The Mammals of Pakistan [1 ed.] 0510399002, 9780510399009

Table of contents :
Foreword • His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands
Preface
Contents
List of Species Illustrations
List of Figures
List of Colour Plates
List of Distribution Maps
1. Introduction
2. Zoogeographical Aspects and Faunal Origins
3. Ecological Adaptation with Special Reference to Desert Survival
4. Insectivora
5. Chiroptera
6. Primates
7. Pholidota
8. Carnivora
9. Perissodactyla
10. Artiodactyla
11. Lagomorpha
12. Rodentia
13. Cetacea
Appendix 1: Techniques of Studying Mammals in Pakistan
Appendix 2: Bibliography
Appendix 3: Gazetteer of Pakistan
Appendix 4: Glossary of Vernacular Terms
Appendix 5: Glossary of Technical Terms
Index

Citation preview

THE MAMMALS

PAKISTAN

OF

THE MAMMALS OF PAKISTAN T. J. ROBERTS M.A.(CANTAB.),M.S.A.(BRIT. COL.)

WITH A FOREWORD BY HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE BERNHARD OF THE NETHERLANDS

BOT ERNEST BENN LIMITED LONDON & TONBRIDGE

Published by Ernest Benn Limited 25 New Street Square, London EC4A°3JA

& Sovereign Way, Tonbridge, Kent TN9 IRW

First Edition 1977 © T. J. Roberts 1977 Printed in Great Britain

ISBN 0 510—39900—2

FOREWORD by His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands

Throughout the ages Man always thought of the immensity of the planet on which he lived. There seemed endless space for expanding human occupation and activities. Indeed it seemed a challenge to man to move in and demonstrate his domination. Suddenly, in the past few years, the truth has been revealed to us — men have stood on the Moon and seen what a tiny island the Blue Planet Earth is. At the same time we have been witnessing the opening up to human exploitation of the last great wild natural areas in the desperate search for agricultural land, minerals and other products to support the exploding human population. We are faced with the fact that our resources are finite, and unless we conserve them the

future of human existence is in doubt. Of course we must all be interested in the survival of the human race. But we are not the only dwellers on Spaceship Earth. We are part of an intricate web involving thousands of forms of life, animal and plant, dependent to a greater or

lesser degree on each other’s existence, and on the physical

earth of soil and rock and water covered by a thin layer of air. Many forms of life have become extinct for natural reasons. Today over a thousand mammal and bird species and some 20,000 plants have been brought to the brink of oblivion by Man’s activities. The WWF and the IUCN are dedicated to meeting this challenge and to ensuring the survival of that rich variety of life which makes the world a rewarding place on which to live. One of the essential requirements is knowledge of the life of our fellow living species in all its wonderful and intricate varieties so that we can take the right action to see that they survive. Tom Roberts has already made a special contribution to this accumulation of knowledge, based on his studies over many years in Pakistan — studies in the highest traditions of the amateur naturalist, because at the same time he has been

an active businessman. This book crowns his efforts. It will surely help to save Pakistan’s wildlife by creating public awareness of the rich heritage which still exists.

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PREFACE

In writing this book and preparing the illustrations, I have received help from many persons. Firstly, therefore, I wish to acknowledge the generous way in which many people, who have been locally resident in Pakistan, have shared their observations and knowledge of various regions. Foremost amongst these is Jerry Wood Anderson, naturalist and animal exporter. Many others are cited in the text but I would particularly mention Zahid Beg Mirza, Major S. Ammanullah Khan, Rohil F. Nana, Dr. Mirza Azhar Beg, Dr. Rehman Beg, Syed Asad Ali, Trevor Braham, Christopher Savage and Trevor

Robertson, as well as my posthumous gratitude to the late Amir of Bahawalpur, to Lt. Gen. J. H. Marden, and to

H. W. Waite and Kenneth Eates both formerly Deputy Inspectors General of Police. Secondly, I am much indebted to various international experts with specialized knowledge who have not only freely supplied information and advice based on their own observations but who have read and criticized various parts of the earlier drafts of this manuscript. First among these is Dr. George Schaller of the New York Zoological Society. I am also greatly indebted to Dr. Douglas Lay of Michigan University, Dr. Jochen Niethammer of Bonn University, Major lan Grimwood of Nairobi, John Edwards Hill of the British Museum, Dr. George Pilleri of Berne, Dr. Daniel Walton of the World Health Organization and Mr. David Drummond of the British Ministry of Agriculture. All these persons unstintingly gave their time in reading the draft manuscript. Finally there are those who have helped with the more tedious and onerous tasks of editing, and retyping no less than three complete drafts of the manuscript. I particularly wish to thank my industrious wife, Frances, Mr. Wali Mohammed Sheikh and Mr. Kurshid Akbar. I am much indebted for the courtesy and facilities extended to me by Mr J. E. Hill, who enabled me to study the col-

and also to examine the specimen collections. I also wish to acknowledge my debt to many correspondents who supplied helpful technical information, taxonomic comments and other criticisms. Among these I am especially grateful to Dr. Ivan Sokolov, Head of the Leningrad Academy of Science and several of his colleagues, also Dr. Richard Taber of Washington University and Dr. Robert Hoffman of Kansas University. Finally I am indebted to my friend Syed Babar Ali, International Trustee of the World Wildlife Fund who encouraged me in the first place to embark on this project. The presentation of this book is intended to emphasize what is known about the biology and ecology of Pakistan’s mammals. It is not intended as a detailed taxonomic treatment or review of the species described. Thus features observable in the field have been stressed rather than cranial

or other taxonomic features. Wherever taxonomic comments seemed helpful, however, in highlighting additions to knowledge since previous published works about the mammals concerned, these have been included. So little is known about

the present status or distribution of Pakistan’s mammals that an attempt has been made to assess the overall position at the time of writing even where there is no first-hand knowledge or surveys obviously could not be carried out. This has been my major task, in fact, and no effort has been spared to collate and correlate reliable distributional information. In conclusion, it is not from a sense of false modesty that I wish to acknowledge the shortcomings of this book. I am only an amateur naturalist without professional training in zoology, yet I would not have been content to present a purely descriptive or anecdotal account. But I feel that my work falls far short of the needs of a definitive scientific volume. Perhaps the shortcomings stem from the fact that in this age of specialization so much has been attempted by one person, including lections in the British Museum (Natural History). Also Mr J. C. figure illustrations as well as the habitat photographs and writing. I ask the reader to judge this effort like those of the Daniel, the Curator of the Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum and Dr. Henry W. Setzer, the Curator of Mammals in ‘one-man bandsman’ of old-time circuses and fairgrounds. It the Smithsonian Natural History Museum. Mr. Sifatullah may not be real music but if it succeeds in catching the attention and stimulates an interest it will have fulfilled its intended Siddiqi the Director of the Zoological Survey of Pakistan kindly allowed me to borrow books from the excellent library purpose.

vii

CONTENTS

FOREWORD by His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands

Page v

PREFACE

Vii

LIST OF SPECIES ILLUSTRATIONS

xxi

LIST OF FIGURES

xxii

LIST OF COLOUR

XXIV

PLATES

LIST OF DISTRIBUTION

XXV

MAPS

INTRODUCTION Description of main geographic and zoological features of Pakistan. Brief review of previous published accounts of mammalian fauna of the region.

1

ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL

4

ASPECTS AND FAUNAL

ORIGINS

Significance of major faunal regions, palearctic, oriental and ethiopian in relation to Pakistan. Effects of altitude on climate and hence mammalian fauna. Detailed description of 18 distinct ecological zones in Pakistan, with associated dominant plants and mammals. Brief discussion of the concept of ecological niche. ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION DESERT SURVIVAL

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE

TO 10

The advantages of burrowing behaviour — significance of surface or skin area to volume ratio. Pelage adaptation of large mammals in Pakistan to cope with extremes of ambient temperature associated with steppic mountain conditions. Fat distribution and heat tolerance. Hibernation and aestivation with special reference to fauna of Baluchistan. Evaporative cooling and water replenishment adaptations. The problem of finding food in arid regions. Survival against predators and adaptation in desert-dwelling species for speed, agility, and camouflage. Adaptations for social interaction and reproduction. INSECTIVORA

15

Family ERINACEIDAE — Hedgehogs Key to Family ERINACEIDAE in Pakistan Key to Pakistan Genera of HEMIECHINUS and PARAECHINUS

15 15 15

Genus HEMIECHINUS

Fitzinger, 1866

Key to Pakistan Species of Hemiechinus (1) Species Hemiechinus auritus

15 Blyth, 1845 — Afghan 18

Genus PARAECHINUS _ Trouessart, 1879

Key to Pakistan Species of Paraechinus (iii) Species Paraechinus micropus Blyth, 1846 — Pale or Indian Hedgehog Species Paraechinus hypomelas

Genus SOREX Linnaeus, 1758 (v) Species Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766 — Lesser or Pygmy

Ehrenberg, 1833 ix

20

20 20

Brandt, 1836 — Brandt’s

Hedgehog Family SORICIDAE — Shrews Key to Family SORICIDAE in Pakistan

Shrew Genus SUNCUS__

15

Gmelin, 1770 — Long-eared

Hedgehog (ii) Species Hemiechinus megalotis Hedgehog

(iv)

15

21 23 23 2B

23 25

THE MAMMALS (vi)

Species Suncus murinus

Linnaeus,

1766 — House Shrew or

Musk Shrew (vii)

Das

Species Suncus etruscus

Savi, 1822 — Savi’s Pygmy Shrew

or Etruscan Shrew

Di

(vili) Species Suncus Stoliczkanus

Anderson, 1877 — Anderson’s

Shrew or Yellow-Throated Shrew

Genus CROCIDURA (ix)

28

Wagler, 1832

Species Crocidura russula

29

Hermann,

1780 — Common

Toothed Shrew

White-

7

(x) Species Crocidura pergrisea (xi)

29

Miller, 1913 — Pale Grey Shrew

Species Crocidura attenuata

Milne-Edwards,

30

1872 — Grey

Shrew

3

CHIROPTERA

32

Key to Sub-orders of CHIROPTERA Sub-order MEGACHIROPTERA — Fruit Eating Bats

32 32

Key to Pakistan Genera of MEGACHIROPTERA

33

Family PTEROPIDAE — Old World Fruit Bats, Flying Foxes Genus ROUSETTUS Gray, 1821 Key to Pakistan Species of Rousettus

33 33 33

(i) Species Rousettus aegyptiacus arabicus

E. Geoffroy, 1810—

Egyptian Fruit Bat Synonym Rousettus arabicus (ii) Species Rousettus leschenaulti

33 33 Desmarest, 1820 — Fulvous

Fruit Bat

36

Genus PTEROPUS

Brisson, 1762

38

Key to Pakistan Species of Pteropus (ili) Species Pteropus giganteus Brunnich, 1782 — Indian Flying

38

Fox Genus CYNOPTERUS

38 40

F. Cuvier, 1824

Key to Pakistan Species of Cynopterus (iv) Species Cynopterus sphinx Vahl, 1797 — Short-nosed Fruit Bat

(v) Species Rhinopoma microphyllum

41 41 43 43 43

Brunnich, 1782 — Larger

Rat-tailed Bat or Mouse-tailed Bat Synonym Rhinopoma kinneari Species Rhinopoma

hardwickei

43 43

Gray, 1831 — Lesser Rat-

tailed Bat or Small Mouse-tailed Bat Family EMBALLONURIDAE — Sheath-tailed Bats, Sac-winged Bats Genus TAPHOZOUS_ Geoffroy, 1818 Key to Pakistan Species of Taphozous Subgenus Taphozous Geoffroy, 1818 (vii) Species Taphozous perforatus E. Geoffroy, 1818 — Tomb Bat or Egyptian Tomb Bat Subgenus Liponycteris Thomas, 1922 (viii)

Species Taphozous kachhensis

44 45 45 45 45 45 47

Dobson, 1872 — Kutch

Sheath-tailed Bat or Naked-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat Family MEGADERMATIDAE — False Vampires Genus MEGADERMA Geoffroy, 1810 Subgenus Lyroderma Peters, 1872 Key to Pakistan Species of Megaderma (ix) Species Megaderam lyra Geoffroy, 1810 — Indian False Vampire Family RHINOLOPHIDAE — Horseshoe Bats and Leaf-nosed Bats Subfamily RHINOLOPHINAE

Species Rhinolophbus ferrumequinum

Greater Horseshoe Bat (xi) Species Rhinolophus hipposideros Horseshoe Bat

47 49 49 49 49 49 52 oye

Genus RHINOLOPHUS Lacepede, 1799 Key to Pakistan Species of Rhinolophus (x)

40 40

Sub-order MICROCHIROPTERA — Insectivorous Bats Key to Pakistan Genera of MICROCHIROPTERA Family RHINOPOMATIDAE — Mouse-tailed Bats Genus RHINOPOMA Geoffroy, 1818 Key to Pakistan Species of Rhinopoma

(vi)

OF PAKISTAN

Schreber,

52 D2 1774 —

by Bechstein, 1800 — Lesser ee,

:

CONTENTS

X1

(xii) Species Rhinolophus blasili Peters, 1866 — Blasius’ or Peters’ Horseshoe Bat Subfamily HIPPOSIDERINAE — Leaf-nosed Bats Genus HIPPOSIDEROS_

Gray, 1831

Key to Pakistan Species of Hipposideros (xiil) Species Hipposideros fulvuus Gray, 1838 Synonym Hipposideros bicolor Temminck, 1834 — Bi-

55 56 56 56 57

coloured Leaf-nosed Bat or Bicolour Roundleaf Horseshoe 57 59 De

Bat

Genus ASELLIA

Gray, 1838

Key to Pakistan Species of Asellia (xiv)

Species Asellia tridens

Geoffroy, 1813 — Trident Leaf-

nosed Bat Family MOLOSSIDAE — Free-tailed Bats and Tomb Bats Key to Family MOLOSSIDAE in Pakistan Genus TADARIDA Rafinesque, 1814 Key to Pakistan Species of Tadarida (xv) Species Tadarida aegyptiaca E. Geoffroy, 1818 — Egyptian Free-tailed Bat or Egyptian Wrinkle-lipped Bat Synonym Nyctinomus tragatus

Dobson, 1874

Sy 60 60 60 60 61 61

Family VESPERTILIONIDAE — Vesper Bats, Noctules, Mouse-eared Bats, Pipistrelles, etc. Genus MYOTIS Kaup, 1829

Key to Pakistan Species of Myotis Subgenus Selysius Bonaparte, 1841 (xvi)

Species Myotis mystacinus

Kuhl, 1819 — Whiskered Bat

(xvii) Species Myotis emarginatus Geoffroy, 1806 — Geoffroy’s Bat or Notch-eared Bat Synonym Myotis lancius Oldfield Thomas, 1920 Species Myotis blythi Bat

Tomes, 1857 — Lesser Mouse-eared

Species Myotis longipes Genus EPTESICUS

Dobson, 1873 — Long-fingered Bat

Rafinesque, 1820

Key to Pakistan Species of Eptesicus (xviii)

Species Eptesicus nasutus

Dobson,

1877 — Sind Bat, Sind

Serotine or Persian Serotine Synonym Vespertilio pellucens Thomas, 1906 (xix) Species Eptesicus isabellinus _Temminck, 1840 — Isabelline Serotine Synonym Eptesicus bottae ognevi Bobrinskii, 1918 (xx)

Species Eptesicus serotinus

Schreber,

_Bowdich, 1825

Key to Pakistan Species of Nyctalus (xxi)

Species Nyctalus leisleri Species Nyctalus noctula

67

Species Pipistrellus ceylonicus

(xxviii) (xxix)

Species Pipistrellus Rubli

Kuhl, 1819 — Kuhl’s Pipistrelle

Species Pipistrellus babu Thomas, 1915 — Himalayan Pipistrelle Species Pipistrellus dormeri Dobson, 1875 — Dormer’s Bat Synonym Scotozous dormeri Dobson, 1875 Genus BARBASTELLA

Gray, 1821

Key to Pakistan Species of Barbastella (xxx)

Species Barbastella leucomelas

69 69 70 70 71 Oi

Kelaart, 1852 — Kelaart’s

Pipistrelle (xxvii)

67 67 67

Schreber, 1774 — Common

Noctule Genus PIPISTRELLUS _Kaup, 1829 Key to Pakistan Species of Pipistrellus (xxiii) Species Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774 — Common Pipistrelle (xxiv) Species Pipistrellus coromandra Gray, 1838 — Indian Pipistrelle (xxv) Species Pipistrellus mimus Wroughton, 1899 — Indian Pygmy Pipistrelle (xxvi)

66 66

Kuhl, 1818 — Lesser Noctule or

Hairy-armed Bat (xxil)

65 65

1774 — Common

Serotine Genus NYCTALUS

65 65 65 65

Cretzschmar, 1826 — Asian

pe 73 74 74 74 US 75

xil

THE MAMMALS

Barbastelle or Asiatic Wide-eared Bat Synonym Barbastella darjelingensis Hodgson, 1855 Genus NYCTICEIUS Rafinesque, 1819 Key to Pakistan Species of Nycticeius (xxx1)

Species Nycticeius pallidus

Dobson, 1876 — Yellow Desert

Bat Synonym Scoteinus pallidus Genus SCOTOPHILUS

Leach, 1821

Species Scotophilus kubli

76

:

ad,

Leach, 1821 — Temminck’s House

Bat or Lesser Yellow Bat Synonym Scotophilus temmincki Synonym Scotophilus wroughtoni (xxxill)

76 76

Dobson, 1876

Key to Pakistan Species of Scotophilus (xxxii)

Us 75 76 76

Species Scotophilus heathi

Ud U0 idl

Horsfield, 1824 Thomas, 1897

Horsfield,

1831 — Common

Yellow-bellied Bat or Desert Scotophil or Greater Yellow Bat Genus OTONYCTERIS

(xxxiv)

(xxxv)

ad, 79

Peters, 1859

Key to Pakistan Species of Otonycteris Species Otonycteris hemprichi Peters, 1859 — Hemprich’s Long-eared Bat or Hemprich’s Arrow-eared Bat Genus PLECOTUS' Geoffroy, 1818 Key to Pakistan Species of Plecotus Species Plecotus austriacus Fischer, 1829 — Grey Longeared Bat Synonym Plecotus puck Barret-Hamilton, 1907 Synonym Plecotus wardi Thomas, 1911

80 80 80

Genus MINIOPTERUS

83

Bonaparte, 1837

Species Miniopterus schreibersi Kuhl, 1819 — Long-winged Bat or Schreiber’s Bat Subfamily MURININAE — Tube-nosed Bats Genus MURINA Gray, 1842 Key to Pakistan Species of Murina (xxxvi)

Species Murina huttoni

83 83

Scully, 1881

85

Family CERCOPITHECIDAE — Baboons, Mangabeys, Guenons, Macaques, Rhesus Monkeys and Langurs Key to Pakistan Species

