1 6C R e s tH ome o n n o r th s i de o fr oad L ane s RO DRL 1 / 39 , 1 850 @ 1 0 c ha in s =27/16" F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ; P i ccope 1 857

H uy ton H ey w a s h e ld b yt h e H a r ing ton f am i ly a nd , i ti sa s sumed , h ad b e en s e t t led o n J oan , w if e o f S i r T homa s d e L a thom a f te r 1 382 , o r o n t h e i r d augh te r , Ma rga r e t , w if e o fN icho la s H a r ing ton , i n 1 397 , a s o ne th i rd o f H uy ton . When N icho la s H a r ing ton d i ed i n1 429 t h e i n ven to ry o fh i s g ood s i n c luded ac hambe r w i th t wo b ed s a nd ak i tch en w i th c ook ing e qu ipmen t ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 7 1 n 5 ) . T he w i l l o fH amne t t H a r ing ton o fH uy ton , 1 527 1528 , n o ted t h e p a r lou r , c hambe r o ve r t h e b u t te ry a nd a c l o se t ( P iccope 1 857 , 2 9 -32 ) . I n 1 632 a n a t t emp t t ob r eak i n to t h e h ou se o fJ ohn H a r r ing ton ` t he lde r ' , e squ i r e , a tH uy ton H ey , w a s f o i led b y h i s s e r van t w ho h ea rd ' s ome p l ung e ing i nt h e p oo le ' a nd s aw t wo f e lon s e s cap ing o ve r t h e w ooden b r idge w h ich c r o s sed t h e p oo l ( Lanc s RO Q SB / 1 / 1 06 /73 ) 11 .I n 1 666 J ohn H a r ing ton ' s h ou se h ad 1 0h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 52 n 4 ) .

T he s i te l i e s i nt h e s ou th -we s t c or ne ro fH uy ton c l o se t ot h e f o rme r H uy ton H ey Wood . T he t i t he p lan s how s al a rg e p l a tf o rm a nd d i tche s n o r th o f a

F ig 9 1 .24b : H uy ton H ey 1 850 (Lancs RO DRL 1 / 39 )

Ia mg ra tef u lt oP au l B oo th o ft h eD epa r tmen to fH i s to ry a tT he U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l f o rd r aw ing m ya t t en t ion t ot h i sd ocumen t .

2 57

C a ta logue : INCE BLUNDELL T enure

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ff ee/

S erv ice/ r en t

L andho ld er s

S uper ior L ord 1 066 '

t h anag e

1 2C1 c 1154 1189 3 1 2 124

k n igh t ' sf e e

1 242 1243 3 -

1 / 3k n ight s

f e e

1 249 1266‘

3m ano r s /h 2 1 i de

K ing E dwa rd

t h ree t h ane s

3c a ruca te s i nI n c e

P a in d eV i le r s R icha rd P incema

R oge rd eS t a in sby R icha rd B lunde l l

3c a ruca te so fw h ich 4b ova te sI nB a r ton

W i l l iam B u t le r

W i l l iam B lunde l l

i nH yn is & B a r ton

h e i ro f Eme ry J e B o te le r

R icha rd B lunde l l

2f i e ld s i nt h ev i l lo f I n ce

p o s t 1 265 1 1 283 g

R icha rd B lunde l l

1 2d r e n t

W i l l iam B lunde l l

1 4d r e n t

R obe r tF l ok G i lbe r tB lancha rd W i l l iam K no t t A lan t h eY oung A dam d eC ro sby H en ry s on o fW i l l iam P e te rd eL ey land sh i re R ob e r td eP ekko R ob e r tt h eC hanon A lan b ro fR obe rt h eC hanon S imon s o no fA dam

f r ee t e nan t s

W i l l iam l eB o t i le r

1 322 g

1 332 1 k

W i l l iam s o no f Swa in B lancha rd

W i l l iam B lunde l l

W i l l iam l eB o t i l le r

f r ee t e nemen t

s u i ta tc oun ty & w apen take c ou r t s h omage & s e rv ic e

W i l lB lund e l l J o rdo d e Mo rhou se s R ob to B a l la rd sone R ico f i lE l en R ico B launcha rd R ob to F l ook R ico l eB o le

1 344 1

J ohn d e lC lough R obe r tB a l la rd R icha rd d eL o t t i sone R oge rs o no fH en ry J ohn s o no fH en ry W i l l iam s o no fH en ry ,s on o f B ened ic t R obe r ts o no fR icha rd B lancha rd R obe r ts o no fH en ry l eS hephe rd G il b e r td e Wo lf a l l W i l l iam d e l Me le s

1 346 1

W i l l iam B o t i l le r

W i l l iam B lund e l l

s u i ta tc oun ty & w ap en take c ou r t s

W i l l iam B lunde l l& J oan h i sw if e

1 355 1 3

T homa sB a l la rd & Ma rge ry h i s w if e

1 4a c re s mano ro fI nc e

1 366 1 4

J ohn d eK enyon R obe r tB lancha rd A dam B lancha rd

1 38 1V C a r rhou se s

1 402 V

J ohn o ft h e Wode s J ohn o fB ecane show e H en ry D obbe sone

1 479 1 7

T homa s Mo lyneux W i l l iam B lunde l l R obe r tB a l la rd

1/ 3w a s te

1 505 1 k 1 51115 12 1 4

1/ 3

1 547 1 k

1 / 3k n ight s

1 549n

s ocage

k n igh t ' sf e e

1 562 15691 3

f e e

T homa sB u t le r

R obe r tB lunde l l

S i rT homa sB o te le r

W i l l iam B lunde l l

5 sy ea r ly r e n t& s u i ta tc ou r ti n Wa r r ing ton S i rW i l l iam Mo lyneux

h e i r so f Ja m e s B lunde l l mo ie ty o f 1/ 3m ano r

C ec i ly d au o f R icha rd B a l la rd D o ro thy d au o f R icha rd B a l la rd

mo ie ty o f 1/ 3m ano r 1 596 1597 1

" e scuage"

S i rT homa sI r e land

R obe r tB lunde l l

5 sy ea r ly r e n t& s u i ta tc ou r ti n Wa r r ing ton

1 6 161 4

f r ee a nd c ommon s o cage

T homa sI r e land a rm ige r

R obe r tB lunde l l

I dy e a r ly r e n t

1( Mo rgan

h i si jd i j sv i i jd i j sv j d u sv j d i j s i j s

W i l l iam B lunde l l f r ee t e nan t s

S i tes :

i j s

4 0

I nc aB lunde l l Ha l l

1 978 ,2 69c ) . T he v a lue w a s 8 s .

2 58

C a ta logue : INCE BLUNDELL

( Fa r re r 1 903b , 7 ) . T he 1 2 12 I n que s t r e co rded t h a t P aganu sd ed i tR og ero d e S ta inesb iI ne s , s c i l ic e t i jc a ruca ta s t e r r e S ta in sby , c o D e rby , w a s h e ld a t D ome sday b yR oge ro fP o i tou a nd w a ss ub sequen t ly a nnexed t ot h eH ono ro fL anca s te r . I n ce a nd B a r ton w e r ea t ta ched t ot h ef e eo f Wa r r ing ton .

2

( G ib son 1 876 ,2 1 , 8 8 ) . T he B lunde l lf am i ly t r ee i sg i ven b yG ib son ( 1876 , 8 4 -85 ) .

3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 ) . T en c a ruca te sm ade t h ef e eo fo ne k n igh t . I n1 225 W i l l iam B lunde l l w a s f i r s t -named o f1 2k n igh t sa ppo in ted t op e rambu la te t h e f o r e s t o fL anca s t e r( Shaw 1 956 , 1 06 ) . E a r ly i nt h e c en tu ry h e g ave h i s m i l l o nt h e r i ve rA l ta nd h i s l a nd c a l led S cho le s t ot h e m onk s o fS tan law ( Bak ewe l l 1 983 , 6 ) . Managemen to ft h er i ve rb rough tt h e monk s i n to c on f l ic tw i th t ho se o f Me reva le A bbey w ho h e ld t h ev i l lo fA l t ca r( Shaw 1 956 ,4 69 ) .

4

( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . R icha rd B lunde l l , s on o fW i l l iam , g ran ted S tan law A bbey h a lf t h e l a nd o fA l t Ma r sh w h ich R obe r t , c i t iz en o fY o rk , h ad d ra ined b y d yke s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 9 ) . I n 1 240 1241 a n e xchang e o fl a nd b e tw een R icha rd B lunde l l a nd t h e A bbo t s t ipu la ted t ha t t h e r e s idue o ft h e m a r sh b e tween I n ce a nd S cho le sw a st or ema in u n t i l led f o re ve ra sc ommon p a s tu r e ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 9 ) . I nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry R obe r t ( Goch ) , b ro the r o fJ ohn B lunde l l ( dp r e 1 265 ) , h e ld o ne p l ough land w h ich i ss uppo sed t oh ave p a s sed t ot h e B a l la rd f am i ly ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 0 ;

5

G ib son 1 876 , 9 2 ) . 6

( Bakew e l l 1 983 , 8 ) . W i l l iam B lancha rd r e ce ived t h i sh o ld ing f r om R icha rd B lunde l l . ( G ib son 1 876 , 9 3 ) . B y a n u nda t ed c ha r t e r ( c 1265 1292 ) W i l l iam B lunde l l , s on o fJ ohn , g ran t ed l a nd i nI n c e t oR obe r t F lok . I th ad b een h e ld b y R obe r t C a rpen te r o f Mea l s f r om R icha rd B lunde l l . T he r e n t w a s 1 4d y ea r ly . I nc 1260 W i l l iam o f Mo lyneux g r an t ed R icha rd F lok ' am e s suag e i n Y ne s .i nt h e m a r sh ,r e nde r ing y ea r ly 7 d( Lanc s RU DD In 5 3 /5 ) .

7

8

( Bakew e l l 1 983 , 8 ;F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 8 3 n 2 ) . B lancha rd w a so ne o ft e n f r e et e nan t sa tt h i s d a t e , an umbe rc ompa rab le w i th t ho se n amed i n1 344 .

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 6 -77 )

1 °

1

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 39 ; R y land s 1 896 ) . T ho se n amed a st e nan t s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . W i l l iam B lunde l l h e ld af r ee t e nemen t f r om W i l l iam B u t le r f o rh omag e a nd s e r v ice . I n 1 332 W i l l iam , s on o fW i l l iam B lunde l l o fI n ce , g ran ted t oR obe r t , s on o fG i lbe r t B lancha rd o fI n ce , ' s uf f ic ien tt u rba ry i nh i s c ommon m o s so fI n e s f o ro ne h ou se a nd h ea r th ,w i th f r ee c a r r iag ew ay ' ( La ne s RO DDB 14 4 /4 ) . ( G ib son 1 876 , 9 6 -97 ) . Ag ran t o f1 344 d i s t ingu i shed t h e f r ee t e nan t s f r om t e n l e a seho lde r s o fW i l l iam B lunde l l . B akew e l l ( 1983 , 6 -8 ) h a s n o ted t ha t t h e B a l la rd f am i ly , w ho c l a imed o f 1/3 o ft h e w a s t e i n1 505 a nd s o ld t wo m o ie t ie s o f 1/ 3o ft h e mano r i n1 562 a nd 1 569 , m igh t b e l i nked w i th t h e p l ough land h e ld i nt h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry b y R obe r t G och , b ro the r o fJ ohn B lunde l l ( s ee n o t e 5) .W i l l iam d e Me te s m ay h ave b een ag rand son o fG och . Ma rge ry , d augh t e ro fR obe r tG och h ad m a r r ied J ohn d e Me le s a nd w a s aw idow i n1 311 . I nc 1298 d e Me le s a nd Ma rg e ry r e lea sed t oW i l l iam B lunde l l h a lf ap a r to f l a nd s i nt h e v i l l o fI n ce w h ich t h ey h ad r e ce ived f r om W i l l iam , h i s f a the r ( G ib son 1 876 , 9 5 ) . T he O r shaw s a ppea r i nL yd ia t e ( qv ) a nd t h e Wo lf a l l s a r e f o und i nb o th L yd ia te a nd H uy ton ( q v )a ss ucce s so r st o ab ranch o ft h eL a thom f am i ly o fL a thom ( q v )a nd K now s ley ( q v ) .

1 2

( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) .

1 3

( Bakewe l l 1 983 , 8 ) . T he B a l la rd sc l a imed 1 4 a c r e sf r om B lunde l l a nd h i sw if e .

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

B akew e l l 1 983 , 8 ) . J ohn d e K enyon , c hap la in , g ave t o J oan , w idow o fW i l l iam B lunde l l , t h e m ano r o f I n ce , w i th h ou se s , g a rden s , o r cha rd s , t h e h o l t a d jo in ing t h e' s a id mano r 'a nd r i gh t st ot u rba ry . ( Bakewe l l 1 983 , 8 ) . T h ir ty p eop le i nI n ce B lunde l l , i n c lud ing t h eB lancha rd s , c on t r ibu ted t ot h eP o l lT ax b e tw e en 1 377 1381 . ( Bakewe l l 1 983 , 2 6 -27 , a ppend ix 1 ) . J ohn o ft he Wode s , c hap la in , J ohn o fB ecane show e a nd H en ry D obbe sone g r an t ed t oJ ohn B lunde l l o fI n ce f o r l i f e a nd t h en t ot h eh e i r so fW i l l iam B lunde l l o fI n ce a nd A l ice , d augh te ro fN icho la s B lunde l l , a l t h e i rp rop e r t ie s i nt h eC a rhou se s ( s ic ) i nC a rhou sey , e xcep t m e s suage sh e ld b yW i l l iam o ft h eH o l ta nd A l ice C oppok . S e l ion s i n al a rge n umbe ro fn amed f i e ld sw e r ei n c luded . ( Bakewe l l 1 983 , 6 ) . T homa s Mo lyneux o fS ef ton a nd W i l l iam , s on o fR obe r t B lunde l l , a g r eed t ha t t h e f o rm e r s hou ld n o t e nc lo se a ny p a r t o fI n ce Ma r sh u n t i lt h e d ea th o fW i l l iam B lunde l l ,f a the ro fR obe r t .

1 8

( Bak ewe l l 1 983 , 8 ) .

1 9

( G ib son 1 876 , 1 04 ) .

2 0

( G ib son 1 876 , 1 06 ) .

2 1

( G ib son 1 876 , 1 05 107 ) . I n 1 5 12 J ame s B lunde l l ' s w a rd sh ip s hou ld h ave f a l len t o S i r T homa s B u t le r a s h i s f e uda l l o rd b u t w a s c l a imed b y W i l l iam Mo lyneux o fS ef ton . S i rW i l l iam Mo lyneux ' sh o ld ing m ay b er e f lec ted i ns e t t lemen t s made i n1 536 o nt h em a r r iage o fW i l l iam , s on o fJ ame sB lunde l l , w i th E l izab e th , Mo lyneux ' s d augh t e r .

2 2

( Bakewe l l 1 983 , 1 0 ) . T he mo ie t ie s w e r e t h e i n he r i tanc e o ft h e d augh te r s o fR icha rd B a l la rd . C ec i ly ' s m o ie ty w a s s o ld t oS i r R icha rd Mo lyneux i n 1 562 . D o ro thy s o ld h e r mo ie ty t oW i l l iam B lunde l l i n 1 569 a nd , 1 0 y ea r s l a te r , i tw a s s o ld b y T homa s , h e i r o fR icha rd B lunde l l , t o S i r R icha rd Mo lyneux . P o s s ib ly t h e e s ta t e w a s p a r t ly a tN o r thend w he r e ' Ba l la rd ' s t e nemen t ' o f2 5 c u s toma ry a c re s w a s o ccup ied b y R icha rd B r e t ta rgh i n 1 769 ( La ne s RU DDM 1 4 / 12 ) .

2 3

2 4

( G ib son 1 876 , 11) . A s s ucce s so r t ot h e B u t le r i n t e r e s t s , S i r T homa s I r e land o fB ew sey i nB utonwood ( q v ) s o ld t h e mano r o fI n ce B lunde l l t oR obe r t B lund e l l f o r 1 00 ma rk s . T he t e nu r eb yk n igh ts e r v ice w a s a bandoned a nd t h e mano rw a st ob eh e ld i nf rank c o rag ef o r I da nd f e a l ty . ( G ib son 1 876 , 13 ) . R obe r tB lunde l l ( d 1 616 )a l so h e ld G a r r e tH a l l ,T y lde s ley ( qv ) .

F ig 9 1 .25a : We s te l eva t ion o ft h e O ld H a l l ( r ep roduced f r om Wa i te 1 881-1921)

2 59

C a ta logue :I NCE BLUNDELL

F ig 9 1 .25c : L ef t -I n ce B lunde l lH a l l 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 40 ) ; R igh t -I nce B lunde l lH a l l 1 766 ( Lancs RO DD In D ep 1 962 ) IC ro s sB a rn ; 2O ld H a l l ; 3c omp lex o fd i tche s ; 4H en ry B lunde l l 's g a rden t emp le & c omp lex o fg a rden b u i ld ing s

T he p roba t e i n ven to ry o fJ ame sB lunde l l , 1 54 1 , h a sb e en p ub l ished ( G ib son 1 876 , 1 05 106 ) a nd s how s t ha t h e h ad a p a r lou r , l i t t le p a r lou r , h ighe r c hambe r , n ew c hambe r , h a l l ( whe r e t h e b eef w a s h ang ing ) a nd l of t . T he p roba t e i n ven to ry o f R obe r t B lunde l l , 1 6 16 ( Lane s RO WC W ) i sm o r e e x ten s ive a nd s ugge s t s at wo s to r ey b u i ld ing w i th ac hambe ra bove t h eh a l l , ama id s ' c hambe ra nd s e r v ing m en ' s c hambe r ,t og e the rw i th p a r lou r , g a l le ry ,

F ig 9 1 .25b : I n ce B lunde l l No . SMR

4 0 A SM 3 203 /53

S i te T own sh ip P a r ish H und red E s ta t e

I nce B lunde l l H a l l I nc eB lunde l l S ef ton We s tD e rby Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 260 0 307 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay /Sh i rd ley H i l l S and A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

9m n o r th -we s tf a c ing ;v e ry s l igh tg en t le s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

b u t te ry , k i tchen , b r ewhou se , d eyhou se , s t o r ehou se a nd v a r iou s o t he r c hambe r s . B y 1 688 , n ew b u i ld ing s i n c luded al o ng g a l le ry a nd s eve ra l n ew c hamb e r s( Lane s RO WC W H en ry B lunde l l 1 688 ) .

p o s s ib le

I n 1 770 H en ry B lunde l l 's l a nd s a t ta ched t ot h e c ap i ta l m e s suage a moun ted t o1 22 .0 .08 c u s toma ry a c re s ( 2 58 .3 .0 1 s t a tu t ea c re s )a nd b y 1 793 t h e r ew e r e 2 23 .0 .08 c u s toma ry a c re s ( Lane s RO DD In 6 3 /62 ; 6 8 /80 ) . T he p re sen t I n ce B lunde l l H a l l i ss a id t o h ave b een a l te r ed b y H en ry B lunde l l i n 1 802 t o h ou se h i s c o l lec t ion o f ma rb le s . F u r the ra l t e ra t ion sw e r em ade i n1 847 1850 ( Rob in son , 1 99 1 , 2 09 ) . T he p a rk p robab ly d a te s f r om t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( L ew i s 1 982c , 9 7 ) . I tw a s e x t ended t oi t s p r e sen t s i ze a nd w a l led a round i n b r ick i nc 1770 . I np a r t i to ve r l ie st h ef i e ld s y s t em e i the rs i de o ft h em ed ieva l r ou te b e tween I n ce B lunde l l a nd t h e p a r i sh c hu rch a tS ef ton a nd , p robab ly , i n c lude st h em ed ieva lw indm i l l ( L ew i s 1 982c ,9 0 ,9 7 ) . I ti sp opu la r ly b e l ieved t ha tt h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry h ou se r e p laced ab r ick b u i ld ing w i th s and s tone d e ta i l s , k nown a st h e O ld H a l l . T h i s d a te s f r om t h e l a te 1 6 th o re a r ly 1 7 th c en tu r ie s ( f ig 9 1 .25b , c )a nd l i e s t ot h e w e s to ft h e l a nd scaped g a rden s , as ho r t d i s tanc e s ou th -we s t o f t h e d i tch ed a r ea . I t s t wo o r ig ina l d oo r o pen ing s a te i the r e nd o ft h e e a s t e l eva t ion h ave b een f i l led a nd t h e w a l l i sf r on ted b y ab ank p l an ted w i th t r ee s e f ec t ive ly b l ock ing a cce s s t o t h i s s i d e o ft h e b u i ld ing . D oo rway s a te a ch e nd o ft h ew e s te l eva t ion m i r ro r t h e p o s i t ion o f t ho se o n t h e e a s t w a l l . T he i r s t one s u r round s a r e c r ude ly

c 3 -5m c 2m mo s t ly d ry ? su rf ace

f i n i shed . T oge the r w i th a s e r ie s o f s t one -mu l l ioned w indow s w h ich a l so b ea re v idence f o ra l t e ra t ion o r i n se r t ion , t h e se f e a tu re s d emon s t ra te t ha tt h e b u i ld ing 's p r inc ipa l e l eva t ion w a s r e c r ea ted o n t h e w e s t w a l l , p robab ly t o ' imp rove ' t h e a spec t f r om H en ry B lunde l l 's n ew h ou se a nd g a rden t emp le . N eve r the le s s , t h e a r rangemen t o fd oo r s a nd w indow s i nt h e O ld H a l l w ou ld s e em t op r ec lude i ta st h e p r inc ipa l d w e l l ing o ft h e B lunde l l f am i ly . Mo r e l i ke ly , i tw a s as ub s tan t ia lh ou se b u i l tf o r mu l t ip le o ccupa t ion b y ac oup le o f t h e mo r e h igh ly -va lued f am i l ie s e mp loyed o n t h e e s ta t e . 1 8 th -cen tu ry map e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t t h e B lunde l l 's o wn h ou se l a y o n o rv e ry c l o se t ot h e

i n comp le te ? I 8C b r ick b u i ld ing a ts ou th -w e s tc o rne ro fd i tch c omp lex w ood land

s i t eo ft h ep r e sen tI n ce B lunde l l H a l l .

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 40 1 845 @ 1 0m c ha in s= T A" ; DD In D ep 1 962 u nca lenda red ,c 1766

F i e ldwo rk i n w ood land n o r th o f t h e p r e sen t h a l l a nd w a l led g a rden h a s r e vea led as e r ie so fd eep ,s t eep s ided d i tche s . T he s ec onnec tw i th ap r inc ipa l d ra inage d i tch w h ich d i v ide s t h e d eme sne l a nd s f r om t h e v i l lag e . As ma l l b r ick b u i ld ing , p e rhap s a' n ec e s sa ry h ou se ' , o pen s i n to o ne o ft h e d i tche s ( L ew i s 1 982c , 5 6 ) . T he a r ea h a s n o t b een s u r vey ed a nd t h e r e la t ion sh ip o f t h e d i tche s w i th e ach o t he r i su nc lea r . T hey d o n o t s e em t or e la t e t oa ny o f t h e b ounda r ie s s hown o nt h et ihe p lan , t h ough al i nea rd i t ch ma rked o nt h e 1 766 p l an a ppea r s t o b e o ne o f t ho se w h ich c an s t i l l b e t r a ced o n t h e g round . Ac r uck -f ramed b a rn ,C ro s s B a rn , l i e sj u s to u t s ide t h ed i tched a r ea .

B akewe l l 1 983 ; G ib son 1 876 ; L ew i s 1 982c

I n t h e m ed ieva l p er iod i ts e em s t ha t t h e v i l l w a s h e ld i n t h re e p r inc ipa l t e nanc ie s , b y t h e B lunde l l s , B a l la rd s a nd B lancha rd s . A l though t h e m ed ieva l a nd e a r ly p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod s s aw s ome th ing o f al o ca l p ow e r s t rugg le b e tween t h e t h re e p r inc ipa l f am i l ie s i nI nce B lunde l l , i ts e em s t o h ave b een t h e B lunde l l f am i ly w ho h e ld t h e r i gh t s a t t h e w a t e r a nd w indm i l l s ( Bakew e l l 1 983 , 9 ) . I ti s n o t u n t i l t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h a t t h e B lunde l l s a nd Mo lyneux f am i l ie s e me rg e a s p r inc ipa l l o rd s a nd t h a t t h e r e c an b e s ome c e r ta in ty t ha t I nc e B lunde l l H a l l w a s o ccup ied b y t h e B lunde l l s . I n 1 560 t h e i r c h ief m e s suag e w a s d e sc r ibed a s' t he h a l le o fI n c e ' w i th n amed c r of t s , t h e w ood , ah ey a nd l a nd i nI nc e f i e ld a nd o n t h e O ld Ma r sh ( Lanc s RO DD In 6 4 /63 ) .

E v idence f o r amoa t i sn o t e n t i re ly s a t i sf ac to ry a nd , a sa tL yd ia te H a l l ( q v ) a nd H ome r G r een F a rm , T hor n ton ( qv ) , a l so h e ld f r om t h e l o rd s o f Wa r r ing ton , s omewha t s pecu la t ive . P e rhap s , a so u t ly ing h o ld ing s o ft h e f e e , t h e m e sne l o rd s w i shed t oe mu la te t h e B u t le r s a tB ew sey i nB u r tonwood ( qv ) .

2 60

C a ta logue : INCE in - MAKERFIELD T enure

E s ta te

168 '

Onn d eH aydock

1 20 1-02 2 1 2 12 1

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

S er v ice /r en t [ 2j udge s& 1 0 s ]

L andho ld e r s R icha rd d eP e repoun t

Amf r ido d eI n ce t h anage a nc ien t f e of fmen t

199 1 2204 c 126 13

A lf r ed d eI n c e R icha rd d e / le P e r epoun t

[ 2 c / 1 a ruca te ] /c 2 1 a ruca t e

R icha rd l eP e rpoun t 2 c / 1 a ruca t e 2 c / 1 a ruca t e /me sne

T homa sd eP e rpoun t H en ry s on o fJ ohn d eI n c e

H en ry d eS ef ton

l o rd sh ip c 1288 '

6o xgang s i nI n c e &A spu l l

[ Emma ? w idow o f ] H en ry d eS ef ton R icha rd d eI n c es on o f H en ry R icha rd s on o f Emma d e Ma rha Igh J ohn s on o fR icha rd Maun se l

H en ry d eL i the r land

1 29 1-92 1

4o xgang sl e s s 1 2 a c r e s 2o xgang s mo ie ty o fa n o xgang

R icha rd s on o fH en ry d e S ef ton o fI n ce

H en ry d eL i the r land

l o rd o f Make rf i e ld

1 300 *

r2 1 322

A gne sw idow o fT homa sd eI n c e R obe r td eA b ram & w if e Emma H en ry s on o fT homa sd e I n c e

o x g a n g s l

s o cag e

H en ry d eC h i ld r e s J ohn d eL ang ton

1 323 -24 1'

[ G i lbe r td e H aydock ]

f e a l ty G i lbe r td eI n c e

1 3 s4 dr e n t R ico d eI n s R ico f l uH en rd eI n s W i l lo d eM ike lf en A dam d eT hu r ska r J ohe f i lH en rd eC h i ld r e s T hom d eC h i ld r e s

1 332 1'

1 34 0

R obe r td e L ang ton

1 381 1

[ mano ro fI n c e ]

1 382 '4 1 4511 46 1 '5

m ano ro fI n c e

1 420 1'

m ano ro fI n c e

m ano ro fI n c e

1 545 2

s o cag e

[ ?mo ie ty ]m ano r o fI n ce [ ?mo ie ty ]

s o cag e

l i me H a l l /New H a l l 2m e s suage se t c

f r e eho lde r s

1 630 -33

1 0d r e n t

4 sr e n t 2 s8 dr e n t

C ocke r sand A bbey

w if eo fR obe r tA nde r ton

x i jd

S i rT homa s L ang ton

T homa sG e ra rd

5 sr e n t

[ A r thu r ] I n ce R a lph B rown

4 sr e n t

T homa sA nde r ton

W i l l iam B rown

T homa sL ang ton

T homa sI n ce

5 sr e n t

M i le sG e ra rd

4 s6 dr e n t

W i l l iam B rown

R icha rd P enn ing ton J ohn I n c e M i le sG e ra rd

1 6 15 1 1 6262' 1 628 1'

R obe r tA nde r ton

M i le sG e ra rd P e t e rG e r a rd T homa sI n c e R a lph B rown

1 596 u 1 6002'

v j d

R oge rB rown o fI n c e T homa sG e ra rd

c 15562'

1 573 1 4

J ohn G e ra rd & w if eE l len T homa sA nde r ton

T homa sG e ra rd

1 5 17 '9 1 5292' 1 537 2'

k t

J ohn G e ra rd & w if eE l len C ocke r sand A bbey

f r e eho ld

i j s x i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd

R icha rd d eI n ce T homa sd eI n c , e C ocke r sand A bbey

1 50 11 1 5 14 1 8

1

3 s6 dr e n t& 1 2d f o r p annage

M i le sG e ra rd E sq. , R a lph B rown ,b ro the ro fR og e r B rown N ew H a l l

J ame sG e ra rd T homa sG e ra rd T homa sG e ra rd T homa sI n ce

2 61

,

C a ta logue : INCE in - MAKERFIELD

T enure

E s ta te

L ord o f _f ee/ S uper ior L ord

Me sne l o rd

1 654 3 1

N ew H a l l

1 670 2

P ee l D i tch

M i le sG e ra rd

1 672 J 2

m ano r so fI n ce & A spu l l

A nne G e ra rd w if eo fJ ohn G e ra rd

1 683 1

mano r

1 695 ß

N ew H a l l

T homa sG e ra rd & w if e Ma ry C ap ta in G e ra rd

1 700 J °

H igh f ie ld ,A spu l l

S i te s :

3 9

H a l lo fI n ce /O ld I n ce H a l l

S er v ice/ r en t

L andho ld e r s

J ame sG e ra rd

T homa sG e ra rd W i l l iam G e ra rd S i rW i l l iam G e ra rd 5 9

N ew H a l l

7 1

P ee lH a l l

I( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 6 ) . O rm d e H aydock ( q v ) w a s t h e f a the r o fA lf r ed d e I n ce . I n 190 1199 h e g ave l a nd i nI n ce t oC ocke r sand A bbey u nam p a r t em i nv i l la d e H yn i s d e t e r ra m ea i n f ra d uo s r i vu lo s w he r e t h e c anon s ' c r o s se s h ad b een s e t , w i th c ommon r i gh t a nd e a semen t s o fI n ce f o rt h e c a t t le o ft ho se l i v ing t h e r e( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 73 ) .

( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 52 ) . A lf red d eI n ce c on t r ibu t ed 2 0 st ot h es cu tag e .

2

( Book o fF ee s 1 921 , 2 18 ) . I n c er e p re sen t so ne th i rd o fA lf red ' st o ta l o ft h re e c a ruca te sh e ld i nt h anag e i nH aydock a nd I n ce f o r3 0 s a nd t h ep rov i s ion o ft wo j udg e s . O ne c a ruca t e a nd t h ep rov i s ion o ft h ej udge s l a yw i th I n ce ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 4 )t hough i nt h e V CH i ti sc l a imed t h a tt h es e r v ic eo fo ne j udg e o n ly w a sd ue f r om I nc e ; 1 0 sr e n tw a s p robab ly t h ep ropo r t ion d ue ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 5 ) . R icha rd d eP e r epoun th e ld h a lf ac a ruca t e ' o fa nc ien t f e off inene a nd A lf r ed d eI n c ep robab ly h e ld ah a lf c a ruca t ei nd eme sne ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 4 ) .

3

I n 199 1220 R icha rd l eP e rpoun tg ran t ed t oC o cke r sand A bbey p a r to fh i s l a nd i nI n ce , w i th r i gh to fp annage ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 72 -673 ) . T he b ound s l a y f r om ' The g r ea t b rook u p t h e T he l e l a che , d own t h e l a che b e tween B er ic -acr e a nd W o lv e l ey t ot h e s yke b e twe en Ha rdac r e a nd B i rcac r e , t ot h e g r ea t b rook ' ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 7 ) . H ew a ss ucceeded b yR obe r t , s on o fA dam d eP e rpoun t( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 )w ho r e lea sed t o C ocke r sand a l t h el a nd w h ich h eh e ld f r om t h em i nI nc e . G od i th , d augh te ro fR obe r tl eP e rpoun t , made as im i la rr e lea se ( Fa r re re d . 1 900 ,6 74 ) .

4

5( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 8 ) . H en ry d eS ef ton h e ld t h eP e r epoun t mo ie ty . H ec a l led T homa s d eP e repoun tt ow a r ran th im i n 4o xgang s i nI nce a nd s e em s a l so t oh ave a cqu i r ed a l so t h e m e sne l o rd sh ip f r om H en ry , s on o fJ ohn d e I n ce . T homa s l eP e rpoun t w a s l o rd o fL o s tock i nt h e r e ign o fH en ry m ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 72 ) .

6( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 11) . G i lbe r t d e S ou thwo r th c l a imed a n e s ta t e i nt h e r i gh t o fh i s w if e , Emma , w ho s e em s t oh ave b een t h e w idow o f H en ry d e S ef ton / ?W igan . S ou thwo r th a nd Emma , a nd R icha rd , s on o f Emma d e Ma rha lgh , w e r e c o -def endan t s i n ad i spu t e w i th J ohn , s on o fR icha rd Maun se lo ve r 6o xgang so fl a nd i nI nc ea nd A spu l l .

7( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 12 ) . R icha rd d eI n ce i sd e sc r ibed a ss on a nd h e i ro fH en ry d eW igan , ab ro the ro fR icha rd Maun s e l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l

e d s 1 911 , 1 02 n 11) . I n 1 292 R icha rd , s on o fH en ry d e S ef ton , w a s d ef endan ti n an umbe ro fs u i t s . H en ry d eL i the r land ( po s s ib ly t h es am ep e r son a sH en ry , s on o fT homa s , g r an to ro fl a nd t oH en ry d e C h i ld re s i n1 300 ) c l a imed 4 o xgang s l e s s 1 2 a c r e s w h ich h e s a id h e h ad r e lea sed , w hen am ino r i n 1 288 , t o H en ry d e S ef ton ; R obe r t d e A b ram a nd Emma , h i s w if e , c l a imed h e r r i gh t i nt h e mo ie ty o fa n o xgang f r om R icha rd , s on o fH en ry d e S e f ton o fI nc e a nd f r om G i lbe r t d e S ou thwo r th a nd Emma ( who c l a imed t ha t h e r d owe r w a s h e ld o fR icha rd ' s i n he r i tance ) . Emma , w if e o fA b ram , w a s t h e d augh te r o f Ma rge ry , d augh t e ro fH en ry d eI nce , a nd A dam d eW ido . A gne s ,w idow o fT homa s d eI nc e , c l a imed d owe ri n 2o xgang s . R icha rd d eI n c e , s on o fH en ry d e W igan / ?Sef ton , a nd h i sw if e ,A l ice ,o ccu ri n1 292 , i n af i ne c once rn ing t h e mano ro fH aydock ( qv ) . 8( Hawke s 1 936 , 6 4 ) . H en ry , s on o fT homa s d e I n ce , g ran ted t oH en ry d e C h i ld re s a nd h i s h e i r s , a l h i s p a r t o ft h e l a nd f o rme r ly h e ld b y W i l l iam , s on o f A gne s , f r om h im a nd R icha rd d e I n ce . T h i s w a s ' t he w ho le o f my p a r t o ft h e h ou se s a nd b u i ld ing s w i th in t h e a f o re sa id l a nd . a cco rd ing a si ti se n t i r e ly f e nc ed a bou t a nd moa t ed a bou t ' w i th c ommon o fp a s tu r e , h ou sebo ld a nd h aybo ld , h ou sebo te a nd h aybo t e i nt h e c ommon o ft h ev i l l o fI n c e , s av ing t ot h e g ran to ra nd h i sh e i r st h en e s t so fh awk s . D eC h i ld re sw a s a lowed t os e l l a nd g ive a way o ak a nd o the rt r ee s ' whe the rg row ing o rd ead ' ,t oc o l lec tn u t s i nt h e c ommon w ood s o fI n ce a nd h ad a l w i ld h ive s ( byk i s ) o n t h e l a nd . 1 2d p aymen t f o rp annage w a s t ob e m ade ' p rov ided t h a t t h e o t he rt e nan t s i nt ha t s ame v i l l ( a l so )g i ve p annag e ' . 9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . I n ce w a so ne o f1 5 mano r sh e ld b yJ ohn d eL ang ton , l o rd o f Make rf ie ld , i ns ocage a nd f e a l ty w i thou ta ny o t he rs e r v ic e .

1 ° I

I n1 323 -24 G i lbe r td eI n ce p a id 1 3s 4 dr e n tt oG i lbe r td eH aydock ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 13 ) . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . R icha rd d e I n ce a nd W i l l iam d e M ick le son h ad w i tne s sed t h e g ra n tt oH en ry d eC h i ld re s i n1 300 ( Hawke s 1 936 , 6 5 ) . I n 1 332 t h e r e ve r s ion o fp rope r t ie s h e ld b yJ ohn d e l C h i ld re s a nd h i s s on , T homa s , w a s s a id t ob e long t o Ma rge ry , w idow o f H en ry d eI n ce ( Hawke s 1 936 , 6 3 ) . R icha rd d eI n ce w a s p robab ly t h es on o fH en ry d eW igan / ?Sef ton w ho h ad a cqu i r ed am o ie ty o fI n ce f r om H en ry , s on o f J ohn d e I n ce ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 ; s e e n o t e 4 ) . R icha rd , s on o fH en ry , may b e o ft h e s am e f am i ly w ho h ad g ran t ed a n e s ta t e t oH en ry d e C h i ld re s i n 1 300 . I n 1 334 R icha rd , s on o fH en ry d e I n ce , g ran ted t oG i lbe r t d e C u lche th t h e r i gh t t oc a r ry t u rve s f r om H ind ley t oW igan t h rough I n ce ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 12 ) .

1 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) .

1 3

C on t r ibu to r st ot h ep o l lt a x( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 14 ) .

1 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 ) . I n 1 382 t h e mano r s o fA spu l l a nd I n ce w e re g ran ted t of e of f ee s b y R icha rd , s on o fR ober t d e I n c e . I n c e m ano rw en t w i th E l len ,p robab ly d augh te ro ft h es ame R icha rd . S he ma r r ied J ohn G e ra rd , ay ounge rs on o fP e t e rG e ra rd o fB rynn ( A sh ton in -Mak e r f ie ld ,q v ) .

1 5

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 246 ) .

1 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 15 ) . J ohn G e ra rd d i ed i n1 434 1435 a nd w a ss ucceeded b yh i ss on a nd h e i r , W i l l iam .

1 7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 243 ) . T he r e n td ue s hou ld b ec ompa r ed w i th t ha tf o r 1 501 a nd 1 537 .

1 8

T homa s G e ra rd o fI n ce w a s i nd i spu te w i th S i r T homa s G e ra rd o fB rynn o ve r t h e o wne r sh ip o fT urne shea Mo s s w h ich l a y o n t h e b ounda ry o fI n ce a nd A sh ton ( q v ) . G e ra rd o fI n ce c l a imed t ha tt h e mo s sw a sh i s f r eeho ld a nd i n he r i tanc ea sp a rce lo fh i s mano ro fI n ce ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 16 ) .

1 9

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 05 n 39 ) . T he e s ta te h e ld b yR oge rh ad o r ig ina l ly b een g ran ted t ot h ef am i ly b yW i l l iam d eI n c e .

2 0

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 05 n 39 ) . T homa s A nde r ton o fI n ce d i ed i n1 529 . H i s h e i r sw e r e h i s d augh te r s , Ma rga r e t , E l len a nd C ec i ly w ho w e r e i nt h e w a rd sh ip o fR a lph B rown o fW igan a nd h et ook p o s se s s ion o ft h eh o ld ing . I n1 546 R a lph B rown a nd A r thu rI n c ew e r e i nd i spu t eo ve rt h em a r r iag eo fE l len ( B rown ) w i th T homa s , s on o fA r thu r ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 05 n 35b ) . I n 1 569 , M i le s I n ce , g rand son o fR a lph B rown , c l a imed l a nd s i nI nc e , W igan a nd A spu l l .

2 1

2 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 251) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 103 , 1 05 n 39 ) . T he r e n t p a id s how s t h a t T homa s h e ld o n ly h a lf o ft h e m ano r , t h e o t he r m o ie ty b e ing s t i l l h e ld b y t h e I n ce f am i ly ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 1 02 n 5 ) . T he G e ra rd p o r t ion m ay h ave b een t ha tf o rme r ly g ran ted t oR icha rd d eP e r epoun t ( n o t e3 ) . M i le sG e ra rd w a sh i sh e i r .

2 62

C a ta logue : INCE in- MAKERFIELD

2 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 05 ) . R a lph B rown h e ld t h e f o rme rC ocke r sand l a nd s ( Far r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 06 n 44 ) , p r e sumab ly a ss ucce s so ro f T homa sA nd e r ton ( no te 1 5 ) .

2 4

2 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 04 105 ) . T homa s I n c e d i ed i n 1 573 i np o s se s s ion o f ac ap i ta l m e s suag e a nd o t he r p rope r ty w i th l a nd s a nd w ood s . H i s r e s idenc e w a s k nown a s I nc e H a l l o r t h e N ew H a l l ( 59 ) w h ich , i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry , p a s sed t oW i l l iam A nde r ton o fE ux ton t h rough h i s ma r r iage w i th F r anc e s ,d augh t e ro fC h r i s tophe rI n ce . T h i sh ou se s t ood as ho r td i s tance f r om t h ej unc t ion o fI n ce G re en L ane a nd Wa r r ing ton R oad . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 05 n 39 ) . W i l l iam B rown ,s ucce s so ro fR a lph B rown o f1 546 ( no te 1 5 ) , d i ed i n1 596 .

2 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 04 n 34 , 1 05 n n36 ,4 3 ) . J ohn I nc ew a sp robab ly t h es on o fM i le sI n ce . M i le sG e ra rd m ay h ave b e en as on o fJ ame sG e ra rd .

2 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 03 , n 22 ) . M i le sG e ra rd o fI n ce , e squ i r ed i ed i n1 6 15 .

2 8

R a lph B rown ,b ro th e ro fR oge rB rown , s ucceeded t ot h ep rope r ty o fh i sn ephew ,W i l l iam B rown ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 05 n 39 ) .

2 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 03 , 1 04 n 34 ) . J ame sG e ra rd o fN ew H a l lw a s a mong s tt h el a ndowne r sw ho c on t r ibu t ed t ot h es ub s idy .

3 °

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 5 7 -58 ) . G e ra rd a nd I n c ee a ch c ompounded £ 40 a nnua l ly f o rs eque s t ra t ion o ft wo th i rd so ft h e i re s ta t e sf o rr e cu sancy .

3 1

3 2

3 3

3 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 911 , 1 04 ,n 34 ) . C ha r le sG e ra rd ,s on o fJ ame sG e ra rd ,o ft h eN ew H a l l ,w a sb u r ied . I nt h e V CH t h eG e ra rd p rope r ty o fN ew H a l l i s s a id t ol i eo f Manche s te rR oad ,n ea rR o se B r idg ea nd w a sa l so k nown a sI n ce H a l l . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 04 , n 34 ) . I n1 671 r e f e r enc ew a s made t oM i le sG e ra rd , l a te o fP e e l D i tch i nI n ce . A nne G e ra rd , d augh te ro fT homa s G e ra rd , w a s m a r r ied t oJ ohn G e ra rd ay ounge r s on o fS i r W i l l iam G e ra rd , t h i rd b a rone t ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 99 1 , 1 03 ) .T he m ano r so fI n ce a nd A spu l l( Sa lf o rd H und red )w e r es o ld b yt h em t oR icha rd G e ra rd , u nc le o fJ ohn . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 03 , n 28 ) . T he p rope r ty w h ich p a s sed t oT homa s G e ra rd , s on o fR icha rd G e ra rd , a nd h i s w if e Ma ry i n c luded m e s suage s , l a nd s a nd aw a te r g ra in m i l l i nI nc e , A spu l l a nd W igan . F rom t h em , t h ey p a s sed t oR icha rd G e ra rd o fH ighf ie ld i nA spu l l a nd t h en t oh i s d augh te r , Ma ry , w ho m a r r ied J ohn Wa lme s ley o f We s twood H a l l i nI n ce . T he H a l l o fI nc e ,w h ich s t ood as ho r td i s tance t ot h ee a s to f We s twood P a rk ,w en tw i th t h i s e s ta t e . T he p a rk c on ta ined f i sh p ond s .

3 5

( Ea rwak e r 1 875 ) . K ue rden n o ted ' af a i rb u i l tH a l lc a l l 'd t h eN ew H a l lb e long ing t oC ap ta in G e ra rd ay oung e rb ranch o ft h eG e ra rd so fI nc e .

3 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 03 n 28 ) .

I nt h i st own sh ip t h re eh ou se s a r e , o rh ave b een , k nown a sI nce Ha l l , o rv a r ian t s o ft h en ame ; o ne a l so s e em s t oh ave b e en k nown a sb o th I nce Ha l la nd New Ha l la nd y e t a no the r i sc a l led New Ha l l . I n 1 696 K u e rden n o t ed f ou r h a l l s ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 05 ) . I n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e t e nu r ia l d e scen t o ft h e h o ld ing s a t ta ched t ot h e se h a l l s h a s n o t a lway s b e en p r e sen t ed c l ea r ly ; e ven t h e d e sc r ip t ion s i nt h e V CH a r e c onf u s ing . F o r e xamp le , s hou ld N ew H a l l ( r e s idenc eo ft h eG e r a rd f am i ly f r om a bou t 1 600 ) b e c on s ide r ed t h e s ame a s ' The h ou se n ow k nown a sI n ce H a l l .o r ig ina l ly s u r rounded b y amoa t '? B o th a r ej u s t n o r th o f Manche s te r R oad , n ea r R o se B r idg e b u t o n ly N ew H a l l h ad amoa t i n 1 849 . I th a s b e en s ugge s ted t h a t t h e se t wo h a l l s , t oge the rw i th P ee l H a l l , l a yo nt h el a nd sg ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey a nd t ha ti nt h e 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s P ee l H a l l w a sh e ld b yt h eA nde r ton s ( GMACon t ra c t s 1 994 ) . Mo r e l i ke ly , h owev e r , i tw a s t h e d augh t e r o fT homa s A nde r ton ( a l ive 1 529 ) w ho ma r r ied i n to t h e G e ra rd f am i ly o fP e e l . P rox im i ty o ft h e se t h ree h a l l s s ugge s t s m ig ra t ion . A nd t h e r e s idence o ft h e I n ce f am i ly a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r s , t h e •A nde r ton s w a s a l so k nown a s I nc e H a l l o rN ew H a l l ' a nd s t ood as ho r t d i s tance f r om t h ej unc t ion o fI n ce G r een L ane a nd Wa r r ing ton R oad . T he H a l l o fI n c e a l so s t ood ' i n Wa r r ing ton R oad , n ea r t h e c eme t e ry ' ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 99 11 , 1 04 105 ) . T he t i the p l an o f1 84 1 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 41) a nd O S 6 "s he e t so f1 849 ,t oge the rw i th c on tempo ra ry i lu s t ra t ion sa nd e a r ly d e sc r ip t ion s , h ave a s s i s ted w i th t h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h ree moa ted s i te s ; o ne , N ew H a l l , w a s om i t t ed f r om Wa lke r &T inda l l ' s g aze t tee r t hough i ti si n c luded i nt h e l i s t o f moa t ed s i te s ( no . 2 b e low ) . Ap o s s ib le f ou r th moa ted s i te , a tI nc e H a l l ( no . 4b e low ) , may h ave b een c onf u sed b yt h e w r i t e r s o ft h e V CH w i th N ew H a l l ( no . 2b e low ) . S uch a n e xp lana t ion w ou ld , h oweve r ,r e qu i r es ome c on s ide rab le r e in te rp r e ta t ion o ft h ee v idence f o ro wne r sh ip . 1

; • .

2

•

4

3

?Moa ted

Moa ted SD 5 922 0 430 S i te n o . 3 9 H a l lo fI n c e( VCH ; P h i l ip s )

SD 6 043 0 533 S i te n o . 5 9 N ew H a l l ( OS 1 849 ; V CH )

SD 5 979 0 57 3 S i te n o . 7 1 P e e lH a l l ( OS 1 849 )

cSD 6 003 0 575 I n c eH a l l ( Y a t e s 1 786 ; OS 1 849 ; R oby ; V CH )

. : .

6

N on -moa ted SD 5 843 0 431 cSD 5 931 0 465 I n c eH a l l ( OS 1 849 )

We s twood H a l l /Hou se ( Y a te s ; 1 786 ;0S 1 849 , 1 964 )

I n ce H a l l /New H a l l ( VCH )

I nc eH a l l ( G r eg son : P h i l ip s ) I nc eO ld H a l l ( OS 1 849 ) O ld H a l l ( Y a t es 1 786 ) G era rd o f B ryn/W a lmes l ey

5

G era rd

? d e C h i ld r e s /G era rd o fP ee lD i tch

I nce /B rown /Ho l t

O nt h ee v idenc eo ft h e V CH , o wne r sh ip o ft h eH a l l o fI n ce /O ld I n ce H a l l l a y w i th t h e G e r a rd f am i ly a nd t h e i r s ucc e s so r s , t h e Wa lme s ley s t h rough t h e m a r r iag e o f Ma ry G e ra rd w i th J ohn Wa lme s ley i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . T he G e ra rd i n te r e s th ad b een a cqu i red i nt h el a t e 1 4 th o re a r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry w i th t h e m a r r iag e o f E l len , d augh te r o f R icha rd d e I n ce w i th J ohn G e ra rd , a y oung e r s on o fP e t e rG e ra rd o fB rynn , A sh ton in -Mak e r f ie ld ( q v ) . T he r e n t o f5 sd ue f r om T homa s G e ra rd , w ho h e ld t h e m ano ro fI n ce i ns ocage f r om S i rT homa s L ang ton i n 1 545 , s ugge s t s t ha t t h e e s ta t e r e p re sen t s h a lf o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry h o ld ing . O ld Me e H a l l h a s b een k nown v a r iou s ly a sI n ce H a l l ( G r eg son 1 817 1824 , 2 38 ) , O ld I nc e H a l l ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 41) ; I n c e O ld H a l l ( 6 " O S s hee t 9 3 , 1 849 ) ; H a l l o fI n c e ( Ph i l ip s 1 893 , 4 3 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 1 04 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 6 3 ( no13 ) , 1 90 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h e V CH i tl a y c l o se t ot h e Wa r r ing ton R oad a nd ac eme t e ry . No moa t i ss hown o nt h et i the p l an ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 4 1 , 1 84 1) o r t h e6 " OS s he e t9 4 ( 1 849 ) . H ow eve r , o ne i s k nown f r om a n u nda t ed i lu s t ra t ion d rawn b y W i l l iam G e ra rd Wa lme s ley E sq . a nd p ub l i shed b y G r eg son ( 1817 1824 , 2 38 ; f i g 9 1 .26c ) . A s im i la r v i ew w a sd rawn b yP h i l ip s i n1 822 ( 1893 , f a c ing p 43 ; f i g9 1 .26d ) .

2 63

I nce /And er ton

W a lme s l ey

T hough t h ev i ew s a r es l igh t ly d if e r en tb o th i l u s t ra t ion s a s s ign t h e b u i ld ing t oo wne r sh ip o ft h e G e ra rd s / Wa lme s ley s , t h e f o rme rf am i ly h av ing a cqu i red I n ce f r om t h e f am i ly o f R icha rd d e I n c e i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry ( Br idg eman 1 893 , 4 3 ) . C lea r ly , t h e h ou se s t ood a tt h e v e ry e dge o f aw ide e xpan se o f w a te r a nd t h e p l an w ou ld a ppea r t o c onf o rm w i th t h a t d rawn b y t h e O rdnanc e S u rvey i n 1 849 . T he V CH s t a te s t h a t t h e b u i ld ing w a s r e s to red ' a bou t t e n y ea r s a go ' ( i e 1 90 1) . T he o l d t imbe r w o rk a t t h e b a ck w a s r emoved a nd t h ew a l lw a s r e bu i l t i nb r ick . T he w ho le o ft h ee x t e r io r , w h ich w a s f o rme r ly t imbe r -f ramed , w a s s t ucco ed b u t s t one r oof f l ag s w e re r e ta ined . B y 1 9 11 t h eb u i ld ing w a sd i v ided i n to t h re ed w e l l ing s . B y 1 849 t h e h ou se l a yi nt h e a ng le o ft h e m a in r a i lway l i ne f r om P r e s ton t o L ondon a nd t h e S p r ing s B ranch w h ich r a n o f t o t h e n o r th ea s t . I tw a s s u r rounded b y i ndu s t r ia l s i te s w h ich a bu t t ed t h e c u r t i lag e . T o t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -we s t w e r e s and s tone q ua r r ie s .Two o l d c oa l p i t s a nd ac oke k i ln w e r e t ot h en o r th -we s t . C row O r cha rd C o l l ie ry w i th a ne ng ine h ou se a nd c h imney l a y t ot h e n o r th a nd as ho r t d i s tanc e t ot h e e a s t w a s S p r ing s C o l l ie ry w i th c ok eo ven s . I n1 952 t h eO rdnance S u r vey i n spec to rr e co rded s ome p o s s ib le

C a ta logue : INCE in - MAKERF IELD e a r ly f e a tu r e s i nt h e s t r uc tu re b u t m ade n o r e f e rence t o am oa t ( OS S D 5 0 S E3 ) . T he h a l l w a s d emo l i shed i n1 970 ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 ) .

F ig 9 1 .26a : I n ce i n Maker f ie ld

N o . SMR

3 9 GMS MR 4 228

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

H a l l o fI nce /O ld I nce H a l l ( I nce /Ge ra rd /Wa lme s ley f am i l ie s ) I n ce i n Mak e r f ie ld W igan N ew ton T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

S D 5 922 0 430 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re ss and s tone s C oa l Mea su re so u tc rop

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m w e s tf a c ing g en t le s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

w e t 1 822

c e r ta in

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s

d e s t royed t imbe r ; r e bu i l t i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ; d emo l i shed 1 970

U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

F ig 9 1 .26b : H a l lo fI n ce /O ld I n ce H a l l , I n ce H a l la nd Wes twood H a l l , 1 849 ( ba sed o n6 "O rdnance S u rvey map )

F ig 9 1 .26c : I n ce O ld H a l l( r ep roduced f r om G reg son 1 817 -1824 ,2 38 )

2 64

5 9

c e r ta in

N o . SMR

GMS MR 5 93

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

N ew H a l l ( Ge ra rd f am i ly ) I n ce i n Make rf ie ld W igan N ew ton T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S D6043 0 533 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 5m s ou th f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 62 x3 0m / 1860m 2 c lOm

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

GMACon t ra c t s 1 994

P l an s :

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 41 , 1 84 1 @ 1 5 c ha in s (? ) = 2 V 2 " ; 6 "O S map s he e t9 4 , 1 849

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

F ig 9 1 .26d : I n ce O ld H a l l o rH a l lo fI nce , 1 822 ( r ep roduced f r om P h i l ip s 1 893 , f a c ing p 43)

G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 ;P h i l ip s 1 893 B r idg eman 1 893 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 ; G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

w e t 1 84 1 ? s t r eam s ou th

d e s t royed 1 6 thC ; r e bu i l tc 1721

E a rwake r 1 875 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

C a ta logue :I NCE in - MAKERFIELD N ew H a l l s t ood o n t h e n o r th s i de o f Manche s te r R oad , e a s twa rd s o f P ee l H a l l a nd I n c e H a l l . V CH c on s ide r s t ha t i tw a s o ccup ied b y ab r anch o f t h e G e ra rd f am i ly f r om a bou t 1 600 ; K ue rden c i t ed a C ap ta in G e ra rd o f N ew H a l l i n 1 695 . I t s h i s to ry i s o t he rw i se d if i cu l tt of o l low .

( 2 00m

T he moa t , w i th a n e mp ty p l a t f o rm , w a s s hown b y t h e O rdnanc e S u rv ey ( 1849 ) a nd o n t h e t ihe m ap ( 1 84 1) . Ap a i r o f b u i ld ing s s t ood e i the r s i d e o ft h e s ou th e n t rance t ot h ep l a t f o rm .

F ig 9 1 .26e :N ew H a l l 1 841(Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 41)

B y 1 976 t h e r e w a s n o t r a c e o ft h e s i t e ; n o moa tw a s i d en t i f ied ( OS S D6 0 NW 3 ) . T he h ou se w a s i n c luded i n al i s t o f moa ted s i t e s ( Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 6 3 )b u tw a so m i t ted f r om t h eg az e t tee r . T hough s i ted t ol o ca te t h en o r th a rm o ft h e d i tch , t wo e va lua t ion t r enche s p roduced n o e v idence f o rt h e m oa t . I n o ne ( A ) , b e low a t h ick l a y e r ( 1 1 .5m ) o f r e depo s i t ed s a nd a nd c l ay c on ta in ing q uan t i t ie s o f 1 9 th a nd 2 0 th cen tu ry m a te r ia l , w a s ab u r ied t u r f l i ne c 20 -30mm t h ick o ve ra tl e a s t 1 . 5m o fb ou lde rc l ay . I nt h es e cond ( B ) , a t h ick s p r ead o f b ou lde r c l ay w a s a l so e ncoun t e r ed . Wa t e r logg ing m ade f u r the re xcava t ion d ang e rou s .

N o . SMR

7 1 GMS MR 4 934

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

P ee l H a l l ( ? de C h i ld r e s /Ge ra rd f am i ly ) I n c e i n Make r f ie ld W igan N ew ton T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

SD 5 979 0 573

S o l id g eo logy D r i f tg eo log y S o i l

p e r iphe ra l C oa l Mea su re ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy

n oi n f o rma t ion s ou th -w e s tf a c ing f a i r ly s t eep s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le p o lygona l c 18 x3 5m /630m 2 c 5 -8m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

T he m oa t w a s f i l led i n 1 922 a nd b y 1 952 t h e a r ea h ad b een b u i l t o n a nd i t s l i n e w a s c ove red b y ag a rden ( OS S D 5 0 NE 8 ) .T race s c an , h oweve r , s t i l l b es e en .

H ome s ucc e s s ive ly o ft h e I n ce , B rown a nd H o l t f am i l ie s , I nce H a l l ( c S D 6 003 0 575 ) l a y of Manche s te r R oad , n ea rR o se B r idge ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l F ig 9 1 .26f : P ee lH a l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 04 ; f i g 9 1 .26g ) . I ts e em s , 1 841(Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 41) t h e r ef o r e , t o b e t h e p l ac e c a l led I n ce H a l l o n t h e O rdnance S u r vey map o f 1 849 . I tw a s a l so c a l led I n ce H a l l o n Y a t e s ' m ap o f 1 786 a tw h ich t ime i t w a s o wned b y E . H o l t E sq r . I n s uch a l o ca t ion , t h e r ef o r e , t h e h ou se l a y b e tween t h e moa ted h ou se s o f P ee l H a l l ( q v ) a nd N ew H a l l ( q v ) . A s soc ia t ion w i th M r H o l t p l a ce s t h e h ou se a mong s t t h e p o s se s s ion s o ft h e B rown f am i ly a nd t h e i rp r edece s so r s b yg ran tf r om W i l l iam d e I n ce . B yh i s w i l l o f 1 726 , H en ry B rown l e f t h i s p rope r ty t oh i s g rand -nephew , E dwa rd , s on o fR obe r tH o l to fW igan . T he V CH s t a te s t ha t t h i s I n ce H a l l w a s ' o r ig ina l ly s u r rounded b y amoa t ' b u t t h e re i sn o s ugge s t ion f o r t h i s o n t h e 1 8 th -cen tu ry m ap s . P o s s ib ly t h e p l ace h a s b een c onf u sed w i th t h e H a l l o f I n ce ( q v ) . T he h ou se w a s a pp roa ched b y af i ne a venue o fe lm s ; t h e w ide a venue c an b e s e en o n t h e 1 849 O rdnance S ur vey map . T he h ou se w a s b u i l t b y R oge r B rown , t emp . J ame s I ,a nd h ad a b l a ck a nd w h i t e t imbe r ed f r on t w i th f i ve g ab le s ( Rob in son 1 99 1 , 2 09 ) . Ad raw ing , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly o ft h i s I nc eH a l l , s how s s uch av i ew ( Roby 1 872 v o l 1 ,f a c ing p 385 ; ) . T he r ew a s as pa c iou se n t rance h a l l w i th a n o rnamen ted p l a s t e r c e i l ing a nd w a in sco t t ed w a l l s . T h re e o t he r r oom s w e r e o ak -pane l led a nd t h e d raw ing room c e i l ing w a s c a r ved w i th b i rd s , s he l l s , f r u i t a nd f l owe r s . T he o ak s t a i r ca se w a s s i x f e e t w ide . I n 1 854 t h e h ou se w a s b ad ly d amaged b y f i r e a nd w a s a lmo s t c omp le te ly r e bu i l t i n b r ick a nd m ode rn i sed i n t e rna l ly .

w e t 1 84 1

? f enced 1 300

P r ice 1 985 t r a ce s c r uck -f ramed

F ig 9 1 .26g : I n ce H a l l( r ep roduced f r om R oby 1 872 , v o l 1 f a c ing p3 85)

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 4 1 , 1 841 @ 1 5 c ha in s (? ) =2 1 / 2 " ; 6 "O S s hee t9 3 , 1 849

T he V CH p l a ce s I nce H a l l /New Ha l l as ho r t I n ce G r een L ane a nd Wa r r ing ton R oad ( cS D a sI nce H a l l , s hown b y t h e O rdnance S u rv ey H a l lo fI n c ea nd e a s to f We s twood H a l l , h ome

F a r r e r & B rownb i l l 1 9 11 ; H awke s 1 936 ; P r ic e 1 985 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

d i s tance f r om t h ej unc t ion o f 5 931 0 465 ) . T h i s i d en t if ie s i t ( 1 849 ) al i t t le t ot h e n o r th o f o ft h e Wa lme s ley f am i ly .

T he p l a ce s e em s t ob e l i nked w i th t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage o fT homa s I n ce a t h i sd ea th i n1 573 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 04 105 n 35b ) . T he 5 sr e n t p a id w ou ld a ppea r t o s ugge s t am o ie ty o ft h e m ano r a nd t h e d e scen t h a s b e en t r a ced f r om T homa s I n ce i n 1 475 -76 . Two th i rd s o f T homa s I n ce 's e s ta t e w a s s e que s te red d ur ing t h e C ommonw ea l th . F rom h i s s on , J ohn I n ce , t h e e s ta t e e ven tua l ly p a s sed t o ag r ea t -g r ea t -g rand d augh te r , F rance s S ob ie sk i , d augh t e ro fC h r i s tophe r I n c e a nd w if e o fC hr i s tophe rA nde r ton o f E ux ton ( L ey land H und r ed ) . T he f am i ly l ef ta f t e rh e rd ea th i n1 8 16 .

D ocumen ta ry s ou rce s s how t h a t t h i s p l ac e w a s h e ld b y ab r anch o f t h e G e ra rd f am i ly ; i n 1 671 r e f e renc e w a s made t o A l ice , d augh t e r o f M i le s G e ra rd ' l a te o fP ee l D i tch i nI n c e ' ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 04 n 34 ) . I th a s b e en a s sumed b y H awke s ( 1936 , 6 3 ) a nd T inda l l ( 1985 , 6 8 ) t h a t t h e s i te g r an t ed t oH en ry d eC h i ld re s i n1 300 w a s a tP e e lH a l l . A t P ee l H a l l af o u r -bayed c r uck -f ramed b u i ld ing h a s b e en e xam ined a nd d e scr ibed b yP r ic e ( 1985 , 4 3 ) a nd Wa lk e r&T inda l l ( 1985 , 1 95 ) . I th ad a n o pen h a l l w i th p a r lou r a nd c r o s s p a s sage g i v ing a cce s s t o t h e d ome s t ic q ua r te r s , a nd w a s s a id t od a t e f r om t h e 1 4 15 th c en tu r ie s ; i nt h i s , h oweve r , t h e w r i t e r s h ave a s sumed a n a s soc ia t ion o f P ee l H a l l w i th t h e C h i ld re s h ou se . Af l oo rw a s i n se r ted i nt h e 1 6 th o r 1 7 th c en tu r ie s a nd b r ick c l add ing w a sa dded i nt h el a te r 1 7 th c en tu ry .

T he h ou se i ss a id t o h ave b een b u i l t i n 1 72 1 a nd t wo d a te s tone s w e r e t h ough t t o h ave b een t a ken f r om a b a rn a nd a s t ab le w h ich h ad b een d emo l ished b y 1 9 11 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 05 ) . O ne s t one b ea r s t h e d a t e 1 578 a nd i n i t ia l s G IM ( ?M i le s I n c e ) ; t h e o t he r i si n sc r ibed W 1 785 r e f e r r ing t oW i l l iam A nde r ton a nd h i sw if e , F ranc e s .

2 65

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F

C a ta logue :K IRKDALE T enure 1 066 1 1 2 thC 2

J/ 1 0

E s ta te

L ord o ffe e / S upe r ior L ord

Me sne l o rd

' Ah i de

K ing E dwa rd

U c t r ed

k n igh t ' s

3c a ruca te s

Wa r in & me in

N o rman

k n igh t ' s

3c a ruca te s

l o rd o f P enwo r tham

Q uen i lda d au o f R og e r

S er v ice/ r en t

L andho ld e r s

f e e R og e rd eK i rkda le 1 2 12 3

3/ 1 0

f e e 1 200 1 24 14

2o xgang s

1 226 1 227 5 1 242 -

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B u s se lf e e

i / 3k n i •g h t ' s

1 243 6 1 273 -

E a r lo fL inco ln

f e e

1 292

1 3111 312 1 °

1 / 3f e e

3 ss akef ee W i l l iam s on o f W i l l iam d e Wa lton

3c a ruca te s

R ob e r t ,s on o f W i l l iam s on o f W i l l iam R ob e r td eS ankey

m ano r 1 / 3o f4 o xgang s

R obe r td eK i rkda le s on o fW i l l iam R og e r ,s on o f R obe r td eS ankey

/o 4 1 f 2o xgang s &1 4 d / eme sne o fm ano r

R obe r t ,s on o f Emma ,d au o f Q uen i lda

1 284 7

1 288 i

H en ry d e Wa l ton

Q uen i lda d au o f R og e r

i nK i rkdeda le

T homa se a r lo f L anca s te r

3p l ough land s

1p a i ro fw h i te g l ove s

8 dy ea r ly

h e i ro fW i l l iam d e Wa l ton R ob e r td e K i rk eda le

1 316 1

H en ry ,s on o f R obe r td eK i rkda le

1 320 1 2

R obe r td e K i rk eda le

A lan ,s on o fA dam d e Wa l ton R icha rd ,s on o fH en ry d eO r r e l

mano ro f K i rkeda le

1 322 1 2

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B u s se l l

1 323 1 324 1 4

3 sy ea r ly f o rw a rd o f L anca s te rc a s t le & 3 s s akef ee 3 sf a rm A dam d eb lond W i l lC i s so r A dam f i lH ayne H en rf i lS t eph i W i l lf i lR ob t i H ea rf i lR ob t i J ohe f i lR og i W i l lo d e Wh i teby

H en ry d eK i rkda le

1 332 B

&

1 346 1 6 .

1 /20

k n igh t 's f e e

3c a ruca te si n E s shbye o f K i rkda le

1 / 3k n igh t ' s f e e

1 355 1 Y

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3 sy ea r ly f o rw a rd o f L anca s te rc a s t le & 3 s s akef ee A dam d e lA c re s Ma t thew d eK i rkda le & w if e , C ec i ly S imon t h eC a r t e r &w if e ,A ve r ia Ma t thew d eK i rkda le & C ec i l ia

J ohn s on o f W i l l iam d el a Mo r e J ohn d eI r e land

1 36 11 3

R obe r td eI r e land

1 378 ° m ano ro f K i rkda le

1 408 2 1 )

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' hk n igh t 's f e e

1 431 2 1

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1 465 2

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1 5262

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k i ng a sb a ron o fP enwo r tham

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1 54 12 4

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W i l l iam Moo r e

1 548 2 3

2/ 1 0

k ing a so f P enwo r tham

S i rW i l l iam Mo lyneux L o rd D e rby

k n igh t 's

f e e 1 724 2 6 . S i t e s :

i j s i j sv d i j s x v i i jd x d x i jd x d i x d

3

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1 27

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1( Mo rgan

1 978 , 2 69c ) . T he v a lue w a s 1 0 s . U c t red h e ld L i t t le C ro sby ( q v ) a nd K i rkda le t oge the r a so n e h i de e xemp t f r om a l c u s toma ry d ue s e xcep t t a x . U c t r ed a l so h e ld Wa l la sey i nW i r ra l ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 64d ) . B y 1 086 K i rkda le w a s p robab ly h e ld b y Wa r in , w ho m ay h ave b e en Wa r in B u s s e l l , w ho se s ucce s so r sw e r e l o rd s o ft h e f e eo fP enwo r tham . T he s ame Wa r in m ay a l so h ave h e ld 1c a ruca te i nt h e h und r ed o f Wa r r ing ton a nd 2c a ruca t e s i nA sh ton -

2 66

C a ta logue :K IRKDALE

u nd e r -Lyne ( Sa lf o rd H und r ed s : h und red ) ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 35 ) . T he P enwo r tham f e e w a s i n co rpo ra t ed b y S t ephen , e a r ly i nh i s r e ign , a nd K i rkda l er e nde r ed s e rv ic eo f 3/ 1 0 o f ak n igh t ' s f e et ot h eq uo ta d ue f r om t h eb a rony ( Far r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 5 ) . ( Book o fF e e s 1 92 1 ,2 11 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 5 ) . W ar inu sB u s se !d ed i tN ormanno i jc aruca ta st e r r e i nK i rk eda l ep er s er v ic ium m i l i ta r e u nd ex c aruca t ef ac iun tf eodumj m i l i t i s . . I ti ss uppo sed t h a tN o rman i st h e s ame p e r son a st h e f a the r o fW i l l iam , s on o f No rman , t ow hom R oge r d e K i rkda le g ave h i s s ha r e o fF o rmby ( q v ) ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 5 0 4 ) . R oge r d e K i rkda le d i ed i n 1 20 1 l e av ing h i s d augh t e r , Q uen i lda , a sh i s h e i r . I nt h e s ame y ea r ,G od i th ,w idow o fR oge rd eK i rkda le , g ave h a lf am a rk t os ue f o rh e rd owe r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 5 0 5 ) ( Append ix V I I I ) .

2

( Book o fF e e s 1 92 1 , 2 11) . . .e tm odo t e ne t Q uen i lda f i l ia R og er i i lam t e r ram p er e und em ( s ic i d em ) s er v ic ium . Q uen i lda m a r r ied R icha rd ( po s s ib ly l e Wa ley s , d1 2 17 1222 ) , s on o fR oge r , w ho a s sumed t h e l o ca l n ame a nd d i ed b ef o r e 1 226 . S he a l so h e ld ac a r uca te o fl a nd i nF o rmby ( q v ) f r om w h ich s he g ran t ed t oC ocke r sand A bbey 2 sy ea r ly ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 64 ) . Q uen i lda ( ? d i n1 24 1) h ad t h r ee d augh te r s , E l len a nd Emma a nd t h ee l de s t , u nnamed , w ho m a r r ied J o rdan d e T ho rnh i l l ( Fa r re re d . 1 899 , 8 4 -85 n 1 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 5 0 7 ) . E l len , t h e e l de r , m a r r ied W i l l iam d e Wa l ton , a to ne t ime r e c to ro ft h ec hu r ch o f Wa l ton ( no te 5 ) . F rom Emma ,t h ed eK i rkda le f am i ly w a ss uppo sed ly d e sc ended ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 64 n 1) .

3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 64 ) . A s aw idow , b e tween 1 200 124 1 Q uen i lda , d augh t e ro fR og e rd e K i rkda le , g r an ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey t h es e r v ice o ft wo o xgang s o fl a nd i nK i rkda le , h e ld f r om h e r b y H en ry d e Wa l ton , a nd t h e s i t e o f af i she ry t ob e m ade o n t h e Me r sey ; t h e A bbey ' s i n t e r e s t d oe s n o t a ppea r i nt h e

4

D i s so lu t ion r e co rd s . 5

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 37 ) . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 1 49 ) . I n 1 205 t h e P enwo r tham f e e h ad b e en a l iena t ed t oR oge r d e L a cy , c on s tab le o fC he s te r ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 36 ) . I t c on t inu ed t ob er e cogn i sed u n t i lt h e 1 6 th c en tu r y . W i l l iam d e Wa l ton ,k nown a sW i l l iam d e K i rkda le ,w a st h e s on o fE l len , d augh t e ro fQ uen i lda .

6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 6 n 1) . D u r ing t h is t ime W i l l iam , s on o fW i l l iam , f o rme r ly p a r son o f Wa l ton , g ran ted t oh i s s on , R ob e r t , t h e mano rw h ich h ad b e longed t oE l len , W i l l iam ' s m o the r . W i l l iam s e em s t oh ave p a id 8 d y ea r ly t oR obe r t d e S ankey f o rl a nd s i nK i rkda le , p u r cha sed f r om H en ry , b ro the r a nd h e i ro fR obe r td eS ankey .

7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 6 ) . R oge r , s on o fR obe r t d e S ankey , s ued Ma s t e r W i l l iam d e K i rkda le , r e c to ro fS ef ton , a nd h i s s on R obe r t f o rt h i s e s ta te . Two y e a r sl a te rh ec l a imed 2o xgang sw h ich R obe r t ,s on o f Ma s te rW i l l iam ,t h en h e ld ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 6 n 1) .

8

9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 5 -36 0 7 ) .

o( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 9 -20 ) . T he l i s to fk n igh t s ' f e e s h e ld f r om t h e e a r l o fL anca s te rc on ta in st wo e n t r ie s f o rK i rkda le ; p robab ly t h eh e i ro fW i l l iam d e Wa l ton w a s R obe r td eK i rkda le . R obe r th e ld h i st h r ee p l ough land s i nd eme sne a nd s e rv ice . 1 1 2

1 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 9G ) . T he se g ran t sb yH en ry a r et ob ef ound i nt h e Mo lyneux p ape r s ( no te 1 8 ) . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 6 Q ) . I n 1 320 R ob e r t d e K i rkda le s o ld t h e m ano rt oR obe r t d e I r e land , s on o fA dam d e I r e land , o ne o ft h e l o rd s o fH a le ( q v ) . T he c har te r c onf i rmed t oI r e land t h e w ho le m ano ra pa r t f r om 4o xgang s w h ich R obe r t d e K i rkda le h ad r e ce ived b y g i f t o fR icha rd d e F azake r ley i n f r ee m a r r iag ew i th A l ic e , h i sw if e . T he K i rkda le f am i ly c on t inued a su nde r tenan t so ft h eI r e land s( Fa r r e re d . 1 903 , 4 2 n 2 ) . ( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 8 0 ) . E l sewhe r e , i n 1 322 A dam D ' I r land w a s s a id t oh o ld t h ree p l ough land s i nK i rkda le ( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 1 35 ) . A dam m ay h ave b e en h o ld ing a st r u s te e ; i n1 322 h e a nd h i s e l de s t s on , J ohn , w e re d ef endan t s i n ap l ea o fn ove ld i s se i s in i nw h ich R obe r t , t h e y ounge r s on , r e cove r ed l a nd s i n H a le ( q v )a nd K i rkda le ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,3 6n 6 ) .

1 4

( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 2 08 ) .

1 5

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he t e nan t s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . H en ry d e K i rkda le , s on o fR obe r t , s ucceeded t oh i s f am i ly ' s e s ta t e s i n 1 332 . H en ry d i ed i n 1 353 a nd w a ss ucc eeded b yt h ec h i ld ren o fh i st h r ee s i s te r s ,J u l iana ,J oan a nd E l len ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 6 ; n o te 1 5 ) .

1 6

1 7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 9 4 ) . O the r MSS t r an sc r ip t ion s n o ted b y F a r r e r( 94 n n4 , 5 )g i ve t wo c a ruca te s a nd n ame ' E schebe ' a nd ' A shbun a nd K i rkda le ' ; A shby h a s n o tb e en i d en t if ied . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 6n 8 ) . A dam , C ec i ly a nd A ve r ia w e r e , r e spec t ive ly , t h e c h i ld r en o fJ u l iana ,J oan a nd E l len , n i ec e so fH en ry d eK i rkda le . I n 1 357 Ma t thew , s on o fR icha rd d e K i rkeda le , a nd h i s w if e , C ec i l ia , a cknow ledged t ha tt h ey h e ld 3t o f t s a nd 2 4 a c r e s o fl a nd i nK i rkda le f r om J ohn , s on o f W i l l iam d el a Mo r eo fL ive rpoo l ,f o rw h ich J ohn g ave t h em 2 0m a rk s( Fa r re re d . 1 903 , 1 52 ) .

1 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 6 ) . J ohn d eI r e land h e ld K i rkda le i n1 36 1 .

1 9

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,3 6 ) . R obe r td eI r e land w a s l o rd o ft h ev i l l f r om 1 378 u n t i lh i s d ea th i n1 381 .

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 6 ) . R obe r t , s on o fR obe r t d e I r e land , r e lea sed h i s r i gh t t ov a r iou s t e nemen t s i nK i rkda le a nd L ive rpoo l t oW i l l iam d e l a Mo r e o fL ive rpoo l a nd b y a no the r g r an t g ave h im t h e m ano ro fK i rkda le a nd 8a c re s i nL ive rpoo l . T he Moo r e i n te r e s t a ppea red a tl e a s t a se a r ly a s 1 357 ( no t e 1 5 ) a nd T homa s Moo r e i ss a id t oh ave b u i l t B ank H a l l , K i rkda le , i n 1 388 1389 o n l a nd a cqu i red i n 1 280 ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1c , 1 0 ) . I n 1 4 10 , T homa s ia , w idow o fW i l l iam ,w a sg i ven d owe ri nt h eN ew H a l l ,w he r eW i l l iam h ad l i ved , t oge the rw i th t h eO ld H a l l ( p robab ly Moo r eH a l l i nL ive rpoo l ) a nd af i she ry ' u nde rt h e B ounk e ' ( B rownb i l l 1 913 , 2 6 ) . T he s t ep son s o ft h eo l de rR obe r td e I r e land a l so d i spo sed o ft h e i r l a nd s i nK i rkda le t ot h e Moo re s . A s ar e su l to f t h e se t r an sac t ion s , t h e Moo r ef am i ly b ecame t h eu nd i spu ted l o rd so ft h em ano r . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 7 ) . J ohn Moo r e , s on o fW i l l iam Moo r e , d i ed c h i ld le s s i n1 431 a tt h e a ge o f2 3 . I n 1 4 17 h i s u nc le , R obe r td e l e Moo r e h ad w i t ne s s ed ac ha r t e ri nw h ich B ank H ou se w a sn amed . R obe r to u t l ived h i sn ephew a nd i n1 434 w a s i np o s se s s ion o fl a nd a tB ank H ou s e . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 7 n 18 ) . T homa s Mo lyneux p u rcha sed m e s suage s a nd l a nd s i nB ank H ou se s f r om H en ry R ob in son . T h e Mo lyneux e s ta te s p robab ly i n c luded l a nd s g r an ted b yH en ry d eK i rkda le i n1 3 16 ( no te 1 0 ) . D u r ing t h e 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly b ough t l a nd i nK i rkda le f r om an umbe ro fi n d iv idua l s( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,3 9n 1) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 9G ) . T he L ance lyn i n te re s t i sb e l ieved t oh ave d e r ived f r om ag ran t , p robab ly i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry , b yS imon d e K i rkda le t o Ma t thew , s on o fR icha rd d e L i sne ta rk i o fh a lf a n o xgang a t ar e n t o f I s3 d a nd 1 l b o fc um in . T he h o ld ing m ay h ave p a s sed t ot h e L ance lyn f am i ly o f P ou l ton , W i r ra l ,b yt h em a r r iag eo fA l ice , d augh te ro fT homa s Ewe s ,t oR og e rL anc e lyn . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 7 n 20 ) . W i l l iam Moo re d i ed i n1 54 1 ; h i sh e i rw a sh i s s on , J ohn . H i s e s ta t e c on s i s ted o f 8m e s suag e s , 2 00 a c re s o fl a nd , 8 s 1 0d f r e er e n ta nd af r ee f i she ry .

2 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 9n 1) .

2 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 8 n 15 ) . L o rd D e rby b ough tt h e Moo r ee s ta t e s a tK i rkda le , i n c lud ing B ank H a l l , a nd e l sewhe r e .

2 67

C a ta logue :K IRKDALE

B ank H a l l w a s , u ndoub ted ly , t h e c ap i ta l m e s suage o ft h e Moo r e f am i ly w h ich h ad o r ig ina ted i nL ive rpoo l w he r e t h ey h ad s e t t led i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ; t h e i r i n te r e s t i nK i rkda le i sb e l ieved t od a te f r om c 1280 ( no te 2 0 ; B rownb i l l 1 9 13 ) . B ank H ou se s w e r e m en t ioned a s e a r ly a s 1 37 1 i n ag ran t b y R icha rd d e l B ank o f L ive rpoo l t o h i s e l de r b ro the r , a l so n amed R icha rd , w i th r ema inde r t o t h e g ran to r ' s s on , J ohn ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 7 0 7 ) . T homa s Moo r e i ss uppo sed t o h ave b u i l t B ank H a l l i n 1 388 1389 a nd , i n 1 4 10 , T homa s ia , w idow o fW i l l iam Moo r e , w a sg i ven d owe ri nt h eN ew H a l l ( no t e2 0 ) . I nc 1774 t h e b u i ld ing w a s d e sc r ibed a s a' v ene rab le p i le . .l a te ly d emo l i shed ' . ' I tw a s ac u r iou s m od e l o ft h e a nc ien t a r ch i t ec tu r e

F ig 9 1 .27a : K i rkda le

s uch a s p r eva i led 5 00 ( s ic ) y ea r s a go , a nd d oub t le s s i nt ho se d ay s i tw a s e s teemed av e ry g r and s t ruc tu r e ' . T he re w a s amoa t a tt h e f r on t w i th a cce s s b y ab r idg e ' b e twe en t wo o be l i sk s ' , t oa g a teway w i th at owe rd eco ra ted w i th ' s h ie ld s o fa rm s ' c a r ved i n s t one . T he g r ea t h a l l w a s o pen t o t h e r oof ` w i th v a r iou s p ro jec t ion s o ft h e c u rved p a r t s ' ( p e rhap s ah amme r -beam r oo f ) . F ig 9 1 .27b : B ank H a l l 1 840 T he w a l l b e tween t h e c ou r t a nd g a rden w a s d eco ra t ed w i th ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 44 ) a rmo r ia l s h ie ld s c a r ved o n s t one a nd p l a ced l i ke b a t t lemen t s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 8 0 6 ) . T he ` c ompa s se w indow c e r ta in o ft h e h a l l c a l led B ankha l l ' w a s n o ted i n 1 673 ( B rownb i l l 1 9 13 , 1 80 , d eed n o 1 2 17 ) . T he B r i t i sh L ib ra ry d raw ing o f 1 754 ( f ig 6 7 ) , t h a t b y WG H e rdman p u rpo r t ed t or e p r e sen t t h e b u i ld ing a tt h e s ame d a t e ( f ig 9 1 .27d ) ,

N o . SMR

3 A SM 3 493 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

B ank Ha l l K i rkda le Wa l ton o nt h eH i l l We s tD e rby P enwo r tham /W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 41 9 34 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay /b lown s and

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m l ow g round c l o se t or i ve r Me r sey

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c 10 -30m p ond 1 840 w e t 1 754 w e s t b r idg e 1 754

F ig 9 1 .27d : B ank H a l l c 1754 ( by WG H e rdman , 1 805 1882 , b a sed o n 1 8 th -cen tu ry i lu s t ra t ion s ) d e s t royed 1 8 thC 1 4C ; 1 6C ; g a t ehou se 1 772 i n du s t r ia l /u rban h ou s ing

a nd T homa s C hubba rd ' s i lu s t ra t ion o f 1 772 ( G r eg son 1 817 1824 , 1 65 ; f i g 9 1 .27c ) s how a b a t t lemen ted t h ree s to r eyed g a tehou se w h ich i ss omewha t s im i la rt ot h a to f1 590 a tL o s tock H a l l , B o l ton ( Ph i l ip s 1 893 ; f i g6 8 )t h ough a tL o s to ck t h e b a t t lemen t s a r e i n t h e f o rm o f as ca l loped p a rape t . S em i c i r cu la r a r che s o fs t one s e en o n t h e b ounda ry w a l l a r e a l so f o und o n t h e

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 44 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s= 31 4" / ;6 "O S s hee t 1 06 , 1 851 G r eg son 1 824 , 1 65 ; C hand le r&S ax ton 1 960 ; P RO BL K T op XV I I I 8 7 1 B rownb i l l 1 9 13 ;F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ; F i rn 1 980 ;G reg son 1 824

b r idg e a tS peke H a l l ( q v ) . B o th B ank H a l l a nd L o s tock H a l l h ave at u r r e t ed t ow e ra to ne s i de o ft h e g a t ehou se a nd a tB ank H a l l t h e i lu s t ra t ion s s how a g ab led d ome s t ic b u i ld ing t ot h er i gh to ft h eg a t ehou se . T he m oa t w a s n o ted i n a1 7 th -cen tu ry l e t te r . F i e ld n ame s Moa t F i e ld a nd F a r Moa tF i e ld , al i t t le t ot h en o r th o ft h el a rg e p ond , w e r eg i ven o n t h et i t he p l an . F o l low ing d emo l i t ion , b y t h e e a r l o f D e rby , m a te r ia l s f r om t h e o l d h ou se w e r e u sed i n af a rmhou se o n t h es ame s i t e( F ir n 1 980 , 1 4 15 ) .

T he i mpo r tance o f K i rkda le i n t h e 1 th c en tu ry , a s o ne o f U c t r ed ' s t wo m ano r s o n t h e o ppo s ing b ank s o ft h e Me r sey , r a i se s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e s i t e o r ig ina l ly p l ayed ar o le a s as t ra t eg ic s t rongho ld . I nt h e p o s t -Conque s t p e r iod t h ep l ace c ou ld h ave b een t h e a dm in i s t ra t ive f o cu s f o r mnag emen to f t h ee s ta t e s a t ta ched t ot h eP enwo r tham o rW idne s /Ha l ton f e e s . A l though t h e Moo r e MSS make f r equ en t r e f e rence t o C a s t le S t re e t ( B rownb i l l 1 9 13 ) t h is i su sua l ly t hough t t o b e t h e s t r ee t o f t h a t n ame i n L ive rpoo l . I n K i rkda le t h e n ame s C a s t le S t ree t a nd B ack C a s t le S t ree t a ppea r o n t h e 6 " O rdnance S u r vey m ap o f 1 851 ( s he e t 1 06 ) ( f ig 9 1 .270 a nd o n t h e t ihe p l an ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 44 , 1 840 ; f i g 4 9 ) . T he se m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th t h e Mo lyneux e s ta te p l an o f 1 769 ( La ne s RO DDM 1 4 /36 ; f i g9 1 .27g )w h ich s ugge s t st ha tt h es i te m ay h ave l a in o n Mo lyneux l a nd a t

F ig 9 1 .27c : B ank H a l l 1 772 ( r ep roduced f r om G reg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 65 )

2 68

C a ta logue :K IRKDALE S t re e t . T he p l an s hou ld b e c ompa r ed w i th t ha t f o r C a s t le H i l l , H ind ley ( f ig 9 1 .2 1d ) . S ince t h ee a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry , t h ea r ea h a s b e en s ub jec t t o i n ten s ive u rban d eve lopmen t a nd t h e p o t en t ia l f o r a r cha eo log ica l s ur v iva l i sp oo r .

F ig 9 1 .27e : B ank H a l la nd C a s t le S t ree t 1 851 ( 6 " OS S hee t 1 06 ) N o . SMR

1 27

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

C a s t le S t ree t K i rkda le Wa l ton o nt h eH i l l We s tD e rby P enwo r tha rn /W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S J3 510 9 300 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s P ebb le B ed o u t c rop

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 5m e l eva ted , o ve r look ing r i ve r Me r sey ; b e low E ve r ton B row a s soc ia t ed w i th s e t t lemen tf o cu s

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

P lan s :

F ig 9 1 .27f : C a s t le S t ree ta r ea 1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /36 ) D= D erby ; M = Mo lyneux mod ern r oad n ame s i n ser ted

? ad ja cen tt oS t Ma ry ' sc hu rch ; ? open s pa ce s ub jec tt or e c en t( 1990 s ) l a nd scap ing t oc r ea t e s po r t s f a c i l i t ie s L anc s RO DDM 1 4 /36 , 1 769 @ 5 0 s t a tu t e p e r che s =3 1 / 8" ; DRL 1 / 44 , 1 840 @ 1 0 c ha in s =31 /" 4 ;6 "O S s he e t 1 06 , 1 851

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion : t h a td a te t hough f i e ld n ame s l i s ted i nt h es chedu le a t ta ched t ot h e 1 769 p l an g i ve n o i n d ica t ion o f ac a s t le . As e a r ch o ft h e Mo lyneux p ape r s , f o r w h ich t h e re a r e t i le d e ed s a nd l e a se s f r om c 1280 1744 , a nd o f t h e D e rby c o l lec t ion ( c 12 19 18 17 ) w h ich i n c lude s r e n ta l s f r om t h e Moo r e e s ta t e s ( 1 509 1724 )m ay b ep roduc t ive ( Lanc s RO DDK ) . C a s t le S t ree t a nd B a ck C a s t le S t r ee t e nc lo sed a r ough ly c i rcu la r a r ea o f g r ound . N o r t h -we s t o f t h i s al a rge o va l i sd ef ined b y t h e mode rn r o ad s y s tem ( We s tm in s t e r R oad , B a r low L ane , S p e l low L ane a nd Wa l ton L ane ) a nd b i sec t ed b y Wa l ton R oad ( A59 ) . S ince s ome o ft h e 1 9 th -c en tu ry s t r e e t n ame ss t i l l s u rv ive ,C a s t le S t re e tc an b e l o ca t ed a nd t h eC a s t le s i t ew ou ld l i e a tt h e s ou th w e s t e rn e nd o f t h e o va l , b e tween A r che r S t ree t a nd Wh i t t le

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( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 69c ) . K now s ley w a so ne o f ag roup o fs i xm ano r sh e ld b yU c t r ed a st wo h ide s w i th w ood land t wo l e ague s ' l ong a nd w ide ' a nd t wo h awk s ' e y r ie s . K now s ley w a sg r an t ed t ot h ef e eo fW idne st ob eh e ld b yt h eb a ron so fH a l ton . H uy ton ( q v ) ,R oby a nd T a rbock ( q v )w e r ea t ta ched t ot h i sh o ld ing o f w h ich K now s ley a pp ea r st oh ave b een t h ep r inc ipa le s ta t e . T oge the r ,t h e se v i l l sw e r er a t ed a t1 2p l ough land sh e ld a so ne k n igh t ' sf e e . 2

3

4

5

6

7

( Webb e d . 1 970 , 2 0 -21) . R obe r t , s on o fH en ry ( d e L a thom , q v ) g r an ted t oB u r scough P r io ry l o cum S anc t i L eona rd i d e C nu s l eu c um p er t inenc i i s s u i s . W i l l iam , c hap la in o fS tL eona rd , w a s w i tne s s t ot h e g r an t . T h i s c hape l , w h ich a ppea r s t oh av e b e en k nown a s R yd ing C hape l i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , c an p e rhap sb el o ca t ed a tR id ing H i l li nt h es ou th o ft h et own sh ip ,c l o se t ot h eb ounda ry w i th P r e sco t . B yt h em id 17 th c en tu ry , i fn o te a r l ie r , i tw ou ld h ave l a in w i th in t h ep a rk .T he f u l ld e sc en to ft h eL a thom f am i ly ,a nd t h e i rs u cce s so r s ,t h ee a r l so fD e rby , i sg i ven i nt h eL a thom c a ta logue . ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 58 ) . I n 199 Amabe l s ued h e r s t ep son , R icha rd , f o r d ow e r i nh e r l a te h u sband ' s e s ta t e a nd w a s g r an ted t h e w ho le o f K now s ley a sw e l l a s A ng leza rke ( L ey land h und r ed ) . B e tween 199 1220 ( a nd p e rhap s b ef o r e 1 2 12 ) Amab i l la d e Cm i s l e ie g r an t ed t o S t We rbu rgh a t Wa rbu r ton ap o r t ion o fh e rl a nd i nK now s ley c a l led B u ry ,b e tween t wo c l ough s ,t h eb ound so fw h ich w e r ec i ted ( F a r r e re d . 1 900 ,6 06 -607 ) . ( F a r r e r e d . 1 903b , 4 0 -41) . T he e s ta te h a s b een a s se s sed a sf ou r c a ruca te s . R icha rd w a s s on o fR obe r t , l o rd o fL a thom ( q v ) ; a nd , p r e sumab ly , s t ep son o f Amabe l . S he , p e rhap s , h ad d i ed b yt h i s d a te . H en ry E Ih ad p l a ced C rox te th P a rk w i th in t h e f o r e s t a nd , i n1 228 , i tw a s s t a t ed t h a t i ts hou ld b e r e tu rned t o K now s ley ;t h i sw a sn o td one a nd C rox t e th r ema ined ar oya lp a rk u n t i lt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . T he k n igh t ' sf e ew a si nK now s ley ,H uy ton a nd T a rbock . ( Cow e l l 1 982 , 3 8 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 58 n 7 ) . Aw ood , e nc lo sed w i th p a l ing s , w a s ' c a l led ap a rk ' b u t , s i nce n or i gh to fw a r r en w a s c l a imed , i t w a sp robab ly i l ega l . ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 3 12 ) . I nt h es ub s idy l e v ied f o r ma r ry ing t h ek i ng ' s e l de s td augh te r , R obe r tp a id 4 0 s f r om h i s f e e i nK now s ley . I n1 304 R obe r td eL a thom wa sg r an ted ac ha r t e rf o r am a rke ta nd f a i ri nR oby ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 ,4 9 ) .

2 70

C a ta logue : KNO WSLEY

( F a r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 7 ) . K now s ley , R oby , H uy ton a nd T a rbock w e r er a ted a s 11 4 k / n igh t ' s f e e s a nd r e nde r ed 1O s 7 df o rs akef e e . F o rt h is t h e l o rd p e r f o rmed s u i t a tt h ec our to fW idne s .

8

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7-78 ) . A l ice w a st h ew if eo fT homa s , e a r lo fL anca s t e r , a nd d augh te ra nd h e i ro ft h ee a r l o fL inco ln .

1 °

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 58 n 7 ) . Af t e r S i rR obe r t ' s d ea th i n1 324 -25 h i s e s ta t e i n c luded am e s suage w o r th 2 s y ea r ly , t h e l a nd s c omp r i sed 16 a c r e s o fa r ab le , w or th 6 d p e r a c r e , 3a c r e s o fm eadow w e r e w o r th i s6 d e ach . T he w a te rm i l l a nd w indm i l l w e r e v a lued a t2 6 s 8 d . R en t s o ft h e f r e e t e nan t s a moun ted t o £0 .

1

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 28 -229 ) . T he h o ld ing i n c luded t h em ano r so fH uy ton , R oby a nd T a rbock ; s u i ta tt h ec our to fW idne sw a sp er f o rmed f o rK now s ley .

1 2

( Ry land s 1 896 ,3 ) . T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy .

1 3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 4 ) . T he f e eo fW idne sw a s i nt h eh and so ft h ek i ng , a st h e i nhe r i tance o fA l ice , l a te c oun te s so fL inco ln .

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 58 ) . S i rT homa s ( d 1 370 ) a cqu i r ed ag ran to ff r ee w a r r en w i th l i be r ty t oe mpa rk i na bou t 1 355 ; i n1 359 h e w a s a lowed t o e nc lo se a n a d jac en tp l ac e c a l led G r im shu r s t .

1 5( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 58 n 7 ) . K now s ley a nd R oby w e re h e ld i nd eme sne ; H uy ton a nd T a rbock w e re h e ld i ns e r v ic e . F i f teen s h i l l ing sw a s p robab ly d ue f r om t h e w ho le f e e . I n 1 372 S i rT homa s h ad b e en g r an t ed ab o rough c ha r te r f o rR oby ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 4 9 ) . I nc 1385 I s abe l , d augh te ro fS i r T homa s d e L a thom a nd J oan ,m a r r ied S i rJ ohn d e S tan ley . P r ev iou s ly s h eh ad b een ma r r ied t oS i rG eof f r ey d e Wo r s ley ( d1 380 )( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 59 , n 1 ) .

1 6

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 59 ) . T he k ing g r an ted f r ee w a r r en i n t h e mano r s o f L a thom a nd K now s ley a nd t h e i r l a nd s i nC h i ldwa l l , R oby a nd A ng leza rk e , t oS i rJ ohn S tan ley , s t ewa rd o fh i s h ou seho ld , a nd I s abe l . T he g ran t i n c luded p e rm i s s ion t o make as a l tu s a tK now s ley . I n 1 405 S i r J ohn h ad b een g r an t ed l o rd sh ip o ft h e I s le o f Man ; i n 1 405 1406 h e w a s g i ven al i cence t oc r ene l la t e h i s h ou se i nL ive rpoo l ( q v ) . S i r J ohn d i ed e a r ly i n 1 4 14 a nd I s ab e l d i ed af ew m on th s l a te r . J ohn S t an ley w a s t h e h e i ra nd w a s s ucceeded b y h i s s on , S i rT homa s S tan ley , i n1 437 . H ed i ed i n1 458 -9 , h i s s on a nd h e i r , T homa s , b e ing 2 6 y ea r s o fa ge . T h i s S i r T homa s S t an ley m a r r ied f i r s t , E leano rN ev i l l ( d 1 472 ) , a nd s e cond ly L ady Ma rga r e t B eauf o r t , mo the r o fH en ry , e a r l o fR ichmond , l a te r H en ry V I I . Af t e rt h e b a t t le o fB o swo r th , 1 485 , h e w a s c r ea ted f i r s t e a r l o fD e rby . A f te rt h e b a t t le o fS toke ( 1487 ) h e r e c e ived t h e f o rf e i ted e s ta te so fS i rT homa s B rough ton o fF u rne s s , S i rJ ame s H a r r ing ton , F ranc i s L o rd L ove l l , S i rT homa s P i lk ing ton a nd h i s w if e , a nd R obe r t H u l ton . Al i s to ft h el o rd sh ip s i sg i ven ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 60 , 5 )o fw h ich t h ef o l low ing v i l ls a r e i n We s tD e rby h und r ed : •U pho l land ( q v ) ,H a lewood ( q v )t ob eh e ld b ya nc ien ts e r v ice s •a l t h el a nd sb e long ing t oF ranc i sL o rd L ove l l i nU pho l land ( q v ) , O r r e l l , D a l ton , H a lewood ( qv ) ,C ue rd ley , Wa l ton ( q v ) , W igan ( q v ) ,A ugh ton ( q v ) , S ke lme r sda le a nd S u t ton ( q v ) .

1 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 60 n 12 ) . T he I nqu i s t t ione sP o s t Mor t em c i te t h e f o l low ing p rope r t ie s : •a nc ien tp o s se s s ion s : L a thom ( qv ) , C h i ldwa l l , K now s ley , R oby ' a nd o the r s ' t oge the rw i th a dvow son so fW inw ick a nd E cc le sh i l l •r e c e ived f r om H en ry V I I : m ano r so f We s tD e rby , U pho l land ( q v ) ' a nd many mo r e ' •r e c e ived f r om H en ry V I : T ox te th P a rk a nd Sm i thdown Mo s s S i rW i l l iam L ey land o f Mo ney s i nA s t ley ( qv )w a sg i ven s t ewa rd sh ip o fK now s ley ,R oby , K i rkby , B oo t le a nd F o rmby ( q v ) .

1 8

1 9

2 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 6 1 n 4 ) . I n 1 530 E dwa rd S t an ley c ame i n to h i s e s ta te , h av ing b een e l even o rt we lve y ea r s o l d a tt h e d ea th o fh i s f a the r , t h e s econd e a r l . W i l l iam B re t ta rgh , b a i l if fo fK now s ley , h ad f a rm o f t h e mano r a nd d eme sne l a nd s a nd 1 9 s 4 d r e n t w a s d ue t o t h e k i ng f o r l o rd sh ip o f K now s ley . R en t s c ame f r om n amed e nc lo su r e s c a l led M i l lhey s , B roadmeyne s , L ongb rande r th , S ho r tb rande r th , C op thom H ey , O ld Meadow , Wh inbu t t s , P ea sc rof to rB a r r ie r ' s C rof to r Whea tC rof t , R yec rof t s , R y e h ey a nd B i rche s . T he l e s see s o ft h e p a rk h ad t h e h e rbag e a nd u se o ft h ep a s tu re s , t oge the rw i th g raz ing r i gh t s i nt h e m eadow s a nd p rof i t f r om t h e r a bb i t s ; ' s uf f ic ien t ' w in t e r f e ed ing w a s r e ser ved f o rt h e d ee r a nd o t he rw i ld a n ima l s . T enan t s a tw i l l i n K now s ley a nd R oby i n c luded p o t t e r s w ho w e r ep e rm i t ted t od i gc l ay i nK now s ley p a rk a nd t o make p o t s t h e r e . T u rba ry f r om t h e mo s s p roduced 3 s4 d a nd 7 sw a sr e a l i sed f r om t h es a le o fb a rk f r om t r ee s c u ti nt h ep a rk t om ake p a l ing s . T he p a l ing h ad b een r e pa i r ed b e tween E cc le s ton G a te a nd L ongba r row G a te a nd , i na dd i t ion , b een n ew ly e x tended . F rom t wo a c r e so fm eadow i n an ew c opp ice i nt h ep a rk c ame h ay f o rt wo d ee rh ou se s . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 6 1 n 7 ) . T he f o rme rm ona s t ic l a nd s , w h ich h ad b e longed t oB u r scough P r io ry , w e r ee xchanged f o r D e rby H ou se i nL ondon . As u r vey o ft h ep rope r ty , b e long ing t oR ydyng C hape l l ( a st h eB u r scough P r io ry w a s t h en c a l led ) , w a s u nde r taken i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . i tc omp r i sed at o ta l o f` XX I a c r e s , ar od e l o nde & ah a lf e , X I I I f a l le a nd ah a lf ea nd ay a rde ' . T o t h e s ou th w e r e ' XX I a nd ah a lf e a c r e a nd XXV f a l le a nd ah a lf e a nd ac l o the y a rde ' a nd ,o n t h en o r th s i de o ft h e c hape l w e re ' V I I I a c r e s a nd I r ode l o nde s a nd V I I I f a l le ' ( Webb 1 970 , 2 24 -225 ) . W i th d imen s ion s g i ven i nc u s toma ry m ea su r e ah o ld ing o fa bou t4 0s t a tu te a c re sm igh tb ea s sumed . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 64 n 8 ) . T he w apen take r e n t s w e r e K now s ley 2 s 5 d , H uy ton 2 s 6 d , R oby 2 s 6 d a nd T a rbock 3 s4 d . T he D e rby e s ta te s w e r e c on f i sca ted a f t e r t h e s i eg e o f L a thom i n 1 644 ; a f t e r L a thom H ou se w a s d i sman t led b y o rde r o ft h e P a r l iamen ta r ian s , K now s ley b ecame t h e p r inc ipa l r e s idence o ft h ee a r l s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 63 , 1 66 ) .

F ig 9 1 .28a : Know s ley

2 71

C a ta logue : KNO WSLEY N o . SMR

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C owe l l 1 982 ; F a r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907

T he s i t e l i e sj u s t i n s ide t h e 1 7 th -cen tu ry b ound s o fK now s ley P a rk ( Cow e l l 1 982 , 3 9 , f i g 1 8 ) a nd s ou th o fK now s ley H a l l . Ab u i ld ing i ss hown o n t h e t i the p l an w i th in t h e 1 982 s ur vey a r ea . T he s i te i sc a l led O ld D a i ry o nt h e6 " O S map i n 1 850 . T he r e i s ad eep , d ry p ond a tt h e e a s t a nd o t he r n a r row d i tche s a r e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s i te . P o s s ib ly t h i s i st h e s i te o f a n e a r l ie r h ou se ; i ti sr a the r t o o f a r f r om t h e p re sen t K now s ley H a l l t ob e c on s ide r ed a s af e a tu r eo fp o s t -med ieva l g a rden ing a c t iv i t ie s ( Cowe l l 1 982 , 2 8 ) . I tm ay , h oweve r , r e p r e sen t t h e l o dg e o ft h e k eepe r o ft h e mano r a nd p a rk w ho , i n 1 521 , w a s S i rW i l l iam L ey land ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 60 ,n 12 ) .

F ig 9 1 .28b : O ld D a iry ( af t e rM i lne 1 982 )

P ub l ica t ion :

p o s s ib le

1 3C ; 1 4C ; 1 6C ; c hape l 1 7C , 1 8C ,2 0C A SM 2 86 , ? ea r ly 1 8C ( Lane s RO , ? DDK , n o a cce s s ion n umbe ro rs ca le ) G i l low 1 907 ; H a r r i s 1 985 ; R a ine s 1 867 ; K now s ley H a l l a r ch ive s( f ig 4 7 ) ; R ob in son 1 99 1 , 2 10 -2 13 C a r tw r igh te d 1 888 ; C ow e l l 1 982 ; F a r r e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; H i l laby 1 983 ; L ang ton 1 875 ;M i l lwa rd 1 955 ; S ea come 1 793 ; Webb e d 1 970 ; R ob in son 1 99 1 ,2 10 -2 13

a nd i t sc onve r s ion t op a s tu r e ( M i l lwa rd 1 955 , 5 8 -60 ; f i g 4 0 ) E v idence f o r e xpan s ion c an s t i l l b et r a ced ( Cowe l l 1 982 , 3 8 -39 , f i g 1 8 ) . I n t h e l a te 1 2 th c en tu ry t h e w ho le o f K now s ley w a s h e ld a sd owe rb yt h e w idow o fR obe r t d e L a thom a nd i n 1 223 R icha rd d e L a thom r e t rea ted t o t h e d we l l ing a t K now s ley , p l ead ing s i ckne s s a s a n e xcu se f o r f a i lu r e t oa n swe r as ummon s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 58 n 8 ) . I n 1 36 1 S i r T homa s d e L a thom r e ce ived a l i cence f o r h i s o ra to r ie s w i th in t h e D ioce se o f L ichf ie ld ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l 1 907 , 2 50 n 16 ) ; p o s s ib ly K now s ley w a s i n c luded a l ong w i th L a thom H ou se ( qv ) . I n 1 382 J oan , w if e o f S i r T homa s L a thom , w a s ' l i v ing i n h igh a du l t e ry i n t h e h i gh c hambe r a t K now s ley ' w i th R oge r d e F a zake r ley ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 58 ) .

F ig 9 1 .28c : K now s ley H a l l 1 590 ( f rom L o rd B u rgh ley 's m ap o f L anca sh i re , s e e G i l low 1 907 )

S ince K now s ley b e longed f i r s tt oU c t red a nd t h en t ot h e L a thom f am i ly a nd t h e i rs ucc e s so r s ,t h eS tan ley se a r l so fD e rby , a n i mpo r tan ts i te h e r em igh tb e e xpec t ed . A se a r ly a s 189 119 1 , t h e ' p lace ' o fS tL eona rd o fK now s ley w a s i n c luded i nR obe r t d e L a thom ' s g ran t t oB u r scough P r io ry ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 9 ) . T he l a nd o f S t L eona rd o f K now s ley i n t h e p a r i sh o f H uy ton w a s a s se s sed a tt h e t ime o ft h e D i s so lu t ion ( W ebb e d . 1 970 , 2 24 ) . A t t h i s d a t e t h e b u i ld ing w a s c a l led R ydyng C hape l l ; t h e n ame m ay b e p r e se r ved a t R id ing H i l ln ea rt h et own sh ip b ounda ry w i th P r e sco t . C rox t e th P a rk s e em s t oh ave b een t a ken o u t o fK now s ley b y H en ry I a nd w a s c on s ide red ar oya l p a rk u n t i l t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . L ibe r ty t o e mpa rk i n K now s ley w a s g ran ted i n 1 355 , b u t aw ood , c a l led a p a rk i sr e co rded i n 1 292 a nd b y 1 324 -5 t h ew ood h ad b ecome a' p a rk w i th h e rbage ' ( M i l lwa rd 1 955 , 5 8 -60 ) . T he P a ten t R o l l s o f 1 408 i n c luded d e s a l tu . i np a rco d e K nowe s l egh ( Lang ton 1 875 , 1 06 ) ; h un t ing i si mp l ied . E xpan s ion o f t h e p a rk i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry r e su l ted i ne nc lo su r eo ft h e f o rme ra r ab le d eme sne

2 72

L ike L a thom H ou se ( qv ) , t h e f i r s t e a r l o f D e rby p r epa r ed t h e h ou se a t K now s ley f o rt h er oya lv i s i t i n1 495 ( Seacome 1 793 , 1 04 ) . H ee n la rg ed i tb y b u i ld ing i ns t one a nd b y ' r epa i r ing a nd b eau t if y ing t h e o t he r p a r t ' . L e land c ommen ted o n ` Kno l le s ley , ap a rk , h av ing a p r e t ty h ou se o ft h e e a r l s o f D e rby ' ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 66 ) . B e tw een 1 560 1590 t h e e a r l s ' h ou seho ld a ccoun t s make f r equen t r e f e rence t oK now s ley ( Ra ine s e d . 1 853 ) a nd c l ea r ly a s ub s tan t ia l h ou seho ld w a s r e s iden t f r om t ime t ot ime . L o rd B u rgh ley ' s map o f 1 590 s how s ah ou se s t and ing o u t s ide t h e p a rk ( G i l low 1 907 ; f i g9 1 .28c ) . C iv i l Wa rr e co rd s i n c lude r e f e r ence t ot h ee a r l o fD e rby ' s h ou se a tK now s ley . A f te r t h e s eque s t ra t ion o ft h e S tan ley e s ta te s i n1 645 i t w a s f o und t ha t : ' t he H ou se o fK now s ley i si nd ecay , a nd w an t o fr e pa ra t ion , ap a r t o f t h e l e ad s t h e r e b e ing t a ken of f o r t h e p ub l ic u s e a tt h e f i r s t l e ague ( s ic ) a ga in s t L a tham , i ti so rde r ed , t ha t M r . P e t e r Amb ro se s ha l l v i ew t h e d ef ec t s , a nd w ha t q uan t i ty o fl e ad s ha l l b e t h ough t o

C a ta logue : KNO WSLEY b e w an t ing f o r t h e r epa i r t h e r eof , s ha l l b e s upp l ied w i th t h e l e ad t a ken of L a tham . .a nd i ti sf u r the r o rde r ed , t h a t t h e H ou se o f K now s ley a nd t h e o r cha rd a nd g a rden s t h e r e s ha l l b e i mp roved t o t h eb e s tb enef i to ft h ec ommon -wea l th ' ( S eacome 1 793 , 3 94 ) . S eacome a dded t ha t K now s ley w a s i nl i t t le b e t t e r s t a t e t h an L a thom H ou se ( qv ) ; ' r u inou s o u t o fr e pa i r , a nd g r ea t d eve s ta t ion s c omm i t ted i nt h e h ou se , g a rden s a nd p a rk ' ( 1793 , 3 84 ) . Wha teve rt h e d eva s ta t ion s o ft h e C iv i l Wa r , t h e r e i sh e r e l i t t le t o s how t h a t t h e h ou se h ad s uf e r ed t h e s ame f a t e a s L a thom . I nde ed , w e a r e t o ld t ha t l e ad w a s t a ken f r om L a thom t or e pa i r t h e r oof a tK now s ley ( s ee a bove ) . I n 1 662 t h e h ou se w a s t a x ed f o r 7 2 h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 66 n 9 ) . A p a in t ing o f K now s ley H ou se h ang s a tt h e H a l l a nd i sb e l ieved t o d a t e f r om t h e t ime o ft h e 8 t h E a r l o f D e rby ( 1 6511672 ) ( Ra ine s 1 867 ; f i g 4 6 ) . A l though t h e s ca le o f t h e b u i ld ing s i ss u spec t , i ts e em st h a tt h ey w e r e av a r ied g roup i n c lud ing at wo s t o reyed g ab led b u i ld ing a nd am o r e m a s s iv e t wo s to r ey ed b u i ld ing t o pped w i th s em i -c i r cu la r ' r ounde ls ' s im i la r t ot h o se s e en a tB ank H a l l , K i rkda le ( q v ) , L , o s tock H a l l , B o l ton a nd S peke H a l l ( q v ) . A bu t t ing a nd a tr i gh tang le s t o t h i s s t ruc tu r e w a s t h e c hape l a nd t o t h e r i gh t ( no r th ) o ft h a t af u r the r s e r ie s o fg ab led b u i ld ing s . T h ree p inna c le s c an b e s e en b eh ind a nd t ot h e l e f t o f t h e c hape l . E a s t o f t h e c hape l , o n t h e u pp e r l e ve l o f as e r ie s o f t e r race s w h ich f r on ted a l a ke , w a s af r e e s tand ing o ne o r t wo s to r eyed b u i ld ing . When C e l ia F i enne s v i s i ted L anca sh i r e i n 1 698 s he s a id t h a t t h e h ou se ' l ooked v e ry n ob ly w i th many t ow e r s a nd b a l l s o n t h em ; i ts t and s a mong s t t a l l t r ee s a nd l o oke s l i ke ap l ea san t g rove a l a bou t i t :i t s a n o l d h ou se r un s al a rg e c ompa s s o f g round ' ( H i l laby 1 983 , 2 13 ) . A p a in t ing e xecu ted b yP e te rT i l leman s b ef o r e 1 729 s how s ad i s tan t v i ew o ft h e h ou se v i ewed f r om R id ing H i l l ( Ha r r i s 1 985 , 2 37 ) . T ak en f r om a s im i la r v i ewpo in t a s t h e e a r l ie r p a in t ing ( f ig 4 6 ) , T i l leman s ' w o rk s how s a n i mpo s ing c oun t ry h ou se t hough , o nce a ga in , t h e r e i sn o s ugg e s t ion o f a f o r t if ied b u i ld ing . ln 1 707 -8 J ame s , t h e 1 0 th E a r l , r e t i r ed t oK now s ley i n t en t o n r ebu i ld ing i ti n a mo r e m odem d e s ign ( Seacom e 1 793 , 4 07 ) a nd a p rog ramme o f r e f u rb i shmen t w a s e f ec ted b e twe en 1 731-36 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 65 ) . A s ke t ch o f t h e h ou se m ay b e o f a bou t t h i s t ime ( f ig 4 7 ) . T hough f r om a d if e r en t v i ewpo in t , i t c onf o rm s r e a sonab ly w e l l b o th w i th t h e 1 7 th -c en tu ry p a in t ing a nd a p l an a l so s uppo sed t o b e o f 1 8 th c en tu ry d a te ( f ig 9 1 .28d ) . O n t h i s , i ts e em s , t h e e a s t a nd s ou th r a nge s w e re s epa ra t eb u i ld ing s .

F ig 9 1 .28d : K now s ley H a l l , e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry ( r ep roduced f r om AS M 2 86 ;n os c a le )

B y t h e t ime o fD r . R icha rd P ocock e 's v i s i t i n 1 751 , a t l e a s t s ome o f t h e b u i ld ing s h ad p robab ly b een r e bu i l t o r r e p la ced b y t h e 1 0 th E a r l 's w o rk s I n d eed , t h e d i a ry p rov id e s t h e o n ly k nown i n s tanc e o n w h ich t h e p l ace i sr e f e r r ed t o a s a c a s t le ( Ca r tw r igh t e d . 1 888 , 2 09 ) . I n J une 1 751 h ew ro t e :

' L o rd D e rby ' s p a rk o f K now s ley c ome s v e ry n ea r t h e t own ( o fL ive rpoo l ) , i ti sf i ne g round w i th t wo o rt h re e l ow h i l l s i ni t. .T he o l d h ou se w a s b u i l t i nt h ec a s t le w ay o n o ne s i de o ft h ep r e sen tc ou r t ;o nt h eo the rs i de i s ag rand b u i ld ing o fb r ick , n ea r i tf i ne s t ab le s , a nd o ppo s i t e t ot h e c a s t le a ts ome d i s tanc e , of ic e s o f b a rn s e t c , a l toge the r m ak ing a v e ry l a rge b ody o f b u i ld ing ' .

When h ev i s i t ed K now s ley i n1 773 , T homa s P ennan tw ro t e t h a tt h e h ou se w a s ' s ea t ed i n ap a rk , h igh , a nd much e xpo sed t o t h e f u ry o ft h e w e s t w ind s ; f o r d i s tan t a st h i s p la ce i sf r om t h e s e a t h e e f ec t i sv i s ib le i nt h e s ho rn f o rm o ft h et r ee s ' ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 68 ) . T hough i th a s b een s a id t ha t p a r t o ft h e e x i s t ing h a l l d a t e s f r om t h e 1 5 th c en tu r y , t h e c omp i le r s o f t h e V CH t hough t t h i s u n l ike ly ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 66 168 ) . A l l t h e s ame , v a r ia t ion s i nw a l l t h ickne s s

i n t h e s ou th a nd e a s t r a ng e s s ugge s t ed t ha t e a r ly e l emen t s may h ave b e en i n co rpo ra ted i n t h e l a te r s t ruc tu r e s ; i n deed , t h e e a s t w ing w a s s a id t o b e o f s eve ra l d if e ren t d a te s . T he 1 0 th E a r l 's w o rk s m ay h ave s u rv ived r e la t ive ly u na l te r ed f o r o ve r ac en tu ry a nd a tt h e e nd o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry t h e h ou se w a s L shaped w i th a n e a s t w ing 4 15 ' ( 1 26m ) l o ng , j o ined n ea r i t s s ou th e nd b y aw ing a bou t 2 90 ' , ( 88m ) l o ng . T h i s w a s s a id t o h ave b e en b u i l t b y t h e f i r s t e a r l o f D e rby a t t h e t ime o f H en ry WI ' s v i s i t . P a r t s o f t h e w a l l s may d a te f r om t h i s p e r iod b u t , w i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o f t h r ee p o in t ed a r che s w h ich f o rm a n a r cade i n F ig 9 1 .28e : K now s ley H a l l a nd O ld t h e k i t chen , n o f e a tu re s D a i ry 1 847 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 45 ) e a r l ie r t han t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry w e re n o t ed . T he e n t rance t o t h e s ou th w ing , o n i t s n o r th e l eva t ion , w a s f l anked b y s em i c i r cu la r s t a i r t u r r e t s ( f ig 4 7 ) a nd t h e k i tchen l a y a tt h e w e s t e nd o f t h is r a nge . T he e a s t r a ng e w a s o fs eve ra l p e r iod s ; w i th ac en t re p o r t ion o ft wo s t o r ie s f l anked b yt wo s to r ey u n i t s , s ub sequen t ly r a i sed . A n o r ie l o n t h e e a s t e l eva t ion o ve r looked t h ec hape l . T he p r e sen t b u i ld ing i st h e r e su l t o fs eve ra l p ha se s o fr e f u rb ishmen t a nd r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e o l de r b u i ld ing s . T he 1 0 th e a r l 's w o rk i n f luenc ed l a te r p ha se s o fa l t e ra t ion s i nt h e l a t e 1 9 th a nd 2 0 th c en tu r ie s ( Rob in son 1 99 1 , 2 20 ) . T hough r emode l led , t h et owe r s w e r er e ta ined w i th b a t t lemen t s i n s tead o fp innac le s . T he c hape l , h oweve r , w a s d i sman t led a nd r e p laced b y as u i te o fr oom s i nt h ee a s tr a ng e . T he t e r rac ed g a rden s o f t h e 1 7 th -c en tu ry ( f ig 4 6 ) a ppea r a ga in o n T i l leman 's p a in t ing a nd ah in to ft h em s e em s a l so t ob e s hown o n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry p lan ( f ig 9 1 .28d ) . T hough s eve ra l l a ke s s u r v ived u n t i l t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , s ub sequen tw o rk s , p e rhap s b yt h e 1 3 th e a r l ( d 1 851) i nc r ea t ing h i s m enage r ie ( Fan-e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 66 ) , l e d t o e x ten s ive r e l a nd scap ing o ft h eg round s .

T hough R icha rd P ococke 's d e scr ip t ion a ppea r s t oc onf o rm w i th t h et u r re ted a ppea ranc e o f t h e e n t rance a nd a s qua r i sh a nd b a t t lemen t ed b u i ld ing i mmed ia te ly a d jacen t , ac a se f o r c a s t le s t a tu s c anno t b e s u s ta ined w i th a ny c onf idence . U sed b yt h e f am i ly i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , K now s ley w a s o n ly o ne o fm any h ou se s w he r e t h e e a r l s w e re r e s iden t f r om t ime t o t ime . D e sp i te t h e c onf i sca t ion s f o l low ing t h e C iv i l Wa r L a thom , a s i t h ad t h roughou t t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod , w a s r e ta ined b y t h e f am i ly a s t h e i r p r inc ipa l p l ac e o f r e s idenc e a tl e a s t u n t i l t h e f i na l d ecade s o f t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . U ndoub ted ly a n i mpo r tan t p rope r ty o fo ne o f t h e mo s t i n f luen t ia l f am i l ie s i n t h e c oun t ry , K now s ley s hou ld mo r e c o r r ec t ly , p e rhap s , b e c on s ide red a s a n i mp r e s s ive p o s t -med ieva l s t ronghou se o r man s ion o f F ig 9 1 .28f : Know s ley P a rk ( af t e rC owe l l aw ea l thy a nd p owe r f u l 1 982 , 3 9 ) l a ndowne r . I t s r o le u n t i l t h e l a t e 1 5 th c en tu ry may o pen a r ea : p a rk i nm id 1 7 th c en tu ry ave b e en t ha t o f ad owe r c ro s s -ha tched : l a nd t a ken i ne a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry & h h ou se o r ah un t ing l o dge . p re sen tb ounda ry h or i zon ta ll i nes : 2 0 th -cen tu ry a l te ra t ion

2 73

C a ta logue : LATHO M T enure 1 066 1 T emp H 1 12

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189 119 14

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1 20 11202 3 1 2 12 6

3c a ruca te s 1c a ruca te [ ?C ro s sH a l l ] 1b ova te [ ?We s thead ] 3b ova t e s ( ?We s thead c a ruca te [ ?B ly the ] 1c a ruca te

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C romwe l l 's T r ench

1 23 B uma rde sca s t le

( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c ) . T he v a lue w a s l O s 8 d . T he b e r ew ick m ay b e r e p r e sen ted i nt h e h a lf v i i i m i s s ing f r om t h e a s se s smen t f o r Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) ( qv ) o r i nO rm sk i rk ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 48 ) . A n a l te rna t iv e s ugge s t ion i st h a t i tl a y i nA l ton , a n a r ea o fL a thom n o ted i ng r an t s o fl a nd t oB u r scough P r io ry ( Webb e d . 1 970 p a s s im ) . Wood land i nL a thom i n1 066 w a s 1l e ague l o ng a nd h a lf ( ? al e ague ) w ide , a n a r ea w h ich F a r r e rb e l ieved t oe x tend t o7 20 c u s toma ry a c r e s c a l led B u r scough ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 48 ) . U c t r ed w a s a lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e s ame p e r son w ho h e ld at o ta l o f 1 7 v i l l s i n We s t

1

D e rby a nd p e rhap s h e a l so h e ld Wa l la sey o n W ir ra l ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 64d ) . I nc on s ide r ing t h e n ame o ft h e p l ace O rm sk i rk , i tw a s p r e sumab ly ar e l ig iou s f ounda t ion ,b u tb yw hom a nd a tw ha t d a te i sn o tk nown . I n 1 086 am an c a l led O rm h e ld l a nd s i nt h e We s tR id ing ( now n o r th L anca sh i r e ) a nd D e rby sh i re , a nd i nC he sh i re O rm w a s c a l led af r ee m an ( Mo rgan 1 978 p a s s im ) . T he r e i s ,h ow eve r ,n oc l ea rf am i ly l i nk b e tween O rm a nd U c t r ed . 2( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 48 -249 ; F a r re re d . 1 903b , 1 6 ) . G o spa t r ic a l so h e ld l a nd i nH ind ley ( qv ) . F a r re r h a s s ugg e s ted t h a t D unn ing w a s t h e s on o r s ucc e s so ro fU c t r ed . I n1 066 aD unn ing h e ld l a nd s a s af r ee m a n i nC he sh i r e a nd W ir ra l a nd t h e s ame n ame i sf ound i nD e rby sh i r e . H en ry , l o rd o fL a thom a nd s on o fS iwa rd ,r e ce ived ap l ough land i nF l ix ton ( Sa lf o rd h und r ed ) ,w i th t h ec hu r ch ,t oh o ld o ft h eB a rony o f Manche s te r .

3( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 49 ) . I n 169 R obe r t ,s on o fH en ry , p a id 1 0m a rk st ot h ea i d .

( Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 9 -2 1) . R obe r t , s on o fH en ry , f ounded a n A ugu s t in ian h ou se a tB u r scough t ow h ich h e g ran ted l a nd f r om t h e h ead o fB ur scough p er d i v i sam t e r r e S t ephan i C a lv i u sque E gac ra s , i n ter m agnam v i am d e W irp l e smo s e t r i vu lum d e E gac ra s u sque a d d i v i sum , i n t er O rme sch irche e t

4

B rak ene s thwe i te ts i c u sque a dS car th e td e S ca r th u sque a d W e s thef tu sque i nr i vu lum d e S cak er esda l ehef te ts i cp er r i vu lum u sque a dv adum q u i v ad i t d e A l tona u sque a d U r l tonam e td e v ado i lo i n t ran sver sum u sque a d d i v i sum i n t er G auf r idum , T ra ver s e tS t ephanum C a lvum w i th a l t h e w ood o f G r ee tby w i th s u r round ing a s sa r t s o fR obe r tt h eC a rpen te rw i th B racken thwa i t e , t h e l a nd o fR icha rd , y ounge rs on o fR obe r t a nd h i s w if e , Amabe l , t h e l a nd o f Ma t thew , s on o fB a ldw in , a nd t h ew ho le v i i i o f Ma r t in ( q v ) i n c lud ing T a r l scough . R obe r t d e L a thom a l so g ave t h e c hu rche s o fH uy ton a nd F l ix ton a nd l o cum S anc t iL eonard id e C nu s l eu . I ti sl i ke ly t ha tt h e f i r s t p r io r s o fB u r scough w e r e d rawn f r om N or ton P r io ry i nC he sh i r e , a nd an umbe ro fB u r scough c ha r t e r s , i n c lud ing t h e f ounda t ion c ha r te r , w e r e t ob e w i tne s sed b y t h e p r io r s o fN o r ton ( G r eene 1 989 , 6 3 ) . I n 189 G eof f r ey T rave r s h e ld t h e e s ta te o f B ly the ; h i s s on , H en ry , w a s a l so ab enef a c to ro fB u r scough P r io r y . R obe r t d e L a thom a l so g ave ar i dd ing t ot h e n unne ry a tC he s te rf o rw h ich 4 s r e n t w a s p a id i n1 534 -5 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 49 n 3 ) . T he n ame s S ca r th H i l l , We s thead ,G ree tby ,T a r l scough , H a l ton a nd H u r le s ton s t i l ls u r v ive . Webb h a s a t temp t ed t or e con s t ruc tt h eb ound s c i ted i nR obe r td eL a thom 's g ran tt oe d . 1 970 , 7 -8 ) . S ince many s ub sequen t c ha r t e r s r e f e rt oB u r scough , b u t i n c lude c ommon r i gh t s i nt h e v i l l o fL a thom , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t B u r scough w a s a n a r ea o fw ood land w h ich may h ave s t radd led t h e b ound s o fL a thom a nd t h e v i i i o f Ma r t in . T he r e i s as t rong l i ke l ihood t h a t a tl e a s tt h e s ou th -w e s tp a r t o fL a thom , i nt h e v i c in i ty o fC ro s s H a l l a nd u p t oS ca r th H i l l , w a s i n c luded i nt h e o r ig ina l g r an t ( f ig 9 1 .29a ) . E ven tua l ly , t h e n ame B u r scough w a s a pp l ied t ot h e v i i i w h ich i n c luded Ma r t in ( qv ) . R obe r t d e L a thom d i ed i nc 1199 w hen h i sw idow , Amab e l , s ued h e rs t ep son , R icha rd d eL a thom ,f o rd owe r ; s he w a sg ran ted K now s ley ( qv )a nd A ng leza rke i nL ey land h und r ed . 5

6

( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 49 ) . R icha rd , s on o fR obe r t , r e nde r ed h a lf am a rk f o rr e l ief o fh i s l a nd i nL a thom ; i n VCH h e i ss a id t oh ave r e nde r ed 5m a rk s a nd ap a lf rey ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 49 ) . ( Book o fF ee s 1 92 1 , 2 08 ) . R ica rdu sf i l iu s R ober t i t e ne td e a n t iqu i ta t e i j . c aruca ta s t e r r e d e d om ino r eg ep er x x s . i nt h enag io d e q u ibu s S iwa rdus f i l iu s D unn ing d ed i tG o spa t r ic ' j .c aruca tam p ro i j s .s . E tR ica rdu se tJ ohanne s t e nen tj . b ova tam d eR og ero f l / to G o spa t r 'p er x i jd . E t W i l l e lmu sd eS tamf ord t e ne t i j . b ova ta sp ro i j .s . E t R ica rdu s d e E l s in ton ' t e ne t d im id iam . c aruca tam d e R icardo f i l io R ober t ip ro i j .s . E tp r ed ic tu s R ober tu sp a ter i p s iu s R ica rd if ec i t q uandam d omum r e l ig ion i s s c i l ic e t B ur es scoch e td ed i tj .c a ruca tam . p r ed ic t e d omu i i ne l emo s inam . F a r re r h a s s ugge s t ed t ha t t h e t h ree c a ruca t e s r e p re sen t ed L a thom , O rm sk i rk a nd B u r scough ( ? ha lf Ma r t in o fD ome sday ) w h ich w i th 8 s f r om H u r l s ton a nd S ca r isb r ick ( q v ) a ccoun t ed f o r2 0 s a s se s sed i n1 2 12 e d . 1 903b , 1 6 17 ) . H ow eve r , a sl a t e a s 1 52 1 E dwa rd , 3 rd e a r l o fD e rby , w a s h o ld ing L a thom f o r2 0 s a nd S ca r i sb r ick a nd H u r l s ton f o ra n a dd i t iona l 8 s( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 51 n 15 ) . I ts e em s t h a tt h e l o rd s o fL a thom r e ta ined h a lf ac a ruca te i nd eme sne , t h e r ema in ing 21 / 2c a ruca te s h av ing b een g r an ted o u t . F an-e rc l a imed t ha tt h ee s ta te o fR icha rd d eE l s in ton w a sr e p re sen ted i nB ly the H a l l ( Fan e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 54 ) b u t , s i nce H en ry , s on o fH en ry ( s on o fG eof f r ey T rave r s ) , d e t e r ra m odo B ly th a ppea r s i n 1 232 -c 1250 ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 6 8 -69 ) t h is s e em s u n l ik e ly . R oge r , s on o f G o spa t r ic , m ay h ave h e ld C ro s s H a l l i nd eme sne ; t h e o t he r f o u r b ova te s w e r e , p e rhap s a t We s thead ( Fan-e re d . 1 903b , 1 6 ) a nd F an-e rc on s ide red t ha t W i l l iam d eS ta inf o rd h e ld h i st h r ee b ova te sf r om t h es ame R og e r . F o rt h er i dd ing g ran ted t oS t . Ma ry i nC he s te r ar e n to f4 sw a sp a id i n1 534 -5 . R icha rd d e L a thom , s on o fR obe r t , d i ed i nc 1220 a nd w a s s ucceeded b y h i s e l de r s on , R icha rd ( d 1 232 ) . I n 1 221 R icha rd , s on o fR icha rd d e L a thom , g ran ted p a r to fW y thac r es t oC ocke r sand A bbey i nl o ng i tud ine d et e r ra S uan ii na qu i lone u sque l e Mo s i lak ee ts i cs equendo i l /am l a l cam u sque A l tunega te e td eA l tunega t e u sque f oveam p rop inqu io r em i no cc id en t ee ts i cs equendo i lam f ov eam u sque p raed ic tam t e r ram S uan is i cu tc ruce sp raed ic tum f ra t rum d emon s t ran t .c um p es sona p ropr i sp o rc i sh om inum e x i s t enc ium i ne ad em t e r ra , e xc ep to p arco m eo e tB urch i s scoh ( Fan-e re d . 1 900 , 5 95 ) .

7

8

( Fan-e re d . 1 903b , 1 36 ) . A f t e rR icha rd d eL a thom 's d ea th i nc 1220 h i sw idow , A l ice , ma r r ied S imon d eG rubhead . H e rl a nd s i nL a thom w e re v a lued a t2 0 s . G rubhead r e ce ived C h i ldwa l l , R oby ( We s tD e rby h und r ed ) a nd A ng leza rk e ( L ey land h und r ed ) a sh e rd owe r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 49 ; s e e n o te 4 f o rA ng leza rk e ) .

9

( Webb e d . 1 970 , 3 0 -31) . 2 s r e n t w a s d ue f r om R oge r a nd R eg ina ld , h a lf t h e a moun t f o rme r ly p a id G o spa t r ic 's c a ruca te o fl a nd ( no te s 2 ,6 ) . R icha rd d e L a thom a l so h e ld t h em i l l so fL a thom a nd K now s ley ( qv )f r om t h eP r io ry f o r2 sr e n t .

I °

( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 49 ) . R obe r t d e L a thom s ucce eded h i s b ro the r , R icha rd , i n 1 232 . B e tween 1 224 1286 al a rg e n umbe r o fc ha r te r s b e tween t h e l o rd s o f L a thom a nd B u r scough P r io ry a r e r e co rded ( Append ix V ) . O f p a r t icu la r n o t e a r e A dam o f B i rke s ( a l ive c 1232 ) , s on o f S wa in o f B u r scough /Hu r l s ton , a nd h i s b ro the r , H en ry ( a l ive c 1224 1256 ) , s on o fS wa in ( s e e B uma rde sca s t le , 1 20 ) . A dam h ad l a nd a tB u r scough ; t oB u r scough P r io ry H en ry g ave l a nd a tB u rne ld esga t e a nd o the rl a nd n ea rB urne ld e sca s t l e b ough t f r om R obe r t d e L a thom . T he l a nd o fS wa in ( p e rhap s f a the r o fA dam a nd H en ry ) a d ja cen t t oA l ton , w a s n o ted i n ag ran t t oC ocke r sand A bbey ( no te 7a bove ) . Ag ran t f o r am a rke t a nd f a i r a tO rm sk i rk w a s o b ta ined b y t h e p r io ro fB u r scough i n1 286 a nd ab o rough c ha r te rw a sg ran ted i nt h es ame y ea r( Webb e d . 1 970 ,4 8 -53 ) .

I

S i r R obe r t d e L a thom d i ed c 1290 a nd w a s s ucce eded b y h i s s on , N icho la s ( d 1 290 ) a nd t h en b y h i s s e cond s on , R obe r t . T he l e Wa ley s h o ld ing i ss a id t o h ave b een h e ld f o rme r ly b yG o spa t r ic ( Fan e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 06 ) .

1 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 56 n 3 ) .

1 3

( Fan-e re d . 1 903b , 2 87 ) . I n 1 304 R obe r t d e L a thom o b ta ined ac ha r t e r f o r am a rke t a nd f a i r i nh i s mano r s o fL a thom a nd R oby ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 50 ) . T he L a thom m a rke ta nd f a i rw a s , p e rhap s , a tN ewbu rgh .

1 4

( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 55 A ) . I n 1 321 R obe r t o ft h e C ro s s c l a imed 1p l ough land f r om R obe r t d e L a thom s ay ing t h a t h i s g r ea t -g randf a the r h ad b e en s e i sed o ft h i s i nt h et ime o fH en ry I ( 1216 1272 ) . T he c l a im s e em st or ef lec tt h eg ran to fo ne c a ruca t e m ade t oG o spa t r ic i nt h em id 12 th c en tu ry a nd h e ldpa r t ly i nd eme sne a nd p a r t ly i nt wo s ub tenanc ie s i n1 2 12 .

1 5

( Fa r r e rc d . 1 907 , 7 8 -79 ) .

1 6

( Fan-e re d . 1 907 ,2 07 ) .

1 7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 50 n 9 ) . S i rR obe r td e L a thom ( de a r ly 1 325 )h e ld am e s suag ew o r th ' a s i nt h e f r u i t so ft h e g a rden ' 6 s8 d y ea r ly a nd ap a rk . H eh ad 2 00 a c r e so fa r ab le l a nd ,4 0 a c r e so fc l ea r ed l a nd ,4 0 a c r e so fm eadow , a nd s e ve ra l f i e ld so fp a s tu r e , aw a te rm i l l a nd ar u ined w indm i l l .

2 75

C a ta logue :L ATHO M

1 8

1 9

( Ry land s 1 896 , 2 5 ) . R obe r t a nd J ohn d e C ruce may h ave h e ld C ro s s P l ace i n We s t head ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 55 -256 , 2 56 n 1) a nd C ro s s H a l l ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 55 n 7 ) . R obe r t d e T a ldef o rd a nd S imon d e Wo lmoo r may h ave b een a s soc ia t ed w i th e s ta t e s o ft ho se n ame s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 54 ) . Membe r so ft h e i rf am i l ie s a ppea ri nt h eP r io ry c ha r te r s( Webb e d . 1 970 p a s s im ) . ( Fa r re re d , 1 9 15 , 9 4 ) . S i rT homa s h e ld L a thom , a s 3c a ruca te so fl a nd , t o ge the rw i th t h e a dvow son o fB u r scough P r io ry a nd O rm sk i rk c hu rch . T he p r io ro f B u r scough w a s s a id t oh o ld t h e mo ie ty . Al i s t o fs ub sc r ibe r s i nL a thom a nd We s thead t ot h e s t ipend o ft h e p r ie s t a tt h e A l ta ro fO u r L ady a tO rm sk i rk i n 1 366 , g i ve s t h e n ame s o fn ea r ly 1 00 i n d iv idua l s ( Ry land s 1 896 , 18 120 ) w h ich m ay b e c ompa red w i th t ha t o ft h e 1 332 l i s t ( s ee a bove ) . S i r T homa s L a thom d i ed i n 1 370 a nd w a s s ucceeded b y h i s s on , a l so S i r T homa s , w ho d i ed a tK now s ley ( q v ) i n 1 382 . L a thom , a nd t h e o t he r l a nd s h e ld b y t h e d e L a thom f am i ly , p a s sed t ot h e S tan ley so fS to re ton o n W i r ra l t h rough t h em a r r iage i nc 1385 o fI s abe l , d augh t e ro fS i rT homa sd eL a thom a nd h i sw if e ,J oan .

2 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 51 n 10 ) . I n1 385 ar e n to f 8m a rk sw a s a s s igned f r om t h e f r eeho lde r so fN ewbu rgh a sp a r to ft h ed owe ro fI s abe l , w idow o f T homa sd eL a thom . I n 1 485 , a f t e r B o swo r th , T homa s S t an ley w a s r a i sed t ot h e p ee rag e a s f i r s t e a r l o fD e rby . I n 1 487 , H en ry V I I s on o fS t an ley 's s econd w if e Ma rga re t B eauf o r t , g ave t h en ew e a r l a n a nnu i ty o f£ 40 f r om We s tD e rby m ano r ,t o ge the rw i th mano r s a nd l o rd sh ip s i n c lud ing U pho l land ( q v )a nd H a lewood ( q v )t o b e h e ld b ya nc ien ts e rv ice , l a nd s f o rme r ly h e ld b yF ranc i sL o rd L ove l l i n c lud ing U pho l land ( qv ) , O r r e l l , D a l ton , H a lewood ( q v ) , W igan ( qv ) , A ugh ton ( q v ) ,

2 1

S ke lme r sda le a nd S u t ton ( q v ) , l a nd s f o rme r ly h e ld b y S i r T homa s P i lk ing ton , R obe r t H u t ton , S i r T homa s B rough ton a nd J ame s H a r r ing ton ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 60 n 5 ) . I n 1 490 S t an ley h ad l i cence t oc r ene l la te h i s h ou se a tG reenha lgh , n ea rG a r s tang a nd e nc lo se ap a rk ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 912 , 3 19 ) . ( Fa ir e r&B rownb i l l e d s 2 5 1) . H en ry V I I I t ook L a thom a f t e rt h e d ea th o fT homa s , s e cond e a r l o fD e rby , w ho se h e i r , E dwa rd S t an ley , w a s e l even y ea r s o f a ge . As ur vey o ft h e mano rp rov ide s much i n f o rma t ion a bou tL a thom ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 51 n 15 ) . R en t s a moun t ing t o£ 6 1 8 s 81 2 dh / ad b een d ue f r om f r e et e nan t s i n1 464 ; i n 1 52 1-2 r e n t s o ft e nan t s a tw i l l w e r e £ 56 1 8 s 7 d . Mo s t o f Wo l ton ( ?A l ton ) S haw h ad b een i n c luded i nt h eN ew o rL ady 's P a rk . T he f u l l ing m i l l w a s i nd i s r epa i r ; r e pa i r s h ad b e en made t ot h e h ead o ft h e n ew d am i nt h e G rea t P a rk a nd e xpen se s w e r e i n cu r red f o r r e pa i r ing t h e r a i l s o ft h e p a rk a nd f o rm ow ing a nd c a r ry ing h ay t ot h e d ee rhou se s . T he r e w e r e d eme sne l a nd s o u t s ide t h e p a rk . Ad oveco t e , w h ich u sed t oy i e ld 1 3 s 4 d ( ? in 1 464 )h ad f a l len d own m any y ea r s b ef o re a nd i t ss t one sh ad b een u sed t ob u i ld t h ee x te rna l w a l l s o ft h e mano rh ou se ( s e e L a thom H ou se ) . T he f i she ry

2 2

i nt h e r i ve r D oug la s s how ed n o p rof i t ' f o r d ef au l t o fc ondu i t ' . N ew a lm shou se s h ad b een e r ec ted o n 31 2 a / c r e s o f l a nd a nd t h e r e w a s an ew ly e r ec ted h o sp i t ium . T he a lm shou se sw e re ,p e rhap s ,o no rc l o se t ot h es i te o ft ho se w h ich s t i l ls t and n ex tt oL a thom C hape l ,w he r eT homa s ,s econd e a r lo fD e rby ,h ad b een g ran ted ac han t ry i nt h en ew c hape l i n1 500 . I ti ss a id t ha tt h e h o sp i ta l w a s a t ta ched t ot h e c hape l ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 57 ) . I n 1 52 11523 t h e r e n to ft h e b u rgage s i nN ewbu rgh w a s £ 6 O s 2 d ; t h e b u rgag e r e n to fI s( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 2 56 n 11) i ss im i la rt ot ho se p a id i nN ew ton le W i l low s ,L ive rpoo l ,O rm sk i rk ,H a le a nd Wa r r ing ton ( Ph i lpo t t 1 989 p a s s im ) . 2 3

( PRO S upp lemen ta ry L i s t s3 ,v o l2 , DL 2 198 ) .

2 4

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 2 51) . T he 3 rd e a r l d i ed i n1 572 .

2 5

( Ra ine s 1 853 p a s s im ) .

2 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 54 n 16 ) . I nt h ee a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry E van B lack ledg eh e ld B ly the e s ta te i ns ocag ea nd f e a l ty f r om t h eE a r l o fD e rby f o r ar e n t o fl O s 6 d . I n1 628 J ohn B lack ledge o fB ly the c on t r ibu ted t ot h es ub s idy .

2 7

A s aP ap i s t , i n1 7 17 F ranc i s F a r r e r o f Mo s sbo rough r eg i s te r ed am e s sag e a nd t e nemen t i nL a thom , p ay ing 6 s 4 d t ot h e l o rd o ft h e f e e a nd 3 s 21 2 dt / ot h e K ing ( F ranc e 1 945 , 8 7 ) ; T homa s L ey land w a s t e nan to ft h e m e s suage . I n 1 7 19 F a r r e r 's w if e , B e t ty , g ave b i r th t ot h e i rs econd c h i ld a tt h e H a l l o fB o scow , w he r e s he l i ved ( Ty r e r 1 970 ,2 62 ) .

2 8

2 9

( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 52 ) . H en ry F ume s se b ough t t h e L a thom e s ta te s f r om H en r ie t ta Ma r ia , C oun te s s o fA shbumham , d augh te r a nd h e i r o f W i l l iam ,9 th E a r lo fD e rby . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 2 52 -253 ) . T homa sB oo t le o f Me l l ing ( q v )b ough tL a thom f r om H en ry F ume s se .

No . SMR

1 9 P RN 2 787

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

C ro s s Ha l l L a thom O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby T hanag e( Bu r scough P r io ry )

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 284 0 818 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 1m n o r th f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? s ing le

E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

C ro s s H a l l s e em s t o b e r e p r e sen ted i n a n e s ta te o f o ne c a ruca te g ran ted i nt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry t o G o spa t r ic . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e e s ta t e w a s i n c luded i n t h e l a nd s g ran ted t o B u r scough P r io ry 189 119 1 , b u t w a s r eg ran t ed t o t h e l o rd s o f L a thom f o r 2 s r e n t (Webb e d . 1 970 , 3 0 -32 ) . I n 1 229 t h e r e n t w a s p a id b y R oge r a nd R eg ina ld o f t h e C ro s s a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r s w e r e p robab ly R obe r t a nd J ohn d e C ruce i n 1 332 . A n i l ega l h o r sem i l l , h ad b een e r ec t ed b y R icha rd l e Wa ley s a tC ro s s H a l l i nt h e l a t e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 3 1-32 ) . C ro s s H a l l w a s i n c luded i n t h e

p robab le

c 15 -20m p ond i n1 846 w e tp ond s i n1 846 ? s t r eam

F ig 9 1 .29a : C ro ss H a l l 1 846

B u r scough P r io ry e s ta te s i n ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 46 ) 1 535 1537 ( PRO S upp L i s t s 3v o l 2 , DL 2 198 ) . B y 1 587 C ro s s H a l lw a so ccup ied b yH en ry S tan ley a nd t h e f am i ly w e r e r e gu la r v i s i to r s t oL a thom H a l l ( Ra ine s 1 853 , p a s s im ) . I nt h e l a te 1 6 th c en tu ry L o rd a nd L ady S t rang e d i ned a tC ro s s H a l l o n a t l e a s to ne o cca s ion ( Ra ine s 1 853 , 7 0 ) . I n1 666 t h e r ew e re 8h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 39 n 10 ) .

? t ra ce s 1 4C ; 1 6C ; 1 7C f a rm

A e r ia l p ho tog raphy h a s r e vea led ap o s s ib le e nc lo su r e al i t t le t ot h e e a s t o f t h e h a l l b u t i t s d a t e a nd f unc t ion h ave n o t b een e s tab l i shed ( CLAU P RN 1 787 ) . F rom t h e g r id r e f e r ence g i ven , t h e e nc lo su r e l i e s i n t h e f i e ld i mmed ia te ly e a s t o ft h e a cce s s r oad t o C ro s s H a l l ; p o s s ib ly , t hough , i ti s r e p r e sen ted i n t h e s ma l l , s qua r e -co rne red e x ten s ion o f a n a d ja cen t f i e ld n o r th ea s to ft h eh a l l .

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 46 , 1 846 @ 1 0c ha in s = 11 4" / C LAU a e r ia l p ho to s F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ; R a ine s 1 853 ; Webb e d . 1 970

2 76

C a ta logue : LATHO M T he s i te i sn o r th o f as t ream c on s ide red b y Webb t ob e t h e B rook o f S cak er sda l ehead i n 189 1190 , a nd w h ich m a rk ed o ne o ft h e b ound s o ft h eo r ig ina l B u r scough g ran t( Webb e d . 1 970 , 8 ) . I n1 949 ah oa rd o f 1 20 r oman c o in s w a s d i scove r ed i nt h e s t r eam a tO t t e r shead F a rm , a l i t t le t o t h e s ou th o f H a l ton C a s t le ( Hawke s 1 949 ) . A c l o sed g roup d a t ing f r om t h e R epub l ic t o H ad r ian , t h ey a ppea r t o r e p r e sen t d e l ibe ra te c oncea lmen ti nc AD 1 38 . H a l ton C a s t le l i e s w i th in t h e N ew ( o r L ady 's ) P a rk ( f ig s 4 0 ; 9 1 .29e ) w h ich h ad b een c r ea t ed b y 1 52 11522 ( a nd p o s s ib ly a se a r ly a s 1 472 w hen T homa s S tan ley m a r r ied Ma rga r e t B eauf o r t ) a nd h ad t a ken i n l a nd s c a l led Wo l ton S haw . O n L o rd B u rgh ley 's m ap o f 1 590 ( G i l low 1 907 )t h eN ew P a rk i ss hown a sa n e mpa led a r ea al i t t le t ot h e w e s to f t h e G r ea t P a rk . T he D e rby H ou seho ld B ook s f o r 1 586 1590 s how t ha t t h e h ou seho ld m oved b e twe en L a thom H ou se , N ew P a rk , K now s ley a nd L ondon ( Ra ine s 1 853 p a s s im ) . A t t h e s t a r t o ft h e C iv i l Wa r , t h e C oun te s s o fD e rby m e t r e p re sen ta t ive s o ft h e P a r l iamen ta r ian f o rc e a t N ew P a rk ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 54 n 24 ) . I ta ppea r st h a tN ew P a rk w a s t h e h eadqua r te r s o ft h e P a r l iamen ta r ian t r oop s a tt h e t ime o f t h ef i r s t , u n succe s sf u ls i ege o fL a thom H ou se i n1 644 . H a l ton C a s t le s u r v ive s a s as ma l l , s qua r e e a r thwo rk o n O rm sk i rk G o lf C ou r se . I n 1 957 t h e O rdnance S u r vey i n spec to r f ound a l i n te l o f a d oo rway w i th t h ree -cen t r ed a r ch i n a dd i t ion t o d r e s sed s t onewo rk , r ema in so f as t one w a l l a nd b r ick f ounda t ion s . H e f o und n ot r ac eo fa n o r ig ina l e n t rance t ot h e p l a tf o rm t hough h e b e l ieved t h a tt h ed oo rh ead m igh t i n d ica te a n a pp roa ch f r om t h e s ou th -ea s t . A s ma l l e a r thwo rk c 350m t ot h eS SW m ay b e aC iv i l Wa rs i egewo rk ( OS S D4ON W3 ) . L im i ted e xcava t ion i n t h e n o r th -we s t c ome r o f t h e p l a t f o rm a ccompan ied a s t udy o f t h e d ocumen ta ry e v idence f o r N ew P a rk ( S teane & K e l sa l l 1 963 , 7 7 -79 ) . T he o r ig in , s t ruc tu r e o ft h e h ou se a nd i t s f a te a f t e r t h e C iv i l Wa r h a s b een c on jec tu r ed . N o e v idenc e w a s f ound f o r m ed ieva l o ccupa t ion a nd i tw a s t hough t t h a t t h e m oa t h ad b een d ug i nt h ef i r s th a lf o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t hough n os t r uc tu r eo ft ha t d a t e w a s r e cove r ed ; p o s s ib ly , e a r l ie r b u i ld ing s a r e r e p r e sen t ed i n h ump s a nd d ep re s s ion s o n t h e g o lf c ou r se . T he e xcava t ed s t ruc tu re s w e re d a ted t o c 1550 1650 ; t h e b u i ld ing s w e r e d emo l i shed c 1725 . S ince t h i s d a te c o inc ide s w i th n ew b u i ld ing a tL a thom H ou se ( qv ) , p e rhap s t ho se a tH a l ton C a s t le w e r e s u rp lu s t on eed . P o t te ry r e cove r ed r a nged i nd a t ef r om t h el a te m ed ieva lt ot h e modem p e r iod .

F ig 9 1 .29b : L a thom Am oa t m igh t b e e xpec ted o n t h e b a s i s o ft e nu r e ; l i nea r p ond s w e s t o ft h e h a l l( OS 1 : 25 ,000 S D4 0 )a r en o tc onf i rmed a s am oa to nt h et ihe p l an .

F ig 9 1 .29d : H a l ton C a s t le 1 957 ( ba sed o n O Sr e co rd SD4ON W3) 1R ema in so fs t one w a l l

F ig 9 1 .29c H a l ton C a s t le 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 46 )

2F ounda t ion so fb r ick w a l l 3L in t e lo fd oo rway w i th 3 c en t r ed a r ch 4Moa td ep th t ow a te rl e ve l 1 . 7m 51 3 .0 m w ide , 0 . 3m d eep 61 3 .0 m w ide , 0 . 4m d eep 71 .0 m w ide , 0 . 5m d e ep 8Two d r e s sed s t one s

H a l ton C a s t le m ay t ake i t s n ame f r om A l ton a nd t h e f i e ld o f A l ton w h ich a r e f ound i ng ran t s o fl a nd t ot h e c anon s o fB u r scough P r io ry i nt h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Webb 1 970 1 9 , 2 3 , 3 3 ) . T hey s e em t oh ave l a in a l ong t h e r ou t e t o O rm sk i rk c hu rch ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l 1 907 , 2 49 N 14 ) . N e i the r p l a c e i s c i t ed i n d i r ec t a s soc ia t ion w i th B uma rde sca s t le , B ume lde sga t e o r B u r scough P a rk . A t A l ton , s e t t lemen t i si mp l ied b y t h e n ame w h ich , i f p r e se r ved a t H a l ton C a s t le , w ou ld s how t ha t t h e h am le t o r v i l lage l a y o u t s ide G r ea t P a rk / ?Bu r scough P a rk a nd , p robab ly , o u t s ide t h e m ona s t ic l a nd a nd w a sr e ta ined a sd eme sne .

2 77

N o . SMR

2 8 P RN 7 48

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

H a l ton C a s t le L a thom O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 442 0 844 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone K eupe rs and s tone o u tc rop S a lw ick A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 6m n o r th -w e s tf a c ing s l igh ts l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 45 x5 0m /2250m 2 c 10 13m 1 . 7m w e t 1 846 ? s t r eam ? no r th ? s tone s t ruc tu r e

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

S t eane 1 960 1962 O rdnance S u rvey 1 957 i n comp le te 1 6 th 17 thC g o lf c ou r se f e a tu re a nd s i t eo fb u i ld ing s

P lan s

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 46 , 1 846 @ 1 0c ha in s = 11 4" / ; O S S D4 0 NW 3 ,1 957 @ 1 : 2500 C LAU a e r ia l s u rvey F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; G i l low 1 907 ; H awke s 1 949 ; S t eane & K e l sa l l 1 963 ; R a ine s 1 853 p a s s im

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

C a ta logue :L ATHO M

N o . SMR

4 4 P RN 7 58

c e r ta in

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

L a thom House L a thom O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 600 0 9 10 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re s s o l id o u tc rop S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

4 6m ? a tt h en o r th e nd o f al ow r i dg eo ve r look ing t h e b ound so f We s tD e rby h und r ed

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

d oub le c ou r te nc lo sed b yw a l l s a nd t owe r s 1 644

P lan s :

O S S D40 NE2 1 957 @ 1 : 2500 ;L o rd B u rgh ley 's Map o fL anca sh i r e 1 590 i nG i l low 1 907 ; S pe ed 1 6 10 R oby 1 872 ( c on jec tu ra lr e con s t ruc t ion , f i g4 9 )

F ig 9 1 .29e :G rea tP a rk a nd N ew P a rk I n 1 495 H en ry V I I a nd t h e q ueen v i s i ted L a thom a nd K now s ley . O n t h i s o cca s ion t h ee a r l e n la rged h i s h ou se a tK now s ley ' by t h e s t one b u i ld ing a nd r epa i r ing a nd b eau t if y ing t h e o the r p a r t a nd a l so t ha t a tL a thom ' ( Seacome 1 793 , 1 04 ) . L a thom 's ' n ine t owe r s o n h igh a nd n ine o n t h e o u te r w a l l s ' w e re c i ted i nt h e F lodden P oem w r i t t en , a lmo s t c er ta in ly , b ef o r e 1 520 . A p oem b y T homa s S tan ley , B i shop o f Man , w r i t ten i n 1 562 a bou t t h e f i r s t e a r l o f r e f e r s t oh i s n ew b u i ld ing a t L a thom ( S ea come 1 793 , 4 80 -48 1) 3. Ma son ry f r om a d i lap ida ted d oveco te w a s u sed t o c r ea t e s ome o f t h e w a l l s b ef o r e 1 5211522 . A n i n den tu r e o f 1 534 -35 m ak e s r e f e r ence t o t h e d eme sne o f L a thom , i t s F ig 9 1 .29f : D e ta i l o fc a rv ing o nt h e o rcha rd a nd g a rden s , o x W a r d e n ' s m i s e r i c o r d , M a n c h e s t e r h ou se s , o ven h ou se a nd b a rn w i th t h e d ove h ou se a nd C a thed ra l2 h ou se s , b a rn s a nd c hambe r s ( To l le re d . 1 890 , 9 3 ) . I nc 1540 L e land w ro te t h a t L a thom w a s b u i l t f o r t h e ' mo s tp a r to fs t one ;t h ec h ief e s th ou se o ft h ee a r l o fD e rby . Two m i le s f r om O rm sk i rk ' ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 2 51 , n 14 ) . T he D e rby H ou seho ld B ook s f o r 1 56 11590 s how t ha t t h e f am i ly moved r egu la r ly b e tween L a thom H ou se , N ew P a rk a nd K now s ley a nd e n t e r ta ined l a rge n umbe r s o f d i s t ingu i shed g ue s t s i n c lud ing t h e e a r l o fL e ice s te r a nd h i s ` P la ie r s ' a sw e l l a s t h e ` Quene s P laye r s ' ( Ra ine s 1 853 ) . L a thom L odge w a s a l so u sed a s a p la ce o fr e s id ence . A t t h e t ime o fE dwa rd , e a r l o fD e rby 's d ea th i n 1 572 , L a thom w a s d e sc r ibed a s t h e ' No r the rn C ou r t ' ( Seacome 1 793 , 1 54 ) . I n

F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ;L ew i s 1 999 ; R a ine s 1 853 ; S ea come 1 793 ;T o l le re d . 1 890 ; Webb e d . 1 970

A s t h e f o cu s o f a n i mpo r tan t t hanag e h o ld ing t h roughou t t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod a n i mpo s ing a nd i mp re s s ive r e s idence a tL a thom m igh t b e e xpec t ed , p a r t icu la r ly a st h e f am i ly 's e s ta te a tK now s ley ( qv ) , h e ld f r om t h e W idne s B a rony , s e em s t oh ave b een r e se rved a s d owe r , a t l e a s t i n t h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry . I n 1 36 1 , S i r T homa s d e L a thom w a s g ran ted a l i cence f o r h i s o ra to r ie s w i th in t h e d ioce se o fL ich f ie ld ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 50 n 16 ) ; o ra to r ie s a tb o th L a thom a nd K now s ley a r e a s sumed ' . L a thom H ou se b ecame t h ec ap i ta lm e s suage o ft h e S t an ley f am i ly f o l low ing t h em a r r iag eo f I s abe l , d augh t e r o f S i r T homa s L a thom , w i th J ohn S tan ley o f S to r e ton , W i r ra l , i n c 1385 . S ho r t ly a f te r 1 472 T homa s S tan ley ma r r ied h i s s econd w if e , L ady Ma rga r e tB eauf o r t , mo the ro fH en ry , e a r lo fR ichmond , a nd l a te r H en ry V I I . R ebu i ld ing o r c on s t ruc t ion o f an ew h ou se b y h im p robab ly f o l low ed h i s e l eva t ion t ot h e p ee rage i n 1 485 a f te r t h e B a t t le o fB o swo r th . I n 1 490 h e w a s g r an t ed a l i cence t o c r ene l la te a nd e mpa rk h i s h ou se a t G r eenha lgh , n ea rG a r s tang . T h i s b a t t lemen t ed c a s t le w i th in i t s p a rk a ppea r s o n L o rd B u rgh ley 's m ap o f 1 590 ; t h i s d ep ic t ion i si nm a rked c on t ra s t w i th L a thom H ou se w he r e ab u i ld ing o fe n t i r e ly d ome s t ic a ppea rance i ss hown b e tween i t s t wo p a rk s . A s p a t ron s o ft h e c o l leg ia t e c hu rch a t Manche s t e r w he r e J ame s S t an ley w a s w a rden , t h e s t a l l a nd m i se r ico rd c ar v ing s a r e c on s ide red t o h ave b een c omp le ted i n c 1506 ( T ra cy 1 990 , 2 2 ) . O n t h e w a rden 's s t a l l a nd m i se r ico rd a r e a lmo s t i d en t ica l i mage s o ff ou r a r t i san s ( l a tomae — ar e bu s f o r L a thom a nd s t onecu t te r s ) a pp roa ch ing as ub s tan t ia l b u i ld ing f l ank ed b yt u r r e t s ( L ew is 1 999 ; f i g9 1 .290 . At h i rd c a r v ing , o nt h e B i shop o fH ume 's m i se r ico rd , i so fa n h exagona l t owe r w i th a p y ram ida l r oof , s u r rounded b y ac u r ta in w a l l a nd c a r r ied o n t h e b ack o fa n e l ephan t . G iven t h e c l o se a s soc ia t ion o ft h e S tan ley s w i th t h e c hu r ch , t h e p robab i l i ty t ha t t h e se c a r v ing s w e r e i nf luenced b y t h e b u i ld ing s a tL a thom c anno t b e i g no red ( L ew i s 1 999 ) . I fn o to fL a thom ,t h eh exagona l b u i ld ing c ou ld r ef lec t t h eG r ea tT ow e ra tR ag lan C a s t le w he r eH en ry V I I s pen th i sc h i ldhood .

