The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht VERGULDE DRAECK, Western Australia 1656, Parts i and ii: An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fluit LASTDRAGER 9781407387499, 9781407388625, 9780904531978, 9781407346458
This volume is part of a two volume set: ISBN 9781407387499 (Volume I); ISBN 9781407388625(Volume II); ISBN 978090453197
149 75 275MB
English Pages [540] Year 1977
Polecaj historie
Table of contents :
PART I
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Dedication
EDITOR'S FOREWARD
PART ONE: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I: Route to the Indies
CHAPTER II: Journey of DE VEREENIGDE PROVINTIUN (1654-1655)
CHAPTER III: Origins of the VERGULDE DRAECK and the events prior to her sailingin 1653
CHAPTER IV: The DRAECK's First Journey (1653-1654)
CHAPTER V: Back to Patria
CHAPTER VI: Second Journey (1655-1656)
CHAPTER VII: First Searches for the Wreck
CHAPTER VIII: Searches from the Cape of Good Hope
CHAPTER IX: The Last Attempts
PART TWO: THE VERGULDE DRAECK — THE MODERN SEQUEL
CHAPTER I: The Discovery of the Wreck Site
CHAPTER II: The VERGULDE DRAECK Wreck Site
CHAPTER III: The 1972 Excavation
CHAPTER IV: Distribution of the Finds
CHAPTER V: CATALOGUE OF ARTEFACTS FROM THE WRECK OF THE VERGULDE DRAECK
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CERAMIC MATERIAL
3. NON-FERROUS MATERIAL
4. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL
5. ORGANIC MATERIAL
6. TOOL-BOX - IRON TOOLS AND WOODEN HANDLES
7. FERROUS MATERIAL
8.1. CONGLOMERATES
8.2. REPLICAS
PART II
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
9. COINAGE
CHAPTER VI: The Requisition Lists and the Artefacts
APPENDICES
APPENDIX ONE: THE WRECK OF THE V.O.C. FL = LASTDRAGER LOST OFF YELL, (SHETLAND) 1653
APPENDIX TWO: METALLURGICAL REPORT ON A SECTION FROM A CORRODED BRASS CANDLESTICK FROM THE VERGULDE DRAECK (GT 795)
APPENDIX THREE: FURTHER NOTES ON THE MERCURY TRADE
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES OF ARCHIVAL SOURCES IN THE ALGEMEEN RIJKSARCHIEF, 'S-GRAVENHAGE
Citation preview
The Loss of the Vereni9de Oostindische Compa9nie Jacht
VERGULDE DRAECK, Western Australia I 6 56
An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fiuit LAS TDRAGER Part i . Jeremy N. Green, Curator, Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum with contributions by Lous Zuiderbaan, Robert StCnuit, S. J. Wilson, Mike Owens BAR Supplementary Series 3 6(i) 1 977
British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A .. Mrs. Y. M. Hands
A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. Supplementary Series 36 (i), 1977: "The Loss of the VerenigdE:: Oo$tindische Compagrde Jacht Vergulde Draeck, Western Australia, 1656." Part i © Jeremy N. Green, 1977. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407387499 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407388625 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780904531978 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407346458 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531978 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS L i s t o fI lu s t ra t ion s
v i i
E d i to r ' s I n t roduc t ion
x v i i
PART ONE : THE H ISTOR ICAL BACKGROUND
LOUS ZU IDERBAAN
I n t roduc t ion
1 3
C hap te r I
T he R ou te t o t he I nd ie s
5
C hap te rI
T he J ourney o ft he VEREEN IGDE PROV INT IEN ( 1654 -55)
7
C hap ter I I
O r ig in s o ft he VERGULDE DRAECK a nd t he E ven t s P r ior t oh er S a i l ing i n 1 653
2 3
C hapte rI V
T he DRAECK ' s F i r s t J ourney ( 1653 -54 )
2 9
C hap ter V
B ack t o P a tr ia
3 7
C hap te rV I
T he S econd J ourney ( 1655 -56 )
4 3
C hap ter V I I
F ir s t S ea rche s f o rt he W reck
4 8
C hap ter V I I I
S ea rche s f r om t he C ape o fG ood H ope
5 1
C hap te rI X
T he L a s t A t temp t s
5 4
P ART TWO :
THE VERGULDE DRAECK — THE MODERN S EQUEL
J EREMY GREEN
6 1
C hap te rI
T he D i scovery o ft he W r eck S i te
6 3
C hap te rI
T he VERGULDE DRAECK W reck S i te
7 1
C hap te rI I
T he 1 972 E xcava t ion
7 7
C hap te rI V
T he D i s t r ibu t ion o ft he F ind s
8 5
C hap te rV
C a ta logue o fF ind s
9 3
1 .
I n t roduc t ion
9 4
2 .
C eram ic Ma ter ia l
9 5
3 .
1 .S tonewa re B ea rdman j ug s : m a sk sa nd m eda l l ion s 1 .P l a in j ug s 2 . J ug s w i th m a sk o n ly 3 . J ug sw i th m a sk a nd o ne m eda l l ion 4 . J ug sw i th m a sk a nd t h r ee m eda l l ion s 5 . J ug f r agmen t s( neck s ) 6 . J ug f r agmen t s( ba se sa nd m eda l l ion s ) 7 . M i sce l laneou ss t onewa r e s 8 . U nca ta logued s t onewa r ej ug f r agmen t s
9 6 1 05 10 16 1 23 1 33 1 38 1 42 1 46
2 . E a r thenwa re s w i th B rown o rG reen L ead G laze
1 47
3 . T in -G lazed M a ter ia l ( Ma jo l ica a nd D e lf twa re )
1 51
4 . C lay T obacco P i pe s
1 52
5 . B r ick s
1 69
N on F er rou s M a ter ia l 1 .B ronze 1 . Mo r ta r sa nd p e s t le s 2 . B r as s 1 .C ook ing u t en s i l s 2 . B uck le s( b ra s s o rb ronze ) 3 . F i sh -hook s 4 . T ap s 5 . L amp s a nd A cce s sor ie s 6 . M i sce l laneou s
1 73 1 77 1 80 1 8/ 1 83 1 86 1 93
3 . C oppe r 1 .C ook ing u t en s i l s 2 . M i sce l laneou s 4 . L ead 1 .B a l ing s e a l 2 . D eep sea s ound ing l e ad s 3 . A s so r ted w e igh t s 4 . L igh tl e ad sho t 5 . V e s se l s( po s s ib ly p ew te r ) 6 . M i sce l laneou so b jec t s 5 . P ew te r 1 .B o t t le c ap s 2 . S poon s 3 . P l a te s ,p o t sa nd b eaker s
4 .
5 .
6 .
1 98 2 07 s2 08 2 09 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 13 2 15 2 17 2 20
M i sce l laneou s Ma ter ia l 1 .G la s s l .M i sce l laneou s 2 . B o t t le s
2 23 2 24
2 . S tone M a ter ia l 1 .S l a tes a nd p enc i l s 2 . S ch i s tw he t s tone s 3 . G r ind s tone s 4 . M i scelaneou s
2 28 2 28 2 30 2 33
O rgan ic Ma ter ia l 1 . Wood 1 .M i scelaneou ss ma l l a r tef ac t s 2 . H and le s( a l so b one ) 3 . C ombs a nd f a n ( a l so b one )
2 34 2 38 2 40
2 . B one 1 .E lephan t t u sk s 2 . A n ima l a nd f i sh 3 . B ead s
2 41 2 43 2 47
3 . M i sce l laneou s : P i tch a nd R e s in
2 47
4 . F ibre s : R ope a nd M a t t ing
2 48
5 . S eed sa nd S t raw
2 49
6 . T imbe r 1 .G ene ra l 2 . B a rk ,s i l v e rb i rch ,p o s s ib le d unnage
2 49 2 50
7 . L ea the r : S hoe s
2 53
T oo l B ox - I r on T oo l s a nd Wooden H and le s 1 .P rec i s ion T oo l s 1 .R ound -ended c en t re p unche s 2 . F la t , t a pe r -ended p unche s 3 . S qua re -ended p unche s 4 . F la red c h i se l s 5 . P a ra l le l s ided c h i se l s 6 . L ong tanged , f l a t tape red t oo l s 7 . L ong tanged , o c tagona l tape red t oo l s 8 . H amme r s
2 57 2 59 2 60 2 60 2 61 2 61 2 62 2 62
2 . F i le s 1 .S qua re 2 . R ound 3 . B lank s( po s s ib ly )
2 63 2 63 2 63
3 . S c rewd r ive rB l ade so rC h i se l s
2 64
4 .M i sce l laneou sT oo ls 1 .A s so r ted 2 . Mu ske t -ba l l mou ld s
7 .
C hap ter V I
2 64 2 65
5 . U n iden t if ied O b jec t s
2 66
6 . Wooden H and le s
2 66
7 . M i sce l laneou s
2 67
F er rou s Ma ter ia l 1 .A rmamen t 1 .I r on c annon 2 . I r on c annon -ba l l s
2 71 2 73
2 . M i sce l laneou s 1 .N a i l s 2 . B a r re lh oop s
2 87 2 89
8 . 1
C ong lomera te s
2 91
8 .2
R ep l ica s
2 92
9 .
C o inage
R equ i s i t ion L i s t a nd W reck Ma ter ia l
he L o s s o ft he F lu i t LASTDRAGER APPEND IX 1 T ta l lu rg ica l R epo r to n aS ec t ion f r om a APPEND IX 2 Me C or roded B ra s s C and le s t ick R ecove red f r om t he VERGULDE DRAECK APPEND IX 3 F ur the r No te so n t he Me rcu ry T rade
S . J .W i l son
2 93
J eremy G reen
3 41
R ober t S tenu i t
4 03
M ike Owens
4 69
J ere my Green
4 81
CONCLUS IONS
4 86
A cknow ledgemen t s
4 87
Manu scr ip t R ef erence s
4 88
R ef e rence s
4 89
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS ( 1)
T he sailing routes
f rom Holland t o t he I ndies a fter t he
i ntroduction of Brouwer 's r oute i n 1 611. ( 2)
The Cape of Good Hope.
4
D etail of a Dutch e ngraving f rom
the s econd half of t he s eventeenth c entury. ( 3)
An a rtist's
1 7
i mpression of the VERGULDE DRAECK,
t aken f rom
a c ontemporary i llustration of the s traets -v aerder the V ERGULDE DOLPHIJN by R einier Nooms 1 664 ( 4)
( see Nooms
( alias
Z eeman )
2 2
The Zuyderzee and t he V ile,
t he r oads where t he
l ying at anchor in t he summer of 1 653 before t he I ndies;
t he roads a re e ast of t he
Engraving by A elbert H aije, ( 5)
1 623-
1 970). f leet was
l eaving f or
i sland of Vlielandt.
1 585.
2 5
Table Bay and Saldanha Bay with R obben and Dassen I slands. Engraving f rom
O ud e n N ieuw O ost I ndien
( Valentijn 1 724-
2 6). ( 6)
The Castle o f Batavia with t he n ew stone bridge. f rom
( 7)
3 1
' Oud e n N ieuw O ost -I ndien'
Cape
I t was
t he
f rom
B egin e nde V oortgangh
Engraving
4 2 Engraving f rom
4 2
D etail of a c hart by S amuel Volkersen, ( 1658)
t he l eft).
A lgemeen R ijksarchief,
D raecken h ooft 1 658.
s pot where
( second d escription f rom
' s-Gravenhage.
s kipper of t he EMELOORT,
( third f rom t he r ight). A lgemeen R ijksarchief,
5 6
named t wo places
D raecken R iff ( far r ight )
a fter the VERGULDE DRAECK:
( 11)
s kipper of t he WACKENDE
s howing t he i sland R ottnest and t he
Aucke P ietersz Jonck,
Jonck,
' Oud e n N ieuw O ost-
( Valentijn 1 724-26).
" many s ign of the Draeck were f ound"
( 10b)
B egin e nde V oort-
f rom
( Commelin 1 646).
I ndien'
a nd
D etail of a c hart by
' s-Gravenhage.
5 6
Map s howing Western Australia and part of I ndonesia a nd t he l ocations of t he wreck s ites of t he TRIAL,
ZUYTDORP,
BATAVIA,
Z EEWIJK and VERGULDE DRAECK. ( 12)
3 6
f irst possible meeting place after t he
Overall view of Batavia.
BOEY
( Commelin 1 646).
Helena i n t he s outhern half of the A tlantic
f or homebound s hips.
g angh
( 10a )
( detail)
T he i sland of St. O cean.
( 9)
3 5
P epper c limbing up a long high r eeds on t he i sle of Banda. Engraving
( 8)
Engraving
( Valentijn 1 724-26).
6 2
Map of the coast of Western Australia f rom Fremantle t o L edge Point s howing t he wreck s ite and the c oin hoard was
f ound.
s ite where
t he Edward's 6 9
v ii
( 13)
Underwater v iew of outer r eef l ooking t owards s ite,
( 14) ( 15)
V iew l ooking t hrough c omplex c ave P lan o f the wreck s ite, t ion of c annon, man a nd W .
( 17)
C owan,
G .
7 0
f eatures.
Brenzi,
R .
S onner7 3
1 966.
v iew l ooking t owards wreck s ite,
a irlift d ischarge pipe
7 0
s howing t he r eference grid a nd l oca-
Anderson i n
D inghy with hookah, d istance.
s ystem on t he wreck s ite.
anchors and major t opographical
From t he original survey by J .
( 16)
t he wreck
s howing g ulleys and extensive weed c overage of r eef.
i n background,
r idgid
and c oast l ine i n 7 5
Photograph t aken on v ery c alm day.
View taken f rom workboat s howing r oad d rill c ompressor i n f oreground,
a irlift supply p ipe l eading t o wreck s ite.
D inghy with hookah, background.
a nd a irlift d ischarge may b e n oted i n
T he r eef l ies under white water on l eft of
p icture.
7 5
( 18)
D iver working under Arch 1 with f lexible a irlift.
7 6
( 19)
Area of u ncleared bricks
7 6
( 20)
Bones and bricks
( 21)
L ifting bags of bricks.
7 8
( 22)
Towing cannon No.
8 1
( 23)
Progress of t he excavation,
s tarting on 1 3 January
1 972
( 13.1)
1 0 April 1 972
Areas
i n e arly phase of excavation.
i n s itu.
7 8
1 2 o ff wreck s ite with l ifting bags.
and c ontinuing until
worked on particular dates a s
( 10.4).
i ndicated.
8 4
( 24)
D istribution of c eramic material on wreck s ite.
( 25)
D istribution of brick a nd f errous material on wreck
( 26)
D istribution o f non-ferrous and g lass material on wreck s ite.
8 8
( 27)
D istribution o f miscellaneous material on wreck s ite.
8 9
( 28)
Beardman j ugs.
9 5
( 29)
S eal o f Friedrich Fabricus, ( Repro-Film:
( 30) ( 31)
5 1,
Beardman j ugs
N eg.
( GT 8 46)
Pair of medallions
1 .
8 6 s ite.
c ourtesy o f S tadtarchiv Frechen
1 4-20).
1 03
heavily c oncreted into s eabed.
f rom GT 8 35
Beardman j ug
( 33)
Sorting c lay pipes
1 03
s howing s imilar f law on
heart on each. ( 32)
8 7
1 24
( GT 8 11)
l ightly c oncreted t o r eef.
f rom box
( GT 1 028),
l eft.
1 25
c omplete pipes on 1 52
v iii
( 34a )
P rofile of S ir Walter R aleigh P ipe
( GT 9 19).
1 53
( 34h)
Profile of S croll a nd f lower pipe
( GT 1 017).
1 53
( 34c)
Profile of Tudor r ose pipe without s epals
( 34d)
P rofile of plain pipes
( GT 1 018)
1 53
( GT 1 019).
1 53
( GT 1 020).
1 53
( GT 1 021).
1 57
( 34
f leur-de-lis pipes
( 34e)
Profile of
( 34f)
Profile o f C T pipes
( 34g)
Profile o f Tudor r ose pipe with s epals
( 34h )
P rofile of R P P ipes
( 35a )
F leur-de-lis from GT 1 020.
1 59
( 35b)
F leur-de-lis from GT 1 028.
1 59
( 36a)
CT Makers Mark f rom GT 1 021.
1 59
( 36b)
R P Makers Mark f rom G T 1 028.
1 59
( 37a)
R epair work on stem of RP pipe
( 37b)
Mouth piece of RP P ipe
( 38)
Frequency histogram of bore d iameter of 2 14 broken s tems,
( GT 1 022).
1 57
( GT 1 028).
( GT
1 57
( GT 1 028).
1 60
1 028).
1 60
randomly orientated. ( 39)
1 63
Frequency h istogram of bore d iameters of 1 72 measured parallel with axis of bowl,
( 40)
Frequency histogram o f bore diameters of measured at 3 0o
( 41)
R P pipes
0° .
1 63 1 0 R P pi es
angle intervals between 0o
t o 1 80
.
Frequency histogram o f bore d iameters of a s ample of 3 R P pipes, t heir
broken and measured at o 5 Omm intervals a long
s tems,
d iameters taken at 3 0
angle
i ntervals
b etween 0o and 1 80 o . ( 42)
C ross f ig.
( 43)
1 64
s ections of bones of
3 pipes u sed a s example i n
4 3.
Bricks
1 65
f rom wreck s ite i n display in Fremantle Maritime 1 69
Museum. ( 44 )
Brass pot and e lephant's
( 45)
Excavating candle s nuffers
tusk a fter r emoval of c opper bucket. ( GT 8 49)
1 76
D etails o f c onstruction of brass object of unknown purpose
( 47)
1 76
f rom under c annon No.
1 2 with c histle. ( 46)
1 64
1 96
( GT 1 331).
Copper bucket
( GT 8 59)
brass pot and e lephants
i n s itu i n l arge lump on wreck s ite, tusk in l ower r ight. ix
1 96
( 48)
I sometric drawing of c opper s heeting,
possibly part
of t he stern post. ( 49a )
' 2 06
PV mark on s poon GT 6 06.
) )
( 49b)
VW mark on s poon GT 9 63.
)
2 18
) ( 49c)
Mark on spoon
( 50)
Longitudinal h alf of barrel a ssociated with bones.
( 51)
P ig Bones, 1 179,
( 52a)
)
( from l eft t o r ight GT 1 165,
1 368,
C ow Bones
GT 8 92.
1 183,
1 179,
1 368,
1 368,
2 44 1 167,
1 368).
( GT 1 452 a bove,
2 44
a nd 1 147)
n ote butchering mark
on knuckle o f GT 1 147.
2 46
( 52b)
D etail of butchering mark on GT 1 147.
2 46
( 52c)
Butchered c ow v ertibrae
2 46
( 53)
Barrel s taves.
( 54)
( GT 1 189).
2 51
Bottom of barrel or bucket i n underhang, base.
note c oins
( 55)
R emains of l eather shoe GT 1 092 below d etail.
( 56)
R emains o f h eel GT 1 113 A
( 57)
Bottom
C
S ide
R emains of heel GT 1 115 A
( 59)
2 51 2 52
T op
B
B ( 58)
i n
This photograph was a hand held t ime exposure.
2 52
S ide Top
2 53
R emains of l eather s hote GT 1 127 s ide below t op d etail o f toe immediately a fter r ecovery.
2 54
Front s ide of t ool box during c ourse of extraction of c orroded tools.
2 56
( 60)
Front s ide
2 56
( 61)
Back s ide of t ool box s howing wooden handles.
2 56
( 62)
R ound File
2 58
( 63)
D etail of mark.
( 64)
D etail of tongs
( 65)
Collection of Armourer2 Tools
( 66)
Frequency histogram of s hot d iameter i n mm.
( 67)
Barrel of nails s ite.
f urther on i n extraction process.
( GT 1 271).
2 58 ( GT 1 271).
( GT 1 471A )
2 58 f rom D ip lerot's Encyclopaedia.
2 69 2 77
after raising from t he wreck 2 88
( 68)
S ection o f unknown o bject G T 0 25.
2 90
( 69)
X -ray of GT 0 25.
2 90
( 70)
G reat S hield.
2 94
( 71)
O rigin o f Arms.
2 95
( 72)
R outes of Treasure F leets.
2 97
( 73)
Typical 8
r eale .
3 03
( 74a )
Map o f Blue Mull S ound s howing l ocal e bb t ide.
c urrent patterns at
Presumably t he d rifting s tern-half of t he
LASTDRAGER was carried out t o s ea by t he c urrent a t t he turn of t he t ide. ( 74b)
Map of C russa N ess t he naked,
( 75a )
4 02 s howing t he a pproximate i tinerary of
wounded survivor,
A c ontemporary model of a c ommon
f iuit .
f luitschip
or Dutch
modified a nd a rmed f or t he
a re known to t he writer. Museum,
I ndies
( Model i n Prins H endrick Maritime
R otterdam ).
4 06
A c ontemporary drawing of a Netherlands c annons by a n a nonymous S cheepvaart Museum,
( 76)
4 02
No pictures o r models o f a l arge V &
s pecially equipped,
( 75b)
Jan Camphuijs.
a rtist.
f luit of 28
( Nederlandsch H istorisch 4 06
Amsterdam ).
T he wreck s ite
i s dry l and;
a t v ery l ow
black i s
r ock exposed
a re underwater heights;
a re excavated a reas,
mainly gullies;
heavy d ots
main c oncentrations of a rtefacts and f ragments. 1 -5 a nd t he main mound of s hot 6 a re d rawn.
i ndicate Guns
The position
o f o ther individual a rtefacts i s g iven i n t he t ext by r eference t o t he grid s quare, overcrowding, ( 77a )
Brass r evolving keg tap.
T o avoid
( indicated by a rrows)
writer.