85 85

Zimmermann,

macaque (ii) Species Presbytis entellus

1780 — Rhesus

Dufresne, 1797 — Grey Langur

PHOLIDOTA

CARNIVORA Family CANIDAE

85 88 oT

Family MANIDAE — Scaly Anteaters Key to Pakistan Species Species Manis crassicaudata or Scaly Anteater 8

83 83 83 83

PRIMATES

(i) Species Macaca mulatta

7

80 80 80

Peters, 1872 — Peters’ Tube-nosed

Bat Synonym Harpiocephalus tubinaris 6

a2

91 91 Gray, 1827 — Indian Pangolin 91 95 95

— Wolves, Coyotes, Jackals, Foxes

Key to Family CANIDAE in Pakistan

95

Genus CANIS Linnaeus, 1758 Key to Genus CANIS

95 95

Key to Pakistan Species of Canis

95

(i) Species Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 — Wolf di) Species Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 — Asiatic Jackal Genus VULPES Oken, 1816

Key to Genus VULPES Key to Pakistan Species of Vulpes (iii) Species Vulpes vulpes

Linnaeus, 1758 — Common

(iv) Species Vulpes bengalensis

100 100 Red Fox

Sand Fox

100

Shaw, 1800 — indian or Bengal

Fox

(v) Species Vulpes ruppelli

95 98 100

103

Schinz, 1825 — Ruppell’s Fox or 104

OF PAKISTAN

CONTENTS

xiil (vi) Species Vulpes cana _ Blanford, 1877 — Blanford’s Fox or

King Fox Genus CUON Hodgson, 1838 Species Cuon alpinus Pallas, 1811 — Indian Wild Dog, Red Dog or Dhole Family URSIDAE — Bears Key to Family URSIDAE Key to Pakistan Genera of URSIDAE Key to Pakistan Species of Ursidae Genus URSUS Linnaeus, 1758 Species Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 — Red Bear, Brown Bear or Snow Bear Genus SELENARCTOS Heude, 1901 (viii) Species Selenarctos thibetanus G. Cuvier, 1823 — Asiatic

105 106 106 106 106 106 106 107

(vil)

Black Bear or Himalayan Black Bear Family MUSTELIDAE Skunks, Otters

108

— Weasels, Martens, Badgers, Polecats, 111 ia Ta 111 U5 al Mita

Key to Family MUSTELIDAE Subfamily MUSTELINAE — Martens Genus MARTES Pinel, 1792 Key to Genus MARTES

Key to Pakistan Species of Martes (ix)

Species Martes foina

Erxleben,

1777 — Beech Marten or

Stone Marten

Subgenus CHARRONIA_ (x)

111 114

Gray, 1865

Species Martes flavigula

Boddaert,

1785 — Yellow-throated

Marten Genus MUSTELA Linnaeus, 1758 Key to Genus MUSTELA

Key to Pakistan Species of Mustela (xi) Species Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Stoat or Ermine (xii)

Species Mustela altaica Genus VORMELA

Bilasius, 1884

Key to Pakistan Species of Vormela (xiii) Species Vormela peregusna Guldenstaedt, 1770 — Marbled Pole-cat Subfamily MELLIVORINAE — Ratels Genus MELLIVORA

Storr, 1780

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Mellivora Species Mellivora capensis

Species Lutralutra

Linnaeus, 1758 — Common Otter

Subgenus LUTROGALE Gray, 1865 Key to Subgenus and Pakistan Species of Lutrogale (xvi) Species Lutra perspicillata Geoffroy, 1826 — Smooth-coated Otter or Indian Otter Family VIVERRIDAE

— Civet Cats, Genets, Mongooses, Palm Civets

Key to Family VIVERRIDAE Subfamily VIVERRINAE — Civet Cats Genus VIVERRICULA

Hodgson, 1838

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Viverricula (xvii)

Species Viverricula indica

Desmarest,

Subfamily PARADOXURINAE

Key to Subfamily PARADOXURINAE Gray, 1831

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Paguma (xviii)

Species Paguma larvata

Hamilton-Smith,

122 124 124 124 125 125 125 127 27, 127 127 127 727/ 29 129 129 129

1827 — Masked

Palm Civet Subfamily HERPESTINAE — Mongooses Key to Subfamily HERPESTINAE Genus HERPESTES

120 122 122 W772

1817 — Small Indian

Civet or Rasse

Genus PAGUMA

118 120 120

Schreber, 1776 — Ratel or Honey

Badger Subfamily LUTRINAE — Otters Key to Subfamily LUTRINAE (xv)

114 116 116 116 116

Pallas, 1811 — Alpine Weasel or

Pale Weasel

(xiv)

107 108

Illiger, 1811

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Herpestes

129 131 132 132 132

xiv

THE MAMMALS

Species Herpestes auropunctatus Hodgson, 1836 — Small Indian Mongoose or Gold Speckled Mongoose Synonym Herpestes javanicus Pocock, 1937 (xx) Species Herpestes edwardsi Geoffroy, 1818 — Indian Grey Mongoose or Common Indian Mongoose Family HYAENIDAE — Hyaenas Key to Family HYAENIDAE

OF PAKISTAN

(xix)

Genus HYAENA

Brisson, 1762

Species Hyaena hyaena

Linnaeus, 1758 — Striped Hyaena

Family FELIDAE — Cats Key to Family FELIDAE Genus FELIS

Linnaeus, 1758

Species Felis libyca

(xxv)

Gray, 1832

(xxx)

142 144

Species Felis manul

144

Pallas, 1776 — Pallas’ Cat or Steppe Cat

Kerr, 1792

Species Felis lynx

Linnaeus, 1758 — Lynx

Species Felis caracal

Gray, 1843 Schreber, 1776 — Caracal or Red Lynx

147

149 149

Key to Subgenus PANTHERA Key to Pakistan Species of Panthera

153 153

Species Panthera pardus

Linnaeus, 1758 — Panther or

L513 155 155 156

Linnaeus, 1758 — Lion (extinct in

Pakistan) Subgenus UNCIA_ Gray, 1854 Key to Pakistan Species of Uncia Species Panthera uncia Schreber, 1776 — Snow Leopard or Ounce Genus ACINONYX

9

147

151 153

Species Pantheraleo

(xxxii)

145 145

Species Felis viverrina Bennett, 1833 — Fishing Cat Genus PANTHERA Oken, 1816

Leopard Subgenus TIGRIS Oken, 1816 Species Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758 — Tiger (extinct in Pakistan) Subgenus LEO Oken, 1816

(xxxi)

138

Synonym Eremaelurus thinobius Ognev, 1926 Subgenus OCTOLOBUS Brandt, 1841

Subgenus PRIONAILURUS | Severtzov, 1858 (xxviii) Species Felis bengalensis Kerr, 1972 — Leopard Cat (xxix)

138 140 142

Subgenus CARACAL (xxvii)

138

Species Felis chaus Guldenstaedt, 1776 — Jungle Cat Species Felis margarita Loche, 1858 — Sand Cat or Dune Cat

Subgenus LYNX (xxvi)

135

138

Forster, 1780 — African Wild Cat

Synonym Felis constantina ornata (xxill) (xxiv)

135 137, 138

Key to Pakistan Species of Felis (xxii)

133 135 135 1355

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Hyaena_ (xxi)

132 TSZ

156 156 156 156

Brookes, 1828

158

Key to Pakistan Species of Acinonyx

158

Species Acinonyx jubatus

158

Schreber, 1776 — Cheetah

PERISSODACTYLA Family RHINOCEROTIDAE — Rhinoceroses Key to Family RHINOCEROTIDAE Genus RHINOCEROS

Linnaeus, 1758

159 159 159 159

Species Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus, 1758 — Great Onehorned Rhinoceros or Indian One-horned Rhinoceros (extinct in Pakistan) Family EQUIDAE — Horses and Asses

159 159

Key to Family EQUIDAE

159

Genus EQUUS

Linnaeus, 1758

Key to Pakistan Species of Equus (i) Species Equus hemionus 10

Pallas, 1775 — Asiatic Wild Ass

ARTIODACTYLA

159

159 159 163

Sub-order SUIFORMES

163

Family SUIDAE — Pigs

163

Genus SUS

Linnaeus, 1758

Key to Pakistan Species of Sus

163

163

R

CONTENTS

XV

(i) Species Sus scrofa

Linnaeus, 1758 — Wild Pig or Indian

Wild Boar Sub-order RUMINANTIA Family CERVIDAE — Deer

Key to Family CERVIDAE Subfamily MOSCHINAE — Musk Deer Genus MOSCHUS

Linnaeus, 1758

Key to Pakistan Species of Moschus

(ii) Species Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus, 1758 — Musk Deer Subfamily MUTIACINAE — Barking Deer Key to Subfamily MUNTIACINAE Genus MUNTIACUS Rafinesque, 1815 Key to Pakistan Species of Muntiacus (111) Species Muntiacus muntjak Zimmermann, 1780 — Indian Muntjac or Barking Deer Genus AXIS _—_H. Smith, 1827 Key to Pakistan Species of Axis (iv) Species Axis porcinus Zimmermann, 1780 — Hog Deer or Para Genus CERVUS

Key to Pakistan Species of Cervus Subgenus RUCERVUS Hodgson, 1838 (v) Species Cervus duvauceli Cuvier, 1823 — Swamp Deer, Barasingha Linnaeus, 1758 — Red Deer (v1) Species Cervus elaphus Family BOVIDAE Key to Family BOVIDAE Blainville, 1816

Species Boselaphus tragocamelus

Pallas, 1766 — Nilgai or

175

Blue Bull

Subfamily ANTILOPINAE Genus ANTILOPE

Pallas, 1766

Key to Pakistan Species of Antilope (vili)

Species Antilope cervicapra

Genus GAZELLA

Linnaeus,

1758 — Blackbuck

Blainville, 1816

Key to Genus GAZELLA Blainville, 1816 Key to Pakistan Species of Gazella Subgenus TRACHELOCELE Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951 (ix)

Species Gazella subgutturosa

(x)

Gazelle or Persian Gazelle Species Gazella gazella Pallas, 1766 — Common or Indian Gazelle Genus NAEMORHEDUS _ H. Smith, 1827

Key to Pakistan Species of Naemorhedus Hardwicke, 1825 — Grey Goral Genus HEMITRAGUS — Hodgson, 1841 Species Hemitragus jemlabicus HH. Smith, 1826 — Himalayan Tahr

(xi) Species Naemorhedus goral

Genus CAPRA Linnaeus, 1758 Key to Genus CAPRA

Key to Pakistan Species of Capra Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758 — Wild Goat, Persian (xil) Species Capra hircus Pasang, Cretan Wild Goat Synonym Capra aegagrus

(xili) Species Capra ibex

Erxleben, 1777

Linnaeus, 1758 — Ibex

Subgenus ORTHAEGOCEROS _ Trouessart, 1905 (xiv)

(xv)

Species Capra falconeri Wagner, 1839 — Markhor Species Capra falconeri chialtanensis Lydekker, 1913 — Chiltan Markhor Genus PSEUDOIS

177 177 e7e7 178 180 181 181 181

Guldenstaedt, 1780 — Goitred

Subfamily CAPRINAE

Subgenus CAPRA

175 I) 75 P15 175 ES

Key to Pakistan Species of Boselaphus (vii)

170 iy 172 172 174 174 175

Linnaeus, 1758

Genus BOSELAPHUS

163 166 166 167 167 167 167 167 170 170 170 170

Hodgson, 1846

Key to Pakistan Species of Pseudots

181 183 185 185 185 185 188 188 188 188 188 189 189 189 192 195 196 200 200 200

xvi

THE MAMMALS

(xvi)

Species Pseudois nayaur Sheep

Hodgson, 1833 — Bharal or Blue 200

Genus OVIS Linnaeus, 1758 Key to Genus OVIS (xvii)

Key to Pakistan Species of Ovis

203

Species Ovisammon

203

Linnaeus, 1758 — Argali

(xviii) Species Ovis orientalis 11

203 203

Gmelin, 1774 — Urial, Asiatic

Mouflon or Shapu

206

LAGOMORPHA Key to Order LAGOMORPHA Family LEPORIDAE — Hares and Rabbits Key to Family LEPORIDAE

209 209 209 209

Genus LEPUS

Linnaeus, 1758

209

Key to Genus LEPUS Key to Pakistan Species of Lepus (i) Species Lepus nigricollis

209 209

Cuvier, 1832 — Indian Hare or

Black-naped Hare

210

(ii) Species Lepus capensis (iii) Species Lepus arabicus

Linnaeus, 1758 — Cape Hare Ehrenberg, 1833 — Arabian Hare

Synonym Lepus craspedotis Family OCHOTONIDAE Genus OCHOTONA

Blanford, 1875

Zils 213

Link, 1795

7113}

Key to Pakistan Species of Ochotona (iv) Species Ochotona rufescens Gray, 1842 — Afghan Pika or Collared Pika (v) Species Ochotona roylei Ogilby, 1839 — Royle’s Pika or Indian Pika

213

(vi) Species Ochotona macrotis Pika 12

Diz 213

214 216

Gunther, 1875 — Large-eared DAY

RODENTIA

218

Family SCIURIDAE — Squirrels, Chipmunks, etc. Key to Family SCIURIDAE

218 218

Genus PETAURISTA

Link, 1795

218

Key to Genus PETAURISTA Key to Pakistan Species of Petaurista (i) Species Petaurista petaurista Pallas, 1766 — Giant Red Flying Squirrel or Indian Giant Flying Squirrel Genus HYLOPETES' Thomas, 1908 Key to Genus HYLOPETES

Thomas, 1888

Lesson,

Key to Genus FUNAMBULUS

1835

Jacquemont,

Species Marmota bobak Marmot

22,

228 228 228 228

Muller, 1776 — Himalayan or Bobak

Family HYSTRICIDAE — Porcupines Key to Family HYSTRICIDAE Genus HYSTRIX

226

1844 — Long-tailed

Marmot or Kashmir Marmot Synonym Marmota aureus Blanford, 1875 Synonym Marmota stirlingi Thomas, 1916 (vi)

225

228 228

Key to Pakistan Species of Marmota caudata

225

226

Genus MARMOTA _ Blumenbach, 1779 Key to Genus MARMOTA Species Marmota

223

226

Key to Pakistan Species of Funambulus (iv) Species Funambulus pennanti Wroughton, 1905 — Northern Palm Squirrel or Five-striped Palm Squirrel

(v)

223

225

Key to Pakistan Species of Eupetaurus (ili) Species Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, 1888 — Woolly Flying Squirrel Genus FUNAMBULUS

218 225 223

Key to Pakistan Species of Hylopetes (11) Species Hylopetes fimbriatus Gray, 1837 — Small Kashmir Flying Squirrel Genus EUPETAURUS

218 218

232

233 233

Linnaeus, 1758

233

Key to Pakistan Species of Hystrix

233

OF PAKISTAN

CONTENTS

XVil

(vil)

Species Hystrix indica

Kerr, 1792 — Indian Crested

Porcupine Synonym Hystrix leucura

Jaej6) 233 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236

Sykes, 1831

Family DIPODIDAE — Birch Mice, Jerboas Key to Family DIPODIDAE Key to Pakistan Species in Family DIPODIDAE Subfamily SICISTINAE Key to Subfamily SICISTINAE Genus SICISTA Gray, 1827 Key to Genus SICISTA

Key to Pakistan Species of Sicista (vili)

Species Sicista concolor Mouse

Buchner, 1892 — Chinese Birch

Synonym Sminthus leathemi

Thomas, 1893

Synonym Sicista tianschanica

Salensky, 1903

Subfamily CARDIOCRANIINAE — Dwarf or Pygmy Jerboas Key to Subfamily CARDIOCRANIINAE Genus SALPINGOTUS Vinogradov, 1922 Key to Pakistan Species of Salpingotus (ix) Species Salpingotus michaelis Fitz Gibbon, 1966 — Pygmy Jerboa or Dwarf Three-toed Jeroba

238 240 240 240 240 242

Subfamily DIPODINAE Key to Subfamily DIPODINAE Genus ALLACTAGA Cuvier, 1836 Key to Genus ALLACTAGA

Key to Pakistan Species of Allactaga (x)

(x1)

Species Allactaga elater

toed Jerboa Species Allactaga hotsoni toed Jerboa

Lichtenstein,

236 236 236 238 238 238 238

1825 — Small Five-

242 Thomas, 1920 — Hotson’s Five-

244

Species Allactaga williamsi

Thomas, 1897 — Williams’

Jerboa

245

Synonym Allataga eupbratica Genus JACULUS__ Erxleben, 1777 Key to Genus JACULUS

Key to Pakistan Species of Jaculus (xii) Species Jaculus blanfordi Murray, 1884 — Blanford’s Jerboa or Greater Three-toed Jerboa or Persian Brush-footed Jerboa

Family MUSCARDINIDAE — Dormice Key to Family MUSCARDINIDAE Subfamily MUSCARDININAE Genus DRYOMYS_

Thomas, 1906

Key to Pakistan Species of Dryomys (xiii) Species Dryomys nitedula_

Pallas, 1779 — Forest Dormouse

Family MURIDAE Key to Subfamily MURINAE Key to Subfamilies MURIDAE

and CRICETIDAE

Genus APODEMUS _ Kaup, 1829 Key to Genus APODEMUS

Key to Pakistan Species of Apodemus

(xiv) Species Apodemus sylvaticus

(xv)

245 247 248 248 248 248 248 250 251 Zor Zoe 252 252

Linnaeus, 1758 — Wood Mouse

or Field Mouse Species Apodemus flavicollis Melchior, 1834 — Yellownecked Field Mouse Synonym Apodemus griseus True, 1894 Subgenus MILLARDIA Thomas, 1911 Key to Subgenus MILLARDIA Key to Pakistan Species of Millardia Species Rattus meltada Gray, 1837 — Soft-furred Field Rat or Metad

Synonym Millardia meltada pallidior Ryley, 1914 (xvi) Species Rattus gleadowi Murray, 1885 — Sand-coloured Rat Synonym Mus gleadowi Murray, 1885 Synonym Grypomys gleadowi Thomas, 1911 Genus RATTUS

245 245 245

Fischer, 1803

BS0 255 DAYS) 255 ZS 255 Wye) 9) Zou, AS) Zor 258

xviii

THE MAMMALS

Key to Genus RATTUS Key to Pakistan Species of Rattus (xvii) Species Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758 — Roof Rat or Black Rat (xvill)

Species Rattus rattoides

Hodgson, 1845 — Turkestan Rat

Synonym Rattus turkestanicus Satunin, 1903 Species Rattus nitidus Hodgson, 1845 — Himalayan Rat

(xix) Species Rattus norvegicus

:

260

260 261 262 262 262

Key to Pakistan Species of Mus

262

Species Mus musculus

263

Linnaeus, 1758 — House Mouse

Gray, 1837 — Little Indian Field

Mouse

264

Synonym Leggada booduga Species Mus cervicolor

Gray, 1837

264

Hodgson, 1845 — Fawn-coloured

Mouse (xxill) Species Mus platythrix Mouse

265 Bennett, 1832 — Indian Brown Spiny 266

Synonym Leggada platythrix

Wroughton, 1911

Genus GOLUNDA Gray, 1837 Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Golunda

(xxiv) Species Golunda ellioti (xxv)

259

Genus MUS Linnaeus, 1758 Key to Genus MUS

(xxi) Species Mus booduga

(xxii)

259 259

Berkenhout, 1769 — Norway,

Brown or Sewer Rat

(xx)

Gray, 1837 — Indian Bush Rat

Genus ACOMYS_ Geoffroy, 1838 Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Acomys Species Acomys cahirinus Desmarest, 1819 — Cairo Spiny Mouse Synonym Acomys dimidiatus Cretzschmar, 1826 Genus BANDICOTA

Gray, 1873

266

266 266

267 269 269 269 269 Pah

Key to Genus BANDICOTA Key to Pakistan Species of Bandicota (xxvi) Species Bandicota bengalensis Gray and Hardwicke, 1833 —

“gi PAI

Lesser Bandicoot, Indian Mole Rat or Sind Rice Rat Synonym Nesokia bengalensis _Murray, 1884

Afi 27a

Synonym Gunomys sindicus Genus NESOKIA

Wroughton, 1908

Gray, 1842

Genus CALOMYSCUS'

Thomas, 1905

Species Calomyscus bailwardi

1867

279

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Cricetulus Species Cricetulus migratorius Hamster or Grey Hamster Subfamily GERBILLINAE

281

Desmarest,

1804

!