Novembe r 1 589 ' t h i s n igh t f y r e b egune i nt h e B u t t r ie a tL a thome a nd w en t u p i n to t h eH a l l , &G od b ep ra i sed d id l i t le h a rm ' ( Ra ine s 1 853 , 7 0 ) . S ea come 's d e sc r ip t ion o fL a thom H ou se ( 1793 , 2 34 -235 ) i nt h e m id 17 th c en tu ry i n d ica te s as t rong a nd i mp r egnab le b u i ld ing . I ts t ood ' on a f l a t , u pon amoo r i sh , s p r ingy a nd s pumou s g round ' . T o t h e s ou th o rs ou th -we s t t h eg round r o s e ' So n ea ri ta st oo ve r look t h et op o fi t ,f r om w h ich i tf a l l s s o q u ick t h a tn o th ing p l an ted a ga in s t i to n t ho se s i de s c an t ouch i tf u r the rt han t h e f r on t w a l l ' . O n t h e n o r th a nd e a s t ' i s a no the r r i s ing g round e ven t ot h e e dg e o ft h e m oa t a nd t h en f a l ls a way s o q u ick t ha t y ou c an s ca rce a tt h e d i s tanc eo f ac a rb in es ho ts e et h eh ou se o ve rt ha t h e igh t , s ot h a t a l b a t te r ie s p la ced t h e r e a r e s of a rb e low i ta st ob e o fl i t t le s e rv ice ' . S ea come s a id t ha t t h e s i t e c ou ld b e c ompa r ed t ot h e p a lm o f aman 's h and , ' f la t i nt h e m idd le a nd c ove r ed w i th ar i s ing g round o u t a nd s o n ea r t o i tt ha t t h e e nemy i na t wo y ea r 's s i eg ew e r en eve ra b le t or a i se ab a t t e ry a ga ins ti t ' . E a r thwo rk s o f s ome m agn i tude a pp ea r t o b e i n d ica ted t hough o f t h e se t h e r e i sn ow n o e v idence .

T he p re sen t L a thom c hape l l i e s as ho r t d i s tance t o t h e n o r th o fL a thom H ou se ; i td a t e s f r om c 1500 a nd i sa s soc ia t ed w i th a lm shou se s a nd a h o sp i t ium . 2

C romwe l l 's %T rench

• OTTERHE _ADS F ARM

t wo b r idge sa nd g a tehou se 1 6 44 i n te rna lp a l i sade a nd b ank LUAU 1 996 1997 ; LDHS 1 997 LUAU 1 996 1997 ; WYAU 1 999 s e en i ne xcava t ion ? l 2C 1 4C ; 1 5C ; 1 7C ; 1 8C ;h a -ha 1 8C s t ab le b lock u nde rr e s to ra t ion ( 1999 ) ; l a nd scaped g a rden s &p a rk ; f a rm land

P ub l ica t ion :

H a l ton C as t le

? c 10 ,000m 2 7 m 1 644 ; 1 3m 1 996 -97 1 . 8m 1 644 ; 1 . 5m 1 996 -97 w e t 1 644

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s :

NE W PARK

Ia m g ra t ef u l t o t h e R ev . G eof f r ey B ond , H ead V e rg e r a t Manche s te r C a thed ra l , f o r d raw ing m y a t ten t ion t ot h i s i lu s t ra t ion w h ich i sh e ld i n t h eC a thed ra l a r ch ive s .

T he h ou se w a s s u r rounded b y s t rong w a l l s , t wo y a rd s t h ick a nd f l anked b y n ine t owe r s . I na dd i t ion , t h e r e w a s a' h igh , s t rong t owe r ' c a l led t h e E ag le T owe r , ' i n t h em id s to ft h e h ou se s u rmoun t ing a l t h e r e s t ' . O u t s ide t h e w a l l w a s am oa t 8y a rd s ( 7 .3m ) w ide a nd 2 y a rd s ( 1 .8m ) d eep a nd ' upon t h e

3

2 78

F o ro b se r va t ion s o n t h e h ou se a sd e sc r ibed i nt h e p oem s , s e e L ew i s 1 999 , 1 50 , 1 6 1162 .

C a ta logue : LATHO M b a ck o ft h e m oa t , b e tween t h ew a l l a nd t h e g raf t ' ' , as t rong r ow o fp a l i sade s a r ound ' . T he g a tehou se c on s i s ted o f t wo h igh , s t rong b u i ld ing s , w i th a s t rong t ow e ro n e i the r s i de o fi t .I ts e em s t ha tt h e re w e r e a tl e a s t t wo c ou r t s w i th in t h ew a l l s . Ac on jec tu ra l i lu s t ra t ion b y R oby c ap tu r e st h e r omanc e , i f n o tt h en a t u r e ,o ft h es i te ( 1 872 v o l I ,f a c ing p 311 ; f i g4 5 ) .

H oweve r , r e s to ra t ion o fL eon i 's s t ab le b l ock h a s p roduced q uan t i t ie s o fl a t e m ed ieva l a r ch i tec tu ra l m a son ry u sed i nt h e r ubb le f i l l o ft h e a sh la red w a l l s . I th a s a l so s hown t ha t t h e b u i ld ing l i e s o ve r t h e i n f i l l o f as ub s tan t ia l d i tch r e ver t ed w i th s and s tone m a son ry . T r ia l e xcava t ion s ou th o ft h e s t ab le b l ock e xpo sed ama s s ive c u rv i l inea rr o ck cu td i tch c l3m w ide a tt h et o p a nd o ve r 1 . 5m d e ep . I tc on ta ined ma te r ia l d a t eab le t ot h e 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd n o l a te r

I n Ma r ch 1 644 t h eh ou se w a s a t tacked b yt h e P a r l iamen ta r ian s . O rde r s w e r e g i ven f o r a` C i rcumva l la t ion ' a round t h e h ou se b u tt h e d ef endan t s ' b ea tt h e e nemy f r om t h e i rt enche s ' ; n ew l i ne s w e r ee s tab l i shed a t ag r ea te rd i s tance , t hough m any o f t h e d i gge r s w e re k i l led b y f i re f r om t h e h ou se . A d e ep t r ench w a s d ug n ea rt h e m oa t a nd t h e h ou se w a s b omba rded w i th s t one s . A c oun t e r -a t ta ck b y t h e d ef endan t s r e su l ted i nt h e c annon s b e ing r o l led i n to t h em oa t ( S ea come 1 793 , 2 36 -237 ) . When P r ince R upe r t v i s i t ed L a thom h e o rde r ed t h e a dd i t ion o f ' ba s t ion s c oun t e r sca rp s a nd o t he r o u two rk s n ece s sa ry f o rb e t t e rd ef enc e ' ( Seacome 1 793 , 2 54 ) .

t h an 1 750 . T he r e c an n ow b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t h e L eon i h ou se w a s b u i l t i n c l o se p rox im i ty t o ( i fi td i d n o t i n co rpo ra te ) s ome o ft h e f a b r ic o ft h e l a te m ed ieva l h ou se . T he f u l l e x ten to ft h e s i t e , w i th i t sc ou r t s , t ow e r s , g a te s a nd b r idge s s ov i v id ly d e sc r ibed d u r ing t h eC iv i l Wa rs i ege , i ss t i l l n o tk nown .

I n 1 645 , t h e P a r l iamen ta r ian s a ga in b e s ieged t h e h ou se ( Seacome 1 793 , 2 59 -263 ) . O n t h e n o r th s i de , ' b e ing t h e l owe s t g round ' , ad eep t r ench w a s d ug c l o se t ot h e moa t w i th t h e i n ten t ion o fd ra in ing i ti no rde rt om ine t h e h ou se . B u t c o l l ie r s w i th in t h e h ou se k ep t Mu l l c hambe r s o fw a t e r a bove ' w h ich t h ey o pened , s od rown ing t h ew o rk sa nd t h e ' Pa r l iamen ta r ian m en ' . Af t e r t h e s u r r ende r , a ccoun t s p repa red i n 1 646 f o r d i spo sa l o f f l oo r s a nd w a in sco t sg i ve s ome i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h eb u i ld ing s( Seacome 1 793 ,4 00 ) .

F ig 9 1 .29g : S t ruc tu res d i sman t led , 1 646 ( ba sed o n S eacome 1 793 ,4 00 ; s e e f i g8 4 ) . S uppo s ing t h a t t h e g round f loor s i n e ach o f t h e t ower s w er e s t on e -f lagg ed ( w i th t h e p o s s ib l e e xcep t ion o f t h e E ag l e T ower ) , t h e n umber o fs t orey s c an b ep o s tu la ted a nd ,f rom y a rdag e o ff lo o r ing a nd w a in sco tt ob es o ld , a n a pprox ima t e e s t ima te o ft h e i n t erna ld imen s ion s c an b ep o s tu la t ed . e s t ima ted n o . o fs t o r ey s

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3 -4

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1 2

5

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5

2 -3

5 . 8

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L i t t le T owe rn ex tt oi t

2 -3

3 . 9

3 . 5

n ex tt ow e rt ot h a ti nt h ec o rne r

2 -3

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5 . 5

C hap e lT ow e r

1 2

4

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P r iva t eT ow e r

1 2

T he M idd le Wa rd

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T ow e ro f Madne s s T ow e ra tt h ek i tchen B r idge

j

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4

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1 0 .5

9 . 6

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

B ly the H a l l L a thom O r rn sk i rk We s tD e rby T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 385 1 00 1 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un t e rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m t o po fs l ope o ve r look ing A bbey B rook

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

? we t 1 659

P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

1 6C ; mode rn h ou se a nd g a rden L anc s RO DRL 1 / 46 , 1 846 @ l Ocha in s= 11 4" / F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; Webb e d . 1 970

B ly the H a l l s t and s al i t t le e a s t o f B u r scough P r io ry f r om w h ich i ti s s epa ra t ed b y ab rook . T he e s ta t ew a s p robab ly i n c luded i n t h e o r ig ina l pen to fl a nd st ot h e P r io ry i n 189 19 1 a nd t e r ra m odo B ly th w a sh e ld b y t h e T rave r s f am i ly i n t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 3 6 , 6 8 ) . H en ry T rave r s g ave a g r an t i n f r e e a lm s w i th w a r ran ty o f aw a te rcou r se f r om t h e p r io ry 's p oo l o ft h e B ay es t h rough h i s l a nd t o t h e s t r eam . H oweve r , u n l ike C ro s s H a l l , t h e e s ta te d o e s n o ts e em t ob e i d en t if ied a s ah o ld ing o ft h e P r io ry i n 1 535 537 . I n 1 565 t h e b u i ld ing w a s F ig 9 1 .29h : B ly the H a l l 1 846 1 k nown a sB la ck la che H a l l ( Fa r r e r& ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 46 ) B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 54 n 12 ) . a nd a moa t i sk nown f r om ad ocumen t i th in t h e mo t e w e s twa rd ' w a s r e co rded o f 1 659 , ' ha t& o f t h e o r cha rd w ( Lanc s RO DDLm B ox 4 ,B d le 9 6 ) .

A l tog e the r , at o ta l g round f l oo r a r ea o f 5 2 .8 y a rd s2 ( 48 .2m 2) f o r t h e se b u i ld ing s m igh t b e e xpec ted . A dd ing w a l l t h ickne s s , a l low ing a tl e a s t 2m b e twe en t h e se s t ruc tu r e s , a nd c on s ide ra t ion o f al a rge e nough a r ea w i th in t h e m oa t f o r t wo c ou r t s a nd a n e nc lo su r e w a l l ( 2 y a rd s t h ick -1 . 8m ) a nd ' t wo o rt h r ee l i t t le t imbe r b u i ld ing s ' n o t d e s t royed a f t e rt h e s u r r ende r o ft h e h ou se , am in imum p l a t f o rm a r ea o fc 10 ,000m 2m igh tb es uppo sed . H oweve r , i ts e em st ha tt h eh ou se w a s n o tc omp le te ly r a zed t ot h eg round f o r i n 1 666 1 7 h ea r th s w e r e r e co rded , a n i n c r ea se o f 1 5 h ea r th s s i nce 1 664 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 39 n 10 ) . R econ s t ruc t ion mu s t h ave b een u nde r tak en b yC ha r le s , 8 t h e a r l ( d 1 672 ) , a f t e r t h e r e s to ra t ion o fh i s e s ta te s i n c 1660 . W i l l iam , 9 th e a r l o f D e rby ( d 1 702 ) , i s s a id t o h ave b e en r e spon s ib le f o rt h ec r ea t ion o f a' s ump tuou sa nd l of ty n ew f r on ta nd c ove r ed i ti n ' b u t h e d i ed b ef o r e i tw a s c omp le t ed ( Seacome 1 793 , 4 05 ) . T h i s w o rk w a s f o l lowed b yt h e s a le o fL a thom t oS i r T homa s B oo th ( s ic B oo t le ) w ho , i n 1 725 , c omm i s s ioned a n ew d e s ign f r om G iacomo L eon i ( DNB 1 975 , 1 20 1) . T h i s n ew c on s t ruc t ion may h ave h ad a mo r e d ra s t ic e f ec t o n t h e 1 5 th -c en tu ry h ou se t han t h e d i sman t l ing i n 1 646 . When r e pa i r w o rk a tt h e L eon ib u i ld ing w a s u nde r taken b e tween 1 857 1884 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 52 n 3 ) i tw a s , p e rhap s , e i the rt h e 8 t h o r9 th e a r l 's w o rk , o re ven t h e 1 5 th -cen tu ry h ou se , w h ich w a s r e p r e sen ted i n aw a l l o f ' r ubb le s t one ' . f ound i nt h en o r th w a l l o ft h e s a loon o rd raw ing r oom , a nd ` t he w ho le o ft h e s ou th f r on t o ft h e p r e sen t h ou se i sb u i l t u p t oa nd a bu t s u pon t h i s a nc ien t w a l l ' . A l lb u tt h es e r van t s ' w ing a nd L eon i 's s t ab le w e re d emo l i shed c 1927 .

T he p re sen t H a l l , t hough o fJ a cobean s t y le , i ss a id t o b e m ode r n ( CLAU P RN 2 81) ; i ta ppea r s t ob e o n t h e s i t e o ft h a t s hown c l o se s t t ot h e r o ad i n 1 846 . P ane l l ing a nd 1 8 th -cen tu ry c h imneyp iec e s w e re b rough t h e r e f r om L a thom H ou se w hen t h e L eon i h ou se w a s d emo l i shed ( Rob in son 1 99 1 , 1 62 ) .

U n t i l t h er e cen t p rog ramme o fa r cha eo log ica l r e co rd ing a nd e xcava t ion , t h e s i t e o ft h e h ou se w h ich w i th s tood t h e C iv i l Wa r s i ege w a s f a r f r om c e r ta in .

4

P RN 2 8 1

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U s e

MOM

1 0 1

N o . SMR

Whe the r t h e s i te i d en t if ied a s aC romwe l l ian I n t r enchm ene b y t h e O rdnance S ur vey i n 1 848 ( She e t 8 4 ) i so fC iv i l Wa r d a t e o rw he the r i tf i t s S ea come 's t opog raph ica l d e sc r ip t ion f o r t h e s i te o fL a thom H ou se ( q v ) h a s l o ng t a xed t h e m ind s o ft ho se c oncer ned w i th t h e d eba t e . When i tw a s r e -

G raf f at r ench s e rv ing a s af o r t if ica t ion ; af o s s o r moa t ( Sho r te r O xf o rd E ng l i sh D ic t iona ry 1 973 , 8 77 ) .

2 79

C a ta logue : LATHO M s u r veyed i n1 957 , t h e i n spec to rc on s ide r ed t h ee v idence t os uppo r t t h a t o fa m oa t a nd t h e s i te o f L a thom H ou se ( OS S D 4 0 NE 2 ) . T h i s v i ew w a s s uppo r t ed b y m o re r e c en t f i e ldwo rk 5.H oweve r , i nt h e 1 9 th -cen tu ry i tw a s f i rm ly b e l ieved t h a t C romw e l l ' s T r ench r e p r e sen ted t h e s i t e o f t h e P a r l iamen ta r ian b e s iege r s ( L ea 1 893 , 7 9 , 9 5 ) . C lea rance o ft h e s i te i n1 884 r e cove red a l o ng t r ough h o l lowed o u t o f as i ng le l e ng th o f t imbe r a nd s uppo r ted o n s t ake s . H o le s i nt h e t r ough s ugge s ted t h a t i tw a s ar a ck o r m ang e r ( L ea 1 893 , 9 7 ) . I ti s s a id t h a t t h e r e i s m a son ry b enea th t h e u nde rg row th ( Cop ley 1 979 , 7 ) . H oweve r , b o th t o pog raphy a nd d i s tanc e f r om L a thom H ou se a nd i t s c hape l w ou ld a ppea r t o m i t iga t e a ga in s t t h i s b e ing t h ep l a ce o ft h ef i r s te a r lo fD e rby 's s t rongho ld ( Lew i s 1 999 , 1 53 ) . N o . SMR

16 P RN 7 59

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

C romwe l l 's T rench L a thom O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 665 0 844 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e s S h i rd ley H i l l S and S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 8 -46m a tt h ec on f luence o ft wo s t r eam sa tt h eh ead o fa n o r th -ea s tf a c ing v a l ley ; o u t s ide G r ea tP a rk

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

? mu l t ip le ? r ec tangu la r c 90 x5 0 tn /4500m 2 4 10m 3 5m 1 957 p a r t ly w e t 1 957 s t r eam

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p o s s ib le

N o . SMR

1 20

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

B urnarde scas t le L a thom O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

?SD 4 600 0 910 ?c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l A l t i tude T opog raphy P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

a l ong p a r to fs ou th s i de w i th o u te rd i tch

O rdnance S u r vey 1 957 S D4 0 NE 2 d i t che sa nd b ank s u rv ive i nr ough w ood land ; m a r shy l a nd t os ou th o ft h es i te r o ugh w ood land O S S D4 0 NE 2 ,1 957 @ 1 : 2500

p o ss ib le

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

C op ley 1 979 ;L ea 1 893 ; Webb e d . 1 970

T he p rox im i ty o ft h es i te t oS l a t eB rook s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s a s so c ia t ed w i th s ome f o rm o f w a te r m anagemen t . I ti sw o r th n o t ing t ha t t h e B u r scough P r io ry c a r tu la ry i n c lude sr e f e r enc et oo ne o r mo re w a te rm i l l s i nL a thom , o ne o fw h ich w a s o n t h eT awd r i ve r ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 2 27 ) i n to w h ich t h e S l a t e B rook f l ow s . P e rhap s t h i s w a st h es i te o f aw a t e rm i l l .

P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

T he e a r ly c ap i ta l m e s suage o f t h e L a thom f am i ly i ss e en i n t h e n ame s B urna rd e sca s t l e , C a s t l ega te S i che a nd B urne ld esga t e w h ich a ppea r i nl a te 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th -c en tu ry g r an t s , f r om w h ich i ta ppea r s t o h ave l a in s omewhe r e t owa rd s We s thead ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 3 9 , 7 5 -76 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 56 n 3 ) . T he s i te h a s n o t b een l o ca ted a nd i t i s o n ly p o s s ib le t o F ig 9 1 .29 1 : C romwe l l 's T rench s pecu la te t ha t t h i s w a s t h e ( ba sed o n OS SD4ON W3 ) c ap i ta l m e s suag e o f U c t r ed , t h e mo s ti mpo r tan tD ome sday t h ane i ns ou th L anca sh i r e , a nd h i s s u cce s so r s . O n t o pog raph ica l g r ound s , a s i te w h ich o ve r looked t h eh und r eda l b ound sw ou ld a ppea rt ob el i ke ly .

5

B uma rde sca s t le i sb r ief ly d ocumen ted . I nc 1224 1245 t h e p r io r a nd c anon s o fB u r scough c onf i rmed t oH en ry f i l io S wan i h om in i n o s t ro t o /am t e r ram s uam q uam e m i t d e R ober to d om ino d e L a thum d e n emo r e d e B o r e s sco , e a r ns c i l ice tt e r ram e tn on a l /am q ue i a ce t i n t er B urnard esca s t e le tt e r ram q uam t e ne t i ne l emo s ina d e d omo s anc i tN icho la is i cu tc on t ine tur i nc a r ta d om in i R ober t i . ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 7 5 -76 ) . I ts e em s t h a t H en ry , s on o f S wa in , h ad b ough tt h e l a nd f r om R obe r td eL a thom . A no the rg r an to fa bou t t h e s ame d a te ( 1 224 1256 ) w a s m ade b y H en ry , s on o f S wa in d e B ur re schoc , m odo R ica rd i d e B ur scou , t o s a in t N icho la s o f B ur r e s tud e . T h i s w a s u nam p o rc ionem t e r r e m ee d e B or e schoc , s c i l ice t i l / am t e r ram q ue v oca tu r Mo r ic rof t ' i na us t ra l ip ar t e d e B urne ld e sga t e , s c i l icen t t o /am t e r ram q ue c on t ine tur i n f ra f o s sa s s i cu tf o s s e c i rcumdan t , c um c ommun i p a s tu ra e ta y s iamen t i sv in e d e L a thum p er t inen t /bu s ( W ebb e d . 1 970 , 3 9 ) . I ti sq u i te c l ea r t h a t t h e c ommon r i gh t s b e longed t o L a thom . T he l a nd o f S wa in , o n t h e b ound s o f ag ran t t ot h e P r io ry i n1 22 11232 , h a s b een n o t ed ( no te 7 a bove ) . T h is g r an t a l so n o ted A l tonga t e a nd B u r scough p a rk . P e rhap s S wa in w a st h ef a the ro fH en ry a nd h i sb r o the r ,A dam o fB i rke s ,f i i i i S wan i d e H u r l tona , m odo R icard i d e B ur scogh , f r om w hom H en ry a l so h e ld s ome l a nd f o r4 dw i th h omage a nd s e rv ic e( W ebb e d . 1 970 ,3 8 -39 ) .

I n1 979 b ys t uden t so fH o l ly L odg eS choo l S choo l f o rG i r l s , L ive rpoo l .

2 80

E kwa l l 1 922 ; F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; L ew i s 1 999 ; S eacome 1 793 ; Webb 1 970

L and g r an t ed b y R obe r t d e L a thom t oR obe r t , h i s t a i lo r , i n1 292 1293 , w a s b ounded b y C a s t l ega t e s u che o n t h e w e s t , t h en b y t h e f i e ld o f Ame r ia d e l Ma rha lge t oS t ephen L ongwood 's l a nd , a nd b y o t he r f i e ld s a nd d i tche s t o t h e K i rkga t e , a nd b ack t ot h e s t a r t ing p o in t ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 56 n 3 ) . F a r r e r s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e t a i lo r m ay h ave b een R obe r t d e l We s thead . R ef e renc et oK i rkga te s ugge s t st h a tt h i sl e dt oO rm sk i rk c hu r ch . T he o r ig ina l e x ten t o f B u r scough , a s aa r ea o f w ood land , i sn o t k nown t hough i tp robab ly s t radd led t h e b ound s o fb o th L a thom a nd t h e a d ja cen t v i i i o f Ma r t in ( q v ) . I n deed , i t may h ave b een t h e D ome sday w ood land r e co rded f o r L a thom . Mo reove r , p rox im i ty t o A l ton , p e rhap s i n t h e We s thead a r ea o fL a thom a nd p o s s ib ly r e p re sen ted i n Wo l ton S haw ( Ha l ton C a s t le , q v ) , s e em s t ob e i n d ica ted . T he s i te o fL a thom P a rk ( G r ea t P a rk ) i s w e l l -known ; p e rhap s i tw a s t h e B u r scough P a rk o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . I ti s t emp t ing , t h e r ef o r e , t o p l ace B uma rde sca s t le w i th in L a thom a nd i n p rox im i ty t ot h ew ood ,B u r scough . E l emen t s o f t h e n ame B u r scough m igh t , o n t h e e v idence f o r B urna ld esca s t l e , b e t h ough t t o i mp ly a n a s soc ia t ion o f t h e w ood w i th a ' f o r t if ied p l ac e ' r a the r t h an a ' t own ' t h ough t h e a d ja cen t s e t t lemen t o f O rm sk i rk , g r an ted t ot h eP r io ry , mu s tb et a ken i n to a c coun t . T he D ome sday b er euu ich m igh ts how t h es ame e l emen t b u t ,t h ough u n l ik e ly , t h es e t t lemen t c a l led N ewbu rgh , i n t h e n o r th ea s t o f L a thom , c anno t b e e xc luded a s a

C a ta logue : LATHO M t h e Mou th w a s l a rge e nough f o r aG i r le t op u t h e r H and i n to i t ,i th ad t w o l a rg eB ow s a sc ame f r om t h e Mou th o fi t ,t ot h e B e l ly t oc a r ry i tb y ; i tw a s o f aC ou rc e b r own C lay & s e emed n o t t ob e n i ce ly m ade n o r w e l l b u rned , ' t w a s s ob r ok e i nD ig ing i tu p t h a t Ic ou ld o ne ly J udg e a tt h e s i z e o fi t ;h e a l so s h ew ed m e ap ee ce o f aMugg w h ich s e emed t ob e t h e B o t tom o fa Q ua r t J ugg a nd h ad S t amp ed u pon i t ,i nt h e i n s ide o ft h e B o t tom t h e se Wo rd s i nt h i s C a r a c t u r e O F BASS I , I tw a s m ade o f e x t r ao rd ina ry g ood Mugg M e t t le , a nd w a s w he r e i tw a s b r ok e a sR ed a st h e b e s t S ea l ing Wax , t h e o u t S i de w a s n o t s oc l ea r aR ed , t h e B o t tom w a s a bou tt h e t h ickne s s o f h a lf aC rown , t h e s i de s c on s ide rab ly t h ine r ; t h e B o t t le w a s a bou t a n I n sh t h ick ; h e a l so s h ew ed m e s ome p eece s o fT i le w h ich w e r e o f av e ry R ed C o lou r &o fm u ch B e t t e rM e t t le t h an a ny o fo u rB r ick T i le sa r en ow m ad eo f &v e ry w e l l b u r ned , s ome w e r et wo I n she st h ick & s ome a lmo s tf o u rI n sh a s Ig e s s , b u t w e r e s o b r ocken i n to s u ch s ma l l p eece s o ne c ou ld n o t t e l l h ow m a ny I n she ss qua i r et h ey w e r e ' ( Ty r e r 1 972 ,5 3 -54 ) .

p o s s ib i l i t y . E kwa l l ( 19 11 , 1 23 ) a l so n o te s B u r scogh , B u res soch a nd B urga s tud ,t h e l a t t e rb e ing d ef ined a s' t he s i t eo ft h e b u rh ' . Webb h a s n o ted t ha t w henev e r t h e S tyde ' f o rm o ccu r s i nt h e g ran t s , i tr e f e r s t o t h e p r io ry i t se lf ( e d . 1 970 , 7 ) . T he r e i s , h oweve r , n o th ing t o s how t ha t t h e p r io ry b u i ld ing sw e r er a i sed o nt h es i t eo f ac a s t le . C onf u s ion i sc ompounded b y t h e moa t ed s i t e a tH a l ton C a s t le ( qv ) w h ich may t a ke i t sn ame f r om A l ton a nd t h e f i e ld o fA l ton i nt h e mona s t ic g r an t s (Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 9 , 2 3 , 3 3 ) . H oweve r , n e i the r p l ac e a ppea r s i n d i rec t a s soc ia t ion w i th B uma rde sca s t le , B u rne lde sga te o r B u r scough P a rk . A t A l ton s e t t lem en t i si mp l ied b y t h e n ame w h ich , i fp r e ser ved a t H a l ton C a s t le ,w ou ld s how t h a tt h eh am le to rv i l lage p robab ly l a yo u t s ide t h ep a rk . O n b a lanc e i ts e em s t h e mo s t l i ke ly s i t e o fB uma rde sca s t le i sa to rc l o se t o L a thom H ou s e ( q v ) a s d e sc r ibed b y S eacome ( 1793 , 2 34 -235 ) . A l though t h i s h ou s e h ad b e en b u i l t i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry b y t h e i s t e a r l o fD e rby , t h e d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s i t e h a s ar i ng o fg r ea t e r a n t iqu i ty . S ea come c ompa r ed i t t ot h e p a lm o f am an 's h and ' f la t i nt h e m idd le a nd c ove red w i th ar i s ing g round o u t a nd s on ea rt oi tt ha tt h ee nemy i n at wo y ea r s ' s i eg e w e r en eve r a b le t or a i se ab a t t e ry a ga in s t i t ' . Ah igh b ank a r ound t h e i n ne re dge o ft h e moa t w a s a l so i mp l ied . T he e a r l 's s t ruc tu re s a pa r t , S eacome 's d e sc r ip t ion p rov ide s e v idenc e f o r d e ep , w a te r -f i l led d i tche s o u t s ide a h igh p a l i saded b ank a nd ar i ngwo rk -p e rhap s B u rna rde sca s t le -may b e i mp l ied . I fs o , i ti s t emp t ing t os e e L a thom H ou se a s t h e d i r ec t s ucce s so r o fB uma rde sca s t le , w h ich m ay e v en h ave b e en U c t r ed 's c h ief r e s idence i nt h e 1l t h c en tu ry .

N o . SMR

1 34

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

F ranc i s F arrer 's C a s t le p robab ly L a thom O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby t hanage

o f D ownho l land , Me l l ing a nd L yd ia te ( Lane s RO WC W F ranc i s F a r r e r 1 735 ) . T he L yd ia te p rope r ty w a s l e f t t o R obe r t S heppa rd a nd T homa s J ohn son . F rom T homa s H e ske th , at r u s te e o ft h e L yd ia te e s ta te s ( G ib son 1 976 , 7 9 ) , L aw r enc e F a r r e r ( one o f t h ree s on s o f F ranc i s F a r r e r o f D ownho l land )r e c e ived al e a se o f am e s suage a nd t e nemen tf o rt h re e l i ve s i n 1 729 ( Lane s RO DD In 6 3 /40 ) .

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo log y S o i l A l t i t ude T opog raphy P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

I n 1 7 17 , a s aP ap i s t , F ranc i s F a r re r o f Mo s sbo rough ( u sua l ly c on s ide r ed t o b e i nR a inf o rd ) r e g i s te r ed am e s suage a nd t e nemen t i nL a thom . T h i s w a s h e ld i nf e e a t6 s 4 d t ot h e l o rd o ft h e f e e a nd 3 s 21 2 dt / ot h e K ing . T homa s L ey land w a s t h e t e nan t ( F rance 1 945 , 8 7 ) . I n J une 1 7 19 B e t ty , F ranc i s F a r r e r 's w if e , w a s l y ing in a tt h e H a l l o fB u r scow w he r e s he l i v ed ( Ty r e r 1 970 , 2 62 ) . T ha tF ranc i s a nd B e t ty c on t inued t ol i ve i nL a thom s e em s c l ea r f r om t h e B lunde l l d i a r ie s . I nJ une 1 722 B lunde l l h ea rd ma s s a tL yd ia te a nd t h en w en tt oF ranc is F a r r e r 's i n t end ing t o' g oo nt oS ca r i sbr ick ' a nd i n1 727 B lunde l l 's w if ew en tt oF ranc i s F a r r e r 's a nd m ade ac a l l i nO rm sk i rk o nt h e r e tu rn j ou rney ( Ty r e r 1 972 , 7 9 , 2 04 ) . T hough F a r re r s e em s t oh ave l i ved a t B u r scough H a l l i tw a s p e rhap s o n t h e p rope r ty l e a sed t oT homa s L ey land t h a tt h e ' c a s t le ' w a s d emo l i shed 8. B e twe en 1 728 1734 , F a r r e r c ou ld h ave r ema r r ied . O n h i s d ea th i n 1 734 , F ranc i s F a r r e ro fD own ho l land l ef th i s w if e , J enne t t , t h e n ew e nd o fT ay lo r s H ou se9.T he r e s t o fh i s e s ta te c omp r i sed am e s suage a nd t e nemen t i ne a ch

NGR L oca t ion

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

C lea r ly ,t h e r e i se v idence h e r e f o r as t ruc tu r ed a t ing f r om t h eR oman p er iod .

7

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p o s s ib i l i ty o fB e t ty a sF a r r e r 's s econd w if ec an p robab ly b ed i sm i s sed .

H e r f i r s t c h i ld w a s b o rn o n 2 4 J u ly 1 715 ( Ty r e r 1 970 , 1 4 1) ; c omp l ica t ion s r e su l t ing i nh e r d ea th w ou ld d oub t le s s h ave b een r e co rded b y N icho la s B lunde l l . B u t , s i nce E l izabe th F a r re r , w if e o fF ranc i s F a r r e r o fD ownho l land , w a s b u r ied o n 2 6 J u ly 1 715 (W i l l iam s 1 966 ) i ts e em s t h e r ew e r et wo f am i l ie s o fF a r r e r s i nt h e d i s t r ic t . I n 1 7 17 L aw renc e F a r r e r w a s t e nan t o fS i r W i l l iam Mo lyneux i n Me l l ing f o r t h e l i ve s o fF ranc i s F a r r e ra nd F ranc i s h i s c ou s in ( F ranc e 1 945 , 1 54 ) . F ranc i s F a r re r , y eoman , w a s t e nan t o fL ady A nde r ton i n 1 708 ( G ib son 1 876 , 6 6 ) a nd i n 1 7 17 h i s L yd ia te e s ta t ew a s r e g i s te r ed a sh e ld f r om Ma rga r e t , w idow o fS i rC ha r le s A nde r ton ( F rance 1 960 , 6 5 ) . I n Me l l ing ( qv ) l a nd w a s l e t f o rt h e l i ve s o f F ranc i s a nd Mn F a r ra r ( s ic ) a nd R obe r t S hephe rd , a s t e nan t s o fR obe r t Mo lyneux o f Mo s sbo rough ( F ranc e 1 960 , 1 04 ) . I ti s ,p e rhap s , t h i s F ranc i s F a r r e r w ho a ppea r s i n B lunde l l 's d ia r ie s a s g a rdene r a t ` Mo sbu rgh ' ; R obe r t , s on o f F ranc i s F a r r e r g a rdene r a t Mo s sBa r row w a s b u r ied a t R a inf o rd i nJ une 1 723 ( B rown ing & P ope 1 980 ; T y re r 1 970 , 2 43 , 2 79 ) . O n 1 7 J une 1 722 F ranc i s F a r re r 's d augh te r , A l ic e , w ho ' h ad s e en h e r A nge l l G a rd ian ' w a s v i s i t ed b y N icho la s B lunde l l a f t e r h e h ad c a l led o n M r P oo le i nL yd ia te ( F rance , 1 945 , 1 60 16 1 ; 1 960 , 6 7 ; T y r e r 1 972 , 7 9 ) . A th e rb u r ia l a tH a l sa l l i nD ecemb e r 1 722 , s he w a s r e g i s te r ed a sd augh t e r o f F ranc i s F a r r e r , y eoman , a nd E l izabe th , h i s w if e d ef unc t o f D ownho l land ( W i l l iam s 1 966 ) . F ranc i s F a r r e ro fD ownho l land d i ed o n2 8 May 1 734 a nd w a s b u r ied a tH a l sa l l ( F rance 1 945 , 1 54 ; L anc s RO WC W F ranc i s F a r r e ro fD ownho l land 1 735 ;W i l l iam s 1 966 ) .

R oman ; ? d i sman t led 1 72 1

T y r e r 1 970 , 1 972

T he l o ca t ion o fF ranc i sF a r re r ' sC a s t le i su nce r ta in . T he b a lanc eo fh i s to r ica l e v idence s ugg e s t s , h ow eve r , t ha t i tl a y i nL a thom t hough ap l ace i nL yd ia t e ( q v ) , Me l l ing ( q v )o rR a inf o rd ( qv ) i sa l so p o s s ib le . O n 2 8 S ep tembe r 1 72 1 N icho la s B lunde l l o fL i t t le C ro sby ( qv ) s t opp ed t o s ee F ranc i sF a r r e rw h i l s to n aj ou rney t ov i s i th i s c ou s in ,J ohn G i l l ib rand . ' My W if e a n d Iw en t t oL odg a tA s t ley6,w e c a l le d a tF r anc i s F a r e r s , h e s h ewed m e aP l a c ei nh i sG round w he r e' t i ss uppo sed t h e r ef o rme r ly s t ood a s ma l l C a s t le a nd i nt a k e ing u pt h eF ounda t ion ( f o rt h a tw a s a l a sw a s l e f to f i t )h ef o und aL a rg e Mugg -Bo t t le w h ich Is uppo se h e ld a bou tt h re e G a l lon s , 9

6

T he H a l l o fB o scow i nL a thom i sc l o se t ot h e B u r scough b ounda ry ( SD 4 435 1 075 ) . I n 1 700 i tw a s l e a sed t oJ ohn H eye s o fO rm sk i rk f o r 9 99 y ea r s ( Lane s RO DDX 9 2 ) . F rom a tl e a s t 1 705 i tw a s u sed a s ap l ac e o f w o r sh ip ( Ro sbo t tom 1 987 , 5 9 -62 ) ; i n 1 714 B lunde l l c a l led t o c e leb ra t e Ma s sw h i l s tj our ney ing b e tween P re s ton a nd O rm sk i rk ( Ty r e r 1 970 , 1 08 ) . I n1 839 t h e h a l l w a s o wned a nd o ccup ied b yJ ohn A nde r son , m in i s t e ro f B u r scough C hape l ; J ame s T a ske r t e nan ted t h e a d jacen t f a rm ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 46 ) .

J ohn G i l l ib rand l i ved a tA s t ley H a l l , C ho r ley i nL ey land H und red ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 33 ) . Aj ou rney f r om L i t t le C ro sby w h ich p a s sed t h rough L a t hom i sl i ke ly . B en E dwa rd s ' a rgumen t ( 1976 ) f o r t h e s i te t o l i e a tA s t ley , Wa r r ing ton H und r ed , c anno t b e s u s ta ined b y r e a son o ft h e B lunde l l f am i ly 's r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h eC ho r ley G i l l ib rand s .

F o rT ay lo r s F a rm i nL a thom ( SD 4 578 1 058 ) t h e e a r l ie s t d ocumen t s d a t e f r om 1 695 ( Lanc s RO DDLm B ox 7b und le 5 ) . I ti sa bou t 1 . 5 k m e a s t o f B u r scough H a l l a nd 7 50m w e s t o f al a t e I r on A ge /Romano -B r i t i sh s e t t lemen t c u r r en t ly u nde r i n ve s t iga t ion Mu seum F i e ld A rchaeo logy S ec t ion .

2 81

( 1999 -2000 )

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1 343 1 2

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( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c ) . L i t t le C ro sby w a s a s se s sed w i th f i ve o t he rv i l l s ( Roby , K now s ley ( q v ) , K i rkby , Maghu l l ( q v ) a nd A ugh ton /B icke r s ta f f e (q v ) ) , a l h e ld b yU c t red . S inc eL i t t le C ro sby w a sh e ld a so ne h ide w i th K i rkda le ( q v ) ( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69d ) w he r e h a lf ah i de w a s a s se s sed , i ts e em s t h a tt h ree c a ruca te s c an b ea s s igned . T he v i l lp a s sed t ot h ef e eo fW idne st ow h ich i tm ay h ave b een a t ta ched b y 1 086 ( Fa r r e r 1 906 ,2 80 ) . 2

3

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6

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 4 2 ) . T he m ano r i ss a id t oh ave p a s sed t o Mo lyneux o fS ef ton t h rough t h e m a r r iage o fR obe r t d e Mo lyneux w i th B ea t r ic e , d augh t e ra nd h e i ro fR obe r td eV i le r s , l o rd o fL i t t le C ro sby ,b u tF a r r e rh a sq ue s t ioned t h i s . T he d eV i le r sf am i ly a r em o r eu sua l ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h e Wa r r ing ton f e e . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 5 ) . F rom Mo lyneux , B lunde l l d emanded a n a cqu i t tanc e o ft h e s e r v ic e s c l a imed b y A l ice d e L a cy o fH a l ton i nr i gh to fh e r d owe r . B lunde l l c l a imed t h a t Mo lyneux s hou ld p e r f o rm t h e se s e r v ice sa sm e sne l o rd . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 6 -87 n 14 , 9 0 ) . O ne o xgang w a s g i ven b y S i rR obe r tt oh i s s i s te rA nabe l a nd h e rh u sband , R a lph d eG re enho l . I th ad b e en h e ld b yR obe r t ,s on o fT homa sd eI n ce . I tmay h ave p a s sed t ot h eA nyon f am i ly . F a r re r e d . 1 907 , 1 6 ) . I n 1 3 111312 A dam d e Mo lyneux 's h e i r h e ld 1/ 8a nd 1/ 20o f ak n igh t ' s f e e ( F a r r e r e d . 1 907 , 1 9 ) . D av id B lunde l l d i ed c 1311 a nd R icha rd d e Mo lyneux , r e c to ro fS e f ton , r e f eof f ed N icho la s B lunde l l a nd Ma rge ry , h i sw if e ,o fl a nd sb e twe en R ibb le a nd Me r sey , i n c lud ing t h ew indm i l l a t L i t t le C ro sby ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 8 7n 6 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 6 n 3 ) . R icha rd d e Mo lyneux , r e c to ro fS ef ton , a sf e of f ee , g ave a l h i s m ano ro fL i t t le C ro sby t oR icha rd , s on o fR oge r d e Mo lyneux w i th r ema inde r st oR icha rd ' s s on , J ohn , a nd f i ve d augh te r s . T he t e nan t sw e r e c i t ed a sh omag e r s . W i l l iam , s on o fA dam , m ay h ave h e ld a sm uch a s ac a ruca te i nL i t t le C ro sby . H a lf ap l ough land , w i th t h eh omag eo fN icho la s B lunde l l a nd 6 dr e n tf r om t h e Moo rhou se s , w a s g r an t ed b yh im t oR icha rd ,

2 82

C a ta logue :L ITTLE CROSBY

s on o fR og e r d e Mo lyneux . E xcep t ed f r om t h i s w a s a n o xgang h e ld b y h i s s i s t e r a nd A dam , s on o fT homa s ; a no the r o xgang w a s h e ld b y R icha rd d e Wa l tonf o r ' A d a nd at h i rd w a s h e ld b y P a t r ick d e P re sco , h u sband o fW i l l iam ' s d augh t e r , f o r ab a rbed a r row . W i l l iam a l so g ave a n o xgang t oh i s d augh te r , w if eo fJ ohn d eH ind ley , a nd a no the ro xgang t oa no the rd augh t e r . T he B a l la rd f am i ly a l so a ppea ri nI n ce B lunde l l ( q v ) . T homa s Mo lyneux o fS ef ton , f a the r o f Emma , m ay h ave b een s on o fR icha rd Mo lyneux a nd h ave h e ld t h ee s ta te o fE dge i nS ef ton ( q v ) i n1 315 . E l len d augh te ro fN icho la s T y lde s ley i n her i ted L igh t shaw i nG o lbome ( qv ) , w h ich N icho la s B lund e l lg ran t ed t oR icha rd K igh ley i n1 396 . R i cha rd d e Ma lyn eux m G em e t ( d1 2 13 ) S PEKE S EFTON S r Adam d e Mo lyn eux ( d c1 247 )

Wi l l iam ( d c1 2 89 ) S EY IUN

R o b er td e Mo lyn eux THORNTON

MO IETY OF S PEKE R og e r m Agn es ( dc 1287 )

? mW i l l ia tn d e Ha s e lw e l l MOI ETY O FS PE K E

1/ 2 RA IN H ILL

R ob er td e Mo lyn eux o f Ra rnh i l

R i cha rd m B ean-i c e ( a l iv e 1 3 14 ) ( a l iv e 1 343 ) L TTTLE CROSBY H I NDLEY S PE KE RA 1N E ILL

Rog e r ( a l iv e 1 3 14 )

H enr y d eA th er ton I I I I I ,I a fH in d l ey T homa s S i rJ ohn Mo lyn eux Maud Ma rga r e t A gn e s m Dav id B l Ind e l l E l i zab e th Ma rg ery m J ohn d eL an ca s te r I ,_ _ I _ (d c1 3 62 ) o fG r ea tC ro sb y MOIETY Hm ry d eA th er ton I n , W. ' UT = CROSBY L TTTLE OF RA 1 NH ILL ( a l iv e 1 343 ) S C .HOLES MOIETY OF RA 1 NBILL CROS BY MOIETY OF S PE KE

I N i cho la sB lund el = LE CROSBY

Above : Mo lyneux o fL i t t le C ro sby , S peke a nd R a inh i l l B e low : B lunde l lo fL i t t le C ro sby O sb er td eA in sda l e ( a l iv e c160 ) R o b er t K ing sf o r e s t e r ( d1 2 12) A lNSDALE GREAT CROSBY R og er ( d1 2 19 )

A dam d eA in sda le m Emma ( dc 1250 )

R a lph d e G r eenha l m An ab e l ( a l iv e 1 2 70 )

S i rR ob er td eC ro sby/B lu rr lel ( d? 1 2 78 ) = LE CROSBY w i th l and -A INSDALE , BOLD , WOOLTON , CROOKS ,t h e DALE r e ri s -RAVEN MEOLS , L IVERPOOL

m

Ma id

N i cho la sB lundel m lE l eano r ( d1 3 19 ) 2Ma tge ry GREAT CROSBY L I TLE CROSBY MOORHOUSE S 1 Rkh ard d e Ho l land m2 Agn es d e Mo lyn eux l m Dav id B lund e l l Wi l l iam N i cho la s o fS u t ton ( dc 13 11 ) ( dp r e 1 335 ) GREAT CRO S BY A dam « de L ive rpoo l ) = LE CROSBY MOORHOT JSES Wi l l iam ( a l iv e 1 36 1 ) m

A l in e

J ohn ( dc 1 37 1) N i cho la s d eT y ld e s l ey I E l en

H en ry d eR ix t cr i J oan R IX 'TON

N i ch o la sB l tr id e l l ( dc 14 76 )

N i cho la sB lun de l l T homa s Mo ly r i e tz z ( dp r e 1 3 5 1)

H en ry ( dc 1406 ) L TTTLE CROSBY

m

R i cha rd m ( dp r e 1 3 58 )

o f

S e f ton

Emma

1 N i cho la s ( dc 142 1 )

H enry B lund el ( dc 1456 )

H en ry S car i sb r i ck

N i cho la sB lunde l l i n Ma rg e ry ( d c1 520 ) L T ITLE CROSBY

8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 8 6n 4 ) . T h i sw a sc on f i rma t ion o ft h es e t t lemen to fc 1312 .

9( Fa r r e r

e d . 1 907 , 7 7 -78 ) . E l sewhe r et h el o rd i sg i ven a sR icha rd Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 37 ) .

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 8 6 , n 5 ) . I n1 328 S i rJ ohn d e Mo lyneux g ave t oh i s mo the r , B ea t r ice , a l h i s r i gh ti nt h ev i l l a nd mano ro fL i t t le C ro sby e xcep tf o r5 m a rk so fy ea r ly r e n tw h ich s he h ad g i ven h im . I

1 2

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he t e nan t s c on t r ibu t ed , t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . H en ry t h e S hephe rd o ft h e Moo rhou se s g ave l a nd s t oA dam L igh tf oo t i nf r ee m a r r iage w i th h i sd augh t e r , E l len . T he se h ad b e en a cqu i red f r om N icho la s , s on o fD av id B lunde l l , i nt h e Moo r land s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 9 0n 15 ) . I n1 322 1323 W i l l iam , s on o fB imme o ft h e Moo rhou se s , h ad g r an ted a n a c r e i nL i t t le C ro sby t oh i s s on a nd h e i r , R obe r t , t o b e h e ld o ft h e c h ief l o rd f o r 2 d y ea r ly p ayab le t ot h eh o sp i ta lo fS tJ ohn ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 9 0n 18 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 8 6n 4 ) . I n 1 343 H en ry , s on o fH en ry d eA the r ton o fH ind ley , a nd h i sw if e , Agne s , r e lea sed t h e i rr i gh t i nt h e mano r so fL i t t le C ro sby a nd S cho le s , i nE cc le s ton ( q v ) ,t oB ea t r ice , w idow o fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux , a nd S i rJ ohn Mo lyneux .

2 83

C a ta logue :L ITTLE CROSBY

1 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 6 n 5 ) . I n1 345 S i rJ ohn Mo lyneux e nf eof f ed R obe r t , s on o fW i l l iam d e C ro sby , o fh i s mano r s o fL i t t le C ro sby , S pek e ( q v )

1 4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 4 ) . T he l o s so fo ne c a ruca t ef r om e a r l ie ra s se s smen t s c anno tb ee xp la ined .

a nd S cho le s , a nd a l h i s l a nd s i nR a inh i l l ( q v ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 6n 5 ) . S i rJ ohn Mo lyneux g ave 1/6 of t h e mano rt oW i l l iam d e L ive rpoo l a nd h i sw if e , Emma . O ft h i s , o ne o xgang w a s h e ld f o rh e rl i f eb y Agne s ,w idow o fR icha rd ,s on o fW i l l iam o fL i t t le C ro sby .

1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 9 0 n 10 ) . J oan i n he r i t ed ar e n t o f1 3s 4 d f r om a n o xgang f r om h e rm o the r , A l ine . T h i s i ss uppo sed t oh ave d e scended f r om

1 6

t h eg ran to f1 270 . 1 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 8 7 -88 n 12 ) . T he r e n tc on t inued t ob ep a id u n t i l 1 798 w hen t h eh o ld ing w a s b ough tb yW i l l iam B lunde l l .

1 8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 8 8 n 4 ) . T he m ano rw a sg ran ted b yN icho la st oT homa sB lunde l l , v i ca ro fB rack ley , Ma s te rB on if ac eB lunde l l a nd o the r s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 9 0n 11 ) . T h i se s ta te w a s s o ld t oW i l l iam Moo r eo fK i rkda le ( q v ) a nd w a s d e scr ibed a s

1 9

1/ 24

o ft h e m ano r . I th ad b een h e ld b y

J ohn a nd J oan A nyon i n1 367 . F rom t h e Moo r e s i tp a s sed t ot h ee a r lo fD e rby i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd t h en w a s b ough tb yt h eB lunde l lf am i ly . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 8 ) . T he m ano r w a s r e s to red t oN icho la s B lunde l l b y E dwa rd Mo ly neux i n 1 514 . I n 1 507 1508 N icho la s h ad g ran t ed t o D ame A nne Mo lyneux a nd h e rs on ,E dwa rd ,t h eh a l lo fC ro sby ,w i th t h eb u i ld ing s , l a nd s ,w indm i l la nd a ppu r tenanc e sa nd amo ie ty o ft h er e n t s , a t ar e n to f

2 0

2 0 m a rk s . N icho la s h ad i n cu r red t h er e sen tmen to ft h e Mo lyneux f am i ly . T h e r e a son f o rt h i s i sn o tk nown , b u t i tr e su l t ed i nr emova l b yt h e Mo lyneuxe s o f t h eB lunde l l s ' r i gh t st ow a if s , s t ray s a nd w r eck ,t h e i rs po r t ing r i gh t sa nd r a bb i tw a r r en , c hape l a tS ef ton c hu rch a nd 2 0 ma rk sr en t . 2 1

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 n 11) . A t B lunde l l ' s d ea th i n 1 527 l a nd s w e re a l so h e ld i nG rea t C ro sby ( r en t o f 1 0 s ) , D i t ton , I nc e B lunde l l ( q v ) , B o ld ( qv ) ,L ive rpoo l ( qv ) , H ind ley ( q v ) , O r r e l l a nd Wa r r ing ton ( qv ) . T he r e i sl i t t le d oub t t h a t p r inc ipa l l a ndho lde r s i n L i t t le C ro sby w e re t h e B lunde l l f am i ly . T hey r anked t h i rd , h oweve r , i n a h i e ra rchy w h ich s t emmed f r om t h e f e e o f W idne s t h rough t h e Mo lyneuxe s o f S ef ton w ho r e ta ined t h e o ve r lo rd sh ip u n t i l t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . A g ra n t o f c 1275 i n c luded ' a n o l d m e s suage , w i th a g r ea t g rang e , a nd a n o r cha rd , b eg inn ing a tt h eo l dd i t ch o n t h e n o r th s i de o f t h e o ld h a l l r i gh t u p t o t h e e n t rance o ft h e c ou r tya rd o f e a ch ' ( Lane s RO DDB I 5 0 / 16 ) . A d ocumen t o f 1 332 n o t ed ' a n o l d c ou r tya rd w i th i t s o r cha rd e nc lo sed b y a d i tch ' ( B lunde l l , u npub 6 6b ) . I n 1 387 N icho la s B lunde l lh ad al i cenc ef o r a n o ra to ry f o r t wo y ea r s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 7 -88 n 12 ) .

F ig 9 1 .30a : L i t t le C ro sby A pa r t f r om f a rm s t ock a p roba t e i n ven to ry o ft h e g ood s o fJ ame s B lund e l l , c 154 1 , n o ted o n ly t h e p a r lou r , l i t t le p a r lou r ,h ighe rc hambe r ,h a l l a nd l of t( G ib son 1 876 , 1 05 106 ) . S ince t h e r e w a s ' t he b ef e h yngyng e i nt h e h a l le ' , t h e h a l l may a l so h ave s e rved t os t o r e f ood o ra st h e k i tchen . ' As t rong w a l led c ou r t b ef o r e t h e h a l l d oo r ' w a s c i t ed i n 1 624 a nd w a s , p e rhap s , t h e a r ea b e tween t h e g a tehou se a nd at wo s to reyed s t ruc tu re b eh ind i t ,t ot h e e a s t ( Che e tham 1 930 , 1 4 , n 4 ) . I nc 1662 r e bu i ld ing w a s u nde r tak en b y W i l l iam B lunde l l , g rand son o ft h e B lunde l l o f 1 637 ( B lunde l l 1 933 , 9 9 ) w hen ' s u ch aw indow a s t ha t i nm y n ew b u i ld ing ' c o s t 6 d af oo t . B y 1 666 t h e h a l l h ad 1 5 h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 8 6 n 6 ) . I n 1 685 t h e r e w e r e ' o u r Mo the r ' s c hamb e r , t h e b u t t e r yc hambe r , t h e B lew c hambe r , t h e s t a i r h ead c hambe r , a nd t h e g r ea t d i n ing room ' ( Chee tham 1 930 , 2 2 ) ; a nd i n 1 697 W i l l iam B lunde l l l i s t ed s ome o ft h e r oom s ( B lunde l l 1 933 , 2 9 1) . H i s c hambe ro ve rt h e h a l l h ad t wo w indow se a ch c on ta in ing 1 6 l i gh t s a nd a no the rw i th 1 0 l i gh t s . T he r ew e r e a s t a i rca se , h ighe r a nd l owe r g a l le r ie s , t h e ' A r che s ' , b u t te ry a nd b u t t e ry c hambe r , a nd a k i tchen w i th a w indow t h a t o ve r looked t h e w e l l c ou r t . A ccoun t s s how t ha t an ew p a r lou rw a s b u i l tb e tween A ugu s t a nd C h r i s tma s E ve i n 1 706 ( Ty re r 1 968 , 3 20 -321) . I n 1 72 1 N icho la s B lunde l l i n s t ruc ted ` G lay so r s ' t op u t g l a s s , p u r cha sed f r om S ef ton O ld H a l l , i nt h e w indow s o f t h e ` S e l la r ' a nd t h e ` Ga t ehou s S e l la r ' ( Ty r e r 1 972 , 5 5 ) . H i s p o s se s s ion s a r e l i s t ed i na n i n ven to ry o f1 737 ( Ty r e r 1 972 ,2 39 -244 ) . T he h ou se w a s e x ten s ive ly mod if ied i n 1 784 ( Chee tham 1 930 , 1 2 ) a nd a h a l l o f ' Tudo r ' d a t e a nd t h e g a t ehou se w e r e d emo l i shed i n 1 784 1786 ( Ty re r 1 972 , 6 4 ) . T he se a r e , p r e sumab ly , s hown o n t h e e a r l ie r p l an s ( f ig

2 84

9 1 .30b ) a nd a n i lu s t ra t ion o fc 1738 ( f ig 9 1 .30c ) . T he s t ruc tu ra l e v idence f o r t h e h a l l h a s b een c on s ide r ed a nd a p l an h a s b e en p ub l i shed , t o ge the r w i th c ommen t so nt h ev a r ie ty o fd a te s tone s f ound ( Che e tham 1 930 ) . F u r the r d emo l i t ion a nd a l te ra t ion sw e r ee f ec t ed i n1 953 1954 ( Ty r e r 1 955 ) . N o . SMR

1 8 A SM 3 20 1/29

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

C ro sby Ha l l L i t t le C ro sby S ef ton We s tD e rby W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 22 0 15 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 2m s l igh tn o r th f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

c 5m w e t 1 741 ? no r th g a tehou se

p o s s ib le t r ac e s i nf a rmya rd 1 3C ; 1 6C ; 1 7C ; 1 8C h ou se , f a rm , s t ab le y a rd a nd e duca t iona l c en t r e L anc s RO DDB I4 8 /41 , 1 702 n os ca le ; DDB I 4 8 /42a , 1 74 1 @ 1 0c ha in s =33 / 4"( e a ch c ha in 3 2y a rd s ) T y r e r 1 972 C hee tham 1 930 B lunde l l 1 933 ;C hee tham 1 930 ;G ib son 1 876 ; L iv RO B lunde l l MSS , u npub ; L ew i s 1 990a , u npub ;T y r e r 1 955 ; 1 968 -1972

When N icho la s B lunde l l i n he r i t ed t h e e s ta te i n 1 702 h e c omm i s s ioned a s u rvey o fh i s d eme sne l a nd s a nd o t he rh o ld ing s i nL i t t le C ro sby ( f ig 9 1 .30b b o t tom ) . T h i ss how sb u i ld ing sg rouped a r ound ac ou r tya rd t h a tm igh tr ef l ec t t h e p o s i t ion o f t h e moa t p l a tf o rm . T he 1 74 1 p l an ( f ig 9 1 .30b , t o p ) a nd c 1738 d raw ing ( f ig 9 1 .30c )s how aw a te r -f i l led f e a tu r e( c a l led ap ond o nt h e p l an ) a l ong t h e w e s t s i de o ft h e h a l l , t oge the r w i th t h e g a t ehou se . B e tw een 1 702 1728 N icho la s B lunde l l k ep t m inu te ly d e ta i led n o t e s i nh i s d i a r ie s o f a l h i s g a rden ing a c t iv i t ie s a nd c oncer n s a tt h ed if icu l t ie so fd ra inag e i nt h e t own sh ip ( Ty r e r 1 968 , 1 970 , 1 972 ) . I ti sj u s t f e a s ib le t h a t t h e f e a tu r e s s hown o n t h e p l an a nd d r aw ing a r e r ema in s o f am oa t t hough n o d i r ec t r e f e r ence t o s uch a f e a tu r e h a s b een f ound i n t h e d i a r ie s . T he se r e co rd a l t e ra t ion s , r e pa i r s a nd a dd i t ion st ot h eh a l l d u r ing w h ich s ome e v idenc ef o r e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e s w a s f ound . I n 1 711 t h e g a rdene r s e ncoun t e r ed ' t he c l ay f l oo r e ro fs ome o l d r oome a nd p a r t o f af ounda t ion w a l l ' ( Ty r e r 1 968 , 3 04 )

C a ta logue :L ITTLE CROSBY a nd t e n y ea r s l a t e r s ome o l d f l ag s tone s w e r e f ound d u r ing r e lay ing t h e f l oo r i n t h e ' Ba ck P a r lo r ' ( Ty r e r 1 972 , 6 1 ) . D u r ing 1 7211722 w o rk s t a r ted o n t h e g a rden ; ag r ave l w a lk w a s m ade , t h e r e w a s a n a venue i n f r on t o ft h e g a tehou se a nd B lunde l l b u i l t a` Wh im s ica l l ' s umme r h ou se ( Ty re r 1 972 , 1 , 65 -66 ) . T h e o l d d a i ry w a s c onve r ted i n to ap a r lou r a nd , i n 1 727 , b r ickwo rk b y t h e ` Kana l l ' w a s c omp le ted ( Ty r e r 1 972 , 7 5 , 2 05 ) . T h is , p r e sumab ly , i st h e p ond s h own o n t h e 1 74 1 p l an t h ough C hee tham ( 1930 , 1 5 ) p r ef e r r ed t os e e t h e l i nea r p ond a st h e g r ave l w a lk l a id o u t b y N icho la sB lunde l l i n1 722 .

F ig 9 1 .30b : T op - C ro sby H a l l 1 741 ( Lancs RO DDB 1 4 8 /42a )

A e r ia l s u rvey a nd f i e ldwo rk h ave f a i led t o i d en t if y t h e m oa t t h ough i t m igh tp a r t ly s u rv ive a st wo s t one l ined p ond s i nt h e p r e sen tf a rmya rd . T he p ond o rc ana l o n t h e w e s t w a s p r obab ly f i l led w hen t h e d i n ing r o om w a s a dded i nt h e l a te 1 8 th c en tu ry . Ar e cen t s u r vey o ft h e f o rme r s t ab le b l ock h a s s hown t h a t i tw a s p r obab ly d ep ic ted s hown o n t h e 1 8 th -cen tu ry d r aw ing b u tt h a tt h e d oo rway s h ad b een c on s ide rab ly a l te r ed . I na dd i t ion , w indow o pen ing s h ad b een c hanged t oc onve r t t h e b u i ld ing t os t ab le s i n t h e l a t e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( Lew i s 1 990a , u npub l i shed ) . T he b u i ld ing h a s a d a te s tone w i th t h e i n sc r ip t ion WB 1 637 ; t h i s i si n co rpo ra ted i n to l a t e r w o rk sw h ich w e r ep r obab ly as t ab le c on s t ruc t ed i n1 671 ( Che e tha rn 1 930 , 2 2 -23 ) .

0

2 00m

2

B o t tom -C ro sby H a l l 1 702 ( Lanc s RO DDB 1 4 8 /41)

F ig 9 1 .30c : C ro sby H a l lc 1738 ( r ep roduced f r om T y re r 1 972 , 6 4 )

2 85

C a ta logue :L IVERPOOL T enure

E s ta t e

L ord o ff ee /S upe r ior L ord

1 066 1

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166 11892

H en ry I

1 2 07 J

J ohn

1 227 1231 4 c 1232 1235 5

R anu lf ,e a r lo fC he s t e r W i l l iam d eF e r re ts

Me sne l o rd

L andho ld er s

S er v ice r en t

Wa r ine d e L anca s t e r

R eg ina ld d e Wa rbu r ton

p r e 1 2406 1 2467

R anu lf d e Moo r e

1 266 g

R obe r td eF e r r e r s ,e a r lo f D e rby o ne c a ruca te a so f m ano ro fE ve r ton

1 272 '5 1 298 1 °

1 68 b u rgage s E dmund ,e a r l o fL anca s te r

1 3 15 1

c a s t le a nd b o rough

1 323 1324 1 2

c a s t le a nd t own

T homa s ,e a r lo fL anca s t e r

R obe r td e H o l land R obe r td e H o l land

1 332 1 3

C ho lha le E dwa rdo l e Ma rchaun t f i lS imon . .l eY a te [ W i l ] lo f i lR ic i H ugo ed eC ho lha le W i l lo d eA yne sda le W i l lo l eG r eno lf J ohne l eL y s te r R ico f i lW i l l i J ohn Wh i t s ide Ma t tho f i lR ic i R ico T ewe J ohe d el a Mo r e R ico d e Wa l ton A dam C l ico A dam f i lW i l l i A dam B a roun W i l lmo f ox o ne c a ruca t ea s m ano ro fE ve r ton

1 346 1 4

c on s tab le

W i l l iam B rad shagh e s q

1 374 1 6

c on s tab le c on s tab le

S i rJ ohn B o t le r S i rJ ame sH a r r ing ton

c on s tab le

J ohn B o t i l le re sq

1 42 18

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S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux

1 441 / b

c on s tab le

S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux & e l de s ts on ,R icha rd

S i te s : 1

2

3

1 28

L ive rpoo lC a s t le

1 29

L i ve rpoo lT owe r

L ive rpoo l i ss uppo sed t oh ave b een o ne o ft h es i xb e r ew ick sh e ld b y K ing E dwa rd a nd a t ta ched t ot h e m ano ro f We s tD e rby ( q v ) ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 911 ,2 ) . I t sl a te ra s se s smen ta so ne c a ruca t ea so ft h e mano ro fE ve r ton s ugg e s t s ,p e rhap s ,t h a tL iv e rpoo lw a sc r ea t ed o u to fE ve r ton .

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 911 ,2 ) . Wa r ine d eL anca s t e rw a sa l so o ve r lo rd o fR avenmeo l sa nd A in sda le . T he g r an to fL ive rpoo lt oH en ry , s on o f Wa r ine ,w a s c onf i rmed b yJ ohn ,C oun to f Mo r ta in . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 2 ) . O n2 3 A ugu s t 1 207 J ohn a cqu i red L ive rpoo l f r om t h e L anc a s te rf am i ly , g i v ing E ng l i sh L ea , n ea rP re s ton , i ne xchange . F ive d ay sl a t e rh ei s sued t h ec ha r t e rb yw h ich t h ev i l lw a st u rned i n to ab o rough . F rom t h i st ime o nt h el o rd sh ip o ft h eb o rough f o l lowed t ha to ft h eh ono ro f L anca s te re xc ep tf o r af ew y ea r s ,b e twe en 1 3 15 1322 ,w hen i tw a sh e ld b yR obe r td eH o l land f r om T homa s ,e a r lo fL anca s t e r .

4

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 , 4n 43 ) . T he e a r la l so h e ld t h eo t he rL anca sh i r el a nd so ft h eC rown .

5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 ,4 ) . W i l l iam d eF e r r e r sw a sr e spon s ib le f o rt h ec on s t ruc t ion o fL ive rpoo lC a s t le b ef o r e 1 235 .

6

7

8

9

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VS

i i js i j s x i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd i j s i j s x i jd v sj d x i jd x v i i jd

1 68 b u rgage s 5 1 f r e et e nan t s 4 7t e nan t sa tw i l l

D uke o fL anca s te r

1 372 1 5 1 404 1 Y 1 4 17 1 8

V S x v i i jd i j sx j d i j s i j s

( F a r re re d . 1 900 , 5 63 -564 ) . I n 1 200 1240 R eg ina ld d e Wa rbu r ton g ran ted t oC ock e r sand A bbey at of ti nL ive rpoo l b e twe en t h o se o fR obe r tR ichehom a nd H en ry d e Wa l ton . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 ,3 ) . R anu lf d e Moo r e ,r e eve ,w a so ne o f1 2j u ro r so fL ive rpoo la tt h i st ime . T he i n t e r e s t so ft h e Moo re f am i ly o fL ive rpoo la nd K i rkda le ( q v )a r ek nown f r om p ub l i shed s ou rc e s( B rownb i l l 1 9 13 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 ,4 ) . L ive rpoo lw a sc onf i sca ted b yt h eC rown i n1 266 a nd Ma ry d eF e r re r s ,w if eo ft h ee a r l a nd n i ece o fH en ry I l , w a so rde red t os u r rende rt h ec a s t le o fL ive rpoo l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 5 ) . A l lt h ed eF e r r e r sp o s se s s ion s b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey w e re g ran ted b yH en ry I t oh i ss econd s on ,E dmund ,e a r lo fL anca s t e r . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 6 8 ) . A ne x ten tm ade i n1 272 s howed 1 68 b u rgage s ,h e ld o ft h em ano ro fE ve r ton f o ro ne c a ruca t eo fl a nd . ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 2 86 ) . O n t h e e a r l ' s d ea th h e h e ld L ive rpoo l w he r e t h e a s s iz ed r e n t w a s w o r th £ 8 7 s 6 d y ea r ly . T he h e rbage o ft h e g a rden w i th t h e d oveco t e , 1 0 s , a nd p a s sag eo ve rt h e Me r sey ,2 6 s 8 d . T he r ew a s aw a te rm i l l a nd w indm i l l w o r th 5m a rk sy ea r ly , a nd f a i r s a nd t o l lo ft h e ma rke tw e r ew o r th a bou t£ 10 .T he c ou r ty i e lded a bou t4 0 sy ea r ly . I n1 296 , a se a r l ie r , 1 68 b u rgage sw e r er e co rded ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 ,2 ) . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 6 ) . T he e a r l g r an ted t h e c a s t le a nd b o rough t oR obe r t d e H o l land i n1 315 . N o c ha r t e rw a s s e a led . I nt h e s ame y ea rA dam B ana s t r e , H en ry d eL ea a nd W i l l iam d eB rad shagh r e be l led a ga in s tt h ee a r la nd made a na s sau l tu pon L ive rpoo lC a s t le .

2 86

C a ta logue :L IVERPOOL

1 2

( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 2 09 -2 10 ) . T he a ccoun t s o fJ ohn d e L anca s t e r , k eep e r o ft h e l a nd s a nd t e nemen t s o fT homa s , e a r l o fL anca s te r , n o te t h e r e tu r n s f r om L ive rpoo l ,f o rme r ly i nt h ep o s se s s ion o fR obe r td eH o l land a nd n ow l e tt of a rm . T hey i n c luded f a rm o ft h e d oveco t ea nd f r u i to ft h e g a rden u nde rt h ec a s t le , f a rm o f ab u rgag e u nde rt h e g a te o ft h e c a s t le ' d ecay o fr e n to f ah ou se b ef o r e t h e g a te o ft h e c a s t le o fL ive rpoo l b ecau se i tw a s r emoved a nd b u i l t w i th in t h ec a s t le ' ,a nd f a rm o f ah o r se m i l l a nd w indm i l l . V a r iou ss ma l l i t em s f r om t h ec a s t le i t se lf w e re a l so l i s ted .

1 3

1 4

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . L ike W igan , L ive rpoo l w a s a s se s sed a to ne t en th . I nt h e s ame y ea rt h e e a r l o fL anca s te r ' s l a nd s i nL ive rpoo l w e re v a lued a t£ 26 6 sO d , a r e duc t ion o f8 do nt h ep r ev iou sy ea r( Fan-e re d . 1 907 , 2 37 ) . ( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 , 6 7 -77 ) . T he e x ten t o fL ive rpoo l s ugge s t s t ha t 1 68 b u rgag e s w e r e h e ld o ft h e l o rd ' a s p a rce l o ft h e mano r o fE ve r ton f o r o ne c a r uca t e o f l a nd ' , a sa ppea r ed i na n e x t en tm ade i n1 272 . Many o ft h e b u rgag e sw e r ed i v ided i n to s ma l le rh o ld ing s , s ome a sl i t t le a s 1/ 2 4 a nd e ven 1/ 4 8. Mo s to ft h e f r e e t e nan t sa nd t e nan t sa tw i l l a l so h e ld b u rgage s , b u t3 2w e r en o t i n c luded i nt h eb u rge s sr o l l ,w h ich s ugge s t st h a tt h ey w e r e an ew c l a s s o ft e nan t ry , c on t ro l led d i r ec t ly b yt h e l o rd ( Fan e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 5 ) . I na dd i t ion t ot h e c a s t le a nd m oa tt h e r e w a s a n a pp le o r cha rd a nd d oveco t e , w e i r n ea rT ox t e th P a rk f o rt a k ing f i sh , f e r ry o ve rt h e Me r sey , w indm i l l a nd h o r sem i l l , a nd T ox te th P a rk i t se lf .

1 5

1 6

1 7

( Some r v i l le 1 953 , 3 74 ) . ( Some r v i l le 1 953 , 3 75 , 4 98 ) . S i rJ ohn B o t e le r ( d 1 400 ) , l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton , q v ) a nd o wne r o fB ew sey , B u r tonwood ( qv ) , w a s a l so c on s tab le i n1 399 . H e w a sw a rden o ft h ep a rk so fT ox te th , C rox t e th a nd S imon swood a nd o ft h ef o re s ta nd c ha se o f We s tD e rby sh i r ef o rl i f e( Fan-e r1 906 , 3 45 ) . ( Some r v i l le 1 953 , 4 98 ) . J ame s H a r r ing ton ( d b y 1 4 17 ) w a s t h e s e cond s on o fS i r N icho la s H a ryng ton o fF a r le ton , a nd w a s s t ewa rd o f We s t D e rby a nd S a lf o rd h und r ed s . S i rN icho la sd e H a r ing ton h ad b een t h et h i rd h u sband o fJ oan , f o rme rw if eo fS i rT homa s d e L a thom ( d 1 382 )o fK now s ley ( q v ) , L a thom ( qv )a nd H uy ton ( q v ) , a nd o fR oge rd eF a zake r ley .

1 8

1 9

2 0

( Some r v i l le 1 9 53 ,4 98 ) . J ohn B o t i l le rw a sb ro the ro fS i rW i l l iam B u t le r , s ucce s so rt oS i rJ ohn B o t e le ri nt h e l o rd sh ip o ft h e Wa r r ing ton . H ew a s a l so m a s t e r f o re s te ro fW e s tD e rby ,s t ewa rd t h e r ea nd i nS a lf o rd a nd s t ewa rd o fH a l ton . ( Some r v i l le 1 953 ,4 98 ) . S i rR icha rd , l o rd o fS ef ton ( q v ) ,w a ss t ep son o fS i rJ ame sH a ryng ton . ( Some r v i l le 1 953 ,4 98499 ) . Mo lyneux a nd h i se l de s ts on s u r r ende red t h e of ice i n1 446 b u ts e em t oh ave b een r e appo in t ed a nd a r en o ted a sm a s te rf o r e s t e r ( s ic )o f We s tD e rby a nd s t ewa rd ( s ic )o f We s tD e rby a nd S a lf o rd h und r ed s . I n1 440 ,t h e s on m a r r ied E l izabe th , d augh te ro fT homa s S tan ley o fL a thom ( q v ) a nd K now s ley ( q v ) .

K IRKDALE

C hu rch o fS t N i cho las T owe r

C as t le T OXTETH P ARK

F ig 9 1 .31a : L iverpoo l 1 688 -1785 ( c omp i led f r om S haw 1 956 , b e tween p p 4 64 -465 ; Sm i th 1 953 , 1 90 )n o s ca le

2 87

C a ta logue :L IVERPOOL

N o . SMR

1 28 A SM 3 490 /

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

L iverpoo l C a s t le L ive rpoo l Wa l ton -on the H i l l We s tD e rby C rown , H ono r , D uchy

NGR L oca t ion

S J3 425 9 020 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

S and s tone ? so l id o u tc rop

A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 . 5m f l a ta nd l ow ly ing c l o se t ot h ew a te r f ron t

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s l igh t ly t r apezo id c 45 x4 7m /c2115m 2 c 1116m 1 0y a rd s ( 9 .1 m ) w e t ? t ida l n o r th d rawb r idge a nd g a t ehou se s t one w a l l sa r ound i n ne rb ank o f moa t 8 10 '( 2 .4 -3m ) a bove 1 9 thC l e ve lo fD e rby S qua r e

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

L a rk in 1 927 ; D avey & McNe i l 1 976 1977 1 6 thC ; 1 7 thC ;2 0 thC d e s t royed 1 7 th /ea r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry 1 3 th 17 thC p a r to pen s pace ,p a r tb u i l to ve r

P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

C ox 1 892 ; G reg son 1 817 1824 ; L a rk in 1 928 C hand le r&W i lson 1 965 B rown & C o lv in 1 963 ;C h i t ty 1 981b ; D avey & McNe i l 1 985 ;Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 ;G reg son 1 8 17 1 824 ;L a rk in 1 928 ; S eacome 1 741 , 1 793 ; T up l ing 1 949

F ig 9 1 .31b : P l an o f L iverpoo l C a s t le ( ba sed o n C ox 1 892 , 2 00 )n o s ca le s a id C a s t le ' . Ah ou se ' i n b r ead th n o t a bove e i gh t y a rd s ( 7 .3m ) , a nd t h a t p u l led d own mu s t l i kew i se d e s t roy t h e H o r se M i l l ' , s e em s t o h ave l a in b e tween t h e w a l l s . A ' s l igh t t imbe r B u i ld inge f o r L odg ing roome s a nd S tab le s ' s t ood a ga in s t t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e c a s t le ; t wo s ma l l t ow e r s , a bou t l enne f oo t e s qua r e ap eece ' ( 3m 2) ,w e r e o u t o f r e pa i r . A l i t t le d w e l l ing h ou se , o n t h e w e s t s i de , h ad b een b u i l t b y B i rch , p robab ly g ove rno r o ft h e c a s t le i n1 648 ( G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 70 ) .

L ive rpoo l C a s t le w a s b u i l t i n 1 232 1237 d u r ing t h e l o rd sh ip o fW i l l iam d e F e r re r s a nd w a s i n c luded i nt h e e a r l o fL anca s te r ' s g ran t o ft h e l o rd sh ip o f L ive rpoo lt oS i rR obe r td e H o l land i n1 315 . I n 1 315 t h e c a s t le w a s a t ta cked u n succe s sf u l ly b y s uppo r t e r s o f S i r A dam B ana s t r e , w ho w i thd rew t o K now s ley ( qv ) ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 4 4 ) . E a r ly i n 1 323 t h e w a l l s , t owe r s , h ou se s a nd g a te so ft h ec a s t le w e r e r e pa i r ed a nd t h ek ing s t ayed t h e r e f o r aw eek i n O c tobe r ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 6n 65 ) . A ccoun t s f o r 1 323 -1324 s how r e pa i r st ot h er oof o ft h e l a rg e c hambe rf o rt h ek ing ' s v i s i t ; ad oveco te a nd g a rden l a y ' u nde r t h e c a s t le ' a nd ab u rgage l a y ' b ef o r e t h e g a te o ft h e c a s t le ' ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 10 ) . I n1 324 t h ek ing ' s p rope r ty a tL ive rpoo l , h e ld b y R obe r t d e H o l land a nd t a ken f r om t h e c a s t le s t o re , i n c luded i r on c ha in s , ar ope f o r ad rawb r idge a nd t wo r ope s f o r at r ebuche t t og e the r w i th av a t , l e ad f ur nac e , b ra s s p o t a nd a b a s in ' w i th l a ve r ' a nd o the r i t em s w o r th a l toge the r£ 4 .14 s 8 d ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 1 32 ) . I n 1 346 t h e re w e r e f ou rt owe r s , a h a l l , c hambe r s , b r ewhou se a nd b akehou se , w i th a p u teu s ( p i t , c e s s -p i t , b r ine -p i t ( La tham 1 965 , 3 48 ) ) c ompe ten t ly b u i l t . T he r e w a s af o s se a r ound t h e c a s t le , a n a pp le o r cha rd a nd s t one -bu i l t d ov eco te ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 9 15 , 6 8 ; L a rk in 1 928 , 1 79 ) . V a r iou s t e nan t s a t w i l l h e ld a c o t tage , ' f o rme r ly t h e c a s t le d i tch ' a nd p o r t ion s o f b u rgage s ' f o rme r ly t h e s t ab le f o r t h e l o rd ' s h ou seho ld s e rvan t s ' a nd ' f o rme r ly t h e l o rd ' s s t ab le ' ( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 , 7 7 ) . I t b ecame a r oya l c a s t le i n 1 399 a nd v a r iou s a ccoun t s o f r e pa i r s a nd r e bu i ld ing h ave b een s umma r i sed ( B rown & C o lv in 1 963 , 7 06 ) . B e twe en 1 400 146 1 t h e d ef ence s w e r e r e pa i red , an ew b akehou se w a s b u i l t a nd t h e s ou th t owe rw a sb u i l to rr e pa i r ed ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1b , 1 0 ) . B y 1 559 t h ec a s t le w a s i n' u t te r r u in a nd d ecay ' . T he c u r ta in w a l l a nd m a son r y o ft h e t owe r s w e r e f a i r ly s ound b u tt h e b u i ld ing s h ad b een w i thou t l e ad ' w i th in t h e m emo ry o f m an ' t hough t h e g r ea t t owe r h ad a s l a te r oof I tw a s r e commended t ha t r e pa i r s s hou ld b e e f ec ted s ot h a tt h e w apen take c ou r t c ou ld m ee t t h e re a nd i t s r e co rd s b e p re se r ved ( Ch i t ty 1 981b , 1 4 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 5 ) D u r ing t h eC iv i l Wa rt h e c a s t le c hanged h and s s eve ra l t ime s a nd f i na l ly f e l l t ot h e P a r l iamen ta r ian s i n 1 644 ( Chand le r &W i l son 1 965 , 1 7 -28 ) . R epa ir s w e re e f ec ted i n1 648 w hen a no rde rw a s p la ced f o r ` da l le b o rd s ' ( Chand le r & W i lson 1 965 , 4 05 ) . P a r t s o ft h e c a s t le w e r e s uppo sed ly d emo l i shed i n c 1663 a nd i n c luded ' b r ead th s ' , w h ich w e r e p robab ly w a l l s , o f v a ry ing l e ng th s a nd h e igh t s o n t h e n o r th , w e s t a nd s ou th s i de s , ag a tehou se , ' b e ing t h e s t ronge s t p a r t o ft h e C a s t le . f i ve y a rd s h igh ' ( 4 .57m ) , a nd a ' s l igh t p a r e o fs t a i r s , f o rt h e p a s sag e o ft wo u ppe r r oome s o n t h e n o r th s yde o ft h e

2 88

T he s i t e s u rv ived , a tl e a s t i np a r t , u n t i l t h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry . Af t e r t h e moa th ad b e en f i l led t wo s ucce s s ive c hu rche sw e r eb u i l t a nd p a r t o ft h e s i t e w a s u sed a s am a rke t ; b ank s a nd o t he r b u i ld ing s w e r e b u i l t i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( Ch i t ty 1 981b , 2 2 ;L a rk in 1 928 ) . D an ie l K ing 's d raw ing a nd ap l an o f s uppo sed 1 6 th -c en tu ry d a t e , a r e t h e e a r l ie s t k nown i l u s t ra t ion s o ft h e c a s t le ( G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 , 1 70 ; f i g s 3 9 , 4 0 ) . T he p l an , w i th G r eg son 's a nno ta t ion s , s how s ar e c tangu la r e nc lo su r e s u r rounded b y aw a te r -f i l led m oa t . T h ree r ound t owe r s a ppea rt oh av e s t ood a l ong t h es ou th s i de o ft h ep l a t f o rm . H oweve ro the ri l u s t ra t ion s , i n c lud ing a p l an d rawn t os how t h e p ropo sed C iv i l Wa r d ef ence s , s how t ha t t h e t owe r s s t ood a tt h ea ng le so ft h ee nc lo su r ew i th t h e g a t ehou se a tt h ee a s te nd o ft h e n o r th w a l l ( Cox 1 892 ;L a rk in 1 928 , f a c ing 1 86 ;f i g s4 1 ,9 1 .31b ) . A r o ck -cu t p a s sag e r a n b e tw een t h e c a s t le d i tch a nd t h e Me r sey ; i tw a s r e co rded i n1 74 1 w hen i tw a sd e sc r ibed a s ac ove r ed w ay t h rough w h ich t h e moa tw a s f i l led w i th w a t e r a nd a tl ow t i de i tp rov ided t h e m ean s o fg e t t ing m en a nd s t o r e s f r om t h e s ho r e t o t h e c a s t le ( Sea come 1 74 1 ; 1 793 , 2 50 ) . P o s s ib ly t h e r e w a s a n o u two rk a t t h e s ho r e e nd ; t h i s m ay h av e b een r e p re sen ted i nl a rg e b l ock s o fy e l low s and s tone c l amped w i th i r on , n o t iced b ef o r e 1 890 ( Cox 1 892 , 1 96 ; S ea come 1 793 , 2 50 ) . T he p a s sage w a s e xam ined i n 1 856 1862 a nd a ga in i n 1 908 19 10 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 5n 52 ; L a rk in 1 928 , 1 86 ) . I tw a s c u t i n to s o l id r o ck a nd a bou t 7 ' ( 2 .1m ) h igh a nd 9 '( 2 .7m ) w ide a nd r a n w e s twa rd s f r om D e rby S qua r e f o r a bou t 8 0 y a rd s ( 7 3m ) . T he s i de s w e r e c a r ef u l ly d r e s sed , t h e r oof w a s l e s s w e l l f i n i shed ; t h e b o t tom s u r f a ce w a s a' we l l -f o rmed r oadway ' w i th a s unken c hanne l a l ong t h e s ou th e dg e ' t o k e ep i td ry ' . T he s u r f ac e o ft h e r oadway w a s2 2 '( 6 .7m )b e low t h e 1 856 1862 g round l e ve l . L a rk in ( 1928 ) e xam ined b u i lde r s 't r enche s i n1 927 . T he r e i sl i t t le d oub tt ha t t h e c a s t le w a s m oa t ed b y t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry , a nd i ti s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e m oa t w a s i n e x i s tence b ef o r e P r ince R upe r t ' s s i eg e ( Seacome 1 74 1 , 10 ) . T he m oa tw a s p a r t ly e xpo sed i nL a rk in ' s e xcava t ion s a nd w a s f i l led w i th c l ay a nd r ubb ish , s uppo sed t od a te f r om t h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry . T he r o ck cu t p a s sag e w a s a l so r e -exam ined ; i tm igh t h av e b e en r e p r e sen ted a st h r e ep a ra l le l l i ne s ma rked o n a1 7 th -c en tu ry p l an b yG omme ( La rk in 1 928 , f a c ing p 186 ) . E xcava t ion s s ou th o f t h e c a s t le s i te w e r e u nde r taken i n 1 976 1977 ( Davey & McNe i l 1 985 ) b u t l e ve l l ing a nd

C a ta logue :L IVERPOOL c on s t ruc t ion

h ad d e s t royed m ed ieva l e v idence f o r t h e c a s t le o r a ny

a s so c ia ted s e t t lemen t .

S i r J ohn S t an ley , l o rd o f L a thom a nd S t ewa rd o f t h e r oya l h ou seho ld , r e ce ived al i c enc et oc r ene l la t e f r om H en ry V I i nJ anua ry 1 405 1406 , a tt h e T ow e r d e n ovo c on s t rux i t d e p e t ra e t c ak e b a t e / /ar e e t k erne l /ar e ( S tewa r t -B rown 1 9 10 , 8 2 ) . T h e p l a ce h ad b een a cqu i r ed b y S tan ley a st h e i n he r i tance o f h i s w if e , I s abe l , d augh te r o f S i r T homa s L a thom , a nd i n 1 405 S i r J ohn S tan ley w a s g i ven l o rd sh ip o f t h e I s le o f Man ( Moo r e 1 900 , 1 97 ) . I n 1 4 13 14 14 h i s w idow , I s abe l la , r e tu rned f r om I r e land t o l i ve t h e r e ( Sea come 1 793 , 4 8 -49 ) . I ti ss a id t h a t t h e T owe r w a s u sed b y t h e S tan ley s a s t h e p o in t o f e mba rka t ion o f t h e i r m i l i ta ry f o r ce s w ho w e r e b ound f o r t h e I s le o f Man a nd t h e l a nd i n f r on t o f i tw a s p robab ly u sed f o r l a nd ing f i sh ; t h e T owe r c e l la r s a nd g r ea t b a rn w e r e u sed f o r s t o rag e o f g ood s ( Chand le r & S ax ton 1 960 , 2 6 , 6 7 ) . T he T owe r w a s u sed b y t h e E a r l o fD e rby i n 1 566 t o e n t e r ta in a n umbe r o f k n igh t s , ' e squ ie r s ' a nd g en t lemen ( Twem low 1 9 18 , 3 13 -316 ) . D u r ing t h e C iv i l Wa r , L o rd S t range s e iz ed t h e s t ock o f p owde r i n L ive rpoo l a nd g a r r i soned b o th t h e C a s t le a nd T owe r f o r t h e R oya l i s t s ( Chand le r & W i l son 1 965 , 1 7 ) . A f te r f o rf e i tu r e o ft h e E a r l 's e s ta t e s i n 1 649 , t h e T ow e r w a s u sed a s a p r i son . S ub sequen t ly , i tw a s of e r ed f o rs a le a nd i n1 663 t h eo ccupan t r e nde red p aymen t f o r 9 h ea r th s . T he b a t t lemen t s w e r e r e pa i r ed i n 1 675 b u t b y 1 715 1716 t h e v au l t s w e r e u sed a sa p r i son a nd s ome o ft h e w indow s w e r e b r ick ed u p . I n 1 723 i t w a s l e a sed b yt h eC o rpo ra t ion a nd t h eu ppe rr oom s w e r e u sed f o r a s semb l ie s a nd e n te r ta inmen t s u n t i l t h e c omp le t ion o ft h e n ew T own H a l l . I tw a s d emo l i shed i n1 8 19 w hen Wa t e rS t r e e t w a sw idened ( Ch i t ty 1 981b , 1 4 ,2 2 , 3 4 ) .

T he a r ea c ove r ed b y t h e T ow e r i sg i ven b y S eacome ( 1793 , 4 9 ) w ho s a id t h e % c i te . c on ta in s a bou t6 50 s qua re y a rd s , o r 3 3 ,230 f e e t ' ( 594 .36m 2) .S inc e t h e t wo m ea su remen t s a r e h a rd ly c ompa tab le , h e w a s p e rhap s mak ing a d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e b u i ld ing a nd t h e l a nd i to ccup ied b y u s ing F ig 9 1 .31c : P l an o fT owe ra nd a d jacen tt enemen t s , c 1774 d if e r en t u n i t s o f a s se s smen t ' . A p l an o f t h e T ow e r a nd ( ba sed o nS t ewa r t -Brown 1 910 , f a c ing p 10 ) a d ja cen t h ou se s w a s m ade i nc 1774 ( f ig 9 1 .31c ) . I lu s t ra t ion s m ea su r emen t s g i ven f o rM rJ ohn C lay ton 's t owe r( ex lud ing h i sh ou se a nd c ou r tp a s sag e ) s how t ha tt h eT ow e rw a s s t one -bu i l ta nd c on s is ted o f as qua re i n d ica te t ha ti tc ove r ed a na r ea o fs ome 7 35 .49m 2. o r r e c tangu la r , t h r ee s to rey s t ruc tu r e w i th ac ou r tya rd a nd a t wo s to r eyed s t ruc tu r e f r on t ing Wa te r S t re e t ( f ig s 4 2 , 4 3 ) . T hough a t ta ched t ot h e T owe r , t h i s w a s p robab ly ag a t ehou se . I n 1 673 t h e 1 29 N o . T ow e r w a s n o t ed a s ' as t a te ly a nd s t rong p i le o fb u i ld ing ' ( S t ewa r t -B rown SMR A SM 3 390 / 1 9 10 , 4 7 ) . As t ruc tu r e , k nown a st h e g r ea t b a rn , l a y t ot h e n o r th ; p e rhap s S i te L iverpoo l T ower t h i s w a s t h e w a r ehou se w h ich o pened d i r ec t ly o n t o t h e s ea ( f ig 4 2 ; T own sh ip L ive rpoo l C hand le r&S ax ton 1 960 , 2 8 ; C h i t ty 1 98 1b , 9 ,2 4 ) . Al ow w a l l a tt h e w e s t P a r ish Wa l ton -on the -H i l l s e pa ra t ed t h e h ou se f r om t h e r i ve r f r on t . G a rden s l a y t ot h e n o r th a nd e a s t H und r ed We s tD e rby ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1b , 1 0 ) ; t h e 1 774 p l an s how s T owe r G a rden P a s sage r unn ing E s ta te C rown n o r thwa rd sf r om Wa te rS t re e tt op a s sage a l on s ide t h eo l d c hu rch y a rd . NGR S J3 398 9 045 L oca t ion

P e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo log y S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

7m l ow ly ing o n b ank o fe s tua ry

o ccup ied b ys i t e6 50 y a rd s 2/ 59 4m 2o r3 3230 f e e t2/ 10 128m 2

? sou th f r om Wa t e rS t ree t ? two s to reyed g a tehou se

l i c ence t oc r ene l la te i n1 406 d e s t royed c 1774 i nS t ewa r t -B rown 1 9 10 , @ 2 0 ' =V ' G i l low 1 907 ; G r eg son 1 817 1824 ; C hand le r& S ax ton 1 960 ;C h i t ty 1 981b C hand le r&S ax ton 1 960 ; C h i t ty 1 981b ; S eacome 1 793 ; S t ewa r t -B rown 1 9 10 ; Twem low 1 9 18 IT h i s

m ea su r emen t i ss omewha t l e s s t han t h a t s ugge s ted b y t h e 1 774 p l an ( s e ef i g9 1 .31c ) .

2 89

C a ta logue : LO WTON T enure

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1 292 3

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W i l l iam d eL au ton &R icha rd d e G o lbo rne

1 6o xgang s

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S imon ,s on o f T hu r s tan d e H o l land

1 302

1k n igh t ' sf e e

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1 322 /

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m ano r

E a r lo fL anca s t e r& R obe r td eH o land

J ohn d eL ange ton

H omage ; 1 0 s s e rv ic ey ea r ly ;3 s 4 ds ak ef ee W i l lo d eL au ton A dam d e Swyn legh H en sd e Wodehou se s A dam f l uR ic i H ugoe d eL au ton W i l lo f i lR ad i A dam l eG a rde rme r

1 332 g

' i s x i jd ' i s i i js u s ' i s i j sy i d

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R obe r t ,s on o f R obe r td eL ang ton

1 344 -45 9

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1 346 1 b

k n t 5a c r e s 1c r of t

1 466 1

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1 502 1 2

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l o rd o f Make r f ie ld

c 1540 1 2

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am e s suag e m ano ro f L ow ton & K enyon

1 592 -93 '3

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i( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 5 1 n n8 , 1 ) . A dam g r an ted h i s l a nd s i nG o lbo rne ( q v ) a nd A rbu ry a nd g r an t s , e a ch o f 2o xgang s , t oR obe r t d e W inw ick , E l len , d augh t e ro fA ldu sa , a nd W i l l iam d eS ankey . L a te rr e co rd s i n d ica te t h a tt h e W inw ick h o ld ing m igh th ave b een 2o xgang s ; R obe r td eW inw ick a l ia s R ob e r ts on o fR obe r t ,r e c to ro fW inw ick ,g r an ted 2o xgang si nL ow ton t oG i lbe r td eH aydock . E l len w a sg r anddaugh te ro fW i l l iam d e L aw ton a nd g r an t ed t wo o xgang st oJ o rdan d eK enyon , s on o fW i l l iam d e L ow ton ( ? he rb r o the r ) . P a in d e L ow ton h ad g i ven F lu t tec rof tt ot h eH o sp i ta l o fJ e ru sa lem ; t h i s w a s r e g ran ted o rc onf i rmed b yA dam . J o rdan d eK enyon h e ld t h eH o sp i ta l le r sl a nd s i nL ow ton a nd K enyon ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 53 n 33 ) . 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 3 ) . W i l l iam d eL ow ton h e ld at o ta l o f 61 2 c / a ruca t e so fw h ich 2w e r e i nL ow ton , 2i nK enyon , 2i nG o lbome ( q v )a nd 1 2 i / nA rbu ry . I ti s s uppo sed t h a tm o s t , i fn o ta l ,o fL ow ton w a sh e ld b yW i l l iam d eL ow ton i nd eme sne .T homa sd eG o lbor n eh e ld t h eo t he r mo ie ty o fG o lbor n e .

3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,148 ) . W i l l iam d e L ow ton a nd R icha rd d e G o lbo rne j o in t ly h e ld 1 2 k / n igh t ' s f e e i nL ow ton , K enyon a nd A rbu ry o ft h e f e e o ft h e E a r l o f F e r r e r s .T he h o ld ing i sq u i t ed i s t inc tf r om t h e 1 2 f / e eh e ld b yt h eh e i ro fR obe r tB ana s t r ei n Make rf i e ld a tt h es ame d a t e . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 5 1 n 10 ) . R obe r td eL ow ton m ay b et h es ame p e r son a sR obe r t ,s on o fR icha rd d eH ind ley ,t ow hom W i l l iam d eL ow ton h ad g i ven ' a l lt h ev i l lo fL ow ton i e1 2o xg ang si nd eme sne a nd 4i ns e rv ic ea st h ef e eo fo ne ( s ic )k n igh t ' .

4

5( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 52 n 16 ) .A tt h i s d a t eA lan , s on o fA lan d eR ix ton ( q v )c l a imed B y rom f r om S imon , s on o fT hu r s tan d eH o l land b u tB y rom w a ss a id t ob e ' n e i the rt own , b o rough , n o rh am le t ' . T hu r s tan d eH o l land o b ta ined t h e f o rme rp o s se s s ion so fT homa s d eG o lbo rn e i nc 1270 , b yg r an tf r om R ob e r tB ana s t r e , l o rd o fN ew ton ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 5 1) . S i nc et h eG o lbo rne f am i ly s e em n o tt oh ave h e ld l a nd i nL ow ton , m aybe B y rom h ad f o rme r ly b e en i n dependen to fb o th L ow ton a nd G o lbo rne . T hu r s tan d e H o l land a l so h ad a bou t 1c a ruca t e i nG o lbo rne ( Fa r re re d . 1 903b , 7 3 ) . A l so c 1270 R ob e r td eH ind ley /R is ley a nd E l len d eC u lche th , h i sw if e , r e c e ived G i lbe r t d e C u lche th 's l a nd s i nL ow ton b ecau se s o much o fR i s ley ( q v ) w a s ' wa s t e a nd d e se r t ' ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 6 1 n 77 ) . F rom t h i s i ts e em st h a tt h el o rd o fp a r to fC u lche th ( q v )a l so h e ld l a nd i nL ow ton . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 3 13 ) . 4 0 sw a s l e v ied o nt h i s h o ld ing a st h es ub s idy d ue o nt h em a r r iage o fE dw a rd I ' sd augh te r . T h i se n t ry a ppea r st op l ac e L ow ton a nd K enyon i n ap o s i t ion s upe r io rt oN ew ton ( q v )o rG o lbor n e( qv )a nd t h eo t he rv i l l sh e ld b yk n igh t ' ss e r v ice i n Ma l ce rf ie ld .

6

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . N ew ton , L ow ton , K enyon , A rbu ry a nd G o lbo rne a r et o g e the rd e sc r ibed a st h em ano r s w h ich d ef ine t h e k n igh t ' s f e e . Ac on tempo ra ry d ocumen ts t a t e st h a tL ang ton h e ld o n ly t h em o ie ty o fG o lbo rne . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he t e nan t s a s se s sed f o rt h e L ay S ub s idy c ame f r om L ow ton a nd K enyon . I n 1 328 T hu r s tan , s on o fS imon d e H o l land , s e t t led l a nd s i n B y rom ,N ew ton ,L ow ton a nd G o lbor n eo nH en ry d eB y rom a nd A l ic e ,h i sw if e( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 52 n 16 ) .

8

9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 52 n 16 ) .

1 °

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . L ow ton w a sa t ta ched t ot h eL ang ton h o ld ing d e sc r ibed a s' New ton w i th t h em embe r s ' .

2 90

Ca ta logue : LO WTO N

I

( L egh MSS 1 466 , f o l . 2 1 .1-3 ) . T he o r ig in o ft h i s h o ld ing m ay l i ei n 2o xgang s i nL ow ton t oG i lber td eH aydock ( s ee n o t e 1a bove ) .

1 2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 52 n 18 ) .

1 3

( F ranc e 1 947 , 6 7 ) . E a ch h o ld ing i n c luded am e s suag e c um p er t inenc i i s f o rw h ich t h e a moun t r e nde r ed w a s ay ea r ly r e n t . B y 1 547 S i r W i l l iam L ey land o f Mo r ley s i nA s t ley ( q v ) h e ld t h e f o rme r l a nd s o ft h e H o sp i ta l le r s i nL ow ton a nd K enyon f r om t h e k i ng ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 53 , 3 3 ) . T he 1 540 r e n ta l , h ow eve r ,f a i l st on o t ice K enyon .

1 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 51 n 12 ) . T he H o l land s o fD en ton c l a imed t h e mano ro fL ow ton a nd K enyon .

1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 52 ) . J ohn B y rom d i ed a tt h i st ime . H ea l so h e ld t h em ano ro fP a r ra nd l a nd se l sewhe r e .

1 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 53 ) .

1 7

( Fan-e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 53 ) . T he se i n d iv idua l sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy .

1 8

( Fa r re r&B row nb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 53 ) . B y rom w a sn ego t ia t ing t h e s a le o fh i se s ta t e a tt h i s d a t e . I n 1 729 i tw a s d e sc r ibed a s' ac ompe t en te s ta t e i nL anca sh i r e , b u tb yb e ing i l in t roduced t ot h ew o r ld , a nd s oon f a l l ing i n to t h eh and so fs ha rpe r s a nd g ame s te r s ( t he v e ry b ane o fm any y oung g en t lemen w hen t h ey f i r s t c ome f r om t h eU n iv e r s i ty )h i se s ta t ew a s d im in i shed a nd , w ha tw a s m o re v a luab le , h i sr e pu ta t ion w a s l o s t ' ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 53 n 30 ) . B y rom H a l l l i e s o n ly a s ho r t d i s tance t o t h e s ou th a nd w e s t o f Mo s s ley H a l l ( qv ) w h ich i sa l so i nL ow ton . T he h ou se i sb e l ieved t o h ave b een b u i l t i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry o n t h e s i te o f t h e moa t p l a tf o rm a nd w a s e x ten s ive ly r e bu i l t i n 1 713 ( Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 87 ) . T he re a r e s eve ra l b l ocked w indow s i nt h e s ou th a nd w e s t e l eva t ion s , b u t n o a r ch i tec tu ra l d e ta i l s b y w h ich t od a te t h e b u i ld ing ( OS S J 6 9 NW 3 ) . I n ter na l ly , t h e h ou se h a s t imb e r f r am ing ; c ompa r i son m ay , p e rhap s , b e m ade w i th L igh t shaw H a l l ( q v ) . Wa lk e r a nd T inda l l w e r e d oub tf u l o f a moa t , b u t t h e a r rang emen t a nd o r ien ta t ion o fp ond s i n 1 838 a nd t e nu r ia l s t a tu s s ugge s t t h a t t h e h ou se w a s p robab ly m oa ted . A c l a im h a s b een m ade f o r ad rawb r idg e ( Wo r s ley 1 988 , 5 ) .

F ig 9 1 .32a By rom H a l l a nd Moss ley Ha l l 1 838 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 50 ) S ee f i g 9 1 .15a f o rt he map o f Go lborne w i th L ow ton

N o . SMR

1 5 GMS MR 5 72

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

B yrom H a l l L ow ton W inw ick N ew ton Ma l ce r f ie ld

NGR L oca t ion

S D6 250 9 882 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le b ed s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m n o r th f a c ing , s l igh ts l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

? s ing le r e c tangu la r

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

c 10 15m p ond s i n1 838 w e tp ond s 1 838 ? e a s t ? d rawb r idg e

f i l led 1 7 thC ; r e bu i l t 1 713 L anc s RO DRL 1 / 50 , 1 838 @ 2 0 c ha in s =3 /3 2" Wo r s ley 1 988 F an-e r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 ; Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985 ; Wo r s ley 1 988

R obe r t d e Mo s s ley a ppea r s i n ap l ea o f c 1368 a nd Mo s s ley i n L ow ton i sc i t ed i n 1 6 th -c en tu ry d ocumen t s ( Fan-e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 51 n 11) . I t s l o ca t ion s ugge s t st h a t p e rhap s l i k e B y rom H a l l i tw a s h e ld b y t h e H o l land s . T he H a l l l i e s n ea r t o t h e b ounda ry b rook b e tween We s t le igh a nd A b ram a nd t h e a r ea w a s m a rked ' l i ab le t o F lood s ' i n 1 848 1849 . I n t h i s , i t s p o s i t ion i s s im i la rt ot ha to fL igh t shaw H a l l , G o lbo rne ( qv ) , P y le , P enn ing ton ( q v ) a nd , p o s s ib ly , A b ram H a l l ( qv ) . I n 1 952 p a r t o f t h e m oa t h ad b e en p l oughed b u t i tc ou ld s t i l l b e c l ea r ly s e en i n af i e ld . B y 1 959 mo s t o ft h e moa t h ad d i sappea red a nd t h e o wne r w a s p ropo s ing t o f i l l t h e r ema inde r ( OS S J 6 9 NW 2 ) . I th a s n ow a lmo s t c omp le t e ly d i sappea r ed t h rough p l ough ing a nd i n f i l l ing ( Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985 , 1 94 ) . N o . SMR

5 6 GMS MR 4 069

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Mo s s ley H a l l L ow ton W inw ick N ew ton Make r f ie ld

NGR L o ca t ion

S J 6 282 9 903 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r i f tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le b ed s B ou lde rc l ay D ownho l land A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m n o r th -f ac ing s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 90 x8 0m /7200m 2 c 6m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

B y rom may b e i d en t if ied w i th t h e c a ruca t e h e ld b y R icha rd d e W inw ick f r om T homa s d e G o lbor n e i n 1 212 ( Fan-e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 51) t houg h e l sewhe r eF an-e rc l a im st ha t d e W inw ick ' s e s ta t e l a y i nt h eh am le to f H u lme , i nW inw ick ( Fan-e re d . 1 903b , 7 4 ) . H oweve r , i ts e em s t oh ave b e en h e ld b yS imon d eH o l land i n1 292 a nd w a s c l a imed b yA lan , s on o fA lan d e R ix ton ( qv ) . I t s p r ox im i ty t oL igh t shaw H a l l , G o lbo rne ( q v ) , a l so h e ld b y S imon d e H o l land i n1 323 , s ugge s t s t ha t B y rom H a l l , a nd p e rhap s Mo s s ley H a l l , w e re a l lo nt h eH o l land e s ta te . Af t e r 1 328 i tw en tt ot h eB y rom f am i ly .

P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

w e tp ond 1 838 ? s t r eam

s l igh tt r ac e s f a rm land L anc s RO DRL 1 / 50 , 1 838 @ 2 0 c ha in s= 3 n/ ,3 2"; O S6 " S hee t 1 02 , 1 848 1849 F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 11 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

2 91

c e r ta in

C a ta logue :LYDIATE T enure

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

1 066 1

6b ova t e s

c 1190 c 12 122

T un snape

S imon s on o fS t a inu lf d eL yd ia te

190 c 1220 3

Mu r sc ,ough

A lan d eL yd ia t e

1 2 12

k n igh t ' sf e e

6b ova t e s

k n igh t ' sf e e

2b ova t e sa t E gga rga t e

K ing E dwa rd

p a r to fO r shawhead

' h ok n igh t ' s f e e 9 4 0k n igh t ' s f e e

L ydya th e

B ened ic ts on o f S imon & b ro the rA lan H en ry s on o fG i lb e r t W i l l iam s on o f B ened ic td eL yd ia t e

W i l l iam B u t le r

[ Gu i ldhou sel 1 242 1 243 7

S imon s on o fA lan d e H a l sa l l W i l l iam Wh i t eo f G i ldhu s

H e i ro f Eme ry l e B o te le r

H eke rga r t

W i l l iam d eL ydya the W i l l iam d e Wa l ton

1 268 g

O r shaw

1 27e

2/ 3m ano r

A dam s on o fR obe r t d eO r shaw A l ic ew idow o f

11 2 o / xgang s&1 2 / w a t e rm i l l 11 /o 2 xgang s ' Aw a te rm i l l 1o x png

B ened ic td eL yd ia te W i l l iam ,s on o f B ened ic t A dam d eC hu rch ice R obe r td eH a l sa l l R icha rd s on o fA dam

1 322 1 3231 0

m ano r so fL ydeya te &E g e rga r th

C ock e r sand A bbey

W i l l iam l eB o t i le r

1 2d y ea r ly

J ohn d eL yd ia t e G i lbe r ts on o fT hom a sd eL yd ia t e

A l ic ew idow o f T homa sd eL yd ia te

R icha rd s on o fR obe r td e G i ldhou se & s on R icha rd R obe r t &W i l l iam s on so fA dam d eO r shaw i j si j do b G i lb to d eL idya te i i j sv i i jd R ob to d e Wo lf a l l R ob to l eH a rpou r i i js i i jd i js x j do b A lan d eH a lsa l l E l ia d eO k eshaghe x i jd R ico d e Wo lf a l l x d A lan f l uH en r x d A dam d eH a igh v i si j do b

[ ?Gu i ldhou se ] [ ?O r shaw ] 1 332 1

1 346 1 2

L yd ia t ew i th E gga rga te 1 /3 m ano r

1 350 1

L andho ld e r s

U c t r ed

W i l l iam l eB o te le r

p a r to fO r shawhead & Mu r scough

1 212 1 233 5 c 1220 c 1233 6

S e r v ice . / r en t

W i l l iam B o t i l le r S i rW i l l iam l e B o te le r

J ohn ,s on o fB ened ic t R icha rd o ft h e Wo lf a l l o fL yd ia te

1 4 14 B

m ano r

A rchdeacon H en ry d e H a l sa l l

1 422 1 6

W i l l iam F l e tche r& w if eJ oan

1 43 3 1Y 1 451 a

T homa sI r e land jt e n i nL ydyz a t e f r e e ly

1 472 1 b

C ock e r sand A bb ey

i jt e n

H en r icu sO r shagh

2 m / 1 ano r

H emy H a l sa l l

1 485 2 b 1 50 11

1 / 1 0

k n igh t ' s

L ydya t em ano r

x i i js i jd & i jc apon i j s

C ocke r sand A bbey

J ohn I r e land N yco lL angbake R ica rdu sG o r schawe

x i i i s id & i jc apon i j s

S i rT homa sB u t le r

J ohn I r e land

1 0m a rk s

C ocke r sand A bbey

J ohanna T y rha r e

i jt e n 1 515 1 2

R ica rdu sR obyn son

f e e c 1535 1 .

L au r ence I r e land I

1 537 2 4

a tw i l l

1 53

k n igh t 's f e e

1 543 1 6

i jt e n

T home H a l sa l l

m ano r

S i rT homa sH a l sa l l S i rW i l l iam Mo lyneux

2 92

x i i js i jd & i jc apon i j s

H e r e sR icha rd iO r shagh N icho la sL yd ia te

C a ta logue : LYDIATE

T enur e

E s ta te

1 548 2 7

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

Me sne l o rd

l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton

1 56 12 8 1 566 2 9

1 / 2 0 k n igh t ' s f e e( s ic )

L id ia tm ano r

T homa s B u t le r

L au r enc eI r e land I

5 41 2 d& / 7 d

H en ry H a l sa l l S i rE dwa rd Wa r r en S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux

2 0d 2 0d

L au r ence I r e land H

5 s4 dr e n t

E s r ega r th Mano r 1 575 2 °

S er v ice ! r en t

L andho ld e r s

7 sr e n t L au r enc eI r e land H I H a l sa l l

1 600 2 1

f r eeho lde r s

L au r ence I r e land H I L yd ia t eo fL yd ia t e

1 609 2

L au r ence I r e land I

1 623 2 1 628 2 4

f r e eho lde r s

' mano r ' o fL yd ia te

S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux

L yd ia t e ' man s ion h ou se ' e t c

E dwa rd I r e land T homa sL yd ia t e

1 671 2 5 -

h a l lo fL yd ia te e t c 1 / 3d oveco t e

J ame s S ca r i sb r ick o f S ca r i sb r ick Ma rga r e tI r e land

L yd ia t eH a l l

C ha r le sA nde r ton

T homa sL yd ia te

1 680 2 8

Ma rga r e tI r e land , w idow

J ohn C r ew

1 683 2 9

C ha r le sA nde r ton

T homa s L id ia tg en t J ame sL id ia ts en t

1 708 4

L ady A nde r ton

H en ry A sp inwa l l o f L yd ia t e , g en t . J o s iah P oo le o f L ive rpoo l , m e r chan t F ranc e sF a r r e ro f D ownho l land , y eoman & 6 6o t he r s

D ame Ma rga r e t A nde r ton

H en ry V a len t ine

1 673 2 4

L au r ence I r e land I V

1 678 2 /

1 7 17 4 1

h a l l , d eme sne ,m i l l s 4 1 m e s suage s& t e nemen t w indm i l l

S i rW i l l iam Mo lyneux

1 760 1 76 14 2

L yd ia t eH a l l

1 7694 3

F ranc i sF a r ra r& o the r s R icha rd G oo r e T homa sL ydya t t& o the r s

1 m e s suage s& t e nemen t s

S i te s :

J ohn C r ew & w if e Ma ry

H en ry B lunde l lo f I n ce B lunde l l

J o s iah P oo le & o t he r s

T homa s H a skayne

Mo lneux o fS ef ton 4 8

L yd ia t eH a l l

1( Mo rgan

1 978 ,2 69c ) . T he v a lue w a s 6 4d . Wood land w a s ' 1l e ague l o ng a nd 2f u r long s w ide ' . E a r ly i nt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry L yd ia t ew a s g i ven t oP a in d eV i le r s , l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton . P a in s e em s t oh ave g ran ted i tt oh i s s on , A lan ( ?Adam ) d e V i le r s , w ho i n 140 b e s towed i to n S t . We rbu rgh ' s A bbey i nC he s t e r . T he g ran td o e s n o ts e em t oh ave b een e f ec ted a nd W i l l iam G eme t( p robab ly t h e s on o fV iv ian G eme t , m a s t e rf o r e s te r , a nd Emma , d augh te ro fP a in d e V i le r s ) w a s l a t e rt of ound t oh o ld L yd ia t ef o r 3/ 4 0 o f ak n igh t ' sf e e( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 0 1 n 7 ; S haw 1 956 , f a c ing p 34 ; s e ep 237 a bove f o rt h ed e sc en to f t h eG eme te s ta t e si n We s tD e rby h und r ed ) .

2

3

4

5

6

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 35 -636 ) . S imon g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey t h ew ho le o fT un snape , b o th w ood a nd p l a in . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 34 -635 ) . A lan g ran ted l a nd t oC o cke r sand A bbey i nt h e f i e ld o fL yd ia te , f r om S and yf ord i n Mur scough , f o l low ing t h e A l t a r ound t h e H u r s tt ot h em i l l p oo l , t h en t ot h e m i l l r oad w h ich r a n b y U r lamwood t ot h e e dg e o fO r shaw a nd b y a no the r r oad t oS andyf ord , w i th p a s tu r e f o r2 0 c ow s w i th t h e i ro f sp r ing , t h eo x en w h ich t i l l t h e l a nd a nd 2 0 p ig s q u i to fp annag e . A lan w a s B ened ic td e L yd ia t e ' s o lde rb ro the r ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 0 1) ;h ea nd h i sd e sc endan t sw e r el o rd so fH a lsa l l ( q v )a nd Maghu l l ( q v )w h i l s tB ened ic ta nd h i sd e sc endan t sh e ld L yd ia te . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 8 ,1 0 ) . E gga rga t ew a s q u i t e d i s t inc t f r om L yd ia te ; i th ad b e en g i ven b yR icha rd B u t le rt o Wa l theve d e Wa le ton ( qv ) . E l sewhe r et h eg r an t b y B u t le r i ss a id t oh ave b een t o Ma t thew d e Wa l ton ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 06 ) . T he Wa l ton s w e re t h e h e r ed i ta ry s e r jean t s f o rt h e w apen take o f We s tD e rby ; H en ry , s on o fG i lbe r t , s on o f Wa l theof ( ?Ma t thew ) , w a s t h e y ounge rb ro the ro fR icha rd d e Mea th w ho h e ld H a le ( q v ) a nd F o rmby ( q v ) . T he c on so l ida ted e s ta t e o fE gga rga te , w h ich i n c luded t h e w a t e rm i l l , l a y i nt h e n o r th ea s t c o rne r o fL yd ia t e . H en ry d e Wa l ton g ran ted l a nd i nE gga rga t e t o C ocke r sand A bb ey ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 06 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 32 -633 , 6 36 ) . W i l l iam g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey a l h i s p a r to fO r shawhead , w i th p a s tu re f o r 1 2 c ow sw i th t h e i r of spr ing , 4o xen , 3 m a re sw i th t h e i r of sp r ing ,m a s t f a l l f o r2 0p ig sa nd p a s tu re f o rg oa t s a nd s heep a bl i b i tum . W i l l iam a l so g ran ted l a nd b ounded b y ` Sand yf o rd i n Mur scough t ot h ep a th f r om H o l land i nl e ng th a nd t ha tp a th t o Mo s s i nb r ead th , f r om t h e mo s st oR u s s ihu l l i si nt h es ou th a nd f r om R u s s ihu l l i st ot h ed yk eo fO r shaw ' . Ma i r scough B rook m a rk st h eb ounda ry b e twe en L yd ia t e a nd D ownho l land a nd t h e n ame i sp r e s e r ved i nt h e r oad f r om L yd ia te t oD ownho l land . F rom t h i s i tm ay b es uppo sed t h a tt h ee s ta te l a yi nt h en o r th o ft h ev i i i . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 33-634 , 6 36 ) . S imon , s on o fA lan , a nd W i l l iam Wh i t e g r an ted t oC ocke r sand A bb ey a l t h e i r p a r t s o fO r shawhead w i th in t h e b ound s c i ted i nt h eg ran tb yW i l l iam , s on o fB ened ic t ( no t e 5 ) . A l l t h e g ran t s i nO r shawhead w e r e c onf i rmed b yW i l l iam B u t le r . I n 1 769 G i lde r s A c r e a nd G i lde r s H ey sw e r es hown t ob e i nt h es ou th o fL yd ia te , c l o se t ot h eb ounda ry w i th Maghu l l ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /42 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . W i l l iam d e Wa l ton ' s h o ld ing w a s i nE gga rga te a nd w a s a s se s sed a s 940 o f ak n igh t ' s f e e ( Fa r re r e d . 1 900 , 5 4 1 n 1) . T he s um o ft h e b ova t e sm ade o ne p l ough land ,w he r et e np l ough land sr e p re sen ted o ne k n ight s f e e( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 2 06 n 5 ) .

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( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 32 -633 ) . A dam h e ld h i s e s ta te b y i n he r i tanc e ; h a lf am a rk w a s p ayab le a th i s d ea th . I tw a s t h e p a r t o fO r shawhead g r an t ed b y W i l l iam , s on o fB ened ic t , i n1 2 12 1233 . B e tween c 1220 -c 1250 R obe r td eO r shaw h ad r e lea sed t ot h eA bbey t h em o ie ty o fh i sl a nd c a l led O r shaw w h ich h ef o rme r ly h e ld ,w i th c ommon o fp a s tu r ef o r 6c ow s , 2o xen , 2m a r e sw i th t h e i r of sp r ing , m a s t f a l l f o rp i g s , a nd s h eep a nd g oa t sa bl i b i tum ( F a r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 34 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 0 1 n 15 ) . I nc 1270 A l ic e , w idow o fB ened ic t d e L yd ia te , s on o fW i l l iam , m ade o ve r a l h e r d ow e r a nd c l a im t ol a nd i n L yd ia te t oS i rW i l l iam B u t le r . I n1 276 s h e c l a imed h e rd ow e rr i gh t i n an umbe ro fh o ld ing s w h ich s how s t h a t s h e h e ld 2/3 o ft h e m ano r , 1 2 m e s suage s , 7 9 a c re so fa r ab le l a nd , 6 0 a c re so fw ood a nd aw a t e rm i l l . T he t e nan t s l i s ted w e r ep r inc ipa lo ccupan t so ft h ed owe rl a nd s ,w i th t e no t he r s . I n1 292 W i l l iam ,s on o fB ened ic td e L yd ia t e ,g r an t ed 4 sa nnua lr e n tf r om t h em i l lt oG i lbe r t , s on o fR icha rd d eH a l sa l l( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 06 ) . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 7 6 ) . I n 1 322 J ohn d e L yd ia t e , s on o fB ened ic t , h e ld 3/4 o fL yd ia t e f r om t h e B u t le r s ( F a r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 33n ) . I n 1 323 , A l ice , w idow o f T homa sd eL yd ia te , c l a imed d owe ri nl a nd sh e ld b yt h o se l i s ted a st e nan t s , a nd o t he r s ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 02 n 8 ) . ( Ry land s 1 896 ,2 1) . T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . E l ia sd eO cc le shaw i sp r e sumed t ob et h es ame p e r son a sE l ia sd eG i ldhou se ( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 02 n 15 ) . I n 1 3 15 , R icha rd , s on o fB ened ic t d e L yd ia t e , s e t t led o n h i s d augh t e r , C ec i ly , w if e o fE l ia s d e O cc le shaw , o ne o xgang o f l a nd p r ev iou s ly h e ld b y A dam d e C hu rch lee ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 02 ; n o t e 9 ) . W i tne s se s t ot h i s d eed w e r e m en f r om t h e h und r ed o fN ew ton Ma t thew d e H aydock ( q v ) , G i lbe r t d e S o thewo r th , R icha rd d e I n e s ( i n Ma l ce r f ie ld , q v ) , A dam d e B rade shagh ( ? of A b ram , H a igh o r We s t le igh , q v ) , R og e r d eO ku l shagh , W i l l iam d eA s she ton ( q v ) ,G i lbe r td eO ku l shagh ( G ib son 1 876 , 2 4 ) . O cc le shaw l a y i nt h ev i l l o fA b ram ( q v ) . A dam d eH a lgh m ay h ave h e ld h i s l a nd f r om H en ry B icke r s taf f eo fA ugh ton ( q v )a nd o t he r s( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 03 ) . T he Wo lf a l lf am i ly h ad a ne s ta t ei nH uy ton ( q v ) .

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( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 02 ) . J ohn , s on o fB ened ic t , c omp la ined t h a tS i r W i l l iam B u t le ra nd o t he r s , i n c lud ing t h e Wo lf a l l s a nd E l ia s d e G i ldhou se , h ad u n ju s t ly d i s se i sed h im o fh i s f r ee t e nemen to f2 / 3 o ft h e m ano r o fL yd ia te . I n 1 352 J ohn d e L yd ia t e a nd t wo o t he r s w e r e a c cu sed o fh av ing d i s se i sed Ma rg e ry , d augh te r o fH en ry d e Wo lf a l l a nd w idow o fR obe r t d e L yd ia te , o fh e r t h i rd o fL yd ia te ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 02 n 16 ) . I tm igh t b e a s sumed t h a tt h e L yd ia t e f am i ly h e ld 2/3 a nd t h e Wo lf a l l s h ad 1/ 3. I nc 1375 , K a the r ine , d augh te ro fJ ohn B ene t son d eL yd ia t e , m a r r ied R obe r t , s on o fJ ohn d eB lackbu rn o fG a r s ton ; t h e i rd augh te r ,A gne s , s u cceeded t ot h ee s ta te s . S he m a r r ied T homa s , s e cond s on o fS i rJ ohn d eI r e land o fH a le ( q v ) a nd h i sw if e , Ma rga r e tH a l sa l l( G ib son 1 876 ,2 4 -26 a nd f am i ly t r e eo ft h eI r e land so fL yd ia te ,2 7 ) . ( Lane s RO DDM 4 1/4 ) . I n1 4 11 R icha rd o ft h e Wo lf a l l o fL yd ia te a g reed t od i v ide t h e i n he r i tanc eo fh i sd augh te r s ,J oan ,K a the r ine a nd Mago t , a sf o l low s : •J oan a nd h e rh u sband , W i l l iam t h e F l e tch e r -' a l l t h e h a l l a nd t h i rd o ft h e l a nd o n t h e w e s to ft h e f i e ld , t o g e the rw i th t h e m eadow a d jo in ing t h e n o r ther n e nd , a nd p a r to ft h eg a rden ,p ay ing 4 dt ot h el o rd o ft h ef e e ' ; •K a the r ine a nd h e r h u sband , J ohn t h e Mo lyneux o fS ef ton -' t he c hambe r b e tween t h e h a l l a nd t h e h i ghway , w i th t h e e a s t e nd o ft h e b a rn a nd b o th d oo rway a nd p o r ch , a l so t h em idd le p a r to ft h e f i e ld a nd t h em eadow a d jo in ing i t sn o r ther ne nd a nd p a r to ft h eg a rden , p ay ing 4 dy ea r ly t ot h e l o rd o ft h e f e e ' • Mago ta nd h e rh u sband ,J ohn , s on o fR obe r to f Wodef a l l -' t he h igh c hambe ra tt h ew e s te nd o ft h eh a l l ,t h ew e s te nd o ft h eb ar na sf a ra st h ec r oke s n ex t t ot h ed oo rway , a l so at h i rd p a r to ft h ef i e ld a tt h ee a s te nd ,w i th m eadow a d jo in ing i t sn o r ther ne nd ' .

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( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 05 ) . T h i sh o ld ing w a sa cqu i r ed f r om Owen d eP ene r i th a nd h i sw if e ,J oan ; t h eo r ig in o ft h e i rt i le i sn o tk nown . P o s s ib ly , i t w a st h ep o r t ion h e ld i n1 352 b y Ma rge ry ,w idow o fR obe r td eL yd ia te ( n o te 1 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 05 n 11) . I n1 422 , S i rG i lbe r td eH a lsa l l b ough tl a nd sf r om W i l l iam F l e tche ra nd h i sw if e ,J oan ( n o t e 1 4 ) . ( G ib son 1 876 ,2 6 -28 ) . T homa sI r e land d i ed b ef o r e 1 4 33 . H i sw if ew a sA gne s , d augh t e ro fK a the r ine B ene t sone a nd h e rh u sband ,R obe r td eB lackbume a nd t h rough A gne s t h e d e L yd ia t e p o r t ion o fL yd ia te p a s sed t o aj un io r b r anch o ft h e I r e land f am i ly o fH a le ( q v ) ( n o t e 1 3 ) . L au rence I r e land Ii n he r i ted t h e e s ta t e .

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( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 240 , 1 242 ) . I n1 46 1 t h eo ccupan t sw e r eR icha rd R obyn son a nd W i l l iam O r schagh .

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( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 05 ) .T he t e nu r e i sn o tg i ven .

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( G ib son 1 876 , 2 8 ) . J ohn I r e land , s on o fL au r enc e I r e land Ia nd h i s w if e , K a the r ine B lund e l l , w e r e i np o s se s s ion o ft h e e s ta t e b y 1 485 . G ib son b e l ieved , w rong ly ,t h a tL au r ence a nd K a the r ine w e r er e spon s ib le f o rb u i ld ing t h ec ou r tya rd h ou se a tL yd ia t eH a l l ( s e eb e low ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 245 , 1 249 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 03 ; G ib son 1 876 , 2 9 ) . J ohn I r e land d i ed i n 1 5 14 1515 w hen L yd ia te w a s v a lu ed a t1 0m a rk s a nd t h e e s ta te d e r ived f r om t h e d e L yd ia t e f am i ly . A t h i s d ea th , h e a l so h e ld G a r s ton , D ounham ( s ic ) , t h re e m e s s suage s i n Woo l ton , p rope r ty i nH a lewood a nd C h i ldwa l l a nd , f r om B u r scough P r io ry , i nA l ler ton . E i the r L au r ence I r e land I( d c 1485 ) a nd h i s w if e , K a the r ine B lunde l l , o r J ohn d e I r e land ( d 1 5 14 1515 ) a nd h i s w if e , B ea t r ice , d augh te ro fW i l l iam N o r r i s o fS pek e ( q v ) m ay h ave b een r e spon s ib le f o rt h e c on s t ruc t ion o fS t . C a the r ine ' s C hape l , L yd ia te ( L ew i s &O 'Han lon 1 990 , 1 3 , 1 0 ) . H ow eve r , D 'A rcy ( 1990 )h a sa r gued t h a tL au r ence I r e land I( d 1 566 )w a st h eb u i lde r . ( G ib son 1 876 , 2 9 -31) . L au renc e I r e land I s u cc eeded h i s f a the r , G eo rg e I r e land , i nc 1535 a nd w a s i n vo lved i nm any l a nd t r an sa c t ion s . I n 1 544 h e b ough t t h e f o rme r C ock e r sand A bbey l a nd s i nL yd ia t e , Me l l ing ( q v ) a nd T ho rn ton ( q v ) . I n 1 547 E gga rga r th w i th i t sw a t e rm i l l a nd a ppu r tenance s i nL yd ia t e a nd D ownho l land , w a s b ough t f r om t h e S ca r i sb r ick f am i ly ( Hu r l s ton q v ) ; i nG a r s ton , h e h ad al e a se o n p rope r ty f o rme r ly b e long ing t o Wha l ley A bbey a nd h e a cqu i red t h ef o rme rl a nd s o f Me reva le A bbey i nA l tca r . I nc 1563 h e s o ld t h e mano ro fG a r s ton t oS i rW i l l iam N o r r i s o fS pek e ( q v ) . O the r l a ndowne r s a l so e xchang ed p r ope r ty ( n o te 2 6 ) . ( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 247 , 1 249 ) . J ohanna w a s t h e d augh t e ro fT homa s T y rha r e . S i rT homa s H a l sa l l i n te r vened ( am odo ) b e twe en t h e A bbey a nd t h e h e i r s o f R icha rd O r shagh . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 05 n 13 ) .N icho la sL yd ia t eh e ld t h eG i ldhou se sa nd o t he rl a nd s . ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 05 -206 ) . I n 1 543 , S i r W i l l iam Mo lyneux e xchanged l a nd s i nL yd ia t e a nd Maghu l l f o r 1 4 o / fF o rmby h e ld b y S i r W i l l iam N o r r i s o fS peke . I n 1 56 1 , J ohn , s on o fS i r E dwa rd Wa r r en , a nd S i r R icha rd Mo lyneux a g r eed t ot a ke a l t h e H a l sa l l l a nd s i nL yd ia te c ha rged w i th 2 0d p ayab le t ot h ec h ief l o rd i ne xchange f o r 1 4 o / fF o rmby ( q v ) . T he Wa r ren s ha r eo fL yd ia te w a ss o ld t oS i rR icha rd Mo lyneux i n1 595 . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 0 1 n 6 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 05 ) . Wa r r en a nd Mo lyneux t o ok a l t h eH a l sa l l l a nd s i nL yd ia t ew h ich w e re c ha rg ed a t2 0d t ot h ec h ief l o rd i ne xchange f o r o ne q ua r te ro fF o rmby ( q v ) . ( G ib son 1 876 , 3 1) . L au r ence I r e land I d i ed i n1 566 ; t h e v a lue o fL yd ia t e mano rw a s 4 0 m a rk s a nd t h a to fE gga rga r th m ano rw a s 1s .L au r enc e a l so h e ld C un scough a nd o t he rl a nd i n Me l l ing ( q v ) , 3m e s suag e s i nA ugh ton ( q v ) a nd l a nd i nT ho rn ton ( q v ) , H a l sa l l ( q v )a nd A in t r ee . H ew a ss ucceeded b yh i s s on , W i l l iam ,w ho se s e cond w if ew a sE l eano r Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ( q v ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 05 ) .

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( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 83 ) . I n 1 603 L au r ence I r e land I ( d 1 609 ) e nf eof f ed S i r R icha rd Mo lyneux a nd o t he r s o fL yd ia t e H a l l a nd C hape l , t h e d ove -hou se , b a rn s , c l o se s a nd n amed f i e ld s ( Ry land s 1 880 , 1 26 129 ) . L au r ence w a s t oh ave u s eo ft h em ano ro fL yd ia te f o rl i f e ; a f t e rh i s d ea th t h e f e of f ee s w ou ld b es e i sed o f 1/ 3o ft h ec ap i ta l m e s suag e f o rt h e u s eo ft h e ma le h e i r , 1/3 w a s r e se r ved f o rh i sw idow , Ma rga re t , d augh te ro fE dwa rd S ca r i sb r ick , i nl i eu o f ac l a im f o rd ow e r a nd 93 w a s t ob e s e i sed f o rt h e u s e o ft h e t r u s tee s u n t i l h i s h e i rr e a ched t h e a ge o f2 4 . Ap l a n o ft h e Mo lyneux e s ta t e s i nL yd ia te i n 1 769 ( Lane s RO DDM 1 4 /42 )s how st h a tt h e i rc oncer nw i th t h e l a nd s a t ta ched t oL yd ia te H a l lw a sn o tp e rmanen t . ( G ib son 1 876 , 3 6 ) . L au r enc e I r e land d i ed i n 1 609 a nd h i s e s ta te p a s sed t o h i s 1 6 -yea r o l d s on , E dwa rd I r e land . T he i n ven to ry o fL au renc e I r e land 's p o s se s s ion sh a sb een p ub l i shed ( L ew i s &S amue l s 1 990 ,4 7 -50 ) .

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( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 05 -206 ) . I n 1 595 E dwa rd Wa r r en , s on o fJ ohn , s o ld h i s s ha re o fL yd ia te t oS i r R icha rd Mo lyneux . S i r R icha rd Mo lyneux d i ed i n1 623 h o ld ing t h e ' mano r ' o fL yd ia te a nd o t he rl a nd ( no te 2 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 83 ) . E dwa rd I r e land 's p rope r ty c omp r i sed L yd ia t e , ' man s ion h ou se ' , 1 6 h ou se s , 1 2 c o t tage s , ad oveco te , w indm i l l a nd w a t e rm i l l , t oge the r w i th t e n o r cha rd s , a r ab le a nd m eadow i n L yd ia t e a nd E gga rga r th , w i th f o u r a c r e s o fw ood i nE gga rga r th . H e a l so h ad p rope r ty i n C un scough a nd Me l l ing ( q v ) , A ugh ton ( qv ) a nd Maghu l l ( q v ) . E dwa rd I r e land , s on o fL au r enc e L r e land I , w a s m a r r ied t w ic e . T he r e w e r e t wo d augh t e r s f r om t h e f i r s tm a r r iage a nd L au r enc e I r e land I V c ame f r om t h es e cond , t o Ma rga r e t d augh t e ro fE dwa rd N o r r i s o fS pek e . A cco rd ing t o ad ocumen tt hough t t oh ave b een d r awn u p s oon a f t e rt h i s m a r r iag e , Ma rga r e tw a s t oh ave C un scough H a l l i n Me l l ing ( q v ) a sh e rj o in tu re ( G ib son 1 876 , 3 7 ) . E dwa rd d i ed o n 1 A pr i l 1 637 ; t h e i n ven to ry o fh i s p o s s se s s ion s h a s b een p ub l i shed ( G ib son 1 876 , 3 9 -43 ) . H i s w if e , Ma rga r e t I r e land , o u t l ived h im b y 5 8 y ea r s , a nd d i ed i n 1 695 ;t h e i n ven to ry o fh e rp o s se s s ion s h a s b een p ub l i shed ( Lew i s&S amue l s 1 990 , 5 1-52 ) . S inc e i tm ake s n o r e f e r ence t op rope r ty i n Me l l ing , p r e sumab ly h e ri n te r e s t i nC un scough H a l l h ad l a p sed .

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4 2

4 3

( G ib son 1 876 , 4 7 -48 ) . A s aw idow e rw i th t wo y oung d augh te r s , L au r ence I r e land I Vh ad j o ined t h eJ e su i t s , l e av ing h i s mo the r , Ma rga r e tI r e land ( w idow o f E dwa rd I r e land ) , t ob r ing u p h i s d augh te r s . I n 1 67 1 , J ame s S ca r i sb r ick o fS ca r i sb r ick , a c t ing a st r u s te e f o rt h e e s ta t e , m ade a n a g reemen t w i th J ohn C r ew a nd h i s w if e , Ma ry , t h a tt h ey s hou ld h ave L yd ia t e H a l l a nd n amed l a nd s f o r af i ve -yea rt e rm . O ne -ha lf o ft h e f r u i tt r ee s a nd o ne th i rd o ft h e d oveco te w e r e r e se r ved t o Ma rga r e tI r e land , w idow . M rC r ew 's a ccoun t s i n d ica t et h a tt h e re w a s ac on s ide rab le s t ock o ft imbe ro nt h ee s ta te . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 05 ) . L au rence I r e land d i ed i n 1 673 a nd L yd ia t e p a s sed t oC ha r le s A nde r ton , h u sband o f Ma rga r e t , e l de r d augh te r o f L au r enc e I r e land . E dwa rd I r e land ' sw idow c on t inued t ol i ve i np a r to ft h e h a l l u n t i lh e rd ea th i n1 695 ( L ew i s&S amue l s 1 990 , 3 2 -33 ) . ( G ib son 1 876 , 6 3 ) . A f te rt h e d ea th o fh i s f a the ri n1 678 , S i rC ha r le sA nde r ton w en tt ol i ve a tt h ef am i ly h ome a tL o s tock , n ea rB o l ton . L yd ia te H a l l a nd i t s d eme sne w a sl e tt oT homa s L yd ia te w ho t o ok u p r e s idence i np a r to f t h e H a l l . ( G ib son 1 876 , 2 84 ) . Ma rga r e t I r e land , w idow , a nd J ohn C rew o fL yd ia te w e r e f i ned a s r e cu san t s . F ou r teen o t he r L yd ia te t e nan t s a nd f i f teen f r om t h e n e ighbou r ing v i l l o fD ownho l land , i n c lud ing m embe r s o ft h e F a r r e r f am i ly , w e r e o u t law ed b u t n o t f i ned f o rt h e i r r e cu sancy . I n 1 682 , s he p a id £ 3 r e n t f o r t h eh a l l ,o u thou se s , o r cha rd s a nd g a rden st oge the rw i th ac r of ta nd d oveco te a nd £ 5 f o r ' t he f a r the s tf i e ld i nt h e l owe rg round ' ( Lanc s RO DD In 6 3 /20 ) . ( G ib son 1 876 , 6 4 ) . I n 1 683 M r s Ma rga r e t I r e land ( w idow o fE dwa rd I r e land ) e xecu t ed ad eed o fs u r r ende r i nf a vou ro fS i rC ha r le s A nde r ton a nd h i s w if e , Ma rga r e t . T homa s a nd J ame s L id ia t ( s ic ) w e re d e scr ibed a s g en t lemen , t h e r ema in ing t e nan t s b e ing y eomen a nd h u sbandmen . I n 1 671 , J ohn C r ew o f O rm sk i rk , a n i n nkeepe r , s ucceeded M rL yd ia te i nf a rm ing t h e d eme sne a tL yd ia te H a l l a nd w a s a gen tt oS i rC ha r le s A nde r ton w ho d i ed i n1 69 1 ( Mann ing 1 992 , 1 7 ) . ( G ib son 1 876 , 6 6 ) . L ady Ma rga r e tA nde r ton , w idow o fS i rC ha r le s , p rocu r ed t h e s u r r ende ro ft h e i rh o ld ing s a nd l e a se s f r om t h e t e nan t s o fh e r l a te f a the r 's e s ta t e . F ranc i s F a r r e r o f D ownho l land , y eoman , a l so s u r r ende r ed h i s h o ld ing t o L ady A nde r ton . I n a dd t ion t o A sp inwa l l , P oo le a nd F a r r e r , t h e e s ta te i n c luded h o ld ing s l e tt op eop le f r om , o ri n , L yd ia t e ( 19 y eomen a nd f i ve w idow s ) , E gga rga r th ( f ive y eomen ) , A l tca r( t h re e y eomen ) , C un scough i n Me l l ing ( q v ) ( J ohn T a t locke o fC un scough , g en t . a nd e i gh t y eomen ) , T homa s H a le o fB icke r s taf f e , y eoman , A ugh ton ( q v ) ( 15 y eomen a nd t h ree w idow s ) a nd Maghu l l ( qv )( t h r ee y eomen ) . ( F rance 1 945 , 1 60 162 ; 1 960 , 6 5 -67 ) . H en ry V a len t ine h ad L yd ia te H a l l a nd t h e d eme sne l a nd s t o g e the rw i th E g r ega te ( s ic ) P a rk s , t h e w a te rm i l l , k i ln a nd w indm i l l . D ame Ma rga r e tA nde r ton d i ed i nL ondon i nA ugu s t 1 720 ( G ib son 1 876 , 7 2 ;T y r e r 1 972 ,2 2 ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 05 ) . T he L yd ia te i n te re s t s o fH en ry B lunde l l o fI n c e B lunde l l ( 1 724 18 10 ) d e r ived f r om h i s g r andf a the r 's m a r r iage w i th Ma ry , d augh te r a nd h e i r e s s o fF ranc i s A nde r ton ( d 1 760 ) ( G ib son 1 876 , 8 4 -85 ; L ew i s & S amue l s 1 990 , 3 3 ) . I n 1 76 1 T homa s H a skayne w a s t e nan t o f L yd ia te Ha l l ( La nc s RO DDM 4 1 / 19 ) ; i ti su nc lea r w hy t h is d o cumen t s hou ld b e f ound a mong s t t h e Mo lyneux p ape r s b u t i tm ay r e p re sen t ar e s idua l i n te re s td a t ing f r om t h ee a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry ( s ee n o t e s3 1 , 4 3 ) . I n1 769 , ad e ta i led s u rvey o ft h e Mo lyneux e s ta te s i nL yd ia t ew a s u nde r taken ; n ame so ft h et e nan t s a nd d e ta i ls o ft h e i rh o ld ing s a r e f u l ly r e co rded s how ing t h a t t h e Mo lyneux i n te r e s t s w e r e s omewha t d i spe r sed a nd d id n o t i n c lude L yd ia t e H a l l o r i t s d eme sne ( Lane s RO DD M 1 4 /42 ) . T he e s ta t e h ad p robab ly b een a ccumu la ted t h rough e xchange s m ade d u r ing t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( no te 2 6 ) . A tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 8 th c en tu ry H en ry B lunde l l b ough tt h e Mo lyneux p o r t ion a st h e m o ie ty o ft h e mano r( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 05 -206 ) .

F ig 9 1 .33b l ef t : L yd ia te H a l l 1 744 -1780 ( Lancs RO DD In 5 6 /99 ,b a sed o nL ew i s& S amue l s 1 990 , 3 2 ;n o s c a le ) f o r A& Bs e e f i g s 9 1 .33g ,h F ig 9 1 .33a : L yd ia te

r i gh t : L yd ia te H a l l 1 809 ( Lanc s RO DD In 6 3 /95A ; n o s c a le )

T he r e i sn o d oub tt h a t , a tl e a s t f r om t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s , L yd ia te H a l l w a s o wned b y t h e I r e land f am i ly a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r s , t h e A nde r ton s a nd B lunde l l s . B ef o r e t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h e e v idence i sl e s s c e r ta in ; p robab ly i t b e longed t ot h e d e L yd ia te f am i ly b u t t h e r e i s ar emo t e c hanc e t ha t i tl a yo n l a nd s g r an ted t o C ocke r sand A bb ey a nd t h a t t h e s i te w a s a cqu i r ed b y L au r enc e I r e land a tt h e D i s so lu t ion .

2 95

I n i t s o r ig ina l f o rm , t h e b u i ld ing c omp r i sed f o u r r a nge s a r ound a c en t ra l c ou r tya rd ( f ig 9 1 .33b l e f t ) . T he e a s t r a ng e i s t h ough t t o h ave b e en d emo l i shed c 1780 a nd as ha l low d i tch p robab ly n ow d ef ine s t h e o u t e r l i m i t o f t h i s r a ng e . P roba t e i n ven to r ie s g i ve d e ta i led i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e a r rang emen t o ft h e r o om s a nd t h e i r c on ten t s i nt h e H a l l ( Lane s RO WC W L au r ence I r e land 1 609 ; E dwa rd I r e land 1 637 ; Ma rga r e t I r e land 1 695 ; f o r t h e se s e e G ib son 1 876 , 3 9 43 ; L ew i s & S amue l s 1 990 , 4 7 -52 ) . T he d i spo s i t ion o f t h e r o om s h a s b e en s ugge s ted o n t h e e v idence o f E dwa rd I r e land ' s i n ven to r y ( L ew i s&S amue l s 1 990 , 3 6 ) .

C a ta logue :LYDIATE

N o . SMR

4 8 A SM 3 605 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

L yd ia te H a l l L yd ia te H a l sa l l We s tD e rby Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 626 0 516 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone S h i rd ley H i l l S and ( v e ry s ha l low ) A s t ley H a l l A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

n o r th -we s tf a c ing ,o ve r look ing A l tca r Mo s s

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s

p robab le

1 8m

c 2 -4m 2 m -r ock -cu td i tch o nw e s t d ry 1 989 e a s t g a tehou se 1 609

E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

LURAU 1 98 11982 LURAU 1 98 11982 ; L ew is , S peakman & S wogge r 1 994 ; L ew i s &S wogg e r 1 995 1996 t r a ce s m id 16 thC c on so l ida ted r u ined b u i ld ing i nw ood land

P lan s :

L anc s RO DD In 5 6 /99 n d( c 1760 ) ; DD In 6 3 /95a ,

E xcava t ion S urvey

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s :

P ub l ica t ion :

1 809 @ 1c ha in s =5/16 "; DRL 1 / 52 1 844 @ 3 c ha in s =I " ;A SM 1 982 @ 1 : 500 ; S wogg e r& S peakman 1 994 1995 G ame r&S t ra t ton 1 9 11 ; L a tham 1 822 ; R imme r 1 852 ; L iv RO Wa i te 1 888 1921 ; S wogge r 1 999 ; a e r ia l s u r vey b yA S M -e a r thwo rk s i nC ou r t s F i e ld D 'A r cy 1 990 ;G ib son 1 876 ; L egge t t&H ughe s 1 990 ; L ew i s &O 'Han lon 1 990 ; L ew i s& S amue l s 1 990 ; Mann ing , 1 992 ; S amue l s 1 982 ; S peakman , S wogge r&L ew i s 1 994 ; S wogge r 1 999 ; T ay lo r &C ox 1 895

A g a t ehou se n o ted i n 1 609 m ay h ave c on ta ined t h e ` wa rde ' c hambe r o f 1 637 a nd i sl i k e ly t ob e r e p re sen ted o n t h e 1 744 1780 p l an a s ap ro jec t ion f r om t h e m idd le o ft h e e a s t r a nge . T o t h e se d ocumen t s c an b e a dded t h e ma r r iage s e t t lemen to fL au r ence I r e land I Vo nh i sw if e , A nne S ca r i sb r ick , i n 1 658 . S he w a s g ran ted ' a l l t h e L ow e rR oome s f r om t h e g a te s n o r thwa rd s t o t h eH a l l a nd E n t ry s . .a l t h e h ighe rr oome s b e tween t h e g r een c hambe ra nd t h e C hambe r c a l led m r s E l len s 1c hambe r u pon t h e n o r th ' ( Lanc s RO DD In 6 4 / 126 ) . Mo s t , i fn o ta l , o ft h e n o r th r a nge i si n d ica t ed w i th t h e a dd i t ion o f ar oom o rr oom s i nt h e e a s t r a nge . A nne I r e land d i ed i n 1 663 a nd L au r ence e n te r ed t h e S oc ie ty o fJ e su s l e av ing r e spon s ib i l i ty f o rt h e u pbr ing ing o fh e r t wo d augh t e r s w i th h i s mo the r , D ame Ma rga r e t I r e land . S he o ccup ied 1/3 o f t h e H a l l u n t i l h e rd ea th i n1 695 b u t , a f t e r 1 666 , a tl e a s t p a r to ft h e h a l l w a s l e t t o t e nan t s w ho i n c luded J ohn C r ew a nd T homa s L yd ia t e . A l though T homa s L yd ia t e 's p roba t e i n ven to ry ( Lanc s RO WC W T homa s L yd ia t e 1 69 1) make sn os pec if ic r e f e r ence t or oom sa tL yd ia te H a l l i ti sc l ea rt ha th e l i ved i n as ub s tan t ia l h ou se . S inc e D ame Ma rga r e t 's p o r t ion i n c luded t h e d ome s t ic q ua r te r s , n u r se ry , t wo c l o se t s a nd a c hambe r , w e c an p e rhap s a s sume t ha t t h i s a ccommoda t ion e choed t ha t a loca t ed t oA nne I r e land i n 1 658 . P re sumab ly T homa s L yd ia t e h ad t h e g r ea t h a l l a nd r oom s a bove , t oge the r w i th t h e r ema in ing t wo r a ng e s . E igh t h ea r th s w e r e t a xed i n 1 664 ( PRO E / 179 /250 / 11) a nd t h e r e w e r e 1 0 i n 1 666 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 83 ) .

D a t ing a na ly s i s o fs even mou lded b eam s f r om t h e s ou th , w e s t a nd n o r th r a nge s g ave e s t ima ted f e l l ing d a te s b e tween 1 52 11554 ; i t s e em s l i k e ly t ha t t h e H a l l w a s p robab ly r a i sed i n as i ng le p ha se i n t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( L egge t t & H ughe s 1 990 , 5 3 ) . T he d a te a ppea r s t o b e c onf i rmed b yt h e i n i t ia l s 1 E ' c a rved o n c e i l ing b o s se s i n t h e g r ea t h a l l a nd n ow t h ough t t o r e p r e sen t W i l l iam I r e land ( d b ef o r e 1 569 ) a nd h i s s e cond w if e , E leano r Mo lyneux 2 ( f ig 9 1 .33d ) . I n i t s d e s ign t h e h a l l 's c a r v ing s a r e r ema rkab ly s im i la r t o w o rk i n S ef ton c hu rch w he r e A n tony F ig 9 1 .33c : L yd ia te Ha l l 1 845 ( Lancs Mo lyneux i s s a id t o RO DRL 1 / 52 ) h ave b een r e spon s ib le f o r i t s r e con s t ruc t ion d u r ing h i s t ime a s r e c to r ( 1 535 1557 ) ( Ca ro e &G o rdon 1 893 , 1 7 , 6 1) . I fs o , i ti s p o s s ib le t h a t W i l l iam a nd E leano r r e ce ived L yd ia t e H a l l o n t h e o cca s ion o f t h e i r m a r r iag e a nd t ha t , a tl e a s t b y 1 56 1 , L au r ence I r e land H l i ved i n Me l l ing ( qv ) s i nce h e w a s d e sc r ibed a s L au r enc e I r e land o f C on scough ( s ic ) w hen h e e xecu t ed t h e l e a se o f C un scough H a l l t o h i s t h i rd s on , L au r ence ( y ounge r b ro the r o f W i l l iam ) , t o t a ke e f ec t a f t e r h i s ig 9 1 .33d : C e i l ing b os s f a the r 's d ea th ( G ib son 1 876 , 3 1) . I n F 1 995 1996 t h e r ema in s o ft imbe r f r am ing i nt h eg rea th a l l w e r e i d en t if ied a nd r e co rded w i th in t h e ( r ep roduced f r om G a rne r b r ick w a l l s o f t h e n o r th r a ng e d u r ing &S t ra t ton 1 9 11) c on so l ida t ion o f t h e s u rv iv ing f a b r ic ( Swogg e r & L ew i s 1 996 ; S wogge r 1 999 , i np r epa ra t ion ) . T hough s ma l le r , i nt h e p l an a nd a r rang emen t a tL yd ia te , t h e r e a r e s t rong r e semb lance s w i th S peke H a l l ( q v ) . H ow eve r , d end roch rono log ica l s amp l ing t h e r e h a s n ow s hown t ha t , a tS peke , t h e c our tya rd p l an e vo lved

F ig 9 1 .33e : D eco ra ted f r ieze i nt h eg r ea th a l l ( r ep roduced f r om G a rdne r&S t ra t ton 1 911) o ve r s eve ra l p ha se s b e tween 1 530 1598 . I th a s b een t hough t t h a t f am i ly l i nk s b e tween t h e I r e land s o fL yd ia t e a nd t h e N o r r i se s o fS peke ( q v ) may h ave i nf luenc ed L au r ence I r e land I i n t h e d e s ign a nd p l an ( L ew is & S amue l s 1 990 , 3 1) , b u t t h e s t ruc tu ra l a nd d a t ing e v idence n ow i nd ica te s t ha t t h i s i su n l ike ly . O ve r t h e y ea r s , L yd ia t e H a l l a t t rac t ed a n umbe r o f a r t is t s ( f ig 7 5 ; R imme r 1 852 ; G ame r & S t ra t ton 1 9 11) . P ho tog raph ic s ur vey s b y t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion i n 1 953 s how d e ta i l s o f i t s t imbe r f r am ing b ef o r et h ef i na l c o l lap se o ft h es t r uc tu r e .

E xcava t ion s i nt h e c ou r tya rd a nd s ou th , w e s t a nd n o r th r ange s s how ed t ha t t h e h ou se w a s b u i l t d i r ec t ly o n t o ac l ean s and s tone s u rf ace . T he r e w a s n o a r cha eo log ica l e v idence f o r e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e s b u t p o s t h o le s i nt h e a r ea o f t h e d emo l ished e a s t r a nge c ou ld n o t b e d a ted ( Lew i s & S amue l s 1 990 ; f i g 9 1 .330 . P o t te ry a nd g l a s s w e r e o f ad a te n o e a r l ie r t h an t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , w i th t h e ma jo r i ty o ff i nd sd a t ing t ot h e l a t e 1 7 th a nd 1 8 th c en tur ie s .

2

IP e rhap s

t h e r oom p r ev iou s ly o ccup ied b y E leano r Mo lyneux , s e cond w if e o fE dwa rd I r e land

2 96

As t a ined w indow i nS ef ton c hu rch c a r r ied t h e l e gend ' O ra te p .bono s t a tu -I r e land d eL yd ya t tA rm ig er ia nd E l ene -A nno D n i MCCCCCX L t e r t io ' . I tw a s t hough t t o r e la t e t o W i l l iam I r e land a nd E leano r Mo lyneux a nd m ay h ave b een t h e g i f t o fL au r ence I r e land I t oc e leb ra te t h e i r m a r r iage ( G ib son 1 876 , 3 1-32 ) .

C a ta logue : LYDIATE

c l ay f l oo r 1 1 1 b r ick 0

s i te o f1 8C e x tens ions

2m

c a rved s tone a tb ase o fs t ack

0

? s i te o fe as tr ange . . . .

F ig 9 1 .33f : E xcava t ion p lan 1981-82 ( ba sed o nL ew i s&S amue l s 1 990 , 3 9 ; w i th i n se to fh a l lp l an t os how c e i l ing b eam a r rangemen t , f r om G ar n e r&S t ra t ton 1 911)

b lo ck o fs and s tone c a r ved w i th t h re e f l o r ia ted p ane l s a nd s ma l l b l ank s h ie ld s . C lea r ly t h i sw a s ar e u sed p i ece . As im i la r ly d eco ra ted s t one i s s e t i n to t h e n o r th f a c e a tt h e b a se o ft h e n o r th ea s t c h imney s t a ck . T hey c ame , p e rhap s f r om ad i sman t led s and s tone o ve r rnan te lo rf r iez e a nd s t ruc tu ra l e v idence i n d ica te st h a tt h ep i ece i nt h es t a ck mu s th ave b een p l aced t h e r e i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . T he ' n ec e s sa ry ' h ou se s c ou ld b e o f s im i la r d a t e . T he se t wo s ma l l b u i ld ing s a r e n ow t hough t t o c ompa r e w i th t h o se a t H a l sa l l R ec to ry ( qv ) , S t . E lph in ' s R ec to ry , Wa r r ing ton ( qv ) a nd p o s s ib ly a t Mano r H ou se , Maghu l l ( q v ) a nd S ef ton O ld H a l l ( q v ) . T he f i e ld e a s t o f t h e h a l l , n amed a s ' Cou r t s ' i n 1 809 , h a s a n u ndu la t ing s e r ie so fe a r thwo rk s . As ma l l , s qua re p l a t f o rm o nt h en o r th s i de o ft h e f i e ld i ss u r rounded o n t h r ee s i de s b y ad r y d i tch ( wa te r r e t en t ive i nw e t w ea the r ) ( f ig 9 1 .33 i ) . I tm ay b e t h e s i t e o fa n e a r l ie r h ou se w h ich w a s r e p la ced b y L yd ia te H a l l i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . I mmed ia t e ly t ot h e s ou th o ft h e p l a t f o rm , i s al o ng l i nea r d ep r e s s ion w h ich , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly , r e p re sen t s t h e r ema in s o f t h e p r inc ipa l d r iveway t ot h e h a l l i n 1 845 ( f ig 9 1 .33c ) . F ea tu r e s i nt h e s ou th ea s t c o rne ro ft h ef i e ld m ay , p e rhap s , r e la t et og a rden ing a c t iv i t ie s a nd p i t s a tt h e s ou th -we s t m ay b e a s soc ia ted w i th c l ay e x t ra c t ion ( R C ow e l l , p e r s c omm ) . T he a d ja c en t f i e ld , n amed ' K i ln C rof t s ' i n 1 809 ( f ig 9 1 .33b ) , m ay b e s ame a st h e ' L i t t le K i lne C rof t ' o f 1 67 1 w h ich w a s a s s igned t o J ohn C r ew ( G ib son 1 876 , 4 7 ) . L aw r enc e I r e land I I ' s p roba te i n ven to ry ( 1609 ) i n c luded ` c / r n o f b r ick u nbu rd ' v a lued a t £ 4 .10 s . s ugge s t ing t h a ta t temp t sa tb r ic i cmak ing w e r eb e ing made . As ho r t d i s tance t ot h e s ou th o ft h e H a l l i sS t . C a the r ine ' s C hape l . T hough a r ch i tec tua l ly u nd i s t ingu i shed , i ta ppea r st od a te f r om t h e l a te 1 5 th o re a r ly 1 6 th c en tu ry a s ad ome s t ic c hape l o ft h e I r e land f am i ly ( D 'A r cy 1 990 ; G ib son 1 876 ; O 'Han lon 1 977 ; L ew i s & O 'Han lon 1 990 ) . I tm igh tb ec ompa r ed w i th ap o s s ib le c hape l a tE cc le s ton H a l l , E cc le s ton ( qv ) .

Wr i t ing i n 1 876 , G ib son c l a imed t h a t t r a ce s o f amoa t w e r e v i s ib le ( 1 876 , x i i i ) . T h is , h e s ugge s ted , w a s a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e ' o lde r p o r t ion ' o ft h e h a l l d emo l i shed i nc 1780 . I n 1 895 i tw a s s a id t h a t ' t he b u i ld ing a ppea r s t oh ave b e en s u r rounded b y amoa t . .a nd s ome i n d ica t ion s o fi ta r e s t i l l v i s ib le a t t h e f r on t o ft h e h ou se ' ( Tay lo r &C ox 1 895 , 5 ) . An a r row , d eep , r o ck cu t d i tch r uns n or t hwa rd s f r om t h e n o r th -w e s t c o rne r o ft h e h a l l . T he w e s t e nd o ft h e n o r th r a ng e w a s b u i l to ve rt h e d i tch w h ich a ppea r s t oc on t inue a l ong t h ew e s tw a l l a nd i sm a rked b y ab ounda ry o n t h e p l an s ( f ig s 9 1 .33b c ) . N o a r cha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion t h ew e s td i tch w a s a t temp ted i n1 9811982 d ue t oi t sp rox im i ty t ou n s tab le s t and ing w a l l s o ft h e d ome s t ic r a nge . As ha l low l i nea r d ep r e s s ion w h ich r un s a l ong t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e c u r t i lage , may b e l i nked t o t h e m o r e s ub s tan t ia l e a r thwo rk s i n t h e C ou r t s f i e ld . A s ma l l s and s tone a nd b r ick b u i ld ing ( B ) o nt h ew e s ts i de o ft h ed i tch may , p e rhap s , h ave b een a ' n ece s sa ry h ou se ' , a nd t h e r ema in s o fa s im i la r s t ruc tu r e c an b e s e en j u s tn o r th o ft h e H a l l ( A ) , o n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e r o ck -cu t d i tch ( f ig 9 1 .33b l e f tm a rked A&B ; f i g 9 1 .33g -h ) . F rom t h e l a t t e r c ame ar e c tangu la r

F ig 9 1 .33g : P lan a nd w e s t

F ig 9 1 .33h : P lan o f' Nece ssa ry

e l eva t ion o f' Nece ssa ry h ou se ' A

h ou se ' B( f rom af i e ld d raw ing b y

F ig 9 1 .33 i : ' Cou r t s ' s urvey

( f rom af i e ld d raw ing b yJ -G Swogger & J IS peakman 1 994 ) ; f o r l o ca t ion s e ef i g9 1 .33b l ef t

J -G Swogge r&J IS peakman 1 994 ) ; f o rl o ca t ion s e ef i g9 1 .33b l ef t

t op : h achu re p l an b o t tom : c on tou rp l an ; i n terva l s a t1 00mm ( ba sed o n as u rvey b y RC owe l 1 1982 )

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4 9

Maghu l l Mano rH ou se

1 06

P e e lF a rm

( Mo rgan 1 978 ,2 69c ) . Maghu l lw a so ne o f 6m ano r s( Roby ,K now s ley ( q v ) ,K i rkby ,L i t t le C ro sby ( q v ) &A ugh ton ( q v ) )h e ld t o g e the rb yU c t r ed f o r 2h ide s . Af t e rt h e C onque s t , Maghu l l w a s g r an t ed t oW i l l iam f i t zN ig e l a nd b ecame a t ta ched t ot h e f e e o fW idne s . T enu r e f r om W idne s c on t inued u n t i l t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( F a i r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 15 ) . 2

( Fa i r e re d . 1 990 , 5 43 -544 ) . W i th t h e c on sen to fh i s w if e , A l ic e , A lan d e H a l sa l l ( q v , s e e a l so L yd ia t e ) g r an ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey a n a s sa r t i n Maghu l l w i th t h er i gh tt ot a k eo ak ma s ta nd n u t s . R og e r , s on o fR obe r t , s on o fO u t i , g r an ted a n a s sa r tt oS t We rbu rgh o f Wa rbu r ton ,w i th p annage f o rt h et e nan to f t h eb r e th r en .