The maker's marks
Marks
2 ,
3 ,
i s n ot understood by t he
a nd i nitials a re n ot i dentified
4 are f rom t ombstones
Amsterdam and D elft. t ion but are g iven,
4 14
T he purpose of t he narrow perfor-
a tions
1 ,
f or example B -9.
g rid squares are not drawn on t he map.
i n c emetery r ecords o f
A lthough s imilar t hey have n o c onnecwith t he maker's names,
t he better t o
i llustrate t he c omplexity of t he problem o f a ttribution. V an
A lderwereldt means ' of t he whole world', hence t he c hoice ' orbs m undi' symbol.
o f a n ( 77b)
Unmarked,
otherwise identical k eg t ap with piping,
Barentsz c ollection, ( 78)
S poons
a nd/or f orks:
but s ee n ote
3 5.
R ijksmuseum, 1 .
R otterdam;
2 .
P ewter s poon,
C ommon on Dutch wreck s ites, c rew
( Van Dam,
4 17
mark unidentified
Hypothetical r econstruction a fter a
c omplete s poon with s ame unidentified mark, Museum,
i n t he
Amsterda i i i.
C opper s poon,
1 927),
I :
x i
i n t he H istorial
one of 1 2
f ound,
unmarked,
probably t he type i ssued t o t he
6 48-52);
3 -5.
4 17
Fragments of s ilver
spoons.
Type 4 i s c ommon on 1 7th c entury Dutch
s poons,
symbolizing
c harity; ( 79)
6 .
( 80)
F or d oubtful bullet-shaped object 4 20
B rachiolus of a Dutch mariner's universal or catholic in brass.
4 24
B rachiolus shown in the detail of a portraite of D irecteur G eneraal Gerard Pietersz Hulft by Govert F linck
( 82)
4 18
L inked s hot was f ound i n l arge quantity.
a strolabe, ( 81)
Fragments of s ilver s poons or f orks.
Small arms ammunition. s ee a bove.
s ilver
m oederliefde, i .e. mother-love or
( 1654)
i n R ijksmuseum,
Amsterdam.
The s o-called Armken van Barentsz, with its wooden cursor,
a s imilar
one of t he objects
b rachiolus
a bandoned i n
B ehouden H uijs in 1 597 by Willem Barentsz'
t he f amous party.
4 24
At t he t ime of d iscovery,
n o other f ragment or
c omplete i nstrument existed. ( 83)
4 25
A cardboard model of the i nstrument, culated small arm and t he cursor,
s howing t he a rti-
f rom a manuscript
written i n 1 647 by Jan Nanninghsoon, s urveyor. ( 84)
a Dutch l and
( Noord Holland Archiefsdienst).
4 25
A G erman pocket sun-watch and t he ivory box i t s hared with i ts c ompass.
Note t he brass p ivot and c hapelle
of missing r ose of c ompass.
Photographed against Father
Fournier's description of a mariner's c ompass, s imilar c ompass pivot and c hapelle i n ( 85)
I dentical
( 87)
l eft i s
s till
s tuck i n a c oncretion block.
4 28
Sounding l ead.
4 30
Brass navigational d ividers.
N os.
were probably i n u se on board; 7 2 s imilar pairs pairs
f ound,
1 t o 8 ,
n os.
9 t o
the t otal
1 1,
f ound
examples o f
were obviously c argo.
T he
f our
l ying horizontally f eature modern plastic c asts of
t he missing wrought i ron points. ( 88)
D ivider,
4 31
with imprint of part of i ts d isintegrated point
l eft i n protection c oncretion. s ame block,
Note other imprints,
one a bove and t hree beneath,
packaging of i nstruments.
i n
indicating t ight
Maker's mark not i dentified
( see text f or parallels). ( 89)
Ornament on d ividers.
s tamped c oncentric c ircles. without t he
4 32
The wide-open
by a I on each s ide a lways
L ead ingot.
f leur -d e -l is f lanked
c orresponds with t wo s ets o f T he c ompact
f leur -d e -l is
I Is a lways c orresponds with three s ets,
an i ndentation beneath t he c ircles ( 90)
4 28
s un-watches with r emains of t heir c opper boxes.
Note t hat the brass pivot of t he d isc on the
( 86)
s howing
H ydrographie, 1 643.
Unmarked.
( see t ext ).
plus 4 32 4 35
x ii
( 91 )
Nine tobacco pipes,
( 92)
P iles o f s ilver
d imensions
i n mm.
4 35
a rend s chellingen ( Dutch small c hange)
f ound c emented together by t he c opper s alts
f rom metal
in t he a lloy a nd other a gents. ( 93)
4 39
D ecorated f ragments of Bellarmine on t he upper r ight f ragment i s
( 94)
f lagons.
The f lower
s imilar t o the ornament
on t he f lagon f ound on t he
I sle of F etlar
possibly plundered i n 1 653
f rom t he LASTDRAGER wreckage.
Bottleneck r einforcements
( fig.
2 2), 4 39
a nd matching pewter s crew c aps,
f rom s quare-based g reen g lass bottles.
Contents unknown,
but quicksilver a possibility. ( 95)
The F etlar B ellarmine F lagon. Antiquities,
( 96a)
4 40 ( National Museum of
Edinburgh ).
T he s ignet r ing
( no.
I )
4 45 has
l eft a perfect positive imprint
in t he protective c oncretion i n which i t was embedded. ( 96b)
S imilar merchant's marks,
4 49
i n u se at t he same period belonged
to: I
)
1 :
Hans van Hanswijck,
1 639
( O.K.
7 5
f o.
2 1 18 & O .K.
7 6 f o. . 84).
I I
)
2 :
Unidentified
1 :
Unidentified
( Homeyer,
Unidentified
pl.
V ).
( Wedding r egister of Oortmarsum
( Staatsarchief, 2 :
1 24,
Zwolle).
( On a g rave i n Steenwijck,
Groote
K erk). 3 :
Unidentified
( On a grave i n R otterdam 's Groote
K erk). 4 :
Unidentified
( On a grave i n Oude K erk c emetery,
Amsterdam ). 5 :
Thomas Janszoon,
1 640.
( On a t ombstone i n d e
Oude Kerk c emetery of Amsterdam 6 :
Anthony Verbruggen
7 :
Jacob Willemsen,
( as a bove,
( Grafboek O .K.
7 5).
n ote t hat monogram
i s a lmost c omplete). Amsterdam, 8 :
P ieter Ruijs
9 :
R oolof d e Vrij,
1 0:
1 32,
1 666,
( Nieuwe K erk c emetery
4 8).
z ijn k inderen,
Unidentified, ( Homeyer,
Blauwen Holm
G rafboek N .K.
c .
1 700
i n u se i n Norwich pl.
( England)
V ).
( 97)
The van Waveren s ignet r ing,
( 98a)
S eal o f Alderman Anthony O etgens van Waveren, document dated 2 6 November,
( 98b)
Mayoral s eal of his
s on,
4 57
4 52
J oan O etgens van Waveren,
on a
dated 2 3 April,
( Historisch-topographische a tlas, Gemeentelijke Archie -
d ienst, ( 99a)
on an official
1 614.
document o f t he Municipality of Amsterdam, 1 643
( as above).
( as a bove).
Amsterdam,
n os.
1 102 and 1 219).
Part of a brass wimble f or s kull-bone surgery.
4 53
( 99h)
A French
1 6th c entury c omplete
with a more e laborate
i nstrument,
s imilar but
s ystem of t repan f ixation
( see t ext ),
L a M ethode c urative d es P layes e t F ract ures d e l a t este h umaine, pl. CLXXXVI, Paris. f rom Pare,
( 100)
1 .
A .
1 561,
Brass pins of s piral wound-head t ype,
3 s izes
4 53
( 45
r ecovered). 2 .
G lass beads, blue,
3 . 4 -7. 8 .
t op t o bottom:
blue-black,
yellow,
blue
green.
Brass pegs. Brass buttons
( 19 r ecovered).
Fixing arrangement of buttons,
a llowing u se with t hick
c loth. 9 .
Gold button,
bottom of cup i s e namelled i n white.
Typically Dutch, ornament
often s een in p ictures,
worn a s an
( 12 r ecovered ).
1 0.
Gold buckle,
1 1.
Brass buckle.
u se u nknown.
1 2.
Possibly a g old e arring.
1 3.
Brass webbing or belt holder
1 4.
P lain s ilver r ing d ecorated with black thread.
1 5.
Exquisite l ady's gold wedding r ing i n t he
s hape of
plaited hair. ( 101)
1 -3. 4 .
4 55
Probably s ailor's
f ishing l eads.
Carefully c ast l ead weight,
perforated t hrough a c entre
with t he r emains of a wooden r od
( or pipe?)
i nside,
u se
unknown. 5 .
S ection s howing t he hole, s heet,
6 -7.
l ined with a t hin r olled c opper
and r emains of unidentified f ibrous matter i nside.
Cubical and c ylindrical
l ead boxes,
8 .
F lat c ylindrical weight.
9 .
L ead f illed thin c ast c opper c up,
u se unknown.
possibly a weight f or
s ome o bject on g imbals. 1 0. ( 102)
4 57
Possibly a f ish-shaped trolling-lead.
Unidentified s ilver objects.
Man a nd horse a re possibly
p oppenzilver.
4 58
( 103)
S ilver s word o r r apier pommel.
4 58
( 104)
Knife handles of horn,
ivory and c opper.
4 58
D ecorated g lass bottle
( about 2 0cm ),
( 105)
or Dutch 1 7th c entury work,
believed t o be G erman
s aid by t radition t o have been
r ecovered f rom t he LASTDRAGER wreckage s hortly a fter t he s hipwreck
( Lerwick Museum ).
4 61
( 106)
Corroded c andlestick GT 7 95.
4 69
( 107)
D etail of wax t ray s howing c orrosion.
4 71
( 108)
Unetched uncorroded polished metal s urface and l ead g lobules
( 109)
s howing porosity
( magnification x 1 00).
Fully c orroded area.
4 71
Only s keleten of metal r emains
( magnification x 5 0).
4 75
x iv
( 110)
Etched i n a queous
f erric c hloride.
a s ingle c ored g rain ( 111 )
E tched. s ulphide,
T he l ight a rea i s
( magnification x 5 0).
T he l ight g rey i nclusions a re p robably z inc l ead g lobules a re a lso present
( magnification
x 4 00). ( 112)
E tched.
4 76 Enlarged v iew o f i nclusion
( magnification x
1 ,000). ( 113)
Etched.
4 77 T he b eginning o f c orrosion a long t he h igh-zinc
areas of t he g rain, ( 114)
Etched.
( magnification x 5 0).
Enlarged v iew o f c orrosion path
4 78 ( magnification
x 5 0). ( 115)
4 75
4 78
Etched. H ere t he c orrosion has p enetrated d eeply; a nd a s econdary ( bridging ) a ttack i s o ccurring ( magnifica4 80
t ion x 5 0).
XV
This book i s
dedicated
t o t he memory of Andreas
Cariolou
t he man who
f ound
the Kyrenia Wreck.
xvi
EDITOR 'S
FOREWARD
T he purpose o f t his work i s primarily t o g ather t ogether a ll t he available material on t he historical a nd a rchaeological backg round t o t he
l oss of the VERGULDE DRAECK i n 1 656 on the Western
Australian Coast. C ompany,
t he
T he
s hip belonged t o t he Dutch East I ndia
V erenigde O ostindische C ompagnie or V .O.C. f or s hort,
and the l atter a bbreviation will be u sed henceforward.
Mr.
R obert S tenuit has kindly provided Appendix O ne which deals
with t he
l oss o f t he V .O.C.
of the s ite,
s hip LASTDRAGER a nd his excavation
which provides i nteresting a nd i mportant c omparative
historical and a rchaeological i nformation
( since t he writing of
t his appendix a more d etailed a ccount has been published by S tenuit part
( 19977ii)).
M s L ous
Z uiderbaan has written t he
f irst
of t he main t ext d ealing with t he historical background t o
the l oss o f t he VERGULDE DRAECK.
Mr.
c oins
Owens has k indly provided
i n t he c atalogue and Mr.
M .
S .J.
Wilson d eals with t he
Appendix Two d ealing with t he c orrosion of a c andlestick t he s ite.
f rom
Otherwise t he r emaining t ext i s by t his author.
All f oreign words a re i talicised and Extensive u se of N etherlands words
s hips'
i s u sed,
n ames a re i n c apitals particularly a s
i s often n o d irect English equivalent or t he e quivalent i s uous. i n
Contemporary r eferences t o documents
i n t he
t here ambig-
R ijksarchief
' s-Gravenhage are l isted s eparately i n t he r eferences below
under t heir r espective K oloniaal A rchief
( K.A.)
J eremy N .
numbers
G reen,
D epartment o f Maritime Archaeology Western Australian Museum, November,
xvii
1 977.
F remantle.
PART ONE
THE VERGULDE
DRAECK
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND by
LOUS
ZUIDERBAAN
Department of Maritime
Archaeology.
Western Australian Museum,
1
Fremantle.
I NTRODUCTION
T he h istorical background t o t he VERGULDE DRAECK has been l imited t o t he history of t he s hip i tself, l oss i n 1 656,
and a ttempts
i n t he
t he events l eading up t o her f ollowing years t o s ave her
people and s alvage her g oods.
Additional d etails of t he voyage t o t he
I ndies have been drawn f rom
the J ournal of G ijsbert H eecq who s ailed t o t he I ndies t he VEREENIGDE PROVINTIEN,
i n 1 654
i n
n arrowly missing t he VERGULDE DRAECK at
the Cape of Good H ope.
S ince t he Western Australian c oast i s f rom t he Cape of G ood Hope t o t he perhaps
f ar off t he d irect r oute
I ndies,
s uperficially i t i s
surprising t o f ind t he VERGULDE DRAECK l ost on t his
c oast.
However t his r elated t o t he s ailing i nstructions and navigation problems of t he t ime which a re d ealt with briefly here.
No a ttempt,
however,
has been made t o g ive a g eneral history of
t he V .O.C. which i s beyond t he s cope of this work. information on t his ( 1961),
D e K lerk
( 1937),
Valentijn
s ee:
( 1975),
Boxer
Van D am
( 1701),
Davies
S igmond and Zuiderbaan
( 1976),
S tapel
( 1724-26),
( 1965),
F or f urther
e tc.
3
r ou tes t o t he I n d ies
S HETLAND I . O RKNEY
6 0
I s
1" ach te rom" 2C ape-Cey lon 3C ape Cey lon 4C ape-Ba tav ia 5C ape-Ba tav ia
\
5 0]
4 0
J an .- J u ly J u ly Jan . a f ter O ctober b e fo re O ctober
A ZORES
3 0
, . ; CANARY I S
2 0,
' eCAPE V ERDE I s
1 0-
‚ 2 ,
b CEYLON G ULF O F G U INEA
1 0
ABROLHOS S T H ELENA
2 0
/ JAVA
O
MADAGASCAR
3 01 24 5
4 01
C APE O F GOOD HOPE
( 1)
AMSTERDAM ,
2 -4
2
H OUTMAN A BROLHOS
-
' ST P AUL
T he s ailing r outes f rom H olland t o t he I ndies a fter t he i ntroduction o f B rouwer's r oute i n 1 611.
4
CHAPTER I R oute t o t he
I ndies
T he basis f or t he V .O.C. was c entury.
Batavia,
l aid i n t he
on t he i sland o f Java,
f irst half of t he
1 7th
was t he c entre of t his
immense t rading c ompany which s pread out f rom Persia i n t he west t o Japan i n t he east. T o maintain its operations t he C ompany i n t he e ast r equired a r egular s upply of s hips, o f t he voyages t o t he
men,
money a nd g oods.
I ndies varied c onsiderably,
n ever b e s ure o f a t imely a rrival of t he s hips t he
R epublic of t he S even U nited Provinces,
Netherlands, existence,
As t he duration
was often c alled.
I n t he
one c ould
f rom P atria - as
or the Northern
f irst f ifty y ears of its
t he Company s pent much effort on d efining the quickest,
s afest and cheapest route t o t he I ndies. There were t hree d ifficult a reas:
t he English C hannel,
the west
c oast o f Africa and t he c rossing f rom t he Cape of G ood H ope Sunda S trait. many hazards, pirates
I n t he English C hannel, such a s numerous
f rom Dunkirk.
t he s hips encountered
s andbanks,
westerly s torms and
T o avoid these hazards,
a llowed t o s ail a chterom
( i.e.
t o
t he s hips were
n orth of Scotland,
f ig.
T hey d id this only i n s ummertime a s the winter s torms
1 -1 ). i n the
S cottish waters were c onsidered even more dangerous t han the pirates
i n Dunkirk.
From 1 652,
t he f irst Anglo-Dutch war,
however,
with t he beginning of
a chterom was also allowed in wintertime.
T he s econd d ifficult part was met i n c rossing the Equator.
The
s hips c ould s pend many weeks h ere waiting f or a f avourable wind. I t was u sual t o h ead f or t he Brazilian c oast, t ricky business;
t hough t his was
i f t he s hips c rossed t he Atlantic
a
t oo f ar north,
t hey c ould be driven back t o Europe by t he S outhern Equatorial Current.
I f t he c rossing was made t oo f ar s outh,
they c ould be
d riven i nto the Gulf of Guinea where t he t emperatures were e xtremely h igh and t here was a danger of being becalmed. t he c hance of d isease was problems a nd,
S eijnbrief )
i n
1 626,
l ikely.
T he C ompany was
i ssued d etailed i nstructions
H ere,
a ware of t hese ( the
s o-called
t o i ts c aptains t o keep c lear of t he Gulf of Guinea
a nd a void c oming t oo n ear t he c oast of Brazil.
From a bout
1 642,
t here e ven a ppeared a s ort of r oad - t he W agenspoor - marked on t he
s ea c harts,
which t he
s kipper had t o s ail
t hese d angers.
5
i n order t o avoid
F rom the Brazilian c oast, f ormed another hazard,
where the Abrolhos S hoals
s hips
s ailed with t he S .E.
i n a great c ircle t o t he Cape of G ood Hope. c ame i nto t he n ext problem area, between Africa and Madagascar, abandoned;
T here t he
I ndian O cean.
s hips
S ailing
t he P ortuguese were
and f urther t he Dutch had t o
1 )
t rade winds
a s t he P ortuguese d id,
f irst of a ll because
these waters,
t he
( fig.
was quickly
s trong i n
s teer f or S unda S trait,
while the P ortuguese were heading f or I ndia.
F or t hese r easons,
they kept t o t he coast of e ast Madagascar a nd l ooked f or f resh v ictuals t here and on other i slands even on t his
l ast s tretch,
T he
s olution came
H owever,
many s hips were often b ecalmed
r elatively n ear t o their f inal port, men.
l ike Mauritius.
and s till
l ost a l ot of
i n 1 610 when H endrik Brouwer mentioned
t o t he H eren X VII the possibility of a quicker route o f G ood Hope t o the
I ndies.
I t was d ecided t o i nvestigate t his
r oute immediately and H endrik Brouwer, LEEUW a nd G OUDA,
s et s ail
f rom C ape
a s c ommander of D E R ODE
f rom H olland.
After t he C ape,
he
s ailed s outhward until h e r eached the s outhern l atitude of where h e met s teady westerly winds, winds he S trait,
S tapel
( 1937).
3 6o ,
With t hese
s ailed e ast until he e stimated t o be s outh of Sunda where h e headed north.
I t t ook l ess t han s ix months t o
r each Bantam and only a f ew people had d ied en r oute.
Brouwer
wrote a r eport to the N etherlands advocating t his r oute t he next f ew y ears, T he r esults were zoon Coen,
f avourable and t he G overnor G eneral,
1 616,
the
officers of the s hips
l etters t o t he H eren X VII .
s ailing t o the
s ail t he r oute,
I ndies,
Brouwer i n h is r eport",
Heeres
t hey had t o
n orthward t o Sunda Strait.
s ail
would
r ecommended by J an
l atest l etters,
The Dutch word miji
F inally,
s teersman and t he other
P ieterszoon Coen i n h is
From the Cape,
Jan P ieters-
i t was r esolved:
" that t he merchant,
be ordered t o
i n
s kippers were ordered t o t est t he n ew c ourse.
wrote e nthusiastic
on August 4 ,
a nd,
and by
( 1899).
1 ,000 m ijlen east before
For f urther d etails,
s teering
s ee S igmond
( 1974).
i s u sed h ere purposely t o i ndicate the d ifference
f rom the nautical mile. t he modern nautical mile.
The Dutch m ijl was approximately f our t imes For a d etailed r esearch,
6
s ee Green
( 1977).
CHAPTER I I J ourney of DE VEREENIGDE PROVINTIUN
G ijsbert Heecq,
who
sailed a s
VEREENIGDE PROVINTIMN
( 1654-1655)
upper surgeon on-board the
( United Provinces)
interesting description of the problems
in 1 654,
gives
an
and dangers that ships
encountered on their way to the
I ndies.
extremely entertaining,
not the place t o give his
notes
in detail.
This
this i s
Although s ometimes daily
s election of excerpts has been restricted
to the most relevant parts,
t o g ive
the VERGULDE DR ECK would have had,
s ome
Note,
in the
f ollowing translations,
( (
i s the author's parentheses
the parentheses of Heecq,
idea of the voyage
L 'Honore Naber
( 1910).
the t ext in double brackets
and in
s ingle brackets
( ) are
the author of the original work.
7
that
and the type of experiences
its complement would have encountered,
) )
ship
JOURNAL OR DAILY NOTES CONCERNING The most notable events taken place and occurred during the third voyage of GIJSBERT HEECQ TO EAST I NDIES As well as the things that
( during his
ened i n other quarters of the
same,
time)
happ-
always a s made
known t o us by trustworthy persons.