Blanford, 1875 — Baluchistan Gerbil

Synonym Gerbillus nanus indus Thomas, 1920 (xxxi) Species Gerbillus gleadowi Murray, 1886 — Indian Hairyfooted Gerbil Species Gerbillus cheesmani

281 281 281

281 283 285

Lataste, 1882

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Tatera Species Tatera indica

Antelope Rat

281

Thomas, 1919—Cheesman’s

Gerbil

(xxxili)

; 219 281

Key to Genus GERBILLUS Key to Pakistan Species of Gerbillus

Genus TATERA

21

Pallas, 1773 — Migratory

Key to Subfamily GERBILLINAE

(xxxll)

276 BY

Milne-Edwards,

(xxix)

(xxx) Species Gerbillus nanus_

274 274 274 276

Thomas, 1905 — Mouse-like

Hamster or Long-tailed Hamster

Genus GERBILLUS

274

276

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Calomyscus

Genus CRICETULUS

271 274

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Nesokia (xxvii) Species Nesokia indica Gray and Hardwicke, 1832 — Shorttailed Mole Rat Synonym Nesokia hardwickei Gray, 1837 Synonym Nesokia hottoni Blyth, 1846 Key to Family CRICETIDAE — Hamsters, Gerbils and Jirds

(xxvili)

OF PAKISTAN

285

285

Hardwicke, 1807 — Indian Gerbil or

285

X1xX

CONTENTS

(xxxiv)

Genus MERIONES _Illiger, 1811 Key to Pakistan Species of Meriones Species Meriones persicus Blanford, 1875 — Persian Jird

(xxxv)

Species Meriones hurrianae Jerdon, 1867 — Indian Desert Jird or Indian Desert Gerbil

(xxxvi)

Species Meriones libycus

(xxxvli)

Lichtenstein,

1823 — Libyan Jird

Species Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 — Sundevall’s Jird or Swinhoe’s Jird Genus RHOMBOMYS_ Wagner, 1841

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Rhombomys Species Rbombomys opimus Lichtenstein, 1823 — Great Gerbil or Giant Day Jird Subfamily MICROTINAE — Voles and Lemmings

288 288 288 289 291 292 UN, 293

(xxxvili)

Key to Subfamily MICROTINAE Genus ELLOBIUS

(xxxix)

Fischer, 1814

Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Ellobius Species Ellobius fuscocapillus Blyth, 1843 — Quetta Mole Vole or Afghan Mole Vole Genus ALTICOLA — Blanford, 1881 Key to Genus ALTICOLA

Key to Pakistan Species of Alticola

(xl) Species Alticola roylei

298

Blanford, 1875 — Stoliczka’s

Genus HYPERACRIUS Miller, 1896 Key to Genus HYPERACRIUS

Key to Pakistan Species of Hyperacrius (xli) Species Hyperacrius wynnei Blanford, 1881 — Murree Vole Synonym Microtus wynnei_ Miller, 1899 (xlii) Species Hyperacrius fertilis True, 1894 — True’s Vole or Burrowing Vole Synonym Microtus fertilis Miller, 1896 McMurtie, 1831

Key to Pakistan Species of Pitymys (xliil) Species Pitymys carruthersi Thomas, 1909 — Carruthers’ Vole 13

CETACEA Key to Order CETACEA

Key to Suborder MYSTICETI Key to Suborder ODONTOCETI Family BALAENOPTERIDAE — Baleen Whales Key to Family BALAENOPTERIDAE and Genus BALAENOPTERA Genus BALAENOPTERA _Lacepeéde, 1804

Key to species of Balaenoptera occurring in Pakistan Waters (i) Species Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758 — Common Rorqual or Common Finback (11) Species Balaenoptera musculus

Genus MEGAPTERA Gray, 1846 Key to Genus and Species Megaptera Species Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781 — Hump-

back Whale Suborder ODONTOCETI Family PLATANISTIDAE — River Dolphins and Genus PLATANISTA

Genus PLATANISTA Wagler, 1830 Key to Species of Platanista occurring in Pakistan Coastal Waters

(ii) Species Platanista indi Blyth, 1859 — Indus Dolphin ~ Family PHYSETERIDAE — Sperm Whale, Pygmy Sperm Whale Key to Family PHYSETERIDAE Genus KOGIA_

Gray, 1846

UKE) 300 300 300 300 300 302 302 304 304 304 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 306 306

Linnaeus, 1758 — Great Blue

Whale or Sulphur-bottomed Whale Synonym Sibbaldus musculus Linnaeus, 1758

Subfamily PLATANISTINAE Key to Family PLATANISTIDAE

296 27 297 298

Gray, 1842 — Royle’s High Mountain

Vole Species Alticola stoliczkanus High Mountain Vole

Genus PITYMYS

293 295 Ue), 295 295

307 307 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 312 312 SZ

XX

THE MAMMALS

Key to Species of Kogia ocurring in Pakistan Waters (iv) Species Kogia breviceps Blainville, 1838 — Pygmy Sperm Whale Family PHOCAENIDAE — Porpoise, Finless Black Porpoise Gray, 1846

Genus NEOMERIS

Species Neomeris phocaenoides

313

G. Cuvier, 1829 — Little

Indian Porpoise or Black Finless Porpoise Family DELPHINIDAE — Dolphins Key to the Family DELPHINIDAE

Bilis 314 314

Linnaeus, 1758

Genus DELPHINUS

one a03 313

Key to Species of Neomeris occurring in Pakistan Coastal Waters (v)

312

314

sila 314 Bil ail) 315

Key to Genus DELPHINUS Key to Pakistan Species of Delphinus (vi) Species Delphinus capensis Gray, 1828 — Cape Dolphin Gray, 1866 Genus SOTALIA (SOUSA) Key to Genus and Pakistan Species of Sousa (vil) Species Sousa plumbea Gray, 1866 — Plumbeous Dolphin or Red Sea Dolphin Synonym Sotalia plumbea Cuvier, 1829

Bile 315.

Gervais, 1855

316

Genus TURSIOPS

Key to Genus TURSIOPS 316 Key to Species of Tursiops occurring in Pakistan Coastal Waters 316 (vill) Species Tursiops aduncus Ehrenberg, 1833 — Red Sea Bottle-nosed Dolphin or Eastern Bottle-nosed Dolphin 316 Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS Gray, 1846 Key to the Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS

317 Sy7/

Key to Species of Lagenorhynchus occurring in Pakistan Coastal Waters (ix) Species Lagenorhynchus electra Gray, 1846 — Indian Broadbeaked Dolphin or Electra Dolphin Synonym Peponocephala electra Nishiwaki & Norris, 1965 APPENDIX 1 TECHNIQUES PAKISTAN

OF STUDYING

MAMMALS

318 318 318

IN sky

Methods of trapping specimens. Recording information from dead specimens. Study of captive mammals and field observations. APPENDIX

2 BIBLIOGRAPHY

325

APPENDIX

3 GAZETTEER

336

OF PAKISTAN

APPENDIX 4 GLOSSARY OF VERNACULAR TERMS

345

APPENDIX 5 GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

346

INDEX

349

OF PAKISTAN

LIST

OF

SPECIES

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Number

Hemiechinus auritus: Long-eared or Collared Hedgehog. Hemiechinus megalotis: Afghan Hedgehog. Paraechinus micropus: Pale Hedgehog. Suncus murinus: Indian Musk Shrew or House WNW Shrew. Crocidura russula: Common

White-toothed Shrew.

Rousettus leschenaulti: Fulvous Fruit Bat. Pteropus giganteus: Flying Fox. Rhinopoma microphyllum: Greater Mouse-tailed ry CN OORT Bat.

10 Lit

Taphozous nudiventris kachhensis: Naked-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat. Megaderma lyra: Indian False Vampire. Rhinolophus blasii: Peters’ or Blasius’ Horseshoe Bat.

12 13 14 is 16 ia 18

Tadarida aegyptiaca: Egyptian Wrinkle-lipped or Free-tailed Bat. Pipistrellus ceylonicus: Kelaart’s Pipistrelle. Scotophilus heathi: Yellow-bellied Bat or Desert Scotophil or Greater Yellow Bat. Plecotus austriacus: Grey Long-eared Bat. Macaca mulatta: Himalayan Rhesus Monkey. Presbytis entellus: Kashmir Grey Langur. Manis crassicaudata: Indian Pangolin or Scaly Anteater.

19 20 21 23 24 25 26 Daf 28 Jig) 30 ail a2 33

Bo

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Canis lupus pallipes: Indian Wolf. Canis aureus: Asiatic Jackal.

Vulpes vulpes griffithi: Kashmir or Hill Fox. Vulpes bengalensis: Bengal Fox or Indian Fox. Ursus arctos: Brown Bear or Snow Bear.

Selenarctos thibetanus: Asiatic or Himalayan Black Bear. Martes foina: Beech Marten or Stone Marten. Martes flavigula: Yellow-throated Marten. Mustela erminea: Stoat or Ermine. Mustela altaica: Alpine Weasel or Altai Weasel. Vormela peregusna: Marbled Pole-cat or Sarmantier. Mellivora capensis: Ratel or Honey Badger. Lutra perspicillata: Smooth-coated Indian Otter. Viverricula indica: Small Indian Civet or Rasse. Paguma larvata: Masked Palm Civet or Himalayan Palm Civet. Herpestes auropunctatus: Small Indian Mongoose or Gold Speckled Mongoose. Herpestes edwardsi: Indian Grey Mongoose. Hyaena byaena: Striped Hyaena. Felis libyca: Desert Cat.

Felis chaus: Jungle Cat. Felis margarita: Sand Cat or Dune Cat.

Felis manul: Pallas’ Cat. Felis lynx isabellina: Himalayan Lynx. Felis caracal: Caracal. Felis bengalensis: Leopard Cat. Felis viverrina: Fishing Cat. Panthera pardus: Leopard or Panther. Panthera uncia: Snow Leopard. Equus bemionus: Asiatic Wild Ass or Onager.

Page

Number

48 49

Sus scrofa: Wild Pig or Indian Wild Boar. Moschus moschiferus: Musk Deer.

163 168

50 51 52 53

Muntiacus muntjak: Muntjac or Barking Deer. Axis porcinus: Hog Deer or Para. Boselaphus tragocamelus: Nilgai or Blue Bull. Antilope cervicapra: Blackbuck.

173

54

Gazella gazella: Chinkara or Indian Gazelle.

184

55

Naemorhedus goral: Grey Goral.

187

56

Capra hircus: Persian Wild Goat or Sind Ibex.

61 US;

64 65

78 81 85 88

66

Capra ibex sibirica: Himalayan Ibex. Capra falconeri falconeri: Astor Markhor. Pseudois nayaur: Bharal or Blue Sheep. Ovis ammon poli: Marco Polo’s Sheep. Ovis orientalis: Urial or Shapu. Lepus capensis: Baluchistan or Cape Hare. Ochotona rufescens: Afghan Pika or Collared Pika. Petaurista petaurista: Giant Red Flying Squirrel. flylopetes fimbriatus: Small Kashmir Flying Squirrel. Funambulus pennanti: Five Striped Palm Squirrel.

189 192 196

56

57 58 59 60 61 62 63

1

16 iD 20 26 29 36 39 42

47 49

67

Marmota caudata: Long-tailed Marmot.

68 69

fHystrix indica: Indian Crested Porcupine. Sicista concolor: Chinese Birch Mouse.

70 92 96 98 102 104 107 109 112 114 117 119 P24 123 126 128

132 134 136 iB 140 142 144 146 148 149 151 154 156 160

71 72

Salpingotus michaelis: FitzGibbon’s Pygmy Jerboa.

Allactaga elater: Small Five-toed Jerboa.

73

Jaculus blanfordi: Blanford’s or Persian Lesser Jerboa. Dryomys nitedula: Forest Dormouse.

74. 75 76 77 78

Apodemus sylvaticus: Common Field Mouse. Rattus meltada: Soft-furred Field Rat or Metad. Rattus turkestanicus: Turkestan Rat. Mus booduga: Little Indian Field Mouse. Golunda ellioti: Bush Rat.

79 80

Acomys cahirinus: Cairo Spiny Mouse. Bandicota bengalensis: Lesser Bandicoot Rat or

81

Indian Mole Rat. Nesokia indica: Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat or Short-tailes Mole Rat.

82 83

Calomyscus bailwardi: Mouse-like Hamster, Cricetulus migratorius: Migratory Hamster.

84 85

Gerbillus gleadowi: Hairy-footed Gerbil. Tatera indica: Indian Gerbil or Antelope Rat.

86 87

Meriones hurrianae: Indian Desert Jird. Rhombomys opimus: Giant Day Jird or Great Gerbil.

88

89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Ellobius fuscocapillus:

170 176 178

201

204 206 212 214

220 224 Mpdtl Le 233 2461) La, 242 246 248 253 256 261 264 267 270

P41(0, 277 279 284 286 290 294

Quetta Mole-Vole or

Afghan Mole-Vole. Alticola roylei: Royle’s High Mountain Vole. HAyperacrius wynnei: Murree Vole. Platanista indi: Indus Dolphin. Kogia breviceps: Pygmy Sperm Whale. Neomeris phocaenoides: Finless Black Porpoise. Sousa plumbea: Plumbeous Dolphin. A.Tursiops aduncus: Red Sea or Pacific Bottlenosed Dolphin.

297 298 301 309 312 313 316

B. Lagenorhynchus electra: Indian Broad-beaked

or Electra Dolphin. XX1

317

LIST

OF FIGURES

Number

1

native state boundaries and important towns.

2 3. 4

5

6 7

8 9

12

13

14 15

16 17 18

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Number

31 32 33. 34 35. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Showing differences between mice (Muridae) and 24

Showing upper tooth row of shrew species. 25 Showing right wing of bat species with method of measuring forearm length. 32 Showing diagrammatic ventral view of a bat, illustrating main anatomical features of importance in differentiating between species. 33 Showing variations in the shapes of the interfemoral membrane as well as the tail in different families of bats. 35 Showing lateral view of skulls of various Chiropteran species. 36 Showing ventral view female Rousettus leschenaulti carrying young in characteristic position. 37 Showing distinctive features of Taphozous species in Pakistan. 46 Showing front view of head of Megaderma lyra. 49 Showing methods of folding wingtips when at rest, which are characteristic of certain bat genera.

19

2

Map of Pakistan showing main rivers, hills and mountain ranges 5 Map of Pakistan showing nine major ecological or vegetative zones. See Plates’ section. Map of Pakistan showing main rivers, major sand-dune desert tracts with proposed or existing wild life sanctuaries and national parks. 7 Showing difference in arrangement of spines on fore-crown of hedgehogs of genera Paraechinus and Hemiechinus. 15 Showing difference in characteristic spinal pattern of Pakistan hedgehog species. 16 Showing variation in face mask pattern of Paraechinus Paraechinus micropus. These six specimens were all collected from southern Sind. 21 Showing lateral view of hedgehog and shrew skulls. 22 shrews (Soricidae).

10 11

Page

Map of Pakistan showing provincial and former

Showing dorsal view interferhoral membrane of certain Microchiropteran genera. Showing characteristic features of Horseshoe bats. Showing characteristic features of Hipposideros bats. Showing head of Asellia tridens with characteristic appearance of noseleaf. Showing distinctive features of Tadarida genus. Showing upper right side maxillary tooth row of various Vespertilionid Bat species. Showing side view of heads of: 1. Eptesicus nasutus; 2. Nycticetus pallidus. Showing skulls of various Microchiroptera. Showing differences between various bats’ ears. Showing difference between os penis of Plecotus auritus and Plecotus austriacus. Showing typical roosting posture of Plecotus austriacus. Showing characteristic appearance of Tube-nosed bats.

44 45 46 47 48

moschiferus.

49 50 51

62 63

Showing features of Musk Deer. Showing skull of Muntiacus muntjak, adult male. Showing typical difference between heads of adult male Chinkara and Goitred Gazelle. Showing features of Gazelle species and comparison with wild goat. Showing distinction between heads of adult Himalayan Grey Goral. Showing difference between bony core of horns of wild goat species in Pakistan. Showing typical heads of mature male Markhor representing six major subspecies. Showing difference in appearance of Bharal rams’ horns according to age. Showing lateral view of skulls of Lagomorphs. Showing features of Pikas. Showing difference between skulls of Petaurista and Hylopetes genera of Flying Squirrels. Showing distinction between hind-food of Flying Squirrel species in Pakistan, and other features. Showing distinction between Petaurista and Hylopetes genera, and field signs of Flying Squirrel feeding activity. Showing skulls of Sciuridae. Showing foot of Marmota caudata.