3

( F a i r e re d . 1 903b ,4 3 ) . A s l o rd o fH a l sa l l( qv ) , A lan d eH a l sa l l a l so h e ld h a lf L yd ia te ( qv ) , b o th v i l l sb e ing a t ta ched t ot h e b a rony o f Wa r r ing ton . A lan a nd h i sb ro the r , B ened ic t ,w e r es on so fS imon d eL yd ia te , s on o fS t e inu lf d eL yd ia te . B o th Maghu l l a nd L yd ia te w e r ea cqu i red b yt h ef am i ly t h rough m a r r iage o fa na nce s to rw i th a nh e i r e s st ot h eG e rne tf am i ly ,m a s t e rf o r e s t e r s( s ee p 237 f o rt h eG eme tf am i ly t r e e ) .

2 98

C a ta logue : MAGHULL

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 49 ) . S imon d e H a l sa l l , s on o fA lan , g ave t oh i s s on , R icha rd , t h e w ho le o fh i s l a nd i n Maghu l l ( 2o xgang s i nd eme sne a nd 2i ns e r v ic e ) t oh o ld b y 1/ 2 4 o f ak n igh t ' s f e e . H er e ser ved t oh im se lf a nd t h e m en o fH a l sa l lt imbe rf r om t h ew ood s a nd m a s tf o rp annage . I n1 240 , S imon h ad g ran t ed t o W i l l iam d e Mag hu l l 1 4 o / fh i s v i i i o f Maghu l l i nd eme sne , r e se rv ing 4 0 a c r e s t h e w ood o f Maghu l l cun sho a nd 4 0 a c re s i n Maghu l lwood , f o r ar e n to f 23 / 4d ( Lanc s RO DDM 4 2 / 1) . F o rt h i sW i l l iam w a st oa c tf o rS imon a sd oom sman o rj udg e a tt h ec ou r to fW idne s . T h i s s e em st ob et h e o r ig in o ft h e f am i ly w ho s ub sequen t ly h e ld t h em oa ted s i t ea tt h e Mano rH ou se . Maghu l l con sho p r e sumab ly l a ya ga in s tC un scough i nt h en e ighbou r ing v i l l o f Me l l ing ( qv ) .

4

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 16 ) . G i lbe r t d e H a l sa l l a nd R icha rd , s on o fS imon o f Maghu l l , s on o fR icha rd o f Maghu l l , w e r e s a id t ob e l o rd s o f Maghu l l .

5

6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 7 ) .

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 -78 ) . T he F eoda ry f o rW idne s i nt h es ame y ea rg iv e sG i lbe r td eH a l sa l la st e nan t , h o ld ing h a lf ac a ruca t e( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 37 ) .

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 29 ) .

9

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu t ed t ot h eL ay S ub s idy .

1 °

1

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 16 ) . T homa s , s on o fR icha rd , s on o fS imon , a nd R icha rd , s on o f R icha rd , s on o f R obe r t , w e re l o rd s o fo ne m o ie ty . P robab ly b o th w e r ed e sc endan t so fW i l l iam d e Maghu l l( no te 4 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 9 4 ) . T he i n c r ea se t oo ne c a ruca t e i sn o te xp la ined . P o s s ib ly , i tw a s ac on sequence o fw ood land c l ea r anc e a nd t h e d eve lopmen t o fa r ab le l a nd ( L ew i s 1 982c ,3 4 ) . T he c a ruca la s se s smen t sf o rL yd ia t e( qv )a nd Me l l ing ( qv ) h ad a l so i n c rea sed b yt h i sd a t e . ( Fa r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 18 ) . T he s upe r io r l o rd sh ip b y t h e H a l sa l l s h ad p a s sed t ot h e H u lme s i n1 370 1380 , s uppo sed ly b y ma r r iage . T he H u lme s a nd t h e i rs ucce s so r s h e ld t h ee s ta t e a t tached t o Maghu l l H a l l w h ich p a s sed t ot h e Mo lyneux f am i ly i nt h e l a t e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 19 ;n o t e2 4 ) .

1 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 16 ) . W i l l iam Maghu l lw a sl o rd o ft h e Maghu l lf am i ly p o r t ion . I n1 422 h eg r an ted ar i gh to ft u rba ry t oR obe r t Mo lyneux .

1 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 17 ) . T homa sd e Maghu l l o ft h eC len t , T homa s d e Maghu l l o ft h eC a r ra nd R icha rd d e Maghu l l a t te s ted ad e ed i nt h i sy ea r . T he C a r r H ou se e s ta te i st ha t a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e m oa ted s i t e k nown , s omewha t c onf u s ing ly , u nde r t h e d if e r en t n ame s o fC a r r H ou se , t h e O ld H a l l a nd Maghu l l Mano rH ou se . J oan , d augh t e ro fG i lbe r td e Maghu l l ( d 1 465 ) , ma r r ied R a lph Mo lyneux . J oan w a s d e sc r ibed a st h eh e i ro fT homa s Maghu l l o ft h e C len t . T he i n te r e s to ft h eL ey f am i ly ( no t e2 0 )d a te sf r om a tl e a s t 1 47 11472 a nd i ss uppo sed t od e r iv ef r om J oan ' se s ta te .

1 4

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 248 ) . I n 1 46 1 t h e h e i r s o fR ob e r t B rad ley h e ld t h i s e s ta te f r ee ly ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 246 ) . B rad ley H a l l l i e s c l o se t ot h e b ounda ry w i th Me l l ing ;t h eb ounda r ie sb e tween Maghu l l a nd Me l l ing w e r et h es ub jec to fa g re emen ti nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( L ew i s 1 982c , 1 ;s e e Me l l ing ) .

1 5

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 247 , 1 249 ) . I n1 50 1 a nd 1 537 t h et e nemen tw a sa s s igned t o Maghu l l .

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 18 ) . I nc 1547 , E dmund H u lme , g rand son o ft h i s E dmund , a ccu sed h i s mo the r o ff a i l ing t ok e ep t h e man s ion h ou se i n r e pa i r( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 18 -2 19 ) .

1 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 17 n 17 ) . R ob e r t Maghu l l ( d 1 543 ) h e ld C a r rH ou se w i th n amed f i e ld s i n c lud ing t h eP e le . H i sh e i rw a s h i s s on , R icha rd . I n 1 544 , E dmund a nd N icho la s Maghu l l s o ld C an H ou se a nd 2 2 a c r e s o f l a nd t o S i r W i l l iam Mo lyneux ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 19 ) . S ince t h e Maghu l l f am i ly c on t inued t oh o ld C an H ou se i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry p e rhap s t h e Mo lyneux p u rcha se r e p re sen t ed e i the r t r u s te e sh ip o r o n ly p a r t o ft h e C an e s ta t e .

1 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 19 n 16 ) . T he se m en c l a imed t ob et h el o rd so f Maghu l l .

1 9

2 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 20 ) . T homa s B oo t le h e ld l a nd s f r om a l t h r ee l o rd s . I n 1 587 , E dmund L ey w a s s e i sed o fl a nd s h e ld f r om R icha rd H u lme ; t e ny ea r sl a t e rh i ss on ,R icha rd L ey ,h ad 1/ 2 0 0 p a r to f ak n igh t ' sf e ef o r ar e n to f6 s( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 18 n 10 ) .

2 1

n

2 3

2 4

2 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 83 ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 17 ) . R icha rd Maghu l l ( d 1 606 ) h e ld t h e c ap i ta l m e s suag e c a l led C a n H ou se . I n 1 628 , R icha rd Maghu l l , g rand son o f R icha rd , c on t r ibu t ed t ot h es ub s idy ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 83 ) . I nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry t h ee s ta t ew a ss o ld t oT homa sU n swo r th b u tn o mano r ia lr i gh t s w e r ea t ta ched ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 18 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 19 ) . B ef o r e R icha rd H u lme ' s d ea th i n1 6 14 16 15 , h eh ad a s s igned t h em ano ro f Maghu l l t ot r u s t ee s , i n c lud ing t h e s on so f W i l l iam H u lme b yE l izab e th P im ley . S ho r t ly a f t e rwa rd s ,H en ry P im ley ,a l ia sH u lme , s o ld t h e mano ro f Maghu l lt oS i rR icha rd Mo lyneux . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 19 n I7 ) . A t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 8 th c en tu ry , W i l l iam H a rpe r p u r cha sed t h e Mo lyneux p o r t ion i n c lud ing Maghu l l H a l l . N o mano r ia lr i gh t sw e r ea t tached ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 19 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 83 ) . T he h ou se so f Ja me s Sm i th a nd R icha rd Maghu l l h ad n i ne a nd s i xh ea r th sr e spec t ive ly . p a r lou r , h a l l , b u t te ry a nd k i tchen , k i tchen c hambe r , b u t te ry c hambe r , p a r lou r c hambe r , c e l la r c hamb e r , h a l l c hambe r a nd t h e ' d ecea sed 's c l o se t '. a nd g a r r e t t s . I n a dd i t ion , t h e r e w a s a n ' o u tca s t ' ( Coney u npub . 5 ) . T h i s h ou se p robab ly s t ood o n t h e moa t p l a tf o rm s i nce t h e p r e sen t h ou se , w h ich l i e s w e s twa rd s o ft h e m oa t , i ss a id t o h ave b e en b u i l t i n 1 780 ( Ho rde rn 1 977 ,2 1) .

F ig 9 1 .34a : Maghu l l Maghu l l Mano r H ou se i sk nown a l so b y t h e n ame s Ca n H ou se a nd O ld H a l l . T homa s Maghu l l o f t h e C an w a s r e co rded i n 1 442 a nd R obe r t Maghu l l h e ld C a nH ou se i n 1 543 . I n 1 606 i tw a s r e f e r r ed t oa st h e c ap i ta l m e s suage . R icha rd Maghu l l w a s p robab ly r e spon s ib le f o r r e bu i ld ing o r r e pa i r s a tC an H ou se w he re t h e r e i s ad a t e s tone o f 1 638 , n ow r e se t o ve r a d oo rway o ft h e 1 8 th -c en tu ry h ou se . R obe r t Maghu l l ,w ho d i ed i n1 674 , m ay a l so h ave u nde r taken s ome b u i ld ing w o rk ; as t one o n ab u i ld ing i n t h e o r cha rd h a s t h e d a t e 1 667 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 17 n n22 , 2 3 ) . I n 1 666 , R icha rd Maghu l l 's h ou se h ad s i x h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 83 ) . T he p r oba te i n ven to ry o fW i l l iam Maghu l l ( 1709 ) i n c luded a

F ig 9 1 .34b : Maghu l l Mano r H ou se 1 840 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 53)

2 99

T he m oa ts urv ive so nt h en o r th a nd e a s t s i de s o f ap l a t f o rm o n w h ich t h e o n ly b u i ld ing s t i l l s t and ing i sa s t one s t ruc tu re , b ea r ing t h e 1 667 d a t e s tone r e f e r r ed t oa bove . T h i s i s t hough t t o h ave b een a f o l ly ( Coney u npub . 6 ) b u t i tm ay w e l l h ave b een t h e ' o u tca s t ' o fW i l l iam Maghu l l ' s i n ven to ry . I t s p o s i t ion o n t h e v e ry e dge o f t h e m oa t i s s ugge s t ive o f a' n ece s sa ry h ou se ' , s uch a s t ho se n o t ed a t H a l sa l l R ec to ry ( q v ) , S t E lph in 's R ec to ry , Wa r r ing ton ( qv ) a nd L yd ia t e H a l l ( q v ) a nd , p e rhap s , a t S ef ton O ld H a l l ( q v ) . Mea su r ing i np l an 5 m x

C a ta logue : MAGHULL 5 . 4m , i t i s , h ow eve r , r a the r l a rg e r t han t h e Wa r r ing ton a nd L yd ia t e e xamp le s . I n1 849 t h r ee s ma l l b u i ld ing sw e r e s hown o nt h e p l a tf o rm ( 6 " O S s he e t9 1) ; u ndoub ted ly , o ne o ft h e se w a st h e 1 7 th -cen tu ry s t one s t ruc tu re . A b r ick w a l l n ow r un s a l ong t h e w e s t s i de o f t h e p l a tf o rm a nd s t one f o unda t ion s , w i th b r ick c ou r s ing a bove c u rve a r ound t h e n o r th ea s t c o rne r o ft h e p l a t f o rm , a nd b u t tt h e s t one s t ruc tu r e . U n t i l r e cen t ly t h e p l a tf o rm h a s b e en u sed a sa n o rcha rd ; d u r ing c l ea rance t oc r ea te av ege tab le g a rden a nd c h icken r un , a n a r ea o fs and s tone w a l l ing w a s e ncoun te r ed ( Coney u npub . 6 ) . N o . SMR

4 9 A SM 3 602 / 3

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p o s s ib le

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p o s s ib le t r ac e s ag r icu lt u ra l L anc s RO DRL 1 / 53 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s =1 2 1 ,3 2 /. ;6 " OS s hee t9 1 , 1 849 a e r ia ls u rvey ,J one sc 1977 C oney u npub l i shed ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ; H o rdem 1 977 ;T y r e r 1 968

P ee l F a rm a ppea r st ob e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e l a nd s a t ta ched t ot h e Mo lyneux f am i ly a nd i s , p robab ly , ah o ld ing f o rme r ly k nown a s P e le a t ta ched t ot h e C a r r H ou se e s ta te i n 1 543 . I n 1 348 A lan d e l P ee l b rough t ac omp la in t a ga in s t T homa s d e Maghu l l ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 20 n 2 ) . hap la in s , l e a sed t oR icha rd , s on a nd L aw r ence B o t e l a nd R icha rd D o lan , c h e i r o f R a lph Mo lyneux o f Maghu l l ' t wo c l o se s c a l led t h e P ee le F e e lde s ' i n 1 466 1 467 ( Lane s RO DDC 1 1 89 ) . T he se h ad b een h e ld b y T homa s T ho rpe a nd R icha rd Mo lyneux f r om R a lph Mo lyneux a nd h i s w if e , J oan ( Coney u npub . 1 2 ) . I n 1 503 , J oan , w if e o f R icha rd Mo lyneux , d i ed a t t h e P ee l ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 20 n 3 ) . T he P e e l Mo lyneuxe s a r e b e l ieved t o b e aj un io r b ranch o f t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly o f S ef ton . M r . B oo t le o ft h e P ee l d i ed i n 1 708 ( Ty r e r 1 968 , 1 77 ) .

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 53 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s =1 /3 2"; 6 "O Ss hee t9 1 , 1 849 ; WLAS

2 1

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

N o . SMR

C oney u npub l i shed ; F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ; H o rdem 1 977

P ee l F a rm l i e s i n a n a r ea o f Mgahu l l w h ich w a s F ig 9 1 .34d : P ee lF a rm 1 840 ( Lanc s e x ten s ive ly w ooded d u r ing t h e m ed ieva l p e r iod a nd t h e RO DRL 1 / 53) n ame may d e r ive f r om c l ea rance a nd e nc lo su r ei nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry , i fn o t e a r l ie r . T he p re sen t P e e l F a rm i sp robab ly a 1 7 th c en tu ry b u i ld ing ; i tl i e s al i t t le t ot h ew e s to ft h es uppo sed m oa t ed s i te .

F ig 9 1 .34c : Maghu l l Mano rH ou se ( ba sed o na s u rvey d raw ing b y WLAS c 1980 ;r ed rawn b y AS M )

I n 1 977 t h e l a t eP rof e s so rB a r n iJ one s o f Manche s t e r U n iv e r s i ty i d en t if ied a m oa t w h i l s t f l y ing o ve r t h e mo s s land f r inge s . T he s i te i sl ow ly ing a nd a s y s tem o fd i tche s m ay h ave b een n ec e s sa ry t od ra in t h e a r ea i mmed ia te ly a d ja cen tt ot h eh ou se . T he f e a tu r e l i e s c l o se t o ad i tch , b u tm odem d ra inage s y s tem s o b scu r e f i e ld e v idenc e f o r amoa t a nd n one i ss hown o n t h e t i the p l an .

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1 05 Ma r t in H a l l 19 Me r r ida le F a rm

( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c ) . H a lf o f Ma r t in w a s h e ld w i th H u r l s ton ( q v ) f o r h a lf ah ide f o rw h ich t h e v a lue w a s l O s 8 d . T he a s se s smen t a nd t e nu re f o rt h e o the r h a lf o f Ma r t in w a s n o t g i ven b u t , s i nce t h e a s se s smen t f o r H u r l s ton a nd S ca r i sb r ick i n 1 346 w a s 3c a ruca te s , i ts e em s t h a t h a lf o f Ma r t in m ay h ave b e en a t ta ched t oL a thom ( q v )o r , p o s s ib ly , b er e p r e sen ted i nO rm sk i rk . 2

( Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 9 -20 ) . A s h i s f ounda t ion e ndowmen t R obe r t d e L a thom g ave o ne c a ruca t e t ot h e h ou se o fS tN icho la s o fB u r scough , . T h re e p i ece s o f l a nd s e em t ob e i mp l ied . T he f i r s t i n c luded t e r ram i lam q ue e s t i nc ap i t e d e B ur scogh , a l ong t h e b ounda ry o fS t ephen C a lvu s ' l a nd a sf a r a sE dg eac r e s , b e tween t h e h ighway o f W irp l es Mo s s a nd E dg eac r e s B rook t ot h e b ounda ry b e tween O rm sk i rk a nd B ra cken thwa i t e . F rom h e re t h e b ounda ry w en t t o S ca r th a nd We s thead u sque i nr i vu lum d eS ca l c er e sda l ehef d . I tf o l lowed t h eb rook t ot h ef o rd [ b e tween ] A l ton a nd H ar l e ton a nd f r om t h e r et ot h eb ounda ry b e tween G eo ff r ey T rave r s a nd S t ephen C a lvu s . W irp l es Mo s s p robab ly l a y i nt h e a r ea s t i l l k nown a s Wa rpe r s Mo s s ( c en t r ed o n S D 4 55 1 26 ) ; E dg eac r es B rook m ay , t h e r ef o re , b e r e p re sen t ed i n E l le r B rook w h ich r un s a l ong t h e e a s t e rn e dge o f Wa rpe r s Mo s s . A l ton may b e r e p r e sen ted i nt h e a r ea n ow o ccup ied b yH a l ton C a s t le ( qv ) i nt h eN ew P a rk a tL a thom . T he s e cond a r ea i n c luded G r ee tby u nde rwood a nd s u r round ing a s sa r t s . G ree tby l i e s o nt h ee a s t o ft h e t own o fO rm sk i rk , a ga in s t t h e b ounda ry w i th L a thom ( q v ) . T he t h i rd p i ec e o fl a nd w a s t o tam v i l lam d e Me r tona c um o mn ibu s s u i sp er t inenc i i s c um T har l e scogh . T a r l scough ( c en t r ed o n S D4 30 1 50 ) l i e s o nt h ee a s t e rn e dge o f Ma r t in Me re i nt h e n o r th o ft h ev i l l . T h ep r e sen tt own sh ip o fB u r scough i sb e l iev ed t or e f lec t , mo r eo rl e s s ,t h em ed ieva lb ound s o f Ma r t in , f o rw h ich t h e re w a s a n a g re emen tb e twe en t h ep r io ra nd l o rd so fH u r l s ton ( qv ) i nc 1260 c 1275 a nd i n1 303 ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 6 3 -65 , 8 0 ) . B u r scough P r io r y l i e s c l o se t ot h e b ounda ry w i th L a thom a nd n o r th o ft h et own o fO rm sk i rk . I nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry t h eL a thom f am i ly h e ld t h ea dvow son o fb o th t h eP r io ry c hu rch a nd t h a ta tO rm sk i rk , t h el a t te rb e ing h e ld b yt h ep r io ri np ropr io su su s( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 7 9 ) .

3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 60 n 9 ) . Ma t thew p a id h a lf am a rk t ot h e s cu tage . I n 1 2 11 Ma t thew ' s h e i r p a id 2 0 ma rk s r e l ief f o r l i ve ry o fh i s l a nd i n Ma r t in ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 2 45 ) . Ma t thew , f a the r o fR icha rd o fR adc l if f e , e xchanged l a nd a tO swa ldw i s t le ( B lackbu rn h und r ed ) f o r l a nd a t Ma r t in h e ld b y h i s b ro the r ,H en ry o fR adc l if f e . H en ry o fR adc l if f e i ss uppo sed t oh ave b een an ephew o fR obe r t , s on o fH en ry o fL a thom , f o und e ro fB u r scough P r io ry ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 7 9 -80 )b u t ac l ea rl i nk b e tween t h eL a thom f am i ly a nd t h el o rd so fR adc l if f ea nd O swa ld tw i s t le i sl a ck ing .

3 01

C a ta logue : MART IN ( BURSCOUGH )

4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 6 17 ) . F a r r e rs ugge s t s t h a tt h e c ar uca t e r e p re sen ted t h eh am le to fO rm sk i rk a nd t h e u nde rwood o fB u r scough , g r an t ed i n 189 1191 t o B u r scough P r io ry ( no te s 1 ,2 ) . ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 7 9 -80 ) . R icha rd o fR adc l if f eg r an t ed t oB u r scoug hP r io ry i nf r e ea lm sa l h i s l a nd i n Ma r t in h e ld b yh i sf a the r , Ma t thew o f Ma r t in ( n o te 3 ) . T he w o rd ing o ft h e c ha r te rs ugg e s t s t h a t Swa in , R icha rd o f Wa l shaw a nd A lb inu s m ay h ave b e en f o rme r t e nan t s . T he n ame s o fo t he rg r an to r s o fl a nd t o B u r scough P r io ry i n Ma r t in a r eg i ven i nA ppend ix V .

6

7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 60 n 12 ) . T he b ounda ry o ft h e P r io ry ' s l a nd s b e tween B u r scough a nd Ma r t in w a s d ef ined i na bou t 1 260 . I tr a n f r om t h e c o rne r o fS imon T op e 's d i tch , a l ong t h e d i tch i n as t ra igh t l i ne t o B lak ebank b e low B erewa ld i sha l t h en t o C und lache B r idge . F rom h e r e i tw en t t o D e epda le H ead ,L ong show H ead a nd H ond e lache b ack t ot h es t a r t ing p o in t . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 60 n 12 ) . T he b ounda ry o ft h e P r io ry 's l a nd s b e tween S ca r i sb r ick a nd H u r l s ton w a s d ef ined i n1 303 .T hora ld s tub i n Ma l l e L ane w a s t ob e t h e b ounda ry b e twe en O rm sk i rk a nd H u r l s ton . F rom h e r e t h e b ounda ry r a n t ot h e c ome ro fS imon T ope 's f i e ld ( t he s t a r t ing p o in t o ft h e 1 260 b ounda ry , s e e a bove ) . F rom D e epda le t h e b ounda ry w a s f i xed t o Ma r t in P oo l a nd ' o n t ot h e g r ea t l a ke ' . T he p l o to fw a s t e b e tw e en B lak e lache a nd Ma r t in P oo l w a sd i v ided b e twe en t h e P r io ry a nd t h e l o rd s o fS ca r i sb r ick a nd H u r l s ton w i th c ommon r i gh t s a s s igned b e tween t h em . S ome i n d ica t ion o ft h e b ound s c i ted i nt h e 1 260 a nd 1 303 c ha r te r s may b ep re se rved i nt h e n ame s B la ckac re L ane ( we s to f Me r r ida le F a rm , q v ) , E a s t a nd We s tB ank F a rm s ( SD 4 090 1 220 ) a nd Me r sca r H ou se ( SD 4 115 1 270 ) a l o fw h ich l i e c l o se t ot h e p r e sen t b ounda ry b e tween B u r scough a nd S ca r i sb r ick . I n deed , t h e n ame s Me r r ida le a nd Me r sca rc on ta in t h ee l emen tm eer a si n d ica t ion so ft h e i rp l a ce o no rc l o se t o ab ounda ry .

8( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he n amed 8 4 i n d iv idua ls c on t r ibu ted t ot h ep r ie s t ' ss t ipend a tO rm sk i rk . 9

I °

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 58 n 10 ) . T he p r io ry r e n ta l f o r 1 5 12 c i t ed o ve r6 0t e nan t s a tw i l l i n c lud ing T homa s S uch a nd J ohn S ca r i sb r ick . O ld S u tch H ou se a nd N ew S u tch H ou se a r ee a s to fE l le rB rook ,a nd o ve r look H o sca r Mo s s i nL a thom ( OS 6 "s hee t8 4 , 1 848 ) . ( PRO S upp L i s t sa nd I ndexe s3 ,v o l . 2 , DL 2 198 ) . T he p r io ry w a sd i s so lved i n1 536 . Ma r t in G rang ew a s i n c luded i nt h el i s to fp o s se s s ion s u nde rt h ee n t ry f o r f a rm o ft h e s i te o ft h e p r io ry a nd h ouse t oge the r w i th t h e d eme sne l a nd s o ft h e h ou se a nd g r ange . As u rvey m ade i mmed ia te ly a f t e r t h e s upp re s s ion p rov ide sd e ta i lo ft h ed eme sne l a nd s ,t h ec r op sa nd s t ock ( F an-e r& B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 58 n 10 ) . 1 512 -r en ta lf i e ld n ame s

1 537 l and u se

1 537 p r ior yd eme snef i e ld n ame s

D ebda le ,D am h ead , B i ld a c r e , B rad shaw es , D owe a c r e , Me r eh ey ,B a te lho lme

m eadow & p a s tu r e

C ow H ey ,B a t t leho lme ( Ba t t e rho lme ) ,B rad shaw , Ma r sh ,H igh f ie ld ,G o r se h ey ,C rooked A c r e s ,A spen s hou te

S ha l ce lady h ey

o a t s

R u shy f ie ld

E dgea c r eH ey

r y e

S andyc rof t

o a t s &b a r ley

B ankf ie ld

w hea t

M i l lf i e ld

o ak s ap l ing s ,a she s& u nde rwood

Wa l she h ey w ood

o ak s ap l ing s

T a r l scough w ood

o ak s , ' s p i re s ' &a she s

G ree tby w ood

c ommon p a s tu r e

T a r l scough mo s s ,a l ia sW i rpu l le s Mo s s &H i t chco ck Mo s s

B a t t leho lme ( now c a l led B a t loom , S D4 23 1 32 )o ccup ie s a na r ea o fl a nd o nt h e2 5 ' c on tou r , n o r th o f Ma r t in H a l l T he p r io ry a nd i t sl a nd s r ema ined i nt h e h and so ft h eC rown f o rt e no rm o re y ea r s . ( Fane r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 60 ) . 1 2

1 3

1 4

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 59 n 4 ) . W i l l iam S topf o rd w a sf a rme ro f Ma r t in G range a st e nan to ft h ee a r lo fD e rby . H ew a sa ccu sed o ft a k ing s i xt r e e st o m ak e an ew w indow i nt h es i de o fh i sh ou se a nd a dm i t ted t h a tt h et imb e rh ad c ome f r om Wa l shaw a nd T a r l scough . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e ds . 1 907 , 2 59 n 1 ) . I n1 547 t h e C rown g r an ted t h es i t eo ft h e p r io ry , a l d eme sne l a nd s , Ma r t in G range a nd r i gh t s o fp a s tu r e , f i sh ing , m i l l s e t ct oS i rW i l l iam P age t , p r inc ipa l S ec re ta ry o fS t a t e , f o r2 8 s 5 dy ea r ly r e n t . L and s ' l a te i nt h et e nu r eo ro ccupa t ion o fE dwa rd , e a r l o fD e rby ' , w e r e c i ted . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 59 ) . I n1 549 S i rW i l l iam P age ts o ld t h ee s ta t et ot h eE a r l o fD e rby . I ti n c luded t h e ' s i te , c i rcu i t , a mb i ta nd p r ec inc t ' o ft h e p r io ry , t o ge the rw i th m e s suage s , t ol s , g a rden s a nd o r cha rd s . T he r e w e r e aw a te rm i l l , w indm i l l a nd d oveco t e a nd af r ee f i she ry i n Ma r t in Me re . T he l a nd ( p re sumab ly t h ea r ab le )e x tended t o1 , 000 a c r e s ,w i th m eadow a nd o t he rl a nd si n c lud ing 1 0 ,000 a c r e so f moo r ,m o s s a nd t u rba ry .

1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 59 ) . S i rG eo rg e S t an ley o fC ro s sH a l le s ta t ei nL a thom ( q v )w a sg r an ted t h em ano r .

1 6

( Fane r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 59 n 2 ) . T he e s ta te g r an ted t oW i l l iam T ippe ra nd o t he r sc omp r i sed e xa c t ly t h a ts o ld t ot h ee a r lo fD e rby i n1 549 .

1 7

( Fane r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 59 ) .

1 8

1 9

( Fane r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 60 ) . J ohn B re re s o f Ma r t in w a s g r an ted Ma r t in H a l l . H e s o ld t h e e s ta te t ot h e Wr igh t ing ton s o fW r igh t ing ton ( L ey land H und red )u nde rw hom h eb ecame t e nan t . I th a sb een c l a imed t h a tt h eB r e r e sf am i ly c on t inued t ol i ve a tt h eh ou se u n t i l a bou t 1 67 1 ( Che e tham 1 9 12 ,3 8 ) . ( Ro sbo t tom 1 987 , 4 2 ) . J ame s S t a rkey m ay h ave a r r ived a t Ma r t in H a l l i n1 664 . I n 1 666 h i s h ou se w a s a s se s sed f o r 1 2 h ea r th s ( F an-e r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 39 ) . T he Wr igh t ing ton f am i ly ,w ho se i n te re s td a ted b a ck t o1 6 12 , h e ld Ma r t in u n t i l a bou t 1 900 w hen i tw a sb ough tb yt h ee a r lo fD e rby ( Ro sbo t tom 1 987 ,4 2 ) .

2 °

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 60 n 15 ) . T he R ev . J ame s S t a rk ie a nd h i ss on ,J ame s ,n on -conf o rm i s t s ,w e r el i v ing a t Ma r t in H a l l i n1 682 .

2 1

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 60 ; F r ance 1 945 , 8 5 ; 9 2 ; 1 960 , 1 58 ) . T he se p eop le w e r ec i ted a sp ap i s t s .

2

( Ro sbo t tom 1 987 , 4 2 ) . T he H o lc rof tf am i ly f o l lowed J ame s S t a rk ie a st e nan t s o f Ma r t in H a l l a nd t h e H o lc rof tf am i ly o ccup ied t h e f a rm u n t i l a bou t 1 851 . T he Wr igh t ing ton f am i ly ,w ho se i n t e r e s td a t ed b a ck t o1 6 12 , h e ld Ma r t in u n t i la bou t 1 900 w hen i tw a sb ough tb yt h ee a r lo fD e rby ( Ro sbo t tom 1 987 ,4 2 ) .

3 02

C a ta logue : MART IN ( BURSCOUGH )

4 0 '

F ig 9 1 .35b : Ma r t in H a l l ,w e s te l eva t ion ( Chee tham 1 912 , f a c ing p 38 )

F ig 9 1 .35a : Ma r t in ( Bu r scough )

N o . SMR

1 05 P RN 8 37

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Mar t in H a l l Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) O rm sk i rk We s tD e rby mona s t ic ( Bu r scough P r io ry )

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 260 1 226 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs a nd s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lw ick A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tud e T opog raphy

2 0m s l igh tn o r th f a c ing s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p robab le

F ig 9 1 .35c : Ma r t in H a l l ,g round f l oo rp lan ( Chee tham 1 912 , f a c ing p 40 )

Ma r t in H a l l b e longed t o B u r scough P r io ry a nd i s s ome t ime s k nown a s Ma r t in G rang e . I n 1 6 12 i t w a s g ra n ted t oJ ohn B r e re s o f Ma r t in a nd t h e f am i ly i ss a id t o h ave c on t inued t o l i ve t h e re u n t i l a t l e a s t 1 663 ( Chee tham 1 9 12 , 3 8 ) . I n1 666 i tm ay h ave b e en h e ld b y J ame s S t a rk ie w ho se h ou se i n B u r scough h ad 1 2 h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 39 ;R o sbo t tom 1 987 ,4 2 ) .

p ond c 22m w e tp ond i n1 846 ? s t r eam

T he o lde s t p a r t o f t h e h ou se w a s b r ick -bu i l t a nd s t ood t h re e s to r ey s h igh a bove ac e l la r . I tw a s d e sc r ibed a s a' k e ep l ike s t ruc tu re a nd w a s b e l ieved t o b e o f 1 6 th cen tu ry d a t e ( Che e tham 1 9 12 , 4 0 ) . G iven t h e l a te i n t roduc t ion o f b r ick a s ab u i ld ing m a t e r ia l , ad a te n o e a r l ie rt h an c 1580 i sl i ke ly . T h i s t h ree s to r ey ed p a r t o f

d e s t royed 1 7 th c en tu ry b r ick h ou se ;t imbe r -f ramed b a rn f a rm L anc s RO DRL 1 / 13 1 846 @ 1 0 c ha in s =3 1 / 32 " Wa i t e 1 88 11921 ,v o l I V ;B rom ley 1 9 16 B rom ley 1 9 16 ; C hee tham 1 9 12 ; F a r r e r& B rownb i l le d s . 1 907

3 03

F ig 9 1 .35d : Ma r t in H a l l 1 846 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 13)

C a ta logue : MART IN ( BURSCOUGH ) t h e h ou se b ea r s s ome r e semb lanc e t ot h e b r ick h ou se a tB ew sey O ld H a l l ( s ee f i g s 7 0 , 8 6 ) . Ab l ocked w indow i nt h ea t t ic i ss a id t oh ave b e en u sed a s al i gh thou se f o rn av iga t ion o n Ma r t in Me r e( B rom ley 1 9 15 , 1 42 ) . A dd i t ion s t o t h e h ou s e w e r e b u i l t o n a t l e a s t t wo l a t e r o cca s ion s . P ho tog raph s s how t h e s t one -mu l l ioned w indow s i nb o th t h e o l de s t ( t h r ee s t o reyed ) p a r t o ft h e h ou se a nd , a tg round f l oo r l e ve l , i no ne o ft h e t wo s t o reyed a dd i t ion s ( B rom ley 1 9 16 , f a c ing p 1 42 , C hee tham 1 9 12 , f a c ing p 3 7 ; Wa i t e 1 8811921) . T h i s l a t te r w a s c l a imed b y B rom ley a s t h e ' E l izabe than h a l l ' ( n ow t h e h ou se p a r t ) . A t e a ch e nd o fi t s l o ng , m u l l ioned w indow w e r e p ane l s o fs t a ined g l a s s , w i th t h e d a te 1 6 14 a nd i n i t ia l s IB K . T he se a r e c on s ide r ed t or e la t e t oo ccupa t ion o ft h e h a l l b y J ohn B re re s a nd h i s w if e , K a the r ine . T hey , p e rhap s , w e r e r e spon s ib le f o rt h i s a dd i t ion t ot h e t h r ee s to r eyed h ou se . Wa i te ' sp ho tog raph ( f ig 8 6 )m ay b ec ompa r ed w i th t h e p ho tog raph a nd d r aw ing s p ub l i shed b y C hee tham ( 1 912 , f a c ing p 37 ; f i g 9 1 .35b , c ) . T he o l de s t p a r t w a s c on s ide rab ly a l te red i n1 9 11 w hen t h e n o r th b ay o ft h e g r ound f l oo r w a s l ow e r ed t h ough t h e c e l la r b e low t h e s ou th p a r t w a s r e ta ined ( Che e tham 1 9 12 , 4 3 ) . T he l e an to e x t en s ion b eyond t h e o l d h ou se w a sd emo l i shed .

F ig 9 1 .35e : S i te a t Me r r ida le F a rm ( AS M LM88 .1265) l i e s n o r th a nd s l igh t ly e a s t o f Me r r ida le F a rm c l o se t o t h e t own sh ip b ounda ry w i th H u r l s ton a nd c l o se t o ap i ec eo fl a nd c a l led N a r row Mo s s .

A p ho tog raph o f t h e b a rn ( f ig 8 1) s how s t h a t i tw a s b ox -f ramed a nd , p robab ly , o ft h re e b ay s . S ho r t , s t ra igh t w ind b r ace s r a n f r om t h e p o s t s i n to t h e w a l lp la te . P a r to ft h e b a rn w a l l s e em s t ob e o fs and s tone ; t i mbe r p ane l s r e ta ined e x te rna lt imbe rc l add ing , p a r t ly r e pa i r ed w i th b r ick i n f i l l . I ti sc l a imed t h a t t r a ce s o ft h e moa t c an s t i l l b e s e en ( B rom ley 1 9 16 , 1 43 ; R o sbo t tom 1 987 , 4 3 ) b u tt h a t i ti sf a s t d i sappea r ing . T he d imen s ion s o ft h e p ond s hown o nt h et i the p l an s ugge s tt ha ti tw a s a n o r nam en ta lp ond o ru sed f o ra n ima l s . Am o r e l i ke ly s i t e f o r amoa ti s ,p e rhap s , a ne nc lo su r e b ounded o nt h ew e s tb y an a r row d i tch a tt h en o r th s i de o ft h ef a rm c omp lex .

No . SMR

19 A SM

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

Merr ida le F arm Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) Onn sk i rk We s tD e rby m ona s t ic ( Bu r scough P r io ry )

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 23 1 03 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay ? Sa lw ick A s so c ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m f l a tl a nd n ea rt own sh ip b ounda ry

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le ? s qua r eo rt r apezo id

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

? t ra ce s / se en o na e r ia lp ho tog raph s

P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

A SM LM88 .1265 : a e r ia l s u r vey

p r obab le

a g r icu l tu ra l

T he f a rm p r obab ly t a ke s i t s n ame f r om i t s p l ace c l o se t o t h e m eer o r b ounda ry o fB u r scough P r io ry 's l a nd s w i th t h o se a t ta ched t ot h e P r io ry i n t h e t own sh ip o fH u r l s ton ( S ca r i sbr ick , q v ) i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . N o th ing i s k nown o ft h e h i s to ry o ft h i s s i t e d ur ing t h e p e r iod o fm ona s t ic o wne r sh ip t h ough i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a ti tw a st h ep r io ry 's p r inc ipa l f a rm . T he s uppo sed m oa ted s i t e i sk nown f r om a e r ia l p ho tog raph s t a ken i n 1 988 b y D r R ob P h i lpo t t o fL ive rpoo l Mu seum 's F i e ld A r cha eo logy S ec t ion . I t

3 04

C a ta logue : MELLING T enure

E s ta te

1 066 1

2c ar uca t e s

18441902

H engg er t &p a r t o fC un scough N o r thc rof t &p a r t o fC un scough

L ord o ff ed S uper ior L ord K ing E dw a rd

R u thwa i t e

190 12122 1 2 124

t h anage

1 226 1227 Y

t h anage

4c a ruca t e s

Me sne l o rd G od iva H en ry s on o fS iw a rd d e Me l l ing T homa ss on o fS iwa rd H en ry d e Me l l ing

K ing

H en ry d e Me l l ing

2 2 sy e a r ly

H en ry d e Me l l ing

2 2 s

1 230 -c 126d '

W i l l iam d e Me l l ing R oge rd e Me l l ing

1 245 -c 1260r

A dam s on o fJ ohn d e Me l l ing R oge rs on o fH en ry d e Me l l ing

1 246 1270

1 256 -c 127?

R oge ro f Me l l ing

1 259 12602

H en ry d e Me l l ing R oge ro f Me l l ing

1 268 n

R u thwa i t e

C ocke r sand A bbey

G i l l ian d au o fJ ohn G i l l ib rand R icha rd T a t lo ck

c 1275 1303 n

P r io ro fB u r scough

R obe r to fB y ron & w if e J oan

1 298 1

E a r lo fL anca s t e r

H e i r so fJ o rdan d eH u t ton

p o s t 1 300 1 4

l o rd so ft own o f Me l l ing

R ob e r td eB y ron R obe r td e Mo lyneux o f T ho rn ton Ma rge ry l a te w if eo f R obe r td eT ho rn ton R obe r td eB y ron W i l l iam s on o fH en ry d e L ea

1 309 2

1 322 2 1 323 13242 /

t own o f Me l l ing

L andho ld e rs

S er v ice/ r en t

T homa s

S iwa rd

R oge rs on o fR obe r tp a r son o f H a lsa l l R a lph s on o fA dam d eQ u ick &w if eA l ice T homa sd eR ugh thwa i te W i l l iam s on o fA lan d e Me l l ing R obe r tB rewe r ' Am a rk

J o rdan d eH u l ton

v j dy ea r ly

l O s

I dr e n t h omag e

A dam s on o fR icha rd d eT ho rp A dam s on o fR icha rd d eT ho rp

8 dr e n t&h omage h omage 2 dr e n t &h omage 1 0d r e n t& h omag e 6 dr e n t ,h omage & 3p epp e rg r a in s

R icha rd d eL und A dam d e l Mo r e R ob e r td eB y ron R icha rd s on o fR ob e r t

E a r lo fL anca s te r& R obe r td eH o land

P e te rd eB un iu l l

l O sy ea r ly

E a r lo fL anca s t e r& R obe r td eH o land

P e te rd eB un ihu l l

l O sr e n t

Ame ry t h ep r ie s t ' ss on

H en ry d eB oo t le o f Me l l ing R ob to d e Mo l ineux R ob to d eB o thu l l N ico d eB o thu l l T hom Wy lde A dd eB o thu l l J ohe f i tH en r R ob to f r ee i u s W i l lo f i lB e r t ram i R ob to l eS l eghe

1 332 2

1 346 1 V

s ocage

t h anage

D av id d eE g re ton & W i l l iam G e ra rd K ing

1 446 »

a tw i l l a tw i l l a tw i l l a tw i l l a tw i l l

C on scogh c ap i ta l e t e nemen tum 9t e nemen t s 2t e nemen t s t e r r a sc um mo ssa R ogh l iw ay t e

C un scogh d om in icw n

1 483 2

Me l l ing

1 537 2

s ocage

C ocke r sand A bbey

5 s&1 5 sr e n t x i s

U xo rT home T y rhe r

x v jd v i i jd x i jd v j d

9t e nan t s 2t e nan t s R obe r tu sT a t loke H en r icu s Aw t e H e re sR obe r t iB a l la rd R ica rdu sF o ld ryng e s

C ocke r sand A bbey

S co lemay s te r l a nde s

1 46 12

l O sr e n t

P e te rG e ra rd S i rP e t e rG e ra rd

1 45 12

1 50 12 1 523 2

l O sy e a r ly ,p u tu re &r e l ief

T enan t s &A bbo to f C ocke r sand

4c a ruca te s

1 348 » 1 4002

4c a ruca t e s

C o cke r sand A bbey T homa sG e ra rd & o t he r s C o cke r sand A bbey K ing

S i rT homa sG e ra rd

C ocke r sand A bbey

3 05

x x i i jd i js ' i s x i jd x v i i jd v s v s v s v s

C a ta logue : MELLING

T enure 1 5492 9

k n igh t ' s f e e

1 56 0 1 570 n

/ 6 0

E s ta te 9 3p a r to f3 4 m e s suage s C un scough C un scough m ano r

S er v ice /ren t

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ff ee/ S upe r ior L ord K ing

Ma rga r e tG r im shaw

K ing

L au r enc eI r e land W i l l iam I r e land

L andho ld e r s

k n igh t ' s f e e H en ry H a l sa l l

1 575 n 1 58 0 1 597 1 s

k n igh t ' s f e e

1 623 3 Y

/ 1 0 k n igh t s f e e

C un scough m ano r&1 0 m e s suage s

H a l R i c h a r d M o l y n e a u x

m ano ro fM e l l ing

C un scough

R obe r t Mo lyneux W i l l iam Ma r t in T homa sB oo t le J ohn T a t lo ck

1 6 W6 .

S i te s :

2 1

£ 4

J a ne H a lsa l l O sba lde s ton Mo lyneux

Q ue en

5 0

C un scough H a l l

Me l l ing H ou se

9 6

Wood H a l l

1( Mo rgan

1 978 ,2 69c ) . G od iva h e ld Me l l ing i n1 066 . T he r ew a sw ood land o ne l e ague l o ng a nd h a lf al e ague w ide a nd t h ev a lue w a s 1 0 s . F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e qua te t h e w ood land m ea su r emen t w i th C un scough w h ich l i e s i n t h e n o r th o f Me l l ing ( e d s . 1 907 , 2 09 ) , b u t s ub sequen t g r an t s , s uppo r t ed b y n ame e v idence , s how t h a ta n e x t en s ive s wa the o fw ood land l a yb e twe en Wadd ica ri nt h e s ou th -ea s t , n ea rt h eb ounda ry w i th K i rkby , a c ro s st o Maghu l l . B e twe en t h e se t wo w ood land z one st h e r em ay h ave b een a ne x ten s ive a r ea o fp oo r ly -d ra ined l a nd .

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 5 31 , 5 34 ) . H en ry , s on o f S iwa rd d e Me l l ing , g ave t o C ocke r sand A bbey t o tum H engg er t e t t o tam m eam p a r t em d e p iano a b H engg er tha laka , 1 4 SqUe d i v i sam d e B ik er s tad ; e ti t erum t o tam . m eam p a r t em d e C un ig esco th , u sque a dd i v i sam d e Magha l e , e ti t erum p er d i v i sam d e Magha l eu sque a dH engg e r tha laka .T homa s , s on o fS iwa rd ,g ave t oC ocke r sand A bbey a l t h el a nd b e twe en t h eh ighway a nd t h eb ounda ry o fS imon swood ( t he r oad c r o s sed t h er i ve rA l ta tt h ef o rd b e tween Me l l ing a nd T ho rp ) ,e x tend ing t oH enga r th ' sl e a ch ;a l h i sp a r to ft h eo pen g r ound b e tw een t h a tl e a ch a nd B icke r s taf f ee ti t erum t o tam m eam p a r t em t o c iu sC un igg e scof h u sque a dd i v i sam d eA c tum e td i v i sam d e Maghe l e , e td e d i v i sa d e Mag /w i ep er m o s sam a dH engg er i the s laka . T homa s 'g if t ,c onf i rmed b yH en ry ,s on o fS iwa rd ,n o ted t h ew ho le l a nd o fN o r thc rof ta nd a l h i sp a r to fC un scough .

2

3

4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 5 32 -533 ) . F u r the rg r an t s b yH en ry t oC o cke r sand A bbey i n c luded R u thwa i t e , l a nd n ea rt h e b ound s o fK i rkby a nd t h ree l a nd s , 1 p e r che s w ide a nd 2 0p e r che sl o ng ,n ea re s tt h eh ead o nt h ee a s te rn s i de o fR icha rd L ance l in ' sa s sa r ta nd w ood o nt h es ou th s i de o ft h ea s sa r t . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 5 ) . T he c a ruca l a s se s smen ta nd v a lue w a s f o rb o th Me l l ing a nd U pho l land ( q v ) , w h ich w a s a s se s sed a s 2c a ruca t e s h e ld b y Ma t thew d e H o land a nd A lan d e H o land ; t h e v a lue f o r Me l l ing w a s 1 0 s . H en ry a nd T homa s w e r e s on s o fS iwa rd d e Me l l ing . T homa s h e ld ac a ruca t e a tC un scough f r om H en ry f o r5 sy ea r ly . H en ry ' ss on ,T homa s ,p a id 2 2 sf o rh i sr e l ief a nd l i ve ry o fh i se s ta te s i n1 225 . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 36 ) .T he r e n tr o l lr e co rd sH en ry ' se s ta te s i nb o th Me l l ing a nd U pho l land ( q v ) . ( Webb e d . 13 114 ) . W i l l iam o f Me l l ing g r an ted t oB u r scough P r io ry am e s suage a nd y a rd i nt h et own o f Me l l ing s c i l ic e tm esuag ium c um c ur t i lag io u b i a u la s o l eba te s s e w i th p am iag e f o rt wo p i g s a nd h ou sebo te a nd h aybo te i n Me l l ing w ood . T he p rope r ty r a n f r om as c hon h e ld b yR oge ro f Me l l ing t ot h e h ighway a nd i nw id th f r om B ur ec rof tt oS iwa rd 's h o ld ing ,w i th p annage f o rt wo p ig s a nd h ou sebo t e a nd h aybo te i n Me l l ing w ood . R og e r , s on o fH en ry d e Me l l ing , i st hough tt oh ave b een t h eb ro the ro fT homa sd e Me l l ing ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 09 ) .H eg r an t ed l a nd st oC ock e r sand a nd B u r scough

6

(Webb e d . 1 970 , 14 115 ) . A dam , s on o fJ ohn o f Me l l ing , g r an t ed B u r scough P r io ry aq ua r t e ro f as c hon i n Me l l ing . I tl a yb e twe en l a nd h e ld b yR oge ro f Me l l ing a nd t h a tf o rme r ly b yR og e rK ad ogon f r om W i l l iam o f Me l l ing .

7

8

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 31-543 ) . T ho s en amed g r an ted l a nd st oC ocke r sand A bbey d u r ing t h i sp e r iod . ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 12 113 ) . R oge ro f Me l l ing g r an t ed t oB u r scough P r io ry p a r to fh i sl a nd i nH inga rd es s lak e f o rme r ly h e ld b yR oge r , s on o fR ob e r tR u s se l . I tl a yn ex tt ot h a th e ld b yt h eA bbo to fC ocke r sand a bove H ang epu la nd i nb r ead th r a n f r om t h ed i tch c a l led Mo sed iche . T homa sC y tha r i s ta nd W i l l iam d e T ho rp h ad f o rme r ly h e ld a d jac en tl a nd s ;R obe r tB rew e rh ad b ough tW i l l iam d eT ho rp 's l a nd .

1 ° 1

1 2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 10 ) . H en ry d e Me l l ing c l a imed 8m a rk sa sa r r ea r so fr e n to ft h ea nnua lh a lf ma rk . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 32 -533 , 5 35 -540 ) . T a t lock h e ld t h e l a nd g r an ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey b y R oge r , s on o fR obe r t , p a r son o fH a l sa l l , i nc 1260 1268 , e t r edd i tp er a nnum v j di nd ece s su s uo v se tu xor i si j se ts i cd eh aer ed ee tu xor ee ts uper m esuag ium i nq uo h ab i ta t . (Webb e d . 1 907 , 15 116 ) . T he P r io ro fB u r scough g r an t ed 2s e l ion st oR obe r to fB y ron a nd h i sw if e . R icha rd d e lH a l l ed eK y rk eby h ad p r ev iou s ly h e ld t h is l a nd . A t a n u n spec if i ed d a t e , N icho la s , s on o fH en ry d e B oo t le , h e ld l a nd f r om B y ron f o r i d r e n t ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 2 11) . R obe r t d e B y ron ,p robab ly s on o fR icha rd d eB y ron ,h e ld t h ee s ta te o fK i rkby G e ra rd i nt h en e ighbou r ing v i l lo fK i rkby i n1 292 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 970 ,5 3 ) . R o be r td eB y r on m J o an a l i ve c 12 75 1309

P e t e rd eB u r nhu l l

Pe rd eB umhu l l Maud m W il i am G e r a r do fK ing s ley 1 2 92 I J o an

1 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 10 ) .

1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 11) .

1 7

W i l l i am

H a r r ing t on f am i ly

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 2 88 ) . J o rdan ' s h e i r s h e ld b o th Me l l ing a nd U pho l land ( q v ) . I n 1 292 J o rdan d e H u l ton w a s n amed a sk in sman o fP e t e r , s on o fP e t e rd e B umhu l l( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . e d s . 1 907 ,2 10 n 3 ) .

1 4

1 6

m

I s a be l mR o be r td eN e v i l lo fH om by

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 9 ) . P e te rd eB umhu l l 's i n t e re s tp robab ly d e r ived f r om t h a to fJ o rdan d eH u l ton . T he B umhu l l f am i ly a r e f ound i nA sh ton in -Mak e r f ie ld ( qv )a nd S ke lme r sda le i nE cc le s ton ( q v ) ,S u t ton a nd W ind le i n1 268 a nd i nH ind ley ( q v )i n1 331 ( Fa r re re d . 1 900 , 5 99 -600 , 6 08 -609 ;e d . 1 907 ,9 7 ) . ( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 2 07 ) . T he r e n t i n c luded t h a t ' wh ich H en ry d e Me l lyng u sed t o p ay f o r t h e t own o f Me l lyng ' . I n 1 323 H en ry d e B oo t le s u cc e s sf u l ly c omp la ined t h a t am i l l d a n n c on s t ruc ted i nK i rkby h ad c au sed a d ja cen t l a nd s t o b e f l ooded . T he d ef endan t s i n c luded J oan , w idow o fR obe r t d e B y ron ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 5 3 n 16 ) .

1 8

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy .

1 9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 2 ) . P robab ly 2c a ruca te ss hou ld b ea s s igned t oU pho l land .

2 °

( Fa r re re d . 1 915 , 1 88 ) . E ge r ton a nd G e ra rd h ad m a r r ied t h ed augh te r so fP e te rd eB umhu l lo fA sh ton ( q v , p4 26 n 2 ) .

3 06

C a ta logue : MELLING

2 1

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 10 n 4 ) . P e te rG e ra rd w a s d ead b yt h is d a te .

2 2

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 10 ) . S i rP e te rG e ra rd d i ed i n1 446 .

2 3

( Fa r re r e d . 1 909 , 1 240 -1242 , 1 244 ) . T he t e nan t s o ft h e C un scough l o rd sh ip a l so p a id b e tween 2 a nd 4 c apon s i na dd i t ion t ot h e i r r en t s a nd t h e se w e re r e co rded i n1 461 , 1 501 a nd 1 537 . T he Ha l sa l lt e nemen th ad f o rme r ly b een h e ld b yW i l l iam P u l lawe . L and so fC ock er sand Abbey R en t x l s

1 501 R adu lf u sK no l le s

1 537 T hu r s tanu sK no touk

R ob er tu s T ho rp e

1 461 T homa sB a rka r [ x lv s ] R ob e r tu sT ho rpe

H en r icu sT a t loke

x v js

J ohanne s F l ecche r

T homa sF l ecche r

R ica rdu sF l eche r

J ohanne sT a t lock [ x x i i j s i jd ] R ica rdu sF l ecche r &a f t e r h i sd ea th h i s s on J ohn

x v s

J ohanne s H en r i son

E dmundu sT y r eha r e

J ohanne sT y reha r e [ x v js ]

jt e na tw i l l

i x s

T homa s F l ecche r

R ica rdu s T a t t loke [ x v i j s ] R ica rdu sJ on son [ i x sv i jd ]

J ohn B a rke r

jt e na tw i l l

x i i i js v j d

J ame sB a rke r( s ic w if eo f J ohn ] &a f t e rh i sd ea th h i sd augh t e rI s abe l la [ x s ] U xo rJ ohnanne s Wakden &a f t e rd ea th h e rs on H en ry R ica rdu sH a le [ x v i s i jd ] J ohanne sT y r eha r e [ x x jd ]

C unscough c ap i ta le t e nemen tum jt e na tw i l l

x x s

1 45 1 U xo rT home T y rhe r

jt e na tw i l l ) jt e na tw i l l ) jt e na tw i l l

S ymond H un t e

S ymonde H un te

U xo rS ymon is Hun t

1 538 -1539

jt e n jc l au sa tw i l l

x v s i j s v j d

L au ren t iu sG y le L au ren t iu sG y le

jt e na tw i l l

x v s i j d

T homa sC anne

T homa sC anne

R adu lfu s B eky r s tad E dmundu sT y reha re [ x x jd ] H en r icu sA smu l l

jt e na tw i l l

x x s

T homa s B a rke r

T homa s B a rka rs e n io r

? R ica rdu s C owpe r

jt e na tw i l l

x x s

H en r icu sL aw e

J ohanne s Wa r ton

? Robe r tu s Ade r ton T homa s H a i l

R obe r tu sA the r ton R adu lphu sH a le [ Why l c shagh f e ld e ]

x i jd

J ohanne sD e rga rde

J ohanne s D ewga rd

J ohanne s Mo r e

h e i ro fJ ohn Mo re

x v jd

R ob e r tu sT a t loke

R ober tu sT a t loke

J ohanne sD uga rd i n t e nu r eo fR obe r t i Mo r e R ob e r tu sT a t loke

R obe r tu sT a t lok

U xo rJ ohanne sH a lsa l l

J ohanne sP u l le ( Rugh tway t )

J ohn P u l ley

v i i jd

J ohanne sH a l sa l l ( f o rme r ly o fW i l l iam P u l lawe ) H en r icu s Awy te

h e i ro fR obe r t T a t lock h e i ro fJ ohn P u l ley [ 1 4d ]

H en r icu sA u te

R obe r tu s Aw te

R obe r tu sA vo t e

h e i ro fR obe r t Aw t ie

x i jd v j d

H e re sR obe r t i B a l la rd R ica rdu s F o ld rynge s

R icha rd B a l la rd H e i ro fR ica rdu s F o ld rynge s

R ica rdu sF a ld ryng

R ica rdu sF a ld ryng

H e i ro fR icha rd F a lde ryng

v j d

U xo rR obe r t iB rad ley

Qwy t schyf e ld

v s

Me l l ing jt e nf r ee ly

t e r ra sc um m o ssa f r e e ly jt e n

x i i i jd

l a nd R ogh thway t l a nd f r ee ly l a nd S co lemay s t e r l a nd e s l a nd l a nd s

H e i ro fR obe r t i B r ad ley ( Maghu l l ) H e r e sd ef L ondz

y i d

2 4

( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 240 1242 ) .

2 6

( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 245 -1249 ) .

H en r icu sA smu l l &a f t e r h i sd ea th h i ss on J ohn a nd J ohn C an t le R ica rdu sC owpe r

H e i ro fR obe r t B rad ley ( Maghu l l ) H e i ro f Me l l ing

H e i r s

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 10 ) .

2 7

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 10 ) . T he l a nd sw e re wo r th 3 s .

2 8

( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 243 1247 ) .

2 9

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 2 10 ,2 11 n 2 ) . Ma rga re tG r im shaw w a s d augh te ro fJ ohn a nd E l izabe th S tan ley ; t h eH a r r ing ton f am i ly h ad o b ta ined p a r to ft h e 1 4 th -c en tu ry h o ld ing o ft h eB y ron s . S i rJ ohn H a r r ing ton E l izabe th m J ohn S t an ley J ane ( d 1 567 )m 1S i rT homa s H a l sa l l( d 1539 ) 2J ohn O sba lde s ton

3 °

3 1

Ma rga r e tG r im shaw I e s ta te b oug h tb yS i rW i l l iam Mo lyneux , 1 554

A nne m J ohn Sw if t I e s ta te b ough tb yS i rW i l l iam Mo lyneux , 1 52 1

( Lanes RO DD In 6 4 /72 ) . Af t e rt h eD i s so lu t ion , L au rence I r e land o fL yd ia te ( qv ) b ough tC un scough ; h e d i ed , a so fC un scough , i n1 566 . ( G ib son 1 876 , 3 2 ) . T he h o ld ing wa s i nc ap i t e a nd t he v a lue w a s 2 8s 4 d . T he b ound s o fC un scough w e re s e t t led i n1 579 w hen 6me re s t one s a nd al i nea r d i tch w e re s e to u t( G ib son 1 876 , 3 5 ) .

3 2

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 11) . Ha lsa l l d i ed i n 1 575 ; h i s Me l l ing e s ta te w en tt o Maud , w if e o fE dwa rd O sba ldes ton , ad augh te ro fD ame J ane H a lsa l l ,

3

( G ib son 1 876 , 17 ) .

3 4

( Fa rre r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 2 11) .

3 5

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,2 11) . T he Mo lyneuxe s h e ld Me l l ing u n t i l t h ee nd o ft h e 1 8 th c en tu ry when i tw a s s o ld t oJ ohn F o s te r .

a nd t oB a r tho lomew H e ske th ( Augh ton ,q v ) , s on a nd h e i ro fh e rd augh te r ,J oan , w if eo fG abr ie l H e ske th . I n 1 587 H e ske th b ough tt h eO sba lde s ton s ha re .

3 5

( Fa r re r& B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 83 ) . T he se m en c on tr ibu ted t o t h e h ea r th t a x ( s ee t h e s i te d e scr ip t ions b e low ) . W i l l iam Mar t in 's h ou se , w h ich h ad s i x h ea r th s , may b er e p re sen ted i n Ma r t in 's T enemen ts ou th o f aj unc t ion o fs eve ra l l a ne s , 4 00m e a s to fS tT homa s ' C hu rch ( OS 6 " s hee t9 9 , 1 848 ) .

3 07

C a ta logue : MELLING m id 16 th c en tu ry W i l l iam Mo lyneux p a id r e n t o f1 0 s i n t h e v i i i o fC un scough ; T hu r s tan K no l le s w a s b a i l if fo f t h e f e e a nd w a s f i r s t -named ( a s T hu r s tan K no touk , t e nan ta tw i l l ) i nt h e m ona s t ic r e n ta l o f 1 5 37 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 151 , 1 243 ) . A f t e r t h e D i s so lu t ion C un scough w a s b ough t b y t h e I r e land s o fL yd ia t e ( q v ) w ho , f o r a t ime , m ade i tt h e i rp r inc ipa l r e s id enc e ( L ew i s 1 990 , 3 1 ) . T he p roba t ei n ven to ry o fE dwa rd I r e land , 1 6 37 , i n c luded t h e c hambe r s o ve rt h e h a l l , k i t chen a nd b u t t e ry , t h e s t a i r h ead c hambe r , h a l l , p a r lou r , b u t te ry , k i tchen , l a rde r , s t o rehou se , m i lkhou se , b r ewhou se a nd c l o se t ( G ib son 1 876 , 4 2 ) . I n 1 666 , J ohn T a t lock ' s h ou se i nC un scough h ad e i gh th ea r th s( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 1 83 ) . A l though t h e f o rm o f t h e m oa t c an s t i l l b e s e en , t h e d i tch h a s b e en m o s t ly i n f i l led . T he s i t e h a s r e c en t ly ( 1 990 )b een s chedu led . 2 00m

F ig 9 1 .36b : C un scough H a l l( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 54 ) F ig 9 1 .36a : Me l l ing N o . SMR

2 1 A SM 4 102 /2

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

C unscough Ha l l Me l l ing H a l sa l l We s tD e rby T hanage /mona s t ic ( Cocke r sand )

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 106 0 270 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lw ick A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 3m s l igh tn o r th -f a c ing s l ope

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 25 x3 8m /950m 2 c 2 10m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

w e t , 1 840 ? s t ream ? e a s t

N o . SMR

5 0 A SM 4 000 / 15

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

Me l l ing Hou se Me l l ing H a l sa l l We s tD e rby T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

S D4 027 0 042 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lw ick A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m t o po fe a s t -f ac ing s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su re b ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

? mu l t ip le

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

WLAS 1 976 t r ac e s ;f a rme rh a s i nf i l led t h ed i tch ( c 198 1) 1 4 thC mona s t ic g r ange _ g a rden

P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 54 , 1 840 @ 1 0c ha in s =1 i 1 / 1 6, , F a r r e re d . 1 898 ; 1 900 ; 1 909 ;G ib son 1 876 ; L ew i s 1 990 ; M58 A rcha eo log ica l S u rvey 1 977 ; T up l ing 1 949

p r obab le

c 6m w e tp ond s 1 840 ? s u rf ace ? w e s t

i n comp le te l a t e 1 6 th 17 thC f a rm L anc s RO DRL 1 / 54 , 1 8400 @ 1 0 c ha in s =1 1/ 1 6 ; O S 6 " S hee t9 9 , 1 848 a e r ia ls u rvey b yA SM a nd LURAU F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ;L ew i s 1 982c

T h i s s i te i se l eva t ed a nd o ve r look s t h e t own sh ip b ounda r y w h ich s e pa ra t e s Me l l ing f r om K i rkby . F i e ld n ame s t r a ced f r om m ona s t ic g r an t s t h rough t o t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry s ugge s t t h a t Me l l ing H ou se m ay b e a s soc ia ted w i th a r ea s k nown a s T horp a nd H enga r th i nt h e l a t e 1 2 th c en tu ry ( L ew i s 1 982c , 6 6 6 8 ) . H oweve r , t h e r e i sn o c l ea r e v idence t os how t h a t i tw a s t h e p r ope r ty g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey . B y t h e e nd o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry t h e f r eeho ld e s ta te a t Me l l ing H ou se w a so wned b yT homa sB oo t le , a nd i tm ay w e l lh ave b een o ccup ied b y t h e f am i ly o ft h a t n ame s i nc e a tl e a s t t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . T he f am i ly a l so h ad H ome r G r een F a rm , T ho rn ton ( q v ) . I n 1 666 , T homa s B oo t le 's h ou se i n Me l l ing h ad f i ve h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 83 ) .

T he n ame C un scough s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s p a r t o f Me l l ing l a y i nt h e k i ng ' s w ood ( ON . k onung r +s kog r ; E kwa l l 1 922 , 19 ) . I n 184 1190 C un scough w a sg r an ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 5 31 , 5 34 ) . T he m ona s t ic s t a tu s o fC un scough i ss ugge s ted i n ap apa l d ec la ra t ion o f 1 292 b y i t s c i ta t ion i mmed ia te ly f o l low ing a l i s t o f C ocke r sand A bbey ' s d eme sne l a nd s i n Amounde rne s s a nd Wy re sda le ( Fa r re r e d . 1 898 , 3 ) . A l though i ts e em s t oh ave b een i nl a y t e nancy , C un scough m ay h ave b een t h ec amera f r om w h ich t h em onk s a dm in i s te r ed t h e c o l lec t ion o fr e n t s f r om t h e i r l a nd s i ns ou th L anca sh i r e ( M58 s u rvey 1 977 , 1 0 ) . I nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry t h e g r ang e a t C un scough w a s r a ided ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 7 ) . T he C un scough e s ta te w a s h e ld i n 1 o r 1 2 t e nanc ie s i n t h e 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 240 1251) ; t h e h a l l w a s p robab ly t h e c ap i ta l t e nemen th e ld s u cce s s ive ly b yt h eT y re r , B a rke ra nd K no l le s f am i l ie s . I nt h e

Map e v idenc ef o r am oa to rd i tched e nc lo su r e i ss uppo r ted o nt h eg r ound b y t wo d eep a nd w id e d ry d i tche s w h ich r un e a s t a nd s ou th f r om t h e p r e sen t f a rmya rd . S and s tone b u i ld ing s o f 1 6 th a nd 1 7 th -c en tu ry d a t e s t i l l s t and a t Me l l ing H ou se a nd f i e ldwa lk ing h a s p roduced p o t t e ry o fl a t e m ed ieva l d a te ( L ew i s 1 982c , 6 6 , 1 02 ) . A t l e a s t u n t i l t h e l a t t e r p a r t o ft h e 1 8 th c en tu ry a w indm i l ls t ood as ho r td i s tance t ot h en o r th o f Me l l ing H ou se ; l a te m ed ieva l p o t te ry h a s a l so b e en c o l lec ted f r om t h i s s i te . H oweve r , t h ough i ti sl i ke ly

3 08

C a ta logue : MELLING s ur v iv ing e v idenc e f o r a moa t . T he f i e ld i mmed ia te ly t o t h e w e s t w a s c a l led ' Sa l te r s S ough ' i n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry .

t h a t Me l l ing H ou se r e p r e sen t s 1 2 th -cen tu ry T ho rp n o c l ea re v idence h a s y e t b een f ound a nd t h ep r e sen tb u i ld ing sm ay ma sk e a r l ie rs t ruc tu r e s .

F ig 9 1 .36c : Me l l ing Hou se 1 848 ( OS S hee t9 9 )

F ig 9 1 .36d : Me l l ing H ou se 1 840 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 54 )

F ig 9 1 .36g : Wood H a l l( ba sed o n L anc s RO DRL 1 / 54 , 1 840 ) A : f i e ldwa lk ing , 1 992 B : H ou se sb u i l ts i nce 1 840 C : R oad s t ra igh t ened s i nce 1 840

F ig 9 1 .36e : T ho rp ( af t e rL ew i s 1 992c , f i g 1 8 ) L ik e C un scough , a s e t t lemen t a t Wood H a l l w a s p robab ly e s tab l i shed a s ar e su l t o fc l ea ranc e o f t h e w ood la nd b e l t w h ich r a n a c ro s s t h e s ou th o f Me l l ing t h rough t o Maghu l l . U n l ike C un scough , h oweve r , t h e r e i sn o e v id ence f o r a mona s t ic i n t e r e s t i n t h e p l a ce .

F ig 9 136f : Wood H a l l 1 848 ( OS 6 "

T he b ranch o f t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly , w h ich

N o . SMR

9 6 A SM 3 800 /26

s i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

Wood Ha l l Me l l ing H a l sa l l We s tD e rby manag e

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 810 0 045 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay /Sh i rd ley H i l lS and S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 8m v e ry s l igh tw e s t -f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? mu l t ip le

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s

H a l l , R a inf o rd ( q v ) , made Wood H a l l t h e i r p r inc ipa l r e s idenc e i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry ( L ew i s 1 982c , 5 8 ) . T he p r e sen t h a l l d a t e s f r om c 1642 a nd , i n 1 666 , R obe r t Mo lyneux 's h ou se h ad t e n h ea r th s ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 1 83 ) . I n 1 7 17 R obe r t Mo lyneux o f Mo s sbo rough h e ld t h ec ap i ta l m e s suag e c a l led H a l l o ' th ' Wood a nd i t sa ppu r t enanc e s w h ich w e r e l e a sed f o r l i f et oJ ame s S a r jan t . R e se rved f o r t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly w e r e t h e r oom o ve r t h e p a r lou r , t h e s t ab le n ex t t o t h e h a l l , t h e r oom n ex t t ot h e s ame s t ab le , t h e g a rne r s o ve r t h e s ame s t ab le a nd r oom a nd t h eo r cha rd ( F rance e d . 1 960 , 1 00 ) . Am oa t h a s b e en i d en t if ied o n t h e b a s i s o f al a te 1 8 th -cen tu ry f i e ld n ame ' Moa t C rof t ' ( Lanc s RO DDK 1 770 / 18 ) a nd a e r ia l s u r vey h a s i n d ica t ed e nc lo su re s i n af i e ld n o r th ea s t o ft h e p r e sen t f a rm b u i ld ing s ( M58 S u rvey 1 977 , 4 -6 ; f i g 9 1 .360 . A l i nea r p ond i nt h is f i e ldmay r e p r e sen t t h e o n ly

? pond

MAS / WLAS 1 976 ;L ew i s 1 992 p ond i nf i e ld 1 7 thC

U se

f i e ld su nde rc u l t iva t ion L anc s RO DRL 1 / 54 , 1 840 @ 1 0 c ha in s = 1 I ,1 6„ / ;O S6 " 1 848 s he e t9 9 WLAS a e r ia lp ho tog raph s L ew i s 1 982c ; M58 A r chaeo log ica l S ur vey 1 977

Ia m g ra t ef u lt oJ ef S peakman o ft h eF i e ld A r cha eo logy S ec t ion , L ive rpoo l Mu seum , f o rc ommen t so nt h ea s semb lag e .

3 09

c e r ta in

P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

s h ee t9 9 )a e r ia lf e a tu r e sp lo t ted a sb roken l i ne s a l so h e ld Mo s sbo rough

I n 1 992 , f i e ldwa lk ing e a s t o f t h e p ond ( SD 3 820 0 052 ) p roduced a s ma l l a moun t o f l a t e m ed ieva l a nd 1 7 th c en tu ry p o t te ry , t oge the r w i th q uan t i t ie s o f r oof s l a te a nd s ome s and s tone r oof f l ag s . T hough s ma l l i nn umbe r , t h e se p e rhap s r e p re sen t e v idenc e f o r t h e r ema in s o f ab u i ld ing d emo l i shed i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . L a rg e r q uan t i t ie s o f 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th -cen tu ry c e ram ic s a nd c l ay p ipe s a ppea r t o r e la te t o n igh t so i l ing o n t h e c u l t iva ted f i e ld . M ig ra t ion f r om t h e moa ted s i te t ot h ep re sen t Wood H a l l s e em sl i ke ly ' .

C a ta logue : NE WTON T enure

E s ta te [ 5h ide s ]

1 066 1

L ord o ff ee/ S upe r ior L ord K ing E dwa rd

s e r jean ty i np repo s i to r ia

1 242 1 243 4

S er v ice/ren t

2 k / 1 n igh t ' s

f e e

2o xgang s 1o xgang 2o xgang s 2o xgang s

[ Thu r s tan B ana s t r e ]

d eme sne

H e i ro fR obe r t B ana s t r e

[ 2 k / 1 n igh t ' sf e e ]

[ 6d r eng s ] [ 1 2v i l lage r s ] 1 4s ma l lho lde r s )

W i l lo th d eN eu ton

1 2d y ea r ly

R obe r tt h eR eeve R og e rt h ec l e rk o f N eu ton

2 s8 dy ea r ly

[ W i l l iam d eL au ton & R icha rd d eG o lbu rne ] R obe r tB ana s t re

1 257 6 1 2896

R obe r tB ana s t r e

1 2971

k n igh t ' sf e e

J ohn d eL ang e ton &w if eA ley s ia

1 322 8

k n igh t ' s f e e & s o cage

J ohn d eL ange ton

Ma t thew d eH aydock

h omage , 1 0 s y ea r ly ,3 s4 d s akef ee ,s u i ta t c oun ty & w apen take c ou r t s

R obe r td eH o l land

1 323 1 324 9

1 32 10

A dam d eO ke shagh H en sd eE c c le s ton J acob° s u ien te R ob to f i lJ oh i s W i l lo d e lH e ld W i l lo f i lW i l l i R ob to K u t t e J ohe d eK ynge s ley H en sd eS o thewo r th J ohe f i lW i l l i

1 334 1 1 346 1

R obe r td eL ang ton J ohn d eL ang ton

S i rR obe r td e L ane ton

1 431 1 4 d owe r d owe r 1 466 1 3

a tw i l l

[ f o rme r ly H o l land l a nd s ] [ c han t ry l a nd s ; ? f o rme r ly d e H aydock ]

/ mano 2 1 ro f N ew ton /m 4 1 ano ro f N ew ton /m 4 1 ano ro f N ew ton

A l ice w idow o f R a lph L ang ton A l ice w idow o f H emy L ang ton

m e s suage

H en ry L ange ton

m e s suage & y a rd d om in ium o ft h e H e ld t h eH ey T ode la the H a l l m e s suage e t c /b 2 1 u rgage m e s suage f o rme rb u rgage &m e s suag e l e Smy thehow se m e s suag ee t c m e s suag ee t c b u rgag ee t c b u rgage m e s suag ee t c

i j si i jd i j sv i i jd l i js i j s i j sv i i jd i i js x d i j s i i j si j d i x d

G i lbe r td eH aydock

R obe r td eL ang ton k t

k n igh t ' sf e e

1 354 1 2

1 522 1 6

L andho ld e r s

A dam d eL ow ton T homa sd eG o lbome

1 202 1 203 2 1 2 12 3

Me sne l o rd

1 0 sy ea r ly f o r w a rd o f L anca s te rc a s t le , s u i to fc oun ty & w apen take S i rG i lbe r td e H aydock

H en ry L ang ton

T homa s Smy the t h e e l de r J ohn S e r jan t J ohn E cc le s ton

f e eo f Mak e rf i e ld

J ohn H ey S i rT homa sG e r a rd P e t e rL egh

P e te rL egh

S imon K y rf o t e

P e te rL egh

[ c h ief r e n t ]

m e s suage m e s suaee

P e te rL egh

s o cage

m ano r so f L ow ton & N ew ton

T homa sL ang ton

1 5 s 1 2d 4 s

R a lph C rof t e J ohn N ay le r N icho la sT rave r s H ugh G e ra rd K a the r ine B ekk e T homa s Smy the t h e y ounge r S imon P e rpun t T homa sG r ene

5 d i d

R a lph E cc le s ton

3 5s

3 10

T hom a sE l lum w if eo f Ma t thew G i l ib rond e R a lph C rof t e

1 O s

R oge rG o ld swayn H ugh T yk i l l

C a ta logue : NE WTON

T enure

E s ta te

1 528 1 7

L ord o ff ee / S upe r ior L ord T homa sL ang ton

c 1556 1 8

Me sne l o rd

S er v ice' r en t

L andho ld e r s

H en ry S e r jean t W i l l iam B r e the r ton J ohn Maddock W i l l iam S e r jean t R icha rd Wood

1 566 1 9

H ey

s ocag e

S i rT homa s L ang ton

W i l l iam B r e the r ton

1 586 2 °

1 6 s&f e a l ty & s u i ta tc our t

R icha rd B la ckbume

1 600 2 1

f r eeho lde r s

W i l l iam G reen J ohn Maddo ck P h i l ip Ma inwa r ing G eo rg eS o roco ld J ohn T un s ta l l R oge r Wood

1 604 2

R icha rd F l ee twood

1 628 2

J ohn B r e the r ton w if eo fJ ame sE den W i l l iam Mo r r i s J ame s Maddo ck T homa sS e r jean t

1 660 2 4

R icha rd L , egh

S i te s :

6 1

N ew ton H a l l

1 26

C a s t le H i l l

( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69d ) . A tt h eC onque s tN ew ton w a st h en ame g i ven t ot h e h und red w h ich w a s s ub sequen t ly s ub sumed i n to t h ef e eo rb a rony o fN ew ton o r Mak e r f ie ld . T he v i l l i t se lf m ay b e a s sumed t oh ave b e en a s so c ia ted w i th 1h ide ( o f at o ta l o f5 )w h ich w a s h e ld i nl o rd sh ip . T h e s umma ry n a tu r e o ft h e D ome sday e n t ry h a s l e d t od i ff icu l ty i ni n t e rp r e ta t ion ( Fa r r e r 1 899 ; F a r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 906 , 2 69 -290 ; T e r r e t t 1 962 ; We l ldon F inn 1 971 , 2 11) . T he f i ve h ide sw e r ei d en t if ied b yF a r r e r( 1899 t a b le f a c ing p 20 )a s : N ew ton

3c a ruca te s ;

W igan

1c a ruca te b e long ing t ot h ec hu r ch o ft h em ano r ;

W inw ick 2c a ruca te sb e long ing t ot h ec hu r ch o fS t . O swa ld ' s

I tm igh t b e s uppo sed t h a t t h e se h o ld ing s r e p r e sen ted t h e h i de h e ld i nl o rd sh ip . F a r r e r a s s igned t h e b a lanc e o f2 4 c a ruca te s t ot h e 1 5 m ano r s h e ld b y 1 5 d r eng s ( s ee a l so t a b le s 1 , 1 2a ) . E xam ina t ion o ft h ee v idence f o rt e nan t s in -ch ief i n1 2 12 p rov ide s n o c l ea re v idenc e o n w h ich t h e 3c a r uca te s a s s ig ned t o N ew ton m igh t b e b a sed ( no t e 3 ) . T he b a rony c ou r t w a s s ub sequen t ly h e ld a tN ew ton ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 33 ) . R oge ro fP o i tou g r an ted t h e d eme sne t i the so fN ew ton t oS h r ew sbu ry A bbey a nd t h eg ran tw a sc onf i rmed , c 1141 ,b yt h ee a r lo fC he s t e r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 33 n 13 ) . 2

3

( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 71) . I n1 202 1203 ,A dam d eL ow ton a nd T homa sd eG o lbome a n sw e r ed f o rt h ef e e , s i nc e Wa rM B ana s t r e , l o rd o f Mak e r f ie ld , w a ss t i l l u nde r a ge . When Wa r in t ook p o s s e s s ion i n1 204 t h et e nu r ew a sp a r t ly b yk n igh ts e rv ic ea nd p a r t ly i ns o cage ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 906 ,3 66 ) . Wa rM w a s d ead b yA p r i l 1 205 a nd h i s b ro the r , T hu r s tan , o n ly a t ta ined h i sm a jo r i ty i n1 2 13 w hen h ec l a imed h i sr i gh t i n Make rf ie ld a nd e l sewhe r e( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 906 , 3 7 1) . ( Book o fF ee s 1 921 ,2 19 ) . W i l lo th d eN eu ton 't e n e ti j .b ova ta sp er s erg en t er iam d ea n t iqu i ta t ee th abe tj . b ova tam d ea n t iqu i ta t ee tr edd i tp er a nnum x i j .d . R ob er tu sp r epo s i tu st e ne ty .b ova ta si np r epo s i to r ia d ea n t iqu i ta t e . R og eru sc l er icu sd eN eu ton 't e ne ti j .b ova ta sd ea n t iqu i ta t ee tr edd i tp er a nnum j . s . v i i j .d S inc e t h e l o rd o f Make r f ie ld , T hu r s tan B ana s t r e , w a s am ino r a tt h i s d a te , W i l l iam d e L ow ton a nd T homa s d e G o lbor ne w e r e c ha rg ed w i th t h e k n igh t ' s s e r v ice f o rt h e w ho le f e e w he r e 91 2 c / a ruca te s c omp r i sed t h e f e e o fo ne k n igh t ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 7 3 -74 ) . H oweve r , t h e i r l a nd s l a y n o t i nN ew ton b u t i n G o lbo rne ( qv ) , L ow ton ( q v ) , K enyon ,A rbu ry a nd W inw ick . Mo r ec o r r ec t ly , t h eN ew ton a s se s smen ts e em st ob e f o r 7b ova te s h e ld i ns e r jean ty ; i ft h ew ho le a s se s sm en t f o rt h e v i l l w a s 3c a r uca t e s ( no te 1 )t h e b a lanc e o f 1 7 b ova te s w a s , p e rhap s , h e ld i nd eme sne . I nt h e t ime o fH en ry L I W i l l e lmu s d e N ewe ton t e ne ti j .b ova ta st e r r ep er s e r ian t iam d ew apen taco ; v a l en tp er a nnum c . s . ( Book o fF ee s 1 921 , 3 49 ) . T h i s p l ace s h im a l ong s ide s e r jean t s s uch a sH en ry d e Wa l ton ( Wa l ton , q v , Wave r t re e a nd N ew sham ) , A dam G e ro ld ( We s t D e rby , q v ) , R icha rd p r epo s i tu s d e D e r eby , A dam d e Mo lyneux ( G rea t C ro sby ) a nd R og e rG eme t( 6Y 2c a ruca t e s i nt h ew apen take o f We s tD e rby ) . I tm igh tb es uppo sed t h a tt h ev i l l o fN ew ton w a sa t ta ched t ot h eC rown d eme sne .

4

5

6

7

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . T he h e i ro fR ob e r t B ana s t r e h e ld t h i s h a lf f e e f r om t h e e a r l o fF e r r e r s w ho , i nt u rn , h e ld f r om t h e K ing . L ow ton a nd G o lbo rne h e ld t h e i rh a lf f e e i nL ow ton ( q v ) , K enyon a nd A rbu ry . F rom t h i s i tw ou ld a ppea rt ha tt h eB ana s t r e d eme sne s l a y , p e rhap s , i n amo ie ty o fG o lbo rne ( qv ; n o te 8 ) . R obe r t B ana s t r e a l so h e ld % k n igh t ' s f e e o ft h e P enwo r tham F ee i nL ey land h und r ed , a nd t h e f e e o f Wa l ton le -Da le i nB la ckbu rn h und r ed ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l le d s 1 906 , 3 71) . ( Tup l ing 1 936 , 1 02 ) . I n 1 257 R ob e r t B ana s t r e o b ta ined ag r an t o f am a rke t a nd f a i r i nN ew ton a nd i nt h e s ame y ea r h e w a s o b ta ined ac ha r te r o ff r e e w a r r en o nh i sd eme sne l a nd so f Wa l ton le -Da le ( L ey land H und r ed ) ,N ew ton in - Mak e r f ie ld a nd Woo l s ton ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 906 , 3 72 ) . T he b o rough o fN ew ton w a sp robab ly c r ea ted b e tween 1 257 a nd 1 3 111312 ,t h ed a te o ft h ee a r l ie s tk nown r e f e r enc et o ab u rgage p l o t( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 2 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 33 n 20 ) . B ana s t r e g r an ted t o Ma t thew , s on o fG i lbe r t d e H aydock ( q v ) l a nd s ' f rom t h e o l d d i tch o n t h e e a s t , b y R og e rt h e C a rpen t e r ' s l a nd s , s ot o as per tgo r e i nt h es ou th , b yt h e d i tche s w e s twa rd t oJ ohn d eO r r e l l ' s l a nd , a nd t h en a c ro s s t ot h e c ommenc emen t ' . Ma t thew w a s t o b et o l l a nd h oppe rf r e e i na l t h em i l l s i nN ew ton . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 906 , 3 73 ) . J ohn d e L ang ton h ad o b ta ined t h e B ana s t r e e s ta te s t h rough ma r r iage w i th A le s ia , d augh t e r o fJ ame s B ana s t r e a nd g r and -daugh te ro fR obe r tB ana s t r e . A le s ia ' s ma r r iag e h ad b e en g ran ted b yt h e E a r l o fL anca s te rt oJ ohn d e L ang ton w ho w a s , p e rhap s , t h e s ame p e r son a s J ohn d e L ang ton , c hanc e l lo r a nd b i shop o fC h iche s t e r . A le s ia ' s h u sband m ay h ave b e en ay ounge r b r o the r o ft h e b i shop . T he m a r r iag e mu s t h ave t a ken p l ac e b ef o r e 1 297 w hen J ohn d e L ang ton a nd A le s ia h e ld 1k n igh t ' s f e e w o r th £ 40 ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 2 98 ) . I n 1 302 J ohn d e L ang ton c on t r ibu ted t ot h e s ub s idy f o r 1f e e i nL ow ton a nd K enyon w i th t h em embe r s( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 3 13 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . J ohn d e L ang ton h e ld t h e mano ro fN ew ton i n Make rf ie ld w i th L ow ton , K enyon a nd amo ie ty o fG o lbo rne f o rt h e s e rv ice s n o ted , l O s b e ing d ue f o rw a rd o ft h ec a s t le o fL anca s te r . T he f o l low ing 1 5m ano r s( an umbe rc ompa rab le w i th t ha to ft h e mano r s h e ld b y 1 5d r eng s i n1 086 )w e r eh e ld ' b yf e a l ty i ns ocag ew i thou ta ny o t he rs e r v ic et h e r ef o rd one ' : A b ram

H aydock

O r r e l l

A sh ton

H ind ley

P embe r ton

W inw ick w i th H u lme

B i l l ing e

I n ce

P ou l ton

Woo l s ton

t h em o ie ty o fG o lbo rne

M idd le ton w i th H ough ton

S ou thwo r th

3 11

W igan a nd a dvow son o fW igan c hu r ch

C a ta logue : NE WTON

J ohn d eL ang ton a l so h e ld ak n igh t ' s f e e i nt h eh und r ed o fB lackbu rn ( F a r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 33 134 ) . I nO c tob e r 1 3 15 c o rn a nd h ay w o r th £ 10 w a st a ken f r om S i rJ ohn d eL ang ton ' sb am a tN ew ton in -Make r f ie ld b y S i rW i l l iam d eB rad shaw o fH a igh a nd B la ck rod a nd ad e ta chmen to fs uppo r t e r so fA dam B ana s t r e ( Tup l ing 1 949 , x l v ,2 7 ,4 5 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 2 14 ) . T he t e nan t s o f 5m e s suage s a nd at o l l i nN ew ton a nd 2b u rgage s i nd ecay i nN ew ton w e r e a ccoun t ed a mong s t t h e p o s se s s ion s o f R obe r td eH o l land h e ld a sm embe r so ft h eP a rk o ft h e Mano ro fH aydock ( q v ) .

9

1 °

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he se i n d iv idua l s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . A dam d e O ke shagh ( O cc le shaw ) a nd H en ry d e S ou thwo r th w e r e b u rge s se s . G i lbe r t d e H aydo ck ( who c on t r ibu ted f o r H aydock ) a nd W i l l iam Mu sku l ( o fB u r tonhead , S u t ton , q v ) w e re a l so b u rge s se s o fN ew ton ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 5 ) . H en ry d e E cc le s ton w a s as uppo r te r o ft h e E a r l o fL anca s te r a nd w a s a mong s t t h o se a c cu sed o fa t ta ck ing W i l l iam B rad shaw a th i s m ano r a tB la ck rod a nd t h a t o f A lan d eW ind le a tW ind le ( Tup l ing 1 949 , x xv i , x l v i i i , 3-37 , 4 0 , 7 0 , 7 5 , 9 6 ) . J ame s S e r jean t p robab ly t o ok h i s n ame f r om o ne o ft h e f am i l ie s w h ich h ad h e ld l a nd s i nN ew ton s i nc et h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . T he H e ld e s ta t ea ppea r st oh ave p a s sed t ot h eS ou thwo r th f am i ly a nd t h en , i n1 356 1357 t oJ ohn d eE cc le s ton . I n1 557 i tw a sb ough tb yt h eL egh f am i ly f r om T homa sE cc le s ton ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 5 3 ) . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 38 n n23 , 2 4 ) . I n 1 334 R obe r t d e L ang ton g r an ted 1 0 a c r e s t o G i lbe r t d e H aydock . I nt h e s ame y ea r J ohn d e L ang ton a u tho r i sed h i sr e ce ive r ,R icha rd d eN ew ton ,t og i ve 2a c r e so ft h ew a s t et oG i lbe r td eH aydock .

1 2

( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . N ew ton ,w i th t h em embe r s , c on ta ined 1 0c a ruca t e so fl a nd ,o n ly

93

o ft h eD ome sday a s se s smen to f 5h i de s .T he m embe r sw e r e :

A b ram

C rof t

H ough ton

M idd le ton

a dvow son o fW igan c hu r ch

A rbu ry

G o lbome

I n ce b yW igan

O r r e l l

W inw ick w i th H u lme

A sh ton

H aydock

K enyon

P embe r ton

B i l l inge w i th W in s tan ley

H ind ley

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S ou thwo r th

T he l i s t m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th t h a t f o r 2 4 y ea r s e a r l ie r ( n o te 8 ) . P ou l ton a nd Woo l s ton h ave d i sappea r ed b u t C rof t ( p robab ly a t ta ched t oS ou thwo r th i n 1 322 )a nd W in s tan ley ( wh ich w a sa t ta ched t oB i l l inge i n1 322 ) , K enyon a nd G o lbome a r en ow i n c luded . 1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 °

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 38 n 23 ) . I n1 347 G i lbe r t , s on o f Ma t thew d eH aydo ck , c omp la ined t h a th eh ad b een d i s se i sed o fc ommon o fp a s tu r e i n3 00 a c r e so fw ood . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 906 , 3 74 ) . H en ry L ang ton w a so n ly 1 2y ea r so fa g ea nd w a s i nw a rd t oT homa s L ong ley , b i shop o fD u rham , a nd o t he r s w ho h e ld h a lf t h em ano ro fN ew ton . ( L egh MSS 1 0 .113 .2 ) . P e te rL egh 's p r ope r ty d e r ived f r om t h re es ou rc e sb u th er e ta ined n od we l l ing w i th in t h et own sh ip s i nc eh i so wn h ome l a ya tB rad ley i nt h en e ighbou r ing v i l lo fB u r tonwood ( q v ) . O ne p o r t ion o fh i sp rope r ty h ad b e en a cqu i red i n1 425 f r om t h ed eH aydock s a s ac on sequenc eo ft h em a r r iag e o fP e t e r L egh I w i th J oan , d augh t e r o fG i lbe r t d e H aydock . T he s e cond p o r t ion h ad b e en b ough t b y P e t e r L egh f r om H en r y , D uke o fE xe te r , a st h e i n he r i tanc e o ft h e H o l land f am i ly a nd t h e t h i rd b e long ed t o' t he C hape l o fH aydok i n Wynqwyk c hu rch ' g i ven a se ndowmen t f o r ac han t ry p r ie s t . T he s e t t lemen te v idenc ei n d ica t ed i nt h es u rvey h a sb een d i scu s sed ( Ph i lpo t t 1 9 , 8 16 , 5 1 -57 ) . I n1 466 t h eS e r jean t ' sl a nd sl a yi ns ma l lf i e ld so rm eadow sw i th in t h e d eme sne w i th s e ve ra l o t he r c r of t s w h ich d i d n o t f o rm ac on so l ida t ed u n i t . I nt h e p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod , t h is e s ta te w a s b a sed o n C row L ane h ou se , a t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing al i t t le t ot h ew e s to ft h et own o fN ew ton ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 5 2 , f i g 1 9 ) . T he d om in ium o fH e ld i sr e f e r r ed t oo cca s iona l ly i nt h eL egh s u rvey o f1 466 . T he l a nd sl a yi nt h es ou th -we s tc ome ro fN ew ton ,o nt h ee dge o fN ew ton C ommon ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 5 3 -54 ,f i g .19 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 35 n 32 ) . T he E cc le s ton l a nd sw e r es o ld t oS i rP e te rL egh a bou t4 0y ea r sl a t e r . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 33 134 n 22 ) . I n1 528 H en ry S e r jean th e ld 8m e s suage s ,2 00 a c re so fl a nd e t cf r om T homa s L ang ton . I n1 592 P e t e rS e r jean t h e ld h i sl a nd s i nN ew ton a nd A b ram f r om t h eq ueen a nd i n1 660 af r ee r e n to f£ 1 1 3 sw a sd ue t ot h el o rd o fN ew ton f r om P e t e rS e r jean t . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 35 ) . T he se p eop le c on t r ibu t ed t ot h es ub s idy . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 911 , 1 34 n 11 ) . B re the r ton ' se s ta t ew a sc a l led ' t he m ano ro fH ey ' i n af i ne o f1 573 ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 34 n 31) . L and s h e ld b yt h eH ey f am i ly h ad b een r e co rded s i nc et h ee nd o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd t h eB r e the r ton sh ad s ucceeded t ot h ee s ta t e i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 34 n 27 ) . I n1 586 R icha rd B la ckbume a cqu i r ed am e s suage f r om J ohn F a i rc lough a nd h i sw if e , A nne . T homa s B la ckbume b u i l tN ew ton H a l l i n1 634 b u tt h e f am i ly m ade O r f o rd H a l l , Wa r r ing ton ( q v )t h e i rp r inc ipa lr e s idenc e a f t e r 1 653 1654 . N ew ton H a l l w a s s o ld t ot h eL egh s i nt h ee a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry .

2 1( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 1 35 n 33 ) . R oge r Wood , y eoman , d i ed i n1 608 h o ld ing ah ou se a nd l a nd o ft h ek i ng a sD uke o fL anca s t e r , b yk n igh t ' s s e rv ic e . J ame s Maddock h ad am e s suage i n1 588 a nd w hen J ohn Maddock d i ed i n1 6 17 h eh e ld 2m e s suage s f r om S i rR icha rd F l ee twood ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 35 n 34 ) .

( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 3 74 ) . S i r T homa s L ang ton d i ed i n 1 604 a nd h i s i n he r i tance p a s sed t o h i s c ou s in , R icha rd F l ee twood o f C o lw ick , S taf f o rd sh i r e , b yv i r tue o f as e t t lemen tm ade i n1 594 . 2 3

2 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 35 ) . T he se p eop le c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e s ub s idy . Wh en J ame s E den d i ed c 1625 h i s l a nd w a s h e ld o ft h e k i ng a so ft h em ano r o fE a s t G r eenw ich . R a lph Mo r r i s d i ed i n1 607 1608 h o ld ing h i s l a nd s o fR icha rd F l ee twood i ns o cag e b y 5 s 8 d r e n t ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 35 n 34 ) . I n1 664 M r . B r e the r ton ' sh ou se h ad 1 2h ea r th s , m o r et h an t w ice t h en ex tl a rg e s tn umbe r( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 5 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 906 , 3 75 ; 1 9 11 , 1 34 ) . R icha rd L egh p u rcha sed t h eb a rony a tt h i s d a t e . A l r eady t h e f am i ly o wned al a rg ep a r to ft h et own sh ip . I n 1 657 N ew ton P a rk w a ss o ld b yt h e L egh st oW i l l iam B anke so fW in s tan ley ( L ew i s 1 988 ,3 ) .

F ig 9 1 .37a :N ew ton

3 12

C a ta logue : NE WTON N o . SMR

6 1 A SM 5 995 /6

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

N ew ton H a l l N ew ton W inw ick N ew ton Makerf ie ld

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 9 18 9 522 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo log y D r if tg eo log y S o i l

P ebb le b ed s B ou lde rc l ay n o i n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m b o t tom o fs ou th -f ac ing s l ope n ea rs t ream

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb a nk s P l a tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

F ig 9 1 .37b :N ew ton H a l l( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 911 , f a c ing p 1 34 ) ? we t ? m i l ls t ream

L egh C o l lec t ion , A nne s ley vL egh 1 733 ) . T he s t a t ed d i s tance o fa bou t 4 0 p e r che s ( c2 00m ) f r om t h e c hape l p l a ce s i ta to r n ea r t h e s i t e o ft h e l a t e r b u i ld ing k nown a s N ew ton H a l l . T he d a te a cco rd s w i th D r K ue rden ' s o b se r va t ion s i n c1 6 95 w hen h e n o ted r u in s ' o f t h e s i t e o f t h e a nc ien t b a rony ' c l o se t o t h e s t one b r idg e o ve r N ew ton B rook a nd t h e w a te rm i l l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 23 ) . I tw ou ld s e em , h ow eve r , t h a t i ft h i s i s t h e h ou se w h ich w a s p ho tog raphed a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , t h en i t w a st ob et h es ub jec to fc on s ide rab le r e pa i r .

d e s t royed 1 4 thC ; 1 7 thC ; d emo l ished d e r e l ic t

A 1 9 th -cen tu ry a ccoun t o f N ew ton H a l l n o ted ' av ene rab le h a lf t imbe r ed b u i ld ing , .o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e t own . T he v e s t ig e s o f amoa t , f o rme r ly v i s ib le , h ave m e rged i n t h e b rook ; a nd t h e moun t o r t umu lu s , w i th i t s s ub t e r ranean p a s sag e s a nd w a l l s , n ow f o rm s p a r t o f t h e e mbankmen t o f t h e L ive rpoo l a nd Manche s te r R a i lway ' ( Ba ine s 1 870 , 2 17 ) . A s l igh t ly N ew ton d if e r en t d e sc r ip t ion w a s H a l l p ub l i shed b y G reg son ( 18 17 1 824 ) : ' The re i s ac u r iou s o l d h a l l b u i l t o f w ood , w i th a g ood d ea l o f p a in ted g l a s s i n t h e w indow s . I ts t and s o n ar o cky f ounda t ion , a nd b eh ind t h e h ou se t h e r o ck i sc hanne l led i n ig 9 1 .37c : N ew ton H a l l 1 839 a n u ncommon m anne r , a nd F a ppea r s t o h ave h ad o nce ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 56 )

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 56 , 1 839 ; DDX 1 53 /5 /2 ( n o d a t eo rs ca le ) ;P lan 1 853 ; Me r sey s ide RO 2 96 , 1 827 ( t ra c ing ,n os ca le ) ;A SM 1 745 ( t ra c ing ,n o s ca le ) F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , f a c ing p 134 B a ine s 1 870 ;F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ; P h i lpo t t 1 988

I ti sb e l ieved t h a t t h e h ou se c a l led N ew ton H a l l o n t h i s s i t e r e p la c ed a n e a r l ie r manor ia l s i t e a tC a s t le H i l l a nd t ha t i tm ay d a te f r om t h e l i cenc e t o c r ene l la te g ran ted t oR obe r t d e L ang ton i n 1 34 1 . I ti ss uppo sed , t h e r ef o r e , t h a t t h e e a r ly m ano r ia l f o cu s w a s a tC a s t le H i l l a nd t h a t t h i s h ad b een a bandoned f o r an ew s i t e b y 1 341 . L i cenc e f o r a n o ra to ry w a s o b ta ined i n 1 367 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 36 n 4 0 ; P h i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 6 18 ) . H oweve r , r e cen te xcava t ion s a tC a s t le H i l l ( qv ) h ave c a s t d oub to n i t ss t a tu s a st h es i te o ft h el o rd s ' d w e l l ing u n t i lt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . T he L egh S u r vey o f1 466 , p rov ide s am e r e h i n tf o rt h e l o ca t ion o ft h e 1 5 th c en tu ry h a l l . I tl a yt ot h e e a s to f as ma l l p i ece o fl a nd c a l led l eP yk e , i t s e lf i nt h e f i e ld c a l led C hes ty r syd e , a nd b e tween A l lg reves i nt h e s ou th a nd a s t r eam c a l led l e S lad e d e C he s t i r syd e o n t h e n or th . A f i e ld c a l led L agh i r e fad e , w h ich b e long ed t oJ ohn S e r jean t , l a y t ot h e w e s t , s e em ing ly c l o se t o t h e h a l l ( L egh MS 1 466 , 1 .1 .11) . T h i s , i th a s b een s ugg e s t ed , p l a ced i ts ou th o f , b u tn o tf a rf r om ,N ew ton H igh S t ree t( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 6 ) . T he h a l l , h ow eve r , d i d n o t b e long t o P e t e r L egh a t t h i s t ime . I n 1 655 N ew ton H a l l a nd M i l l , t h e p rope r ty o fS i r R icha rd F l ee twood , w e r e b roken i n to a nd , p re sumab ly , d amaged . I n 1 660 t h e mano r h ou se a nd c h ief r e n t s w e r es o ld b yT homa sF l e e twood t oR icha rd L egh ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 8 ) . Ah ou se h ad b e en b u i l t b y R icha rd B la ckbu rne i n 1 634 a nd w a s ' k nown m o r e r e cen t ly a sN ew ton H a l l ' . T h i s b u i ld ing w a s p ho tog raphed a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( f ig 9 1 .37b ) a nd l a y c l o se t ot h e w a te rm i l l ( f ig s 9 1 .37c , d ) . I ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t t h e B la ckbume s owned t h e f o rme r m ano r ia l s i t e . T he i r i n te re s t i nN ew ton i sn o ted m e r e ly a s am e s suag e a cqu i r ed f r om a J ohn F a i r c lough a nd A nne , h i s w if e , i n 1 586 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 34 n 27 ) . H oweve r , t h ey m ay h ave h e ld N ew ton H a l l u nde r t h e F l e e twood s i n 1 655 a nd t h en t h e L egh s . B y 1 836 t h e h o ld ing h ad b een s o ld t ot h e L egh f am i ly ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l l e d s . 1 9 11 , 1 34 n 29 ) . I ts e em s t ha t t h e b u i ld ing w a s i n r u in s b y a bou t 1 680 . ` . av e ry l a rge c ap i ta l l o r Ma nno r h ou se i nN ew ton n ow c a l led t h e H a l l C ou r t s o rC ou r se w h ich i sa bou t f o r t y R oode s o rP e rche s d i s tan t f r om t h e p r e sen t C hape l l i n N ew ton . T ha tp a r to ft h er u in s o rr ema in s o ft h e s a id o l d H a l l w e r e s t and ing w i th in t h i s d eponen t s m emo ry ( J ohn U n swo r th , o ve r 6 4 y ea r s o fa g e ) f r om w hence t h e s a id H a l l a ppea r ed t oh ave b een as pa t iou s B u i ld ing w he r eof t h e w ho le t h e reof w a s s t and ing a nd t ha t i th ad a n t ien t ly am o te a bou t i t .T he p a r lou r , k i tchen a nd c hape l w e re s t and ing i nt h e d eponen t ' s l i f e t ime ' ( JRL

F ig 9 1 .37d : N ew ton H a l l , M i l l a nd C hape l , 1 745 ( no s c a le ; p r iva te c o l l . ) 3 13

C a ta logue : NE WTON s ub te r raneou s p a s sag e s , n ow l a id o pen b y t h e s u rf ac e o f t h e r o ck b e ing t a ken a way ' . T he h a l l w a s H shaped a nd l a y o n a' n o r th sou th a x i s , w i th ah a l l b e tween t h e l i v ing a c commoda t ion a nd t h e k i tchen a r ea . I tf a ced e a s ta nd h ad at wo s t o r eyed t imb e r p o r ch w h ich o pened i n to a l o bby b e tween t h e h a l l a nd k i tchen . T he m a in p a r tw a st imbe r -bu i l tw i th ar a nge o fw indow s o nt h ee a s t e l eva t ion a nd al a rg e f i r ep lace a tt h e n o r th e nd . T h i s b o r e t h e r oya l a rm s o f E l izabe th . T he s t a i rr o se f r om t h e m idd le o ft h e w e s t s i de o ft h e h a l l , w h ich w a s c e i led o ve r w i th af l a t c e i l ing w i th r o om s a bove . T he n o r th a nd s ou th w ing s w e r e b u i l t o fb r ick w i th p a t ter n s o fr a i sed b r ick . T he k i tchen w a s i n t h e n o r th w ing a nd h ad l ow mu l l ioned w indow s a nd p l a in , r ound -headed l i gh t s . T he s ou th w ing w a s s a id t ob e s im i la r( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 34 ) . T he d e sc r ip t ion s ugge s t s t h a t t h e t wo w ing s w e r e n o t p a r t o f t h e o r ig ina l s t ruc tu r e . P e rhap s , i n 1 634 , B la ckbur ne r e ta ined t h e c o r e o f a t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing a nd w a s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fo ne o r b o th o ft h e b r ick w ing s o r , p e rhap s , t h e w ing s w e r e r e bu i l t f r om t h e r u in s d e scr ibed i nt h ee a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry . T he h a l l w a s d emo l i shed i n 1 965 a nd p a r t o f t h e s i t e h a s b een u s ed s ub sequen t ly a s ag a rag e a nd f o recou r t . I nt h e m id 1990 s t h e p l an o ft h e h a l l w a s r e cove r ed i ne xcava t ion . A m a ch ine -dug t r ench t o e s tab l i sh t h e moa tc on ta ined t o p so i lt o ad ep th o f4 00nun o ve r ab and o fd a rk s i l ty s and c 4 50nun t h ick . A t c 1 . 5m . d ep th t h e t r ench b ecame w a t e r -f i l led a nd i n ve s t iga t ion s w e r e a bandoned . T hough t h e e v idenc e w a s c on s is ten t w i th t h a tf o r am oa t , t h e e xcava t ion s w e r e i n conc lu s ive a nd t h e p l an o ft h e m oa t w a s n o t e s tab l i shed ( Ph i lpo t t , p e r s . c omm . ) . T ra ce s o ft h e w a te rm i l l w e r e s e en i ne xcava t ion i n1 985 ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 9 ) .

No . SMR

18 A SM 5 996 /2

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

C a s t le H i l l N ew ton W inw ick N ew ton ? Roya ls ub sequen t ly Make r f ie ld

NGR L oca t ion

S J5 958 9 6 16 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s B ou lde rc l ay ? C l ive A s soc ia t ion ( d e s t royed )

A l t i tude T opog r aphy

3 0m e l eva ted ; o ve r look s v a l ley o fr i ve r D ene , b ound s o fa d jacen tt own sh ip s &R oman r o ad

P lan F o rm

m ound ; ? ou t e re nc lo su r e s m ound ; f l a tt o p , o r ig ina l ly w i th a' b ank ' o fe a r th a r ound s ou th s i de o ft o p ; r ough ly c i r cu la r b a se ; s l op ing s i de s 3 2m d i ame te ra tb a se ; 1 2m d i ame t e ra tt h et o p c9m c1 . 5m d r y

A rea D i tch w id th D i tch d ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s Mound h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey P re sen tc ond i t ion

B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

H aydock ( f ig 3 6 ) . T he s i t e l i e s i n at r iangu la rp i ec e o fl a nd b ounded o n t wo s i de s b y t h e D ean a nd N ew ton B rook s a nd , o n t h e t h i rd , b y al i nea r b ounda ry w h ich s e em s t op r e -da te o t he r s i nt h e v i c in i ty a nd r un s b e twe en D ean M i l la nd N ew ton B ank ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , f i g3 ,X -Y ) . T he e a r l ie s t i d en t if iab le d ocumen ta ry r e f e r enc e t ot h e s i t e a ppea r s i n 1 745 w hen ' Ca s t le H i l l ' w a sn amed o n a n e s ta t ep l an ' ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 5 4 , f i g 1 9 ) . I tm ay h av e f a l len i n to d i su se i n 1 34 1when a l i c enc e t o c r ene l la tewa s g ran ted t oR obe r t d e L ang ton , l o rd o f Mak e r f ie ld . T h i s p l ac e t ow h ich t h i s r e f e r r ed w a s p r obab ly t h e m oa ted h ou se o f N ew ton H a l l ( q v ) , s ou th o f N ew ton H igh S t ree ta nd a bou t 1k m f r om C a s t le H i l l . T he m ound w a s f i r s te xcava ted o ve r 5d ay s i n1 843 i nt h e b e l ief t h a t i tw a s ap r eh i s to r ic b u r ia l p l a ce ( S ib son 1 846 ; B a ine s 1 870 , 2 17 n 2 ; G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 31-533 ) . T he e xcava t ion w a s b y m ean s o f as e r ie s o fv e r t ica l a nd h o r izon ta l s ha f t s ( f ig 5) ; t h e c en t r e s haf tw a s s unk t og round l e ve l a nd t h e w e s t h o r izon ta l s ha f t w a s e xcava ted a tg round l e ve l . P robab ly t ho se o n t h e s ou th a nd e a s t w e re a l so a tg round l e ve l . T he m ound w a s c on s t ruc ted o f c l ay , m a r l , r e d s and a nd s a nd s tone h eaped o n t h e t u r fa nd r o ck . B u rn t c l ay , c oa l a s he s , c ha rcoa l , b u rn t s t one s a nd o ak ' r oo t s a nd b r anche s ' w e r e f o und w i th in t h es ha f t s . A bou t 1 0 'f r om t h ec en t r eo ft h e mound , o nt h es ou th s i de , a' c hambe r ' w a s d i scove r ed , 2 1 ' l o ng , 2 'h i gh a nd 2 'b road . I th ad as em i c i rcu la r r o of a nd ' i t s c ou r se a s ha rp c u rve ' . I t s f l oo r h ad a 3 " ( 7 6mm ) c ove r ing o fm a te r ia l i d en t if ied a sw ood -a sh , h a lf -bu rned a n ima l m a t t e r a nd c a lc ined b one s c on ta in ing q uan t i t ie s o fe l y t ra o fw ood -bo r ing b e e t le . B e low t h e f l oo rl e ve l at r ench 1 5 " ( 3 80mm ) d eep w a s f o und , l i ned w i th t wo ' t i e r s ' o fr o und o ak t imbe r s , a nd f i l led w i th c l ay . T he e a s t s i de o ft h e r oof o ft h e c hambe rh ad ' ad i s t inc t i mp r e s s ion o fa n a du l t h uman b ody , i t sh ead t ot h e w e s t ' . T he m ou th o ft h e c hambe r w a s s t opp ed w i th b und le s o f u nbur n ed g ra s s , f e rn , d r y r oo t s a nd c l ay . A s i ng le f r agmen t o f u ng laz ed , c r eam c o lou r ed p o t t e ry , p o s s ib ly p a r t o f av e s se l a bou t 8 " ( 2 03 inm ) i nd i ame t e r , w a s r e cove r ed d u r ing t h e i n ve s t iga t ion s . I tw a s w hee l th rown a nd m ay h ave c ome f r om am o r ta r ium ; i tw a s b l ackened b y f i r e . Ab roken w he t s tone , c 5 " x3 "( 1 26nun x7 6mm )w a s a l so r e cove r ed ' n ea rt h ec en t re o ft h eh i l l ' . L im i ted e xcava t ion o fe r o s ion p a tche s o n t h e n o r th a nd s ou th -ea s t s i de s o f t h e h i l l w a s u nde r taken i n 1 987 -88 w i th t h e i n t en t ion o f r e cove r ing e v idenc ef o rr e in te rp re ta t ion o fS i b son ' sw o rk ( f ig 9 1 .37e ) . Aw ide , r o ck cu t d i tch w a s f o und o n t h e n o r th a nd s ou th s i de s o ft h e m ound b u t w a s a b sen t f r om t h e e a s t s i de w he r e t h e g round s l ope s s t e ep ly d own t o t h e N ew ton B rook . T he d i tch , h oweve r , c on ta ined n o d a t eab le e v idenc e f o r e i the r i t s c on s t ruc t ion o r p e r iod o f u se . N o r w a s i t p o s s ib le t o i d en t if y a s t ra t ig raph ica l a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e m ound . A l l t h e s ame , i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e d i tch w a s e xcava ted a s aq ua r ry f o r m a t e r ia l t o b u i ld t h e m ound . E xam ina t ion o f t h e e r o s ion p a tche s b y as e r ie s o f s t ep s t o ad ep th o f a pp rox ima t e ly 2 . 5m i n to t h e m ound a l so f a i led t o p roduc e a ny s t ruc tu ra l e v idence t os uppo r t S i b son ' s c l a im t h a t i tw a s t h e ' b u r ia l p l a ce o fC e l t ic k i ng s ' a nd t h e s i ng le p i ece o fp o t t e ry r e cove r ed w a s o f 1 7 th -c en tu ry d a te f r om al a y e ro fs o i l c r e ep . T h i s p ha se o f e xcava t ion s a l so p rov ided t h e o ppo r tun i ty t o t e s t t h e s u r round ing f i e ld f o re v idence o f ab a i ley . I tw a sf o und t h a t much , i fn o ta l , o ft h e f i e ld h ad e f ec t ive ly b e en s c raped d own t on a tu ra l b ou lde r c l ay a nd a l t o p so i l a nd s ub so i l h ad b e en r emoved . Ma rk s o ft h e J CB b ucke t w e r e i d en t if ied w he r et h ey h ad b i t t en i n to t h eb a se o ft h em ound . T he g round h ad b een m ad e u p b y e x t en s ive d epo s i t ion s o f mode rn d eb r i s , p robab ly a s soc ia ted w i th t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h e M62 m o to rway i nt h ee a r ly 1 960 s .

3 . 6m

T hough t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s d i d n o t s e cu re a ny n ew e v idenc e , ar e e va lua t ion o fS i b son 's o b se rva t ion s c an b e m ade . H i s d i scove ry o f at r ench c on ta in ing t i mbe r s s ugge s t s t h e se w e r e t h e f o unda t ion s f o r aw ooden f r ame ( S ib son ' s c hambe r ) . T h i s m ay h ave b een p a ck ed a r ound w i th ' c lay , m a r l , r e d s a nd a nd s a nd s tone ' e xcava t ed f r om t h e s u r round ing d i t ch t o c r ea t e a m ound t os uppo r t s ome k i nd o fs upe r s t ruc tu r e . T h e b u rn t m a te r ia l f ound b y S ib son s ugge s t s t h a t t h e f r ame w i th in t h e m ound w a s d e s t royed , a tl e a s t i n p a r t , b y f i r e , p e rhap s c o l lap s ing i no n i t s e lf t ol e ave a l a ye r o fw ood a s h . T he p o t t e ry s h e rd m ay h ave b e en b ur n t a tt h i s t ime . A l t e rna t ive ly , t h e c a lc ined b one s m ay h ave b e en t h o se o f ab u r row ing a n ima l w h ich d ug i n to t h e m ound a f t e r i th ad b een a bandoned . D e l ibe ra te ly k i l led b y f i r e , w h ich a l so p a r t ly d e s t royed t h e f r ame w i th in t h e m ound , t h e e n t ranc e t ot h e d en w a s t h en s t opped u p w i th ' u nbu rned g y a s s , f er n , d ry r oo t s a nd c l ay ' . T he a r ea o ft h e m ound p l a tf o rm s ugg e s t s t h a t a ny s upe r s t ruc tu r e w ou ld h ave

S i b son 1 843 ; NWAT 1 987 1988 NWAT 1 987 1988 m ound h a s t r e e s o n t h e s l ope s ; e r o s ion p a tche s ; J CB d amag e a r ound t h e b a se ; d i tch s u rv ive s b e low g round l e ve l ; a l o t he r a r chaeo log ica l e v idence c omp le te ly r emoved f r om t h e w ho le f i e ld ; t o p so i l a nd s ub so i l d own t on a tu ra l a l o f m ode rn ' made ' g r ound ? t imbe rw a tch towe r ;u nda ted o np r iva t e l a nd b u ta cc e s s ib le t ot h ep ub l ic G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 31 A e r ia l p ho to s@ 1 :1 0000 S ef ton MBC / Jo in t C oun t ry s ide A dv i so ry S e rv ic e B a ine s 1 870 ;G a rdne r 1 908 ; H o l lo s 1 988 ; L ew i s , i np r epa ra t ion ; P h i lpo t t 1 988 ; S i b son 1 846

I

C a s t le H i l l p r obab ly b e long ed t ot h e l o rd s o ft h e Make rf i e ld h und r ed b u t i t m ay h ave b e en i nr o ya l o wne r sh ip a tt h et ime o ft h eC onque s t . I ts u rv ive s a s ac i rcu la r , f l a t topp ed m ound w h ich l i e s i n t h e a ng le o f t h e D ean a nd N ew ton B rook s a nd o ve r look s t h e t own sh ip s o f G o lbor n e , L ow ton a nd

3 14

M i s t ran sc r ip t ion a nd t r an s la t ion b y B eamon t o f Gaw l e H i l l ( Beamon t 1 849 , 5 7 ; L egh MSS , 1 466 , 1 0 .6 .5-6 , 1 0 .6 .8 ) f o r C a s t l e H i l l h a s l e d t o a t t emp t s t or e conc i le t h i s f i e ld w i th t h e s i t e o fC a s t le H i l l . G aw l e H i l l i s p r obab ly t h es ame a sG ibe t 's F i e ld o rC lough o nN ew ton 's b ounda ry w i th B u r tonwood ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 1 6 , 5 3 -54 , f i g s3 ,1 9 ) .

C a ta logue : NE WTON b e en f a i r ly i n sub s tan t ia l m ea su r ing a t m o s t 8 m x8 m ( 6 4m 2) a nd t h e a b senc eo fm a son ry s ugge s t st h a ti tw a sb u i l to ft imbe r . T he m ound a nd i t s s uppo sed s upe r s t ruc tu r e r e p re sen t , p e rhap s , a w a tch tow e r w h ich o v e r looked n o t o n ly t h e R oman a nd m ed ieva l h i ghway b e twe en Wa r r ing ton a nd W igan b u t a l so t h e b ound s o ft h e n e ighbou r ing v i l l s o f H aydock , G o lbome a nd L ow ton . T hough t h e p o t te ry s h e rd m ay i n d ica t e aR oman o r ig in a nd u se o ft h e m ound , i ti se qua l ly p o s s ib le t h a t , a l though t h es h e rd i n d ica te s R oman p r e sence a tC a s t le H i l l , i tf ound i t sw ay i n to t h em ound a t al a te rd a te a mong s tt h ec on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l .

F ig 9 1 .37e : P lan o fC a s t le H i l le xcava t ion s , 1 987 -88

3 15

C a ta logue : PE MBERTON T enure

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ff ed S upe r ior L ord

p r e 189 1

A lan d eP embe r ton

1 200 120 1/

A lan s on o fA lan

1 212 1

t h anage

2c a ruca te s

A lan d eP embe r ton

? Tun s ted p r e 1 235 4 Ma rk land / 1 2o x png s

1 24 13

R obe r td eH o l land

T homa sd eS i f re th ley

C ocke r sand A bbey A dam d e P embe r ton T un s ted / 1 o xgang 2o xgeng s s o cag e

J ohn t h e Sm i th T hu r s tan d eN o r th legh W i l l iam s on o fR og e rI n ce

S imon d eH o l land T hu r s tan d eN o r th legh f e a l ty

J ohn d eL ang ton

A dam d eP emb ton H ea rd eP emb ton H ug d eP emb ton R ob to C a rpen t T hom f i lH ug A dam d e Wyn s tan s legh H ug S pa rk J oh d e lL egh

1 332 1

1 346 1

k n igh t ' sf e e

m ano ro f Ma rk land / 3p l ough land s

1 374 1 2

[ Hawk ley ]

Maud w idow o f R obe r td eH o l land G i lbe r td eI n c eo f H awk ley A gne s K a the r ine A l ic e Emma

1 376 1 4

l o rd o fm ano r

H en ry d eP embe r ton R icha rd d eP embe r ton

T un s t ead 1 431 f‘

1 0 sy ea r ly w a rd o fL anca s te r c a s t le su i to f c oun ty & w apen take

R obe r td eL ang ton k t

1 348 1 2

1 415 3

H en ry s on o fL aw r enc e R obe r ts on o fH ugh W i l l iam s on o fR icha rd Wh i t e

A lan s on o fA ld i th

1 292 1

1 322

2 0 sy ea r ly & 1 j udg e s e rv ice a tc ou r t

L andho ld e r s

C ocke r sand A bbey

1 268 6

1 32 1i

A dam d eP embe r ton

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l o rd l o rd l o rd l o rd

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C a ta logue : PE MBERTON

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1( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 0 n 2 1) . A lan d e P embe r ton w a s s e i sed o f2 00 a c r e sw h ich w e r es ub sequen t ly t h es ub jec to f ad i spu te b e tw een A dam , s on o f A lan d eP embe r ton ,a nd P e te rd eB umhu l l o fA sh ton ( q v ) a nd H ind ley ( q v ) . T he d i spu t ew a s s e t t led b y ad ue l a nd d e B umhu l l w a s a low ed t oh o ld t h e l a nd i np ea ce . T he G e ra rd f am i ly p robab ly s ucc eeded t ot h i sh o ld ing ( no t e 1 7 ) .

2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 9 n1 0 ) . A lan , s on o fA lan , r e nde r ed 1 0 m a rk s f o rs e i s in o fl a nd i nP embe r ton a nd r e l ief . I n1 202 , E du sa , w idow o fA lan d e W ind le , c l a imed d ow e ri nP ember ton f r om A lan ,s on o fA lan . T h i sA lan ,s on o fA la n , s e t t led i nt h ev i l lo fW ind le ,b ecom ing k nown a sA lan d eW ind le a nd , s ome t ime s , a sA lan l eS tywa rd ( Hawke s 1 951 , 3 ) .

A lan d eP e r n be r ton /W ind le m E du s a ( dc 1197 98 )

l e

A d am P embe r ton ( a l iv e 1 2 12 -< 1246 ) P E MBERTON

A l an d eP embe r tan /W ind ld le S tym a rd ( d c1 240 ) A lan ( al iv ec 1246 ) g r an ted l o rd sh ip t oA dam d eW a l ton ( l eD a le )

Wi l lo ta n A ce=

A d am d eN odey m M aud ( a l ive 1 292 )

J ohn d e Wa l ton

W i l l iam ( d1 292 )

T hu r s t on d eM a r ley a n Ma rge ry ( d> 1346 ) , Maud a nR o be r td eL egh o fA d lu ag t on P e t e rL ego M RLEY

?m S un on d eH o l l and ( a l ive 1 2 9 2 ) T UNST

A d am ( a l ive 1 33 1)

K a th er in e m W i l l iam d eR ad c l if f e o f Sm i th i L l s

W i ll iam ( d 1 3 62 )

T hu r s t on ( dc 136 7 )

m E l eano r

J can Ag n es m A lexa nde r / C a tha r t i c a n A le xand e r A l ic e mR oge rs o no f E r m a m R9b e t d e Hmd e ( dc 1367 ) d eL yn a lx d e Wo r s ley R ich a rd d eA t he r t on ofA ' P u l l • H INDLEY WORSLEY R ich a rd d eP e r rbe r t on m A l ic e ( d1 4 15 ) T UNSTED T hor ra s W il iam ( d> 14 15 )

H i lgh mo i st en

H ug h a n D ouc e 1 435 J ohn G eo rg e ( d? 15 12 ) BeLc e E l il abe th E h m mR obe r t Mo lyn eux o fN le l l ing J ohn Mo lyneux ( d1 5 82 ) T UNS 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 7 9 ) . A dam d e P embe r ton , ay ounge rs on o fA lan d eP emb e r ton /W ind le , h ad g ran t ed o ne q ua r t e ro fP embe r ton t oH en ry , s on o fL aw r enc e . I nt u rn , H en ry h ad g ran ted o ne o xgang ( i . e . aq ua r t e ro fh i s s ha r e ) t oA lan , s on o fA ld i th . T un s ted e s ta te m ay b e r e p r e sen t ed i no ne o ft h e se g ran t s ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 9 n1 8 ) . A dam a l so m ade g ran t s o fl a nd o fo ne o xgang t ot h e H o sp i ta l le r s b u to ft h i st h e r e i sn o r e co rd i nt h e l i s to f H o sp i ta l le r s ' l a nd s f o r 1 292 o ri nt h e 1 540 r e n ta l ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 9 n 19 ) . B e tw een 1 2 12 1235 A dam g ran t ed C ocke r sand A bbey p a r to fh i s l a nd c a l led H e sk ebernerud ing ( i nc lud ing a n a s sar tum c i nera tor i s ) . O ne o ft h e b ound s w a s t h e r i ve r D oug la s . As e cond g r an t w a s a n a s sa r tum q uem R ondo lphu s d e P emb ir ton p r ius t e nu i t i n f ra q ua tuo rf ov ea s ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 68 -67 1 ) . H en ry , s on o f L aw r ence , a l so g r an ted p a r t o f h i s l a nd t ot h e

3 17

C a ta logue : PE MBERTON

A bbey . A t a bou t t h i s t ime A dam d e P embe r ton w a s s ummoned t oa n swe r R obe r t , s on o fH ugh , w ho c omp la ined t ha t t h e l o rd o fN ew ton r e qu i r ed h im t o p e r f o rm s e rv ice a tt h ec ou r to fN ew ton ,w h ich A dam s hou ld p e r f o rm . R obe r th e ld 1 7 a c r e s f o r7 dr e n t . ( Hawke s 1 951 ,3 ) . W i l l iam , s on o fR icha rd Wh i te , h ad ma r r ied H aw i se , d augh t e ro fA dam d eP embe r ton ,t h eo r ig ina l g ran to rt oC ock e r sand A bbey .

4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 2 n 4 1) . I n 1 241 R obe r t d e H o l land o fU pho l land ( q v ) q u i tc la imed t oA dam d e P embe r ton a l h i s t i le t o 1 2 o xgang s i n P embe r ton i nr e tu rn f o rt h e h omage a nd s e r v ice o fT homa s d e S i f r e th ley . P a r t o fP embe r ton w a s a cqu i red b y T hu r s tan d e H o l land d u r ing h i s l o rd sh ip ( c l 2 42 1276 ) ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 9 2 , n1 5 ) . H e a nd h i s s e cond w if e , J u l iana G i l l ib rand , h ad s on s c a l led T hu r s tan a nd A dam ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 8 1-82 n 38 ) . T un s t ed w a s g ran ted b y T hu r s tan t oJ u l iana , f o r l i f e , w i th r ema inde r s t oT hu r s tan a nd A dam a nd t h en t o at h i rd b ro the r , S imon . A dam d i ed b ef o re T hu r s tan , w i thou ti s sue , a nd T hu r s tan d i ed a tO xf o rd , s ot h a tS imon t o ok p o s se s s ion . ( Hawke s 1 951 , 3 ) . T he Sm i th f am i ly c on t inued t oh o ld t h i s l a nd u n t i l 1 408 .

6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 7 9 n1 5 ) . A dam d e P embe r ton a cknow ledged t h er i gh to fT hu r s tan d eN o r th legh a nd Maud , w idow o fA dam d eN o r th legh ,t o h ou sebo te a nd h aybo t e , b u tc l a imed t h a tt h ey h ad c u t d own 9 3 o ak s i nt h e i rw ood , m o r et h an d ue m ea su re . T hu r s tan w a s al e ad ing s uppo r t e ro fS i rR obe r t d e H o l land a nd w a s p a r ty t ot h e c on sp i rac ie s a tG a r swood i nA sh ton in -Make r f ie ld ( q v ) ( Tup l ing 1 949 ) . I n 1 292 S imon , s on o fT hu r s tan d e H o l land c omp la ined t h a tR obe r td eH o l land , A dam h i s s on , A dam d eN o r th legh a nd o t he r s h ad d i s se i sed h im o fh i s f r ee t e nemen t i nW igan a nd P embe r ton ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 1 n 38 ) . W i l l iam d e P embe r ton h ad g ran ted a no xgang i nP embe r ton c a l led T un s ted , w h ich A ynhou ( ? )d eP embe r ton f o rme r ly h e ld o fh im ,t oC h r i s t iana , d augh t e ro fA dam d eR adc l if f e . T h is w a sh e ld b yS imon d eH o l land i n1 293 ; h ec a l led i th i s ' mano r ' . I n1 315 T hu r s tan d eN o r th legh ' s h ou se a tN o r th legh , i nP embe r ton , w a s b roken i n to b y s uppo r t e r s o fW i l l iam d e B rad shagh w ho t ook 1 6 o xen , 1 2 c ow s a nd o the r g ood s v a lued a t£ 40 ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,2 7 -28 ) . H ed i ed c 1346 ( Hawke s 1 951 ,4 ) .

7

( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 9 n 15 ) . I n 1 321 7 m e s suage s , 2o xgang s a nd 3 7 a c r e s o fl a nd a nd 5 a c r e s o fm eadow w e re s e t t led u pon T hu r s tan d e No r th legh a nd h i sw if e , Ma rg e r y . Maud a nd K a the r ine , d augh te r s a nd c o -he i r so fT hu r s tan a nd Ma rg e ry , m a r r ied r e spec t ive ly R ober td e L egh o fA d l ing ton a nd W i l l iam d e R adc l if f e o fS m i th i l l s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 9 n 16 ) . T he L egh f am i ly s ub sequen t ly h e ld N o r ley a s s ucce s so r s o f Maud a nd R obe r t .

8

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 7 ) . P embe r ton w a so ne o f1 5 mano r sh e ld b yJ ohn d eL ang ton b ys ocag ea nd f e a l ty w i thou ta ny o the rs e rv ice .

I °

1 1 2

1 3

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he se i n d iv idua l s c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . D u r ing t h e c onf l ic tb e tw een t h es uppo r te r so fS i rW i l l iam B rad shaw a nd t ho se o fR obe r t d eH o l land ,t h eP embe r ton ss e em t oh ave s t ood s u r e ty f o rm i sc r ean t so nb o th s i de s( Tup l ing 1 949 p a s s im ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 9 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 2 , n 41) . Maud c l a imed d ow e r i nt h i s e s ta te . I n 1 346 -7 t h e r e h ad b een a n I nqu is i t ion a dq uod d amnum a st ow he the r a m e s suag e , m i l l , 6 0 a c r e s o fl a nd , 3a c r e s o fm eadow a nd 6a c r e so fw ood i nP embe r ton a nd t h e r e ve r s ion o fo the r l a nd s s hou ld b e g ran t ed t ot h e p r io ra nd c onven to fU pho l land ( q v ) . T he l a nd s w e re h e ld f r om R a lph d e L ang ton b y f e a l ty a nd r e nde r ing ar e d r o se . I n 1 360 Ma rk land w a s g ran t ed t ot h e P r io ry o f U pho l land . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 1 n 35 ) . G i lbe r t d e I n ce o fH awk ley o ccu r s i n 1 374 . H e w a s , p e rhap s , t h e s ame p e r son a sG i lbe r t d e I n c e w ho a t t e s ted a c ha r te r i nI n ce i n Mak e r f ie ld , i n 1 358 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 1 02 n 13 ) . T he s ub sequen t Mo lyneux ( o fR a inh i l l q v , a nd Wh i s ton q v ) i n t e r e s t i n H awk ley i ss a id t oh ave d e r ived f r om t h e ma r r iag e o fR oge r ( a l ive 1 327 1377 ) , s on o fA lan Mo lyneux o fR a inh i l l , w i th t h e d augh t e r o fG i lbe r t d e I n ce ( Ra ine s 1 870 , 1 08 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 0n 26 ) . T he se w omen w e re s i s t e r so fT hu r s tan d eP embe r ton w ho se w a rd sh ip i n1 367 h ad b een c l a imed b yR obe r t d e L egh a nd W i l l iam , s on o fR ob e r td e R adc l if f e i nr i gh to ft h e i rw ive s . N o th ing f u r the ri sk nown o fA gne s ' e s ta t e ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 0n 29 ) ; p o s s ib ly i tp a s sed t ot h e S ankey f am i ly w ho h e ld p a r to fP embe r ton i n1 431 ( no t e 1 6 ) .

1 5

1 6

1 7

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 0 ) . H en ry d e P embe r ton w a s s a id t ob e l o rd o ft h e m ano r . R icha rd d e P embe r ton d i ed h o ld ing T un s t ed i n 1 4 15 ; h i s g rand son , H ugh , w a s t h e h e i r . W i l l iam , a no the rs on a nd t r u s te e , g ran ted T un s ted t oA l ic e , w idow o fR icha rd , f o r l i f e ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 8 1-82 n 38 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 0n 28 ) . E v idenc et ha tt h e se p eop le w e re l o rd s o ft h em ano ri ss e en i n aw r i to fr e d i s se is in o ft h i s d a t e . O ne o ft h e H ind ley s ma r r ied aP a r r , p robab ly A l ic e d e P a r rw ho w a s p a r ty t ot h ew r i t , a nd t hu s a cqu i r ed as e cond q ua r te ro ft h e mano r . T he S ankey q ua r t e rs e em s t oh ave b een h e ld b yt ha tf am i ly u n t i l i tw a ss o ld b yT homa s S ankey t oT homa s Mo lyneu xo fH awk ley i n1 578 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 0n 29 ) . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 9 n1 3 ) . When S i rP e te rG e r a rd d i ed i n1 447 h e h e ld m e s suage s a nd l a nd s , r e n t s a nd s e rv ice s i nP embe r ton b u tt h ej u ro r s d id n o tk now o fw hom t h ey w e r eh e ld . F a r r e rs ugge s ted t ha tt h e se p o s se s s ion sh ad p a s sed f r om t h e P embe r ton /W ind le f am i ly i nt h e 1 3 th / 14 th c en tu ry a nd , a s w i th o t he r W ind le e s ta te s , h ad b ecome f i r s t t h e p rope r ty o ft h e B umhu l l s a nd t h en o f t h e G e ra rd s . H e a l so s ugge s t ed t ha t t h e G e ra rd h o ld ing i s r e p re sen t ed i nt h ef o rme rN o r ley e s ta t eb u t , f r om t h ee v idence o ft h e 1 466 s u rvey ( no t e2 0 ;P embe r ton f am i ly t r ee ) ,t h i s s e em su n l ike ly .

1 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 7 9n 16 ) .

1 9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 246 ) .

2 0

( Hawke s 1 951 , 8 10 ; L egh MSS 1 466 , 2 3 .1 .1-23 .1 .16 ) . S i rP e t e rL egh h e ld N o r ley a st h e i n he r i tance o fS i rA dam d e No r ley . N o r ley H a l l c on ta ined ' af i ne h a l l w i th ah igh C hambe r a c ro s s t h e h a l l a bove t h e f i r e w i th ac hambe r c a l led t h e W ' t 'd ragh t e a nd a no the r r oom b e low t h e a f o re sa id h igh c hambe r a nd ( l ead ing of t h e s a id H igh C hambe r ) a nd ar oom b e low t h e f i r e w i th af ood s t o r e o rc e l la r , b akehou se a nd k i tchen ' . T he r e w a s a l so al a rge b y r e f o rt w en ty b u l l s a nd c ow s , w i th ab a rn , m a l t -k i ln a nd y a rd s a nd ag a rden w i th av ege tab le p l o t . Al a rg e c r o f t w i th s eve ra l s ma l l g a rden s a nd a n a pp le o rcha rd w e r e a t ta ched t ot h e m ano r . T he s u r vey r e f e r s a l so t ot h e P a rkf ie ld , P a rk Meadow a nd ac op se c a l led N o r ley P a rk c on ta ined a bou tf ou ra c r e s o fw ood land . T he re i s ,h oweve r , n o i n d ica t ion f o r am oa t ed s i te a t No r ley . J ohn P embe r ton o fL onemer ehed h e ld t h e ' Mano ro rH a l l o fL onemer ehed ( Lambe rhead ) i nc h ief b y m i l i ta ry s e rv ic e f r om S i r P e t e r L egh . A s am ino r , P embe r ton ' s w a rd sh ip a nd m a r r iage w a s h e ld b y L egh ( Hawke s 1 95 1 ,1 0 ; L egh MSS , 1 466 , 2 4 .3 ) . I t s e em st h i se s ta t ec an b ed i s t ingu i shed f r om t h a to fJ ohn P embe r ton o fT uns t ed ( L egh MSS , 1 466 ,2 3 .1 .9 , 2 3 . 1 .1 5 ) t hough p e rhap st h ed i s t inc t ion i so ft wo e s ta te s r a the r t han t wo p eop le . C h r i s tophe r P embe r ton a l so h e ld i nc h ief b y m i l i ta ry s e r v ic e f r om P e te r L egh 1 2 a c re s o fl a nd w i th t h e m e s suage o rh a l l ' c a l led L e S omur sa l e ' , n ex t t ow h ich w a s J ohn H enwu r the ' s m e s suag e . F u r the r r e co rd s f o r S omu r sa le h ave n o t b een i d en t if ied , t hough i ti ss a id t h a t t h e p l ace w a sn ea rH awk ley ( Hawke s 1 951 , 8 ,1 0 ; b u ts e ef i g9 1 .38a ) . R a lph Mo lyneux ' sh o ld ing a tH awk ley i si n f e r red i nt h es u rvey ( Legh MSS , 1 466 ,2 4 .4 ) . U pho l land P r io ry a l so h ad l a nd i nP embe r ton ( L egh MSS , 1 466 , 2 3 .1 .8 ,2 3 . 1 . 10 ) .

2 1

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 1 n 35 ) .

2 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 243 ) . H ugh S t o t t( s ic )h e ld t h i se s ta t e i n1 537 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 25 1 ) .

2 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 7 9n 16 ) .

2 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 0n 27 ) . H ind ley h e ld 6m e s suage s , 6 0a c re so fl a nd a nd aw a t e rm i l l .

2 5

2 6

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 2 n 42 ) . J ohn H o lc rof th ad t h e U pho l land P r io ry l a nd s a t Ma rk land a tt h eD i s so lu t ion . Ma rk land w a s s oon s o ld t oS i rR obe r t Wo r s ley o fB oo th s f r om w hom T homa s Mo lyneux a cqu i red ap a r t . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 2 ) . T he se i n d iv idua l sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . T he S co t t sh e ld t h ef o rme rC ocke r sand l a nd s .

2 7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 0n 29 ) . I n1 578 Mo lyneux o fH awk ley b ough t aq ua r t e ro ft h em ano rf r om t h eS ankey f am i ly .

2 8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 2 n 39 ) . When J ohn Mo lyneux d i ed i n1 582 h i s e s ta t e c omp r i sed T un s ted H a l l a nd o t he r l a nd s , h e ld f r om t h e h e i r s o ft h e

2 9

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 0 -8 1 n 32 ) .

l o rd so fP embe r ton .

3 18

C a ta logue : PE MBERTON

3 °

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 2 ) . R icha rd P embe r ton a l ia s H igg in son i sr e co rded i n 1 579 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 2 n 47 ) . T homa s Wha l ley w a s s on a nd h e i ro fJ ohn Wha l ley , y eoman , w ho h ad d i ed i n1 587 h o ld ing l a nd s o ft h e Q ueen i nO r re l l a nd P embe r ton b y ar e n to f2 s4 d ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 8 3 n 50 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 8 0 -8 1 n n28 , 3 2 ) . P a r to ft h e Wo r s ley l a nd s h ad b e longed t oU pho l land P r io ry a nd w e re h e ld f r om t h e K ing b y t h e 2/ 1 0 p a r t o f ak n igh t ' sf e ea nd 2 sr e n t( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 0 -81 n 32 ) .

31

3 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 911 , 7 9 ) .

3( Fa r r e r

& B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 3 ) . C on t r ibu to r s t o t h e L ay S ub s idy . R og e r D owne s ' c on t r ibu t ion w a s f r om Wo r s ley ' s l a nd s . R icha rd P embe r ton w a s d e sc r ibed a s ay eoman a th i s d ea th i n 1 628 h o ld ing am e s suage a nd l a nd s f r om R oge r D owne s a nd R icha rd Mo lyneux ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 2 n 47 ) .

3 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 0 n 31 , 8 1 n 35 ) . I n 1 721 t h e H awk ley p o r t ion w a s d e scr ibed a st h e f ou r th p a r t o ft h e mano r . I nt h e l a t e 1 8 th o re a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry i tw a s s o ld t ot h e B anke s f am i ly o fW in s tan ley w ho , i n 1 72 1 , h e ld t h e H ind ley p o r t ion . P ape r s r e la t ing t o t h is f am i ly ' s i n te r e s t s i nP embe r ton i n c lude H awk ley , H ind ley H a l l ,N o r ley a nd S ome r sca le s ( s ic )a nd a r eh e ld a tt h eL anca sh i r eR eco rd O ff ice ( Lanc s RO DDBa ) .

H awk ley H a l l w a s m en t ioned i n ad i spu t e o f 1 56 1 a nd i n 1 586 t h e e s ta te w a s d e sc r ibed a s ' ac ap i ta l m e s suag e c a l led H awk ley , c on ta in ing d eme sne l a nd s i nH awk ley a nd P embe r ton ' t o ge the rw i th o t he rl a nd s i nA ugh ton ( q v ) a nd U p l i the r land . Ad e sc r ip t ion o ft h e h a l l , d a t ed 1 749 , i ss a id t oh ave b een a mong s t t h e Mo lyneux d ocumen t s a t C rox t e th ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 1 n 35 ) . T i t le d eed s r e la t ing t ot h e H awk ley e s ta t e , 1 680 1847 ( and o t he re s ta te s i nP embe r ton ) , a r e a l so t ob e f ound i nt h e B anke s MSS ( Lanc s RO DD I3a ) .

WORSLEY : MESNES

F ig 9 1 .38a : P embe r ton

N o . SMR

3 0 GMSMR 9 19

S i te T own sh ip P a r ish H und red E s ta te

H awk ley H a l l P embe r ton W igan N ew ton manag e

NGR L oca t ion

S D 5 752 0 310 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l m ea su re ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay n oi n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 2m n o r th -ea s tf a c ing g en t le s l ope ;g ood a spec t

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s

? mu l t ip le n a r row d i tch c1 900m 2 c 8 16m c2m w e t 1 848 s t ream ? ea s ta nd w e s t

c e r ta in

E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

r a i sed c4 00mm

E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

GMAU 1 993 h ou se c 198 1 d e s t roy ed 1 6C ; r e bu i l tc 1609 ; d emo l i shed c oa lw o rk ing s

P l an s

L ane s RO DRL 1 / 62 , 1 848 @ 1 0 c ha in s3 1/4 " H awk ley c 198 1 ,v a r iou ss ca le s ; GMAU 1 993b O S S D 5 0S E2 F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 ;H awke s 1 95 1 ; H awk ley c 1981 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 ; GMAU 1 993b

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

H awk ley H a l l w a s b u i l t d u r ing t h e l a t t e r y ea r s o f t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd c omp r ised as t one -bu i l t r a nge a nd p ro jec t ing w ing . I tw a s p robab ly r e bu i l t , a tl e a s t i np a r t , i na bou t 1 609 , w hen as e cond w ing w a s a dded ( Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 90 19 1) . H oweve r , t h e 1 6 th - c en tu ry s t r uc tu r e m ay h ave e nca sed a ne a r l ie rc r uck -f r amed b u i ld ing ( Hawk ley c 1981 ) .

F ig 9 1 .38b : H awk ley H a l l 1 848 ( Lanes RO DRL 1 / 62 )

A r cha eo log ica l a s se s smen t a nd e va lua t ion w a s u nde r taken i n 1 993 ( f ig s 9 1. 3 8c , d ) . S even t r enche s w e r e o pened a nd e v idence w a s f ound f o r t h e r ema in s o ft h e h ou se ( t r ench G ) a nd o ft h e m oa t ( t r enche s B& E ) . F rom l a ye r s i nT r ench B i tw a s c l ea r t h a t t h e p l a tf o rm h ad b een r a ised b y a bou t 4 00mm . T h i s m a te r ia l w a s p r e sumed t o h ave d e r ived f r om e xcava t ion o f t h e moa t . I ts e em s t h a tn oe v idenc ew a s f ound f o rt h ed a te a tw h ich t h e moa t w a s c r ea t ed . Ma t e r ia l f r om t h e m oa t f i l l s w a s o f ad a t e n o e a r l ie r t h an t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry s ugge s t ing t h a ti th ad b een k ep to p en u n t i lt h en .

P o s s ib ly H awk ley w a s n o t p a r t o f t h e o r ig ina l c ap i ta l h o ld ing o f t h e P emb e r ton f am i ly . G i lbe r t d e I n ce o fH awk ley w a s l i v ing i n 1 374 a nd h i s d augh t e r i ss a id t o h ave ma r r ied R oge r d e Mo lyneuxx ( a l ive 1 327 1377 ) , s on o fA lan Mo lyneux o fR a inh i l l , ar e la t ive o ft h e Mo lyneux e s o fS e f ton . B y 1 466 R a lph Mo lyneux h e ld L e H awk e l ey ( L egh MSS 1 466 , 2 4 .4 ) . J ohn Mo lyneux o fH awk ley i sn o ted i n1 469 a nd 1 490 -9 1 a nd H awk ley w a s h e ld b yt h e Mo lyneux f am i ly u n t i l a tl e a s tt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry w hen i tw a sd e sc r ibed a st h e f o u r th p a r to ft h e mano r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 1 n 35 ) .

3 19

C a ta logue : PE MBERTON

MOAT UNPROVEN

a reas o f mar sh

p ro jec ted e x ten to f moa t d emo l i t ion d eb r is e d l use w4) ."

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OUTL INE OF HA WKLEY HALL

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I _ _ 1 _1_1_1_1 F ig . 9 1 .38c : E xcava t ion p lan , H awk ley H a l l 1 993 ( ba sed o n GMAU 1 993b )

F ig . 9 1 .38d : S ec t ion s , H awk ley H a l l 1 993 ( ba sed o n GMAU 1 993b )

F ig 9 1 .38e : T un s ted Hou se 1 848 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 62 )

I t h a s b een s ugge s ted t ha t t h e e s ta te o fT un s ted w a s r e p r e sen t ed i n o ne o f t h e g ran t s m ade b y A dam d eP embe r ton b ef o r e 1 212 . T hu r s tan d e H o l land o f U pho l land ( qv ) g ave i t t o h i s s econd w if e , J u l iana , d augh t e r o f J ohn G i l l ib rand , f o r l i f e w i th r ema inde r s t oh e r s on s T hu r s tan , A dam a nd , p robab ly , S imon . S imon d e H o l land m a r r ied a d augh t e r o fA dam d e P embe r ton a nd s e em s t o h ave b een i n p o s se s s ion b y 1 292 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 8 1-82 n 38 ) . I tw a s h e ld b yJ ohn P embe r ton o f T un s tyd i n 1 466 ( L egh MSS ,

3 20

1 466 , 2 3 .1 .9 ) . H e m ay b e t h e s ame p e r son a s J ohn P embe r ton o f L onemerehed U n l ike L ambe rhead , h oweve r , T un s ted d i d n o t b e long t oS i r P e t e rL egh . I nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry T un s ted p a s sed t ot h e Mo lyneuxe st h rough t h e m a r r iag e o fE l len , o ne o ft h ed augh t e r so fG eo rge P embe r ton , s on o fJ ohn P embe r ton , w i th R obe r t Mo lyneux o f Me l l ing ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 1-82 ) . T he e s ta te a tT un s ted w a s f u l ly d e sc r ibed a tt h e t ime o fJ ohn Mo lyneux ' s d ea th i n1 582 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 8 2n 39 ) .

C a ta logue : PE MBERTON h a s n o t b een e xp la ined t hough a cqu i s i t ion b y t h e Wo r s ley s o fs ome o ft h e f o rme r l a nd s o fU pho l land P r io ry m ay ma sk t h e e a r l ie r o rgan i sa t ion o ft h e P embe r ton f am i ly h o ld ing . I n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry Wo r s ley w a s h e ld b y t h e D owne s f am i ly t h rough ma r r iag e

N o . SMR

9 1 GMS MR 4 606

c e r ta in

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

T un s ted House P embe r ton W igan N ew ton manag e

NGR L o ca t ion

S D 5 565 0 465 c en t ra l

N o . SMR

1 09 GMS MR 3 185

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa lm ea su re s s and s tone B ou lde rc l ay n o i n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 3m n or th ea s tf a c ing s l ope

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

H ind ley H a l l P embe r ton W igan N ew ton T hanag e

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 60 x3 8 /2280m 2 c 5 10m

NGR L oca t ion

S D5 690 0 415 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e s S and s tone s B ou lde rc l ay n o i n f o rma t ion

w e t 1 848 ? s t ream ? ea s t

A l t i tud e T opog raphy

3 0m e a s tf a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 30 x3 0 tn /900m 2 c lOm

I n 1 952 t h e r ew e r en ov i s ib le r ema in sa nd t h es i te w a so ccup ied b y ab r ick c r of t( OS S D 5 0 NE 7 ) .

A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u r v ey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

d e s t roy ed d e s t royed l a nd scaped /modem h ou s ing La ne s RO DRL 1 / 62 , 1 848 @ 1 0c ha in s 31 4" /

9 7 GMS MR 4 6208

S i t e T ow n sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

Wor s ley H a l l P embe r ton W igan N ew ton m a nag e

NGR L oca t ion

S D 5 634 0 50 1 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa lm ea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay n o i n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog ra phy

3 8m n o r th ea s tf a c ing f a i r ly s t eep s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le o va l c 40 x5 0m /2000m 2 c 8m

E xcava t ion S u r v ey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

w e t 1 848 ? no r th

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 ; Wa lke r& T inda l l 1 985 , 1 97

N o . SMR

c e r ta in

c e r ta in

P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

La ne s RO DRL 1 / 62 , 1 848 @ 1 0c ha in s 31 4" / F a r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11

T he H ind ley e s ta t e , l i ke Wo r s ley , m ay h ave b een c r ea ted a s ar e su l t o ft h e d i v i s ion o f t h e P embe r ton f am i ly h o ld ing s b e twe en f ou r h e i r e s se s i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . B y 1 721 , t h i s p o r t ion o f P embe r ton w a s h e ld b y R obe r t B anke s o fW in s tan ley ( B i l l inge , q v ) w ho , i nt h e l a t e 1 8 th o r 1 9 th c en tu ry a l so a cqu i r ed H awk ley ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 8 0n 3 1 ) .

w e t1 8 48 ? sou th ea s t

d e s t roy ed 1 6 thC ? b r ick w o rk s L ane s RO DRL 162 , 1 848 @ 1 0c ha in s 31 4" / ; 6 " O S s hee t9 3 , 1 849 Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

F ig 9 1 .38f : Wo rde s ley ( s ic ) H a l l 1 848 ( La m s RO DRL 1 / 62 )

T he e s ta t e o f Wo r s ley , l i ke t ha t o f t h e H ind ley f am i ly , m ay h ave b een c r ea ted o n d i v i s ion o ft h e P embe r ton f am i ly l a nd s b e tween f ou rh e i re s se s i n t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry . T he h a l l w a s d e scr ibed i n1 590 a st h e c ap i ta l m e s suag e o r m ano rh ou se c a l led t h e H a l l o f Wo r s ley ( Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985 , 1 90 ) . T he d i s tanc eb e twe en Wo r s ley H a l l a nd l a nd c a l led Wo r s ley Me sne s ( f ig 9 1 .38a )

3 21

F ig 9 1 .38g : H ind ley H a l l 1 848 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 62 )

C a ta logue : PENNING TON T enure

E s ta t e

1 200 1221 1

L ord o ffe e / S uper ior L ord W i l l iam l eB o te le r

c 1220 1 246 2

S e rv ice/ r en t

Me sne l o rd S imon d eB edf o rd

1 8d y ea r ly a tS tO swa ld f o rf o r in sec s e rv ice

Ma rge ry d eP in in ton

1 246 1268 3

R icha rd d eP in in ton S i rW i l l iam l e B o te le r

1 293 4 2 P / 1 enn ing ton

A dam d eP enn ing ton

S i rH en ry K igh ley R oge rs on o fR icha rd d eB rad shagh A dam d eP enn ing ton R oge rd eB rad shaghe &w if eJ oan

1 299 3

R oge rs on o fA gne sd e We s t le igh H en ry d eL e igh W i l l iam s on o fR icha rd d e B rad shagh R icha rd s on o fR icha rd d e C haydoke R obe r tC rakeban e 1 2o t he r s

f r e et e nan t f r e et e nan t f r e et e nan t f r e et e nan t f r ee t e nan t f r e et e nan t s 1 3224 1 330 13367

1 332 1

L and ho ld e r s

W i l l iam l eB o t i le r R icha rd d eB rad shagh R icha rd d e P enn ing ton A dam d eP enn ing ton f r ee t e nemen t f r ee t e nemen t

W i l l iam l eB o t i l le r

R icha rd d eB rad shagh J oan w idow o fR og e r B rad shagh

H omage H omage R ico d eB rad shaghe R ico d eP ynyng ton R ogo d eF emhed R ado f i l Agn i R ico d e l Wod e

W i l l iam B o t i l le r

1 34 e0 1 351 1 1 4 15 1

R icha rd B rad shagh t h ee l de r

mo ie ty o ft h e m ano r k n igh t 's f e e k n igh t 's f e e

1 4511 46 11 2

S i rW i l l iam B u t le r E ther i s ton

R icha rd P embe r ton

a pud L e thky rk s t e l e

C ocke r sand A bbey

S i rW i l l iam B rad shagh

1 2d y ea r ly

H e r e sA de B u ldey

6 d

H am le t Ma scy o f R ix ton

1 479 5 1 506 1 4

1 / 7k n ig • h t 's f e e

S i rT homa sB u t le r

J ohn H o lc rof to f H o lc rof t R obe r t Wo r s ley o f B oo th s J ohn S ta rkey

1 513 B

1 /k n igh t 's f e e

S i rT homa sB u t le r

J ohn Ma scy o fR ix ton

1 517 1 6

1 523 I Y

f r e et e nan t f r e et e nan t f r e et e nan t f r ee t e nan t

S i rW i l l iam S t an ley G eo rge S t a rkey R icha rd H o lc rof t N icho la sR ena c r e s E ther i s ton

S i rT homa sB u t le r

f r e et e nan t f r e et e nan t f r e et e nan t f r ee t e nan t

1

J ame sA rchba ld J ame sS t a rkey G i lbe r tT ay lo r J ohn A twyn N icho la sR ena c r e s C ha r le s Smy th R a lph G r ego ry

R ow land S t an ley k n igh t 's f e e

T homa sB u t le re sq

I d

G eo rge P embe r ton R ow land S t an ley G eo rge S t a rkey S i rJ ohn H o lc rof t R icha rd R ena c re s

1 56 0 1 565

3 s 1 0d r e n t

S i rJ ame sH a r r ing ton

1 6 thC 1 1 548 °

C ec i ly U rm s ton Ma rga r e tG nype

R icha rd R ena c r e s S i rW i l l iam N o r r i s

3 22

4 s 1 0d r e n t 3 s I d 3 s I d I d

i j si i jd x v jd i j s v si i jd i x d

C a ta logue : PENNING TON

T enure

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe e / S upe r ior L ord

R icha rd N o r r i so f We s tD e rby

1 5892 1 62 0

mano ro f P enn ing ton w i th L e igh

S e r v ice / r en t

L andho ld e r s R icha rd U rm s ton o ft h eP y le

S i rT homa sI r e land

1 6 4 12 4

mo ie ty o fr e pu t ed mano ro f We s t le igh & P enn ing ton

R icha rd B lowe r

1 698 2

P enn ing ton H a l l

R icha rd B rad shaw e s q M rA lexande r R a tc l if f e

F ranc i sS he r ing ton

H ea ld s /Meadow D avenpo r t 's & U rm s ton 's S i te s :

7 5

P y le /Pee l /U rm s ton

M rJ ohn Gw i l lym

t h ' Meadow s

I( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 27 n 6 ) . B e tw een 1 200 a nd 1 22 1 S imon d e B edf o rd ( qv ) g ave P enn ing ton t o Ma rge ry , d augh t e ro fR icha rd d e P enn ing ton . T he s e r v ice d u et oS tO swa ld i sd i ff icu l tt oe xp la in ;t h ep a r i sh c hu rch a tL e igh w a s d ed ica ted t oS tP e te ra nd t h ea dvow son o fL e igh m ay h ave b een h e ld b y t h ep r io ry o f Ma r sey /Ma t te r sey i nN o t t ingham sh i r e , d ed ica ted t oS tH e len ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 15 -4 16 ; M idme r 1 979 , 2 15 ) .) . P o s s ib ly , i tw a s S t O swa ld a tW inw ick .

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 7 13 ) . Ma rge ry g ave t oC ocke r sand A bbey p a r to fh e r l a nd i nP enn ing ton b ounded b y Ha lmu lnef or t , t h e r oad f r om B enef o r( ?Bedf o rd ) e t s equ endo v i am i lam v er su s e cc l es iam u sque a dq uendam f o s sa tum l o cum e ts i c d ef o s sa E la d esc end endo p er f o s sam u sque G o ld e lache a nd b a ck t o A ld emu lnef or w i th q u i t tance o fp annag e f o rt h e t e nan t s o ft h e l a nd . Ma rg e ry m a r r ied H ugh d e R adc l if f e , l o rd o fH a r t shead , c o . Y o rk ; t h ey h ad t wo s on s , R icha rd a nd W i l l iam . R icha rd w a sp robab ly t h ef a the ro fA dam d eP enn ing ton .

2

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 7 14 ) . R icha rd g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey ap o r t ion o fl a nd n ex t t o We s t le igh C hu rch ; t h e b ound s i n d ica t e t ha t t h i s w a s p robab ly t h e

3

s ame p i ec eo fl a nd a st ha tg ran ted t ot h eA bbey b yh i s mo the r , Ma rge ry . 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 27 ) . I n1 293 S i rH en ry d eK ig ,h ley g ran t ed S i rW i l l iam B u t le r , h i s c h ief l o rd , a l h i sr i gh t i nt h eh omag e , w a rd sh ip s , r e n ta nd s e r v ice s o fA dam d e P enn ing ton , h i s t e nan t . T he c ha r te rw a s d a ted a tC ropw e l l B u t le r , N o t t ingham sh i r e . T he y ea r ly r e n t o fP enn ing ton w a s 1i s . I n 1 293 A dam g av e h a lf P enn ing ton , e xcep t f o r 4o xgang s , t oR oge r , s on o fR icha rd d e B rad shagh ( of t h e B rad shaw f am i ly o f We s t le igh , q v , a nd H a igh , q v ) , i n m a r r iag ew i th h i sd augh te r ,J oan . T he b ound sa r ec i t ed . S ub sequen t ly ,A dam g av et h e 4o xgang st oR oge ra nd J oan a nd , o ft h e se , t h ey g ran ted 2o xgang st o R oge r d e B yck e r shagh ( Ab ram , q v ) a nd o ne o xgang e a ch t o H en ry t h e t a i lo r a nd T homa s t h e r e eve , t o h o ld t o l -f r e a nd h op r e -f r e i n a l h i s m i l l s i n P enn ing ton .

5

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 7 13 n 1) . I n 1 299 A dam d e P enn ing ton s e t t led h i s e s ta t e o n h i s t wo b a s ta rd s on s , A dam a nd R icha rd , w ho w e r e u nde r a ge . T hey h ad a n

6

( F a r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 6 ) .

7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 28 ) . T he se t h re em en w e r et h ep r inc ipa ll a ndown e r s .

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 39 ; R y land s 1 896 ) . T ho se l i s ted a sl a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy .

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) .

e l de rb r o the r , H ugh . T he re w e r e 1 7 f r e et e nan t sa tt h i sd a te ;o n ly 1 70 a c r e sw e r ew a s te .