" Starting in the month November A0
1 654 with the
ship
VEREENIGDE PROVINTIEN."
( (Having l eft Rammekens on November with Mr.
der Vere,
skipper,
3 80 people aboard a nd
E xtraordinaris R aad v an I ndia
Sterthemius,
Councillor of the
1 8 with
I ndies), the
c ommander,
and P ieter Matheusz Padt van
s hip met h eavy weather in the Channel,
f ound shelter in Dover which it l eft on November
" 29 Do .
In the morning,
sailed with a f ine breeze. ship that cruised here.
E . H eren
We
we met an English
We had to l ower our
shot when he did and then raise
the
raised our
Raised anchor and
Around midday,
( Noble Gentlemen))
and
2 9)).
an easterly wind.
main topmast and l eft t he English pilot.
by the
( Extraordinary
S taten )
f lag
( as ordered
and to
f lag again;
f ire a
this being
s tipulated in a special Article of the peace agreement with England. coast,
The
same they had to do meeting Dutch ships on our
thus we did s o
( to prevent trouble)."
( (The VEREENIGDE PROVINTIEN s ailed onwards and reached the Canaries in January 1 655)) .
" 8 Do .
I n the morning,
Fortaventura,
the
we were
s till a long the
l ongest of the Canaries apart
8
I sle of f rom I lha
Madera.
One s ays t hese a re v ery f ertile with wine,
and that s ort o f victuals. or S paniards,
They are i nhabited by C astillians
who have built s everal t owns,
and beautiful c astles.
Barbary.
s trong f ortresses
They pay a yearly t ax t o t heir k ing a nd
l ive here in much wealth. l atitude and a bout 2 0
c orn
These two
m ijlen
i slands
l ie mainly a t 2 8° N
f rom Cabo Baijadoor on t he C oast of
I n t he beginning of this voyage,
we p lanned t o v isit one
of these i slands or T inariffa t o t ake on water a nd f resh v ictuals, but b ecause this i s n ow t he most unfavourable and t hus everything v ery expensive, agreed between t he officers,
s eason of the year,
we c hanged our mind.
because l ittle
I t was
i llness of importance
was evident among the c rew a nd we had n o s hortage of water, c ontinue t o Cabo d e Verde,
lying a t a bout 1 5 d egrees N .
where t he Coast of Barbary meets t he C oast of Guinea, f ind there more s atisfaction of victuals,
keeping t he
i slands
hoping t o
i t was agreed upon;
mostly a long t he a forementioned mainland,
( (Fortaventura))
s tarboard f rom u s.
the i sland of Groot Canarien or I lha G rand' i ans,
Latitude,
a nd a lso g ood water.
Which being c onsidered by the s hip's C ouncil, we p lotted our c ourse S W,
t o
a high and mountainous
i sland
We
s aw
C anaria of the Castil-
( like the others).
Made good
progress.
" 9 D.
Today the wind mostly NE with f ine weather.
We guessed to
have c aught t he trade wind t hat i s always b lowing h ere way,
year i n y ear out,
s trange t o many unbelievable,
f or s everal hundred mijlen;
( because this
but i s
f ound,
i n the
which s eems
i s unusual i n our c ountry )
t hus,
by experience,
same
y es,
nearly
n ot only here,
but a lso i n many p laces i n t he East a nd West I ndies."
( (Op January 1 5,
they r eached Cape Verde I slands,
where they t ook
on f resh victuals and water)).
" 19 Do .
We are s till busy f etching water.
i nto t he hold t o make o ur s hip more
s table under s ail,
n early everything that was n ecessary. day abundant f ish,
wine d e P alma,
melons,
bananas,
tamarinds,
Also l owered s ome guns
milk,
r epairing
R eceiving on board now each eggs,
and the s ame,
hens,
pumpkins,
water-
a lthough smaller amounts
of t he
f ruit because this was n ot t he s eason;
otherwise a lso l emons,
oranges and a l ot of other f ruit a re plentiful here.
" 21 Do .
Now we have r eceived our l ast water,
s ail again.
As the aforementioned c ommander
of t he West I ndia C ompany, these villages,
i n t he
of our understeersmen )
a s
t o exchange
he-goats and h ens
our voyage.
l ate a s t onight,
( Gambi),
(yawl))
( with one
g oing a bit s outhward
f or u s a s provisions
a ccording t o t he map, making t his
named C ambaya.
t heir s tories)
i s f amiliar with
f or
he brought a long
...
f amous r iver S inegael, i sland,
s loep
When h e r eturned on-board t onight,
a good number
" This r iver
c ows,
(the r epresentative
merchant J ohannus H acq ))
he s ailed a shore
s ome
s o we prepared t o s et
l and,
j oins
i nland with t he
Cabo Verde,
T here i n t he s outh,
i t was
( according t o
e asier t o g et water t han where we a re
more wine d e Palma,
i nto a n
l ying,
a nd
a very s weet a nd p leasant drink when f resh,
s our and u npleasant after j ust o ne day.
This they can very c leverly
extract twice a day f rom palm t rees t hat grow h ere a bundantly. he-goats and c ows c ould be exchanged t here e asily enough, was not more t han one t o two i s worth k eeping i n mind
" At n ight,
m ijlen
Mr.
f our s ailors wer
S terthemius
and i t
f rom t his water place,
which
missing a nd a s we were r eady t o s ail ( the wind p ermitting ),
t he
s ends t he yawl w ell-manned with t he third
watch t o l ook f or t hem a shore. a sleep i n the village,
But t hey c ould only f ind two,
drunk f rom wine d e Palma,
They s aid one of t he others n amed I de Auckes van d e
Biemster,
b osschieter
(gunner)),
h ill outside the v illage,
was l ying d ead against a s and-
k illed by t he peasants
Our m en d ared not venture there during the n ight, a nd r eturned on-board with t he other two.
f or his mutiny. a s was
b ootsman
Our men s pent t he whole n ight by quarters making preparations t o weigh anchor.
1 0
s uggested,
They d idn't know where
t he other was named J ohannus Witstadt f rom Amsterdam,
everything away,
l ying
a nd t hey picked
them up.
( (boatswain )).
H ens,
...
and planned t o l eave i n t he morning H on.
but
s towing
" 22 Do .
At daybreak,
progress,
having n o
we
s et s ail with a g ood wind a nd r easonable
s ign yet f rom the two a forementioned s ailors.
We l eft l etters with the men f rom t he f riends
i n t he Fatherland.
This
f luit WITTE RAVEN to hand to
s hip was n ot due t o l eave here
before May,. because he d id n ot expect t o be
l oaded e arlier.
r aised our t op-gallant-masts now approaching gradually t he i ful weather s ea'.
P lotted our c ourse S .W.
intending t o proceed on our j ourney.
wanted.
f irst t ime,
Amen.
I n t his period I was v ery i ll,
important happened anyway,
' beaut-
May t he Only A lmighty grant
u s h appiness and prosperity t o s alvation.
" 23 - 2 7 Do .
f or the
however n othing much
t he wind a nd w eather u sually b eing a s
Went mostly s traight s outh hoping t o g et with t his
breeze quickly t hrough t he
f resh
L inea E quinoctialis , where one usually
encounters very calm c onditions, r esulting i n much i llness.
We
yes,
s ometimes l asting f or months,
During this t ime,
t he
E . H r .
S terthemius
i nvited a ll t he s hip's o fficers t o h is c abin a nd t reated them g enerously t o the best of h is a bility.
" 28 Do M orning.
Calm,
g ot s everal
s qualls with r ain,
t hunder and
l ightning which i s quite c ommon here because of the c hanging of the trade winds blowing i n t he N .N.E. year,
and i n t he S .S.E.
a ll t hrough the
which i s s trange."
( (Following t his i s a n i nteresting but t oo l engthy s tory a bout s harks)).
" 29,
3 0 a nd 3 1 J anuary.
G enerally c alm,
quiet;
g ot o ccasionally
s ome s qualls but with l ight breeze and i mmediately g one. therefore,
l ittle.
Advanced,
R ain was not l acking s o our men c ould c ollect
e nough water a nd t herefore d id n ot s uffer t hirst.
The t remendous
heat i n this a rea i s c ommon but n evertheless a n early unbearable t orture,
because their water r ation i s n ot s ufficient f or them,
being n ormally a
f labkanne
m utsiens = 1 .2 l itres ,
( (can with l id ))
S tapel
( 1927))).
of e ight
m utsiens
( (8
T hey s ell everything t hey
possess t o quench their thirst and their s ituation worsens when the
1 1
ration i s r educed t o s ix and even f our m utsjes often s een happen with c ontrary winds,
e ach,
a s one has
c alms a nd s uch i nconveniences
on l ong a nd a dverse voyages."
( (They met the VOGEL P HENICX on the F ebruary 1 a nd, f lag i n a cknowledgement of Sterthemius'
on l owering its
higher r ank,
t he PHENICX
s ailed i n c ompany f or s everal days)).
" 9 F ebruary.
This morning s kipper R oot Haes and S nr.
the VOGEL P HENICX ))
c ame t o a sk our E .
H r .
Agis
( (
of
C ommander t o be a llowed
t o run ahead b ecause they thought t hey s ailed f aster t han we d id, which was g ranted.
Therefore,
r eturned to their s hip, which we
t hey t ook l eave quickly a nd,
f ired t hree s hots
( after s ea-customs)
t o pass n ow
..
e ach d oing his ut-
which n obody i s a llowed
( unless f orced by very bad weather)
order of the E .
" 10 Do
f or s alute a nd g oodbye
a nswered with one,
most t o be f irst at Cabo de Bona Exprance,
having
a ccording t o the
H eren B ewinthebberen
T he S .E.
t rade wind i s n ow g radually c oming t hrough
which i s extremely pleasant.
" 11 - 1 5
. ...
" 16 Do .
T oday,
on 1 10
s outh of the L inea E quinoctiael,
the s un which i s gradually g oing north again, f rozen and c losely-locked e arth, herbs
t here t o warm the
t o bring t o l ife t he t rees and
t hat have been dormant l ong e nough and n ow,
the o ld custom,
we passed
will e njoy the heavenly warmth.
a ccording t o Y es,
even people,
c attle a nd a ll t hat i nhabits t he e arth f eel t his a s a heavenly a ir bestowed upon u s by t he unique natural quality of the only Almighty Lord, f orce,
principally t o s upport t his t emporary l ife.
Without t his
we and most of G od's c reatures c ould n ot exist,
quickly d ie,
but would
d issolve a nd vanish c ompletely."
( (They met t he CONINGH DAVID with s kipper,
1 2
C ornelis R ob)).
" 20 F ebruary 1 655. progress,
I n t he morning g ood weather with excellent
f luit DE KONING DAVID about 14 m ij1 behind us, not
t he
much d ifference i n s peed. ous
s hoals,
For t his
Found t oday t o have passed these peril-
A brolhos which is Portuguese for ' open your e yes'.
( as s ign of j oy )
every table was
s erved a j ug of wine,
hoping t o end the j ourney n ow s afely with G od's h elp,
because the
East I ndiamen t hat s ailed b efore a nd came out below this ( (i.e.
n orth of t hem,
Equatorial Current)),
s hoal
t hose s hips were carried back by the S outh e ither r eturned or had a very l ong and d iffi-
cult voyage.
" This aforesaid s hoal l ies mostly a t 1 8 d egrees S . having i ts name in vain because
ships t hat want t o g o t o R io Dengera
( de Janeiro)),
or t hrough S trait Magelanes to t he S outh S ea
" Primo M arti° .
s hoal
At n ight,
s o a ll
t he
R io d e Plato,
(Pacific)),
a re a lso
. ...
we got the
gradually becoming s tronger.
rocks,
e xtending mainly e ast-west
m ijlen from the Brazilian coast into s ea;
f orced t o run above t his
n ot
i t c onsists of only r eefs,
s and banks and l ots of l ittle i slands, at a bout 6 0
Lat.,
l ong hoped-for westerly wind,
P lotted,
t herefore our c ourse a lready
in t he d irection of t he aforementioned Cabo,
had
( God be praised)
very f ew s ick people and the whole n ight made beautiful progress...
" 8 Do .
T owards daylight,
breeze,
our c ourse a s before.
van C oppenhage, the
g aljoen )
s oldier,
and,
the wind came mostly N .W. I n t he afternoon,
with a good
Christiaan Jansz
f ell overboard f rom the c at-head
a lthough h e c ould swim,
( near
a nd d espite a ll possible
effort with p lanks and e ven throwing overboard t he c abin d oor, putting i nto t he wind a nd l owering t he yawl,
he d rowned n evertheless,
because the s ea was r ough and high s o that t he yawl had t rouble enough keeping i tself a bove water.
We s et s ails again a nd s ailed
our c ourse with an excellent progress
" 11 Do .
I n the morning,
we
. ...
f ound ourselves n ot f ar north of the
most n orthern o f t he I lhas T ristan da Cunho,
a s teep a nd very h igh
i sland t apering t owards the t op but not very l ong, three of t he s outhern ones
I s aw before this 1 3
s imilar to t he
( during the s econd voyage
with t he
s hip HENRIETTE LOYSA A0
s outhern l atitude of 3 40
3 7 d egrees
1 641).
T hese
l ie mainly a t t he
a nd l ongitude of 1 0 d egrees,
m ijlen from Cabo de Bona Exprance, steering E . by N .
a bout
T hey s ay
t hese a re d esolate a nd u ninhabited a nd t herefore n othing s pecial t o b e had t here.
We passed c losely,
t o s tarboard s o t hat we c ould s ee a ir.
k eeping i t
i s
(the n orthern i sland ))
i t p erfectly b ecause of t he c lear
I t s eemed t o be f ree of r eefs a nd l ittle i slands a ll a round;
however we c ouldn't f ind a ny s and beaches. t he wind g ot v ery s trong with d ark, took i n the t op-sails and the of t he h ead wind ) worsening,
r ainy w eather.
s prit-sail,
l ower s ails.
w e had t o t ake i n t he
mizzen-yard,
" 25 Do .
with t he
l etting i t g o N .E.
f oresail,
ther f or such a l ong t ime,
one
i sn't u sed t o beautiful wea-
( named Gannets)
others mainly v ery
I have s een before t his n ear t he c oast of
...
I n t he morning,
we drifted s till with t he
S aw a s ail n earing f rom behind,
Cleaned t he s hip i n t he meantime, grown with a ll s orts of weed. breeze
around our s hip,
but t hey d idn't c ome t o r est a t t he yards
at n ight a s do t he ones
a s y esterday.
...
which g reatly amazed u s.
s ome grey at t heir backs with l ong white beaks,
" 30 Do .
t he weather
but rather t o g ales and t hunderstorms.
we n ow s aw many b ig gulls
Java a nd e lsewhere
( because
t he wind s till mainly n ortherly with a
At t his s ort o f s outhern l atitude,
white with grey wings;
we
l ower t he yard and t he
l ying t o a ll n ight with t he mainsail
I n t he morning,
g radually
T herefore,
But a t n ight,
s light breeze a nd t he weather a s wanted,
Daily,
Around n oon,
f rom t he n orth."
s ails hoisted
l owered t he yawl.
which was v ery d irty and over-
At a bout n oon,
we g ot a l ittle
( (They meet t he MAAGD VAN ENCHUYSEN)).
" Aprilis Anno 1 655....
" 2 Do .
I n t he morning t he wind s till s outherly with a s tiff t op-
s ail breeze, way back.
s teered mainly e ast;
the MAAGD VAN ENCHUYSEN was a l ong
Had n ow c lear and bright w eather.
B efore n oon,
t he l and of Cabo d e Bona Exprance a nd f ound ourselves of t he Table Bay,
we
s aw
r ight i n f ront
named t hus a fter a v ery high mountain with a f lat
1 4
t op l ike a t able,
a nd,
t he o ther mountains, h ere.
t herefore,
a lso e xtremely prominent among
b ecause t here i s n othing l ike i t a nywhere n ear
W e f ired a s hot a nd h oisted t he f lag a t t he s tern t o s ignal
t o t he j acht
( according t o s ea-custom )
p lotting our c ourse n ext
s traight t owards t he r oads w ith e xcellent progress. n oon,
I n t he a fter-
w e s aw a s hip l eaving t he B ay,.taking i ts c ourse
t he w ind )
n orth o f R obben E iland
(Seals I sland )),
i sland o f two t o t hree m ij/ i n c ircumference. t he multitude o f s eals t hat a re t here, mainland,
( because o f
a s mall l ow
I s n amed t hus a fter
i s a bout t wo m ij1
c ompletely b arren a nd u nfertile.
f rom t he
During t he f irst w atch,
i t b ecame c alm s o t hat w e w ere f orced t o d rop t he a nchor b etween R obben E iland a nd t he L eeuwen B erg r ocky b ottom .
(Lions M ountain ))
a t 2 3 f athom
T his m ountain i s c alled t hat b ecause i t l ooks a bit
l ike a r esting l ion a nd a lso b ecause t here a re a l ot o f l ions on i t.
" 3 D.
W ith d awn,
f rom t he s outh; T able B ay,
w e h oisted t he s ails a gain w ith a l ittle b reeze
b efore n oon w e c ame t o a nchor a t t he r oads i n t he
f iring f ive s hots a s a s ign o f a s afe
j ourney.
o n l and f rom t he f ortress d e H oop a nswered p roperly. moored o ur s hip h ead a nd s tern w ith t wo a nchors,
T hose
W e i mmediately
l owering t he y ards
a nd t he t op m asts t oo b ecause i t c an b low h ere s ometimes e xtremely s trongly w ith s qualls,
e specially w hen t he a foresaid T able B ay i s
o vercast with c louds."
(After a l ist o f a ll s hips t hat a re l ying t here o r have j ust l eft, h e c ontinues:))
" In s omma,
h ere s eems t o b e t he
s o i f t he E . b ecause,
R endezvous,
H eren B ewindhebberen had not s trictly o rdered i t
b efore t his,
e ach t ried t o make a f ast j ourney i n order
t o o btain t he P remium o r r eward, a warded by t he E .
a c onsiderable a mount o f m oney,
H eren a foresaid.
T he o ne t hat s ails
s hortest t ime g ets t he b iggest a mount,
d o n ot want t o put i nto l and
o f w ater a nd provisions) f orces t hem .
i n t he
f or which r eason t he s kippers,
s teersmen a nd t he o thers t hat g ain f rom i t, s tinginess)
but t his would n ot b e
o ften
( out o f
( resulting i n l ack
u ntil t he most e xtreme n ecessity
A nd t hen i t i s u sually 1 5
( because o f i nconvenience)
t oo l ate,
t hus c ausing c onsiderable privation a nd misery f or
t hemselves a nd t he whole c rew. s hips,
Therefore then,
whatever c hamber t hey s ail
t ioned before)
f or,
a re obliged
i n h eavy weather or otherwise,
U nless
s uch was
i mpossible
a s a ppearing f rom t heir r ecorded
H owever t he t ime t hey a re h ere
t he j ourney
( as m en-
t o c all i nto t his C abo o f Good Hope u nder
penalty of t he a foresaid P remium.
j ournals.
now a ll t he
i s n ot c ounted i n
..."
( Van H eecq g ives here a d etailed d escription of t he s ettlement a t t he C ape of G ood H ope
( fig.
2 ),
which i s e specially i nteresting a s
i s the e arliest known e ye witness r eport, e stablished only t hree years b efore.
t he
s ettlement having b een
F rom this
that Van R iebecq had t he place w ell organized;
i t
a ccount we s ee t here was a g ood
f ortress a nd a f lourishing market g arden s upplying t he passing s hips with f resh vegetables. t he Cape until t he April
" 14 Do .
T he VEREENIGDE PROVINTIZN s tayed on
1 5))
I n t he morning,
t he boat s ailed again t o g o
f ishing,
but t he c atch was n ot n early a s g ood a s yesterday a lthough t hey s till brought a g ood number,
well worth the t rouble.
" Today we a lso g ot t he l ast provisions on-board c onsisting of s everal bags of c abbage,
r adish,
of water melons a nd melons t hat t heir portion f rom i t) a nimals,
c arrots,
a nd a l arge amount
( after t he c abin had t aken
was d ivided among the c rew.
But of
n ot more t han two o ld c ows a nd a d elicate s heep were
d ivided between t he whole
f leet
( in a ll the t ime we w ere h ere),
which was n ot much h elp among s o many people.
" 15 Do .
I n t he morning,
c alm,
and t he
a board t o s ay f arewell.
About midday,
v ery variable.
we s et s ail,
However,
i n c ompany of the s hip PHENICX, VAN ENCHUYSEN,
a l ittle breeze but namely we,
B on Voyagie a nswered.
The
a s Admiral,
j achten COUKERKEN, MAAGD
BLOEMENDAL a nd CONINGH DAVID,
away a s a f arewell which t hose
D ERGOES
t he
E . C mdr . Riebeecq came
a ll happily f iring
f rom t he Fortress d e H oop d e
s hip PRINS WILLEM a nd t he
s tayed there t o s upply t hemselves
1 6
j acht
f irst with e nough
water a nd other n ecessities, The
j acht
a nd t o f ollow u s
CABBELJAEW was a lso p lanning t o l eave
d estination.
We plotted our c ourse
of t he R obben E iland t o meet a s
f rom the S .S.E.
s hortly f or i ts
l ittle c almness a s possible,
I n t he morning,
t herly.
And a s we had n ow c ome t o t he wanted l atitude, l atitude,
s hifted S .E.
r ainy weather,
...
" 26 Do .
d egrees S .
we s teered d ead E .;
t he wind mostly s oun amely 4 0
i n the a fternoon the wind
a nd s o e asterly t hat we had t o s teer below N .E.
a t n ight i t v eered gradually more a ft
T he Cape of G ood H ope.