64 65

Showing features of Hystrix indica. Showing ventral view of skulls of: A. Jaculus

66 67

blanfordi; B. Allactaga elater. Showing different appearances of Jerboa species. Lateral view of rodent skulls representing

52 53 54

50

55

53 54

56

57 59 61

57 58 59 60

63 61 66 68 79 81 82 83 XXil

Showing lateral view of skulls of monkey species. Showing detail of body scales of Manis crassicaudata. Showing skull of female Manis crassicaudata. Showing dorsal view of skulls of Carnivora. Showing heads of Pakistan fox species. Showing tails of Pakistan fox species. Showing lateral view of skulls of bears. Showing soles of feet of Selenarctos thibetanus gedrosianus, Showing soles of feet and other details of Martes species. Showing front view of skulls of Mustela species. Dorsal view of skulls of three different families of Carnivora. Showing means of identification of otter species in Pakistan. Showing details of arboreal Palm Civet and fossorial Mongoose. Lateral view of skulls showing difference between Snow Leopard and Panther. Showing lateral view of skull of adult male Equus hbemionus, Showing sole of right fore-foot of Equus hbemionus. Showing difference between dentition of lower jaw of Suidae and Bovidae. Showing lateral view of skull of Moschus

Page

86 91 92 96 101

101 106

109 ois 116

117 124

131 153 159

160 164 167 168 171 180 181 186

188 195 202 209 215 219

221

222 229 230 234 241 241

XXiil

LIST OF FIGURES Number

68 69 70 71 72

Dipodidae and Microtinae. Showing difference between cheek teeth of Muridae and Cricetidae. Showing useful field characters for identifying rodent genera. Showing comparison of rodents’ ears and feet. Showing features of Bush Rat. Showing ventral view of skulls of: A. Bandicota

Page

Number

243

79

80 81

Zie 278

85

76 77.

skull and mandible of Nesokia indica. Showing ventral view of skulls of: A. Cricetulus migratorius; B. Calomyscus bailwardi. Showing appearance of Cricetulus migratorius from the front when its cheek pouches are stuffed full of food. Showing ventral view of rodents’ fore and hind LeCE, Showing skull of Ellobius fuscocapillus. Showing comparison between upper right side

82 83 84

300

78

(maxillary) tooth row of a rat and certain voles. Showing difference between the bacculum (os

bengalensis; B. Nesokia indica; C. lateral view

73 74

75

86 280

87 284 295

Page

303

Alticola and Pitymys voles and comparison of

250 254 268 268

penis) of Hyperacrius (Vole) species. Showing difference between bony palate of

88 89 90

first lower molars. Showing skull of Balaenoptera physalus. Showing comparison between typical silhouettes of Dolphin species. Showing lateral view of skull of Platanista indi, Showing heads of whales. Showing dorsal view of skull of Neomeris phocaenoides, Showing design of cage trap suitable for catching live rodents or shrews. Showing trap suitable for killing small burrowing or fossorial mammals. Showing suitable cage trap for live trapping small carnivores. Showing methods of taking standard body

304 307

measurements of small mammals.

321

Showing typical appearance of faecal pellets. Showing typical appearance of foot tracks.

323 323

311 311 312 313 319 320 320

LIST

OF

COLOUR

PLATES

The Plates section is to be found between pages 6 and 7.

(d) Subtropical pine forest interspersed with cultivation

1 Aspects of five major ecological zones at lower altitudes. (a) Intertidal zone showing mangroves (Avicennia

and orchards. Pinus roxburghii in background, 5000ft elevation. (e) Himalayan moist temperate forest. Southern aspect with Pinus wallichiana, 8000ft elevation.

officinalis) at high tide in Indus mouth.

(f) Himalayan moist temperate forest. Northern aspect with Abies pindrow forest and Viburnum nervosum undershrub. Aspects of four major ecological zones at higher altitudes. (a) Alpine dry steppe forest in Northern latitudes with Juniperus polycarpos scrub forest on lower slopes. Shingai Garh valley, Gilgit, 12,000ft elevation. (b) Dry temperate coniferous forest with Cedrus deodara.

(b) Riverain and monsoon seasonal inundation zone, showing Saccharum grasses and Prosopis thorn scrub, 400ft elevation. (c) Arid subtropical zone showing Nannorrbops ritchieana palm, Kirthar hills, 1000ft elevation.

(d) Tropical thorn forest in Salt Range with Olea cuspidata and Acacia modesta, 2500ft elevation. (e)

Baluchistan desert, stony peneplain near Dalbandin, 2500ft elevation.

(f)

Baluchistan desert. Soft sand-dunes near Nushki,

Mankial, Swat Kohistan, 7500ft elevation.

(c) Alpine meadows and permanent snow fields. Phandar, Gilgit, 11,000ft elevation. (d) Dry temperate coniferous forest with Picea morinda spruce and Hippophae rhamnoides bushes in foreground. Naltar Valley, Gilgit, 7000ft elevation. (e) Sub-alpine scrub zone, with Betula utilis and Salix

3200ft elevation. 2 Aspects of five major ecological zones at intermediate elevations. (a) Baluchistan desert scrub at 6000ft elevation. Sophora griffithi bush in foreground. (b) Mountain steppe forest in southern latitudes. Juniperus macropoda trees with Berberis baluchistani, 8500ft elevation. (c) Tropical dry deciduous scrub forest. Margala hills, 3000ft elevation with Baubinia and Cassia species and Zizyphus mauritiana undershrub.

species. Miran Jani, Murree Hills, 10,000ft elevation.

(f) Alpine meadow zone with dwarf Juniperus scrub. Above Saif-ul-Mulk, Hazara District, 11,000ft

elevation. Map of Pakistan showing nine major ecological or vegetative zones.

XXIV

LIST

OF

DISTRIBUTION

MAPS

Number

1

Page

12 13 14 ibs) 16 iy

18 19 20

pa

22

aS

22

25 26

24 25 26 7adf 28 29 30 31

Otonycteris hemprichi — Hemprich’s Long-eared

34 35 36 37 38

Plecotus austriacus — Grey Long-eared Bat.

Uf

Murina huttoni — Peters’ Tube-nosed Bat. Macaca mulatta villosa — Himalayan Rhesus. Presbytis entellus ajax — Kashmir Grey Langur.

80 82 83 86 89

Manis crassicaudata — Indian Pangolin or Scaly 93 97 99

Anteater. Hy 40 41

27

Shrew. Crocidura pergisea — Pale Grey Shrew. Suncus stoliczkanus — Anderson’s Shrew or Yellow Throated Shrew. Rousettus aegyptiacus arabicus — Synonym R. arabicus — Egyptian Fruit Bat. Rousettus leschenaulti — Fulvous Fruit Bat. Pteropus giganteus — Indian Flying Fox. Cynopterus sphinx — Short Nosed Fruit Bat.

Canis lupus pallipes — Wolf. Canis aureus — Asiatic Jackal.

Vulpes vulpes pusilla — Desert or White-footed Fox.

31

Vulpes vulpes griffith — Hill or Kashmir Fox.

34 38 41

Rhinopoma microphyllum — Larger Mouse-tailed

43

or Rat-tailed Bat. Rhinopoma hardwickei — Lesser Mouse-tailed or Rat-tailed Bat. Taphozous perforatus — Tomb Bat or Egyptian Tomb Bat. Taphozous kachhensis — Kutch Sheath-tailed Bat. Megaderma lyra — Indian False Vampire.

45

103

Vulpes bengalensis — Indian or Bengal Fox. Vulpes cana — Blanford’s or King Fox. Vulpes ruppelli — Ruppell’s or Sand Fox.

105

43

Ursus arctos — Red or Brown Bear.

44 45

Selenarctos thibetanus — Himalayan Black Bear. Martes foina — Beech or Stone Marten. Martes flavigula — Yellow-throated Marten

108 ete?

(formerly known as White-cheeked Marten).

iS 118

48

53

Hipposideros fulous Synonym H. bicolor — Bicoloured Leaf-nosed bat or Bi-coloured Round-leaf Horseshoe Bat. Asellia tridens — Trident Leaf-nosed Bat. Tadarida aegyptiaca — Egyptian Free-tailed or Wrinkle-lipped Bat.

Vulpes vulpes montana — Tibetan Red Fox. 42

46 47

46 48 51

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum — Greater Horseshoe Bat.

49 50

— Common

119 120 122

(or Himalayan)

— Smooth-coated or Indian

Otter.

62 a4

64

66

69

Noctule.

Lutra lutra kutab

Lutra perspicillata 51

Eptesicus serotinus —Serotine. Eptesicus nasutus — Sind Bat or Persian Serotine. Eptesicus isabellinus bottae — Isabelline Serotine or Botta‘s Serotine. Nyctalus leisleri — Lesser Noctule or Hairy-armed

Mustela erminea — Stoat or Ermine. Mustela altaica — Alpine or Pale Weasel — known as Altai Weasel in the USSR. Vormela peregusna — Marbled Pole-cat or Sarmantier. Mellivora capensis Ratel or Honey Badger. Otter.

58 60

Myotis mystacinus — Whiskered Bat. Myotis emarginatus — Geoffroy’s Bat or Notcheared Bat.

Pipistrellus pipistrellus — Common Pipistrelle. Pipistrellus dormeri — Dormer’s Bat. Pipistrellus coromandra — Indian Pipistrelle. Pipistrellus mimus — Indian Pygmy Pipistrelle. Pipistrellus ceylonicus — Kelaart’s Pipistrelle. Pipistrellus kubli — Kuhl’s Pipistrelle. Pipistrellus babu — Himalayan Pipistrelle. Barbastella leucomelas — Asian Barbastelle or Asiatic Wide-eared Bat. Nycticeius pallidus— Yellow Desert Bat. Scotophilus kubliu Synonym Scotophilus temmincki — Temminck’s House Bat or Lesse

33

Bat or Arrow-eared Bat.

Suncus murinus — House or Musk Shrew.

Bat. Nyctalus noctula — Common

Scotophilus heathi— Common Yellow-bellied Bat or Desert Scotophil or Greater Yellow Bat.

Suncus etruscus — Savi’s Pygmy, or Etruscan

10 11

77

32 17 20

Shrew. wn

Page

Number

Yellow Bat.

Hemiechinus auritus collaris — Long-eared or Desert Hedgehog. Hemiechinus megalotis — Afghan Hedgehog. Paraechinus micropus — Indian or Pale Hedgehog. Paraechinus bypomelas blanfordi — Blanford’s Lesser Lowland Hedgehog. Paraechinus bypomelas bypomelas — Brandt's Greater Hedgehog. Sorex minutus — Pygmy Shrew or Lesser Shrew. Crocidura russula — Common White-toothed

70 71 72 72 73 74

Viverricula indica — Small Indian Civet or Rasse. Paguma larvata wroughtoni — Himalayan Palm Civet. Herpestes auropunctatus — Small Indian or Gold Speckled Mongoose.

33

Herpestes edwardsi — Indian Grey Mongoose. Hyaena byaena — Striped Hyaena.

SIE) 56 57

Felis libyca — Indian Desert Cat. Felis chaus — Jungle Cat.

Felis manul — Pallas’s Cat. Felis margarita — Sand Cat or Dune Cat.

58 59 60

Felis lynx — Lynx. Felis caracal — Caracal or Red Lynx.

61 62

Panthera pardus — Panther or Leopard.

Felis bengalensis — Leopard Cat. Felis viverrina — Fishing Cat.

eS 76 r XXV

128 133 134 137 1 141 143 146 148 150 154

Panthera uncia — Snow Leopard or Ounce. Acinonyx jubatus — Cheetah.

63 64 65 66

125

Equus hemionus — Asiatic Wild Ass or Onager. Sus scrofa — Wild Boar or Indian Wild Pig. Moschus moschiferus — Musk Deer. Muntiacus muntjak — Barking Deer or Muntjac. Cervus elaphus hanglu — Hangul or Kashmir Stag. Cervus duvauceli— Swamp Deer or Barasingha.

157 161 165 169

172

XXVI

LIST OF DISTRIBUTION MAPS Page

Number

67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74

75

FLY 78 (hs 80 81 82 83

Axis porcinus — Hog Deer or Para.

Boselaphus tragocamelus — Nilgai or Blue Bull. Antilope cervicapra — Blackbuck. Gazella gazella — Indian Gazelle or Chinkara. Gazella subgutturosa — Goitred or Persian Gazelle. Naemorbhedus goral — Grey Goral. Capra bircus — Wild Goat or Persian Pasang. Capra ibex sibirica — Himalayan or Siberian Ibex.

174 177 179

182 186 190 193

Funambulus pennanti — Northern Palm Squirrel or Five-striped Palm Squirrel. Marmota caudata — Long-tailed or Kashmir

91 92 93 94 95

84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Salpingotus michaelis — FitzGibbon’s Pygmy Jerboa or Dwarf Three-toed Jerboa.

Allactaga elater — Small Five-toed Jerboa. Allactaga hotsoni — Hotson’s Five-toed Jerboa. Jaculus blanfordi — Blanford’s Jerboa or Greater Three-toed Jerboa.

Dryomys nitedula — Forest Dormouse.

254 297 258 260

Rattus norvegicus — Brown Rat or Norway Rat.

260

Mus musculus — House Mouse. Mus booduga — Little Indian Field Mouse. Mus cervicolor — Fawn-coloured Mouse. Mus platythrix — Indian Brown Spiny Mouse. Golunda ellioti — Bush Rat or Golunda. Acomys cahirinus— Synonym Acomys dimtdiatus — Cairo Spiny Mouse.

263 265 265 266 269

102

Bandicota bengalensis — Lesser Bandicoot or

103

Indian Mole Rat. Nesokia indica — Short-tailed Mole Rat.

205

104

Calomyscus bailwardi — Mouse-like Hamster or

210

105

Long-tailed Hamster. Cricetulus migratorius — Migratory or Grey

Pai18) PAY)

106 107

224 226

108 109

197 202

Hamster.

227

239 244 245 246 249

ZU 275 278 280

Gerbillus nanus — Baluchistan Gerbil. 282 Gerbillus cheesmani — Cheesman’s Gerbil. Gerbillus gleadowi — Indian Hairy-footed Gerbil. 283 Tatera indica — Indian Gerbil or Antelope Rat. 287 Meriones persicus — Persian Jird. Meriones hurrianae — Indian Desert Jird.

289

Meriones libycus — Libyan Jird.

292

111

Meriones crassus — Sundevall’s Jird.

293

112 230 235 238

270

110

Marmot.

Marmota cobak — Himalayan or Bobak Marmot. Hystrix indica — Indian crested Porcupine. Sicista concolor — Chinese Birch Mouse.

Page

Apodemus sylvaticus — Wood or Field Mouse. Millardia (Rattus) meltada — Soft-furred Field Rat or Metad. Millardia (Rattus) gleadowi — Sand-coloured Rat. Rattus rattus — Roof Rat or House Rat. Rattus turkestanicus — Synonym Rattus rattoides — Turkestan Rat.

96 97 98 99 100 101

Capra falconeri, subspecies:

C.f. falconeri — Astor Markhor. C.f. cashmiriensis — Pir Panjal Markhor. C.f. megaceros — Kabul Markhor. C.f. jerdoni — Straight-horned Markhor. C.f. chialtanensis — Chiltan Markhor. Pseudois nayaur — Bharal or Blue Sheep. Ovis orientalis — Urial or Shapu. Ovis ammon politi — Marco Polo’s or Great Pamir Sheep. Lepus nigricollis dayanus — Desert Hare. Lepus capensis — Cape Hare. Ochotona roylei — Royle’s or Indian Pika. Ochotona rufescens — Afghan or Collared Pika. Petaurista petaurista — Giant Red Flying Squirrel. Hylopetes fimbriatus — Small Kashmir Flying Squirrel. Eupetaurus cinereus — Woolly Flying Squirrel.

Number

113 114 115 116 117 118

Rbhombomys opimus — Great Gerbil or Giant Day Jird. = Ellobius fuscocapillus — Quetta Mole Vole or Afghan Mole Vole. Alticola roylei— Royle’s High Mountain Vole. Hyperacrius wynnei — Murree or Wynne’s Vole. Hyperacrius fertilis — True’s Vole or Burrowing Vole. = Platanista gangetica — Synonym Platanista indi — Indus Dolphin or Su-Su. Neomeris phocaenoides — Black Finless Porpoise or Little Indian Porpoise.

294 296 299 301 303 310 314

1 INTRODUCTION

Pakistan came into existence as an independent sovereign state in 1947. The west wing of that country, formerly known as West Pakistan, is the region exclusively treated by this book. It covers an area of 310,403 square miles, being about equal to the combined areas of France, Belgium and Britain. Roughly

rhomboidal in shape, Pakistan forms a bridge between the

est of any of the developing countries in the world. Demand for fuel-wood resources from the scanty vegetation in Baluchistan and the North West Frontier Province has already led to total denudation of many hillsides which were formerely clothed with scattered scrub forest. This has aggra-

vated erosion problems which in turn reduces the efficacy of the ground water recharging cycle. Since these changes are tip of Baluchistan from longitude 60° 52’ to longitude 75° 22’ having a profound influence on the mammalian population, in the north eastern corner of the Punjab. It stretches from 24° besides limiting future resource use and availability for latitude on the arid cliffs of the Arabian sea coast up to 37° human needs, it is sincerely hoped that more careful long latitude in the north, where the frontiers reach the permanent range planning and consideration will be given to this oversnow fields of the Pamir Wakhan. all problem of resource exploitation. Reference to many of The great Indus River and its drainage basin forms a domithe books written about this region at the turn of the century nant physiographic feature over a large part of the country. corroborates the evidence of profound change. The foothills Most of the regions west of the Indus River are rocky and a few miles northwest of Peshawar were then thickly covered mountainous and not amenable to extensive cultivation or with forests of wild olive, in which the Asiatic wild sheep Middle East and the Orient, stretching in the extreme western

dense human settlement since the whole of Pakistan

(Ovis orientalis), the Markhor wild goat (Capra falconeri),

experiences a relatively arid subtropical climate. Despite

and the Chinkara gazelle (Gazella gazella) roamed.

this unfavourable climate, the region has a very long history

could be hunted within one day’s horseback ride from

of human settlement along the rich alluvial banks of the Indus flood plain. Evidence of mankind’s earliest civilized culture dating from B.C. 3,000 have been excavated from settlements along the Indus at Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. For many centuries primitive mankind existed in this region in a state of relative ecological equilibrium and it was not until the last four or five decades of this century that Pakistan experienced profound and accelerating ecological changes resulting from the greatly increased human population. Major irrigation systems have been built, tapping the Indus water resources and all its tributaries. Within the last decade two of the world’s largest earth-filled dams and water storage reservoirs have been constructed, and they will have far-reaching effects on all but the northernmost regions of Pakistan. At the time of writing there has been no detailed study of the ecological consequences of such major water storage schemes. However the increase in the area available for irrigated cultivation and virtual control of monsoon river flooding, has already resulted in the disappearance of extensive tracts of the original tropical thorn

Peshawar town (Warburton, 1898). Today these hills are

scrub, and riverine swamp and forest areas. The mammalian

population, particularly the larger species of oriental faunal origin, have declined dramatically as a result of loss of suitable habitat and increased human disturbance. Even in the mountainous regions to the west of the Indus there is increased competition for available fodder from domestic grazing flocks. Nearly all the people dwelling in these mountainous areas are, moreover, natural sportsmen and skilled

marksmen with a tradition for hunting which has accelerated the extermination of many of the larger forms of wildlife, including birds and mammals. Against such a background of dwindling wildlife resources, it appears all the more necessary to attempt an assessment of the mammalian fauna of the region, and that is the major objective of this book. Human population pressure is increasing, and in April 1973 the government announced the results of a population census carried out in September 1972 which revealed a population of 64,890,000, a truly alarming figure since this represented an increase of nearly 51.33 per cent since the last official census of 1960. It also indicates an average annual growth rate of 3.7 per cent which is one of the high-

They

devoid of a single bush taller than 1m and there are no Chinkara or Urial even within a day’s car journey from Peshawar, though a very few Markhor survive on some

relatively precipitous mountain peaks. Many of the local people living in these hills of the Khyber Valley insist that they have always been bare of vegetation. Despite this gloomy picture Pakistan still has a rich and varied mammalian fauna, affinitive to two of the major faunal regions, namely the Palearctic region west of the Indus and the Oriental region east of the Indus. Ten of the 18 mammalian orders are represented in Pakistan, including

not only the world’s smallest surviving mammal, the Mediterranean Pigmy Shrew (Suncus etruscus), but also in her coastal waters the largest mammal ever known to exist, the Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus).