I ° I

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 28 ) . R icha rd d eB rad shagh g r an ted amo ie ty o ft h em ano rt oA l ice , d augh t e ro fh i ss on R icha rd d eB rad shagh t h ey ounge r . ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 29 -430 ) . S i rW i l l iam B rad shagh o fB la c i c rod a nd We s t le ig h h ad t h i s e s ta te a th i s d ea th i n1 4 15 . H i sg rand son , S i rW i l l iam H a r r ing ton ,h e ld i tu n t i l h i s d ea th i n1 440 . R icha rd P embe r ton a l so h e ld t h e e s ta t eo fT un s ted i nP embe r ton ( q v ) . I ti sb e l ieved t h a tE ther i s ton h ad f o rmed p a r to ft h eP enn ing ton d eme sne a nd h ad p a s sed t ot h eP embe r ton s i n ma r r iag ew i th ar e la t ive o fA dam d eP enn ing ton .

1 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 246 ) .T he h e i r s o fA dam B uck ley w e r ea l so c i t ed a st e nan t so ft h eA bbey i n1 501 a nd 1 537 ( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 243 , 1 251) .

1 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 28 ) . B ef o r eh i s d ea th i n1 462 H am le t Ma scy s e em st oh ave mo r tgaged h i s l a nd s t oR oge r S t a rkey . I n 1 479 R og e r S t a rkey g ave t oH am le t Ma scy o fR ix ton ( q v )t h em e s suag e sa nd l a nd sw h ich C ec i ly U rm s ton a nd Ma rga re tG nype h e ld f o r at e rm o fy ea r s .

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 28 ) . H o lc rof t( o fC u lche th , q v ) , Wo r s ley a nd S t a rkey d i d h omag e f o r t h i s e s ta t e w h ich w a s h e ld f o r

1 / 7

o f ak n igh t ' s f e e .

J ohn H o lc rof th ad ma r r ied Ma rga r e t ,d augh t e ro fH am le t Ma scy . 1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 28 ) . J ohn Ma scy w a s , p e rhap s , s upe r io rl o rd o fH o lc rof t , Wo r s ley a nd S ta rk ey ( no te 1 3 ) . Ad eed o f 1 554 -55 c i t e s G eo rg e S t a rkey ,s on a nd h e i ro fJ ohn ,a nd S i rJ ohn H o lc rof t , s on a nd h e i ro fJ ohn H o lc ro f t ,a sc opa rcene r s .

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 29 n 26 ) . T he e s ta t eh e ld b yS i rJ ame sH a r r ing ton ,g r ea t -g rand son o fS i rW i l l iam B rad shagh o fB lac i c rod a nd We s t le igh ( qv ) ( no t e 1 0 ) w a s d i v ided i n 1 517 . S i r J ame s ' d augh te r , A nne , a nd h e r h u sband , S i r W i l l iam S tan ley o fH oo ton , r e ce ived m e s suage s i nP enn ing ton i nt h e o ccupa t ion o ft h o se n amed a st e nan t s . T he c h ief r e n tw a s4 s 1 0d ( bu ts e en o t e 1 8 ) . I n1 514 a nd 1 523 t h eR ena c r e sh o ld ing w a sh e ld f o r 1dr e n t , a n a moun t w h ich w a sc i ted a ga in i n1 548 .

1 7

1 8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 4 28 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 30 ) . B ef o r e 1 547 E ther i s ton h ad p a s sed t ot h e L ey land s o f Mo r ley s ( A s t ley , q v ) a nd i n 1 547 S i r W i l l iam L ey land d i ed h o ld ing t h i se s ta t e' o ft h eh e i r so fA dam d eP enn ing ton ' .

1 9

2 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 28 ) . S tan ley ' s r e n t i ss a id t oh ave b e en m ade u p o f 1 2d f o r l a nd s w h ich h ad d e scended f r om t h e B rad shaw s o f We s t le igh a nd t h eH a r r ing ton s ,a nd 3 s 1 0d f o rl a nd h e ld b yJ ohn Ma scy o fR ix ton i n1 5 13 ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 28 n 25 ) . ( F a r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 30 ) . I n 1 560 S tan ley s o ld h i s P enn ing ton l a nd s a nd t h e m e sne h o ld ing o f We s t le igh O ld H a l l i n We s t le igh ( q v ) t oS i r W i l l iam N o r r i so fS peke ( qv ) .

2 1

2 2

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 30 ) . I n 1 565 S i r W i l l iam N o r r i s s o ld 1 2 m e s suage s a nd 2 00 a c r e s o f l a nd i n P enn ing ton a nd We s t le igh t oT homa s C hamo ck . I n1 632 C ha rnock s o ld ' t he mano ra nd l o rd sh ip o f We s t le igh a nd P enn ing ton 't oR icha rd B lowe ra nd F ranc i s S he r ing ton . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 30 ) . R icha rd N o r r i s o f We s tD e rby , l e a sed am e s suag e i nP enn ing ton t oR icha rd U rm s ton o ft h e P y le , y eoman . T he m a in b ranch o ft h eU rm s ton f am i ly h e ld a ne s ta t e i n We s t le igh ( q v ) .

2 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 29 n 13 ) . A th i s d ea th i n 1 628 S i rT homa s I r e land o fB ew sey ( Butonwood , q v ) h e ld t h e m ano ro fP enn ing ton w i th L e igh , 1 00 m e s suage s , 5 0 c o t tage s , ad oveco te , ah o r se -m i l l , 1 00 g a rden s , 1 00 o r cha rd s , 8 0 a c re s o fl a nd , m eadow a nd p a s tu r e , 5 0 a c re s o f moo r a nd f u rz e i n P enn ing ton w i th L e igh , ama rke t a nd 3f a i r s a tP enn ing ton w i th L e igh . P a r to ft h i s e s ta t e h ad b e en b ough t f r om G eo rge S ta rkey i n1 601 . T he I r e land s h ad

3 23

C a ta logue : PENN ING TON

s ucce eded t h eB u t le r s a sl o rd s o ft h e f e e o f Wa r r ing ton . I n 1 652 Ma rga r e tI r e land c onvey ed t h e mano ro fP enn ing ton , w i th 4 0m e s suage s , ah o r se -m i l l a nd d oveco te ,4 50 a c re so fl a nd ,m eadow a nd p a s tu re a nd f r ee r e n t i nP enn ing ton , H ind ley a nd L e igh , w i th ma rke t s a nd f a i r s a tL e igh ,t oR icha rd B rad shaw o f C he s te r , f ou r th s on o fR og e rB rad shaw , l a te o fA spu l l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 29 ) . 2 4

2 5

( Fa i r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 29 ) . I n 1 64 1 R icha rd B lowe r( no t e 2 0 ) s o ld t oJ ohn S o roco ld o fL ow ton ( q v ) amo ie ty o ft h e r e pu ted mano r o f We s t le igh a nd P enn ing ton . S o roco ld a nd F ranc i s S he r ing ton o fB oo th s made ad i v i s ion i n1 643 . ( Fa i r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 14 ) . J ohn Gw i l lym h ad b ough t t h e e s ta t e o fP y le f r om t h e U rm s ton f am i ly a nd a no the r c a l led D av enpo r t s , f r om S amue l B y rom ( Fa i r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 30 ) .

p •• 0E the r is ton ' 0D avenpo r t H ouse 0 P enn ing ton H a l l

1 5 1

F ig 9 1 .39a : P enn ing ton No . SMR

7 5 GMS MR 5 71

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh Hund r ed E s ta t e

P y le /Urm s ton i 't h ' Meadows P enn ing ton L e igh Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S J6 373 9 882 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le b ed s A l luv ium ? Downho l land A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m

Nan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 40 x3 0 / 1200m2 c1 O m

E xcava t ion S urvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

F ig 9 1 .39b : P y le /Urm s ton

t h ' Meadow s ,

1 847 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 78 ) Gw i l lym h e ld t h eP y le a th i s d ea th i n1 692 a f te rw h ich i tp a s sed i nm a r r iage t ot h eG reave sf am i ly w ho w e r ei np o s se s s ion i n1 784 . Ac l a im h a s b een m ade f o r am ed ieva l s i te ( Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985 , 1 97 ) . I t l a yo n ma rg ina l l a nd s ma rk ed ' L iab le t oF lood s ' o nt h e OS map o f1 848 -9 . A s s uch , i ti so ne o fs eve ra l s i te s i nt h i s v i c in i ty c f Mo s s ley H a l l , L ow ton ( qv ) , L igh t shaw H a l l , G o lbome ( qv ) , w h ich o ve r look s t h e s ha l low v a l ley , a nd p o s s ib ly A b ram H a l l , A b ram ( qv ) . T he s i t e c on ta ined a ' v ene rab le E l izabe than e d if ic e ' w h ich s e em s t oh ave s ur v ived a tl e a s tt ot h e b eg inn ing o ft h e2 0 th c en tu ry ( Fa i r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 30 ) .

l ow n o r th f a c ing s l ope

w e t 1 847 ? s t r eam n o r t h / sou th

d e s t roy ed ? l6 thC n ow u nde rw a te rp robab ly d ue t om in ing s ub s idence L anc s RO DRL 1 / 78 , 1 847 @ 1 0c ha in s =3/ 4" ; 6 "O Sm ap , S he e t 1 02 , 1 848 1849 F ai r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ; Wa lk e r &T inda l l 1 985

T he e a r ly h i s to ry o ft h i s s i t e i su nc lea r . P o s s ib ly i tw a s o ccup ied b y C ec i ly U rm s ton a st e nan to ft h e Ma scy f am i ly i n1 479 . I fs o , i ti sp robab le t ha tt h e e s ta te w a s a t ta ched t ot h e l a nd s h e ld b y t h e P enn ing ton f am i ly i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd w h ich p a s sed i nm a r r iage , a s amo ie ty o fP enn ing ton , t o t h e B rad shaw sa nd t h e i rs ucc e s so r s ,t h e Ma scy s . T he f i r s tc l ea rr e f e rence o ccu r s i n 1 589 w hen R icha rd U rm s ton o ft h e P y le i nP enn ing ton , y eoman . J ane , h i s w if e , a nd R icha rd , h i s s on , w e r e c i ted i n al e a se o fl a nd f r om R icha rd N o r r i s o f We s t D e rby ( F ai r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 30 ) . M r J ohn

3 24

C a ta logue : FOUL TON w i th FEARNHEAD T enure

E s ta te

L ord °H ee lS upe r io r L ord

Me sne l o rd

R obe r tB ana s t r e

1 2 19 2

2o xeane s /Bruche

B ana s t r e

B u t le ro f Wa r r ine ton

1 280 4

L aB ruche

R obe r tB ana s t r e

R obe r td eS a lme sbu ry

1 282 1

l a nd s i nF ear nhead

R obe r tB ana s t r e

A l ic ed au o fG i lbe r td eH aydock

f e e& i n he r i t anc e

w ho le v i i io f P ou l ton

u nnamed t e nan t s R icha rd s on o f Emma d e Woo l s ton l i bc um in

R icha rd d eS a lme sbu ry

1 288 # 1 322 k

L andho ld er s

R oge ro fP o i tou

1 093 -94 1 l a te 1 2C 1

p r e 1 285 4

S er v ice / r en t

s ocag e

f e a l ty

J ohn d eL ang ton W i l l iam d e Mo s ton H en ry d e lB ruche

1 323

H en ry d e lB ruche

B ruche

J ohn s on o fJ ohn d eS u t ton K a the r ine w if eo fJ ohn d eA s she ton A gne sd au o fT homa sK yn sey

1 393 1 °

1 400 1

F ea rnhead

1 432 1 2

1s ha r e

1 466 1 3

k n igh t 's f e e a tw i l l

V 2m ano ro fB ruche F ea rnhead

J ohn d eS ou thwo r th & w if eJ ane J ohn H awa rden & w if eE l izabe th 1 2d r e n t

P e t e rL egh C h r i s tophe r S o thewu r the

J a ck Monke R obe r t E ggewu r the J ohn H a l l T homa s Wode H ugh P enk e thman R icha rd B o the

T homa sH awa rdyne T hu r s tan R od legh H ugh H epay T homa sH og ,h ton N icho la s S onky R icha rd B ruche

G i lbe r tS o thum J ohn H aw robyn H am le tB ruche

1 507 1 4

B ruche & l a nd s e l sewhe r e

1 530 1 5

l a nd si nF ea rnhead

R icha rd B ruche

1 567 1 4

1s ha r eo fl a nd s i n Woo l s ton ,P ou l ton &F ea rnhead ( ?Bana s t r ep o r t ion )

S i rJ ohn A the r ton & w if e Ma rga re t W i l l iam C u lche th

1 576 1

1s ha r e

H am le tB ruche

1 585 1 8

B ruch e( ? deme sne )

R og e rB r uche

B ruch e F ea rnhead

R og e rB ruche J ohn H ea. p ey

1 600 1 9

f r e eho lde r s

1 612 2 ° B ruche

S i te s : 1 6

R icha rd B ruch e G odf r ey B o the W i l l iam H aw robyn

B u t le r

S i rR icha rd F l ee twood S i rP e t e rL egh

R obe r t Wa lm s ley H am le tB ruche R og e rB ruche

8 s9 dr e n t

J ohn F e rnehead

2 sr en t

B ruch eH a l l

1( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 28 ) . R og e ro fP o i tou g ran ted P ou l ton t ot h ea bbey o fS tP e t e r , S h r ew sbu ry . T he g if tw a sc onf i rmed b yH en ry I ,b yt h ee a r l o f C he s te r i nc 1147 a nd b y H en ry I i n 155 . I n 1 582 t h e t ihe s o f Woo l s ton ( q v ) a nd P ou l ton w e r e g ran ted t o E dmund D own ing a nd P e te r A sh ton . S ub sequ en t ly t h ey w en tt oR obe r tD ud ley ,E a r lo fL e ice s te rw ho g ave t h em t oL eyc e s t e r ' sH o sp i ta l , Wa rw ick ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,328 n 15 ) .

2

3

4

5

F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 28 -329 ) . R obe r tB ana s t r e ,f i r s tl o rd o f Make rf ie ld ,s e em st oh ave a cqu i r ed t h e mano ro fP ou l ton f r om S h rew sbu ry A bbey . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 ) . B ruche , r e p r e sen t ed i nt wo o xgang s , w a s g ran t ed t ot h e B u t le r s o f Wa r r ing ton ( qv ) . I n 1 219 t h e s ou ther n h a lf o ft h i s e s ta t e( 1o xgang )w a sc onveyed b yf i ne b yW i l l iam B u t le rt oT homa s Wa ley s ,p o s s ib ly ab ro the ro fR icha rd Wa ley s , l o rd o fU p l i the r land a nd A ugh ton ( q v ) . S ub sequ en t ly t h i s o xgang w a s h e ld b yt h e B ruch e f am i ly . T he s econd o xgang p a s sed t ot h e H aydock f am i ly o fB rad ley ( Bu r tonwood q v ) a st e nan t s o ft h e B u t le r so f Wa r r ing ton w ho , i nt u rn ,h e ld t h ee s ta t ef r om t h el o rd so f Mak e rf i e ld . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 ) . R obe r t d e S a lme sbu ry r e c e ived ap a r ce l o fg round b e twe en t h e mo s s a nd Woo l s ton B rook , o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e L ey v ing e sC rof ti n Woo l s ton . B ana s t r e ' st e nan t sa tL aB ruche w e r eg ran t ed c ommon o fp a s tu r ef o ra l c a t t le w i th in t h eb ound so fP ou l ton a nd Woo l s ton f o r 1 8d r e n t . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 31) . H ugh , s on o fG i lbe r td eS ou thwo r th , d em i sed t of a rm t oR icha rd ,s on o f Emma d e Woo l s ton , f o rl i f el a nd s i nF ea rnhead w h ich h eh ad f r om R icha rd .

6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 ) . B ef o re 1 285 R ober t B ana s t re e n f eof f ed a l ic e , d augh t e r o fG i lbe r t d e H aydock , o ft h e w ho le v i i i o fP ou l ton . A l ic e

7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 ) . R icha rd d e S a lme sbu ry r e cove r ed f r om R icha rd d e l aB ruche a nd h i s w if e , Ma rga r e t , h i s s e i s in o fc ommon o fp a s tu r e

ma r r ied R icha rd d e Mo s ton . b e long ing t oh i sf r e et e nemen ti n Wa r r ing ton . R icha rd d e l aB ruche w a sl i v ing i n1 305 a nd i st h ough tt ob et h ef a the ro fH en ry a nd T homa s d e l B ruche . 8

9

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 7 ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 30 n 1) . Mo s ton g ave ap l a t o fw a s t e b e tween , t h e B ruche a nd P ou l ton , t oH en ry d e l B ruche . I na n e a r l ie rd e ed t h em i l lp oo l ,c au seway a nd d i tche so fR obe r td e S u r r ey sa nd R icha rd d e Mo s ton w e r em en t ioned a st h eb ound s o ft h i sl a nd . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 -330 ) . H en ry e nf eof f ed h i s s on , R icha rd , a nd h i s w if e , Am ine , d augh te r o fT homa s d e H a le , o fl a nd s i nP ou l ton a nd Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) .

3 25

C a ta logue : FOUL TON w i th FEARNHEAD

I °

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 ) . I n 1 377 W i l l iam Mo s ton c onvey ed t h e m ano r t o f e of f ee s b y w hom i tw a s s e t t led o n h i s b r o the r , R icha rd , w i th r ema inde r st of ou rs i s t e r s a nd t h e i rc h i ld ren . T he s i s te r s a ppea rt ob et h o se c i t ed i n1 393 a nd i tw ou ld a ppea rt h a tt h e i r i n t e r e s t s d e r ived f r om t h e H aydock i n he r i tance . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 31) .

1 2

1 3

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 29 ,3 32 ) . Annabe l( E l izabe th ) , d augh t e ro fH ugh d e Woo l s ton ,w a sm a r r ied t oJ ohn d eH awa rden o fc o . F l in t . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l l e d s 1 907 , 3 30 ; L egh MSS 1 466 , 7 . 2 .1 , 5 .1) . S i r P e t e r L egh o fB rad ley i nB u r tonwood ( q v ) h e ld t wo e s ta te s . T ha t o ccup ied b y R icha rd B ruche w a so fh i s i n he r i tanc ea nd , p r e sumab ly , e mana ted f r om t h eH aydock l i ne . I tl a yo nt h es ou th s i de o fB ruche H ea th a nd e x t ended t ot h el a nd f r om Wa r r ing ton t o Woo l s ton a nd a sf a ra st h e Me r sey . I nw id th i tl a yb e twe en B ruche B rook o nt h ew e s ta nd Woo l s ton B rook o nt h ee a s t . T he s e cond w a s i nt h e ' h am le to fF ernehed i nt h et own sh ip o fW a l s ton ' a nd h ad b een b ough t f r om E dmund L a thum . T h i s e s ta te , f o rw h ich ac h ief r e n t o f2 s I dw a s p a id , w a s f o rme r ly o ccup ied b y O l ive r Twy s se . T og e the r w i th s i x f i e ld s , i tc omp r i sed ar u ined m e s suag e w i th as ma l l c o t tag e , ay a rd a nd ac r of t b e tw een t h e ' c ommon o ft h e h am le t c a l led N anneh i l lo nt h e n o r th ' a nd am e s suag e o fC h r i s tophe r S o thewu r the o ccup ied b y W i l l iam H aw robyn o n t h e s ou th . S i rP e t e r L egh b equea thed t h eF ea rnhead e s ta t et os uppo r tt h eH aydock c han t ry i nW inw ick c hu r ch . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 30 ) . H ugh B ruche d i d h omage f o r h i s l a nd s i nO r f o rd a nd S ankey i n 1 490 a nd , i n 1 507 , h i s s on , H am le t B ruche d i d h omag e a tB ew sey ( Bu r tonwood , q v ) f o r l a nd s i nB ruche , O r f o rd , Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) , G rea t S ank ey ( q v ) a nd L i t t le S ankey . I n 1 528 R icha rd B ruche , s on o f H am le t , l e t af i shya rd i nt h e Me r sey f o r 6y ea r s f o r 2 0 s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 30 n 19 ) . R icha rd B ruche m a r r ied A nne , d augh t e r o fT homa s H awa rden o f Woo ls ton .

1 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 31) . J ohn F ea rnhead h e ld l a nd s i nF ea rnhead f o r af r e er e n t .

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 29 ) . A the r ton a nd C u lche th c onveyed t h e i rl a nd st oT homa s Wa lme s ley .

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 1 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 ) . H am le t B ruche c onvey ed l a nd s i nP ou l ton , O r f o rd a nd Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) t oT homa sN o r r i s . T he e s ta t e c on s i s ted o f3 m e s suage s , 10 a c re so fl a nd ,m eadow a nd p a s tu r e , 3 2 a c r e so fh ea th a nd t u b ra ry a nd 2 4 sr e n t . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 n 11) . R oge r B ruche , b r o the r o fH am le t , c onveyed t oS i r P e t e rL egh 4 0 a c re s o fl a nd , m eadow a nd p a s tu r e i nP ou l ton . F a r r e r s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s m ay h ave b e en p a r t o ft h e d eme sne o fB ruche . I n 1 584 H am le t B ruche h ad s o ld t h e h a l l a nd d eme sne t oh i s b r o the r , R oge r , r e se r v ing al i f ei n te r e s ti nt h ew e s te rn h a lf o ft h e man s ion w i th s ome o l df a rm b u i ld ing s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 31) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 , 31) ( no te 1 4 ) . T he B r uche b ro th e r s h ad a ccumu la ted l a rg e d eb t s d u et og amb l ing . I n1 590 t h e i rk i n sman , P e t e rL egh o fB rad ley , d i scha rged R og e rB ruche ' s d eb t s a nd b y 1 6 12 H am le ta nd R og e rw e r e l e s see so fS i rP e t e rL eg hw ho h ad a cqu i r ed t h e i rw ho le p a t r imony . E a r ly i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry B ruche p a s sed i nm a r r iage t ot h e B anke s f am i ly o fW in s tan ley ( q v ) . I tw a s s o ld a ga in i nt h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry a nd , i n 1 820 , as oap w o rk sw a sb u i l to np a r to ft h eB ruche e s ta te .

G i lbe r td e Ha y c lock

Wi ll iam a l iv e 1 323 Wi l l ie= a l iv e1 377

1

A l i ce m R icha rd d e M os i r= a l iv e 1 285 1 1 R ober t a l iv e 1 323

R i ch a rd a l iv e 1 377

d au m J ohn d eS u t ton J ohn a l iv e1 393

d au I Emma m J ohn a l ive 1 393 d eA ssh e ton

R ich a rd d eB ru ch e a l iv e 1 305 1 He n ry d e lB ru ch e

T homas d eB ru ch e m Agn es

a l iv e 1 328 1 d au

Th om a sd e K ynsey

Agn es a l iv e 1 393

a l iv e 1 325 -28

da m

R icha rd i n Am in e

Ka the r in e a l iv e 1 393

i n G i lbe r td eB ru ch e T hu xs tan a l iv e 1 361

W i ll iam B ru ch e a l iv e 1 432 R ich a rd i n Ma r ga re td au o f a l iv e 1 476 P e t e rL egh o fB rad ley Hugh m Du lc ia ( t au c f db y1 504 Ha r n le t Mas cy o fR ixton Ha m le t d1 508 R icha rd i n Ann e d au o f d1 560 T homa s Hawa rd en

T hom a s i n

Ham le tB ru che Do ro thy

F ig 9 1 .40a : P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead 3 26

Ma rg a r e t d au o f Pe t e rL egh o fB rad ley

1 R og e rB ruch e

C a ta logue : FOUL TON w i th FEARNHEAD

N o . SMR

1 6 CCC 4 56 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

B ruche H a l l P ou l ton w i th F ear nhead Wa r r ing ton N ew ton Mona s t ic /Sh r ew sbu ry A bbey

NGR L oca t ion

S J6 264 8 951 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

U ppe r Mo t t led s a nd s tone G la c ia l s and sa nd g r ave l s n oi n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 m e a s tf a c ing a th ead o fs ha l low v a l ley

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

? s ing le

E xcava t ion S u rv ey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

w e t 1 842 s t r eam ? s ou th o re a s t

F ig 9 1 .40b : B ruche H a l l 1 842 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 64 )

s l igh tt r ace s 1 7 thC c onven t L anc s RO DRL 1 / 64 , 1 842 s ca le n o tg i ven B eamon t 1 878

B ef o r e 1 2 19 t h e e s ta t e o f Br e ch e w a s g i ven b y R obe r t B ana s t r e t o t h e B u t le r so f Wa r r ing ton , a s 2o xgang so fl a nd . H a lf w a s g r an t ed t ot h e Wa ley s f am i ly o fU p l i the r land a nd A ugh ton ( q v ) a nd a ppea r s t oh av e d e sc ended t o t h e ' a nce s to r ' o f Br e che ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 29 ) . Br e che H a l l , i ts e em s ,w a s a ta ched t ot h i sh o ld ing . T he o t he r h a lf w a s h e ld b y t h e H aydock s a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r s , t h e L , egh s . S i rP e t e rL egh h e ld h a lf t h em ano ro f Br e che i n1 466 ( L egh MSS 1 466 , 7 . 2 ) a nd i tw a s o ccup ied b yR icha rd Br e che . B u t t h e s u rvey o ft h e L egh e s ta t e s i n c lude s n o r e f e r enc e t o ah a l l s ugge s t ing t ha t t h e L egh i n t e r e s t s d i d n o t i n c lude Br ech eH a l la tt h i st ime . I n t h e l a t e 1 6 th c e n tu ry t h e d eme sne e nc lo su r e s o f Br e che i n c luded T h ickho l t a nd T h inho l t , S t ockey C rof t , L ocke r s m eadow , W ar the m eadow a nd H a rpe r S pa r th . Am e s suag e c a l led T he T wy es t e o r Tw i s t l a y n ea r t h e Me r sey ; t h e G rea t H a igh a nd T he Of enham o r O f nam w e r e n ea r Br e che a nd , i n Wa r r ing ton , t h e r e w e re l a nd s c a l led R yp shagh a nd R y s shef e ld ( Fa r r e r&B ro v vnb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 30 ) . I n 1 584 t h e h a l l w a s h e ld i n d i v ided o wne r sh ip b y H am le t a nd R og e r B ruche ; H am le t r e se r ved al i f e i n te re s t i nt h e w e s te rn h a lf a nd s ome o l d f a rm b u i ld ing s . A n ew h ou se w a s b u i l t i n 1 602 a nd o ne w ing w a s i n co rpo ra ted i n to a n 1 8 th -cen tu ry h ou se . S ome o ra l o ft h i sw a sd emo l i shed i n1 971 . I n 1 960 s l igh t r ema in s o ft h e c oun te r sca rp o f amoa t w e re v i s ib le f o r 8 2m a nd h ad a n a v e rage h e igh t o f i m . T he r ema in s o ft h e moa t w e r e d ry b u t a s t ream t ot h e n o r th h ad p r obab ly s upp l ied t h e moa ta tt h ee a s t er ne nd o ft h e c oun te r sca rp ( OS S J 6 8N W3 ) . T he s i t e i s n ow o ccup ied b y m oder n b u i ld ing s b u tt r a ce so ft h em oa ta r ep o s s ib ly s t i l lv i s ib le i nt h eg r ound s .

3 27

C a ta logue : RAINFORD T enure

E s ta te

L ord o ff ed S upe r ior L o rd

Me sne l o rd

1 202 1

p a r to f 3o xgang s

R a lph d eR a inf o rd

1 208 1 1 246 1

3o xgang s

W i l l iam d eR a inf o rd A lan d eW ind le H ugh t h eS e r jean t C ec i ly d eR a inf o rd 1 9o t he r s

1 250 12684

A dam & A lan s on so f J ohn ,p a r son o f We s t le igh

c 126 (0

Man d e We s t le igh A dam d e We s t le igh B ened ic td eR a inf o rd

1 262 6

R icha rd d e Wo lfmoo r &w if eC ec i ly

1 272 1

C ock e r sand A bbey

1 322 8

s ocage

m ano ro f R aynf o r th / Mo s sbo rough?

S er v ice / r en t 2 d

2 2d

A dam d eH ay sa rm

R icha rd d e Wo lmo r& w if eC ec i l ia f e a l ty

R obe r td eL a thum

R ico d eL a thom Man f i tD ande W i l lo d eR aynef o rd R ogo d eB e rne Ma rg ed eF ou r eoke shaghe A dam f i tJ oh i s A dam d eH aye sa rm A dam l eC rope r

1 332

1 370 1

s o cag e

T homa sd e L a thom o f L a thom

1 39 11

R icha rd d eL a thom

i j si j d i j s i j sv j d i i js i j s i j sv d i j sv d i j sv jd

4 sr e n t

J ohn d eR a inf o rd

1 4 16 1

J ohn L a thom

S i rT homa sG e ra rd

1 447 1

S i rP e t e rG e ra rd H e r e sJ ohann i s R aynf f o rd

i jd

T homa sC ome sd e D e rby

i jd

1 451146 11 4

m aner ium d e R aynf o rd

S i rT homa s S t an ley C o cke r sand A bbey

1 50 13

p ro m an er io d e R a 3mf o r th

C ocke r sand A bbey

m ano ro fR a inf o rd

L o rd l a Wa rm

S i rT homa sS t an ley

Mo s sbo rough

E dwa rd e a r lo f D e rby

J ohn L a thom o f Mo s sbo rough

1 521 1 6 1 558 1 Y

k n igh t 's f e e

1 600 a

f r e eho lde r s

H ay sa rm?

E dwa rd P a r r

1 62 0

f r e eho lde r s

H ay sa rm ?

E dwa rd P a r r

1 7 172 )

S i te s :

L andho ld e r s

Mo s sbo rough H a l l e t c 5

4 sr e n t

R obe r t Mo lyneux o f Mo s sbo rough e s q

Mo s sbo rough H a l l

1( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 82 n 12 ) . R a lph d e R a inf o rd a cqu i r ed p a r t o ft h re e o xgang s b e tween B la ck s tone d ough a nd L aunc lough . H e a nd h i s m en w e r et oh ave c ommon o fp a s tu r ei nb o th w ood a nd p l a in .R a lph a l so h ad l a nd i nW o lfmoo r( La thom ,q v ) . T he o ve ra l ll o rd sh ip o fR a inf o rd i su nc lea r . F a r r e r s how s t h a t i tb e longed t ot h e c om i ta l d eme sne ( e d . 1 906 , Map o fF euda l B a ronag e ) b u t i ts e em s s ub sequen t ly t oh ave b een a t tached w i th C h i ldwa l l a nd A ng lez a rke a so ne o ft h e e s ta te s a t ta ched t ot h e B a rony o f Manche s te r ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 2 95 n 6 ) .and h e ld b y t h e L a thom f am i ly a nd t h e i r s ucc e s so r s ,t h eS t an ley so fL a thom ( q v )a nd K now s ley ( q v ) .

2

3

4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 82 -383 n 12 ) . S iwa rd d e D e rwen t a nd h i s w if e , J u l iana , a cqu i red p a r t o fR a inf o rd ' s t h re e o xgang s b e tween B icswahe a nd H o lc rof tF o rd h e ld b yf r ee s e r v ice o f6 d . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 83 ) . I n 1 246 R icha rd Wh i tehead a nd h i s w if e , M ic e , a nd H en ry d e L a sc e l le s a nd h i s w if e , A gne s , c omp la ined t h a t t ho se n amed a nd 1 9 o t he r s h ad d i s se i sed t h em i n1 0a c r e s . F a r r e rh a s e s t ima ted t h a t i fe a ch o ft h e se f r e e t e nan t s h ad a n a ve rage h o ld ing o fh a lf a n o xgang t h e p o r t ion o fR a inf o rd h e ld b yt h em w ou ld a moun tt oo ne a nd ah a lf p l ough land s( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 84 n 1) . I ts e em s ,h oweve r , t h a ts ome o ft h e h o ld ing sw e r el a rge rt h an o t he r s ;c l ea r ly t h ev i l lw a sc on s ide rab ly s ubd iv ided b yt h i sd a te . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 900 , 6 14 -6 15 ) . A dam a nd A lan , s on s o fJ ohn d e We s t le igh , h e r ed i ta ry p a r son o f We s t le igh ( q v ) , m ade g r an t s o fl a nd t oC ocke r sand A bbey . A dam g ave p a r t o fh i s l a nd i nR a inf o rd w i th in t h e f o l low ing b ound s i n c ip iendo a df o s sam i no r ien t e a pu tL u thec rof t i shed e e ts i c i nr ec t i tud ine u sque f os sam a pud H o ld c rof te ts i cs equendo d i v i sam . d e Ho l ec rof tu sque f o s sam .j ux ta d i v i sam d eB yk e sche e ts i cd e i lo f o s sa to u sque a df o s sam i no r i en te d e l A ld ec rof t ee ts equendo A ld ec rof t i s s id ei nA ld c rof t i sc loch a scend endo A ld ecrof t c loch u sque f os sam i no r ien t ee ts i ci nt r ansv er so i nr ec t i tud ine a dp r imam f o s sam p r imo n om ina tam w i th r i gh t so fp annage i nR a inf o rd w ood . A lan g ave 4a c r e so fh i sl a nd i nR a in f o rd s uper S u scho e sbonk ew i th r i gh t sb e long ing t o t h et own o fR a inf o rd a nd q u i t tanc eo fp annage t h e r ea nd i nC rookhu r s t( B i l l inge ,q v ) .

5

6

7

8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 83 n 1 ) . A dam d e H ay sa rm g r an ted t oh i s s on , H en ry , f o r2 2d r e n t , l a nd h e ld f r om t h e We s t le igh b ro the r s a nd B ened ic t d e R a inf o rd . L a te rt h i s w a s t r an sf e r r ed t oH en ry ' s b ro the r , R icha rd , w ho se r e n tw a s a ugmen t ed b y p rov i s ion o f ab a rbed a r row e a ch y ea r . I ts e em s t h a t t h e re w a s ah a l la tH ay sa rm .T he H ay sa rm e s ta t ep a s sed t ot h eP a r rf am i ly s ome t ime i nt h e 1 5 th c en tu ry . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 82 -383 n 11) . R icha rd a nd C ec i ly c onf imed h a lf a no xgang o fl a nd i nR a inf o rd t oA gne sd eC rookhu r s ti nB i l l inge ( q v ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 15 -6 16 ) . Wo lmoo r a nd C ec i l ia r e lea sed t oC ocke r sand A bbey a l t h e r i gh t i nt h e t own o fR a inf o rd w h ich t h ey h ad b y g i f t o fA dam d e We s t le igh . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 9 ) . R icha rd , e l de rs on o fS i eg r i th , d augh te ro fA dam d e We s t le igh a nd Q uen i lda , h ad m a r r ied M ic e , o ne o ft h ed augh te r s a nd c o -he i r s o f R icha rd d e L a thom o fP a rbo ld ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 2 -23 ) . P o s s ib ly t h e L a thom i n te r e s t i nR a inf o rd s t em s f r om t h i s m a r r iage t h ough t h e

3 28

C a ta logue : RAINFORD

R a inf o rd f am i ly h ad h e ld l a nd i nL a thom i nt h e e a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry ( no t e 1 ) . S i rR obe r td eL a thom , w ho d i ed i n1 324 , i ss a id t oh ave g i ven R a inf o rd t oh i s b ro the r , T homa s , w ho s e t t led a t Mo s sbo rough ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 84 ) . I n1 323-4 Maud , w idow o fW i l l iam d e R a inf o rd , b rough t a n a c t ion f o r d ow e r i n at h i rd o f1 2m e s suag e s a nd l a nd sa ga in s tR icha rd , s on o fT homa s d eL a thom , a nd i n at h i rd o f 6m e s suage s a ga in s tJ oan , T homa s 'w idow . 9

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho ld e r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy .

1 °

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 84 n 6 ) .

1

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 82 -383 n 12 ) . I n1 39 1 J ohn d eR a inf o rd r e ce ived al i c ence f o ra no ra to ry i nh i sm ano rh ou se a tR a inf o rd .

1 2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 84 ) . T he G e ra rd f am i ly w e r em e sne l o rd so fA sh ton in -Ma l c e r f ie ld ( qv )a tt h is d a te .

1 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 84 ) .

1 4

( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 242 ) .

1 5

1 6

( Fa r re re d . 1 909 1 245 , 1 247 ) . E dwa rd , e a r l o fD e rby , h e ld t h e mano rf r om C ock e r sand A bbey i n1 537 . I n 1 538 1539 t h e a bbey ' s h o ld ing i nR a inf o rd w a s s a id t ob e a so ne o ft h ef r ee f a rm s b e long ing t ot h em ano r so fF o r ton a nd C un scough ( Me l l ing q v )( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 198 ) . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 60 16 1 n 12 ) . A th i s d ea th i n1 52 1 S i rT homa s S t an ley h e ld t h em ano ro fR a inf o rd w i th C h i ldwa l l a nd A ng leza rk ef r om t h e Manche s te rB a rony f o r3 sy ea r ly r e n t .

1 2

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 84 n 12 ) . T he e s ta te i n c luded 1 h ou se s , 3c o t tage s , 1 00 a c re s o fm eadow , 1 40 a c r e s o fp a s tu r e . J ohn L a thom a l so h e ld l a nd s i nP r e sco t ( q v ) , W igan ( q v ) , B i l l ing e ( q v ) a nd A sh ton in -Mak e r f ie ld ( qv ) . T he B i l l inge i n te r e s t may h ave d e r ived f r om t h e ma r r iag e o fH en ry d e L a thom w i th E l izab e th ,d augh t e ra nd c o -he i ro f . . . . E yve sd eB i l l inge b ef o re 1 503 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 84 n 11) .

1 8

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 83 n 4 ) . ( no te 5 ) .

1 9

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 83 n 4 ) . ( no t e 5 ) .

2 0

( F rance c d 1 960 , 1 00 10 1) . Mo lyneux a l so h ad t h eH a l l i 't h ' Wood i n Me l l ing (qv ) w h ich s e em s t oh ave b een o ccup ied i n1 717 b yh i s b ro the r , W i l l iam . T he i r mo th e r , F rance s ,w a s d augh t e ra nd h e i r e s s o fW i l l iam L a thom o f Mo s sbo roug h ; s he h ad m a r r ied R obe r t Mo lyneux o f Me l l ing a nd w a s aw idow i n 1 662 . Mo s sbo rough w a s s o ld b yt r u s tee st ot h ee a r l o fD e rby i n1 786 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 85 ) .

N o . SMR

5 5 A SM 4 698 / 1

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

Mo s sborough H a l l R a inf o rd P re sco t Wa r r ing ton D eme sne / ? Manche s t e r

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 649 9 897 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa lm ea su re s s and s tone B ou lde rc l ay A s t ley H a l l A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 4m mo s s land i s land ; s ou th ea s tf a c ing s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 27 x3 6m /c972m 2 c 10 -22m c 2 .7m w e t , 1 98 1

E x cava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

F ig 9 1 .41a : R a inf o rd

P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

w e s t

A SM 1 98 1 i n comp le t e 1 4C ; 1 7C ;r e bu i l t 1 8C f a rmhou se a nd g a rden s L anc s RO DRL 1 / 66 , 1 84 1 @ 1 0c ha in s = 11 / 4" ; DDK P lan o f1 666 ;A SM M i lne 1 98 1 @ 1 : 500 C h i t ty 1 98 1 A pp D ; F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; F ranc ee d . 1 960 ; P ope 1 978

T he e a r ly h i s to ry o ft h e s i t e i su nc e r ta in . T he ' mano r ' o fR a inf o rd w a s h e ld b y C o ck e r sand A bbey a t t h e D i s so lu t ion ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 , 198 ) , a nd Mo s sbo rough m ay h ave b een i n c luded a mong s t t h e m ona s t ic p o s se s s ion s . J ohn d eR a inf o rd ' s h e i r s h e ld t h e ' mano r ' f r om C ocke r sand A bbey i n1 4511 46 1 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 242 ) . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le , h ow eve r ,t ha ti tb e long ed t o t h e Manche s te rF ee a so ne o ft h e L a thom f am i ly 's e s ta te sh e ld f r om t h a tf e e t h ough t h e Mo lyneux i n t e re s tw ou ld s e em t oc a s td oub to nt h i s . L icenc ef o ra no ra to ry i nh i s mano rh ou se w a so b ta ined b yJ ohn d eR a inf o rd i n1 39 1 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 82 -383 n 12 ) b u t i ti su nc e r ta in t h a t t h i s w a s a t Mo s sbo rough . Mo s sbo rough i ss uppo sed t oh ave b een g i ven t o

F ig 9 1 .41b : Mos sbo rough H a l l 1 981 ( AS M )

T homa s d e L a thom b yh i s b ro the r , S i rR obe r td e L a thom , w ho d i ed i n1 324 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 84 ) . R icha rd d e L a thom p robab ly h e ld Mo s sbo rough i n 1 332 . I n c 1583 t h e h a l l w a s r a n sa cked b y t h e q ueen ' s of ic e r s , w ho w e r e s e a r ch ing f o r H en ry L a thom , ar e cu san t ( Fa r r e r &

3 29

C a ta logue : RAINFORD B rownb i l l e d s 3 84 ) . T he h a l l w a s d ep ic ted o n ap l an d a t ed 1 666 ( Lanc s RO DDK , f i g 9 1 .4 1c ) w h ich i sc l ea r ly ma rked w i th ' t he h edg e w ch d ev ide s t h e E a r le o fD e rb i s l a nd s & Mo sbu r rough ' . B e tween 1 662 a nd 1 673 t h e h ea r th t a x r eg i s te r s r e co rded 1 o r 1 2 h ea r th s , a mong s t t h e l a rge s t n umbe r i n P re sco t p a r i sh . I n 1 662 t h e h a l l w a s o ccup ied b y L aw r ence B r ie r s g en t , w idow o f W i l l iam L a thom , a nd Mr s F rance s L a thom , w idow o f H en ry L a thom ( 1 1 h ea r th s ) a nd t h eh e i r so fW i l l iam L a thom e sq ( 1h ea r th ) ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 85 n 4 ; P ope 1 978 ) . I ti ss a id t ha t t h e h a l l w a s d e s t royed b y f i r e ( Pope 1 978 ) ; i n 1 7 17 t h e p o s se s s ion s a t ta ched t o Mo s sbo rough H a l l i n c luded ' t he n ew b u i ld ing ' , k i ln , 4d ay s ( s ic ) a tt h e e a s t e nd o ft h eb a rn , 2s h ippon s , w o rk h o r se s t ab le , g rana ry , s w ine h ou se s , s w ine p a rk i nt h e p o s se s s ion o f R obe r t Mo lyneux w ho a l so o wned Wood H a l l , Me l l ing ( q v )( F rance e d 1 960 , 1 00 ) . Ad a te s tone w i th t h e l e t t e r s RM A a nd d a te o f1 703 ( Pope 1 978 ) p robab ly r e la te s t ot h en ew b u i ld ing s n o t ed i nt h e 1 717 s u rvey .

T he h a l l s t and s i n as l igh t ly e l eva ted p o s i t ion o n a n i s land o fb ou lde rc l ay i n t h e m id s t o f p ea t mo s s land s . I n t h e a b sence o f c onf i rma t ion b y a r cha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion , t h e r e m u s t b e s ome d oub t t ha t i to r ig ina ted i n t h em ed ieva lp e r iod . T he moa t i sp a r t ly i nf i l led a nd u sed a s as unken g a rden a nd l awn .

F ig 9 1 .41c : ' Pane o ft h e Manno r o fR a inf o rd d escr ibed 1 666 a t t 8y d s t ot h e p e rch ' ( ba sed o nL anc s RO DDK ) ;n os c a le

F ig 9 1 .41d : Mo s sbo rough H a l l 1 841 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 66 )

3 30

C a ta logue : RAINHILL T enur e

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

1 2 12 1

k n igh t 's f e e

S u t ton , E cc le s ton & R a inh i l l

R oge r ,C on s tab le o f C he s te r

W i l l iam s on o f Ma t thew

1 22O1232 2

k n igh t 's f e e

4o xgang s

J ohn d eL a cy

R icha rd d e E cc le s ton

1 242 1243 J

1k n igh t 's f e e

S u t ton , E cc le s ton & R a inh i l l

H e i ro ft h ee a r lo f L inco ln

W i l l iam d e D e r s ibu ry

1 2464

k n igh t 's f e e

2p l ough land s

1 302 3

1k n igh t 's f e e

S u t toncum m emb r i s

S imon & Wa ldeve

s e rv ic ea t W idne sc ou r t

R icha rd d e E cc le s ton H en ry d eL a cy ,e a r l o fL inco ln

L andho ld er s

S er v ice /r en t

A lan d eW ind le & w if e Am ic e R og e rd e Mo lyneux & w if eA gne s

G i lbe r tl eN o r r ey s A lan d eB u rnhu l l R icha rd d e Mo lyneux H en ry d e Mo lyneux T homa s Mo lyneux J ohn Mo lyneux

1 304

1 3 111312 /

G i lbe r td eN o r r e i s

T homa s ,e a r lo f L anca s te r

1k n igh t 's f e e

J ohn d eL anca s te r J ohn s on o fR icha rd Mo lyneux A lan d eW ind le /Bu rnhu l l

1 3 10

m o ie ty

1 322

2p l ough land s

G i lbe r tl eN o r r ey s

A le s ia , d au & h e i r o fe a r l o fL inco ln

s u i ta tc oun ty &w apen take c ou r t s i i js i j sv i i jd i i js i j s i j si i jd

1 332 1 °

R ogo f i lR ob t i W i l lo f i lH en rd e lL e e R ob to d eR aynehu l l R ogo l eC a r iou r R ogo T rau e r s J ohe Pa n

1 334 1

J ohn d e Mo lyneux & s on R icha rd J ohn d eL anca s te r &s on J ohn

1 346 1 2

2c a ruca te s

1 354 1

mo ie ty

1 4 16 1 4

k n igh t 's f e e

1 535 1 5

m e s suag e mo ie ty o f mano r

K ing W i l l iam G e ra rd & w if eJ oan

mo ie ty

H en ry d eE cc le s ton K ing J ohn E cc le s ton

1 8d r e n t 8 d f e a l ty & 1 8d

S i rT homa sG e ra rd R icha rd L anca s te r

1 565 1 6 1 629 -

H en ry d eE cc le s ton

S i rT homa sG e ra rd

h a l lo f

h e i r so fH ug hL ee

T homa sL anca s te r

1 630 1 7 1 653 1 t

R a inh i l l R a inh i l l H a l l

J ohn S umne r

S i te s :

3 2

H eye sF a rm

7 7

V S

R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm

7 8

R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm

1 02

Moa tL and s

1( F a r r e r

e d . 1 903b , 4 1 ) . R a inh i l lw a s n o ts pec if ica l ly i d en t if i ed b u tw a s g rouped u nde rt h eh o ld ing s o fW i l l iam , s on o f Ma t thew , w ho h e ld ak n igh t ' s f e e i n S u t ton ( q v ) , E cc le s ton ( q v ) a nd R a inh i l l . R a inh i l l w a s h e ld f r om t h e l o rd o fE cc le s ton w ho , i nt u rn , h e ld f r om t h e l o rd o fS u t ton w ho se u l t ima te o ve r lo rd w a s t h e b a ron o fW idne s ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 68 ) . W i l l iam ' s d augh t e ro rg r anddaugh t e r , Ma rg e ry ( d 1314 ) , m a r r ied H en ry l eN o r rey s , s on o f A lan l e No r r ey so fF o rmby ( q v ) .

2

3

( F a r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 68 ) . R og e r d e R a inh i l l , f a the r o fS imon a nd Wa ld eve , h ad h e ld t h i s e s ta t e . T he b ro the r s r e nde red t h e f a rm w h ich h ad b e longed t oR icha rd d eE cc le s ton . ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . R oge r l e R a inh i l l S imon i n Emma 1 Am ice i nA lan d e W ind le 1P LOUGHLAND B u rnhu l l f am i ly G e ra rd o fB ryn

Wa ldeve

1 A gne smR oger d e Mo lyneux 1P LOI TGHLAND R ic ha rd a l ive t1 276

S i rJ ohn Mo lyneux

Ma rge ry i nJ ohn d eL anca s te r a l ive 1 318 J ohn d cL anca s te r

4

5

6

7

( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 68 n 6 ) . A lan d e W ind le ( o fP embe r ton q v ,a nd W ind le )a nd R oge rd e Mo lyneux ( o fL i t t le C ro sby ,q v , a nd S peke ,q v )c a l led u pon R icha rd d eE cc le s ton t oa cqu i tt h em o fs e rv ic ef o rt wo p l ough land s . T hey a s se r ted t h a t , a sm e sne l o rd , R icha rd d eE cc le s ton s hou ld p e r f o rm s e r v ice a t t h et h re e -we ek ly c ou r to fW idne s . F rom a na g re emen to f1 256 i ta ppea r st h a tt h ey w e r ea l so r e qu i r ed t of i nd ad oom sman a tt h ec ou r t . ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b ,3 12 ) . G i lbe r tl eN o r rey sw a so ve r lo rd o fS u t ton c um m embr i s . ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 69 n 5 ) . A lan d e B u rnhu l l t r i ed t or e cove r l a nd f r om R icha rd d e Mo lyneux , h i s b ro the r H en ry , a nd h i s s on s , T homa s a nd J ohn .I th ad b e en i mp roved f r om t h ew a s t eb yP e t e rd eB u rnhu l la nd R icha rd d e Mo lyneux ,l o rd so fR a inh i l l . ( F a r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 7 ) . R a inh i l l i sn o ts pec if ica l ly m en t ioned .

3 31

C a ta logue : RAINHILL

8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 69 n 7 ) . J ohn d e L anca s t e r h ad amo ie ty c onf e r red o nh im b yR icha rd d e Mo lyneux , h i s f a the ri nl aw . I n 1 318 h e d emanded ap a r t i t ion o ft h e l a nd s f r om A lan d eW ind le /Bumhu l l a nd J ohn , s on o fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux . A l l h e ld j o in t ly 1 000 a c re so fp a s tu re , p a r to ft h e i n he r i tanc e o fA lan d eW ind le f r om h i s g r ea t -g randf a the r , A lan l eS tywa rd . J ohn d e L anca s te r 's h ou se a tR a inh i l l w a s r a ided a ta bou tt h i s t ime ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 3 6 ) . A s k eepe ro ft h el a nd sa nd t e nemen t sw h ich h ad b e en t a ken f r om T homa s ,e a r lo fL anca s te ra nd R obe r td e H o l land , i n1 323 1324 h ec l a imed a lowance f o rh i s f e e s a ss t ewa rd ( 5m a rk s ) a nd r e ce ive ro ft h e l a nd s o fR obe r t d e N o land ( 5 ma rk s ) , a sc u s tod ian o fL ive rpoo l c a s t le ( £ 5 ay ea r ) , a nd f o rc u s tody o fl a nd s i n t h ec oun ty o fL anca s t e ra ss t ewa rd (2o ) a nd r e ce ive r( 10 ay ea r )t oge the rw i th o t he rc ha rge s ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 18 ) .

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 8 ) . G i lbe r tl eN o r r ey s p er f o rmed s u i tf o rS u t ton ,E cc le s ton a nd R a inh i l l .

I °

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T ho se n amed a sl a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu t ed t ot h el a ys ub s idy .

II( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 3 69 n 7 ) . T he Mo lyneuxe s a nd L anca s te r s h e ld mo ie t ie s o ft h e Mo lyneux p a r t o fR a inh i l l b y g i f to fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux , b ro the r o fA lan . Ac l a im f o r at h i rd p a r tw a s made b yR og e r , s on o fA lan d e Mo lyneux i n1 334 .

1 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 9 4 ) . T he i n he r i tance o fA l ice , l a t ec oun te s so fL inco ln , w a sh e ld b yt h ek i ng .

1 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 68 n 7 ) . H a lf t h e i rm o ie ty w a s g ran ted b yW i l l iam G e ra rd a nd h i sw if e ,J oan ,t oP e t e rG e ra rd a nd h i s w if e , K a the r ine .

1 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 68 n 7 ) .

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 69 n 8 ) . R icha rd L anca s t e rh e ld t h e se t wo p rope r t ie s i nR a inh i l l u nde rd if e r en ts upe r io rl o rd s a nd l a nd s i nE ux ton ( L ey land h und red ) a nd A pp le ton ( qv ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 68 n 8 ) . T he G e ra rd s s o ld t h e i rp o r t ion t ot h e s upe r io r l o rd . T he h o ld ing c on s i s ted o ft h e m ano ro fR a inh i l l , 2 0 m e s suage s , a nd aw indm i l lw h ich H en ry E cc le s ton c l a imed f r om S i rT homa sG e ra rd , h i s w if e , E l izabe th , a nd o t he r s . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 68 , 3 69 n 10 ) . T homa s L anca s te r ' ss on ,J ohn , s ucceed ed t ot h ee s ta t e i n1 629 . T he L ay s s e em t oh ave a cqu i r ed b o th p o r t ion s o fR a inh i l l a s ar e su l t o f as a le t ot h em b y t h e s upe r io r l o rd s , t h e E cc le s ton s . R a inh i l l p a s sed t oJ ohn C ho r ley a nd h i s w if e , E l izabe th L ey , w ho w e re i n p o s se s s ion i n1 630 a nd s e em t oh ave o ccup ied R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 69 n 1 1 ) . I ts e em st h a tt h eh a l l a nd J ohn L anca s te r ' so t he rl a nd s h ad b e en s o ld t oJ ohn S umne r . H ow eve r , t h i sm ay h ave b een at empo ra ry a r rangemen tf o rR a inh i l lH a l l s e em st oh av ec on t inued i nt h eL anca s t e rf am i ly a nd p a s sed t ot h ec h i ld r en o fJ ame sL anca s te r ' ss i s te r ,J ane , ( d 1824 ) ,w if eo fR obe r tF l ee twood .

F ig 9 1 .42a : R a inh i l l

No . SMR

3 2 A SM 4 89 1/20

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

H eye s F arm R a inh i l l P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 89 1 9 121 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le b ed s G la c ia ls and s a nd g rave l s n o i n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 1m n o r th -we s tf a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

w e tp ond , 1 843

p o s s ib le

? we s t

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

d e s t royed 1 7C mode rn h ou s ing e s ta t e

P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 67 , 1 843 @ 4c ha in s= 1 " Wa i t e 1 888 192 1 C h i t ty 1 981

T he h i s to ry o ft h i s s i te h a s n o t b een e s tab l i shed . H ey e s F a rm i ss uppo sed t o h ave b een a 1 7 th -cen tu ry b u i ld ing s ub sequen t ly a l te r ed ; ac l a im f o r amoa t h e r e h a s b een made o n t h e b a s i s o f Wa i t e ' s p ho tog raph ( Wa i t e 1 888 192 1 , v o l I V3 0 -31) . T h i sd oe sn o t , h oweve r ,s e em t ob eb o rne o u tb yt h ee v idenc e o f t h e t ihe p l an ; t h e f a rm h a s b een i n c luded i n t h e l i s t o f moa ted s i te s ( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 A pp D ) .

R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm b e longed t o t h e e s ta t e h e ld a s o ne p l ough land b y t h e L anca s te r f am i ly a nd h ad p robab ly c ome t oL anca s te r t h rough h i s m a r r iag e w i th t h e d augh te r o fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux . J ohn d e L anca s te r 's h ou se a t R a inh i l l w a s r a ided d u r ing t h e c i v i l u n r e s t o ft h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry a nd p rope r ty w o r th 2 0 s w a s s t o len ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 3 6 ) . I n 1 323 1324 , J ohn d e L anca s t r e ( s ic ) w a s c i ted ak eepe r o ft h e f o r f e i ted l a nd s o fT homa s e a r l o f L anca s t e r ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 1 68 ) . T homa s L anca s te r 's p roba t e i n ven to ry o f

F ig 9 1 .42b : H eye sF a rm 1 843 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 67 )

3 32

C a ta logue : RAINHILL 1 629 r e f e r s t o t h e g a tehou se c hambe r , h a l l , p a r lou r a nd d in ing r oom t oge the rw i th o t he rr oom s . R ef e r ence i sa l so m ade t ot h e ' u t te rc ou r t ' ( Lane s RO WC W T homa s L anca s te r 1 629 ) . T he g a tehou se c hambe r w a s a ga in n o ted i n1 705 ( Lane s RO WC W J ohn L anca s t e r 1 705 ) . T he i n ven to r ie s a nd ad e sc r ip t ion g i ven i nt h e V ic to r ia C oun ty H i s to ry ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 70 ) i n d ica te as e r ie s o fb u i ld ing s , m o s to fw h ich h ave b een r e p laced b yl a te rs t r uc t u r e s . N o . SMR

7 7 A SM 4 890 / 1 , 16

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

R a inh i l lH a l l F arm R a inh i l l P re sco t Wa r r ing ton W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 894 9 029 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo log y D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le b ed s G la c ia l s and sa nd g r ave l s C l ive A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 3m p a r tw ay d own s ou th f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb a nk s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s qua r e c 44 x4 3 rn /c 1892m 2 c l5m + 1 .2m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

F ig 9 1 .42d : R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm : n or th f a ce o f t h e n or th r ange (Wa i te 1 888 -1921) . T he ' s o la r ' r un s t ot h e l ef tf r om b eh ind t h ep o rch .

w e t , 1 981 ? s t r eam n o r th o re a s t g a t ehou se 1 629 , 1 705

A SM 1 982 p a r t ly i n f i l led 1 4C? ; 1 6 17C f a rm o u tbu i ld ing s P lan s : L ane s RO DRL 1 / 67 , 1 843 @ 4c ha in s = 1 " ;A SM M i lne 1 982 @ 1 : 500 Wa i t e 1 888 192 1 C h i t ty 1 98 1 3 6@A pp D ;F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907

F ig 9 1 .42e : R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm : i n te r io ro ft h e b a rn (Wa i te 1 888 -1921)

I ti ss ugge s ted t h a to r ig ina l ly t h e b u i ld ing s w e r er a nged a r ound ac ou r tya rd . At imbe r r o of i nt h e h a l l h a s q ua t r e -f o i l p ane l s w h ich a r e t hough t o d a t e f r om c 1350 ( F a r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 70 ; f i g 6 5 ) t hough t h i s d a t e m ay b e al i t t le t o oe a r ly . T he r oof s e em s t ob es uppo r ted o n p o s t s w h ich a r e n ow e nca sed i nb r ick w a l l s w h ich r i se f r om ah igh s and s tone p l in th . T h i s p a r to ft h e h ou se h a s b e en u sed a s ac hape l b u t , l i ke t h e s u r v iv ing r a nge a t L igh t shaw H a l l ( qv ) , i tm ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een b u i l t a s as o la r . T he b r ick w a l l s a nd s and s tone mu l l ioned a nd t r an somed w indow s w h ich r e p lac e t h e p ane l led w a l l sa r ep robab ly o f1 7 th c en tu r yd a te . T he n o r th w ing h a s af r on t o fc 1600 ( f ig 9 1 .42d ) . A t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry as e cond r a nge s t i l l s t ood , i n a r u inou s c ond i t ion , t o t h e s ou th o f t h e h a l l ( f ig 8 5a ) . T h i s a l so d a t ed f r om c 1600 ; i t w a s t wo s t o rye s h igh w i th a n a t t ic a nd h ad l a rg e mu l l ioned w indow s . T h i s b u i ld ing h a s b een r e p la ced b y a moder n f a rmhou se .

982 F ig 9 1 .42c : R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm 1 ( af t e r ASM )

p l a tf o rm ( f ig 9 1 .42e ) . T he c r ack s w e r e ' s e t a bou t 1 5 f t .a pa r t f r om c en t r et o c en t r e , al i t t le l e s s t h an t h e n o rma l w id th o f ab ay ' ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,3 70 ) . I th a sb e en d emo l i shed . O n ly t h e w e s t a rm a nd as hor t l e ng th o ft h e s ou th d i tch o ft h e m oa t n ow s u r v ive t hough as t one r e ta in ing w a l l a ppea r s t or ef lec tt h e l i ne o ft h e s ou th d i tch w he r e t h e r e i s aw ide , s ha l low d ep re s s ion ( f ig 9 1 .42c ) . E l sewhe re t h e moa th a sb een i n f i l led t oc r ea te h a rd s t and ing .

R a inh i l l Mano r F a rm w a s h e ld b y t h e C ho r ley f am i ly i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd s e em s t oh ave b e en a t ta ched t ot h e h o ld ing o fo ne p l ough land h e ld b y t h e B u rnhu l l a nd G e ra rd f am i l ie s . T he p r e sen t b u i ld ing i sp robab ly o fl a te 1 6 th o r e a r ly 1 7 th -c en tu ry d a t e b u t h a s b e en e x t en s ive ly r e f u rb i shed t h roughou t . T he c e l la r s a r e s uppo sed ly 1 4 th c en tu ry a nd a d a te s tone w i th t h e l e gend A 1 662 C i ss a id t or e p re sen t r e p lacemen t o fa m ed ieva l b u i ld ing . T he i n i t ia l s a r e f o r A lexande r C ho r ley . T he c e l la r s h ave mu l l ioned w indow s , n ow b e low g r ound l e ve l , w h ich s ugge s t se i the rt h a tt h ey w e r e l i tb y m ean s o fe x t e r io r l i gh t w e l l s o r t h a t t h e e x te rna l g round l e ve l h a s b een r a ised . R ef e r ence t o ad rawb r idge , i n e x i s t enc e i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , w a s m ade i n an ew spape r r epo r t ( P r e sco t R epo r t e r ,

T he f a rmya rd l a y t ot h e n o r th ea s t o f t h e h a l l , o u t s ide t h e moa t p l a tf o rm , a nd i n c luded a r a nge o f t imbe r f r amed b u i ld ing s s e t o n l ow s and s tone w a l l s . A c r uck -f ramed b a rn , p robab ly t h e ' g r ea t B a rne ' n o ted i n t h e 1 629 p roba t e i n ven to ry , s t ood o u t s ide t h e moa t

1 8 .4 .1958 ) b u t t h e t ihe p l an f a i l st os how i t sp o s i t ion . T he l a rge p ond s hown o n t h e

33

0

2 00m

F ig 9 1 .42f : R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm 1 843 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 67 )

C a ta logue : RAINHILL t i the p lan s t i l l s u rv ive s o n t h e w e s t s i de o ft h e b u i ld ing , b u t t ot h e e a s t t h e a r ea h a sb een i n f i l led a nd i su sed a s ac a rp a rk .

T he r e i sn o e v idenc e t o s how t ha t Moa t L and s w a s am oa ted s i t e a nd i t s p rox im i ty t o R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm ( qv ) s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s a t ta ched t o t ha t h o ld ing . I ti sa t as l igh t ly h ighe r a l t i tude t han t h e f a rm a nd may h ave b een n amed f r om as y s tem o fd i tche s w h ich f ed t h e moa t a tt h e h a l l , t hough f o r t h e se t h e r e i sn o m ap o r f i e ld e v idence . T he s i te h a s b e en i n c luded o n t h e l i s to f moa ted s i te s( Ch i t ty 1 98 1 A pp D ) .

N o . SMR

7 8

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

R a inh i l l Manor F arm R a inh i l l P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton W ione s

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 990 9 0 13 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le b ed s B ou lde rc l ay n oi n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 1m s ou th s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

A SM 4 990 / 13 , 1 6

c l5m w e t , 1 843 ? no r th ? d rawb r idge

d e s t royed e xc ep tf o rl a rg ep ond w e s to f b u i ld ing l a te 1 6C /ea r ly 1 7C p ub l ic h ou se , m uch r e s to r ed P lan s : L anc s RO DRL 1 / 67 , 1 843 @ 4c ha in s = 1 " C h i t ty 1 981 A pp D ;P r e sco tR epo r te r ,A pr i l 1 958

N o . SMR

1 02 A SM 4 890 /2

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

Moa tL and s R a inh i l l P re sco t Wa r r ing ton W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 890 9 078 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P ebb le B ed s P ebb le B ed so u t c rop C l ive A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

c 68m s ou th f a c ing s l ope

d oub tf u l

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

F ig 9 1 .42g : R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm a nd Moa tL and s 1 843 ( Lancs RO DRL

P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

1 / 67 )

3 34

s e ef i g9 1 .42g u nde rc u l t iva t ion L anc s RO DRL 1 / 67 , 1 843 @ 4c ha in s =I " C h i t ty 1 981

C a ta logue : RIXTON w i th GLAZEBROOK E s ta te

T enur e

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

Me sne l o rd

S e r v ice! r en t

A lan d eR ix ton

1 200 -04 1

1m a rk

1 2 12 2

k n igh t 's f e e

1c a ruca t e

W i l l iam l eB o t e le r

A lan d eR ix ton

1 242 -43 1

1/ 5k n igh t 's

R ix ton & G laz eb rook

H e i ro f Eme ry l e B o te le r

A lan d eR ix ton

m o ie ty o f G laz eb rook m o ie ty o f G laz eb rook

W i l l iam l eB o te le r

A lan d eR ix ton

1b ead le

R obe r td eB laz eb rook

1b ead le

1 322 1

R yx ton & G laz eb rok

W i l l iam l eB o t i le r

1 3286

m e s suag e &3 o xgang s

f e e 1 3004

1 332 /

L andho ld er s

f r e e t e nemen t f r e e t e nemen t

R yx s ton & G lay seb roke G la seb rok

H en ry d eG laz eb rook W i l l iam l eB o t i l le r

A lan R yx s ton

h omage

R obe r t Mo s ton

h omage

RDC ION A lan d eR ix ton R ob to d e Mo s ton W i l lo d eR ix ton A lan d e lS haghe W i l lo d eU nn s ton J ohe d eB a rwe T hom d e Ma r t in sc rof t R ogo B ana s t r J ohe l eS won GLAZEBROOK R ob to d e Mo s ton H en rf i lB e tok G i lb to d e lS haghe R oo B ana s t r

1 346 i

R yx ton & G la seb rocke

i j s i j s i j s x i jd

W i l l iam s on o f Ma t thew d eR ix ton k n igh t 's f e e

1 507 1 1 5 13 1 2

i j sv i i jd i i js x xd i j s i j s i j sv i i jd i j s

W i l l iam B o t i l le r

1 384 1 436 1 °

i j s i j s

1

k n igh t 's

B o t e le rt r u s te e s

H am le t Ma scy

l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton

H am le tA sh ton o f G laz eb rook

S i rT homa sB o t e le r

J ohn Ma scy

2 0 sr e n t

2 4 sr e n t

f e e 1 538 5

c ap i ta lm e s suage i nR ix ton & R ix ton H a l l

W i l l iam Ma scy

1 576 1 4

1 / 3m ano ro f G laz eb rook

H am le tA sh ton

1 579 1 Y

m ano ro fR ix ton H o l l inf a r e c han t ry

T homa sB u t le r Q ueen

R icha rd Ma scy

2 2 s 11 2 dr / e n t 3 0 sr e n t

t e nemen ti n G laz eb rook

l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton

H am le tA sh ton

6 s8 dr e n t

R icha rd Ma scy

J ohn A sh ton

1 d

4 m / 1 ano r

l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton

J ohn A sh ton

1 590 1 4

k n igh t 's f e e

1 598 17

s o ce e

1 6 23

k n igh t 's f e e

o f G laz eb rook

1 628 1 4 S i te s :

R icha rd Ma scy 8 0

R ix ton H a l l

1( F a r r e r

1 902 , 1 3 1 , 1 80 ) .I n1 203 1204 A lan o wed h a lf am a rk t ot h es cu tag e . ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b ,9 ) . F a r r e rb e l ieved t h a tt h ef o rm o ft e nu re p robab ly d a ted f r om b ef o r et h et ime o fH en ry I .A lan d eR ix ton a l so h e ld ac r of ti nL ow ton ( q v ) a tt h i s d a te ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 3 ) . B e twe en 1 212 1242 amo ie ty o ft h e a d jo in ing e s ta t eo fG laz eb rook w a s a cqu i r ed b yt h eR ix ton s . T he c omb ined h o ld ing w a s 1/ 5o f ak n ight sf e e . 3 ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . I nl a t e ri n qu i s i t ion st h es e rv ic e i sv a r iou s ly s t a ted a s2 0 s o r2 0 s 11 2d / .F a r re rh a s s ugg e s t ed t h a tt h i s i n d ica t e s t h a tG laz eb rook a l so w a sa l so a s se s sed a so n ec a ruca te i e am a rk f r om R ix ton a nd 1 2 m / a rk f o r amo ie ty o fG laz eb rook ( Fa r r e r&B rownb il e d s 1 907 ,3 35 ) . 4 ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 35 , 3 39 n 1 ) . I n 1 300 t h es e rv ic eo fp rov i s ion o fp u tu r e f o rb ead le s w a s r e duced . I ts e em st h a tf o rme r ly A lan d eR ix ton a nd R obe r td eG laz eb rook h ad e a ch b e en r e spon s ib le f o rp u tu r ef o rm o r et h an o ne b ead le . 5 ( F a r r e re d . 1 907 ,7 6 ) . 6 ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 38 -339 n 9 ) . H en ry , s on o fH en ry , s on o fR icha rd , s on o fG eof f r ey d e G lazeb rook , c l a imed am e s suag e a nd 3 o xgang s i n w h ich G eof f iey h ad b een s e i sed i nt h et ime o fH en ry I .T he se h ad c ome i n to t h ep o s se s s ion o fR icha rd ,s on o fR icha rd d e Mo s ton a nd I s abe l , h i sw if e . T he p l a in t if fw a s H en ry d e B y rom o fL ow ton ( qv ) . H i s f a the r , H en ry d e G laz eb rook , h ad s o ld a l h i s l a nd s i nG laz eb rook t oA lan d e R ix ton . Al i s to fs a le s t o A lan b yo t h e rl a ndowne r si nG lazeb rook i sg i ven . 7 ( F a r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 39 ; R y land s 1 896 ) . T ho se l i s t ed a s t e nan t s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . T he Mo s ton f am i ly a r e f ound a l so i nP ou l ton ( q v ) . T he U rm s ton s a r ef ound i n We s t le igh ( q v )a nd P enn ing ton ( q v ) . I n1 332 A lan d eR ix ton m ade as e t t lemen to fh i sm ano r s o nh i s d augh te r sa nd t h e i rm a le h e i r s , h av ing t h es u cc e s s ion i nt u rn . T he e l de s t , K a the r ine , m a r r ied H am le t , s on o fR obe r td e Ma scy o fT a t ton , i n1 332 -3 . B yt h em a r r iag es e t t lemen tA lan w a st o g r an tt h em o ie ty o ft h em ano ro fG laz eb rook t oh i s d augh t e ra nd h e rh u sband r e c e iv ing i tb ack a st e nan tf o r 4m a rk s y ea r ly ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 35 n 5 ) . I n1 332 A lan g ave t oR ob e r t( po s s ib ly h i sg r and son ) , s on o fA lan d e R ix ton , h i s m ano ro fR ix ton a nd m o ie ty o fG laz eb rook w i th t h e h omag e so f A lan d e lS haw i nR ix ton a nd o t he r s ,a t ay ea r ly r e n to f £00 o fs i lve r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 34 -335 n 14 ) . 2

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) .

9

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 34 -335 n 14 ) . W i l l iam ,s on o f Ma t thew d eR ix ton ,s o ld a l h i sl a nd si nR ix ton a nd G laz eb rook t oR icha rd d e Ma scy .

3 35

C a ta logue :R IXTON w i th GLAZEBROOK

1 °

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 36 n 2 ) . T he v a lue o ft h e mano r sw a s4 0m a rk sy ea r ly .

1

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 39 n 3 ) . H am le tA sh ton p a id 6 sa sh i sr e l ief T he A sh ton s a r es uppo sed t oh ave b een ab ranch o ft h eP enke th f am i ly .

1 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 36 n 16 ) . J ohn Ma scy d i ed a tF lodden i n 1 513 . R en t f o r t h e m ano r a nd l a nd s i nR ix ton w a s 2 0 s 11 2d / ;f o r s ok e a nd w a rd 2 0d ; f o rl a nd s i nG la zeb rook , 1 2d ; f o rs oke a nd w a rd 2 0d . H e a l so h e ld l a nd s i nP enn ing ton ( q v ) a nd Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) f r om t h e B u t le r s ; i nP ou l ton ( q v ) h i s e s ta t ew a sh e ld f r om T homa sL ang ton o fN ew ton b yf e a l ty o n ly .

1 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 36 n 20 ) . W i l l iam made as e t t lemen t o fh i s e s ta t e t h e r ema ind e r b e ing t oh i s s on , R icha rd , a nd A nne , h i s w if e , a nd t h e i r ma le h e i r s .

1 4

1 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 39 n 3 ) . H am le tA sh ton c l a imed t ha t , d u r ing h i s m ino r i ty , J ohn Ma scy o fH o l l in sG re en , G la z eb rook , h ad t a ken 6 , 000 l o ad s o fm a r l . H e a l so c l a imed t ha t h e a nd h i s a nce s to r s h ad h e ld t h e w a s te i nc ommon w i th R icha rd Ma scy , l o rd o ft wo th i rd s o fG laz eb rook , a nd t h a t R icha rd Ma scy h ad made e nc roachmen t s . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 37 n 2 ) . When h e d i ed i n 1 579 R icha rd ' s p o s se s s ion s i n c luded 2 0 m e s suag e s , w a t e rm i l l , w indm i l l , 5 0 a c r e s O fl a nd i n R ix ton , t h e mano ro fG laz eb rook a nd l a nd s t h e r e , a nd af i she ry i nt h e Me r sey , a l h e ld f r om T homa s B u t le r . H e a l so h e ld l a nd s o ft h e d i s so lved c han t ry o f H o l l inf a r e i nG laz eb rook f r om t h e q ueen b yk n igh ts e rv ice a nd 3 0 sr e n t . T he c han t ry h ad b een e ndowed b yH am le t Ma scy i n1 497 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 39 ) .

1 6

1 7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,3 39 n 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 37 n 9 , 3 39 n 4 ) . Ma scy p u rcha sed t h ee nf ranch i semen to ft h e m ano r s o fR ix ton a nd G laz eb rook f r om T homa s I r e land . T he o ld k n igh t ' s s e r v ice t e nu re w a s r e p la ced b y s ocage a nd r e n t o fl d . T he s e rv ice s a nd 6 s 8 d r e n t d ue f r om J ohn A sh ton w e r e i n c luded i nt h e s a le s ot h a t t h e A sh ton s h e ld t h e i re s ta t ef r om R icha rd Ma scy .

1 8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 39 n 4 ) .

1 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 39 ) . Ma scy c on t r ibu ted t ot h es ub s idy .

No . SMR

8 0 CCC 5 15 / 1 , 5 16 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

R ix ton Ha l l R ix ton w i th G laz eb rook Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S J 6 836 8 940 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe r ma r l /Upp e r Mo t t led s and s tone B ou lde rc l ay n o i n f o rma t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 5m w e s t s i de o f ma r shy , s ha l low v a l ley c l o se t ot h e Me r sey

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 45 x7 8m /c3510m 2 c 10 -20m

E xcava t ion S urvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

w e t 1 840 s ou th s t one b r idge

F ig 9 1 .43a : R ix ton w i th G lazeb rook

c omp le t e c 1822 o pen s pa ce o np l a tf o rm ; of ice b u i ld ing s L anc s RO DRL 1 / 68 , 1 840 @ 6c ha in s= 1 "

T he e s ta t e w a s h e ld b y t h e R ix ton f am i ly a nd t h e i r s ucce s so r s , t h e Ma scy s , w ho a ppea r t o h ave h e ld t h e l o rd sh ip o ft h e w ho le o fR ix ton a nd h a lf o f G lazeb rook . T he p r e sen t h a l l w a s b u i l t c 1822 w hen i tm ay h ave r e p lac ed a b u i ld ing s t and ing o nt h e moa tp l a tf o rm . T he moa t i sc omp le t e a nd a cco rd s w i th t h e f o rm s hown o n t h e t i the p l an . T he p l a tf o rm i sa pp rox ima t e ly 1 m a bove t h e w a te r l e ve l a nd s how s n o v i s ib le e v idence f o r b u i ld ing s . P o s s ib ly t h e s i t e h a s b een s ub jec t t o l a nd scap ing . A s t one b r idge c r o s se s t h e moa t a t t h e c en t re o f t h e s ou th d i tch . T he s i te i sv e ry c l o se t ot h eb ank so ft h e Me r sey .

F ig 9 1 .43b : R ix ton H a l l 1 840 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 68 )

3 36

C a ta logue : SEFTO IV , NETHERTON & LUNT T enure

1h i de

1 066 1 1 20 11 202 2

2 k / 1 n igh t 's

1 2 12 1

2 k 1 / n igh t ' sf e e k n igh t 's f e e

2 k / 1 n igh t ' s

L ord o ff ee / S upe r ior L ord K ing E dwa rd

R icha rd d e Mu l ina s

1 01 2 c / a rcua t e s

6 s

( ?Lun t ) 3b ova te s ( ?Ne the r ton ) 1c u l t iva t ion / H ag enc rof t 1c u l t iva t ion

P eppe r f ie ld

1 295 1

1o xgang i n L un t

1 298 g

S ef ton & D own l i the r land

E dmund e a r lo f L anca s t e r

S ef ton

R icha rd d e Mo l ineu s

2 k / 1 n igh t 's

f e e

1 315 1 -

S ef ton

1 l bp eppe r y ea r ly

R icha rd d eT ho r in ton

R obe r ts on o fR obe r tB ranch R icha rd l e Mo l ineu s

2 0 s

1 d T homa se a r lo f L anca s te r

R ob e r tl e Mo lyneux

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S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux J ohn Mo lyneux Ma the r Ma le h e i r so fW i l l iam R id ing h e i r so fO sba lde s ton W i l l iam Mo lyneux

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1 5092

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mano ro f S ef ton e t c& a dvow son o f S ef ton c hu rch 5p l ough land s i nS ef ton

1 sf o rw a rd o f L anca s t e rC a s t le , s akef e e &s u i ta t c oun ty & w apen tak e c ou r t s

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1 31 0

1 330 1 4

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l a nd i nt h e L un t 1 3 111 3 12 1 °

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Q ueen a so fm ano r o f We s tD e rby

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R obe r td e lR id ing

6 d I d 3 s4 d I d f e a l ty & s u i ta t w apen take c ou r t o f We s tD e rby

C a ta logue : SEFTON , NETHERTON & LUNT T enure 1 586 2 5

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1 69 12 Y

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1 636 2 6

S i te s :

Me sne l o rd

C opy i n N e the r ton

2 3

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8 3

J ohn Mo lyneux o f C opy & G eo rg e B rad ley & w if eE l len S ef ton O ld H a l l

8 4

S ef ton R ec to ry

( Mo rgan 1 978 , 2 69c ) . T he v a lue o fS ef ton w a s 1 6 s . I ts e em s l i ke ly t ha t t h e v i i i i n c luded N e the r ton a nd L un t . I n 1 086 t h i s e s ta t e m ay h ave b een h e ld b y R og e rw ho h ad ah ide a nd ah a lf i nt h eh und r ed o f We s t D e rby a nd 2c a ruca te s i nL ey land ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 2 ) . Ac l ea rr e la t ion sh ip b e twe en t h i s R oge r a nd R ob e r td e Mo lyneux ( l iv ing i nc 1125 )h a sn o tb een e s tab l i shed .

( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 52 ) . R icha rd d e Mo lyneux p a id 3m a rk st ot h es cu tage .

2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 2 14 ) . R icha rd d e Mo lyneux ' s e s ta t e i n c luded 93 o fT ho rn ton ( q v ) a nd h a lf D own l i the r land w h ich h ad b een e xchanged f o r am o ie ty o f T ox t e th i nc 1125 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 6 7 ) . H e h e ld t h e o the r h a lf o fD own l i the r land i nt hanage . H e a l so h e ld 2 c a ruca te s i nC ue rden ( L ey land h und r ed ) .

3

T he e a r l ie s t r e f e r ence t oS ef ton p a r ish a ppea r s i n1 203 w hen t h e a bbo t o fC ombe rme r e a d jud ica ted i n ad i spu t e b e tween t h e p r io r o fL anca s te r a nd t h e r e c to ro fr e ga rd ing t i the so fC ro sby . U n t i lt h a tt im e S ef ton w a sa t ta ched t ot h ep a r i sh o f Wa l ton ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 6 2 ) . S ince t h e r ei sa lmo s tn o e v idenc ef o rg ran t st o mona s t ic h ou se s o u to f Mo lyneux e s ta te s i n We s tD e rby , w e c an s pecu la t et h a tc r ea t ion o f an ew p a r i sh a nd e ndowmen to f ac hu rch may h ave b een c on s ide red s uf i c ien ts p i r i tua l a cknow ledgemen to fr e ce ip to ft h e l a ndho ld ing . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 1 44 ) . A dam h e ld t h i s f e e ' o fa nc ien t f e off inen t ' . H e h ad s e is in o fh i s f a the r ' s e s ta te s f o r4 0 ma rk s i n 1 2 13 ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 2 46 -247 ) . I n 1 242 1243 t h e r e tu rn g i ve s A dam d e Mo lyneux ' s e s ta te s i nS ef ton , T ho rn ton a nd C ue rden h e ld f r om t h e e a r l o fF e r re r s a nd h e f r om t h e k i ng , i nc h ief ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . A dam d e Mo lyneux w a s a l so l o rd o fL i t t le C ro sby ( qv ) , t e nan t o ft h e F o r e s t F ee l a nd s i nS peke ( qv ) a nd t h e f am i ly h e ld l a nd s i n R a inh i l l( qv ) .

4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 6 7 n 9 , 7 2 n 12 ) . W i l l iam g ave h a lf o r a l H ag enc rof t a nd l i b p eppe r a nd 2 s r e n t t oR obe r t d e Mo lyneux o fT hor n ton . H e g ran ted ap o r t ion o ft h e d eme sne o fS ef ton t oH en ry , s on o fT homa s t h e r e eve , a nd m ade o t he r g ran t s t oR icha rd F ox a nd h i s h e i r s , t o W i l l iam , s on o f S imon d e G ragne the , a nd t oh i s n ephew , W i l l iam , s on o fR oge r . H i s d augh t e r , J oan , w a s g i ven S peke ( qv ) o n h e r ma r r iage w i th R obe r t Er n ey s o fC he s te r ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 6 8 n 1 ) .

5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 2 ) . P eppe r f ie ld , w h ich c ompr i sed 6 a c re s o fl a nd n ex t t ot h e H anecrof t ( ?Hag enc rof t o f 1 2 12 a nd 1 249 ) w a s g i ven b y R icha rd t oh i ss on ,P e te r .

6

7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 7 5 ) . R obe r tB ranch g ran t ed t h i s l a nd t oR icha rd d e Mo lyneux .

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,2 88 ) . T he e a r lw a s d ead b yt h et ime o ft h i sI n que s t ,

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 3 13 ; F ai r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 5 n 15 ) . A dam , s on o f Ma rge ry d e L un t , g r an ted a l h i s l a nd i nt h e L un tt oP e te r , s on o fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux . T h i sh o ld ing s e em st ob er e f e r r ed t oa ga in i n1 317 a nd , p o s s ib ly , i n1 342 1348 .

I ° I

1 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 9 ) . ( Bak ew e l l 1 983 , 1 8 ) . I n 1 315 R icha rd g ran ted a ne s ta t e a tE dge t oh i s s on , T homa s d e Mo lyneux . T he g ran t d i d n o t i n c lude t h ew ho le o fE dg e f o ri n1 338 R obe r td eR id ing ' s s ha r eo f 3a c re s a tE dg ew a se xchange f o r l a nd i nT hor n ton ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 2 n 14 ) . I n 1 334 Emma , mo the ro fT homa s d e Mo lyneux , made h im s t ewa rd o fa l h e rl a nd s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 970 , 7 5 ) . R icha rd d e Mo lyneux g r an ted h i s y oung e r s on , P e t e r , l a nd s w i th t h e w a t e rm i l l i n ' t he N e ther ton ' . T he b ound s c i t ed s ugge s tt ha tt h i sw a st h el a nd e xchang ed i n1 431 ( n o t e2 0 ) .

1 3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 9 -80 ) .

1 4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 36 ) .

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . W i l l iam d e Mo lyneux ( who p r edea sed h i s f a the r R icha rd , i n1 358 ) h ad m a r r ied J oan , d augh t e ra nd h e i ro fR obe r t d e H o l land o fE ux ton a nd E l le l ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 6 8 n 10 ) . T he H o l land l a nd s i nS ef ton i n 1 332 p e rhap s r ef lec t t h is . A ne xchange o fl a nd s i n1 431 ( no t e2 0 )s ugg e s t st ha tt h eR obe r td e l R idynge ' sh o ld ing m ay h ave i n c luded t h em i l l p oo lw h ich h eh ad made . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 2 ) . P e te r Mo lyneux g ran ted P eppe rf ie ld t oR icha rd t h e J udge ( Doom sman ) o fD own l i the r land . I n 1 344 i tp a s sed f r om R icha rd ' t he D emand ' o fI nc e [ B lunde l l ] t oR obe r th i ss on a nd h e i ra nd Emma , h i sw if e . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 9 15 , 9 2 ) . T he s e rv ic e a nd r e n t w a s d ue f r om S ef ton a nd a l so f o r ac a ruca te i nT hor n ton ( q v ) a nd 2c a ruca te s i nC ue rden ( L ey land h und red ) . R icha rd d e Mo lyneux d i ed i n1 363 , h av ing m a r r ied t w ice a nd w a s f a the rt on i ne c h i ld r en . H i s e s ta te i n c luded t h e a dvow son o ft h e c hu rch , r e n t s o ft e nan t s a tw i l l w o r th £ 20 a nd 1 40 a c re s o fa r ab le l a nd a t2 s a n a c r e a nd 8 0 a c re s o fm eadow a t5 s a n a c r e . I nt h e p r ev iou s y ea rh e h ad e nf eof f ed T homa s d e l H a l l a nd o t he r so fh i sm ano ro fS ef ton a nd a dvow son o ft h ec hu r ch ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,6 8 n 9 ) . B yt h el a te 1 4 th c en tu ry t h i sh ad d evo lved u pon T homa st h e Mo lyneux o fK eve rda le a s' ap l ac eo fl a nd i nS ef ton c a l led t h eE gg e ' . J oan , w idow o fT homa s , h e ld E dge i n1 387 1388 ( L ane s RO DDM 4 6 /43 ,4 5 ) .

1 9

2 0

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 7 5 n 5 ) . I n1 4 15 R icha rd W i l son a nd h i sw if e , Emmo ta , r e la sed a l t h e i rr i gh ti nt h e v i i i a nd t e r r i to ry o fN e the r ton t oT homa s d eO sba lde s ton . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 6 9 n 6 ) . S i r R icha rd e xchang ed l a nd s i nt h e My s thac r e i nS ef ton f o r ' t he m i l l d am made b y R obe r t o ft h e R ydyng , o n h i s l a nd a nd h i s l a nd b y t h e se b ound s b eg inn ing a tt h e m i l l -dam t ot h e s ou th o ppo s i te t h e e nd o ft h e n ew d ik e , a nd s o t o as ma l l o ak s t and ing i nt h e d i ke o f A r land , t h en f o l low ing t ha t d ike a sf a ra st h e s a id m i l l -dam , a nd s o f o l low ing t ha td am t ot h e f i r s t b ound ' ( Lane s RO DDM 4 6 / 51) a nd o the rl a nd sw i th a r oad , b e long ing t oR obe r td e l R id ing . A r land i sp robab ly r e p r e sen ted b yf i e ld s l a te rc a l led I r e land i nt h es ou th ea s to fN e the r ton ( Bakewe l l 1 983 ,2 0 ) .

2 1

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 6 9 ) . H en ry V I g ran t ed R icha rd Mo lyneux t h e of ic e s o fm a s t e rf o r e s te ro ft h e f o r e s t a nd p a rk s o f We s t D e rby sh i r e , s t ewa rd o ft h e w apen ta l ce a nd t h a t o fS a lf o rd sh i r e a nd c on s tab le o fL ive rpoo l . H i s f i r s t w if e w a s J oan ( d 1439 14 40 ) , d augh t e r a nd h e i ro fS i r G i lb e r t d e H aydock ( qv ) . S he w a st h ew idow o fS i rP e te rL egh I( d 1422 )t ow ho se h e i r st h e H aydock e s ta te sp a s sed . T he i n sc r ip t ion o n h e rt omb i nS ef ton c hu rch i d en t i f ie s h e r p o s se s s ion s : ( H i )c i a ce t dna l oh ' n a q uoda u x P e t r( e ) L egh ( m ) i l i t i s e tp o( s t ea ) u x Mo l ineux m i l i t i s q ue Al t d na d e B rad l ey Hayd ik t el b r t e n p a r t i s v i l larm d e W e tyng ton Myk i l lS ank ey e tB ur tonwod ( i l l eg ib l e ) d na d i ver saru p arce l laru t e r ram e tt e nem ( i n )f ra v i l la sd e N ew ton G o ldbne L ow to( n ) B o ld ee tW a l ton i nl ed a l( e )q u( e ) o b i i ti nf oS c tS up l icc ie p ' i A° d n iM i l lmo CCCC ' n °t r ic e s imo n ono c u ju sa i ep rop ic ie tur d eu s Amen ( Ca roe & G o rdon 1 893 ,3 6 ) . T he l i nk b e tween t h ef am i l ie s i sr e inf o rced b yt h em a r r iag eo fS i rP e te rL egh I , s on o fJ oan d e H aydock , w i th Ma rga r e t , d augh t e ro fS i rR icha rd Mo lyneux ( A tk in son 1 983 ) . A cco rd ing t oC a ro e &G o rdon ( 1 893 , x x i i ) S i r R icha rd ' s s e cond w if e w a s E l len , d augh t e r o fR a tc l if f e d e T owe r , p r e sumab ly R adc l if f e

3 38

C a ta logue : SEFTON , NETHERTON & LUNT

T ow e r , n ea r Manche s t e r . Ma rga r e t w a s p robab ly ac h i ld o ft h e s e cond m a r r iage s i nce Ma rga r e t , g randdaugh t e ro fS i rR icha rd , w a s ma r r ied t oJ ohn D u t ton a nd W i l l iam B u lke ley ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 6 9n 10 ) . 2 2 2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

( Bak ewe l l 1 983 ,2 8 -30 ) . Ar e n ta l o f1 509 ( Lanc s RO DD M 1 2 /26 )g i ve s al i s to ff r eeho lde r s a mong s tw hom w e r et ho se n amed a bove . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 0 ) . I n 1 545 W i l l iam Mo lyneux a s s igned c e r ta in l a nd s t oh i s s on , R icha rd , t oe nab le h im t om a in h o sp i ta l i ty ' w i th in t h e m ano rp l ac eo fS ef ton ' . T en y ea r se a r l ie rL ey land h ad c ommen ted ' M r Mo lyneux , ak n igh to fg r ea tl a nd s , t wo m i le s f r om P r e sco t , d we l le th a t ap l ace c a l led C rox te th ' . T he r oya l p a rk a tC rox t e th h ad b een g ran ted t oS i rR icha rd Mo lyneux a nd R icha rd , h i ss on , i n1 446 a nd t oW i l l iam Mo lyneux i n1 507 . I n1 640 1 64 1 t h e r e tur n o ft h e ma s t e r f o re s t e r f o rC rox te th a nd S imon swood i n d ica te s t h a t t h e f a rm o fr i gh t o fp a s tu rage o fC rox t e th P a rk a nd S imon swood P a rk h ad b een d em i sed t oW i l l iam Mo lyn eux a nd h i sh e i r sf o re ve r( Shaw 1 956 ,4 67 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 0 n 9 ) . Ac l ea r d i s t inc t ion i sm ade b e twe en t h e e s ta te h e ld i ns o cag e a nd t h a th e ld b y k n igh t s e r v ic e . T he r e duc t ion i nt h e c a ruca l a s se s smen t i sn o t e xp la ined . T he s ocage e s ta te i n c luded v a r iou s l a nd s i nS ef ton , N e the r ton a nd L un t . R icha rd ' s e l de s t s on h ad d i ed t h e p r ev iou s y ea r . H i s o the r s on s w e r e R icha rd o fC un scough i n Me l l ing ( qv ) , J ohn o fA l t G range ( I nc e B lunde l l , q v ) a nd N ew H a l l ( We s t D e rby , q v ) , A n thony a nd A lexande r . I n1 565 f i ve u nma r r ied d augh t e r sw e r el i v ing a tC rox t e th . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 7 0n 13 ) . I n1 589 h ep u r cha sed t h eE dg ea nd o the rO sba lde s ton l a nd s i nS e f ton ( no t e 1 9 ) . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 0 n 22 ) . R icha rd , V icoun t Mo lyneux o f Ma rybo rough , d i ed a tC rox t e th i n1 636 . H e h e ld t h e m ano r s o fS ef ton , N e the r ton a nd L un t ,t he ' f i ve p l ough land sb e ing d e sc r ibed a st h et we lf th p a r to f ak n igh t 's f e e . H ea l so h e ld t h ef o l low ing e s ta t e s : •

mano r so fT hor n ton ,H u lmo r ea nd I n ce B lunde l la nd l a nd st h e r e

•

mano ro fD own l i the r land a nd l a nd st h e re a nd i nL ina c r e( Boo t le ) ,F o rd a nd O r r e l l ( Down l i the r land )

• •

mano ro fL i t t le C ro sby , Moo rhou se s( L i t t le C ro sby ) a nd G r ea tC ro sby mano ro fA in t re ea nd l a nd st h e r e

•

mano r so f Wa l ton a nd F aza l ce r ley a nd a dvow son o ft h ec hu rch o f Wa l ton

• •

t e nemen t s i nK i rkda le /o 4 3 f Maghu l l

•

mano r s( o rp a r t s )o f Me l l ing ,A ugh ton , L yd ia te ,T a rbo ck ,N o r thend

• •

( I nce B lunde l l ) , K i rkby a nd e l sewhe re i nt h eh und red o fL ey land a nd o nt h eF y lde b u rgag e sa nd l a nd s i nL ive rpoo l , We s tD e rby , A sh ton i n Make rf ie ld ,T ox te th a nd Sm i thdown , G o r ehou se s i nA l tca r ,C ron ton a nd e l sewhe r e .

( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 5 n 5 ) . J ohn Mo lyneux o fC opy i nN e the r ton a nd G eo rge B rad ley o f Me l l ing a nd h i s w if e , E l len ( daugh te r o fW i l l iam Mo lyneux l a t eo fN e the r ton )s o ld C opy t ot h eH on . W i l l iam Mo lyneux .

S e f ton ' w a s g ran t ed b y G eof f r ey O sba lde s ton e sq . t oh i s s on , J ohn , a nd h i s w if e , E l izabe th ( Lanc s RU DDM 4 6 /57 ) . I n1 568 J ohn O sba lde s ton w a so ne o ft h e f r ee t e nan t s o fS ef ton ( Lanc s RU DD M 1 2 /30 ) . I n 1 589 t h eE dg e a nd o the r l a nd s w e r e s o ld b y E dwa rd O sba lde s ton a nd h i s s on , J ohn , t o S i r R icha rd Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ( Lanc s RU DDM 4 6 /69 ; F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 7 4 ) .

F ig 9 1 .44a : S ef ton

F ig 9 1 .44b : E dge F a rm

N o . SMR

2 3 A SM 3 499 /25

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

E dge F arm S ef ton S ef ton We s tD e rby S ef ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 400 9 980 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S o l lom A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 6m w e s t f a c ing , o n g en t le d own s lope a tt h e h ead o f t h eR im ro se V a l ley

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 47 x4 3m /2021 m 2 c 12 -20m

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion

P h i lpo t t 1 990 A SM 1 981 ;P h i lpo t t 1 990 i n comp le t e ; s t one r e ve tmen t o n s ou th s i de o f p l a tf o rm 1 7 thC s ma l lho ld ing

B u i ld ing s U se

l ef t 1 769 ( Lanc s RU DDM 1 4 /47 ) ; r i gh t 1 845 ( Lanc s RU DRL 1 / 72 )

P lan s

T he e a r l ie s t k nown r e f e r enc e t o t h e ' Egg e ' a ppea r s i n 1 311 ( Cowe l l & N icho l son 1 99 1 , 1 9 ) . A n e s ta te a t t h e E dge w a s g ran ted t o T homa s Mo lyneux b y h i s f a the r , R icha rd , i n 1 3 15 ; i ti sn o t ed a ga in i n 1 379 ( Lane s RU DD M 4 6 /63 ) a nd i n 1 387 1388 ( Lanc s RU DD M 4 6 /45 ) . H oweve r , i n t h e se g ra nt s i ti sr e f e r red t oa s ' ap l ac e o fl a nd ' a nd t h e r e i sn o s ugge s t ion t ha t am e s s i lage w a s i n c luded . I n 1 46 1 ' a m e s suage c a l led t h e E gge i n

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

3 39

c e r ta in

w e t 1 769 s u r f a ce w a te r ? n o r th ea s t

c l6m OD

L anc s RU DDM 1 4 /47 , 1 769 @ 9s t a t p e rche s=3 1 4" / ; DRL 1 / 72 , 1 845 @ 3c ha in s= 1 " ; A SM M i lne 1 981 @ 1 : 500 ;P h i lpo t t 1 991a , f i g7 F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ; L ew i s 1 982c ; S tann ing e d . 1 89 1 ; P h i lpo t t 1 99 1a

C a ta logue : SEFTON , NETHERTON & LUNT p rox im i ty t o t h e h a l l t hough e v idence f o r n uc lea ted s e t t lemen t , i se n t i re ly l a ck ing . T he s i te w a s d e sc r ibed a s a' f euda l c as t le ' i n 1 893 ( Ca roe & G o rdon 1 893 , 5 1) b u t t h i s s e em s t ob e a n t iqua r ian w h im sy a nd t h e r e i sn o

T he B a ron f am i ly w e r e t e nan t s o f t h e Mo lyneuxe s i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . L aw rence B a ron p e t i t ioned f o r r e in s ta temen t i n 1 653 a tw h ich t ime t wo t h i rd s o f ' a t e nemen t c a l led t h e E dge ' h ad b een s eque s te r ed f o r t h e r e cu sancy o f h i s g randf a the r , L aw r ence B a ron ( S tann ing e d . 1 891 , 1 45 1 50 ) . D u r ing t h e g randf a the r ' s t ime t h e p l a ce w a s i nd iv ided o ccupa t ion . J ame sJ ohn son a nd H en ry T a t lock w e r e ' s e iz ed o fa nd i na l t h e h ou se s a nd b u i ld ing s a bove t h e l owe r ' f f lowe r ' , t wo b aye s o ft h e s h ippon a tt h e s ou th e nd t h e reof , t wo b ay e s o ft h e b a rn a tt h e s ou th e nd t h e reof , t h e o ne h a lf o f t h e k i ln , a l t h e g a r r e t t s a nd t h e s e rvan t s ' c hambe r , a l t h e h ayhou se a tt h e e nd o ft h e s a id g a r r e t t s , t h e h a lf o ft h e c a r thou se a nd t h e c a l fbou se ' a nd n amed f i e ld s , t og e the rw i th ' o ne h a lf o ft h e c ou r t s a nd l i be r t ie s b e long ing t o t h e s a id c ap i ta l m e s suage , l a nd s a nd p rem i se s , t o t h e u se o f t h e s a id L aw r ence f o r l i f e . .a nd i n a l t h e r e s t a nd r e s idue o f t h e s a id c ap i ta l m e s suage t ot h e u se a nd b ehoof o ft h e s a id W i l l iam B a ron a nd A l ice h i s w if e d u r ing t h e l i f e o ft h e s a id L aw r ence . ' Emm e A yne swo r th o ccup ied a ' l i t t le h ou se a nd y a rd ' , w i th h a lf o f t h e g r ea t H emp y a rd . H en ry A in swo r the 's p roba t e i n ven to ry ( Lanc s RO WC W H en ry A yn swo r th 1 603 ) make s r e f e renc e t o ab a rn , ' f l e she a tt h e r ouf e ' , t h e b u t te ry , k i tchen a nd c hambe r( Cow e l l &N icho l son 1 99 1 ,2 1-22 ) .

e v idence f o ra ny f o r t if ica t ion s .

W i l l iam B a ron w a s d ead i n 1 633 ; h i s p roba t e i n ven to ry i n c lude s h ou seho ld g ood s b u t ab u t t e ry i st h e o n ly r oom s pec if ica l ly m en t ioned ( Lane s RO WC W W i l l iam B a ron 1 633 ; C ow e l l & N icho l son 1 991 , 2 3 -24 ) . I n 1 664 L aw r enc e B a ron ' s h ou se w a s a s se s sed f o r 5h ea r th s b u t i n 1 666 h e a nd h i s mo the r , A l ice , w idow o f W i l l iam B a ron , p a id f o r 6 h ea r th s ( PRO E / 179 /250 / 11 ;F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 7 4n 3 ) . A moa t i ss hown o n ap l an o f1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /47 ; f i g 9 1 .44b ) . I t c omp le te ly s u r rounded t h e h ou se a nd t h e r e w a s ab r idge o r c au seway o ve r t h e e a s t a rm . O u tbu i ld ing s s t ood o u t s ide t h e p l a t f o rm . F i e ld n ame s C row O r cha rd a nd L i t t le ,G r ea ta nd F u r the rC oney G r eave a l so l a yc l o se t ot h es i te a nd h ad b e en n o ted i nt h e p e t i t ion o f 1 653 . N ea r e r a nd F u r the r B r ick K i ln H ey , w h ich c on ta ined w a te r -f i l led p ond s , may h ave s upp l ied b r ick f o r t h e h ou se a nd o u tbu i ld ing s , i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry i fn o te a r l ie r . T he moa t s u rv ive s a so ne w a t e r -f i l led p ond , w i th as t one r e ve tmen t , o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h ep l a t f o rm ( Cowe l l &N icho l son 1 99 1 , f i g 7 ) . E l sewhe r e , t h e l i ne o ft h e moa t i se i the r t r e e -cove red o r t h e t r e e s , w h ich w e r e s t and ing w hen t h es i te w a s s u rveyed i n1 98 1 , w e r e g rubbed o u td u r ing 1 990 . A tt h i s t ime at r ench w a s e xcava ted b y m a ch ine i na n a t t emp t t oc on t ro l p rob lem s o ff l ood ing a round t h e h ou se a nd t h e o ppo r tun i ty w a s t a ken t or e co rd t h e

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

S ef ton O ld H a l l S ef ton S ef ton We s tD e rby S ef ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 566 0 115 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s ton e B ou lde rc l ay A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

A l t i tud e T opog raphy

8 m f l a tg round ;4 00m w e s to fc hu rch

P lan

s i ng le i n1 769 b u ta e r ia lp ho tog raph a nd c on tou r p l an i nd ica te m ay h ave b een amu l t ip le c omp lex

F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

r e c tangu la r c 70 x5 0m /5600m 2 b u tp os s ib ly mo re e x ten s ive 1 8 -25m + 1 .5m w e t 1 769 ? spr ing o rs t r eam a s soc ia ted w i th w a te r rn i l l

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s

T y r e r 1 956 196 1 A SM 1 982 p a r t ly d e s t roy ed b y 1 964 r oad p re 14 thC ; ? l6 thC ;p a r td emo l i shed c 1719 ; f i na l ly d i sman t led a f t e r 1 817

U se

p a s tu r e

P lan s

L anc s RO DDM 1 4 /47 , 1 769 @ 9s t a tp e rche s= 31 /" 4 ; DRL 1 / 72 , 1 845 @ 3 c ha in s =I " ; AS M M i lne 1 982 @ 1 : 1000 L iv RO B inn sC o l lF F69 v o l 1 ,9 1 1 ;f i g7 1 C a roe & G o rdon 1 893 ;G i l low 1 907 ; L ew i s 1 978 ;T y r e r 1 968 , 1 970 , 1 972 p a s s im

w e s t b r idge w i th s t one f ounda t ion s ; ? i nne rg a tehou se p o s s ib le 1 2 thC p a l i sade c 9m OD

T he h a l l i ss a id t od a te f r om 1 372 ( L ew i s 1 978 , 5 3 ) . Ap a rk , w h ich a ppea r s t oe nc lo se b o th c hu r ch a nd h a l l ,w a ss hown o nL o rd B u rgh ley ' s map o f1 590

c l ay . T h i sf e a tu r eh ad as t eep ly s l op ing e dge a nd c on ta ined t wo d i s t inc tf i l l s . T he u ppe rmo s tw a s s im i la rt ot ha t i nt r ench A a nd o ve r lay ac l eane rc l ayey l a y e r . T hough n e i the r t h e n o r the rn n o r e a s te rn e dge s o ft h e moa t w e r e i d en t if ied i ti s mo s t l i ke ly t ha t t h e f e a tu r e a nd i t s l ow e r f i l l r ep r e sen t e v idenc e f o r t h e moa t . Map e v idence s how s t ha tt h i s p a r t o ft h e moa t w a s f i l led i n t h e p e r iod b e twe en 1 769 a nd 1 845 ( f ig 9 1 .44b ) . T he p r e sen t h ou se , w h ich s t and s o n t h e w e s ter n s i de o f t h e p la tf o rm , c on ta in s a s and s tone p l in th o f p o s s ib le 1 7 th -cen tu ry d a te ; p robab ly i tw a s e x t en s ive ly r e bu i l t i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd t h e h ou se w a s e x tended i n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . T race s o fs t one b u i ld ing s h ave b een n o t ed d u r ing b u i ld ing o p e ra t ion s i n t h e y a rd o u t s ide t h e h ou se . T he f a rm b u i ld ing s , i n c lud ing a s ma l l c ruck -f ramed b a rn , l a y o u t s ide t h e p l a tf o rm ( L ew i s 1 982c , 5 9 -60 )w e r e d emo l i shed i nt h ee a r ly 1 980 ' s .

c e r ta in

A SM 3 50 1/6

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

e v idenc e a r cha eo log ica l ly i n t wo t r enche s o n t h e n o r th s i de o f t h e h ou se ( Ph i lpo t t 1 99 1a , 1 2 15 ) . T he f i r s t( A )w a sc u ti n to ad eep d epo s i to fc oa l a sh a nd c l inke r w h ich c on ta ined a l a rge p ropo r t ion o f 1 9 th c en tu ry ma te r ia l . T he s econd ( B )e xpo sed al a rge n ega t ive f e a tu r ec u ti n to t h e n a tu ra l b ou lde r

8 3

N o . SMR

( G i l low 1 907 ) a nd t h e r ew a s ac a tho l ic c hap e l ' a t tached t ot h i s o l d m an s ion . d own t o 1 780 ' ( Ca roe & G o rdon 1 893 , 5 1) . P o s s ib ly t h i s l a yw e s to ft he h a l l a nd i sr e p r e sen t ed b y o ne o f t h e b u i ld ing s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d eme sne e nc lo su r e c a l led C hape l G a rden i n 1 769 ( Lane s RO DDM 1 4 /47 ; f i g 9 1 .44c ) . T he h ou se w a s p lunde r ed i n t h e 1 640 ' s b u t t h e e x t en t o f d amage i sn o t k nown ( Lew i s 1 978 , 5 4 ) . I n 1 666 t h e r e w e r e 3 3 h ea r th s a tt he h a l l ( L ew i s 1 978 , 5 4 ) b u t i n 1 719 i t s e em s t o h ave b een p a r t ly d i sman t led w hen f i t t ing sf r om t h eh a l l w e r eb ough t b y N icho la s B lunde l l o fL i t t le C ro sby ( qv ) ( Ty r e r 1 970 ,2 58 , 2 60 ) . S ubd iv i s ion o f t h e p l a tf o rm i n to ' c ou r t s ' i s s ugge s ted o n t h e 1 769 p l an ( f ig 9 1 .44c ) . A b u i ld ing o n t h e n o r th ea s t c o rne r o f t h e p l a t f o rm w a s s t i l l s t and ing a nd may b e t h e s ame a s t h a t

a l l F ig 9 1 .44c : S ef ton O ld H ( Lanc s RO DD M 1 4 /47 )

S ef ton O ld H a l lw a st h eh ome o ft h e Mo lyneux f am i ly f r om a tl e a s tt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry u n t i l t h ey m oved i nt h e m id 16 th c en tu ry , i fn o t e a r l ie r , t o make C rox te th H a l l , n ea r L ive rpoo l , t h e i r p r inc ipa l r e s idence . H oweve r , s i nce R icha rd Mo lyneux w a s g ran ted l a nd s t o ma in ta in t h e h ou se i n 1 545 i t a ppea r s t ha t i tc on t inued i no ccupa t ion . U n l ike o t he r l o ca l m oa ted s i te s i n l a y o wne r sh ip , h e r e t h e p a r i sh c hu rch , r e c to ry a nd w a te rm i l l a r e i n c l o se

i lu s t ra ted i n t h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry l ( B inn s C o l lec t ion F F69 v o l 1 , 9 1 ; f i g 7 1) . I fs o , i ts e em s t o b e o f l a t e 1 6 th o r 1 7 th -cen tu ry d a te a nd s omewha t s im i la r t o t h e s u r v iv ing r ema in s o f B ew sey O ld H a l l , B u r tonwood ( qv ) . L oo se ec to ry 1 769 masonry s e en o n t h e p l a tf o rm s uppo r t s t h e d a t e a nd R ( Ca roe & G o rdon 1 893 , 5 0 -56 ) . T he h a l l i ss a id t o h ave s u rv ived a s af a rmhou se u n t i l 1 817 a tw h ich t ime i tw a sd e sc r ibed a ss t one -bu i l tt h ough c omp le te ly c ove r ed i ni v y . I th ad o n ly o ne g ab le a nd af l igh to fs t ep s , w h ich w e r e b e l ieved o r ig ina l ly t oh ave

3 40

1

Ia m g ra tef u l t o M r D on H igham f o r d r aw ing my a t ten t ion t o t h i s i l u s t ra t ion .

C a ta logue : SEFTON , NETHERTON & LUNT h a s b een n o ted a tS peke H a l l ( q v ) . A l so a tB ew sey O ld H a l l , B u r tonwood ( qv ) i t s e em s t ha t ad i tch w a s f i l led w i th 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd e a r l ie r d ebr i s w hen t h e p l a t f o rm w a s e x t ended t o a low e xpan s ion o ft h eh ou se . A l though

t h e

s i te

w a s

e x t en s ive ly

mu t i la t ed i n1 964 b yt h e c on s t ruc t ion o f ar oad , a e r ia l p ho tog raph s a nd ar e cen t c on tou r s u rvey ( f ig 9 1 .44e ) s ugge s t t ha t i tm ay h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th amo r e e x ten s ive s y s tem o f d i tche s . H ow eve r , l o ca l i n f o rman t st e l l o ft r ench d i gg ing i n t h e 1 940 ' s . Q uan t i t ie s o f p o s t -med ieva l

F ig 9 1 .44d : S ef ton O ld H a l l 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 72 ) b e en i n s ide t h e b u i ld ing . T he l ow e r s t o rey w a s ' qu i t e d i sman t led , n e i the r d oo r s n o t g l a s s e x is t ing ' ( Ca roe & G o rdon , 1 893 , 5 1 ) .

F ig 9 1 .44f : E xcava ted f e a tu res ( a f te r L ew i s 1 978 , 6 1)

P a r t o ft h e p l a tf o rm w a s e xcava ted i nt h e l a t e 1 950 ' s ( f ig 9 1 .44 1 ) a nd a n a t t emp tt oi n t e rp r e tt h ee v idenc eh a s b e en made ( L ew i s 1 978 ) . T he p l a tf o rm w a s c ove r ed w i th al a ye ro fm ixed s and a nd c l ay t o ad ep th o f 3f e e t . O nt h e e v idence o fp o t t e ry f ound i no ne o ft h r ee p o s tho le s a tt h ee dge o ft h e moa ta 1 2 th -cen tu ry p a l i sade w a s p ropo sed . A s t ruc tu r e i n t h e c en t r e o f t h e p l a tf o rm ( Bu i ld ing 2 ) may h ave b een c on t empo ra ry w i th t h e p o s tho le s a nd w a s o ve r la in w i th ma t e r ia l s a id t o c on ta in a 1 4 th -cen tu ry i r on v e s se l . P o s s ib ly t h i s b u i ld ing w a s ag a t ehou se t o a n i n ne r c ou r t . S and s tone s t anch ion s f o r ad rawb r idge w e r e f ound i nt h e c en t r e o ft he s ou th -we s t a rm o f t h e moa t a nd m ay h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th a s t one r e ve tmen t . A c obb led s u r f a ce , o f p o s t 16 th c en tu ry d a te , r an f r om t h e b r idg e t owa rd s B u i ld ing 2 .Aw e l l s e t o ve r an a tu ra l s p r ing h ad b een r epa i red i nt h e p o s t m ed ieva l p e r iod . Ab r ick b u i ld ing ( Bu i ld ing 1 )o n t h e e dge o ft h e p l a tf o rm , w a s s e t o n s and s tone f ounda t ion s , t hough t b y t h e e xcava to r s t od a t e f r om b ef o r e t h e 1 4 th c en tu ry s i nce t h ey o ve r lay ad i tch w h ich w a s s uppo sed t o h ave b een s i l t ed u p b yt ha tt ime . H ow eve rt h ed a te o f moa t d igg ing w a s n o t c l ea r ly e s tab l i shed a nd i ts e em s t ha t t h e p la tf o rm h ad b een e x t ended a s a r e su l t o fd redg ing i nt h e 1 6 th o r 1 7 th c en tu ry . T he b u i ld ing w a s s hown o n t h e 1 769 p l an a nd m ay b e t ha t i lu s t ra ted ( f ig 7 1) . P a r t o fi tw a s , p e rhap s , t h e ' s e l le r 'v i s i t ed b yN icho la sB lunde l l i n1 707 a nd 1 712 ( Ty r e r 1 968 , 1 29 ; 1 970 , 3 0 ) . N ew b u i ld ing i nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry o ve ra n e a r l ie r b ack f i l led d i tch

p o t t e ry w e r e r e cove red f r om t h e d u r ing t h e 1 964 r oadwo rk sb u tf ew f r om t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s s u rv ived a nd , i n many c a se s , e xcava ted p rovenanc ei sd ub iou s .

moa t f i nd s h ave t h e i r

I n s t a tu s t h e s i te i sa mong s t t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t i n t h e h und red . I n i t s p rox im i ty t ot h e c hu rch i th a s s ome s im i la r i ty t o Mo t eH i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( qv ) t hough ,u n l ike Mo te H i l l , ap r e -Conque s to r ig in s e em su n l ike ly .

N o . SMR

8 4 A SM 3 50 1 /

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

S ef ton R ec tory S ef ton S ef ton We s tD e rby R ec to r ia l

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 550 0 111 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay A s t ley H a l lA s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 m e a s tf a c ing s l ope ; 6 00m w e s to fc hu r ch

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 40 x4 5r n / 1800m2 c 8m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s : P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

p robab le

w e t 1 769 s ou th b r idg e 1 769

d e s t royed 1 7 thC ; 1 8 thC o r cha rd 1 769 ;n ow c ove r ed w i th modem h ou se s L ane s RO DDM 1 4 /47 , 1 769 @ 9s t a tp e r che s = 31 / 4" F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ;T y re r 1 968 , 1 972

T he f i r s t r e c to r S ef ton i sr e co rded i n 1 203 a nd i ts e em s l i ke ly t ha t S ef ton p a r i sh w a s c r ea t ed c 1194 . I n 1 666 t h e r e c to ry h ad 1 4 h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 6 4 ) . S ome r e nova t ion s o rr e bu i ld ing a tt h e p a r sonage a r e r e f e r red t oi n 1 703 w hen N icho la s B lunde l l o fL i t t le C ro sby n o ted t ha t ' Pa r son R ichmond w i shed h e h ad p u l led d own mo r e o ft h e P a r son idg o f S eph ton ' ( Ty r e r 1 968 , 3 2 ) . A n o r cha rd i si mp l ied i n 1 722 w hen B lunde l l r e co rded t h e g r a f t ing o f o ne o f h i s p ea r t r e e s w i th a ' P ea r f r om t h e P a r sonag e o fS ef ton ' a nd a t aS ale ' a tt h e p a r sonage i n1 723 h e p u r cha sed s ome ' o ld S la t e s ' ( Ty r e r 1 972 , 7 2 , 1 00 ) . An ew r e c to ry w a s b u i l t i n 1 723 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 6 2 ) . T he s i t e i ss hown o nt h e 1 769 p l an ( Lane s RO DD M 1 4 /47 ; f i g9 1 .44c )a sa w a te r -f i l led d i tch e nc lo s ing a tl e a s t t wo s i de s o f a n o rcha rd . I ts t and s o n g l ebe l a nd as ho r td i s tance t ot h en o r th o fS ef ton O ld H a l l . A l l t h e b u i ld ing s a r e o u t s ide t h e e a s t a rm o ft h e m oa t . T he s i t e h a s n ow b e en d eve loped w i th mode r n h ou s ing a nd t h e r e i sn ot r ac eo f amoa t .

F ig 9 1 .44e : S ef ton O ld H a l lc on tou rs u rvey 1 982 ( AS M ) 3 41

C a ta logue : SPEKE T enure

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ff ee / S upe r io rL ord

2c a ruca te s

K ing E dwa rd

U c t red

R oge rG eme t

R icha rd d e Mo lyneux

f r e em a r r iage

2c a ruca t e s /S 2 1 peke

1k n igh t 's f e e

2c a ruca te s

1 066 1 c 1170 2

f r ee m a r r iag e

p r e 1 206 1 212 4 1 213 1246 4 p o s t 1 247 6

/S 2 1 peke l a nd s &w ood s i nv i i io fS peke

1 252 /

2c a ruca te s

S er v ice/ r en t

W i l l iam d eH a se lwe l l R icha rd d e Mu l ina s A dam d e Mo lyneux

R oge rd e Mo lyneux o fL i t t le C ro sby

W i l l iam d e Mo lyneux R og e rG eme t

P a t r ick d eH a se lwe l l R oge rd e Mo lyneux

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1 978 , 2 69c ) . T he v a lue w a s 6 4d . S peke w a s o ne o f1 7v i l l s h e ld b y U c t red i n We s t D e rby i n 1 066 . I tw a s i n c luded a mong s tt h e d eme sne v i l l s o f R og e r o fP o i tou a f t e r t h e r e s to ra t ion o fh i s e s ta te s i n 1 088 ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 0 ) a nd w a s s ub sequen t ly g i ven t ot h e F o re s t F e e h e ld b y t h e G eme t f am i ly o f w h ich t h ef i r s tk nown l o rd o fS peke w a sR oge rG eme t( F a ir e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 32 ) . I ns ou th L anca sh i r et h ev i l l so f Wh i s ton ( q v ) , S k e lme r sda le a nd P a r rw e r ea l so a t ta ched t ot h eF o re s tF ee .

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( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,6 7n 9 , 1 32 ) . Two c a ruca te sw e r eg i ven b yR oge rG eme t ,m a s te rf o r e s te rc 1140 1170 ,t oR icha rd d e Mo lyneux , l o rd o ft h ef e e o fS ef ton (p ) i nf r e em a r r iage w i th o ne o fG eme t ' sd augh t e r s .

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( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 ) . B ef o r e 1 206 h a lf o fS peke h ad b een g ran ted i nf r ee m a r r iag e w i th R icha rd d e Mo lyneux ' s d augh t e r t oW i l l iam d e H a se lw e l l o fW ir ra l . ( Fa r r e re d 1 903b ,4 3 ; S haw 1 956 , 3 4 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 ) . T he o t he r h a lf o fS peke s e em s t oh ave b een g ran t ed b y A dam Mo lyneux t oh i s y ounge r s on , R oge r , w ho a l so h ad r e c e ived L i t t le C ro sby ( q v ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 ) . O n t h e f r e e m a r r iage o fh i s d augh te r , J oan , w i th R obe r t , s on o fR icha rd Emey s o fC he s t e r , W i l l iam d e Mo lyneux o f S ef ton g ran ted Emey s a l h i s l a nd s a nd w ood i nt h e v i i i o fS peke w i th t h e h omage s , w a rd s a nd r e l ief s o ft h e h e i r s o fP a t r ick d e H a se lw e l l a nd R og e r d e Mo lyneux , b ro the ro ft h eg ran to r . T h i s g ran tw a sc onf i rmed b yR icha rd , s on o fW i l l iam d e Mo lyneux , c 1290 , o rb ef o re t h e d ea th o fR obe r t Emey s ( c 1292 1 293 ) . ( Fa r r e re d 1 903b , 1 88 ; S haw 1 956 , 3 8 ) . I n 1 252 , a f t e rt h e d ea th o fR oge rG eme t , i tw a s r e co rded t ha t h e h e ld 2c a r uca te s i nS peke f r om t h e e a r l o fF e r r e r s b ys e r v ice o ft h ef o r e s tw h ich W i l l iam Mo lyneux h e ld i nf r ee ma r r iage a nd R og e rr e ce ived n o th ing f r om t h em . F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 n 6 , 1 33 ) . I n 1 276 t h e se i n d iv idua ls w e r e c ha rg ed w i th d ep r iv ing T hu r s tan d e H o l land o f 1 00 a c re s o fh i s l a nd i nt h e n e ighbou r ing t own sh ip o fH a le ( qv ) . I nc 1275 Man , s on o fA lan l eN o r r ey s o fF o rmby ( q v ) , m a r r ied Ma rge ry , d augh te r o fS i r P a t r ick d e H a se lw e l l . A s d ow ry , S i r P a t r ick g ran t ed h a lf o fh i s p a r t o ft h e ' y in ' o fS peke f o r k n igh t ' s s e r v ice b e long ing t oh a lf ap l ough land . T o h i s o t he r d augh te r , N icho laa , h e g ran t ed t h eo t he rh a lf p l ough land o nh e rm a r r iag ew i th J ohn l eN o r r ey s , ab r o the ro fA lan . A ta bou tt h is t ime G i lbe r tl eN o r r ey sw a s o ve r lo rd i nS u t ton ( q v ) , E cc le s ton ( q v ) a nd R a inh i l l ( q v ) a nd H en ry l eN o r r ey s h ad ma r r ied t h e d augh te r o rg r anddaugh t e ro fW i l l iam , s on o f Ma t thew , s ome t ime l o rd o ft h e s ame f e e . G i lbe r ta nd H en ry w e r es on so fA lan l eN o r r ey so fF o rmby ( qv ) . R oge rG eme t R icha rd d e Mo lyneux d1 213

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( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 n 11) . I n1 282 R obe r t d e Emey s c ame t oa n a g re emen tw i th t h eo t he r l a nd h o lde r s c once rn ing t h e w indm i l l . H er e ce ived at h i rd p a r to fi t . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 33 ) . F o l low ing t h e d ea th i n 1 313 o fP a t r ick , s on o fA lan a nd Ma rge ry , h i s q ua r t e r o fS peke p a s sed t oh i s u nc le , J ohn l e N o r r ey sw ho b ecame s o le p o s se s so ro ft h eH a se lw e l l p o r t ion ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 33 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 39 ) . T he h omag e a nd s e rv ice o ft h e l a ndho lde r s w a s g ran ted b y R icha rd Mo lyneux t oh i s g rand son , J ohn o fL i t t le C ro sby , w i th r ema inde r st oJ ohn ' ss i s te r s , Ma rga r e t ,J oan a nd h e rh e i r s b yA dam , s on o fH en ry d eC ha rnock , E l izabe th a nd Maud , a nd A gne s ' s on s , D av id a nd J ohn B lunde l l . I nt h e s ame y ea r , R icha rd , s on o fR obe r t d e Emey s a nd J oan , m ade a n e xchange o fl a nd s i nS peke w i th J ohn l eN o r r ey s a nd h i s w if e , N icho laa . R icha rd d e L aghok ( a n e s ta te i n W ind le ) o w ed h omage t o R icha rd d e Mo lyneux o f S ef ton i n 1 314 a nd h i s h e i r s o wed t h e s ame i nc 136 1 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 39 ) . ( Fa r r e re d 1 907 , 7 8 ) . W i l l iam d e D ac r e h ad ma r r ied J oan , d augh te r a nd h e i ro fB ened ic t G eme tw ho h ad s u r rende r ed h i s f o re s t r i gh t s i n1 280 . E l sewhe r e , R anu lph , s on o fW i l l iam d e D a c r e , i ss a id t oh ave h e ld S peke , G a r s ton , Wh i s ton a nd P a r r a tt h i s d a t e ( Shaw 1 956 , 4 3 ) . H e a l so h e ld t h e a dvow son o f P r e sco tc hu r ch . I n1 484 L o rd D a c r e , a sn ex to fk i na nd h e i ro fR oge rG eme t ,w a sd e sc r ibed a sc h ief l o rd ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 n 2 ) . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T ho se n amed a sl a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . J ohn l eN o r rey s s e em s t oh ave p l ayed ap a s s ive r o le d u r ing t h e f e ud b e tween t h e H o l land s a nd B rad shaw s t hough h e s t ood s u r e ty o n s eve ra l o cca s ion s f o rm en a ccu sed o fc r ime s c omm i t t ed i ns uppo r t o ft h e H o l land f a c t ion . H e w a s o ne o ft h e u nde r -ba i l if f s o ft h eh und r ed a nd w a s a c cu sed o fe x to r t ion f o rw h ich h ew a s f i ned h a lf ama rk ( Tup l ing p a s s im ) . R oge rA lcok s e em st oh ave h ad l a nd i nO g le t , ah am le ti nS peke ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 40 ) . A t al a te rd a t e t h e Mo s s ley f am i ly g ave h omage a nd s e rv ice t oW i l l iam d e Mo lyneux f o r 1 0 a c re s i nt h re e d if e r en t p l ace s i nS peke a nd af i she ry b e tween Wa l ton b rook a nd L i the b rook . T h i s w a s p robab ly a s ac on sequenc e o f at r an sf e r o f l a nd s b yR icha rd Emey s a nd h i s w if e , J oan , t oA lan d e Mo s s ley a nd E l len , h i s w if e , i n1 334 a nd 1 339 . E l len m ay h ave b een ad augh te ro fR icha rd Emey s ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 n 12 , 1 40 ) . A dam d e l B onk w a s , p e rhap s , r e la ted t oR obe r t d e l B onk a nd R icha rd d e l B onk w ho c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e L ay S ub s idy i nt h e n e ighbou r ing t own sh ip o fH a le ( q v ) . J ohn l eN o r rey s h e ld t h e m ano r o fS peke f o r l i f e f r om R icha rd Emey s ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 ) . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 33 ) . T he se t h r e e m en w e r e p a r ty t oa n a g r eemen tw i th R obe r t d e I r e land , o ne o ft h e l o rd s o fH a le , r e spec t ing t h e b ound s o f t h et wo v i l l s . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 ) . A tt h e e nd o f1 339 R icha rd E rney s g ran ted t oA lan l eN o r r ey s , s on a nd s ucce s so ro fJ ohn a nd N icho laa , a nd t oA lan ' s s on s ,A lan a nd H ugh , f o rl i f e , a l h i s l a nd s i nS pek et oge the rw i th t h er e n t so ft h ef r ee t e nan t s a nd t h et e nan t s a tw i l l . T he s ame s e r v ice o f ar o se a nd £ 40 i n s i lve r a f te rwa rd s w a s a pp l ied ( Fane r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 ) . A lan p u r cha sed a dd i t iona l l a nd s i nS pek e b y e xchange w i th S i r J ohn d e Mo lyneux . I n c 1339 h eg ave h i ss on ,J ohn , a nd h i sh e i r s am e s suage a nd 2o xgang s i nt h et own f ie ld o fS peke ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 33 n 12 ) .

1 6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 9 5 ) . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 33 ) . A lan l eN o r r ey s d i ed a tt h i s t ime a nd w a s s ucce eded b y h i s s on , H en ry , w ho w a s k n igh ted c 1360 . H e a l so e xchanged l a nd sw i th S i rJ ohn Mo lyneux ; S i rJ ohn w a st oh av e 4a c r e s b e tween S peke G r eve s a nd t h e v i l l o fS peke , s a v ing t oS i rH en ry h i sm i l l . I n 1 354 H en ry h ad a g ran to ff r e ew a r r en i na l h i s d eme sne l a nd so fS peke ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 34 ) . I n1 367 t h eB ishop o fL i chf ie ld g ran t ed al i cence t oS i rH en ry l e N o r r ey s f o ra n o ra to ry w i th in h i s m ano rh ou se o fS peke ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 34 n 2 ) . S i rH en ry d i ed i n1 369 a nd w a s s ucc eeded b y h i s s on , S i r J ohn l eN o r r ey s .

1 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 32 , 1 39 ) . S i rJ ohn Mo lyneux d i ed c 136 1 . H omage w a s p a id b yt h e se l a ndho lde r s .

3 43

C a ta logue : SPEKE

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

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( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 39 n 5 ) . H en ry d e C hamock s e em st oh ave h e ld t h e Mo lyneux l o rd sh ip b yv i r tue o ft h e s e t t lemen tm ade i n1 3 14 ( no te 1 ) . H eg ran ted W i l l iam , h i ss on , a nd h i sw if e , Ma rga r e t , a l h i sl a nd sa nd t e nemen t s i nt h ev i i io fS pek e ;J ohn , s on o fH en ry l eN o r r ey sa nd R obe r td eC ha rnock w e r ew i tne s se st ot h ec ha r t e r . T he C ha rnock i n te re s ts u rv ived u n t i lt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry w hen t h ee s ta t es e em st oh av eb een a cqu i r ed b yt h eN o r r i sf am i ly . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 33n2 , 1 34 ) . S i r J ohn l eN o r r ey s d i ed c 1372 l e av ing aw idow a nd t h ree y oung c h i ld r en . R og e r Em ey s , w ho w a s s upe r io r l o rd , i n ter vened i n1 379 o ve rt h e a r rangemen t s made f o rt h ec h i ld r en w ho w e re s t i l lm ino r s . H en ry l eN o r r ey sw a s h e i rt oh a lf o ft h em ano ro fS peke . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 33 , 1 34 ) . S i rH en ry N o r r i sd i ed i n1 431 . H e h ad m a r r ied A l ice , d augh te ro fR oge r Emey s , a nd o nt h ed ea th o fh e rb ro the r , J ohn i nc 1396 ,t h ew ho le o ft h e Emey sp o r t ion o fS peke p a s sed t ot h eN o r r i s f am i ly . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 34n 11) . W i l l iam N o r r i sa r rang ed t h e ma r r iage o fh i s d augh t e r , E l izabe th , i nt h i s y ea r . S ome t ime b ef o r e c 1469 t h em a r r iag e w a s a r ranged b e tween h i s d augh te r , B ea t r ic e , a nd J ohn , s on o fL au rence I r e land , o fL yd ia t e ( qv ) . F rom t h e m a r r iag e a g r eemen t i ts e em s t h a t b o th w e r e m ino r s ( Lew i s &S amue l s 1 990 , 3 1) . T homa s , s on o fW i l l iam N o r r i s , w a s h i s h e i r . T homa s a nd h i sw if e h ad 6o r 7s on s a nd 5d augh te r s a nd T homa s d i ed i n1 487 1488 . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 34 135 ) . I na dd i t ion t ot h em ano r , S i rW i l l iam h ad l a nd s i nS peke a nd i nt h eS i che , i n We s tD e rby , F o rmby a nd O g le t . H e d i ed i n1 506 ; h i sh e i rw a sH en ry N o r r i s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 35 ) . When H en ry N o r r i s d i ed i n1 524 h e h e ld t h e mano ro fS peke , S iche a nd O g le tb y k n igh t s e r v ic ea nd 2p a rce l s o fl a nd i ns ocage f o r 1 8d a l f r om S i r W i l l iam Mo lyneux o fS ef ton . I n 1 5 11 i th ad b een c l a imed t h a t h e h e ld S peke i ns ocage b y f e a l ty ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 35 n 1) . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 39 n 6 ) . I n 1 534 H en ry C ha rnock h e ld l a nd s i ns ocage f r om S i r W i l l iam N o r r i s . I n 1 566 S i r W i l l iam p u rcha sed v a r iou s l a nd s i nS peke f r om T homa sC ha rnock ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 39 n 7 ) . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 35n 13 ) . T hough S i rW i l l iam N o r r i s s ome t ime s l i ved a tB lacon , n ea rC he s te r , S pek ew a s s a id t ob e h i s p r inc ipa l r e s idence . H e made e xchange so fN o r r i sp rope r t ie si nF o rmby ( qv ) , L yd ia t e( qv ) a nd I n ce B lunde l l ( qv ) f o ro t he r s i nG a r s ton a nd e l sewhe r e . H ed i ed i n1 567 1568 . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 35 ) . E dwa rd N o r r i sw a sr e spon s ib le f o rb u i ld ing ac on s ide rab le p o r t ion o fS peke H a l l . H e d i ed i n1 606 . Ma rga r e t , d augh te r o fE dwa rd N o r r i s ,w a st h es e cond w if eo fE dwa rd I r e land o fL yd ia t e( qv )( L ew i s&S amue l s 1 990 ,3 2 ) .

F ig 9 1 .45a : S peke T he h ou se o fJ ohn a nd N icho laa l eN o r r ey s ' a bove t h e C lough ' i sn o ted i n 1 3 14 a nd i sb e l ieved t ol i eo n p a r t o ft h e s i te o ft h e p r e sen t h a l l ( N icho l son 1 983 , 6 ) . Whe the r i th ad b een a t ta ched t ot h e i r q ua r t e r h o ld ing o r t ha t o f P a t r ick l eN o r r ey s ( d 1 313 ) ( a st h eH a se lwe l l h a lf o fS peke )o rw a s i n c luded i nt h e e xchang e o fl a nd s b e tw een R icha rd Emey s a nd J ohn l eN o r r ey s a nd N icho laa i n1 314 i sn o tk nown .

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P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le 1 781 ; p o s s ib ly m o r ec omp lex r e c tangu la r 1 781 c 50 x4 0m / c2000m 2 c 20m 3 . 3m w e t 1 78 1 s t r eam n o r th a nd e a s t 2b r idge s /ga tehou se 1 598

E xcava t ion S u rvey

H igg in s 1 98 11982 ;L ew i s 1 989 L ew i s 1 988 ; N o t t ingham U n iv e r s i ty T r ee -R ing D a t ing L abo ra to ry 1 99 1 i n comp le te ; d ry ? med ieva l ; 1 530 1598 ; 1 9C e x t en s ion s N a t iona lT ru s t ,o pen t ot h e p ub l ic

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P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s

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c e r ta in

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A dd i son 1 781 ( p r iva te c o i l )@ ' As ca le o fS ix ty P o le s 8y a rd se ach ' ; L iv RU K ,B enn i son 1 825 ; H igg in s 1 992 ; L ew i s 1 992 F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ;G ame r&S t ra t ton 1 9 11 ; G reg son 1 8 17 1824 ; P h i l ip s 1 893 ; P i c to r ia lH i s to ry 1 844 ;T ay lo r 1 884 ,p l a te XXV I A shmo r e 1 969 , C ou sen s 1 994 ;F a r r e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; H igg in s 1 992 ;H owa rd e ta l 1 992 ; L ew i s 1 988a , 1 992 ;N icho l son 1 983 ; S ax ton 1 945 , 1 946 ; T ibb le s 1 982

T he L ay S ub s idy r o l l , 1 332 , s how s t ha t J ohn l eN o r r ey s w a s r e s id en t i n S peke a t t ha t d a t e . H i s c on t r ibu t ion w a s l a rge r t h an t h a t o f a ny o t he r r e s iden t a nd i tm ay b e a s sumed t ha t h e o ccup ied ad we l l ing o fs ome l o ca l s i gn if icanc e . I n 1 367 t h e B i shop o fL ichf ie ld g ran ted al i c ence t oS i rH en ry l e N o r r ey s f o r a n o ra to ry w i th in h i s m ano r h ou s e o f S peke ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 34 n 2 ) . Ar e n ta l o fc 1385 n o te st wo r o om s a tt h ee nd o ft h e h a l l o n t h e w e s t , ab am a tt h e w e s t e nd a nd ak i ln ( N icho l son 1 983 , 6 ) . I n 1 468 t h eh a l l i sn o t ed i n ar e n ta l o fT homa sN o r r i s .

F ig 9 1 .45b : S peke H a l l 1 781 ; n o s ca le ( ba sed o n A dd i son 1 781 ; s e eN icho lson 1 983 , f i g3 ) 3 44

C a ta logue : SPEKE

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I

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F ig 9 1 .45c : C on jec tu ra l a r rangemen tb ef o re 1 530

F ig 9 1 .45f : G round p l an o fS peke H a l l , 1 598 a nd l a te r ( ba sed o nF a r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 )

f i ne o fe ar l ie r moa t?

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I t

f : 9 1 V -•

l o rd sh ip [ S i r ]W i l l iam N o r r i sI S i rW i l l iam N o r r i sI S i rW i l l iam N o r r i sI

1 598

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n od a t e

T hough i th a s b e en t hough tt ha t t h ee a r l ie s tp a r to ft h ep re sen tb u i ld ing w a s n o tr a i sed u n t i l a f t e r 1 490 i nt h et ime o fS i rW i l l iam No r r i s a nd t ha th i s s on a nd s ucce s so r , H en ry , r emode l led t h eG rea tH a l la nd a dded t h eP a r lou rw ing ( N icho lson 1 983 , 6 ; f i g 9 1 .45d ) t h i s i s n o t n ow b o rne o u t b y t h e a r cha eo log ica l e v idence ' ( H igg in s 1 992 ; L ew i s 1 988a , 1 992 ; N icho lson 1 983 ; f i g 9 1 .45c ) . A l though t h e d raw ing room w ing a tt h e e a s t e nd o ft h e h a l l t og e the rw i th ah ea t ed b ay a tt h e s ou th -w e s te nd o ft h e G r ea t H a l l may b e o ft h e i rt ime , d end roch rono log ica l d a t ing h a s s hown t ha tt imbe r s u sed t o r a i se t h eG rea tH a l l w e r ef e l led i n1 529 1530 2.T he P a r lou rw a sr a i sed i nt h e f o l low ing y ea ra nd ,s ome 1 4y ea r so rs ol a t e r , i nc 1544 , c ame t h ew e s tr a nge ( f ig s 9 1 .45d -e ) . T h i s m ay h ave b een r a i sed o n e a r l ie r f ounda t ion s ( N icho l son 1 983 , 7 )b u t e xcava t ion s i nt h e b i l l ia rd r oom , a tt h e n o r th -we s t c o rne r o f t h e h a l l , e xpo sed a d i tch i nf i l led w i th a tl e a s t 3 . 3m o f ma t e r ia l d a t ing f r om t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry t ot h ef i r s th a lf o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . T he l owe s t f i l l c on ta ined b and s o f s i l t s a nd w h i te r s and i n d ica t ive o fr unn ing w a t e r ; a bove t he se , d eepe r s i l t d epo s i t s w i th w eed a nd t r e e r oo t s i ns i tu s howed t h a t t h e c hanne l h ad b ecome o ve rg rown a r ound s t and ing p oo ls o f w a t e r ( H igg in s 1 992 ) . T he d i tch ,w h ich i st hough t t or e p r e sen t p a r t o fa n e a r ly m oa t ed e nc lo su r ea s soc ia ted w i th b u i ld ing sw h ich l a yt ot h e s ou th , w a s u sed

e a s tr ange 0 1

1

e s t ima t ed f e l l ing d a t e 1 529 1530 1 53 1 c 1544

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F ig 9 1 .45e : C on jec tu ra lp l an , 1 530 -1545 3 45

E x ten s ive r e pa i r s t o t h e h a l l ( 1977 1989 ) p rov ided a n o ppo r tun i ty f o r a r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion a tt h e n o r th e nd o ft h e w e s t r a nge a nd i nt h e e a s t c ou r tya rd t o ge the r w i th d e ta i led s t ruc tu ra l s u rvey a nd r e co rd ing o f t h e e a s t r a nge . R eco rd ing c on t inue s a s p a r t s o ft h e h ou se a r e o pened u p f o rr e pa i ra nd m a in t enance ( L ew i s ,o ngo ing ) . Ap rog ramme o fd end roch rono log ica l s amp l ing w a s c a r r ied o u t i n 1 99 1 ( Howa rd e ta l 1 992 , 5 3 , 5 6 ) . S amp le sw e r et a ken f r om r oof t imbe r s i nt h e G r ea t H a l l , P a r lou r , w e s t r a ng e , t h e n o r ther nmo s t b ay o ft h e e a s t r ange a nd f r om ac r uck f r ame i n ar a ng ew h ich e x t ended a c ro s st h es ou th s i de o f t h e o u te r c ou r tya rd . T he d a t ing r e su l t s c onf i rmed o ve ra l l t h e s t ruc tu ra l e v idence f o r as equenc e o f b u i ld ing s s t a r t ing w i th t h e G r ea t H a l l a nd e nd ing w i th t h e c omp le t ion o f t h e e a s t a nd n o r th r ange s . W i th in t h i s s e quenc e , h ow eve r ,t h es t ruc tu ra l h i s to ry o ft h eh ou se i sf a r mo r ec omp lex a nd f i na l i n t e rp r e ta t ion i sa wa i t ed ( L ew i s , o ngo ing ) .

C a ta logue : SPEKE a s ad ump f o r a n ima l b one s a nd o y s t e r s h e l ls a nd o t he r w a s te m a te r ia l , i n c lud ing p o t te ry , r o of s l a te s a nd p o t te ry r i dge t i l e s . Two p ha se s o f b u i ld ing s w e r e i d en t if ied b e low t h e c o r r ido r o ft h e w e s t r a nge . T he e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e h ad a s l a t e r o of ; t h e s e cond h ad o ne o f s a nd s ton e s l ab s . O ccupa t ion d eb r i sw a s f o und b e low t h e e a r l ie rb u i ld ing a nd w a s b e l ieved t o r e p re sen tl e ve l l ing o rc on so l ida t ion o fa n a r ea s ub jec tt od amp a nd f l ood ing .

T he n o r th e nd o ft h e w e s t r a nge w a s s ub jec t t o s e t t lemen t s oon a f t e r i t s c on s t ruc t ion . T he w e s t w a l l o ft h e b i l l ia rd r o om w a s s e t a ga in s t t h e e dge o f t h e p r e sen t m oa t a nd t h e g r ound w a s l e ve l led u p i n s ide . A s e r ie s o f b u t t re s se s a l ong t h ew e s tw a l l a r e s im i la rt os ome a tt h e d oveco te i nt h e e a s t c ou r tya rd ( s ee b e low ) . T he re i se v idence f o r p a r t ia l c o l lap se o ft h e r o of a t t h e n o r th e nd o ft h e e a s t r a nge ; p o s s ib ly t h i s a l so i n d ica te s c on s t ruc t ion o n u n s tab le g round A rcha eo log ica l s u r vey a nd r e co rd ing o ft h e e a s t r a nge s how ed t h a t i tw a s b u i l t i ns e ve ra l p ha se s . C h rono log ica l ly , t h e e a r l ie s t p ha se i sr e p r e sen t ed i n ac r uck -f r amed b u i ld ing , o fa tl e a s t t h r ee b ay s , p robab ly o pen t ot h e r o of w i th ah ea r th a tg r ound l e ve l . T he b u i ld ing i sm o r e o rl e s s a l igned w i th t h e G r ea t H a l l b u t i ts e em s u n l ik e ly t h a t t h e t wo s t ruc tu re s w e r e j o ined . T he c r uck b u i ld ing m ay h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th o t he r s , r e co rded b e low t h e p r e sen t e a s t c ou r tya rd s u r f ace a nd w h ich r a n t owa rd s t h e d oveco t e ( L ew i s 1 992 ) . T he se w e r e n o t d ep ic ted o n A dd i son ' s m ap ( f ig 9 1 .45b ) a nd i ti s a s sumed t h a tt h ey h ad b een d emo l i shed b y 1 781 . T he ma in p a r t o ft h e e a s t r a nge w a s b u i l t i nt h r ee p ha se s , e x tend ing n o r thwa rd s , a nd w a s c omp le t ed t oj o in t h e n o r th r a nge i n1 598 . Two ma s s ive p r o jec t ing s and s tone c h imney s t a ck s w e r e t h en r a i sed a ga in s t t h e o u te r w a l l o ft h e e a s t r a ng e ; t h e s pac e b e twe en t h em w a s f i na l ly f i l led a sw a s t h en o r th ea s t a ng le o ft h e r a ng e ( f ig 9 1 .45f ) . L ike h i s d i s tan t r e la t ive a nd c on tempo ra ry a tL yd ia te H a l l ( q v ) , L au r enc e I r e land , S i r W i l l iam N o r r i s Iw a s c onc e rned w i th e xchange s o f l a nd a nd a nd c on so l ida t ion o fh i s e s ta te s . T he c on s t ruc t ion o fL yd ia t e H a l l h a s b een d a ted t ot h e 1 540 sb u t , u n l ike S peke , L yd ia t ew a s r a i sed i n as i ng le p ha se o f b u i ld ing ( Lew i s &S amue l s 1 990 , 3 1 , 3 5 ) . S i r W i l l iam 's w o rk s m ay i np a r t h ave b een am an if e s ta t ion o fh i s n ew s t a tu s f i r s t w i th ak n igh thood i n1 53 1 a nd t h en a s Membe r o fP a r l iamen t f o r L ive rpoo l i n 1 544 ( Cou sen s 1 994 , 3 6 ) . T hey m ay a l so h ave b een ar e spon se t o am o r e p rac t ica l n eed -t w ice m a r r ied , S i rW i l l iam w a sf a the ro f1 9c h i ld r en ! W i th c omp le t ion o f t h e e a s t a nd n o r th r a nge s t h e c ou r tya rd p l an w a s a ch ieved b y E dwa rd N o r r i s ( d 1 606 ) . O ve rt h e g a tehou se p o rch h e p r oud ly d ec la r ed ' T h i sw o rke t wen ty -f ive y a rd s l o ng w a s w ho l ly b u i lded b yE dw : N : E sq : Mo . 1 598 ' . D e ta i led i n ven to r ie s ( 1624 a nd 1 700 ) h ave b een p ub l i shed ( Sax ton 1 945 , 1 946 ; A shmo r e 1 959 ) . Mod if ica t ion o ft h e f e ne s t ra t ion a l ong t h e i n ne r c ou r tya rd w a l l o f t h e e a s t r a ng e m ay a l so h ave b een p a r t o f E dwa rd w o rk s t op r e sen t a n i mp re s s ion o fu n if o rm i ty w i th in t h e c ou r tya rd .

3 46

O n ly t h e as ma l l a r ea o f p ane l l ing a tt h e j unc t ion o f t h e e a s t a nd n o r th r a nge s e s caped t h i s a l t e ra t ion . T he se p ane ls b ea r s l igh t r e semb lance t o p ane l l ing a tB amf u r long H a l l i nA b r am ( q v )w h ich i ss uppo sed t oh ave b een a l te red o rr e bu i l ti nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . A t t h e e a s t b r idge as u r f a ce o fs t one s e t t s a ppea r ed t of o l low t h e p r of i le o f t h eo u t e rb ank o ft h em oa t . T he s e t t sw e r eo ve r la id b yl e ve l l ing l a ye r sw h ich p robab ly r e la te t o c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e p r e sen t s t one b r idge ( Lew i s 1 992 ) . T hey m ay r e p re sen t e v idence e i the r f o r r e ve tmen t o ft h e o u t e r b ank o ft h e d i tch o rf o rp a r to f ac au seway b ef o r et h eb r idge w a s b u i l t . T he r e i s ap a i ro f s ha l low , e x ter na l b u t t r e s se s o f U shaped p l an a nd a bou t I m a pa r t o n t h e n o r th w a l l o ft h ed oveco t e a nd o t he r s , m o r e w ide ly s pa ced , a r e f o und o nt h e r e ve tmen tw a l l b e tween t h ed oveco t ea nd n o r th b r idge . A l le x tend d own i n to t h e p r e sen t d ry m oa t . I ti ss uppo sed t h a t t h e w a l l i sc on t empo ra ry w i th t h e w e s t w a l l o ft h e w e s t r a nge w he r et h e r e i s ac ompa rab le s e r ie s o fb u t t r e s se s . H e r e , h oweve r , t h e s l ope d own i n to t h e m oa t i ss ome 3 m o r s o f r om t h e w a l l . T he e n t i re ly d ry m oa ta si ts u rv ive so nt h ew e s t a nd n o r th s i de s o ft h eh ou se i sq u i t e c l ea r ly al a nd scaped g a rden f e a tu r e . F l a t -bo t tomed t h roughou t , t h e o u te r p r of i le i sd if e r en t o n e i the r s i de o ft h e n o r th b r idg e . T h is , e n t i r e ly s t one -bu i l t , h a s as i ng le n a r row ( c 800mm )o pen ing a tm id -po in tt oa low t h e f l ow o f w a te r . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e m oa t w a s f e d b y an a tu ra l s t r eam . U p s t r eam f r om t h e h ou se i nt h e l a t e 1 8 th c en tu ry t h e r e w a s ap a i r o fl a rge l a ke s a nd t h e r e mu s tb es ome s u sp ic ion t h a tt h e se w e r e a r t if ic ia l ly d ammed , p e rhap s t op owe r aw a te rm i l l . T he s i l ted d i tch s e en i ne xcava t ion b e low t h e w e s t r a nge m ay h ave b een d i ve r t ed f r om t h e m a in s t r eam . An a r row ( 1m ) , s t e ep s ided d i tch w h ich r un s s ou thwa rd s t h rough w ood land w e s t o f t h e m oa t w a s , p e rhap s , p a r t o f a n o ve r f low . I tm ay b e l i nk ed w i th a f u r the r s e r ie s o f w ide r d i tche s w h ich s u r v ive a t r i gh tang le s t o ap a thway i n w ood land s ou th o ft h em oa t . U n l ike L yd ia te H a l l ( q v ) w i th w h ich i th a s r ema rkab le s im i la r i t ie s , S peke H a l lw a sb u i l ti ns e ve ra l p ha se s . F o r as i te o fa ppa r en t ly h i gh t e nu r ia l s t a tu s , t h e m oa ted e nc lo su r e i ss ma l l a nd s imp le ; t h e s i t e a pp ea r s t o l a ck t h e c omp lex i ty o fd i tche s s u ch a st h o se a tB ew sey O ld H a l l , B u r tonwood ( q v ) , O ld H ut , H a lewood ( q v ) , B icke r shaw H a l l , A b ram ( q v ) a nd , p o s s ib ly , S ef ton O ld H a l l ( q v ) . A l l t h e s ame t h e c omp lex o fd eep a nd w ide d i tche s s ou th o ft h e h a l l b eg s t h e q ue s t ion s o f w he the r t h e se w e re c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e w a te r r -f i l led m oa t o ra r e ac on sequence o fg a rden l a nd scap ing i n t h ep o s t -med ieva l p e r iod . L ike S ef ton O ld H a l l a nd B ew sey O ld H a l l p a r to f t h e b u i ld ing ( t he w e s tr a nge )w a s r a i sed o ve r as i l ted -up d i tch . R emode l l ing o f t h e m oa t may h ave b e en a ccompan ied b y l a nd scap ing i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , w i th mod if ica t ion o f t h e e nc lo su r e s u i tab le t o i t s s t a tu s a nd d emon s t ra t ing ac on t inu ing f a sh ion i n moa tc on s t ruc t ion .

C a ta logue : SUTTON T enure

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe e / S upe r io rL ord

190 c 1230 1

C ock shoo thead

p r e 1972

1p l ough land a t E l tonhead

J ohn s on o fS i eg r i th d e S u t ton W i l l iam s on o fI v o &w if e S i eg r i th

1 200 c 12303

B u r tonhead & Woodf a l l B u r tonhead E l tonhead

R icha rd s on o f Wa l te ro f B u r tonhead Emma w if eo fS imon W i l l iam s on o fU v ie th

1 2111 2404 1 2 123

/p 2 1 l ough land / B u r tonhead [ 4c a ruca t e si nS u t ton ]

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1 242 1 243 6 1 246 /

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c 1250 1

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W i l l iam d eD a r e sbu ry

h omag e h omag e h omag e

1 260

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l a t e 1 3C «

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c 1270 1

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L andho ld e rs

A dam s on o fW i l l iam B lunde l l J ohn d eS u t ton

C ocke r sand A bbey

[ Da r e sbu ry ]

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1 274 1 2

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1 276 1 279 1 s

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1 302 1 303 1 6

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1 310 1 3 11 1 2

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1 3 111 312 1 8

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1 318 1 3 19 1 9 1 3221 0

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1 323 1

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1 3281 2

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f e e 1 3301 Y

W i l l iam c a l led S am son J ohn d eS u t ton Ma t thew d eD a r e sbu ry

R ob e r ts on o fG i lbe r td e ( s ic )N o r r ey s N icho la sl eN o r r ey s& w if e Emma

3 47

s u i ta t W idne s

H en ry d eE l tonhead R obe r td eE l tonhead R icha rd d e Woodf a l l W i l l iam d e Woodf a l l J ohn d eS he rd ley

C a ta logue : SUTTON

T enure

E s ta te

Me sne l o rd

L ord o ffe/ S uper ior L ord

S er v ice / r en t

R ico d eH o land R ob to l eNo r ra i s J ohe d eS he rde legh H en rd eE l tonheued H en rR aweknaue W i l lo d eN eu ton R ob to d e Wodef a l l R ico d e T hor n iheued J ohe d eW i r e sda le

1 3322 4 B u r tonhead

4 m / 1 ano r

1 3345 3 . 1 346g 1 3491 Y

C lemency d au & h e i ro f A lan l eN o r rey s G od i th w idow o fW i l l iam d eH o l land

k n igh t 's f e e

l a nd s &t e nemen t si n E l tonhead

W i l l iam D an ie l l

1 3769 )

1 451 i 1

i nB u r tonhede

T hom a ss on o fR obe r td e L a thom

J ohn d eE l tonhead

T homa ss on o fR obe r tl e N o r rey s

G od i th w idow o fW i l l iam d e H o l land o fS u t ton J ohn s on o fW i l l iam d eH o l land H en ry d eT y lde s ley o fD i t ton J ohn s on o fJ ohn d eP a r r N icho la sd eB o ld R icha rd d eS t and i sh & w if e C ec i ly 1 5o t he r s x j d /v jd v jd x i jd x v i i id

A lanu sd eS ef ton J ohanne sd e Wodf a l l U xo rH en r ic i Why t low e H e r e sT home B u ld

N o r r i so fS pek e

2 7 s4 d 6 s8 d 2 6 s8 d

R obe r tB a rne s

R obe r tu sS ef ton

x id

H e re sT home B u ld J acobu s Qwy t law R obe r tu sB a l la rd G i lbe r tu s Wodf a l l

x v i i id v i i id x i id v id

J ohn S a le P e ry sW i l l iam son H en ry No r r i se sq P e ry s We the rby J ohn E l tonhead

i d 3 s 1 3d

C o cke r sand A bbey

1c l o se / Joyf i e ld 1 464 i 2 w a te rm i l l P ymf i e ld s 2t e nemen t si n B u r tonhead P e sf y lde i nS u t ton

C o cke r sand A bbey

K yng sf e ld 1 517 i 4

1 526f

m ano r so fS u t ton , E cc le s ton & R a inh i l l t e nemen t s t e nemen t s l a nd k n igh t 's f e e

J ohn D an ie l l

c ap i ta lm e s suage / E l tonhead / w indm i l l s

J ohn E l tonhead

p a i ro f g aun t le t s

m ano ro fE l tonhead

S i rT homa s S t an ley

N icho la sE l tonhead

2p a i r so f g l ove s

1 537 f

2t e nemen t si n B u r tonhead t e r r 'v oc 'J o ef f e ld t e r r 'i nS u t ton t e r r 'v o 'K yng sf r ld e t e r r 'l i b

C o cke r sand A bbey

R obe r tu sS ef ton

x i d

H en r icu sB rok f e lde T homa s Why t low R obe r tu sB a l la rd T homa s Wodf a l l

x v i i jd v i i jd x i jd y id

c 154 0

t e r r 'e tt e nemen t ' v oca tu rC ro s se g r eve

S tJ ohn o f J e ru sa lem

L aw r enc io B aw e ru l t ro P o t t e r J ohanne T acy

v jd

1 545 »

mano r so fS u t ton , E cc le s ton & R a inh i l l

T uche rB o ld

P e t e rW i l l iam son H en ry H o l land G eo rg eP embe r ton R icha rd E l tonhead W i l l iam Woodf a l l W i l l iam Wa tmough

1 547 1 553 4 °

G eo rge P emb e r ton h a l lo fS u t ton

Q ueen a sD uke o fL anca s t e r

A lexande rH o l land J ohn B o ld

3 48

E l len w if eo fG i lbe r tN o r r i s

O l iv ie r iS a le

h omag e& s e rv ice

1 5303 6

1 588 4 1

ii j s

K ing

d eme sne

1 3572 k 1 370»

v j sv i i jd i i js i j si i jd i i j sv i i jd i i j si i jd i i j s i j s i j s

W i l l iam s on o fR icha rd d e H o l land

o fS u t ton

4c a ruca t e s k n igh t 's f e e

L andho ld e r s

B r ian Wa tmough

E dmund L ey

C a ta logue : SUTTON

T enure 1 6004 2

E s ta te

L o rd o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

f r eeho lde r s

k n igh t 's f e e

mano ro fS u t ton /l a nd s i nS u t ton , E cc le s ton & R a inh i l l

K ing

E dwa rd E cc le s ton

1 66 e

R icha rd E l tonhead L aw r enc e Wa tmough R icha rd H o l land

1 700 4

E dwa rd H o l land 5 2 B ig L ea G r een F a rm

L andho ld e r s

S i rT homa s B o ld

1 6 18 4

S i t e s :

S e rv ice /r en t

T homa sG e ra rd H en ry M i le son /Pea r son T homa s F ox J ohn L e igh F ranc i s Wa tmough W i l l iam E l tonhead

M ick lehead 1 612 4 3

Me sne l o rd

8 7

S tM icha e l 's H ou se

I( Fa r re r

e d . 1 900 , 5 96 ) . I n 190 -c 1220 J ohn , s on o fS i eg r i th d e S u t ton ,g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey ap o r t ion o fh i s l a nd i nS u t ton c a l led C ock shoo thead , b ounded b yt h ek ing ' sh ighway a nd m a rked b yc r o s se sa nd d i tche s . T he e s ta t ew a si nB u r tonhead a nd w a s h e ld i nt h e l a te 1 5 th c en tu ry b yt h e S ef ton f am i ly ( no te 3 1) ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,3 56 n 12 ) .

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 56 n 10 ) . H ugh l e No r r ey s r e ce ived ap lough land a tE l tonhead f r om W i l l iam , s on o fI vo , a nd S i eg r i th , h i s w if e ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l le d s 3 56 ) . B e tw een 190 -c 1260 H ugh l eN o r r ey sg r an ted t oC ocke r sa nd 6a c re so fh i s l a nd a tE l tonhead ( Fa r r e re d .1900 ,6 00 ) .

2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 97 -600 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 58 n 7 ) . R icha rd , s on o f Wa l te rd e B u r tonhead , g ave t oC ocke r sand A bbey ap o r t ion o fh i s l a nd i n B u r tonh ead , 51 2 a / c r e s w i th F emy lea , w i th p annag e . S i eg r i th h ad p r ev iou s ly g i ven a nd c onf i rmed t h i s l a nd t ot h e c anon s o f Wa rbu r ton . R icha rd , p robab ly t h es ame p e r son , g ran t ed ap o r t ion o fh i s l a nd i nB u r tonhead a t Woodf a l l , b ounded b yt h em i l l s t ream a nd t h er oad t oW ind le . Emma ,w if eo fS imon , s on o f R oge rd eR a inh i l l , w i th h e rh u sband ' s a g r eemen t , q u i tc la imed h e r r i gh t i nt h i s l a nd . F rom l a t e re v idence ( no te 3 1) i ts e em s c l ea rt h a tC ocke r sand r e ce ived t wo h o ld ing sa tB u r tonhead . W i l l iam , s on o fU v ie th , r e lea sed h i sc l a im o n 6a c re sa tE l tonhead ( no te 2 ) .

3

4

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 56 n 11 , 3 58 n 5 ) . S i eg r i th g ave h a lf ap l ough land a tB ur tonhead t oG i lbe r t , s on o fH en ry d eH aydo ck ( n o t e 1 0 ) a nd p robab ly t h eg ran tw a s m ade i nt h ee a r ly h a lf o ft h i sp e r iod . T he b ounda ry r a n f r om T hu r s tan shache so nt h eb o rd e ro fB o ld a nd S u t ton ,f o l low ing B o ld a c r e st oC he s t e r G a te ( t he r o ad b e twe en B o ld a nd S u t ton ) a nd a l ong t h er o ad t oH o lb rook h ead . F rom h e r e i tw en tt oP r i e s t eo l er s a nd b yR a v en S y l c et oR i the rop B rook ( wh ich d i v ide sS u t ton f r om R a inh i l l )a nd a l ong t h eb rook t oW e t shaugh .I tc on t inued t oP y eb yS co l e si nE cc le s ton a nd o nt oT he twa l l( Tha t to ) . I tf o l low ed T ha t to B rook t o N u t ty B rook a nd a l ong P oghd en B rook t o S h i t t e r s ich e ; f r om h e r e t o B a le b i r ch i n Mo rk er s Mo s s ( n ea r p r e sen t Ma r sha l l ' s C ro s s ) a nd t h en b a ck t o T hur s tan shache s . ( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 4 1) . S u t ton , E cc le s ton a nd R a inh i l l h ad b een g ran ted t ot h e f e e o fW idne s ; 4c a ruca t e s a r e s uppo sed t oh ave b e en t h e a s se s smen t f o r S u t ton .