...
D etail of a Dutch engraving f rom
t he s econd half of t he 1 7th c entury.
1 7
the
when we g ot a g ood breeze
Therefore s teered mainly S .W.
dark,
s oon a s possible.
i nitially a long the n orth e nd
wind s till variable u ntil t he d ogwatch,
( 2)
a s
but
" 30 Do
. ..
About midday,
t he w ind s hifted westerly a nd s tarted t o
b low s o s trongly that we had t o t ake i n t he t opsails. i t l ooked very turbulent.
T ook i n t he s prit-sail,
the mizzen j ust i n t ime.
M et a hard hail-storm,
By evening
t he c ourses,
a nd
which c hanged
gradually i nto r ain w ith s uch h orrifying l ightning a nd t errible thunder that f ire s truck i nto t he upperpart of our main mast, ( to everybody's
l uck)
but
i t extinguished i tself u nder t he wetness of
t he hail a nd r ain before we c ould g et t he l eather buckets with water a bove.
Otherwise would have brought great d istress.
very l ittle damaged,
but t hat s ame
s truck down s everal p eople l eft f or d ead, l eg;
s hooting d own l ike a f lare,
( near t he s tore-room )
of whom one was
a nother one wounded i n t he breast a nd a nother i n t he
t he one t hat was h it i n t he breast was a lso
quarter of a n hour before, poop
s trike
T he mast was
i n t he s ide,
( being quarter-master)
a s h e was
s truck a bout a s tanding on t he
g etting t he l antern r eady,
f rom t he bench on t he cabin,
t he t hunder l ying
( as h e
a nd he s aid)
f ell
l ike a
burning ball n ext t o h im but i mmediately d isappearing a gain. Surely a c lear s ign of G od's wrath f or our many misdeeds.
Outwardly
we c ouldn't s ee anything on t he d ead man other than t hat he was very swollen. t he wind))
We l et i t
with only t he
( (the s hip)) f oresail,
g o b ratwart
(probably before
n ot yet daring t o s et a ny s ails
because of the turbulent a nd variable weather t hat c aught u s
every
t ime most unexpectedly.
" Mayus A° 1 655.
" 1 M ayus. S et a ll
With dawn,
s ails
a gain,
a gain sunshine.
r easonably g ood weather,
g ot a l ittle drizzle before midday,
Went d ead e ast with n ice progress,
s ea was hollow a nd v ery angry because of a ll s o t hat we were u sually lurching a l ot. t o s ea-custom,
( during this voyage), t aking watchcoats,
t obacco-boxes, away.
however,
t he
t hese v ariable winds
Put overboard,
boatswain.
t hat t his person has a lready had t o
f orego i t,
a fter that
a ccording
t he a forementioned man k illed by t he t hunder,
C laes Volkertsz van N oortwoude,
t hieving
t he wind w esterly.
N ote,
named
i t i s r emarkable
s tand before the mast twice
but h e c heeses,
f or
s eemed not t o be a ble t o bread,
t hread,
S panish s oap,
knives a nd everything t hat he c ould s ecretly s teal
Had r ed hair,
d eep,
dark e yes a nd a very s neaky c haracter.
1 8
By evening d ied,
( during prayers),
J an Janszen van Enchuysen,
gunner,
having f allen by a ccident i nto the holds y esterday
lurching)
( during t he
and having b een wounded very s eriously i nternally a nd
externally,
being an o ld grey man of a bout 7 0 or more years.
a lso g iven an honest burial a t s ea t he n ext day
" 7 Do .
has
I n t he morning,
g ood weather,
a nd r easonable progress,
S .
but s tarted t oday t o s teer E .
t oo n ear t he
S .
...
t he w ind n ortherly w ith a
g ood breeze, Latitude,
H e was
were s till a t 4 0 d egrees by N .
t o avoid c oming
( and t hrough miscalculation a s we daily f ound t o
be more s outhward than we t hought )....
" 10 Do .
I n the morning t he weather a s wished,
t he ship PHENICX a nd
the j acht COUKERKEN were still very fast sailing but nevertheless d id n ot want t o s ail away f rom u s t o f avour Mr. s uch s enior officers
( on r eaching l and)
a g ood or a bad voyage,
H r .
Cmdr.
f lag d isplayed, and t hus,
I slands of S t.
P aulo a nd N ieuw Amsterdam,
t he s ignal that we want t o
( coming t o u s),
( if we s uddenly c ame t oo n ear),
s ince he was the
was ordered t o s ail
a lso t o c arry a f ire a t n ight t o s ignal t o u s
calm,
westerly with a g ood breeze
" 15 Do .
I n the morning,
dam a t s tarboard, on t he s tern,
put i nto the c hains a lso,
a t n ight,
t ill
wind variable,
l ight-
s hore
i n f ront and ( with the
( having h eavy unbut at n ight again
. ...
with dawn we
t herefore,
a s i s t he
f rom t he
i n t ime
s o we c ould b e on t he a lert betimes By evening,
white
s peak t he other s hips;
est a nd t he best s ailor a nd c ould be best g ot f ree
wieldy s hips).
By midday,
had a s hot f ired t o windward a nd had a r olled,
the j acht COUKERKEN
u sual s ign )
because
c an e asily c redit t hem with
when t heir emotions a re r oused.
a s we were now n earing t he our E .
S terthemius,
we
s aw t he
I sland N ieuw Amster-
f ired a s hot a nd c arried t he
s ea-custom.
T oday,
f lag
two holdworkers were
f or having t aken s ome g oods out of t he hold; f urther occasion two s oldiers
( out of s uspicion)
f or t hrowing a bullet at t he uppersteersman " 17 Do .
The whole day i t was c alm and s till,
with t he s ails c lewed u p.
t herefore,
drifted
A l ot of l ittle black and white
s ea-gulls are t o be f ound here,
n ot very big,
a f ew with bacon on l ittle hooks. 1 9
s peckled
o f which we c aught
They w ere v ery hungry because
( as
i t s eems)
t here
i s
l ittle prey f or t hem h ere
c achalots
anything but t una f ish, big f ish because v ery c old,
" 22 Do .
whales and other
i t i s winter h ere a t t his t ime of the y ear a nd a lso
but variable
I n t he morning,
t herefore, f lag t o
( (spermwhales?)),
a nd most of t he other f ish move
a l ight breeze,
f or we d idn't s ee
...
s ails,
b itjara =
( (Malay:
f lag )
a board.
s peak)),
being t he u sual
When , i n t he a fternoon,
i ng c ourses a nd r eckoning) his s hip.
" 26 Do .
had been d ecided,
G ot a l ight breeze
I n t he morning,
f rom t he N .E.
t he w ind S .E.
quite a breeze and g ood weather,
j acht
day i s t he with u s.
the s ame
everybody r eturned t o t hat gradually f reshened
s aw a nother s ail
s hip s hots
f orward a lee,
waiting f or u s
F ound t hat t he s hip t hat
j oined u s y ester-
f rom the C ape t ogether
I t was c ommanded by s kipper J an C ornelisz J oll, H outebeen a nd was
a s t he MAAGD VAN ENCHUYSEN.
( (seen f orward i n t he
l ee))
N earing,
l owered the
t he
f lag,
a s
s kipper
Understood i t t o be t he WAPEN VAN
Had f ew s ick and e ight d ead.
on the s ame c ourse,
I t a ccompanied u s
t he wind veered a bout midday a l ittle a ft.
g radually backing a gain t o t he east,
even s harper,
" 28 Do .
f iring f ive
t hat we had met when a rriving on C abo d e Bona Exprance,
s aid before.
By evening,
a forementioned
l owered the yawl
and t he upper-merchant named Van H eyningen with the
AMSTERDAM,
s on of
i n s ize and c rew a bout
f or welcome which we answered w ith t hree,
P ieter Janszen Mund came aboard.
( concern-
a nd r ather e asterly with
BLOMMENDAL which s et s ail
t he v ery brave C ommdr.
s ea
( sailing
everything
f lying t he P rincevlagge from the top and stern, with l owered t op-sails.
s ky,
f ired a s hot a nd f lew t he white
s ignal t o order t he s kippers a nd merchants of t he s hips under t he
At n ight
s till quite c alm with a d ark overcast
c lewed up t he
p idtsjaren
t o t he warmth.
with g usts a ll t he t ime
I n t he morning,
...
the wind E .N.E.
After everything was d one,
a t n ight becoming
s ometimes even e asterly.
everybody r eturned a board a nd Mr.
C ommdr.
gave permission t hat f rom n ow everybody c ould d o his b est t o t ry t o r each Batavia f irst,
a s he
t he s hips had a great n eed
supposed
( (by t his t ime))
(to g et t here)).
2 0
We gave
t he men on
e ach other,
t herefore,
s everal
s alutes,
e ach hurrying t o be
f irst.
By evening,
t he wind a bit more a ft but c alm.
" 29 Do . . ...
I n t he morning,
t he wind a bout E .S.E.
with a good breeze
and because we were n ow a t t he height of 2 5 d egrees S .
and we,
t herefore,
we r aised t he
Latitude
r eckoned t o have mostly passed t he bad weather,
t op-gallant masts.
Had daily f ine weather a nd have
n oticed s ince y esterday c onsiderable warmth c ompared with what we have had now f or a l ong t ime, s hoes g ot t he s ack.
s o t hat with many t he s tockings and
At n ight,
(They r eached Batavia June
1 8,
2 1
t he breeze
1 655)).
s tarted t o f reshen a bit."
T he Jacht Vergu lde Draeck
T area y
„ -
( 3)
An artist's impression of the VERGULDE DRAECK,
taken
f rom
a contemporary i llustration of the s traets-vaerder the VERGULDE DOLPHIJN by Reinier Nooms ( see Nooms
G reen 2 ,0 1 .79
1 970).
2 2
( alias Z eeman)
1 623-1664
CHAPTER I II
Origins o f t he VERGULDE DRAECK a nd t he events prior t o h er s ailing i n 1 653
At the meeting of t he
H eren X VII on January 21, 1653, the represen-
t atives o f t he C hamber of Amsterdam mentioned t hat a n ew s hip had been offered f or s ale f or 2 8,250 guilders, i t,
KA 1 86.
' hollow' h ere, D ale
The
s hip was
1 37
f eet l ong,
a nd a t t he t op 7 f eet.
s pring i n p lace of t he s hip D IAMANT,
Sardam
January 2 4,
s hould be
s ent t o t he
f itted out by
I ndies that
which had r ecently been
just n orth of Amsterdam )
t o buy the s hip;
t he Chamber a pproved of t he purchase and,
t he s hip r ecently bought i n S ardam,
word
1 31 2 / f eet
The Chamber of Amsterdam had s ent t wo r epresentatives t o
( Zaandam,
KA 3 63.
f eet wide,
v oet , measuring 0 .283m, Van
The meeting d ecided t hat i t
the Chamber o f Amsterdam a nd would be
wrecked.
3 2
( It i s n ot s ure which f oot i s meant
but most probably the Amsterdam ( 1970).)
a nd that t hey had bought
( She i s
on March
1 0,
was named t he VERGULDEN DRAECK,
s ometimes r eferred t o a s a
j acht .
Originally t he
j acht was used to indicate a fast ship, in which more emphasis
was put on s ailing a bility t han on c argo c apacity.
example,
f or
f luit ( see b elow, Appendix 1 ); t he f act t hat t he VERGULDE
DRAECK i s c alled both s ee f ig.
j acht
The word
d oes not i ndicate a c ompletely d ifferent t ype of s hip a s,
3 ).
j acht and ship, illustrates this situation,
On S eptember 1 6,
1 653,
s he i s mentioned i n t he
of s hips e quipped by the Chamber of Amsterdam, capacity of 1 30
/ asten
U sually t he c rews
The C hamber of Amsterdam had one c lerk
a nd t o hand out t he two months' Van Dam
( 1701),
exceptional
t o k eep a muster-roll,
pay which a ll c rew members r eceived 1 4.
The s kippers
Z eeland a nd Amsterdam r eceived three months' but t his
KA 1 86.
f or the s hips were a ppointed a s c lose a s possible
e specially a ssigned t o write d own t he names,
when s igning on,
l ist
a s having a c argo
( approximately 2 60 t onnes),
t o the date of d eparture.
on,
on
s ailing f or
pay when t hey s igned
s ituation was abolished i n 1 678,
t hen t hey g ot t he u sual amount of two months. a s the s hips had put out t o s ea.
and f rom
Pay s tarted a s
The merchants had t o g ive
f or t heir proper a ccount and administration.
2 3
s oon
s ecurity
On their r eturn f rom
the
I ndies,
t he merchants,
t he s kippers a nd s teersmen were paid
only a fter t he meeting of t he H eren X VII ,
who thoroughly c hecked
t heir behaviour a nd c onduct during t he t rip, On T hursday April
1 7,
1 653,
a nd a ssistants,
t ised
( apart f rom the DRAECK , ' T LAM and
f or t he n ext f leet t o t he
names a nd t he May 8 ,
t his
I ndies,
1 8.
u ndermerchw ere a dver-
f leet c onsisted of the NAERDEN,
' T KALFF f or Amsterdam,
f or t he C hamber of Hoorn).
( 1701),
t he positions of s kippers,
ants,
VREDE,
Van Dam
l ater j oined by t he BREDA
Applicants had a week t o present t heir
f ollowing Monday t hey would be appointed.
On T hursday
t he C hamber r esolved t o a ppoint a t hird s teersman on t he
VERGULDE DRAECK and t he NAERDEN a nd on May 1 4 t he r est of t he c rew f or t he f ive ships was
s igned on.
T he
het V lie a s had been d ecided on April
f leet was 3 0,
n othing would prevent a s peedy d eparture.
t o l eave f rom
and i t s eemed t hen t hat T he C hamber s ent a r epre-
s entative t o h et V lie t o c heck on t he l oading a nd t o k eep a c lose watch o n t he s eamens' s ize,
c hests,
a s
t hese o ften exceeded t he r egulation
enabling the men t o hide away more private
was p ermitted,
which was a c onstant worry t o the C ompany.
5 2 of t he A rtikelbrief C ompany's
( the a rticles,
s ervants are written d own)
Nobody was
t rade g oods t han
a llowed t o bring f rom t he
value o f t hree months'
pay,
i n which t he duties of t he s et t he l imit of private t rade. I ndies goods e xceeding t he
valued a t the price these
f etch when s old by t he C ompany.
I f t hey e xceeded t his
g oods would be c onfiscated by t he C ompany,
I n t he meantime,
Van D am
i n het Vlie.
g oods would l imit a ll
( 1701),
a nother r epresentative had j oined the
t ogether t hey i nspected t he s hips
Article
2 6.
f irst a nd
On the DRAECK ,
d iscovered a box c ontaining l etters a nd a p iece of g oldcloth. l etters were r ead i n t he C hamber
Later more
l etters,
T he
( unfortunately t heir c ontents were
n ot i mportant e nough t o be mentioned) c ated.
they
a nd t he goldcloth was
d ealing with private t rade,
c onfis-
w ere
d iscovered.
During t his t ime,
t he R epublic o f t he S even United Provinces was
i n t he middle of t he
f irst Anglo-Dutch war
( 1652-1654).
C ompany c ontributed t o t his war i n many ways, s upplying s hips
T he
f or example by
t o t he S tate f leet a nd i n s ome c ases having t hem
e specially built.
I n r eturn f or t his
2 4
a ssistance,
t he S tates G eneral
east of
t he
i sland of Vlielandt.
Engraving by Aelbert Haije,
c o
( the body of r epresentatives of t he S even P rovinces) i n r enewing t he c ontract by which t he V .O.C.
was more
l enient
s ecured i ts monopoly
of trade.
I n t he
s ummer of 1 653 t he English f leet was i n t he North S ea,
ading t he northern s eaways of H olland. l ying i n t he Wielingen n ear Vlissingen Tromp.
Due t o t he English blockade,
b lock-
T he S tate's main f leet was ( Flushing)
u nder Admiral
t he s econd f leet which l ay
i n het V ile under c ommand o f Vice-Admiral Witte d e With,
was unable
t o j oin Tromp.
At the t ime when t he East I ndiamen were r eady t o l eave I ndies,
t he States G eneral was
c ould enlarge
i ts
men i n h et Vile.
f or t he
i nvestigating t o what e xtent i t
f leet a nd was advised a bout t he f ive East I ndiaOn May 6 ,
t hrough t he Amsterdam Admiralty,
t hey
i nquired i f t he C ompany c ould c ontribute a ny s hips t o t he S tate f leet.
T he Company a nswered t hat t he only s hips they had were t he
ones a bout to s ail a
f or t he
I ndies a nd t hat t hey could only s upply
j acht which would be ready on June 2 0.
c oncerning this
j acht ( the MARS)
Meanwhile the preparations c ontinued.
However,
T hey would await a dvice
f rom t heir d elegates
f or the d eparture of t he East I ndiamen
on T hursday May 2 9 t he d elegates
were ordered t o postpone t he d eparture until H ague was r eceived,
KA 3 63.
i n T he H ague.
i n het Vlie
f urther n ews
f rom T he
Rumours of t he presence of t he E nglish
f leet i n t he N orth S ea made t he Amsterdam C hamber hesitant t o d espatch t he f ive
On June
1 6,
patch the
..
s hips.
a d ecision was made t o authorise t he d elegates t o d es-
f leet:
with t he f irst f air wind,
provided t here i s n o
s ign of
danger f rom t he English and t hat n o c ontrary order i s r eceived f rom t his t able",
KA 3 63.
I f no s ign of t he English was r eported, a llowed:
2 6
t he d elegate was
t o be
..
g alliodts
t o d ispatch s ome
t o i nvestigate.
f ive
Two d ays l ater, was
c alled t o
s hips
s hould
but i f there was n o obvious danger,
c ould put t o s ea",
KA 3 63,
these orders were r epealed,
l ook
f rom t here
I f a ny E nglish s hip was s ighted t his
be r eported i n het Vlie, then t he
or other vessels
i nto the d angers of t he
June
1 7,
1 653.
a meeting of the XV// s ituation a nd t he d ele-
g ates were t old t o wait f or f urther i nstructions,
KA 3 63,
June 1 9,
1 653.
On Monday June
3 0,
f our g entlemen,
i nesses the States G eneral
r epresenting T heir H igh M ight-
i n T he Hague,
appeared before t he meeting
o f t he C hamber of Amsterdam a nd e xplained t he S tate
f leet's g reat
n eed f or s hips.
t o unload t he
T hey a sked i f
s ix East I ndiamen
i t would be possible
( the BREDA had j oined t he
f ive other s hips),
t o s econd them f or a s hort period t o the State f leet. t he S tates would protect and c onvoy t he C ompany's that y ear f rom t he
I ndies,
s hips,
only s mall v essels
On t he
KA 3 63,
3 0,
I ndiamen,
t he BREDA,
d ecision,
t hey had n ot
of t he s ix s hips,
two were
was provided with very poor
t he S tates G eneral
t ried a gain t o s ecure
this t ime with a more urgent r equest,
i ng out t hat i f t he C ompany d id n ot c o-operate, f orce t hem t o.
s ince t he c rews
1 653.
f ollowing Thursday,
t he u se of t he
particularly a s
Furthermore,
a nd one,
June
due i n
s tating t hat even i f t hey unloaded
i n t he war,
been employed t o d o s o.
c annon,
f leet,
i t would be of no s ervice t o t he c ountry,
were unwilling t o s erve
I n r eturn
KA 3 63.
T he C ompany r efused t his r equest, t he
a nd
point-
t he States would
N evertheless t he C hamber a bided by i ts original
KA 3 63,
July 3 ,
with a t hird r equest,
1 653.
When the S tates G eneral p ersisted
t his t ime t hrough t heir r epresentatives o f
t he Provinces of H olland and West Friesland,
t he Amsterdam C hamber
d ecided t o s end a d elegation t o t he Burgomasters of Amsterdam. T hese Burgomasters, o f t he V .O.C.,
who benefited highly f rom t he prosperous
t rade
were a sked t o plead with t he S tates G eneral a nd t o
point out t hat the Company had a lready done a l ot f or t he c ountry.
2 7
I f,
however,
t he Burgomasters a greed with t he S tates,
t hen it s hould
be c onsidered what e ffect t his unloading would have on profit and t hen a suitable c ompensation s hould be provided, 1 653.
KA 3 63,
The Burgomasters of Amsterdam answered t hat,
t roubled s tate of t he c ountry and t he S tate proper to unload t he
s hips,
f leet,
c onsidering t he i t would be
provided t hat a ny damage was c ompensated,
and t hat t he men's pay d ealt with a ccordingly,
F inally,
July 1 3,
KA 3 63,
July 1 5,
1 653.
a c ompromise was r eached i n a r esolution passed by t he
States G eneral on August 1 ,
1 653.
f or battle a nd t heir half-decks appeared o ff het Vlie,
T he
s hips would be made r eady
c leared.
A s
s oon a s Admiral T romp
t hey were t o j oin him a nd t o s tay with him
until he granted l eave f or t hem t o c ontinue t heir voyage t o t he I ndies.
I f t he enemy was encountered while t hey were in c ompany
with Tromp, possible.
t hey must a ssist him i n t he T o encourage t he c rews,
gallant b ehaviour,
KA 3 63,
a premium was provided f or
August 3 ,
1 653.