Prior to 1947 considerable information regarding the mammals of the Indian subcontinent had been accumulated. The history of the development of our knowledge of Indian fauna (in the sense of the whole subcontinent) starts with

the publication in 1847 of Jerdon’s The Mammals of India. A surgeon by profession, he described 103 species so accurately that his contribution has been of lasting value. In 1884 Sterndale published his Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon, which had many illustrations and

was written in more popular style. Much interesting data on wild animals was recorded from 1905 onwards with the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, which produced a quarterly journal devoted to natural history and published from Calcutta where the British East India Company had its headquarters. A few years earlier, in 1886, the Bombay Natural History Society was formed with similar objectives. It was not until the turn of the century that the Bombay

Society began to supersede in importance the publications of the Calcutta Society. From 1912 the Bombay Natural History Society sponsored a mammal survey of the subcontinent. Interrupted by World War I this survey continued

in the late 1920s and early 1930s, with detailed collecting of small mammals being carried out in selected regions, which fortunately included several districts which now form part of Pakistan. The published results of these surveys exist in

THE MAMMALS

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Martes fla vigula

Distribution Map 45

kill and eat any small bird or mammal which they can overcome. A partially grown male killed in August in Dunga Gali had its stomach full of the nymphs of Cicadas which emerge at the onset of the monsoon. Another adult male was killed by a local farmer near Malach village in the act of feeding on his ripe apricots (Prunus armeniaca).\ have watched a family party of a female with three half grown youngsters climbing over bushes of Viburnum nervosum to feed on the ripe berries in mid July. The Yellow Throated Marten is said by local hill people to be passionately fond of honey and the larvae of wild bees. I observed one entering a hollow high up

in a plane tree which was occupied by nesting bees (Roberts, 1970). Undoubtedly this marten preys upon the two local species of Flying Squirrel which occur in the moist temperate

—-Yellow-throated Marten (formerly known as White-cheeked Marten).

Himalayan forest in association with Cedrus deodara and Quercus balut. It has not spread into the dryer treeless regions of the inner Himalayas nor southwards into the North West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. It is still fairly plentiful in the forests of Azad Kashmir and Hazara. It is rarer further west though it does occur in the lower part of Chitral and Dir. It is not uncommon in Swat Kohistan and also occurs in Chilas District of Gilgit. There are no definite records of its occurrence in Baltistan. It occurs in the Murree Hills extending down to the Marghala Hills and Lehtrar. In the Safed Koh Hills of the upper Kurram Valley it still occurred in the late 1960s though it was considered rare. Southwards a very few still survive in the Kala Chitta Hills south of Campbellpur as well as small colonies in the Masan Valley and on Sakesar in

the south west portion of the Salt Range. In these regions it lives in natural caves or under rocks, there being few trees

large enough to afford adequate hollows. In the Government Gazetteer published in 1920 for the northern Punjab it was recorded as occurring at Choa Saidan Shah as well as at Rohtas. There is no recent evidence whether they still survive in these two places. Outside of Pakistan it occurs very sparsely in north east Afghanistan and occasionally skins reach the fur traders of Kabul (J. Niethammer, in lit.). In the USSR it only occurs in

the extreme south east of Siberia bordering China (Bobrinskii et al., 1965), and its principal distribution is in the warmer tropical forests of south east Asia. It extends right across the Himalayas to Nepal and Sikkim through Assam, Burma, Malaysia, Indo-China and also Manchuria and Korea. A closely related species Martes gwatkinsi is found in south India in the Nilgiri Hills. Although its fur is not highly valued by the trade it is constantly shot and trapped and has disappeared from many of its former haunts in the Murree Hills and the lower part of the Kaghan Valley. I have seen as many as 20 skins of this species with one trader in Peshawar and it is apparent that this beautiful species needs protection if it is to continue to survive in Pakistan where natural forest habitat is in any case of limited extent.

coniferous forest (Petaurista petaurista and Hylopetes fimbriatus). R. I. Pocock (1941) records that in India this marten has

occasionally killed and eaten young deer. When encountered on the ground this marten seems relatively clumsy and noisy. Its presence in the forest undergrowth has often been betrayed to me by the agitated calls and mobbing flights of birds. I. R. Grimwood (in lit.) recalls

hearing its approaching footfalls in the dry undergrowth over 94m (100yd) away in the Kulu Valley. However when travers-

ing through the trees their speed and agility is truly astonishing. I have seen an individual leap at least 1m horizontally between branches of adjoining trees. Litters are produced in the spring or early summer, two to three young being usual, though Prater (1965) records litters of five young. A female killed in late March contained two foetuses. A den was discovered in late July near Dunga Gali with a litter of three young which were then estimated to be nearly three months of age. There is some evidence that mating occurs in the late summer and that there is delayed implantation of the fertilized ova. Two adults engaged in a very excited chase which appeared to be courtship chasing were observed in August in the Murree Hills. On another

occasion two adults were also observed together in Swat Kohistan in early August but no sexual behaviour was observed. Dr. Schaller (in lit.) has however seen two adults to-

gether in December in Chitral. Other marten species have a gestation period of up to 220 days which would indicate that if the Yellow-throated Marten mate in August, young are

born in April, which coincides with the apparent time of parturition of this species in Pakistan. The young martens referred to above had their den in a large hollow Yew Tree (Taxus baccata). The three young

were extremely playful, chewing each others ears and tumbling about in fights. They were fond of sunning themselves together on a platform created by the top of an aged tree stump nearby. This family party was observed foraging with their mother as late as the latter part of August but it is not known how long they stayed with her. This den was located

on a very steep and secluded slope about one furlong from a much frequented footpath. As with all the Mustelinidae the male takes no part in rearing the family. Yellow-throated Martens make a variety of noises includ-

116

THE MAMMALS

ing a low chuckling call as well as a staccato almost clicking sound, Adults regularly mark their territory by rubbing their scent glands on conspicuous stones or plants which trait is probably of value in a creature which is normally solitary in its hunting. It is noteworthy that even in mid winter this marten does not develop a thick undercoat such as the Stone Marten does, at least in specimens collected from the Murree Hills, Perhaps this is because it is able to utilize much warmer shelters inside hollow trees. Genus MUSTELA

Linnaeus, 1758

Key to the Genus MUSTELA Ears round and do not protrude above crown in lateral silhouette. Body cylindrical, elongated sinuous. Hind foot under 65mm.

Key to the Pakistan Species of MUSTELA (See Fig. 40) (a)

(b)

Tip of tail black. Throat and belly uniform creamywhite colour. Head and body length 17cm. ... Mustela erminea. Tail without black tip. Upper breast and throat dark creamy-yellow. Head and body length 24cm. ... Mustela altaica.

throat and belly are creamy white. The slender rounded tail is not particularly bushy and has a conspicuous tip of black hairs. The guard hairs are highly glossy like that of most Mustelinidae, {n autumn the Pakistan population moults into a creamy-white coat covering the entire body except the black tail tip. This glossy white fur has always been prized for human adornment, and as is well known, white ermine was by tradi-

tion reserved for royalty in Medieval Britain. In Pakistan the moult into winter coat probably takes place rather gradually from October up to December and often traces of cinnamon brown tipped hairs remain. It has been shown in the Arctic Hare (Lepus timidus) as well as Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) that this moulting process into an all white colour is triggered off by changing lengths of daylight and can be artificially induced out of season. It is difficult to understand the value of such a change in a species like the Stoat, which is a bold predator and makes no effort at concealment. Furthermore the stoat has few natural enemies and its principal winter food is hunted underground where white colouration gives no help in concealing it. It is not known whether all stoats in Pakistan assume a white coat in winter but R. I. Pocock (1941) refers to three white specimens, two of which were collected in Chitral and one in the Safed Koh Range.

The latter, collected in February had a few scattered brown spots on the nape and shoulders whilst a specimen collected in March from Chitral was still pure white. Pakistan specimens appear to average smaller than those

Cc Fig. 40

Showing front view of skulls of Mustela species. A. Mustela altaica. B. Mustela erminea.

MUSTELA

Linnaeus,

D

C. Right side maxillary carnassial and first molar teeth of Mustela altaica. D. Same view of Mustela erminea teeth.

from other parts of the world. Head and body length varies

ERMINEA

Mustela erminea

OF PAKISTAN

from 18.4—22.9cm (74—9in.) with the tail from 70—89mm

1758; Stoat or Ermine (Short-

(2$—34in.) in length.

:

tailed Weasel in North America) (see Illustration 27).

Description: All members of the genus Mustela can be distinguished from the martens by their comparatively smaller size with shorter legs and longer body. The stoat occurs throughout the northern hemisphere and its appearance is fairly well known. A small animal, being about 130g (440z) in weight, it has a long cylindrical body with a very long neck and short limbs. The head bears a rather blunt obtuse muzzle (see Fig. 41) with a naked black rhinarium and dark almost

black eyes. The rounded ears are well covered with hair on both inner and outer surfaces. Both fore and hind feet bear five digits armed with sharp claws which assist the animal in digging. In winter only the distal toe pads of the feet remain naked and exposed, the planter pads being covered with fur. The overall body colour is chestnut brown, usually of a rather dark reddish hue in Pakistan specimens. The chin,

Distribution and Status: Judging from the records of specimens collected in Pakistan the stoat is mainly associated with alpine and sub-alpine scrub zones in the Himalayas. It seems to be absent from forested country but may wander in winter down to dryer valley regions in the extreme north west of Pakistan, since Major Wall (1910) collected a specimen at 1500m (5000ft) in the main Chitral Valley. It

appears to have invaded the region from the northern palearctic regions as it has not extended its range south of the Safed Koh Mountains. The first record of its occurrence in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent was a specimen collected in the Kaghan Valley by Captain Whitehead in 1907 (Wroughton, 1908). It has since been found to be fairly plentiful in the Kaghan Valley and also in lower Chitral and northern Swat in alpine meadows. In Chitral it was collected in the Laspur and

CARNIVORA

117

ae

2

4in

Illustration 27. Mustela erminea: Stoat or Ermine. (Based on study specimens in British Museum collection from Kaghan Valley, Hazara District.)

B Fig. 41

Dorsal view of skulls of three different families of Carnivora drawn approximately to scale.

C. Paguma larvata. Note the greatly shortened muzzle in the skull of the

A. Mustela erminea. B. Felis libyca.

developed cranial area in all three families.

Desert Cat and the comparatively large and well

118

THE MAMMALS

Yarkhum valleys. In the Kaghan valley specimens have been collected as high as 4000m (13,000ft). It does not occur in the Murree Hills and there are no records as yet of its occurrence in Gilgit or Baltistan. However it has been collected in Ladakh, in India and from the Pir Panjal Mountain range close to Azad Kashmir and the stoat probably occurs throughout Gilgit in suitable alpine regions where its food prey is abundant.

OF PAKISTAN

slopes where this stoat lives but the voles continue to feed and construct an elaborate labyrinth of tunnels beneath the surface of the snow so that it is presumed that the stoat continues to prey upon them. In Russia it has been observed that the stoat occasionally kills four or five voles and stores them underground for future consumption (Ognev, 1935). This interesting trait is also shared by other Mustelinids (see account of Vormela peregusna). It is presumed that the breeding biology of the stoat population living in the high Himalayas ditfers little from that in

AFGHANISTAN

other parts of the world where this species has been closely studied. Breeding takes place during the summer but the ovae are not implanted in the wall of the uterus until some four weeks before the young are born which is some time in the spring. The stoat only produces one litter a year unlike the Weasel (Mustela nivalis). Litter sizes range from five to ten,

with as many as thirteen young having been recorded in Russia (Ognev, 1935). The mother constructs a nest-chamber

by enlarging a deep underground burrow and lines this chamber with dry grass and the fur of voles. There may be two or more entrance tunnels leading to this chamber. The babies are born blind and nearly helpless but they develop rapidly and are weaned at about five weeks of age. In Pakistan the stoat is sympatric with the Hill Fox (V. »v.

ARABIAN

griffithi) and the Stone Marten (Martes foina). Apart from these larger predators the stoat has few natural enemies, though larger birds of prey will eat stoats if they have the opportunity (Corbet, 1966). In Europe, stoats have been observed swimming strongly as well as climbing trees. When cornered or threatened the stoat will emit a high pitched chattering.

SEA

Mustela erminea

Known distribution &

Distribution Map 46

In India (12,000ft) Himalayas. throughout of biotopes

MUSTELA

ALTAICA

Probable range

_—_Stoat or Ermine.

the stoat has been recorded usually above 3600m and only in Kashmir but not further east in the It has not been recorded in Iran. It is widespread Russia and northern Europe, inhabiting a variety from rich farm land at sea level up to the arctic

tundra. It is apparently unable to adapt to sub-tropical or

very arid conditions. Its ability to survive at high altitudes even in winter, probably enables the stoat to largely escape the attention of local hunters. Its skin appears to be spurned by Pakistan fur traders since its pelt rarely is displayed in their stocks. The stoat will probably continue to be fairly numerous in the restricted localities of Pakistan where it occurs. Biology: Despite its diminutive size the stoat is more exclusively carnivorous than martens, living mainly on rodents. In Europe the stoat is noted for its relative strength and courage in tackling prey much bigger than itself. However, in Pakistan it preys almost exclusively on High Altitude Voles (Alticola roylei and Hyperacrius fertilis). It probably also attacks Royle’s Pika (Ochotona roylei) and any birds which it can surprise and overcome. In summer it may also

vary its diet with birds’ eggs and even insects. It is normally solitary in hunting, occupying burrows already dug by rodents and because of its small size often pursuing voles in their underground tunnels. Stoats hunt both by day and night and have been observed in the Kaghan valley in the middle of the day, scampering between the rocks close to a mountain trail. In winter, deep snow blankets the alpine

Mustela altaica Pallas, 1811; Alpine Weasel or Pale Weasel. Altai Weasel in the USSR. Formerly called Whitefooted Weasel in India (see Illustration 28).

Taxonomy:

The Altai Weasel is closely similar to the

Yellow-bellied Weasel, (Mustela kathiah) in size and appear-

ance and there has consequently been some confusion in the earlier identification of Himalayan specimens, as revealed by the series of skins in the British Museum collection. Mustela kathiah is probably allopatric with Mustela altaica, the former being an inhabitant of much more humid forest regions in the eastern part of the Himalayas. If a large series of specimens can be compared, M. kathiah can be readily separated by its much darker mahogany dorsal fur and deep creamy yellow belly fur. Because some individuals of M. altaica have bright yellow fur in the throat or ventral region they have been wrongly identified as Yellow-bellied Weasels. A specimen collected near the Baltoro Glacier in Baltistan was referred to as a new subspecies of M. kathiah by DeBeaux (Pocock, 1941),

but this was in fact M. Altaica. Description: This is a typical weasel with a long cylindrical body, short legs and the narrow flattened skull (see Fig. 40) with rather obtuse muzzle characteristic of all members

of this genus. It also has the same low set rounded ears and sinuous snaky body with long neck. The Pakistan population is considerably larger in size than specimens of Mustela erminea, The throat and ventrum is distinctly creamy-yellow in colour and in specimens from Baltistan the thoracic region is a bright canary yellow. Specimens from Hazara District had the ventrum pale primrose yellow whereas the throat and upper breast were more creamy-white. The tail which is

CARNIVORA

cylindrical and not bushy is comparatively longer in this species than in the stoat and lacks any black tip. Pocock (1941) described typical specimens as having the upper part of the foot whitish, and gave it the English name Pale-footed Weasel. However none of the specimens from Pakistan region in the British Museum and Smithsonian collections have feet so marked. Three specimens from Pakistan had the head and body length averaging 256mm (10in.) (varying from 227—276mm

AFGHANISTAN

(8.9—10.75in.)), the tail averaging 138mm (5.4in.) (varying from 118—155mm

(4.65—6.15in.)) with the hind foot averag-

ing 45mm (1.75in.) (varying from 38—50mm (1.5—1.98in.)) and the ear 21mm (0.8in.) (varying from 17—25mm (0.65— lin.)). Pocock (1941) gives the measurements of nine

specimens collected outside Pakistan limits which had an average head and body length of 243mm (9.6in.) with the tail average 159mm (64in.). A specimen captured from Lahul (India) weighed 127g (4.402). Distribution and Status:

In Pakistan the Pale Weasel is

confined to very high mountainous regions in the alpine zone in the southern part of its range or further north in mountain steppe country in regions of very scanty rainfall. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats from the broader valleys at 1500m

ARABIAN

SEA

Mustela altaica

Distribution Map 47

(5000ft) elevation often in almost desert conditions as well

Alpine or Pale Weasel — known as Altai Weasel in the USSR.

as in more humid alpine slopes up to 5200m (17,000ft) as

well as in dry coniferous forest between 2450—3000m (8—

no records of its occurrence in Chitral or Swat Kohistan. In

10,000ft). Specimens have been collected in Baltistan near the Indus Valley at Parkuta Village at 1500m (5000ft) (Z. B. Mirza, pers. comm.) as well as at Gilgit and in the northern part of the Kaghan Valley at Gitidas at 3600m (11,800ft) elevation and Saiful Maluk at 3200m (10,500ft). There are

India it occurs throughout the northern or inner ranges of

O

50

O

2

the Himalayas from the upper Sutlej Valley to Sikkim. It also occurs in Tibet and Ladakh, extending eastwards to outer Mongolia and south western China. It does not appear to have

been recorded in Afghanistan (Hassinger, 1968) and in

100mm 4in

Illustration 28 Mustela aliaica: Alpine Weasel or Altai Weasel. (Based on photographs of fresh killed specimen in possession of Z. B. Mirza, and study specimen in Punjab University collection, adult male from near Skardu, Baltistan.)

120

THE MAMMALS

Russia it is widespread through the southern part of Siberia from the Ussuri region extending south westwards to Turkestan

(Bobrinskii et al., 1965).

It would appear to be relatively rare in Pakistan except possibly in Baltistan. Biology: Very little has been recorded about the habits of this weasel. It is known to be a bold and inquisitive hunter like others of its genus, and capable of tackling prey much bigger than itself. It is believed to be almost exclusively carnivorous, preying mainly upon Pikas (Ochotona roylet), Migratory Hamsters (Cricetulus migratorius) and Voles of the

OF PAKISTAN

antly white hairs in its proximal portion and black or dark brown hairs in the distal one third. The body fur is highly glossy and of a dark reddish-chestnut verging almost to black over the shoulders, throat, chest and lower limbs. The front

portion of the pointed muzzle as well as a broad band through the eyes is also dark brown. There is some individual variation with the white patches in the dorsal region varying from creamy-yellow on the lower flanks to pure white around the sides of the‘neck, insides of the ears and the muzzle.