5

6

7

8

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 56 n 13 , 3 58 n 8 , 3 60 n 14 ) . A dam , s on o fW i l l iam B lunde l l , c omp la ined o fd i s se i s in b yt h e o t he r s n amed . H i s s u r e t ie s w e r e A lan a nd W i l l iam l eN o r r ey s o fB u r tonhead a nd E l tonhead r e spec t ive ly . A lan l eN o r r ey s m ay h ave h e ld B u r tonhead i nr i gh to fh i sw if e , Ma rga r e t . J ohn d e S u t ton w a s s on o fS i eg r i th a nd W i l l iam , s on o fI v o . W i l l iam l eN o r rey sh e ld 4o xgang s i nE l tonhead b yg ran tf r om H ugh l eN o r r ey s( F an-e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 59 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 55 n 6 ) . W i l l iam d eD a re sbu ry w a sp robab ly as on o fW i l l iam , s on o f Ma t thew . H eg ran t ed i nf r ee m a r r iag et oR obe r t , s on o f R og e r d eI r e land , t h e h omag e o fW i l l iam , c a l led S am son , i nt h e w ho le o fE cc le s ton ( q v ) a nd R a inh i l l ( q v ) , o fJ ohn d e S u t ton f o r 3p l ough land s i nS u t ton a nd o f Ma t thew d e D a re sbu ry , p robab ly b ro the r o fW i l l iam d e D a re sbu ry , f o r h a lf ap l ough land i nS u t ton . T he r ema in ing h a lf p l ough land w a s p robab ly h e ld i nd eme sne . A ta bou tt h i s d a te A lan a nd R obe r t , s on s o fW i l l iam l eN o r r ey s , a t te s t ed ac ha r te r o fW i l l iam S am son c once rn ing E cc le s ton a nd R a inh i l l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 59 ) . ( Fane re d . 1 900 , 6 00 ) .

I °

( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 58 ) . T owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry R obe r t , s on o fG i lbe r t d e H aydock , g ave ap o r t ion o fh i s l a nd i nF erny l ea i n B u r tonhead t oW i l l iam , s on o fA dam d eB u r tonhead ( no t e3 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 3 55 n n9 ,1 0 , 1 ) . A tt h i st ime H en ry l eN o r r ey s w a s l o rd o fD a r e sbu ry . H e a nd h i s b ro the r , G i lbe r t , w e r e s on s o fA lan l eN o r rey s o fF o rmby ( q v ) a nd h ad ma r r ied r e sp ec t ive ly Ma rge ry a nd Maud , d augh te r s o fB ea t r ice , d augh te r o fW i l l iam d e D a re sbu ry . H en ry a nd Ma rg e ry t ook D a re sbu ry ;G i lbe r ta nd Maud h ad S u t ton . I nc 1270 G i lbe r ta nd Maud r e s igned t h e i rr i gh t i nE cc le s ton a nd R a inh i l lt ot h eo t he r s .

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 3 56 n 14 ) . R obe r t s on o fJ ohn d e S u t ton c l a imed am e s suage a nd 4o xgang s o fl a nd f r om G i lbe r t l eN o r r ey s a nd h i s w if e , Maud , a nd 2 m e s suage s a nd 4o xgang s f r om R obe r t l eN o r r ey s . A tt h e s ame t ime h e c ha rged A lan l e No r r ey s a nd o t he r s o fb r eak ing h i s m i l l d am a tB ok ed ene ( ?Poghd en ) . I n1 284 h ew a so ne o ft h ed ef endan t s i n ac l a im m ade b yH en ry d eE l tonhead ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 56 n 15 ) . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 58 n 7 ) . R oge r , s on o fR ob e r td eB u r tonhead , c l a imed h a lf a no xgang f r om R obe r t , s on o fA lan l eN o r r ey s ,w ho a s se r ted t ha t h e h ad r e ce ived i tf r om R oge r ' s g randf a the r , R a lph , s on o f Wa l te r d e B u r tonhead . I n 1 276 J ohn d e N o r tha le i nS u t ton w a s p l a in t if fi n ad i spu te o ve r b ounda r ie s( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 6 1) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s3 56 n 15 ) . E nqu iry w a s m ade a bou tt h i sh o ld ing w h ich h ad b e en h e ld R obe r td eS u t ton , f a the ro fJ ohn . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s3 57 n n l ,2 ) . J ohn d e S u t ton a nd h i sw if e , Ma rge ry , s o ld t h em ano ro fS u t ton t oR obe r td eH o l land , s on o fR icha rd , s on o fR obe r td e H o l land , a nd c ou s in o fS i r R obe r t d e H o l land o fU pho l land ( q v ) . R ob e r t d e H o l land s e em s t o h ave s e t t led aq ua r te r o ft h e m ano r o fS u t ton o n h i s s on , R icha rd , f o r l i f e , w i th r ema ind e r t o Ma rga r e t a nd h e r c h i ld r en ( no t e 2 6 ) . R icha rd d e H o l land o f S u t ton w a s s t ewa rd o fS i r R obe r t d e H o l land a nd w a s o rgan i se ro ft h e H o l land c onf ede ra cy a tG a r swood ( A sh ton i n Make r f ie ld , q v ) . H e i sn amed a s as uppo r t e r o fS i r R icha rd d e H o l land ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 9 6 ) , p r e sumab ly t h e b ro the ro fS i rR obe r t . H e may b e t h e s ame R icha rd d e H o l land w ho b ough t l a nd i nR a inf o rd ( q v ) f r om W i l l iam d e Wodef a l a nd h i s w if e , C r i s t iana ( s ic ) , i n1 32 1 ( Fa r r e rc d . 1 903a , 4 4 ) . T he l o ca t ion o fH o l land ' s h o ld ing i nS u t ton h a sn o tb e en i d en t if ied ; S u t ton H a l l , i nt h ec en t r eo ft h ev i l l , i sa l i ke ly c and ida t ef o rt h ef o cu so fh i se s ta te . ( Fa r r e rc d . 1 903b 3 12 ) . G i lbe r t l eN o r r ey s d i ed c 1318 ( Pu r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 55 n 12 ) . H en ry a nd R obe r t d e E l tonhead , R icha rd d e Woodf a l l a nd W i l l iam ,h i sb ro the r , a nd J ohn d eS he rd ley w e r en amed a mong t h e l o rd so rf r e eho lde r so fS u t ton i n1 302 1303 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 60 n n l , 1 5 ) . S he rd ley s e em s t oh ave b een am embe r o ft h e N o r tha le f am i ly ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 6 1) ( no t e 1 3 ) . I n 1 353 T homa s , s on o fH ugh d e N o r tha le , w a s d ef endan t i n ac l a im m ade b yR oge r , s on o fA dam l eB ax t e r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 6 1 n 6 ) .

1 7

( Fa r r e rc d . 1 907 , 1 7 ) .

1 8

( Fan-e re d . 1 907 , 1 9 ) .

3 49

C a ta logue : SUTTON

1 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 58 n 9 ) . R obe r t l eN o r rey s ,j un io r , w a s p l a in t if f , a nd R obe r t d eN o r r ey s , s en io r , w a s d ef endan tp o s s ib ly i n af am i ly d i spu te . A ta bou tt h es ame t ime R obe r tl eN o r r ey s ( po s s ib ly s on o fR obe r t )m ad e ac l a im o f am i l l a nd l a nd i nS u t ton h e ld b yR obe r t , s on o fG i lb e r t l eN o r r ey s . T he d ef endan ts a id h eh ad r e c e ived t h em f r om A lan l eN o r r ey st ow hom R obe r tl eN o r r ey s( t he p l a in t if fo rh i sf a the r )h ad g i ven t h em .

2 °( F a r r e r

e d . 1 907 , 7 7 -78 ) .

2 1( F a r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 60 -36 1 n 15 ) . I n 1 3 15 -316 W i l l iam d e Woodf a l l h ad c l a imed f r om R icha rd ( p robab ly h i s b r o the r ) t h ree -qua r t e r s o f a n o xgang i nS u t ton o fw h ich W i l l iam ' s f a the r , A dam B lunde l l o ft h e Woodf a l l , h ad e nf eof f ed R icha rd ( no te 7 ) . R icha rd d e H o l land made as e t t lemen t o f l a nd s , i n c lud ing t wo m i l l s , u pon h i s s on , W i l l iam , w i th r ema inde r s t oh i s d augh t e r s , A v ina a nd J oan . I n 1 323 N icho la s , s on o fR obe r t l eN o r r ey s , c l a imed t h em o ie ty o f am i l l f r om J ohn d e S he rd ley ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s3 58 n 10 ) .

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

2 8

2 9

3 0

3 1

3 2

3 3

3 4

3 5

( F a r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 29 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 3 55 n 12 ) . T h i s G i lbe r t d e N o r r ey s w a s p robab ly G i lbe r t d e Meo l s , s on o f Ma rge ry d eN o r r ey s a nd J ohn d e Meo l s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 58 ) . R obe r t , s on o fG i lbe r tl eN o r r ey s , g ave l a nd s w h ich h eh ad r e c e ived f r om G i lbe r t d e Meo l st oN icho la s l eN o r r ey s a nd Emma , h i sw if e . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . R icha rd d e H o l land ' s e s ta t e w a s p robab ly t h a t a cqu i red b yR ober td e H o l land f r om J ohn d e S u t ton b ef o r e 1 307 . R obe r t l eN o r r ey s i sf o und a tB u r tonhead a tt h i s d a t e ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 58 ) . H en ry , s on o fA lan d e E l tonhead , w a s a m ino ri n1 321 . I ts e em st h a tA lan , s on o fH en ry d eE l tonhead , w a s am embe ro ft h eN o r r ey s f am i ly ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 60 n l ; 1 9 11 , 16 n 18 ) . I n1 337 A lan , s on o fH en ry , p u ti n ac l a im t ot h em ano r so fH a igh ( q v )a nd B la c i c rod . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 57 n 2 ) . J o rdan d e P enke th a nd h i s w if e , Ma rga r e t , c l a imed af ou r th p a r t o ft h e m ano r o fS u t ton a ga in s t W i l l iam , s on o f R icha rd d eH o l land o fS u t ton , G od i th h i sw if e , A gne s ,w idow o fR icha rd d eH o l land , a nd o t he r s . Ma rga re tm ay h ave b een as i s t e ro fR icha rd d eH o l land . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 4 ) . T he k i ng h e ld t h ef e eo fW idne sa si n he r i tance o fA l ice , l a te c oun te s so fL inco ln . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s3 56 ) . I n1 349 , f o l low ing t h e d ea th o fR obe r t , s on o fG i lbe r td e Meo l s , S u t ton w a s c l a imed b yC lemency , d augh t e ra nd h e i ro fA lan l eN o r r ey s , s on o fA lan , s on a nd h e i ro fH en ry l eN o r r ey s a nd Ma rge ry ( n o t e 1 ) . T he l a nd s i n c luded d eme sne a nd 1 5 s 2 df r e er e n t a nd o ne th i rd h ad b een a s s igned t oA gne s , w idow o fR obe r t , a sd owe r . C lemency w a s s t i l l am ino r , i nt h e w a rd sh ip o fJ ohn D anye r s /Dan ie l l , i n 1 359 . N icho la s l eN o r r ey s ( d c 1349 ) e nf eof f ed Ma s te r R anu lf d e D a c r e (Wh i s ton , q v ) o fh i s m i l l a tP oghd en w i th i t s p oo l a nd a ppu r tenance s . N icho la s h ad b een g r an ted , p r obab ly b ef o r et h i sd a t e , 1 2a c r e so nP oghd en B rook ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,3 58 n 10 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 57 n 2 ) . G od i th , w idow o fW i l l iam d e H o l land , J ohn h i s s on , R obe r t d e S u t ton , t a i lo r , a nd h i s w if e , Agne s , w e r e c ha rged w i th h av ing d i sse i sed T homa s , s on o fT homa st h e Sm i th ' s s on ,o fh i sf r e et e nemen t . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 60 n 3 ) . T he o r ig in o ft h eL a thom i n te r e s ti nE l tonhead i sn o tk nown . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 59 n 1) . T homa s , s on o fR obe r t l eN o r r ey s o fB u r tonhead , h ad m a r r ied Emma , d augh te ro fJ ohn d e E l tonhead . H eh e ld h i s f a the r ' s l a nd sw i th t h eh omage a nd s e rv ic eo ft h e t e nan t s c i ted . H i s d augh te r , Ma rga r e t , m a r r ied H ugh , s on o fR icha rd d eP embe r ton , a nd B u r tonhead w a s h e ld b yt h a tf am i ly u n t i lt h el a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 242 ) . I tmu s tb es uppo sed t h a to ne o ft h et e nemen t sw a s a tE l tonhead . T en y ea r s l a te rA lan a nd R obe r td eS ef t on e ach h e ld at e nemen ti n B u r tonhead f o r5 da nd 6 dr e spec t ive ly ( n o te 1 ) .T he h o ld ing so fJ ohn Woodf a l l ,t h ew if eo fH en ry Wh i t low a nd t h eh e i r so fT homa sB o ld w e r ea l so c i ted . ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 59 n 1 1 ) . T ho se n amed a st e nan t sw e r ec i t ed o nt h eN o r r i sr e n tr o l l f o rS peke ( q v ) i n1 464 . J ohn N o r r i s , c hap la in , b r o the ra nd h e i ro fG i lb e r t ,s on o fH en ry N on-i s ,h ad g r an ted l a nd sc a l led P ymf ie ld s ,N o r tha l l( n o t e s 1 3 , 1 6 )a nd W inga te s ;t h e se p a s sed t oJ ohn d eE l tonhead . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 909 , 1 251 ) . F rom t h e r e n t s p a id t h e r e s e em s t oh ave b een a n a d ju s tmen ti n t h e l a nd a loca t ion a nd s ubd iv i s ion o ft h e Wh i t low h o ld ing m ay h ave o ccu r r ed . O l ive rS a le , s on o fR obe r tS a le a nd A l ice , i n he r i t ed l a nd t h rough h i sm o the r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 6 1 n 12 ) . ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 56 ) . J ohn D an ie l ls o ld h i sm ano r so fS u t ton ,E cc le s ton a nd R a inh i l lt oJ ohn B o ld , p r obab ly h a lf -b ro the ro fS i rR icha rd B o ld o fB o ld ( q v ) . T he n ame sa nd r e n t so ft h et e nan t sw e r ec i ted . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 60 n 5 ) . B r ian Wa tmough w a s af r ee t e nan t o fJ ohn E l tonhead . P o s s ib ly h i s e s ta t e w a s a tM ick lehead . T he Wa tmough f am i ly o fM ick lehead a nd L ive sey f am i ly o fR avenhead w e r es ucce s so r s i nt h e Woodf a l le s ta te s .

3 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 6 1 n 4 ) .

3 7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 245 , 1 247 , 1 249 ) .

3 8

( F ranc e 1 947 , 6 8 ) .

3 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 56 n 7 ) . T uche rB o ld g ave t h ee s ta te ,w i th w a rd sh ip o ft h eh e i r so ft ho se n amed ,t oh i sn ephew ,J ohn B o ld .

4 0

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 6 1 n 12 ) . E dmund L ey a nd h i sw if e , d augh te ra nd o ne o ft h eh e i r so fT hu r s tan S t and i sh , c omp la ined t h a tG eo rge P embe r ton o f Wh i s ton ( q v )( no te 3 0 )h ad d i s se i sed h e ro fh e rs ha r eo fh e rf a the r ' sp rope r ty .

4 1

4 2

4 3 4 4

4 5

4 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 57 n 8 ) . A lexande rH o l land b ough t aw a t e rm i l l i nS u t ton f r om J ohn B o ld i n1 581 . H ed i ed i n1 588 . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 3 6 1 n 12 ) . I n 1 591 F ranc i s Wa tmough o fM ick lehead w a s c i t ed a s aj u ro r a tt h e L anca sh i r e Q ua r t e r S e s s ion s ( C leave r 1 987 ) . I n 1 7 17 , a s aP ap is t , C a the r ine H awa rden ,w idow ,d augh te ro fB ryan L ea ,h ad h e re s ta t er e g i s t e red ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 6 1-362 ) . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 56 n 7 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 3 59 n 8 ) . B u r tonhead h ad p a s sed f r om t h e P embe r ton f am i ly t ot h e E cc le s ton s a nd w a s i n c luded w i th E cc le s ton i n as e t t lemen t b y E dwa rd E cc le s ton a nd H en ry , h i s s on a nd h e i r , i n1 6 18 . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 58 n 2 ; 3 60 n 8 , 3 6 1 n 2 ) . R icha rd E l tonhead h ad t h e p r inc ipa l h ou se i nS u t ton . L aw r ence Wa tmough ' s h ou se h ad 5h ea r th s ; t h a to fR icha rd H o l land h ad 5h ea r th s . ( Fan e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 58 n 4 ) . I n 1 700 t h e H o l land p o r t ion w a s s o ld t oR icha rd B o ld a nd b ecame m e rged i nt h e s up e r io r l o rd sh ip . T he h o ld ing i n c luded aw a te rm i l l ,w indm i l l a nd d oveco t e .

3 50

C a ta logue : SUTTON

F ig 9 1 .46a : S u t ton F rom d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s t e nan t s i n S u t ton c a l led L ey /L e igh /L ea a r e k nown f r om t h e m id 16 th c en tu ry . P o s s ib ly t h e L ey h o ld ing e mana ted f r om t ha to fR icha rd d eS t and i sh w ho h e ld p rope r ty i nS u t ton i n1 376 . A s soc ia ted w i th ' L ea G r e en B ig L ea G re en F a rm ' i n1 849 ,t h ee a r l ie s tc l ea rr e f e rence t o t h i s h o ld ing o ccu r s i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . P e rhap s t h i s i st h ee s ta t e r e g i s te red i n 1 717 t oC a the r ine H awa rden , w idow , d augh t e ro fB ryan L ea , a s aP ap i s t , ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 6 1-362 ) a nd s he m ay h ave b e en p r edece s so r

5 2

N o . SMR

A SM 5 192 /2

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

B ig L ea G reen F arm S u t ton P re sco t Wa r r ing ton W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 105 9 235 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay C l ive A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 1m e a s tf a c ing g en t le s l ope

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s :

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

c e r ta in

w e t 1 849 ? m i l l s t r eam

f i e ld v i s i t , P h i lpo t t 1 997 t r ac e s f a rm L anc s RO DRL 1 / 77 , 1 808 @ 1 0 c ha in s = 1 3/ 16 " ; 6 " O S s hee t 1 08 , 1 849 ; 2 5" S hee t 1 08 , 1 894 ; 6 " S hee tS J 5 9 SW , 1 956 C h i t t y 1 981 A pp D ; C leave r 1 987

T he n ame o fS tM icha e l 's H ou se s ugg e s t s ar e l ig iou s a s soc ia t ion t hough n o c l ea r e v idence f o r t h i s h a s b een f ound a nd t h e e a r l ie s t d ocumen ta ry e v idence f o r t h e n ame s e em s t o d a t e f r om n o e a r l ie r t han t h e l a t e 1 9 th c en tu ry w hen t h e h ou se w a s r e nova ted b y i t s o wne r , C o lone l M icha e l H ughe so fS he rd ley H a l l a nd l e a sed t oJ ohn Ma r sh i n1 880 ( C leave r 1 987 1) . T he p l ac e s e em s t oh ave b een o ccup ied b yt h e Wa tmough f am i ly a nd i nt h e l a t e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h e Wa tmough s w e r e s ucce s so r s i nt h e Woodf a l l e s ta te s ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 61 n 2 ) . T h i s f am i ly h ad h e ld l a nd f r om C ocke r sand A bbey i nt h e 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s b u tc an b et r a ced b ack a t l e a s t t o 1 3 15 1316 a nd 1 323 w hen W i l l iam Woodf a l l h e ld am e s suage a nd p l ough land ( s e en o t e2 1 a bove ) . I n 1 556 W i l l iam Wa tmough , t h en a g ed 7 0 , made d epo s i t ion s c onc er n ing l a nd s i nS u t ton c a l led B o ld s A c r e a nd W indya te s ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 62 ) w h ich l a t e r d o cumen ta ry s ou rce s p lac e i n t h e v i c in i ty o f M ick lehead . I n 1 578 t h e f am i ly 's p rop e r ty p a s sed t o F ranc is Wa tmough w ho c an b e s pec if ica l ly a s soc ia ted w i th M ick lehead a nd w ho i s c ommemo ra t ed o n as t one p l aque i n P r e sco t c hu r ch a s o ne o f t h e l o ca l g en t ry w ho c on t r ibu ted t ot h ec o s to fr e bu i ld ing t h ec hu rch i n1 6 10 ( C leave r 1 987 ) .

F ig 9 1 .46b : B ig L ea G reen F a rm 1 808 ( La ms RO DRL 1 / 77 ) o f T homa s H owa rden o f 1 758 w ho se e s ta t e w a s r e co rded a s ' M r T ho s H owa rden s O ld S u rvey o f L ea G reen E s ta t e ' i n 1 758 ( Lanc s RO DDHk R en ta l s a nd S ur vey s / 12 ) . A t t h is d a te t h e e s ta te c omp r i sed a h ou se , f o ld , b a rn a nd s t ab le f o ld t o ge the r w i th f i e ld s c a l led O u t le t Meadow , N ea re r a nd F u r the r C ro s s f ie ld a nd N ea r e r a nd F u r the r D am s tead . T he l a t te r n ame s i nd ica te a n a s soc ia t ion w i th aw a t e rm i l l t h ough n one h a s b e en l o ca ted . T he n ame s Moa t Meadow , F u r the r Moa t Meadow a nd L i t t le O u t le t a r e g i ven o n

Wa tmough ' s p roba te i n ven to ry ( Lanc s RO WC W F ranc i s Wa tmough 1 6 14 ) i n c luded ah a l l , p a r lou r , b u t te ry , k i tchen w i th a n a d jo in ing b rewhou se a nd l a rde r . T he r ew e r e a l so ag r ea t c hambe r , n o r th a nd s ou th c hambe r s o ve rt h e h a l l , l i t t le c hamb e r , k i tchen c hambe r , m a iden s c hambe r a nd s e rvan t s c hambe r . R ef e r enc e w a s a l so m ade t ot h e ' o ld h ou se ' b u t i t s s t a tu s i sn o t c l ea r ( C leave r 1 987 ) . T he h o ld ing a ppea r s t o h ave b e en i d en t if ied a s a ' c ap i ta l m e s suage c a l led M ick lehead H a l l ' i n1 653 w hen t h e C omm i t te e f o r C ompound ing R oya l i s t E s ta te s s o ld i tt o R a lph B a rne s . T he Wa tmough s w e r e a ga in i n o ccupa t ion i n 1 662 1673 w hen L aw r ence Wa tmough w a s l i ab le f o rt a x a s se s sed o n 5h ea r th s . O ccupan t s o fS tM icha e l ' s H ou se i nt h e 1 920 ' s 1930 ' s r e ca l l ad a ted a nd i n sc r ibed s t one s e t i n t h e f l oo r o f t h e

t h et i the p l an . Ad a ted a nd i n sc r ibed s t one 1 688 I L ML I L i ss a id t oh ave b e en i d en t if ied i nt h e c e l la r o f ap l ac e c a l led Moa t H ou se n ea r L ea G re en ( C leave r 1 987 ) . T h i s w a st h eh ome o fN ehem iah Wyk e i nt h el a t e 1 7 th o re a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd h i s s on , J ohn , w a s aw a tchmake r i nP r e sco t . I n 1 732 N ehem iah Wyke b equea thed B rook H ou se ( po s s ib ly Moa tH ou se )t oh i s s on . T he r ema in s o f a moa t a r e s hown b y t h e O rdnance S u r vey i n 1 894 a nd a ga in i n1 956 . D u r ing af i e ld v i s i t i n1 997 t wo n a r row d i tche s , a nd p o s s ib ly at h i rd , w e r e i d en t if ied a nd a r e c tangu la r p l a t f o rm i ss ugge s ted ( Ph i lpo t t , p e r s . c omm . ) . T he d i tche s a r es e a sona l ly w a t e r f i l led .

b u t le r ' s p an t ry . T hough t h e s u rf a ce w a s w o rn , t h e d a te h a s b een n o t ed a s e i the r 1 685 o r1 688 ( C leave r 1 987 ) .

1M a r t in

C leave r 's d ra f t t yp e sc r ip t , p roduced a tt h e t ime o ft h e e xcava t ion s , r e g re t tab ly f a i l st oi n c lude r e f e r ence st oh i ss ou rce ma t er ia l .

3 51

C a ta logue : SUTTON F ig 9 1 .46c : S tM ichae l 's H ou se , s u rvey p l an 1 981 ( AS M ) No . SMR

8 7 A SM 5 19 1/ 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed

c e r ta in

E s ta t e

S tM ichae l 's House S u t ton P re sco t Wa r r ing ton W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S J 5 105 9 128 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 3m s ou th f a c ing

P lan

d oub le r e c tangu la r c 30 x3 7m / 1110m 2;c 80 x5 0 tn /4000m 2o ve ra l l 4 -4 .5m 1 m s e a sona l ly w e t s t r eam s ou th ? cau seway

F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

2 00m o u t f a l l

r o a d

1 0m

' ' ' ' ' ' '' ' ' ' ''

5 3m OD NWAT 1 986 A SM 1 981 ; NWAT 1 986 i n comp le te ? 14C ;r e bu i l t 1 7C w i th l a t e ra dd i t ion s ; d emo l ished c 196 1 p la tf o rm o ve rg rown w i th ma tu r et r e e s L ane s RO DRL 1 / 77 , 1 808 @ 1 0 c ha in s =1 6 "O S map s hee t 1 08 , 1 849 ;A SM M i lne 1 98 1 @ 1 : 500 ; NWAT 1 986 @ 1 : 200 NWAT , c op ie so fp ho tog raph so ft h eh ou se l e n t b y af o rme rr e s iden to fS tM ichae l ' sH ou se C h i t ty 1 98 1 A pp D ;C leave r 1 987 ;H o l lo s 1 986 3/16 " ;

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

—4 + h a rd s t and ing

T he h ou se w a s d emo l i shed i nc 196 1 b u t mo r e r e cen t o ra l e v idenc e ( C leave r 1 987 ) h a s p roduced i n f o rma t ion t os ugg e s tt ha t t h e o l de s tp a r t o ft h e h ou se w a s a tt h ec en t r ea nd w a st imbe r -f ramed o n as t one f ounda t ion ( pho tog raph s s how t ha tt h e t imbe r s w e r e o b scu r ed b y ab r ick f a çade t hough i ts e em s t h a t t h e f r am ing w a s s t i l l v i s ib le a tt h e r e a r ) . I n te rna l ly , h eavy o ak b eam s r a n a c ro s s t h e c e i l ing f r om f r on t t or e a r . A' c upboa rd l ike ' r e c e s s i nt h e s ou th e a s t c or ne r o ft h e r oom e x tended u p t h rough t h e b u i ld ing t ot h e r o of a nd may r e p r e sen t t h e p o s i t ion o fa n e a r ly s t a i rwe l l . We s t o ft h i s r o om al a rge e n t ranc e h a l l w h ich r o se t h rough t wo s t o rey s ( c 5m ) c on ta ined ad a i s . I t s e em s t ha t t h e se t wo r oom s h ad s t one mu l l ioned w indow s ; i fs ot h e se w e r e p r e sumab ly i n t roduc ed w hen t h e t imbe r -f ram ing w a s r e p laced b y a n o u te r b r ick s k in . F ene s t ra t ion o f amo re l of ty t wo s to rey w ing t ot h e w e s t o ft h e h a l l i st hough t t o s how t ha t t h i s p a r t o ft h e h ou se w a s r a i sed i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . T he s t one f lagged k i tchen , t hough t t ob e o f 1 8 th -cen tu ry d a t e , l a y a tt h ee a s te nd o ft h eh ou se .

11 1

F ig 9 1 .46d : P lan o fs i te a nd e xcava ted a r ea s 1 986 al a te f e a tu r e ( t hough p robab ly t h e o r ig in s o ft h e h ou se l a y i nt h e m ed ieva l p e r i iod )a nd w a sl i ke ly t ob ea s soc ia t ed w i th g a rden l a nd scap ing .

Map e v idence o f 1 849 , t oge the r w i th t ha t o fr e cen t s u r vey s s how a l a rg e e nc lo su r e s epa ra ted i n to t wo p l a tf o rm s b y ad iv id ing d i tch w h ich c ou ld b e t r aced f o r o n ly p a r t o fi t s l e ng th ( M i lne 1 981 ; NWAT 1 986 ) . T he p l a t f o rm i sc ove red w i th ma tu r e t r ee s a nd d en se g round v ege ta t ion w h ich p l a ced r e s t r ic t ion s o n t h e a r ea a va i lab le f o r a r cha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion . A pp rox ima te ly 8 8m 2 ( 8% ) o ft h e p l a tf o rm a r ea a tt h e w e s t o ft h e s i t e w a s e xcava ted i n 1 986 a nd p rov ided e v idence f o r as t ruc tu r e a s so c ia t ed w i th p o s tho le s w h ich may h ave b een c l4 th c en tu ry i nd a te ( Ho l lo s 1 986 ) . T h i s w a s r e p lac ed b y ab u i ld ing c on s t ruc t ed i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . I tw a s c l ea r , h oweve r , t ha t much o ft h e e v idence f o r t h e p l an a nd d imen s ion s o ft h e b u i ld ing sh ad b e en r emoved . T h i s s ugge s t s n o to n ly t ha t mo s tm a t e r ia l s h ad p robab ly b een t aken a way f o rr e sa le w hen t h e h ou se w a s d emo l i shed i nt h e 1 960 s b u t a l so t ha t t h e d emo l i t ion p roce s s h ad e f ec t ive ly r emoved a l b u t t h e mo s tf r agmen ta ry t r ace so ft h eh ou se . T h ree s e c t ion s a c ro s s t h e moa t f a i led t o p roduce a ny s t ra t ig raph ica l a s soc ia t ion sw i th t h eb u i ld ing . Mo reove r , n one o ft h em r e vea led a ny th ing t o s ugge s t ad a te f o r t h e moa t much e a r l ie r t han t h e l a te 1 8 th o r e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry . S ome a r ea s h ad b een i nf i l led b y t h e m id 19 th c en tu ry a nd t h en r e cu tf o rl a y ing f i e ld d ra in s a nd as ewe r . I nve s t iga t ion s a tt h e p r e s en ta cce s s t ot h e s i t e p rov ided n o i n d ica t ion s o f ab r idge o n t ot h e p l a tf o rm . O n t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence i tw a s c onc luded t ha tt h e moa tw a s a lmo s tc e r ta in ly

3 52

C a ta logue : T ARBOCK E s ta te

T enure

H uy ton & T a rbock 1h ide

1 066 1

L ord o ffe e /S upe r ior L ord K ing E dw a rd

180 c 12002 1k n igh t 's f e e

e a r ly 1 3C4

[ 3c a ruca te s ]

R og e r ,C on s tab le o f C h e s te r

R icha rd s on o fR obe r t

m i l l s i nT a rbock

B u r scough P r io ry

R icha rd s on o fR icha rd o fT a rbock

H e i ro fe a r lo fL inco ln

R obe r td eL a thum

1k n igh t 's f e e

c 1242 1 2566 R udga t e

H en ry o fL a thom & w if eE l len

c 1290 1 292 8 1 303 1 304 9

l e pe r s ' t e nemen t i nR idga te k n igh t 's f e e

1 322 1

3p l oug land s

H en ry d eL a cy e a r lo f L i nco ln

S i rH en ry d eT o rbock

B u r scough P r io ry

E l len o fT a rbock

H en ry d eL a cy ,e a r lo f L inco ln

S i rR obe r td eL a thum

J ohn s on o fN icho la so fO ld T a rbock R obe r td e Wh i t ef i e ld

1 0 s7 ds akef e e ; s u i ta tW idne s c ou r t

A le s ia ,d au & h e i ro f e a r lo fL inco ln

1 329 1

E l len , l a dy o fT a rbock

1 332 1

E l en d eT o rbok H en rd e Wh i t f e ld R ico K ay H en rl eR eue R ogo l e Wa lke r E l ia l eB a rke r R ob to d eB r igg e W i l lo f i tH ug A dam d eT o rbok

c 1334 1 377 4 4c a ruca te s

K ing

1 362 1 6

S i rW i l l iam C a r ie s

1 365 1 7

S i rW i l l iam C a r ie s& w if e Emma H en ry d eT o rbock

1 369 1 370 1 8 k n igh t 's f e e

m ano ro fT a rbock

H en ry d eT o rbock

T a rbock a so f m ano ro f K now s ley

S i rR icha rd d eT o rbock

1 392 1 ° 1 402 1

s ocage

k n igh t 's f e e

1 555 1 4

1 6

T o rbock 1 9 a c r e s S i r H e n r y d e jt e nj ut O l[d ] t o rbok e

C o ck e r sand A bbey

J ohanne sE s thede

m ano ro fT a rbock e s ta t ea tR idga te

e a r lo fD e rby

S i rW i l l iam d e T o rbo ck

m ano ro fT a rbock e s ta te a tR idga te

5 s

W i l l iam Wh i t e f ie ld

x i jd

G eo rg eI r e land R icha rd E a s thead T homa sK no l le

T homa sT o rbock

f r e et e nan t

J ohn E a s thead

1 6 11 1 6 1 6 13 1 7

7 s6 dr e n t

I s abe lw idow o fH en ry d eT o rbock

1 451 1 1 505 1 3

x i js v j sv i i jd v sv i i jd v j s i j si i jd i j si i jd i j sj d i j si i jd x i xd

R icha rd d eT a rbock J ohn d eH o l land

1 346 1 S

1 38 0

L andho ld e r s

S i rH en ry d eT a rbock

1 276 1 285 7

1 3 10 1 311 1 °

S e rv ice /r en t

R icha rd s on o fH en ry

1 212 i

1 242 1 243 5

Me sne l o rd

E dwa rd T o rbock S imon B ax t e r

s o cag e

1 6 14 2 8

4 s4 dr e n t

J ohn E a s twood s i c o f T a rbock g en t

S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux o fS ef ton

S i te s :

2 6 G eo rg e son 's F a rm

9 0 T a rbock H a l l

12

Much C rof t

1( Mo rgan

1 978 ,2 69c ) .H uy ton ( q v )a nd T a rbock w e r ea s se s sed a so ne h ide e xemp tf r om a lc u s toma ry d ue se xcep tt a x . T he v a lue w a s2 0 s a nd t h e r ew a sl a nd f o r 4p l ough s .

2

( Fa r r e rc d 1 900 , 6 07 -608 ) . R icha rd , s on o fH en ry , a nd b r o the ro fR obe r td e L a thom ( q v ) , g ave t oS t We rbu rgh o f Wa rbu r ton u nam a s sar tum . q u i v oca tu r a n t iquum T o rbo cu n c l ec apud o r ien ta l ee x t end i ts ed eH a l iwe l l e b roc e ts i cd e scendo H a l iwa l l e b rop u sque K oc i c esu t ehev ed e ta scend endo K oc su t eheved u sque K ocs u t ee ts i cd e scend endo K oc su t eu sque a dH a ld f e ld e lache e ts i ca scend endo H a ld ef e ld e lache u sque a dc apud a n t iquae s ep i se ts equendo s epem u sque H a l iwe l l ebroc w i th p annag ef o rt h ed eme sne p i g so ft h o se w ho s hou ld h o ld t h el a nd o ft h eb r e th r en . C ock shoo ta nd S w ine H ey l a ya lmo s td ue s ou th o fT a rbo ck H a l l ( f ig 9 1 .47 ) .F a r r e rt r an sc r ibe s H a l iwe l l ebroc a sH o lywe l l -b rook . F rom l a t e r d ocumen t s ( no te s 6 ,1 2 ) i ta ppea r s t h a t O ld T a rbo ck l a y i n

3 53

C a ta logue : T ARBOCK

c l o se p rox im i ty t oT a rbock H a l l ; p o s s ib ly H a l l - s hou ld b e t r an s la ted a s' Ha l l ' . T he f ounda t ion c ha r t e ro fB u r scough P r io ry ( 1 189 119 1) w a s w i tne s sed b y R icha rd ,s on o fH en ry , a nd b yR obe r ta nd R icha rd , s on so fR icha rd ( W ebb e d . 1 970 ,2 0 ) . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 4 0 -41) . T he f e e w a s f i r s t -named o ft ho se h e ld i ns ou th L anca sh i r e b y t h e C on s tab le o fC he s te r . R icha rd , s on o fR obe r t , w a s l o rd o f L a thom ( q v )b yt h anage t e nu r e , a nd h e ld K now s ley ( q v ) , R oby ,H uy ton ( q v )a nd T a rbock b yk n igh ts e rv ice .

3

4

( Webb e d . 1 970 , 19 120 ) . R icha rd a cknow ledged p aymen t3 sr e n ty ea r ly f r om t h em i l l s i nT a rbock .

5

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 48 ) . T he f e ew a s i nK now s ley , H uy ton a nd T a rbock . ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 18 119 ) . H en ry d e T o rbock a g r eed t os e cu r e t h e p a r i sh c hu r ch o fH uy ton f r om l o s s i nr e spec t o f ac han t ry i nh i s o ra to ry a tT a rbock g ran t ed b yt h e P r io ro fB u r scough . F rom W i l l iam d eF e r r e r s , h eh ad t h er i gh tt oe nc lo se h i s w ood , h ave af r ee p a rk a nd b ea s t s o ft h e f o re s t b u tn o tt o make ad ee rh ey ( s a l ta r ium ) . T he b ound s o ft h e e nc lo su r e w e r e c i ted a nd s how t h a t i tl a y a d ja cen t t ot h e v i l l s o fD i t ton a nd H a lewood ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 77 n 10 ) ; R obe r t d e F e r re r s a lowed h im t oe nc lo se h i s p a rk s e cu r e ly a ga in s t b ea s t s i n We s t D e rby f o r e s t . I t s b ound s b egan a tt h e r o ad b ef o r e S i r H en ry ' s h ou se , a l ong t h e r oad t ot h e l i t t le B en i t ( Be in t ) , r ound t h i s a nd f o l low ing t h e d i tch t ot h e p a le s , a l ong t h e se t ot h e r oad ' o ft h e O ldf i e ld ' a nd a l ong t h er o ad t oS i rH en ry ' s d oo r( f ig 9 1 .47 ) .I n 1 247 1248 h eh ad q u i t tanc eo fa l s u i t s t ot h e c oun ty a nd h und red c ou r t s . I nc 1256 h ew a s g ran ted f r ee w a r r en i nT a rbock ,T u r ton , D a l ton , Wh i t t le a nd B r idehead ;h ew a sa l so g r an t ed aw eek ly m a rk e ta nd a nnua l f a i ra tT a rbock .

6

( Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 2 1122 ,2 54 ) . I n1 276 1283 H en ry o fL a thom , l o rd o fT a rbock , a nd h i sw if e ,E l len , g ave B u r scough P r io ry ah ou se c a l led R udga t e . I th ad

7

b een g ran t ed t o l e pe r s l i v ing t h e r e q u i p roces su t empor i s q ua s i i np rophano s u su s c onver teba tu r e t o ccupaba tur m an ibu s l ay corum . T he d ocumen t s ugg e s t s a n e s ta t e o f s ome c on sequence c um ° m in ibu s e df ic i i s , g a rd in i s , c ur t i lag i s , m esuag i i s , c um q u ibu sdam p orc ion ibu s t e r r e d ic tum l o cum e t m an s ionem c i rcum iacen t ibu s , s c i l ice t i n t er d ua sq uercu sq ue d i cun tu r Merhok i n f ra f o s sa ta s i cu t c ruces l i m i t ibu s c o l locan tur . T he r e w a s a l so ap i ece o f l a nd c a l led A spy s , c on ta in ing f ou rs e l ion s , n ex tt o W y t s tane sga t e a nd af i e ld a tt h e h ead o ft h e s e l ion s , g iven t ot h e l e pe r s f o rt h e i r m a in tenance b yH en ry , s on o fR icha rd . T he r ew a sq u i t tance o fp annage f o r2 0 p ig s , h ou sebo t ea nd h aybo te i nt h ec ommon w ood o fT a rbock ;t h ep r io ra nd c anon s a nd t h e i rt e nan t s c ou ld g r ind t h e i r c or nw i thou t t o l l i nT a rbock m i l l . I n 1 285 t h e c ha r t e rw a s c onf i rmed b y H en ry d e L a cy w ho r e qu i red t ha t t h e p r io ry s hou ld m a in ta in a t R idga t e al e p e r f r om H en ry ' s f e e o fW idne s . R idga te h a s b een a s s igned b yt h e VCH t ot h e t own sh ip o f Wh i s ton ( qv ) ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 50 3 51) . B u tf i e ld n ame s P r ie s tH ey a nd C hape l C rof t , w h ich l i e c l o se t oC hape l B rook a nd al i t t le t ot h e e a s to fP ee l F i e ld ( Lane s RO DDM 1 4 /53 ) , a l o n o r c l o se t ot h eb ounda ry w i th Wh i s ton , s ugge s tt ha t a tl e a s tp a r to fR idga t e l a y i nT a rbock . I ts e em s l i k e ly t ha tR idga t ew a s a ne a r ly e s ta te w h ich , b yt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry h ad b ecome d i v ided b e tween t h el o rd so fT a rbock a nd t h o se o f Wh i s ton ,t h e Wh i s ton p o r t ion b e ing g ran ted t ot h eH o sp i ta lo fS tJ ohn . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 81 n 7 ) . J ohn , s on o fN icho la s , w a s af e of f ee o fS i r H en ry . I n 1 292 R ober t d e Wh i te f ie ld c l a imed f r om S i r H enr ya nd h i s w if e ,E l len , q u i t tance o fs e rv ic ed emanded f r om h im b yH en r yd eL a cy . Wh i te f ie ld L ane E nd i sa tt h ej unc t ion o fr oad s n ea rR idga te .

8

9

( Webb e d . 1 970 ,2 48 -249 ) . T he P r io rg ran ted t h e l e pe r s 't e nemen tt oE l len .

1 °

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 7 ) . T he e s ta t eh ad b een i n c rea sed t o 11 2 k / n igh t ' sf e e . I n1 3111312 K now s ley o n ly w a sc i ted ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 1 9 ) .

1

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 8 ) .

1 2

1 3

( Webb e d . 1 970 , 2 49 ) . E l len g ave B u r scough P r io ry u nam a c ram t e r r em ee i nv i l la d e T o rbok i a c en t em i n t er t e r ram A d ed e O ld e T orbok e tl eL on e i u x ta d om in icum m eum p ropr ium p rou tc i rcumc lud i tur p er f o s sa ta . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T ho se l i s ted a s l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . I n 1 367 A l ic e , w idow o fH en ry d e Wh i t ef ie ld , c l a imed d ow e r i nl a nd s i n T a rbock a nd e l sewhe r e f r om J ohn , s on o fR obe r t d e Wh i te f ie ld ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 8 1 n 10 ) . I n 1 332 E l len o fT a rbock g ran ted t oT hu r s tan d e H uy ton ( q v ) a nd h i s w if e , Maud , l a nd s b ounded b y Wh i s ton B rook a nd a r ound t h e o l d d i tch o fH uy tonshaw , f o r r e n t o f ar o se ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 78 n 1) .

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 77 n 10 , 1 78 ) . I nc 1334 R icha rd , p robab ly s on o fR icha rd d eT o rbock , c l a imed t wo p a rk sw i th in h i s m ano r . I n1 337 J ohn d e H o l land ( p e rhap so fS u t ton , q v ) a leged t ha t , i n1 334 , R icha rd d e T o rbock h ad g ran ted h im a n a nnua l r e n to f3 s4 d f r om T a rbock mano ra nd ar ob ew o r th 2 0 s . A l so i n1 337 J ohn d e D u t ton /D i t ton c l a imed ar e n t o f4 0 s a nd ar obe ( w i th h ood ) t ot h e v a lue o f2 0 s y ea r ly . T he d ef endan t s w e r e Emma , E l len a nd A l ic e , d augh t e r s o fS i r R icha rd d e T o rbock , t h e i r f euda l g ua rd ian s , t h e L a thom s , a nd Ma rga r e t , l a t e w if e o fS i r R icha rd d e T o rbock . T he s i s t e r s w e re c h i ld r en o ft h em a r r iage w i th Ma rga r e t , b u t S i rR icha rd , d u r ing Ma rga r e t ' s l i f e t ime , h ad ma r r ied Maud d e S tand i sh w ho se s on , H en ry d e T o rbock , e n t e r ed i n to al o ng d i spu t e o ve rh i s l e g i t imacy . B o th Ma rga r e t a nd Maud s u rv ived S i rR icha rd a nd m a r r ied , r e spec t ive ly H en ry R u s se l l o fC he s te r a nd H en ry , s on o fB er na rd . I n 1 336 Ma rga r e tT o rbock /Ru s se l l c l a imed d owe r a ga in s t Maud d e S tand i sh /To rbock w ho , c 134 11342 , c l a imed o ne th i rd o fo ne t h i rd o ft h e mano r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 78 n n5 ,7 ) .

1 5

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 4 ) . T he i n c r ea se t o 4c a ruca te s h a sn o tb een e xp la ined ;t h a tf o rH uy ton ,n o rma l ly 3c a ruca te s ,w a sr e duc ed t o 2a tt h i sd a te .

1 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 78 n 10 ) . S i r W i l l iam Ca r ie s , h u sband o f Emma d e T o rbock , c omp la ined t ha t W i l l iam d e B r e t ta rgh a nd o the r s h ad b roken i n to h i sp a rk a tT a rbock , h ad c u tt r ee sa nd d one o the rd amage t h e r e , a tT u r ton ( Sa lf o rd h und red )a nd e l sewhe r e .

1 7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 78 179 ) . H en ry d e T o rbock ' s l e g i t ima cy w a s r e cogn i sed b y t h e P r io ro fB u r scough i n 1 365 . I nt h e s ame y ea r S i rW i l l iam C a r te s a nd Emma c omp la ined t ha tH en ry h ad o u s ted t h em f r om t h e i rm ano ro fT o rbock . T he j u ro r s f ound i nf a vou ro fH en ry . C la im s o fb r ibe r y w e r e l a id b yC a r ie s ; a l though h ew on t h i sc a se h ef a i led t or e cove rt h e mano r( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 79 n 2 ) .

1 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 79 ) . H en ry d eT o rbock e nf eof f ed J ohn B e l le rby , v i ca ro fP re s tbu ry , a nd R icha rd C au sey o fh i s mano r s o fT a rbock , T u r ton a nd e l sewhe r e . H en ry ' ss econd w if ew a sI s abe l , w idow o fR obe r ta t t eP oo le . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 79 ) . S i rR icha rd d e T a rbock , s on o fH en ry , d i ed i n1 386 1387 . H eh ad b een g ran ted al i c ence f o r a n o ra to ry a tT a rbock i n 1 386 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 79 n 9 ) . T he i n qu i s i t ion o fh i sp o s se s s ion sw a s mad e i n1 389 . H ea l so h e ld Wa l ton ( ?Da l ton )L ee s i ns ocage f r om t h el o rd o f U pho l land ( q v ) a nd t h e m ano ro fT u r ton f r om t h el o rd o fL a thom . H eh ad n oc h i ld r en a nd H en ry ( p robab ly ah a lf b ro the ra ss on o fR icha rd a nd I s abe l )w a s h e i ra nd i np o s se s s ion .

2 0

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 79 n 6 ) . I s abe l ( no te 1 8 )h ad l i cence f o ra no ra to ry a tT a rbock .

2 1

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 81) . W i l l iam Wh i t e f ie ld d i ed i n1 402 ;t h e r ew a s a n i n qu i s i t ion i n1 446 1447 .

2 2

( Fa r r e re d 1 909 , 1 244 ) . J ohn E s thede w a st e nan t i n1 46 1 a nd a ga in i n1 50 1 a nd 1 537 ( Fa r re re d 1 909 , 1 251 , 1 247 ) .

2 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 80 ) . S i rW i l l iam d i ed i n1 505 . H i se s ta te i nT a rbock w a sw o r th £ 40 ; h e h ad am e s suag e a nd 6a c re s i nR idga t e . I n1 497 h e h ad m ade as e t t lemen t o fh i s p roper ty e nf eoff ing S i r R obe r t D an ie l l a nd S i r W i l l iam N o r r i s o fS peke ( qv ) a nd o t he r s o ft h e m ano r o fT a rbo ck a nd o t he r l a nd s( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 80 n 11) .

2 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 80 ) . A t h i s d ea th i n 1 554 T homa s T a rbock ' s e s ta t e i n c luded 3 2 m e s suag e s , aw indm i l l , 2w a t e rm i l l s a nd af u l l ing m i l l . T ho se c i t ed a st e nan t sp a id r e n t st oh im .

2 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 8 1) .

2 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 80 181) . B y 1 6 11 T o rbo ck w a s h ea v i ly i nd eb t a nd t h e mano ro fT a rbock w a s s o ld t oT homa s S u t ton o fL ondon . T he s a le i n c luded t h e mano r o fT a rbock , l a nd s i nC ron ton a nd Wh i s ton a nd t h e r e c to ry o fH uy ton . T homa s S u t ton d i ed i n 1 6 11 ; h i s h e i r w a s h i s n ephew S imon B ax t e ro fL ondon .

2 7

2 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 81) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 8 1 n 5 ) . S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ( q v ) b ough tT a rbock f r om S imon B ax t e r( no t e 2 6 ) . T he T o rbock f am i ly s t i l l l i ved i nt h ea r ea ; f o r at ime ay ounge rs on w a st e nan ta tT a rbock H a l l .

3 54

C a ta logue : T ARBOCK

F ig 9 1 .47b : G eo rge son sF a rm a bove l e f t -1 769 ( Lane s RO DD M 1 4 /53 ) a bove r i gh t -1 847 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 78 )

F ig 9 1 .47a : T a rbock N o . SMR

2 6 A SM 4 587 / 17

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

G eorge son 's F arm T a rbock H uy ton We s tD e rby W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 571 8 7 18 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P e rmo -T r ia s s ic s and s tone A l luv ium D ownho l land A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

9m s ou th f a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t r ance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 32 x4 2m / 1344m 2;c 65 x7 0m /4500m 2o ve ra l l c 5m

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

p robab le

w e t 1 849 s t ream e a s t

F ig 9 1 .47c : G eo rgeson sF a rm s urvey p l an 1 981 ( AS M ) 1 3m T a rbock H a l l w a s t h e h ome o ft h e T o rbock f am i ly a nd H a l iw e l lb rook , n ea r O ld T a rbock , w a s n o ted i nt h e l a t e 1 2 th c en tu ry . L icence f o ra n o ra to ry a nd ap a rk n ea r S i r H en ry d e T o rbock ' s h ou se a nd O ld f ie ld h ad b e en g ran ted b ef o r e 1 251 . F u r the rl i cenc e s f o ra no ra to ry w e r e g r an t ed i n1 386 , 1 392 a nd 1 397 . I ti sb e l ieved t ha t t h e c hape l i sr e p re sen t ed i n af r ee s tand ing b r ick b u i ld ing a tt h ew e s to ft h es i te ; a si ts t and s ,t h i ss t r uc tu re i sp robab ly o f1 7 th

A SM 1 981 t r a ce s f a rm DD M 1 4 / 53 1 769 @ 10 s t a tu t ep e rche s= 33/ 1 0" ;L ane s RO DRL 1 / 78 , 1 847 @ 1 0 c ha in s= 11 /" 4 ;A SM M i lne 1 981 @ 1 : 500

o r 1 8 th -cen tu ry d a t e . E l len o fT a rbock ' s h ou se w a s a t ta cked i n 1 315 w hen s uppo r te r s o fA dam B ana s t r e t ook f r om h e r 3 2 o xen , 2 0 c ow s , 3 0 b u l lock s a nd s t ee r s a nd o the r

C owe l l 1 982 ,9 5

g ood s ' b e long ing t o t h e m en o f T a rbock ' v a lued a t 1 00 ma rk s ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 2 7 , 4 4 -45 ) . W i l l iam T a rbock ' s p roba t e i n ven to ry o f 1 557 n o ted c hamb e r s , c hape l h a l l , l a rde rh ou se , k i tchen , ' My L o rd ' s C hambe r ' , n u r se ry , c l o se ta nd h a l l ( P iccope 1 857 , 7 1-76 ) . T he i n ven to ry o fE dwa rd T a rbock i n 1 608 n o ted t h e h a l l , S i r R obe r t ' s C hambe r , c hape l a nd c hape l c hamb e r , a bou t 2 0 c hambe r s o r r oom s , a' f a i r c ock -pen ' w o r th £ 3 a nd a' l i t t le b oa t ' w o r th 1 0 s( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 81 n 1) .

T he s i te , n ow k nown a s G eo rge son 's F a rm , b e longed t o t h e Mo lyneux e s ta te s i n 1 769 w hen i tw a s o ccup ied b y M r J ame s H a r r i son ` R icha rd son s ' ( Lane s RO DD M 1 4 / 12 ) . Ac on tou rs u rvey o ft h e s i t e i n1 981 s ugge s ted t ha t t h e f a rmhou se s t ood o n as ma l l p l a t f o rm w i th d ry d i tche s o n t h e n o r th a nd w e s t a nd a d ry d i tch r unn ing c l o se t ot h en o r th -ea s tc ome ro ft h eh ou se . B eyond t h e se d ry d i tche s an a r row w e t d i tch r un s a l ong t h e n o r th a nd w e s t s i de s o f t h e s i te . T he n a r row d i tche s m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th t ho se a t Much C rof t , t hough a t G eo rg e son ' s F a rm t h ey a ppea rt ob el e s s c omp lex . T he p u rpo se a nd f unc t ion o ft h e d i tche s i sn o t c l ea r b u t t h e i r a wkwa rd , s ha rp ly -ang led a r rangemen t w ou ld s e em t op r ec lud e t h em a s as upp ly o fw a te r t o d r ive a m i l l w hee l . T hough t h ey c ou ld , p e rhap s , h ave b een a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e f l ax r e t t ing p ro ce s s , f i e ld n ame s i n t h e v i c in i ty , u n l ike t ho se a t Much C rof t , a r e u n inf o rma t ive .

J A Wa i te ' s p ho tog raph s t a ken i nt h e p e r iod 1 888 192 1 s how t h a t t h e moa t r a n c l o se t ot h e s ou th e l eva t ion o ft h e h ou se , w h ich i s at wo s to r ey b r ick b u i ld ing . O u tbu i ld ing s a r e a l so o fb r ick w i th s t one d r e s s ing s . T he moa t h a s b een f i l led r e cen t ly b yt h ep r e sen tt e nan t s .

3 55

C a ta logue : T ARBOCK

N o . SMR

9 0 A SM 4 688 /2

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

T arbo ck Ha l l T a rbock H uy ton We s tD e rby W idne s

NGR L oca t ion

S J4 6 15 8 820 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

P e rmo -T r ia s s ic s and s tone B ou lde rc l ay /A l luv ium S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 5m s ou th f a c ing , o ve rs ha l low v a l ley

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 47 x5 5m /2585m 2 c 8 15m

E xcava t ion S u rv ey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s :

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s :

c e r ta in

w e t 1 847 s t r eam w e s t b r idge

F ig 9 1 .47d : T a rbock H a l l 1 769 ( Lancs RO DD M 1 4 /53 )

A SM 1 981 t r ac e s o ra to ry 1 3 14 thC ; c hape l 1 557 f a rm L anc s RO DD M 1 4 /53 , 1 769 @ 10 s t a tu te p e rche s = 33/ 10 " ; DRL 1 / 78 , 1 847 @ 1 0c ha in s= 11 /" 4 ;A SM M i lne 1 981 @ 1 : 500 Wa i te 1 888 1921 v o l I V , 1 04

P ub l ica t ion :

F a r r e r&B ro v vnb i l l e d s 1 907 ; P icc ,ope 1 857 ; T up l ing 1 949

N o . SMR

12 A SM 4 786 /

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta t e

Much C rof t T a rbock H uy ton We s tD e rby T hanage

NGR L oca t ion

c SJ 4 780 8 590 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

L owe r Mo t t led S and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

c 7 .5m n o r th f a c ing o ns i de o fv e ry s ha l low v a l ley

P lan F o rm A rea

mu l t ip le r e c tangu la r c 65 x4 0m /2600m 2;c 60 x3 0m / 1800m 2;c 60 x 6 0m /3600m 2 c 5 -8m

Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

p o s s ib le

F ig 9 1 .47e : T a rbock H a l l 1 847 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 78 )

w e t 1 847 s t ream e a s ta nd w e s t

F ig 9 1 .47f : T arbock H a l l 1 981 ( AS M )

d e s t royed

I n 1 769 p rope r ty i nt h e e a s t e rn p a r t o fT a rbock w a s o ccup ied b y T homa s Y a t e s s en io r( f ie ld s w e s to f Much C rof t ) , E dwa rd G love r ( Much C rof t ) a nd

L anc s RO DDM 1 4 /53 1 769 @ 10 s t a tu te p e rche s = 33/ 1 0" ; DRL 1 / 78 , 1 847 @ 1 0c ha in s 1 ¼ "

M rJ ohn T a t lock ( D i tch f i e ld ) ( f ig 9 1 .47h ) a st e nan t s o ft h e Mo lyneuxe s o f S ef ton ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /53 ) . T he n ame ' Much ' c ou ld p l au s ib ly b e a c o r rup t ion o f' muc i lag e ' ( av i scou s s ub s tance o b ta ined f r om t h er oo t s , s e ed s e t c . o fp l an t s b y mace ra t ion i nw a te r )a nd t h ree o t he rf i e ld n ame s c on ta in ing ' Wa lke r ' c ou ld b e t a ken f r om ` o ne w ho f u l l sc l o th ; af u l le r ' ( Sho r t e r OED ) . Al i t t le t ot h en o r th as e r ie s o ff i e ld s c a l led ' Dye L ane ' a r e f ound e i the rs i d e

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

3 56

C a ta logue : T ARBOCK o ft h e r o ad r unn ing n o r thwa rd s t owa rd s t h e c en t r e o ft h e t own sh ip . S ma l l o pen r e c tang le s o n p l o t s a tt h e s ou th e nd o fD y e L ane a nd a d jac en tt oT an H ou s e Meadow m ay r e p r e sen t p i t s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e u s e o fw a t e r i nf l ax p roce s s ing ,d y e ing o rt a nn ing . T he s e r ie so fn a r row d i tche s a t Much C rof ti se x t en s ive . I nw id th t h ed i t che s m ay b e c ompa r ed w i th t h o se a tG eo rge son ' s F a rm , t h ough h e r e t h ey a r e m o r e c omp lex a nd t wo o rt h re e d i tched e nc lo su r e s a r e i n d ica t ed . T aken i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e 1 8 th -cen tu ry f i e ld n ame s i nt h e v i c in i ty , p o s s ib ly t h ey

F ig 9 1 .47g : Much C rof t 1 769 ( La ms RO DD M 1 4 /53 ) h ave s ome l i nk w i th t h e f u l l ing m i l l r e co rded i n 1 554 ; R og e r t h e Wa lke r c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy i n1 332 . T he s i t e i sn ow d if i cu l t t o l o ca t e b u t i sp robab ly i nt h e v i c in i t y o fT ray A she s F a rm . Map e v idenc e s how s t h a t a l te ra t ion s t or o ad s a nd l a ne s h ave b een m ade a nd s t r eam s h ave b e en c ana l i sed s i nc e t h e m id 19 th c en tu ry i n t h i sp a r to fT a rbock .

F ig 9 1 .47h : Much C rof t 1 847 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 78 )

3 57

C a ta logue : THORNTON T enure

1 2122

Me sne l o rd

2 h / 1 ide

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord K ing E dwa rd

k n igh t 's f e e

2c a ruca te

W i l l iam l eB o te le r

R ob e r ts on o fR icha rd

k n igh t 's f e e /k 2 1 n igh t 's f e e

1c a ruca te 1c a ruca te

W i l l iam l eB o t e le r R icha rd d e Mu l ina s

G i lbe r ts on o fE aw in R icha rd s on o fG i lbe r t

1 066 1

E s ta te

A sk i

1

k ni g h t 's f e e /k 2 1 n ig h t 's f e e

H e i ro f Eme ry l e B o te le r E a r lF e r r e r s

A dam d e Mo lynou s& R obe r ts on o fR obe r t A dam [ d e Mo lyneux ]

1 246 3

W i l l iam l eB o te le r

A dam d e Mo lyneux

1 292

B u t le r

1 295 12961

B u t le r Mo lyneux

Ame ry d eT hor n ton Ame ry d eT ho rn ton

i ds i lve r

1a c r e h ou se & c r of t / 1o xgang 1a c re i n Meadowbu t t s

R icha rd d e Mo lyneux

Ame ry d eT ho rn ton

2 dr / 1 e n t

S tJ ohn o fJ e ru sa lem

V iv ian s on o fR obe r td e O r shaw

W i l l iam l eB o te le r

W i l l iam s on o fW i l l iam B lunde l l

1o xgang

1 322" 98 k n igh t 's f e e

-

1p lough land 1p lough land

W i l l iam l eB o t i le r( s ic ) W i l l iam l eB o te le r C ocke r sand A bbey B u t le r

1 327 f 1

1 332" f r ee t e nemen t

R obe r td e Mo lyneux h omage

1c a ruca t e 1c a ruca te

p r e 1 3001 g 1 300

L andho ld e r s

R obe r ts on o fG i lbe r td e T ho rn ton

1 2 12 -c 12503 1 242 1243 4

S er v ice/ r en t

1p lough land 1p loug land

W i l l iam l eB o t i le r W i l l iam l eB o t i le r

A lan l eN o r rey s W i l l iam B lunde l l T homa s &J ohn s on so fR obe r t t h eP r ie s t smock S imon s on o fA dam

R icha rd Mo lyneux N icho la sd eF a r ing ton R obe r ts on o fA dam d e Mo lyneux W i l l iam Mo lyneux

h omag e

R ob to l e Mo l ineux Ma rg ia r e l ic ta S imon W i l lo f i lR ic i R ob to f i lT home G i lb to d eT a r le ton H ugoe f i lW i l l i J ohe d eH o r s shaghe W i l lo S p ende lone

1 34 0

2c a ruca te s 1c a ruca te

1 355 1 4

1/ 3m ano ro f T ho rn ton

W i l l iam B o t i le r R icha rd Mo l ineux

B u t le r B u t le r R icha rd d e Mo lyneux o fS ef ton S i rW i l l iam l eB o te le r

1 358" 1 368 1 6 1 451

C ocke r sand A bbey

.

1 456 1457" 1 50 1

f r e e ly

1 515 2 1

k n igh t 's f e e

R obe r td eT ho rn ton

2 1d y ea r ly

R icha rd d e Mo lyneux o f S ef ton

2 s &s u i t

N icho la s Wa la

x i jd

R obe r t Mo lyneux

mano ro f T ho rn ton

1 505 2 O

Ma rg e ry w idow o f W i l l iam d eH ok e law h e i r so f Ma rge ry R icha rd d e Mo lyneux

C ocke r sand A bbey

J ohanne s Mo len e s se

B u t le r

R icha rd T a r le ton

T homa sB u t le r

R icha rd d eI n c e

x i id

c 1540 2

S tJ ohn o fJ er u sa lem

H en r ico B lunde l l

i do b

1 54 0

B u t le r

R icha rd Mo lyneux

21 2 d& / l b p eppe r& 6 d 2 0d 11 /d 2 1 31 /d 2

J ohn Mo lyneux W i l l iam T a r le ton R obe r tB oo t le & E l izabe th B ryan L un t 1 595 2 4

5me s suage s& l a nd s

1 597 2 3 -

[ ? 2c a ruca te s ]

l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton

1 773 2‘

[ ? 1c a ruca te ]

T ru s t ee so fD ame F ranc e sB loun t

S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux

W i l l iam B oo t le

3 58

2d / 1

i j si i jd x v jd x v jd i j si i jd x i jd i j s i j s x v jd

C a ta logue : THORNTON S i t e s :

3 5

H ome rG r een

I( Mo rgan

1 978 ,2 69c ) . T he v a lue w a s 8 s .

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 7 8 , 1 3 ) . P a in d e V i le r s , l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) h ad g i ven 1c a ruca t e n ow h e ld b y R obe r t , s on o fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux , l o rd o fS ef ton ( qv ) . T h e s econd c a ruca te h ad b een g i ven b y P a in t o E aw in . T hu s t wo th i rd s o f T ho rn ton w e re a t ta ched t ot h e Wa r r ing ton F ee ( Bu t le r p o r t ion ) ; t h e Mo lyneux i n t e re s t s ,t h e r ef o re , d e r ived f r om o ne th i rd a sg ran t ee f r om Wa r r ing ton a nd o ne th i rd f r om t h e S e f ton f e e( Mo lyneux p o r t ion ) .

2

BUTLER PORTION 2c a ruca t es R obe r t d e Mo lyn e ux

MOLYNEUX PORT ION 1c a r uca te

E aw in

R obe r t

G i lbe r t d e Mo lyneux

G i lbe r t

R icha rd d eT ho rn ton

R obe r tt oT ho rn ton g ran to rt oC ocke r sa nd A bbey

R ic l ia rd R icha rd

R icha rd

S imon ( dp r e 1 246 )

R obe r tt h e P r ie s t smock ( a l ive 1 243 )

Ame ry ( dp re 1 300 )

Adam

S imon ( dp r e 1 325 )

Ma rge ry i nW il iam d eH ok e law ( dp re 1 339 )

R obe r t d e Mo lyneux h ad g iven 1c a ruca te t oh i s b ro the r , G i lbe r t , a nd G i lbe r t ' s s on , R icha rd , h e ld i ti n 1 212 . S ub sequen t ly t h i s t e nemen t a ppea r s t oh ave r e ve r t ed t ot h e ma in l i ne o f Mo lyneux o fS ef ton . B o th R icha rd ,s on o fR icha rd d eT ho rn ton , a nd S imon , s on o fR icha rd d eT ho rn ton a ppea ri nt h ef i r s th a lf o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry . T he t wo R icha rd sa nd S imon w e r ew i tne s se st oc ha r t e r so f Wha l ley A bbey ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 6 ) . S imon d i ed b ef o r e 1 246 l e av ing as on , Ame ry . 3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 54 ) . R obe r t , s on o fG i lbe r td eT ho rn ton ,g ran ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey q uoddam m esuag ium c um t o f to e tc rof io . . . i n t er c rof tum R anu lf il e

4

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 47 ) . A dam d e Mo lyneux ' sh o ld ing w a s i nS ef ton ( qv ) ,T hor n ton a nd C ue rden .

R im e tc rof tum q uadf u i tS imon i sf i l i iG i lber t i .

5

6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 8 ) . R obe r td e Mo lyneux c a l led o nA dam d e Mo lyneux o fS ef ton t oa cqu i th im o fs e rv ice r e qu i red e ve ry 3w e ek sa tt h ec ou r t o f Wa r r ing ton . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 6 -77 n 16 ) . Ame ry , s on o fS imon , c ame t oh o ld 2c a ruca te s ;o ne w a sb yd e scen tf r om t h e Mo lyneux p o r t ion ,t h eo t he rc ame f r om t h eh o ld ing o fA dam , s on o fR obe r tt h eP r ie s t smock ,w ho h ad s u r r ende red a l h i sr i gh ti nT hor n ton t oW i l l iam B u t le r . Ame ry w a s g ran t ed t h eh omage a nd s e r v ic eo fS imon , s on o fA dam ; W i l l iam B u t le rr e se rved t h eh omag ea nd s e rv ic eo fA lan l eN o r r ey s , W i l l iam B lunde l la nd o fT homa sa nd J ohn , s on so f R obe r tt h e P r ie s t smock . Ame ry a nd h i s h e i r s w e r e q u i tc la imed o fs u i ta tt h e b a rony c ou r t f o rme r ly u nde r taken b yA dam ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 6 n 16 ) .

7( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 7 n 1 ) . I n 1 296 Ame ry d e T hor n ton g ave a n a c r e n ea r h i s m i l l i nT ho rn ton t oR icha rd , s on o fT homa s o fL i t t le C ro sby . I n

1 295 h eg ave t oR icha rd , s on o fR obe r td eR id ing , ah ou se a nd c r of ti nT ho rn ton w i th a no xgang o fl a nd . I n1 296 h eg ran t ed a na c r e i nt h e Meadowbu t t st o J ohn d e lL un t . A l lw e r eh e ld f r om R icha rd d e Mo lyneux . 8( Fa r r e r 9

I °

&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 6n 16 ) . T he H o sp i ta l ' sl a nd l a yb e tw een t h a to fA lan l eN o r rey sa nd o f Ame ry , s on o fS imon .

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 6 -77 n 16 ) . B lunde l l ( o fI nc e B lunde l l ) g r an ted a n o xgang t oP e t e r , s on o fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux . I n 1 331 A gne s , w idow o f W i l l iam B lunde l ls ough td owe rf r om P e te ri n 4m e s suage sa nd a no xgang . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 6 , 8 0 ) . R icha rd d e Mo lyneux ' sp l ough land a t ta ched t ot h eS e f ton f e ew a sn o ts pec if ied .

II ( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 6 n 14 , 7 6 -77 n 16 i i i ) . I n 1 327 R obe r t , s on o fA dam Mo lyneux g ran ted a n e s ta te t oJ ohn d e O r shaw a nd h i s w if e , Ma rge ry ,

o nt h eo cca s ion o ft h e i r ma r r ig e . I n1 356 Maud , d augh t e ro fJ ohn a nd Ma rg e ry g ran ted aq ua r t e ro ft h e i n he r i tanc eo fh e r mo the ri nT hor n ton ,I n ce B lunde l l ( q v )a nd L i t t le C ro sby ( qv )t oR obe r t ,s on o fJ ohn d eT a r le ton . I n1 359 T a r le ton t r an sf e r r ed t h i st oR icha rd d e Mo lyneux o fS ef ton . 1 2

1 3

1 4

( Fa r r e rc d 1 907 ,2 39 ; R y land s 1 896 ) . W i l l iam Mo lyneux o fT ho rn ton h e ld o ne o ft h eB u t le rp l ough land s . T ho se c i t ed a sl a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu t ed t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 2 -93 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 7n4 ) . T he i n te re s t o f Ma rge ry , w idow o fW i l l iam d e H oke law , d e r ived f r om Ame ry , s on o fS imon . Ame ry h ad g r an ted t o Ma rg e r yl a nd i nT ho rn ton c a l led S o ran i sc rof ta nd a n a c r e i nt h eN ew f ie ld , t owa rd s S ef ton , f o r ar e n to f1 2 dt / ot h e c h ief l o rd . Ma rge ry e nf eof f ed R icha rd d e L un to f 1/3 o ft h e m ano ro fT ho rn ton . R icha rd d e Mo lyneux o fS ef ton a nd t h e h e i r s o f Ma rge ry w e re r e co rded a sh o ld ing t h e Wa r r ing ton p a r t o fT hor n ton f o rme r ly h e ld b yA dam d e Mo lyneux a nd R obe r t , s on o fR obe r t . I n1 339 , a s aw idow , Ma rge ry g ave t h i sl a nd t oG eof f r ey , s on o fH en ry d eT hor n ton .

1 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 8 n 6 ) . R icha rd d e Mo lyneux o fS ef ton h ad ac on te s tw i th W i l l iam B u t le ro ve rt h e p rof i t s o ft h ew a rd sh ip o fR obe r t , s on o f S imon d e Mo lyneux . B u t le r c l a imed t ha t R obe r t ' s mano rw a s h e ld b yh omage a nd f e a l ty , p aymen to f 1 0 s t o as cu tag e o f4 0 s , s u i t a tc ou r te ve ry 3w e ek s a nd ay ea r ly s e rv ic e o f2 1d . B u t le r l o s t h i s c a se . I n 1 356 R icha rd d e Mo lyneux h ad c omp la ined t ha tR obe r tl eN o r r ey s o f Me l l ing ( qv ) a nd h i s w if e , J oan , w i th J ohn d e L anca s te r ( ? of R a inh i l l , q v ) a nd h i s w if e , Mabe l , h ad a bduc ted t h e h e i r . T h i s p o r t ion o fT ho rn ton w a s h e ld w i th t h e Mo lyneux l a nd s i n Me l l ing ( qv )a nd w a ss o ld b yt h et r u s t ee so fD ame F rance sB loun tt ot h ef i r s te a r l o fS ef ton i n1 773 .

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 8 n l ) . A tt h i sd a t eT ho rn ton w indm i l lw a sh e ld b yR icha rd d eA ugh ton .

1 7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 250 ) . T en y ea r s l a t eR icha rd H u rde sh e ld t e r ra i nT hor n ton f r om t h eA bbey f o rt h es ame r e n t( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 248 ) .

1 8

1 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 8 n 9 ) . R obe r tw a s p robab ly t h e g r and son o fR ob e r t , g rand son o fS imon d e Mo lyneux . I n 1 456 1457 h ee nf eof f ed T homa s S tan ley a nd T homa s Mo lyneux , s on o fS i rR icha rd Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ,o fh i s mano ro fT ho rn ton a nd a l h i sl a nd si nT ho rn ton a nd S ef ton . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 249 ) . I n1 537 t h i sw a sh e ld b yR obe r t Mo lyneux o f Me l l ing ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 247 ) .

2 °

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 7 n 4 ) .

2 1

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 7 n 4 ) .

2 2

( F ranc e 1 947 , 6 8 ) . I n VCH t h er e n ti sg i ven a s 5' A d( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 8 ) .

2 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 7 n 4 ) .

2 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 8 n 14 ) .

2 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 7 7 ) . T he l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton s o ld h i sr i gh t i nt h em ano ro fT hor n ton t oS i rR icha rd Mo lyneux . P robab ly t h i sr e p r e sen t ed t h e2 a nc ien tc a ruca te sh e ld b yt h eB u t le r s .

3 59

C a ta logue : THORNTON

2 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 7 8 ) . T he p o r t ion h e ld b y Mo lyneux o f Me l l ing ( no t e 1 5 )w a sb ough tb yt h e f i r s te a r l o fS ef ton i n1 773 . T h i s , p robab ly , i st h e p o r t ion f o cu sed o nH ome rG r een i n1 769 ( Lane s RO DDM 1 4 /54 ) a nd m ay r e p r e sen tt h ec a r uca t eh e ld b yt h e Mo lyneuxe s i n1 2 12 .

c hambe r i na dd i t ion t o t h e h ou se ' , b u t t e ry a nd l a rde r ( Lanc s RO WC W ) . T ha to fW i l l iam B oo t le , y eoman , d a ted 1 674 , s how s t h a th e l i ved a tH ome r G r e en ( Lane s RO WC W ) . H i s h ou se c on ta ined s even c hambe r s , i n c lud ing t h e ' g round c hambe r ' a nd ' c locke c hambe r ' , a nd ap a r lou r . T he s ma l l b r ick f a rmhou se a tH ome rG reen F a rm h a s as and s tone p l in th a nd s t one -mu l l ioned w indow sa nd s t and s al i t t le t ot h en o r th a nd w e s to f as e r ie s o fn a r row d i t che s a nd mo r ee x t en s ive p ond s . T he d i tche s e nc lo se a n a r ea o f o pen s pa ce . A l though t h e p ond s may r e la te t o c l ay e x t ra c t ion f o r b r ick m ak ing , t h e g eo logy map i n d ica te s a n a r ea p r edom inan t ly o fS h i rd ley H i l l S and w i th s a ndy s o i l s o ft h e A s t ley H a l l A s soc ia t ion b u t , a se l sewhe r e , t h e u nde r ly ing t i l l m ay l i e c l o se t ot h e s u r f a ce . T he u se o fb r ick i nT hor n ton i n t h e e a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry i si n d ica ted f r om p roba te i n ven to r ie s o ft h e A b raham f am i ly w ho l i ved e l sewhe re i n t h e t own sh ip ( Lanc s RO WC W W i l l iam

F ig 9 1 .48a : T hor n ton

F ig 9 1 .48b : Home rG reen F a rm 1 845 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 79 )

N o . SMR

3 5 A SM 3 402 / 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und red E s ta te

Homer G reen F arm T ho rn ton S ef ton We s tD e rby ?Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D3 4 10 0 220 p er iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

K eupe rs and s tone S h i rd ley H i l l S and A s t ley H a l l A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

8 m f l a ts i te c l o se t of l oodp la in o fr i ve rA l t

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su re b ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

A b raham , y eoman , 1 6 18 ; R obe r t A b raham , h u sbandman , 1 622 , b ro the r o f t h e a f o r emen t ioned W i l l iam ) . T he f a rm i sa tt h e n o r th e nd o fa n o pen -f ie ld s y s t em ( f ig 3 2 ) , d a t ed b y d ocumen ta ry e v idenc e f r om a t l e a s t t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry ( W i l l iam s 1 947 ; S heppa rd 1 979 , 8 6 -88 ) a nd t h e m ed ieva l h am le to f H ome rG re en l i e sn o r th ea s to ft h ef a rmhou se .

p robab le

c 90 x5 5m /4950m 2 o ve ra l l c 3 10m w e t 1 845 ? su rf ac eo rs t ream ? no r th

i n comp le t e 1 6 17C a g r icu l tu ra l L anc s RO DD M 1 4 /54 , 1 769 ; DRL 1 / 79 , 1 845 @ 3c ha in s =I " L ew i s 1 982c ; S heppa rd 1 979 ; W i l l iam s 1 947

D iv is ion o ft h ev i l l b e tween t h e f e e s o f Wa r r ing ton a nd S ef ton a nd w i th h a lf o ft h e Wa r r ing ton f e eh e ld b yt h e Mo lyneux f am i ly , l o rd s o fS ef ton , h a s l e d t o d if i cu l ty i n i n t e rp r e ta t ion o f t h e t e nu r ia l d e scen t o ft h i s h o ld ing . T he Wa r r ing ton p o r t ion w a s a cqu i r ed b y t h e Mo lyneuxe s o fS e f ton i nt h e l a te 1 6 th c en tu ry a nd i s , s uppo sed ly , t h e e s ta te d ep ic ted o n a n e s ta t e p l an o f 1 769 ( Lanc s RO DDM 1 4 /54 ) . H ome r G reen F a rm w a s n o t h e ld b y t h e Mo lyneuxe s a tt h i s d a t e . T he p o r t ion h e ld b yt h e Mo lyneuxe s a sp a r t o ft h e S ef ton f e e a ppea r s t ob e t ha t h e ld i nt h e l a te r m ed ieva l a nd p o s t -med ieva l p e r iod b y t h e b ranch o ft h e f am i ly w h ich s e t t led i n Me l l ing ( q v ) . T h i s d id n o tr e tu rn t ot h e ma in Mo lyneux l i ne u n t i lt h e l a te 1 8 th c en tu ry . O n b a lanc e , i ts e em sl i ke ly t h a tH ome rG r een F a rm ,w h ich w a sh e ld b yt h eB oo t le f am i ly i n 1 769 , a nd w ho w e r e p robab ly f r om Me l l ing , w a s a t ta ched t ot h e 1 3 th c en tu ry Mo lyneux p o r t ion . T he p roba te i n ven to ry o f R obe r t B oo t le , g en t leman a nd y eoman , o f T hor n ton , 1 650 , r e f e r red t o t h e n ew c hambe r , g r ea t c hambe r a nd c l ock

3 60

C a ta logue : TYLDESLEY w i th SHAKERLEY T enure 190 c 1220 1 1 2 12 1

k n igh t 's f e e

1c a ruca t e

W i l l iam l eB o t e le r

H ugh s on o fH en ry

H en ry d eT y lde s ley

A dam s on o fR obe r td e S hake r ley H en ry s on o fH ugh d e T y lde s ley W i l l iam l eB o t e le r

H en ry s on o fH en ry H ugh s on o fH en ry

mano ro f T y lde s ley c a l led G a r r e t t ( s ic ) l a nd si n T y lde s ley l a nd si n T y lde s ley

A dam s on o fH en ry H en ry s on o fH en ry W i l l iam l eB o te le r

f r ee t e nemen t f r e et e nemen t

W i l l iam l eB o t i l le r W i l l iam l eB o t i l le r

f r ee t e nemen t f r ee t e nemen t

S hake r ley H u r s t

f r ee t e nemen t f r e et e nemen t

C lewo r th

f r e et e nemen t f r ee t e nemen t 1 3411 345 1 2

H ugh T y ld i s ley A dam s on o fA dam d e T y lde s ley

m ano ro f T y lde s ley & m i l l

A dam s on o fH ugh d e T y ld e s ley

6m e s suage s , 2m i l l s

H ugh s on o fH en ry d e T y ld e s ley& m o the rJ oan

1 346 1

T homa sd eC haydock

1 353 1 3 .

m ano ro f T y lde s ley

R ob e r tb r o the ro fA dam

c 1375 1 6

H u r s t ,P a rk & S pen

T hu r s tan T y lde s ley

l a t e 1 4C 1 5C 1 7

C lewo r th

O l ive rP a r ro f K empnough , Wo r s ley

1 4 10 1 g

H u r s t ,P a rk & S pen

T homa sT y ld e s ley

1 427 1 428 1 9 1 4511 461 2 9

l a nd si n C haddock

T homa ss on o fT homa s C haddock

1 468"

mano ro f T y lde s ley

C ock e r sand A bbey

G a lf r idu sS chak i r ley

x i jd

J ohn T y lde s ley s en io r

C ocke r sand A bb ey

T homa sT y ld e s ley P e t ru sS ha l ce r lay

S i rT homa sB u t le r

J ohn T y lde s ley

x i jd

1 537 2 3

T he G a r r e t t e ( s ic )

v si jd i j si jd

H en rd eS hake r legh H en rd eT i lde s lgh H en rd eC ha idok T hom f i lW i l l i T hom H op l c rone A dam d eC ha idok

i j sv i i jd q i j sv i i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd x i jd

H ugh G r ego ry R obe r td eL ey land H en ry d eB y rom G i lbe r td eS wene legh i nT y lde s ley R obe r td eW i lke sha lgh i nT y lde s ley

W i l l iam B o t i l le r f r ee t e nan t

1 495 1 50 1-

H ugoe d eT i lde s ley A dam d eT i lde s legh

H en ry d eS hak e r ley H en ry d eT y lde s ley o f H u r s t T homa sd e Wave r ton J ohn s on o fH ugh d e T y lde s ley R icha rd d eH u l ton o f W ychev e si n Wo r s ley H ugh s on o fJ ohn A gne sd eC lewo r th

f r ee t e nemen t

1 5 o 9R

L andho ld e r s

H en ry d eT y lde s ley w ho le o f S hake r ley

1 301 g

1 350 1 4

S er v ice /ren t

W i l l iam s on o fR eg ina ld d eC hadoc H e i ro f Eme ry l e B o te le r

1/ i ok n igh t 's f e e

1 3007

1 335 1

Me sne l o rd

C hadoc i n T y lde s ley

1 276 1 2866

1 322 4 1 332 1 a

L ord o ffe e / S upe r ior L ord

H ugh s on o fH en ry d e T i lde s le ia

1 2 16 1 2723 1 242 1 243 4 1 2603

E s ta te

3 61

2 0d y ea r ly & s u i ta tc ou r t

C a ta logue : TYLDESLEY w i th SHAKERLEY

T enure 1 518 2 5

E s ta te

f r ee t e nan t f r e et e nan t

S hak e r ley Maken s ( Ma choun ) l a nd si nT y lde s ley

f r ee t e nan t f r ee t e nan t f r ee t e nan t 1 554 1 6

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord Wa r r ing ton

Me sne l o rd P e te rS hake r ley

T homa sT y lde s ley o fP ee l u nnamed u nnamed

2 s 3 s6 d 3 s6 d

S i r

T h o m a s B u t l e r T h u r s t a n T y l d e s l e y

1 563 1' 7 1 572 2 1

T hu r s tan T y lde s ley C h r i s tophe rA nde r ton f r ee f r ee f r ee f r ee f r ee

t e nan t t e nan t t e nan t t e nan t t e nan t

1 594 1 595 2 9

s o cage

1 600 2 t 7

f r eeho lde r

C haddock C lewo r th

G eof f rey S hake r ley e s q W i l l iam T y lde s ley o fP ee le s q R a lph H aze lhu r s tg en t T homa sC haddock g en t J ohn P a r rg en t

1 3 s4 d 2 s 3 s6 d 1 2d ' A d

R oge rB oa rdman

? ' Th eD owe re '

L ambe r tT y lde s ley g en t

3 s6 d

L eona rd A s shaw e

C lewo r th

N icho la s S t a rkey

1 616 2 1

H au te o fG a r re t t ( s ic )

R obe r tB lunde l lo fI n c e B lunde l l

1 626 2

C heydocke

J ohn C heydocke

1 71 0

H a l lo fG a r ra t t w a t e rm i l l &k i ln N ew H a l l

T homa s S t an ley

S i te s :

L andho lde r s

S er v ice / r en t 1 3 s4 d 1 6 s

6 0

N ew H a l l

1 07

T homa s K ay w idow H ey s

C lewo r th H a l l

1 08

G a r r e tH a l l

10

S hake r ley O ld H a l l

11

C haddock H a l l

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 7 14 -7 15 ) . H ugh g r an ted t oC ocke r sand A bbey l a nd i nT y lde s ley s c i l ice tS hak er l ee i n f ra h a s d i v i sa s ac ap i t e h a iae i no r ien t e s equendo S hak er l eg ebroc u sque i nc on t ra H o lhak u b i c rux s t a te td e H o lhak i n t ran sv er sum u sque i nc a r ram e ts equendo c ar ram u sque i nc on t ra K no t t ihak e td e K no t t ihak i n t ransv er sum u sque i nB lak es ik e td e B lak e s ik e s equendo m ed ie ta tem m o s sae u squ e a dc apu tp raed ic t e h a ie w i th p annage f o rt h e p i g s o ft h e man w ho s hou ld h o ld t h a tl a nd . 2

3

( Fa r r e r e d . 1 903b , 9 10 ) . E l sewhe r e i ti sc l a imed t h a t t h e h o ld ing w a s 1/ 1 0 k n igh t ' s f e e ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 906 , 3 40 ) . H ugh d e T y lde s ley a l so h e ld A s t ley ( q v ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 42 n 2 ) . D u r ing H en ry I l ' s r e ign W i l l iam , s on o fR eg ina ld d eC hadoc , g ave h a lf C hadoc t oE l ia s , s on o fR obe r t d e C hadoc . T he g r an tw a sc onf i rmed b yH ugh d eT y lde s ley .

4

( Fa r r e rc d 1 903b , 1 46 ) . Eme ry l eB o t e le rh e ld f r om t h ee a r lo fF e r r e r sa nd h ef r om t h ek i ng , i nc h ief .

5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 39 ) . I tw a sp robab ly H en ry d eT y lde s ley w ho , i n1 260 ,e nf eof f ed R icha rd , s on o fJ ohn d eH u l ton ,o fl a nd c a l led t h eF a l l .

6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 7 14 -7 15 ) . A dam , s on o fR obe r t d e S hak e r ley , r e lea sed t h e w ho le o fS hake r ley , f o rme r ly h e ld b yh i s f a the r , t oC ock e r sand A bbey . A l so i n t h i s p e r iod H en ry , s on o fH ugh d e T y lde s leyg ran ted t ot h e A bbey p a r t o fh i s l a nd i no r ien ta l i c ap i t e d e S hak er l e ie u sque i nB lak s ik s equendo B la l c es ic u sque i nB lak e lowebroc s equendo i lud b roc u sque i nq uandam q uercum c ruce s i gna tam i nH ay l eg eb rokomb s equendo Ha i l eg ekomb u sque i nH o lg e s ik e s equendo i l ud s i k u sque i nc r uc em e ts i c d e c ruce i nc rucem u sque i nB lak e lowebroc e td e i lo b roc u sque i n F y jhak e s e t d e F yf hok i s u sque i n G od er icbroc e te xi b ii np ra enom ina tum c apud d eS hak er l e ie w i th r i gh to fp annag e , e xcep ti nh i so wn e nc lo su re s ,f o rt h ep i g so fa l lw ho l i ved o nt h a tl a nd . S ho r t ly a f t e rwa rd s A dam , s o n o fR obe r t d e S hak e r ley g r an ted S hake r ley , F i veak i s H u r s t a nd Y l g r idd ing t oA dam , s on o fH en ry d eT y lde s ley , i nf e e f o r a p a i ro fw h i t eg l ove s a nd 1 2d r e n ty ea r ly t oC o ck e r sand A bbey ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 44 ) .

Henry d eT y ldes ley a l ive 1 301 Hugh a l ive 1 319-20 M A NOr . GARRETT He r ny l

k i l led 1 341 Hugh dc1350

Ad am dp re 1 350

Hugh db y 1 324

J ohn

Wi l l ia m

Hen ry HURST

Adam ? k i l led 1 321 CLE WORTH Rober t m Marge ry dpre 1 353

Henry dp re 1 352

N icho las a l ive 1 353

T hur s tan

Henry d e T y lde s ley a l ive 1 347 HURST PARK

Ad am a l ive 1 335 Ra lph

J ohn p redeceased h is f a ther

J ohn a l ive 1 390 GARRETT

R ichan i d eT y ldes ley o f Wa rd le/ , Thu r is t an dc1375 HURST !ARK

T ho mas T y ldes ley d1 410 N IC HOLAS ' M ANOR NE W HALL

t o S tan ley f am i ly l a te 1 6C/ea z ly 1 7C

SPE N Hugh d1 434 Thurs tan J ohn

Thomas T y ldes ley d1 495 T hurs tan T y ldes ley d1 554 M ANOR s o ld t o Chr is topher Ander ton

7

8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 39 -440 ) . I n 1 300 H en ry , s on o fH en ry d e T y lde s ley , w a s r e lea sed f r om t h e p rov i s ion o fo ne o ft wo b ead le s t ot h e c ou r to f Wa r r ing ton . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 39 -440 ) . I n1 301Hen ry , s on o fH en ry d eT y lde s ley , d i v ided h i se s ta te b e tween h i st h ree s on s , H ugh , A dam a nd H en ry . H ugh r e c e ived t h e m ano r , 7m e s suag e s , am i l l , 8 6 a c re s o fm eadow , 1 60 o fw ood a nd 2 6 o fp a s tu r e . Av e r s ion o ft h i s g ran t s t a te s t h a t i n 1 300 H en ry , l o rd o f

3 62

C a ta logue : TYLDESLEY w i th SHAKERLEY

T y lde s ley ,g av et h em ano ro fT y lde s ley c a l led G a r re t t( s ic ) a nd a l h i s l a nd s i nA s t ley t oh i se l de s ts on , H ugh . T he r e s idue o fh i s l a nd s i nT y lde s ley , w i th t h e s e rv ice s o fh i s f r e eho lde r s , w a s g i ven t oh i s s e cond s on , A dam , w ho g ave p a r t o fi tt oh i s b ro the r , H en ry ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 42 n 9 ) . H ugh ' s p o r t ion d e sc end ed t h rough t h ef am i ly t oT y lde s ley o fG a r r e t t( s ic )w ho h e ld i tb y2 0d y ea r ly s e rv ice a nd s u i t a tt h ec ou r to f Wa r r ing ton . A dam w a s g i ven a n e s ta te b o rde r ing Wo r s ley , H u l ton ( Sa lf o rd h und r ed ) a nd A the r ton a nd b ounded o nt h e s ou th b yl a nd s c a l led t h e S penne , h e ld b yA lexande rd e H a lda le , a nd t ho se o f Ma t thew ' o fH u r s t ' ,t h eK ing ' sH edg eo ft h e Woodf a l l ,t h eF ruynd e sS i l c e , Mo s se ld Y a rd , l a nd so fR icha rd d eS y lk esha lgh , t h eB rook s , H o lyn shu r s t S ike , l a nd so f Ma rga r e t , w idow o f Wa l te rt h e F u l le r , a nd o fR icha rd , s on o fR icha rd , s on o fJ ohn d e H u l ton . C lewo r th w a s i n c luded i nA dam ' s p o r t ion a nd w a sh e ld f r om h im b yJ ohn d e Wave r ton w ho a l so h ad aq ua r te ro fB edf o rd ( q v ) ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 43 ) . T h i s p o r t ion p a s sed t ot h eT y lde s ley s o f Wa rd ley w ho h e ld i tf o r 910 o f ak n igh t ' s f e e . H en ry w a s g i ven l a nd sc a l led t h eH u r s ta nd w a s l a t e rd e sc r ibed a s' o fT y lde s ley H u r s t ' . 9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 6 ) . J u s tb ef o r e 1 322 H ugh d eT y lde s ley a nd h i s s on s , H ugh , H en ry , J ohn , A dam a nd R obe r tw e r e i n vo lved i nm any v i o len ta c t s i n c lud ing t h ef t a nd m u rd e r ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 40 ; T up l ing 1 949 p a s s im .T hey w e r e p a r ty t o t h e H o l land c on sp i ra c ie s a tG a r swood i nA sh ton in Make r f ie ld ( q v ) . I nD ecembe r Janua ry 1 32 11322 C haddock H u r s t w a s t h e s c ene o fa n a f f ray b e tween H ugh , s on o fH ugh d e T y lde s ley , a nd h i s b ro the r s , a nd ag r oup l e db yA dam d eH ind ley a nd T homa s , h i sb ro the r . A dam d eT y lde s ley w a sk i l led ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 1 5 ,3 1-32 ) .

1 0

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 39 ;R y land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy .

1

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l 1 907 ,4 4 1 n 1 ) . R icha rd d eH u l ton ' sl a nd sm ay h ave b o rde r ed t ho se g ran ted t oA dam d eT y lde s ley i n1 30 1 ( no te 7 ) .

1 2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 40 n n 7 ,1 2 ) . I n 1 34 1 A dam , s on o fH ugh , k i l led h i s e l de r b ro the r , H en ry ; h e e xpe l led H en ry ' s w if e a nd s on , H ugh , f r om t h e i re s ta t e . H ee nf eof f ed R oge ra nd R obe r td e H u l ton o ft h e mano r a nd r e ve r s ion o fl a nd s h e ld b y R obe r t d e T y lde s ley , A dam ' s b ro the r , o n c ond i t ion t h a t t h ey s hou ld r e enf eof fA dam w hen h ew a sp a rdoned o f mu rde r . T he f r e e s e rv ice so ft h et e nan t sw a s i n c luded . I n1 347 t h eH u l ton sh e ld w a s t e i nt h ep a rk o f T y lde s ley c a l led G rome shu r s t ( Lanc s RO DDHu 3 6 /2 -3 ) . T he T y lde s ley s a nd H u l ton s d i spu t ed t h e e s ta t e u n t i l 1 413 . I n 1 345 H ugh , s on o fH en ry d e T y lde s ley p e t i t ion ed t h ee a r l o fL anca s te r ; h e a nd h i s mo the ro b ta ined p a r to fH en ry ' s e s ta te s f r om A dam . I na dd i t ion t om e s suag e s a nd m i l l st h ey r e ce ived 3 10 a c r e so fl a nd ,m eadow , p a s tu r ea nd w ood .

1 3

( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) .

1 4

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 42 ) .

1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 40 ) . O nt h ed ea th o fR obe r t( 1 353 ) ,y oung e s tb ro the ro fA dam , w i thou th e i r s , t h e mano ro fT y lde s ley w a sh e ld b yN icho la s , s on o fA dam , a nd Ma rge ry , w idow o fR obe r t . N icho la s h ad n om a le h e i r a nd t h e mano r p a s sed t oT hu r s tan , s on o fH ugh , a nce s to ro fT y lde s ley o fG a r re t t ( s ic ) .

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 4 1) . T hu r s tan d i ed i nc 1375 h o ld ing t h eH u r s ta ss ucce s so ro fh i s g randf a the r , H en ry d eT y lde s ley o fH u r s t ,t h eP a rk ,g i ven t ot h es am eH en ry i n1 347 b yR obe r t ,s on o fA dam d eH u l ton , a nd t h eS pen . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 43 ; P ink 1 893 , 5 3 ) . C lewo r th h ad b een h e ld b yt h e Wave r ton f am i ly s i nce a tl e a s t 1 30 1 ( no t e 8 ) . I nt h el a te 1 4 th -ea r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry i tw a st h er e s idence o fW i l l iam o rH en ry T u th i l l . H en ry d e T o t eh i l lw a s h u sband o f Ma rge ry , s uppo sed d augh t e ra nd h e i ro fT homa s d e Wave r ton , a nd w ho se d augh t e r , Emo t te ( Emma ) , ma r r ied O l ive rP a r ro fK empna l l . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 4 1) . T homa s T y lde s ley w a s f o l low ed b yh i s b ro the r , H ugh . I n 1 421 T homa s ' s N ewha l l a nd 2 0 a c re s o fl a nd i nt h e p a rk o f T y lde s ley w e r eq u i t c la imed b yR oge r ,s on o fA dam o fH u l ton ,t oH ugh , s on o fT hu r s tan ( Lane s RO DDHu 3 6 /4 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 42 n 2 ) . L and s i nC haddock w e r es e t t led u pon T homa s , s on o fT homa sC haddock a nd h i sc h i ld r en . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 248 , 1 250 ) . I n 1 429 R obe r t d e S hake r ley o fT y lde s ley , g en t . , G eof f r ey , h i s s on , y eoman , G eof f rey S hake r ley , g en t , Ma rga re t , w idow o f P e t e r S hak e r ley a nd o t he r s w e re i nd ic ted b y H ugh T y lde s ley f o r d igg ing ' i n h i s s o i l a tT y lde s ley ' a nd t ak ing s e a c oa l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 44 n 9 ) .

2 1

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s4 40 ) . J ohn T y lde s ley s en io r , e squ i r e , c onveyed t o af e of f e et h e mano ro fT y lde s ley , 3m e s suag e s , 2 00 a c r e s o fl a nd , 2 0 o fm eadow ,

2 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 4 1) . T homa s ,s uppo sed s on o fJ ohn , a nd g rand son o fT hu r s tan , d i ed i n1 495 .

2 3

( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 245 , 1 251) .

6 0o fp a s tu r e ,2 4o fw ood a nd 2 0o fh ea th . T he l a t e rd e scen to ft h em ano rf o l low st h a to fG a r r e t t( s ic ) .

2 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 42 ) . J ohn T y lde s ley d i ed i n1 509 . T he h o ld ing w a s d e sc r ibed a s ac ap i ta l m e s suage o f 'The G a r r e t te ' w i th 7m e s suage s a nd 2 76 a c r e s o fl a nd , m eadow , p a s tu re a nd h ea th . I nt h e l a t e 1 6 th o re a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry i tp a s sed t ot h e S t an ley f am i ly o fE cc le s ton t h rough t h e m a r r iag e o f Ma ry T y lde s ley w i th T homa s S tan ley .

2 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 41 n 12 ) . T he r e n t sw e re d ue f r om t h ef r ee t e nan t s .

2 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 4 1) . T hu r s tan w a ss on o fT homa sT y lde s ley ( d ied 1 495 ) .

2 7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 41) . T hu r s tan w a s g rand son o fT hu r s tan T y lde s ley ( d 1 554 ) . H e mo r tgaged h i s e s ta te s i nT y lde s ley , A s t ley a nd e l sewhe re . H e f a i led t om ak er e paymen t ;t h e mo r tgagee sf o r ec lo sed i n1 566 w hen t h em ano r so fT y lde s ley a nd A s t ley ( qv )w e r es o ld t oR obe r t Wo r s ley o f Mo s s ley a nd C h r i s tophe rA nde r ton o fL o s tock .

2 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 41) . I n 1 572 Wo r s ley a nd A nde r ton d i v ided t h ee s ta te . A nde r ton t ook t h e mano ro fT y lde s ley , 1 7 m e s suage s , 2 80 a c re s o f a r ab le l a nd , aw a t e rm i l l , c h ief r e n t s a nd amo ie ty o f4 0 a c re s o fm oo ro r mo s s . T he n ame s o ft h e f r ee t e nan t s a tt h i s d a t e a r e c i ted ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 41 n 17 ) . T he l a nd s o fW i l l iam T y lde s ley o fP ee l a d jo ined H u l ton ( Sa lf o rd h und red ) . P ee lwood F a rm l a y i nt h e n o r th p a r to fS hake r ley ( 6 " O S map s hee t9 4 , 1 849 ) . A f te rwa rd st h i se s ta t ep a s sed t oT homa sF l ee twood . I n1 578 C lewo r th p a s sed t ot h e S ta rk ie f am i ly o nt h e ma r r iag eo fA nne B a r ton , h e i r e s s o fJ ohn P a r r( n o t e 1 7 ) ,t oh e rs e cond h u sband ,N icho la sS ta rk ie ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 43 ;P ink 1 893 , 5 3 ) .

2 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 42 n 15 ) . L eona rd A s shawe ( d 1 594 1595 ) h e ld t h e mano ro fA s t ley ( qv ) a nd am e s suage a nd l a nd s i nT y lde s ley , p o s s ib ly t h eh o ld ing c a l led ' t he D owe re ' .

3 0

3 1

( P ink 1 893 , 5 4 ;s e en o te 2 8 ) . ( G ib son 1 876 , 1 1113 ) . R obe r tB lunde l l ' s i n t e r e s ts e em st oh ave d e r ived f r om h i s s i s te r , K a the r ine , w if e o fL ambe r tT i lde s ley o fG a r r e t t ( s ic ) w ho d i ed i n 1 6 16 . VCH c l a im s t h a t h e d i ed i n 1 596 b u t a l so i n t roduc e s L ambe r t , s on o fR icha rd , w ho d i ed i n 1 6 13 ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 42 n 18 ; G ib son 1 876 , 8 5 B lunde l lf am i ly t r ee ) .

3 2

3 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 42 n 5 ) . J ohn C heydock ' sw i l l i sd a ted 1 626 . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 42 n 20 ) . T he S tan ley s h ad o b ta ined G a r r e t t ( s ic ) b y ma r r iage ( no te 2 4 ) . T homa s S tan ley ' s e s ta te w a s d e sc r ibed a st h e H a l l o fG a r ra t t , d eme sne l a nd s , o ne w a t e r -comm i l l a nd k i ln i nG a r ra t t , l e tt oT homa s K ay , w ho a l so h ad al e a se o ft h e t ihe s o fT y lde s ley , a nd t h eN ew H a l l o f T y lde s ley , l e tt oW idow H ey s .

3 63

C a ta logue : TYLDESLEY w i th SHAKERLEY

F ig 9 1 .49a : T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley ( c on tou rh e igh t si n m e t r e s )

N o . SMR

6 0 GMSMR 4 2

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

N ew Ha l l T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley L e igh Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D6 99 1 0 111 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re ss and s tone B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m s ou th -we s tf a c ing s l ope

P lan F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s qua r e c 45 x4 5m /2025m 2 c 8 15m n o tk nown w e t 1 847 ? m i l l s t ream s ou th b r ick c au seway

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

c omp le te 1 8 thC d ome s t ic L ane s RO DRM 1 / 100 , 1 847 @ 1 0 c ha in s =3 I

F ig 9 1 .49b :N ew H a l l 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 100 ) N ew H a l lw a s a t ta ched t ot h ed eme sne l a nd s o fG a r r e t t( s ic ) .I n 1 42 1 R oge r s on o fA dam o fH u l ton q u i tc la imed t oH ugh s on o fT hu r s tan d e T i lde s leg ,h , t h eN ewha l l a nd 2 0 a c re so fl a nd i nt h ep a rk o fT y lde s ley ( Lane s RO DDHu 3 6 /4 ) . I n 1 716 N ew H a l l w a s o ccup ied b yW idow H ey s a st e nan to fT homa s S tan ley a nd d e sc r ib ed a s am an s ion h ou se ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 42 n 20 ,4 43 ) . T he moa t i ss t i l l w a te r f i l led b u t , i n 1 952 , a pa r t f r om N ew H a l l , t h e O rdnanc e S u rvey i n spec to r f ound n o t r ac e s o f o t he r s t ruc tu re s . T he p l a tf o rm w a s a pp roached b y ab r ick c au seway ( OS SD 6 0 S E 7 ) . T he s i t e l i e s c l o se t o D am H ou se w h ich , i t m igh t b e s uppo sed , r e p r e sen t s o ne o ft h em ed ieva lw a t e rm i l l s .

2 00m

F ig 9 1 .4 9c : C lewo r th H a l l 1 847 ( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 100 )

/ 32 "

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

' F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s T inda l l 1 985

N o . SMR

1 07 GMS MR n o tl i s t ed

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

C lewor th Ha l l T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley L e igh Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D7 035 0 235 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re sS and s tone s B ou ld e rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

5 0m n o r th f a ce o fn a r row r i dge o ve r look ing s ha l low v a l ley

P lan F o rm A r ea

? s ing le ? squa r e u nce r ta in n o tk nown n o tk nown n o tk nown n o t k nown ;

Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

c 5 -25m

1 907 ;

Wa lke r &

c e r ta in

w e t 1 847 s t r eam ? e a s t

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

p o s s ib le t r ace s 1 4 th / 15 thC ; 1 8 thC ; d emo l i shed 1 805 1810 f a rm a nd m in ing s po i l

P l an s

L anc s RO DRM 1 / 100 , 1 847 @ 1 0 c ha in s =3

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

1/ 32 " P h i l ip s 1 893 , f a c ing p 53 F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e ds

Wa lke r&T inda l l 1 985

3 64

c e r ta in

1 907 ; P ink

1 893 ;

C a ta logue : TYLDESLEY w i th SHAKERLEY C lewo r th w a s i n c lud ed i nt h e g ran t o f l a nd s b y H en ry d e T y lde s ley t oh i s s e cond s on , A dam , i n1 30 1 . A tt ha td a te i tw a sh e ld b yt h e Wave r ton f am i ly a nd t h e i rs ucc e s so r s h e ld i tu n t i l t h em id 14 th c en tu ry ; i tp a s sed i n ma r r iage t o H en ry d e T u th i l l . I tw a s c onveyed t o t h e P a r r s o n t h e m a r r iag e S t a rk ie f am i ly t oN icho la so fT u th i l l ' s d augh te r , Emma , t oO l ive rP a r ra nd p a s sed t o t h e i n 1 578 o n t h e m a r r iag e o fA nne B a r ton , h e i r e s s o fJ ohn P a r r , S t a rk ie ( P ink 1 893 , 5 3 ) . A t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry i tw a s o ccup ied b y at e nan t f a rme r ( Wa lk e r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 88 ) ; i n 1 572 R og e r B oa rdman w a s t h e t e nan t o f J ohn P a r r a t C lewo r th f o r w h ich h e p a id 1 / 2d ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l led s 1 907 ,4 4 1 n 17 ) . Ah ou se w a s s t and ing i nt h e l a te 1 4 th o re a r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry ( P ink 1 893 , 5 3 5 4 ; f i g 7 9 ) . I tw a s h a lf t imbe r ed w i th p ro jec t ing g ab le s a nd , u nu sua l ly , f o r s ou th L anca sh i r e , h ad aj e t t ied u ppe r s t o rey . T he h a l l w a s d emo l i shed i n 1 805 ( Ph i l ip s 1 893 , 5 3 ) o r 1 810 ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 43 ) . P o s s ib ly t h eb u i ld ing s s hown o n t h et ihe p lan r e p laced t h e h a l l . O n e x te r io r e v idence t h ep r e sen tb u i ld ing a ppea r st ob ee n t i re ly o f1 9 th -c en tu ry d a t e . N o ted b yP ink a s am oa ted s i te , i th a s e s caped i n c lu s ion a ss uch i nt h e S i te s a nd Monum en t s R eco rd . T he re a r e p o s s ib le t r ace s o f a moa t i n a n o ve rg rown d ep re s s ion w e s to ft h ep r e sen tf a rmhou se ; m in ing w a s t e o b scu re s o t he rp o s s ib le f i e ld e v idenc e . N o . SMR

1 08 GMS MR 5 438

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

G arre tH a l l T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley L e igh Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D7 072 0 159 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo log y D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re s S and s tone s B ou lde rc l ay S a lop A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 5m n o r th b ank o fs t ream

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s

p o s s ib le

F ig 9 1 .49d : G a r re tH a l l 1 847 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 100 )

c l Om w e t 1 847 m i l l s t r eam ? sou th -ea s t

p o s s ib le t r ace s 1 6C t imbe r -f ramed ; a s soc ia ted w i th c o rnm i l l 1 7 16 , 1 847

U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

La ne s RO DRM 1 / 100 , 1 847 @ 1 0c ha in s =3 1/ 3 2 .

GMS MR 3 138

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

S haker ley O ld H a l l T y lde s ley w i th S hak e r ley L e igh Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton /Cocke r sand A bbey

NGR L oca t ion

S D6 958 0 268 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r i f tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re sS and s tone s B ou lde rc l ay ? B r ick f ie ld A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tud e T opog raphy

5 0m h i l ly ; i nv a l ley o fm i l l s t ream

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

? doub le

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

P l an s

G a r r e t s e em s t oh ave b een g ran ted i n 1 301 b y H en ry d e T y lde s ley t oh i s e l de s t s on , H ugh . I n1 509 ' T he G a r r e t t e ' w a s c a l led t h e c ap i ta l m e s suag e . I n t h e l a t e 1 6 th o r e a r ly 1 7 th c en tu ry i tp a s sed i n m a r r iage t 6 „ . the S t an ley f am i ly a nd i n1 7 16 t h e H a l l o fG a r r e t t( s ic ) , w i th d eme sne l a nd s a nd aw a te r c o rnm i l l a nd k i ln i nG a r r e t , w a s l e a sed b y T homa s S tan ley t oT homa s K ay ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 42 n 20 ) . N ew H a l l ( qv )w a s a l so a t ta ched t o t h eG a r r e te s ta t e .

10

N o . SMR

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

p robab le

c 130 x4 0m /5200m 2 c l Om w e t 1 847 s t ream w e s t

p o s s ib le t r a ce s 1 6C h ou se a nd ? dome s t ic c hape l i n1 623 La ne s RO DRM 1 / 100 , 1 847 @ 1 0c ha in s =3 1 93 2. F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ; L ew i s&O 'Han lon 1 990 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

S hake r ley e s ta t e w a s g ran t ed t o C ocke r sand A bbey a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 2 th c en tu ry a nd c on t inued i n mona s t ic o wne r sh ip u n t i l t h e D i s so lu t ion . A c hape l w a s r e co rded i n 1 623 w hen Ma rga re t G i l l ib rand r e que s t ed t o b e b u r ied a tt h e ' c hape l t ha t d o th b e long t o t h e m anne r h ou se o f S hake r ley ' ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 48 n 1 ) . P o s s ib ly t h is w a s ad ome s t ic c hape l s im i la rt ot h a ta tL yd ia te H a l l ( qv )w he r es e c r e tb u r ia l s o fJ e su i tp r ie s t sw e r e m ade i nt h e 1 7 th a nd 1 8 th c en tu r ie s( Lew i s &O 'Han lon 1 990 ) .

T he h a l l i s at wo s to r ey ed t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing o f1 6 th -cen tu ry d a t e w i th a l te ra t ion s a nd a dd i t ion s i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd l a te r . T he e a s t w a l l w a s h a lf t imbe r ed u n t i l a bou t 1 952 ( OS S D 7 0 SW4 ) . O ak p ane l l ing i ss a id t o b es im i la rt ot h a ta tC haddock H a l l ( qv ) (Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 88 , 1 89 ) . T he r e i sa n e x t en s ive r a ng e o f b r ick f a rm b u i ld ing s s ome o f w h ich h ave s t one q uo in s .

S hake r ley H a l l , o fb r ick o n as t one p l in th , d a t e s f r om t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry w i th l a t e r a l t e ra t ion s ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 96 ) . I th a s ad oub le -p i t ched r oof a nd a l t h e w a l l s a r e r e nde r ed . T he t ihe p l an s how s t h a t S hake r ley H a l l s t ood al i t t le t ot h e n o r th a nd w e s t o ft h e O ld H a l l w h ich , p e rhap s , i th ad

E a r thwo rk s e a s t o ft h e f a rm b u i ld ing s s ugg e s t as i te o f s ome c omp lex i ty a l ong t h e n o r th b ank o ft h e s t ream b u t t h e t o pog raphy d oe s n o t a ppea r t o s ugg e s t am oa ta r ound t h ep re sen ts t ruc tu re s .

3 65

C a ta logue : TYLDESLEY w i th SHAKERLEY r e p laced . T he r e a r e p o s s ib le t r a ce s o f am oa t i n af i e ld e a s t o ft h e p r e sen t f a rm c omp lex . C haddock i sr e co rded f r om t h e 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd C haddock H u r s t w a s t h e s c ene o f a n a f f ray i n 1 321-1322 w hen a b and o f m o r e t h an 4 0 p eop le a t tacked H ugh d e T y lde s ley a nd h i s s uppo r t e r s . A dam d e T y lde s ley , p robab ly t h e o ne o ft h e l o rd s o fT y lde s ley , a nd t h r ee o r f ou r o fh i s g roup w e r e k i l led ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 1 5 , 3 1-32 ) . T he e s ta te c on t inued i n t h e o wne r sh ip o f t h e C haddock f am i ly u n t i l t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . I n 1 728 1731 G rac e , d augh te r o f T homa s C haddock , m a r r ied J ame s Ma rk land o f C haddo ck H a l l ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 42 ) . I n 1 953 t h e O rdnance S u rvey i n spec to rr e po r ted n ot r ac e o fa n t iqu i ty i nt h e b u i ld ing t h ough t h e r e w e r e o ak b eam s w i th w a t t le a nd d aub i nf i l l ( OS S D 7 0 SW5 ) . L ike G a r r e t H a l l ( q v ) , t h e e x t e r io r m ay h ave b een mode rn i sed w i th e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e s s u rv iv ing i n ter na l ly . T he r e i s ad a te s tone T C 1 698 a nd ad r a inp ipe S C 1 780 ( Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 87 188 ) . N o . SMR

11 GMS MR 4 074

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

C haddock H a l l T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley L e igh Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

NOR L oca t ion

S D7 114 0 104 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e sS and s tone s B ou lde rc l ay /a l luv ium ? B r ickf i e ld A s soc ia t ion

A l t i tude T opog r aphy

3 5m s ou th -we s tf a c ing

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s

p o s s ib le

1 847 ( Lancs RO DRL 1 / 100 )

c l 8m p ond i n1 847 w e t 1 847 ,p o s s ib ly a no r namen ta l p ond

p o s s ib le t r a ce s 1 7C a nd e a r l ie rt imbe r -f ramed ; 1 8C a l te ra t ion s L anc s RO DRM 1 / 100 , 1 847 @ 1 0c ha in s =3 I/ 3 2 "

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

F ig 9 1 .49e : S haker ley O ld H a l l

F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ; T up l ing 1 949 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

T hough t h et e nu r ia le v idence s ugge s t st h a t ad i t ched e nc lo su re i sl i ke ly ,t h i s i sn o ts uppo r ted b yd o cumen ta ry e v idence ;t h ep ond s hown o nt h et ihe p l an m ay b e ap o s t -med ieva l f e a tu re .

F ig 9 1 .49f : C haddock H a l l 1 847 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 100 )

C a ta logue : UPHOLLAND E s ta te

T enure

2c a ruca t e s

1 066 1

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord K ing E dwa rd

S t e inu lf Ma t thew d eH o l land U gh t r ed d eC hu rch

1 4o xgang s 2o xgang s

1 202 3 t h anage

1 2243 1 2266

t h anage

1 258 /

[ 4c a ruca t e s ]

K ing

H en ry d e Me l l ing

2c a ruca t e s

R ob e r td eH o l land

U pho l land & Me l l ing

H en ry d e Me l l ing

6o xgang s

C h r i s t iana d au o fA dam d eH o l land

[ 2 2 s ]

Ma t thew A lan S imon d eH a l sa l l

T hu r s tan d eH o l land

c 1276i 1 2984

h e i r so fJ o rd a nd eH u l ton

U pho l land

1 2 s

S i rR obe r td eH o l land

1 304 1 b 2p l ough land s

A dam d e P enn ing ton

S i rR obe r td eH o l land

1 322 1 3

m ano ro fH o land

K ing

R obe r td eH o l land

1 323 1 4

m ano ro fH o land

1 307 1

S i rR obe r td eH o l land

1 3 10 1319 1 2

1 2 s 8f r ee t e nan t s 7 0t e nan t sa tw i l l

Amo ta w idow o fS imon d eH o l land

1 325 1

W i l lo d eO r e l l A lan l e Waynw r igh t A dam Wa l theu W i l lo f a b r R ico d e ly a t e R ob to d ef rek i l ton H ea rf i lT hom T hom d e lL egh R an f i lB enedc i

1 332 1 6

1 346 1 7

s ocag e

m ano ro f U pho l land & a dvow son o f p r io ry

R obe r td eH o lande

1 2 sy ea r ly ; s u i t &p u tu r e

1 349 1 f

s ocag e

m ano ro f U pho l land

Ma t i lda w idow o fS i r R ob e r td eH o l land

h omage & f e a l ty ; 1 2 s y ea r ly ;s u i ta t w ap en tak e c ou r t

s o cag e

m ano ro f' Hop h o land '

K ing a so f D uchy o f L anca s t e r

Ma t i l lu xo rJ ohann i s L ove l lc h iva le r

1 2d ( s ic )

jt e n

C ocke r sand A bbey

R obe r tu sL a s se l s

x i jd

J ohanne sL a s se l l

x i id

i j si i jd i j s i j s x xd x xd i j si i jd i js i js i js

S i rR obe r td eH o l land

1 373 B'

1 4 2 3 /0 1 451 1

T homa se a r lo f D e rby C ocke r sand A bbey

1 488 14891 f r e e ly

1 501 2 3

U pho l land P r io ry

1 546 2 4 1 552 1553 2 3

J ohn H o lc rof t E a r lo fD e rby

1 / 1 0 0

k n igh t 's f e e

G eo rg eS t and ish o f S u t ton 1 2 s

F e rd inando 5 t h e a r lo fD e rby

1 595 1 6 1 6

f r e eho lde r

c 16069

k n ig h t 's f e e

R ob e r t Sma l l shaw m e s suag e ,m i l l

K ing

E dmund Mo lyneux T homa sA shhu r s to f A shhu r s ti nD a l ton

1 7 172 H o lc rof t 's

1 805 3 °

S i te s : 1( Mo rgan

L andho ld e r s

S e rv ice/r en t

Ma t thew d eH o l land

190 -c 1225 1

1 2 124

Me sne l o rd

1 3 1

l a t eR ev . R icha rd P r e sco t t & WZL Wa rd e s q .

C a s t le s tede

1 978 ,2 69c ) .T he v a lue w a s6 4d . Am an c a l led S t e inu lf h e ld h a lf T ox te th ;p o s s ib ly h ea nd t h el o rd o fU pho l land w e r et h es ame p e r son .

2

( F a r r e l.e d . 1 900 , 6 10 ) . Ma t thew g ave t oC ocke r sand A bb ey p a r t o fh i s l a nd i nU pho l land , a tt h e b ounda ry w i th D a l ton , w i th l i be r t ie s i no ak m a s t a nd

3

( F a r r e r e d . 1 903b , 1 5n ) . U gh t r ed r e lea sed h i s r i gh t t o 2o xgang s i n Ma t thew ' s 1 4 o xgang s f o r 6m a rk s . F a r r e r c on s ide red t h a t U gh t red m ay h ave b een

s ca l ing i s . m a r r ied t o Ma t thew ' s mo the r . 4

5

( F af f e re d . 1 903b , 1 5 ) . U pho l land a nd Me l l ing ( q v ) w e r e h e ld t o g e the ra s 4c a ruca t e s f o r2 2 s y ea r ly . Ma t thew a nd A lan h e ld U pho l land a s 2c a ruca te s f o r 1 2 s . H en ry d e Me l l ing w a ss on o fS iwa rd ;A lan w a s ,p e rhap s ,A lan d eL yd ia t e( q v ) . ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 ) . S imon d e H a l sa l l , s on o fA lan d e L yd ia t e , q u i tc la imed t o R obe r t d e H o l land f o r 5m a rk s a l h i s r i gh t i nt h e se p l ough land s . R ob e r td eH o l land i ss uppo sed t oh ave b e en t h e s on o f Ma t thew ( F a r r e re d . 1 903b 1 5n ) . B e tween c 1225 -1254 R obe r tg r an t ed t oC ocke r sand

3 67

C a ta logue : UPHOLLAND

A bbey p a r t o fh i s l a nd i nU pho l land l e a sed t o H ugh a nd Wronou i nB o tham s n ea r t h e b ounda ry w i th D a l ton , w i th q u i t tanc e o fp annage f o r 4 0 p ig s b e long ing t ot h em en l i v ing t h e r e( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 11) . T he b ound sa ppea rt ob es im i la rt o , o rp e rhap sa d jo ined ,t ho se o f Ma t thew ' sg r an t( no t e2 ) . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 1 36 ) . H en ry a ppea r s t oh ave b een o ve r lo rd o ft h e H o l land s . I n 1 24 1 R obe r t d e H o l land a nd h i s s on , T hu r s tan , w e r e c ha rged w i th a r son ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 ) . R obe r t ma r r ied C ec i ly , d augh te r o fA lan d e C o lumbe r s ( Ho l land 1 9 17 , f am i ly t r ee ) a nd h ad a tl e a s t 5s on s : T hu r s t an , Ma t thew , R icha rd , R obe r t a nd W i l l iam ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 n 14 ) . AC ec i ly d e C o lumbe r s h ad b een c oncub ine o fR icha rd d e Mea th , l o rd o f Wa l ton ( qv )a nd H a le ( q v ) i nt h ee a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry . ( s ee A pp end ice s X I ,X I I ) .

6

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ,9 2 n1 4 ) . C h r i s t iana , d augh t e ro fA dam d eH o l land , c l a imed 6o xgang s i nU pho l land f r om R og e r , H en ry a nd W i l l iam , s on so f A dam d eH o l land .

7

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 ) . T hu r s tan , s on o fR ober t , d i ed i na bou t 1 276 . H e h ad ma r r ied ad augh te r o fA dam d e K e l le t a nd w a s a l so m a r r ied t o J u l iana G i l l ib r and a nd t o ad augh te ro fH en ry d eH a le ( qv ) . H ea cqu i red l a nd s i nH a le , P embe r ton ( qv ) , C ay ley i nH aydock ( qv ) , L ow ton ( qv )a nd G o lbo rne ( qv ) . H i ss ucc e s so rw a sh i ss on , S i rR obe r td eH o l land .

8

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903 ,2 88 ) . U pho l land w a ss t i l la s se s sed w i th Me l l ing .

1 °

1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 °

2 1

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 ) . S i r R obe r t i ss uppo sed t oh ave d i ed i nc 1304 . H e h ad m a r r ied E l izabe th , d augh te r a nd c o -he i r o f S i r W i l l iam d e S am le sbu ry ; h i s d augh t e r , Ma rga re t , w a s m a r r ied t oS i rA dam B ana s t r e . H ew a s s ucce ed ed b yh i s s on , S i r R obe r t d e H o l land , o nw hom h e h ad s e t t led t h e l o rd sh ip o fP embe r ton a nd O r r e l l i n1 292 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 n 18 ) . T he y oung e rS i rR obe r tw a s f a vou r i te o fT homa s , e a r l o fL anca s t e r , f r om w hom h e s e cu r ed h i s m a r r iag e t o Maud , d augh te r o fA lan d e l aZ ouch . T he e a r l ' s p a t ronag e o fS i r R obe r t h a s b een s t ud ied ( Madd ico t t 1 971 ) . I n 1 304 H o l land w a sg i ven ag r an to ff r ee w a r r en i nU pho l land , H a le ,O r re l l a nd Ma rk land ( Pembe r ton ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 n 18 ) . I n 1 307 S i rR obe r tt r ied t oa s s ign 2p lough land s i nU pho l land a nd l a nd i nO r r e l l t ot wo c hap la in s i nh i s c hape l a t U pho l land . U pho l land w a s h e ld f r om A dam d e P enn ing ton ( q v ) , p e rhap s at r u s te eo rr e p r e sen ta t iv eo ft h e Me l l ing f am i ly . P enn ing ton h e ld f r om t h ee a r l o f L anca s t e r . I n1 308 S i rR obe r tr e ce ived l i cence t oc r ene l la t eh i sm ano rh ou se a tU pho l land . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 ) . S i r R obe r t f ounded U pho l land P r io ry w h ich w a s s e r ved b y s e cu la r c anon s . T he se w e r e r e p la ced i n 1 319 w i th B ened ic t ine monk s ( M idme r 1 979 , 3 14 ) . U pho l land c hu rch , w h ich c on ta in s 1 4 th -cen tu ry e l emen t s , w a s i lu s t ra t ed b y B uck i n 1 727 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 911 , 9 5 ) . T he mona s t ic b u i ld ing s a r e s uppo sed t o h ave l a in t ot h e s ou th o ft h e n ave a nd s ma l l sca le a r chaeo log ica l e va lua t ion i n 1 995 p roduced a s ma l l b u t s i gn if ican t a s semb lag e o fm ed ieva l p o t te ry a nd al a rge a moun t o fp o s t -med ieva l m a t e r ia l f r om d i s tu rbed h o r izon s n ea rt h e t owe r ( LUAU 1 999 , 2 9 -31) . ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 7 8 ) . U pho l land w a s i nt h e h and s o ft h e k ing b y f o rf e i tu re o ft h e e s ta te s o fS i r R obe r t d e H o l land a s ac on sequ ence o fh i s s uppo r t o f T homa s , e a r l o fL anca s t e r . L aw le s sne s s i n vo lv ing t h ef ta nd k i l l ing o fd ee r i nt h e k i ng ' sp a rk s o fP imbo a nd H o l land w e r e r e co rd ed i n1 322 1323 ( Tup l ing 1 949 p a s s im ) . P imbo p a rk l a yi nt h es ou th o ft h ev i l l ; R ough P a rk l a yt ot h en o r th o fH a l lG r een a nd t h ep robab le s i t eo fS i rR obe r td eH o l land ' sh ou se . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 9 7 -99 ) . O ft h ef r ee t e nan t s P e te rd e B umhu l l h e ld t h e m ano ro fS ke lme r sda le ; t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e o the rt e nemen t s i sn o t g i ven -p robab ly t h ey l a y i nb o th U pho l land a nd S ke lme r sda le . Two o ft h e f r ee t e nan t s a nd 6o ft h e t e nan t s a tw i l l c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy f o r U pho l land i n 1 332 ( no te 1 6 ) . H en ry d e L a s se l l , af r ee t e nan t , may h ave b een ap r edece s so r o ft h e L a s se l l f am i ly w ho h e ld at e nemen t i nU pho l land i nt h e 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tu r ie s ( no te s 2 1 , 2 3 ) . T he r e n ta l o f' Ho land w i th t h e h am le t s ' o f 1 323 1324 c i t ed r e n t o ft h e f r ee t e nan t s ( 22 s I d ) , o f1 l b o fc um in o r 2 d , f a rm o ft h e t e nan t s a tw i l l o f6 3 m e s suag e s ( F22 O s 71 4d / ) , o f aw a te rm i l l ( 5 3s 4 d ) , h e rbage o ft h e p a rk o fH o land ( F 10 ) , p annage ( n i l ) , 8a c re s o fd eme sne l a nd a nd h e rbag e o ft h e o r cha rd n ex tt ot h e mano r a nd C a s t e lf ie ld , T eba ld e sc logh a nd as ma l l r a bb i t w a r r en , 8 5 a c re s o fd eme sne l a nd s , 3a c re s o fm eadow a nd a s ma l l p a rce lo fh e rbage a tO r e l l , l e tt of a rm t ot h ep r io ro fU pho l land (s 1 3 s4 d ) ( Fa r r e rc d 1 907 , 2 15 ) . F rom t h ew o rd ing o ft h et r an scr ip t i ts e em st ha tt h e p r io rh e ld b o th p a rc e l so ft h ed eme sne t og e the rw i th h e rbage o ft h eo r cha rd ,C a s te lf ie ld , T eba ld e sc logh a nd t h er abb i tw a r r en . T he k ing s t ayed a tU pho l land f o rt wo w e ek s i nO c tobe r 1 323 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 9 1) . ( Fa r re r &&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 n 20 ) . P e rhap s t h i s S imon d e H o l land h ad a l so b e en l o rd o fL igh t shaw ( Go lbo rne q v ) a nd T un s ted ( Pembe r ton q v ) . U pho l land r e tur ned t ot h e m a in l i ne o ft h e H o l land f am i ly i n1 328 i nw h ich y ea rS i rR obe r td e H o l land w a s mu rde r ed ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 ) . H e w a s s ucc eeded b y h i s e l de s t s on , R obe r t ( d 1 372 -1373 ) w ho se mo the r , Maud /Ma t i lda , a ppea r s t oh ave h e ld t h e m ano r o fU pho l land f o r h e r l i f e w i th r e ve r s ion t oR obe r t . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T ho se l i s t ed a sl a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . A l l b u tR obe r td eF r eck le ton a ppea r ed i nt h er e n ta lo f1 323 w hen H en ry , s on o f T homa s ,a nd T homa sd e lL egh w e re l i s t ed a sf r ee t e nan t s . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 5 ) . ( Fa r re re d . 1 9 15 ,2 0 1-202 ) . Maud / Ma t i lda , w idow o fS i rR obe r td e H o l land ,w a s d ead b y 1 349 ( no te 1 5 ) . S he h e ld U pho l land , H a le ( q v ) ,D a l ton , H aydock ( qv ) ,amo ie ty o fG o lbo rne ( q v ) a nd O r r e l la nd e s ta te se l sewhe r e . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 3 n 24 ) . S i r R obe r t d i ed i n 1 372 1373 . H i s h e i r w a s h i s g r anddaugh te r , Maud , d augh te r o fh i s s on , R obe r t . A no the r s on , J ohn , w a s h e i rt ot h e m o ie ty o ft h e mano ro fH aydock ( q v ) . I n 1 367 S i r R obe r t h ad i n c r ea sed t h ee ndowmen to fU pho l land P r io ry b y ag ran t o f Ma rk land ( Pembe r ton q v )a nd o t he rl a nd s . ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ,9 3 ) . Maud , g randdaugh te ro fS i rR obe r td eH o l land , h ad m a r r ied J ohn L ove l , 5 t h L o rd L ove l o fT i tchma r sh . A th e rd ea th i n 1 423 s he h e ld U pho l land , t h em ano r so fH a lewood ( qv ) , Wa l ton ( q v ) , O r r e l l , aq ua r t e ro fD a l ton , ab u rgage i nW igan ( qv ) , 6a c r e s o fl a nd i nA ugh ton ( qv ) , am e s suage a nd 2 0 a c r e s i nC ue rd ley a nd 4 a c re s o fl a nd i nD i t ton a nd p rope r ty e l sewhe r e ( Lang ton e d . 1 876 , 1 2 ) . T he e s ta t e p a s sed t h rough t h e L ove l f am i ly b u tw a s f o r f e i t ed t ot h eC rown i n1 485 . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 248 ) . Wa r in L a s se l sh e ld t h es ame t e nemen ti n1 46 1 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 246 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ,9 3 ) . I n 1 488 1489 T homa s ,e a r lo fD e rby w a sg ran ted t h ef o r f e i t ed mano r so ft h eL ove l s .

2 3 2 4

2 5

( Fa r re re d . 1 909 , 1 249 ) . J ame sL a s se l l h e ld t h i s' l and ' i n1 537 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 909 , 1 247 ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 3 -94 ) . Af t e r t h e D i s so lu t ion t h e s i t e a nd l a nd s o ft h e P r io ry w e r e g ran ted t oJ ohn H o lc rof t w ho t r an sf e r red t h em t o S i r R obe r t Wo r s ley o fB oo th s . T he d eed o fg ran t t o J ohn H o lc rof t i n 1 546 n o ted a c hambe r a tt h e w e s t e nd o ft h e c hu r ch . T he i n ven to ry o ft h e p r io ry ' s p o s se s s ion s i n 1 536 n o ted ah a l l , p a r lou r , g r ea t c hambe r w i th a d jo in ing c hape l , r oom s , k i tchen , o u thou se s , d o r te r a nd c hamb e r s , w i th b edd ing , o ft wo monk s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 911 , 9 4 n 51) ( no te 1 2 ) . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ,9 4n 41) .

2 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ,9 3 n 28 ) .

2 7

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ,9 4 ) .

2 8

2 9

( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 3 n 35 ) . Mo lyneux h e ld t h e l a nd s f o rme r ly b e long ing t ot h e P r io ry ( no t e 2 4 ) a nd b equea thed t h em t oh i s n ephew , R icha rd L e igh , b ro the ro fJ ame s L e igh o fO r re l l . I na dd i t ion t ot h e m e s suag e a nd m i l lt h e re w e r e 5 0 a c re s o fl a nd . T he L e igh m anu sc r ip t sa r eh e ld a tW igan R eco rd Of f ice ( D /DL e i ) . T he P re sco t tf am i ly a l so h e ld t h ef o rme rP r io ry l a nd sa nd , i nt h em id 17 th c en tu ry t h ey o ccup ied t h eR ough P a rk e s ta te w h ich b e longed t o t h ee a r l so fD e rby ( Bag ley 1 947 ,4 0-41) . T he F l ee twood f am i ly w e r eb o th p r edece s so r s a nd s ucce s so r so ft h eP re sco t t s i nR ough P a rk w h ich l a yt ot h en o r th o fH a l lG re en a nd m ay h av eb een t he H o l land P a rk o ft h e 1 4 th c en tu ry ( no te 1 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ,9 3 ) . I n 1 7 17 T homa sA shhu r s tb ough tU pho l land f r om L ady A shbumham , h e i ro fW i l l iam , 9 th e a r lo fD e rby . I n 1 751 H en ry A shhu r s ts o ld i tt oS i rT homa sB oo t le o fL a thom ( qv ) . As u rvey o ft h eA shhu r s te s ta t e i n1 750 i sh e ld a tt h eL anca sh i r eR eco rd O ff ic e( DDHk 7 ) .

3 0

( Lane s RO DDHe 1 22 /5 ) . H o lc rof t ' s t e nemen t , w h ich l a yj u s t t ot h e n o r th o fH a l l G re en a nd s ou th o fR ough P a rk , h ad b een h e ld b y t h e l a t e R eve r end R icha rd P r e sco t t( v ica ro fU pho l land 1 767 1798 ) a nd WZL Wa rd e squ i r e .

3 68

C a ta logue : UPHOLLAND a nd t h ee a semen t so ft h e g range s a nd o xhou se s t h e r e a nd ' aA cc r e s ' .l e tt o t h ep r io ro fH o laund f o r4 s 4 d y ea r ly ' ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 1 43 ) . T he r e n ta l f o r t h e f o l low ing y ea r a dded ' f a rm o ft h e h e rbage o ft h e p a rk o fH o land ' a nd 8 a c re s o f d eme sne l a nd , t h e h e rbage o f t h e o r cha rd n ex t t h e m ano r a nd C a s te lf e ld , T eba ld esc logh a nd a s ma l l r a bb i t w a r r en , w i th 8 5 a c r e s o f d eme sne l a nd s , 3o fm eadow a nd as ma l l p a rc e l o fh e rbag e a tO re l l , l e t t o f a rm t ot h e p r io ro fH o land ( Fa r r e r e d . 1 907 , 2 15 ) . T he r a bb i t w a r r en m ay , p e rhap s , b e i d en t i f ied i nt h ef i e ld c a l led C unner ing i nt h et ihe s chedu le ( f ig 5 0 ) . N o th ing i sk nown o ft h e s t r uc tu ra l n a tu r e o ft h e c a s t le t hough al a rge h a l l a nd d ome s t ic b u i ld ing s m igh t b e s uppo sed . T he s i t e w a s s uf i c ien t ly w e l l -appo in ted f o r E dwa rd I t oh ave s t ayed t h e r e f o rt wo w eek s i nO c tob e r 1 323 ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 9 1) . N o . SMR

1 31

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

C a s te l s tede U pho l land W igan We s tD e rby T hanag e

NGR L oca t ion

S D5 190 0 548 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su r e s L ow e rC oa l Mea su re s o u tc rop ? R iv ing ton

A l t i tude T opog raphy

1 21m e l eva ted ; o ve r look s L anca sh i re p l a in -t own sh ip s t os ou th ,h und r ed b ound st oe a s t

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t r ance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

F ig 9 1 .50a : U pho l land U pho l land w a s h e ld i nt hanag e t e nu r e b y t h e H o l land f am i ly f r om a tl e a s t t h e l a t e 1 2 th c en tu ry w hen H en ry d e H o land h ad 3 c a ruca te s a nd t wo o xgang so fl a nd i nU pho l land i nc ap i te ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 8 6 ) . A lmo s tc e r ta in ly , t h e H o l land s w e r e r e l ted t oH en ry d e Me l l ing w ho h e ld b o th Me l l ing ( qv ) a nd U pho l land i n 1 2 12 . S ince c on s ide rab le a r ea s o f Me l l ing h ad b een g ran t ed o u t t o m ona s t ic h ou se s i ts e em s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e d e Me l l ing s /de H o l land s v i ew ed U pho l land a s t h e i r c ap i ta l h o ld ing . I t s l o ca t ion , o n t h e b ound s o f We s t D e rby w i th t h e h und red s o f L ey land a nd N ew ton /Ma l ce r f ie ld , t o ge the r w i th t h e t opog raphy o ft h e t own sh ip , s ugge s t t ha ti tw a ss t ra t eg ica l ly i mpo r tan ta nd ac a s t le s i t em igh tb ee xpec ted .

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

I nc 1304 R obe r t d e H o l land w a s g ran ted U pho l land a nd H a le ( qv ) w i th t h e r e qu i r emen tt h a th es hou ld p rov ide f ood e a ch y ea rf o rt h ep oo rw ho c ame t o h i s h ou se a t U pho l land , f o r t h e s ou l o f h i s p a t ron , T homa s , E a r l o f L anca s t e r ,a tS tT homa st h e Ma r ty r ' s D ay a nd o nC h r i s tma s D ay . A sw e l l a s ag if to fw hea tf l ou r , o x , s w ine a nd c a lf f l e sh t ot h ev a lu e o f£ . 10 , h ew a st o p rov ide am ea lo ft wo c ou r se s f o r2 40 p eop le i nt h e h a l l o fU pho l land t ob e s e rved o n d i she s ' af t e r t h e manne r o fg en t lef o lk ' a nd am ea l t h e f o l low ing d ay w i th ag if to f ap a i ro fs hoe so r4 dt oe a ch g ue s t( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 ,9 4n 17 ) .

P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c 50m c 7m d ep th o fd ough ? s t r eam e a s to rs ou th

d ry , f l a t -bo t tomed v a l ley r un s e a s t -we s t ; s i de s w i th v eg e ta t ion a nd e r o s ion p a tche s 1 4 thC v a l ley i so pen s pa ce p a r tu sed f o rr e c r ea t ion ; a r ea b e twe en v a l ley a nd H a l l G re en o ccup ied b y h ou s ing L am s RO DDHe 1 2 2 /5 @ 1c ha in = I " ; DRL 1 / 37 , 1 845 @ 1 0c ha in s =2 V 2 " F a r r e r 1 902 e d . 1 907 ;F a r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 ;H o l land 1 9 17 ; M idme r 1 979 ;T up l ing 1 949

T he l o ca t ion o ft h e s i t e i sd eba tab le . T opog raph ica l ly , t h e v a l ley p rov ide s a n a tu ra l d ef ence ( f ig 5 1) a nd ab u i ld ing s i ted i mmed ia te ly t ot h es ou th w ou ld o ve r look b o th t h ee a s t e rn b ound so ft h eh und r ed a nd t h eL anca sh i r ep l a in t o T he H o l land s h ad b e en a ccumu la t ing l a nd s b y i n he r i tanc e a nd m a r r iag e t h e w e st ! I tw ou ld a l so o ve r look t h e mona s t ic h ou se a nd b e a d jac en t t o s i nce a tl e a s tt h em id 13 th c en tu ry . S i rR obe r t d e H o l land ' s a s soc ia t ion w i th s e t t lemen t f o cu sed o n H a l l G reen . R ough P a rk , p o s s ib ly , t h e H o l land p a rk t h e e a r l o f L anca s t e r l e d t o many h onou r s a nd g if t s o f l a nd ( Fa r r e r & o f1 4 th -c en tu ry d ocumen t s , a ppea rs o n ap l an o fp robab le 1 8 th -c en tu ry d a t e B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 9 2 ; H o l land 1 9 17 ; Madd ico t t 1 97 1 ; T up l ing 1 949 ) . ( Bag ley 1 947 , 4 9 -51) a nd l a y t ot h e n o r th o ft h e v a l ley . L anc a s t e r m ade h im h i s c h ief h ou seho ld of i c ia l a nd g ave T he t ihe p l an p rov ide s f u r the r e v idenc e w i th s uch a s h im t h e l o rd sh ip o f Wa l ton ( qv ) . H e h e ld t h e moa ted s i t e o f f i e ld n ame s ' Ha l l Meadow ' , i n ar ough ly c i r cu la r a r ea L ove l ' s H a l l , H a lewood ( qv ) . H e a l so h ad c u s tody o f i mmed ia te ly s ou th o ft h ev a l ley ( named ' D ing le S l a ck ' i n L ive rpoo l C a s t le ( q v ) . H e w a s g ran ted m ano r s i n n o r th 1 845 )a nd t ot h en o r th a nd w e s to fH a l l G r een ( f ig 5 0 ) . A L anca sh i r e , C he sh i r e , S taf f o rd sh i re a nd e l sewhe r e a nd t h e f u r the rc l u et ot h el o ca t ion o ft h ec a s t le may b es ugge s t ed s e r jean t ie so ft h eh und r ed so fL on sda le a nd S a lf o rd . I n1 307 b yt h e l e a se o fH o l land ' s l a nd s a f t e r 1 322 t ot h ep r io r s o f 1 308 h e a cqu i r ed a l i c enc e t o c r ene l la te h i s h ou se s a t U pho l land i nw ho se o wne r sh ip t h ey m ay h ave r ema ined U pho l land a nd B ag swo r th i n L e ice s te r sh i r e . H e w a s a l so u n t i l t h e D i s so lu t ion . T he P r io ry l a nd s p a s sed t o J ohn g ran ted t h ec u s tody o ft h e r oya l c a s t le so fC he s t e r , R hudd lan H o lc rof t a nd i ti sp e rhap s n o c o inc idence t ha t i n1 805 a a nd F l in t . A t h ome , H o l land w a s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e s ma l l e s ta t e c a l led ` Ho lc rof t s ' s u rv ived a tH a l l G re en , o n f ounda t ion o f aB ened ic t ine H ou se a tU pho l land i n 1 310 t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e d ough ( Lane s RO DDHe 1 22 /5 ) . I t 1 319 ( M idme r 1 979 , 3 14 -315 ) . F ig 9 1 .50b : ? S i te o f w a s a mong s t t h e p o s se s s ion s o f t h e l a te R ev . R icha rd C a s te l s tede 1 805 ( Lanc s P re sco t t , v i ca r o f U pho l land b e twe en 1 767 a nd 1 798 R ef e r ence t o ac a s t le a tU pho l land a pppea r s i n 1 322 1323 RO DDHe 1 22 /5 ) ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 9 7 ) . w hen H o l land ' s p o s se s s ion s w e r e f o r f e i t d ue t o h i s l i a i son w i th t h e E a r l . A s e l sewhe r e i ns ou th L anca sh i re , h i s l a nd s w e r e p u t t of a rm b y t h e s e que s t ra to r s a nd U pho l land w a s d e sc r ibed a s ' The h e rbag e o ft h e c h ief m e s suag e o ft h e mano r o fH o laund w i th t h e g a rd en a nd C a s t e l s ted e

1a m g r a tef u l t oD r A ud r ey C oney f o r d i r ec t ing m e t ot h e c l ough a nd f o r d i scu s s ion a bou tt h es i t eo ft h ec a s t le .

3 69

C a ta logue : WALTON ( w i th FAZAKERLEY ) T enure

E s ta te

2c a ruca t e s 3b ova te s ? 5 b ova te s

1 066 1

L ord o ff ee / S upe r ior L ord K ing E dwa rd

Me sne l o rd

S er v ice /r en t

L andho ld e r s

W in s tan

C hu r ch c 1155 -c 11592

s e r jean ty

189 1194 3 199 12004

s e r jean ty

6o xgang si nG i ldhou se s

W i l l iam e a r l Wa r enne

Wa ldeve d e Wa l ton

a ss e r jean to f We s tD e rby w ap en take

J ohn C oun to f Mo r ta in

G i lbe r t

2m a rk s

K ing J ohn

H en ry s on o fG i lbe r t s on o f Wa ldeve

4o xgang si nN ew sham w ho le t own o f Wa l ton

1 204 3 1 2 12 12263

4o xgang s s e r jean ty

1 4b ova t e si n Wa l ton , Wave r t re e &N ew sham

K ing

R icha rd d e Mea th

4 0 sf a rm ; i n c r ea sed r e n t o f6 0 s

R icha rd s on o f R obe r td e Wa l ton

5 s6 dr e n t

H en ry d e Wa l ton

a sc h ief s e r jean t ; 1 4 s

H ugh s on o fG i lbe r t

h omag e&3 s

W i l l iam s on o fA lan d eL en t e H en ry s on o fS t ephen B u l lock J ohn c hap la in o f Wa l ton H en ry s on o fR icha rd s on o f W i l l iam t h es m i th o f We s tD e rby

1 215 12271

R icha rd d e Mea th

1 241 g

J u l iana w idow o f H en ry d e Wa l ton W i l l iam o f Wa l ton

1 24 112664 2o xgang si n Wa l ton 4a c r e s l a nd b e low G i ldhou se s

1 266 1 ö

R icha rd s on o f W i l l iam

1 292 1

R icha rd d e Wa l ton

c 1298 1 2

S i rR obe r td e H o l land

p r e 1 300 1 /

R icha rd l o rd o f Wa l ton

1 321 1 4

s e r jean ty

1 322 1 5

s e r jean ty 1 328 1 6

1 4o xgang s ,m ano ro f Wa l ton m ano ro f Wa l ton e xcep t 6o xgang s

K ing

W i l l iam d e Wa l ton

T homa se a r l o fL anca s t e r &R obe r td e H o l land

6o xgang sa tG i ldhou se s

S imon s on o f W i l l iam d e Wa l ton

No r thb rook

R icha rd d e No r thb rook

R icha rd d eF azake r ley h omag e& s e rv ic e

f r e es e rv ic eo f 6 0 sy ea r ly p o r t ion o fo ne c a r r ie rf o ra m ewed g o shawk o r 4 0 s

R ob to d e lR y s W i l lo f i l Madoc i J ohe d e lB r igge W i l lo d eP en r ich R ico l e Wodewa rd R ico f i lJ oh i s G i lb to f i lR ob t i R ico d eK ekw ik e R ico B u l lock W i l lo f i lR ob t i J ohe We lan

1 332 1 Y

G i lbe r td eH aydock

1 339 1343 1 g 1 346 1 4

1 5a c r e s ' n igh N ew sham ' 2 6a c r e so fw a s te i n` l e H u l le sn i gh Sme thden '

P r io ro f B y rkeheved H o sp i ta lo fS t J ohn T homa sd e F azake r ley R oge rd eF az ake r ley

1 376 1382 2 1

m ano ro f Wa l ton 4o xgang si n Wa l ton & N ew sham

K ing

R obe r ts on o f W i l l iam d e Wa l ton

m ano ro f Wa l ton

Ma t i lda ( Ho l land )w if e o fS i rJ ohn L ove l

J ohn d e Wa l ton

4 0 s &f e a l ty

1 53

l a nd si n Wa l ton

K ing

1 5842 4

l a nd si n Wa l ton & F azake r ley

Q ueen

R og e rC ro s se L aw r ence B re r e s

2 0 s

1 4002

1 423 3 2

W i l l iam d e Wa l ton

s ocag e

3 70

i i js v jd i j sv jd i j s i j s i j s i j s i i js i j s i j s i j s i j s

C a ta logue : WALTON ( w i th FAZAKERLEY )

T enure 1 589 1590 2 3

s ocage

1 6 12 2 4

E s ta te

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

mano ro f Wa l ton & F azake r ley

Me sne l o rd

H en ry e a r lo f D e rby

R obe r tF azake r ley

K ing

J ohn B o l ton o f N ew sham

2o x&ane s

1 6 13 2 Y

s o cag e

S e rv ice /r en t 2 0 sr e n t

L aw r enc eB r e r e s

m e s suage & 3 0 a c r e s

1 638 3

F azake r ley H a l l & S pe l low H ou se

N icho la sF az ake r ley

1 6392 9

3 28 a c r e s 1 79 a c r e s 1 62 a c r e s 6 0 [ 62 ] a c r e s 12 a c r e s 6 0a c r e s

R icha rd C ho r ley R obe r tF a zak e r ley R oge rB r e r e s R ec to ro f Wa l ton L o rd Mo lyneux R icha rd C ro s se

c 1650 ß

B reck H ou se

E a r lo fD e rby

C ho r ley p o r t ion R obe r t Me r ce ro f R ice L ane M rF az ak e r ley o f S p e l low T homa sB la ckbume o fK i rkda le T homa s Meadow o f Wa l ton

L ongwo r th 's l a nd s E y re s ' &B oo t le 's l a nd s W i swa l l 's l a nd s

S i t e s :

2 9

H a rb reck H ou se

L andho ld er s

8 6

9 d 1 0d 2 d

S t rawbe r ry F a rm

I( Mo rgan

1 978 , 2 69c ) . T he v a lue w a s 8 s . T he c hu r ch o f Wa l ton m ay h ave h ad 5b ova t e s o fl a nd ( Fa r re r 1 906 , 2 84 n 3 ) . I ti ss uppo sed t ha t Wa l ton w a s i n c luded i n al a rg e e s ta te g ran ted b y R oge r o fP o i tou t oG odf r ey , h i s s he r if f , b ef o r e 1 086 ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 3 ) . I n 1 094 t h e t ihe s o ft h e d eme sne w e r eg r an t ed b yR og e rt ot h eA bbey o fS t Ma r t in o fS iez .

2

3 4

5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 906 , 2 95 ) . Wa ldeve d e Wa l ton w a s g ran ted l a nd i n Wa l ton , Wave r t re e a nd N ew sham t ob et h ee a r l ' s s e r jean to ft h e w apen take o f We s tD e rby . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 3 -24 ) . J ohn c onf i rmed t h i se s ta te t oG i lb e r t , s on o f Wa ldeve . G i lbe r t ' s s on sw e re H en ry a nd R icha rd d e Mea th ( no t e4 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 3 n 10 , 2 4 ) . G i ldhou se s w a s i nt h e n o r th p a r t o f Wa l ton ( no t e 9 ) ; N ew sham l a y i nt h e s ou th ea s t ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 2 -23 ) . I na dd i t ion t ot h e se t wo e s ta t e s , H en ry a l so h ad 4o xgang s i n Wave r t r e e . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 4 ) . R icha rd d e Mea th h ad g i ven 4o xgang st oR icha rd , s on o fR obe r td e Wa l ton , a nd t h ek i ng c onf i rmed t h eg if ti n1 204 . Wa ld eve G i lber t R icha rd d e Mea th

H en ry d e Wa l ton i nJ u l iana d1 241

R ic h' a rd

W il iam i n A gne s db y 1 266

R icha rd d e F a zak er ley

R ob er t

H en ry ? a l ive 1 276

W i l l iam db y 1 266

E leanor i n S imon d e Wa l ton

J ohn d e Wa l ton dc1 4501

R obe r t d e Wa l ton d1 40,0

Ma rge ry H en ry d e Wa l ton Ma rga r e t mH enry l eN o r rey s

J ohn

Hn ry a l ive 1 329

R obe r t a l ive 1 352

R icha rd a l ive 1 352

R icha rd a l ive 1 339

Ma rge ry J ohn R icha rd A lan a l ive 1 3 15 a l ive 1 325

1 J ohn W i l l iam a l ive 1 349

Emma i nR ober t d eF azak e r ie y a l ive 1 426 R oge rF a zak e r ley

R oger d e Wa l ton E l izab e t h i nR icha rd C ros se

R i chla r d a l ive 1 329

W il iam d e Wa l ton d1 32 1

R icha rd ? a l ive 1 292

,

R obe r t d c 1 349

R icha rd i n A l ice d1 295 -8 Ma t t hew d e H aydock

R ob e r t

T homa s a l ive 1 476

Ma rga re ti nW i ll iam C ho r ley

R oger d1 530

N icho la s a l ive 1 5 12 R oge r R obe r t d1 589 -90 N icho la s d1 6 11-12

6

7

8

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,2 3 -26 , 16 ) . T h i se s ta t e( no tl o ca t ed )h ad b e en g ran ted t oH en ry ' sg r andf a the r , Wa ldeve ( no te 2 ) . T he y ea r ly w o r th w a s 1 4 s . H ugh , s on o f G i lbe r t , h ad 1o xgang h e ld f r om H en ry f o r ' A lb o fp epp e r y ea r ly . H en ry h ad g i ven 2 0 a c r e s i na lm s t ot h e H o sp i ta l o fS tJ ohn a tC he s te r a nd 3 a c re s , p robab ly i nN ew sham ,t oB i rkenhead P r io ry . R icha rd d e Mea th ' se s ta t e i sn o tn o ted a nd s e em st oh ave r e ve r ted t ot h eC rown ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 4 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 4 ) . I n 1 215 R icha rd d e Mea th p rof f e r ed 4 p a lf r ey s f o r s e i s in o fh i s l a nd i n Wa l ton , F o rmby ( q v ) a nd H a le ( q v ) . T he g ran t w a s c onf i rm ed i n1 227 . H eg ave Wa l ton t oh i s b ro the rH en ry w hom h e made h i sh e i r . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 4n 8 ) . J u l iana ,w idow o fH en ry d e Wa l ton ,w a sg i ven d owe ri n 4o xgang s i nN ew sham , 2o fw h ich w e r e i nd eme sne a nd 2i n s e rv ic e , 3o xgang s i n Wave r t ree a nd 4 0 a c r e so fw a s te i n Wa l ton , s av ing t oh e rt h ed ow e rw h ich s he p r ev iou s ly h e ld . I n 1 246 s he f a i led i n ac l a im o fd ow e r

3 71

C a ta logue : WALTON ( w i th FAZAKERLEI)

i n1 2o xgang s i n Wave r t r ee f r om R icha rd , s on o fH en ry , b u ts ucc eeded i n ac l a im a ga in s tW i l l iam d e Wa l ton f o r 1o xgang , 2 0 a c re s o fl a nd a nd 8 d r e n t i n Wa l ton . H e r4 0 a c r e s w e r e d i v ided b e tw e en 2 0 a c re s b e tween Wa l ton Meadow a nd D e rby B rook a nd 2 0 a c re s b e tween Wood M i l l a nd K i rkby ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 4n 10 ) . 9

( Webb e d 1 970 , 1 23 ) . W i l l iam g r an ted B u r scough P r io ry p a r to fh i s l a nd i n Wa l ton c a l led t h e B r eck ,2 8 p e rche s l o ng a nd 8p e rches w ide , w i th c ommon o f p a s tu r e i n Wa l ton f o r 1 00 s h eep a nd t h e i ro f sp r ing u p t o 2y ea r s o l d , a nd 2o xen . H e i n c luded h ou sebo t e a nd h aybo t e i n Wa l ton w ood f o re nc lo s ing a nd b u i ld ing o n t h e l a nd . T ho se c i t ed a sl a ndho lde r s h ad r e ce ived g r an t s f r om W i l l iam . W i l l iam , s on o f A lan d e L en te , w a s g r an ted p a s tu r e f o r p ig s i n F azak e r ley a nd Wa l ton w ood s ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 4 n 13 ) . T he G i ldhou se s w a s r e ckoned a s 7o xgang s o u to fw h ich ah o r seman a nd 2g room s w e r et ob ep r ov ided f o rb a i l iw ick o ft h ew apen take .

1 °

( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 4 ) . W i l l iam d e Wa l ton d i ed a bou tt h i st ime . T he w a rd sh ip o fh i s h e i r , R icha rd , s on o fW i l l iam , s on o fW i l l iam d e Wa l ton , w a s g r an t ed t oN icho la s d el aH o se w ho a s s igned i tt oR obe r td eH o l land o fU pho l land ( q v ) . H o l land w a s l a te rc ha rged w i th w a s te ; ac hambe ra nd g r ange , e a ch w o r th 4 0 s ,h ad b e en ' t h rown d own ' ;l a nd h ad b een m a r led a nd m a r ls o ld t ot h eh e i r ' sl o s s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 4n 15 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l l e d s 1 907 , 2 9 n 1 ) . I n 1 276 H en ry d e F a zake r ley h ad r e cove r ed p o s se s s ion o fh a lf am e ssuage , ah o r sem i l l a nd 1 5 a c r e s o fl a nd i n Wa l ton .

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 4 -25 ) .A f t e rt h ed ea th o fR icha rd d e Wa l ton ( i n 1 295 1298 )T homa s , e a r lo fL anca s te r , g r an t ed t h e l o rd sh ip o ft h em ano ro f Wa l ton ,w i th t h eh omag e a nd s e r v ice o fW i l l iam d e Wa l ton , t oS i rR obe r td eH o l land . S i xo xgang s i n Wa l ton w e re e xcep t ed ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 5 n l ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 7 n 14 ) . R icha rd , l o rd o f Wa l ton , e nf eof f ed R icha rd , s on o fR obe r t , o ft h i s e s ta te c a l led S pe l low f i e ld , l y ing b e tween K un sac r e a nd t h e d i tch o fC o l e sg rav e o n t h e e a s t a nd n o r th , a nd t h e b ounda r ie s o fK i rkda le a nd B oo t le , w i th q u i t tanc e o fp annag e o fh i s o wn s w ine a nd t ho se o fh i st e nan t sa nd o fm u l tu r eo fh i sh ou se i nt h em i l lo f Wa l ton . T he e s ta te e s chea t ed t ot h el o rd o f Wa l ton a nd w a sa cqu i r ed b yt h eF azake r ley f am i ly . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 5 n 4 ) . A t W i l l iam d e Wa l ton ' s d ea th i n1 32 1 h e h ad 8 8 a c r e s o fl a nd i nd eme sne , 1 2 a c r e s o fd eme sne m eadow , 2/3 o fa ' s eve ra l ' p a s tu r e ; aw indm i l la nd w a t e rm i l l , 4m e s suage s a nd 4o xgang so fl a nd w o r th 1 3 s 6 d , 5a c r e so fl a nd d em i sed t ot e nan t sf o rt e rm so fy ea r s ,r e n t so f f r e e t e nan t s a nd ar e nde r o f ab a rbed a r row a nd 2 r o se s y ea r ly . I n 1 3 12 h e h ad s e t t led t h e m ano r , e xcep t 7o xgang s ( p robab ly G i ldhou se s ) , o n h i s s on , S imon . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 8 0-81) . T he r e n ta l o ft h i s d a te s how st h a tS imon , s on o fW i l l iam d e Wa l ton , h e ld a n e s ta t e a tG i ldhou se s , a nd 4o xgang s i nG r ea tC ro sby , b ys e rv ice o fs e r jean ty ,a sm a s te rb a i l if ft h roughou tt h ew apen ta l ce o f We s tD e rby . H ea l so h ad 1 6o xgang s i nF o rmby ( q v ) .

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 2 7 ) . R icha rd d eN o r thb rook g r an ted h i s c ap i ta l m e s suag e a tN o r thb rook i n Wa l ton t oT homa s , s on o fR icha rd d e Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ( q v ) . I n1 339 R icha rd d eF a zak e r ley g ave h i s s on , J ohn , l a nd b e tw een t h eN o r th b rook a nd t h a t o fa no the rs on , W i l l iam ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 9n 2 ) . I n1 382 H ugh d eI n ce o fW igan ( q v )r e lea sed a l h i sr i gh ti nN o r thb rook t oT homa sd e Mo lyneux o fC ue rda le . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T he l a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e L ay S ub s idy . T he B u l lock e s ta t e a ppea red i n 1 2411266 ( no te 9 ) . I n 1 304 R obe r t , s on o fH en ry B u l lock , h ad ag r an t i nt h e w a s t e , r e c en t ly a pp roved ; a nd R oge r d e H a rb e rgh g r an t ed ap a rce l o fh i s l a nd t oR obe r t B u l lock . I n 1 325 R icha rd B u l lock r e ce ived l a nd sf r om h i sb ro the r ,W i l l iam . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 5 ) . D u r ing t h i s p e r iod S imon d e Wa l ton e nf eof f ed G i lbe r t d e H aydock o fl a nd s w o r th £0 y ea r ly . I n 1 342 G i lbe r t d e H aydock l e a sed l a nd s i nt h e H u fk i Pf i e /d t oH en ry d e S toneb r idge ley a nd J ohn t h e C a rpen te r ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 7 n S ) . I n 1 357 d e H aydock r e cove r ed t h e se a ga in s tS imon a nd h i sw if e ,E l eano r , d augh te ro f Ma t thew d eH aydock . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 8 0 ) . T he e n t r ie sa ppea ra mong s tt h en ame so ff r ee t e nan t si n We s tD e rby . ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 9 n 3 ) . I n 1 376 T homa s d e F azake r ley a cqu i r ed m e s suage s i nL ive rpoo l . R og e r d e F azake r ley w a s p l a in t if fi n af i ne r e ga rd ing am e s suage a nd 8 0a c r e so fl a nd a nd w ood i n Wa l ton s e cu r ed t oN icho la sd eF a r ing ton a nd h i sw if e , K a the r ine ,w i th r ema inde rt oW i l l iam , s on o f T homa s , s on o fT homa s d e F a zak e r ley . I n1 382 T homa s d e F azak e r ley h ad l i cence f o r a n o r a to ry ' w i th in h i s mano ro fD e rby ' a nd i nt h e s ame y ea r R og e r d e F azake r ley , h u sband o fJ oan , w a s a low ed t oh ave d i v ine s e rv ice ' i n e v e ry o ra to ry w ih in h i s m ano r s i nt h e d i oce se ' o fL i chf i e ld . P o s s ib ly T homa sa nd R oge rd eF azake r ley w e r ef o r ebea r so fR obe r td eF azake r ley , h u sband o fE l len , d augh t e ro fR obe r td e Wa l ton ( no te 2 1) .