After s ome bargaining a nd a f ew c hanges o lution,
t he C ompany agreed.
f ighting i n every way
i n t he wording of t he r es-
They unloaded t he money f rom t he
s hips and t he s kippers o f t he s ix vessels were ordered t o a ct a ccording t o t he r esolution, Tromp,
however,
KA 3 63,
n ever appeared,
August 5 and 9 ,
1 653.
because D e With a nd his
f leet had
managed t o s lip t hrough t he blockade and j oin Tromp and t he main f leet. Heide
On August 1 0
t he c ombined f leet met t he English n ear T er
( south of T he Hague)
Tromp d ied. het Vlie,
and,
i n t he e nsuing battle,
Admiral
When De With r eturned with h is battered f leet t o
t he s ix East I ndiamen were s till
l ying t here,
E lias
( 1916-30)
Many other merchant vessels were waiting t o s et s ail with t hese s hips,
t hey were mainly bound f or t he Baltic.
The States G eneral
had d ecided t o c onvoy a ll t he s hips n orth on August 2 6 I ndiamen would g o However,
a chterom ,
by August 2 3,
men on t heir own.
t old:
. ...
north of S cotland).
t he C ompany had d ispatched the East
T he S tates were
a sked t o explain i ts a ction. questioned a nd,
i .e.
( the East-
f urious and t he Company was
On S eptember 6 three d irectors were
on S eptember 9 ,
t hey were s everely r eprimanded a nd
t o a ct in f uture with better c ircumspection,
f ollowing t he intention of t he Government and Their H igh Mightinesses'
I ndia-
order",
E lias
2 8
( 1916-30).
CHAPTER I V
T he DRAECK 's F irst J ourney
T o s ome extent,
( 1653-1654)
we c an f ollow G ijsbert H eecq's
f irst j ourney of t he DRAECK.
Of c ourse
j ournal f or t he
H eecq l eft f rom Z eeland,
s o he d id n ot make the detour o f going n orth of S cotland, t he r est t here c ould n ot have b een much d ifference. t he f ormer j unior bookkeeper o f t he LASTDRAGER , b een wrecked off S hetland on March 2 , on-board t he DRAECK.
1 653,
Jan Camphuijs,
which s hip had
was o ne of the people
After h e had s afely r eturned t o Amsterdam
he now t ried once a gain t o r each t he I ndies I t t ook the DRAECK a l ong t ime, Cape of G ood Hope.
but f or
( see below,
n early s even months,
T he NAERDEN,
BREDA and
Appendix 1 ).
t o r each t he
' T LAM had arrived t here
by the end of D ecember a nd t he VREEDE f ollowed on January 6 ,
1 654,
but a ll t hrough t he r emainder of that month t here was no s ign of ' T KALFF n or of t he DRAECK.
The
i nhabitants of t he
f ortress of
G ood Hope were g etting worried a bout t he f ate of t hese s hips when f inally,
on F ebruary 9 ,
t he s ecretary of t he C ompany c ould write
i n t he D ay R egister:
. ..
T onight a rrived here
G od be praised,
t he
with t he VREEDE, into S t.
Jago
s afely on t he r oads
p innace
DRAECK,
' T CALFF,
NAERDEN and
f rom Patria,
which l eft t ogether ' T LAM,
but had called
(one o f t he Cape Verde I slands)).
have d ied on t he voyage a nd at present more t han i n t heir bunks.
( (They s ay t hat ))
t hey had been with l ast F riday )
E ight people 2 0 are
on-board t he DRAECK
s ick ( whom
2 0 people had d ied and
nearly everybody e lse was lying s ick i ncluding t he s kipper who was
i n s uch a bad way t hat he was helpless,
and we
f ear
that his poor h ealth will make him n early i ncapable of s teering t he s hip or bringing i t h ere.
However,
we hope t hat
G od our L ord will a ssist t hem and help t hem t o a rrive at t his place; i f possible, t he b oats
t herefore,
we will keep a c onstant l ookout and,
s end t hem a s much help a s we can,
(sloepen ))
s oon
g aljoot .
o r the
2 9
e ither with
" 11 F ebruary.
Again kept a l ookout f rom t he mountain f or t he
DRAECK which c annot be f ar f rom s hore a nd s hould a ppear with t his westerly breeze,
" 12 Do .
but i s n ot y et s ighted.
I n t he a fternoon,
i t became c almer a nd t he l ook-outs
brought t he n ews t hat t hey had s een a s hip behind t he L eeuwenbergh and,
because we supposed i t t o b e t he DRAECK,
s kipper of t he boat
(sloep ))
g aljoot
we
s ent t he
t hither t o a ssist them w ith our B iscay
f ull of men a nd t o pilot t hem i nto t he B ay,
we h ad done with
' T CALFF.
But a s
s oon a s t hey arrived on-board,
a s trong wind c ame up f rom t he S .S.E. a nchor under R obben E iland,
a s
s o that t hey dropped
i n order t o g et i nto t he Bay e arly
t omorrow morning with a n orth-westerly breeze
( blowing here
often a s day approaches).
" 13 Do "
( (Still a s trong S .S.E.
" 14 Dc s"
( (DRAECK s till unable t o a rrive)).
" 15 Do
Sunday,
t he DRAECK,
variable breeze.
our Lord be praised,
f ull of s ick and people
g aljoot
I n t he a fternoon,
arrived s afely on t he r oads,
From i nformation of t he
( whom we had s ent t o h im a s
we l earned t hat while anchored t here,
that we had put t here
He r eported,
l ast s eason,
t heir number t o e leven a nd t hat one was
" 16 Do .
s aid before)
t hey had f etched s ome
e ggs and penguins f rom R obben E iland. t he s heep,
t he s hip,
s uffering f rom s curvy and a lmost
incapable of handling the s ails. s kipper of t he
s o t hey cannot g et here)).
Weather a nd wind a s y esterday.
t oo,
t hat
had i ncreased
i n l amb.
The DRAECK came a
bit c loser t o s hore a s t hey had n ot been a ble t o c ome c lose enough y esterday because of t he l ack of wind",
KA 3 967,
f ol.
1 07.
The DRAECK and t ime.
' T KALFF were n ot t he f irst s hips
Van R iebeeck wrote a bout t his
t o t ake
t o t he H eren X VII ;
that a d elay often o ccurred i n t he very l ast lap of t he
3 0
s uch a l ong he r emarked j ourney,
where t he s hips were unable t o g et i nto Table Bay.
I n a d etailed
instruction f or t he s kippers o f t he s hips s ailing t o t he Cape of G ood H ope,
t hey a re advised i f t hey c annot f irst make Table Bay,
t o go t o R obben E iland or t o D assen E iland or t o S aldanha Bay f ig.
5 );
( see
t he H eren X VII wrote:
..
i n s hort,
at a ll t imes of t he year,
t oo f ar t o t he north, waiting f or t wo,
t he ships t hat a rrive
c an a nchor t here quite e asily a nd a fter
three or f our d ays,
Bay with a westerly wind.
t hey c an s ail i nto Table
T his i s much better t han t o g et out
t o s ea again e ach t ime a nd t hus be deprived of t hese r oads and
( 5)
Tablebay and S aldanha Bay with R obben and Dassen I slands. Engraving f rom O ud e n N ieuw O ost -I ndien
3 1
( Valentijn 1 724-26).
r efreshments
f or months,
a s has happened before t o many s hips
t hrough l ack of t his knowledge.
Just l ately,
of t he y ear 1 654,
' T KALFF,
t he DRAECK and
in t he beginning
having been s et back
on t o Dassen Eiland and t he bay of S aldanha,
s pent n early a
whole month t rying t o g et i nto T able Bay which, c an be done i n two, KA 1 87,
April
7 ,
t hree,
a s s aid before,
f our a nd f ive days at t he most",
1 655.
The c attle s ituation at t he Cape was bad a t t his s een in Van Heecq's J ournal.
t ime,
a s we have
He c omplains t hat t hey c an only g et
two c ows a nd a s heep f or the whole
f leet.
Van R iebeeck c omplained
t hat t he Hottentots would only s ell c ows
f or c opper s heets
o ccasionally a sheep f or c opper-thread.
But,
l etter o f April 1 4,
he writes
a nd
i n a
1 654:
" Cabbage and other vegetables
c ooked w ith bacon s erve a s
perfectly f or r efreshments
f reshly s laughtered meat.
a s
We n oticed t his c learly on t he s hips BREDA, ' T LAM,
VREEDE,
were r efreshed
' T CALFF and t he DRAECK: ...
t heir c rews
s o perfectly t hat a ll s curvy a nd
i llness vanished c ompletely",
While t he c rew r ecuperated, We have no r ecords of t his a t l east a f ew items
NAERDEN,
KA 3 967,
f ol.
9 .
the c argo f or t he C ape was unloaded. f or t he DRAECK,
but every s hip c arried
i ntended f or t he n ew s ettlement.
We r ead i n t he Day R egister on February 2 4:
I t
• • •
t he ROODE VOS r eturned f rom Dassen E iland with
s eal s kins and f ive barrels of t rainoil, have g ot more,
of which we
2 ,000 c ould
but we c annot keep i t i n t he o ld barrels.
S o we r eally n eed s ome c ement and bricks
f rom home i n order
t o build c ontainers buried i n t he
T here a re plenty
of s uch bricks a nd
' T CALFF,
t he c argo,
s oil.
i n t he c argo of t he two s hips, but a s
t he DRAECK
t hey are l ying o n t he keel under a ll
we d id n ot proceed to unload t hem.
T he s hips
would t hen n eed t o have other ballast i nstead a nd t o be c ompletely unloaded which would c ause c onsiderable d elay . ...",
KA 3 967,
f ol.
1 09. 3 2
While t he s hips were
l ying a t anchor i n T able Bay various business
u sually t ook p lace.
From one such d ealing,
t he uppersteersman o f
' T KALFF on F ebruary
t he name of t he DRAECK 's Another business was
s kipper:
a c ourt c ase against 2 ,
we
An s Janz Dul,
f inally d iscover KA 3 967,
f ol.
1 89.
t he provisional c onfirmation of s everal promo-
t ions on-board t he s hips.
On t he DRAECK,
and
' T KALFF,
s everal
people had d ied on t he l ong j ourney a nd t hose who had held s ome s ort o f r esponsible position had been r eplaced by others.
After a l ong d elay at the C ape, c rew of t he DRAECK,
" Fine,
c alm,
DRAECK a nd
due
t o t he poor c ondition of t he
i t i s r ecorded i n t he Day R egister on March 9 :
s unny weather.
' T CALFF,
T oday the s kippers
o f t he s hips,
t ook t heir l eave t o s et s ail with t he
f irst good wind t hat G od may grant and t o proceed on t heir voyage t o Batavia. other papers
We have handed t hem our l etters
f or the E .
H eren Governor General and Councillors
of the Indies and we have provisions
" 10 Do . ships
s upplied t hem sufficiently with
f or t heir t rip.
Still c alm weather which prevented t he mentioned
f rom s ailing t oday
" 11 Do
I dem.
" 12 Do
I dem,
t ill
. ..
s hortly after n oon when i t c leared a nd
started t o blow f rom t he S .S.E. ' T CALFF, this
and
The
s hips DRAECK and
s et s ail and managed t o c lear
the Bay.
By n ight,
s outh-southeasterly s trengthened considerably,
c oming
down f rom t he Table Mountain with s trong
gusts.
"13 Do .
but before n oon
I n t he morning,
it became very calm. DRAECK was
t his
T he l ook-out t hen reported t hat t he
s till c lose under t he s hore,
in t he c alm,
while
' T CALFF was
When we had a l ook ourselves, What i s
c ontinued,
drifting a long
a lready out of s ight.
we f ound t his t o be
t rue.
t he u se o f t hem waiting s o l ong fox each other here
in t he Bay,
i f,
a s
s oon a s
t hey a re out to
s ight of each other? 3 3
s ea t hey l ose
" By evening t he DRAECK r eturned, the
g aljoot
trouble)
r eporting t o t he s kipper o f
( sent t hither t o e nquire a fter t he c ause of t heir
t hat t hey had drifted a ll n ight n ear a r ock between
R obben Eiland a nd here, t hereon.
running great r isk of f oundering
And because t hey were
c oming d own dangerously c lose
upon t he s hore because of n o wind and t he heavy swell of t he s ea,
t hey had d ecided t o t ow t he
s hip with t he boat and t o
r eturn t o t his Bay.
" At n ight a v ery s trong wind came up f rom t he S .S.E.
with heavy
gusts c oming d own f rom t he Table Mountain.
" 14 Do .
I n t he morning,
t hey were s till c ontinuing a nd
a lthough this was a good wind f or t he DRAECK t o proceed f ar out t o s ea,
s he r emained n evertheless at anchor without a ny-
body c oming a shore. t he f ortress s et s ail.
We,
t herefore,
t o t ell t hem t hat with t his g ood wind t hey s hould
About two hours
were s oon out of s ight.
l ater,
t hey l eft these roads
t he
s wamps were
amen",
KA 3 967,
t own f or which t he DRAECK was h eaded,
grown i nto a prosperous f illed i n,
a nd
May t he A lmighty grant her and
' T CALFF a s afe arrival i n Batavia,
Batavia,
f ired a c annon s hot f rom
c ity.
f ol.
had by t he
1 11.
1 650s
All over t he c ity were f ine houses,
i rrigation c anals had been dug,
bridges had
been built and s everal warehouses n ow s tood a long t he r iverfront. I t was c lear t hat t rade had brought prosperity. c omments t here
i n his
G ijsbert H eecq
j ournal on t he c hange i n Batavia s ince he was
l ast
i n 1 644:
" In
s omma ,
o ne
s ees here t hat t imes have c hanged,
days a ll the bridges were made out of wood, f ortress
( over t he Malle Gat)
o with a wooden drawbridge t Y es,
everything s eems
mainly of c heap c hinese
before,
without any gold or s ilver, i s a ll Dutch v elvets,
l et t he v essels
s ilk,
even t he one t o
which n ow c onsists of
hanged. t o have c
n ow much better c lothed;
i n the o ld
t hrough
t he
1 3 a rches ( fig.
6 ).
T he inhabitants a re
lothing c onsisted t heir c
nlaid with rushes s titched or i
but one s hould s ee t hem n ow!
brocades, 3 4
s atins and t he s uch,
I t
with g old
T he Castle o f B atavia w ith the n ew s tone bridge.
( 6)
Engraving f rom O ud e n N ieuw O ost -I ndi n
( Valentijn
1 724-26).
and s ilver l ace, oons,
f inely d ecorated with buttons and other gall-
g littering with s pangles
and t heir hats,
garters a ll with l ong g old or s ilver l aces:
s tockings,
l ikewise
t heir hilts massive s ilver or s ometimes pure gold, spurs,
swords,
s ilver
massive g old buttons and l ots of suchlike a pparel t o
cover t he naked body.
I n t his
t he women excel t he men by f ar,
being inclined t hat way by nature but I will weakness s ince
s hoes,
( to dress up and t o d eck out)
l eave t hem a side and I will attribute
i t t o t heir
s o a s n ot t o l ose t he f avour of t hese pleasant persons,
I 'd rather s ee t hem n ice and beautiful t han ugly and
s luttish.
One
f inal t hing I will s ay:
0 Batavia,
f ormerly Jacatra, how much have you c hanged L ' Honore Naber
Batavia,
( in everything )!",
( 1910-1911).
I t was
to t his
f lourishing c ity,
the c entre of t he V .O.C.
i n t he
I ndies,
t hat t he DRAECK a rrived on May 2 4,
3 5
1 654.
operations
( 7)
P epper c limbing u p a long high r eeds on t he
i sle o f
B anda.
( detail)
E ngraving
f rom B egin e nde ( Commelin
V oortgangh
1 646).
3 6
CHAPTER V
Back t o Patria
The G .G.
and Councillors d ecided n ot t o
with t he n ext r eturn f leet. 7 ,
s end h er back i mmediately
T hey wrote t o t he
H eren X VII , November
1 654:
" It i s t rue t hat when we
s ent t his
have s tayed behind on t hese r oads, ERASMUS, how t he
Z IRCKZEE a nd NAERDEN.
f leet,
s uch a s t he DRAECK,
But b ecause we a re unsure
s ituation with t he English will eventuate,
whether t hey will s end a ny naval power t o t he attack our s hips,
w ar -j achten home", Coolhaas
On Friday August
" From t he
2 8,
t he G .G.
and
I ndies to
d ispersed over t hese waters,
cause t he c ompany c onsiderable damage, s end t hese
j achten
s ome g ood
which c ould
we d ecided n ot t o ( 1964).
a nd C ouncillors d ecided:
j acht VLISSINGEN from the Chamber Zeeland, we have
l earned that the
H eren X VII would like us to equip some
j achten or f luiten seven to eight weeks earlier than usual. They want u s sugar,
t o l oad t hem with r aw g oods
a s these a re a t t he moment much i n d emand a t home
and f etch a high price.
S o,
has b een d ecided t hat t he WESOP,
t o meet these r equests,
i t
j achten , DE GULDE DRAECK and
which have a r easonable c argo capacity will be
l oaded with pepper and s ugar The
l ike pepper and
f or the Chamber of Amsterdam.
j acht AVENHORN will go to Persia instead of the WEESP",
KA 5 77.
The
f ollowing summary of the d ecisions made by the G .G.
i llors,
before t hese s hips
f inally s ailed on November 7 ,
a n interesting view of t he management of the V .O.C.
" Tuesday S eptember 8 . being prepared,
and C ounc1 654,
i n Batavia:
A s t he n ext shipment f or home i s
we will a ffix t he u sual placards a t t he
usual place t o warn t hose l eaving
3 7
f or home and t o make
g ives
known t he c ontents of t hese placards.
F irstly,
c oncerning
those that presume any d emands or c laims upon t he C ompany, that t hey make t hemselves known or otherwise t hey will their c laim.
The same
f or those who want t o s end their
private g oods or s laves with t he C ompany's want t o s end l etter. port a nd c osts will l eave
l ose
s hips a nd f or those who
Further c oncerning the r egulations of t rans-
t o be paid by f ree persons and C ompany s ervants who
f or home.
F inally f or t he buyers a nd s ellers c oncerning
t he a ccounts o f t heir monthly payments.
" Friday S eptember 2 5.
D ecided t o s end t he
f leet on t he l ast day
of O ctober a nd t o t ry t o equip a third s hip f or t his
" Thursday O ctober 1 . arrived f rom h ome f leet s till i ts g oods
A s
t he
j acht SCHELLINGEN, God be thanked, has
f rom t he Chamber of Amsterdam a nd a s t he
l acks one s hip,
i t has been d ecided t hat,
f rom home a re u nloaded,it w ill be u sed a s
s hip with t he
f irst f leet.
f irst f leet,
f irst
a s s oon a s
a r eturn
s ince i t has a r easonable c argo c apacity.
" Friday O ctober 9 .
We have a t t his t ime a l arge quantity of pepper
and s ugar i n s tock,
which i s
l ying h ere quite
great d amage t o t he C ompany.
f ruitlessly,
c ausing
We have a lso been ordered by t he
H eren X VII to send home two or three ships or j achten this year with those g oods which f etch a high price a t t he moment. intended t o u se t hree r oads n o
Thus we had
j achten , however, the MUYDEN appeared on these
f rom J apara and a s we hope t hat t he d anger of t he English i s
l onger imminent we c annot m iss the opportunity t o
j acht , which has a reasonable cargo capacity. decided t o u se i t a s a f ourth r eturn
s end t his
We have,
t herefore,
j acht for this f irst f leet -
we t rust t his w ill be c onsidered proper by our principals.
" Tuesday O ctober
2 8.
Last year,
we d id n ot s end a r eturn
Chamber of Enckhuijsen and we c annot be sure t hat t he f rom t hat Chamber will be here this y ear,
t he
s ea being
i n t ime t o be u sed a s
f ull of perils.
I f we
f ail
f or the
s hips r eturn
expected s hips
t o d o s o again,
this will be t he s econd y ear t hat we have n ot s ent a r eturn there, by which t hat Chamber will be v ery much i n a rrears with h er r eturn g oods.
C onsidering t he
f act t hat we have many s hips of t he C hamber
3 8
of Amsterdam h ere and t hat we c an expect s ome more s hortly,
we have d ecided t o s end the
j acht
f rom t hat Chamber
D EN DRAECK with i ts
c ontents t his y ear t o t he C hamber Enckhuijsen s o that Chamber will r eceive i ts
" The t ime
c onsignment...
i s
j achten
a pproaching t hat t he
and S CHELLINGEN,
i ntended f or t he
and t hey will have
MUIJDEN,
DEN DRAECK,
f irst s hipment home,
will
l eave
t o be provided with a good c ommander who will
keep o rder a nd will t ake proper c are of the C ompany's valuable g oods.
L ooking a round f or a c apable person a s head f or t he
a forementioned s hips, Hubert d e Laresse,
we have
f ound t he uppermerchant,
f ormerly F irst P erson i n Amadabath.
I t
i s d ecided t o a ppoint h im a s head f or t he f irst s hips
f or
home t his y ear,
f or
a nd t o u se the merchant,
Hubert Hugo,
s econd p erson.
" Tuesday November DEN DRAECK,
3 .
I t i s d ecided t hat t he
WEESP and S CHELLINGEN,
s hips MUIJDEN,
i ntended f or the f irst
s hipment home a nd supplied with everything n eeded f or t he j ourney,
will be g iven t heir f arewell and will weigh anchor
on t he s ixth of t his month. Straits of Sunda,
As s oon a s they have
with G od's help,
l eft t he
t hey will proceed on t heir
j ourney t o our d ear f atherland a ccording to the i nstructions g iven t o t he heads of these
s hips",
T hese were the d ecisions of t he G .G. c oncerning t he preparations s hips,
KA 5 77.
and C ouncillors
i n Batavia,
f or t he d eparture of these
which f inally l eft Batavia on November
7 .
f irst f our
B oth Hubert d e
Laresse and Hubert Hugo were l ater i nvolved i n privateering a gainst t he English with Hugo skippering t he SWARTEN ARENT under French c ommission.