A typical Baluchistan specimen had the head and body measuring 320mm (12.6in.), the tail 175mm (6.8in.) with the hind feet 43mm (1.7in.) and the ear 30mm (1.2in.) in

their diet with lizards which are plentiful in these northern

length. Russian specimens are described as having the head and body varying from 270—350mm (10.6—13.75in.) in

mountainous regions frequented by this weasel. There are no records of it eating any fruit. The snowfall is generally lighter in the regions of Pakistan inhabited by the Altai Weasel but temperatures drop well below 0°F during the coldest part of winter and the Altai Weasel, which does not hibernate must shelter in fairly deep

(Flint et al., 1965). An adult captive male weighed 620g (220z). Females are slightly smaller and lighter in build, and have five pairs of mammae. The eyes are rather small in this polecat and the vibrissae are profuse and comparatively long. The tail tends to be

Genus Alticola, Possibly, in summer they can supplement

length with the tail varying from 120—180mm

(4.68—7.02in.)

underground burrows at this season. Probably they are

laterally compressed with the hairs lying in a vertical plane

capable of excavating their own burrows.

and in this respect it is similar to that of the small Indian

Pocock (1941) records that the Russian population, found

in the Altai Mountains mates in February, producing its young in May and that the litter size does not exceed five in number. Females have four pairs of mammae and a specimen collected from Lahul in September was still lactating (Pocock, 1941). There appears to be no evidence of delayed implantation of the fertilized ova in the Russian population of this weasel (Dr. Sokolov, Zoological Academy, Leningrad, in lit.).

Genus VORMELA _ Blasius, 1884

This is a mono-typic genus of which the single species though closely related to the Pole Cats of the Genus Mustela is distinguished from the latter by having the lower carnassial pre-

Civet. When threatened, the Marbled Pole Cat is capable of

erecting the hairs on its tail which it arches over its back, thus creating an effect of greater size. Distribution and Status: The Marbled Pole Cat is an inhabitant of semi-arid rocky areas preferring upland valleys and low hill ranges to higher mountain ranges. It is associated with steppe country as well as arid sub-tropical scrub forest. In Pakistan it occurs only in Baluchistan and the southern part of the North West Frontier Province in the valleys or at lower elevations. It extends from the Mekran in the south and occurs around Quetta, Pishin and Chaman.

It seems to be

less common in the higher mountainous country of northeast Baluchistan though it occurs in north Waziristan and

molar teeth with a distinct inner cusp, i.e. metaconid.

specimens were brought to Major MacGrath (1909) when he

Key to the Pakistan Species of VORMELA

in the 1940s (Johnson,

was stationed at Bannu. It is found in the upper Kurram Valley where the local people considered it fairly common 1942). It was also collected at Hangu

Upper part of body pelage mottled with dark brown and white. Tail very bushy and half of head and body length. Forehead with prominent white band. Lower carnassial teeth with small lingual cusp. ... Vormela peregusna AFGHANISTAN

VORMELA

PEREGUSNA

Vormela peregusna

Guldenstaedt, 1770; Marbled Pole Cat.

Sarmantier in Russia (see Illustration 29).

Description:

This beautiful little animal has a most

striking appearance, its body being boldly patterned with

irregular blotches of white and dark brown giving a marbled effect as suggested by its name. It is a perfect example of those small carnivorous animals which possess offensive scent glands and have a conspicuous warning colouration. The face mask is particularly striking with broad white bands running above and below the eyes as well as white hairs fringing the insides of the ears. Somewhat larger in size than a stoat but much smaller than the Stone Marten, it has a typical long sinuous body and short limbs. The ears, how-

ever, are more upstanding than those of a typical marten. The feet are armed with long and strong claws and no doubt assist the animal in digging. The tail is bushy with predomin-

ARABIAN SEA

¢

Vormela peregusna

Distribution Map 48

— Marbled Pole-cat or Sarmantier.

CARNIVORA

21 Oo

50

O

2

ry aay

my ly rN

100mm 4in

nl,

ek

Illustration 29 Vormela peregusna: Marbled Pole-cat or Sarmantier. (Based on live captive specimen in possession of J. A. W. Anderson from Quetta, Baluchistan.)

in Kohat District (Donald, 1939). It does not seem to have

‘kharezes’, (underground irrigation tunnels). My own

extended its range further north and has not been recorded where it appears to be rather uncommon (J. Niethammer, 1968, in lit. and J. Hassinger, 1968). It appears to be sparsely

tions on three different captive specimens indicates that they are much more sluggish than most other Mustelinids and certainly spend a greater part of the time sleeping in their underground burrows. In cold weather, however, wild specimens

distributed in northern Iran (Lay, 1967). It occurs nowhere

will come to the surface in the middle of the day, in order to

in India but spreads westwards through Turkey, Syria, The Lebanon, and into Yugoslavia. In Russia it extends throughout the steppe country from Trans-Caspia and the Caucasus

bask in the sun. Observations on captive specimens indicate that they rely principally upon an acutely developed sense of

anywhere in the Himalayas. It occurs in southern Afghanistan

eastwards to the Altai foothills (Flint et al., 1965).

The Marbled Pole Cat does not seem to be very common anywhere in Pakistan though a few skins come into the hands of Quetta fur traders each year. It would appear to be allopatric with the Stone Marten (M. foina) being absent from steppe forest regions and the higher mountain slopes which are frequented by the latter species. Because of its rather secretive and fossorial habits it does not often come into conflict with man and may actually be commoner than the present limited evidence reveals. It is undoubtedly beneficial to agriculture because of the rodents which it destroys. Biology: Amongst all the Mustelinidae inhabiting this region of Asia, the Marbled Pole Cat is the most highly adapted to a fossorial existence. In Baluchistan they are particularly associated with colonies of Libyan Jirds (Meriones libycus)

and even occupy the burrows made by these Jirds. The Marbled Pole Cat will however excavate its own burrows and captive specimens readily show this inclination to dig. Pocock (1941) records that a captive specimen used its teeth

observa-

smell and that their eyesight is relatively weak. A wild pair,

observed sunning themselves on a sandhill showed no reaction to human approach until a slight breeze apparently carried human scent to them when they at once disappeared. A tame specimen always burrowed into a loose piece of cloth before going to sleep (Yate, 1897) and I have also observed this strong desire to seek dark places in other captive specimens. Compared with other Mustelinids they show a marked reluctance to jump or climb even when released into a room.

These characteristics seem to be associated with their fossorial existence but in other traits they seem typical Mustelinids. For example they are fearless in the presence of human beings and they are voracious hunters of their prey. Besides Libyan Jirds, they prey on other rodents such as Migratory Hamsters (Cricetulus migratorius) and House-mice

(Mus musculus) which frequent the same habitat. They are

believed to be largely carnivorous in diet and have not been observed eating fruit or vegetable matter. Pocock (1941) recorded that a captive specimen ate beetles and lizards. Akhtar (1945) recorded that a captive specimen only relished raw meat, refusing frogs, toads, fish as well as cooked meat. This same specimen greedily ate small birds including all their

to tear out tough roots and to assist in excavating a burrow. In feathers. Van den Brink (1964) states that they will make many parts of Baluchistan V. peregusna utilizes and inhabits underground stores or larders of surplus killed prey. Akhtar

122

THE MAMMALS

(1945) also recorded that his captive specimen took food

which was surplus to its immediate needs down into its burrow to be stored. The very low humidity and relatively cool temperatures which must prevail in the burrows of this Polecat in Baluchistan, would certainly enable dead rodents to be preserved for several weeks without putrefaction. J. A. W. Anderson (pers. comm.) while excavating the burrow of a Libyan Jird near Quetta, found five dead specimens of

Meriones libycus which had been killed by some sharp-toothed predator. They were piled together in an underground chamber and were almost certainly the larder of this polecat. In Baluchistan most breeding appears to occur so that

litters are born in the spring. A litter of three young excavated near Quetta were estimated to have been born about

the end of March (Christison, 1939). In Kandahar (Afghani-

stan) they were reported to produce generally three to four young at the end of March or early April (Hutton, 1845). In Armenia (Russia) the Marbled Pole Cat has been recorded as

breeding from April to May producing four to eight young in a litter after a gestation period of eight weeks (Ognev, 1935). Prater (1965) suggests that the gestation period is nine weeks and that March to April is the normal season of birth. A pair of wild Marbled Pole Cats in western Baluchistan were seen together in August. The Marbled Pole Cat emits an offensive odour from its perineal glands when threatened, but first of all it arches its tail over its back with hairs erected so that the tail is almost the width of its body. It also bares its teeth in a defiant snarl. When excited they utter a shrill chattering cry. A captive specimen was described as being very playful and would chase a piece of paper tied to a string when it was in the mood

ance rather reminiscent of the South American Tree Sloth. The fore limbs are powerfully developed and bowed inwards like those of a bear. The five digits on the fore feet are armed with noticeably long powerful claws which measure up to 38mm (14in.) in length and are blackish in colour. The claws

on the hind feet are much shorter. The soles have naked pads and the ratel is plantigrade. The hair all over the body is distinctly coarse and rather sparse, lacking any underfur. The tail is rather short and tapered without being in any way bushy. A typical adult specimen stands about 25cm (10in.) at the shoulders and measures 60—75cm (23%—294in.) from nose to tail tip. The tail measures from 15—24cm (6—93in.).

Males are slightly heavier and an adult specimen may weigh up to 10kg (22Ib). : Some individuals have a tawny or yellowish tinge to the hair in the region of the lower back and flanks and young animals in Africa are reported to be rusty-grey rather than silvery-white on the upper half (Dorst and Dandelot, 1970). There is a sac-like gland around the anus from which an offensive secretion can be emitted. Distribution and Status: In Pakistan this mammal is now extremely rare in the more densely populated tracts of the Indus Basin but it still occurs sparsely throughout the southern parts of Baluchistan as well as southern Sind extending northwards through the desert regions bordering upon India. It shuns high mountainous regions as well as northern cold latitudes and seems to frequent barren rocky hill country or desolate sand-dune regions, avoiding cultivated areas. There are records of its recent occurrence in the Mekran, Las

Belas, Kalat and the Chagai. It also occurs very sparsely in Sibi, Pishin and Loralai districts of Baluchistan. It occurs

(Yate, 1897). SUBFAMILY

OF PAKISTAN

MELLIVORINAE

— RATELS

Genus MELLIVORA _ Storr, 1780

This is a monotypic genus and though bearing a close resemblance to the Badgers of the Genus Meles, the Ratel is quite distinct in its dentition which is more highly adapted to a carnivorous diet.

throughout Sind Kohistan and extends eastwards through Thatta and Tharparkar Districts of Sind. They also occur in Cholistan. A specimen in the late 1960s frequented underground passageways in part of the old fort of Dharawar (Lt. Gen. J. H. Marden, pers. comm.). It has also been re-

corded in Waziristan but there seem to be no recent authentic records of its occurrence in the Punjab or anywhere in the northern mountainous regions.

Key to the Genus and Pakistan Species of MELLIVORA External ear pinna reduced to a thickened ridge. Sub-caudal sac gland absent. Body thickset with short tail, coarse pelage and short limbs. Whole of upper back, crown and neck uniformly greyishwhite sharply contrasting with lower portion of flanks, legs and face which are black. Claws on fore limbs greatly elongated. Hind feet 120mm. ...Mellivora capensis. MELLIVORA

AFGHANISTAN

CAPENSIS

Mellivora capensis

Schreber, 1776; Ratel or Honey Badger

(see Illustration 30).

Description: The ratel is a thickset ugly animal of most striking appearance. Its coarse body fur is sharply divided horizontally in two contrasting colours. The top half of the head, upper neck and back is silvery-grey whilst the limbs, belly, lower cheeks and muzzle are jet black. The head is broad with a fairly short square muzzle and the external ear pinna are very small being reduced to mere leathery flaps hardly 10mm (in.) long. This gives its head a rounded appear-

ARABIAN

SEA

Mellivora capensis

Distribution Map 49 _ Ratel or Honey Badger.

CARNIVORA

8

é

SS

NS

re ‘ Ss a

ce

=

NY

XQ ——S

0 —————— O

15

NS

———s

OS

30cm oe

6

Illustration 30

12in

Mellivora capensis: Ratel or Honey Badger.

(Based on captive specimens in Bahawalpur and Lahore

Zoos. Former from near Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur Division.)

Extra-limitally the ratel occurs through most of Africa except for the Sahara. It is rare in Arabia but has been recorded in southern Afghanistan as well as Khuzistan in Iran (Lay, 1967). To the east it frequents the central and dryer

parts of India but has not penetrated into the more humid regions of Assam or south east Asia. In Russia it occurs

for food. They are also known to eat any small rodent or birds which they can overcome as well as bird’s eggs and insects (Blanford 1888). Ratels in Russia (Ognev, 1935) and

Syria (Harrison, 1968) have been recorded as feeding on lizards. Like the African population they are fond of honey and will eat the larvae of wild bees also (Dunbar Brander

around the Turkmen Plains (Bobrinskii et al., 1965). The

1931). A local hunter in Dadu District (Sind) pointed out

species appears to be of Ethiopian origin and to have invaded the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent through southern Baluchistan. Today the ratel is very rare throughout Pakistan and restricted in distribution though it was relatively common in

excavations in the dry sandy bed of the Bara Nullah and claimed that these were made by the ratel in its search for a

Sind up to the end of World War II (Eates, 1968).

Because of its rather strange appearance the ratel is surrounded by superstition. Besides having the reputation of digging up human corpses from graveyards, many local people in Sind believe that if they encounter a ratel at night when alone, that it will rear up on its hind legs and suffocate them with its breath (Eates, 1968). Consequently this relatively harmless animal is killed whenever encountered and even wardens in game reserves kill the animal on sight. It is beneficial to man, since it preys upon snakes and rodents, and so it is a

pity that there is so much unjustified prejudice against it.

Biology: The ratel is not exclusively nocturnal in activity though most observers have recorded encountering it at night. J. A.W. Anderson (pers. comm.) encountered an individual in mid afternoon while motoring through Las Belas. It showed little fear of the human intruders. D. L. Harrison (1968) also encountered a pair in the Syrian desert in mid

afternoon. They are often encountered in pairs which would seem to indicate that a lasting pair bond may be formed which is not typical of the majority of Mustelinidae. They are capable of subsisting on a variety of foods though as their dentition suggests, their preferred diet is meat. Pocock (1941) refers to their ability to kill cobras (Naja naja)

certain type of succulent root. It is noteworthy that Dunbar Brander (1931) records encountering them digging in the sandy bed of streams in central India also. Captive specimens can remain quite healthy on a completely vegetarian diet but I have not been able to obtain any direct evidence that roots are eaten by this species. They will consume the ripe fruit of the Ber (Zizyphus jubata) and several authors (Pocock 1941 and Prater, 1965) have confirmed that they are able to climb trees with agility despite their relatively clumsy build. A tame ratel in Russia could climb up a smooth telephone pole with ease (Ognev, 1935). As already indicated, ratels are relatively fearless of humans

and if in danger can emit an offensive secretion from their anal gland. Their black and white pelage may therefore be an example of nature’s warning colouration since it is conspicuous even on moonless nights. Ratels are also endowed with tremendous strength relative to their size. In Sind a ratel when set upon by two large dogs of the hunting type, succeeded in warding off their attacks and eventually putting them both to flight (K. R. Eates, pers. comm.). Major Grimwood (in lit.) observed a captive ratel which bit its way to

freedom through eight gauge wire netting in a short space of time. On another occasion in Kenya a ratel attacked and savaged the front tyres of a three ton lorry which was being driven in an attempt to intercept the animal (Grimwood, in lit.). As if its aggressive nature were not sufficient protection against enemies, many writers also record that the ratel has a very loose and thick skin, impervious to the quills of porcu-

124

THE MAMMALS

pines, bee stings and even the biting of dogs (Dunbar Brander 1931, Pocock, 1941, and Prater, 1965).

Besides being able to climb trees they are quick and energetic excavators

and Pocock

cited by Dunbar Brander (1931) and another authority who

investigated many alleged incidences never came across any positive evidence of grave robbing (Champion, 1933). The Sindi name for this animal is ‘gorpat’ which means grave digger. Ratels are playful when out foraging together. Several authors have noted their habit of suddenly turning a somer(in lit.) watched

a pair in Zambia

sliding down a mud slide like otters at play. Their usual gait is a rather clumsy shuffling with the tail commonly cocked up over their backs. The gestation period is believed to be 180 days and the usual litter size is two

of tail elliptical in cross section with less flattened lateral keel. Upper margin of rhinarium indented in ‘W’ shape (see Fig. 42).

(1941) records Hardwicke who

saw a Captive specimen digging itself completely under cover within ten minutes even on hard ground. Ratels normally occupy burrow systems which they presumably excavate themselves or enlarge from those of other Mammals and these can frequently be under old ruined buildings or in graveyards which may partly account for their reputation as grave diggers. Much controversy raged in the 1930s and 1940s amongst naturalists as to whether the ratel was actually guilty of eating human corpses. Only one authentic instance was

sault. Major Grimwood

OF PAKISTAN

(Walker et al., 1964). They breed

throughout the summer months and may produce two litters in a year (Prater, 1965). In Russia the mating season is from

September to October with young appearing in April and May (Ogney, op. cit.).

Captive specimens have lived up to 23 years of age. SUBFAMILY LUTRINAE — OTTERS There are representatives of this subfamily throughout both

hemispheres in tropical as well as holarctic regions. They are well adapted to a semi-aquatic existence and to hunting fish and Molluscae, with broad paddle shaped tail and thick fusiform body and a web of skin between all the digits of fore and hind feet.

LUTRA

LUTRA

Lutralutra

Linnaeus,

1758; Common

Otter.

Subspecies L, lutra kutab chinz, 1844; Himalayan Otter.

Description: The Common Otter which extends to the rivers of western Europe is too familiar in appearance to need detailed description. It has very dense short fur of a dark olive brown colour dorsally which lightens to a silvery-brown on the throat and ventrum. The guard hairs are highly glossy which no doubt aids in quick drying as well as minimizing friction when swimming under water. The tail, which is usually just

over half the head and body length, is very thick and muscular at the base and flattened dorso-ventrally into a paddle shape in its distal portion. A closer examination reveals that the ventral surface of the tail is rounded or convex so that the tail is eliptical in cross section (see L. perspicillata). The external ear pinnae are very small and capable of being pressed back against the skull when under water. The head is flattened and broad with a naked black rhinarium. The upper margin of this nose pad is indented like a ‘W’, an important characteristic to distinguish this from L. perspicillata (see Fig. 42). There are a number of very stiff short white vibrissae around the muzzle which may assist the animal in searching under stones and in turbid water for its food prey. Both fore and hind limbs have five digits with broad elastic webs between each toe. The claws are very short, about 8mm (0.35in.) in length and somewhat blunt with

soft broad naked pads at the tip of each digit. This, again, appears to be a valuable adaptation for feeling and grasping underwater prey. There is some variation in body colouration with some

individuals having paler silvery tips to the guard hairs in the dorsal region. There is no sharply defined dividing line between the darker dorsal and paler belly fur. Both sexes have

a glandular pouch around the anus from which a secretion emanates but according to some authors the smell from this

Key to Subfamily LUTRINAE Adapted to semi-aquatic life thickly muscular proximally head and body. Pelage dense paratively large, and webbed

with head flattened, and tail being over half the length of and smooth with paws combetween digits.