2 1

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 5 n 9 ) . R obe r t , s on o fW i l l iam d e Wa l ton , d i ed i n1 400 . H eh ad s ucce eded t ot h e mano ra nd b a i l iw ick ; h i s f a the r , W i l l iam , m ay h ave b een ab r o the ro fS imon d e Wa l ton ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 5 n 7 ) . H e a l so h e ld 3o xgang s i nT h ingwa l l ; 2 0 a c re s i n Woo l ton w e re h e ld f r om t h ep r io ro fS tJ ohn . R ob e r tw a ss u cceeded b yh i s s on , J ohn , b u th i s c l a im w a s c on te s ted b y R obe r td e F az ake r ley a nd E l len , h i s w if e , e l de s td augh te r o fR obe r t d e Wa l ton , w ho a leged b a s ta rdy . I n 1 412 d e F a zake r ley a nd 1 00 o t he r s d i spo s se s sed J ohn d e Wa l ton , h i s w if e a nd c h i ld ren , a nd t o ok a way a l t h e i rg ood s a nd c ha t te l s . I n1 426 1427 R obe r td e F azake r ley a nd E l len w e r e a wa rded 93 p a r t o ft h e m ano r i nl i eu o fh e rm a r r iag e p o r t ion . J ohn d e Wa l ton w a ss ucce eded b yh i ss on ,R oge r ,w ho se d augh te r sd i v ided t h e i r 2/3 o f Wa l ton i ne qua lp o r t ion s .

2

2 3

2 4

( Lang ton e d . 1 876 , 1 ) . Ma t i lda , o r Maud ,w if eo fS i rJ ohn L ove l , h ad p o s se s s ion o f Wa l ton a ss ucce s so rt ot h eH o l land f am i ly o fU pho l land ( q v ) . I n 1 4311 433 R icha rd B u l lock ( n o t e 1 7 )s o ld h i sl a nd st oS i rR icha rd d e Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ( q v )( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 7n 6 ,3 0 -31 n 11) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 6 ) . R og e r a nd h i s b ro the r s d i ed w i thou t h e i r s a nd t h e e s ta t e w a s d i v ided b e tween t wo s i s t e r s , B lanche a nd Ma rga r e t . Ma rga r e td i ed c h i ld le s sa nd h e rp o r t ion p a s sed t oB lanche a nd h e rh e i r s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 6 n 6 ) . L aw r ence B re re s w a s t h e s on o fB lanche C ro s se a nd h e r h u sband , R oge r B r e re s . A t h i s d ea th i n 1 584 h e h e ld 5 m e s suage s , 4c o t tage s , 1 2 g a rden s , 1 00 a c re s o fl a nd , 4 0 o fm eadow , 1 00 o fp a s tu r e a nd 2 00 o fm oo r , m o s a nd t u rba ry t o g e the r w i th s ome f r ee r e n t s . H e a l so h e ld l a nd s i nD i t ton , K now s ley ( q v )a nd R a inh i l l( qv ) . F rom 1 8 th -cen tu r ye v idence i ta ppea r st h a tt h eB r e r e sf am i ly o wned Wa l ton O ld H a l l .

2 5

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 0 n 3 ) . R obe r t F azake r ley d i ed i n 1 589 1590 . S inc e t h e r e n t r e p r e sen t s at h i rd o ft h e a nc ien t a moun t d ue i ts e em s t h a t F az ake r ley w a si n c luded i n Wa l ton .

2 6

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,2 6n 8 ) . L aw r ence , g r and son o fL aw r ence B r e re s , d i ed i n1 6 12 .

2 7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,2 7 n 9 ) . T he l a nd w a sh e ld ' o ft h em ano ro fG r eenw ich ' a nd m ay h ave b e en p a r to ft h ef o rme rh o ld ing o fB i rkenhead P r io ry .

2 8( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 0 n 6 ) . T he m a r r iage s e t t lemen to fN icho la s F azake r ley , s on o fR obe r t , r e f e r red t ot h e c ap i ta l m e ssuage o fF a zake r ley H a l l , S p e l low H ou se a nd a l t h em ano r sa nd l a nd so fR obe r tF azake r ley i nF az ake r ley , Wa l ton ,L ive rpoo l a nd W igan , i n c lud ing S pe l low M i l l . I n1 652 t h ee s ta te s o fR obe r t ( d ied a tC he s t e r 1 643 ) a nd N icho la s F azake r ley ( d ied a tL ive rpoo l 1 643 ) w e r e s e que s t ra t ed f o r r e cu sancy a nd d e l inquency , t h e f am i ly h av ing s uppo r ted t h eR oya l i s tc au se .

2 9

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 6 -27 n 17 ) . T he se w e re t h e e nc lo sed l a nd s T he a r ea o fe nc lo sed l a nd s a nd c ommon s a ccoun t ed f o rw a s a bou t 3 340 s t a tu te a c r e so f at o ta l o f3 653 a c r e s i n Wa l ton a nd F azake r ley .

3 0

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 5 , 2 6 n 17 ) . T he E a r l o fD e rby h e ld a ss upe r io r l o rd a ss u cce s so r i nt h e e s ta te f o rme r ly h e ld b y t h e H o l land s a nd L ove l l s . R obe r t Me rce rp a id r e n to nb eha lf o fL o rd Mo lyneux f o rl a nd h e ld f r om t h eC ho r ley e s ta t e . T he t e nu r ia l h i s to ry o f H a rb reck H ou se i s u nc lea r . I ti s , p e rhap s , j u s t p o s s ib le t h a tH a rb r eck w a st h ee s ta te g ran t ed b yW i l l iam , l o rd o f Wa l ton , t o B u r scough P r io ry w i th t h e r i gh t t oe nc lo se a nd b u i ld i n 1 24 11266 ( Webb e d . 1 970 , 1 23 ) . T he f am i ly n ame H auerbergh a ppea r s i n Wa l ton a nd t h e H a r ebergh f am i ly w e r et e nan t so ft h eF azake r ley f am i ly . R og e rd e H a rbe rgh w ho g r an t ed ap a rc e l o fh i s l a nd t o R ob e r t B u l lock i n 1 304 h a s n o t b een i d en t if i ed ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 7 n 6 , 2 8 , 2 9 n 2 ) . Mo s t , i fn o t a l , o f t h e B u l lock l a nd s p a s sed t o t h e Mo lyneux f am i ly i n t h e e a r ly 1 5 th

F azake r ley i ss a id t o h ave b een o ne o ft h e Wa l ton t own f i e ld s ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 2 8 ) . T he e v idenc e f o rt h i s s e em s q ue s t ionab le a nd , b y t h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry , t h e p l ac e s e em s t oh ave d eve loped as e r ie s o fs ma l l , i n d iv idua l e s ta t e s r a nged a r ound i t s b ound s ( Cowe l l 1 983 , 4 4 ) . H a rb r eck H ou se i sj u s t n o r th o fT ue B r ok /Faz ak e r ley B rook , w i th in t h e b ound s o f F azake r ley a nd c l o se t ol a nd c a l led C ommon Mo s s . T h i s a r ea i sr e p r e sen ted i n as t r ip o f l a nd w h ich r u n s e a s twa rd s f r om Wa rb reck Moo r b e tween A in t r ee a nd F azake r ley B rook .

3 72

C a ta logue : WALTON ( w i th FAZAKERLE1) I n t h e m id 19 th c en tu ry t h e a r ea w a s c onve r t ed i n to af o rma l g a rden ( Cowe l l 1 983 ,4 2 -43 , 7 7 ) .

F ig 9 1 .51b : H a rb reck H ou se 1 846 ( Lanes RO DRL 1 / 26 )

F ig 9 1 .51a : Wa l ton a nd F azake r ley ( bound s w i th We s t D e rby , E ve r ton , K i rkda le a nd B oo t le n o td ef ined ) c en tu ry , b u t H a rb r eck i t s e lf w a s n o t h e ld b y t h e Mo lyneuxe s i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . N o r i s t h e r e e v idenc e t h a t t h i s h o ld ing p a s sed t o R obe r t d e F az ake r ley o n t h e p a r t i t ion o f Wa l ton i n t h e e a r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry . T ha t f am i ly ' s c ap i ta l h o ld ing i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry w a s a tF az ak e r ley H a l l , s ome 8 0m e a s to fH a rb r eck H ou se . N o . SMR

2 9 A SM 3 796 / 11

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

H arbreck Hou se Wa l ton ( Fazake r ley ) Wa l ton o nt h eH i l l We s tD e rby D eme sne /? se r jean ty

NGR L oca t ion

S J3 778 9 670 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone S h i rd ley H i l lS and

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 3m f l a tl a nd n o r th o fT ue B rook /Fazake r ley B rook

P l an F o rm A rea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 78 x7 0m , /c5460m 2 c 15 -20m

E xcava t ion S ur vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

( LUAU 1 994 1995 )

P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

A r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s s ou th o f T ue B rook /Faz ak e r ley B rook ( a tS J3 80 9 65 ) w e r e u nde r taken i n 1 994 1995 i n a dvanc e o f n ew d eve lopmen t ( LUAU 1 995 , 3 9 -40 ) . E v idence w a s f o und f o r e nc lo su r e s , at r a ckway , d i tch a nd a t l e a s to ne b u i ld ing w h ich w a st h ough tt o h ave b e en c r uck -f ramed w i th a t h a t ched r o of . F i nd s i n c luded as he rd o f I r on A ge o r ,m o r el i ke ly , e a r ly m ed ieva l p o t t e ry a nd o t he r s he rd s o f l a t e 1 3 th e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry d a te . T he e v idence i s t hough t t o r e p r e sen t t h e r ema in s o f a m ed ieva l s e t t lemen t t h e p r inc ipa l b u i ld ing s o f w h ich l a y a d jac en t t o H ighe rL ane .

N o . SMR

8 6 A SM 3 795 /

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

S t rawberry F arm Wa l ton ( Fa zake r ley ) Wa l ton o nt h eH i l l We s tD e rby D eme sne / ? se r jean ty

NGR L oca t ion

c SJ 3 780 9 515 p er iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

B un te rs and s tone B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tud e T opog raphy

3 0m

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s qua r e c 3 x3 m /9m 2

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

d oub tf u l

? we t 1 868

d e s t roy ed h ou s ing 6 "O S S hee t9 9 1 849 C owe l l 1 983 ;E c royd -Sm i th 1 868 ;F a r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ;T up l ing 1 949

T he p e r sona l n ame S t oneb r egg e le o ccu r s i nt h e 1 4 th c en tu ry w hen T homa s d e S t oneb r egg e le w a s k eepe r o ft h e r o ya l p a rk a tT ox te th ( F a r re r e d 1 907 , 2 09 ) . A tt h es ame t ime ,W i l l iam d e S t onbr igge legh a nd o t he r sw e r e a c cu sed o ft a k ing s e ven d o e s f r om T ox te th p a rk a nd t a k ing t h em b a ck t o Wa l ton ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 1 02 ) . B o th m en w e r e w i tne s se s t od e ed s i na bou t 1 300 a nd H en ry d eS t oneb r idge ley o ccu r r ed i n1 342 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 1 n 5 ) . ` S tonebe r ley ' 2 0 a c re s o fl a nd ' i n o rn ea r t oF azake r ley ' w a s i n c luded i nt h e s u rvey o ft h e C ho r ley e s ta te s i n 1 639 ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 1 n 6 ) . T he n ame i s p o s s ib ly a c o r rup t ion o f S tonebr egg e l e o r S t onbr igg e l egh .

d r y 1 846 ? s t r eam s ou th

t r a ce s d e s t royed o ve rg rown o pen s pa ce

T he s i t e w a s i d en t if ied a s ap o s s ib le m oa t b y E c royd -Sm i th ( 1 868 , 9 3 ) , t h ough h e p l ac ed i ta t S t rawbe r ry F a rm , i n t h e s ou th -we s t c ome r o f F azak e r ley , s ome d i s tanc ef r om t h ef i e ld n amed S t obe r ley Meadow a nd L ow Meadow i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( f ig 9 1 .51a ) . C owe l l ( 1 983 , f i g s 1 5 , 1 6 ) h a s l o ca t ed t h es i t et o am ode rn h ou s ing e s ta t e . E c royd -Sm i th c l a imed t h e r ew a s ap l a t f o rm 1 00 ' s qua re s u r rounded b y ad i tchbu t t h e r e i sn o o t he r e v idenc e f o r am oa t . I t ss ma l l d imen s ion s s ugge s tt h a ti tw a s , p e rhap s , am i l l p l a t f o rm o r ar a bb i t w a r ren b u t t h e a r ea i sn ow d eve loped a nd t h e s i te c anno t b e i d en t if i ed ( Cowe l l 1 983 , 4 4 ) . T he t ihe m ap ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 26 , 1 846 ) p roduced n oe v idence f o r amoa t .

DRL 1 / 26 , 1 846 @ 1 0c ha in s= C ow e l l 1 983 ;F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907

T he s i t e i sh eav i ly o ve rg rown b u t am oa t i ss ugge s t ed b y as ha l low l i nea r d ep re s s ion ,• 4m w id e , a l ong t h e l i ne o ft h e s uppo sed w e s t d i tch ; t h e n o r th a rm o ft h e moa tm ay h ave b een d i s tu rbed b yt h e c r ea t ion o f am ode rn p a th .

3 73

C a ta logue : WARRINGTON T enure

E s ta te

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1 30

Mo te H i l l

1( Mo rgan

1 978 ,2 69d ) . T he a s se s smen tw a sf o rt h eh und red o f Wa r r ing ton . A t ta ched t ot h em ano rw e r e3 4 d r eng sw i th 3 4m ano r sw h ich t o ge the rc on ta ined 4 2c a ruca te so fl a nd a nd 1 V 2h i de s . B y 1 086 t h e r ew e r e 2p l ough si nl o rd sh ip a nd 8m en w i th 1p l ough .

2

3

4

5

( Fa i r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 09 ) . I nc 1160 t h ep a t ronage o ft h ec hu r ch w a sg r an ted t oT hu rga r ton P r io ry ,N o t t ingham sh i r e , b u tw a s g r an ted b ack a bou t 1 00 y ea r sl a t e ra nd r ema ined w i th t h el o rd so f Wa r r ing ton u n t i lt h el a t t e rh a lf o ft h e 1 6 th c en tu ry . ( Fa i r e re d . 1 900 , 6 4 1-642 ) . W i l l iam l eB o t e le rg r an ted C ocke r sand A bbey ab u rgage i n Wa r r ing ton b e twe en t h a to fe xu luum G onde a nd G i lbe r tf ia lo to rum . H e m ade as e cond g r an t o f ab u rgag e i nt h e t own o f Wa r r ing ton , i nC rof t s , h e ld b y t h e p r ie s t , a nd a n a c r e o fl a nd i nt h e t ownf ie ld s . T h i s i st h e e a r l ie s t r e f e r enc et ob u rgage p l o t s i n Wa r r ing ton . E a r ly i nt h e 1 3 th c en tu ry W i l l iam l eB o te le rg r an t ed t h e monk s o fS t an law f u l l q u i t tance o ft o l l f o rb o th b uy ing a nd s e l l ing i n Wa r r ing ton a nd g ave t h em af r ee b u rgage f o ru se a s al o dg ing p l ac e . T he H o sp i ta l le r sw e r ea l so g i ven f r eedom f r om t o l l ( Fa ir e r&B rownb i l l e ds . 1 907 ,3 2 1 n n7 ,8 ) . ( Fa i r e r e d . 1 903b , 5 10 ) . T he t own sh ip o f Wa r r ing ton w a s n o t s pe c if ica l ly c i ted . T he b a rony i n c luded Wa r r ing ton w i th O rf o rd a nd L i t t le S ankey , G rea t S ankey ( q v ) a nd P enke th , R ix ton w i th G laz eb rook ( q v ) , C u lche th ( q v ) , A the r ton ( q v ) , B edf o rd ( q v ) , P enn ing ton ( q v ) ,T y lde s ley ( qv ) a nd W ind le , a l l i nt h e p r e -Conque s th und red o f Wa r r ing ton . Fa i r e ra l so i n c lude sB o ld ( q v )a nd B utonwood ( q v )( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 18 n 5 ) b u tt h e se a ppea rt oh ave c ome t ot h e B u t le r s a t al a t e r d a te . A l so i n1 212 t h e v i l ls o fI n ce B lunde l l ( q v ) , L yd ia te w i th E gga rga r th ( q v ) , H a l sa l l ( q v ) , h a lf B a r ton a nd t wo th i rd s o f T ho rn ton ( q v ) b e longed t ot h e b a rony . T he b a lanc e o fk n igh t s ' f e e s w a s made u p o f af e e a tL ay ton i n Amounde rne s s , t wo f e e s i nN o t t ingham sh i re a nd D e rby a nd t h r e ef e e si nL inco ln sh i r e . ( Fa i r e re d . 1 903b , 1 37 ) . W i l l iam l eB o t e le rd i ed b ef o r e Novembe r2 0 , 1 233 o nw h ich d ay h i sh e i r ,W i l l iam F i t zA lme r ic ( Eme ry l eB o t e le r )o b ta ined s e i s in o f h i sf a the r ' se s ta te s . I nS ep t embe r 1 235 t h ew a rd sh ip o f Eme ry ' sh e i r sw a sg ran ted b yt h ek i ng t oW i l l iam ,e a r lo fF e r r e r s ,w ho w a sg iven s e i s in o ft h ee s ta te s ( Fa i r e re d . 1 903b , 1 46 n ) .

3 74

C a ta logue : WARRINGTON

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 21 n 2 ) . A n a g r e emen t w a s m ad e r e spec t ing a n o xgang o fl a nd a nd aw a t e r c omm i l l h e ld f o r l i f e b yH en ry l eB o te le r f r om R icha rd l eB o te le rw ho h e ld i tf r om W i l l iam l eB o te le r , c h ief l o rd . W i l l iam F i tzA lme r ic ( no t e 5 )i sn o t g ene ra l ly b e l ieved t oh ave c ome o fa ge u n t i l al i t t le l a t e rt h an 1 246 b u th eh ad c e r ta in ly r e a ched h i sm a jo r i ty b y 1 252 ( D ick in son 1 987 , 9 ) .

6

7

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 20 ) . A tt h i s d a t eW i l l iam l eB o t e le rw a sg i ven ac ha r t e rf o ra na nnua l f a i ra t Wa r r ing ton . As econd g r an tf o r af a i rw a sg i ven i n1 277 w hen aw e ek ly m a rke t w a s a lowed . H e w a s a l so g i ven ag ran t o ff r e e w a r r en i nh i s d eme sne l a nd s o fS ankey , P enke th , Wa r r ing ton a nd L ay ton . B ef o r e 1 272 h eh ad f o unded ah ou se o fA u s t in F r ia r s i n Wa r r ing ton ( M idme r 1 979 , 3 19 ) .

8

9

1 °

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 2 1 n 2 ) . R icha rd , s on o fH en ry , r e cove r ed f r om W i l l iam l eB o t e le ra nd o t he r s af r ee t e nemen t , p a r t o fw h ich t h e d ef endan t c l a imed a sg ua rd ian o fS imon , s on o fW i l l iam , s on o fR a lph , t h i s R a lph b e ing t h e e l de r b ro the r o fR icha rd . T he o the r p a r t h ad o ft h e t e nemen t h ad b een g r an t ed t ot h ed ef endan tw h i l s th eh ad b een i nw a rd sh ip o ft h ee a r l o fF e r r e r s . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 22 ) . R obe r tl e' Cha r te r ' a nd h i sw if e ,A l ic e d e K ing s ley , q u i tc la imed t oJ ohn , s on o fR obe r t l eN o r r ey s , o fS u t ton ( qv )t h e i r r i gh ti n ab u rgag e a nd a c r eo fl a nd i n Wa r r ing ton . L and s i n Wa r r ing ton a nd B o ld w e r eg ran ted t ol eN o r r ey s b yR obe r t , s on o fR oge r d e U p ton . F ive y ea r s l a te rR oge rM iche l a nd h i sw if e , Ma rga r e t , r e lea sed t ol eN o r r ey st h e i rc l a im o n af ou r th p a r to fl a nd w h ich R obe r t ( ? de U p ton ) , J ohn ' s u nc le h ad h e ld . T he N o r r ey sh o ld ing s a ppea r , f r om l a te re v idenc e ( no t e s 1 7 ,2 1) ,t oh ave b een p a r t ly i nO r f o rd . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 21 n 2 ) . R icha rd , s on o fH en ry d e Wa r r ing ton , c l a imed / 4 o 1 xgang f r om R icha rd t h e C a rpen te r , I s abe l , h i s w if e a nd o t he r s . T he f r e et e nan t so f Wa r r ing ton w e r eg ran ted an umbe ro fi mpo r tan tp r iv i leg e s b yW i l l iam l eB o t e le r . T he se i n c luded f r eedom f r om t o l ls i nt h e m a rke t s a nd f a i r s , o f m ea su r e s a cco rd ing t o t h e k i ng ' s s t anda rd s a nd e xemp t ion f r om w a rd a nd r e l ief e xcep t a cco rd ing t o t h e t e rm s o f t h e i r f e of f inen t ( Fa r re r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 19 n 8 ) . A tt h e s ame t ime l eB o t e le rs ucc e eded i nd e s t roy ing t h e b o rough c ou r ta nd f o rt h e n ex t 5 00 y ea r s Wa r r ing ton w a s g ove rned t h rough t h el o rd ' s m ano rc ou r t . I n 1 292 R obe r tl eN o r r ey s w a s d ef endan t i n ac l a im m ade b yR icha rd d e Wa r r ing ton , c hap la in , G i lbe r t , s on o fG i lbe r t , a nd o t he r s ,f o rr e a sonab le e s tove r sf o rh ou sebo te a nd h aybo t e i n6 0 a c re so f Wa r r ing ton w ood ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 22 n 5 ) .

1

( Fa r re re d . 1 907 , 1 9 ) .

1 2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 6 -77 ) .

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 2 39 -230 ; R y land s 1 896 ) . T ho se n amed a sl a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu t ed t ot h e L ay S ub s idy ; W i l l iam L ambe , H en ry d e Me r lond a nd R obe r t d e U p ton a ppea ro n al i s to f8 0 t e nan t s i n Wa r r ing ton a tt h e s ame t ime . T h i s i n c luded t h e p r io r s o fB i rk enhead , S tJ ohn o fC he s te r , N o r ton a nd t h e A bbo t o f Wha l ley . I na dd i t ion ,N icho la s l eN o r r ey sh ad af r ee t e nemen t . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 2 1 n 4 ) . W i l l iam d e H a l lum o f Wa r r ing ton c omp la ined t h a t d e H aydock h ad t a ken h i s c a t t le . T he H aydock f am i ly o f H aydock ( q v )h ad h e ld l a nd i nB u r tonwood ( qv )s i nce a tl e a s t 1 328 . I ts e em s l i k e ly t ha tt h ey w e r ef r e et e nan t s i n Wa r r ing ton . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 10 n 2 ) . H en ry , d uke o fL anca s te r , d i ed i n1 36 1 s e i sed o ft h ea dvow son o ft h e c hu rch f o rt h et e rm o ft h el i f eo fW i l l iam l e B o t e le r . I tw a s h e ld b y t h e d em i se o fR icha rd d e W inw ick , b ro the r a nd h e i r o fJ ohn d e W inw ick , t oW i l l iam l eB o te le r . Ad ependancy o n t h e p a r i sh o f W inw ick m igh tb ei n d ica ted .

1 7

1 8

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 22 n 5 ) . ( L egh MSS 1 466 ) . At r an sc r ip to ft h e L egh h o ld ing s a nd t e nan t s a tw i l l i n Wa r r ing ton h a s b e en p ub l i shed ( Beamon te d 1 849 , 16 139 ) . T he L egh i n te re s t h ad p robab ly d e r ived f r om t h e ma r r iage o fS i rP e te rL egh w i th J oan , d augh t e ro fS i rG i lbe r td eH aydock . I n 1 466 R icha rd B ruche h e ld h i s e s ta te i nO r f o rd b y ac h ief r e n t .

1 9

2 °

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 21 n 8 ) . ( D ick in son 1 987 ,4 2 -46 ) . B y 1 58 1 E dwa rd B u t le rw a s i ns eve r ef i nanc ia l d if i cu l ty a nd w a sb ound t ot h ee a r lo fL e ice s te ri nt h es um o f£ 6 ,000 f o rr e cove ry o fd eb t . B u t le ra g reed t oc oncu ri na ny a c tt oc onvey t ot h e e a r lt h e m ano r so fB u r tonwood ( q v ) , Wa r r ing ton , G r ea ta nd L i t t le S ankey , O r f o rd a nd t h eo the r B u t le r l a nd s i nL anca sh i r e a nd C he sh i r e . B u t le r a nd h i s h e i r s w e r e t oh o ld t h e l a nd s t ot h e i r u s e w i th r e ve r s ion t ot h e e a r l i nd ef au l t o fi s sue . As e r ie s o f t r an sa c t ion sf o l low ed a nd o n E dwa rd B u t le r 's d ea th i n1 586 h e l ef t Wa r r ing ton p a r sonage a nd o t he rp rope r ty t oh i s w if e f o rt h et e rm o fh e rl i f e . H eh ad n o d i rec th e i r s a nd t h e e a r l o fL e ice s te rt o ok p o s se s s ion o b ta in ing a l h e r i n t e r e s t s f r om B u t le r ' s w if e , Ma rga re t . Ac opy o f as u r vey o ft h e L e ice s te re s ta te s i n 1 587 i sh e ld a t Wa r r ing ton L ib ra ry . F u r the r t r an sac t ion s f o l lowed c u lm ina t ing i nt h e p u r cha se a nd d i v i s ion o ft h e B u t le r l a nd s b y R icha rd B o ld o fB o ld ( qv ) , R obe r tD ud ley ' sa g en ta nd T homa s I r e land , s on o fR obe r t I r e land o fH a lewood ( qv ) . B o ld o b ta ined t h e mano ro fB u r tonwood ( qv )w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fB ew sey ,a nd I r e land a cqu i r ed B ew sey a nd t h em ano r so f Wa r r ing ton a nd G rea tS ankey ( q v ) . H es e t t led a tB ew sey O ld H a l l .

2 1

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 22 n 6 ) . T homa s N o r r i s d i ed i n 1 595 h o ld ing l a nd s i n O r f o rd , Wa r r ing ton , P ou l ton ( qv ) , L af f og , P a r r , W ind le a nd W ind le shaw . H ew a s s ucceeded b yh i s d augh t e r , A nne , w if eo fT homa s T y lde s ley o f Wa rd ley . S ho r t ly a f t e rwa rd s t h e T y lde s ley e s ta t e w a s a cqu i r ed b yt h e B la ckbume s o fN ew ton H a l l , N ew ton ( q v ) a nd t h ey m ade O r f o rd t h e i rp r inc ipa l p l a ce o fr e s id enc e . T hey r ema ined t he r e u n t i l t h ee a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry w hen t h ey r emoved t oH a le H a l l , H a lewood ( qv ) .

2 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,3 19 ) . T homa sI r e land ,s on o ft h ep u rcha se ro f Wa r r ing ton , w i th Ma rga r e t , h i sw if e , a nd G eo rge a nd R obe r tI r e land j o ined i n s e l l ing t h em ano r so f Wa r r ing ton a nd O r f o rd w i th v a r iou s l a nd s a nd r e n t s t oW i l l iam B oo th , e l d e s ts on o fS i rG eo rge B oo th o fD unham Ma s sey , C he sh i r e . B ew sey ,L i t t le S ank ey a nd t h ea dvow son o ft h ec hu r ch w e r ee xc luded f r om t h es a le ( D ick in son 1 987 ,4 6 ;F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 , 3 19 n 2 ) .

F ig 9 1 .52a : Wa r r ing ton 3 75

C a ta logue : WARRINGTON

N o . SMR

6 7 CCC 1 /AR 0 7220

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

S tE lph in 's R ec tory Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton R ec to r ia l

NOR L oca t ion

S i6 15 8 82 p e r iphe ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

U ppe r Mo t t led s and s tone F l uv io -g lac ia l S and sa nd G rave l s ? Downho l land A s soca t ion

A l t i tude T opog raphy

7 m f l a t , l ow ly ing ; 7 00m e a s to fb r idge o ve r Me r sey ; s ou th o fS t . E lph in ' sC hu r ch a nd Mo t eH i l l

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cc e s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la t f o rm h e igh t

s i ng le o va l c 60 x4 0m /c2400m 2 1 3 16m 2 . 74m w e t 1 772 s t ream n o r th s t one b r idge

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

1 970 1971

P l an s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

I n 1 970 -71 1 3%44% o f t h e p l a tf o rm w a s e xcava ted ( f ig 9 1 .52d ) . T he p l a t f o rm s i z e s ugge s t ed b y t h e h i s to r ic p l an s i ss omewha t l a rg e r t h an t ha t s ugge s ted b yt h ee xcava to r s( c 1570 y a rd s 2o r 1/ 3o fa n a c re )( L e igh 1 977 , 9 4 1 02 ) . N o e a r ly b u i ld ing s w e r e i d en t if i ed a nd o n ly p a r t o ft h e p o s t -med ieva l r e c to ry a ppea r st oh ave b een l o ca t ed . T h i sw a s i n t e rp r e ted a st h ew ine c e l la r . F ounda t ion so f as a nd s tone b r idg ea s soc ia ted w i th t h re eu p r igh tt imbe rp o s t s w e r e f ound a pp rox ima t e ly i nt h e c e n t re o ft h e n o r th a rm o ft h e m oa t . Two s ma l l s and s tone b u i ld ing s w e r e i n te rp re t ed a sp r iv ie s a nd c e ram ic e v idence s ugge s ted t h a tt h ey w e r e i nu s eb e tw een 1 500 1650 . Mo s to ft h ep o t te ry w a s r e cove r ed f r om t h e moa t a nd i n c luded as ma l l q uan t i ty o fm ed ieva l m a ter ia l i np oo rc ond i t ion w i th al a rge r a moun t o f p o s t -med ieva l c e ram ic s r a ng ing i n d a t e f r om t h e 1 6 th 19 th c en tu r ie s ( Davey & Mo rgan 1 977 , 13 126 ) .

c e r ta in

F ig 9 1 .52b : S tE lph in 's

c 7 .6m

R ec to ry 1 772 ( af t e r Wa r r L ib 7 2596A : Wa l lwor th & B onbavand )

d e s t royed 1 6C mode rn h ou se s Wa r rL ib : Wa l lwo r th & D onbavand 1 772 n o s c a le ( c9 8 ' =7 / 8" ) ; WS H a l l 1 826 @ c 300 ' = 1 7/ 1 6 " B eamon t 1 849 ;L e igh 1 977 ;D avey & Mo rgan 1 977

S t E lph in ' s c hu r ch w a s r e co rded i n t h e D ome sday S u rvey a nd a n e a r ly r e c to r ia l s i t e m igh t b e e xpec ted . T he r e c to ry a nd b a rn s w e r e n o ted i nt h e L egh S u rvey o f 1 466 ( Beamon t 1 849 , 7 7 ) . I n 1 6 50 t h e r e w a s a man s ion h ou se , b a rn a nd g a rden , a ppa ren t ly i nt wo h o ld ing s , a nd 1 3 y ea r s l a t e r t h e p a r sonage h ou se a nd b a rn s h ad 1 0 a nd 1 4 b ay s r e spec t ive ly , w i th t wo b ay s o fS h ippen ing s a nd s t ab le s ' . A moa t w a s m en t ioned i n 1 70 1 a nd a ga in i n 1 803 a tw h ich t ime t h e r e c to ry w a s d e sc r ibed a s al ow , p i c tu r e sque o l d b u i ld ing . .h av ing p ro jec t ing g ab le s a nd m u l l ioned w indow s ' . T he r e c to ry w a sd emo l ished i n1 832 a nd t h em oa tw a sf i l led i n . Mo re r e cen t ly , t h e p l a t f o rm s e em s t o h ave b e en l e ve l led w hen t h e n ew r e c to ry w a s b u i l t i n 1 965 a nd t h e w ho le a r ea i sn ow c ove red b y moder n h ou s ing . T he s i t ew a s s hown o n ap l an d r awn i n1 772 ( f ig 9 1 .52b ) a nd t h e 1 826 p l an ( f ig 9 1 .52c ) s how s t h a t t h e c hu rch a nd r e c to ry l a y c l o se t o Mo te H i l l , t h e c en t r eo fh und reda l a dm in i s t ra t ion a nd o ccup ied u n t i l t h em id 13 th c en tu ry .

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F ig 9 1 .52f : J e tc he s sp i ece sf r om Mo te H i l l( af t e r A rchaeoL J .v o l .X I I I , 1 856 , 1 80 ) p l a tf o rm , w a s c 54 x4 3 y a rd s ( 4 9 x3 9m /c 19 11m 2)a nd i t s s ou th a nd w e s t s i de s w e r e s t e ep a nd ' a b rup t ' ; t h e s l ope o n t h e n o r th a nd e a s t w a s m o r e g r adua l ( Kend r ick 1 853 , 5 9 -60 ) . Ab a i ley , w i th as l igh t ly e l eva ted i n t e r io r , l a yo nt h en o r th ea s ts i de .

p o s s ib ly e x t e rna lr ampa r t s c 2 .7m i n c lud ing p o s t -med ieva lb u i ldup 1 832 , 1 84 1? l e ve l led 1 84 1 a nd b u i l to ve r h ea r th a nd t i mbe r l ined w e l l ;t imbe ra nd s ome s t one o pen s pac ea nd h ou s ing e s ta te Wa r rL ib . WS H a l l 1 826 @ c 300 ' =1 7/ 1 6 " ; G a rdne r 1 908 @ 3 00 ' =1 "( s e ef i g3 7 ) D ick in son 1 987 ;G a rdne r 1 908 ; K end r ick 1 853 ; S haw 1 956

A l though Mo t e H i l l w a s o ccup ied i nt h e p o s t -Conque s t p e r iod b y t h e l o rd s o ft h es o -ca l led b a rony o f Wa r r ing ton , a r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion h a s s hown t h a tt h e s i t e w a s o ccup ied i nt h e p r e -Conque s t , i fn o tt h e R oman , p e r iod . I t s e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e s i te w a s t h e c apu to ft h e Wa r r ing ton h und red i n1 066 a nd w a s h e ld b y as t ewa rd o rb a i l if ff r om t h e C rown . T he B u t le rf am i ly , a s l o rd s o ft h e b a rony o f Wa r r ing ton , l i ved a t Mo te H i l l u n t i l t h e m id 13 th c en tu ry , w hen t h ey o b ta ined f r om E a r l F e r r e r s ag r an t o f l a nd i n n ea rby B u r tonwood ( q v ) . A t t h e p e rambu la t ion o ft h e f o r e s t i n 1 225 B utonwood w a s r e commended f o r e xc ep t ion f o r d i saf f o re s tmen t ' s ot h a t W i l l iam l eB o te le ra nd h i s h e i r s h ave c ommon o fp a s tu r ea nd s t o r ec a t t le a nd m a s tf o rt h e i rs w ine , a nd t imbe r f o r t h e i r c a s t le o f W er ine ton a nd f o r b u i ld ing s a nd b ur n ing ' ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 07 ) . I ti sb e l ieved t h a t t h e B u t le r s m oved t oB ew sey , i nB utonwood , f o l low ing a f i r e aMo te H i l l ; c e r ta in ly t h ey w e re a tB utonw od b y 1 294 w hen W i l l iam B u t le r s i gned a d o cumen t a t ` Beu s ejux ta W er ing ton ' ( D ick in son 1 987 ) .

T h e p r ec i se l o ca t ion o ft h e 1 84 1 e xcava t ion s i su nc e r ta in b u t w a s p robab ly o n t h e i n ne r , o r s ou the r ly , p l a t f o rm r a the r t h an t h e b a i ley . I tc omp r i sed ' r a the r mo r et h an o ne -ha lf o ft h ea r ea o ft h e Mo t e -H i l l , a nd t h i st o o , f r om i t s c en t r e ' ( f ig s 3 7 , 5 4 ) . K end r ick f o und aw e l l l i ned w i th o ak s t ave s a nd a h ea r th t oge the r w i th ' ma s s ive b eam s o f t imbe r ' a nd a s ma l l a moun t o f s t onewo rk w h ich K end r ick b e l ieved t o r e p re sen t e v idenc e f o r ad oo rway . R eg r e t tab ly , h i s p ub l i shed i l u s t ra t ion s f a i l t o s how w he r e t h e se w e re . E v idence f o ra n e x t en s ive f i r e w a s i d en t if ied i n al a ye r o fb ur n t c l ay m ix ed w i th c a rbon i sed w ood a nd o t he rv ege tab le ma t t e r , o ve r ly ing al a ye ro fb l a ck m a te r ia l m ixed w i th u nbum tb one s a nd p o t te ry . I ts e em s t h a tt h e b u rn t l a y e r w a so ve r la id w i th ab ou lde rp avemen tf r om w h ich ac o in o fH en ry i f( 1216 1 272 ) w a s r e cove r ed . O the r f i nd s i n c luded p o t te ry ( f ig 9 1 .52g ) , s ome o f w h ich w a s s a id t ob e R oman a mpho ra e , aS axon (? ) k n if e b l ade a nd f i bu la , t wo c he s sp i ec e s( f ig 9 1 .520 a nd i r on w o rk . T he se d epo s i t sw e r eo ve r la id b y a3 '( 0 .9m ) d eep l a y e ro fc l ay , e a r th a nd s and w h ich c on ta ined 1 7 th c en tu ry m a t e r ia l . T h i s w a s b e l ieved t o d a t e f r om u se o ft h e s i te i nt h e C iv i l Wa r p e r iod w hen a b a t t e ry w a s p l ac ed t h e r e f o r t h e p u rpo se o f b e s ieg ing t h e c hu r ch w h ich w a sh e ld b yR oya l i s t s . h e s po i l h eap s o f K end r ick ' s v a luab le r e l ic s ' w e re f o und i n t Many ' e xcava t ion s . I n a s omewha t d i sa rm ing m anne r h e s t a ted t h a t , a l though t h i sw a s ' much t o b e r e g r e t t ed , i t s o ccu r r enc e w a s u navo idab le , s i nce e a ch o b ser ve r ,h ow eve rz ea lou s i nt h e w o rk , h ad h i s o wn mo r e i mpo r tan t p r iva te d u t ie s ' . T he mound a nd ' r ampa r t s ' w e r e l e ve l led i n 1 841 a nd , i n t h e f o l low ing y ea r , as c hoo l w a s e r ec t ed o nt h es i t e .

I n 1 773 amoa t r a n a l a r ound t h e m ound , t h ough t h i s w a s w a te r -f i l led o n o n ly t h e s ou th a nd w e s t s i de s b y 1 832 . T he f i r s t a r cha eo log ica l e x cava t ion s t o ok p l a ce i n1 832 w hen , i ts e em s , a' c on s ide rab le ' p o r t ion o ft h e s i t e w a s i n ve s t iga t ed . T hough t h e r e su l t s h ave b e en p ub l i shed ( Kend r ick 1 853 ) t h e r e co rd s o f t h i s e xcava t ion h ave y e t t o b e l o ca ted . When t h e s i t e w a s r e v i s i t ed i n1 84 1 i tw a s s a id t h a t ' t he f o rm o ft h e h i l l , w h ich , u n t i l af ew y ea r s b a ck , w a s av e ry p e r f ec to va l , i sc l ea r ly a r t if i c ia l ; a nd , w i th i t sf l a t t ened s umm i t , w a s ac ha ra c te r is t ic e xamp le o f t h e t umu lu s .I t s h e igh t a bove t h e l a nd s u r round ing i tw a s t h re e y a rd s , t h ough a ppa r en t ly g r ea t e r , f r om a t r ench o r w a te r cou r se , w h ich r a n a ti t sb a se o n t h e s ou th a nd w e s t s i de s , a nd o n t h e o u t s id e o f w h ich w e r e d i s t inc t r ema in s o f a v a l lum , o r e a r then p a rape t ' ( Kend r ick 1 853 , 5 9 ) . H oweve r , t h e g r ea t e r p a r t o ft h e m ound s e em s t oh ave a c cumu la t ed a f te r t h e s i t e h ad b e en a bandoned i nt h e F ig 9 1 .52g : P o t te ry f r om Mo t e H i l l ( af t e rK end r ick 1 3 th c en tu ry a nd i ni t s o r ig ina l f o rm t h e p l a t f o rm w a s 1 853 , 6 2 ) ( no s c a le ) ( t he i lu s t ra t ion h a s b e en r e o rgan i sed s a id t oh ave b e en ' s auce r shaped ' ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 43 ; i na na t temp tt os ugge s tt h ef o rm o ft h es h e rd s ) f i g 3 7 ) . T he ' s umm i t ' , p r e sumab ly o f t h e i n ne r

3 77

T he d e sc r ip t ion s , e xcava ted e v idenc e a nd d r aw ing s ( Kend r ick 1 853 ; G a rdne r 1 908 , 4 39 -543 ) a ppea r t os ugge s t t h a t Mo t e H i l l w a s , p e rhap s , a r i ngwo rk r a the r t h an a mo t te a nd b a i ley c a s t le t h ough i t m igh t b e a r gued t h a t t h e e x te rna l r ampa r t o n t h e s ou th a nd w e s ts i de s s ugg e s t s as i te o f e a r l ie r d a t e . S uch f e a tu r e s w e r e n o t , h oweve r , n o t ed e l sewhe r e a nd t h e b ank s m igh t h ave b e en o u two rk s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e a r ea b e tw een t h e s i te a nd t h e a d jac en t p a r i sh c hu r ch ; p o s s ib ly , t h ey w e r eo fC iv i l Wa r d a t e .

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3 79

C a ta logue : WEST DERBY

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 3 ) . R oge ro fP o i tou g ave t h et i he o fh i s d eme sne i n We s t D e rby t ot h e a bbey o fS t Ma r t in o fS eez . H e l o s t p o s se s s ion o fh i s e s ta te s i n 102 a nd t h ey w e r e g r an t ed b yt h e C rown t oS t ephen o fB lo i s a sp a r to ft h e h ono ro fL anca s t e r i nc 1115 . We s t D e rby a ppea r s i nt h e t a l lage s i n 169 a nd 177 ;a tt h el a t te rd a t e i tc on t r ibu t ed 3s 4 d( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 2 , 3 5 ) .

2

( F a r r e r e d . 1 903b , 2 6 -27 ) . A dam , s on o fG i l le , h e ld 2b ova t e s t ob e s e r jean t u nde r H en ry d e Wa l ton ( q v ) . I ts e em s , h ow eve r , t ha t l a nd s h e ld b y t h e k i ng ' s s e r jean t sw e r e i n Wa l ton ( q v ) , Wave r t r ee a nd N ew sham o rE ve r ton ( Tup l ing 1 945 , 1 3 ) . R icha rd t h er e eve h e ld h i s l a nd f o r k eep ing w a rd o ft h e k i ng ' sw agon t e am s . H eh ad c on t r ibu ted h a lf am a rk i nt h et a l lage o f1 202 w hen 2 0 sw a sl e v ied o nt h et own o fD e rby ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 51 ) .

3

( Fa r re re d 1 903 , 16 ) . T he l a nd sw e r ew o r th 4 sy ea r ly . I n1 200 1226 R icha rd t h er e eve o f We s tD e rby g ave 4a c re so fh i s l a nd a tS ca l es i n We s tD e rby , b e tween B lackmoo ra nd t h e D a le ,t oC ocke r sand A bbey ( F a r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 62 ) . A dam G e ro ld , w ho o ccu r s i n as c hedu le o fs e r jean t ie s i n1 2 16 1222 , i sb e l ieved t ob et h es ame p e r son a sA dam s on o fG i l le o f1 2 12 a nd A dam G i ra rd o f1 222 -1226 .

4

( Fa r re r e d . 1 903b , 16 ) . L uke ' s b ova te s w e r e h e ld b y s e r v ic e o fr e eve a nd k eep ing t h e k i ng ' s p l ough o xen ; h e a ppea r s t oh ave b een s ucce s so r t o R icha rd t h er e eve ( n o t e7 ) . I n1 226 1227 L uca s , s on o fT homa so fD e rby , r e lea sed t oC ocke r sand A bbey ap a rce l o fh i s g r ound i n We s tD e rby m a rk ed

5

b yc r o s se s( F a r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 63 ) . ( Tup l ing 1 945 , 1 5 ) . I n1 229 t h e r o ya l d eme sne b e tween R ibb le a nd Me r sey w a s g r an ted b y H en ry I L (t oR anu lf , e a r l o fC he s t e r . T he g r an ts pec if ica l ly m en t ioned t h e v i l l o f We s t D e rby w i th t h e w apen take . I nt h e p r ev iou s y ea rt h e r e h ad b een ap e rambu la t ion o ft h e f o re s t o f We s t D e rby ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 07 ) . S i nce t h eb ound se x t ended t owa rd s K i rkby i ta ppea r st h a tt h ea r ea r e se rved w a s i nC rox t e th . T he n e ighbou r ing v i l l sh ad c ommon o fh e rbag ea nd ' o the rt h ing s i nt h i sw ood ; a nd t h em en o fD e rby h ad a l n ece s sa r ie s i ni t '( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 3n 16 ) .

6

( Tup l ing 1 945 , 1 5 ) . A f t e rR anu lf s d ea th i n1 232 , t h e h und r ed s o f We s t D e rby , S a lf o rd a nd L ey land p a s sed t oW i l l iam d e F e r r e r s i nr i gh to fh i s w if e , A gne s ,o ne o fR anu lf ss i s t e r s . I n1 237 d eF e r r e r sc onf i rmed t oL uke d eD e rby a nd G eof f r ey d eD e rby , c l e rk , a nd t h e i rh e i r s a lt h e l a nd s i nB la ckmoo r a nd D e rby i nt h ev i l l o f We s t D e rby h e ld f r om h im ' a s B run ing o rG ame l l , R oge ro rR icha rd , a nce s to r s o ft h e s a id L uke a nd G eof f rey , e ve r f o rme r ly h e ld o fK ing W i l l iam , f r e e ly a nd q u ie t ly t wo b ova te s o fl a nd , a nd t wo c r of t s w i th in t h e i rb ound s , a nd ac u l t iva t ion o fl a nd c a l led t h eH aye , a nd t wo r i dge s i nL ong ef o rd land , a nd ar i dg e i nG ren law , w i th t h e b u rgage s f o rme r ly t h e a f o r enamed R icha rd ' s i nt h e v i l l o fD e rby , a nd ap o r t ion o fl a nd o f o u rw a s t ew i thou tt h ea nc ien td i tch n igh t h e h ou se o ft h e s a id L uk e , f o r ty p e rche s i nl e ng th a nd t wen ty p e rche s i nb r ead th , w i th s t in to fp a s tu r e f r om t h e s a id a nc ien t d i tch i nb r ead th u n to T hog y inda l e , a nd i nl e ng th f r om t h e Mere s ich u n to T h ingwa l rud ing , w i th h u sebo t e a nd h aybo t e i nt h e s a id u nde rwood so fD e rby f o re nc lo s ing t h e i rl a nd sa nd f o rb u i ld ing ,w i th a l m anne ro fd ead w ood g r een a nd d r y , s t and ing o rl y ing ,f o rm ak ing a l m anne r o ft h ing s n eef u l w i thou t a ny g a in say o fu so ro u rh e i r s . . . . ' . F o rt h i s c onf i rma t ion L uke a nd G eo ff r ey p a id t e n m a rk s o fs i lv e r . T he l i be r t ie s g r an t ed i n t h i sc ha r t e rw e r ee x emp l if ied b yE dwa rd I i n1 363 a tt h ei n s tance o fR icha rd d eD e rby , s on a nd h e i ro fR obe r td eD e rby w ho w a s ad i r ec td e sc endan t o fL uke ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b ,2 6 -27 ) .

7

( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 2 85 -286 ) . T h i s i n f o rma t ion i ss upp l ied b ya n i n que s tm ade a f te rt h ed ea th o ft h e e a r l . T ho se n amed h e ld l a nd s b y c har te r . T he l a nd o fG i lbe r tK eckw ick h ad f o rme r ly b e en h e ld b yJ ohn G eme t . T he r ew a s aw indm i l l a nd ah o r sem i l l a nd a pp rovemen to ft h ew a s te s r e ckoned b y e i the r t h el o ng o rs ho r th und r ed a nd a s se s sed a te i the r4 d , 6 do r8 dp e ra c r e .

8

9

( Fa r re r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 4 ) . I n1 3 16 T homa s ,e a r lo fL anca s t e r ,g ave t h e mano ro f We s tD e rby , w i th 3 00 a c re so fw ood ,t oR obe r td eH o l land o f U pho l land ( q v ) . F ou ry ea r sl a te h ec onf i rmed t h eg r an tw h ich i n c luded We s tD e rby ' n igh L ive rpoo l ' ,w i th i t sd eme sne so ft h eH ay o fC rox t e th .

1 °

I 1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2 3

( Fa r re r e d . 1 907 , 8 3 -9 1) . T heough s a id t or e la t e t o We s t D e rby , s i nce N ew sham i si n c luded i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t t h e r e n ta l e x tend s i n to Wa l ton t own sh ip . R en ta l o ft h e f r e e t e nan t s o fb u rgage s a nd o xgang s a moun t ed t o6 6 s 61 4 dt / ow h ich af u r the r 7 s 43 4 dw / a s c ha rg ed f o r t h e 4b u rgag e s f o r w h ich t h e r e w a s n o h ead . T hough t h e r e n ta l a ppea r s t os how t h a t 1 37 m e s suage s , 1 0 c o t tage s a nd t h re e g r ange s w e re h e ld b yt h et e nan t s a tw i l l , t h e r e n ta l s umma ry g i ve s 1 39 m e s suage s a nd 7c o t tage s . T homa s d eH a le , v a le tt ot h e e a r l o fL anca s t e r , h ad b een g i ven 4 0 a c r e s i n We s tD e rby w ood b y t h ee a r l i n1 3 12 -313 ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 4n 4 ) . I n1 333 R icha rd , s on o fG i lbe r tK eckw ick h ad am e s suage a nd 3 0 a c re s f r om G i lbe r t a nd h i sw if e , E l len ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 5n 7 ) . ( Ry land s 1 896 ,9 ) . T he l a ndho lde r sn amed c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . ( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 7 8 -86 ) . A s i n1 323 , i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h i s r e n ta l i n c lude s l a ndho ld ing s i n Wa l ton t own sh ip . I tp rov ide s i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h e s i t e o ft h e c a s t le , 2w indm i l l s , 8h o r sem i l l s , v a r iou s p a rc e l s o fl a nd a nd C rox te th p a rk . S i x t een t e nan t s h e ld c omp le te b u rgag e s ; t h e r ema in ing b u rgage s w e r e h e ld i ns ubd iv i s ion sr a ng ing b e tween 2/3 - 1/2 t oa sl i t t le a s 1/24 . T he c o t tage s w e r e h e ld e i the ra sw ho le o rh a lf u n i t s . T he n ame so ft h eg r an to r s o ft h e se h o ld ing sa r eg i ven . R obe r td eD e rby h e ld h i se s ta t e , d e ta i l s o fw h ich a r eg i ven , a ss u cce s so rt oL uke d eD e rby ( n o t e 7 ) . I na dd i t ion t h e r ew e r e t e nan t s o f3 11 / 2b u rgag e s ; ar e n t o f1 2d o rp ropo r t ion t h e r eof w a s p a id o n e ach b u rgag e h o ld ing . C u s toma ry t e nan t s o fo xgang s p a id b o th r e n t a nd a l e vy c a l led L eS to t zw h ich i n1 346 w a sl e v ied p ro r a ta a t1 6d f o re a ch o xgang a nd y i e lded at o ta lo f2 7s 4 d . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 4 n 4 ) . T h i s w a s t h ee s ta t e g r an t ed t oT homa s d e H a le i n1 3 12 -313 ( no te 1 0 ) . I th ad e s chea t ed t ot h e C rown a nd w a s g r an ted b yH en ry , d uke o fL anca s te r ,t oJ ohn B an-e ti n1 354 . J ohn B a r r e ts e em st oh ave h e ld f o r al i f et e rm f o r , i n1 375 , t h es ame e s ta te w a s g r an ted t oJ ohn l eB o te le r f o r l i f e . B an-e t ' s e s ta t e w a s d e sc r ibed i n1 427 -28 a sB an-e t ' s H a l l a nd 4 0 a c re s o fl a nd . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e B a r re th o ld ing w a s i n C rox te th ;C rox t e th H a l lw a sf o rme r ly k nown a sB an-e t ' sH a l l( F an-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 5n 5 ) . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 6 n 4 ) . W i l l iam N o r r i s d i ed i n1 40 1 h o ld ing l a nd s i n We s tD e rby a nd 3o xgang s i nF o rmby ( q v ) . H e w a s ac ou s in o f T homa s N o r r i s w ho se w if e , J oan , h e ld d ow e r i n We s t D e rby , F o rmby a nd H a le ( q v ) i n 1 370 . T he N o r r i s i n t e r e s t i n We s t D e rby d e r ived f r om a n u n l icen sed g r an t o f am e s suage a nd 4 0 a c re s b y R obe r t d e H o l land p robab ly t oJ ohn l eN o r r ey s o fS pek e ( q v ) a nd b ef o r e 1 325 w hen W i l l iam l e N o r rey s ,s on o fJ ohn ,h e ld a ne s ta te t h e r e . I n1 369 T homa s l eN o r r ey sp a id £ 24 t ot h ee s chea to rf o rt h i se s ta te ( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 6n 3 ) . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 5n 5 ) . I nt h i sy ea rT homa s , s o no fS i rR icha rd Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ( q v )w a s a dm i t ted t oB an-e t ' sH a l l ( no t e 1 3 ) . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 5 n 7 ) . J ohn , s on o fR icha rd K eckw ick , r e lea sed h i s r i gh t i na n e s ta te p u rcha sed b y W i l l iam G o r such o fS ca r i sb r ick ( q v ) f r om h i s f a the r . R icha rd , s on o fJ ohn K eckw ick o fL a thom , e nf eof f ed R obe r t Wo lf a l l a nd W i l l iam N o r r i s o fh i s l a nd s i n We s t D e rby c a l led K ekew ich F i e ld s ,l y ing b yH ome L ake . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 5n 7 ) . I n1 545 Mo lyneux b ough tt h e c l o se c a l led T own rowhey f r om T homa sG o r such ( n o t e 1 6 ) . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 5 n 7 ) . S i r R icha rd Mo lyn eux b ough t ac ap i ta l m e s suag e c a l led A cke r s H a l l f r om H en ry A ck e r s , o fC h i lve r s C o ton , a nd v a r iou sl a nd sh e ld b yH en ry F l e tche r ,W i l l iam L i the r land a nd R icha rd A c r e s . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 7n 6 ) . T homa sF l e tche rd i ed h o ld ing t h i se s ta te . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 7 , n 69 . S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux b ough t am e s suage f r om J ohn , s on a nd h e i ro fT homa s F l e t che r , a nd t wo c l o se s c a l led t h eB la ck f l e tL ey sf r om H en ry Me rce ra nd h i sw if e ,E l len ,d augh t e ro fJ ohn F l e tche r , a nd R obe r tB ou l ton . ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 5n 7 ) . S i rR icha rd Mo lyneux t o ok al e a se f o r2 1 y ea r so f aw indm i l l , h o r sem i l l , 2 0 a c re so fm eadow i nE a r l ' s Meadow a nd t h eh e rbage o ft h ec a s t le d i tch , c on ta in ing 3a c r e s , c a l led M e r e Meadow , a t ar e n to f£ 4 .4 s . T h el e a se w a sr e new ed i n1 6 13 ,a t ar e duc ed r e n t . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 6n 5 , 1 7n n2 , 3 ,7 ) . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 4 , 1 7 ) . T he n ame s o ft h e l a ndowne r sw ho c on tr ibu t ed t ot h e s ub s idy o f1 628 a r e c i ted . I n1 628 K ing C ha r le s s o ld t h e m ano r o f We s t D e rby t o ' c e r ta in c i t iz en s o f L ondon ' , t o g e the r w i th l a nd s a nd t e nemen t s t h e r e a nd i nE ve r ton a nd Wav e r t r ee . I n 1 639 i tw a s t r an sf e r r ed t oJ ame s , L o rd S t an ley a nd S t rang e , l a t e r 7 t h e a r l o fD e rby , o fK now s ley ( q v ) a nd L a thom ( q v ) . I n af i ne o f1 6 55 i ta ppea r s t h a tt h e e s ta te i n We s tD e rby w i th Wave r t r ee a nd E ve r ton c omp r i sed 2 00 m e s suage s , 2w indm i l l s , 1 200 a c r e s a nd t h e h a lmo t e c ou r t ( F an-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 4n 12 ) .

3 80

C a ta logue : WEST DERBY £ 13 6 s8 d . T he h e rbage o ft h e d i tch a r ound t h e s i t eo ft h e c a s t le , t o g e the r w i th t h e m i l l p oo l p l a t , p r oduced 1 3 s 4 d r e n t ( Fa r r e r e d 1 907 , 2 07 ) . I n 1 346 t h e s i t e o ft h e c a s t le w i th ap a rc e l ( p er t icu la /p er t ica ) o fm eadow

F ig 9 1 .53b : We s tD e rby 1 838 ( Lane s RO DRL 1 / 84 ) T he c a s t le s t ood i n Mo i s t Meadow w a sw o r th 2 0 sy ea r ly ( F a r r e re d . 1 9 15 , 7 8 ) . O ve r2 50 y ea r s l a t e r , i n1 598 , Q ue en E l izab e th l e a sed t oS i r R icha rd Mo lyneux o fS ef ton ( q v ) , f o r 2 1 y ea r s , aw indm i l l a nd h o r sem i l l , 2 0 a c r e s o fm eadow i nE a r l ' s m eadow a nd t h e h e rbage o ft h e c a s t le d i tch , c on ta in ing 3 a c r e s , a nd c a l led Me r e M eadow ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 5n 7 ) . B y 1 8 17 ' n o t av e s t ig eo f t h e b u i ld ing r ema in s , b u t al i t t le r i s ing o f t h e l a nd i n d ica t e s t h e s po t w he r et h e c a s t le s t ood ' ( G r eg son 1 8 17 -824 , 1 67 ) . I na bou t 1 817 t h e f i e ld w a s l e ve l led a nd t h e d i tche s w e r e f i l led ; t h e f i e ld w a s p l oughed f o r t h e f i r s tt ime i nc 1820 , b u ta ppa r en t ly o n ly o no ne o cca s ion . As l igh t ly r a i sed a r ea a nd t h e f o rm o ft h e d i tche s w e r e s t i l l d i sc e rn ib le i nt h e e a r ly 2 0 th c e n tu ry a nd ' q u i te d i s t inc t f r om t h e b a lk s o f f o rme r p l ough ing s a l so v i s ib le ' ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 43-45 ; f i g 3 5 ) . T he f i e ld w a s c a l led Mo i s t Meadow i n1 838 ( f ig 9 1 .53b ) .

F ig 9 1 .53a : We s tD e rby We s t D e rby b e longed t o K ing E dwa rd i n 1 066 . I tw a s g i ven b y t h e C onque ro r t oR og e ro fP o i tou b u tr e tu rned t oo wne r sh ip o ft h e C rown i n 102 . I nc 1115 i tw a s a t tached t ot h e d eme sne o ft h e h ono ro fL anca s t e r a nd s ub sequen t ly w a s h e ld v a r iou s ly i nd i r ec t o wne r sh ip o ft h e C rown , m embe r s o ft h e r o ya l h ou seho ld o r t h e i r g r an te e s u n t i l i tw a s s o ld b y K ing C ha r le s i n1 639 .

N o . SMR

1 32 A SM 3 993 / 3

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

We s tD erby C a s t le We s tD e rby Wa l ton -on the -H i l l We s tD e rby R oya l d eme sne

T he f i r s t w r i t ten r e f e r ence s t o ac a s t le a ppea r i n 196 197 w hen r e pa i r s c o s t 1 00 s ; i nt h e f o l low ing y ea r£ 4 .10 s w a s s p en t o n v i c tua l s f o rk n igh t s a nd e squ i re s w ho w e r e r e qu i r ed t o k e ep a w a tch o n t h e s u r round ing c oun t ry a f te rt h e d ea th o fK ing R icha rd . T h i s c ompa r e s w i th £ 8 s p en t a t L anca s te r C a s t le a tt h e s ame d a t e ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 9 7 , 1 05 , 1 09 ) . A t t h i s t ime We s t D e rby w a s h e ld i nh e red i ta ry t e nu r e b y t h e k i ng ' s b a i l if f s o r s t ewa rd s , t h e Wa l ton f am i ly . Af u r the r2 0 s w a s s p en to n r e pa i r s i n1 203 1 204 w h ich c ompa r e s w i th 2 0 m a rk s s p en t t h e p r ev iou s y ea r o n b o th We s t D e rby a nd L anca s te r c a s t le s ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 5 5 , 1 75 ) . B ef o r e 1 2 12 E dw in t h e C a rp en t e r h ad h e ld l a nd i nC ad i shead ( Sa lf o rd h und red ) f r om K ing H en ry i nc a rpen tar ia f o rw o rk a t We s t D e rby c a s t le ( Book o fF ee s 1 921 , 2 16 ; C o lv in 1 963 , 2 7 n 10 ) . T he f o cu s w a s p a s s ing f r om We s t D e rby t oL anca s te r w he r e , i n 1 209 1210 n ew l o dg ing s f o r t h e k i ng c o s t £ 352 .3s .1 d( F a r r e r 1 902 , 2 37 ) . N eve r the le s s , We s t D e rby c on t inued t o f u nc t ion a st h e a dm in i s t ra t ive c en t re f o rt h e w apen tak e . I n 1 2 13 -2 15 t h e c a s t le w a s s upp l ied w i th 1 60 q ua r te r s o fw hea t , o a t s , m ea t , s a l ta nd o t he r r e qu i remen t s , a t ac o s t o f £ 30 ( F a r re r 1 902 , 2 55 ) . T he se w e r e f o r t h e s u s tenance o f 1 40 f o o tmen a nd t e n k n igh t s a nd c r o s sbowmen w ho o ccup ied t h e c a s t le ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 1 3 n 11) . A t t h e s ame t ime , r e pa i r s c o s t £ 7 .10 s ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 2 55 ) a nd i n 1 227 t h e s um o f

NGR L oca t ion

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l i nked p a i ro fd i tched e nc lo su re s c i r cu la ra nd c r e scen t shaped 4 5m d i ame t e ra nd c 42 x6 1m /c5532m 2 o ve ra l l i n ne rm oa t : d oub le ,e a ch d i tch 4 mw ide & s e pa ra t ed b y ab ank 3 mw id e ;o u t e rm oa t : 9m i n ne r : 1xI m ; 1x 1 . 25m ;o u t e r : 1 . 6m o r ig ina l ly w e t s t r eam sp o s s ib ly a s soc ia ted w i th am i l lp oo l s ou th w ooden b r idg ea c ro s so u t e rd i tch p o s s ib le r ampa r t so ne i the rs i de o fo u t e rd i tch

Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a t f o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion

£ 4 .11s .8d w a s s p en t o n i mp rov ing t h e d r awb r idg e a nd h ou se s w i th in t h e c a s t le p r ec inc t( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 1 3n 12 ) .

S u r vey C ond i t ion

B yt h et h i rd d ecade o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry t h e We s tD e rby 's i mpo r tanc ew a s i n d ec l ine a s t h a t o f L ive rpoo l ( q v ) g r ew . R oya l c ha r t e r s f o r t h e f o unda t ion o f ab o rough t h e r e h ad b een g r an t ed b y K ing J ohn i n 1 207 a nd w e r e f o l lowed b y H en ry c ha r te r i n1 228 129 . We s t D e rby c a s t le h ad p a s sed t o W i l l iam d e F e r r e r s a nd h i s w if e i n e xchange f o r t h e i r i n te re s t i nt h e e a r ldom o fC he s t e r ( B rown & C o lv in 1 963 , 8 53 ) a nd d e F e r r e r s w a s p r obab ly r e spon s ib le f o rt h e c on s t r uc t ion o fL ive rpoo l C a s t le ( q v ) b e tween 1 232 a nd 1 237 . When E dmund , e a r l o fL anca s te r , d i ed i n 1 297 ' i n t h e t own f i e ld s ( t er r i to r io ) o f D e rby t h e r e i s ac e r ta in s i te ( p lac ia ) o fa n o l d c a s t le w he r e t h e c ap i ta l m e s suag e u s ed t ob e , w i th t h e c i rcu i t o ft h e d i t che s , t h e h e rbag e o fw h ich i sy ea r ly w o r th 4 s ' ( F a r r e re d 1 903b , 2 84 ) . B y 1 323 -324 f a rm o f 2w indm i l l s a nd ah o r sem i l l w i th 2 0 a c r e so f meadow ' n igh t h es i t eo ft h e c a s t le ' , l e tt of a rm , y i e lded ar e n to f

B u i ld ing s U se P l an s

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

3 81

D roop & L a rk in 1 927 ; E ame sc 1960 ; P h i lpo t t 1 989 1 927 l e ve l led 1 8 17 ;p l oughed 1 820 ;b u i l to ve r c 1928 a nd l a t e r 1 2 th -3 thC ;p r obab ly t imbe r h ou s ing e s ta t ea nd c ommuna lg a rden D roop & L a rk in 1 928 ;G a rdne r 1 908 , 5 44 ; Y a te s 1 786 ;L ane s RO DRL 1 / 84 , 1 838 @ 1 0 c ha in s =33 / 1C A e r ia l p ho to si nD roop & L a rk in 1 928 B rown & C o lv in 1 963 ;D avey e d . 1 977 ; D roop 1 928 ; D roop & L a rk in 1 928 ;F a r re r 1 902 ;e d . 1 903b , 1 907 , 1 9 15 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ;G a rdne r 1 908 ; G r eg son 1 8 17 1824 ; K ing 1 983 ; K ing & A lcock 1 969 ; R igo ld 1 975

C a ta logue : WEST DERBY Ap a i ro fl i nked , c i rcu la r f e a tu r e s w a s c l ea r ly s e en o n a e r ia l p ho tog raph s t a ken i nc 1927 a nd c onf i rmed G a rdne r ' s p l an o f1 908 ( f ig 3 5 ) . P ropo sa l s t od eve lop t h e s i t e f o r h ou s ing l e d t o l i m i ted a r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion a c ro s s t h e i n ne r a nd o u te r d i tche s i n1 927 ( D roop & L a rk in 1 928 , 4 7 -5 ; D roop 1 928 , 2 40 ; f i g 5 2 ) . Ad oub le d i tch ( A ) w a s r e cove r ed b e twe en t h e b a i ley a nd t h e s uppo sed m o t t e a nd a s i ng le d i tch ( B ) s u r rounded t h e b a i ley . L ow u pca s to fc l ay ey g r ave l t o ah e igh t o f0 . 5m w a s i d en t if ied o n t h e i n ne r b ank o ft h e b a i ley d i tch a nd w a s b e l ieved t ob e e v idenc e f o r r ampa r t s ; 0 . 03m o fs im i la rm a t e r ia l w a s f o und o n t h e o u t e rb ank , b u t t h e e xcava to r s d i d n o t e xam ine t h e b ank s o ft h e i n ne r d i tch . T imbe r s f o r a w ooden b r idge w e r e r e cove r ed f r om t h e b a i ley d i tch a nd , m o r e r e cen t ly , S tua r t R igo ld h a s c onc luded t h a t t h ey c an b e d a ted t o t h e t ime o f S t ephen , 135 154 ( R igo ld 1 975 , 4 8 1 p a s s im ; f i g 5 3 ) w ho , a sS t ephen o fB lo i s ,h ad b e en g r an t ed We s tD e rby i nc 1115 . R igo ld b e l ieved t h a tt h e b r idg e w a s ap r ima ry f e a tu r e o f o ne p ha se a nd t h e e a r l ie s t r e co rded e xamp le o f i t s t yp e . I ft h i s w a s t h e d r awbr idge r e f e r r ed t o i n 1 227 i t s e em s t h a tt h er e pa i r s a tt h a tt ime h ad n o t i n c luded t h e f o unda t ion s . I ti s , h ow eve r , e n t i r e ly l i ke ly t h a tt h e re h ad b een as e cond b r idg e o n t h e s i t e o ve rt h ei n ne rd i tch . A na b sence o fm a son ry i nt h ed i tch f i l l s s ugge s t ed t o t h ee xcava to r st ha tt imbe rh ad b een t h e d om inan tb u i ld ing m a t e r ia l o ft h e c a s t le . A l l t h e a r tef a c t s f r om t h e se e xcava t ion s h ave b e en l o s t , b u t p ub l i shed p ho tog raph s l e d t ot h e s ugge s t ion t h a t p o t te ry r e cove r ed f r om t h e d i tch d a t ed t oa bandonmen ta f te rt h em id -3 th c en tu ry ( Davey e d . 1 977 , 6 8 -69 ) . T h i s i sc on s i s ten t w i th t h e s uppo sed d a t e o ft h e t r an sf e r o ff o cu s f r om We s tD e rby t oL ive rpoo l . I n1 989 d eve lopmen tf o rh ou s ing o f af i e ld i mmed ia t e ly t ot h ee a s to ft h e c a s t le p r ov ided t h e o ppo r tun i ty f o r r a p id a nd l im i t ed e xcava t ion . R e s i s t iv i ty s u rvey o ft h e w e s te rn p o r t ion o ft h e f i e ld h ad i n d ica t ed z one s o f r e la t ive ly h igh r e s i s tance w h ich w e r e s e lec ted f o r a r cha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion . E v idenc e f o r as t ruc tu r e , a s soc ia ted w i th a d i tch , w a s i d en t if i ed i n ac l ay f l oo r a nd h ea r th t o g e the r w i th p o t t e ry o f s uppo sed 1 4 th 15 th c en tu ry d a t e ; t h e r e su l t s o f r a d ioca rbon d a t ing a r e a wa i ted ( Ph i lpo t t , f o r thcom ing ) . T he f u nc t ion o ft h e s t ruc tu r ew a s n o te s tab l i shed a nd i tc ou ld n o t b e d i r ec t ly l i nk ed w i th t h e c a s t le , b u t i tm igh t , p e rhap s , h av e b e en a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e w a t e r rn i l l w h ich w a s i mp l ied i nt h e r e n ta l o f1 323 1324 ( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 ,2 07 ) . A l though t h es i te h a su sua l ly b e en c on s ide red a s am o t te a nd b a i ley c a s t le ( K ing 1 983 , 2 47 -248 ) a nd am ound w a s c l ea r ly s hown o n Y a te s ' m ap o f 1 786 , i t ss t ruc tu ra ln a tu r e i sq ue s t ionab le . A l though t h ef i e ld w a sl e ve l led i n1 8 17 a nd p l oughed f o rt h e f i r s t , a nd o n ly , t ime i n1 820 t h e r e s e em s t o b el i t t le e v idenc ef o rd e s t ruc t ion o f al a rg ee a r thwo rk . I nde ed ,t h es i t ew a s s a id t ob e m o re l ow -y ing t h an e ven t h e s u r round ing a r ea t h ough t h i s w a s b e l ieved t o b e d ue t o a n a ccumu la t ing l a nd l e ve l a s ac on sequenc e o f r e gu la r p l ough ing i n t h e v i c in i ty ( Ga rdne r 1 908 , 5 44 -45 ) a nd t h e e xcava t ion s s e em t o h ave p r oduced n o e v idence f o r t h e s p r ead o f r e depo s i ted m a t er ia l i n a ny s i gn if ican t q uan t i ty . E xam ina t ion o f t h e p ub l i shed s e c t ion s h a s p roduced n o c l ea re v idence o fo ve rbu rd en s u ch a s m igh t b e e xpec ted f r om l e ve l l ing o f al a rg e e a r thwo rk . T h e d i t che s w e r e s ha l low a nd , d e sp i t e t h e c l a im o ft h e e xcava to r s , t h e r e i sl i t t le s ugge s t ion o fr ampa r t s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h ee a r th h ad b een c a r t ed a way b u ti ts e em s mo r e l i ke ly t h a tt h e l e ve l l ing h ad b een n o th ing mo r e t h an i n f i l l ing o ft h e d i tche s . A l though t h e e v idence i sn o t e n t i r e ly s a t i sf ac to ry i ts e em s , p o s s ib ly , t h a t t h i s w a s ar i ngwo rk r a the r t h an am o t te s uch a sY a te s d ep ic t ed i n1 786 . S uch i n t e rp r e ta t ion w ou ld p l a c e We s t D e rby c a s t le a l ong s id e ap o s s ib le r i ngwo rk o n t h e s i t e o f C he s t e r c a s t le a nd t h e t wo i d en t if i ed s i te s o f B uc i c ton a nd P enn ing ton i nL anca sh i r e ( K ing & A lcock 1 969 , 12 , 17 ) . I th a s b e en n o ted ( pp 9 1-92 a bove ) t h a t Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) a nd B u rna rde sca s t le , L a thom ( q v )m ay a l so h ave b een r i ngwo rk s .

3 82

C a ta logue : WESTLEIGH E s ta te

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1 3 15 1

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1 4311 436 's

1 448 1 6

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1 48 e

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1 508 1 t

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1 5 17 1 4

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W i l l iam H o l land o fD ownho l land

G i lbe r tU rm s ton T homa sC u lche th

8 sr e n t 1 2d r e n t

J ohn s on o fR icha rd H e r t e J ohn s on o fR icha rd H e i le

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W i l l iam l o rd L ove l

t e nemen t s &m i l l

1 522 1 524 2 °

W i l l iam d eU rme s ton

W i l lo d e Vnne s ton R ico d eB rade shagh A l ic ia d eL a thu ( s ic ) R ogo P o se A dam B ecke R ob to G rayb r ed R ob to l eP r ie s t

1 332 1 b

1 4 15 1 4

W i l l iam s on o fS i eg r i th R icha rd s on o fS i eg r i th

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1 322 4

1 346 1

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m ano r

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4m e s suage se t c p r e 1 545 2'

r e c to ry

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1 56 11 2

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1 570 1 59 12 3

f r e es ocag e

1 5m e s suage s ,m i l lo f We s t le igh

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1 6 161 4

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3 83

C a ta logue : WESTLEIGH

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1 64 11642 1 6

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1 66 11681 ü

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6 8 P a r sonag eF a rm

& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 22 ) . We s t le igh i ss uppo sed t oh ave b e en o ne o ft h e 3 4 m ano r s a t ta ched t o Wa r r ing ton i n1 066 ; i tw a s n o t n o ted i nt h e

D ome sday S u rvey . I t s d ependancy o n Wa r r ing ton e nded s oon a f t e rt h e C onque s t a nd i nt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry i tb ecame a t ta ched t o as ca t te red f e e , t h e c apu to f w h ich w a sa tB o l ton le - Moo r s( Sa lf o rd h und red ) ,g ran ted t ot h el o rd o f Ma r sey a nd G am s ton ,N o t t ingham sh i r e . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 22 ) . T owa rd st h e e nd o ft h e c en tu ry J ohn d e We s t le igh w a s h e red i ta ry p a r son o ft h e c hu r ch o fL e igh a nd p re sumed l o rd o f t h em ano r . H i se l de s ts on , R icha rd s ucceeded t ot h em ano ra nd p a t ronage o ft h ec hu rch b u t ,d u r ing J ohn ' s r e ign , w a s f o rc ed t op r e sen t ac l e rk t ot h e l i v ing . T he l o s so fh i sh e r ed i ta ry of ice l e dt o ad i v i s ion o fl a nd s ; R icha rd d e We s t le igh r e ta ined t h e mano rb u tp robab ly moved h i s c ap i ta l m e s suage t o an ew s i t e a tH ighe rH a l l . R obe r tC ucy /Coucy , t h e c l e rk ,o b ta ined aq ua r t e ro ft h ev i i i a nd t o ok t h e K i rk H a l l , p robab ly t h e f o rme rc ap i ta l m es suag e . A dam a nd A lan , s on so fJ ohn d e We s t le igh ,g ran ted l a nd s i nR a inf o rd ( qv )t oC ocke r sand A bbey i nt h ee a r ly 1 3 th c en tu ry .

2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 22 ) . I nc 1230 t h es upe r io rl o rd sh ip w a ss o ld b yR oge r , s on o fR anu lf d e Ma r sey , t ot h e E a r l o fC he s te r . L a t e ri tp a ssed t ot h e F e r re r s , e a r l s o fD e rby , a nd t h en t ot h e e a r l s o fL anca s t e r . B ef o r e 1 238 t h e a dvow son a ppea r s t o h ave b een d i v ided , p e rhap s b y f a i lu r e o fR icha rd d e We s t le igh t op roduce a nh e i ro rb ya l iena t ion o fh a lf t h ec hu rch t ot h ep r io ry o f Wa l l ingw e l l s , No t t ingham sh i r e .

3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 22 , 4 24 ) . A dam , b ro the ro fR icha rd d e We s t le igh , w a s m a r r ied t oQ uen i lda . T he B rad shagh h o ld ing i n c luded t h e O ld H a l l e s ta t ea nd t h ey a l so h ad a ne s ta te i nP enn ing ton ( qv ) . R oge rd eB rad shagh , a l ive i n1 250 ,w a sf a the ro fJ ohn ( who l a te rh ad aq ua r te ro f We s t le igh ) , W i l l iam ( who ma r r ied Mab e ld e No r r i sa nd a cqu i r ed H a igh ,q v )a nd A dam w ho w a s , p e rhap s ,t h ea nce s to ro ft h eB rad shagh so fA spu l l .

4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 24 n 11) . I nc 1250 R oge r d e B rad shagh g ave t oh i s s on , J ohn , a l t h e l a nd i nt h e v i i i o f We s t le igh f o rme r ly h e ld b y R obe r t F o rd a nd b ef o r eh im b yJ ohn d eC ho l . J ohn a nd h i sm en w e r ea low ed t og r ind a t We s t le igh m i l l q u i to f mu l tu r er e nde r ing 6 dy ea r ly .

5

6

7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 23 ) . S i eg r i th , g rand -daugh te ro fA dam d e We s t le igh a nd Q uen i lda ( no t e4 ) , b ough tt h ea dvow son Wa l l ingwe l l s . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 23 ) . W i l l iam ,t h ey oung e rs on , r e ce ived H ighe rH a l l , am i l l , 4 0 a c re so fl a nd , 2o fm eadow a nd 4 0o fw ood . R icha rd , s on o f R icha rd a nd A l ic ed eL a thom a nd b ro the ro fL ucy ,w a sd ead b y 1 332 ; e ven tua l ly h i s i n he r i tance p a s sed t oJ ohn , s on o fW i l l iam ,s on o fS i eg r i th . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 16 ) . R icha rd d eU rm s ton , s on o fR icha rd a nd S i eg r i th , s o ld t h e a dvow son a nd a n a c re o fl a nd b e long ing t oi tt oS i rR obe r t d eH o l land . T he r eaf t e r ,t h ea dvow son p a s sed f r om t h eH o l land sb y ma r r iag et ot h eL ove l s .

8

9

( Fa r r e re d . 1 907 , 7 8 ) . W i l l iam p e r f o rmed s u i tf o rA dam .

I °

( Ry land s 1 986 ) . T ho se n amed a sl a ndho lde r sc on t r ibu t ed t ot h eL ay S ub s idy . T he h o ld ing so fW i l l iam d eU rm s ton a nd R icha rd d eB rad shaw may r ep r e sen t H ig he rH a l l a nd O ld H a l lr e spec t ive ly ;A l ic ed eL a thom m ay h ave h e ld h e rl a nd sa sd owe r . R obe r tt h eP r ie s ti sn o tn amed a sr e c to ra tt h is d a te .

I

( Fa r r e re d . 1 9 15 ,9 1) .

1 2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 23 ) . T h i se s ta t ew a ss e t t led o nL ucy a nd h e rh u sband , H en ry d eT raf f o rd .

1 3

1 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 23 ) . G i lbe r t w a s s on o fW i l l iam , s on o fS i eg r i th . I n 1 351 h e r e ce ived r e n t f r om H en ry d eT raf f o rd a nd h i s w if e , L ucy , i n r e spec to f1 2m e s suage s , am i l l , 8 0a c r e so fl a nd , 6a c re so fm eadow , 5 0a c r e so fw ood . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 23-424 ) . T hu r s tan U rm s ton a nd S i r W i l l iam B rad shaw d i ed i n 1 415 . B rad shagh 's h e i r w a s E l izabe th , w if e o fR icha rd H a r r ing ton , s on o fS i rJ ame sH a r r ing ton .

1 5

1 6

1 7

( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 32 ) . I n 1 431 J ohn , s on o fT hu r s tan U rm s ton h ad l i ve ry o fh i s e s ta t e s . T he e s ta te h e ld b y I s abe l la , w idow o fT hu r s tan , c on t inued i nt h eo ccupa t ion o ft h eH o l land f am i ly u n t i lt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry ( no t e2 0 ) . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 16 , 4 26 ) . I n t h i s y ea r t h e c hu r ch w a s a pp rop r ia ted t ot h e p r io r a nd c onven t o f E rdbu ry ( A rbu ry ) i n Wa rw ick sh i r e , a f ounda t ion o fW i l l iam l o rd L ove l , B ume l a nd H o land k ta nd R a lph B o t i le rk t , l o rd o fS ude ley . T he a dvow son w a s g ran ted b y W i l l iam , l o rd L ove l a nd t h e p r io ra l so h ad l a nd s i n We s t le igh t ot h ev a lue o f1 00 m a rk sy ea r ly ( s ee n o te 8 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 17 ) . I n 1 488 t h e p r io r o fE rdbu ry l e a sed t h e p a r sonage , K i rk H a l l , w i th g l ebe l a nd s , r e n t s , t ihes a nd p rof i t s , t oG i lbe r t U rm s ton e sq ,J ohn U rm s ton , h i ss on , M rG i lbe r tU rm s ton , c l e rk ,W i l l iam U rm s ton ,v i ca ro fL e igh , a nd R oge rU rm s ton f o r4 0y ea r s .

1 8

1 9

2 °

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 17 ) . W i l l iam U rm s ton g ave h i se s ta te h e ld f r om t h ep r io ro fE rdbu ry t oJ ohn U rm s ton , s on a nd h e i ro fh i sb ro the r ,J ohn . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 24 -425 ) . A nne S tan ley , A l ic e H ogh ton a nd I s abe l T r e sham h e ld t h e B rad shagh /Ha r r ing ton p o r t ion ( no te 1 3 ) . When S i r J ame s H a r r ing ton d i ed i n1 497 h el ef t 1 0 d augh t e r s a sc o -he i r s . I nt h ep a r t i t ion o fh i se s ta t e s i n1 517 We s t le ig hw a s d i v id ed b e tw een t wo d augh te r s ( Anne , w if e o fS i r R icha rd S t an ley o fH oo ton , a nd I s abe l , w if o fJ ohn T r e sham ) a nd A l ice A s she ton , g r anddaugh t e r o fH a r r ing ton a nd w if e o fR icha rd H ogh ton . A nne S tan ley h ed t h e mano ro f We s t le igh a nd l a nd s i nP enn ing ton ( qv ) , B la ck rod , H ind ley ( qv ) w i th t e nemen t s i n We s t le igh . H ogh ton ' s p o r t ion i n c luded l a nd s i nB la c i c rod a nd at e nemen t i n We s t le igh . T ha t o fT r e sham i n c luded l a nd s i nT u r ton a nd H ind ley a nd t e nemen t s i n We s t le igh i n c lud ing t h e m i l l ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 24 n 24 ,4 25 n n l ,2 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 23 ) . I n1 522 P i e r s H o l land a l iena t ed t h em e sne mano rt oS i rH en ry H a l sa l l ( d ied 1 652 )o fH a l sa l l ( qv ) . S ub sequen t ly i tw a s a cqu i red b yJ ame s S o roco ld o fH ighu r s t , K now s ley , y eoman a nd s a id t oc on ta in 2 6 a c re s , l a rge m ea su r e . A t h i s d ea th i n1 524 H o l land ' s h o ld ing c on ta ined 4m e s suage sa nd 6 0a c r e so fl a nd ,m eadow a nd p a s tu r eh e ld f r om J ohn U rm s ton e squ i r e .

2 1

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 17 ) . T he d uk e o fS uf f o lk a cqu i red t h e r e c to ry , t ihe s , g l ebe l a nd a nd a dvow son o ft h e v i ca rag e a tt h e D i s so lu t ion . I n 1 545 h es o ld t h er e c to ry a nd t i the st oR obe r tT rapp so fL ondon .

2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 17 ) . F ranc i sT rapp s c onveyed K i rk H a l l a nd t h eg l ebe l a nd s ,t ihe s a nd a dvow son o ft h ev i ca rag e ,t oS i rT homa s G e ra rd . I n

2 3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,4 25 ) . T h i sw a st h eT r e sham p ou rpa r ty ( n ' o te 1 9 ) . I n1 570 i tw a ss o ld t oJ ohn B y rom o fB y rom ,e sq . who d i ed i n1 591 .

1 573 R icha rd U rm s ton s e em st oh ave e s tab l i shed h i st i le t ot h er e c to ry a nd t ihe s .

2 4

2 5

2 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 25 ) . T he C hamock s h ad t h e S tan ley p o r t ion o ft h e B rad shaw /Ha r r ing ton i n he r i tance b y p u r cha se i n 1 565 . W i th t h e O ld H a l lw e r e 4m e s suage s , 1 40 a c r e so fl a nd ,m eadow a nd p a s tu r e . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,4 25 ) . I n1 627 T homa sC ha rnock , s on o fR ob e r t , s o ld h i se s ta t et oR icha rd B lowe ra nd F ranc i sS he r ing ton . ( Fa r r e r 6B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 25 ) . I n 1 64 1 B lowe r s o ld h i s p o r t ion t oJ ohn S o roco ld o fL ow ton ( qv ) a nd i n 1 642 S he r ing ton a nd S o roco ld d iv ided t h e mano r o f We s t le igh a nd P enn ing ton . S he r ing ton t ook t h e O ld H a l l o f We s t le igh a nd e nc lo su r e s a moun t ing t oc 4 1 a c r e s o fl a nd ' o ft h e l a rg e m ea su re ' . S o roco ld h ad t h e r ema inde r , mo s t o fw h ich l a y a r ound We s t le igh m i l l . T he y ea r ly c h ief r e n t o f1 4 dd / ue t oR icha rd U rm s ton w a s t ob e p a id t wo y ea r s b y S he r ing ton a nd t h et h i rd y ea rb yS o roco ld .

3 84

C a ta logue : WESTLEIGH

2 7

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 17 n 17 , 4 23-424 ) . I n1 66 1 t h e f ou rd augh te r s a nd c ohe i r s o fR icha rd U r rn s ton ( d 1 659 ) d i v ided t h e e s ta te s ; e ach t o ok a1 4 / o ft h e m ano rh ou se w i th c e r ta in t e nemen t s a nd a1 4 o / ft h e t ihe s . I n 1 68 1 A nne Mo s sock , ac h i ld le s s w idow , c onveyed h e r s ha r e t oS i r W i l l iam G e r a rd o f B rynn ( A sh ton q v ) , T homa s E cc le s ton o fE cc le s ton ( qv ) a nd T homa s C u lche th o fC u lche th ( qv ) . T he r ema inde ro fh e re s ta t e w en tt oh e r n ephew , R icha rd S hu t t lewo r th . w ho u l t ima te ly i n he r i ted t h ew ho le e s ta t ew i th t h e a dvow son o fL e igh c hu r ch a nd t h eK i rk H a l le s ta t e .

F ig 9 1 .54a : We s t le igh

F ig 9 1 .54b : O ld H a l l 1 846 ( Lancs RO DRM 1 / 105 )

T he o r ig in o ft h e t e nu r e o f O ld H a l l i su nc lea r b u t t h e s i te i sa s soc ia t ed w i th t h e q ua r t e r o f We s t le igh h e ld b y t h e B rad shagh f am i ly f r om a tl e a s t t h e m id 13 th c en tu ry u n t i l t h e e a r ly 1 5 th c en tu ry w hen i tp a s sed i n m a r r iag e t o t h e H a r r ing ton s . Af t e r S i r J ame s H a r r ing ton 's d ea th i n 1 497 i t w a s d i v ided b e tween t h ree h e i r e s se s . I t w a s h e ld b y T homa s C ha rnock i n 1 6 16 a nd p a s sed t o F ranc i s S he r ing ton i n 1 632 1642 . An ew h a l l w a s b u i l t i nt h e m id 18 th c en tu ry ( Wa lk e r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 97 ) , a nd i s p robab ly t h e b u i ld ing s hown o n t h e t ihe p l an . T he 6 " O S map f o r 1 848 s ugge s t s t ha t t h e O ld H a l l a nd Moa t p robab ly l a y a s ho r t d i s tance n o r th o ft h e l a te r b u i ld ing . P o s s ib ly t h e o u t l ine o ft h e moa t i ss ugge s t ed b y t h e t r e e -cove r ed a r ea s . T he 1 8 th c en tu ry h a l l a nd moa t w e r e l e ve l led b e tween 1 9311952 a nd t h e s i t e w a s l a id o u t a s p l ay ing f i e ld s ( OS SD 6 0 SW 6 / 10 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985 , 1 94 ) .

T he e s ta te t o w h ich P a r sonag e F a rm , o r K i rk H a l l , b e longed r e p re sen ted aq ua r t e ro f We s t le igh . I tm ay h ave b een s eve r ed f r om t h e p r inc ipa l h o ld ing o ft h e h e r ed i ta ry p a r son o f L e igh i nt h e e a r ly 1 4 th c en tu ry . I n 1 318 R icha rd d e U rm s ton , s on o f R icha rd a nd S i eg r i th , h ad s o ld t h e a dvow son w i th o ne a c re o fl a nd t oS i r R obe r t d e N o land o f U pho l land ( q v ) . I n 1 445 t h i s w a s a cqu i red b y t h e p r io r a nd c onven t o f E rdbu ry , ah ou se f ounded b y W i l l iam , L o rd L ove l , B ume l a nd H o land , a nd S i r R a lph B o t i le r , l o rd o f S ude ley ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 4 16 ) . I n 1 56 1 K i rk H a l l , g l ebe , t ihe s a nd a dvow son v i ca rag e w e r e c onvey ed b y f i ne t o S i r T homa sG e ra rd . B y 1 956 t h e moa t h ad b een c omp le t e ly f i l led i n a nd n o t r ace o f i tr ema ined ( OS S D 6 0 S E5 ) .

N o . SMR

6 4

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

O ld H a l l We s t le igh L e igh Wa r r ing ton Ma r sey & G am s ton

NGR L oca t ion

S D6 480 0 083 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

Manche s t e r ma r l B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy

2 5 -30m s ou th -w e s tf a c ing ;v e ry f l a t

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? s ing le ? r ec tangu la r

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s

d ry 1 846

d e s t roy ed p ub l ic p l ay ing f i e ld s L anc s RO DRM 1 / 105 , 1 846 @ 1 0c ha in s =3 5/ 1 6" ;6 "O S s hee t 1 02 , 1 848 s how s ' Moa t ' a nd ' S i t eo fO ld H a l l '

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

N o . SMR

6 8 GMAU 5 463

S i t e T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta te

P ar sonage F arm We s t le igh L e igh Wa r r ing ton R ec to r ia l

NGR L oca t ion

S D6 5 11 0 145 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

Manche s t e rm a r l B ou lde rc l ay

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 0m w e s tf a c ing s l ope

P l an F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t

s i ng le s qua r e c 40 x4 0m / 1600m 2 c 8m w e t 1 846 s t r eam n o r th a nd e a s t

d e s t roy ed

P l an s

0c ha in s =3 L am s RO DRM 1 / 105 , 1 846 @ 1 5 " / 16

3 85

c e r ta in

E xcava t ion S u r vey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

F ig 9 1 .54c : P a r sonage F a rm 1 846 ( Lanc s RO DRM 1 / 105 )

c e r ta in

GMS MR 3 249

F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907

C a ta logue : WHISTON w i th PRESCOT T enur e

Me sne l o rd

1 / 3k n igh t 's f e e

41 2 p / l ough land s

L o rd o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord V iv ian G eme t

k n igh t 's f e e

41 2 c / a ruca te s

R og e rG emeh t( s ic )

1 252 4

l a nd i nR idga t e

S tJ ohn o fC he s t e r

p r e 1 278 3

v i i io fH a l snead

A dam d eH a l snead R icha rd T rave r s H en ry T rave r so f Wh i s ton

1 284 6

mano ro f Wh i s ton

R og e rT rave r s

155 1189 1

E s ta te

1901 1 212 5

1 286/

L andho ld e r s

S e r v ice /ren t

H en r yT rave r s

f r e et e nemen t

f o r e s te r R icha rd T rave r s

P r e sco tC hu rch

R icha rd s on o f R obe r td eC hu rch lee A lan l eB r e ton , r e c to r H en ry s on o f R icha rd

1 2d r e n t

p re 1 3 18 1

m ano ro f Wh i s ton & a dvow son

W i l l iam d eD a c r e

R obe r tT rave r s

r e dr o se

1 322

m ano r so f Wy s tan ,P a r r , S pek e& S k e lme r sda le & a dvow son

W i l l iam d eD ac r e

R obe r tT rave r s

f e a l ty & s u i ta t c oun ty & w apen take c ou r t s

1 332 °

R ob to N icho R ob to A dam R ob to

1 333 1

T raue r s C app lano d eB rad legh f l uR anu lph f l uJ oh i s

v j s i ü js ' i s u s i s i s

R ec to ro fP re sco t

1 346 f 2

m e s suage & 2 p lough land s

A l ice d au o fA lan l e No r r ey s

1 348 B

l a nd si n Wh i s ton

R obe r tT rave r s

1 353 1 4

m e s suage & 1 a c r e

R ec to ro fP re sco t

1

r e dr o se

R icha rd d eR a inh i l l

J ohn s on o fR obe r t R obe r tT rave r s 1 374 1375 B

a dvow son

1 390 1394 1 6

m ano ro f Wh i s ton

R anu lf d eD a c r e W i l l iam D an ie l l

J ohn T rave r s

J ohn d eH a l snead J ohn d eS tand i sh R icha rd d eA ugh ton 1 391 1"

a dvow son

1 422 1

H a l snead

W i l l iam D an ie l l

1 443 1444 °

Wh i s ton m i l lo n A ugh ton 's l a nd s

R icha rd T rave r s& s on J ohn

R a lph d eN ev i l l

1 445 / 1

a dvow son

H en ry V I

c 1480/ 1

mano ro f Wh i s ton A k i l shaw H ou se A ugh ton D e lph T o t i l lH ou se

l o rd o fD a c r e

1 505 1 2

s ocage

T homa sT rave r s L o rd S t an ley N icho la sA ugh ton J ohn B e l le rby

f e a l ty ;s u i ta t We s tD e rby c ou r t 4 sf r e er e n t 1 6d f r ee r e n t 1 2f r e er e n t

H a l snead H a l snead

T homa s We the rby

3 dr e n t 61 /df 2 r e er e n t 11 /dr 2 e n t

me s suage & l a nd i nR idga t en ex t P re sco t

H en ry T rave r s

f e a l ty & 1 2r e n t

1 547 1 3 T homa sl o rd D ac r e l a nd si n Wh i s ton

3 86

R icha rd B o ld R icha rd B o ld

J ohn B lunde l l J ohn S t and i sh J ame sE l lom N icho la sH a r r ing ton o f H uy ton J ohn G a rne t t T homa sA the r ton o f B icke r s taf f e R oge rO g le T homa sL a thom J ohn T rave r so fR idga te J ohn P embe r ton S i rH en ry T o rbo ck

L a thom o f Wo lf a l l i n H uy ton

T homa sT rave r so r h i sh e i r s

1 5591 4 1 563 / 3

T homa ss on o fT homa s We the rby

r e dr o se r e dr o se

J ohn Og le

,

C a ta logue : WH ISTON w i th PRESCOT T enure

E s ta te

L ord o ffe e /S upe r ior L ord

Me sne l o rd

1 568"

P re sco tH a l l , c oa l m ine s ,w indm i l l

K ing 's C o l leg e , C amb r idge

J ohn L ay ton

1 583”

m ano ro fR idga t e l a nd i n Wh i s ton

Q ue en

J ohn T rave r s R icha rd B o ld

f r e eho lde r s

1 60 0

S i te s :

H en ry O g le J ame sP embe r ton G eo rg e We the rby m e s suag e , l a nd s , w indm i l l& w a te rm i l l

1 646"

7 6

J ohn T rave r s

S i rT homa sB o ld

f r e eho lde r s

1 628 3 1

1 2d r e n t 3 dr e n t

L andho ld e r s

J ohn O g le J ame sP embe r ton P e t e r We the rby m ano ro f Wh i s ton

c 1608 2

S er v ice /r en t

C u thbe r tO g le

P r e sco tH a l l

I( Fa r r e r

&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 48 ) . D u r ing H en ry H ' s r e ign V iv ian G e rne t , w ho h e ld h i s e s ta t e o f ak n igh t ' s f e e f o r t h e s e rv ice o fc h ief f o re s t e r , g av e t o R ob e r tT rave r s 41 4 p / l ough land st oh o ld a s 1/3 o f ak n igh t ' s f e e . O ft h i s e s ta te p robab ly 2c a ruca te s w e r e a s se s sed f o r Wh i s ton ( no t e 3 ) . R ob e r tT rave r s w a s l i v ing 160 1170 ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 48 n 9 ) .

2

( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 6 03 -604 ) . H en ry T rave r sg r an t ed t oC ocke r sand A bbey ay ea r ly r e n to f2 sf r om h i sm i l la t Wh i s ton , f o rt h eh ea l th o fh i ss ou l a nd t ha to fh i s s on ,R icha rd . H en ry w a so ne o ft h es upe r v i so r so fw o rk a t We s tD e rby C a s t le i n1 20 1 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 48 n 11) . ( Fa r r e re d 1 903b , 4 3-44 ) . R og e rG eme t h e ld S peke ( q v ) , Wh i s ton , P a r ra nd S ke lme r sda le a nd l a nd s i nn o r th L anca sh i r e a so ne k n igh t ' s f e e i nt h e o f f ice o f f o re s t e r . T he a dvow son o fP r e sco tc hu rch w a s h e ld a so ne o ft h e a ppu r t enance s o f Wh i s ton ; F a r r e rh a s g i ven 2c a ruca t e s a st h e a s se s smen tf o r Wh i s ton . A t t h ee nd o ft h e 1 3 th c en tu ry t h eD ac r ef am i ly s ucceeded t ob o th t h e a dvow son a nd t h eF o r e s tf e e( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 42 ; S haw 1 956 , f am i ly t r ee

3

f a c ing p 34 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 50 ) . I n1 252 R icha rd T rave r s g ave l a nd i nR idga t et oh i s y oung e r s on , H en ry ; R icha rd h e ld f r om t h eh o sp i ta l o fS tJ ohn o f C he s t e r f o r 1 2d r e n t . G ran t s o fl a nd i nR idga te w e r e m ade t oB u r scough P r io r y b y t h e T a rbock f am i ly o fT a rbock ( qv ) . I nt h e 1 6 th c en tu ry r e f e r enc e i s

4

made t oa n e s ta t ea tR idga te h e ld f r om t h eT rave r sf am i ly b yS i rH en ry T o rbock ( no t e2 2 ) . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 51) . A dam d e H a l snead h ad g ran ted h i s ' who le v i l l o fH a l snead ' t oh i s s on , R a lph , w ho h ad g ran ted i tt oR icha rd , s on o f A lan l e No r r ey s . I n1 278 a nd 1 284 l eN o r r ey s a ppea r ed a sp la in t if fa ga in s tR icha rd T rave r s a nd H en ry T rav e r s o f Wh i s ton . R oge r , s on o fR icha rd T rave r s , r e lea sed l a nd i n Wh i s ton b e tween t h e H o l t a nd C hu rch lee t oA lan l eN o r r ey s . T h i s h ad b een h e ld b y R icha rd d e P r e sco t f r om R icha rd , f a the r o fR oge r T rave r s . T he b ound s c i ted i nt h e pen t b y R a lph d e H a l snead t ol e No r r ey s i n c luded W igga lache o n t h e e a s t , b e ing t h e b ounda ry b e tw een H a l snead a nd R a inh i l l , L ong le igh B rook i nt h es ou th , S p i ta l H ou se a nd F r ieny H i l l o nt h ew e s ta nd C a s se lache i nt h en o r th ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 51 n 8 ) . F rom e v id enc eo f ad i spu t e i n1 246 i ts e em s t h a ta n a c r e m igh t h ave r e p r e sen ted aq ua r t e ro fH a l snead . C hu r ch ley F i e ld l a y i nP r e sco tt ot h ee a s t o ft h e c hu rch

5

( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 ,2 1 ,2 4 -25 , f i g7 ) . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 49 ) . R og e rT rave r sc omp la ined t ha tB ened ic tG eme t ,A lan d eH a l sa l l a nd o t he r sh ad d i s se i sed h im o ft h em ano ro f Wh i s ton

6

e xc ep tf o ro ne m e s suage ;h i sp l ea w a ss ucce s sf u l . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 54 n 2 ) . R icha rd , s on o fR obe r t d e C hu rch le e , a ccu sed t h e r e c to r o fd i s se i s ing h im o fh i s f r ee t e nemen t i nP r e sco t . I nt h e s ame y ea rR icha rd d eC hu rch lee g r an ted t oh i sy ounge rs on , R icha rd , a l t h el a nd w h ich h eh e ld o fP r e sco tc hu rch , f o r1 l bo fi n cen se y ea r ly .

7

8

( Fan-e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 49 ) . S i rW i l l iam d eD ac r e( d ead b y 1 318 ; n o te 3 )o rW i l l iam d e D ac r e , r e c to ro fP re sco t ( 1 309 1346 ) , c onf i rmed t h e ' who le m ano r 'o f Wh i s ton a nd a dvow son o ft h ec hu r ch t oR obe r tT rave r s . R obe r tw a sg ran t ed aw indm i l l i n Wh i s ton b yE dmund d eN ev i l l ( Fan-e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 49 n 4 ) . E dmund d eN ev i l l , J ohn T rave r s a nd J ohn d e L anca s te r ( ? of R a inh i l l , q v ) w e r ej u s t ic e s f o rt h e c our t o fF o r e s t p l ea s i n 1 322 ( Shaw 1 956 , 1 29 ) .

9

I °

1

( Fa r r e rc d 1 907 , 7 8 ) . A st e nan to f Wh i s ton R obe r tT rave r sp e r f o rmed s u i tt ot h eh o ld ing . ( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T ho se n amed a sl a ndho lde r s c on t r ibu ted t ot h eL ay S ub s idy f o r Wh i s ton ; P r e sco tw a sn o t i d en t if ied , p o s s ib ly b ecau se i tw a so wned b yt h e c hu r ch . ( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 53 ) . T he r e c to r w a s g ran ted ama rke t c ha r t e r a nd a nnua l f a i r . I n 1 355 t h e r e c to r o fW igan ( q v ) p e t i t ioned t od e s t roy t h e ma rke t i tb e ing w i th in 8m i le s o ft ha t a tW igan . T he ma rke t w a s r e ta ined a nd af u r the r g r an t w a s m ade i n1 458 . T he e a r l ie s t e v idence f o r ab u rgage i n P re sco ta ppea r s i n1 537 ( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 , 2 2 ) .

1 2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 51 n 10 ) . A l ic e ,d augh te ro fA lan , s on o fR icha rd l eN o r r ey s , c l a imed am e s suage a nd 2p l ough land s i n Wh i s ton , f r om J ohn , s on o fR obe r t l eN o r r ey s . J ohn l eN o r r ey s c a l led o n A lan l e No r r ey s ( l o rd o fS u t ton , q v ) t od ef end h im . F a r r e r h a s s ugge s ted t ha t t h e p l ough land s d o n o t r e p r e sen t t h e a nc ien t a s se s smen t f o r Wh i s ton . H a l snead h ad p a s sed t oR obe r t l eN o r r ey s o fB u r tonhead , S u t ton ( q v ) b y 1 324 a nd J ohn l eN o r rey s ( d ied c 1346 )h ad s ucceeded t ot h eh o ld ing .

1 3

1 4

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 49 ) . R obe r tT rave r s g ave l a nd s i n Wh i s ton t oR obe r t , s on o fR ober t d e H u r le ton ( Hu r l s ton , q v ) , h e ld f r om h im b yR icha rd d eR a inh i l l ( qv )a nd o t he r sf o rt h er e n to f ar e dr o se . ( Fa r r e r & B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 49 ) . I n 1 353 T rave r s d i spu ted w i th t h e r e c to r o ve r am e s suage a nd a c r e o fl a nd w h ich t h e r e c to r c l a imed b e longed t o P re sco tc hu rch .

1 5

( Fan-e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 42 ; S haw 1 956 f am i ly t r e e f a c ing p 34 ) . T he a dvow son p a s sed f r om Ra nu lf d eD a c re , r e c to ro fP re sco t( d 1 375 ) ,t oS i rJ ohn d eN ev i l l .

1 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 49 n 8 ,9 ) . J ohn T rave r s made af e o n i en to fh i sm ano ro f Wh i s ton a nd l a nd s i n1 390 . I n1 394 t h e se w e r er eg ran t ed t oJ ohn a nd h i sw if ew i th r ema inde rt oR icha rd , s on o fT homa s T rave r s a nd t h e h e i r s o fT homa s a nd C ec i ly , d augh t e ro fT homa s d e S t rangeway s . W i l l iam D an ie l l w a sl o rd o fS u t ton ( q v ) . B yt h i s d a te t h e l a nd sw h ich h ad b een c a l led C h i rche l egh ( no te s5 ,7 )w e re k nown a sP r e s teco t e( Ph i lpo t t 1 988 ,2 1) .

1 2

1 8

( Fan-e r& B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 42 ) . R a lph d eN ev i l le xchang ed t h ea dvow son a nd J ohn ,d uke o fL anca s t e r ,b ecame p a t ron o fP re sco t . ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 51 n 12 ) . W i l l iam D an ie l lo fS u t ton ( qv ) , g ave c u s tody o fa l t h e l a nd s i nH a l snead , f o rme r ly h e ld b yN icho la s l eN o r r ey s , t o S i rJ ohn d e S tan ley . T homa s , s on o fT homa sd e We the rby , c ou s in o fl e No r r ey sw a st h eh e i r . T he d epend a nc eo fH a l snead o n S u t ton h ad b een s ugge s ted i n 1 346 ( no te 1 2 ) .

1 9

( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 49 n 11) . R icha rd a nd J ohn T rave r ss u r rende r ed t h em i l lt oT homa s B o t e le r , l o rd o f Wan-i ng ton ( qv ) .

2 °

( Fan-e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 42 ) . H en ry V I g ave t h e a dvow son t oK ing ' s C o l leg e , C amb r idg e i n 1 445 . T he r e c to ry w a s a pp ropr ia t ed t ot h e c o l lege i n 1 448 ; av i ca rag ea tP r e sco tw a so rda ined ( n o t e2 6 ) .

3 87

C a ta logue : WH ISTON w i th PRESCOT

( F a r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 49 n n 12 , 1 7 , 3 50 n 15 , 3 51 n n 13 , 1 4 ) . I n1 480 T homa s T rave r s s o ld t h e m ano rt oR icha rd B o ld o fB o ld ( q v ) . I nt h em idd le

2 1

o ft h e 1 5 th c en tu ry J ohn O g le ( l i v ing i n1 472 ) w a s s t ewa rd o ft h e m ano ro fP re sco t ; a to ne t ime P r e sco t H a l l w a s o ccup ied b y t h e O g le s a st h e s t ewa rd s ' r e s id ence ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 54 ) . O g le b ough tl a nd s i nR a inh i l l ( q v ) ;h i sw idow a nd s on , R oge r , b ough tl a nd sf r om J ohn T rave r s . 2 2

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 51 n 4 ;s e en o t e4 ) .

2 3

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,3 49 n 13 ) .

2 4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 49 n 13 ) .

2 5

( Fa r r e r& .B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 49 n 17 ) . J ohn O g le a l so h e ld l a nd s i nS u t ton ( q v )a nd i nH uy ton ( q v ) a nd R oby . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 54 n 3 ) . J ohn L ay ton o fP r e sco t H a l l l e a sed t h e h a l l , c oa l m ine s a nd w indm i l l f o r 5 0 y ea r s f r om K ing ' s C o l lege ( no te s 2 0 , 2 1) .

2 6

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 50 n 17 ) . J ohn T rave r s d i ed i n 1 583 h o ld ing a n e s ta te a nd l a nd s i n Wh i s ton , H a rd shaw ( W ind le ) a nd R a inf o rd ( q v ) . I n c 1540 H en ry T rave r sh ad h e ld t h em ano ro fH a rd shaw f r om t h eh o sp i ta lo fS tJ ohn f o r 1 2d r e n t( F rance 1 947 , 6 8 ) .

2 7

2 8

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 , 3 52 ) .

2 9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 49 n 14 ) . J ohn O g le b ough tt h em ano rf r om S i rT homa sB o ld a ta bou tt h i sd a t e .

3 0

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 ,3 52 ) .

3 1

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ,3 50 ) . I n1 666 H en ry O g le ' sh ou se i n Wh i s ton h ad 1 h ea r th s ; i nP r e sco t ,C u thbe r tO g le ' sh ou se h ad 8h ea r th s . N o . SMR

7 6 A SM 4 692 1

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

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NGR L oca t ion

c S J4 670 9 215 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa lm ea su r e ss a nd s tone B ou lde rc l ay , s ha l low

A l t i tude T opog raphy

6 1m s ou th -w e s ts l ope ;6 00m s ou th o fc hu r ch

P l an F o rm A rea

s i ng le r e c tangu la r c 164 x9 3m /c 15 :252m 2 ( 1 750 ) ; c 50 x4 0m /c2000m 2 ( 1847 )

Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa te rs upp ly E n t rance A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P l a tf o rm h e igh t E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P l an s :

P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s : P ub l ica t ion :

o t he r h ow se s b e longynge t o t h e s ame ' . T he l e a se w a s r e newed i n 1 568 w hen ` y a rde s , o r cha rde s , g a rden s , g l ebe land s , m eadowe s , p a s tu re s a nd h e r ed i tamen t s '

c e r ta in

w e r e i n c luded w i th m i l l s , d am s a nd w a t e r s , c oa l m ine s a nd ' d igg ing s i ng l ebe l a nd s ' f o r u s e b yL ay ton f o rh i s o wn ' f ue l a nd f y r e ' . A cco rd ing t o t h e g l ebe t e r r ie ro f1 580 t h e re w a s ' t h e s i t e o f t h e h ow se ' a nd ' t he p l ac e w he r e s ome t yme t h e h ow se s t ood ' . P e rhap s t h e m oa ted s i te h ad b een a bandoned i n t h e r e bu i ld ing o f 1 562 . T he h a l l w a s r e bu i l t i n 1 582 -3 a nd r e f e r red t o a s t h e d we l l ing

? w e t 1 750

F ig 9 1 .55a : Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t

d e s t royed 1 5C ; 1 6C i n du s t r ia l s i t e

T he O g le f am i ly m ay h ave s ucceeded t h e L ay ton s a tP r e sco t H a l l . I n 1 666 C u thbe r t O g le ' s h ou se i nP r e sco t h ad 8h ea r th s a nd t h a t o fH en ry O g le , i n Wh i s ton , h ad 1 h ea r th s ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 52 , 3 54 n 4 ) . T he e s ta te w a s c a l led P r e sco t H a l l i n 1 750 w hen t h e s i t e o ft h e O ld H a l l w a s s hown ( f ig 9 1 .55b ) . T he g roup o fb u i ld ing s i mmed ia t e ly t ot h e n o r th m ay h ave b e en t h o se b u i l tb yJ ohn L ay ton i nc 1558 .

h ou se i n 1 586 . I n 1 592 ' t he s c a t o f t h e Mano r . . c a l led t h e H a l l , c on ta in ing a d i n ing -ha l l , k i tchen a nd s e ve ra l b ed room s , t o g e the r w i th t wo b a rn s , s t ab le s a nd o t he r c onven ien t a nd n ece s sa ry b u i ld ing s , w i th ag a rden a nd s e ve ra l e nc lo sed p l o t s ' w a sh e ld b yP h i l ip L ay ton .

L anc s RO DRL 1 / 65 , 1 847 @ 2 0c ha in s =5 " ; S t . H e len sL ib ra ry , S u rvey b yT homa sH igg in son , 1 750 @ 4 0s t a tu t ep o le s( 31 2 y / a rd st ot h ep o le )= 11 /"a 4 nd 4 0c u s toma ry p o le s( 8y a rd st ot h ep o le ) =1 7/ 8"

B o th s i t e s n ow l i e w i th in a n i n du s t r ia l c omp lex , i ti s p o s s ib le t h a t a r cha eo log ica le v idenc es t i l ls u r v ive sb enea th a r ea so ft a rma c .

D avey 1 978 , 5 8 -59 ; F a r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 907 ;P h i lpo t t 1 988

T he e a r ly h i s to ry o ft h i ss i t e i sd if i cu l tt od e te rm ine . I tl i e so nt h eb ound so f Wh i s ton a nd P r e sco t a nd i n ab ounda ry d i spu t e o f 1 843 i tw a s c l a imed t h a t P r e sco t H a l l l a y i n Wh i s ton . A l though a l t h e u sua l r a t e s d ue f r om t h e h a l l h ad b een p a id t oP r e sco t , t h et ihe s h ad b een i n c luded i n Wh i s ton ( F a r r e r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 907 , 3 54 ) . T he a r rangemen t m ay h ave b e en d u e t oo ne o f t h e l e a se s g r an t ed b yK ing ' s C o l lege t ot h e f a rme r s o ft h et ih e . A cco rd ing ly i ti sd if i cu l t t o b e s u re t h a t t h i s w a s t h e h ome o f t h e O g le f am i ly , a s s t ewa rd s o ft h e l o rd s o fP r e sco t ; i ti sa s sumed t h a t i tb e longed t ot h e e s ta te l e a sed b yK ing ' sC o l lege t oJ ohn L ay ton i n1 558 1568 a nd t oh i s s ucc e s so r , P h i l ip L ay ton , i n1 592 ( Davey 1 978 , 5 9 ) .

A Map o fP r e sco tH a l l S ur v eyed b y TH igg in son 1 750

Woad

T he h a l l w a s i ne x i s tenc e i n 1 453 ( Davey 1 978 , 5 9 ) b u t t h e n ame o ft h e o ccupan th a sn o t b e en g i ven . Al e a se t oJ ohn L ay ton , d a ted 1 558 , d e sc r ibed i ta s' The m an t ion h ow se o ft h ep a r sonag eo fP re sco t e , c ommen l ie c a l led t h e h a l l o f P r e sco te , w i th a l e d if ic e s t h e r eun to b e long ing , w i th t h appu r t enaunce s , a s w e l l t h o se a l read ie b uy lded o r t h o se h e raf t r e t o b e e r ec ted a nd b u i lded ' . I n 1 562 K ing ' s C o l leg e a g reed w i th J ohn L ay ton t o ' a l t re , t a ke d own a nd c hang e t h e m an t ion h ow se , a nd o t he r e d if ic e s a nd b u i ld ing s s i tua te a nd b e long ing t ot h e r e c to r ie o fP r e sco t .m ak e , f u rn i she a nd f y n i she s uch am an t ion h ow se w y th ak y tchyn , p a r lo r , c hambe r s a nd

AS ea l eo f4 0S t a tu t e P ok s 31 /2 y a rd st ot h e P ok = = = =

A Su l eo f4 0C u s toma r yP o l e so r P e r che s 8y a rd s t ot h eP ok

F ig 9 1 .55b : P re sco tH a l l 1 750 ( ba sed o nD avey 1 978 , 5 8 ) 3 88

C a ta logue : WIGAN E s ta te

T enure

L ord o ffe/ S upe r ior L ord

1 066 1

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c 1215 1

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b u rgage & 1 a c r e

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J ohn d eL ang ton

b u rgage & t of t

T homa s d eL anca s te r& R obe r td eH o l land

1 246 3 p r e 1 2844 s o cage

1 322 3 1 323 132 z0

4b u rgag e s t e nemen t s i n Wygan & S cyvyng ton

S er v ice ' r en t

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W i l l iam d e O cc le shaw f e a l ty

b u rgage & t of t b u rgage 1 324 1327 /

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3 s6 d

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9 s8 d 2 9 s6 d

B u rg t a xa d . .

1 332 k

R ic F R ogo d e A lme r ico d e J ohne f i lH ugo i s .a l. . R ob to d e lH ey W i l lmo B o t te le r J ohne f i lH ugo i s R ico l eL i s t e r H en rd eF u l shaghe S imone P ayn W i l lo l eL y s t e r W i l lmo f i l Wa l t i W i l lmo d eC ha s t re sh i r e

1 346 1 °

a dvow son

1 600 1

f r eeho lde r s

Meadow s W igan Woodhou se s S w in ley

S cho le s S i te s :

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m e s suage i n W igan

1 338 ')

9 4

v s i i js i j sv i i jd i i j s i ü j s i i j s i j si i jd i j si i jd x v jd v s

R obe r td eL ang ton k t G i lbe r tB a r row P e t e r Ma r sh O l ive r Ma rk land W i l l iam F o s te r H am le tG r een C ha r le sL e igh W i l l iam B u rg e s s E dwa rd C ha l leno r J ohn T a r le ton G i lbe r tB ank R a lph Ma rk land T homa s Mo lyneux & E dwa rd L a i thwa i t e A lexande rF o rd W i l l iam L ang shaw H ugh L ang shaw W i l l iam B anke s

W igan R ec to ry

1( Mo rgan

1 978 ,2 69d ) . W igan , i nN ew ton h und r ed , i sn o tm en t ioned i nt h eD ome sday e nqu i ry t h ough i th a s b e en s ugg e s t ed t h a tt h ee n t ry ' t he c hu rch o ft h e m ano rh ad 1c a ruca t e o fl a nd ' r e f e r s t oW igan ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 0 ) . T he t own sh ip s w h ich l a y i nN ew ton h und r ed w e r e d i s t r ibu t ed b e tween t wo p a r i she s -t h a t o fW igan , i nt h e n o r th , c on ta ined t h e t own sh ip s o fW igan i t s e lf t o g e the r w i th P embe r ton , B i l l ing e , W in s tan ley , O r r e l l , U pho l land , D a l ton , I nc e in -M ak e rf ie ld , H ind ley , A b ram , H a igh a nd A spu l l ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 5 7 ) . T h i s l a t t e r i si nS a lf o rd H und r ed . N ew ton 's r ema in ing t own sh ip s w e r e i nW inw ick p a r i sh . L a te r e v idence s e em s t os how W igan , l i ke P re sco t a nd We s t le igh , a s ar e c to r ia l m ano r . B e tween 199 a nd 1 265 t h e a dvow son o fW igan r e s ted w i th t h e K ing a f t e rw h ich d a t e i tp a s sed t ot h e l o rd s o f Make r f ie ld . U n t i l t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry t h e r e c to r s w e re l o rd s o ft h e m ano r u nde rt h el o rd so fN ew ton /Make r f ie ld .

2

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s 1 911 , 5 9n 8 ) . I nc 12 15 T hu r s tan B ana s t r e , l o rd o f Make r f ie ld , g r an t ed t h ep a t ronage o ft h ec hu r ch t ot h em onk so fC ocke r sand , b u t t h i sg r an td oe sn o ts e em t oh ave t a ken e f ec t .

3

( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 1 ) . A tt h i s d a t e , t h e K ing g r an t ed t h ep l u ra l i s tr e c to ro fW igan , J ohn Maun se l ( d ied 1 265 ) , ac ha r te rt oc r ea t e ab o rough . A c ha r te rf o r af a i ra nd m a rk e th ad b een o b ta ined i n1 245 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 1 n 52 ) . T he b u rg e s se s b ecame f r e et e nan t s o ft h e r e c to r , a sl o rd o f t h em ano r , a nd p a id 1 2d ay ea r f o re a ch b u rgage . T he b o rough c ha r te rw a sw i tne s sed b yR obe r tB ana s t r e , l o rd o f Make rf ie ld , a s' t r ue p a t ron ' o ft h e c hu rch ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 5 9 n 8 ) . I n 1 24 1 J ohn Maun se l c ha rged R obe r t d e H o l land a nd h i s s on , T hu r s tan , o fU pho l land ( q v ) o fs e t t ing f i r e t oh i s h ou se i nW igan ( F a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 ,6 0n 33 ,9 2 ) .

4

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 1 n 50 ) . S ho r t ly a f t e r t h e c r ea t ion o ft h e b o rough W i l l iam d e O cc le shaw ( ? of A b ram ) g r an ted ab u rgage t oS imon , s on o f P ayn d e Wa r r ing ton , a nd h i sw if e , Emma , f o r 1 2d r e n tt ot h er e c to ro fW igan a nd ap epp e r co rn t ot h eg r an to r . I n1 284 S imon , s on o fS imon P ayn , c l a imed t h el a nd .

5

( F a r r e rc d 1 907 , 7 ) . J ohn d eL ang ton w a s l o rd o f Make r f ie ld .

6

( Fa r r e rc d 1 907 , 1 00 ) . T he b u rgag e h e ld b yR obe r tt h eB ake rh ad f o rme r ly r e nde r ed 4 s2 d b u t i tw a s i nt h e k i ng ' sh and s f o rd ef au l to ft e nan t . T he t o ta l r e n t s

7

( Fa r r e rc d 1 907 ,2 16 ) . T he f ou rb u rgage sb e longed t ot h em ano ro fU pho l land .

a moun ted t o9 s8 d .

3 89

C a ta logue : WIGAN

( Ry land s 1 896 ) . T ho se n amed a s t e nan t s c on t r ibu ted t o t h e L ay S ub s idy . W i l l iam B u t le r w a s l o rd o f Wa r r ing ton ( q v ) a nd h e ld B ew sey O ld H a l l , B u r tonwood ( qv ) . H en ry d e F u l shaw a nd S imon P ayn o f W igan a ppea r i nt h e c ou r t p roceed ing s f o l low ing t h e c onf l ic t b e tween t h e H o l land s a nd t h e B ana s t r e /B rad shagh f a c t ion ( Tup l ing 1 949 , 6 1 , 9 3 ) . I n1 336 S imon P ayn o fW igan o b ta ined ah ou se a nd l a nd t h e r e( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 7 1 n 50 ) .

8

9

( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 6 5 ) . Mabe l , w idow o fS i r W i l l iam d e B rad shagh e ndowed ac han t ry a tW igan c hu rch w i th ag if to fm e s suag e i nW igan a nd t e nemen t s i nH a igh ( q v ) . I n1 548 t h er e c to rh ad I sc h ief r e n tf o rt h ec hant y ,p e rhap s f o r ab u rgage i nW igan ( Fa r r e r&B ownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 ,6 5 n 9 1) .

I ° I

( Fa r r e rc d 1 9 15 ,9 3 ) . O n ly t h ea dvow son w a sr e co rded . ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 7 7 ) .

S i nce t h e l o rd s o ft h e m ano r w e r e a l so t h e r e c to r s i tc an b e s uppo sed t h a t t h e o ccupan t so ft h er e c to ry c an b ei d en t if i ed f r om t h e n ame s o f t h e r e c to r s w ho se n ame s a r e k nown f r om 199 1896 ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 9 11 , 6 0 -64 ) . Am ano r i ss uppo sed t oh av e e x i s ted o n t h e s i t e s i nc e t h e I l t h c en tu ry . T he r e a r e r e co rd s o f r e bu i ld ing i n t h e l a te 1 6 th c en tu ry , p e rhap s b y E dwa rd F l ee twood ( r ec to r 1 570 1604 )w ho m ay h ave b een a m embe ro ft h ef am i ly w h ich a cqu i red t h e l o rd sh ip o f Maker f ie ld i n1 604 ( F a r re r& B rownb i l l e d s 1 906 , 3 74 ) . E l sewhe r e t h e r e bu i ld ing i ss a id t oh ave t a ken p l ac e i n t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Wa lk e r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 97 ) . When D r . E dwa rd Ma s sage , r e c to r o f W igan , d i ed ( 1 6 15 16 16 ) t h e b u i ld ing w a s s a id t o c on ta in 2 0 r oom s ( Ba r ley 1 987 , 1 73 ) . H e i sc a l led G e ra rd Ma s s ie i n t h e l i s t o f r e c to r s a nd s ucceed ed E dwa rd F l ee twood ( F a r r e r & B rownb i l le d s 1 911 , 6 3 ) .

F ig 9 1 .56a : W igan

A m oa t w a s r e co rded i n 1 6 19 ( T inda l l 1 985b ,2 1) w hen J ohn B r idgeman w a s r e c to r ; i ts e em s t o b e r e p r e sen ted b y b ounda r ie ss hown o nt h e 1 827 m ap . T h i s m ap a l so s how s t h a t t h e r e c to ry l a y i na n o pen a r ea a way f r om t h e n uc leu s o ft h et own .

F ig 9 1 .56b : W igan R ec to ry 1 827 ( af t e r Ma the r i nT inda l l 1 985b , 1 22 ) ; n os ca le No . SMR

9 4 GMS MR 9 20

S i te T own sh ip P a r i sh H und r ed E s ta t e

W igan R ec tory Hou se W igan W igan N ew ton R ec to r ia l

NGR L oca t ion

S D5 793 0 592 c en t ra l

S o l id g eo logy D r if tg eo logy S o i l

C oa l Mea su re ss and s tone G la c ia l S and s &G rave l s

A l t i tude T opog raphy

3 8m c 300m n o r th -we s to fp a r i sh c hu rch

P lan F o rm A r ea Moa tw id th Moa td ep th We t /d ry Wa t e rs upp ly E n t ranc e A cce s s E nc lo su r eb ank s P la tf o rm h e igh t

? s ing le ? s qua r e

E xcava t ion S u rvey Moa tc ond i t ion B u i ld ing s U se P lan s P ho to s / i l lu s t ra t ion s P ub l ica t ion

c e r ta in

I n 1 871 C anon B r idgeman , ad e scendan t o ft h e r e c to r i n1 6 19 , a cqu i red a n a c t t oe nab le h im t or e bu i ld t h e r e c to ry ' much s haken b y c oa l m in ing ' a nd t os e l l p a r t o ft h e g l ebe ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s 1 9 11 , 6 4 n 79 ) . T he n ew b u i ld ing s t and s o n t h e s i t e o f t h e 1 t h c en tu ry m ano r h ou se ( Wa lke r & T inda l l 1 985 , 1 96 ) . L oo se m a son ry i sn ow u s ed a s o r namen ta l f e a tu r e s i n t h eg a rden a nd i so fl a t e 1 4 th o r1 5 th c en tu ry d a t e .

? w e t 1 827 ? s ou th

p o s s ib le t r ac e s 1 4 th / 15 thC ; 1 9 thC r e c to ry Ma the r 1 827 s c a le n o tk nown ; L anc s RO DRL 1 / 87 , 1 838 @ 1 0c ha in s =4 ' / 2"

F ig 9 1 .56c : W igan R ec to ry 1 838

B a r ley 1 987 ;F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s 1 906 , 1 9 11 ;T inda l l 1 9850 ; Wa lke r &T inda l l 1 985

( Lanc s RO DRL 1 / 87 )

3 90

A lphabe t ica ll i s to fc as t le s , moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc losure s -Append ix I

T enur ia ls t a tu s

Exca va ted

moa t s t a tu s

Name

S i t en o .

T own sh ip n o

T own sh ip

A b ram H a l l A ueh ton R ec to ry

0 0 1 1 00

0 1 1 2

A b ram A ueh ton

Make r f ie ld D eme sne / se r jean ty ( r ec to r ia l )

B amf u r long H a l l B ank H a l l B a r row O ld H a l l B ew sey O ld H a l l B icke r shaw B icke r s ta f f eH a l l B ig L ea G re en F a rm B i rch ley H a l l B lack leyhu r s t B ly the H a l l B o ld O ld H a l l B o l ton H ou se B rad ley O ld H a l l B r ick H ou se Br ache H a l l , H aydock Br ache H a l l ,P ou l ton B uma rde sca s t le B y rom H a l l

0 02 0 03 0 05

0 1 4 7 1 7

A b ram K i rkda le B o ld

0 04 0 06 0 07 0 52 0 08 0 09 1 0 1 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0 14 0 16 1 23 0 15

1 9 0 1 1 5 7 8 1 6 1 6 4 9 1 7 0 1 1 9 1 4 3 8 6 6 4 9 5 4

B u r tonwood A b ram B icke r s ta f f e S u t ton B i l l inge B i l l inge L a thom B o ld A b ram B u r tonwood B edf o rd H aydock P ou l ton w i th F eamhead L a thom L ow ton

Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) W idne s( Penwo r tham ) T hanag e D eme sne / se r jean ty Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) T hanag e( mona s t ic ) W idne s T hanag e T hanage T hanage T hanage Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanag e T hanag e Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) T hanag e Make r f ie ld

C a s t le C a s t le H i l l C a s t le H i l l C a s t le S t r e e t C a s t le s tede C haddock H a l l C lewo r th H a l l C ou r t[ The ] C ran shaw H a l l C romwe l l ' sT r ench C ro sby H a l l C ro s sH a l l C u lche th H a l l C un scoueh H a l l

1 24 1 25 1 26 1 27 1 3 1 11 1 07 0 4 1 0 17 16 0 18 0 19 0 20 0 21

4 8 3 9 6 0 4 7 8 4 8 3 8 3 3 6 1 7 4 9 5 0 4 9 2 3 5 8

K now s ley H ind ley N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ] K i rkda le U pho l land T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley H a lewood B o ld L a thom L i t t le C ro sby L a thom C u lche th Me l l ine

W idne s T hanag e Make r f ie ld W idne s( Penwo r tham ) T hanage Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage T hanage W idne s T hanage ( mona s t ic ) Wa r r ing ton T hanaee ( mona s t ic )

E cc le s ton H a l l E dge F a rm

0 22 0 23

2 8 7 2

E cc le s ton S ef ton

W idne s S ef ton

F o rmby H a l l F ranc i sF a r r e r 's C a s t le F u r the r Mea rH ey

0 24 1 34 17

3 0 5 1 7

F o rmby L a thom? B o ld

D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage T hanae e

p robab le

G a r re tH a l l G a r swood H a l l F a rm G a r swood O ld H a l l G eo ree son 's F a rm

1 08 0 25 0 38

8 3 0 9 0 9

T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley A sh ton in - Make rf ie ld A sh ton in - Make r f ie ld

0 26

7 9

T a rbock

Wa r r ing ton T hanag e T hanag e W idne s

p o s s ib le p robab le c e r ta in p robab le

H a l lo fH aydock H a l sa l lR ec to ry H a l ton C a s t le H a rb reck H ou se H awk ley H a l l H ayf ie ld F a rm H eye sF a rm H ighe rH ou se H ind ley H a l l H o lb rook H ou se H o lc rof tH a l l H ome rG r e en F a rm H opeca r rH a l l H ugh T a i lo r 's H u r ls ton H a l l H uy ton H ey

l4 0 27 0 28 0 29 0 30 0 31 0 32 1 03 1 09 0 33 0 34 0 35 0 36 1 22 18 0 37

3 8 3 7 4 9 8 6 6 4 1 7 6 8 0 1 6 4 1 7 2 3 8 1 1 4 3 8 4 1 4 2

H aydock H a lsa l l L a thom Wa l ton [ F azake r ley ] P embe r ton B o ld R a inh i l l A b ram P embe r ton B o ld C u lche th T ho rn ton B edf o rd H aydock H u r l s ton [ Sca r i sb r ick ] H uy ton

T hanag e Wa r r ing ton ( r ec to r ia l ) T hanage D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanag e T hanag e W idne s Make r f ie ld T hanag e T hanage Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton T hanage T hanage Ma r sey & G am s ton W idne s

c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le p o s s ib le p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le p robab le c e r ta in d oub t f u l p robab le c e r ta in

I n ce B lunde l lH a l l

0 40

4 3

I n ce B lunde l l

Wa r r ine ton

p o s s ib le

L ang ley H a l lF a rm L a thom H ou se L igh t shaw H a l l L ive rpoo lC a s t le L ive rpoo lT ow e r L ove l 's H a l l L owe H a l l L yd ia t eH a l l

0 43 0 44 0 45 1 28 1 29 0 46 0 47 0 48

1 4 9 3 2 5 3 5 3 3 6 3 9 5

A the r ton L a thom G o lbome L ive rpoo l L ive rpoo l H a lewood H ind ley L yd ia te

Wa r r ing ton T hanag e Mak e r f ie ld D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty manage Wa r r ing ton

c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le

c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le

Mano rH ou s e Ma r t in H a l l Maypo le H ou se Me l l ing H ou se Me r r ida le F a rm

0 49 1 05 1 04 0 50 19

5 6 5 7 0 1 5 8 5 7

Maghu l l Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ] A b ram Me l l ing Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ]

W idne s Mona s t ic Makerf ie ld T hanage Mona s t ic

c e r ta in p robab le p robab le p robab le _ p robab le

3 91

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

p o s s ib le c e r ta in d oub t f u l c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

p o s s ib le

Append ix I-A lphabe t ica ll i s to fc a s t le s , moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc losure s

N ame

S i te n o .

Moa tL and s Moa tD am H ou se

T enur ia ls t a tu s

1 02 0 51

T own sh ip n o 6 8 3 5

R a inh i l l H a igh

Moo rH a l l Mo r ley s Mo s sbo rough H a l l Mo s s ley H a l l Mo s so ck H a l l Mo t eH i l l Much C rof t

0 53 0 54 0 55 0 56 0 57 1 30 12

1 2 1 0 6 7 5 4 1 5 8 7 7 9

A ugh ton A s t ley R a inf o rd L ow ton B icke r s taf f e Wa r r ing ton T a rbock

N ew B rynn N ew H a l l ,I n ce N ew H a l l ,T y lde s ley N ew ton H a l l

0 58 0 59 0 60 0 6 1

0 9 4 4 8 3 6 0

A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld I n ce in -Make r f ie ld T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ]

T hanage T hanage Wa r r ing ton Make r f ie ld

O ld A bbey F a rm O ld B rynn O ld D a i ry

0 62 0 63 1 20

2 3 0 9 4 8

C u lche th A sh ton in -Make rf ie ld K now s ley

Wa r r ing ton T hanage W idne s

O ld O ld O ld O ld O ld O ld

0 64 0 65 0 39 0 42 0 66 0 82

9 0 3 6 4 4 2 3 1 7 4 1

We s t le igh H a lewood I n ce in -Make r f ie ld C u lche th B o ld H u r l s ton [ S ca r i sb r ick ]

Ma r sey & G am s ton D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage Wa r r ing ton T hanag e Ma r sey & G am s ton

P a r sonage F a rm P e e lF a rm P e e lH a l l P e e lH a l l Mano rF a rm P e e lH ou se P e le [ The ] P i e le H a l l P la t tB r idg eB oa t P r e sco tH a l l P y le /U rm s ton i 't h ' Meadow s

0 68 1 06 0 71 0 70 0 72 13 0 73 0 74 0 76 0 75

9 0 5 6 4 4 4 0 0 6 3 4 3 8 3 9 9 1 6 5

We s t le igh Maghu l l I nc e in -Make r f ie ld H ough ton A pp le ton [ W idne s ] G rea tS ankey H aydock H ind ley Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t P enn ine ton

Ma r sey & G am s ton ( r ec to r ia l ) W idne s T hanage manage W idne s Wa r r ing ton T hanage T hanag e F o re s t( r ec to r ia l ) Wa r r ing ton

R a inh i l lH a l l F a rm R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm R i s ley H a l l R ix ton H a l l

0 77 0 78 0 79 0 80

6 8 6 8 2 3 7 0

R a inh i l l R a inh i l l C u lche th R ix ton w i th G lazeb rook

W idne s W idne s Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

S andho le sF a rm S ca r i sb r ick P a rk S ef ton O ld H a l l S ef ton R ec to ry S hake r ley O ld H a l l S peke H a l l S t . E lph in 's R ec to ry S t M icha e l 's H ou se S t an ley B ank S tan ley G a te S t rawbe r r yF a rm

0 69 0 8 1 0 83 0 84 10 0 85 0 67 0 87 0 88 1 2 1 0 86

1 0 4 1 7 2 7 2 8 3 7 7 8 7 7 8 0 9 1 5 8 6

A s t ley H u r l s ton [ S ca r i sb r ick ] S ef ton S ef ton T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley S pek e Wa r r ing ton S u t ton A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld B ick e r s ta f f e Wa l ton [ F azake r ley ]

W idne s Ma r sey & G am s ton S ef ton S ef ton ( r ec to r ia l ) Wa r r ing ton ( mona s t ic ) F o r e s t Wa r r ing ton ( r ec to r ia l ) W idne s T hanage T hanage D eme sne / se r jean ty

T anne r sF a rm \Tw i s sG r een T a rbo ck H a l l T un s t ed H ou se

0 89 0 90 0 9 1

2 3 7 9 6 4

C u lch e th T a rbock P embe r ton

Wa l sh H a l l Wa l sh emone shou se We s tD e rby C a s t le Wh i t t le H a l l W idne sC a s t le W igan R ec to ry W in s tan ley Moa t

0 92 15 1 32 0 93 1 33 0 94 0 95

1 2 3 8 8 9 3 4 0 6 9 3 9 5

Wood H a l l Wo r s ley H a l l Wr igh t ' s Moa t

0 96 0 97 0 98

5 8 6 4 3 6

A ugh ton H aydock We s tD e rby G r ea tS ank ey A pp le ton [ W idne s ] W igan W in s tan ley ( s ee B i l l ing e i nc a ta logue ) Me l l ing P embe r ton H a lewood

Y ew T r e eH ou se

0 99

3 6

H a lewood

H a l l H ut I n c eH a l l K ingna l l H a l l Moa tH ou se Wood

T own sh ip

moa t s t a tu s

W idne s Ma r sey & G am s ton

d oub tf u l c e r ta in

D eme sne / se r jean ty W idne s ? D eme sne / ? Manche s t e r Make r f ie ld T hanag e( mona s t ic ) Wa r r ing ton W idne s

p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

E

E

E

E

c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

E

E E E

c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in p robab le p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub t f u l d oub tf u l

Wa r r ing ton W idne s T hanaee

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage D eme sne / se r jean ty Wa r r ing ton W idne s Make r f ie ld ( r ec to r ia l ) T hanag e

c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in

T hanage T hanage D eme sne / se r jean ty

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

D eme sne / se r jean ty

c e r ta in

F o rg ene ra l l o ca t ion o ft own sh ip sb yn umbe r ,s e ec hap te r2 ,f i g . 1 0 ; f o rg ene ra l l o ca t ion o fs i te s , s e ec hap t e r 1 2 , f i g . 5 6

3 92

E xca va ted

Numer ica ll i s to fc a s t le s , moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc losure s -Append ix I

S i te n o .

Name

T own sh ip n o

0 0 1 0 02 0 03 0 04 0 05 0 06 0 07 0 08 0 09 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0 14 0 15 0 16 0 17 0 18 0 19 0 20 0 21 0 22 0 23 0 24 0 25 0 26 0 27 0 28 0 29 0 30 0 31 0 32 0 33 0 34 0 35 0 36 0 37 0 38 0 39 0 40 0 4 1 0 42 0 43 0 44 0 45 0 46 0 47 0 48 0 49 0 50 0 5 1 0 52 0 53 0 54 0 55 0 56 0 57 0 58 0 59 0 60 0 6 1 0 62 0 63 0 64 0 65

A b ram H a l l B amf u r long H a l l B ank H a l l B ew sey O ld H a l l B a r row O ld H a l l B ick e r shaw B ick e r s taf f eH a l l B i r ch ley H a l l B la ck leyhu r s t B o ld O ld H a l l B o l ton H ou se B rad ley O ld H a l l B r ick H ou se B ruche H a l l , H aydock B y rom H a l l B ruche H a l l , P ou l ton C ran shaw H a l l C ro sby H a l l C ro s sH a l l C u lche th H a l l C un scough H a l l E cc le s ton H a l l E dg eF a rm F o rmby H a l l G a r swood H a l l F a rm G eo rge son 's F a rm H a l sa l lR ec to ry H a l ton C a s t le H a rb r eck H ou se H awk ley H a l l H ayf ie ld F a rm H ey e sF a rm H o lb rook H ou se H o lc ro f tH a l l H ome rG r een F a rm H opeca r rH a l l H uy ton H ey G a r swood O ld H a l l O ld I n ce H a l l I n ce B lunde l l H a l l C ou r t[ The ] O ld K ingna l l H a l l L ang ley H a l l F a rm L a thom H ou se L igh t shaw H a l l L ove l 's H a l l L ow eH a l l L yd ia t eH a l l Mano rH ou se Me l l ing H ou se Moa tD am H ou se B ig L ea G r een F a rm Moo rH a l l Mo ney s Mo s sbo rough H a l l Mo s s ley H a l l Mo s so ck H a l l N ew B rynn N ew H a l l , I n ce N ew H a l l ,T y lde s ley N ew ton H a l l O ld A bbey F a rm O ld B rynn O ld H a l l O ld H ut

0 66 0 67 0 68 0 69 0 70 0 7 1 0 72 0 73 0 74

O ld Moa tH ou se S t . E lph in 's R ec to ry P a r sonag eF a rm S andho le s F a rm P ee l H a l l Mano rF a rm P e e l H a l l P e e l H ou se P i e le H a l l P l a t tB r idg eB oa t

0 1 0 1 4 7 1 9 1 7 0 1 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 7 0 1 1 9 1 4 3 8 5 4 6 6 1 7 5 0 4 9 2 3 5 8 2 8 7 2 3 0 0 9 7 9 3 7 4 9 8 6 6 4 1 7 6 8 1 7 2 3 8 1 1 4 4 2 0 9 4 4 4 3 3 6 2 3 1 4 9 3 2 3 6 3 9 5 5 5 6 5 8 3 5 7 8 1 2 1 0 6 7 5 4 1 5 0 9 4 4 8 3 6 0 2 3 0 9 9 0 3 6 1 7 8 7 9 0 1 0 4 0 4 4 0 6 3 8 3 9

T ownsh ip

T enur ia ls t a tu s

A b ram A b ram K i rkda le B utonwood B o ld A b ram B ick e r s taf f e B i l l inge B i l l ing e B o ld A b ram B u r tonwood B edf o rd H aydock L ow ton P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead B o ld L i t t le C ro sby L a thom C u lche th Me l l ing E cc le s ton S ef ton F o rmby A sh ton in - Make rf ie ld T a rbo ck H a l sa l l L a thom Wa l ton [ F azake r ley ] P embe r ton B o ld R a inh i l l B o ld C u lche th T ho rn ton B edf o rd H uy ton A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld I n ce in -Make r f ie ld I n ce B lunde l l H a lewood C u lche th A the r ton L a thom G o lbome H a lewood H ind ley L yd ia t e Maghu l l Me l l ing H a igh S u t ton A ugh ton A s t ley R a inf o rd L ow ton B icke r s taf f e A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld I n ce in -Make r f ie ld T y lde s ley w i th S ha l ce r ley N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ] C u lche th A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld We s t le igh H a lewood B o ld Wa r r ing ton We s t le igh A s t ley H ough ton I n ce in - Make r f ie ld A pp le ton [ W idne s ] H aydock H ind ley

3 93

Make r f ie ld Make rf ie ld ( mona s t ic ) W idne s( P enwo r tham ) D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) T hanage ( mona s t ic ) T hanage T hanag e T hanage Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage T hanage Make r f ie ld Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) T hanag e W idne s manag e( mona s t ic ) Wa r r ing ton T hanag e( mona s t ic ) W idne s S ef ton D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage W idne s Wa r r ing ton ( r ec to r ia l ) T hanage D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage T hanage W idne s T hanage Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton T hanage W idne s T hanage T hanage Wa r r ing ton D eme sne / se r jean ty Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton T hanage Make r f ie ld D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage Wa r r ing ton W idne s T hanage Ma r sey & G am s ton W idne s D eme sne / se r jean ty W idne s ? Deme sne / ? Manche s te r Make r f ie ld T hanag e( mona s t ic ) T hanage T hanage Wa r r ing ton Make r f ie ld Wa r r ing ton T hanage Ma r sey & G am s ton D eme sne / se r jean ty T hanage Wa r r ing ton ( r ec to r ia l ) Ma r sey & G am s ton ( r ec to r ia l ) W idne s

m a n a g e

T hanage W idne s T hanage T hanage

E xca va t ed

moa t s t a tu s c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le p robab le p robab le p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le p o s s ib le c e r ta in p o s s ib le p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le d oub tf u l c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

Append ix I -Numer ica ll i s to fc as t le s , moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc losure s

S i t en o .

Name

T own sh ip n o

T own sh ip

T enur ia ls t a tu s

0 75

6 5

P enn ing ton

Wa r r ing ton

0 76 0 77 0 78 0 79 0 80 0 81 0 82 0 83 0 84 0 85 0 86 0 87 0 88 0 89 0 90 0 9 1 0 92 0 93 0 94 0 95

P y le /U rm s ton t h ' Meadow s P re sco tH a l l R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm R i s ley H a l l R ix ton H a l l S ca r i sb r ick P a rk O ld Wood S ef ton O ld H a l l S ef ton R ec to ry S peke H a l l S t rawbe r ry F a rm S t . M icha e l 's H ou se S tan ley B ank T anne r sF a r r n \Tw i s sG re en T a rbock H a l l T un s ted H ou se Wa l sh H a l l Wh i t t le H a l l W igan R ec to ry W in s tan ley Moa t

9 1 6 8 6 8 2 3 7 0 4 1 4 1

Wh i s ton w i th P r e sco t R a inh i l l R a inh i l l C u lche th R ix ton w i th G laz eb rook H u r l s ton [ Sca r i sb r ick ] H u r l s ton [ Sca r i sb r ick ]

7 2 7 2 7 7 8 6 7 8 0 9 2 3 7 9 6 4 1 2 3 4 9 3 9 5

0 96 0 97 0 98 0 99 1 00 1 0 1 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 20 1 2 1 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 25 1 26 1 27 1 28 1 29 1 30 1 31 1 32 1 33 1 34

Wood H a l l Wo r s ley H a l l Wr igh t 's Moa t Y ew T re eH ou se A ugh ton R ec to ry B ly the H a l l Moa tL and s H ighe rH ou se Maypo le H ou se Ma r t in H a l l P ee lF a rm C lewo r th H a l l G a r r e tH a l l H ind ley H a l l S hake r ley O ld H a l l C haddock H a l l Much C rof t P e te [ The ] H a l lo fH aydock Wa l shemone shou se C romwe l l 's T rench F u r the r Mea rH ey H u r l s ton H a l l Me r r ida le F a rm O ld D a i ry S tan ley G a t e H ugh T a i lo r 's B u rna rde sca s t le C a s t le C a s t le H i l l C a s t le H i l l C a s t le S t r ee t L ive rpoo lC a s t le L ive rpoo lT owe r Mo te H i l l C a s t le s tede We s tD e rby C a s t le W idne sC a s t le F ranc i s F a r r e r 's C a s t le

S ef ton S ef ton S peke Wa l ton [ Fazake r ley ] S u t ton A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld C u lche th T a rbock P embe r ton A ugh ton G r ea tS ankey W igan W in s tan ley ( s e eB i l l ing ei n c a ta logue ) Me l l ing P embe r ton H a lewood H a lewood A ugh ton L a thom R a inh i l l A b ram A b ram Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ] Maghu l l T y lde s ley w i th S hak e r ley T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley P embe r ton T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley T y lde s ley w i th S hak e r ley T a rbock G rea tS ankey H aydock H aydock L a thom B o ld H u r l s ton [ Sca r i sb r ick ] Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ] K now s ley B icke r s ta f f e H aydock L a thom K now s ley H ind ley N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ] K i rkda le L ive rpoo l L ive rpoo l Wa r r ing ton U pho l land We s tD e rby A pp le ton [ W idne s ] L a thom?

5 8 6 4 3 6 3 6 1 2 4 9 6 8 0 1 0 1 5 7 5 6 8 3 8 3 6 4 8 3 8 3 7 9 3 4 3 8 3 8 4 9 1 7 4 1 5 7 4 8 1 5 3 8 4 9 4 8 3 9 6 0 4 7 5 3 5 3 8 7 8 4 8 9 0 6 5 5

F o r e s t( r ec to r ia l ) W idne s W idne s Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Ma r sey & G am s ton Ma r sey & G am s ton S ef ton S ef ton ( r ec to r ia l ) F o r e s t D eme sne / se r jean ty W idne s T hanag e Wa r r ing ton W idne s T hanag e D eme sne / se r jean ty Wa r r ing ton Make rf ie ld ( r ec to r ia l ) manage T hanage T hanage D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty ( r ec to r ia l ) m a nage W idne s Makerf ie ld Make rf ie ld Mona s t ic W idne s Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton T hanage Wa r r ing ton ( mona s t ic ) Wa r r ing ton W idne s Wa r r ing ton T hanag e T hanag e T hanag e T hanage Ma r sey & G am s ton Mona s t ic W idne s T hanage T hanag e manag e W idne s T hanag e Make r f ie ld W idne s( Penwo r tham ) D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty Wa r r ing ton T hanag e D eme sne / se r jean ty W idne s T hanage

F o rg ene ra ll o ca t ion o ft own sh ip sb yn umbe r , s e ec hap te r2 ,f i g . 1 0 ; f o rg ene ra l l o ca t ion o fs i t e s ,s e ec hap te r 1 2 , f i g . 5 6

3 94

E xcava ted

moa ts t a tu s c e r ta in

E E E E E

E E

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le p robab le c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in d oub tf u l c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub t f u l p robab le p robab le p robab le p o s s ib le c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in p robab le p o s s ib le p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le p o s s ib le p robab le p robab le p o s s ib le d oub t f u l d oub tf u l

A lphabe t ica ll i s to ft own sh ip sw i th c a s t le s , moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc lo sure s -Append ix D i

T enur ia ls t a tu s

E xca va ted

moa t s ta tu s

T own sh ip n o 0 1

T own sh i p

S i te n o .

Name

A b r am

0 0 1 0 02 0 06 0 11 1 03 1 04

A b r am H a l l B amf u r long H a l l B icke r shaw B o l ton H ou se H ighe rH ou se Maypo le H ou se

0 6

A pp le ton [W idne s ]

0 9

A sh ton in - Make rf ie ld

0 72 1 33 0 25 0 38 0 58 0 63 0 88

P e e lH ou se W idne sC a s t le G a r swood H a l lF a rm G a r swood O ld H a l l N ew B rynn O ld B ry im S t an ley B ank

W idne s W idne s T hanage T hanage T hanage T hanage T hanage

p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in. c e r ta in

1 0

A s t ley

0 54 0 69

Mo r ley s S andho le sF a rm

W idne s W idne s

c e r ta in c e r ta in

1 1 2

A the r ton A ugh ton

0 43 0 53 0 92 1 00

L ang ley H a l lF a rm Moo rH a l l Wa l sh H a l l A ugh ton R ec to ry

1 4

B edf o rd

0 13 0 36

B r ick H ou se H ope ca r rH a l l

1 5

B ick e r s taf f e

0 07 0 57 1 2 1

B icke r s ta f f eH a l l Mo s so ck H a l l S t an ley G a te

1 6

B i l l inge

0 08 0 09

Make rf ie ld Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) Make rf ie ld ( mona s t ic ) Make rf i e ld ( mona s t ic ) Make r f ie ld Make rf ie ld

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le p robab le c e r ta in

Wa r r ing ton

c e r ta in

D em e sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / s e r jean ty D eme sne seüean ty ( r ec to r ia l ) T hanage T hanage

p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in E

c e r ta in c e r ta in

T hanage ( mona s t ic ) T hanage ( mona s t ic ) T hanage

c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub tf u l

B i r ch ley H a l l B la c Ideyhu r s t

T hanage T hanag e

. p o s s ib le

p o s s ib le

1 7

B o ld

0 05 0 10 0 17 0 31 0 33 0 66 17

B a r row O ld H a l l B o ld O ld H a l l C r an shaw H a l l H ayf i e ld F a rm H o lb rook H ou se O ld Moa tH ouse F u r the r Mea rH ey

T hanage T hanage T hanage T hanage T hanage T hanage T hanage

E

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le

1 9

B u r tonwood

0 04 0 12

B ew sey O ld H a l l B rad ley O ld H a l l

D eme sne / se r jean ty D e tne sne / se l jean ty

E

c e r ta in c e r ta in

2 3

C u lche th

0 20 0 34 0 42 0 62 0 79 0 89

C u lche th H a l l H o lc rof tH a l l O ld K ingna l lH a l l O ld A bb ey F a rm R i s ley H a l l T anne r sF ann \Tw i s sG reen

0 22

E c c le s ton H a l l

2 8

E c c le s ton

Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

E E

W idne s

3 0

F o rmby

0 24

F o rmby H a l l

3 2

G o lbo rne

0 45

L igh t shaw H a l l

D eme sne / se r jean ty Make rf i e ld

3 4

G r ea tS ankey

0 93 13

Wh i t t le H a l l P e le [ The )

3 5

H a i

0 51

Moa tD am H ou se

Ma r sey & G am s ton

3 6

H a lewood

0 4 1 0 46 0 65 0 98 0 99

C ou r t[ The ] L ove l ' sH a l l O ld H ut Wr igh t ' s Moa t Y ew T r ee H ou se

D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty

E

Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

c e r ta in p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le p robab le p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in

E E E E

d oub tf u l c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

3 7

H a l sa l l

0 27

H a l sa l lR ec to ry

Wa r r ing ton ( r e c to r ia l )

p robab le

3 8

H aydock

0 14 0 73 14 15 1 22

Br a che H a l l ,H aydock P i e le H a l l H a l lo fH aydock Wa l shemone shouse H ugh T a i lo r 's

T hanage T hanage T hanage T hanage T hanage

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub t f u l

3 9

H ind ley

0 47 0 74 1 25

L owe H a l l P l a t tB r idg eB oa t C a s t le H i l l

T hanag e T hanage T hanag e

c e r ta in c e r ta in

4 0

H ou g h ton

0 70

P e e lH a l l Mano rF a rm

4 1

H u r ls ton [ Sca r i sb r ick ]

0 81 0 82 18

S ca r i sb r ick P a rk O ld Wood H u r l s ton H a l l

4 2

H uy ton

0 37

H uy ton H ey

4 3

' n e eB lunde l l

0 40

I n c eB lunde l lH a l l

4 4

I n c e in -Make rf ie ld

0 39 0 59 0 7 1

O ld I n c eH a l l N ew H a l l ,I n ce P e e lH a l l

0 03 1 27

B ank H a l l C a s t le S t re e t

4 7

K i rkda le

3 95

T hanag e Ma r s ey & G am s ton Ma r sey & G am s ton Ma r sey & G am s ton

c e r ta in E

W idne s

c e r ta in

Wa r r ing ton T hanage T hanage T hanage W idne s( P enwo r tham ) W idne s( P enwo r tham )

p o s s ib le p robab le p robab le p o s s ib le

E

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

Append ix I I -A lphabe t ica ll i s to ft ownsh ips w i th c as t le s , moa ted s i te sa nd d i tched e nc losure s

T enur ia ls t a tu s

T own sh ip n o 4 8

T own sh ip

S i te n o .

Name

K now s ley

1 20 1 24

O ld D a i ry C a s t le

4 9

L a thom

C ro s sH a l l H a l ton C a s t le L a thom H ou se B ly the H a l l C romw e l l 's T r ench B u rna rde scas t le F ranc i sF a r re r 's C a s t le

L a thom ? 5 0

L i t t le C ro sby

0 18

C ro sby H a l l

5 3

L ive rpoo l

1 28 1 29

L ive rpoo lC a s t le L ive rpoo lT owe r

5 4

L ow ton

0 15 0 56

B y rom H a l l Mo s s ley H a l l

Make rf i e ld Make rf i e ld Wa r r ing ton

5 5

L yd ia t e

0 48

L yd ia t eH a l l

Maghu l l

0 49 1 06

Mano rH ou se P ee lF a rm

5 7

Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ]

1 05 19

5 8

Me l l ing

6 0

' T hanage ( mona s t ic ) T hanag e T hanage T hanage T hanag e T hanag e T hanage

moa t s t a tu s p o s s ib le

W idne s W idne s

0 19 0 28 0 44 1 01 16 1 23 1 34

5 6

E xca va t ed

E E

W idne s

p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le

c e r ta in

D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty c e r ta in c e r ta in E

p robab le

W idne s W idne s

c e r ta in p o s s ib le

Ma r t in H a l l Me r r ida le F a rm

Mon a s t ic Mona s t ic

p robab le p robab le

0 21 0 50 0 96

C un scough H a l l Me l l ing H ou se Wood H a l l

T hanage ( mona s t ic ) T hanag e T hanag e

c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in

N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ]

0 6 1 1 26

N ew ton H a l l C a s t le H i l l

6 4

P embe r ton

0 30 0 91 0 97 1 09

H aw ldey H a l l T un s ted H ou se Wo r s ley H a l l H ind ley H a l l

6 5

P enn ing ton

0 75

P y le /Unn s ton

6 6

P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead

0 16

B ruche H a l l ,P ou l ton

6 7

R a inf o rd

0 55

Mo s sbo rough H a l l

6 8

R a inh i l l

0 32 0 77 0 78 1 02

H eye sF a rm R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm Moa tL and s

7 0 7 2

R ix ton w i th G laz eb rook S ef t on

0 80 0 23 0 83 0 84

R ix ton H a l l E dge F a rm S ef ton O ld H a l l S ef ton R ec to r ia lo ry

S ef ton S ef ton S ef ton ( r e c to r ia l )

E E

7 7 7 8

S p ek e S u t ton

0 85 0 52 0 87

S peke H a l l B ig L ea G r een F a rm S t . M icha e l 's H ou se

F o re s t

•

c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in

W idne s W idne s

E

c e r ta in c e r ta in

0 26 0 90 12

G eo rge son 's F a rm T a rbock H a l l Much C rof t

W idne s W idne s W idne s

p robab le c e r ta in p o s s ib le

t h ' Meadow s

Make rf i e ld Make rf i e ld

E

c e r ta in

T hanage T hanage T hanag e T hanag e

E

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

Wa r r ing ton

c e r ta in

Make r f ie ld ( mona s t ic ) ? Deme sne / ?Manche s te r

c e r ta in c e r ta in

W idne s W idne s W idne s W idne s

p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub t f u l

Wa r r ing ton

c e r ta in

7 9

T a rbo ck

8 1

T ho rn ton

0 35

H ome rG reen F a rm

Wa r r ing ton

p robab le

8 3

T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley

0 60 1 07 1 08 10 11

N ew H a l l ,T y lde s ley C lewo r th H a l l G a r r e tH a l l S hak e r ley O ld H a l l C haddock H a l l

Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton ( mona s t ic ) Wa r r ing ton

c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le p robab le p o s s ib le

8 4

U pho l land

1 31

C as t le s tede

8 6

Wa l ton [ F azake r ley ]

8 7

Wa r r ing ton

0 29 0 86 0 67 1 30

H a rb r eck H ou se S t rawbe r ry F a rm S t . E lph in 's R ec to ry Mo te H i l l

8 9 9 0

We s tD e rby We s t le igh

1 32 0 64 0 68

We s tD e rby C a s t le O ld H a l l P a r sonage F a rm

9 1

Wh i s ton w i th P r e sco t

0 76

P r e sco tH a l l

9 3

W ig an

0 94

W igan R ec to r ia lo ry

9 5

W in s tan ley ( s e eB i l l inge i n c a ta logue )

0 95

W in s tan ley Moa t

T hanag e D eme sne / se r jean ty D eme sne / se r jean ty

•

c e r ta in d oub tf u l

Wa r r ing ton ( r e c to r ia l ) Wa r r ing ton

E •

c e r ta in c e r ta in

D eme sne / se r jean ty Ma r s ey & G am s ton Ma r sey & G am s ton ( r ec to r ia l ) F o r e s t( r ec to r ia l )

c e r t a in

Make r f ie ld ( r ec to r ia l )

c e r ta in

T hanag e

c e r ta in

T he n ume r ica ls e quence o ft own sh ip s om i t st ho se f o rw h ich n oe v idenc eh a sb een f o und f o rm oa t ed s i t e so rd i tched e nc lo su r e s . F o rg ene ra ll o ca t ion o ft own sh ip sb yn umbe r ,s e ec hap te r2 ,f i g . 1 0 ;f o rg ene ra ll o ca t ion o fs i te s ,s e ec hap t e r 1 2 ,f i g . 5 6 .