De L aresse s eemed t o have had a s hare i n t his
KA 4 56,
6 36.
s hip was DRAECK,
f ol.
A s An s J ansz Dul
i n Batavia, KA 1 87,
G ood Hope,
March 1 9,
1 656.
had d ied while t he
From t he r ecords of t he Cape of KA 3 968,
Willem Volger,
f ol.
2 13.
t ook a black
whom he l ater was a llowed t o s end
provided h e payed her passage, March 2 7,
s hip,
a ppointed on t he VERGULDE
t his appears t o be P ieter A lbertsz,
woman back t o t he N etherlands,
3 64,
( or D ol)
a n ew s kipper was
T he merchant o f t he VERGULDE DRAECK ,
back,
WESOP
1 656.
3 9
which was
1 50 guilders,
KA
When G ijsbert Heecq arrived a t Cape of Good H ope i n April, on his way t o Batavia, St.
1 655,
t he f our s hips had j ust l eft t he C ape f or
H elena:
" April
3 ,
1 655
..
T he Hon.
merchant and head here, P ieter Sterthemius, a s aforesaid, s turdy
C omd.
J ohannus
R iebeecq,
u pper-
c ame a board t o welcome t he H on.
M r.
e xtraordinaris R aad v an I ndia and Comd.
r eporting the a rrival,
s ome weeks ago,
of f our
j achten namely MUYDEN, WEESP, GULDEN DRAECK and DER
SCHELLINGH,
bound f rom Batavia t o Patria.
h ere and l eft i mmediately f or t he i sland, c ompany of t he
T hey had c alled i n S t.
H elena,
i n
g aljoot TULP ( for a dvice) t here t o await,
a ccording t o order,
t he Hon.
Mr.
R yckelof van G oens,
e xtraord-
i naris R aet v an I ndia ( if n ot d elayed), who was s oon t o f ollow with s ix or n ine s hips a s well a s c ommanders of t hese
f our
j achten ..
j achten were Huybrecht de Laresse and
Huybert Hugo who had been A ssistants w ith me 1 642",
L 'Honore Naber
Appointed a s
i n Z ouratten A°
( 1910-1911).
Heecq s ays that t he MUIJDEN and WEESP had a ctually c alled i n, t his
but
i s c ontradicted by the r ecords of t he Cape's Council:
" Wednesday January 2 7,
1 655.
The ships MUIJDEN and WEESP have
not a rrived here y et a lthough t hey l eft B atavia i n c ompany with t he s hips DEN SCHELLINGH and DRAECK ,
l ying here,
a nd were t o
proceed t ogether on t heir j ourney v ia t his p lace. thought, t o S t.
however,
t o have passed by h ere a nd t o have proceeded
H elena t o await t he others t here.
Council,
They a re
I t i s d ecided by our
s upplemented by Vice-Commander Huybert Hugo,
merchant Willem Volkers,
t o
s end t he
with t he S CHELLINGH and DRAECK t o S t. t here t he horses c arried past h ere and WEESP",
B oeseken and D e Wet
a nd
g aljoot TULP in company H elena to f etch f rom
( (the Cape))
by the MUYDEN
( 1957).
S amuel Volkertsz was t he s kipper of t he TULP which i s
i nteresting
a s he was i nvolved l ater i n t he s earch f or t he DRAECK a fter s he was l ost. 1 655,
While at t he C ape,
t he DRAECK was
with a c ow f or f our guilders and 1 0
4 0
s upplied on J anuary 2 7,
s tuyvers .
Abundant r efresh-
ments were W e
s uch a s m ilk,
eggs,
s upplied f ree,
KA 3 968,
l earn f rom H eecq 's
on April 1 0,
1 655,
c abbages, f ol.
c arrots
2 13.
H elena
( fig.
f or June
" In t he N etherlands a rrived on June MUIJDEN,
2 .
WEESP,
other c argo than pepper,
a rrived-
s hips was,
7 ,
H ollandse M ercu-
1 654,
4 .
D E VERGULDE
a nd having n o
s ugar a nd s apan wood a k ind of r ed f ollowing S eptember
t he n ine other s hips t hat
1 655. ) s ugar a nd s apan wood c arried by those
a ccording t o t he n ewspaper,
s ugar ' ;
f our s hips
1 655:
D ER S CHELLING,
" ( mentioned here a re
The t otal amount o f pepper,
2 982320 l b.
3 .
I n t he beginning o f t he
l eft Batavia January 8 ,
1 3
T he
1 1 the East I ndian R eturn
having l eft Batavia November
s andalwood.
8 ).
i sland a s we r ead i n the
r ius, a Dutch newspaper of that time,
DRAECK ,
and 2 87890
l b.
6 502803
l b.
pepper;
s apan wood.
Before t he f our s hips had a nchored on t he r oads of T exel, people t ried t o g et s ome private t rade a shore. the i slands of T exel and Vlieland s ea and t ook a board s ailors' was
of v egetables
a nd t hat her s kipper r eported t hat t he f our
d id n ot wait l ong on t he
1 .
s orts
j ournal t hat t he TULP r eturned t o the C ape
s hips had a rrived s afely i n S t.
s hips
a nd a ll
( see
f ig.
4 )
s everal
Small vessels met t he
s hips a t
c hests packed with t rade goods.
s trictly f orbidden and Article
f ine o f half t he e arned wages
2 4 of the
f rom
T his
A rtikelbrief gave a
f or t hose who s ent f or s uch a v essel
b efore a r epresentative of t he C ompany d irectors had i nspected the s hip,
Van D am
( 1701),
2 6.
H owever,
prohibited t rade and awaited the
t he C ompany had a nticipated this
s mall vessels when t hey came a shore.
T he c hests w ere c onfiscated a nd when t he owners a sked the Company t o r eturn t heir c hests, only g et t hem back
t hey were c losely i nterrogated.
They c ould
( of course without t he t rade g oods)
i f t heir
a nswers
s atisfied the Company r epresentatives,
July
1 655.
1 ,
M eanwhile,
Hubrecht d e Laresse
t o the S tates G eneral a bout t he
KA 3 64 June
2 0 -
t ravelled t o T he Hague and r eported s tate of a ffairs i n t he
I ndies,
d elivering a lso a l etter f rom t he G overnor G eneral a nd Councillors o f t he I ndies,
KA 3 64,
July 2 2,
1 655.
were unloaded of t heir c argo of s ugar, t he Chamber of Enckhuizen, of 1 00,587 guilders,
During July,
t he
f our s hips
pepper and s apan wood.
For
the c argo f rom t he DRAECK f etched a total
KA 1 87,
O ctober 5 ,
4 1
1 656.
_ r f
-
-
51
-
_.
1 , o, i. , 2 _ , .
X. , 9 :i l ? ' . •' 4 : , . . . , : ; , .4 , . • -. , e• , . . 0 7 , ;, ., N e -- ,• ; 4 1 . e . , 'o r i . " tere •0 1 .•1' a l J ' _ , { • '' ' \ « 4 4 •' 1 ' . • A . , . _ ,‚ " El .
\
'' S
, I,
/ ' 4' % I
"
› , .
4 ' . . . . .. „
. . 1. ," v— - -
s e, N .
1, 9 . ‚
.
2. .
-i-
j e , . _V •IL
' . , . .. „ . ; .P
• . •. ... . , -. . .. . . , . . . . , .• e —
, .' . , . . , '
i l , •
,,
. . . p .ä ;
, , e 2
, : _d '
4 , 0 1 1K(' ‘ I ' ;-4 7 .. , . . n , : . 1 :
. . --1 7,, sr
( 8)
. . 4 . -
, . ; . _ . : ., . . „. 2 _ r e _, _, . r1 ' • . . _ . _ . _ : . : , . . _ . . . : . i * r '. .,_." .„,..z r
". "
j r
., z4 r, . " g ,
r .SA
-_e ', AP i f i 7^ , , f . ' "_ . -• . 4 '. 2r. , e •, „ y ._B r . e. _ i j r .e 4
T he i sland of S t. Atlantic O cean.
.
.
H elena i n t he s outhern half o f t he I t was t he f irst possible m eeting p lace
B egin e nde V oortgangh
E ngraving f rom
( Commelin 1 646).
Overall v iew of B atavia.
E ngraving f rom O ud e n N ieuw
O ost -I ndiön ( Valentijn 1 724-26).
4 2
4 * 3 i
4 — '. 4 .-', . 1_ . , j ip, , •‚ , .i -o r. 12 , d-_ : , : ' _ , . . : „ .. . , , , -j i r , ., . , . . , ., . . _ . . . . . i . .e . . . .4 . 7 . i . . . . . .z . .2 _
a fter t he C ape f or h omebound s hips.
( 9)
„ . '' ., . ,, _. i .i
CHAPTER VI
S econd Journey
A s
( 1655-1656)
e arly a s July 2 2,
we r ead i n the r esolutions of t he C hamber of
Amsterdam:
..
a s
t he s hips,
MUYDEN,
WEESP a nd D E DRAECK,
r eady t o s ail a nd t o l oad their c argo, proceed with t he equipage o f t he Chambers",
i t i s d ecided t o
s hips a nd t o n otify t he other
KA 3 64.
On Monday August 9 t he positions a dvertised a nd a week l ater t he j ob i t was
will s oon be
f or
s kippers a nd a ssistants were
" Gentlemen of t he s hipyard"
t o employ a ll t he c rew except t he officers)
i sed to take on the r est o f t he c rew.
( whose
were a uthor-
On Monday August 2 3,
t he
s kippers and a ssistants had a pplied and i t was d ecided t o appoint t hem the
f ollowing week.
T he "Gentlemen of t he
s hipyard" were then
a lso authorised t o:
u ...
s end t he s hips,
DRAECK,
WEESP a nd MUYDEN,
e ither t o
T exel o r het Vlie a s t he G entlemen t hought best."
T he Chamber o f Amsterdam d ecided on August
..
t o a ppoint o n t he t hree big
WEESP)) a
a n uppersteersman,
3 0:
j achten ( (DRAECK, MUYDEN a nd
understeersman,
a t hird s teersman,
z iekentrooster (comforter of the sick or lay preacher)), an
upper a nd a n u nderbarber and small
..
( (unreadable)).
On t he two
j achten MAERSSEN and BREUCKELEN only an uppersteersman
with a t hird s teersman a nd an underbarber a nd d ecided))
t hat t he prayers on the small
( (it i s a lso
j achten will be done
by an a ssistant."
On August 3 1,
t he boatsmen a nd s teersmen were a ppointed a nd the n ext
d ay t he s oldiers were t aken o n.
4 3
On Monday September 1 3, Amsterdam tell u s
1 655,
Indies with the
WEESP,
r esolutions of the Chamber of
this:
" After deliberation, the
the
it i s resolved a nd decided t o s hips,
the VERGULDEN DRAECK,
which will be ready t o
s ail
and twenty-five thousand guilders s hip
7 5,000 guilders",
By Tuesday S eptember 2 1, to the G .G.
t he
l etters
and Councillors of the
of
• To reduce The
t hat i s
f or each
I ndies were written and on that t he
s ame procedure
t ook place
at the Cape of Good Hope,
could be despatched with t he three
the chance of l oss
every
s hips.
s hip carried c opies of the
l etters.
H eren X VII wrote to the Governor General that the cargo requested
f or Japan was MUYDEN,
l oaded into the VERGULDE DRAECK ,
but unfortunately i t i s
t ed f or Japan,
KA 4 55,
The s econd and l ast started on a more the
two hundred
t he Chamber of Amsterdam
with a l etter to the Commander and Council these missives
and
KA 3 64.
day they were read by t he Chamber;
s o that all
MUYDEN,
i n a f ew days, in c ash,
s end to
l oading was
not known which goods were r eques-
November 2 ,
1 655.
j ourney of the VERGULDE DRAECK t o
f ortunate note
f inished and
the
the three
As
crew were on-board,
the
KA 4 389.
I sle of Wight where
the
s oon as s hips
The only delay on
c ontrary winds held up
f ast.
The MUYDEN arrived on March
1 ,
a ll hands healthy,
The WEESP dropped anchor on March
people but t he rest healthy. day with all people
safe
too
5 ,
only two having
a lso having l ost two
The BREUCKELEN arrived on the
next
and well.
The MUYDEN stayed only a week and 2 4 persons.
But on
f irst l eg of the trip to the Cape of Good Hope was
covered reasonably
they were
I ndies
j achten and the f luit BREUCKELEN for four weeks.
the whole,
died.
t he
than the f irst one.
l eft the roads of Texel on October 4 , the trip was at the
the WEESP and the
l eft on March 7 ,
taking aboard
These people had s tayed behind f rom other ships, s ick to go on.
i llnesses and c ould continue
They had now all r ecovered their voyage t o Batavia. 4 4
when
f rom their
They were
l ucky t o have been put on-board t he MUYDEN. had been t he
f irst t o put i nto Table Bay,
i t i s doubtful whether
t hey would ever have arrived i n Batavia. l eft,
I f t he VERGULDE DRAECK
Two days a fter t he MUYDEN
t he VERGULDE DRAECK a rrived i n T able Bay.
We r ead i n t he Day
R egister of the Cape:
" ((March)) here
9 .
I n the morning,
s afely on t he r oads t he
people s afe and well.
w ith t he morning watch,
j acht
t he DRAECK with mostly a ll
T hey l ost only two men who f ell overboard
during t he voyage and have s till a live KA 3 968,
f ol.
ment on t he Cape.
bacon,
of S panish wine,
one barrel of meat,
French wine,
l eggen water, a s
o r
i ntended f or t he new s ettle-
KA 3 969,
f ol.
a nker
o ne
of brandy,
means
f ive ships t ogether,
or
Stapel
i ts c ontents but Van D ale
' to l ie'),
( 1927)
( 1971)
c osting
5 82
VERGULDE DRAECK,
s even c ows,
1 0
Australian c oast.
3 73 guilders and f our
l bs.,
l oaded i nto t he
s heep and s ome vegetables.
l oaded i nto t he DRAECK,
l ater were t o turn u p on t he West
yet s o.
( see
f urther Part 2 ,
c arried
C hapter V .5.2).
e lephant tusks were a lso part of t he official but when the DRAECK was
However,
i f s o,
t here s old t o t he East I ndia C ompany and
l oaded i nto t heir s hips
f rom t he Cape,
were
s tuivers .
t hey would have been bought by t he West I ndia Company,
L ater,
l itres
From t he
These c ould have been f rom West Africa;
t o t he Netherlands,
( Dutch
g enerally used f or
weighing 3 732
N o r ecord exists that e lephant tusks were 3 00 y ears
s hip
l itres).
A s f ar a s can be t raced only r efreshments were
l egger
( A
g ives r oughly 4 00
g ives
1 8 c asks of f lour,
u nloaded f or t he Cape,
l egger
one half
s mall c ask of musket s hot.
' to l ay'
but a lso f or wine.
They were:
one barrel of
which s tayed down i n the hold of t he
l iggen
t he t usks which
1 51.
one barrel of butter,
1 2 r opes a nd one
was a big c ask,
heads",
During t he t hree d ays s he was anchored on t he
r oads t hese goods were unloaded,
l egger
( (sic))
1 28.
T he VERGULDE DRAECK c arried s ome goods
one
a rrived
t he Heren
t here i n 1 656,
t rade g oods this was not
XVII r ealised even then t hat s ome
private c itizens at t he Cape a lways managed t o g et s ome a board the s hips.
They wrote t o Jan van R iebeeck at the Cape:
4 5
. ..
we are t old t hat e lephant tusks would a lso be available
there,
and a lthough t he Company doesn't s ee them,
people d o manage t o s end t hem
..",
KA 4 56,
f ol.
private 5 8,
a fter which they t ell him t o try t o monopolise t his trade,
s o t hat
t he Company might g et t he profits.
The vegetables which had t o sustain t he p eople on-board c onsisted of cabbages,
c arrots,
d elivered f ree. guilder,
C ows
melons and water-melons,
the s ame t ime was
P ieter A lbertsz,
c alled GOODWILL,
c harged 7 2 guilders
s tuivers
f or f our s heep:
I t i s
i nteresting t o s ee
which put i nto T able Bay a t f or t hree c ows and 1 9 guilders
KA 3 969,
f ol.
2 46.
the s kipper of t he VERGULDE DRAECK,
r eceipt of t hese g oods,
KA 3 969,
f ol.
2 23,
of the 1 3th,
the VERGULDE DRAECK l eft with
p eople
a s we
..",
which were
c ost f our a nd a half guilders and s heep one
t he s ame a s two years before.
t hat a n E nglish s hip,
and f our
r adishes,
s igned f or t he
a nd in t he a fternoon " ...
s ee f rom t he D ay R egister,
I n a summary of a rrivals a t and d epartures
On March 1 2,
g ood,
f resh,
KA 3 968,
f ol.
f rom t he Cape,
healthy 1 29.
we r ead:
" DRAECK l eft with 1 90 healthy men f or Batavia", KA 3 968,
f ol.
2 81.
A s we mentioned before, s ail
f rom Cape of G ood H ope t he s kippers had t o
s outh until they r eached the l atitude of t he westerly winds
a nd f rom t here were meant t o s ail e ast f or a t l east 1 ,000 ( see
f ig.
1 ).
But f or t he
1 7th c entury n avigator,
d ifficult t o d etermine t he d istance o ther words,
t he
l ongitude.
m ijlen
it was quite
s ailed f rom East t o West,
T o d etermine l ongitude,
i n
t he mariner
n eeds a c hronometer a nd t hese i nstruments were only available a fter t he Englishman,
Harrison,
d eveloped a c hronometer i n t he
1 8th c entury which was not i nfluenced by t he movement of t he s hip. T he 1 7th c entury navigator had t o be c ontent with other methods: l ongitude was H owever,
f ound by d ead r eckoning u sing c ompass and l og.
a l og measures
t he
s peed of the
s hip t hrough t he water
but the e ffect of currents and l eeway had t o be a ccounted f or. I n t he c ourse
f rom Cape of Good H ope t o B atavia,
4 6
i t was only
possible t o c heck t he and St.
P aul.
could c ause
s hip's position at t he I slands of Amsterdam
Thus,
l ack o f precision i n t he d istance sailed
c onsiderable miscalculation,
r esulting i n many untimely
s ightings of the west c oast o f Australia. t he c harts u sed by t he s teersman. of O ctober was
3 0,
1 627,
Another e rror l ay i n
H eren X VII
I n a l etter t o the
Jan P ieterszoon C oen wrote how h is
s hip
( GALIAS)
n early wrecked on t he S outhland:
. ..
c ame on S eptember 5 i n t he a fternoon at the
s outhern
l atitude of
2 81 / 2 o on the l and o f E endracht;
half a mi j i
f rom t he breakers before we n oticed them,
being a ble t o t he n ight,
s ee t he l and.
we were
l ess t han without
I f we had been driven here during
we c ould have g one t hrough a t housand perils with
s hip a nd people. s teersmen were
On t he p lane c hart,
s till
3 00 and 3 50
t he positions of t he
m ijlen from shore, so there
was a bsolutely n o thought o f a ny l and,
a lthough the position
on t he c hart with i ncreasing d egrees was g lobe i t was only 5 0
m ijlen from land.
1 20
m ijlen and on the
But t his was t he l east.
I t i s c ertain t hat the i mperfection on t he plane chart f rom Cabo d e Bon'
E speranca t o t he S outhland a t a height of
has more t han 2 70
3 50 ,
m ijlen too much sea, to which most of the
s teersmen pay l ittle a ttention s o that many s hips have run great p eril and are
s till d aily d oing s o",
S tapel
( 1937).
T his was t he s ituation when t he VERGULDE DRAECK s truck a r eef of t he S outhland on April
2 8,
1 656.
4 7
CHAPTER VII
First Searches
I n Batavia,
meanwhile,several
' T SEEPAERT,
BREUCKELEN,
SHAVEN in May, TOLEN,
f or the Wreck
WEESP,
and MAERSSEN in June,
the
s chuyt
the
foundering of this
Z EEHONT,
t otalling
j acht
of the
7 ,
j acht
the s orrowful news
KA 1 104,
on
f ol.
91.
7 with n ews of
t he west c oast of the Southland. s ame day
we read:
1 656.
Today,
shortly after midday,
t he
DRAECK arrived after one month wandering s ix s ailors.
that the abovementioned
f ine
on April
in the beginning of the morning watch,
stretching out in the 3 02 ,/ 3 .
HECTOR,
failure t o appear,
early a s June
aground on t he coast of the S outhland,
latitude of
and BROUWER-
DER SCHELLINCK,
3 561 men,
around with the understeersman and
night,
HERCULES,
and Councillors had a meeting on the
in t heir r esolutions,
" Wednesday June
The MUYDEN,
f elt over the DRAECK's
f rom t he DRAECK arrived a s
The Governor General
s chuyt
DOLPHIJN,
and the ACHILLES,
Before any anxiety could be
and,
s hips had a rrived.
They brought
j acht
2 8 during t he
on a r eef,
s ea f or one and a half miji, Of the
1 93 heads,
only
had run
7 5
at the
landed
s afely
( among whom s kipper Pieter Albertse and t he mentioned understeersman).