The subgenus Lutra (Brisson,

Fig. 42

1762) has the distal portion

Showing means of identification of otter species in Pakistan. 1, Diagramatic cross-section through distal portion of tail of Lutra perspicillata.

secretion is not particularly repellent (C. J. Harris, 1968). Himalayan specimens generally average smaller in size than

European forms with the head and body varying from 60— 76cm (24—30in.) in length and the tail from 35—46cm (14— 18in.). Its weight varies from 5kg (111b) in small females to

2. Same cross-section view of Lutra lutra.

A. Rhinarium of Lutra perspicillata. B. Rhinarium of Lutra lutra.

CARNIVORA

125

74kg (164 1b) for males. The hind foot averages around 12cm

(44in.) and the ear 15mm (0.58in.) in length.

Females generally have only two pairs of mammae (D. Harrison, 1968) which is less than typical specimens of L. perspicilata.

and turns deploying the powerful muscles of their tails for this purpose. They live principally upon fish but will eat frogs, fresh-water crayfish and any water fowl which they can surprise and overcome. In Pakistan in summer this otter feeds mainly upon the Snow Trout (Dipticus maculatus) and Pocock (1941) reports that there is some migration to streams

Distribution and Status: It formerly occurred throughout all the Himalayan river systems extending in summer to small mountain torrents as high as 3500m (12,000ft) elevation. Because its fur is of great commercial value it has been much persecuted, apart from its coming into conflict with government programmes to develop trout fisheries in the north. It has therefore become rare in all the more accessible regions such as the Kaghan, Swat and Chitral River valleys. It \

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INDEX

Seyi

Norways Rate 251 25592565262,.2 74 Nose-leaf 52 Notch-eared Bat 64 308 novaeangliae, Megaptera Nutria 218 42, 67 Nyctalus genus 4, 67 Nyctalus leisleri

4, 67 63, 67 42,76 Nycticeius genus 66, 68, 76 Nycticeius pallidus 4, 35, 60, 61 Nyctinomus tragatus Nyctalus montanus

Owls (cont.) Scully’s Wood Owl 225, 250 Spotted Scops Owl 30 Spotted Owl 27, 257, 264

Nycteribosea gigantea

129 4, 7, 117, 129, 130,

isl

Nyctalus noctula

Nycteribidae (wingless flies)

2A, PPA, PAS) Petaurista p. albiventer Petaurista philippensis Peters, Friedel

Paguma genus Paguma larvata

Pale-footed Weasel

4, 5, 6, 112,113,

WAG), sas), Ue), DAG, Wels, BOS Pale Grey Shrew 238, 28, 30

36, 40

38

Pale Hedgehog Palearctic zone

8,15, 16, 20, 21 1, 4, 30, 32, 41, 64,

Ochotonidae

family

Pallid Scops Owl

209, 213

Ochotona hyperborea Ochotona Ochotona

Pallas’s Cat 138,144, 216, 217 pallidior, Millardia meltada 255

1138, 145, 213 5

pallipes, Canis lupus

macrotis 213, 216, 217 roylei 5, 6, 8, 118, 120,

209, 213, 216, 280, 298 Ochotona rufescens 8, 11, 213, 214, Ochra (vegetable) 274 Octolobus subgenus 144 Octolobus manul 144 306, 308, 310 Odontoceti suborder Oklahoma Zoo 94 Oldfield, Thomas J. 225 8, 171, 207 Olea cuspidata (tree) Olive, false

208

Olive, wild

8,171, 207

Onager 159,160 One-horned Indian Rhinoceros

4,

159 Onthophagus longicornis (beetle) Oorial see Urial Ophicephalus striatus (fish) 127 opimus,

Rhombomys

133

12, 13, 143,

250, 252, 284, 292, 293, 294 Opuntia dillenii (tree) 257, 268 Oreamnus americanus 195 Oreinus richardsoni (fish) 125 Oriental faunal region

Orr, Robert

polii

195

2038, 204, 205

1, 6, 8, 11, 13, 97,

148, 155, 192, 200, 203, 206 Ovis orientalis blanfordi

Ouis orientalis vignei

206, 207

206, 207

Ovis orientalis punjabiensis

206, 207

Owls Barn Owl 260 Collared Pigmy Owl 30, 255 Indian Scops Owl 30, 255 Little Owl 31, 240, 281, 285 Long-eared owl

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 129 Paraechinus genus 15, 20 Paraechinus aethiopicus 20 Paraechinus hypomelas 8,16, 21

Paraechinus hypomelas hypomelas 22 Paraechinus hypomelas blanfordi 5 PB Paraechinus micropus_

283

Pallid Scops Owl 250, 279, 289 Rock Horned Owl 12,19, 23, 261

Pashm

149

189, 200 51

313

Physeter catodon

9,153

312

1, 306, 307, physalus, Balaenoptera 312 Physeteridae family 312 Pica pica (bird) 222, 249 Picea morinda (tree) 6, 75,157, 216, 223.226, O75. Lov, Picea smithiana (tree) 216, 223, 226 Pigeon

140,147

Pigs, Wild 7,8, 9, 163, 164 Pilleri, George vii, 309, 313, 315, Shy Pinus excelsa (tree) 6, 8, 89, 110, 114,198, 222, 223, 225, 301, Pinus gerardiana (tree) Pinus roxburghii (tree)

8, 86, 87, 197 6, 114, 130 6, 8, 89, 110,

Pipistrellus mimus 70,71 Pipistrellus pipistrellus 63, 70 Pipistrellus tenuis Pir Panjal Markhor

73 195,196,

Pistacia integerrima (tree) Pistacia mutica

9

159-162 276, 277

8,10, 11, 164, 180,

iets

Persian House Mouse 263 Persian Jird 8, 11,13, 113, 216, 252, 277, 280, 284, 288 Persian Lilac 35, 40, 235 Persian Wild Goat or Persian Pasang

ANOMO Oia Loo 64s Loin 188; 189, 200

70, 72 170, 71

Pipistrellus dormeri 70, 74 Pipistrellus kuhli 9, 36, 63, 70, 73

Pistacia khinjak

Perineal glands 14, 122,127 Periplaneta species 27,140, 228

Persian Gazelle

family

Pipistrellus ceylonicus Pipistrellus coromandra

319

PERISSODACTYLA

Phocaenidae

Phocaena genus 313 PHOLIDOTA 91—94 Phragmites communis (grass) Physalia physalia 228

8,

Pears (fruit) 37 293 Peganum hormala (forbe) Paignton Zoo 139 Peneus indicus 314 pennanti, Funambulus 227 Pennisetum dichotonum (grass) 9 Pennisetum orientale (grass) 8, 198 Pennisetum typhoides (millet) 161, 180, 274 Peponocephala genus 318 Peponocephala electra 318

Peromyscus genus

34, 41,

Pipal tree 35, 40, 99 Pipistrellus genus 51, 54, 69 Pipistrellus babu 70, 74

193

Peacock 148 Peanut butter

196

Pheonix dactylifera (palm) ALOR 2 27,

21,

8, 15, 16, 20,

Paspalum ditichum (forbe) Pavo cristatus (bird) 148

304

Phacochoerus aethiopicus 166 Phalai tree 7, 8,171, 207, 208, 227

114,198, 222, 223, 225, 301

Paris Museum 314 Parasites 18, 36, 38, 40, 66, 151, 162,

‘Pasang’ Wild Goat Passer domesticus

Phaiomys subgenus

4, 52, 54, 55,

186

21

135,141,

158

Pinus wallichiana (tree)

216, 2316232, 260,012, o22

Ovisammon cycleros 203 Ovis canadensis 12, 204 Ovis orientalis

188, 191, 208, 235 Panthera tigris 4,150,153, 155, 235 Panthera uncia 6,153, 156, 170, 194, 199, 203, 232 180 Pantholops hodgsoni Panting 11 Derg 2b) 1 alyf 129 Paradoxurinae subfamily

Partridge, Grey

Orthopterous insects 17, 19,110, 290 Oryctolagus cuniculus 209 Os penis or bacculum 81, 95, 100, AMS 6209 so 8.22205 302, 303 Otters 111 42,79 Otonycteris genus 63, 68, 79, Otonycteris hemprichii 80 Ounce 6, 153, 156, 170, 194, 199, DOSNZ32 Ovis genus 203 Ovisammon 203 Ovisammon

Panthera genus 153 Pantheraleo 4,155,156 Panthera pardus_ 5, 7, 8, 88, 153, 154,

188

147, 149

Orthaegoceros subgenus

95, 96, 183, 185,

2D Palm Civet 4, 7,117,129, 130, 131 Palm Squirrel 227 Pamir Sheep 203, 204, 205 Pangolin 4, 8,91, 92

4, 26, 40, 50,

Bye), ICE. WSs), IA, PG, PAS5 Cr7fal. 273 ornata, Felis libyca

250, 279, 289

218 223

Peters’ Horseshoe Bat 56

Pharsi language

Bif/, WOO), CA, DP, ADS), PAT, GOL! Ochotona genus

5, 6, 9, 218, 220,

Petaurista petaurista

197

8,198

8

8

Pitymys genus 304 Pitymys carruthersi 304 Pitymys juldaschi 304

Pitymys sikimensis 305 Pizonyx vivesi 36 Planipennia species 82 Platanus orientalis (tree)

82

Platanistidae family 308 Platanista genus 308 Platanista indi 308, 309, 311, 314,

315 Platanista gangetica 308, 309 Plecotus genus 42, 80

Plecotus auritus

81, 82

Plecotus austriacus

4, 6, 9, 80, 81, 82

Plecotus puck 80 Plecotus wardi 80 Plectranthus rugosus (shrub) Plumbeous

Dolphin

6, 8

9, 311, 316

Poa alpina (grass) 6, 203 Poa pratensis (grass) 203 Polecat, Marbled

4, 8, 112, 118, 120,

121, 244, 250, 279, 292, 295, 297 polii, Ovis ammon

208, 204, 205

Polygonum affine (forbe) Pomfret (fish) 315 Pontoporia genus 308

6

THE MAMMALS

358 Porcupine 233 Porpoises 313 Population (human) 1 Populus ciliata (tree) 6, 87 Populus euphratica (tree) 9,174 Potatoes 130, 166, 235, 237, 292, 302 Potentilla desertorum (plant) 6 Pouch, Pouch, Pouch, prateri,

cheek 88, 232, 279, 280 throat 45, 47 wing 45, 46 Felischaus 140

Prawns

314, 316

Prehensility

6, 85, 86, 88

Presbytis entellus ajax

88, 89

257, 268

Rattus Rattus Rattus Rattus

4, 8, 122/123

Prionailurus subgenus

Rattus norvegicus

149

Prosopis glandulosa (tree) Prosopis spicigera (tree)

Mea) Prunus armeniaca (tree) 115, 130 Prunus eburnea (shrub) Psammophylic

8, 9, 140,

110,113, 8

13,1438, 247, 285

Pseudois nayaur 219

6, 97,157, 200, 201,

Psidium guajava (tree)

40, 41

Psuaeda fruticosa (forbe) Ptarmigan (bird) 116 Pterocles species 148 Pteromys

volans

244

roylei, Ochotona

251,

258, 259, 267, 286 Rattus rattus alexandrinus 251 Rattus turkestanicus 6, 251, 259, 260 Ravi River 126,128, 152,174, 176, 309 Ravine Deer 183 Red Bear 4, 6,11, 106, 107, 299 Reddish Pika 8,11, 213, 214, 215 Red Deer 5,175

106

185, 208 Red Sea Bottle-nosed Dolphin S1Gs Siai,

206, 207 punjabiensis, Ovis orientalis Pumpkin crop 265 Punica granatum (shrub) 7 Punjab University (Lahore, Pakistan) 36, 37, 55, 266, 324 Punjab University (Ludhiana, India) 257 Pygmy Jerboa 238

Reed Cat 4, 8, 9,12,14, 138, 140, 2125255), 257, 204, 216, 255 Regent’s Park Zoo 108,131,144, 145, 160, 172, 183, 203, 204, 250, 270 Reindeer 166 Reptonia buxifolia (shrub) 8

Pygmy Shrew

32

6, 23

Pygmy Sperm Whale 312 Pyrrhocorax graculus (bird) Pyrus aucuparia (tree) Python molurus 274

194

108

Qadri, H. A. 12 Quadripedal 39 Quercus balut (tree) 110,115, 207 Quercus dilatata 6,110,221 Quercus ilex

8, 86,157,197,

198,

Red Sea Dolphin

6, 85, 86, 155

Rhinoceros unicornis Rhinocerotidae family

Rhinolophus

blasii

4, 52, 54, 55, 56

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 54, 59

4, 8, 9,

Rhinopoma kinneari Rhinopoma

10, 41

hardwickei

4, 43, 44

43

microphyllum

8, 10, 35,

36, 42, 43, dil Rhinopoma sumatrae 44 Rhododendron anthopogon (shrub) 6

209 260

Rhombomys

Racer (colubrid) snakes

141

Radio-metacarpal pouch Ragwort (forbe) 302 Raja of Gupis 157

46

Rajasthan (Rajhastan) (India)

4, 16,

17, 44, 51, 79, 95, 99, 1038, 104, 133, 135, 139, 140, 141, 148, 154, 177, 179, 211, 258, 275, 282, 283, 287, 290 Rana, Mohd (Divisional Forest Officer) 128

243252

529Se

5, 6, 8,118, 120, 209,

213, 216, 280, 298 Rubus purpureus (shrub) Rucervus subgenus

89

175

rufescens, Ochotona 215

8,11, 213, 214,

rufescens, Rattus rattus 259 Ruminatia suborder 166, 187

rupicapra, Rupicapra 6 Russian Crested Porcupine Russian Olive

233

23, 106, 110, 113, 137

genus

Saccharum munyja (grass) 173, 210

252

9, 152, 164,

Salix himalayensis (shrub)

169, 194

Salmalia malabarica (tree) Ue

7, 34, 37,

Salpingotus genus

238

Salpingotus crassicaudata Salpingotus michaelis

239

10,11, 13, 236,

238, 239 Salpingotus thomasi 239 Salsola foetida (forbe) 9, 274, 295 Salsoletum nedulosae (forbe) 244 Salt intake 12, 36, 258, 283 Saltatorial 236, 238, 240, 244, 281 Saltwort 258 Salvadora oleoides (tree) 8,191 Salvadora persica (tree) 8, 228 Sambar Deer 173 ebulus (shrub)

6, 303

Sand Boas 138,14, 1438, 240, 244, 247 Sand Cat 4,10, 13,14, 138, 142, 240, 244 Sand Coloured Rat 251, 254, 257 Sand-dunes 9,105, 143, 234, 239,

246, 264, 282, 283, 285, 289, 294 Sand Fox

4,10, 13, 100, 101, 104,

247 Sandgrouse 148 Sandpiper (bird)

Rhombomys opimus 12, 13, 1438, 250, 252, 284, 292, 293, 294 Rib-faced Deer 4, 7,170,171, 187

Sand Rats

Ribena species (wild currants) Ribes emodense 169,194

Sarmantier

169

spontaneum

155, 164,

173 Saiga 180

Sambucus

Rhinolophus hipposideros 52, 54, 55 Rhinopomatidae family 43, 61

Quetta Mole Vole

Rabbits Rabies

4,159 159

Rhinolophidae family 41, 51, 52, 56, 63, 82 Rhinolophus genus 42, 52

Rhinopoma genus

251, 295, 297, 300 Quills, porcupine 233

Royle’s Pika

Saccharum

Rheumatism, cure for 39, 312 Rheum emodi (wild rhubarb) 8, 299

223, 225, 2495253 Quercus incana 6 4, 11, 12,13, 243,

311,

9, 311, 316

Rhesus Monkey

Rhinopoma

3) LS. 27 300, 303

4, 8, 94, 138, 147, 148,

Pteropus genus 33, 38 Pteropus giganteus 4, 34, 38

Pteropidae family

5, 6, 8, 118, 120,

Royle’s High Mountain Vole _ 6, 11,

255, 258,

Rattus rattoides 6, 251, 259, 260 Rattus rattus 51,138, 250, 251, 255,

Red Lynx

8, 110, 249

209,213; 216) 2805298

255 251, 259, 261

Red Hunting Dog

5

1, 306, 307, 312

Royal Scottish Museum 28, 158 roylei, Alticola 6,11,13,118, 217, 243, 252, 298, 300, 303

PARI, FATAL

291

Rorqual

Rosa webbiana (shrub) Rose hips 1038, 249 46

genus 251, 258 exulans 262 gleadowi 251, 254, 257 fulvescens 259

Rattus meltada Rattus nitidus

RODENTIA 218-305 Roof Rat 51, 133, 2505250 5255" 258, 209. 2674250

Rousettus arabicus 33 Rousettus leschenaulti 338, 36, 40, 79

291

Priddy, Clyde 87,128, 224, 302 PRIMATES 85—90 Primula (forbe) 6

vii, 98, 137, 309 261

Robertson, Trevor

12,19, 23, Rock-horned Owl Rock Python 274 Rocky Mountain Goat 195

Rousettus genus 32, 33 Rousettus aegyptiacus 4, 33, 35, 36

RatecoOnZole Zo} Ratel

88

Presbytis entellus Prickly pear

Raptors see Birds of prey Raspberry 89 Rasse 4, 9,14, 128, 324 Rat Snakes

237

Presbytis genus

Rana ridibunda 141 Rana tigrina 27,1385 Rangifer (reindeer) 166 Rangoon 273 Ranjha, Dr (Director of Zoological Survey) 161, 312, 317, 318 Ranjit Singh,M. K. 198 Ranunculaceae (forbes) 6 Rapeseed 185

OF PAKISTAN

153

281, 288

Sand Viper 12, 240,244, 247, 285 Sapodil (plum tree) 40, 41 4, 8,112,118,

120,121,

244, 250,279, 292) 295, 297

Rice crops see Bandicota bengalensis and Millardia meltada Rinderpest 199, 207

Savage, Christopher vii, 140, 174 Savannah 6, 89,179 Saw-scaled Viper 12,13, 258, 271,

Riverain tract

283 saxicola, Mus 266 saxicola, Parithera pardus

9, 152,173,

Rizvi, Dr 154,190 Roberts, Guy 91

210

153

INDEX

352

Saxifraga sibirica (forbe) Scarabaeidae

6

67,99

Schaller, George B.