3 96

c e r ta in c e r ta in

S uper ior l o rd sh ip o ft ownsh ips a nd s i te s -Append ix I V

T enur ia ls t a tu s

S i te n o .

N ame

T own sh ip n o

T own sh ip

? D eme sne / ?Manche s te r

0 55

Mo s sbo roueh H a l l

6 7

R a inf o rd

D eme sne / se r jean ty

( r ec to r ia l )

0 04 0 12 0 4 1 0 24 0 29 1 28 1 29 0 46 0 53 0 65 0 86 0 92 1 32 0 98 0 99 1 00

B ew sey O ld H a l l B rad ley O ld H a l l C ou r t [ The ] F o rmby H a l l H a rb reck H ou se L ive rpoo l C a s t le L ive rpoo lT owe r L , ove l 's H a l l Moo rH a l l O ld H u t t S t rawbe r ry F a rm Wa l sh H a l l We s tD e rby C a s t le Wr igh t 's Moa t Y ew T re eH ou se A ugh ton R ec to ry

1 9 1 9 3 6 3 0 8 6 5 3 5 3 3 6 1 2 3 6 8 6 1 2 8 9 3 6 3 6 1 2

B u r tonwood B ur tonwood H a lewood F o rmby Wa l ton [ Fazake r ley ] L ive rpoo l L ive rpoo l H a lewood A ugh ton H a lewood Wa l ton [ F azake r ley ] A ugh ton We s tD e rby H a lewood H a lewood A ugh ton

F o r e s tF e e ( r ec to r ia l )

0 85 0 76

S peke H a l l P r e sco tH a l l

7 7 9 1

S peke Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t

c e r ta in c e r ta in

Make rf ie ld F ee

0 0 1 0 15 1 26 1 03 0 45 1 04 0 56 0 6 1 0 02 0 06 0 11 0 16 0 94

A b ram H a l l B y rom H a l l C a s t le H i l l H ighe rH ou se L igh t shaw H a l l Maypo le H ou se Mo s s ley H a l l N ew ton H a l l B amf u r long H a l l B icke r shaw B o l ton H ou se B ruche H a l l , P ou l ton W iean R ec to ry

0 1 5 4 6 0 0 1 3 2 0 1 5 4 6 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 6 6 9 3

A b ram L ow ton N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ] A b ram G o lbo rne A b ram L ow ton N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ] A b ram A b ram A b ram P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead W igan

c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le p robab le p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

18 0 51 0 64 0 82 0 8 1 0 68

H u r l s ton H a l l Moa tD am H ou se O ld H a l l O ld Wood S ca r i sb r ick P a rk P a r sonag eF a rm

4 1 3 5 9 0 4 1 4 1 9 0

H u r l s ton [ Sca r isb r ick ] H a igh We s t le igh H u r l s ton [ Sca r i sb r ick ] H u r l s ton [ Sca r isb r ick ] We s t le ieh

p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le p o s s ib le c e r ta in

Mona s t ic

1 05 19

Ma r t in H a l l Me r r ida le F a rm

5 7 5 7

Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ] Ma r t in [ Bu r scoueh ]

p robab le p robab le

S ef ton

0 23 0 83 0 84

E dge F a rm S ef ton O ld H a l l S ef ton R ec to ry

7 2 7 2 7 2

S ef ton ton S ef ton S ef ton

c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le

0 05 0 08 0 09 1 0 1 0 10 0 13 0 14 1 23 1 25 1 3 1 0 17 16 1 34 17 0 25 0 38 14 0 28 0 30 0 31 1 09 0 33 0 36 1 22 0 44 0 47 0 50 0 58 0 59 0 63 0 39 0 66

B a r row O ld H a l l B i rch ley H a l l B la ck leyhu r s t B ly the H a l l B o ld O ld H a l l B r ick H ou se B ruche H a l l , H aydock B ur na rde sca s t le C a s t le H i l l C a s t le s t ede C ran shaw H a l l C romw e l l 's T r ench F ranc i s F a r r e r 's C a s t le F u r the r Mea rH ey G a r swood H a l l F a rm G a r swood O ld H a l l H a l lo fH aydock H a l ton C a s t le H awk ley H a l l H ayf ie ld F a rm H ind ley H a l l H o lb rook H ou se H opeca r rH a l l H ugh T a i lo r 's L a thom H ou se L ow e H a l l Me l l ing H ou se N ew B rynn N ew H a l l , I n c e O ld B rynn O ld I n ce H a l l O ld Moa tH ou se

1 7 1 6 1 6 4 9 1 7 1 4 3 8 4 9 3 9 8 4 1 7 4 9 5 1 7 0 9 0 9 3 8 4 9 6 4 1 7 6 4 1 7 1 4 3 8 4 9 3 9 5 8 0 9 4 4 0 9 4 4 1 7

B o ld B i l l ing e B i l l ing e L a thom B o ld B edf o rd H aydock L a thom H ind ley U pho l land B o ld L a thom L a tham? B o ld A sh ton in - Make r f ie ld A sh ton in - Make r f ie ld H aydock L a thom P embe r ton B o ld P embe r ton B o ld B edf o rd H aydock L a thom H ind ley Me l l ing A sh ton in -Make rf ie ld I n ce in -Make rf ie ld A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld I n ce in - Make r f ie ld B o ld

( mona s t ic ) ( mona s t ic ) ( mona s t ic ) ( mona s t ic ) ( r ec to r ia l ) Ma r sey & G am s ton F ee

( r ec to r ia l )

( r ec to r ia l ) T hanag e

3 97

E xcava ted

moa ts t a tu s c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub t f u l p robab le c e r ta in

c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in d oub tf u l c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

c e r ta in p o s s ib le p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

c e r ta in p o s s ib le p o s s ib le p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub tf u l c e r ta in c e r ta in p r obab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

Append ix I V -S uper ior l o rd sh ip o ft ownsh ips a nd s i te s T enur ia ls t a tu s T hanage ( c on t 'd )

( mona s t ic ) ( mona s t ic ) ( mona s t ic ) ( mona s t ic ) Wa r r ing ton

( mona s t ic ) ( r ec to r ia l ) ( r ec to r ia l ) W idne s

W idne s( Penwo r tham )

S i te n o .

N ame

T own sh ip n o

T own sh ip

0 71 0 70 0 73 0 74 0 88 0 9 1 1 21 15 0 95

P ee l H a l l P ee l H a l l Mano rF a rm P i e le H a l l P la t tB r idge B oa t S tan ley B ank T un s ted H ou se S tan ley G a te Wa l shemone shou se W in s tan ley Moa t

4 4 4 0 3 8 3 9 0 9 6 4 1 5 3 8 9 5

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub t f u l c e r ta in c e r ta in

0 96

Wood H a l l

5 8

I n c e in -Make r f ie ld H ough ton H aydock H ind ley A sh ton in - Make r f ie ld P embe r ton B icke r s ta f f e H aydock W in s tan ley ( s ee B i l l ing e i n c a ta logue ) M e l l ing

0 97 0 07 0 19 0 2 1 0 57

Wo r s ley H a l l B icke r s taf f eH a l l C ro s sH a l l C un scough H a l l Mo s sock H a l l

6 4 1 5 4 9 5 8 1 5

P embe r ton B ick e r s ta f f e L a thom M e l l ing B icke r s taf f e

c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in

11 1 07 0 20 1 08 0 34 0 35 0 40 0 43 0 48 1 30 0 60 0 62 0 42 13 0 75 0 79 0 80 0 89 0 93 10 0 27 0 67

C haddock H a l l C lewo r th H a l l C u lche th H a l l G a r r e tH a l l H o lc rof tH a l l H ome rG re en F a rm I n ce B lunde l l H a l l L ang ley H a l l F a rm L yd ia te H a l l Mo te H i l l N ew H a l l , T y lde s ley O ld A bbey F a rm O ld K ingna l l H a l l P e te [ The ] P y le /U rm s ton i 't h ' Meadow s R i s ley H a l l R ix ton H a l l T anne r sF a r eTw i s sG reen Wh i t t le H a l l S hake r ley O ld H a l l H a l sa l l R ec to ry S t . E lph in 's R ec to ry

8 3 8 3 2 3 8 3 2 3 8 1 4 3 1 5 5 8 7 8 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 6 5 2 3 7 0 2 3 3 4 8 3 3 7 8 7

T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley C u lche th T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley C u lche th T ho rn ton I n c eB lunde l l A the r ton L yd ia t e Wa r r ing ton T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley C u lche th C u lche th G r ea tS ankey P enn ing ton C u lche th R ix ton w i th G laz eb rook C u lche th G r ea tS ankey T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley H a l sa l l Wa r r ineon

p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le p o s s ib le p robab le p o s s ib le c e r ta in p robab le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p o s s ib le p robab le p robab le c e r ta in

0 52 1 24 0 18 0 22 0 26 0 32 0 37 0 49 1 02 0 54 12 1 20 1 06 0 72 0 77 0 78 0 69 0 87 0 90 1 33

B ig L ea G re en F a rm C a s t le C ro sby H a l l E cc le s ton H a l l G eo rge son 's F a rm H eye s F a rm H uy ton H ey Mano rH ou se Moa tL and s Mo r ley s Much C rof t O ld D a i ry P ee l F a rm P ee l H ou se R a inh i l l H a l l F a rm R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm S andho le sF a rm S t . M icha e l 's H ou se T a rbock H a l l W idne sC a s t le

7 8 4 8 5 0 2 8 7 9 6 8 4 2 5 6 6 8 1 0 7 9 4 8 5 6 0 6 6 8 6 8 1 0 7 8 7 9 0 6

S u t ton K now s ley L i t t le C ro sby E cc le s ton T a rbo ck R a inh i l l H uy ton Maghu l l R a inh i l l A s t ley T a rbock K now s ley Maghu l l A pp le ton [ W idne s ] R a inh i l l R a inh i l l A s t ley S u t ton T a rbock A pp le ton [ W idne s ]

0 03 1 27

B ank H a l l C a s t le S t ree t

4 7 4 7

K i rkda le K i rkda le

F o rg ene ra l l o ca t ion o ft own sh ip s b yn umbe r , s e ec hap te r2 ,f i g . 1 0 ; f o rg ene ra l l o ca t ion o fs i te s ,s e ec hap te r 1 2 , f i g . 5 6

3 98

E xca va t ed

moa ts t a tu s

c e r ta in

E E E

E

E E

c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in p robab le p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in d oub t f u l c e r ta in p o s s ib le p o s s ib le p o s s ib le c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in c e r ta in

G ran tor st o Bur scough P r iory , l a te 1 2 th -14 th c en tur ie s - Append ix V T ownsh ip n o .

O ve ra l lt e nure K n igh ts e r v ic e( Manche s te r )

G ran tor ( s )1 R icha rd so fR obe r t2

S e r jean ty

J ohn l e Wa ley s R icha rd l e Wa ley s R icha rd d eR ena c r e s R a lph so fA dam

D a t eo fG ran t ( s ) c1 220 1 3 th C 1 300 1315

A l le r ton A ugh ton

1 5

B icke r s taf f e

T hanag e

2 0

C h i ldwa l l

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Manche s t e r )

R icha rd so fR obe r td eL a thom

c199

2 4

D a l ton

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Manche s t e r )

G i lbe r td eH aydock R obe r td eL a thom J ohn d eO r r e l l J ohn Wa ley s R obe r td eD a l ton G eof f r ey d e Wr igh t ing ton R icha rd Wa ley s

c1 341 c1 245 c1 2211250 c1 245 1303 c1 275 1 3 th C ? c 1 300

3 7

H a l sa l l

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Wa r r ing ton )

S imon d eH a l sa l l R icha rd d eH a l sa l l G i lbe r td eH a l sa l l

c1 232 c1 260 c1 275

4 1

H u r l s ton ( S ca r i sb r ick )

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Ma r sey & G am s ton )

R obe r t so fU lf d eH u r l s ton 3

c190

R icha rd so fG i lbe r td eS ca r i sbr ick Wa l t e rd eS ca r i sb r ick

c1 2 12 c1 229 1260

H en ry d eS ca r i sbr ick R oge rd eH u r l s ton so fR obe r t G i lbe r td eS ca r i sb r ick & R obe r td eH u r l s ton H enr y so fG i lbe r td eS ca r i sb r ick & h i s sH en ry

c1 260 c1 260 1275 1 303 1 398 189 119 1 189 -1191 1 229

4 2

H uy ton4

K n igh ts e r v ice ( W idne s )

R obe r ts o fH en ry

4 8

K now s ley/

K n igh ts e rv ic e( W idne s )

R obe r ts o fH en ry R icha rd d eL a thom

4 9

L a thom

T hanag e

R obe r td e Wo lmoo r H en rys o fS wa in 6 R icha rd d eL a thom 7 W i l l iam so fR obe r td eB ra cken thwa i t e R icha rd d e Wo lmoo r A u s t in d eT a ldef o rd R obe r td eL a thom

5 3

L i ve rpoo l

D eme sne

5 7

Ma r t in ( Bu r scough )

? Thanag e s ub sequen t ly m ona s t ic

W i l l iam d eF e r r e r s R obe r t so fH en ry

5 8

1T he

T own sh ip

4 1 2

1 3 th C c1 292

.

c1 224 c1 224 1 229 c1 235 c1 286 m id 1 3 th C 1 322 c .1 233 189 119 1

T homa s so fS t ephen F idd le r R icha rd d eR adc l if f e so f Ma t thew H en rys o fG eof f r ey T rave r s Emma d au o fS iwa rd so fS wa in 8 A dam so fS wa in d eH u r l s ton Amabe ld au o fS imon R icha rd so fH ugh L omba rd

n d c1 229 1 3C 199 1232 1 3 th C c199 1 3 th C

M e l l ing

T hanag e

W i l l iam d e Me l l ing A dam so fJ ohn d e Me l l ing R oge rd e Me l l ing9

c1 230 c1 256 c1 256

7 1

R oby

K n igh ts e r v ice ( W idne s )

R icha rd so fR obe r t")

c199

7 9

T a rbock

K n igh ts e r v ice ( W idne s )

H en ry d eT a rbock R icha rd so fR icha rd H en ry d eL a thom" E l len d eT a rbock 1 2

1 3 th C 1 3 th C

8 5 8 6

U p l i the r land Wa l ton 1 3

S e r jean ty S e r jean ty

J ohn Wa ley s W i l l iam d e Wa l ton

p r e 1 300 c1 241

C a r tu la ry f o rB u r scough P r io ry h a sb een e d i t ed a nd p ub l i shed b y Webb ( e d . 1 970 ) .

2

P robab ly t h el o rd o fL a thom .

3

S e el i s to fl a nd sg r an t ed t oC ocke r sand A bbey ( Append ix V I ) .

4

H uy ton c hu r ch w a sg r an ted t oB u r scough b yt h el o rd o fL a thom .

5

T he f ounda t ion c ha r t e ri n c lued t h e ' p la ce ' o fS t . L eona rd i nK now s ley .

6

B ume ld sga t ea nd B u rna rde sca s t le a r em en t ioned i n t h e g r an t s .

7

P a r to ft h i sa g r eemen tr e la ted t oC ro s sH a l l .

8

Emma w a sb ro the ro fH en ry ;p o s s ib ly t h i sw a s H en ry ,s on o fS iwa rd ,w ho h e ld Me l l ing a nd U pho l land i n1 2 12 .

9

R og e rd e Me l l ing w a sb ro the ro fT homa s , s on o fH en ry d e Me l l ing .

1 °

O fL a thom .

1

H en ry d e L a thom , l o rd o fT a rbock , a nd h i s w if e , E l len . T he i n spex imu s r e f e r s t og r an t s f o rme r ly made b y R icha rd , s on o fH en ry a nd H en ry , s on o f

1 2

W idow o fH en ry d eT a rbock [ La thom ] .

1 3

A t Wa l ton B reck ;t h eg r an t make sr e f e r enc et ot h ew ood o f Wa l ton .

R icha rd ,l o rd o fT a rbock .

3 99

Append ix V I -G ran tor si nf ranka lmo ign t oC ocker sand A bbey , l a te 1 2 th -13 th c en tur ie s T own sh ip

O ve ra l lt e nure

G ran tor ( s ) '

Da t eo fG ran t ( s )2

1

A b ram

K n igh ts e rv ic e( F e ef a rm )

Wa r ine B ana s t re W i l l iam d eO cke l shaw Wanne so fG odf r ey R icha rd so f Wa r ine J ohn so fR icha rd

c190 c190 c190 c1 205 1230 c1 230 1245

2

A in sda le

S e r jean ty

A dam so fG odf r ey Wa r ine so fR icha rd R obe r t so fO sbe r t L aw r ence so fT homa s & Emma h i sw if e A dam so fR obe r t R obe r t ' so fA dam R obe r t so fL aw r ence ' J ohn so fT homa s

c190 1216 c1 216 1230 c190 1219 c1 220 1250 c1 2 13 1233 c1 2511279 c1 268 1279 c1 268 1279

T own sh ip n o .

3

A in t r ee

T hanag e

H emy so fA lan 3

c190

4

A l le r ton

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Manche s te r )

R icha rd so fR obe r t R obe r t so fR icha rd

c190 c1 240

7

A rbu ry

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Make rf i e ld )

T hu r s tan B ana s t r e

c1 2 13

9

A s t ley

K n igh ts e r v ice ( W idne s )

H ugh d eT y lde s ley

c190 122 1

1 2

A ugh ton

S e r jean ty

R icha rd l e Wa ley s S imon d eH a l sa l l

c1 222 c1 220

1 3

B a r ton

T hanag eo rK n igh ts e rv ic e

R obe r t so fW ronou

c1 216

1 5

B icke r s ta f f e

T hanag e

A dam so fR a lph R a lph so fA dam E swa rd so fR obe r t

c190 c1 206 c1 200

1 6

B i l l inge

' Manag e

A dam W i l l iam so fS imon

c190 c1 230

1 7

B o ld

T hanag e

H en ry so fA lbe r t6

c190 1220

2 4

D a l ton

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Manche s te r )

R icha rd d eO r r e l l E d r ich d e S i ve rd ley H en rys o fR icha rd so fH en ry R icha rd l e Wa ley s R icha rd so fR anu lph l e Wa ley s A dam so fR icha rd J ohn so fR icha rd d eO r r e l l R icha rd d e We rden R obe r ts o fT homa sd eS i ve rd ley

c190 12 16 c199 c199 c1 20 1 c1 2311245 c1 240 c1 230 1245 c1 2 12 c1 268 1272

2 8

E cc le s ton

K n igh ts e rv ice ( W idne s )

H ugh d eE cc le s ton R obe r t so fR icha rd d eE cc le s ton Q u en i lda d eK i rkda le

c190 1220 c1 264 c1 2 17

3 0

F o rmby

S e r jean ty

3 1

G a r s ton

T hanag e

A dam d eG a r s ton A dam so fR icha rds o f Mu t ton A dam so fA dam H en ry so fA l tu s &H en ry d eT ho rn ton

c190 c190 c1 212 1240 c1 232

3 5

H a igh

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Ma r sey & G am s ton )

R icha rd d eO r r e l l

c190

3 7

H a lsa l l

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Wa r r ing ton )

A lan d eL yd ia te a nd A l ice h i sw if e

c190

3 9

H ind ley

T hanag e

R obe r t R icha rd so fR obe r t R icha rd l e Wa ley s &E l eano rh i sw if e G od i th d au o fA dam T hu r s tan B ana s t r e R obe r t so fR obe r tB ana s t r e

c190 12 12 c1 2 12 1242 c1 2 12 c1 2 12 1242 c1 2 17 c1 239 1242

4 1

H u r l s ton ( Sca r i sb r ick )

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Ma r sey & G am s ton )

I n c eB lunde l l

K n igh ts e r v ice ( Wa r r ing ton

R obe r ts o fU lf W i l l iam B lunde l l

c1 200 1246

4 3 4 4

I n ce i n Make rf i e ld

T hanage

R icha rd l eP i e rpon t O rm d eH aydock R obe r ts o fA dam d eP i e rpon t G od i th d au o fR obe r td eP i e rpon t

c199 c190 n d n d

4 7

K i rkda le

K n igh ts e rv ice ( P enwo r tham )

Q uen i lda d au o fR og e r

c1 200

4 8

K now s ley

K n igh ts e rv ice ( W idne s )

Amabe l/

c199

4 9

L a thom

manag e

R icha rd so fR icha rd

c1 22 1

5 3

L i ve rpoo l

D eme sne

R eg ina ld d e Wa rbu r ton

c1 200

T he C a r tu la r ie sf o rC ocke r sand A bb ey h ave b een e d i t ed a nd p ub l i shed b yF a r r e r ( 1 900 ) . 2

Ad a te s pan i n d ica te st ha tm o r et h an o ne g r an tw a sm ade b yt h i s i n d iv idua l .

3

S i rR obe r tB lunde l l , s on o fA dam o fA in sda le .

4

R obe r ts on o fL aw r ence , c l e rk o fA in sda le .

5

O fD ownho l land .

6

H en ry ,s oo fA lbe r td el aQ u ick .

7

W idow o fR obe r td eL a thom ,s on o fH en ry ; h e rs on ,R icha rd ,g r an t ed h e rw ho le t own o fK now s ley i nd owe r .

4 00

c1 200

G ran tor si nf ranka lmo ign t oC ocker sand Abbey , l a te 1 2 th -13 th c en tur ie s -Append ix V I

T own sh ip

O ve ra l lt e nure

G ran tor ( s )

Da t eo fG ran t ( s )

5 5

L yd ia t e

K n igh ts e r v ic e( Wa r r ing ton )

A lan d eL yd ia t e S imon so fS t e inu lf H en ry d e Wa l ton 8 W i l l iam so fB ened ic t S imon so fA lan d eH a l sa l l9 R obe r td eO r shaw

c190 c190 c199 c1 2 12 1233 c1 220 c1 220

5 6

Maghu l l

K n igh ts e rv ice ( W idne s )

A lan d eH a l sa l l &A l ice h i sw if e R og e r so fR obe r t so fO u t i

5 8

Me l l ing

T hanage

H en ry so fS iwa rd T homa s so fS iwa rd R oge r so fH en ry R oge r so fR obe r t" R a lph so fA dam d eQ u ick & A l ic eh i sw if e W i l l iam so fA lan T homa sd eR ugh thwa i te

c1 200 c1 200 c184 1222 c184 1222 c1 246 c1 260 1268 c1 268 c1 268 c1 268

6 2

O r r e l l

T hanage

R icha rd d eO r r e l l J ohn so fR icha rd W i l l iam so fL e i s ing R obe r t so fR obe r tB ana s t r e

c1 200 c1 200 c1 240 c1 242

6 4

P embe r ton

T hanag e

A dam d eP embe r ton H en ry so fL aw renc e

c1 2 12 1235 c1 2 12

6 5

P enn ing ton

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Wa r r ing ton )

Ma rge ry d eP enn ing ton R icha rd d eP enn ing ton

c1 220 c1 246

6 7

R a inf o rd

? Deme sne / ?Manche s te r

A dam so fJ ohn 'l A lan so fJ ohn R icha rd d e Wo lmoo r &C ec i ly h i sw if e

6 9

R avenmeo ls

S e r jean ty

H en ry so f Wa r ine d eL anca s te r R obe r ts o fE dw in A lan so fW i l l iam

c1 250 c1 250 c1 272 c194 12 12 c1 200 c1 200

7 8

S u t ton

K n igh ts e rv ic e( W idne s )

J ohn so fS ige r i th R icha rd so f Wa l t e rd eB u r tonhead H ugh l eN o r r ey s

c190 c1 200 1230 c190

T own sh ip n o .

7 9

T a rbock

8 1

T ho rn ton

K n igh ts e r v ice ( W idne s ) K n igh ts e r v ic e( Wa r r ing ton o r S ef ton )

R icha rd so fH en ry 1 3 R obe r ts o fG i lbe r t

c180 c1 2 12

8 3

T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley 1 4

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Wa r r ing ton )

H ugh so fH en ry H en ry so fH ugh

c1 271 c1 271

8 4

U pho l land

' Manag e

Ma t thew R obe r t

c190 c1 225

8 7 8 9

Wa r r ing ton We s tD e rby & C rox t e th

K n igh ts e r v ic e( Wa r r ing ton )

W i l l iam B u t le r

c1 200

D eme sne

R icha rd t h eR eeve L uca s so fT homa s

c1 200 c1 226

9 3

W ig an 'S

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Make r f ie ld )

T hu r s tan B ana s t r e

c1 2 13

9 4

W ind le

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Wa r r ing ton )

R a lph so fA dam d eP r e sco t A lan so fA lan d eW ind le

c1 20 1 c1 20 1

9 5

W in s tan ley

T hanag e

R oge rs o fO u t i R oge rs o fA dam R oge r R obe r ts o fR obe r tB ana s t r e R obe r t Ba na s t r e

c190 c1 2 12 c1 2 16 c1 242 c1 283

8

T h i sg r an tr e la t ed t ol a nd si nE gga rga te , i nL yd ia te .

9

A l ia sA lan d eL yd ia t e .

1 °

S e en o te 9 .

1

P a r son o fH a l sa l l .

1 2

P a r son o fL e igh .

1 3

B ro the ro fR ob e r t ,s on o fH en r yd eL a thom ; s e en o te 7 .

1 4 Th eg r an t s 1 5

r e la t ed t ol a nd si nS hake r ley .

T he a dvow son o fW igan c hu rch w a s g r an t ed t oC ocke r sand b u t t h e c anon s n eve r p r e sen ted t h e r e c to r ; f o r al o ng t ime t h e r i gh t o fp a t ronag e w a s d i spu ted b yt h eh e i r so fT hu r s tan B ana s t r ea nd t h eC rown .

4 0 1

Append ix V I I -L and so fS tJ ohn o fJ erusa lem c1 540 T own sh ip A ugh ton

O ve ra l lt e nure

Ho ld ing

D eme sne / se r jean ty

2m e s suage sa nd ac l o se c a l led C ro s sF i e ld

1 5

B icke r s taf f e

T hanage

S t opf o r th shaghe

1 7 1 8

B o ld B oo t le w i th L inac r e

T hanag e T hanag e

Q u ick H a l l 7m e s su ag e sa nd l a nd i nT own f ie ld

2 1

C ron ton

K n igh ts e rv ic e( W idne s )

m e s suage c a l led C ramp ton shaghe

2 3

C u lche th

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Wa r r ing ton )

2m e s suage s

2 4

D a l ton

K n igh ts e rv ic e( Manche s t e r )

1m e s suage

2 7

D ownho l land

T hanage

4m e s suage sa tH a skayne

3 2

G o lbome

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Ma l c e r f ie ld )

2m e s suage s

3 6

H a le

D eme sne / se r jean ty

l a nd a nd t e nemen t

3 7

H a l sa l l

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Wa r r ing ton )

3 8

H aydock

T hanage

m e s suage c a l led R enac r e s c l o se c a l led C ay ley

3 9

H ind ley

T hanage

4m e s suage s ,o ne c a l led C ro s sho le s ,a nd ac l o se

5 2 5 4

L i t t le Woo l ton L ow ton

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Manche s te r ) K n igh ts e rv ic e( Make rf ie ld )

l a nd a nd t e nemen tc a l led t h eH o l t 1m e s suag e s ,o ne c a l led F l i tc rof t

5

L yd ia te

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Wa r r ing ton )

5 8

Me l l ing

T hanag e

a na c r eo fl a nd c a l led K y rke A c r e at of ta nd 4a c re sc a l led N ewhey

6 2

O r r e l l

T hanag e

at o l l

6 3

P a r r

K n igh ts e r v ice ( Fo re s t )

1m e s suage ,L aghoke

7 1

R oby

K n igh ts e rv ic e( W idne s )

1m e s suage

7 8

S u t ton

K n igh ts e rv ice ( W idne s )

l a nd a nd t e nemen tc a l led t h eC ro s se g r eve

8 1

T ho rn ton

K n ig h ts e rv ic e( Wa r r ing ton o rS ef ton )

1m e s suage

9 4

W ind le

K n igh ts e rv ice ( Wa r r ing ton )

m ano ro fH a rd shaw

T own sh ip n o . 1 2

4 02

T he L anca sh i re Q uen i lda si nt he l a te 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tur ie s -Append ix V I I I Q uen i lda d e War ton ,a l ive c . 190 ( Penwor tham F ee )( F a r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 12 , 1 71172 ) F a the r H ugh , so fA ca rd B u s se l

S i s te ro f

Mo the r

W if eo f R og e rl eB o t e le r( d ead b y 199 )o f Wa r ton ,p rob y ounge r b r o fT heoba ld Wa l te r ,l o rd o f B u t le rf e ei n Amounde rne s s

C h i ld ren 1 .R icha rd , fo fA dam & E u s tac e 2 .S t ephen , mI v e t ta , fo f Quen i lda 3 .T homa s 4 .A dam , m Mabe l , fo fA l ic e 5 .R oge r mE da , fo fR og e r 6 .S i ge r i th , mR oge rs o fE dwa rd

Q uen i lda i sr e f e r red t ov a r iou s ly a s' d e Wa r ton ' , ` l eB o te le r ' o r' Lady o f Wa r ton ' . P o s se s s ions : 159 -64

R oge rP i ncema w i tne s sed ag r an to fl a nd made b y R oge rB u s se l , b a ron o fP enwo r tham . T h i s i n c luded G uno lf e smo re s , t h e b ound s o fw h ich w e r em a rked b yt h eB lak ebroke a l ong t h ep a l ing o fH ea ley P a rk ,L ey land h und red ( Fa r r e r 1 902 ,3 75 -76 ) . F o rt h ep o s s ib le s i gn if icanc eo ft h i s s e eQ uen i lda d eK i rkda le 's g r and s e r jean ty i nF o rmby i n1 2 12 i nw h ich B lak ebroc i sc i ted . G uno lf smoo r s( s ic )e mb raced a tl e a s tp a r to ft h e v i l l s o fH ogh ton ,W i thne l la nd Whe e l ton , a l so p o s se s s ion so ft h eP enwo r tham f e e .

199

Quen i lda ,w idow o fR og e rl eB o t e le ro f Wa r ton ,a n sw e r ed f o rs cu tag ef r om t h ef e ew h ich h e rh u sband h e ld f r om t h eP enwo r tham F e e .

199 120 1L and sh e ld f r om P enwo r tham F ee ,o nt h ee v idence o ft h er e tu rn so ft h ef i r s ta nd s e cond s cu tage so fK ing J ohn 's r e ign ,b y : R oge rd eF r eck le ton G eof f r ey G eme t Quen i ld ( s ic )d e Wa r ton w h ich t o g e the rt o ta l led t h ree f e e s( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 44 ) . 1 200 -0 1

R og eru sd eF rek en ton ( s ic )e tG a lf r idu sG erne te tQ uen i lda d e W ar ton r cd ec . s .p ro f eodo i yM i l i tum ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 34 ) .

c1 220 1240 Wa r ton w a sa l iena t ed t os ome o ft h e Woodp lump ton f am i ly ( s ee b e low ) ; i n1 242 T homa sd eB ee tham h e ld 1/ 3o f ak n igh t 's f e ei n Wa r ton f r om t h ee a r lo fL inco ln 's f e e( o fP enwo r tham ) .

B arony o fP enwor tham : 1 202 -03 R og e rd eF r eck le ton G eof f r ey G e rne t G e ro ld d eC lay ton R obe r t ,s on o fR icha rd E l ia sa nd R oge rd eH u t ton T heoba ld Wa l te r

1f e e 1 / 3f e e 1 / 1 0f e e 3/ 1 0& 1/ 20f e e

3f e e s

c 1212 H ea ton i nL on sda le ,h e ld b yt h el eB o te le rf am i ly A sh ton -unde r -Lyne ( Sa lf o rd H und red ) 2c a ruca t e s( o f3 )h e ld b yP enwo r tham h ad p a s sed b yt h i sd a t et oR obe r tG re l ley ,l o rd o f Manche s t e r . E s ta te si n Amounderne s s ,L ey land a nd We s tD erby Hundred sw i th f am i ly n ame so ft he p r inc ipa lg ran tee sf r om t h ef e e

E l sw ick

We s tD erby

L ey land

Amounderne s s , C l a u eh ton E l s ton

B o te l er

A d l ine ton

B o te ler

A nde r ton

F r eck l e ton

B re the r ton

F r eck le ton

F r eck l e ton

B r ind le

A rea rmeo l s

W oodp lump ton

G r e l l ey

K i rkda le

W oodp lump ton /Quen i lda

N o r th Meo l s

Q uen i lda d e K i rkda le B rough ton &

1Mar sey /F er r er s

. IG r e l l ey

.S i ng l e ton

My tho rp

B o te l er

C hamock R icha rd

1Mar s ey /Bana s t r e

I

N ew sham

W oodp lump ton

N ew ton

i t ton ;F iMar sey

1

F r eck l e ton & P r ee s

C lay ton le - Wood s D uxbu ry

P r e e s

P r ees

E ux ton

B u s se l /Quen i lda l e B o te le r

F ä r ing ton

u s se l ;B A bbey o fE v esham

i

Wa r ton Wh i t t ingham

F r eck l e ton

H ea th C ha rnock

1Ma r sey /F e r r er s

H ogh ton H ow ick

F i t ton ; iA bbey o fE v e sham

H u t ton L ey land

1A bbey o fC ock er sand

1 I •

L one ton

iA bbey o fE v esham/Bu s se l

P enwo r tham

1B u s se l /Abbey o fE vesham

. 1

R uf f o rd

EA bbey o fS tW erburgh ; iMa r sey

4

S hev ine ton i

S t and i sh -w i th -L ang t re e

:

U lne swa l ton We lch Wh i t t le Whe e l ton Wh i t t le le - Wood s W i thne l l

iB ana s t r e t :W a l ton ; iMa r sey F i t t o n ; IF i t ton iF i t ton

4 03

. 1 i

1 : : .

.

Append ix V I I I -T he L ancash i re Quen i ldas i nt he l a te 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tur ie s

I nt h e 1 2 th c en tu ry , o ne mo ie ty o fN ew ton i n Amounder ne s s , w a s h e ld a sf o rP ree s a nd m ay h ave b een h e ld b y Quen i lda w ho , i nt h eC ocke r sand c ha r t e r s , w a sd e sc r ibed a s' l ady o fN ew ton ' ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d . 1 9 12 , 1 66 n 5 ) .

Quen i lda d eK irkda le ,a l ive 1 210 ,d ied c .1 240 -1241 ( Penwor tham F ee )( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 , 3 5 -36 ) F a the r R oge rd eK i rkda le ( d ied c . 199 120 1 )

Mo the r G od i th

S i s te ro f

W if eo f R icha rd ( d ied p r e 1 226 ) , so fR oge r

C h i ld ren 1 .u nnamed d au . m . J o rdan d e T ho rnh i l l 2 . Emma , c o -he i rt oK i rkda le 3 .E l len , c o -he i rt oK i rkda le

J o rdan d e T ho rnh i l l , C o . Y o rk , h a s a l so b een s uppo sed t ob e f i r s th u sband o f Quen i lda o f Woodp lump ton ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 68 , f am i ly t r e e ; 1 907 4 6n 11 ) . P o s se s s ion s : 184 -85

d ei j s . d eK i rk eda l ed ed im id io a nno . I nt h ' ro l i b . E .Q .E . ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 5 4 , 5 6 ) . A tt h i s d a te K i rkda le w a st empo r a r i ly i nt h eK ing ' sh and s .

1 200 -01

G od i th z i xor R og er id eK i rk eda l er ed ed im . m .p ro b r ev id es ummon i t ione d eD o t es ua ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 32 ) .

1 20 1-03

Q uen i ld d eK ierkda l er cd ed im . m . ( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 66 ) . T h i sr e la te st ot a l lag eo ft h anage l a nd s a nd c anno t ,t h e r ef o r e ,r e la t et oK i rkda le i t se lf

1 202 -03

Q uen i ld d eK ierk e lad er cd ed im . m . I nt h ' ro x ld : E td eb . x ld . ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 66 ) . A s i nt h ep r ev iou sy ea r ,t h i sr e la t e st ot hanage l a nd s .

1 203 -04

E td ex ld . d e Q uen i ld d eK ierkda l e( Fa r r e r 1 902 , 1 76 ) . T h i sa l so r e la te st ot h et h anag el a nd s .

1 203 -04

E td ed im . m . d e Q uen i ld d e K i r l cada ( Fa r re r 1 902 , 1 79 ) . T h i s l e vy r e la te st om i l i ta ry s cu tage a nd r ep r e sen t s o ne c a ruca t e i nF o rmby h e ld b y s e r jean ty t oc onvey t h et r ea su ry t h rough ap o r t ion o ft h eC oun ty w hen r e qu i r ed ( F a r r e r 1 902 , 1 82 ) .

1 207 -08

A t F o rmby , a s se s sed a s 3c a ruca te s ; 2/ 3h e ld b y H ugh d e Mo re ton i nt h anage f o r s e rv ice o f2 8 s . a nd a n i n c remen t o f6 s . 8 d . ; 1/ 3h e ld b y Q uen i lda d eK i rkda le b ys e r jean ty ( Fa r r e r 1 902 ,2 25 ) .

1 212

W a r inu s B us se !d ed i t N ormanno i jc aruca ta s t e r r e i nK irk eda l ep er s er v ic ium m i l i ta r e u nd e xc aruca t ef ac iun tf eodum j m i l i t i s ; e t modo t e ne tQ uen i lda f i l ia R og er ii /am t e r ram p er e und em ( s ic i d em )s er v ic ium ( Book o fF ee s 1 921 ,2 11) . Q uen i ld ad e K i rkda l e t e ne t jc aruca tam d e d om ino r eg ep ro t h e s sauro s uo c onducendo u squ e l eB lakebroc . E tm odo t e ne tJ u rdanu s i /am c a ruca tam p ro i j s d e p red ic ta Q uen i lda c um f i l ia R icard if l / i l R og er i d e d ono W i l l e lm if l / i l N orman i i ( Book o f F ee s 1 92 1 , 2 10 ) . F o r B la ckb rook , s e e Quen i lda d e War ton . T he c a ruca te r e p r e sen ted 1 4 o / fF o rmby ; F a r r e r i sp robab ly c o r r ec t i ns ay ing t h a t i tf o rmed p a r to ft h e t h ane land s o fR icha rd , s on o fR oge r , t hane o f Woodp lump ton . A f te r J o rdan 's d ea th t h i s c a ruca te p a s sed t oH ugh d e Mo r e ton , h u sband o f Ma rga r e t , s i s te ro fQ uen i lda . J u rdanu sd e T ho rnhu lt e ne t jc aruca tam d ed om ino r eg ep ro i j se tv i i jd i nt h enag io c um f i l ia R icard if i l i iR og er i( Book o fF ee s 1 921 , 2 10 ) . I nh i s t r an s la t ion , F a r r e r g i ve s t h e s um a s i js . a nd v i i jd . a nd i nh i s n o te s h e c i t e s J o rdan a sh u sband o f Quen i lda . ( 1903b , 2 3 ) . I nt h i s h e s e em s t ob e m i s taken ; mo r e l i ke ly , Quen i lda g ran ted J o rdan t h i s e s ta t e , p e rhap s o n h i s ma r r iage w i th h e r u nnamed d augh t e r . I nT h i s t le ton ( Amounde rne s s ) ,w ef i nd e v idence i n1 242 f o rJ ohn , s on o fJ o rdan d eT hor nh i l l a nd Quen i lda ( s ee Quen i lda d e Woodp lump ton ) .

1 226 -28

Q uen i lda d e K i rkda l e t e ne tu nam c aruca t em t e r re i nF orneby p er s er v icum c onduc end it h esaurum , e tt e r ra v a l e tj .m . ( Book o fF ee s 1 921 , 3 68 ) . Q uen i lda q ue f u i tz uor R ica rd i R og er if u i td e d onac ione d om in ir eg i s ; t e tra s ua v a l e t , s c i l ice tu na c aruca ta t e r re q uem t e ne tp ro i i j s . v i i jd . , v a l e tj .m . ( Book o fF ee s 1 921 , 3 68 ) .

1 200 -40

A s aw idow , Quen i lda , d augh t e ro fR oge r d e K i rkda le , g ave C ocke r sand A bbey t h e s e rv ice o f 2o xgang s o fl a nd a nd t h e s i t e o f af i she ry i n K i rkda le ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 64 ) .

1 217 -4 1

Quen i lda d eK i rkda le g ran ted C ocke r sand A bbey t h ey ea r ly r e n to f2 s . f r om o ne t e am land i nF o rmby ( Fa r r e re d . 1 900 , 5 64 -65 ) .

Quen i lda o fA ugh ton a nd U p l i ther land ( a l ive 1 221 ) ( Fa r re r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 907 ,2 92 ) F a the r

Mo the r

?s e eQ uen i lda d e Woodp lump ton

?s e eQ uen i lda d e Woodp lump ton

S i s te ro f

W if eo f

C h i ld ren ( of R ichard l e Wa ley s )

R icha rd l e Wa ley s ( d ied 1 22 1)

1 .R icha rd , p rob . fo fJ ohn l e Wa ley so f Up l i the r land a nd A ugh ton 2 .R anu lph l e Wa ley s , fo fR iche r i td e D a l ton , fo fA dam d eD a l ton /Ac ton ( Fa r r e re d . 1 899 , 1 61 n 1)

T he mano ro fA ugh ton b e long ed t o Ma rg e ry /Ma rga r e tB ana s t r e ,w if eo fR icha rd d e Woodp lump ton ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s . 1 906 , 3 68 ) P o s se s s ion s : 1 217 122 1 :

Quen i lda , w ho w a s t h e w if e o fR icha rd l e Wa ley s , i so ft h e g if to ft h e k i ng . A nd h e r l a nd i sw o r th h a lf am a rk ( Fa r r e r , e d . 1 899 , 6 4 n . 1 ; 1 903b , 1 27 ) .

4 04

T he L ancash i re Q uen i lda si nt he l a te 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th c en tur ie s -Append ix V II I Quen i lda o f Woodp lump ton ( d ied 1 252 )( Fa r re r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 906 , 3 04 , 35 n l , 3 68 B ana s t r e f am i ly t r e e ; 1 907 , 4 6 n 11 ; 1 9 12 , 1 59 n 2 , 1 60 , 2 85 ; S haw 1 956 , 3 8n ) F a the r

Mo the r

S i s te ro f

R icha rd d e Woodp lump ton ( d ied 1 20 1) , so f R oge r , so f R avenk i l

Ma rga r e t / Ma rg e ry B ana s t re ( d ied 1 208 )d au o f T hu r s tan B ana s t r e

1 . Ma t i lda /Maud B ana s t r e , m . ( 1 176 ) R obe r td e S tockpo r t( d p r e 1 206 ) 2 . Am ice /Amu r ia , m T homa s d eB e e tham 3 . Ma rga re t /Ma rg e ry , m ( 1205 ) H ugh d e Mo r e ton 4 .A v ice , ( p r e 1 20 1) m W i l l iam d eM i l lum

1 207 -08

Q uen i lda

W if eo f 1 .? J o rdan d eT hor nh i l l , C o . Y o rk 2 .( 1 2 19 )R og e rG e rne t , Ma s t e rF o re s te r( d ied 1 251-52 )

C h i ld ren ?J ohn d e T ho rnh i l l n one

P rope r ty ( 1252 ) 1 .B ryn ing w i th K e l lame rgh ( 91 /o 2 xgang s & 1/ 3o xgang ) 2 . N ew sham ( 2b ova t e s ) 3 . B re the r ton ( 1c a r ) 4 . K i rkby ( 1c a rd eme sne ) 5 . C a r le ton ( 1c a r ) 6 . Wh i t t ing ton ( 51 /b 4 ova te s ) 7 . L anca s t e r( 1b u rgag e ) 8 . A ugh ton ( 1c a r ) 9 . F o rmby ( 2c a rd eme sne ) 1 0 . B oo t le ( 1c a rc hu rch d eme sne )

R ica rd if i l l i R og er i r . c . d e l x .m . e ti jp a l ef r id i s u tp o s s i t d e Mar i tar e s i cu t c on t ine tur i b id em . I n t h ' ro l x .m . e tx .m . p ro i j

p e l ef r id i s( Fa r r e r 1 902 ,2 23 ) . 1 2 16 -22

Q uen i lda , d augh te ro fR icha rd s on o fR og e rw a s i nt h e g i f to ft h e K ing . A nd t h e E a r l o fC he s t e rm a r r ied h e rt oR oge rG e rne t b yr e a son t ha t s h eh e ld o ft h ee a r l b yk n igh t 's s e r v ice a nd o ft h eK ing b yf a rm . A nd [ h e r ] l a nd i sw o r th x x i i js . y ea r ly ( Fa r r e re d . 1 903b , 15 116 ) .

1 2 19

Q uen i lda R icard if l / i lR og er if u i ti nd onac ione d om in ir eg i se tC omes C es t r ie m a r i tav i te a r nR og ero G erne to cca s ione q uod i p sa t e nu i t d ec om i t ep er s er v ic ium m i l i ta r ee td ed om ino r eg ep er f i rmam . E tv a l e tt e r ra p er a nnum x x i i j s . ( Book o fF ee s 1 921 ,2 67 ) .

1 222 -26

Q uen i lda , w ho w a s t h e w if e o fR oge r( s ic ) , i so ft h e g i f t [ o ft h e k i ng ] a nd h a s b een ma r r ied t oR oge r G e rne t b y t h e k ing . H e r l a nd i sw o r th x x s . ( Fa r r e r 1 903b , 15 16 ) .

p r e 1 230

Q uen i lda , d augh t e ro fR icha rd s on o fR og e r , g ave t h e monk s o fL y tham h e r s ha re i nt h e L ay ton H awe s i nL y tham ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 12 ,2 49 n 23 ) . T he v i l lo fL ay ton w a sh e ld b yt h eh e i r so fS i r Eme ry l eB o te le r , l o rd o ft h e Wa r r ing ton f e e .

1 235

A c t ion b rough t b y R icha rd l e Wa ley s , B le th in d e A c ton a nd Madoc d e A c ton a ga in s t R og e r G er ne t a nd Quen i ld , h i s w if e , T homa s d e B ee tham a nd A v ice d eM i l lom r e ga rd ing t h ea dvow son o fA ugh ton c hu r ch ( Fa r re re d . 1 899 , 6 3 -4 ) .

1 242

I nT h i s t le ton , a n e s ta te u sua l ly c oup led w i th G reenha lgh , i n Amounde rne s s , t h e e s ta t e o fJ ohn d e T ho rnh i l l m ay h ave d e r ived f r om ' t he J o rdan d e T hon rh i l l w ho ma r r ied Quen i lda d augh te ra nd c o -he i ro fR icha rd s on o fR oge ro f Woodp lump ton ; s he a f t e rwa rd s m a r r ied R oge r G er ne t ,b u th ad n oc h i ld ren ( Fa r r e r&B rownb i l le d s . 1 9 12 , 1 80 n 16 ) .

1 246

A c t ion b rough t b y Ma rga r e t , d augh te r o f S iwa rd d e K e l lame rgh a ga in s t J o rdan , s on o f Quen i lda , i n r e spec t o fo ne th i rd o fa n o xgang . Among s to the r s , R oge rG e rne t a nd Quen i lda h i s w if e , w e r e s ummoned t oa ppea r i n s uppo r t o fJ o rdan ( Fa r re r &B rownb i l l e d s . 1 9 12 , 1 60 n 12 ) .

Quen i lda o f We s t le igh ( Fa r r e r &B rownb i l le d s . 1 907 ,4 22 ) F a the r

Mo the r

S i s te ro f

W if eo f A dam d e We s t le igh / Ra inf o rd ( a l ive 1 242 )

4 05

C h i ld ren R oge r , m Emma d au o f R oge rd e S ho r e swo r th

P roper t y( 1252 )

Append ix I X -S e lec ted owner ship o f med ieva le s ta te s Owner s 1= d eA the r ton ; 2= d eB ick e r s taf f e ; 3= B o ld ; 4= B rad shagh ; 5= d eB u rnhu l l ; 6= d eC u lche th ; 7= d e E cc le s ton ; 8= G i l l ib rond ; 9= d e H a lsa l l ; / 0 =d e H aydock ; 1 =d e H ind ley ; 1 2 =d e H o l land ; 1 3 =d e I nce ; 1 4 =d e L a thom ; 1 5 =d e L egh ; 1 6 =L e N o r rey s ; 1 7 =d e T y lde s ley ; 1 8 =L e Wa ley s ;1 9 =d e Wa l ton ;2 0 =d e We s t le igh ;2 1 =d e Woodp lump ton 1 i 2

3

4

5

6

E s ta t ei n : A b ram

7

,

8

i 9

1 0

i ll

1 2

l 3

4 .• I r e

1 4

1 5

1 6

i 17

1 8

1 9 t

2 0

2 1

1 -

A rga rmeo l s A s t ley A sh ton

1

A the r ton A ug ,h ton B ick e r s taf f e B i l l inge

1

1

B o ld B oo t le B u r tonwood C u lche th E cc le s ton

1

t e

F o rmby G o lbo rne G rea tS ankey H a igh H a le w i th H a lewood H a lsa l l H aydock H ind ley H ough ton H u r l s ton H uy ton

1

I n ce i n Ma l ce r f ie ld K i rkby K i rkda le K now s ley

• i •

L a thom

1

L ive rpoo l L ow ton L yd ia te w i th E gga rga r th Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) Me l l ine N ew ton P embe r ton P enn ing ton P ou l ton R a inf o rd R a inh i l l R avenmeo ls S peke

1

4 4

i

S u t ton T a rbock T y lde s ley

1

U pho l land U p l i the r land Wa l ton Wa r r ing ton We s tD e rby Wes t le igh Wh is ton w P re sco t W igan

b

4 .

T he d eL a thom i n t e r e s ti nB i l l ing ea nd L yd ia t ed e r iv e sf r om t h eH uy ton b r a n ch o ft h ed eL a t hom f am i ly T hough t h ee v id en c ei sf a rf r om c l e a r ,a nd m o r et h a no n eg e n e r a t ion o ft h ef am i ly m a yb ei n vo lv ed ,i ts e em sr e a sonab le t oa s so c ia t et h ed e Woodp lump ton f am i ly w i th a ne s t a t ei nK i rkda l e( s e eA pp end ix V I I I ) .

4 06

A s se ssmen tt ot he L ay S ub s idy , 1 332 -Append ix X A r r ang ed b yH und r ed st os how a ve rage o fp aymen t sp e rp e r son p e rv i i i i nd e scend ing o rde r

N ew ton Hund red S i te s

C on t r ibu tor s

9 3 0 9 6 0

' i l ln o .

W igan ( t axed a t' /1 0t h ) A sh ton in - Make r f ie ld N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ]

V i i i

1 5 2

1 5 1 1 0

4 0 s . O d . 4 2 s . 4 d . 2 7 s . 5 d .

3 9 3 2 0 1 5 4

H ind ley G o lbome A b ram L , ow ton w i th K enyon

3 I 6 2

6 5 5 7

1 5 s . 5 d . 1 3 s . O d . 1 2 s . 1 6 s . 6 d .

6 4 7 6 1 6 3 5

P embe r ton S ou thwo r th w i th C rof t B i l l inge H a igh

4 2 1

8 5 8 5

6 2 3 8

O r r e l l H aydock

5

4 4 4 0 0 7 4 5 9 6 9 5

I n ce in -Make r f ie ld H ough ton & M idd le ton A rbu ry K enyon W inw ick w i th H u lme W in s tan ley

3 1

1

T o ta lp aymen t

A verage p aymen t 4 s . O d . 3 s . 1 0d . 2 s . 1 0d . 2 s . 2 s . 2 s . 2 s .

P ar i sh W igan W inw ick W inw ick

7 d . 6 d . 5 d . 4 d .

W igan W inw ick W igan W inw ick

1 8 s . O d . 9 s . 6 d . 1 4 s . I ld . 8 s . O d .

2 s . 3 d . i s . 1d . 1 s .9 d . I s . 7 d .

W igan W inw ick W igan W igan

4 7

6 s . l d . 1 0 s . 8 d .

I s . 6 d . i s . 6 d .

W igan W inw ick

6 6 ( s ee H ough ton ) ( s e eL ow ton ) n / i ( s e eB i l l inge )

8 s . O d . 7 s . O d .

I s . 4 d . I s . 2 d .

W igan W inw ick W inw ick W inw ick W inw ick W igan

T o ta lp aymen t 4 7 s . 8 d . 5 9 s . 9 d .

A ve rage p aymen t 6 s . 1 0d . 6 s . 7 d .

S ta tu s MB M BC C

War r ing ton Hund red V i l ln o . 8 7 1 7

V i i i Wa r r ing ton B o ld

0 6 6 8 2 5

A pp le ton [ W idne s ] R a inh i l l D i t ton

2 2 2 8 7 8 2 1

C ue rd ley E cc le s ton S u t ton C ron ton

9 1 6 7 3 4 9 4 1 4

Wh i s ton w i th P re sco t R a inf o rd G r ea tS ankey w i th P enke th W ind le B edf o rd

6 5 8 3 1 2 3 7 0 9 7 1 0 6 3 1 9 9 0 5 1 6 6

P enn ing ton T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley A the r ton C u lche th R ix ton w i th G laz eb rook Woo l s ton w i th Ma r t in sc rof t A s t ley P a r r B u r tonwood We s t le igh L i t t le S ank ey P ou l ton w i th F ea rnhead

S i te s 2 7

C on t r ibu tor s 7 9

2 4

1 0 6 9

4 5 s . O d . 2 5 s . O d . 3 8 s . O d .

4 s . 6 d . 4 s . 4 d . 4 s . 3 d .

P r e sco t P r e sco t P r e sco t

8 7 9 7

3 0 s . 2 6 s . 3 4 s . 2 5 s .

O d . 8 d . O d . O d .

3 s . 3 s . 3 s . 3 s .

9 d . 9 d . 9 d . 6 d .

P r e sco t P r e sco t P r e sco t P r e sco t

1 6 s . O d . 2 4 s . O d . 3 1s . O d . 2 4 s . O d . 2 6 s . 1d .

3 s . 3 s . 3 s . 3 s . 2 s .

2 d . O d . 3 d . O d . 8 d .

P re sco t P re sco t P r e sco t P re sco t L e igh

2 s . 2 s . 2 s . 2 s . 2 s . 2 s . 2 s . 2 s . 2 s . i s .

6 d . 4 d . 3 d . 3 d . 2 d . l d . I d . O d . O d . 6 d .

L e ig h L e igh L e igh W inw ick Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton L e igh P r e sco t Wa r r ing ton L e igh Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton

1 2 1 2 2 2 1 5 1 5 1 2 2 2

5 8 9 8 1 0 5 8 1 2 1 1 3 1 0 7 8 8 7 n / i

1 2 s . 1 9 s . 2 6 s . 2 4 s . 2 8 s . 2 1s . 1 5 s . 1 6 s . 1 6 s . 1 0 s .

1

M & B =m a rk e t &b o rough c ha r te r sg ran ted b ef o r e 1 332 m & b=m a rke ta nd b o rough c ha r te r sg ran ted a f t e r 1 332 C =v i l lw i th ac a s t le o fk nown o rs uppo sed m ed ieva lo r ig in

4 07

9 d . O d . 8 d . 6 d . O d . O d . O d . O d . O d . 4 d .

P ar i sh Wa r r ing ton P r e sco t

S ta tu s M BC m bC

mb

Mona s t ic

Append ix X -A s se ssmen tt ot he L ay S ubs id y , 1 332

We s tD e rby Hund red VW n o . 1 2 4 8 4 1 7 9 8 9 2 6 7 2 4 6 4 9 4 2 3 7 5 8 3 3 1 5 5 0 5 5 7 7 4 3 8 4 8 6 7 4 3 1 5 3 2 9 6 1 3 6 1 8 3 0 2 7 0 3 5 2 4 7

V i l l A ugh ton w i th U p l i the r land K now s ley H u r l s ton [ S ca r i sb r ick ] T a rbock We s tD e rby & C rox te th D ownho l land S ef ton ,N e the r ton & L un t K i rkby L a thom H uy ton w i th R oby H a l sa l l Me l l ing G r ea tC ro sby B icke r s taf f e L i t t le C ro sby L yd ia t e S peke l a c eB lunde l l U pholand Wa l ton [ F azak e r ley ] S ke lme r sda le G a r s ton L ive rpoo l( t axed a t 1/ 1 0t h ) E ve r ton N o r th Meo l s H a le w i th H a lewood B oo t le F o rmby D own l i the r land & O r r el A in t r ee L i t t le Woo l ton K i rkda le

2 0 2 4 8 8 8 1 5 6 5 9 6 9 0 2 0 4 0 5 0 8 1 3 7 1 7 3 7 5 8 0 8 2 8 5 9 2 5 7

C h i ldwa l l D a l ton Wave r t re e T ho rn ton Maghu l l Much Woo l ton R avenmeo l s A in sda le A l le r ton A l tca r , A rga rmeo l s B a r ton R oby S i rnon swood Sm i thdown T h ingwa l l T ox te th U p l i the r land W iba ld es l e i Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ]

S i te s 3 2 3 3 1 3 6 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 2

2

5 1

2

1 2

C on t r ibu tor s 9 1 5 1 4 9 1 7 1 0 9 1 6 9 1 2 9 6 9 8 8 1 7 9 1 1 2 8 1 9 6 9 2 4 7 1 0 1 7 7 8

T o ta lp aymen t 4 8 s .2 d . 4 0 s . O d . 6 8 s .4 d . 4 0 s . O d . 4 7 s . O d . 2 9 s . O d . 3 9 s . O d . 3 3s . 8 d . 6 0 s . O d . 3 3s . 2 d . 4 3s . O d . 3 1s .2 d . 2 0 s . O d . 2 9 s . O d . 2 5s . 2 d . 2 5s . O d . 3 2 s . 8 d . 2 0 s . O d . 2 4 s .4 d . 3 0 s . O d . 3 1s . O d . 1 8 s . O d . 4 4 s .O d . 1 3 s .4 d . 1 9 s . 8 d . 5 2 s . 9 d . 1 4 s .2 d . 1 9 s . 1 0d . 2 1s .2 d . 1 .s . I ld , 1 2 s . l d . 1 2 s .4 d .

6 1 0 6 9 7 1 0 1 0 n / i n / i n / i r i l l n / i ( s ee H uy ton ) n / i n / i n / i n / i ( s e eA ugh ton ) n / i

1 0 s . O d . 1 6 s . O d . 9 s . 3 d . 1 4 s . 8 d . 9 s .4 d . us . 1 0d . 1 2 s . O d .

2

M & B =m a rke t &b o rough c ha r te r sg r an ted b ef o re 1 332 m & b=ma rke t&b o rough c ha r te r sg r an ted a f t e r 1 332 C =v i i iw i th ac a s t le o f k nown o rs upposed m ed ieva lo r ig in

4 08

A ve rage p aymen t 5 s . 4 d . 5 s . 3 d . 4 s . 1 0d . 4 s . 5 d . 4 s . 3 d . 4 s . O d . 3 s . 1 0d . 3 s . 9 d . 3 s . 9 d . 3 s . 8 d . 3 s . 7 d . 3 s . 5 d . 3 s .4 d . 3 s .2 d . 3 s . 1 d . 3 s . I d . 2 s . II d . 2 s . 1 0d 2 s . 8 d . 2 s . 8 d . 2 s . 7 d . 2 s . 3 d . 2 s .3 d . 2 s .2 d . 2 s .2 d . 2 s .2 d . 2 s . O d . I s . 1d . I s . 1 0d . I s . 8 d . I s . 8 d . i s . 8 d . I s . 8 d . i s . 7 d . I s . 6 d . I s . 6 d . l s .3d . I s .2 d . I s .2 d .

P ar i sh A ugh ton H uy ton Onn s l c i rk H uy ton Wa l ton H a l sa l l S e f ton Wa l ton Onn sk i r l c H uy ton H a l sa l l H a lsa l l S ef ton O rm s l c i rk S ef ton H a l sa l l C h i ldwa l l S ef ton W igan Wa l ton Onn sk i rk C h i ldwa l l Wa l ton Wa l ton N o r th Meo l s C h i ldwa l l Wa l ton Wa l ton S ef ton S ef ton C h i ldwa l l Wa l ton C h i ldwa l l W ig an C h i ldwa l l S ef t on H a l sa l l C h i ldwa l l Wa l ton Wa l ton C h i ldwa l l A l tca r N o r th Meo ls H a l sa l l H uy ton Wa l ton C h i ldwa l l C h i ldwa l l Wa l ton A ugh ton C h i ldwa l l O nn sk i rk

S ta tu s C M BC

MB C Mb

C

MB C M MB M

C

Mona s t ic

Fam i l yt r ee : Ho l land ,I re land & Haydock -Append ix X I Ho l land o f Upho l land , Ha le & Haydock Ma t thew d e Ho l land d l2 12 1224 UPH 1 DLLAND R ober td e Holand i n C e c i ly d au o fA lan d e C o lum be r s d1 24 1-2 S i rT hu r s tan i d e Ho l land m d1 276 UPHOLLAND HALE HAYDOCK P EMBERTON GOLBORNE LO WTON

, I I Rh ard Ma t thew R oge rR obe r t W i l l ia rn 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268

1d au o f Adam K ele t S i r Adam' d e Ho l land 2J u l iana G i l l ibrand EUXTON 3d au o fH en ry d eH a le ( s ee GOLBORNE P EMBERTON l i ne )

= ON ( s e e S u t ton l i ne )

S i rR obe r td e Ho l l and m E l izabe th d au o f S i rR icha rd d e Ho l land Ma rga re t i n 2A dam B ana s tr e d1 3 15 4 i S i rW il iam d e S am les bu ry HALE ? d1 3 15

Roge r Adam

S i r Robe r td e Holand i n Maud d au o f S i rW il i am d e Ho l land A v ina m Adam d ' I r land d1 328 ' A lan d e l aZ ouche dp r e 1 32 1 HALE d1 324 A lan

S i rW i ll iam d e Ho l land d1 3 18 SHARP T

S i rR obe r td e Holand S i rT hom a s Ho l land m J oan d au o f d1 373 1 s te ar lo f Ken t E dmund o f Wood s tock R obe r td e Holand

d1 360

Maud i n J ohn L ove l 5 t h d1 423 I l c rd L ove l o f IT i tchmar sh J ohn d1 4 14 Wi l l i am 7 th l o rd Lo ve l d1 455 4 t hL o rd Ho l land

d e

E d m und

3 rd e ar l o fK en t d1 400

4 th e a r lo fK en t d1 408

HAyDocK

R ichard d e Ho l land d1 402

d uke o fE xe te r d1 44 7

d1 4 10 J ohn B eauf o r t d1 44 4

F ranc i sV i scoun tL ov e l dc 1487 UPHOLLAND HALE ( pas s ed t oT homa s S t an ley e a r l o f De rby )

Ma t i lda

e a r J o l hn o fd e H un H t o i l n lg a n d d on

Marga re t m J ohn B eaufo r t d1 439 I e a r lo fS ome r se t

J ohn d1 465

S i rR icha rd d e Ho l land HAYDOCK ( Cay ley )

T hu r s tan d e Ho l l and 1 368

l iz abe th d au o f T homa s Ho l land E dmund J ohn Ho l land m E J ohn o fG aun t e a r lo f Hun t ingdon 2 nd e a r lo fK en t d uke o fE xe ter d1 397 d1 400 1

T homa s Ho l land

S i rW il iam d e Holand SHARP I

H en ry Holand 3rd d u ke o f Ex e t e r d1 475

STATES 1 / 4o f HOLLAND E

HAYDOCK S OLD TO P .bt . l id e . LEGH b ef o r e 1 466

T homa s S t an ley m4 Ma rga re tB eau fo r t m 1J ohn d el aP o le 1 s te a r l o f De-b y 2E dmund T udo r d1 456 3H en ry S t af f o rd d1 471

No te Ho l land ( 1917 , 1 )c l a im st h a tS i rR ober td e Ho l land , e l de s ts on o fS i rT hu rs tan d e Ho l land ( d1 276 ) , w a sl i v ing i n1 3 11

Ho l land o fS u t ton Ma t thew d eH o l land d 1212 -1224 UPHOLLAND R obe r td eH o l land m C e c i ly d au o fA lan d eC o lumbe r s d1 241-2 1 S i rT hu r s tan d eH o l land d1 276 UPHOLLAND HALE HAYDOCK P E IV IBERTON GOLBORNE LO WTON

S i rA dam d eH o l land EUXTON

1

R ichar d Ma t thew R oge r R ober t W i l l iam 1 268 1 2 68 1 268 1 268 S UTTON 1 R obe r td eH o l land m A gn e sd e Mo lyneux 1 3 3 1 S UTTON

1 Ma rga r e t m J o rdan d eP enke th

R ich a rd d eH o l land m 1? a l iv e 1 305 1323 2 Agne sw id ow o fD av id B lunde l lo fL i t t le C r osby 1 / 4 S UTTON

W i l l iam H o l land m G od i th dp r e1 356 I R icha rd

A v ina

J ohn H o l land 1 3 90 S UTTON

N o te : R icha rd d eH o l land ( a l ive 1 305 1323 )i so m i t ted f r om H oland ' sp ed ig r ee ( 1917 ,1) .

4 09

1

J o an

F am i l yt r ee : Ho l land ,I re land & Haydock -Append ix X I

Ho l land o fP ember ton & C o lborne Ma t thew d eH o l land d 1212 124 UPHI DLLAND R ober t d eH oland m C ec i ly d au o fA lan d e C o lumbe r s d1 24 1 2 1 1 S i rT hu r s tan d e Ho l land m 1d au o f Adam K e l le t S i r Adam d eH o l land R ic ha rd Ma t thew R og e rR ober tW i l l ia m d1 27 6 2J u l ia n aG il ibrand d au EUXTON 1 268 1 26 8 1 268 1 26 8 UPHOLLAND HALE o fJ ohn G i l l ib ra nd = ON HAYD 0CK P E MBERTON ( s ee S u t ton l i ne ) GOLBORNE LO WTON

Adam P E MBERTON ( Tun st ed )

T hu r s tan m Ma rgery dp r e 1 34 6 d au o fJ ohn d e Wa l ton P E MBERTON ( No r ley )

Maud m R obe r t d eL egh o f Ad l ing ton

1

K a ther ine

E l ia s

S imon d1 325 GOLBORNE ( L igh t shaw ) P E MBERTON ( Tun s t ed ) LO WTON ( By rom )

m W il iam d eR adc l i ff e o fS m i th i l l s S imon d e H o l land m A l ice dp re 1 352 GOLBORNE

S imon

Am ice m 1 N icho la s d e T y lde s ley 2W il iam s on o fR oge r d eB rad shagh

T hur s tan 1 32 8 LO WTON ( Byrom ) NE WTON GOLBORNE

J oa n m H enry d eB rad shagh

I re land o f Ha le ,L yd ia te & B ur tonwood ( Bew sey )

G i lbe r td eW a l ton R obe r td e Mea th o n C ec i ly d eC o lunte r s d1 2 35 d p re 1 2 60 HALE

1 R icha rd

G eof f r ey

I

H e rry d eW a l ton

I

A d am H en ry Emm a c1 2 60 HALE

C ec t ly o n J ohn d e Wo lä l l E du s a o n a rJ ohn d eI r e land l a dy o f HALE A dam d eI r e land o n Am ena /Avm ad au o f d1 324 S i rR obe r td eH o l land

T hu r s tan d eH o l land o n 3d augh te r d1 2 76

I R obe r td eI r e land K IRKDALE HALE

1 2 85

J ohn m A g a tha D av id d eI r e land 167 J ohn d eI r e land d1 4 11

W IW I d eI r e land Jan K a the r in e d1 435 HUTT J ohn d eI r e land d1 462 W i l l i am d eI r e land J ohn d eI r e land d1 5 25 HUTT HALE

S ir

T ho r ra sI r e land

T homa sI r e land m Ma rg a re td au o fR ich a rd B o ld J ohn

R obed I r e land B EV JSEY

G eo rge I r e land

J ohn I r e land d1 6 14

M ui r

G i lbe r tI r e land d1 6 26 HUTT J ohn I r e land d1 6 33 HU T T

S i rT hora a sI r e land d1 6 25 BEWSEY

T hom a s I r e land d1 6 38 B E WSEY

G i lbe r tI r e land o n Ma rg a r e t I r e land d1 6 75 a tB E WSEY

4 10

R ob ed d eB lackbume o n K a the r in eB ene t sone GARSTON L YD IATE T hom a sd eI r e land o n A gn e sd eB lackbum e dp r e 1 4 33 L au r en c eI r e land d ire 1 4 86 L YD IATE GARSTON J ohn I r e l and o n Be a tn ce d au o f d1 5 14 W i l l iam N o tr is o fS pek e G eo rg eI r e land dp r e 1 5 40 L au r ence I r e la nd d1 566 W i l l iam I r e land o n IMa rg a r e td au o f dp r e1 596 T hom a sT a rbock 2E l e ano rd au o f R og e r Mo lyneux o f H aw ldey L au r en ce I r e l and d1 6 09 L YD IATE HALL E dwa d rd my /I r e l and o n 2Ma r g a re td au o f E dw a rd N on is o fS pek e L YD IATE HALL

F am i l yt r ee : Ho l land ,I re land & Haydock -Append ix X I

Haydock O rm d e Ha ydo ck a l iv e 168 I NGE & HAYDOCK

A l f r ed d eI n c e a l iv e 1 212 L NCE & HAYD 0CK

?W i l l iam d e Ha ydock 1 212 HAYDOCK

? Hugh d e Haydock a l iv e 1 212 HAYD 0CK & GOLB ORNE

T hu r s tan d e Ho l land 1 3C HAYD 0CK , ( ? Ca y le y )

Hugh d e Ha ydock a l iv e 1 2421265

G i lber t d e Ha ydo ck m A l ic e d au o f Ma t th ew d eB o ld dc 1300 BOLD ( Cran shaw ) Ma t th ew t i e Ha ydock dc 1322 HAYD OCK ( 8o xgang s ) & BOLD ( l and ) Hugh d e Haydock

Al i c e m R icha rd d e Mo s ton : POULTON ( ? F ea rnh ea d )

S i rG i lber t d e Ha ydock m Emma db y 1 358 HAYDOCK BURTON WOOD ( Br ad l ey )

S i r Ma r th ew d e Ha ydock G i lber t d e Haydock J ohn d e H aydock 4s on s . 3d augh ie r s i d1 387 ?d by 1 358 db y 1 358 i n J o an d au o fS i rT homas d e D u t ton S i rG i lbe r tt i e Haydock ? a f ier 1 425 S i r P e te r L eh I I m J oan i n 2 S i r R ichard d e Mo lyne t ix : d1 422 d1 440 o fS ef ton S i rP e te rL egh11

d1 454

1 415 1478 BRADLEY & BURTON WOOD GREAT SANKEY W ARR INGTON & ORFORD NE WTON BOLD Haydock 1 461 HAYDOCK ••• -•••• -•- -••• GOLBORNE &LO WTON H INDLEY P E MBERTON FEARN IIEAD

4 11

Append ix X I I -L i s to fs urveyed a nd e xcava ted s i te s

T own sh ip

iS i te n o .

iS i t en ame

: E ar thwork

B edf o rd

0 36

T .

*

1H opeca r rH a l l

▪ :

F ie ld s ane, G eophy s ica l

B u i ld ing •

•

•

Excava t ion *

•

0 07

B ick e r s taf f eH a l l

*

0 05 0 10 0 66 0 04

B a r row O ld H a l l B o ld O ld H a l l O ld Moa tH ou se

*

B ew s ey O ld H a l l

*

*

*

0 62 0 89

O ld A bbey F a rm T anne r 's F a rm

*

*

*

E ce le s ton

0 22

E cc le s ton H a l l

F o rmby

0 24

F o rmby H a l l

*

G o lbome

0 45

L igh t shaw H a l l

*

H a lewood

0 4 1 0 46 0 65 0 98 0 99

C ou r t[ The ] L ove l 's H a l l O ld H u t t Wr igh t 's Moa t Y ew T re eH ou se

0 27

H a l sa l lR e c to ry

B icke r s ta f f e B o ld

B u r tonwood C u lche th

H a l sa l l H u r l s ton [ S ca r i sb r ick ]

*

*

*

*

*

* *

* * * * *

* *

I n c ei n Ma l c e r f ie ld

0 82 0 81 0 59

N ew H a l l

K now s ley

1 20

O ld D a i ry

*

L a thom

16 0 28 0 44 1 28

C romwe l l 's T rench H a l ton C a s t le L a thom H ou se

*

L ive rpoo l

*

*

O ld Wood S ca r i sb r ick P a rk

* *

* *

*

* *

L ive rpoo lC a s t le

L yd ia t e

0 48

I , yd ia te H a l l

*

Maghu l l

0 49

Mano rH ou se

*

Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ]

1 05

Ma r t in H a l l

N ew ton [ l e -W i l low s ]

C a s t le H i l l N ew ton H a l l

P embe r ton

1 26 0 6 1 0 30

*

*

* *

*

* *

H awk ley H a l l

R a inf o rd

0 55

Mo s sbo rough H a l l

*

R a inh i l l

0 77

R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm

*

*

S ef ton

E dg eF a rm S ef ton O ld H a l l

*

*

S peke

0 23 0 83 0 85

S u t ton

0 87

S t . M ichae l 's H ou se

*

T a rbo ck

0 26 0 90

G eo rge son 's F a rm T a rbock H a l l

*

Wa r r ing ton

1 30 0 67

Mo t eH i l l S t . E lph in 's R ec to ry

We s tD e rby

1 32

We s tD e rby C a s t le

* *

* *

S peke H a l l

* *

* * * *

2 1 F o rt h en a tu re a nd l e ve lo fs u rvey a nd e xcava t ion s e et h ei n d iv idua le n t r ie si nt h eC a ta logue .

4 12

3

1

2 8

C harac ter i s t ic so fS o i lA ssoc ia t ions o n w h ich s i te sa re l o ca ted -Append ix X II I

S o i lA s soc ia t ion C l iv e

:

S o i lS er ie s

B r idgno r th C l ive C rannyb rook

. P aren t ma te r ia l s : C oa r se t ex tu red T r ia s s ic s a nd s tone s &a s soc ia ted H ead

! P r inc ipa lS o i lG roup s B rown e a r th & P odzo l s

i R e l ief H i l lock s &r i dge sw i th mode ra t et os t eep s l ope s ; b e low 2 50 ' ( 76m )

u ts ub jec tt od rough ta nd r e qu i r e s i r iga t ion . o tt o os t e ep ;e a sy t oc u l t iva t eb S u i tab le f o ra r ab le f a rm ing w he r en d en t if ied a tH aydock . dd i t ion o fo rgan ic m anu re sw ou ld i n c r ea se w a te r r e ten t ion . F i r s ti I n he r en t ly i n f e r t i le a nd a c id ;a D4 32066 ;R a inh i l l S J4 95903 ;C ron ton S J5 02887 n ce B lunde l l SD 3 32027 ;L a thom S R ep r esen ta t ive s o i lp rof i l es !I G en t ly u ndu la t ing , S u rf a c e -wa t e rg l ey s o i l s& Med ium t of i ne t ex tu r ed B r ick f ie ld B r ickf ie ld & H a l l swo r th l o ca l ly ,w i th e nc lo sed t i l l ,m a in ly d e r ived f r om p ea ty g l ey s o i l s h o l low s ;b e low 6 00 ' C a rbon if e rou ss and s tone s ( 1 82m ) &s ha le s C ha rac t er i s t ic s

C ha rac t er i s t ic s S a lw ick

C ha rac t er i s t ic s

r a s s land i fn eg lec ted . P oo rd ra inage o ni mpe rv iou ss ub so i l s . T endency t op e rmanen tg i me a nd m anu r e . E x t en s ive ly l e a ched ;r e qu i re sl G ley ed b r own e a r th s R edd i sh -b rown ,m ed ium t o S a lw ick & C o t tam f i ne tex tu red ,s l igh t ly c a lca r eou st i l l ,m a in ly d e r ived f r om T r ia s s ic r o ck s

R idge s &v a l ley s i de s w i th mode ra te s l op e s ; 5 0 5 00 ' ( 1 5 152m )

se w i th o cca s iona l mpe r f ec t ly d r a ined ;b enef i t sf r om m a r l ing . Mo s t ly i na g r icu l tu ra lu O ccu r ss po rad ica l ly . F r ee ly o ri s t and so fm ixed w ood land .

R ep r esen ta t ive s o i lp rof i l es !U p l i the r land S D3 88073 G en t ly u ndu la t ing o rf l a t ; 5 0 -400 ' ( 1 5 122m )

S a lop ,L ea , S ti l ton & O ak land s

C ha rac t er i s t ic s

r a inage b ecau se r un -of fi sn eg l ig ib le a nd p e r co la t ion op roduce w ide sp r ead p oo rd W ide sp read . R a inf a l ls uff i c ien tt o ra g r icu l tu r e ;m ixed ss l ow . P roduc t iv i ty g r ea t ly i mp roved b ym a r l ing . Mo s t ly u sed f t h rough f i ne t ex tu r ed s ub so i l i t and so fm ixed d ec iduou sw ood land a nd t r ee l ined f a rm ing p a r t icu la r ly b e twe en L ive rpoo la nd Wa r r ing ton ; i s o la ted s h edge row sa r e af e a tu r eo ft h ef l a tl a nd scape . S t rong ly u ndu la t ing B rown e a r th s &g round E l le rbeck ,A s t ley H a l l , C oa r se tex tu red ,f l uv io h i l lock s ;v a l ley s i de sw i th g l ac ia ld epo s i t s w a te rg l ey s o i l s N ewpo r t&R uf f o rd mode ra t et os t eep s l ope s ; 1 0 -650 ' ( 3 198m )

N ewpor t

R edd i sh -b rown ,m ed ium t o f i ne tex tu red ,s l igh t ly c a lca r eou st i l l ,d e r ived m a in ly f r om T r ia s s ic r o ck s

S u r f ac e -wa t e rg l ey s o i l s& p ea ty g l ey s o i l s

S a lop

nd c r op sc an s uf e rf r om cca s iona la r ab le . F re e -d ra ined a O ccu r ss po rad ica l ly . Much u nde rp e rmanen tg r a s s land w i th o re en . d rough t .A c id s o i l . I d en t if i ed a tT own o fL ow ton a nd H ough ton G F l a t &g en t ly u ndu la t ing ; S h i rd ley H i l l S and & P odzo l s ,g l ey p odzo l s , S o l lom S o l lom ,C ra m /moo r& 2 5 -350 ' ( 7 106m ) p ea ty g l ey s o i l s &g round R uf f o rd c oa r se t ex tu red f l uv io w a t e rg l ey s o i l s g l a c ia ld epo s i t so ve r ly ing t i l l n f e r t i le a nd a c id a nd i ab le t ow indb low .I nhe r en t ly i C harac t er i s t ic s W ide sp read . P e rmeab le b u tt i l li mp ede sd ra inag e . U n s tab le a nd l u l t iva t ion r e qu i re sa pp l ica t ion o fl a rge a moun t so fl ime y a rd m anu re s ; i n ten s ive a r ab le c b enef i t sf r om a dd i t ion o ff a rm od e s t ruc t ion b yh eavy t ruc tu r eo fs u rf ace s o i ls ub jec tt ow p ropo r t ion o fc l ay m ake ss a nd p o ta sh . E a s t i ly w o rked ,b u tl r e sco t . r a in . F ound s po rad ica l ly a tH a lewood ,C ron ton a nd s ou th o fP 31033 ; H ough ton S J D3 60040 ;B icke r s taf f eS D4 S peke S J4 46826 ;R a inf o rd SD 4 7 10 15 & S J4 63992 ;L yd ia te S R epr e sen ta t i ve s o i lp rof i l es 6 28925 H i l lock s &r i dge sw i th G ley ed b o rwn e a r th s , S h i rd ley H i l l S and & A s t ley H a l l ,R uf f o rd & A s t ley H a l l g en t ly s l ope s ;2 5 -250 ' ( 7 g r ound -wa t e rg l ey s o i l s& c oa r se tex tu r ed f l uv io S o l lom 7 6m ) g l ey p odzo l s g l a c ia ld epo s i t so ve r ly ing t i l l e r t i l ise r sh i gh i np o t a sh .P oo r ly d r a ined o n i m ing a nd a dd i t ion o fc ompound f C harac t er i s t ic s I nhe r en t ly a c id a nd r e qu i r e sr egu la rl nd e rs ame f a rm ing oi n t en s ive a r ab le f a rm ing . Managed u l ow e rs l ope sw he r ew te r tab le p e rche sa bove t i l l . We l l su i t ed t s so c ia t ion . •p a t te rn a ss o i l so ft h eS o l lom A C ha rac t er i s t ic s

R ep r e sen ta t iv es o i lp rof i l es !I n ce B lunde l l S D3 32030 & 3 32028 ;H a le S J4 738 14 A l tcar

Ch a rac t er i s t ic s R epr e sen ta t iv es o i lp rof i l es D ownho l land

C ha rac t er i s t ic s

F en -ca r rp ea t ,r a i sed mo s s p ea t&l a cu s t r ine o rgan ic mud

O rgan ic s o i l s

F l a to rg en t ly s l ope s ; 1 0 3 50 ' ( 3 106m )

c id i ty a nd b enef i t sf r om m anu re sa nd f e r t i l i se r s . !E a s i ly c u l t iva ted w i th h i gh mo i s tu r eh o ld ing c apa c i ty .H igh a i s ley Mo s sS J D3 48046 ;S ca r i sb r ick S D4 13164 ;R B icke r s taf f e Mo s sS D4 55035 ;H a l sa l lS D3 44117 ;L yd ia te S 6 70920 F loodp la in s &c oa s ta l G round -wa te rg l ey w o i l s , A c t ive & r e cen te s tua r ine f l a t s p ea ty g l ey s o i l s &g l eyed &r i ve r ine a luv ium _b rown e a r th s l uc tua t ion si ng round sc a lca reou s . S ub jec tt of nt h eA l tV a l ley ;e s tua r ine a luv ium i S po rad ic c a lca reou sd epo s i t si nd g r ave l . w a te rl e ve la nd t op e r iod so ff l ood ing . U nde r la in b yp ea to rs and a

F ormby

!F o rmby

C ha rac t er i s t ic s

II nhe ren t ly l ow f e r t i l i ty ,u sua l ly m a in ta ined a sp e rmanen tp a s tu r e

iN on -ca lca reou sb l own s a nd !G round -wa t e rg l ey s o i l s

R epr e sen ta t i ve s o i lp rof i l es !F o rmby S D3 06095 & S D3 15092

4 13

iF l a t ;b e low 5 0 ' ( 1 5m )

Append ix X IV -P r inc ipa ll aw -breake r si nt h ee ar l y 1 4 th c en tur y S e lec ted c r ime si n sof a ra st h ey r e la te t op eop le a nd p l ace s i n We s tD e rby H und red ( Tup l ing 1 949 ,p a s s im ) .

v a lue o f g ood s s t o len

Da te o f c r ime

P r inc ipa lc r im ina l s

V i c t im s

P lace o fc r ime

C r ime

1 314 2 6O c t

S i rR icha rd d eH o l land o f? Su t ton S i rR obe r td eD a l ton R obe r td eH ind ley W i l l iam d eH uy ton a nd o t he r s

J ohn s on o fR a lph d e B icke r s taf f e

Wo lf a l l i nH uy ton

m u rde r

1 315

R obe r td eH o l land o fH a lewood & U pho l land

A lan d eR ix ton R icha rd d eI n ce H en ry d eA the r ton A dam d eB rad shaw R og e rd eB rad shaw R icha rd d eS ankey A dam d eB icke r s taf f e W i l l iam d eB rad shaw

J ohn d eH o l land

R obe r td e Wy rha le

H uy ton

e x to r t ion

2 0 s

W i l l iam d eH o l land o fH aydock

R obe r t &H en ry d eB o ld

B o ld

e x to r t ion

2 3 ma rk s

H en ry d eB icke r s ta f f e G i lbe r td eB ick e r s taf f e R icha rd B rad shaw

T hu r s tan d e No r th legh J ohn d eC ruce m en o f We s tD e rby E l len T o rbok & m en o fT a rbo ck W i l l iam d eH o l land J ohn d eL ang ton T homa s d eH a le G i lbe r td eC u lche th

P embe r ton W igan We s tD e rby T a rbock H aydock N ew ton S ankey W igan

t h e f t -l i ve s tock t h ef t -l i ve s tock e x to r t ion t h ef t -l i ve s tock t h ef t -l i ve s to ck t h ef t -f odde r t h ef t -f odde r g ood s

£ 40 £ 60 £ 10 1 00 ma rk s £ 40 £ 10 2 0 ma rk s 1 00 s

Men o fH a le ( 7i n d iv idua l s ) W i l l iam d eH o l land J ohn d eH o l land T hu r s tan d eN o r th legh o fP embe r ton R obe r ta nd W i l l iam d eH uy ton H en ry d eE cc le s ton

W i l l iam s on o f Wa l te r J ohn s on o fH ugh W i l l iam R u s se l l W i l l iam l eS kynne r e a nd many o the r s

W igan

t h ef to fg ood s t h ef to fg ood s t h ef to fg ood s t h ef to fg ood s t h e f to fg ood s

2 0 ma rk s 1 0 ma rk s £ 40 1 0 ma rk s 3 00 m a rk s

1 317

H en ry d eT y lde s ley A dam d eT y lde s ley R obe r td eT y lde s ley J ohn d eT y lde s ley H ugh d eT y lde s ley

Ma rga r e td e Wo r s ley h e rs e rvan t

Wo r s ley ( Sa lf o rd H und r ed )

1 321 9J u ly

R icha rd d eL ow ton o fG o lbo rne H en ry d eE cc le s ton o fE cc le s ton a nd o t he r s

A lan d eW ind le

W ind le

j ewe l le ry & g ood s

£ 10

? 1321

A dam & T homa sd eH ind ley R icha rd d eL au ton H en ry d eE cc le s ton W i l l iam d eW in s tan ley H ugh d eT y lde s ley a nd o t he r s

W i l l iam d eB rad shaw

N ew ton Wood

t h ef to f 6h o r se s

1 323 S p r ing 2 0A ug

S i rW i l l iam d eB rad shaw

T hu r s tan d e No r ley

t h ef to fd ee r

R icha rd d e L au ton o fG o lbo rne a nd o t he r s

J ohn d eL anca s te r

P embe r ton & W igan R a inh i l l

R icha rd d eH o land ( ? of S u t ton ) R obe r td eH o land o fC ay ley ( Haydock ) R icha rd l eB o t i l le r H en ry & T homa sd eE cc le s ton T homa sd e H ind ley R icha rd d eL au ton H ugh d eT y lde s ley a nd o t he r s

W i l l iam d eB rad shaw

B lack rod ( Ley land H und red )

a t ta ck o n mano r

1 7N ov 1 7 Nov

2 3 O c t 2 3 O c t 2 5 O c t 2 6O c t 2 7O c t 2 7O c t 2 7O c t 2N ov

1 323 /4? 3 0J an

e x to r t ion

g ood s

1 00 s 2 0 ma rk s 2 0m a rk s £ 20 £ 20 2 0 ma rk s 2 60 m a rk s £ 40

2 0 s

C h ief K eeper so ft he P eace : J ohn d eH aue ryng ton k t . , W i l l iam l eB o t i l le rk t . ,R icha rd d eH ogh ton k t . ,T homa s d e L a thum . S ub -keeper s o ft he P eace f o r t he Wapen take o f We s t D erby : P e te r d e B u rnhu l l , R icha rd l e Wa ley s , R icha rd d e B o ld , G i lbe r td eH aydock

4 14

B ib l iog raphy & R ef e rence s A n t iq J A r cha eo lJ A r ch S ur y Me r s

A SM

B r i tA r ch R ep C he sh i re A r cha eo l B u l l C he sh i re A r cha eo lJ CCC C he tS oc CBA C ounc B r i tA r cha eo l R e s R ep C LAU

E con H is tR ev E ng l H i s tR ev G r t r Manch A rcha eo lJ GMAC GMAU GMSMR H i s tS o cL ane sC he s JB r i tA rcha eo lA s s JC he s t e rA r chaeo l S oc JH i s tG eog JMe r s ey A r chaeo l S oc J RL L anc sC he sA n t iq S oc

A n t iqua r ie sJ ou rna l A rcha eo log ica lJ ou rna l A rcha eo log ica l S u r vey o f Me r sey s ide ( now F i e ld A rcha eo logy S ec t ion ) , L ive rpoo l Mu seum A r cha eo log ica l S ur vey o f Me r sey s ide S i te sa nd Monumen t s R eco rd ( now MS MR ) B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epo r t s C he sh i r eA rcha eo log ica l B u l le t in C he sh i r eA r cha eo log ica lJ ou rna l C he sh i r eC oun ty C ounc i l S i te sa nd Monumen t s R eco rd C he tham S oc ie ty C ounc i l f o rB r i t i sh A r cha eo logy C ounc i lf o rB r i t i sh A r cha eo logy R e sea rch R epo r t s C umb r ia a nd L anca sh i re A rcha eo logy U n i t( now L anca s te rU n ive r s i ty A rcha eo log ica l U n i t ) E conom ic H i s to ry R ev iew E ng l i sh H i s to ry R ev iew G rea t e r Manche s t e rA rcha eo log ica l J ou rna l G r ea t e r Manche s t e rA r cha eo log ica l C on t rac t s G r ea te r Manche s t e rA rcha eo log ica l U n i t G r ea t e r Manche s te rS i te sa nd Monumen t sR eco rd T ran sa c t ion so ft h eH i s to r ic S o c ie ty o f L anca sh i r ea nd C he sh i r e J our na lo ft h eB r i t i sh A r cha eo log ica l A s soc ia t ion J ou rna lo ft h eC he s te rA rcha eo log ica l S oc ie ty J ou rna lo fH i s to r ica lG eog raphy J our na lo ft h e Me r sey s ide A rcha eo log ica l S oc ie ty J ohn R y land sL ib ra ry , Manche s te r T ran sa c t ion so ft h eL anca sh i r ea nd C he sh i r eA n t iqua r ian S oc ie ty

L anc sA rcha eo lJ L anc s RO L iv RO L iv U n iv F i e ld A rchaeo l U n i t

L anca sh i r eA rcha eo log ica lJ our na l L anca sh i r e R eco rd Of ice , P re s ton L ive rpoo l R eco rd Of f ic e ,L iverpoo l L ive rpoo l U n ive r s i ty F i e ld A rchaeo logy

Med ieva lA r cha eo l Me r sey s ide A rcha eo l S oc Me r sey s ide C o Mu seum s

Med ieva lA rcha eo logy Me r sey s ide A rcha eo log ica l S oc ie ty

Moa ted S i t e s R e s G p Med S e t tR e sG p NMGM N o r th We s tA rcha eo l T ru s t OUCA P RN

P roc C amb r idge A n t iq S oc P roc G eo l A s s P RO R ec s S oc E con H i s t R ec S o c L ane sC he s S tH e len sL ib T ran sB i rm A rcha eo l S oc R oya lH i s tS oc Wa r rL ib We s tL anc sA rcha eo l S oc W igan RO

A be rg F A e d . 1 978 M ed ieva l Mow ed S i t es C ounc B r i t A rcha eo l R e s R epo r t 1 7 A be rg F A 1 978 ' I n t roduc t ion ' i nA be rg e d . , 1 4 A be rg F A &B rown AE e d s 1 98 1 Med ieva l Moa t ed S i te s i nN or th W e s t E u rope B r i tA r cha eo l R ep I n t e rna t iona l S e r ie s 1 2 1 A shmo r e 01 959 ' Hou seho ld i n ven to r ie s o ft h e L anca sh i r e g en t ry 1 550 1 700 ' H i s tS oc L ane sC he s 10 ( f o r 1 958 ) 5 9 105 A s ton M , A u s t in D & D ye r C e d s 1 989 T he R u ra l S e t t l emen t s o f Med ieva lE ng land O x f o rd A tk in MA 1 985 ' Som e S e t t lemen t P a t t er n s i nL anca sh i r e ' i nH ook e D e d . , 1 70 185 A tk in son K 1 983 L egh so fL yme v i s i to rl e a f le t , L yme P a rk , C he sh i r e A u s t in D 1 985 ' Med ieva l A rcha eo logy a nd t h e L and scape ' L and scape H i s tory 7 ,5 3 -56 A u s t in D 1 987 ' The A rcha eo logy o ft h e D ome sday V i i i ' i nW i l l iam s & E r sk ine e d s ,4 8 -55 B ag ley J 1 947 ' The F l e e twood s o f U pho l land ' L anc s C he s A n t iq S oc ( f o r 1 945 1946 )3 5 -36 B a i ley F A 1 948 ' Some Memo randa b y W i l l iam Moo r e E sq . c once rn ing L ive rpoo l a nd Wa l ton 1 510 1512 ' H i s tS oc L anc sC hes 1 00 ,3 3-44 B a i ley F Ae d . 1 937 P r e sco tC ou r tR o l l sR ec S oc L anc sC he s 8 9 B a i ley F A e d . 1 953 T he C hurchward en s ' A ccoun t s o f P r esco t , L anca sh i r e 1 523 -1607 R ec S oc L ane sC he s 1 04 B ake rA R ] ! &B u t l in RA e d s 1 973 S tud ies o fF ie ld S y s t em si nt h eB r i t i sh I s l e sC amb r idge B ake r DB 1 978 ' Bedf o rd sh i re Moa t ed S i te s ' i nA be rg e d . , 6 0 -63 B akewe l l I1 983 L and T enu re i nI nc eB lund e l la nd S ef ton Me r sey s id eC o Mu s eum so cca s iona l p ape r s 1 B anke s J& K e r r idg e Ee d s 1 973 T he E a r ly R ecord s o f t h e B ank e s F am i ly o fW in s tan l ey C he tS oc 2 1 , 3 rd s e r B a rke r E P l an s r e la t ing t o e xcava t ion s a t t h e s i t e o f H a rk i rk ( unpub l i shed ) , A r cha eo l S u ry Me r sey s ide B a r ley M 1 986 H ou se sa nd H i s to ry L ondon B a r ley M W 1 987 T he E ng l i sh F armhou se a nd C o t tag eG louc e s t e r

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U n i t( f o rme r ly ( 1 )L ive rpoo l R e scu e U n i ta nd ( 2 )A rchaeo log ica l S e rv ice s )

Me r sey s ide C oun ty Mu seum s ( now N a t iona l Mu seum s a nd G a l le r ie so n Me r sey s ide ) Moa t ed S i te sR e sea rch G roup Med ieva l S e t t lemen tR e sea r ch G roup N a t iona l Mu seum sa nd G a l le r ie so n Me r sey s ide T he N o r th - We s tA rcha eo log ica lT ru s t O xf o rd U n ive r s i ty C omm i t tee f o r A r cha eo logy L anca sh i r eC oun ty C ounc i l S i te s a nd Monumen t sR eco rd ( P r ima ry R eco rd Numbe r ) P roceed ing so ft h eC amb r idge A n t iqua r ian S oc ie ty P roceed ing so ft h eG eo log ica l A s soc ia t ion P ub l ic R eco rd Of f ice , L ondon R eco rd so fS oc ia l a nd E conom ic H i s to ry R eco rd S oc ie ty f o rL anca sh i re a nd C he sh i r e S tH e len s L ib ra ry T ran sa c t ion sa nd P roceed ing so ft h e B i rm ingham A rcha eo log ica l S oc ie ty T ran sa c t ion so ft h eR oya l H i s to r ica l S oc ie ty Wa r r ing ton L ib ra ry We s tL anca sh i r eA r cha eo log ica l S oc ie ty W igan R eco rd Of f i ce , L e igh

B a r ley M & H an son R PC e d s 1 968 C hr i s t ian i ty i n B r i ta in 3 00 -700 L e ice s t e r B a r row GWS 1 969 ' Nor the rn E ng l i sh S oc ie ty i n t h e t we lf th a nd t h i r t een th c en tu r ie s ' N or thern H i s to ry I V , 1 22 B a r ry T B 1 978 ` Moa ted S i t e s i nI r e land ' i nA be rg e d . , 5 6 -59 B a r ry T B 1 981 ' The S h if t ing F ron t ie r : Med ieva l Moa ted S i t e s i n C oun t ie sC o rk a nd L ime r ick ' i nA be rg & B rown e d s , 7 1-85 B eamon t W 1 872 ' The f e e o f Make r f ie ld : w i th a n a ccoun to fs ome o fi t s l o rd s , t h e b a ron s o f N ew ton ' H i s t S oc L ane s C hes 2 4 ( f o r 1 87 11 872 ) 8 1130 B eamon t W 1 873 ' The f e e o f Make r f ie ld : w i th a n a ccoun to fs ome o fi t s l o rd s , t h e b a ron s o f N ew ton ' H i s t S oc L anc s C hes 2 5 ( f o r 1 872 1 873 ) 5112 B eamon t W 1 878 B ruche : am onog raph ; T he H i s to ry o fB r uch e H a l l , n ea r W ar r ing ton B eamon tW e d . 1 849 War r ing ton i n1 465 C he tS oc 1 7 B eamon tW e d . 1 872 A nna l so ft h eL o rd so fW a r r ing ton IC he tS o c8 6 B eamon tW e d . 1 873 A nna l so ft h eL o rd so fW a r r ing ton I C he tS oc 8 7 B eamon t W e d . 1 885 ' Homage R o l l o ft h e m ano r o f Wa r r ing ton 1 49 11 5 17 ' i nM i sce l lan ies 1 ,R ec S oc L anc sC he s 1 2 , 1 41 B ea rpa rk P 1 98 1 B ewsey O ld Ha l l Wa r r ing ton & R uncor n D eve lopmen t C o rpo ra t ion B e r e sf o rd G 1 977 ' Excava t ion o f a Moa ted H ou se a t W in t r ingham i n H un t ingdon sh i re 'A rchaeo lJ 134 , 1 94 -286 B e r e sf o rd G 1 987 G o l tho : T he d eve lopmen t o fa n e ar ly m ed ieva lm ano r c 850 -1150 E ng l i sh H e r i tage L ondon B lunde l l F O n d B lunde l l D eed s a tC ro sby H a l l 1 3 16 th c en tu ry , MSS n o t e sa tL ive rpoo l R eco rd Of f i ce B lunde l l M 1 933 C ava l ier : L e t t er s o f W i l l iam B lund e l l t o h i s F r iend s 1 620 -1698 L ondon B ond C J 1 978 ` Moa ted S i te s i n Wo rce s te r sh i re ' i nA be rg e d . , 7 1-77 B ond C Je d . 1 981 Moa t ed S i te sR e sea rch G roup R epor t8 B ook o fF ee s 1 92 1 T he B ook o fF ee s( Te s ta d eN ev i l l ) ,P a r t I1981242 , C hance ry R eco rd s , P ub l ic R eco rd Of f ice , L ondon

B ib l iography & R ef erence s B oo th K & C ron in J 1 987 1988 ` Buc i c ton C a s t le : A S u rvey o f t h e E v idence ' G r t r Manch A rcha eo l J3 ,6 1-66 B oo th PH W , H a r rop Je ta lL egh o fL yme S u rvey 1 466 ( t ran sc r ip t ion a nd t r an s la t ion , C en t re f o r C on t inu ing E duca t ion , T he U n ive r s i ty o f L ive rpoo l ) B o rne P& D ixon P 1 978 ` Ha l ton C a s t le R econ s ide r ed ' A rchaeo lA e l iana 5 t hs e rv o l 1 ,1 3 1139 B r idgeman GTO 1 893 ` I nce H a l l o rH a l l o fI n ce , t h e S ea t o ft h e G e ra rd s , Wa lme s ley se t c ' i nP h i l ip s4 3 -46 B rom ley J1 9 16 ` Ma r t in H a l l , B u r scough ' H i s tS oc L anc s C hes 6 7 n s 3 1 ( f o r 1 9 15 ) 1 4 1143 B rown AE & T ay lo r CC 1989 ` The o r ig in s o fd i spe r sed s e t t lemen t ; s ome r e su l t sf r om f i e ldwo rk i nB edf o rd sh i r e 'L and scape H i s tory 1 ,6 1-8 1 B rown K & J ohn son B 1 985 ` Wa tch H i l l , B owdon ' G r t r Manch A rchaeo l. 1 1 ,3 5 -38 B rown RA 1 969 ` The N o rman C onque s t a nd t h e G ene s i s o f E ng l i sh C a s t le s ' i nT ay lo re d . , 1 14 B rown RA & C o lv in HM 1963 ` The R oya l C a s t le s 1 066 1485 ' i nC o lv in e d . , 53 -894 B rownb i l l J & Wa lke r K e d s 1 9 13 A c a l enda r o f t ha t p a r t o f t h e c o l l ec t ion o fd eed sa nd p ape r so ft h e Moor ef am i ly o fB ankha l ln ow i nt h eL iv erpoo lP ub l ic L ibrar yR ec S oc L anc sC he s6 7 B rownb i l l Je d . 1 94 1 T he R oya l i s t C ompo s i t ion P aper s , L anca sh i r e V I , p a r tI ,S - We , R ec S oc L anc sC he s9 5 B rownb i l l Je d . 1 942 T he R oya l i s t C ompo s i t ion P aper s , L anca sh i r e V I , p a r tI , We -Y ,R ec S oc L anc sC he s9 6 B rown ing D J & P ope F R e d s 1980 P a r i sh R eco rd s f o r R a inf o rd L anca sh i r eP a r i sh R eco rd S oc ie ty 19 B u 'Lock J D 1 972 P re -Conque s t C hesh ir e 3 83 -1066 A H i s to ry ,o f C he sh i re 3 ,C he s t e r B u r M 1 981 ` Re sea rch o n t h e Med ieva l F o r t if ied H ou se i n E a s t e rn F rance : t h e Moa ted S i te s o ft h e C hampagne ' i nA be rg & B rown e d s , 8 7 10 1 B u t le r L& G iven -W i l son C 1 979 L ondon Med ieva l Mona s t er i es o f G r ea tB r i ta in C am H 1 930 T he H und r ed a nd t h eH und reda lR o l l s : a n o u t l ine o fl o ca lg overnmen ti nm ed ieva lE ng land C ame ron K 1 968 ` Ecc le s i nE ng l i sh P la ce N ame s ' i nB a r ley & H an son e d s , 8 7 -92 C a roe WD & G o rdon E JA 1 893 S ef ton : AD esc r ip t ive a nd H i s to r ica l A ccoun tL ondon C a r tw r igh t J e d . 1 888 T he T ra ve l s t h rough E ng land o fD r . R icha rd P ocock e 1 ,C amden S oc n s XL I I C a r tw r igh t J e d . 1 889 T he T ra ve l s t h rough E ng land o fD r . R icha rd P ocock e1 ,C amden S oc n s XL IV C hand le r G& S ax ton EB 1 960 L iverpoo lu nd er J ames IL ive rpoo l C hand le r G& W i l son EK 1 965 L iv erpoo lu nd er C har l e s IL ive rpoo l C hand le r J1 993 J ohn L e land ' s I t inera ry : T rave l s i n T udor E ng land S t roud C hee tham F H 1 909 ` Bu r scough P r io ry ' L anc s C hes A n t iq S oc 2 6 ( f o r 1 908 ) 1 33 148 C hee tham F H 1 9 12 ` Ma r t in H a l l , B u r scough , O rm sk i rk ' L anc s C hes A n t iq S oc 2 9( f o r 1 9 11) 3 7 -43 C hee tham F H 1 930 ` C ro sby H a l l ,L anca sh i re 'H i s tS oc L anc sC he s 8 1 ( f o r 1 929 ) 1 35 C h i t ty G S 1 98 1 S t . H e len sR u ra l F r ing e sS u rvey R epo r ta nd a ppend ic e s ,A rchaeo l S u ry Me r sey s ide ( unpub l i shed ) C h i t ty G S 1 981a ` W i r ra l R u ra l F r ing e s S u r vey ' JMer sey A rchaeo lS oc 2 ( f o r 1 978 ) 1 25 C h i t ty G S 1 98 1b T he C hang ing F ac e o fL iverpoo l1 207 -1727 L ive rpoo l C h i t ty G S 1 982 ` Me r sey s ide : Moa t ed S i t e s R e sea rch P rog ramme ' Moa ted S i te sR es G pR epo r t 1 0 , 1 3 19 C la rke H 1 984 T he A rchaeo logy o f Med ieva lE ng land L ondon C leave r M 1 982 Med ieva l a nd P o s t -med ieva l I ndu s t r ie s o f K now s ley D i s t r ic tB o rough , a n i n t roduc to ry o u t l ine i nA ppend ix i nC owe l l , 5 6 6 5 ( unpub l i shed ) C leave r M 1 987 S t . M icha e l 's H ou se a nd B a r row O ld H a l l , No r th We s t A r cha eo lT ru s t( unpub l i shed ) C o le GDH e d . 1 983 D an ie lD ef oe : AT ou r t h rough t h e W ho l e I s land o f G r ea tB r i ta in 3 ,L ondon ( 1726 e d i t ion ) C o l l ingwood WG 1 908 E ar ly B r i ta in : S cand inav ian B r i ta in , L ondon C o lv in HM 1 963 ` The No rman K ing s 1 006 1154 ' i nC o lv in e d . , 1 9 -50 C o lv in HM e d . 1 963 T he H i s to ry o ft h eK ing ' s W ork s 1 ,L ondon C oney A P 1 987 ` Augh ton e nc lo su r e i n t h e e i gh teen th a nd e a r ly n ine teen th c en tu r ie s : t h e s t rugg le f o r s upe r io r i ty ' H i s t S oc L ane s C he s 1 36 ( f o r 1 986 ) 5 9 -8 1 C oney AP n d Moa t ed S i te so f Maghu l l ( unpub l i shed ) C op ley G 1 979 ` The My s te ry o f L a thom H ou se ' P i lk ing ton N ew s 1 0 J anua ry 1 979 , 6 -7

C o r se r Te d . 1 845 I t er L anca s t r en s e ; aP oem , w r i t t en AD 1 636 b y t h e R ev . R ichard J ame s BD C he tS oc 8 C ou sen s B1 994 S pe l c eH a l l , Mer sey s id eT he N a t iona lT ru s t C ow e l l R 1 982 K now s ley R u ra l F r inge s S u rvey R epor t , A rcha eo l S ur y Me r sey s ide ( unpub l i shed ) C ow e l l R 1 983 L ive rpoo l U rban F r inge s S u rvey R epor t , A rcha eo l S u ry Me r sey s ide ( unpub l i shed ) C owe l l R& N icho l son SM 1 99 1 A n a r chaeo log ica l a s se s smen t o f t h e R im ro se V a l ley , S ef ton ,L ive rpoo l Mu seum ( unpub l i shed ) C ox BW 1 892 ` An a t t emp tt or e cove rt h ep lan so ft h eC a s t le o fL ive rpoo l f r om a u then t ic r e co rd s 'H i s tS oc L anc sC he s4 2 ,n s 6( f o r 1 890 ) 1 95 2 54 C ox EV / 1 893 ` Speke H a l l , t h eA nce s t ra l H ome o ft h eN o r r e s F am i ly a nd a f t e rwa rd st h eS ea to ft h e Wa t t s ' i nP h i l ip s , 1 6 C ox EW 1897 ` No te s o n H a l sa l l C hu rch ' H i s tS oc L anc s C he s 4 8 , n s 1 2 ( f o r 1 896 )2 33 -240 C ro s ton J1 893 ` Mo r ley s H a l l , t h e H ome o ft h e L ey land s a nd a f t e rwa rd s t h eT y lde s ley s ' i nP h i l ip s ,9 5 102 D a rby HC 1 987 ` Dome sday B ook a nd t h e G eog raphe r ' i nH o l te d . , 1 0 11 20 D a rby HC e d . 1 948 A nH i s tor ica lG eog raphyof E ng land b ef or e AD 1 800 C amb r idge D a rby HC & G la s scock R E 1979 ` The c hang ing g eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o fw ea l th i nE ng land 1 086 , 1 334 , 1 525 ' JH i s tG eog 5 . 3 ,2 47 -262 D a rby HC & Maxw e l l I S e d s 1 962 T he D ome sday G eog raphy o f N or thern E ng land C amb r idge D 'A r cy A 1 990 ` Con s ide ra t ion sr e levan tt ot h ed a t ing o ft h e I r e land C hape l a tL yd ia t e ' JMer sey A r chaeo lS oc 6( f o r 1 984 -5 ) 1 5 2 8 D avey P J 1 978a P r e sco tA c t ion A r ea : a n a rchaeo log ica l v i ew A rcha eo l S u r y Me r sey s ide R epo r t 1 , Me r sey s ide A rcha eo l S oc D avey P J 1 978b R a inf o rd C lay P ip e s A rcha eo l S u r y Me r sey s ide R epo r t 3 , Me r sey s ide A r cha eo l S o c D avey P J 1 985 ` The 1 976 e xcava t ion s ' i nD avey P J & McNe i l R , 6 19 D avey P J 1 989 ` Po t t e ry p roduc t ion i nP r esco t ' JMer sey A rchaeo lS oc 5( f o r 1 982 1983 ) 1 03 106 D avey P J 1 99 1 'The p o s t roman p o t te ry f r om Me r sey s ide 'J Mer s ey s id eA rchaeo lS oc 7 ,1 2 1142 D avey P Je d . 1 977 Med ieva lP o t t ery f rom E xca va t ion s i nt h eN o r th W es t I n s t i tu t eo fE x ten s ion S tud ie s , U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l D avey P J e d . 1 978 Man a nd E nv ironmen t i n t h e I s l e o f Man B r i t A rcha eo l R ep B r i t i sh S e r ie s 5 4( i ) D avey P J & Ma cNe i l R 1 985 E xca va t ion s i n S ou th C a s t l e S t r ee t , L ive rpoo l JMe r sey A rcha eo l S oc 4( f o r 1 980 -8 1) D avey P J & Mo rgan DE M 1 977 ` The P o t te ry : E xcava t ion s a t S a in t E lph in 's R ec to ry , Wa r r ing ton ' JC hes t er A rchaeo lS oc 6 0 , 13 126 D ick in son R J 1 986 H i s to ry o ft h eB u t le rf am i ly o fB ew sey , Wa r r ing ton ,N o r th We s tA rchaeo lT ru s t( unpub l i shed MSS ) DNB 1 975 T he C ompac t E d i t ion o f t h e D ic t iona ry o f N a t iona l B iog raphy 2v o l s ,O xf o rd D ixon PW & B or n e P1 978 ` Copa rcena ry a nd A ydon C a s t le ' A rchaeo lJ 1 35 ,2 34 -238 D o l ley RH M 1 966 T he H iberno -Nor se C o in s i n t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum L ondon D owne rU e d . 1 972 L eg e sH enr ic iP r im iO xf o rd D roop J P 1 928 ` Excava t ion sa t We s tD e rby , L ive rpoo l 'A n t iq J 8 ,4 0 D roop J P & L a rk in F C 1 928 ` Excava t ion s a t We s t D e rby C a s t le , L iverpoo l 'A nna l so fA rchaeo logy & A n th ropo lo gy 1 5 ,4 7 -55 D ye r CC 1 985 ` Powe ra nd C on f l ic ti nt h e Med ieva lE ng l i sh v i l lage ' i nH ooke e d . ,2 7 -32 E a rwake r J P L oca l G l ean ing s r e la t ing t oL anca sh i r e &C hesh ire v o l Manche s t e r E a rwake rJ P e d . 1 884 L anca sh ir e a nd C he sh ir e W i l l sa nd I nven to r ies a t C hes t er C he tS o c 3n s E a rwake r J P e d .1893 L ancash i r e a nd C he sh i r e W i l l s a nd I nven to r ie s 1 572 -1696 , n ow p r e ser ved a tC he s t er C he tS o c2 8 n s E c royd Sm i th H 1 868 ` A r cha eo logy i n t h e Me r sey D i s t r ic t ' H i s t S oc L anc sC he s2 0 , n s8 , 8 7 130 E dwa rd s B JN ( 1976 ) ` A R oman S i t e R e loca t ed ' L anca sh ir e A rchaeo log ica lB u l l e t in 7 0 -72 E kwa l l E1 922 T he P lac eN ame so fL anca sh ir eC he tS o c8 1 n s( r ep r in t ed 1 972 ) Manche s te r E l l io t t G 1 973 ` F ie ld S y s t em s o fN o r th We s t E ng land ' i n B ake r A & B u t l in R e d s ,4 1-92 Eme ry F V 1 962 ` Moa ted S e t t lemen t s i n E ng land ' G eog raphy 4 7 , 3 78 3 88 F a r r e r W 1 899 ` No t e s o f t h e D ome sday S u r vey o f t h e l a nd b e twe en

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B ib l iography & R ef e rence s R ibb le a nd Me r s ey 'L anc sC he sA n t iq S oc 1 6 ( f o r 1 898 ) 1 38 F a r r e r W 1 902 T he L anca sh i r e P ipe R o l l s a nd E a r ly L anca sh ir e C ha r ter sL ive rpoo l F a r re rW 1 903 A H i s to ry o ft h eP a r i sh o fN o r th Meo l sL ive rpoo l F a r re rW 1 906 ` Dome sday S u rvey ' i nF a r r e r&B rownb i l l e d s ,2 69 -290 F a r r e r W e d . 1 898 T he C ha r tu la ry o fC ock er sand A bbey v o l 2 ,p a r t 1 , C he tS o c4 0n s F an-e rW e d . 1 899 F ina l C onco rd s o ft h e C oun ty o fL anca s t er f rom t h e o r ig ina l c h i rog raph s o rf ee t o ff ine s P ar t I , 196 -1307 , R ec S oc L anc sC he s3 9( f o r 1 898 1899 ) F an-e rW e d . 1 900 T he C har tu la ry o fC ock er sand A bbey v o l 2 ,p a r t 2 , C he tS o c4 3 n s F a r re r W e d . 1 90 1 S ome c our t r o l l s o ft h e l o rd sh ip , w apen tak es a nd d emesne m ano r s o f T homa s E ar l o f L anca s t er i n t h e c oun ty o f L ancas t e rf o r1 7 -18 E dwa rd I , 1 323 -1324 R ec S oc L anc sC he s4 1 F a r r e rW e d . 1 903a F ina lC onco rd s o ft h e C oun ty o fL anca s t er f rom t h e o r ig ina l c h i rog raph s o rf ee t o ff ines P ar t I , 1 307 -1377 , R ec S oc L anc sC he s4 6 F a r re rW e d . 1 903b L anca sh i r e I nques t s , F euda lA id s , E x t en t s , I nque s t s P os t Mo r t em a nd A d Q uod Damnum f rom t h e r e ig n o fK ing J ohn , 1 205 -1307 R ec S oc L ane sC he s4 8 F a r re r W e d . 1 905 F ina lC oncord s o ft h e C oun ty o fL anca s t er f rom t h e o r ig ina l c h i rog raph s o rf ee t o ff ines P ar t I I , 1 377 -1509 , R ec S oc L anc sC he s 5 0 F a r re rW e d . 1 907 L anca sh i r eI nques t s , F euda lA id sa nd E x t en t sP ar tI , 1 310 -1333 , R ec S oc L anc sC he s 5 4 F an-e rW e d . 1 909 T h e C ha r tu la ry o fC ock er sand A bbey v o l 3 ,p a r t 3 , C he tS o c6 4n s F a r r e r W e d . 1 9 10 F ina lC oncord s o ft h e C oun ty o fL anca s t er f rom t h e o r ig ina l c h i rog raph s o rf ee t o ff ines P a r t I V , 1 510 -1558 , R ec S o c L anc sC he s6 0 F a r r e rW e d . 1 9 15 L anca sh i r eI nque s t s , F euda lA id sa nd E x t en t sp ar tI I , 1 313 -1355 , R ec S oc L anc sC he s 7 0 F a r r e rW &B rownb i l lJ Ae d s 1 906 T he V i c tor ia H i s to ry o ft h e C oun ty o f L ancas t e r 1 ,L ondon F an-e rW & B rownb i l lJ Ae d s 1 907 T he V i c tor ia H i s to ry o ft h e C oun ty o f L ancas t e r3 ,L ondon F a r r e r W &B rownb i l lJ Ae d s 1 908 T he V i c tor ia H i s tor yo ft h e C oun ty o f L ancas t e r2 ,L ondon F an-e rW & B rownb i l lJ Ae d s 1 9 11 T he V ic to r ia H i s tor yo ft h eC oun ty o f L ancas t er 4 ,L ondon F an-e rW &B rownb i l l J A e d s 1 9 11a T he V i c tor ia H i s tory o ft h e C oun ty o fL anca s t er 5 ,L ondon F a r re r W &B rownb i l l J A e d s 1 9 11b T he V i c tor ia H i s tor yo ft h e C oun ty o fL anca s t er 6 ,L ondon F a r re rW &B rownb i l lJ Ae d s 1 912 T he V i c tor ia H i s tory o ft h e C oun ty o f L ancas t e r7 ,L ondon F inbe rg HPR e d . 1 972 A g rar ian H i s tor y o fE ng land a nd W a l es v o l 1 , p ar t1 , AD43 -I042 ,C ambr idge F euda l A id s 1 904 F euda lA id sI I , K en tt oN orf o lk , P ub l ic R eco rd Of ice , L ondon F i rn D 1 980 ` K i rkda le ,B ank H a l l ' Moa ted S i t es R e sG pR epor t7 ,1 4 15 F i shw ick H 1 897 ` P la ce s i nL anca sh i r e d e s t royed b y t h e s e a ' H i s t S oc L anc sC he sn s 1 3 F i shw ick H 1 9 11 T he L anca sh i r ep o s ses s ion s o ft h e K n igh t s o fS tJ ohn o fJ eru sa l em F l e e twood -He sk e th P 1 955 M ur ray ' sL anca sh ir eA r ch i t ec tura lG u id e F l e tche r M 1 986 ` A Med ieva l Mano r ia l C omp lex a tL o s tock H a l l F o ld , H o rw ich ,B o l ton ' G r t r Manch A rchaeo l J2 ,7 1-8 1 F ow le rP Je d . 1 972 A rchaeo log ya nd t h eL and scape L ondon F ranc e R S 1 947 ` A r e n ta l o ft h e S ou th L anca sh i r e l a nd s o f S t J ohn o f J e ru sa lem c 1540 ' L anc sC he sA n t iq S oc 5 8 ( f o r 1 945 1946 ) 5 7 -70 F rance R S 1 962 `A S t an ley a ccoun tr o l l 1 460 'H i s tS oc L ane s C he s 13 ( f o r 1 96 1) 2 03 -209 F rance R S e d . 1 945 R eg i s t er s o fL anca sh i r e P ap i s t s ' E s ta t e s P ar t I , 1 7 17 , R ec S o cL anc sC he s9 8 F rance R S e d . 1 960 L anca sh ir e P ap i s t s ' E s ta t es P ar tI , 1 7 17 , R ec S oc L anc s C he s 1 08 F ranc e R S e d . 1 977 L anca sh i r e P ap i s t s 'E s ta t es P a r tI I , 1 7 17 , R ec S oc L anc s C he s 17 F r ench G J 1 893 ` Tu r ton T owe r ' i nP h i l ip s NG , 8 9 -93 F r eeman TW , R odg e r s HB & K inv ig R I I 1 966 L anca sh i r e , C he sh i r e a nd t h eI s l eo f Man L ondon F r eke D J 1 98 1 ` B rombo rough C our t H ou se : Moa ted S i t e e xcava t ion s 1 979 ' JM er sey A rchaeo lS oc 2( f o r 1 978 )4 7 -52 F r eke D J 1 982 T he A r chaeo logy o f Moa t s : AP o l icy f o r t h e N o r th We s t ( unpub l i shed ) F r eke D J 1 984 E xcava t ion s a tT anne r s F a rm , Tw i s s G re en , C u lche th , L iv U n iv F i e ld A r cha eo l U n i t( unpub l i shed )

4 17

F r ek e D J &T ha ck e r AT 1 990 ` The I n huma t ion C eme t e ry a tS ou thwo r th H a l l F a rm , W inw ick ' JC he s t er A rchaeo l S oc 7 0 ( f o r 1 987 1988 ) 3 1-38 F r eke D J E xcava t ion s a tP ee l C a s t le , I s le o f Man ( L ive rpoo l U n ive r s i ty P re s s , f o r thcom ing ) F r ied r ich s R L 1 988 ` Ra lph L o rd C romw e l l a nd t h e p o l i t ic s o ff i f t een th c en tu ry E ng land ' N o t t ingham Med ieva lS tud ie s3 00 ( 1 1 ,1-2 1 F owke s DV & P o t t e r GR e d s1988 W i l l iam S en ior ' s S ur vey o f t h e E s ta t es o f t h e F i r s t a nd S econd E a r l s o f D evon sh i re c 1600 -28 D e rby sh i r eR eco rd S oc ie ty X I I I G a rdne rW 1 908 ` Anc ien tD ef en s ive E a r thwo rk s : L anca sh i re s ou th o ft h e s and s ' i nF an-e r&B rownb i l l e d s , 5 07 -555 G a rmon sway GN e d . 1 972 T he A ng lo -Saxon C hron ic l eL ondon G a rne r T& S t ra t ton A J 1 911 T he D ome s t ic A rch i t ec tur e o fE ng land d ur ing t h e T udo rP er iod 2 ,L ondon G a r s tang J1 906 ` Ang lo -Saxon R ema in s ' i nF a r re r&B rownb i l l e d s , 2 57 2 69 G ib l in J F n .d T he H i s tory o fB i rch l ey Ha l l a nd t h e M i s s ion o f S t . Mar y ' s , B irch l ey i nB i l l ing e , L anca sh i r e G ib son T E 1 876 L yd ia t e H a l l a nd i t s A s soc ia t ion s E d inbu rgh a nd L ondon G i l low J 1 907 ` Lo rd B u rgh ley 's Map o fL anca sh i re ' i nM i sce l lanea I V C a tho l ic R eco rd S oc ie ty ( f o r 1 906 -7 ) , 1 62 -222 G la s scock RE 1 975 T he L ay S ubs idy o f1 334 R ec sS o cE con H is tn sI G lynn G & Me r ed i th F 1 981 ` I ndu s t ry a nd Ag r icu l tu r e i n E cc le s ton : 1 600 1750 ' A ppend ix E i nC h i t ty ,2 8 -40 ( unpub l i shed ) GMAC 1 994 N ew H a l l , I n ce , W igan : A n A rcha eo log ica l E va lua t ion ( unpub l i shed ) GMAU 1 992 H opeca r r H a l l , L e igh : A n A rcha eo log ica l A s se s smen t ( unpub l i shed ) GMAU 1 993a H opeca r r H a l l , L e igh : A n E va lua t ion S ta temen t ( unpub l i shed ) GMAU 1 993b H awk ley H a l l , W igan : A n A rchaeo log ica l A sse s smen t a nd E va lua t ion ( unpub l i shed ) G re ene J P 1 989 N or ton P r io r y : T he a rcha eo logy o f am ed ieva lr e l ig iou s h ou se C amb r idg e G r eg son M 1 817 1824 A P or o l io o fF ragmen t s r e la t iv e t ot h e H i s to ry a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o f t h e C oun ty P a la t ine a nd D uchy o f L anca s t er L ive rpoo l G r eg son N 1 985 ` The Mu l t ip le E s ta te Mode l : s ome c r i t ica l q ue s t ion s ' JH i s tG eog 1 .4 , 3 39 -351 G r e s sw e l l RK 1 953 T h eS and yS ho r e si nS ou th L anca sh ir eL ive rpoo l G r e s sw e l l RK & L aw ton R 1 964 Mer sey s id e . Ad e sc r ip t ion o ft h e OS O ne I nch S hee t1 00 L ive rpoo l G r igg D 1 982 T he D ynam ic so fA g r icu l tu ra lC hang eL ondon H a l l BR & F o l land C J 1 970 S o i l s o fL anca sh i r e S o i l S u rvey o fG r ea t B r i ta in B u l le t in 5 ,H a rpenden H a l lam HE 1 981 R u ra lE ng land 1 066 -1348 G la sgow H am she r e J D 1 987 ` Dome sday B ook : E s ta t e S t ruc tu r e s i n t h e We s t M id land s ' i nH o l tJ Ce d . , 1 55 182 H and CR 1 9 14 T he O ld H u t ta tH a l ewood L ive rpoo l H a rdman R 1 989 N o t e sr e la t ing t ot h eh i s to ry o fS ef ton ( unpub l i shed ) H an-i sJ1 985 T he A r t i s ta nd t h eC oun tr yH ou se L ondon H anop S 1 977 ` Moa t ed S i te s i n E a s t C he sh i r e : a n i n te r im r e po r t ' C he sh i r eH i s tory N ews l e t ter 1 2 , 1 17 H a rop S 1 983 ` Moa ted S i te s i nN .E . C he sh i r e a nd t h e i r l i nk s w i th t h e L egh F am i ly i nt h eF ou r teen th C en tu ry ' C he sh i r eH i s to ry 1 , 8 15 H an-o p S1 985 O ld B i rkda l e an dA in sda l e S ou thpo r t H a rvey B F 1 987 ` The L if e o f t h e Mano r ' i n D ome sday B ook S tud ie s L ondon , 3 9 -42 H a sk in s CH 1 9 18 N o rman I n s t i tu t ion sN ew Y o rk H awk e s A s 1 937 ` Some t h i r teen th a nd f ou r teen th c en tu ry d eed s r e la t ing t oP a rbo ld , I n c e a nd S u t ton ' L anc sC hes A n t iq S oc 5 1 ( f o r 1 936 ) 6 0 7 4 H awke s M 1 945 S i rR og er t B rad sha igh o fH a igh , K n igh t a nd B a rone t , 1 628 -1684 C he tham M i sce l lan ie sn s 8C he tS o c 1 09 n s H awke s A l 1 949 ` F ind o f R oman C o in s n ea r Onn sk i rk , 1 949 ' L anc s C he sA n t iq S oc 6 1 , 1 87 189 H awke s M 1 951 ` Med ieva l H i s to ry o fP embe r ton ' W igan O b ser ver J u ly a nd A ugu s t 1 951 H awk ley c 1981 T he H i s to ry o f H awk ley H a l l , H awk ley H a l l H igh S choo l , P embe r ton ( unpub l i shed ) H eawood R 1 999 O ld A bbey F a rm , R i s ley C he sh i r e : B u i ld ing S u r vey a nd E xcava t ion a t a Med ieva l Moa ted S i te , L anca s te r U n ive r s i ty A r chaeo log ica l U n i t , d raf tr e po r t H edge s J1 978 ` E s sex Moa t s ' i nA be rg e d . , 6 3 -70

B ib l iography & R ef erence s H eywood T 1 846 T he N or r i sP aper sC he tS oc 9 H eywood T 1 847 T he Moo r eR en ta lC he tS oc 1 2 H eywood T 1 853 T he E a r l s o fD e rby a nd t h e v e r se w r i te r s a nd p o e t s o f t h e s i x teen th a nd s even te en th c en tu r ie s T he S tan l ey P aper s p a r t I , C he tS oc 2 9 H igg in s D 1 992 ' Excava t ion s a tS peke H a l l , Me r sey s ide 1 98 11982 ' J Mer sey A rchaeo lS oc 8 ( f o r 1 988 -89 )4 7 -84 H igham MC 1 978 ' The " e rg " P la ce -name s o f N o r the rn E ng land ' i n D avey e d . , 3 47 -355 H igham MC 1 989 ` Some e v idence f o r 1 2 th a nd 1 3 th -cen tu ry L inen a nd Woo l len T ex t i le P roce s s ing ' Med ieva lA rchaeo l3 3 , 3 8 -52 H igham N Je d . 1 979 T he C hang ing P a s t Manche s t e r H i l laby Je d . 1 983 T he J ourney so fC e l ia F i enne sL ondon H odge A 1 990 S am l e sbu ry H a l l : AH i s tory C a rneg ie P ub l i sh ing L td . P r e s ton H odge s R1 989 ' Pa ra chu t i s t sa nd T ruff le -hun te r s : A tt h e f r on t ie r s o fA rcha eo logy a nd H i s to ry ' i nA s ton , A u s t in & D y e r e d s 2 87 -305 H oek C 1 98 1 ` Moa t ed S i te s i nt h e C oun ty o fH o l land ' i nA be rg & B rown e d s , 1 73 196 H o ld swo r th P 1 983 ' The A ng lo -Saxon P e r iod ' i n Mo r r i s , 6 15 H o lga t e R1 989 ' Excava t ion sa tP re sco t ,D ecembe r 1 980 Janua ry 1 98 1 'J Mer sey A rcha eo lS oc 5( f o r 1 982 1983 ) 1 -22 H o l land B 1 9 17 T he L anca sh i r e Ho l land sL ondon H o l l i s t e r CW 1 987 ' The G r ea t e rD ome sday T enan t s in -Ch ief i nH o l te d . 2 19 -248 H o l lo s DB 1 986 S t M icha e l 's H ou se , M ick lehead G r een , S u t ton , N o r th We s tA r cha eo lT ru s t( unpub l i shed n o te s ) H o l lo s DB 1 987 B a r row O ld H a l l , B o ld , N o r th We s t A rcha eo l T ru s t ( unpub l i shed n o t e s ) H o l lo s DB 1 988 C a s t le H i l l , N ew ton le -W i l low s , N o r th We s t A r cha eo l T ru s t( unpub l i shed n o te s ) H o l t J1 795 G enera l V i ew o ft h eA g r icu l tu r e o ft h e C oun ty o fL anca s ter L ondon H o l tJ C 1 987 ' 1 086 ' i nH o l te d . ,4 1-64 H o l tJ Ce d .1987 Dome sday S tud ie s Woodb r idge H ooke D e d . 1 985 Med ieva l V i l lag es : AR ev iew o fC ur r en t Wo rk OUCA Monog raph 5 H o rde rn R 1 977 A H i s to ry o f Maghu l l H o sk in s WG 1 988 T he Mak ing o f t h e E ng l i sh L and scape w i th a n i n t roduc t ion a nd c ommen ta ry b yC h r i s tophe rT ay lo rL ondon H owa rd R E , L ax ton RR , L i t ton CD & S imp son WG 1 992 ' No t t ingham U n ive r s i ty T r ee -R ing D a t ing L abo ra to ry R e su l t s ' V ernacu la r A rch i t ec tu r e 1 992 ,v o l2 3 , 5 1-56 Hume AN 1 974 A rchaeo logy a nd t h e C o lon ia l G a rd ener C o lon ia l W i l l iam sbu rg A rchaeo l S e r7 Hu r s t V o se R 1 995 ' Excava t ion s a tt h e c 1600 B icke r s ta f f e G la s shou se , L anca sh i re ' JM er sey A rchaeo lS oc 9( f o r 1 990 -9 1) 1 24 Hu s sey C 1 958 I nc e B lunde l l H a l l , L anca sh i r e -I ' C oun t ry L if e , A p r i l 2 4 , 8 76 -879 Ime s J B &T om l in son P R 1 981 ` S t ra t ig raphy a nd P o l len A na ly s i s f r om P a r r Mo s s , S tH e len s ' i nC h i t ty ,A ppend ix A ( unpub l i shed ) I nne s J B & T om l in son P R 1 991 ' Env i ronmen ta l A rcha eo logy i n Me r sey s ide ' JM er sey A rchaeo lS oc 7 ,1 20 I nne sJ B 1 992 ' Po l len A na ly s i s ' i nH igg in s , 7 8 -83 I nne sJ B &I nne sI V 1 992 ` Bo r eho le S u r vey ' i nH igg in s , 8 3 J ac son C 1 898 F ormby R em in i scence sP r e s ton J a c son C 1 9 10 T he F o rmby sa tF o rmby H a l lP r e s ton J o l l if f eJ EA 1 926 ' No r thumb r ian I n s t i tu t ion s ' E ng H i s tR ev 4 1 , 1 42 J one s GDB 1 979 ' The f u tu r e o f a e r ia l p ho tog raphy i n t h e N o r th ' i n H igham N Je d . , 7 5-87 J one s GRJ 1 965 ' Ea r ly T e r r i to r ia lO rgan i sa t ion i nN o r the rn E ng land a nd i t s b ea r ing o n t h e S cand inav ian S e t t lemen t ' i n Sma l l e d . , 6 7 -84 J one s GR J 1 985 ' Fo rm s a nd P a t t er n s o f Med ieva l S e t t lemen t i n We l sh Wa le s ' i nH ooke e d . , 1 55 169 J one s GR J 1 985 ` Mu l t ip le e s ta te sp e rc e ived ' JH i s tG eog 1 .4 ,3 52 -363 J one s GR J 1 987 ' The P o r t raya l o fL and S e t t lemen t i nD ome sday B ook ' i nH o l te d . , 1 83 -200 J one s MK & U nde rwood MG 1 992 T h e K ing ' s Mo ther : L ad y Marga r e t B eauf o rd , C oun te s s o fR ichmond a nd D erby C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s K ape l le WE 1 979 T he N orman C onques t i nt h e N o r th -T he r eg ion a nd i t st r an sf orma t ion 1 000 -1135 L ondon K e en L 1 993 ' The c a s t le : h i s to ry a nd s t ruc tu r e ' a nd ' Con s t ruc t ion a nd m ed ieva l u se o ft h e c a s t le ' i nE l l i s P .e d . B ee s ton C a s t l e , C he sh i r e :

E xca va t ion s b y L au r enc e K een & P e t er H ough , 1 968 -85 E ng l i sh H e r i tage K end r ick J 1 853 ' An a ccoun t o f e xcava t ion s made a t t he Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton , L anca sh i r e ' H i s tS oc L anc s C he s _5 ( f o r 1 852 1853 ) 5 9 6 8 K enwa rd HK & T om l in son P R 1 992 ' Env i ronmen ta l A na ly s i s ' i n H igg in s , 7 5 -78 K enyon J R 1 990 Med ieva lF o r t if ica t ion sL e ice s te r K ing D JC 1 983 C a s t e l la r ium A ng l icanum : A n I nd ex a nd B ib l iog raphy o ft h e C a s t l es i nE ng land , W a l e s a nd t h e I s land s , v o l 1 ,A ng le sey Mon tgome ry , L ondon K ing D JC & A lcock L 1 969 ` R ingwo rk so fE ng land a nd Wa le s ' i nT ay lo r e d . ,9 0 127 L ang ton W e d . 1 876 A bs t rac t s o fI nqu i s i t ion s P o s t mor t em m ad e b y C hr i s topher T owne l ey a nd R og er D od swor th 2 ,C he tS oc 9 9 L a tham R E 1 965 R ev i sed Med ieva lL a t in W ord L i s tL ondon L ea G 1 893 H and book t oO rm sk i rk a nd t h eN e ighbourhood L egg e t t P A 1 98 1 L and scape H i s to ry o f L i t t le C ro sby , A rcha eo l S u r y Me r sey s ide ( unpub l i shed ) L egge t t P A 1 982 T re e r ing d a t ing o f t imbe r s f r om 6 2 G o r e s L ane : p r e l im ina ry r e po r ti nL ew i sJ M( b ) , 8 L egg e t t P A 1 990 ` Dend roch rono log ica l S tudy o f T imbe r s f r om t h e S co tch P ipe rI nn , L yd ia t e ' JMe r sey A rchaeo lS oc 6( f o r 1 984 1985 ) 6 9 -73 L egge t t P A , H ibbe r t F A & H ughe s MK 1 982 ' T re e r ing d a te s f o r b u i ld ing sw i th o ak t imbe r ' V e rnacu la rA rch i t ec ture 1 3 , 1 3 .48 L egg e t t P A &H ughe s MK 1 990 D end roch rono log ica l S tudy o fT imbe r s f r om L yd ia t e H a l l , Mer s ey s id e JMer sey A rchaeo l S oc 6 ( f o r 1 984 1 985 ) 5 3 -58 L egh MSS 1 466 L egh o f L yme S u rvey , t r an sc r ip t ion a nd t r an s la t ion , C en t r ef o rC on t inu ing E duca t ion ,T he U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l L e igh A 1 977 ' Excava t ion s a t S a in t E lph in 's R ec to ry , Wa r r ing ton ' J C he s t er A rchaeo lS oc 6 0 , 9 4 102 L e igh C 1 700 T he N a tura lH i s to ry o fL anca sh i r e , C hesh ire a nd t h eP eak i n D erby sh ir e w i th a n A ccoun t o f t h e A n t iqu i t ie s i n t ho se P ar t s O xf o rd L eP a tou r e l HE J 1 973 T he Moa t ed S i t e s o fY ork sh ir e Med ieva l A r chaeo l Monog raph 5 L eP a tou r e l HE J 1 978 ' Documen ta ry e v idenc e ' i nA be rg e d . ,2 1-28 L eP a tou r e l HE J 1 978 ' The e xcava t ion o f moa ted s i t e s ' i n Abe rg e d . , 3 6 4 5 L e P a tou r e l HE J 1 98 1 ` Moa t ed s i t e s i nt h e i rE u ropean C on tex t ' i nA be rg &B rown e d s , 1 18 L e P a tou r e l HE J 1 982 ' Fo r t if ied a nd s em i -f o r t if ied mano r h ou se s ' C ha teau G a i l la rd I X -X , 1 87 198 L e P a tou r e l HE J &R obe r t s BK 1 978 ` The S ign if icance o f Moa t ed S i te s ' i nA b e rg e d . ,4 6 -55 L ew i s JM 1 977 S i lve rI ngo t sf r om t h eC ue rda le H oa rd o fV ik ing S i lve r i n t wo N o r ther n C o l lec t ion s , D i s se r ta t ion f o r C e r t if ica te i n P ra c t ica l A rcha eo logy , U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l( unpub l i sh ed ) L ew i s JM 1 98 1a ' S ef ton O ld H a l l , Me r sey s ide : e xcava t ions 1 956 196 1 'J Mer sey A rchaeo lS oc 2( f o r 1 978 ) 5 3 -72 L ew i s JM 1 981b ' Me r sey s ide : S ef ton O ld H a l l ' Moa t ed S i t e s R e s G p R epo r t8 ,1 6 17 L ew i s JM 1 98 1c ' An A bandoned C hu r ch a tF o rmby ' J Mer sey A rchaeo l S oc 2( f o r 1 978 )7 3 -74 L ew i s JM 1 982a ' S i lve rI ngo t sf r om t h eC ue rda le H oa rd i n Two N o r the rn C o l lec t ion s 'L ane sA rchaeo lJ 2 ,4 7 -80 L ew i s JM 1 982b 6 2 G o re s L ane , F o rmby : s u rvey o f ac ruck -f ramed b u i ld ing , A r chaeo l S u ry Me r sey s ide ( unpub l i shed ) L ew i s JM 1 982c S ef ton R u ra l F r inge s S u r vey R epor t , A rcha eo l S u r y Me r sey s ide ( unpub l i shed ) L ew i s JM 1 985 ' O ld H a l l F a rm , S e f ton , Me r sey s ide ' L iv U n iv . A rchaeo l N ew s l e t t er I s sue 1 ,6 -7 L ew i s JM 1 987a ' Ha l sa l l R ec to ry ' i n V ernacu la r B u i ld ing s o n t h e L anca sh i r eP la in N o r th We s tA r cha eo lT ru s tR epo r tn o2 ,2 3 -28 L ew i s JM 1 987b F o rmby H a l l : as u rvey o f t h e e v idence , No r th We s t A rcha eo lT ru s t( unpub l i shed ) L ew i s JM 1 988 N ew ton P a rk F a rm , N o r th We s t A rcha eo l T ru s t ( unpub l i shed ) L ew i s JM 1 988a S peke H a l l : As t udy o ft h e e a s t r a ng e , L iv U n iv F i e ld A r cha eo l U n i t f o rt h eN a t iona lT ru s t( d raf tr e po r t ) L ew i s JM 1 989b G r ea sby O ld H a l l , N o r th We s t A rchaeo l T ru s t ( unpub l i shed ) L ew i s JM 1 990a S u r vey o ft h e s t ab le b l ock a tC ro sby H a l l , N or th We s t A r cha eo lT ru s t( unpub l i shed ) L ew i s JM 1 99 1 ` Med ieva l L and scape s a nd e s ta te s ' J Mer sey A rchaeo l S oc 7 ,8 7 103

4 18

B ib l iography & R ef e rence s L ew i s JM 1 992 Speke H a l l : t h e e a s t c ou r tya rd ' JM er sey A rchaeo lS oc 8 ,8 7 -93 L ew i s JM 1 992a P ee l T own : A n A rchaeo log ica l a nd A rch i t ec tu ra l A s se s smen tI s le o f Man G ove rnmen t &T he U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l L ew i s JM 1 992b B a r row O ld H a l l , S umma ry r epo r tf o rC he sh i r e SMR L ew i s JM 1 996 L igh t shaw H a l l , G o lbo rne , n ea r W igan , D ep t o f A r chaeo logy ,T he U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l ( unpub l i shed ) L ew i s JM 1 997a E xcava t ion s a tM ick lehead G re en , B a r row O ld H a l l a nd C a s t le H i l l ( i np r epa ra t ion ) L ew i s JM 1 997b B ew sey O ld H a l l : T he A rchaeo logy a nd H i s to ry o f a Moa ted H ou se ( i nd raf t ) L ew i s JM 1 998a S pek e H a l l N a t iona l T ru s t A rcha eo log ica l R ev iew , 1 997 L ew i s JM 1 999 ` La thom H ou se : T he N o r ther n C ou r t ' . 1B r i t i sh A rchaeo l A s s CL I I , 1 50 17 1 L ew i s JM & 0 ' H an lon D 1 990 ' Excava t ion s a tS t . C a the r ine 's C hape l , L yd ia t e , 1 979 -1980 ' JMer sey A rchaeo lS oc 6( f o r 1 984 1985 ) 1 13 L ew i s JM & S amue l s J1 990 ' Excava t ion s a tL yd ia t e H a l l , 1 9811982 ' J Mer sey A rchaeo lS oc 6( f o r 1 984 1985 )2 9 -52 L ew i s JM & Swogge r J -G 1 996 I n t e r im A rcha eo log ica l R epo r t : L yd ia t e H a l l Wa tch ing B r ief - S tab i l isa t ion o f L yd ia t e H a l l 1 995 1996 ( unpub l i shed ) L iebe rmann F 1 903 D i eG ese t z ed er A ng e l sach sen H a l le L o r r en C 1 98 1 ' The C a s t le o fR ube r cy ( Ca lvado s ) i nA be rg & B rown e d s , 1 03 125 LUAU ( 1995 ) ' H ighe r L ane , F azake r ley , Me r sey s ide ( S J 3 80 9 65 ) ' LUAU R ev iew 1 993 -95 , 3 9 -40 LUAU ( 1999 ) ' The c hu rch o f S t T homa s t h e Ma r ty r , U pho l land , L anca sh i r e( SD 5 24 0 51) ' LUAU R ev iew 1 995 -7 ,2 9 -30 L umby J H e d . 1 939 A c a l enda ro ft h eN or r i sd eed s ( Lanca sh i r e ) 1 2 th t o 1 5 th c en tur yR ec S oc L anc sC he s9 3 L unn Jn dL e igh : t h eh i s to r ica lp a s to f aL anca sh i r eB o rough L yme P a rk 1 984 L yme P a rk N a t iona lT ru s tG u ide L yon s PA 1 884 T wo " c ompo t i" o ft h e L anca sh ir e a nd C he sh i r e m anor s o fH enry d eL acy , E a r lo fL inco ln XX IV a nd = I L E dwa rd IC he t S o c 12 M58 1 977 M58 A rcha eo log ica l S ur vey Me r sey s ide A r cha eo l S oc a nd We s tL anc sA r cha eo l S oc McK i sa ck M 1 959 T he F our t een th C en tu ry 1 307 -1399 O x f o rd McNe i l R1 987 H a l ton C a s t l e : AV i sua l T r ea su r e N o r th We s t A r cha eo l T ru s t , R epo r t 1 McNe i l R 1 989 ' Excava t ion o f a n E igh teen th C en tu ry P o t t e ry i n E cc le s ton S t re e t , P r e sco t ' . 1Mer sey A rchaeo lS oc 5( f o r 1 982 1983 ) 4 9 -94 Made ley C 1 893 ' Bo ld H a l l , t h e A nc ien t S ea t o ft h e B o ld s ' i nP h i l ip s , 11114 Madd ico t tJ R 1 970 T homa so fL anca s t er 1 307 -1322 O xf o rd Madd ico t t J R 1 97 1 ' Thoma s o fL anca s t e r a nd S i r R obe r t d e H o l land : a s t udy i nn ob le p a t ronage ' E ng H i s tR ev 1 , 300 (V I ,4 49 -472 Mann ing SW 1 99 1 R iches a nd R e l ig ion : T he s t o ry o ft h r ee b u i ld ing s i n L yd ia t eN o r th We s tA r cha eo lT ru s t ,L ive rpoo l M iche lmo re D JH 1 979 ' The R econ s t ruc t ion o f t h e e a r ly T enu r ia l D iv i s ion so ft h eL and scape o f No r the rn E ng land ' L and scape H i s tory 1 9 M idme r R1 979 E ng l i sh Med iaeva l Mona s t er ies L ondon M i l le r E 1 976 ' F a rm ing i n N o r the rn E ng land d u r ing t h e t w e lf th a nd t h i r te en th c en tu r ie s 'N o r thern H i s to ry X I( f o r 1 975 ) 1 16 M i l le r E & H a t che r J1 978 Med ieva l E ng land : R u ra l S oc ie ty a nd E conom ic C hang e 1 086 -1348 L ondon M i l lwa rd R 1 955 L anca sh i r e : a n i lu s t ra t ed e s say o n t h e h i s to ry o ft h e l a nd scap e L ondon Moo r e AW 1 900 A H i s to ry o ft h e I s l e o f Man 2 v o l s , r e p r in t ed 1 977 , L ondon & D oug la s Mo rgan P 1 978 C he sh i r eD ome sday B ook 2 6 ,C h iche s t e r Mo r r i s CD 1 977 ' No r thumbr ia a nd t h e V ik ing S e t t lemen t : t h e e v idenc e f o rl a ndho ld ing 'A rchaeo lA e l iana 5 t h s e r , 5 ,8 1103 Mo r r i s M 1 983a M ed ieva l Manche s t er : A R eg iona l S tud y T he A rcha eo logy o fG r ea te r Manche s t e r 1 ,G r t r Manch A rcha eo lU n i t Mo r r i sM 1 983b ' The P o s t -Conque s tP e r iod ' i n Mo r r i s( a ) , 1 7 -31 Mo r r i s RK 1 985 ' The c hu rch i nt h e C oun t ry s ide : t wo l i ne s o fe nqu i ry ' i n H ooke e d . ,4 7 -60 Mo r ton K 1 98 1 L and scape H i s to ry o f F o rmby a nd A in sda le , A r cha eo l S u ry Me r sey s ide ( u npub l ished ) Mo r ton TN & G ib son T E1880 ' Anc ien t C ha r t e r s -I n c e B lunde l l C o l lec t ion I 'H i s tS oc L anc sC he s3 2 , 1 79 198 Mo r ton TN & G ib son T E 1 881 ' Anc ien t C ha r te r s -I n c e B lunde l l C o l lec t ion I 'H i s tS oc L anc sC hes 3 3 ,2 65 -267

4 19

Mye r s AR 1 964 ' An o f f ic ia l p rog re s st h rough L anca sh i r e a nd C he sh i r e i n 1 476 ' H i s tS oc L anc sC he s 15 ( f o r 1 963 ) 1 29 N e i l son G 1 893 P ee l :I t sm ean ing a nd d er iva t ion G la sgow N eve l l M 1 987 1988a ' G rea t Woo lden H a l l F a rm ' G r t r Manch A rchaeo l J3 ,3544 N eve l l M 1 987 1988b ' An a e r ia l s u rvey o fS ou th T raf f o rd a nd N o r ther n C he sh i r e ' G r t r Manch A rchaeo l . 13 ,2 7 -34 N eve l l M 1 990 ' A S u rvey o f B i spham H a l l ' CBA R eg iona l G p 5 N ew s l e t t er 6 0 , 1 3 18 N ew s tead GC 1 893 G l ean ing st owa rd st oA nna l so fA ugh ton N icho l son S 1 983a ' F a rm ing a t S peke H a l l 1 066 1795 ' J Mer sey A rchaeo lS oc 3( f o r 1 979 ) 1 31 N icho l son S 1 983b ` Speke H a l l Moa t ' J Mer sey A rchaeo l S oc 3 ( f o r 1 979 )3 3 -37 N ick son C 1 893 ' W idne sH a l l ,t h eh ome o ft h e Wr igh t s ' i nP h i l ip s ,4 1-42 No r th M 1 995 ' A 1 3 th C en tu ry D eed d e sc r ib ing t h e B ounda r ie s o ft h e T own sh ip o fB o ld , S t . H e len s ' J Mer s ey A rchaeo lS oc 9 ( f o r 1 990 9 1) 6 5 -70 O 'Han lon D 1 977 ' S t . C a the r ine 's C hape l , L yd ia t e : ap r e l im ina ry s u rvey ' JMer sey A rcha eo lS oc 1 ,4 3 -57 O 'Han lon D 1 99 1 ' Da rk A g e Me r sey s ide ' JMer sey A rchaeo lS oc 7 ,7 5 8 6 P a lme r MN 1 987 ' Th eD ome sday Mano r ' i nH o l te d . , 1 39 153 P a rk e r Je d . 1 928 P l ea R o l l so ft h e C oun ty P a la t ine o fL anca s t er R o l lI , R ec S oc L anc sC he s 8 7 n s P ea r son S 1 985 R u ra l h ou se s o ft h e L anca sh i r e P enn ines 1 560 -1760 L ondon P ea r son B & T ann e r V 1 985 ' Gaz e t te e r o fC oun t ry H ou se s i n G rea te r Manche s t e r ' i n Wa lke r &T inda l le d s , 8 5 198 P ev sne rN 1 969 T he B u i ld ing s o fE ng land : L anca sh i r e 1T he I ndu s t r ia l a nd C omme rc ia lS ou th , H annond swo r th P ev sne r N 1 969b T h e B u i ld ing s o fE ng land : L anca sh i r e 2T he R u ra l N o r th , H annond swo r th P h i l ip s NG 1 893 V i ew s o ft h e o ld H a l l s o fL anca sh i r e d rawn b y NG P h i l ip s ,L ondon P h i lpo t t R 1 988 H i s to r ic T own s o ft h e Mer sey s id e A r ea : aS ur v ey o f u rban s e t t l emen t t oc 1800 NMGM O cc P ape r s , L ive rpoo l Mu seum N o3 P h i lpo t t R 1 991 ' Me r sey s ide i nt h e R oman P e r iod ' J Mer sey A rchaeo l S o c 7 ,6 1-74 P h i lpo t t R 1 99 1a ' Edge F a rm : S ur vey o f t h e Moa t ' i n C ow e l l & N icho l son , 1 2 15 P h i lpo t t R ( f o r thcom ing ) ' Excava t ion s a t We s t D e rby ' J Mer sey A rchaeo log ica lS oc i e ty P h i lpo t t R& D avey P J 1 984 P r esco tS amp l ing P ro j ec t 1 983 -1984 N o r th We s tA rcha eo lT ru s t , L ive rpoo l P h i lpo t t R& D avey P J 1 989 ' Samp l ing E xcava t ion s i nP r e sco t 1 983 1 984 ' JMer sey A rchaeo lS oc 5( f o r 1 982 1983 )3 9 -48 P iccope G J e d . 1 857 L anca sh ir e a nd C he sh i r e W i l l s a nd I nven tor ie s f rom t h eE cc l e s ia s t ica lC our t , C hes t er C he tS oc 3 3 P i c to r ia l H i s to ry 1 844 T he P ic to r ia lH i s tory o ft h eC oun ty o fL anca s t er P ink WD 1 893 ' C lewo r th H a l l , T y lde s ley , t h eH ome o ft h e P a r r s a nd t h e S ta rk ie s ' i nP h i l ip s , 5 3 -56 P o l lock F & Ma i t land RT 1968 T he H i s to ry o f E ng l i sh L aw 2 v o l s , C amb r idg e P oo le AL 1 954 F rom D ome sday B ook t o Magna C a r ta 1 087 -1216 2 nd e d . ,O xf o rd P ope F R 1 978 N o te so n Mo s sbo roug ,h ( unpub l i shed ) P o s tga t e MR 1 973 ' F ie ld S y s t e in s o fE a s tA ng l ia ' i nB ake r&B u t l in e d s , 2 8 1-324 P ow icke M 1 962 T h e T h i r t een th C en tur y1 216 -1307 2 nd e d . ,O xf o rd P r ice I V 1 985 ' P e e lH a l l ,I n c e ' i n Wa lke r &T inda l le d s ,4 3 R a ine s F R e d .