From the s hip,
touching ground,
which
nothing was
immediately burst when
s aved,
and only very f ew prov-
i sions were thrown by the waves on the beach. 68 persons were buried in t he people and,
further trying t o recover
s and,
The r emaining
the boat,
which was
in order t o s end i t hither with s ome
meanwhile,
in their s orrowful
state
t hey are
anxiously awaiting a ll needed comfort and help from here. Thus,
the honourable Governor G eneral
summons the Council on
the spot and t ells the Gentlemen Councillors story; 1 85,000
he
shows
the
extent of
guilders of which
e ight cases,
and he
g ives
i s best t o be done to save Company's hopeless).
cash and goods
t he
DRAECK's
the here-told
cargo,
which
i s
7 8,600 guilders
i s
i n cash in
the Councillors
to
c onsider what
the unhappy persons and the
( which i s,
after a ll not entirely
After thoroughly having examined the problems,
4 8
i t i s unanimously approved and d ecided t o prepare the g ood s ailing f ive months
f luit , the WITTE VALCK, and to victual it for
( also f or t he people on t he S outhland )
s ome s kilful d ivers,
( which i s a pparently t omorrow n ight).
With t hem will g o our o rder t hat t he
j acht , the GOEDE HOOP,
n ow c ruising i n Sunda S trait a nd which i s
the a forementioned VALCK a s
will
s oon a s t his order i s
s et s ail with
s hown t o her
They will t hen s ail t ogether out of S unda Strait a nd
s teer i mmediately s outhward,
until t he
l atitude of
until t hey g et a s teady w estern t rade wind.
3 2°
t o
a t the people of t he DRAECK,
t he t wo s hips t o-gether).
3 3 0 or
From t here they will
s teer f or t he c oast o f t he S outhland a nd having a rrived, help,
( which
thought t o be c ompetent
and s ufficient f or the t rip t o the S outhland),
s kipper.
a long with
axes a nd other n ecessary t ools and t o s end i t
off a s quickly a s possible
i s
i mmediately
t hey w ill d istribute
with G od's t hem over
( which must d o t heir utmost t o s tay c onstantly
Further t hey will
whether d iving or otherwise, and t hen a s much a s
t ry t o r ecover i n t he most c areful way, i f i t i s possible,
f irstly t he c ash
i s possible and practicable of t he c argo,
guns and what e lse
i s particularly valuable.
" After having d one
a ll t his,
t he
t he officers c ontinue t o be ordered
t o explore the r epeatedly visited c oast of t he S outhland where t he DRAECK i s,
o r a s
f ar a s c an be d one without hampering t heir
r eturn voyage,
better t han i s known up t o n ow.
c over i t with particular a ttention, c orners,
bends,
can u se t hat
bays,
r ocks,
T hey s hall d is-
a nd perfectly c hart a ll t he
s andbanks and s hallows,
f or t he b enefit of t he Company's
s o t hat we
I ndian t rade,
f or
which purpose t he aforementioned understeersman of t he DRAECK will s ail t hither a t once.
And i n order t o have t he Company's a ffairs
i n t his mission c arried out i n d ecent o rder,
t act and t o better
purpose, we have a pproved t o g ive t he c ommand on t he outward a s well a s t he homeward voyage t o t he s kipper of t he WITTE VALCK, Huybert Adriaensz Huyge,
a nd t o instruct him t o perform and
a ccomplish everything c onsulting s kipper P ieter Alberts other o fficers,
t o t he best s ervice of our paying masters.
will be handed a c opy o f t his d eparting s hips
and t he S o
r esolution t o t he heads of t he
f or the benefit and advantage of t he Company.
4 9
" In t he C astle of Batavia, C arel Hartzinck, Steur,
Joan Cunaeus,
Gabriel Happart,
Unfortunately,
date a s
a bove,
s igned,
J oan Maetsuyker,
N icholaes Verburch,
S ecretary",
D irck J ansz
KA 5 77.
t he month of June i s t he beginning o f winter i n t he
Southern Hemisphere,
and i n that period,
prevail o n the west c oast of Australia.
heavy s torms and high s eas T he WITTE VALCK and t he
GOEDE HOOP suffered badly f rom t his weather.
On July 1 8,
t hey were
driven a part i n a s torm t hat blew up during t he n ight even before t hey had a rrived at t he c oast. General t o t he
..
H eren X VII :
t hey d id n ot f ail t o d o t heir utmost t o s ail t o t he
ordered spot.
However,
c oast of t he S outhland, s eas
N evertheless wrote t he Governor
t he
f luit having arrived at the
met such
s torms a nd high running
t hat s he d id n ot dare c ome c lose t o i t,
G od t hat s he c ould s tay c lear. s ame heavy s torms but managed t o mentioned l atitude,
T he
but t hanked
j acht endured the
l and with the boat on t he
a nd t hey have been s everal
m ijien inland.
They had s ailed a l ong way a long t he c oast but have n either wreck nor people. of their own men.
I nstead they have l ost e leven
F irstly,
t heir way i n t he bush,
s een
t hree,
who s eem t o have
l ost
and after t hat a nother e ight,
who,
having been s ent a shore with t he boat t o l ook f or them, have n ever a ppeared a gain.
The boat was
f ound s mashed t o
pieces on t he beach with which t he c rew i s probably l ost, t oo.
And t he
s hore and t hus
j acht, the HOOP, not to be driven on a l eel ose s hip and people,
c oast and r eturn here, other
T he G .G. s hips
. ..",
KA 1 104,
and Councillors
was
f orced t o
l eave t he
with which t his a ccident adds
f ol.
t o t he
3 -4.
i n Batavia d id n ot have other s uitable
t o order a nother s earch
f or t he poor people of t he DRAECK,
and t hey d ecided t o l eave i t f or t he moment t o Jan van R iebeeck at the Cape of G ood Hope t o have a nother t ry.
5 0
CHAPTER VIII
S earches
f rom t he C ape o f G ood H ope
H aving r eceived o rders f rom B atavia t o
s end a l ight
o n i ts way f rom t he N etherlands
I ndies,
t o t he
Van R iebeeck had a meeting o n M onday April and officers of t he f ol.
3 82-384.
3 ,
a long t he Southland, 1 657 with t he
T hey c onsidered t he VINCQ t he most s uitable
A s
f rom the VINCQ was man,
Joost Jansz,
V INCQ, man,
a nd t he
l oaded i nto t he VEENENBURCH.
a s
f or this
c ome c lose t o an
t he t rip would not be without r isks,
t he money
A s t he uppersteers-
had t aken t he p lace of t he d eceased s kipper of t he
f ormer understeersman had been promoted t o uppersteers-
and a n understeersman was
" ...
s kippers
f luitschips , VEENENBURCH and VINCQ, KA 3 969,
t ask a s i t was very f lat-bottomed and c ould t hus unknown s hore.
j acht or g aljoot
a dded t o t he c rew of 7 0:
s he c an s urely u se another good s teersman f or t his
expedition..."
D etailed i nstructions were d rawn u p;
t his
d ocument t hat i t i s worthwhile t o g ive
" Instruction f or t he heads of t he
i s
s uch a n i nteresting
i t here c omplete:
l ittle
f luit DE VINCQ in
order t o f ind t he wreck a nd t he people of t he l ost s hip t he VERGULDEN DRAECK on t he S outhland.
" It i s well known i n a nd outside t he c ouncil how t his
s hip
has unexpectedly run i nto t he S outhland a t a bout 3 0 2/ 3 how many p eople a re
s till miserably l eft behind who have
not been f ound back by t hose of t he GOEDE HOOP,
a nd
s ent t here on June
f luit VALCK and the j acht
8 of l ast y ear.
known how t he H onourable G entlemen,
I t i s a lso
G overnor G eneral and
Councillors of t he I ndies ordered u s by l etter of D ecember 4 l ast t o have a nother s earch done f rom t his end with t he l ightest of t he s hips
f rom home.
C onsidering a s
i n t he
r esolution t aken i n y our presence and s igned by y ou, t he
t hat
f luit VINCQ on which you came here is thought to be the
most s uitable
f or t his s earch,
5 1
you are t herefore now ordered
t o d o y our u tmost a nd t o s et s ail
f or t his purpose w ith t he
f irst f avourable wind t hat G od may g rant. t ion,
C onform t he r esolu-
y ou w ill v isit t he a forementioned S outhland a t a bout
3 2 2/ 3 0 where,
a ccording t o t he c harts,
l ess f athoms a re t o b e f ound, bushes.
F rom t here,
by n ight,
m any s hallows of 1 00,
a s well a s d unish l and w ith t rees a nd
s ailing a long t he s hore by d ay a nd h eaving t o
y ou w ill k eep a c lose watch f or a ny s igns o f f ires o r s uch
f rom t hose p oor,
m iserable p eople
( also f or a ny r emains o f t he wreck)
i n o rder t o r elease t hem f rom t heir m isery, t o B atavia.
a nd t o bring t hem back
Y ou will a lso bring b ack t he c ash a nd u nspoiled c argo
a s much a s y ou c an p ossibly s alvage a lways
( as o rdered,
t oo,
..
w ithout r isk.
P rovided
by t heir H onourables a forementioned )
y ou w ill be v ery c areful i n a pproaching t his S outhland, s eamanship,
t hat
u sing proper
t hat i s i f weather a nd w ind a llow s uch . a nd i f i t c an
be d one w ithout r isk. a ll,
8 0 a nd
H owever,
y ou s hould b e k een t o a ccomplish
f or i f y ou f ind t hem a nd bring t hem back t o Batavia,
honour w ill c ome t o y ou,
g reat
a part f rom t he g ood j ob y ou w ill d o f or
t hose p oor p eople.
" And because t he printed i nstructions o f t he H onourable G entlemen Masters a nd t he a ttached c harts
s how f urther h ow a nd i n w hat ways,
a lso a t what t imes o f t he y ear,
t he S outhland c an best b e a pproached
..
a lso what d anger c an b e e xpected o f r ocks a nd s hoals,
c onsult t hose
( as y ou have g ot t hem w ith y ou ).
F inally,
y ou s hall w e a dvise
y ou s trongly t o a lways k eep t he l ead i n hand n ear t his S outhland a nd t o l ook s harp f or a ll s uch l ands, a re y et u nknown o r u ndiscovered,
s hoals,
r ocks a nd s hallows a s
k eeping g ood r ecord a nd making
a ccurate n otes o r c harts t o b e u sed a fter t his by other C ompany s hips t hat c ould c ome u pon t hat c oast
..
And s o t hat you w ill
r ealise t he i ntentions a nd s eriousness o f t he H onourable G entlemen, G overnor G eneral a nd C ouncillors o f t he I ndies a nd r elease o f t hese m iserable p eople,
f or t he s earch f or
w e provide y ou w ith a n
e xtract f rom t he missive t hey s ent u s w ith t he c opies r esolution t o t his
i ntent o f J une 7 l ast.
A lso,
o f t heir
t he l etters s ent
by t he l ost p eople t o t he a forementioned H onourables w ith t he l ittle
s chuyt and forwarded to u s w ith t hat m issive ( you c an r ead
t hat o n y our way t o r ealise t he b etter t heir H onourables' s eriousness)
.. 5 2
o rder a nd
" As we hope not t o have t o doubt y our z eal,
we want t o wish you
s uccess on t his e xpedition and a s afe voyage. " In t he f ortress o f G ood Hope April was
2 6 A°
1 657
s igned Jan van R iebeeck",
T he l etters
' sent by t he
l ost people'
been written on May 5 and 7 1 656, T hese r eferences
are
f ol.
i n t he Cape papers are t he
3 97-398.
5 2.
f irst a nd only mention
l oss of t he VERGULDE DRAECK.
T he date s hows
t oo t hat t he u ndersteersman,
men t o Batavia,
had only l eft a fter May 7 .
were n ever f ound a gain,
f ol.
l ater i ndicated t o have
KA 3 970,
of any r ecord written at t he t ime of t he
KA 3 969,
who s ailed with s ix I t i s
a pity t hese
l etters
f or t hey would probably have g iven more
i nformation a bout t he place where t he s hip was wrecked a nd what happened t o t he
s urvivors
i n t hose
f irst t en d ays on t he S outhland.
When t he s kipper of t he V INCQ had r eceived his s ail
f rom t he Cape on April
2 7,
two c harts o f t he S outhland,
KA 3 969,
f ol.
one big and one
i nstructions, 3 86.
small
On-board he had s cale.
T hese
had been handed t o h im by t he s kipper o f t he VEENENBURCH, f ol.
5 2,
which s hows
he s et
KA 3 970,
t hat n ot a ll s hips were provided w ith t hese
c harts r equired by t he i nstruction o f 1 655 and mentioned i n t he l ist o f equipment o f April 1 6, steersmen were r esponsible), On July 7 ,
1 655
( for which t he s kipper and
KA 1 87.
t he V INCQ a rrived i n Batavia without having been a ble
f ind a ny s igns o f t he wrecked vessel. on a r eef at a bout 2 9 d egrees T ill t he
1 2th of t hat month,
l atitude,
I n s hort,
t hey had a nchored
at a d epth of 2 5
f athoms.
t hey had s ailed a long t he c oast but
had not been a ble t o c ome c lose t o t he been very bad.
On June 8 ,
t o
s hore a s
t he weather had
a nother unsuccessful expedition.
G overnor G eneral Joan Maetsuyker r ealised by now t hat June-July was n ot t he best possible p eriod t o coast o f t he S outhland. t o try once a gain, Jan van R iebeeck
H e a nd his Councillors d ecided,
but t his
t ime i n s ummer.
M eanwhile,
t herefore, t hey o rdered
t o keep t rying and t o instruct small vessels,
t heir way t o Batavia, ..
f ind oneself on t he wind-beaten
t o s ail a long t he S outhland.
Y ou s hould be aware t hat January,
are t he best months
. ..
f or,
But t hey wrote:
F ebruary a nd March
except f or t hat s eason,
c oast i s unapproachable because of t he s trong winds, now b een e xperienced s everal t imes...", 5 3
on
KA 3 970,
f ol.
t his a s has 4 08-411.
CHAPTER IX
The Last Attempts
On Friday December
2 1,
r esolved to s end t he EMELOORT,
. ..
1 657,
G .G.
whether perhaps
On December
anybody of the
1 1 men f rom the
3 1,
Volkersen and Jonck Castle to receive caution.
was promised,
j acht the VERGULDE
j acht the GOEDE HOOP
l ittle
KA 5 77.
to keep together and further advising Captains
- who
t hat night after prayers,
these instructions
To encourage D e Hullu
the
( 1904),
- to observe
crew, p .
a s hare
Samuel Volkersen,
and EMELOORT with
l eft Batavia roads
with provisions
came
4 0
t he greatest poss-
in t he
salvaged g oods
and commanded by s kipper
2 5 men,
s kippered by Aucke
on January 1 ,
1 658,
well supplied
f or s ix months.
f irst s ix weeks
t he trip went according to the
although Volkersen had to wait s everal t imes
f or the EMELOORT at
in his
Jonck's
s lower and c ould not sail
s hip was
the wind a s
considerably
the WAECKENDE BOEY.
pretty bad s hape.
Jonck was
stern which caused t he
l og,
i nstructions,
which he showed his annoyance
t o
t o t he
3 44-350.
The WAECKENDE BOEY carrying a crew of
Jonck,
l ost
detailed instructions were drawn up stressing the
need f or the two s hips
The
in Batavia
f luit , WAECKENDE BOEY and the g aljoot ,
l ittle
can still be f ound",
Pieters
and Councillors
to the Southland to s ee:
DRAECK and t he
ible
t he
KA 1 115,
I n f act,
fol.
2 18-227. a s
c lose
the EMELOORT was
in
c onstantly struggling with a damaged
s hip to
l eak
c onsiderably.
On February
2 ,
t he skipper and merchant of t he WAECKENDE BOEY visited t he EMELOORT and complained a bout the
u
. ..
s ituation.
Jonck wrote:
from his words we a ssumed t hey t ried to get away
f rom u s...",
KA 1 115,
f ol.
2 04-218.
5 4
On February 1 4,
t he s hips
l ost s ight of e ach other.
s imply c ommented on t he f act,
while J onck a ctually a ccused
Volkersen of having d eliberately s ailed away. been t he r eason,
Volkersen
Whatever may have
t he two s hips d id n ot meet t ill much
l ater,
a nd
e ach a pproached t he S outhland on his own.
Of t he two s kippers Volkersen was
a pparently t he better s ailor.
Jonck was c ontinually heading out t o s ea or t rying t o a pproach t he s hore,
without success,
however.
t he bad c ondition of his
Maybe t he r eason f or t his was
s hip or perhaps he was,
i n f act t he better
s eaman by o bserving t he greatest c aution possible.
A s a r esult
he only s ent t he boat a shore twice and d id n ot f ind a ny s igns or t races of t he VERGULDE DRAECK ,
but,
however,
brought a ll hands
back safe and well t o Batavia.
T he s ituation with Volkersen was l and on F ebruary
a ltogether d ifferent.
He s ighted
2 3 which a ppeared l ater t hat d ay t o be a n i sland,
a nd i s nowadays known a s
R ottnest I sland , off Fremantle.
( Is
g ed t o have been d iscovered by Willem d e V lamingh i n 1 696, fact, name
was d iscovered and c harted by Volkersen who only i t,
b ecause h e
l eft t hat matter
" ...
n or G eneral's pleasure".
I t i s
already s ighted,
by t he ships,
s ee S childer
in 1 619,
day,
but,
in
f ailed t o
t o t he Honourable G over-
even possible t hat t he i sland was DORDRECHT a nd AMSTERDAM,
( 1976).)
Volkersen s ailed on t owards steersman,
a lle-
t he mainland a nd t he n ext day his upper-
Abraham L eeman, went a shore.
he r eported,
a s
R eturning on-board t he n ext
i s n oted i n Volkersen's
l og:
" That t hey had been on l and and had o bserved many s igns of t he wrecked s hip t he DRAECK, place where p eople had l ived,
but n o f ootpaths n or a ny
a lthough t hey had g one
and wide,
both i nland a nd a long t he beach.
t he s hips
on t he c oast w hich t hey had o bserved a re
A heavy beam, planking, of c hests,
a piece of oak planking,
a small keg, staves
buckets,
T he r emains of a s
f ollows:
a piece of t he outer
t hwarts of t he boat,
and s imilar rubbish.
f ar
I t was
pieces
n oteworthy
t hat a number of pieces o f planking had been put up i n a 5 5
( 10a)
D etail o f a chart by Samuel Volkersen, WAECKENDE BOEY s pot where
( 1658)
s howing the
s kipper of the
i sland R ottnest
" many s igns of t he Draeck were
description
f rom the
l eft).
f ound"
and
t he
( second
Algemeen R ijksarchief,
' s-Graven-
hage.
( 10b)
Aucke P ietersz Jonck,
s kipper of the EMELOORT,
places
after the VERGULDE DRAECK:
r ight )
a nd
D raecken h ooft
chart by Jonck,
1 658.
( third
named two
D raecken R iff ( far f rom r ight).
A lgemeen R ijksarchief,
D etail of a ' s-Gravenhage.
c ircle with t heir ends upwards. t o no c orrect knowledge,
S ince here we c ould c ome
we r esolved t o weigh a nchor a nd
t o s ail north a long t he c oast."
T hat n ight,
s chuyt
t he
and was l ost.
which was
Sailing n orth,
t owed behind was
t he boat was
s ent a shore
but its c rew c ould n ot f ind a ny s ign of t he On February 2 8,
T he n ext two
weeks
s everal t imes,
s urvivors or t he wreck.
s till n o c ontact had
i t was blowing very hard a nd t he
WAECKENDE BOEY s tood out t o s ea.
Strange enough i t was
p eriod t hat J onck s ent t he boat a shore.
On March 1 8,
f ound himself again o ff , Rottnest and the n ext day, was
s ea
t hey s ighted t he EMELOORT but on t he n ight of
March 2 -3 t hey were s eparated again while been made.
c apsized by t he
s craped underwater,
i n this
Volkersen
while t he s hip
L eeman went a shore t o investigate and
r eported:
. ..
t hat t he i sland was well wooded and a lso t hat i t was
d ifficult t o f ind a place where a boat c ould l and, it had a round i t,
c lose t o t he s hore,
s tony r eefs."
Again t hey sailed n orthward a long t he mainland, a shore r epeatedly. VERGULDE DRAECK ;
On March 2 1,
t he boat g oing
L eeman f ound a d ead-eye of t he
t he n ext d ay a f orward knighthead and a block.
That day a t ragic i ncident o ccurred in t hat L eeman was unwilling because he f eared b ad weather coming up. proved t o be r ight;
s ent a shore,
I n t his he
during t he n ight Volkersen had t o stand out
t o sea and only s ix days same place.
s ince
l ater d id he manage t o g et back t o t he
Not s eeing the boat,
his presumption t hat i t must
have been s mashed t o p ieces on t he beach s eemed t o be proven r ight. H e was
s o s ure of t his
t hat when,
he s aw a f ire on t he s hore,
t hat evening,
on his way n orth
he d id not even t hink of his own
people but only:
u. ..
hoped i t t o be l it by C hristian people,
people o f t he DRAECK o r HOOP, such a f ire, another f ire,
e ither t he
s ince we had n ever o bserved
a nd s o we f ired a c annon whereupon immediately c lose t o t he
f irst,
5 7
was
s een.
S ince t he wind
was r ising f rom t he s outh and we had n either boat n or in order t o i nvestigate,
and a s we d id n ot f ind a c onvenient
anchorage but only s harp coral we, anchor,
had s een t he f ire a nd, on April 1 0.
d id not d rop
f ound himself f ar t o t he n orth of where he t hus,
he c ontinued t o Java which he s ighted
T he WAECKENDE BOEY a nd t he EMELOORT met on April
a nd arrived t ogether i n Batavia o n t he
t he
t herefore,
but hove t o u nder small s ail and waited f or t he d ay."
T he next d ay however he
C ouncillors
s chuyt
1 9th,
where t he G .G.
1 4
a nd
r esolved t hat the two s kippers would be questioned by
A dvocaat F iscaal as they had not observed their instructions
t o stay t ogether,
KA 5 78,
April
1 9,
1 658.