vii, 12, 108,111,

WINS aston Ey abaxey, aUaiy/5 allaysy, 190, 191, 194, 198, 200, 208, 2055 20%e 208230m Oo ile 305 Schistocerca gregaria (locust) 238, 293 Schizodactylus montrosus (insect) 51 Schreiber’s Bat 42, 50, 83 Schreibersi, Miniopterus 42, 50, 83 Scillaspecies 292

Scilla hohinackeri (plant) Scirpus maritimus (sedge) Scirpus subulatus 274 Sciuridae family

16, 19, 29, 103, 104, 133, 66, 68, 76 42, 76

heathi

9,11, 67, 68, 77,

kuhli 76 temminckii wroughtoni

77 77

Selenarctos t. gedrosianus

8, 108, 109

Selysius subgenus 64 Senecio chrysanthemoides 302 314 Sepia species (squids)

(forbe)

176

Shah Khan, Wing Commander 201, 202 51, 56 Shalimar Gardens Shapu 206, 207 Sharif, Mian 49 Sharks 309, 315 Sheath-tailed Bats

107,

45

Sheikh ur-Rahman (Col.) Sheikh Wali Mohammed

148, 149 vii

319, 322

Shorea robusta (tree)

7

Fruit Bat

40

Short-tailed Mole Rat 9,12, 141, 251, 272, 274, 275, 296, 300 Shrews Anderson’s Shrew 23, 25, 28 Etruscan Shrew

27 Grey Shrew

1, 4, 28, 24, 25,

23, 28, 30, 31

House Shrew

4, 238, 25, 264

Lesser Shrew 6, 23 Musk Shrew 25 Pale Grey Shrew 30 Pygmy Shrew

23

Sari’s Pygmy Shrew White-toothed Shrew Shrimps

27 29

314

Sibbaldus musculus 306 Siberian Ibex 6, 188,192 Sibi Plain 22, 71,122, 210 sibirica, Capraibex

Sibling species Sicista genus

40, 227

232

314

6, 188,192

80 236

Sicista concolor 6, 236, 237, 243, 251,253 Sicista tianschanica 236 Sicistinae subfamily 236

Sperm Whale

Spider

312

12,55

Spiny Mouse

4, 8,10, 251, 262, 266,

269, 270 Spiracle 306, 309 Spouting (whales) 307 Spruce tree 6, 75,157, 216, 223, 226 Squids 314 Squirrels 218 Five Striped Squirrel 227 Giant Red Squirrel 218 227 Northern Palm Squirrel Small Kashmir Squirrel 223 Woolly Flying Squirrel 225 Srinagar (Kashmir) 110 Stag (Kashmir Stag) 5,175 Stanley Zoo (Northern Ireland) 177

Skink 19 Skinning 320 12, 13, 236, Small Five-toed Jerboa 241, 242, 243, 247

Steppe Cat 138,144, 216, 217 Steppe forest 8, 207, 212, 214, 226,

Small Indian Civet

IPAS Weta ISIE PAU. PAG) yPAI. isi. 232, 260, 277, 280, 294, 296, 305 Sterculia villosa (tree) 7

4,9, 14, 128, 324,

28, 29, 69, 119,

234 Steppe mountain zone

Sterndale, Robert

237,246) 248) 2534298,,299) 301, 302, 312, 324 Smooth-coated Otter 4, 9, 124, 125, 126, 310

Stirlingi, Marmota

Snakes

Stone marten

Cobra

12351135, 1Ad 260, 274, 288 Coluber (Racers) 141 Diadem

Rat Snake

288, 291 Euphratic Viper

258, 279, 285,

27, 274 274

Rat Snake Sand Boas

141

247, 276, 283, 285 12, 240, 244, 247,

285 Saw-scaled Viper 283 Snow

Bear

Snow

12,13, 258, 271,

107

Snow Cock

147,157

Leopard

6, 1538, 156,170,

194,

199, 208, 232 Snow Pigeons 147 Snow Vole 302 Soay Sheep 208

Ss a2 7s

4, 8,111,112,

1138,

pWaleeh al alee Bae aliyy. ee). 250) 261, 279) 281, 289 stoliczkanus, Alticola stoliczkanus, Suncus

252, 298, 299 23, 25, 28

252,

DASR25 02DON alone Oxon Ox 289, 290, 293, 295, 297 Strawberries (wild) 87 Strelkov, P. 67 30, 62, 139, 158, Street Expedition 181, 1838, 294 Streptopelia senegalensis (bird)

228

Striped Hyaena 8, 96,135, 136, 183, 191, 236 Strobl, H. 28 Suaeda fruticosa (forbe) 8 6, 107, 116,

169, 230, 237, 253, 303 Suborbital glands

274 Solanacea melongena (eggplant) Solifugid spiders 133 Somali Wild Ass 161 Sonar (natural) 23, 32, 55, 60, 70, 310 Sophora mollis (bush) 8 Sorbaria tomentosa (shrub) 6 Sorbus aucuparia (shrub) 6 Sorex genus 23 Sorex minutus 6, 23 110, 180, Sorghum sudanense (cereal) tele, Paid) Soricidae family 15, 23 Sotalia genus 315 315, 317 Sotalia lentiginosa 311, 314, 315, 316 Sotalia plumbea Sousa genus 315 315, 317 Sousa lentiginosa 9, 311, 316 Sousa plumbea 258, 279, 285, Spalerosophis diadema 288, 291 Sparrow Hawk 228 Speedinrunning

228

456) 12) 16s TT 238, 299

Sub-alpine scrub zone

Soft-furred Field Rat 251, 255 Sokolov, Ivan vii, 120, 217, 220

Sparrow, House

8

caudata

Stoliczka’s Shrew 23, 25, 28 Storage of food 118,121, 215, 217,

291 138,14, 143, 240, 244,

Sand Viper

1

Stipa pennata (grass) Stoat,

67, 105, 109,

Stoliczka’s High Mountain Vole DOS 299

271, 279

Racers (Colubridae)

145

Shah, Anis Haider

25 153

Sind Ibex 189 Sind Rice Rat 4,9, 165, 251, 257, 262) 20 212204

Keelback Python

Setzer, Henry W. vii Sewer Rat 251, 255, 258, 262, 271

Short-nosed

sindensis, Suncus murinus sindica, Panthera pardus

Smithsonian Museum

Seistan 19, 60, 243, 293, 294 Skimmia laureola (shrub) 6 Sella 52, 55, 59 By, (Gytely Wile Selenarctos thibetanus 106, 107, 109, 230 Selenarctos thibetanus langiger 108

Shooting

298, 299

Simla (India) 65, 204 Simon, Noel 205 Sind Bat 35, 65, 66, 76

Small Kashmir Flying Squirrel 223 Sminthus leathemi 6, 2386, 237, 248, 251,253

Scotozous dormeri 170,74 Scrub typhus 260, 263

Serval Cat

114, 225, 230

Silver Mountain Vole

Slender-billed Gull

135 Scotophilus 78 Scotophilus Scotophilus Scotophilus

Silver fir tree

7, 34, 37,172

Sisymbrium sophia (forbe)

4,5

Scoteinus pallidus Scotophilus genus

Silk cotton tree

Sirin tree

218

Sclerophyllus forest Scorpions

297 274

Siddiqui Sifatullah (Director, Zoological Survey of Pakistan) vii, 2, 306 Sikkim Vole 305

51

13

14,175,

182, 185, 200 Subtropical Thorn Forest subgutturosa,

180, 181

Suckling

Gazella

177, 180,

8, 93, 110

8,10,11,

164,

17, 234, 307

Sugar-cane

99,166,177,

Sulphur-bottomed Whale Suez Canal

235

307

315

Suidae family

163

Suncus genus 238, 25 Suncus etruscus 1, 4, 23, 24, 25, 27 Suncus malayanus 28 Suncus murinus 4, 238, 25, 264 Suncus stoliczkanus 28, 25, 28 Sundevall’s Jird 8, 252, 288, 292

Supra foetation Surra (disease) Sus genus Sus scrofa

Susliks

211 162

163 7, 8,9, 163,164

218

152,174, 194, 309 Sutlej River Swallows 62 Swamp Cat 4,8, 9,12, 14, 138, 140, 212, 255, 257, 274, 276, 288, 291 Swamp Deer Sweat glands

4,175 12

360

THE MAMMALS

Sweet Potatoes 235, 265, 287 Swinhoe’s Jird 8, 252, 288, 292 Syconycteria australis 41 Syed Asad Ali

Toadstools

vii, 189, 207

Syed Babar Ali (International Trustee, World Wildlife Fund) vii sylvaticus, Apodemus

110, 255 130, 292 Tomb Bat 45, 46 Tongue 91, 938,172, 192,194 Toothed Whales 306, 308, 310 Torpidity 21, 39, 44, 48, 58, 72, 719, 240, 247, 289,291) 292 Tomatoes

4, 6, 8,14, 151,

237, 251, 252, 253, 254, 268, 280, 302, 303 Symbiosis 195, 314 Sympatry 20,118,141, 199, 202, ZB20EZIO, ZO aOo CaOOMA Os 258, 277, 280, 303

Tortoise 18,137 Trachelocele subgenus

Taber, Richard W.

vii, 28, 265, 276

Tadarida genus 41, 60, 61 Tadarida aegyptiaca 4, 35, 60, 61 Tadarida teniotis 61 Tadzhikistan 55, 67, 83, 217, 254,

298 Tahr 188 Taiga (biome)

Taiwan

5

Talpur, Mir Ali Murad, Mir of Khairpur

152,179 Tamarix (bushes) 113, 152, 293 Tamarix aphylla (i ze) 8, 9, 283 Tamarix articulata (tree) 9 Tamarix dioica 9,155,173,174

Tapeworms 216 10, Taphozous genus Taphozous kachhensis 50 Taphozous nudiventris Taphozous perforatus

41, 45 35, 36, 45, 47, 47

Tateraafra 288 Taurus Mountains

(Turkey)

189,190

Tawny Eagle 152 Taxus baccata (tree) 6, 87, 89 Tecomella undulata (tree) 8 House Bat Cat 145

76

temminckii, Scotophilus

6, 87, 89, 108,

311, 316, 317 316, 317

Tusks 164, 167,171 Typhus 260, 263 Typha augustata (reed) 9 Typha elephantina (reed) 9 Tympanic bullae 13, 238, 281, 288

206, 207

villosa, Macaca mulatta 85 Viola (Wild Violet) 6 Vipers see under Snakes Vipera lebetina 271, 279 127 4,9, 14,128,

324

Viverridae family 127 viverrina, Felis 4, 9,1388,150,151 Voles Carruthers’ Vole 304 High Altitude Voles 108, 120, 147,

2220 ks OU Mole Voles Murree Vole

295, 302 302

Silver Vole

298, 299 302

13, 248, 250, 295 120

Vormela peregusna 4, 8,112,118, 120, 121, 244, 250, 2795.2925 295n207 12, 100, 257 Vulpes genus 8, 18, 100, 101, Vulpes bengalensis 103, 104, 274 Vulpes cana

100,101,105,

285

244, 247,

103

Vulpes fulva

4,10, 13,100, 104 Vulpes ruppelli 247 Vulpes vulpes 8,100,101, 285 Vulpes vulpes griffithi 8, 19,100, 101, 102, 213, 281, 2897295" Zor Vulpes vulpes montana 10,100, 102 Vulpes vulpes pusilla’ 96, 100, 212, 285, 291

25

Uca species 147,

4.10; 18, 14;

138, 142, 240, 244 Thymus serpyllum (shrub) 8 65, 108, 146, Tian Shan Mountains

157, 193, 194, 203, 205, 237, 298

tianschanica, Sicista 236 Tibetan Antelope 180

Tibetan Argali 203 tibetanus, Lepus capensis 212 Ticks (ectoparasites) 38, 40 Tiger 4,150, 153,155, 235 Tigris River 126,133 tigris, Panthera 4,150, 153,155, 235 Tipulidae (larvae) 99

Watson, H.E.

274

uncia, Panthera

177, 184, 185,

thinobius, Eremaelurus

281

310

Wallagonia atto (fish)

285 ie Mord Themeda anathera (grass) yilow toy, Jill. thibetanus, Selenarctos 106, 107, 109, 230

17

316

Tursiops truncatus

vignei, Ovis orientalis

Wagner’s Gerbil

Thal Desert 102,108,139, 141, 282, 288, 285

Toads

6, 251, 259,

143

179

7, 9,16,

142

260 Tursiops aduncus

51, 54, 63 35, 65, 66, 76

Viburnum (Ill-scented)

Vormela genus

ISH OEY, DAsy:L Dalby, CADE VALI 305 6, 251, 259, 260 Turkestan Rat Tursiops genus

Vespertilio pellucens Vetches 161

Voles

67, 69, 70, 75, 106,

Rattus

29

Vespertilionidae family

True’s Vole

5,118,146

tytleri, Suncus murinus

Tetrapogon villosa (Grass) 208 Tetraogallus himalayensis (bird) L57 Tettigonia species 55

Thar Desert

Trout, Snow 125 True’s Vole 302 42, 83 Tube-nosed Bat Tubercles 313 Tulipa species 8, 213, 292 297 Tulipa chrysantha (plant) Tuna (fish) 315 Turkestan region

135, 240

77

Tenebrionid (beetles) 31 Terratoscincus (sand ghekos) Termites 16, 93,103 Testuda horsfieldi 18,137

Texas

125

Turdoides earlei (bird)

Velvet Mites

Viverricula genus Viverricula indica

Trident Leaf-nosed Bat 4, 8, 36, 53, 57, 59 Tropical deciduous forest 7,115,171 Tropical dry pine forest 186, 221 Tropical thorn forest 176, 282, 289

turkestanicus,

45, 46

149

260

4, 8, 36, 53, 57, 59

Tundra biome

Taphozous saccolaimus 45, 47 Tatera genus 285 Tatera indica 12,108,104, 252, 281, 282, 285, 286, 289, 291, 322

Temminck’s Temminck’s

tridens, Asellia

Trout

58, 77, 83, 221

4, 6, 7, 14,

Tree Sloth 122 trevelyani, Felis bengalensis

Trichinosis (disease)

Varanus species (Lizards) Varanus griseus 228

1

181

tragocamelus, Boselaphus UyAste bes} Traps 319, 320

OF PAKISTAN

6,158, 156, 170,194,

1995 203, 232 Ungulates 1 unicornis,

Rhinoceros

2, 24, 26, 28,

DO LOMO MMO lidaiOan Loon 2liie 220, 238, 245, 246, 249, 259, 21352 (Oma ZOO. 200,502. 303 Urial

1

Urine 12,192,199, 206, 216 Uromastix (lizards) 17, 21 Uromastix hardwickei Ursidae family 106

Ursus genus

140,141

106

Ursus arctos 4,6, 11,106,107, Uruguay 308

299

Uttar Pradesh (India) ole abe toys aver Uzbekistan (USSR) 67, 106, 203, 230

Vampire, False

49

Waite, H. W. vii, 103, 136, 137, 148, 208, 283 Walnut tree 221, 222, 225, 261 Walton, Daniel vii, 34, 62, 68, 71, 77

4,159

University of Punjab (Lahore, Pakistan) 36, 37, 55, 266, 324 University of Punjab (Ludhiana, India) 257 University of Maryland

270

Walton, Mrs Gloria wardi, Apodemus

Warthogs

100 flavicollis

255

166

Wasps 135 Waziristan 8, 22,106,

108, 110, 120,

147, 150, 154, 161, 198, 207, 258, 280, 293 Weasel

4, 5,6, 112, 1137 116) ess 119, 217, 2385, 299 Whale bone 306 Whales Fin Whale 306 Great Blue Whale 307 Humpback Whale 308

Pygmy Sperm Whale 312 Sperm Whale 312 Wheat 166, 215, 291, 292, 296 Wheeler, Mrs V.

Whiskered Bat White-cheeked

184

6, 63, 64, 68 Marten

4, 6, 7, 111,

112,113, 114, 221, 225, 2555 264 White Eye (bird) 228 White-eyed Buzzard 291 White-footed Weasel 4, 5, 6, 112, 113,

INDEX

361

DAG WAS Ae eS 8e299 Whitehead, T. (Capt.) 106,116, 145, 249, 250, 269, 299

Wynne’s Vole

White-toothed Shrew

Yahya, Arbab (Forest Ranger)

4, 23, 24, 29

Wild Ass 159, 160 Wild Dog (Indian) 106 Wild Pig 7, 8,9, 163,164 Williams’ Jerboa 236, 241, 242, 245 williamsi, Allactaga 236, 241, 242, 245 Willow 169,194 Winkler, Claus 199 Withania coagulans (shrub) 8 Wolf 8, 95, 162,177, 180, 208, 236 Wood-Anderson,

Jeremy see Anderson,

J. A. W. Woodechuck 231 Woodfordia fruticosa (shrub) 7 Woodlice 25, 30 Woodmouse 4, 6, 8,14, 151, 237,

PASI, PAYA, Wiss} Vlsvsl, Ore, PXeK0), 3802, 303 Woodpecker 84 Wood Sandpiper 153 Woolly Flying Squirrel 221, 225 Wormwood 8,112,198, 212, 231,

237, 247, 280 Wrinkled-lipped Bat 4, 35, 60, 61 Wrist spur 219, 221, 223

wroughtoni, Scotophilus wynnei, Hyperacrius

302

77

Yam

Zoos (cont.) Calcutta 166, 223

302

141,

145, 190, 247 235, 265, 287

Yellow-bellied

Bat

9,11, 67, 68, 77,

78 Yellow-bellied Weasel 118 Yellow Desert Bat 66, 68,76 Yellow-necked Field Mouse 252, 258,

255 Yellow-throated

Marten

4, 6, 7,111,

1TPPA, LS3, TE Opal RS, Ss). 264 Yellow-throated Shrew 23, 25, 28 Yew tree

6, 87, 89

Zamensis mucosus

Zapodidae family zarudnyi,

291

236 292

21, 51, 99, 166,

228 Zizyphus jujuba (tree)

123,129,174

Zizyphus mauritiana (shrub) 7, 108, UI/aL,, Gee Zizyphus nummularia See Oo Zoos Bahawalpur

149,178

90 247

Detroit

105

Dublin 149 Duncan (Vancouver I., BC)

39

East Berlin 151 Frankfurt 152, 258 Hamburg 190 Jaipur 98,127 Kabul 145 Karachi 174

Lahore

94, 95, 98, 108, 110, 111, 123, 126, 133, 137, 139, 154, NG GO Meli(icsen Ie Ae tare ON 185

Oklahoma 94 Paignton 139 Prague 188 Regents’ Park 108, 131, 144, 145,

Meriones crassus

Zizyphus (shrub)

Chicago Clifton

88, 96, 100, 123, 148,

NGO U2 270 Stanley Zoo Zoogeographical

835 203.204.1250:

177 regions

4

Zoological Institute of Leningrad Zoological Survey of Pakistan

305 40, 46,

57, 261, 265, 306, 308, 317, 318, 324 Zosterops palpebrosa

Zulfiqar Ali Shah

(bird)

173

228