1 853 T he D e rby H ou seho ld B ook s . b y W i l l iam

F f a r ing ton E sq . T he S tan l ey P aper sP ar tI ,C he tS o c3 1 R a ine sF Re d . 1 867 P r iva t eD evo t ion s a nd m i sc e l lan ie so fJ ame s , s even th E a r l o f D e rby , KG . , w i th a p r ef a to ry m emo i r a nd a n a ppend ix o f d ocumen t sv o l 1 T he S tan l ey P aper sP a r tI IC he tS oc 6 6 R eyno ld s S1 990 M ed ieva lS e t t l emen tR e sO pA nnua lR epor t5 R igo ld S E 1 975 ' S t r uc tu ra l a spec t s o ft imbe rb r idge s ' Med ieva lA rchaeo l 1 9 ,4 8 -9 1 R igo ld S E 1 978 ' S t r uc tu re s w i th in E ng l i sh moa ted s i t e s ' i nA be rg e d . , 2 9 -35 R imme rA1 852 A nc i en tH a l l so fL anca sh i r e L ive rpoo l R ob e r t s A F 1 986 ' F auna l r ema in s f r om B ew sey O ld H a l l , Wa r r ing ton ' C i rcaea 4n o 1 ,2 6 -27

B ib l iog raphy & R ef erence s R obe r t s BK 1 962 ` Moa ted S i t e s ' Ama t eu rH i s tor ian W in te r , 3 4 -38 R ob e r t s BK 1 965 ` Moa t ed S i te s i n M id land E ng land ' T ran s B irm A rchaeo lS oc 8 0( f o r 1 962 )2 6 -37 R obe r t s BK 1 968 ' A S tudy o f Med ieva l C o lon i sa t ion i nt h e F o r e s t o f A rden , Wa rw ick sh i r eA g r icu l tura lH i s to ry R ev i ew 1 6 , 1 0 1113 R obe r t s BK 1 973 ' F ie ld S y s t em s o f t h e We s t M id land s ' i n B ake r & B u t l in e d s , 1 88 -231 R ob in son JM 1 99 1 AG u ide t ot h e C oun t ry H ou se s o ft h e N o r th - We s t , C on s tab le R oby J1 872 T rad i t ion so fL anca sh ir e 2v o l s R o sbo t tom E 1 987 B u r scough : T he S tor y o fa n A g r icu l tura l V i l lag e P re s ton R y land s J P 1 893 ' Hu t t i n H a lewood , t h e S ea t o ft h e H o l land s a nd t h e I r e land s ' i nP h i l ip s2 3 -28 R y land s J P e d . 1 887 L anca sh i r e I nqu i s i t ion s e t c S t ua r t P er iod 2 ,1 2 -19 J ame sI ,1 614 -1622 , R ec S oc L ane sC he s 1 6 R y land s J P e d . 1 896 ' The E xcheque r L ay S ub s idy r o l l o f R obe r t d e S h i r ebume a nd J ohn d e R adc l if f e , t a x e r s a nd c o l lec to r s i nt h e c oun ty o f L anca s t e r AD 1 332 ' M i sce l lan ie s : L anca sh i r e a nd C hesh i re I , p a r t2 ,V -X N , R ec S oc L anc sC he s3 1 ( f o r 1 894 1895 ) 1 148 R y land s J P e d . 1 897 L anca sh ir e a nd C hesh ir e W i l l s a nd I nven tor ie s 1 563 -1807 ,L anca sh i r ea nd C he sh i r eW i l l sI C he tS oc n s3 7 S awye r PH 1 968 A ng lo -Saxon C ha r t er s : a n a nno ta t ed l i s t a nd b i b l iog raphy L ondon S awye r P H 1 975 ' Cha r t e r s o f B u r ton A bbey a nd t h e U n if ica t ion o f E ng land 'N or thern H i s to ry X , 2 8 -39 S awye r P H 1 979 C ha r t er s o fB ur ton A bbey A ng lo -Saxon C ha r t e r s I , O xf o rd S ax ton E B 1 945 ` Speke H a l l a nd Two N o r r i sI nven to r ie s 1 624 a nd 1 700 ' H i s tS ec L anc sC he s9 6( f o r 1 944 ) 1 08 135 S ax ton E B 1 946 ' A S peke I n ven to ry o f 1 624 ' H i s t S oc L ane s C he s 9 7 ( f o r 1 945 ) 1 07 143 S ca r f e N 1 995 I nnocen t E sp ionag e : T he L a R ochef oucau ld B ro ther s ' T ou ro fE ng land i n1 785 Woodb r idg e S eacome J 1 74 1 Memo ir s o f t h e A nc ien t a nd H onou rab l e Hou se o f S tan l ey . .t o1 735 L ive rpoo l S eacome J 1 793 T he H i s tor yo ft h e Hou s e o fS tan l ey f rom t h e C onques t . .1 776 P re s ton S ha ck le ton RM 1 953 ' Geo logy ' i n Sm i th e d . 1 9 -36 S haw RC 1 956 T he R oya lF o r e s to fL anca s t er P re s ton S heppa rd B 1 981 ' A e r ia l P ho tog raphy a i d ing L and scape S tud ie s o n Me r sey s ide ' JMer sey A rchaeo lS oc 2( f o r 1 978 )8 3 -90 S ib son E 1 846 ' An a ccoun t o ft h e o pen ing o fa n a nc ien t b a r row c a l led C a s t le H i l l , n ea r N ew ton in - Ma l ce r f ie ld i nt h e C oun ty o fL anca s te r ' Manche s t er L i t &P h i l Memo ir s2 nd s e r7 ,3 25 -347 S ievek ing G d e G , L ongwo r th I H & W i l son KE 1 976 P rob l em s i n E conom ic a nd S oc ia lA rchaeo logy L ondon Sma l l Ae d . 1 965 T he F our th V i k ing C ong r e s sY o rk Sma r t R1 986 ` Bew sey O ld H a l l , Wa r r ing ton ' C he sh i r eA rchaeo lB u l ln o 1 0( f o r 1 984 1985 ) , 8 3 -84 Sm i th EH 1 959 ' Lanca sh i r e L ong Mea su r e ' H i s t S oc L ane s C hes 10 ( f o r 1 958 ) 1 14 Sm i th RB 1 96 1 B lackbu rn sh i re : as t ud y i n e a r ly L anca sh i r e h i s tor y U n ive r s i ty o f L e ice s t e r , D epa r tmen t o f E ng l i sh L oca l H i s to ry , o cca s iona lp ape r s 1 5 Sm i th J T 1 964 ` Cruck c on s t ruc t ion : as u r vey o ft h e p rob lem s ' Med ieva l A r chaeo l8 , 19 151 Sm i th J T 1 970 ' Lanca sh i r e a nd C he sh i r e H ou se s : s ome p rob lem s o f a r ch i t ec tu ra la nd s oc ia l h i s to ry 'A rchaeo lJ 127 , 1 56 18 1 Sm i th W e d . 1 953 A S c ien t if ic S ur vey o f Mer s ey s id eL ive rpoo l Smy th A P 1 975 S cand inav ian Y ork a nd D ub l in D ub l in S ome r v i l le R 1 953 H i s to ry o ft h e D uchy o fL anca s t er I , 1 265 -1603 L ondon S peakman J ,S wogge rJ -G & L ew i s JM 1 994 L yd ia t eH a l l A rcha eo log ica l S u r vey ( unpub l i shed ) S pe ed J 1 6 10 T he C oun t i es o fB r i ta in : A T udo r A t la s b y J ohn S peed I n t roduc t ion b yN ig e lN icho l son , 1 988 ,L ondon S pu rg eon C J 1 981 ` Moa ted S i t e s i n Wa le s ' i nA be rg & B rown e d s , 1 9 -70 S tann ing J He d . 1 892 T he R oya l i s tC ompo s i t ion P ap er s . AD 1643 -1660 I ,C -F , R ec S oc L anc sC he s2 6 S teane JM 1 960 ' Excava t ion s a t amoa ted s i t e n ea r S ca r i sb r ick ' H i s tS oc L anc sC hes 12 ( f o r 1 959 ) 1 47 153 S t eane JM & K e lsa l l A F 1 963 ' The P a rk , Moa t a nd H ou se a tN ew P a rk , L a thom ,n ea rO rm sk i rk 'H i s tS oc L anc sC he s 14 ( f o r 1 962 ) 7 3 -98 S t en ton FM 1 971 A ng lo -Saxon E ng land O xf o rd S t ewa r t -B rown RA 1 9 10 ' The T owe ro fL ive rpoo l ' H i s tS oc L anc s C hes 6 5 , n s2 5 ( f o r 1 909 )4 1-81 )

S t ewa r t -B rown RA 1 9 11 A H i s tor y o f t h e Manor a nd T own sh ip o f A l l er ton i nt h e C oun ty o fL anca s t er L ive rpoo l S t ewa r t -B rown RA 1 9 17 ' The T own f ie ld o fL ive rpoo l ' H i s t S oc L anc s C he s6 8 , 3 5 -67 S y lve s t e r D 1 957 ' The O pen F i e ld s o fC he sh i re ' H i s t S oc L ane s C he s 1 08 ( f o r 1 956 ) 1 33 S y lve s te r D & McNu l ty G e d s 1 958 T he H i s tor ica l A t la s o fC hesh ir e C he s t e r Swogg e rJ -G & L ew i s JM ( 1996 ) I n t e r im A rcha eo log ica l R epo r t , L yd ia t e H a l l Wa tch ing B r ief ( unpub l i shed ) Swogg e rJ -G 1 999 L yd ia te H a l l JM er sey A rchaeo lS oc ( i np r epa ra t ion ) T a i t J1 904 Med iaeva l Manches t er a nd t h eB eg inn ing so f L anca sh i re Manche s t e r T ay lo r A J e d . 1 969 C ha t eau G a i l lard : E uropean C a s t l e S tud ies I I , C h iche s t e r T ay lo r CC 1 972 ' Med ieva l Moa t s i nC amb r idge sh i r e ' i nF ow le re d . ,2 37 2 49 T ay lo r CC 1 973 ' Camb r idge sh i r e E a r thwo rk S u rvey s ' P roc C ambr idg e A n t iq S oc LX IV ( J an 1 972 -D ec 1 973 )3 8 -43 T ay lo r CC 1 978 ` Moa t ed S i te s : t h e i r d ef in i t ion , f o rm a nd c l a s s if ica t ion ' i nA be rg e d . , 5 13 T ay lo r CC 1 983 V i l lag ea nd F arm s t ead : AH i s tory o fR u ra lS e t t l emen ti n E ng land L ondon T ay lo rH1 884 O ld H a l l si nL anca sh i re a nd C he sh ir e Manche s t e r T ay lo r H 1 906 T he A nc ien t C ro s s es a nd H o ly W e l l s o f L anca sh ir e Manche s t e r T ay lo r H & R adc l if f e RD 1 897 ' No te s o n t h e p a r i sh a nd c hu rch o f H a l sa l l ' H i s tS oc L anc sC he s4 8 ,n s 1 2( f o r 1 896 1897 ) 1 93 -232 T e r r e t t I1 962 ' Lanca sh i re ' i nD a rby & Maxwe l le d s ,3 92 -4 14 T homp son M W 1 976 ' The C on s t ruc t ion o f t h e Mano r a t S ou th W ingf ie ld , D e rby sh i r e ' i nS i evek ing ,L ongwo r th & W i l son ,4 17 -438 T homp son M W 1 987 T he D ec l ine o ft h eC a s t l eC amb r idge T homb e rW 1 857 ' The C a s t le H i l l o fP enwo r tham 'H i s tS oc L anc s C he s 9( f o r 1 856 1857 )6 1-76 T ho ro ton R 1 796 T he A n t iqu i t ie s o f N o t t ingham r e p r in t ed 1 972 , Manche s te r T ibb le sA 1 982 S pek eH a l l Me r sey s ide C o Mu seum s T inda l lA S 1 985 ' The Moa ted H ou se ' i n Wa lke r &T inda l le d s , 5 7 -72 T inda l l A S 1 985a ` Moa ted S i te s o f G rea t e r Manche s te r ' Mow ed S i te s R e sG pR epo r t 1 2 , 1 0 -23 T inda l l A S 1 985b ' W igan : t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e t own ' G r t r Manch A rcha eo l J1 ,19 -24 T o l le r TN e d . 1 890 C or respond enc e o fE dwa rd , T h i rd E ar l o fD erby d ur ing t h ey ea r s2 4 -31 H enry V I I IC he tS oc n s 1 9 T oo ley M J 1 978 S ea L eve l C hang e s i nn o r th -we s t E ng land d ur ing t h e F land r ian S tag e Ox f o rd T up l ing GH 1 945 ' The R oya l a nd S e igno r ia l B a i l if f so fL anca sh i r e i nt h e T h i r t een th a nd F ou r teen th C en tu r ie s ' C he tham M i sce l lan ies 8 n s , C he tS oc n s 1 09 T up l ing GH 1 949 S ou th L anca sh i r e i nt h e r e ign o fE dward I C he t S oc 1 ,3 rd s e r T ye r s I ,G rove s C , H i l lam J& B o sw i jk G 1 997 ' T re e r ing d a te s f r om S heff ie ld U n ive r s i ty ' V ernacu la rA rch i t ec tur ev o l2 8 , 1 38 158 . T y r e r F1 953 ' The H a rk i rk , L i t t le C ro sby ' H i s tS oc L anc s C he s 1 04 ( f o r 1 952 ) 1 53 157 T y r e r F1 955 ' C ro sby H a l l : A l te ra t ion s c a r r ied o u t 1 953 1954 ' H i s t S oc L anc sC hes 1 06 ( f o r 1 954 ) 1 49 152 T y r e r F1 963 'The C ommon F ie ld s o fL i t t le C ro sby 'H i s tS oc L ane s C he s 14 ( f o r 1 962 )3 7 -48 T y r e r F1 968 T he G rea t D iurna l o fN icho la s B lund e l l 1 702 17 11 R ec S oc L anc sC he s 10 T y r e r F1 970 T he G r ea t D iurna l o fN icho la s B lund e l l 1 7 12 -17 19 R ec S o cL anc sC he s 12 T y r e r F1 972 T he G r ea t D iurna l o fN icho las B lund e l l 1 720 -1728 R ec S oc L anc sC he s 14 T y son N 1 985a ' Excava t ion s a tR adc l if f eT owe r 1 979 1980 ' G r t r Manch A rchaeo l J1 ,1 9 -53 T y son N 1 985b ' Radc l if f eT owe r ' i n Wa lk e r&T inda l le d s ,4 7 -51 V e rha eg e F1 981 ' Med ieva l Moa ted S i te s i nC oa s ta l F l ande r s ' i nA be rg &B rown e d s , 1 27 172 Wa inw r igh tF T 1975 S cand ina v ian E ng land : c o l l ec t ed P aper sC h iche s te r Wa i t e J A 1 888 192 1 H i s to r ic h ou se s , c hu rche s a nd o the r a r ch i tec tu ra l a n t iqu i t ie s o ft h e c oun ty o fL anca s te r p ho tog raphed b y J A Wa i t e , 4 v o lume s( We s tD e rby ) ,L ive rpoo lR eco rd O ff ic e Wa i t e J A 1 897 ' The l e s se r h a l l s a nd mano r h ou se s o fL anca sh i r e ' H i s t S oc L anc sC he s4 8 ( f o r 1 896 )n s 1 2 , 1 7 1192

4 20

B ib l iography & R ef e rence s Wa lke r F1 939 H i s to r ica l g eog raphy o fs ou th -we s t L anca sh i r e b ef o r e t h eI ndu s t r ia lR evo lu t ion C he tS oc 1 03 ,2 nd s e r Wa lke r J FS & T inda l l A S e d s 1 985 C oun t ry H ou se s o f G r ea t er Manche s t e r T he A rcha eo logy o fG rea t e r Manche s te r 2 ,G r t r Manch A r chaeo l U n i t Wa l ton J K 1 987 L anca sh i re : as oc ia lh i s tory 1 558 -1939 Manche s t e r Wa rhu r s tM 1 977 ` Moa ted S i t ea tH a lewood ' JMer sey A rchaeo lS oc 1 , 5 10 WRDC 1 98 1 B ew sey O ld H a l l Wa r r ing ton & R uncor nD eve lopmen t C o rpo ra t ion Webb AN e d . 1 970 A ne d i t ion o ft h eC ar tu la ty o fB ur scough P r iory C he tS oc 1 83 rd s e r Wh i t e lo ck D e d . 1 930 A ng lo -Saxon W i l l sC amb r idg e W ickham WA 1 9 15 ' The A ng l ian C ro s s -head a tA ugh ton a nd o the r r e c en td i scove r ie st h er e' H i s tS oc L anc sC he s6 6 , n s3 0( f o r 1 9 14 ) 1 50 180 W i l l iam s A& E r sk ine RWH e d s 1 987 D ome sday B ook S tud ie sL ondon W i l l iam s SR hy s 1 997 W es tC he sh i r ef rom t h eA i rC he s t e r W i l l l iam s T1 947 T ho rn ton i nS ef ton P a r i sh : as hor th i s to ry o fa n a nc ien tt own sh ip T ho rn ton R a t epaye r s &R e s iden t s ' A s soc ia t ion W i l son D 1 983 ' The E xcava t ion o f aMed ieva l Moa t ed S i t ea tB u t t e ry H ou se L ane ,D avenpo r tG re en ,G r ea te r Manche s te r 'L anc sC he s A n t iq S oc 8 2 , 1 2 1146 W i l son D 1 987 ' The Med ieva l Moa t ed S i te so fC he sh i r e 'H i s tS oc L anc s C h e s 8 4 , 1 43 154 W i l son P ,B a teman RM & C a t tJ A 1 98 1 ' Pe t rog raphy ,o r ig in a nd e nv i ronmen to fd epo s i t ion o ft h eS h i rd ley H i l l S and o fs ou thwe s t L anca sh i r e ,E ng land ' P roc G eo lA s s9 2 ,2 11-229 W inche s te rA JL 1 987 L and scap ea nd S oc ie ty i n Med ieva lC umbr ia E d inbu rgh W i the r sby J1 976 ' Lanca sh i r e ' Mow ed S i t es R es G pR epor t3 ,6 -7 Wood M 1 965 T he E ng l i sh Med iaeva l Hou se L ondon Wo r s ley H 1 988 T he Dw ind l ing F u r rows o fL ow ton W igan Wra t lune l l S1 992 ' Excava t ion sa tO ld H u t ta nd Wr igh t 's Moa t , H a lewood ' JM er sey A rchaeo lS oc 8( f o r 1 988 -89 ) 1 46 Y a t e sW 1 786 T he C oun ty P a la t ine o fL anca s t er Y oud G 1 958 C ommon l a nd sa nd e nc lo su r ei nL anca sh i re , MA T he s i s , U n ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l( unpub l i shed ) Y oud G 1 962 ' The C ommon F i e ld so fL anca sh i r e ' H i s tS oc L anc sC he s 13 ( f o r 1 96 1 ) 1 41

4 21

I ndex p a roch ia l , 1 ,4 2 p o s t -med ieva l , 5 ,2 32 ,2 99 R omano -Br i t i sh ,9 2 s e ab ank s , 5 t own sh ip , 1 2 B rad ley , Maghu l l ,3 07 B r e the r ton ,L ey land H und r ed , 1 84 b r ick s e eb u i ld ing m a te r ia l s b r idge s , 7 5 , 1 20 , 1 25 , 1 27 , 1 28 , 1 34 d r awb r idg e , 6 3 , 7 8 , 1 96 , 2 03 , 2 06 , 2 23 -224 , 2 33 -234 , 2 88 , 2 9 1 , 3 33 3 34 ,3 4 1 ,3 81-382 s t one , 1 42 , 1 70 171 , 1 95 ,2 05 -206 ,2 29 , 2 68 ,3 13 , 3 36 , 3 40 -34 1 , 3 46 , 3 76 t imbe r , 1 , 1 42 ,2 11-212 ,2 57 ,3 8 1-382 Wa r r ing ton , 8 3 We s tD e rby C a s t le , 8 0 b u rgage ss e eb o rough s b u i ld ing m a t e r ia l s , 6 ,7 ,1 09 b r ick , 6 7 , 9 , 1 09 , 1 30 , 1 7 1 , 1 78 , 1 97 , 2 03 -205 , 2 23 , 2 54 , 2 60 , 2 73 , 2 77 ,2 96 -297 ,3 03 ,3 14 ,3 60 ,3 65 b r ick k i ln ,2 52 b r ick , l i me s tone , l i me , 1 96 c l ay , 1 09 , 1 5 1 d aub ,s ou r ce o f ,2 24 r o of ing f l ag s , 6 s t one , 6 7 , 1 31 ,2 78 t imbe r , 6 7 , 4 4 , 6 4 , 1 24 , 1 26 , 1 30 , 1 37 , 3 77 s e e a l so b u i ld ing s , t imbe r -f ramed b u i ld ing s ,8 7 , 8 9 , 1 23 124 , 1 32 s e ea l so m oa ted s i t e s " Cd a t e ,2 04 1 3 15 th c en tu r ie s , 1 24 1 5 th c en tu ry , 7 9 , 19 A cke r sH a l l , We s tD e rby ,3 80 a lmhou se s ,2 76 ,2 78 A ugh ton H a l l , 1 35 , 1 75 B agu ley H a l l , Manche s te r , 7 8 , 1 33 , 1 36 ,2 24 b akehou se , 1 25 , 1 27 b a rn s , 1 27 , 1 3 1 B a r r e t 's H a l l /C rox te th H a l l ,3 79 -380 B edf o rd H a l l , 1 79 , 1 80 -81 B i spham H a l l ,B i l l inge , 1 3 1 , 1 90 , 1 92 B rad ley H a l l , Maghu l l ,2 99 b r ewhou se , 1 25 , 1 27 B u r scow ( ha l lo 0 ,2 8 1 C a r rH ou se a l ia s Mano rH ou se , Maghu l l ,2 98 -299 c hambe r s , 1 24 125 , 1 32 ,2 34 c hape l ,2 1 ,4 7 , 7 8 , 8 0 , 8 7 , 1 25 , 1 27 , 1 43 , 1 58 159 , 1 64 , 1 70 171 , 1 77 , 2 06 ,2 34 ,2 40 ,2 42 ,2 46 ,2 52 ,2 54 ,2 7 1-273 ,2 76 ,2 78 ,2 80 , 3 13 ,3 33 ,3 40 ,3 55 -356 ,3 65 ,3 68 c l a s s if i ca t ion , 1 23 c ou r tya rd s , 7 9 ,2 34 ,2 46 ,2 68 ,2 79 ,284 c r ene l la t ed ,2 76 ,2 78 s e el i cenc e s C rox te th H a l l , 1 05 , 1 28 ,3 40 ,3 80 D am H ou se ,T y lde s ley ,3 64 d a te s tone , 1 77 178 ,2 99 d a t eo f , 1 35 , 1 42 d ee rh ou se s ,2 7 1 d e s t roy ed , 1 89 ,3 72 d e s t royed b yf i re ,3 77 d oveco te s , 1 30 , 1 89 ,2 03 ,2 08 ,2 46 ,2 76 ,2 78 ,2 86 -288 ,2 94 -295 , 3 02 , 3 24 d i n ing r o om , 1 25 F azake r ley H a l l ,3 71 f l axhou se , 1 96 , 1 99 g a tehou se s , 7 8 -79 , 1 24 130 , 1 34 , 1 42 , 1 59 , 1 67 168 , 2 05 , 2 06 , 2 10 2 11 , 2 15 , 2 33 -234 , 2 38 , 2 68 , 2 78 -279 , 2 84 , 2 88 -289 , 2 96 , 3 33 ,3 40 -341 ,3 44 ,3 46 g r ana ry , 1 27 g r ange , 1 24 , 1 64 ,2 84 H a igh H a l l , 2 29 H a le H a l l ,2 31 ,3 75 h a l le o fI n ce , I n c eB lunde l l ,2 60 h a l lo fS ca r i sb r ick ,2 52 H a l lo fS cho le s ,2 14 H a l sa l l H a l l ,2 38 h ay h ou se , 1 27 H aydock H a l l ,2 42

A A b ram , 7 ,1 3 , 3 3 , 5 1 , 6 2 , 7 3 , 9 1 , 9 6 , 9 9 , 1 0 1 , 19 , 1 57 160 , 2 22 -223 , 2 45 , 2 46 ,2 7 1 , 3 12 ,3 23 ,3 46 ,3 89 a dvow son s ,3 3 ,3 4 ,3 5 ,4 7 , 6 8 , 1 75 , 2 37 , 2 56 , 2 74 ,2 76 , 3 0 1 , 3 12 , 3 37 -338 , 3 43 ,3 67 ,3 74 -375 ,3 83 -385 ,3 86 -387 ,3 89 a e r ia l p ho tog raphy , 18 e nc lo su r e s , 1 20 a g r icu l tu re ,6 8 ,9 8 i mp rovemen tb ym a r l ing , 8 -9 , 7 0 -71 , 7 4 , 1 08 109 , 1 5 1 , 1 85 ,2 0 1 ,3 36 , 3 72 A igbu r th ( Ga r s ton ) ,2 5 ,3 4, 7 0 A in sda le , 1 3 , 1 8 ,2 9 , 3 2 ,4 2 , 5 6 ,6 6 , 7 0 -71 ,9 3 ,2 18 ,2 86 A in t re e , 1 3 ,2 3 ,2 5 -26 ,2 8 ,3 3 ,9 3 ,2 94 ,3 39 ,3 72 ,3 79 A l le r ton , 1 3 ,2 4 ,2 9 ,3 4 ,9 3 ,2 94 A l tca r ,5 6 ,8 ,1 3 ,2 3 , 5 3 , 6 7 , 7 0 ,9 3 , 1 00 , 1 74 ,2 59 ,2 94 -295 , 3 39 A l tca rp a r i sh , 1 13 ,2 0 , 6 6 , 9 5 a l t i tude , 5 -6 , 1 03 , 1 05 106 A l ton ,L a thom ,2 75 ,2 77 ,2 80 -281 Amoundeme s s ( Fy lde ) , 1 5 , 1 6 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 4 , 4 2 -43 , 5 7 , 6 6 , 1 62 , 1 80 , 2 09 , 2 18 ,2 22 ,3 08 , 3 39 ,3 74 a n ima lh u sband ry s e ef a rm ing A pp le ton (W idne s ) , 1 , 1 3 , 3 1 , 3 6 ,4 1 ,4 4 , 5 1 , 5 7 , 7 0 -71 , 9 3 , 1 03 , 1 62 164 , 3 32 s e ea l so W idne s A pp le ton ,C he sh i r e , 1 45 A rbu ry , 1 3 ,2 6 ,3 2 ,3 3 , 5 1 ,2 2 1-222 ,2 48 -249 ,2 90 ,3 11-312 A rganneo l s (B i rkda le ), 1 3 ,2 0 ,2 3 , 3 4 ,4 1 ,4 3 ,5 7 ,6 6 , 7 1 ,9 3 ,2 18 a r tef ac t ss ee a l so g l a s s ,p o t te ry b one s , a n ima l ,3 46 ,3 77 c he s sp i ece s , 1 9 ,3 77 c o in s , 1 5 , 1 9 ,6 9 , 2 77 ,3 77 c r o s se s ,2 0 -2 1 i n du s t r ia lw a s te ,2 15 p r e -Conque s t , 1 9 ,8 1 ,3 77 R oman , 1 9 ,8 9 , 1 52 , 2 77 ,3 77 A sh ton in -Make rf i e ld , 1 , 1 3 , 5 5 , 5 7 , 5 9 -62 , 9 7 , 19 , 1 44 , 1 66 , 1 67 , 1 68 , 1 72 ,3 12 , 3 29 a s sa r t ,4 5 , 5 0 , 6 2 , 6 5 ,6 8 , 7 4 ,9 2 , 1 40 , 1 42 , 1 54 ,2 0 1 ,2 98 ,3 06 A s t ley , 6 ,8 ,9 , 1 3 , 3 1 , 5 1-52 , 5 7 -58 , 9 2 -93 , 1 69 172 , 1 78 , 1 80 , 2 08 , 2 09 , 2 7 1 ,2 9 1 ,3 23 ,3 4 1 ,3 62 -363 A s t ley H a l l ,C ho r ley , 1 09 ,2 81 A the r ton , 1 3 , 3 2 , 3 4 , 5 2 , 9 3 , 9 7 , 1 65 , 1 69 , 1 72 173 , 1 84 , 2 02 , 2 82 , 3 63 , 3 74 A ugh ton , 1 3 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 4 3 , 5 5 -56 , 6 2 , 7 0 -71 , 7 4 , 9 3 , 1 03 , 1 74 178 , 1 83 184 , 2 19 ,2 52 ,2 71 ,2 76 ,2 94 -295 ,2 98 ,3 07 ,3 19 ,3 25 ,3 27 ,3 39 A ugh ton p a r ish , 1 13 ,2 1 , 6 6 ,9 5 ,2 82 ,3 68

B ag swo r th ,L e ice s t e r sh i r e ,3 69 b a i l if f , 1 94 B amf u r long ,A b ram , 1 57 B a r ton , 5 ,6 ,1 3 ,2 0 ,2 3 ,3 1 ,3 3 ,3 5 ,6 7 ,9 3 , 18 ,2 58 -259 ,3 74 B edf o rd , 1 3 ,9 1 , 6 7 ,9 3 , 1 50 , 1 70 , 1 79 181 ,3 23 ,3 63 ,3 74 b e rew ick s ,2 0 ,2 3 -27 ,2 9 ,4 5 ,6 6 -67 ,2 0 1 ,2 74 -275 ,2 80 B icke r shaw ,A b ram ,6 2 , 6 4 , 1 57 ,2 45 -246 ,3 46 B icke r s taf f e , 1 3 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 3 3 , 4 7 -48 , 6 8 , 7 1 , 9 3 , 1 72 , 1 74 , 1 75 , 1 77 , 1 83 186 ,2 82 ,2 94 -295 ,3 06 B i l l inge , 7 ,1 3 , 5 ,7 4 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 1 51 , 1 88 192 ,2 56 ,3 12 ,3 28 -329 ,3 89 B i rkda le s ee A rga rmeo l s B lackbu rn H und r ed , 1 , 1 6 ,2 2 ,3 3 ,4 6 , 1 32 , 1 96 B lac i c rod ,2 28 B o ld , 1 3 ,3 5 ,4 9 , 5 1 , 6 8 , 7 1 , 7 3 -74 ,9 2 -93 ,9 9 , 1 40 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 1 93 199 , 2 0 12 03 ,2 25 ,2 39 -240 ,2 84 ,3 74 -375 B oo t le , 1 3 ,2 4 ,2 9 ,3 3 ,3 4 ,4 3 , 5 6 , 5 7 ,6 0 ,9 3 ,2 18 ,2 71 ,3 39 , 3 72 b o rough s ,4 4 ,4 7 , 5 0 ,6 3 , 7 1 ,9 9 ,2 71 ,2 75 ,2 86 ,3 11 ,3 75 ,3 8 1 ,3 89 b u rgage s , 4 4 , 4 7 , 6 3 , 6 4 , 7 6 , 1 63 , 2 08 , 2 76 , 2 86 -288 , 3 10 -311 , 3 68 , 3 78 -379 ,3 74 -375 ,3 87 ,3 89 -390 s ubd iv i s ion o f ,3 80 b ounda r ie s , 1 8 ,2 1 ,2 3 ,2 6 ,3 2 ,3 3 , 6 9 , 7 7 , 1 03 , 1 73 ,2 52 ,3 04 ,3 14 d i spu te ,2 31 d i tche s , 4 ,8 ,9 1 , 19 , 1 20 , 1 48 , 1 54 , 1 59 , 1 84 , 2 0 1 , 2 41 , 2 60 , 2 80 , 3 11 ,3 46 D ome sday , 5 1 e s ta te s , 1 94 ,2 0 1-202 ,2 55 ,2 75 ,3 0 1-302 g u l ley s , 1 26 h edge s , 1 03 , 19 ,2 01 ,2 4 1 ,2 43 h und r eda l ,4 ,2 18 ,2 47 i l -def ined , 8

4 22

I ndex h ea r th t ax , 1 63 , 1 77 178 , 1 8 1 , 1 85 , 1 96 , 1 97 , 1 98 ,2 15 ,2 27 ,2 52 , 2 54 , 2 57 ,2 34 ,2 73 ,2 76 ,2 79 ,2 84 ,2 89 ,2 96 ,2 99 ,3 03 , 3 07 -309 , 3 12 , 30 , 3 40 -34 1 ,3 46 ,3 50 -351 ,3 77 ,3 88 H ighe rH a l l , We s t le igh ,3 83 -384 h un t ing l o dge ,2 03 i c e -house , 1 67 I n c eH a l l , I n c e in -Make r f ie ld ,2 63 ,2 65 I n c eH a l l /New H a l l ,I n c e in -Mak e r f ie ld ,2 63 ,2 65 k i tchen , 1 24 125 , 1 27 ,2 34 K i rk H a l l , We s t le igh ,s e em oa ted s i te s ,P a r sonage F a rm , K now s ley , 7 9 K now s ley H a l l ,2 72 -273 L a thom L odg e ,2 78 L egh S ur vey 1 466 , 1 24 L e ice s te r sh i r e , 1 34 L eL un ty she the H ows e , B o ld , 1 94 L ey land H und r ed , 1 32 L i the r land H a l l / Ince H a l l ,A ugh ton , 1 75 L odge , B o ld , 1 96 L o s to ck H a l l ,B o l ton , 1 25 ,2 68 Maghu l l H a l l ,2 98 ,2 99 m a l th ou se , 1 27 m i se r ico rd s ,c a rved o n ,2 78 m u l t ip le o ccupa t ion , 1 32 , 1 78 ' n ece s sa ry h ou se s ' ,9 1 , 1 30 , 1 96 ,2 38 ,2 60 ,2 97 ,3 76 ' N ew wo rke ' ,B o ld , 1 96 n ew w o rk s , 3 02 N ew ton P a rk F a rm , 1 3 1 of -p la tf o rm , 1 24 O ld H a l l , I n c eB lunde l l ,2 59 ,2 60 o r a to r ies s e el i c enc e s O r f o rd H a l l , Wa r r ing ton ,3 12 p a rke r 's h ou se , 1 67 p a r t i t ion , 6 2 , 1 30 p r o tec t ion , 1 54 Qwycke H a l l ,B o ld , 1 94 R adc l if f eT ow e r , 8 9 , 1 33 , 1 50 ,3 38 -339 r a ided ,3 32 r e pa i r s , 3 81 R oman , 2 81 R omano -Br i t i sh ,9 2 ,2 8 1 R uf f o rd O ld H a l l , 1 32 R yd ing c hape l ,2 70 ,2 72 S ca r i sb r ick H a l l ,2 54 ,2 55 s h ippon , 1 27 S hu t t lewo r th H a l l ,B edf o rd , 1 79 , 1 8 1 s o la r ,2 23 , 3 33 s t ab le s , 1 27 s t a tu so fo wne r s , 1 33 , 1 34 S t rangeway sH a l l ,H ind ley ,2 45 s ubd iv ided ,2 94 ,3 85 s ub s idence ,3 90 s u r vey s ,9 2 , 1 24 T ay lo r s F a rm ,L a thom ,2 8 1 t i mbe r -f ramed , 6 7 , 4 4 , 6 4 , 1 24 , 1 30 , 1 37 , 1 58 , 1 70 , 1 75 , 1 77 , 1 90 , 1 96 197 , 2 03 , 2 06 , 2 23 , 2 34 , 2 54 , 2 60 , 2 65 , 2 79 , 2 96 , 3 03 -304 ,3 12 -314 ,3 33 ,3 52 ,3 65 t owe r s a nd t ow e rh ou se s , 7 6 , 7 8 -79 , 8 9 , 1 33 , 1 25 , 1 32 135 137 , 1 50 , 1 54 , 1 75 , 1 96 , 2 06 , 2 68 , 2 78 -279 , 2 88 -289 s e e a l so s t ronghou se s t u r fh ouse , 1 27 T u r ton T ow e r ,n ea rR ochda le , 1 36 Wa l ton O ld H a l l ,3 72 w a tch towe r ,3 15 We s twood H a l l ,I n c e in -Ma l ce r f ie ld ,2 63 b urh , 1 9 , 2 80 -28 1 B u r scough ,2 74 -276 ,2 80 w ood land , 2 75 B u r scough s ee Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) B u r tonhead , S u t ton , 1 7 , 7 3 -74 , 1 49 ,3 12 ,3 47 -350 ,3 87 B utonwood , 6 -7 , 1 3 ,3 2 , 3 5 , 4 3-44 , 5 1 , 5 6 , 6 6 , 6 8 -71 , 7 4 -75 , 8 3 , 9 3 , 1 00 , 1 04 , 1 08 , 1 26 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 1 50 , 1 58 , 1 72 , 1 80 , 1 94 , 2 00 -203 ,2 06 , 2 26 , 2 31 ,2 33 ,2 40 ,2 49 -250 , 2 59 -260 , 2 87 , 3 12 , 3 14 , 3 23 , 3 25 3 26 ,3 40 -34 1 ,3 46 ,3 74 -375 ,3 77 ,3 90

c ano e s , 5 ,7 1 C a r r , Maghu l l ,2 99 C anhou se s , I n ce B lunde l l ,2 59

4 23

c a s t le s , 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 5 -27 , 3 2 -34 , 3 6 -39 , 4 4 -45 , 4 7 , 5 1 , 5 8 , 6 3 , 7 5 , 7 8 , 8 0 , 8 8 , 8 9 ,9 3 , 18 , 1 33 , 1 52 s e ea l so r i ngwo rk s A shby d el aZ ouche , 1 50 b r idg e , 7 5 B u rna rde sca s t le , L a thom , 4 2 , 4 5 , 6 0 , 6 3 , 7 5 -76 , 7 8 -79 , 8 5 , 8 8 -89 , 1 53 ,2 75 ,2 77 ,2 80 -281 ,3 82 B uck ton , S a lf o rd ,3 82 C a s t le S t ree t ,K i rkda le ,7 5 -77 , 8 0 , 8 5 , 1 53 C a s t le H i l l , H ind ley , 7 6 -77 ,8 0 , 8 3 , 1 53 C a s t le H i l l ,N ew ton , 1 94 5 , 7 5 -76 , 8 1 , 8 3 , 8 9 ,3 11 ,3 14 C a s t le s tede , U pho l land ,4 9 , 6 4 ,6 0 , 6 4 , 7 5 -77 , 8 0 , 8 5 , 8 8 , 1 53 ,2 33 C a s t le ton ,R ochda le ,2 7 , 8 5 C he s t e rC a s t le ,3 69 ,3 82 C iv i l Wa rg a r r i son s , 8 4 d a te s , 7 5 d imen s ion s , 1 4 1 a sf oc i io fa dm in i s t ra t ion , 7 5 F l in tC a s t le ,3 69 F r anc i sF a r r e r ' s , 1 9 ,7 5 , 7 6 , 8 2 ,8 9 ,2 8 1 G r eenha lgh ,G a r s tang , Amounde rne s s , 7 9 ,2 76 ,2 78 H a l ton C a s t le ,R unco rn ,3 6 ,4 2 , 5 1 , 1 62 H a l ton C a s t le ,L a thom ,s e em oa ted s i te s H ind ley C a s t le ,6 0 K i rby Mux 1o e , 1 50 K now s ley , 7 5 -76 L anca s te r ,4 3-44 , 1 62 ,2 66 ,3 10 ,3 16 ,3 8 1 L i ve rpoo l C a s t le , 4 4 , 7 5 -76 , 7 8 , 8 2 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 1 33 , 1 52 , 2 86 -288 , 3 32 , 3 69 l o ca t ion a nd t o pog raphy ,6 0 , 7 6 -77 , 8 8 , 1 53 Mo te H i l l , Wa r r ing ton , 1 4 , 1 9 , 2 6 , 3 2 , 3 5 , 4 2 , 4 4 -45 , 6 1 , 7 5 -77 , 8 0 , 8 3 , 8 8 -89 , 1 05 , 18 , 1 26 , 1 4 1 , 1 52 , 1 82 , 2 0 1 , 2 03 , 3 4 1 , 3 74 ,3 76 -377 ,3 82 m o t te a nd b a i ley , 7 5 ,3 77 ,3 82 o wne r sa nd r e l ig iou sh ou se s , 8 6 P ee lC a s t le ,I s le o f Man ,8 4 P enn ing ton ,F u rne s s ,3 82 P enwo r tham ,4 2 ,8 1 p l an a nd s t ruc tu r e , 7 8 p r e -Conque s t , 7 5 p r iva t e , 1 4 1 R ag lan C a s t le ,2 78 R hudd lan C a s t le ,3 69 r e pa i r s ,3 8 1 R ochda le C a s t le , 8 5 s t a tu sa nd f unc t ion , 8 2 s t a tu so fo wne r s ,6 5 s upp l ie s ,3 8 1 T a t te r sha l lC a s t le , 1 50 We s tD e rby C a s t le , 1 , 1 8 ,4 4 -45 , 7 5 -77 , 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 4 , 8 8 , 8 9 , 1 07 , 1 4 1 , 1 52 ,3 81-382 W idne sC a s t le ,4 2 ,4 5 ,5 1 , 7 5 -76 , 8 4 , 1 03 , 1 62 , 1 64 c a s t le c on s t ruc t ion i n f luence , 1 5 1 c au seway , 5 ,1 42 , 1 58 ,3 25 ,3 40 ,3 46 ,3 52 b r ick ,3 64 C ay ley ,H aydock ,4 6 , 5 8 , 1 0 3 ,2 39 ,2 43 ,3 68 c hape l s , 1 22 c han t ry ,3 36 H a le ,2 30 -231 H a rk i rk ,L i t t le C ro sby , 1 8 -2 1 F a rnwo r th ,4 5 , 1 03 , 1 6 3 164 L a thom ,2 78 S tC a the r ine ' s , L yd ia t e ,2 97 S tL eona rd ,K now s ley ,2 75 S ou thwo r th ,2 1 C ha r t e ro ft h eF o r e s t 189 1194 ,6 8 C ha t Mo s ss e et o pog raphy ,m o s s land s C he sh i r e ,9 2 ,9 4 ,9 8 C h i ldwa l l , 1 3 , 2 4 ,2 9 ,3 4 , 5 8 , 9 3 ,2 56 ,2 75 ,3 28 -329 C h i ldwa l lp a r i sh , 1 2 13 , 1 7 18 , 2 0 ,2 7 , 4 7 ,6 6 , 8 6 ,9 5 c hu r ch , 1 7 ,2 0 ,2 1 ,2 4 -25 ,2 7 -29 ,3 2 -35 ,4 7 -48 , 5 7 ,6 3 , 1 03 , 1 75 ,2 69 a l iena t ion ,3 84 a s soc ia t ion w i th s e t t lemen t ,3 40 A ugh ton ,6 1 C h i ldwa l l ,2 94 D ome sday ,3 89 H uy ton ,3 54 ,3 63 l o ca t ion o f , 1 O nn sk i rk ,2 0 ,4 5 ,6 1 ,2 77 ,2 80

I ndex O u rL ady , P r e sco t ,2 1 p o s se s s ion so f ,9 6 ,3 7 1 S tC had ,K i rkby ,2 1 S tC u thbe r t , H a lsa l l ,2 0 ,2 37 -238 S tE lph in , Wa r r ing ton ,2 5 ,3 5 ,4 5 , 6 1 , 7 6 , 8 3 ,3 74 ,3 76 -377 S tH e len , S ef ton ,2 96 ,3 88 S t Ma ry , Wa l ton -on the H i l l ,4 5 S tO swa ld ,W inw ick ,3 11 s i t e 2 15 W igan , 3 11 W igan c han t ry , 3 90 c i v i l u n re s t , 1 4 th c en tu ry , 4 7 -49 , 9 9 , 1 24 , 1 67 , 2 28 , 3 18 , 3 32 , 3 43 , 3 55 , 3 90 ,4 14 c on sp i ra to r s ' m ee t ing p l a ce , 1 45 ,2 14 C iv i l Wa r ,2 77 ,2 79 ,2 88 -289 c l ay e x t ra c t ion , 1 30 ,2 71 c l ay t o bacco p ipe s ,4 c l ea ranc e , 7 0 C len t , Maghu l l ,2 99 c l ima t e ,4 1 e f ec to nc r op p roduc t ion , 7 1 c oa lm ine s , 1 89 c oa s ta lc hange ,4 ,3 4 ,6 6 c on se rva t i sm , 1 48 , 1 50 , 1 5 1 , 1 54 C ron ton ,9 3 , 1 62 c o in h oa rd ss ee a r t ef a c t s c r ene l la te s ee l i c ence s C rof t , 1 3 , 5 1 , 6 0 ,3 12 C rof t ,C u lche th ,2 08 C ron ton , 1 3 ,3 1 , 5 1 , 5 7 ,6 7 ,3 39 C ropwe l l B u t le r ,N o t t ingham sh i re ,3 23 C ro sby , G rea t , 1 3 , 2 3 , 2 5 -26 , 3 2 , 3 6 , 4 4 , 4 7 , 5 6 , 6 5 -66 , 7 2 , 9 3 , 2 84 , 3 39 , 3 72 ,3 79 C ro sby , L i t t le , 6 7 , 9 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 2 1-23 , 2 6 -27 , 2 9 , 3 1 , 3 5 , 4 1 , 5 1 , 5 7 -58 , 6 6 , 7 0 -72 , 9 3 , 1 08 ,2 66 , 2 82 -284 ,2 98 ,3 38 -343 ,3 59 c r o s se s ,2 1 C rox t e th , 1 3 ,3 5 , 5 2 , 5 6 , 6 8 -69 ,3 39 C ue rd ley , 1 3 ,3 1 ,3 4 ,3 6 , 5 7 ,6 6 ,9 3 , 7 0 -71 , 1 62 , 1 94 ,2 7 1 ,3 68 C u lche th , 1 2 , 1 3 , 3 1 , 4 8 , 5 2 , 6 2 , 7 3 , 9 3 , 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 28 , 1 32 , 1 40 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 2 07 -212 ,2 31 ,2 44 -245 ,2 62 ,2 90 ,3 23 ,3 74 ,3 83 ,3 85 c u l t iva t ion ,4 ,6 ,8 ,4 1 , 7 1 , 1 08 , 1 68 c ommon f i e ld s , 1 04 c l ea rance o fs a nd , 6 6 e a r ly , 7 4 e f ec t so fc l ima te , 7 1 m o s s land s , 1 48 o pen f i e ld ,2 8 , 5 8 , 6 8 , 1 49 o pen f i e ld s u rv iva l , 7 2 p l ough t e am s ,6 5 C un scough , Me l l ing ,2 8 ,6 7 , 7 2 -73 , 1 0 1 , 1 22 , 2 94 -296 ,2 99 , 3 05 -309 , 3 29 , 3 39 c u s tom s , 1 6 , 1 8 ,2 5 ,2 9 ,4 5 , 5 9

D a l lam ,B u r tonwood , 7 0 ,2 0 1 ,2 03 D a l ton , 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 3 4 , 4 9 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 2 , 9 3 , 6 6 , 1 74 , 2 7 1 , 2 76 , 3 54 , 3 67 -368 ,3 89 d a t ing , 1 2 , 1 06 , 1 25 126 , 1 29 , 1 34 , 1 58 RC ,7 0 ,2 04 ,2 32 ,3 82 d end roch rono logy , 1 05 106 , 1 24 ,2 04 ,2 11 ,2 15 ,2 24 ,2 96 p o l len a na ly s i s , 7 0 d ee r ,6 8 ,6 9 , 7 4 , 1 45 ,2 71 d e e r leap ,2 72 t h ef to f ,2 02 ,3 73 d ef ence r e spon s ib i l i ty o fv i l l sh e ld i nt h anage ,6 0 r i ve r ine ,4 2 d eme sne , 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 3 6 , 4 1-42 , 4 4 , 4 6 -47 , 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 6 , 6 0 , 6 9 , 7 2 , 1 04 , 1 76 , 1 93 ,2 02 c r op p roduc t ion , 7 1 e nc lo su r e s ,4 3 F o re s t ,6 7 -68 f r agmen ta t ion , 1 50 H ono ro fL anca s te r ,3 0 ,4 1-43 i n he r i tance o fe s ta te so n ,6 2 Ma l ce rf ie ld ,4 2 m ona s t ic , 7 0 N ew ton H und red , 6 5 p a rk s ,6 9

r e l ief s i nk i nd ,6 2 r e n t s , 5 2 r o ya l ,2 2 -29 ,3 3 ,4 4 ,4 6 , 5 1 , 5 5 , 5 8 ,6 0 ,2 03 ,2 06 ,2 31-235 ,3 80 e x tended t ot h anage v i l l s , 6 0 t h anage sa nd d r engag es , 5 9 Wa r r ing ton F ee , 5 1 We s tD e rby ,6 5 W idne sF ee , 5 1 ,6 4 , 7 0 , 7 6 D en ton , W idne s , 1 62 d e s t ruc t ion o fs i te s ,2 d i tched e nc lo su r e s , 2 3 , 3 7 -39 , 6 5 , 6 8 , 7 5 , 7 7 , 9 1-92 , 9 6 , 1 02 103 , 11 , 1 4 1 , 1 53 s e ea l so moa ted s i te s f os se p a lud i l i s ,9 1 d i tche s b ounda ry , 1 48 d ra inag e , 1 48 ,2 60 d ry , 8 1 , 1 73 ,2 97 ,3 08 f e nced , 1 42 f o s se p a lud i l i s ,9 1-92 mu l t ip le , 1 52 p e rm i s s ion t oc r ea te , 8 2 , 18 , 1 41 D i t ton , 1 3 ,6 1 ,9 32 31 ,2 33 ,2 84 ,3 48 ,3 54 ,3 68 ,3 72 t e nu r ia ls ub -d iv i s ion ,6 2 d ocumen t s ,2 3 , 1 7 , 1 8 ,2 1 ,4 5 ,4 9 , 5 1 , 5 4 ,9 6 1 4 th & 1 5 th c en tu r ie s ,6 5 b o rough c ha r t e rs , 6 3 C ha r te r so fL ibe r t ie s 129 1130 ,4 1-43 ,4 5 C he sh i r e ,9 2 E x ten t s ,162 F l odden P oem ,2 78 G r ea tI n que s t 1 2 12 , 3 0 ,4 4 -45 , 5 0 , 5 2 , 1 40 i l u s t ra t ion s ,9 6 I nqu i s i t ione sP o s t Mo r tem E dmund ,e a r lo fL anca s te r , 5 0 H en ry d eL a cy , 5 0 T homa sS t an ley ,2 nd e a r lo fD e rby ,2 71 i n ven to r ie s , 1 7 1 , 1 96 197 ,2 03 ,2 33 ,2 38 ,2 57 , 2 60 ,2 84 ,2 96 ,2 99 L egh MSS , 1 466 , 1 04 , 1 07 , 1 94 195 , 1 97 ,2 06 P ipe R o l l s ,2 2 ,3 3 ,3 9 ,4 2 -43 , 5 0 , 5 2 , 1 48 r e n ta l 1 322 ,2 31 m ap s ,9 1 , 1 07 , 11 , 1 23 , 1 49 , 1 52 ,2 94 S t an ley P o em ,2 78 S t a tu t eo fQ u ia e mp to r es t e r rarum , 5 6 s u rvey s B ew sey , 1 26 , 1 35 ,2 03 ,3 75 B u r scough P r io ry ,3 02 L egh e s ta t e s 1 466 ,9 2 , 1 25 , 1 34 ,2 27 L igh t shaw 1 6 11 ,2 23 U pho l land p r io ry p o s se s s ion s , 1 536 ,3 68 D ome sday , 1 12 , 1 7 18 , 2 0 -22 , 2 4 , 2 6 -30 , 3 3 , 3 5-36 , 4 0 , 4 2 , 7 0 , 7 4 , 9 8 , 1 72 ,2 75 ,2 80 ,3 11-312 c hu rche s ,3 89 D ownho l land , 1 3 , 1 9 -20 ,2 3 -24 ,2 9 ,9 3 ,2 93 -295 ,3 83 D own l i the r land , 1 3 ,2 1 ,3 1 ,3 3 , 5 1 , 5 8 , 7 4 ,9 3 ,3 37 -339 e xchange f o rT ox te th ,6 8 d r a inag e ,4 ,1 40 , 1 73 ,2 84 s ee a l so f l ood s 1 7 th c en tu ry , 1 08 A l tD ra inage A c t , 1 779 , 5 a r t if ic ia lf e a tu r e s ,n omenc la tu r e ,9 1 m a rg ina ll a nd , 6 6 m oa ted s i te s ,9 1 n a tu ra lf e a tu re s , n omenc la tu re ,9 1 d r eng s ,s e ee s ta t e s , t e nu r e d uck d ecoy , 1 08 d ue s s ak ef e , 5 0 , 5 2 d u t ie s t e nu r ia l , 1 5 1 o ft h ane s ,6 1

E c c le s ton , 1 3 , 1 7 18 , 2 1 , 3 1 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 7 2 -73 , 9 2 -93 , 1 44 , 2 00 ,2 13 -215 ,2 24 , 2 83 ,3 06 ,3 10 ,3 31 ,3 43 ,3 47 -350 ,3 85 E dge ,S ef ton ,3 38 E dwa rd H ,v i s i tt oL anca sh i re , 8 5 E gga rga r th ,L yd ia t e ,2 36 ,2 52 ,2 92 -295 E l tonhead , S u t ton ,2 14 ,3 47 ,3 50 e nc lo su r es e ef i e ld s y s t em s e nc lo su r e s ,2 4 ,3 7 -39 ,6 8 -69 , 7 4 ,9 1 ,2 09 s e ea l so d i tched e nc lo su r e s

4 24

I ndex o fa r ab le ,2 72 C he sh i r e ,9 8 d ee r , 7 1 d eme sne ,4 3 i l ega l , 1 96 R omano -B r i t i sh , 1 , 1 8 E s shby e ,K i rkda le ,2 66 -267 e s ta te s , 1 7 ,2 3 -24 ,2 7 -36 ,4 0 -4 1 ,4 4 -49 ,5 9 , 1 00 , 1 08 , 1 32 a cqu i s i t ion s e ea l so i n he r i tanc e b y m a r r iag e , 3 1 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 4 3 , 4 5 -47 , 4 9 -50 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 3 , 8 5 , 1 00 , 18 , 1 49 , 1 5 1 , 1 64 165 , 1 67 , 1 72 , 1 74 175 , 1 84 , 1 89 , 1 94 195 , 1 97 198 ,2 02 ,2 06 ,2 08 ,2 10 ,2 23 ,2 31 , 2 33 , 2 36 , 2 39 -24 1 , 2 45 , 2 52 , 2 57 , 2 59 , 2 76 , 2 78 , 2 82 -283 , 2 96 , 2 98 -299 , 3 11-312 , 3 23 -324 , 3 18 , 3 26 , 3 32 , 3 35 , 3 38 , 3 42 , 3 44 , 3 49 , 3 63 , 3 65 , 3 69 , 3 75 , 3 85 p u r cha se ,3 1 , 1 06 , 1 50 , 1 63 ,2 02 ,2 4 1 ,2 99 ,3 12 ,3 75 ,3 84 b a ron ia l ,4 1-42 B edf o rd sh i r e , 1 49 C he sh i re ,9 8 c hu rch s ee e s ta te s ,r e c to r ia l c onf i sca t ion , 1 32 c on so l ida ted ,3 0 , 5 1 , 5 8 , 7 1 , 7 3 -74 , 1 49 C rown , 5 7 , 1 4 1 ,2 88 -289 ,3 14 ,3 77 ,3 8 1 d eme sne ,4 2 , 5 6 d i spe r sed ,3 0 ,3 5 ,3 6 ,4 2 , 5 0 -51 , 5 7 -58 ,6 0 -6 1 ,6 5 ,7 4 , 1 48 149 d i v i s ion t oh e i r e s se s ,2 08 ,2 94 ,3 2 1 ,3 72 ,3 85 d owe r , 1 94 195 ,2 76 ,2 78 ,3 71 e conom ic p o t en t ia l , 7 4 e conom ic s u r v iva l , 7 2 F e ef a rm , 5 1 f o r f e i tu r e , 4 0 -4 1 , 4 4 , 6 3 , 8 0 , 8 4 , 2 28 , 2 33 , 2 39 -240 , 2 42 , 2 71 , 2 89 , 3 68 f r agmen ta t ion ,6 2 ,7 3 ,2 94 f r eedom t om ake g r an t s ,6 5 f r eeho ld ,7 3 ,9 4 ,9 6 , 1 50 , 1 54 F y lde s ee Amounde rne s s g r an ted o u t ,4 1 ,7 3 g r an t sf r om t h anage -he ld ,6 2 h e ld b y d reng s ,3 1-32 , 5 8 , 5 9 ,3 74 n amed i n v id iv idua l s ,3 0 -31 , 5 0 s e r jean t s , 3 2 , 3 4 , 3 6 , 4 3-44 , 5 0 -51 , 5-56 , 6 0 , 6 2 , 3 70 , 3 72 -373 , 3 78 t h ane s ,3 1 ,3 3 ,3 5 -36 ,4 2 ,6 2 ,8 8 i n dependen t , 1 48 i s o la t ed , 1 03 l a bou rp rov i s ion ,7 4 L egh f am i ly , 1 466 ,9 1 l o ca t ion , 5 1 m ax im isa t ion o fr e sou rc e s , 7 4 m ino r , 5 9 , 1 0 1 m oa ted s i te s ,9 7 m ona s t ic , 1 00 m u l t ip le t e nu re s ,5 7 p a rk s ,6 8 , 7 4 p e r iphe r a l , 1 03 , 1 42 , 1 49 ,3 72 r e c to r ia l , 2 2 , 5 4 , 5 5 -56 , 6 3 , 9 8 , 1 0 1 , 1 03 , 1 75 , 1 78 , 2 36 , 3 41 , 3 76 , 3 85 ,3 88 -390 r e la t ion sh ip t op a r i sh s t ruc tu r e ,4 5 r e n t , 1 00 r e sou rce s , 7 4 R oge ro fP o i tou 's a t t i tude ,4 0 -4 1 s e lf su f i c ien t ,7 3 -74 , 1 5 1 s i ze , 1 6 th c en tu ry , 1 49 s t a tu s , 1 51 s t a tu so fo wne r s ,2 2 , 1 32 s t ruc tu re s , 7 2 t e nu r e ,9 6 w a s tage o f ,2 56 E ther i s ton ,P enn ing ton ,3 23 E ve r ton , 1 3 ,2 3 ,2 5 -26 ,3 2 ,3 6 ,4 7 , 5 6 ,6 7 ,9 3 ,2 69 ,2 86 -287 ,3 79 -380 e xcava t ion s , 1 8 , 1 9 , 2 1 , 6 3 , 6 9 , 7 5 , 7 7 -78 , 8 0 -8 1 , 8 3 , 9 1-92 , 1 00 , 1 05 108 , 11 , 18 119 , 1 23 124 , 1 28 129 , 1 33 , 1 40 142 , 1 44 , 1 52 , 1 53 , 1 82 , 1 96 , 2 03 -205 , 2 11-2 12 , 2 15 -216 , 2 34 , 2 38 , 2 54 , 2 65 , 2 77 2 79 ,2 8 1 ,2 88 , 2 97 , 3 14 , 3 19 , 3 4 1 , 3 45 -346 , 3 52 , 3 73 , 3 76 -377 , 3 82 ,4 12

4 25

f a i r s ,4 7 ,6 3 -64 ,2 75 ,3 11 ,3 54 ,3 75 ,3 87 ,3 89 f a rm ing a n ima lh u sband ry , 7 0 ,? 193 a r ab le , 5 ,6 ,4 1 ,4 7 -48 ,6 5 -66 ,6 8 , 7 0 -72 ,7 4 , 1 08 , 1 51 c a t t le , 5 ,1 8 ,2 0 ,6 9 , 7 0 , 1 03 c ommon f i e ld ,7 2 c on se rva t i sm , 7 4 c u l t iva t ed l a nd ,6 6 c u s toma ry p ra c t ice s , 7 1 d i s rup t ion b ys e aa nd s a nd i n cu r s ion s , 7 1 g oa t s ,7 0 h o r se s ,5 ,7 0 ,2 0 1 i n t e rco rn rnon ing , 5 ,5 8 ,7 4 , 1 5 1 l i ve s tock e p idem ic s ,7 1 m ixed , 7 0 ,7 3 -74 , 1 08 p a s to ra l ,7 1 ,2 0 1 p i g s ,6 ,4 4 ,7 0 p o l len e v idenc e , 7 0 -7 1 s he ep ,5 ,4 8 , 7 0 , 1 08 f a rm s , 1 57 , 1 63 F amwo r th ,W idne s , 1 ,4 5 ,6 4 , 1 03 , 1 63 s e ea l so c hape l s F azake r ley s e e Wa l ton F eamhead ,3 25 -326 s ee a l so P ou l ton f e a s t sa nd e n t e r ta inmen t s ,6 4 , 8 0 ,8 4 -85 ,2 89 ,3 69 F ee s ,4 1 ,4 5 , 5 1 c r ea t ion o f ,3 0 -31 ,3 3 ,4 1-42 ,5 8 ,6 8 F o r e s t ,3 5 ,3 7 , 5 1-52 , 5 4 ,5 6 Make r f ie ld ,3 2 -34 ,3 6 -37 ,4 2 ,4 6 , 5 1-52 ,5 4 , 5 9 , 8 6 ,9 6 ,9 8 ,3 10 -314 Manche s te r ,3 4 ,3 7 , 5 1 -52 , 5 7 , 5 9 ,6 2 ,2 56 ,2 75 ,2 78 ,3 28 -329 Ma r sey a nd G a rn s ton ,3 4 ,3 7 , 5 1-52 ,5 4 -55 , 5 7 ,2 28 ,2 52 ,2 55 P enwo r tham ,3 4 ,3 7 , 5 1 ,5 4 ,5 7 , 8 5 ,3 11 S ef ton ,3 1-32 ,3 5 -37 ,5 0 -52 ,5 4 -55 , 5 8 ,6 8 ,7 2 -74 , 1 32 Wa l ton le -Da le ,3 11 Wa r r ing ton ,2 8 ,3 1-32 ,3 5 -36 ,3 8 ,4 2 ,5 0 -51 ,5 4 -55 , 5 7 -58 , 6 2 , 7 2 , 9 7 9 8 , 1 05 W idne s , 2 7 , 3 1-34 , 3 6 , 3 8 ,4 1 , 4 8 , 5 0 -52 , 5 4 -55 , 5 7 , 6 3 , 6 7 , 7 4 , 1 03 , 1 22 , 1 62 ,2 14 ,2 78 f i e ld n ame s ,3 ,5 7 , 2 1 , 1 42 s e ea l so P ee l f i e ld ss ee a l so e nc lo su r e s c r of t s ,6 5 e nc lo sed , 7 3 , 1 48 ,2 14 ,2 40 ,2 4 1 ,2 43 ,2 60 ,3 12 e nc lo su re ,4 -6 ,8 ,1 49 g r oup ing s , 7 3 o p en ,2 8 ,6 8 ,7 3 ,7 4 1 8 th 19 th c en tu ry , 7 2 t own f ie ld s ,3 72 f i sh , 1 5 ,6 5 ,2 87 ,2 89 e l s ,7 1 f i she r ie s , 2 4 , 4 2 , 8 8 , 1 45 , 1 8 1 , 2 08 , 2 17 , 2 18 , 2 26 , 2 67 , 2 76 , 3 02 , 3 36 ,3 42 -343 p r e -Conque s t ,7 0 f i sh ing ,5 ,7 0 , 8 4 ,2 31 p ond s , 1 20 12 1 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 1 54 ,2 15 ,2 40 ,2 55 ,2 63 s a l t , 1 7 1 t h ef to f , 1 85 y a rd s ,2 03 ,3 26 f l ax r e t t ing , 1 99 f l ood s , 1 ,4 0 ,6 7 , 1 06 ,3 40 ,3 46 s e ea l so d r a inage ,i n unda t ion s f l oo rm o sa ic , 1 59 F o rd , S ef ton p a r i sh , 1 3 ,3 39 ,3 89 f o rd s ,2 75 ,3 06 F o r e s t ,6 ,4 3 -44 ,4 7 5 0 , 5 4 , 5 6 ,6 7 -69 , 7 1 , 7 4 , 1 05 , 1 40 ,2 03 ,2 31 ,3 44 ,3 54 a g r icu l tu ra ld eve lopmen t , 7 1 b ound s ,6 8 c ou r t ,3 87 C rox t e th ,6 9 d eme sne e x tended ,6 8 d i sf o re s ta t ion ,6 8 H a lewood ,6 9 h un t ing ,6 8 l aw s ,4 5 l aw s ,r e laxa t ion , 6 8 p e rambu la t ion s 1 228 ,4 4 ,6 8 , 3 80 r e venue ,6 9 s e t t lemen t ,6 8 T ox t e th , 6 8 v i l l s

I ndex F o rmby , 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 4 , 2 8 -29 , 3 2 , 4 344 , 5 6 -57 , 6 0 , 6 6 , 6 2 , 6 5 , 7 0 -71 , 9 3 -94 , 1 04 , 1 20 , 1 84 , 2 14 , 2 17 -220 , 2 28 , 2 67 , 2 7 1 , 2 93 -294 , 3 44 , 3 49 , 3 7 1-372 ,3 80 f o r t if ica t ion s p r e -Conque s t , 1 4 , 1 9 ,9 0 R oman , 1 9 f r e ew a r r en s e el i c ence s f u e l ,4 4 ,6 7 -68 , 1 09 c oa l ,6 7 , 7 4 ,2 15 ,2 45 ,3 87 -388 f i r ewood , 1 03 s ea c oa l ,3 63 t u rf a nd p ea t , 1 70

g a rden s , 8 5 , 1 25 , 1 27 , 1 70 , 1 95 196 , 2 03 , 2 05 -206 , 2 15 , 2 22 , 2 26 , 2 29 , 2 31 ,2 33 , 2 46 , 2 52 , 2 56 , 2 59 -260 , 2 68 , 2 73 , 2 78 , 2 86 -287 , 2 89 , 2 95 ,3 02 ,3 18 ,3 23 ,3 40 ,3 72 ,3 88 G a r s ton , 1 3 ,2 3 ,2 5 -26 ,3 1-32 ,3 6 , 7 0 ,9 3 , 1 32 ,2 94 ,3 43 ,3 79 G a r swood ,A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld , 1 45 ,3 18 g eo logy b ou lde rc l ay ,5 ,7 -9 , 8 1 , 1 03 , 1 06 108 , 1 40 , 1 54 o f moa t ed s i te s , 1 03 104 p ea t ,4 ,8 ,6 5 F l ande r s , 1 06 s u rv iva l , 7 0 s and sa nd g r ave l s , 7 ,1 07 S h i rd ley H i l lS and , 81 07 108 s o i l i mp rovemen ts ee a g r icu l tu r e , i mp rovemen t s o i l s , 8 9 , 7 1 , 1 07 , 1 47 ,4 13 s o l id ,6 ,1 07 G e ra rd H a l l ,A ugh ton , 1 75 , 1 84 g i f t s ,4 7 , 5 6 ,6 4 G i ldhou se s ,L yd ia t e ,2 94 G i ldhou se s , Wa l ton ,3 70 ,3 71 ,3 72 g l a s s ,8 ,1 28 G lazeb rook ,3 35 -336 s ee a l so R ix ton G le s t ,E cc le s ton , 2 14 G o lbome , 1 3 , 2 6 ,3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 ,4 6 , 5 1 , 9 2 , 1 44 145 , 1 57 , 1 65 , 1 80 , 2 2 1-223 , 2 39 -240 ,2 90 -29 1 ,3 11-312 ,3 14 -315 ,3 24 ,3 68 G o r such , S ca r i sb r ick ,2 52 G rea tC ro sby s e eC ro sby ,G r ea t G r ea tS ankey s e eS ankey ,G r ea t

H a igh , 1 3 , 3 4 , 4 8 , 5 1 , 5 4 , 6 6 , 9 6 , 1 44 , 1 72 , 2 09 , 2 28 -229 , 2 92 , 3 12 , 3 23 , 3 50 ,3 84 ,3 89 -390 H a le , 1 3 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 5 -26 , 3 2 , 3 6 , 4 2 , 4 4 , 4 6 -50 , 5 6 , 6 2 -63 , 6 8 , 7 1 , 9 3 , 9 9 , 1 49 , 2 13 , 2 18 , 2 30 -232 , 2 67 , 2 76 , 2 93 -294 , 3 25 , 3 43 , 3 68 -369 , 3 7 1 ,3 79 -380 H a lewood , 6 7 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 2 5 , 5 0 , 5 6 , 6 8 -69 , 9 1-92 , 1 05 , 1 24 , 1 4 1 , 1 44 , 1 49 , 2 02 ,2 18 ,2 31-234 ,2 71 ,2 76 ,2 94 ,3 46 ,3 54 ,3 68 -369 ,3 75 H a lsa l l , 1 3 , 2 3 , 3 1-32 , 3 5 , 5 7 -58 , 6 2 , 9 1-93 , 1 03 , 1 75 , 1 84 , 2 36 -238 , 2 52 , 2 93 -294 ,2 98 ,3 05 -306 ,3 74 ,3 83 H a l sa l lp a r i sh , 1 2 13 ,2 3 ,6 6 ,95 H a l snead , Wh i s ton ,3 86 -387 H a rk i r l c ,s ee a l so L i t t le C ro sby , 1 5 c o in h oa rd , 1 8 ,2 0 h awk s 'e y r ie s ,6 7 -68 H aydock , 6 ,1 3 , 2 0 , 3 2 , 4 6 , 4 8 -49 , 5 , 5 8 -59 , 6 2 -63 , 7 2 -73 , 1 03 104 , 1 42 , 1 45 , 1 66 , 1 94 , 1 97 ,2 0 1 ,2 39 -243 ,2 62 ,3 12 ,3 14 -315 ,3 25 ,3 68 H ay sann , R a inf o rd ,3 28 h e a r th t a xs ee b u i ld ing s H e ld ,N ew ton ,3 12 H ind ley , 1 3 ,4 2 ,4 9 , 5 5 , 5 7 , 5 9 ,6 0 , 6 1 , 7 6 -77 , 8 0 , 8 3 , 8 7 -89 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 1 65 , 2 11 ,2 44 -247 ,2 75 ,2 82 -284 ,3 06 ,3 12 ,3 17 ,3 21 ,3 24 ,3 84 ,3 89 h o ly w e l l S t . H e len 's We l l ,S ef ton ,2 1 H ome rG reen ,T ho rn ton ,2 55 ,3 08 ,3 60 H ono ro fL anca s t e r ,3 0 ,4 1 ,4 3 -46 , 5 0 ,6 8 , 8 2 ,9 8 , 1 40 14 1 , 1 50 ,2 59 ,3 80 H opeca r r , B edf o rd , 1 41 h o sp i ta l , 8 7 , 1 43 H ough ton , 1 3 , 1 08 , 1 89 ,2 48 -250 ,3 12 H u lme , 5 1 ,2 9 1 ,2 99 ,3 12 H und red s ,3 0 ,4 6 ,6 5 -68 a dm in is t ra t ion ,4 5 , 8 3 -84 , 8 9 -90 B lackbumsh i r e ,6 1 b ounda r ie s ,7 7 l o ca t ion o fc a s t le s , 7 6

N ew ton ,3 2 , 5 1 , 5 7 ,6 1 t h ane so f ,6 0 Wa r r ing ton , 5 7 We s tD e rby , 5 6 , 5 9 h un t ing l o dg e ,8 5 H u r l s ton ( S ca r i sb r ick ) , 1 3 , 1 8 ,2 0 , 2 3 ,2 6 , 3 3 -34 , 5 4 , 5 7 , 7 1 ,9 3, 1 20, 1 44 , 1 74 , 1 89 , 2 15 , 2 28 , 2 36 , 2 51-253 , 2 55 -256 , 2 75 , 2 80 , 3 0 1-302 , 3 87 H u r l s ton G re en ,2 55 H u r s t ,C u lche th ,2 07 -2 11 H u r s t ,T y lde s ley ,3 6 1 ,3 63 H uy ton , 1 3 , 2 3 , 2 7 , 3 6 , 7 1 , 5 6 , 9 3 , 19 , 1 42 , 1 89 , 2 56 -257 ,2 59 , 2 70 -271 , 2 94 ,3 53 -354 ,3 88 H uy ton p a r i sh , 1 2 13 , 1 8 ,2 1 ,6 6 ,9 5 ,2 75 ,2 87

58 -260 , 2 83 -284 , I nc a B lunde l l , 6 ,8 , 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 8 , 3 1 , 3 5 , 5 8 , 6 6 , 7 2 , 9 3 , 2 3 59 ,3 62 ,3 74 I n c e in -Make r f ie ld , 7 ,1 3 , 5 7 ,2 39 ,2 47 ,2 64 -265 65 ,2 40 ,2 42 -243 , i n he r i tanc e ,4 4 ,5 7 ,6 1-62 , 1 00 , 1 32 , 1 44 , 1 52 , 1 62 -163 , 1 2 59 h e i r e s se s ,4 3 , 6 1-62 , 7 3 , 1 42 , 1 5 1 , 1 54 , 1 74 , 1 79 , 1 84 , 2 28 -229 , 2 89 , 2 94 ,3 2 1 ,3 84 -385 h e i r s ,2 2 ,3 5 ,4 4 , 1 69 , 1 72 , 1 75 ,2 28 ,2 31 ,2 7 1 p a r t ib le ,2 2 ,6 1 ,6 2 , 7 3 , 1 32 , 1 44 , 1 52 p r imog en i tu re ,6 1 I s le o f Man , 1 8 , 8 4 , 8 8 ,2 71 ,2 89 I t i ne ra r ie sa nd d i a r ie s B lunde l l ,N icho la s , 2 81 , 2 84 -285 D ef o e ,D an ie l 1 726 , 5 F i enne sC e l ia 1 698 ,5 ,2 73 L e land ,J ohn , 1 70 P ennan t ,T homa s ,2 73 P ocock e ,B i shop 1 751 , 2 1 ,7 9 ,2 73 i n unda t ion s e ea l so f l ood s s e aa nd s and ,6 6 I n ce B lunde l l ,3 38 ,3 39

K enyon , 1 3 ,2 6 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,5 1 ,2 2 1-222 ,2 40 ,2 90 -29 1 ,3 11-312 K i rkby , 1 3 , 2 1 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 3 1 , 3 4 , 4 3 , 5 7 , 6 8 , 9 3 , 1 74 , 2 18 ,2 7 1 ,2 82 , 2 98 , 3 06 ,3 39 ,3 72 ,3 80 K i r l cda le , 1 3 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 1 , 3 4 , 4 1-43 , 4 9 -51 , 5 7 , 6 9 , 7 1 , 7 5 , 7 7 , 8 0 , 8 5 , 8 8 -89 ,9 3 , 1 74 , 1 84 ,2 31 ,2 47 ,2 66 -269 ,2 73 , 2 82 ,2 84 ,2 86 , 3 39 ,3 72 K now s ley , 1 3 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 3 1 , 3 3 , 4 1 , 4 8 , 5 7 , 6 8 -69 , 7 5 -76 , 7 8 -79 , 8 5 , 8 9 , 9 3 , 1 42 , 1 50 , 1 74 , 2 18 , 2 56 , 2 59 , 2 70 -273 , 2 75 -278 , 2 82 , 2 87 -288 , 2 98 ,3 53 -354 ,3 72 K ing 's C o l leg e ,C amb r idge ,3 87

l a bou r ,p rov i s ion o f ,6 1 , 7 3 , 1 06 , 1 09 , 1 5 1 , 1 53 l a ke ,o rnamen ta l , 1 85 L ambe rhead ,P embe r ton ,3 18 l a nd , 1 62 , 1 69 170 , 1 75 e nc lo sed , 1 48 e xchange ,7 3 m a rg ina l ,6 6 r e ten t ion i nc u l t iva t ion , 7 2 c on so l ida ted , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 c u s toma ry s e rv ic e s , 7 2 ' d ive r sp a rc e l s ' ,6 5 f r agmen ta t ion , 1 5 1 s t a tu so fo wne r s ,6 1 l a nd h o ld ing h am le t ,5 0 , 5 2 , 5 ,7 3 , 7 4 ,2 48 -249 ,2 77 ,2 8 1 ,2 9 1 ,3 02 ,3 26 ,3 37 -339 m ano r s ,2 0 ,2 2 -29 , 3 3 -35 ,4 5 , 4 7 -48 , 5 0 , 5 2 , 5 4 -56 , 5 8 -59 , 6 3 , 6 6 -67 , 9 6 , 1 03 , 1 40 , 1 5 1 , 1 57 , 1 62 , 1 75 , 1 89 , 1 94 ,2 0 1-202 , 2 28 2 29 ,2 37 ,2 39 ,2 44 E a s tA ng l ia ,9 8 We s tM id land s ,9 8 t e nemen t s , 4 4 , 5 0 , 5 2 , 5 4 -55 , 6 5 , 1 01 , 1 40 , 2 51-252 , 2 58 -259 , 3 25 , 3 35 ,3 58 t own ,4 8 ,5 0 , 5 2 , 5 4 -55 , 1 40 , 1 62 ,2 52 ,2 86 ,2 98 ,3 05 -306 ,3 12 l a nd m ea su r e , 1 2 a c re s ,6 5 ,6 8 s t a tu t ea c r e s ,6 6 , 1 49 b ova t e s ,2 0 ,2 3 ,2 5 -26 ,2 9„ 9 635 -36 ,4 4 , 5 6 ,6 2 ,6 5 -66 ,6 8 , 1 57

4 26

I ndex m a r ine t r an sg re s s ion , 8 m a rke t s a nd f a i r s ,4 7 , 6 3-64 , 9 9 , 1 63 , 2 75 , 2 86 , 2 88 , 3 11 , 3 54 , 3 75 , 3 87 , 3 89 Ma rk land , P embe r ton ,3 16 , 3 18 ,3 68 m a r l ,m a r l ing ,m a r lp i t ss ee a g r icu l tu ra li mp rovemen t Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) , 1 3 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 3 3 -34 , 5 4 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 3 , 6 8 , 8 7 , 9 3 , 1 00, 1 44 , 1 74 175 , 1 84 185 ,2 52 ,2 55 ,2 75 ,2 80 , 3 0 1-304 , 3 54 Ma r t in Me r e , 4 ,5 ,8 ,7 0 , 7 1 , 7 7 , 1 08 , 1 35 , 1 44 ,3 0 1-302 ,3 04 Me l l ing , 6 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 8 , 3 3 , 4 6 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 7 , 9 3 , 1 00 10 1 , 1 79 , 2 8 1 , 2 94 -296 ,2 98 -299 ,3 05 -309 ,3 29 -330 , 3 39 ,3 59 , 3 67 , 3 68 -369 Me r c ia , 1 4 17 ,2 1 ,2 8 ,4 0 M ick lehead , S u t ton ,3 49 , 3 50 M idd le ton , 1 3 , 5 ,2 48 -250 ,3 12 m i l l s , 8 4 ,2 28 , 2 45 f u l l ing , 18 119 ,2 02 ,2 06 ,2 76 , 3 54 ,3 57 h o r sem i l l , 2 08 ,2 76 ,2 87 -288 ,3 23 ,3 72 ,3 79 , 3 80 -38 1 mona s t ic , 1 0 1 s l i t t ing ,2 29 w a te rm i l l s , 3 5 , 7 3 , 1 05 , 19 , 1 44 , 1 6 1162 , 1 67 168 , 1 80 , 1 89 , 1 90 , 1 96 , 2 0 1-202 , 2 05 -206 , 2 08 -210 , 2 15 , 2 22 -223 , 2 26 , 2 29 , 2 31 , 2 53 , 2 56 , 2 46 , 2 59 , 2 7 1 , 2 75 , 2 80 , 2 86 , 2 92 -295 , 3 0 1-302 , 3 06 , 3 11 , 3 13 -314 , 3 18 , 3 25 , 3 38 , 3 40 , 3 46 , 3 50 ,3 54 ,3 62 -363 ,3 68 ,3 72 ,3 74 ,3 87 w indm i l ls , 1 62 , 1 75 , 1 89 , 2 08 , 2 15 , 2 22 , 2 52 , 2 60 , 2 7 1 , 2 75 , 2 82 , 2 84 , 2 86 -287 , 2 93 , 2 95 , 3 02 , 3 08 , 3 32 , 3 36 , 3 43 , 3 48 , 3 50 -351 ,3 54 , 3 59, 3 72 ,3 79 -381 3 87 -388 m i l l s tone s , 7 m i se r ico rd s ,2 78 m oa t ed g a rden s , 1 ,7 9 , 19 , 1 41 , 1 97 ,2 06

c a ruca l a s se s smen t s i n c r ea se i n ,2 99 c a ruca l e qu iva len tt os t a tu te a c re s , 6 5 c a ruca te s , 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 3 -29 , 3 1-33 , 3 5 -36 , 4 4 , 5 1-52 , 5 4 -56 , 6 2 , 6 5 6 6 ,9 6 , 1 40 c u s toma ry v a r ia t ion s , 6 5 h i de , 1 8 ,2 0 , 2 3 -27 , 3 1 ,3 3 , 6 1 , 6 5 o xgang s ,2 5 , 5 6 ,6 2 ,6 5-67 ,9 6 , 1 00 p l ough land ,2 5 u n i t so ft a xa s se s smen t , 6 1 l a nd u se ,2 ,7 0 , 7 4 , 1 48 1l t hc en tu ry , 6 5 c o lon i sa t ion ,9 8 e s t ima te o fc u l t iva ted l a nd , 6 6 e v id enc ef r om p o l len a na ly s i s , 7 0 , 7 1 m a rg ina l ,6 6 m eadow , 7 0 p a s tu r e , 7 0 ,7 3 u n t i l led ,2 59 w a s t e ,2 1 ,2 3 ,4 0 ,4 4 , 6 5 , 6 7 -68 , 1 08 , 2 45 i n1 066 ,6 7 a pp rovemen t , 6 8 ,2 0 1 i nC he sh i r e , 6 7 c o lon i sa t ion , 9 8 , 1 04 L a thom , 1 3 , 1 8 -20 ,2 3 , 2 6 -27 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 4 5 , 5 7 , 6 4 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 7 1 , 7 5 -76 , 7 9 , 8 7 8 9 , 9 3 , 1 00 , 1 05 , 19 , 1 20 , 1 42 , 1 74 , 1 84 , 1 89 , 2 18 , 2 31 , 2 45 , 2 52 , 2 70 , 2 71 , 2 73 -280 , 2 87 , 2 89 , 3 0 1-302 , 3 28 -329 , 3 48 , 3 79 , 3 80 T a r l scough , 6 8 v i s i tb yH en ry V I I , 1 25 l aw le s sne s s , 1 45 ,4 14 s ee a l so c i v i lu n re s t l aw so fH en ry I ,1 4 1 L ay s ub s id ie s ,7 0 -71 ,9 5 ,9 9 101 , 1 51 ,2 01 ,4 07-408 L e igh p a r i sh , 1 ,2 1 ,3 4 , 6 7 , 9 3 , 9 5 , 1 0 1 , 1 75 ,2 28 ,3 23 -324 ,3 49 , 3 83 -385 l e p e rh ou se , 3 53 , 3 54 s ee a l so h o sp i ta l s ;r e l ig iou sh ou se s , h o sp i ta l s L ey land H und r ed , 4 ,7 ,1 , 1 6 , 2 2 , 2 6 , 3 3 -35 , 4 2 , 4 7 , 5 4 , 6 7 , 7 4 , 7 7 , 1 48 1 50 , 1 62 , 1 84 ,2 09 ,2 18 ,2 40 ,2 70 , 3 38 -339 L egh S u rvey 1 466 s e ed ocumen t s ,L egh MSS ;p eop le , L egh l i cenc e s , 1 42 143 , 1 45 c r ene l la t e , 4 7 , 7 5 , 7 8 -80 , 8 2 -85 , 8 8 -89 , 18 , 1 24 , 1 30 , 1 33 , 1 36 , 1 40 1 42 , 1 50 ,2 7 1 ,2 76 ,2 78 ,2 89 ,3 13 -314 , 3 68 -369 e mpa rk , 1 42 , 1 94 ,2 71-272 ,2 78 f r ee w a r r en ,4 4 ,4 7 ,6 9 , 2 01-202 ,2 71 ,3 11 ,3 43 ,3 54 ,3 68 , 3 75 o r a to r ie s , 1 45 , 1 67 168 , 1 72 173 , 1 85 , 1 92 , 1 96 , 2 03 , 2 06 , 2 15 , 2 25 , 2 37 , 2 40 ,2 42 , 2 54 ,2 78 , 2 84 , 3 13 , 3 29 , 3 43 -344 , 3 54 -356 , 3 72 L ina c r e ,4 3 , 3 39 L inco ln sh i r e Wa r r ing ton F ee ,3 74 L i t t le C ro sby s e eC ro sby ,L i t t le L i t t le S ankey s e eS ankey ,L i t t le L i t t le Woo l ton s e e Woo l ton , L i t t le L ive rpoo l ,6 ,1 3 , 1 9 , 2 3 , 2 5 -26 , 3 2 , 3 6 ,4 2 ,4 4 ,4 7 -48 , 5 6 , 6 3 , 7 1 , 7 5 -79 , 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 5 , 8 7 - 8 9 , 9 3 , 1 09 , 1 48 , 2 67 -268 , 2 71 , 2 73 , 2 76 , 2 84 , 2 86 2 89 ,3 39 ,3 72 , 3 79 -382 l o ca t ion o f moa t ed s i te s , 1 03 , 1 05 C he sh i re , 9 8 l o rd sh ip N o rman ,4 0 ,4 2 L o s tock , B o l ton ,2 95 L , ow ton , 1 3 , 3 2 , 3-34 , 5 1 , 6 0 , 2 22 -223 , 2 90 , 2 9 1 , 3 11-312 , 3 14 -315 , 3 24 , 3 35 ,3 68 L un t , 1 3 , 7 4 , 3 37 -339 ,3 59 L yd ia t e , 6 ,7 „ 1 3 , 1 9 ,2 0 ,2 3 ,2 6 , 3 1-32 , 3 5 , 5 7 , 6 2 , 6 7 -68 , 7 0 , 9 1-93 , 1 32 , 1 43 , 1 5 1 , 1 74 , 2 36 , 2 56 , 2 59 , 2 81 , 2 92 -296 , 2 98 -299 , 3 08 , 3 39 , 3 4 4 ,3 46 , 3 65 ,3 74

m oa t ed o r cha rd ,2 06 ,2 84 m oa t ed s i te s ,3 3 , 3 7 -39 ,4 9 -50 , 5 8 , 6 8 , 8 , 9 1 , 9 8 , 1 00 , 1 02 , 1 04 105 , 1 30 , 1 4 1 i n1 466 , 6 2s ee a l so d ocumen t s , L egh MSS ;p eop le ,L egh a bandoned ,m ed ieva l p e r iod ,2 34 a l t i tude , 1 05 A r ley H a l l , B la ck rod , 1 81 B edf o rd sh i r e , 1 04 b u i ld ing s , 11 c a tego r ie s , 1 23 C amb r idge sh i r e , 1 04 , 19 , 1 20 , 1 22 C he sh i r e ,9 2 ,9 8 , 1 05 c l a s s if ica t ion , 1 ,9 6 c on s t ruc t ion , 1 44 145 c on t inu i ty o fo ccupa t ion , 1 54 c r ea t ion , 1 ,1 0 1 , 1 09 c h rono log ica l , 1 00 i n f luence s , 1 42 o r ig in so f , 1 53 c r i te r ia f o ra s se s smen t ,9 1 , 1 03 d a te o f , 7 4 ,9 2 ,2 77 d ef ence , 7 8 , 1 45 d ef in i t ion o f , 3 d ocumen ta ry e v idenc e ,9 2 , 1 49 d ra inage , 1 23 d r if tg eo logy , 1 06 d i s t r ibu t ion ,9 1-92 E a s tA ng l ia , 1 52 e conom ic f a c to r s , 1 51 E s sex , 1 05 , 1 20 f am i ly a s soc ia t ion s , 1 42 F l ande r s , 1 05 , 19 i d en t if ica t ion ,9 2 i nf luenc e , 1 51 K i rby Mwdoe , 1 34 L ay s ub s idy , 1 332 ,9 9 L e eH a l l F a rm , We s though ton , 1 8 1 l o ca t ion , 1 03 , 1 40 , 1 44 a si n d ica to ro fo wne r s ' s t a tu s , 18 n umbe ro fo ccupan t s , 1 53 n umbe rp e rt own sh ip ,9 4 o wne r s , s t a tu s o f , 2 4 , 2 6 -30 , 3 , 3 6 , 4 6 ,4 9 , 5 8 , 6 5 , 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 6 , 9 8 -99 , 1 01 , 1 03 , 1 05 , I ll , 18 119 , 1 23 , 1 4 1142 , 1 44 , 1 49 , 1 50 , 1 51 , 1 52 , 1 53 , 1 54 p e r iphe ra l , 1 05 P oo l F o ld , Manche s t e r , 1 81 p o s t -med ieva l , 19 ,2 46 r e c to r ia l , 1 02 R uf f o rd O ld H a l l , L ey land H und r ed ,6 4 s e igno r ia l , 1 52

Maghu l l , 5 ,1 3 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 3 2 , 4 1 , 5 1 , 5 7 , 6 8 , 9 3 , 1 74 , 2 82 , 2 93 -295 , 2 98 -300 ,3 06 ,3 09 ,3 39 Ma i r scough , L yd ia te ,2 92 -293 Make r f ie ld , 1 , 1 7 , 3 2 ,4 2 , 1 72 -173 s e ea l so F e e s , Make r f ie ld Manche s te rC a thed ra l m i se r ico rd s ,2 78 m ano r ss ee l a ndho ld ing s mano r ia l c oncep t , 5 0 map s u se o f , 2 ,3 m a rg ina l l a nd , 1 2

4 27

I ndex O ld H u t t , H a lewood , 6 7 , 5 0 , 6 3 , 9 1 , 1 05 , 1 07 , 12 , 18 , 1 21 , 1 24 1 25 , 1 27 , 1 34 , 1 40 , 1 4 1 , 1 44 , 1 52 153 , 1 59 , 1 82 ,2 06 ,2 31 , 2 33 -235 ,3 46 O ld K ingna l lH a l l ,C u lche th , 7 3 ,2 08 ,210 O ld Moa tH ou se ,B o ld , 14 , 1 98 199 P a r sonag eF a rm , We s t le igh ,3 84 -385 P ee l H a l l , h i ce in -Make rf ie ld , 17 , 1 20 , 1 22 123 , 1 28 , 1 40 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 2 62 -265 P ee lH a l l Mano rF a rm ,H ough ton , 1 08 ,2 50 P e e lH ou se ,A pp le ton [ W idne s ] , 3 6 , 7 6 , 1 03 , 14 , 1 22 , 1 42 , 1 64 P e le [ The ] , G rea tS ank ey , 1 07 ,2 25 -226 ,2 27 P i e le H a l l ,H aydock ,6 ,1 03 , 19 , 1 42 ,2 40 -242 P l a t tB r idge Moa t ,H ind ley ,2 46 P r e sco tH a l l , Wh i s ton w i th P r e sco t ,3 87 -388 P y le /Unn s ton i ' t h ' Meadow s ,P enn ing ton , 13 ,2 23 ,3 23 -324 R a inh i l lH a l lF a rm ,6 , 19 , 1 23 124 , 1 28 , 1 30 , 1 3 1 , 1 35 ,3 3 1-334 R a inh i l l Mano rF a rm ,6 ,3 31-334 R i s ley H a l l ,C u lche th , 1 42 ,2 08 ,2 11 R ix ton H a l l ,9 2 , 14 ,3 35 -336 S andho le sF a rm ,A s t ley , 1 7 1 S ef ton O ld H a l l , 4 5 , 7 5 , 8 7 , 9 2 , 1 00 10 1 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 14 , 18 , 1 28 , 1 30 , 1 40 , 1 44 , 1 52 ,2 05 ,2 84 ,2 97 ,2 99 ,3 40 -34 1 ,3 46 S pek eH a l l ,6 ,1 9 ,9 2 -93 , 1 00 , 1 04 , 1 08 , 1 24 125 , 1 29 , 1 32 , 1 36 , 1 40 , 1 41 , 1 59 , 1 77 ,2 24 ,2 34 ,2 68 ,2 73 ,2 96 ,3 4 1 ,3 44 ,3 46 S tE lph in ' sR ec to ry , Wa r r ing ton , 1 07 ,2 97 ,2 99 ,3 74 ,3 76 S tM icha e l ' sH ou se ,S u t ton , 13 , 19 , 1 4 1 , 1 44 , 1 53 ,3 52 S t an ley B ank ,A sh ton in -Make r f ie ld , 14 , 1 68 T anne r ' sF a rm , C u lche th , 7 3 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 11 , 1 28 , 1 4 1 , 1 44 , 1 53 , 2 08 2 09 ,2 11-212 T a rbock H a l l , 14 , 19 , 1 24 , 1 67 ,3 53 ,3 56 T un s t ed H ou se ,P emb e r ton ,3 20 -321 Wa l sh H a l l ,A ugh ton , 1 32 , 1 74 175 , 1 77 178 Wa l shemon shou se ,H aydock ,6 2 , 1 03 , 1 23 ,2 40 ,2 43 W igan R ec to ry ,6 4 , 1 07 , 1 29 , 1 4 1 ,3 90 ' W in s tan ley Moa t , 14 , 1 88 , 1 92 Wood H a l l , Me l l ing , 1 00 ,3 09 ,3 30 Wo r s ley H a l l ,P embe r ton , 16 ,3 17 ,3 21 Wr igh t ' s Moa t ,H a lewood , 14 , 18 , 1 4 1 ,2 34 Y ew T re eH ou se ,H a lewood ,2 35 moa ted s i t e s( doub tf u l ) [ The ]C ou r t ,H a lewood ,9 2 ,232 H ugh T a i lo r 's ,H aydock , 1 03 ,2 4 1 ,2 43 Moa tL and s ,R a inh i l l ,3 31 ,3 34 S t an ley G a t e ,B ick e r s taf f e , 1 83 , 1 86 S t rawb e r ry F a rm , Wa l ton [ Fa zake r ley ] ,3 71 ,3 73 moa t ed s i te s( po s s ib le ) B i rch ley H a l l , B i l l inge , 7 ,1 31 , 1 88 190 B la ck leyhu r s t ,B i l l ing e , 1 88 191 C haddo ck H a l l ,T y lde s ley w i th S hak e r ley , 1 45 ,3 62 ,3 65 -366 C romw e l l 's T r ench ,L a thom , 7 7 ,2 75 -280 F u r the r Mea rH ey ,B o ld , 1 42 , 1 99 G a r re tH a l l ,T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley ,2 59 ,3 62 ,3 65 H ey e sF a rm ,R a inh i l l ,3 31-332 H o lc rof tH a l l ,C u lche th , 1 28 , 1 42 ,2 07 -208 ,2 10 I n c eB lunde l lH a l l ,2 55 ,2 58 ,2 60 Me r r ida le F a rm ,B u r scough , 1 00 Much C rof t ,T a rbock , 1 60 ,3 55 -356 O ld D a i ry ,K now s ley , 1 04 ,2 72 ,2 73 P ee lF a rm , Maghu l l ,3 00 S ca r i sb r ick P a rk ,H u r l s ton [ S ca r i sb r ick ] , 1 20 , 1 44 , 2 54 Wh i t t le H a l l ,G rea tS ankey ,2 25 -227 moa ted s i te s( p robab le ) C ro s sH a l l ,L a thom , 1 00 , 1 24 , 1 84 ,2 74 -276 ,2 79 ,3 02 F o rmby H a l l ,2 8 ,6 0 ,7 0 , 1 04 , 1 06 , 1 08 , 1 20 , 1 24 ,2 18 ,220 G a r swood H a l lF a rm .A sh ton in -Make rf i e ld , 1 65 , 1 67 G eo rge son ' sF a rm ,T a rbock , 1 07 , 12 , 1 60 ,3 55 H a l sa l l R ec to ry , 6 ,9 1 , 1 07 , 1 08 , 1 20 , 1 24 , 1 28 , 1 30 , 1 34 , 2 38 , 2 97 , 2 99 H ay f ie ld F a rm ,B o ld , 1 97 198 H ighe rH ouse ,A b ram , 1 60 H ome rG r een F a rm , T ho rn ton , 7 3 , 1 00 , 1 03 , 1 20 , 1 30 ,2 55 , 2 60 , 3 08 , 3 60 H u r l s ton H a l l ,H u r l s ton [ S ca r i sb r ick ] , 1 30 , 1 77 ,2 52 ,2 55 L igh t shaw H a l l ,G o lbome ,9 2 , 1 34 , 1 80 ,2 23 ,2 9 1 ,3 24 ,3 33 L yd ia t eH a l l ,6 ,7 6 , 9 1-92 , 1 06 , 1 43 , 1 77 ,2 60 ,2 93 -297 ,2 99 ,3 46 Ma r t in H a l l ,B u r scough , 1 00 , 1 31 , 1 34 , 1 37 ,3 0 1-303 Maypo le H ou se ,A b ram , 1 60 Me l l ing H ou se , Me l l ing ,3 08 Me r r ida le F a rm , Ma r t in [ Bu r scough ] ,3 02 ,3 04

s i te m ig ra t ion ,9 9 S i te sa nd Monumen t sR eco rd s ,9 1 s o i l s , 1 07 s t a tu sd ec l ine , 1 67 s u rv iva l ,9 2 s ymbo lo fs t a tu s , 19 ,2 0 1 t e nu re ,9 5 -96 ,9 8 , 1 4 1 w a t e rm anag emen t , 18 We s tM id land s , 1 04 Y o rk sh i r e , 19 , 1 20 , 1 52 m oa ted s i t e s( c e r ta in ) A b ram H a l l ,9 9 , 13 , 1 58 159 ,2 23 ,3 24 A ugh ton r e c to ry , 1 07 , 1 78 B amf u r long H a l l ,A b ram ,9 9 , 13 , 19 , 1 31 , 1 58 , 1 68 , 1 82 ,2 06 ,346 B ank H a l l ,K i r l cda le ,6 9 , 11 , 1 24 125 , 1 4 1 ,2 67 -269 ,2 73 B a r row O ld H a l l ,B o ld ,9 2 , 1 04 , 14 , 1 53 , 1 94 195 ,2 25 B ew sey O ld H a l l , B u r tonwood , 6 7 , 3 2 , 3 5 , 8 3 , 8 9 , 1 05 107112 , 18 , 1 2 1 , 1 24 , 1 26 , 1 28 , 1 35„ 1 40 141 , 1 44 , 1 52 , 1 67 , 1 72 , 1 96 , 2 0 1 , 2 03 -204 , 2 11 , 2 16 , 2 24 , 2 33 , 3 04 , 3 40 -34 1 , 3 46 ,3 75 ,3 90 B icke r shaw H a l l , A b r am , 9 1 , 9 9 , 1 0 1 , 12 , 18 , 19 , 1 2 1 , 1 22 , 1 40 1 4 1 , 1 53 , 1 57 159 ,3 46 B icke r s ta f f eH a l l , 11 , 1 44 , 1 30 , 1 83 , 1 85 B ig L ea G re en F a rm ,S u t ton ,3 51 B ly the H a l l ,L a thom , 1 4 1 ,2 75 ,2 79 B o ld O ld H a l l ,B o ld , 13 , 1 30 , 1 3 1 , 1 32 , 1 34 , 1 40 142 , 1 96 197 ,2 15 , 2 34 B o l ton H ou se ,A b r am , 1 59 B rad ley O ld H a l l ,B u r tonwood ,3 2 , 1 00 , 1 05 , 13 , 19 , 1 25 , 1 34 , 1 4 1 , 1 58 , 1 67 ,2 0 1 ,2 06 ,2 26 ,3 12 B r ick H ou se ,B edf o rd , 17 , 1 20 , 1 79 , 1 81 Br a che H a l l ,H aydo ck , 1 42 ,2 4 1 Br e che H a l l ,P ou l ton , 1 00 ,3 27 B y rom H a l l ,L ow ton ,2 9 1 C a r rH ou se , Maghu l ls e e Mano rH ou se , Maghu l l C lewo r th H a l l ,T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley , 1 30 , 1 58 ,3 62 ,3 64 C ran shaw H a l l ,B o ld , 1 00 , 14 , 1 42 , 1 97 C romw e l l 's T r ench ,L a thom C ro sby H a l l , L i t t le C ro sby , 1 00 , 11 , 1 23 124 , 1 28 , 1 40 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 2 84 -285 C u lche th H a l l , 1 42 ,2 08 -209 C un scough H a l l , Me l l ing , 14 , 1 22 , 1 24 , 1 59 ,2 95 -296 ,3 06 ,3 08 E cc le s ton H a l l ,E c c le s ton , 5 8 ,9 2 , 11 , 1 44 ,2 14 -215 ,2 24 E dge F a rm ,S ef ton , 1 00 , 1 0 1 , 14 , 1 31 ,3 38 -339 G a r swood O ld H a l l , A sh ton in -Make rf i e ld , 13 , 19 , 1 2 1 , 1 45 , 1 65 1 67 , 1 91 H a l lo fH aydock , 1 03 , 1 24 , 1 4 1142 , 1 44 ,2 42 H a l lo fI n ce /O ld f i l et H a l l ,I n ce in - Make rf i e ld ,2 62 -264 H a l ton C a s t le ,L a thom , 1 8 19 ,4 8 ,6 9 ,7 5 ,8 7 , 1 06 , 14 , 1 52 ,2 75 ,2 77 , 2 80 -281 ,3 01 H a rb r eck H ou se ,F az ak e r ley ,9 2 , 14 ,3 7 1-373 H awk ley H a l l ,P embe r ton , 16 , 1 20 ,3 19 -320 H ind ley H a l l ,P embe r ton ,2 45 ,3 21 H o lb rook H ou se ,B o ld , 1 94 , 1 98 H opeca r r H a l l , B edf o rd , 9 1 , 1 07 , 12 , 18 , 1 40 , 1 4 1 , 1 50 , 1 53 , 1 59 , 1 79 , 1 8 1182 ,2 06 H uy ton H ey , 13 , 19 , 1 24 , 1 4 1 ,2 56 -257 L ang ley H a l lF a rm ,A the r ton , 1 04 , 17 , 1 20 , 1 73 L a thom H ou se , 4 5 , 6 4 , 7 5 -76 , 7 9 , 8 9 , 9 2 , 1 03 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 20 , 1 2 5 , 1 34 , 1 37 , 1 4 1 , 1 44 , 1 50 , 1 52 153 , 1 67 , 2 72 -273 , 2 75 -279 , 2 81 L ove l ' sH a l l , H a lewood ,9 9 , 1 05 , 1 20 , 18 , 1 40 141 , 1 45 , 1 53 ,2 33 L owe H a l l ,H ind ley , 1 88 ,2 46 -247 Mano rH ou se , Maghu l l , 1 21 ,2 97 ,2 99 -300 Moa t /Dam H ou se ,H a igh , 1 05 , 1 08 ,2 29 Mo r ley s ,A s t ley ,9 2 , 17 , 1 20 , 1 4 1 , 1 69 , 1 70 , 1 71 ,2 06 ,2 08 -209 ,2 7 1 , 2 9 1 ,3 23 Mo s sbo rough H a l l , R a inf o rd , 1 00 10 1 , 11 , 1 22 , 1 23 , 1 59 , 3 09 , 3 28 3 30 Mo s s ley H a l l ,L ow ton ,2 23 ,2 91 ,3 24 Mo s sock H a l l ,B icke r s taf f e , 1 77 , 1 83 186 N ew B rynn ,A sh ton in -Make rf i e ld ,9 7 , 1 05 , 1 67 N ew H a l l ,I n ce in -Mak e rf i e ld , 14 ,2 62 ,2 64 N ew H a l l ,T y lde s ley w i th S hake r ley , 14 ,3 62 N ew ton H a l l ,4 5 ,8 3 , 1 06 , 1 24 , 1 30 , 1 40 14 1 , 1 44 ,3 11-314 ,3 75 O ld A bbey F a rm ,C u lche th ,9 2 , 17 , 1 20 , 1 42 ,2 08 ,2 10 -2 11 ,2 24 O ld B rynn ,A sh ton in -Ma l ce rf i e ld ,9 7 , 1 05 , 17 , 1 20 , 1 67 168 O ld H a l l , Maghu l ls e e Mano rH ou se , Maghu l l O ld H a l l , We s t le igh ,3 2 ,3 5 , 16 , 1 67 ,3 23 ,3 84 -385

4 28

I ndex Moo rH a l l , A ugh ton , 1 30 , 1 74 175 , 1 77 178 , 1 84 O ld Wood , H u r l s ton [ S ca r i sbr ick ] , 2 53 -254 S ef ton R ec to ry , 3 41 S ha l ce r ley O ld H a l l ,T y lde s ley , 7 , 16 , 1 20 ,3 62 , 3 65 -366 m oa t ed s t ock e nc lo su r e s , 19 m oa t s , 1 3 c au seway s , 19 ,2 11-212 b ounda ry s t r eam a ss ou rce o fw a t e r , 1 96 d imen s ion s , 1 4 1 c r ea t ion , 1 4 1 C he sh i r e , 1 45 a sf o r t if ica t ion s , 18 c l a s s if ica t ion ,b yf o rm , 11 , 19 d i tche s c l ay l ined ,2 12 c omp le te , 14 e x ten s ion s , 17 mu l t ip le , 5 8 , 12 , 18 , 1 82 ,2 05 , 3 41 ,3 82 n a r row , 15 116 , 1 20 , 2 46 ,2 72 ,3 51 ,3 55 ,3 57 ,3 60 p a l i saded ,2 06 ,2 27 ,2 40 ,2 79 r e ve tmen t , 1 27 128 , 1 4 1 ,2 05 , 2 35 w id th ,9 1 , 1 20 ,2 78 e n t r anc e s mu l t ip le , 13 p o s i t ion , 14 s i ng le , 14 f o rm , 1 44 m a r la sb y -p roduc to fe xcava t ion , 1 51 m o rpho logy ,3 , 11 p a l isaded , 7 9 , 19 p l a tf o rm s , 1 20 a ba ndoned , 1 7 th c en tu ry ,2 12 w i th b u i ld ing s , 1 23 d oub le , 13 , 19 , 1 58 , 1 97 ,3 52 e mp ty , 11 , 1 24 ,246 e n la rgemen t , 1 26 l e v e l led , 1 6C ,2 24 r a i sed a r t if ic ia l ly , 1 06 , 18 ,2 34 ,3 19 , 36 r ounded , 17 , 1 20 s i ng le , 19 s i z e , 1 22 , 1 44 , 1 64 , 1 68 s qua r eo rr e c tangu la r , 14 t i de -f i l led , 2 88 u ndef ined f o rm s , 17 , 1 20 v i va ry , 2 40 mona s t ic h ou se ss ee r e l ig iou sh ou se s Moo rhou se s , L i t t le C ro sby ,2 82 ,3 39 mo s s land ss e et o pog raphy Mo t eH i l l , Wa r r ing ton s ee c a s t le s mo t te s , 7 5 ,8 1 , 8 3 , 8 8 -90 Wa tch H i l l , B owdon , 8 1 , 8 3 We s tD e rby , 8 0 Much Woo l ton s e e Woo l ton , Much

o r cha rd s , 19 , 1 25 , 1 27 , 1 70 , 2 06 , 2 12 , 2 14 -2 15 , 2 23 , 2 26 -227 , 2 31 , 2 33 , 2 40 -24 1 , 2 52 , 2 46 , 2 59 , 2 73 , 2 78 , 2 79 , 2 95 , 2 99 -300 , 3 02 , 3 09 , 3 18 , 3 23 ,3 41 ,3 68 -369 d e s t royed , 1 89 O r f o rd ,3 26 ,3 75 O rm sk i rk , 5 5 , 6 3 , 6 9 , 1 75 ,2 75 ,2 95 , 3 0 1-302 O r rn sk i rk p a r i sh ,2 0 -2 1 ,2 3 , 6 6 ,9 5 , 1 84 ,2 75 -276 ,2 78 ,2 80 O r r e l l S ef ton p a r i sh , 1 3 , 3 39 W igan P a r i sh , 1 3 ,4 6 -47 , 5 8 6 ,2 40 ,2 7 1 ,2 76 ,3 12 ,3 19 , 3 68 , 3 89

P p a l i sade , 1 26 p annage , 5 ,1 , 6 8 ,6 9 , 1 57 , 1 69 , 1 75 , 1 88 p a r i she s , 1 12 , 1 7 18 ,2 0 -21 ,2 3 ,2 5 ,2 8 -29 ,3 5 -36 ,4 8 , 6 6 , 7 1 ,9 4 b ounda r ie s ,4 2 c r ea t ion , 3 38 a sf oc if o rs e t t lemen t ,4 5 e s t ima t eo fc u l t iva ted l a nd , 6 5-66 s i z e , 1 s t ruc tu r e , 6 1 r e la t ion sh ip w i th e s ta t es t ruc t u r e s ,4 5 p a rk k eepe r , 3 73 p a rk s , 6 ,4 9 , 5 2 , 5 8 , 6 8 -69 , 7 4 , 7 6 , 8 0 , 1 42 , 1 45 , 1 66 167 , 1 96 ,2 15 , 3 55 A pp le ton /W idne s , 1 64 B ew sey o l dp a rk , B u r tonwood , 6 9 -70 ,6 9 , 7 4 , 2 0 1 ,2 03 B rad ley ,B u r tonwood , 6 9 , 7 4 , 2 06 B u r scough ,2 80 -28 1 B u r tonwood ,2 00 C rox t e th p a rk ,3 5 , 5 2 , 5 6 , 6 9 ,2 70 ,2 72 ,2 87 ,3 39 ,3 79 -380 D a l lam p a rk , B u r tonwood , 6 9 , 7 4 ,2 0 1 d e e r , 6 8 , 7 4 d ee rl e ap , 6 9 ,2 7 1 G a r swood ,A sh ton i n Make r f ie ld , 19 , 1 66 g r az ing , 7 0 G r ea tP a rk ,L a thom , 6 9 ,2 76 -277 ,2 80 G reenha lgh ,n rG a r s tang ,2 76 G rome shu r s t ,T y lde s ley , 3 63 H a igh ,2 28 H a lewood ,2 31 ,2 33 H aydock ,2 39 -240 ,2 45 ,2 49 ,3 12 i l ega l , 6 9 I n c eB lunde l l ,2 60 K now s ley ,6 9 , 7 9 , 8 5 ,2 72 L ady ' sP a rk /New P a rk , L a thom ,2 76 ,2 77 L a thom , 6 9 , 7 6 L e ep a rk ,N ew ton , 6 8 , 7 4 L i t t le C ro sby , 1 08 N ew B rynn ,A sh ton in - Ma l c e r f ie ld , 1 66 167 N ew P a rk , L a thom , 6 9 N ew ton p a rk , 6 9 N ew ton P a rk F a rm ,6 9 , 7 4 N o r ley P a rk , P embe r ton , 6 9 ,3 18 P imbo , U pho l land ,4 9 , 3 68 r e pa i r st ot h ep a le , 6 9 , 1 03 ,2 71 ,2 76 r e sou rce s , 6 9 R ough P a rk , U pho l land , 3 68 R oya l ,6 8 , 6 9 ,2 72 S ca r i sb r ick ,2 53 S ef ton ,3 40 T a rbock ,2 31 ,3 54 t h ef to fd ee ra nd l i ve s tock , 1 45 , 1 62 , 1 65 , 2 39 , 3 68 , 4 14 s ee a l so c i v i l u n re s t T ox t e th ,4 7 , 6 8 -69 , 7 4 ,2 71 ,2 87 ,3 73 T y lde s ley ,3 61 ,3 63 -364 U pho l land ,4 9 , 6 8 -69 , 7 4 , 7 7 , 8 0 ,3 68 -369 We s twood P a rk , I n c e in -Make r f ie ld ,2 63 W idne s , 8 4 , 1 03 P a r r , 1 3 , 3 1 , 3 5 , 5 6„ 6 8 9 3 , 1 94 , 2 9 1 , 3 42 -343 ,3 48 P a r r Mo s s 1 4C d a t ing , 7 0 p o l len a na ly s i s , 7 0 P e e l , 5 7 , 1 42 , 1 44 P e e l , I s le o f Man , 8 4 P e e lC rof t , H aydock , 5 ,2 4 1 P e e lC rof t , H ough ton , 2 48 -250 P e e lC rof t , L yd ia t e , 5 6 , 1 42 P e e l F a rm , Maghu l l , 5 ,3 00 P ee l F i e ld ,T a rbock , 3 54

N n ame ss e e f i e ld n ame s , p l a c en ame s ,w ood land N e the r ton , 1 3 , 7 4 ,3 37 -339 N ewbu rgh ,L a thom ,4 4 ,6 3 ,2 74 -276 ,2 80 N ew sham ,2 5 ,2 6 ,4 3 ,4 4 , 5 6 ,3 70 -37 1 ,3 78 -380 N ew ton , 1 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 4 2 , 4 5 , 4 8 , 5 1 , 5 8 , 6 2 ,6 4 , 6 9 , 7 4 -78 , 8 1-82 , 8 9 , 9 3 , 9 9 , 1 44 , 1 9 1 ,2 28 2 50 ,2 76 ,3 11-314 ,3 19 ,3 2 1 c ou r to f ,2 39 N ew ton H und r ed , 1 13 , 1 6 17 ,2 2 -30 ,3 2 -34 ,3 6 ,3 9 , 6 7 , 7 7 ,9 2 -93 N o r se , 1 4 16 ,3 1 , 5 9 N o r thb rook , Wa l ton ,3 70 , 3 72 N o r thend , I n c eB lunde l l ,2 59 N o r th Meo l sp a r i sh , 1 2 13 , 2 0 , 6 6 ,9 5 N o r th Meo l s , 1 3 ,2 0 , 2 3 -24 ,2 9 ,3 4 ,4 1 , 5 6 , 6 6 , 7 1 ,9 3 , 8 8 N o r thumb r ia , 1 4 16 ,4 0 , 5 0 ,6 4 N o r thumb r ian i n f luenc e , 1 6 N o r ley , P embe r ton ,3 16 ,3 18 0 O g le t , S pek e ,3 43 O ld T a rbo ck , 3 53 o ra tor ie ss e e l i cence s , 1 22 , 1 43 1 3 th c en tu r y , 1 24 G a r swood , 19

4 29

I ndex G e ra rd o fI ce ,2 6 1 G eme t , ma s te r f o r e s te r s , 3 5 , 4 4 , 5 4 , 5 7 , 6 3 , 1 74 175 , 1 93 194 , 1 97 , 2 17 -2 18 ,2 36 ,2 93 ,2 98 , 3 11 ,3 42 -343 ,3 80 ,3 86 -387 G i l l ib rand o fA s t ley , 1 69 170 ,2 81 G i l l ib rand o fC ho r ley ,2 8 1 G i l l ib rand , G i l l ian , 3 05 G i l l ib rand ,J u l iana ,2 21-224 ,2 39 , 3 20 , 3 68 G i l l ib rand o fT y lde s ley , 3 65 G od iva ,2 3 ,2 8 ,3 3 , 6 7 -68 , 3 05 -306 [ d e ] G o lbome , 5 1 , 6 0 ,2 2 1 ,2 23 ,2 90 -29 1 ,3 10 -311 G o spa t r ic ,4 0 ,2 45 ,2 74 -276 [ d e ] H a le , 3 79 -380 [ d e ] H a lsa l l , 6 2 , 1 72 , 1 74 ,2 18 ,2 20 ,2 36 -238 ,2 52 ,2 92 ,2 94 ,2 98 -299 , 3 06 -307 , 3 67 , 3 83 -384 , 3 87 H a r r ing ton o fH uy ton ,2 56 -257 ,3 86 [ d e ] H aydock , 2 0 , 3 2 , 4 2 , 5 9 , 6 3 , 7 4 , 1 05 , 1 41 , 1 42 , 1 45 , 1 93 194 , 1 97 ,2 00 -20 1 ,2 06 -208 ,2 21 ,2 39 ,2 40 ,2 41 ,2 42 ,2 43 ,2 6 12 62 , 2 90 , 2 94 , 3 10 -312 , 3 25 , 3 38 , 3 47 , 3 49 , 3 70 , 3 72 , 3 74 -375 ,4 11 H en ry I ,2 5 , 3 2 -35 ,4 2 -45 , 6 8 , 1 72 ,2 0 1 H en ry I ,2 5 , 3 3 ,4 2 ,4 4 -45 , 6 8 , 1 57 ,2 31 H en ry 1 ,4 4 , 6 3 ,6 8 , 1 58 H en ry V I , 3 86 -387 H en ry V I I ,2 78 [ d e ] H ind ley , 4 9 , 6 2 , 8 8 , 9 4 , 1 45 , 2 07 -2 11 , 2 44 -245 , 2 83 , 2 90 , 3 16 , 3 18 -319 , 3 63 [ d e ] H o l land , 4 4 -50 , 5 2 , 6 2 , 6 3 -64 , 6 9 , 8 0 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 , 8 8 , 9 4 , 1 08 , 19 , 1 45 , 1 50 , 1 53 , 1 57 , 1 62 , 1 65 , 1 67 , 1 69 , 1 72 , 2 14 , 2 21-222 , 2 23 -224 , 2 28 , 2 30 -231 , 2 33 , 2 37 , 2 39 -240 , 2 42 , 2 44 -245 ,2 48 , 2 86 , 2 88 ,2 90 -291 ,3 10 , 3 12 , 3 16 , 3 18 , 3 20 , 3 32 , 3 37 -338 , 3 43 , 3 48 , 3 67 -372 , 3 78 , 3 80 , 3 83 , 3 85 , 3 89 , 4 09 [ d e ] H o l land o fC ay ley , H aydock ,2 39 ,4 09 H o l land o fD ownho l land & We s t le igh ,3 84 [ d e ] H o l land o fS u t ton , 3 48 -350 ,3 53 -354 ,4 09 [ d e ] H ough ton f am i ly ,2 48 H u lme ,2 99 [ d e ]H uy ton , 1 87 , 1 88 , 1 90 ,2 56 -257 [ d e ] I n ce , 5 7 ,2 6 1-262 ,2 94 ,3 18 I nc eo fA ugh ton , 1 84 I ng imund , 1 4 [ d e ] I r e land , 4 9 , 5 0 ,6 3 , 1 72 ,2 30 -231 ,2 66 -267 ,2 94 , 3 43 ,3 49 ,3 74

P e e lH a l l , A s t ley , 6 P e e lH a l l , I n ce in -Ma l c ef r ie ld , 17 , 1 20 , 1 22 123 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 2 65 P e e lH a l l Mano rF a rm , H ough ton , 1 08 P e e l H ough , B o ld , 5 ,1 42 P e e lH ou se ,W idne s ,3 6 , 1 03 , 1 22 , 1 42 , 1 64 P e e l Meadow ,H aydock , 5 ,2 4 1 P e e l ,R idga t e ,T a rbock , 5 -6 , 1 42 P e e l f ie ld , H a lewood , 5 -6 , 1 42 P e e lwood , S hake r ley ,3 63 P e e (wood F a rm ,T y lde s ley , 6 ,3 62 -363 P e te ,G rea tS ank ey , 6 ,1 41 , 1 42 P e le f i e ld s , Maghu l l ,2 98 -299 P i e le H a l l ,H aydock , 6 ,1 03 , 19 , 1 42 P y le , P enn ing ton , 13 ,3 23 ,3 24 P a r r ,3 62 ,3 75 ,3 86 , 3 87 P emb e r ton , 1 3 , 4 6 , 4 8 , 5 5 , 6 9 , 7 4 , 8 6 , 1 57 , 1 79 , 3 12 , 3 16 -319 , 3 2 1-323 , 31 ,3 68 ,3 86 ,3 89 P enke th , 1 3 ,2 5 ,9 3 , 1 94 ,2 0 1 , 2 25 , 3 36 ,3 74 -375 P enn ing ton , 7 ,1 , 1 3 ,9 3 , 1 81 ,2 22 ,3 22 -324 ,3 35 -336 ,3 68 ,3 74 , 3 84 P enwo r tham , 8 3 , 8 8 p eop le A e l fte lm ,b ro the ro f Wu lf r ic S po t , 1 5 -16 A lan , c l e rk o fR a inf o rd , 1 87 A nd e r ton o fI nc e , 2 62 A nde r ton o fL o s tock a nd L yd ia te ,2 95 A the l f la ed , 1 4 , 1 9 -20 [ d e ] A the r ton f am i ly , 1 65 , 1 67 , 1 72 , 1 83 185 , 1 88 , 1 89 , 2 02 , 2 26 , 2 44 -245 ,2 52 ,2 83 ,3 25 A the r ton o fB ew sey ,2 04 ,2 28 A the r ton o fB icke r s taf f e , 1 83 185 ,3 86 [ d e ] A ugh ton , 1 75 176 ,3 86 B a l la rd o fI nc eB lund e l l ,2 83 B ana s t r e , 2 6 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 4 3 , 4 5-48 , 5 1 , 6 0 , 6 3-64 , 6 8 , 7 4 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 19 , 1 50 , 1 57 158 , 1 62 , 1 72 , 1 74 175 , 1 84 , 1 87 , 1 89 , 2 0 1 , 2 2 1 ,2 28 ,2 39 ,2 44 ,2 45 ,2 86 ,2 88 ,2 90 , 3 10 -312 , 3 25 ,3 27 , 3 55 ,3 68 ,3 89 -390 B anke so fW in s tan ley ,2 48 ,3 19 B eauf o r t ,L ady Ma rga r e t , 1 50 ,2 76 -277 [ d e ] B edf o rd , 1 79 ,3 22 -323 [ d e ] B ick e r s taf f e , 1 72 , 1 74 175 , 1 83 184 [ d e ] B i l l ing e , 1 87 , 1 88 , 1 90 B leddyn , 1 75 , 1 77 B lunde l lo fI n c eB lunde l l ,2 18 -2 19 ,2 58 ,2 93 ,2 95 B lund e l lo fL i t t le C ro sby ,2 22 ,2 82 -285 [ d e ] B o ld , 4 9 , 6 1 , 1 50 , 1 93 194 , 1 97 , 2 00 -202 , 2 13 , 2 14 , 2 26 , 2 39 , 3 48 -350 ,3 87 -388 B oo t le o f Me l l ing ,2 76 ,2 79 B oo t le o f Me l l ing a nd T ho rn ton ,2 99 -300 ,3 05 -306 ,3 08 , 3 58 ,3 60 B rad shagh /B rad shaw , 4 5 -49 , 19 , 1 45 , 1 57 , 1 65 , 1 72 , 1 75 , 2 09 , 2 28 2 29 , 2 39 , 2 44 , 2 45 , 2 94 , 3 12 , 3 18 , 3 23 , 3 24 , 3 83 -384 , 3 89 -390 [ d e ] B u rnhu l l , 5 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 1 , 9 4 , 1 65 , 1 67 168 , 2 13 -214 , 2 44 -245 , 3 05 -306 ,3 17 ,3 31 ,3 47 ,3 68 B u t le ro f Wa r r ing ton , 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 5 , 4 4 , 5 1 , 6 0 , 9 9 , 1 05 , 18 , 1 35 , 1 4 1 , 1 50 , 1 80 , 1 82 , 1 93 194 , 2 00 -205 , 2 07 -208 , 2 25 , 2 36 -237 , 2 58 , 2 59 , 2 87 , 2 92 -294 , 3 22 -323 , 3 25 , 3 35 -336 , 3 58 -359 , 3 6 1-362 ,3 74 -375 ,3 77 ,3 89 -390 [ d e ] C o lumbe r s ,C ec i ly ,2 31 [ d e ] C u lche th , 2 07 -2 10 ,2 44 -245 ,3 25 D a c r e ,6 3 ,3 42 -343 ,3 50 ,3 86 -387 D e rby ,e a r l so fs e ed eF e r r e r s , S tan ley D i t ton t e nan t s , 6 2 D o t ,2 2 -23 ,2 7 ,2 9 ,3 6 ,6 1 ,9 8 ,2 56 D unn ing , 5 7 , 5 9 ,2 75 , 3 0 1-302 e a r l so fC he s t e r ,3 80 [ d e ] E cc le s ton ,2 13 ,2 15 , 3 12 ,3 31 E dwa rd t h e C onf e s so r , 1 , 1 4 16 , 1 9 -20 , 2 3 -25 , 2 7 -28 , 4 6 -47 , 1 74 , 1 83 ,2 05 ,2 36 ,3 74 , 3 78 -379 ,3 81 E dw in ,e a r l , 1 6 ,2 4 ,2 8 ,4 0 E in ion ,s on o fB leddyn , 1 75 f am i ly a s soc ia t ion s , 1 37 F a r r e r ,F ranc i s ,2 0 , 7 5 -76 , 8 2 ,2 8 1 ,2 93 -295 [ d e ] F a zake r ley , 3 70 ,3 72 d eF e r r e r s , e a r l so fD e rby , 3 2 ,4 4 , 4 6 , 5 1 , 8 4 , 1 26 , 1 74 , 1 94 , 2 00 , 2 0 1 , 2 03 ,2 86 ,2 88 ,3 54 , 3 62 , 3 78 , 3 80 -381 G am e l ,2 0 ,2 2 ,2 7 ,3 0 ,4 1 , 5 9 , 6 1 G e ra rd ,3 31 ,3 83 G e ra rd o fB i r ch ley , 1 90 G e ra rd o fB rynn ,2 62 -263 ,3 85

I r e land o fB ew sey ,2 00 ,2 25 -226 ,2 58 -259 ,3 23 I r e land o fH a le a nd B ew sey , 1 26 , 1 80 ,2 02 ,4 10 I r e land o fL yd ia t e , 1 75 ,2 94 -296 ,4 10 J ohn , c oun to f Mo r ta in , 3 4 ,4 3-45 ,4 7 -50 , 6 8 [ d e ] K now s ley f am i ly , 1 88 [ d e ] K igh ley , 1 79 , 2 83 , 3 23 [ d e ] K i rkda le ,2 66 , 2 67 [ d e ] K now s ley f am i ly ,2 56 L anca s te r , E dmund e a r lo f ,4 4 , 5 0 ,2 00 ,2 86 ,3 81 L anca s te r , T homa s e a r l o f , 4 4 , 5 0 , 5 2 , 6 4 , 8 5 ,1 65 , 2 28 , 2 31 , 2 48 , 2 66 -267 ,2 71 ,2 86 ,3 31 ,3 32 ,3 37 ,3 68 , 3 72 ,3 80 ,3 89 [ d e ] L ang ton ,4 8 , 1 24 ,2 40 ,2 44 ,2 48 , 3 10 -312 , 3 16 ,3 18 ,3 89 [ d e ] L a thom , 3 4 , 5 5 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 3 , 8 8 , 1 37 , 1 50 , 1 79 , 2 39 -240 , 2 512 52 , 2 56 -257 , 2 70 -272 , 2 74 -276 , 2 78 , 2 80 , 2 87 , 2 89 , 3 0 1 , 3 28 -329 ,3 48 ,3 53 -354 ,3 84 ,3 86 [ d e ] L a thom o fI r lam , 1 80 L egh , 9 1 , 9 2 , 1 05 , 1 93 195 , 1 97 , 2 0 1-200 , 2 06 , 2 25 -226 , 2 39 -240 , 3 16 ,3 26 -327 , 3 38 , 3 74 -375 L e ice s te r ,R obe r tD ud ley e a r lo f , 1 79 ,2 00 ,2 02 -203 ,3 75 L eofw in ,2 45 L eon i ,G iacomo ,2 79 L ey land o f Mo r ley s ,A s t ley ,2 72 ,2 9 1 ,3 23 L inco ln , H en ry d e L a cy , e a r l o f , 3 3 , 4 6 , 5 0 , 5 2, 1 6 1162 , 2 13 , 2 66 , 2 82 ,2 98 ,3 31 , 3 47 ,3 53 ,3 54 [ d e ] L ow ton f am i ly , 5 1 , 6 0 ,2 2 1-222 ,2 39 ,2 90 , 3 10 -311 [ d e ] L yd ia t e ,2 92 -294 ,3 07 , 3 67 Madoc , s on o fL l ew e l lyn , 1 75 [ d e ] Maghu l l , 2 98 ,2 99 , 3 00 Man se l /Maun se l ,J ohn , r e c to ro fW igan , 6 3 ,3 89 Ma scy , 3 23 -324 d e Mea th , R icha rd , 4 4 , 4 6 -47 , 5 6 , 6 2 , 2 18 , 2 20 , 2 30 -231 , 2 93 , 3 68 , 3 70 -37 1 [ d e ] Me l l ing , 5 7 , 5 9 , 1 0 1 , 3 05 -306 ,3 67 ,3 69 [ d e ] M idd le ton , 6 2 ,2 48 -249 Mo lyneux o fL i t t le C ro sby ,2 44 , 3 42 Mo lyneux o fL i t t le C ro sby & S peke ,3 31 Mo lyneux o f Me l l ing ,3 20 ,3 59 -360

4 30

I ndex U c t r ed , 2 2 -24 ,2 6 -29 , 3 1 , 3 3 ,3 4 , 3 6 , 4 5 , 5 1 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 1 , 6 6 -68 , 7 0 , 8 5 , 8 9 , 1 50 , 1 74 , 1 83 , 2 51 , 2 66 , 2 68 , 2 70 , 2 74 -275 , 2 80 , 2 82 , 2 92 ,2 98 ,3 0 1 ,3 42 U f egea t , n ephew o f Wu lf r ic S po t , 1 5 U rm s ton , 3 83 -384 d eV i le r s ,3 5 , 5 7 , 8 8 ,2 08 ,2 25 , 2 36 -237 ,2 58 ,2 82 , 2 93 , 3 59 [ l e ] Wa ley s ,4 4 , 6 2 , 1 74 175 , 1 77 ,2 45 , 2 49 ,2 67 ,2 74 -276 , 3 25 Wa ldeve ,4 3-44 ,3 70 -37 1 [ d e ] Wa l ton , 4 3 -44 , 4 7 , 5 6 , 6 2 , 6 3 , 2 17 -218 , 2 20 , 2 30 -231 , 2 57 , 2 66 2 67 ,2 83 ,2 86 ,2 92 -293 ,3 11 ,3 70 -372 ,3 78 ,3 80 -381 [ d e ] We s t le igh , 3 28 ,3 84 W i l l iam , l o rd H a s t ing s , 1 50 W i l l iam f i tzN ige l , b a ron o fH a l ton , 3 1 ,3 6 W i l l iam I ,3 0 ,4 0 ,4 5 W i l l iam ,C oun to fB ou logne ,4 3 [ d e ] W ind le , 3 17 -318 , 3 28 ,3 31 [ d e ] W in s tan ley f am i ly , 1 87 188 [ d e ] Woodp lump ton ,3 4 , 1 51 , 1 75 ,2 18 [ d e ] Wo lf a l l ,2 94 Wu lf r ic S po t , 1 5 16 , 1 9 ,2 1-22 ,2 6 , 6 5 , 7 0 , 8 3 , 1 50 p o s se s s ion s i nL anca sh i r ea nd W i r ra l , 1 5 Wu l fheah ,n ephew o f Wu lf r ic S po t , 1 5 p l ac e n ame s , 1 , 1 7 , 3 6 , 7 6 , 1 03 , 1 05 , 1 08 , 17 , 1 20 , 1 22 123 , 1 69 170 ,

Mo lyneux Mo lyneux Mo lyneux Mo lyneux Mo lyneux

o fP embe r ton , 3 16 -318 o fR a inf o rd & Me l l ing ,3 06 ,3 09 ,3 29 -330 o fR a inh i l l ,2 82 ,3 31-332 o fR a inh i l l & Wh i s ton ,3 18 o fS ef ton , 3 1 , 3 5 , 4 9 , 5 2 , 1 05 , 1 09 , 1 28 , 1 40 , 1 50 , 1 74 , 1 75 , 2 13 , 2 18 -219 , 2 58 -260 , 2 66 -268 , 2 82 -284 , 2 87 , 2 93 2 96 , 2 99 -300 , 3 07 -308 , 3 11 , 3 17 , 3 37 -340 , 3 42 -344 , 3 55 , 3 58 -360 , 3 68 ,3 7 1-372 , 3 79 -38 1 ,3 89 Mo lyneux o fT ho rn ton ,3 05 Mo r ca r ,e a r l , 1 6 ,2 4 ,2 8 ,4 0 Moo r eo fK i rkda le & L ive rpoo l , 7 6 ,2 66 -267 ,2 86 N ig e l , b a ron o fH a l ton ,4 2 [ d e ]N ev i l l ,3 86 [ l e ]N o r r ey s ,4 9 ,2 13 -2 14 ,2 17 ,2 28 -229 ,2 30 -231 , 2 57 ,2 94 , 3 23 , 3 26 , 3 31 , 3 42 -344 , 3 47 -348 , 3 54 , 3 58 , 3 59 , 3 74 -375 , 3 79 -380 , 3 84 ,3 86 -387 [ l e ]N o r r ey so fB u r tonhead , S u t ton ,3 49 -350 [ l e ]N o r r ey so fE l tonhead , S u t ton ,3 49 [ l e ]N o r r ey so fF o rmby , 3 31 ,3 43 ,3 49 [ l e ]N o r r ey so fF o rmby , S peke a nd S u t ton ,2 14 ,2 18 [ l e ]N o r r ey so fH a igh , F o rmby , S pek e &S u t ton ,2 28 [ l e ]N o r r ey so f Me l l ing , 3 59 [ l e ]N o r r ey so fS u t ton ,3 47 ,3 49 -350 ,3 75 [ l e ]N o r r ey so fS u t ton ,E cc le s ton & R a inh i l l ,3 43 O g le ,3 87 -388 O rm ,2 0 ,2 7 ,4 2 , 7 0 , 1 69 ,2 75 O rm d eH aydock , 5 7 , 5 9 ,2 39 ,2 6 1-262 O rm ,s on o fA i lwa rd , 5 9 [ d e ] O r r e l l ,2 28 P a r r ,3 28 P ayn o f Wa r r ing ton ,3 89 [ d e ] P embe r ton ,3 16 ,3 17 ,3 18 ,3 20 [ d e ] P enn ing ton f am i ly , 1 79 ,3 22 -323 ,3 67 [ l e ] P e rpoun t ,2 6 1-262 p r ie s t , 1 84 ,2 76 ,3 05 , 3 28 ,3 74 ,3 84 Q uen i lda o fA ugh ton a nd U p l i the r land ,4 04 Q uen i lda o fB i l l ing e , 1 88 Q uen i lda d eK i rkda le , 5 6 ,6 0 , 8 6 , 8 8 , 1 50 ,2 17 -218 ,2 66 -267 ,4 04 Q uen i lda o fF o rmby , 1 84 ,2 18 Q uen i lda d eM idd le ton ,2 49 Q uen i lda d e Wa r ton , 1 50 ,4 03 Q uen i lda d e We s t le igh ,3 28 ,4 05 Q uen i lda d e Woodp lump ton , 1 51 , 1 74 175 ,4 05 R adc l if f e ,3 0 1 [ d e ] R a inf o rd ,3 28 R anu lf ,e a r l o fC he s te r ,4 4 R avenk i l ,4 3 , 5 7 R a lph , l o rd C romw e l l , 1 50 R hudd lan . R obe r to f ,3 4 ,4 0 , 1 50 R og e ro fP o i tou , 1 6 ,3 0 -36 ,4 0 -43 , 5 7 S a le f am i ly , 1 79 S ca r i sbr ick ,2 94 -296 ,3 0 1 S iwa rd , 2 75 S iwa rd ,o f Me l l ing ,3 05 -306 S iwa rd , s on o fD unn ing , 5 9 S o roco ld o fK now s ley & We s t le igh ,3 84 [ d e ] S ou thwo r th ,2 00 ,2 01 ,2 08 ,2 48 -250 ,2 62 , 3 12 ,3 25 S t an ley , 1 74 175 , 1 77 , 1 83 , 2 09 , 2 13 , 2 89 , 3 22 -323 , 3 48 , 3 59 , 3 63 3 64 ,3 83 -384 ,3 86 -387 S tan ley , e a r l s o fD e rby , 7 6 -77 , 7 9 , 8 4 -85 , 1 25 126 , 1 33 , 1 4 1 , 1 50 , 1 84 , 2 18 -2 19 , 2 30 -231 , 2 51 , 2 68 , 2 70 -273 , 2 75 -281 , 3 0 13 02 ,3 07 ,3 28 -329 ,3 53 , 3 68 ,3 7 1 S t an ley o fE c c le s ton , 3 63 S t an ley o fH oo ton , 1 84 ,3 23 S tan ley o fL a thom a nd L ive rpoo l , 7 5 -76 , 7 8 -79 , 8 4 -85 , 8 8 S t e inu lf ,2 3 ,2 7 ,2 9 ,3 3 , 3 67 S t e inu lf o fL yd ia t e ,2 98 S t ephen ,c oun to f Mo r ta in ,3 0 ,3 4 -35 ,4 1-43 ,4 5 S wa in ,2 75 ,2 80 , S wa in , s on o fD unn ing ,3 01-302 S wa in s on o fL eofw in ,2 45 [ d e ] T a rbock ,3 53 -355 [ d e ] T hor nh i l l ,J o rdan , 5 6 , 6 0 , 1 74 ,2 17 -218 , 2 67 T o s t ig , 1 6 ,2 0 ,2 4 ,4 0 ,4 2 , 6 7 T rave r s ,3 86 -388 [ d e ] T y lde l sey ,4 8 , 5 2 ,9 4 , 1 45 , 1 69 , 1 70 ,2 2 1-223 ,2 25 -226 , 3 6 1-366 [ d e ] T y ld e lsey o fD i t ton ,3 48

2 25 ,2 27 A ng l ian , 1 7 b r ekka , 1 8 B r e t ta rgh , 1 7 B r i t i sh , 1 20 by , 1 7 19 C he sh i r e , 1 05 C he s te rga te , 1 7 c oed , 1 7 e cc l e s , 1 7 ,2 1 d a l r , 1 7 e rg / i , 1 7 18 G reen , 7 4 H enga r th ,3 06 ,3 08 ho lme , 1 8 hu r s t , 1 69 i n d ica t ive o fm a rg ina la r ea s , 1 8 k i rk , 1 8 l ey , 1 7 m e l r , 1 7 Me r c ian i nf luence , 1 7 N o r se i nf luence , 1 4 , 1 8 N o r thumb r ian i n f luence , 1 7 s cog r , 1 7 , 6 8 s cough , 1 8 s ka l i , 1 7 18 s l akk i , 1 8 t h ing , 1 8 T ho rp ,3 06 t un , 1 7 w ood land , 6 7 p o l len a na ly s i s , 7 0 -71 p opu la t ion ,4 1 , 1 48 149 , 1 48 p o r t s ,4 4 , 6 3 p o t t e ry , 1 28 1 4 th 15 th c en tu ry ,2 54 1 5 th c en tu ry ,2 04 c l ay s ou rce ,2 15 g a rden u rn s ,a tB ew sey , 1 27 ,2 05 I r on A g e ,3 73 m ed ieva l , 1 4 1 , 1 52 ,2 11-212 ,2 15 ,2 23 ,2 34 ,2 54 ,3 08 , 3 46 , 3 73 ,3 76 p o s t -med ieva l„ 2 77 ,2 96 ,3 52 ,3 76 p o t te r s ,2 7 1 p roduc t ion , 7 ,1 9 , 1 4 1 ,2 7 1 R oman , 1 9 , 8 2 ,2 81 ,3 14 ,3 77 P ou l ton w i th F eamhead , 1 3 ,4 2 ,6 7 , 7 0 , 1 00 , 3 26 -327 P r e sco t , 1 3 , 3 1 , 3 5 , 5 4 , 5 6 , 6 3 , 9 3 , 1 03 , 1 64 , 3 29 -330 , 3 86 -388 s ee a l so Wh i s ton b r ick mak ing , 1 09 P r e sco tp a r i sh , 1 , 1 3 , 1 7 , 2 1 , 6 6 -67 ,9 4 -95 ,3 29 ,3 30 ,3 86 -389 p ro spec tm ound s , 1

q ua r r ie s ,6 -7 ,2 63 ,3 86

4 31

I ndex

r a bb i tw a r ren ,2 52 R a in f o rd , 1 3 , 1 9 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 5 5 -57 , 6 4 , 6 6 , 7 3 , 7 5 , 9 3 , 1 00 10 1 , 1 87 , 1 89 , 2 81 , 3 09 ,3 28 -329 , 3 49 , 3 84 , 3 88 R a inh i l l , 1 3 , 1 7 , 3 1 , 3 5 , 5 7 , 9 3 , 19 , 1 23 , 1 24 , 1 45 , 1 94 , 1 98 , 2 14 , 2 82 2 84 , 3 18 ,3 31-334 ,3 38 ,3 43 ,3 47 -350 ,3 59 ,3 72 ,3 86 -387 ,3 88 R avenmeo l s , 1 3 ,3 2 , 5 6 , 6 6 , 7 0 -71 , 9 3 ,2 18 , 2 86 r e c to r ie s , 1 28 r e l ief s , 5 7 ,6 1-62 i nk ind , 6 2 r e l ig iou sh ou se s B i rkenhead P r io ry ,3 70 -372 ,3 74 ,3 78 -379 B u r ton A bbey , 1 5 , 6 5 B u r scough P r io ry , 5 -6 , 4 5 , 5 5 , 5 9 , 6 2 -63 , 7 7 , 8 6 -87 , 8 9 , 1 00 , 1 44 , 1 75 , 1 77 , 1 84 185 , 2 36 , 2 52 , 2 55 -256 , 2 70 -272 , 2 74 -277 , 2 79 -280 ,2 94 , 3 0 1-306 , 3 53 -354 ,3 72 ,3 87 ,3 99 c a s t le o wne r s , 8 6 C ocke r sand A bbey , 5 ,7 ,1 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 6 2 -63 , 6 6 , 7 1-73 , 8 6 , 8 8 , 9 7 , 1 0 1 , 18 , 1 4 1 , 1 57 159 , 1 69 171 , 1 74 175 , 1 83 185 , 1 87 191 , 1 93 , 2 08 , 2 13 -214 , 2 17 -2 18 , 2 28 , 2 36 , 2 44 -246 , 2 51 , 2 52 , 2 6 1-262 , 2 67 , 2 74 -275 , 2 86 , 2 92 -295 , 2 98 , 3 05 3 08 , 3 16 -318 , 3 22 -323 , 3 28 -329 , 3 47 -349 , 3 51 , 3 53 , 3 58 3 59 ,3 62 ,3 65 , 3 67 , 3 74 , 3 80 , 3 84 , 3 87 ,3 89 ,4 00 -40 1 c u s toma ry s e rv ice s , 7 2 e ndowmen t sb yf r e eho lde r s , 6 3 , 8 7 E rdbu ry /A rbu ry , 3 83 E ve sham A bbey , 5 5 , 8 8 g if t st or e l ig iou sh ou se s , 5 6 , 6 4 , 8 8 , 11 , 1 52 ,3 99 -40 1 h o sp i ta l s , 8 7 H o sp i ta l o fS t . J ohn , o fJ e ru sa lem 4 3 , 1 0 1 , 1 83 , 1 84 , 1 88 , 1 93 , 2 07 , 2 36 ,2 39 ,2 45 ,2 83 , 2 90 -29 1 ,3 54 , 3 58 , 3 70 ,3 72 J e rvau lx A bbey ,3 4 L y tham P r io ry , 8 8 Ma t te r sey P r io ry , 3 4 ,3 23 Me r eva le A bbey , 5 4 , 5 9 , 7 0 , 1 00 , 1 75 ,2 17 ,2 59 ,2 94 N o r ton P r io ry , 3 4 , 1 08 , 1 09 , 1 26 , 1 84 , 1 93 ,2 75 , 3 74 -375 No s te l l P r io ry ,3 2 , 5 4 P enwo r tham P r io ry , 8 8 S h rew sbu ry A bbey ,3 2 , 3 6 ,4 2 , 5 4 , 5 9 , 7 0 , 8 8 , 1 00 ,3 11 ,3 25 ,3 27 S tan law A bb ey ,2 59 ,3 74 ,s ee a l so Wha l ley A bbey S tJ ohn o fC he s t e r ,3 75 ,3 79 , 3 86 -388 S t Ma r t in o fS e ez ,3 4 , 5 7 , 3 7 1 , 3 80 S t Ma ry ,C he s te r , 2 75 S t We rbu rgh o f Wa rbu r ton , 3 4 ,2 70 ,2 98 ,3 49 T hu rga r ton P r io ry , 3 5 , 3 74 T i l tey A bbey ,4 4 , 1 24 ,2 00 , -203 Wa r r ing ton F r ia ry , 8 6 -87 ,3 75 U pho l land P r io ry ,4 7 , 6 4 , 8 6 ,3 16 -319 ,3 2 1 ,3 67 -369 Wa l l ingwe l l sP r io ry , 3 4 Wha l ley A bbey , 7 1 , 8 8 , 1 09 , 1 62 ,2 94 , 3 59 , 3 74 -375 R enac r e s , H a l sa l l , 1 84 ,2 52 r e n t s , 3 4 ,4 1 ,4 7 ,4 9 -50 , 5 2 , 1 93 a na ly s i s ,6 5 b oon s , 3 07 c omag e ,6 1 c u s toma ry d ue s ,2 0 ,2 3 -25 ,2 7 , 2 9 ,4 9 , 5 9 ,2 66 e xemp t ion f r om c u s toma ry d ue s ,2 56 ,3 53 g o shawk ,4 4 d eme sne , 6 3 i nk ind , 6 2 ,2 30 -231 , 2 37 ,2 39 ,2 51 , 3 54 , 3 68 , 3 70 ,3 72 , 3 87 ,3 89 L eS to t z ,3 80 mona s t ic , 1 00 p ayab le t or e l ig iou s h ou se s , 6 5 r e spon s ib i l i t ie sf o rp aymen t , 1 0 1 t h anage ,6 1 R hudd lan ,3 4 e xpu l s ion f r om , 6 2 R idga t e ,T a rbock , 6 ,8 7 , 1 43 , 3 53 -354 , 3 86 , 3 87 r i gh t so fl a ndowne r sa nd t e nan t s ,4 4 r i ngwo rk s , 1 ,7 5 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 8 9 -90 , 1 05 , 1 41 , 1 52 153 , 1 82 , 2 47 , 2 75 , 2 81 , 3 77 ,3 82 r i ve r s A l t ,2 9 , 6 7 , 7 0 -71 ,2 59 ,2 93 ,3 06 c on t ro l o f . 4 2 , 8 8 D oug la s ,6 7 ,2 18 , 2 76 G laz eb rook , 1 8 , 9 3 ,2 08 ,2 10 Me r sey , 1 8 -36 ,4 0 -41 ,2 26 ,2 67 -269 ,2 86 -287 c ro s s ing p o in t , 8 3

4 32

f e r ry , 1 63 R ibb le , 1 7 , 1 9 -22 ,2 4 2 5 ,2 9 -30 ,3 3 -34 ,4 1 ,4 5 R ix ton w i th G lazeb rook , 1 2 13 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 9 2 ,9 7 ,3 35 -336 , 3 74 r oad s , 5 ,1 8 19 ,2 6 , 7 7 ,9 2 C a s t le H i l l , H ind ley ,2 47 C a s t le S t ree t , K i rkda le ,2 68 C a s t le S t ree t , L ive rpoo l ,2 68 C he s te rga te , 1 7 C he s t e rG a t e ,S u t ton ,3 49 C he s t e rL ane ,B o ld , 1 94 h igh r oad i nH aydock ,2 4 1 m ed ieva l , 7 6 , 3 15 R oman , 1 ,2 6 , 7 6 ,2 47 ,3 14 R oby , 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 3 1 , 5 7 , 6 3 , 9 3 , 1 74 , 2 56 -257 , 2 70 -27 1 , 2 75 , 2 78 , 2 82 ,2 98 , 3 54 ,3 88 R ochda le ,2 0 ,2 2 , 2 7 ,4 1 ,4 3 , 5 9 , 6 1 , 8 5 R oman a r tef a c t s ,s ee a r tef a c t s , p o t te ry R udga t e ,T a rbock s ee R idga t e R unco rn , 1 4 ,2 6 -27 , 1 62 163

S a lf o rd H und red , 4 -6 , 1 12 , 1 6 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 5 , 3 0 , 3 3 , 4 3 , 4 6 -47 , 5 1 , 6 6 -67 , 1 72 ,2 09 ,2 47 ,2 67 ,2 87 S ankey ,G r ea t , 6 ,1 3 ,2 5 ,9 3 , 1 42 , 1 94 , 1 95 ,2 02 ,2 25 -227 ,3 26 ,3 74 -375 S ank ey ,L i t t le , 1 3 ,2 5 ,9 3 ,2 02 ,2 25 ,3 26 , 3 74 -375 S ca r i sb r ick s ee H u r l s ton ( Sca r i sb r ick ) S cho le s ,I n c eB lunde l l ,2 59 S cho le s , E cc le s ton ,2 13 -2 14 ,2 83 s cu lp tu re s ,2 1 s ea l e ve l , 8 S ef ton , 1 ,2 4 , 2 9 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 3 -74 ,9 3 , 1 32 ,2 87 ,3 37 -34 1 ,3 44 ,3 46 3 59 S ef ton F ee s ee F ee s , S ef ton S ef ton p a r i sh , 1 13 ,2 0 -21 ,4 5 , 6 6 -67 ,9 5 ,2 82 ,3 38 -339 S ef ton T own , 7 3 , 1 03 s e rv ic e s ,9 6 , 1 0 1 c u s toma ry , 7 2 d ue f r om d r eng s , 5 6 d ue f r om t h ev i l l , 5 d ue t ot h ew apen ta l ce ,6 2 f a lcone r , 5 1 , 6 0 j udg e ,p rov i s ion o f , 5 5 , 6 0 -6 1 , 1 65 , 1 87 , 2 39 , 2 44 -245 ,2 48 -249 , 2 6 12 62 ,2 99 ,3 16 i nk i nd ,2 14 p e r f o rmance o fs u i t , 5 5 -56 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 8 3 -84 ,9 6s ee a l so w apen take p rov i s ion o fb ead le s ,3 62 p u tu r e , 6 0 , 3 35 ,3 83 r e eve , 5 6 , 5 9 ,6 5 ,2 86 ,3 78 ,3 80 s e r jean t , 5 6 , 3 70 -37 1 ,3 78 ,3 80 v i l la r , 6 8 s e t t lemen t , 1 03 B r i t i sh , 1 7 18 C he sh i r e , 9 8 d i sp e r sed a t' G reen s ' , 7 4 h am le t s , 7 4 l o s t ,6 6 n uc lea ted ,3 5 , 7 2 , 7 4 , 1 03 , 1 49 S hake r ley , 1 2 , 1 3 ,4 9 ,6 4 , 7 3 , 16 , 3 6 1-366 s e ea l so T y lde s ley S imon swood , 1 3 ,3 4 ,4 7 ,4 9 , 5 6 , 6 8 -69 ,9 3 , 1 45 ,2 87 ,3 06 , 39 s i te s a nd f i nd s ,p r e -Conque s t , 1 7 S ke lme r sda le , 1 3 , 2 0 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 3 5 , 4 6 , 5 6 , 6 8 , 7 4 , 9 3 , 1 65 , 1 74 , 2 7 1 , 2 76 , 3 06 ,3 42 ,3 68 ,3 86 -387 Sm i thdown , 1 3 ,2 3 ,2 5 ,4 4 ,6 8 -69 ,9 3 , 2 71 , 39 ,3 70 S nape , H u r l s ton ( Sca r i sb r ick ) ,2 52 s o i l ss ee g eo logy s o i l i mp rovemen ts ee a g r icu l tu r e , i mp rovemen t S ou thwo r th , 1 3 ,2 1 , 5 1 ,6 8 , 7 4 , 2 48 -249 , 3 12 S peke , 1 3 , 1 9 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 3 5 , 4 9 , 5 6 , 6 8 , 1 04 , 1 40 14 1 , 1 44 , 1 74 , 2 28 , 2 31 , 2 68 ,2 83 -284 ,2 94 -295 ,3 38 ,3 42 -346 ,3 50 ,3 86 -387 , 3 80 S pen ,T y lde s ley ,3 63 s t a tu s c a s t le o wne r sh ip , 1 00 o ff am i l ie s , 1 6 th c en tu ry , 1 48 f am i ly i n te r r e la t ion sh ip , 1 00 o fl a ndowne r s , 5 0 -51 , 6 5„ 8 3 , 8 9 m anf e s ta t ion o f , 6 3 moa ted s i te s ,9 9 r i va l ry f o r ,6 4 s oc ia l , 1 3 ,3 3 , 5 6 , 7 4 , 1 50

I ndex s oc ia le nhancemen t , 6 2 s ymbo l s , 1 50 t h anage ,6 1 S ta tu t eo fQ u ia e mp to r e st e r ra rum , 5 6 s t ronghou se s ,3 2 ,4 5 , 7 5 -79 , 8 4 -85 , 8 7 -89 ,9 3 , 1 33 , 1 36 137 , 1 50 , 1 52 , 2 06 , 2 72 -273 ,2 76 -279 ,2 81 ,2 89 s ee a l so moa ted s i t e s S u rvey ss e e d ocumen t s S u t ton , 1 3 , 1 7 , 3 1 , 4 1 , 4 8 -49 , 5 7 , 7 3 -74 , 9 2 -93 , 19 , 1 45 , 1 94 , 2 13 -2 14 , 2 28 ,2 71 ,2 76 ,3 06 ,3 12 ,3 31 ,3 43 ,3 47 -352 , 3 87 -388

t opog raphy a l t i tude , 1 03 , 1 06 b ank sa nd d i t che s , 9 1 c a r r , 6 5 e xp lo i ta t ion o f , 7 4 ma r sh ,4 ,5 ,6 5 , 1 48 mo s s land s , 4 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 6 , 3 2 , 3 5 -36 , 6 5 , 7 0 , 7 4 , 7 7 , 1 05 , 1 08 , 1 48 , 1 78 , 2 62 a g r icu l tu ra l r e sou rc e , 7 1 a s sa i l , 1 54 C ha t Mo s s , 5 ,6 7 , 1 08 , 1 70 c ommon , 7 0 r e c la imed , 5 h edged a bou t , 7 4 s e t t lemen t , 6 8 r e l ief ,4 ,2 1 ,2 9 s and d une s ,4 ,2 9 , 6 6 t own sh ip s , 1 13 ,2 3 -26 ,3 3 , 5 2 -54 , 5 7 , 6 6 ,9 3 -94 , 1 63 C he sh i r e ,9 8 m anagemen t , 5 8 s i ng le moa t s , 1 05 s i z e , 1 2 T ox te th , 1 3 ,2 3 -24 , 2 7 , 3 1 , 4 4 , 4 7 , 4 9 5 6 , 6 8 -69 , 7 1 , 7 4 , 9 3 , 1 45 ,2 87 , 3 38 3 39 , 3 67 s ee a l so p a rk s t u rba ry , 8 ,6 7 , 6 9 , 1 70 , 1 80 ,2 37 ,2 59 ,2 62 ,2 71 ,2 99 ,3 02 ,3 72 Tw i s sG re en ,C u lche th , 7 3 ,2 09 T y lde s ley , 6 -7 , 1 2 13 , 4 8-49 5 7 , 6 4 , 7 3 , 9 3 , 9 7 , 1 42 , 1 44 , 1 69 170 , 2 59 , 3 61-366 ,3 74 ,3 75

t a l lag e ,4 2 , 5 9 T a rbock , 1 3 , 1 8 19 , 2 3 , 2 7 , 3 3 , 3 6 , 4 8 , 5 7 , 6 3 , 8 7 , 9 3 , 19 , 1 37 , 1 42 143 , 1 45 ,2 33 ,2 56 ,2 70 -271 , 3 39 ,3 53 ,3 54 , 3 55 , 3 56 , 3 87 T a r l scough , Ma r t in ( Bu r scough ) , 3 0 1 t e nan t s We l sh -named , 6 2 t opog raphy m o s s land s ,2 0 1 t e nu r e , 1 3 , 1 4 16 , 2 2 , 2 4 -26 , 4 1 , 4 5 , 4 9 , 5 8 , 6 0 -61 , 9 4 , 9 6 -98 , 1 4 1 , 1 48 , 1 63 , 1 79 a nc ien t , d e a n t iqu i ta t e , d e a n t iquo f ef f amen to , 4 2 , 5 1 , 5 5 , 1 65 , 1 88 , 2 39 ,2 45 ,2 49 ,2 62 ,2 75 ,3 11 , 3 38 b u rge s se s , 3 89 o fc a s t le sa nd s t ronghou se s , 8 4 C he sh i r e ,9 8 d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s ,9 6 d ed om ino r eg e ,d ed om ino r eg e i nc ap i t e , 5 9 -60 D ome sday , 2 2 d r eng sa nd d r engag e , 1 6 ,2 2 ,2 4 -25 ,2 7 ,2 9 , 3 1-32 , 4 4 , 5 1 , 5 6 , 5 8 -59 , 1 62 ,3 10 -311 ,3 74 d r engag ea nd t h anag e , 5 9 e l emen t s ,9 6 f e ef a rm , 5 1 , 5 7 ,6 2 ,9 6 f r e em en , 1 52 f r ee t e nan t s , 1 ,1 6 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 9 , 5 6 , 6 2 , 6 5 , 7 2 -73 , 1 69 , 2 58 -259 , 2 7 1 , 2 76 ,2 86 -287 ,3 28 , 3 43 ,3 63 ,3 75 f r eeho ld e r s , 4 3 , 4 5 , 5 0 , 6 2 , 7 0 , 7 4 , 9 6 , 9 8 , 1 40 , 1 42 , 1 57 , 1 76 , 1 88 , 2 76 ,3 49 k n ig h t s e r v ic e , 2 2 , 2 6 , 2 9 , 3 2 -33 , 3 5 -36 , 4 1-43 , 4 5-46 , 5 0 -52 , 5 7 -58 , 6 0 , 6 3 ,6 5 ,9 6 ,9 8 , 1 40 142 , 1 52 , 1 79 ,2 25 -226 moa t ed s i te c r ea t ion ,9 8 m oa t ed s i te s , 1 04 mona s t ic , 1 22 n or e s tr ic t ion , 5 8 N o rman c onc ep t , 5 6 p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic f r amewo rk ,2 r e n t si nk i nd ,6 2 s e igno r ia l , 1 2 ,9 8 , 1 5 1 s e r jean ty , 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 5 9 -60 , 6 2 ,3 0 ,3 2 , 3 4 , 3 6 ,4 3 -44 ,4 7 , 6 5 s e r jean t s ,3 10 ,3 11 s ocag e , 5 0 , 5 , 5 6 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 5 , 1 57 , 1 65 , 1 88 189 , 1 94 , 2 0 1 , 2 37 , 3 12 , 3 16 We s tM id land s ,9 8 s upe r impo s i t ion o ne a r l ie r , 5 5 t e nan t s a tw i l l ,2 7 1 t hane s a nd t h anage , 1 6 , 1 8 , 2 2 -31 , 3 3 -36 , 4 0 -45 , 4 6 , 5 0 -52 , 5 , 5 7 6 0 , 6 5 , 8 8 , 9 6 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 1 41142 , 1 52 , 1 65 , 1 72 , 1 74 , 1 85 , 1 9 1 , 1 94 ,2 08 ,2 39 ,2 47 d i v i s ion o fl a nd s , 6 2 r e p la ced b ys ocag e , 5 6 t e nu re n ob a rt os oc ia le nhancemen t ,3 3 v a r ie ty w i th in as i ng le v i l l , 5 6

U pho l land , 7 ,1 2 13 ,2 3 , 2 7 , 3 3 4 4 ,4 6 -49 , 5 7 , 5 9 ,6 4 , 6 6 , 6 8 -69 , 7 4 -78 , 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 4 -85 , 8 8 -89 , 9 3 , 1 45 , 1 52 , 2 31 , 2 39 , 2 71 , 2 76 , 3 06 , 3 49 , 3 54 ,3 67 -369 ,3 72 ,3 80 ,3 85 ,3 89 U p l i the r land , 1 , 1 3 ,2 3 ,3 2 -33 , 5 6 , 7 0 ,9 3 1 74 176 , 1 83 , 3 19 ,3 25 ,3 27 U p ton , W idne s , 1 62 V v a cca r y , 1 8 ,3 6 , 5 1 , 7 0 , 7 6 , 8 4 , 1 03 , 1 22 , 1 42 , 1 62 , 1 64 V ik ing ss ee N o r se v i l l s , 5 0 , 5-56 , 5 8 , 6 1-63 , 6 7 , 9 2 ,9 6 ,9 9 , 1 00 , 1 42 , 1 62 , 1 94

Wa l la sey ,2 7 ,3 4 , 8 5 ,2 66 ,2 75 Wa l ton w i th F a zake r ley , 1 3 , 2 3 , 2 5 -26 , 3 1 , 3 6 , 4 2 , 4 4 , 4 7 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 6 2 , 7 1 , 9 3 , 2 18 -2 19 ,2 71 ,2 72 ,2 87 3 39 ,3 68 -369 ,3 70 -373 , 3 79 Wa l ton le -Da le , 3 3 Wa l ton -on the -H i l l p a r i sh , 1 13 , 1 7 18 , 2 0 -2 1 , 2 7 , 3 2 , 4 5 , 6 6 -67 , 9 4 -95 , 1 08 ,2 88 -289 , 3 38 -339 w apen take ,4 344 ,9 6 , 1 62 a t t endanc e a tc our t , 1 , 3 5 , 5-56 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 2 , 8 2 , 1 51 , 1 69 , 1 83 , 1 93 , 2 28 ,2 36 , 2 51 ,2 58 ,2 82 ,3 10 ,3 37 ,3 67 , 3 83 , 3 86 b a i l if f ,3 72 L ive rpoo lC a s t le ,2 88 w a r r en s ,3 68 Wa r r ing ton , 1 3 14 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 4 8 , 5 8 , 6 3 , 6 8 , 7 1 , 7 5 -77 , 8 0 , 8 7 -89 , 9 3 , 9 9 , 1 03 , 1 48 , 1 52 , 1 62 , 1 64 , 1 7 1 ,2 0 1-202 , 2 06 , 2 08 , 2 76 , 2 84 , 3 12 , 3 15 , 3 25 -327 , 3 36 ,3 74 -377 Wa r r ing ton F ee s ee F ee s , Wa r r ing ton Wa r r ing ton H und r ed , 1 , 1 6 17 ,2 2 ,2 7 -29 , 3 1-33 , 4 1 , 6 7 , 9 2 , 9 7 , 1 05 , 1 4 1 , 1 72 Wa r r ing ton p a r i sh , 1 13 , 2 0 , 6 7 ,9 5 w a s te s ee l a nd u se Wave r t re e , 1 3 ,2 3 ,2 6 ,4 3-44 ,4 7 , 5 6 , 6 7 ,9 3 , 1 74 ,3 70 -371 ,3 80 w ea l th ,9 9 , 1 0 1 w e l l t imbe r l ined ,3 77 We s tD e rby , 1 3 , 3 2 , 4 4 , 5 6 , 6 3 , 6 6 , 7 1 , 7 5 -76 , 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 9 , 9 3 , 9 9 , 1 08 , 1 49 , 1 74 ,2 87 ,3 39 ,3 4 1 ,3 78 -382 ,3 87 m ano r , 1 6 ,4 2 ,6 5 , 6 7 -68 f o r es ta a nd h awk ' se y r ie ,6 7 We s t D e rby H und red , 2 -4 , 1 13 , 1 7 19 , 2 2 -31 , 3 3 -36 , 4 0 -4 1 , 4 5-46 , 5 1 , 6 7 , 7 6 -77 , 9 1-92 , 9 6 ,9 8 We s thead , L a thom ,2 74 -276 We s t le igh , 1 3 , 5 4 ,2 45 ,3 22 -324 , 3 28 ,3 35 ,3 83 -385 , 3 89 Wh i s ton Wh i s ton , 7 ,1 3 , 3 1 , 3 5 , 5 6 , 6 3 , 6 8 , 9 3 , 3 18 , 3 42 -343 , 3 54 , 3 86 -388 s e ea l so P re sco t W iba ld e s l e i , 1 3 ,2 3 ,2 5 , 3 6 ,9 3

t e nu r ia l f r amewo rk , 5 0 t e nu r ia l u n i t s mone ta ry v a lue , 6 6 t hane ss ee a l so e s ta te s ,t e nu r e a t t endanc ea tt h ew apen take c ou r t , 8 2 i nB la ckbu rn sh i r e , 6 1 l i ab i l i t ie s ,6 0 n o r th o ft h eR ibb le , 5 7 r i gh t sa tD ome sday , 6 1 s t a tu s , 6 1 t h ef ts e ea l so c i v i l u n r e s t T he lwa l l , 1 4 , 4 2 T h ingwa l l , 1 3 , 1 8 ,2 3 ,2 5 -26 ,4 4 , 5 6 , 8 2 , 9 3 ,3 72 , 3 78 , 3 79 T ho rn ton , 1 3 , 5 1 , 5 8 , 7 2 , 7 4 ,2 94 , 3 38 -339 T horp , Me l l ing , 3 09 t ihe s ,4 2

4 33

I ndex W idne s ,2 7 ,6 3 , 7 6 , 8 0 , 8 4 , 8 7 -88 , 1 62 164 , 1 71 s ee a l so A pp le ton W idne sF e es ee F ee s ,W idne s c ou r t ,a t tendance a t , 2 56 W idne sH a l l , 1 63 W igan , 7 ,1 8 19 , 2 5 -26 , 3 3 , 4 5-49 , 5 , 6 2 , 6 3 , 6 6 , 7 1 , 1 03 , 1 48 , 1 9 1 , 2 87 , 3 12 ,3 15 ,3 18 -319 ,3 21 , 3 29 , 3 68 , 3 89 -390 W igan p a r i sh , 1 13 ,2 0 , 3 2 -33 ,2 5 , 6 0 , 6 7 , 9 4 -95 ,3 11 ,3 12 , 3 87 W ind le , 1 3 , 3 1-32 , 3 5 , 5 1 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 9 3 , 1 43 , 1 65 , 2 37 , 2 44 , 3 06 , 3 12 , 3 74 3 75 ,3 88 W in s tan ley s ee a l so B i l l ing e , 1 3 , 1 87 192 ,2 56 ,3 12 , 3 17 , 3 26 ,3 89 W inw ick , 1 3 , 6 6 , 3 2 , 5 1-52 , 7 0 ,9 3 ,2 0 1 , 3 11 W inw ick p a r i sh , 1 2 13 , 2 0 -2 1 , 2 5 , 3 3 , 6 7 , 9 5 , 2 40 , 2 71 , 3 11-314 , 3 23 , 3 75 ,3 89 Wo lfmoo r ,L a thom , 3 28 w ood b u rn t ,2 54 w ood land , 6 ,7 ,1 2 , 2 4 -26 , 2 8 , 6 5 , 6 7 -69 , 1 49 , 1 84 185 , 1 94 , 1 87 , 1 89 190 , 2 00 -20 1 , 2 03 , 2 08 , 2 14 , 2 22 , 2 40 -24 1 , 2 43 , 2 45 , 2 60 , 2 72 , 2 93 2 94 ,3 00 , 3 02 , 3 06 , 3 08 -309 , 3 12 , 3 18 , 3 28 , 3 46 , 3 54 , 3 63 , 3 72 , 3 75 ,3 79 -380 ,3 84 a s sa r t ,6 2 , 1 54 C amb r idge sh i r e , 1 04 c l ea ranc e , 5 ,2 99 C he sh i r e , 1 05 E s sex , 1 05 c o lon i sa t ion , 1 04 c ommon , 6 7 d ec l ine , 6 9 d e s t ruc t ion , 1 89 D ome sday , 6 5 ,2 75 , 2 80 e nc lo su re s , 7 0 ,2 70 , 3 54 f e l led c . 1579 ,2 03 h awk s 'e y r ie s , 6 7 m ea su r emen t ,6 7 n ame s /name e l emen t s , 5 ,7 ,6 7 N ew ton H und red , 6 8 p o l len e v idenc e , 7 0 p ro tec t ion o ft imbe r , 6 9 r e gene ra t ion , 7 0 r e sou rce ,6 8 s e t t lemen t , 6 8 s i lva ,6 ,6 7 -68 s u rv iva l ,6 6 -67 We s tD e rby H und r ed ,6 5 , 6 8 We s tM id land s , 1 04 Woo l ton , L i t t le , 1 3 ,2 3 ,2 6 , 5 7 ,9 3 , 1 74 Woo l ton , Much , 6 ,1 3 ,2 9 , 5 7 ,6 2 , 7 0 ,9 3 Woo l s ton w i th Ma r t in sc ro f t , 1 2 , 1 3 ,4 2 , 5 9 , 6 7 , 7 1 ,3 25 -326 Wo r s ley , P embe r ton ,3 17

4 34