Apart f rom the j ournals k ept by the two s kippers, a brief a ccount of t he S outhland by Volkersen, gave an a ccurate d escription of t he R ottnest I sland.
we
s till have
i n which he a lso
i sland which i s now known a s
H e ends with:
" Two g ood a nd c ertain l andmarks off t he west c oast of t he S outhland: Firstly:
I f i n these r egions you o bserve a bout 1 1 d egrees
variation of t he c ompass, more t han 1 8 o r 2 0
S econdly:
m ijlen distance from the land.
I f you s ee rock-weed f loating a bout,
a ssured that y ou will 3 0
you may be s ure of n ot being a t
f athoms or l ess",
B ack on t he S outhland,
s ound t he bottom i n 7 0, H eeres
5 0,
4 0,
Abraham L eeman had managed t o s tay c lear After being d riven
h is b oat had been t hrown over a r eef but t hey had g ot
s afely a shore.
Later t he
1 4 men i n the boat had s ailed s outh
t o l ook f or the WAECKENDE BOEY, f ind her.
On t he s ixth d ay,
l ighted a huge
but t hey had not been a ble t o
they f inally s aw the s hip a nd t hey
f ire which was answered f rom t he s hip with a
c annonshot after which they l ighted another a nd d isappointment were enormous when, t he
6 0,
( 1899).
of the c oast when l eft behind on March 2 2. n orth,
y ou may b e
ship had s ailed away!
f ire.
w ith dawn,
The f rustration t hey d iscovered
The only thing t hen l eft t o them was
5 8
t o try a nd r each Batavia with the boat. j ournal of this exhausting t rip,
which g ives u s a moving picture
o f the a gony suffered by t he 1 4 men, d ied on t he way t o J ava, boat arrived on J ava's
A braham L eeman kept a
KA 1 115,
f ol.
2 29-252.
Three
a nd L eeman l ost another s even when t he
s outh c oast on April 2 9.
He a nchored o ff
a r eef and s ent f ive men a shore t o f etch the d esperately needed water,
but t hey drank f rom a l ittle
s tream a nd then l ay down,
s eemingly f orgetting t he people i n t he boat.
Two more d id the
s ame and t hen L eeman had t o s ail away t o f ind a s afe a nchorage. H e had n ot been a ble t o
f ind t he others.
l ost his boat and f rom t hen on t he
T he next d ay,
L eeman
f our men walked a long the
c oast a nd t hrough t he j ungle u ntil t hey r eached the C ompany l odge i n J apara on S eptember 2 3. helped by native t ribes,
who had g iven t hem f ood and had guided
t hem back t o their own people. L eeman t ell his
On t heir way they h ad been
Only two months l ater,
s tory i n B atavia,
met with a n a ccident a nd d ied,
c ould
by which t ime Volkersen had
KA 5 78,
O ctober
3 1,
1 658.
What
happened t o J onck a nd whether he a nd Volkersen were punished f or t heir n egligence o n t he S outhland, s entences cannot have been h eavy, Volkersen was
i s n ot known.
I f s o,
their
a s before h e d ied i n O ctober,
s till C aptain o f t he WAECKENDE BOEY.
T he G overnor G eneral and C ouncillors t hen d ecided t o have d one with f urther a ttempts DRAECK.
..
t o try t o s ave t he
s urvivors o f t he VERGULDE
T hey write t o the H eren X VII on December 1 4,
1 658:
but we a ssume that o f t he poor people of t he s hip,
DRAECK,
t he
n o one will be present any l onger s ince o therwise
i t would be very d ifficult t o explain,
a s t hey would have
s hown t hemselves by means of f ires or other s igns h ere a nd a long t he beach.
T herefore,
we d eem I t n o l onger n ecessary
t o d espatch a third m ission a s the two previous ones have e nded s o d isastrously unless you s hould be i nclined t o order t hat s ome g aljoot or other light vessel coming from h ome s hould c all in t here once again on a s uitable o ccasion, a nd i n f avourable weather,
i n order t o make a f urther exam-
i nation i n case a nybody c an s till be f ound."
5 9
Early i n 1 659 J an van R iebeeck was h e
s till u nder t he impression t hat
s hould s end l ight vessels a long the S outhland and thus he
ordered t he d o s o.
g aljoot
I MMEMHORN
( also mentioned a s EMMENHORN )
S ix days after t his v essel had l eft t he Cape,
t o
t he f leet
a rrived f rom Batavia i nstructing Van R iebeeck t o a bandon f urther s earches.
The I MMEMHORN,
June with 3 8 healthy men.
i n t he m eantime,
a rrived i n Batavia i n
T hey had v isited t he S outhland,
n othing n oteworthy had taken p lace,
a t l east,
n o mention of s uch
was made i n t he D ay R egister of t he C astle of Batavia, C hijs
but
Van d er
( 1889).
T his was d efinitely the
l ast e ffort t o l ook f or t he people a nd
t he wreck of the VERGULDE DRAECK.
On August 2 1,
1 660,
t he H eren
X VII wrote to the Governor General and Councillors:
..
Now t hat a ll missions have been f ruitless,
t o g ive up,
t o our d istress,
we will have
t he people of t he DRAECK,
had f ound r efuge on t he S outhland",
6 0
KA 4 56,
f ol.
3 04.
who
PART TWO
THE VERGULDE DRAECK THE MODERN SEQUEL by JEREMY GREEN.
6 1
20"S
T R IAL WESTERN i AUS TRALIA Z UYTDORP_ B ATAV IA Z EE W IJK V ERGULDE D RAECK
1 2
40"5 ( 11)
°E
Map showing Western Australia and part of I ndonesia and the l ocations of the wrecksites of the TRIAL, ZEEWIJK and VERGULDE DRAECK.
6 2
ZUYTDORP,
BATAVIA,
-
CHAPTER I
The
Discovery of t he Wreck S ite
The
f ollowing account i s a c areful
newspaper a ccounts of t he t he
discovery of the
W . A.,
events
s ite.
West Australian;
c ompilation of c ontemporary
l eading up a nd subsequent t o
N ewspapers are abbreviated a s
D .N.,
Daily News;
S .T.,
f ollows:
Sunday Times;
S .W. T.,
South West Times.
In 1 931,
a young boy
of the Moore R iver, described t he c oins
are
r eport
( A .
s ee
event.
Edwards) f ig.
The
1 2.
f ound some
I n a s tatement t o t he
c oins which are mainly
i llustrated and d escribed in Green
( W. A.:
04.02.31)
c oins near t he mouth
at t he
indicate that t he
with the wreck. but
The
f act
t he
A newspaper
l ocation of t he
t han
l ikely a ssociated
c oins were not
c ollection belonging perhaps
r eales, however,
only problem i s
Brussels mint in 1 655
Various
a s
the VERGULDE
c ollection was
a 1 655 Brabant-
d ucaton. Although it is possible that a coin minted
c ould have
ship in October
i t was
that among t he
to a sailor,
r eales as the official specie.
DRAECK a lmost c ertainly carried only
the
4 .
d ucatons and Mameita- and C ho-Gins, suggested that they were
a private
The
f ig.
survivors of the VERGULDE DRAECK.
c oins were more
t hat
d ucatons and Japanese
( 1973),
I t s eems that the nature of t he hoard a nd t he d o
he has
t ime raised t he question t hat t he
c oins may have been a ssociated with t he
s ite,
author,
r eached Amsterdam i n t ime 1 655,
i n c irculation
suggestions
t he
c oin s hows
f or l onger t han
in the years
t o be brought on-board
s igns
of wear,
s uggesting
j ust a f ew months.
f ollowing mention other possible
a ssociations with the wreck,
including an account of a c ircle of
s tones
which
( e.g.
W . A.:
1 7.02.39)
I n S eptember
1 957,
two d ivers,
to have d iscovered t he wreck
E . A.
i s possibly a boriginal
R obinson
and B .F.
in origin.
Phillips,
c laimed
s ite of t he VERGULDE DR ECK s outh of
6 3
Lancelin I sland m entioned
( D.N.:
0 9.09.57). T he
" 14 c annon pointing s kyward".
r evisited a f ew days of t he press,
t he o nly v isible
multi-coloured r eef". c onclusive
area.
( D.N.:
i n c ompany with members
" wreck a rtefacts" mentioned were j utting out of a s hapeless
An attempt t o s aw t hrough t he c oral was i n-
1 6.09.57).
s olution p ipes
I t was
When t he wreck was
l ater by t he f inders,
" several c annon-shaped c oral outcrops
l imestone
i nitial n ewspaper r eport
L ater,
( D.N.:
t he c annons were
2 2.09.57),
c laimed by t he f inders
on t he s econd o ccasion was n ot t he
f ound t o be
a c ommon f eature i n t his
t hat t he position t hey r eturned t o s ame a s
t he o riginal one,
a lthough
t he a ccounts of both s ites appear t o c orrespond c losely.
I n April s ons,
1 963,
a group of f ive s pear-fishermen,
G raeme a nd A lan,
E .A.
R obinson a nd J .
J .
C owan,
H enderson and h is t wo anchored over t he
wreck s ite of what s ince t hen has been r egarded a s
t he wreck s ite o f t he
VERGULDE DRAECK.
( D.N.:
T he n ewspaper r eports of t he t ime
1 9.04.63)
t hat G raeme Henderson f irst n oticed bricks and t hen e lephants'
The r eport mentions " He
( Robinson)
t hat l ater R obinson s ighted c annon,
s tate
tusks.
a nd n oted:
was c onvinced t hese were c annon - l ike t hose he
had been s eeking s ince he f irst f ound - and t hen l ost - a wreck i n t his a rea f ive y ears ago." The wreck material was be f rom a V .O.C.
i dentified,
wreck,
n ewspaper a ccount
( S.T.:
that t he wreck was
by D r P .
P layford,
a s
l ikely t o
a nd possibly f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK. 2 1.04.63)
t he s ame o ne
but t hat G raeme H enderson was
A l ater
r eported that R obinson c laimed
t hat h e had d iscovered i n 1 957,
t he
f irst t o s ee t he s ite.
S ince
t hat d ate t here has been c ontroversy over whether what was r eported i n 1 957 was t he
1 963
t he s ame s ite a s t hat f ound i n 1 963,
particularly a s
f ind was c haracterised by t he presence of small a rtefacts,
t hat were n ot r eported i n 1 957.
A r eport of a s econd d ive on t he wreck s ite a piece of pottery, were
r ecovered
( W.A.:
( D.N.:
2 9.04.63),
c overed wood,
l ead s heets, 2 6.04.63).
a s well a s
s ounding l ead,
i n 1 963 r ecords
t hat
t arred r ope and more i vory t usks L ater,
s ilver c oins were
f our beardman s ailmakers'
6 4
j ugs,
tusks,
s cissors,
f ound
c opper-
l ead a nd a whet-
s tone.
On May 4 ,
May 6 ,
an anchor.
Subsequently,
a c annon
( No.
2 5
i n f ig.
1 5)
was
r aised a nd on
c oncern was e xpressed by numerous people a bout t he
s afety and preservation o f t his
a nd other historic wrecks o n t he
Western Australian C oast particularly i n v iew of r eports o f t he u se o f explosives o n t he s ite On November
1 1,
1 963,
( S.W.T.:
0 4.07.63;
D .N.:
1 4.10.63).
t he H endersons a nd C owan d onated t o t he W .A.
Museum a ll t he r elics in t heir possession and a ll r ights by t hem
t o t he VERGULDE DRAECK,
a s
f inders
( D.N.:
c laimed
1 9.11.63).
This
public-spirited a ct played a n important part i n i nstigating l egisl ation t o protect t his t he t ime:
s ite.
Two a ttitudes
a ppeared current a t
t hat t he wreck a nd i ts r elics were part o f t he Australian
n ational heritage and s hould be protected; s hould be available S hipping A ct.
A s
a nd t hat t he wreck
f or s alvage by i ndividuals under t he M erchant
a r esult o f steps t aken by t he W .A.
other r esponsible persons, Act was proclaimed,
o n D ecember 1 8,
1 964,
Museum and
t he W .A.
Museum
protecting a ll wrecks off t he Western Australian
C oast t hat had o ccurred prior t o 1 900. While t hese momentous d ecisions were being made, s earch
f or t he t reasure of t he VERGULDE DRAECK
t he wreck s ite
( W.A.:
2 9.06.64).
boxes of t reasure which were s upposed T he hunt was
t he organiser of t he
t ook place n orth of
T he s tory s tates
was d igging i nland f rom Dynamite Bay,
VERGULDE DRAECK.
a r ather c urious
t hat a Perth syndicate
s outh of Green Head,
f or t he e ight
t o have been carried on the
initiated by t he
f ollowing s tory f rom
s earch:
" Many y ears ago I befriended a n o ld Dutchman who I knew only a s H arry. an i llness ' I have He
He was grateful ..
f or t he way we
l ooked after h im a fter
One d ay t he Dutchman t ook me a side and s aid:
s omething t o s how you that no-one e lse has
ever s een'.
s howed me a n o ld p iece of parchment a nd t old me i t was
map t hat i ndicated exactly where c hests of c oins
f rom t he
G ILT DRAGON had been buried i n a c ave on a West Australian beach.
" I was
s ceptical,
but h e c onvinced me t hat he was a d irect
descendant of one of t he men who had s ailed i n t he G ILT DRAGON.
6 5
a
" He s aid t hat t he map had been handed d own f rom g eneration t o g eneration t ill
f inally i t had c ome i nto h is hands.
I
examined t he map and i t was o bviously v ery o ld and s eemed t o m e t o be g enuine.
" Several years t his
a go,
t he two o f u s
s andhill n ear Dynamite Bay.
t he s pot.
f ollowing t he map,
We d ecided t his must be
I n f ront of my e yes he burnt t he map,
' No-one e lse has
s een t his,
c ame to
s aying:
a nd n o-one ever will'.
Later
he d ied."
After t he
s yndicate was
u sing a d rag-line. r eported t o be a nd 1 0 6 5
d igging i n t he
After e ight weeks'
3 0 yards
i n d iameter,
f eet wide a t a d epth o f 4 5
f eet a nd t hen a bandoned
t o s ay t he t reasure was
I n
s et up,
( W.A.:
work,
s pot was
t he t op of t he p it was
a nd a t t he bottom 2 0
f eet,
which was
0 8.07.64;
D .N.:
f eet l ong
l ater e xtended t o 0 2.07.64).
N eedless
n ever f ound.
1 966 a s urvey o f t he wreck s ite was
c arried out under a Western
Australian Museum c ontract by a g roup c omprising: R .Sonnerman and W .Anderson.
J .Cowen,
T his s urvey s erved a s
t he wreck s ite p lan u sed i n f ig. E .A. Robinson was
s tarted,
1 5 below.
G .Brenzi,
t he basis of
During t he
f ollowing y ear
employed by t he Museum on a part-time basis
t o
r ecover material.
T his
a nd s ubsequent work was,
o f c ontinuing l egal
however,
d ifficulties,
c arried out i n a c ontext
which was,
t o s ome extent,
by t he passing of t he Museum A ct Amendment Act of 1 969, t he Museum 's powers were made
s trenghened.
r esolved
i n which
Further improvements were
i n t he l egislation which r esulted i n t he Maritime Archaeology
A ct of 1 973. i nvalid. R obinson,
However,
c laims were made t hat t he l egislation was
I n particular a H igh . C ourt c hallenge was made by M r E .A. a ruling on t he
been handed d own.
f irst part of which has only r ecently
T he H igh C ourt ruled a gainst t he Western Australian
Museum 's c ontention-
t hat was
t hat Mr R obinson's
Maritime Archaeology Act was ' i nvalid,
6 6
was
c laim t hat t he
i n i tself i nvalid.
I n
t he meantime,
i n 1 972,
an a greement was
and Netherlands G overnments, t he Netherlands
whereby t he r ights of ownership o f
G overnment a s
s uccessors
VERGULDE DRAECK a nd o ther V .O.C. C oast,
s igned between t he Australian
t o t he V .O.C.,
t o t he
wrecks off t he Western Australian
were t ransferred t o t he Australian G overnment.
R ecently t he
Australian G overnment proclaimed t he H istoric S hipwrecks A ct o f 1 976,
which e nsures t he protection o f t hese a nd other historic
s hipwrecks.
For more d etails of t he
t hese a cts,
s ee P earson
Green
( in press).
( 1976),
l egislation and workings o f
G reen and H enderson
( 1977)
The l atter being t he proceedings o f t he
S outhern H emisphere C onference on Maritime Archaeology, P erth i n S eptember 1 977,
a nd 1 st
h eld i n
where many of t hese i ssues were d iscussed
and subsequently published.
T his
a ccount o f
t he d iscovery a nd s ubsequent d evelopments has
been r ecorded here t o i llustrate t he problems and after t he enactment o f protective t he
t hat existed before
l egislation.
I n s pite o f
f act t hat t he Museum was c riticised o n s everal o ccasions
f or f ailing t o e stablish a n a ctive excavation programme, c an be
l ittle d oubt t hat t he basic policy was
c orrect.
of t he l ack of a qualified o r experienced maritime t o d irect excavation; keeping o ne,
t here
Because
a rchaeologist
t he r ole o f s taff was e ssentially a watch-
but t he various
s urveys of t he s ites
c ollecting programme i nstigated i n 1 969, presence a nd d iscourage
l ooting.
H owever,
a nd the c ontrolled
s erved t o e stablish a t his policy undoubtedly
a lienated a l arge proportion o f t he amateur d iving f raternity, who were d isappointed t hat excavation of t he s ites d id not i mmediately t ake place.
T he
s tart o f t he excavation programme of t he VERGULDE
DRAECK i n 1 972 by t he Museum heralded a c ompletely n ew a pproach t o the wrecks. was
Following t his
c onsiderably r educed.
i t i s u nfortunate, a rchaeologists
excavation,
I t i s
e asy t o be wise
t hat because o f t he
a t t hat t ime,
t he l ooting problem
t his
i n r etrospect,
but
l ack o f qualified maritime
a pproach c ould n ot have been
i ntroduced immediately a fter t he original
l egislation was brought
d own i n 1 964. I t i s d oes
t his
author's
c ontention t hat t he enactment o f l egislation
not prevent l ooting o f wreck s ites;
6 7
i t d oes however e stablish
a m oral i nvolvement o f g overnments a nd i nstitutions i n maritime a rchaeology.
I t i s
t he r esponsibility o f t he maritime a rchaeologist
t o t hen e stablish a n a ctive s cientific programme o f e xcavation.
6 8
-17 g°TerE
g i n5 , •
•, . 4 / 1
•
r-
LEDGE P T .
+ V R GU Li DE D RAECK WRECK S I TE E DWARDS C O IN H OARD S .
M OURE R .
• • • . , ,
I
•
3 1( 13 E IS "
• • •
I
ee ,
e 4 / 1
•
1
%
•
RC IT T NEST I .
PER
3 2%
FREMANTLE
e
( 12)
Map of the P oint
c oast of Western Australia
s howing the wreck
c oin hoard was
s ite
f ound.
6 9
and the
f rom Fremantle s ite where
to Ledge
the Edward's
(13)
Under water view of outer r eef looking towar ds the wr eck site, showing gulleys and extensive weed cover age of reef.
(14)
View looking through complete cave system on the wreck site.
CHAPTER I I
T he VERGULDE DRAECK Wreck S ite
T he wreck o f what i s n ow a ssumed t o be
t he VERGULDE DRAECK,
l ies
on an off-shore r eef 5 .6km f rom t he
c oast of Western Australia,
i n l atitude
1 15 o 2 1'
3 1o 1 3'
s outh,
l ongitude
s outh-south-west of t he small f igs.
1 1 a nd 1 2.
e ast.
I t i s
f ishing village of L edge Point,
T he r eef i s part of a c hain of off-shore r eefs,
that extends n orth-south a long t his part of t he c oast. c onsist of P leistocene e olianite, were
1 2km
They
named Coastal L imestone,
and
f ormed f rom dune s ystems d eveloped during t he P leistocene
when t he Australia
s ea was at a l ower l evel, ( 1975),
Perth Basin.
g radually up t o t his r eef. of a bout 1 0m,
G eological Survey of Western
T he
f eatureless
s ea-bed s lopes
On a pproaching t he r eef a t a d epth
s olution holes and c aves may be s een
( fig.
1 3),
which gradually become d eep c aves winding t heir way i nto t he r eef through arches a nd tunnels s olution hole
( fig.
maximum t idal range 0 .9m,
r eef,
T his
l ess
t han lm a t l ow t ide,
D epartment of D efense
t owards the c oast,
H owever,
B eyond t he
i s d eeper water ranging f rom 5 -10m.
l ocated a bout 1 00m f rom t he n orth e nd,
e astern or s eaward s ide o f t his unnamed r eef.
on t he
About l km t o t he
i s a l arge t riangular r eef known l ocally a s F lat R ock.
T he wreck s ite c overs t he Western c omplex:
a n a rea 5 0m l ong by 4 0m wide,
( long s ide)
by t he r eef.
t unnels.
The
bounded on
s ite i s e xtremely
t he r eef c onsists o f a c omplex c ave s ystem,
are s cattered on t op of t he r eef,
t he
( 1976).
a nd c aves d rop t o a d epth of up t o 8m.
T he wreck s ite i s
n orth,
i s part of a
s ystem a nd i s a c ommon f eature of t hese r eefs.
The s hallowest part o f the r eef i s
t he tunnels
1 4).
I n one p lace,
i n c aves and on t he
t hree c annon
( Nos.
f loors of caves at d ifferent l evels,
T he western s ide of t he s ite i s
1 3,
1 5,
2 4)
a nd c annon f loors of l ie on
one a bove t he other.
r elatively f lat,
but t he
s ea-bed
s lopes g radually down f rom a bout 4m t o 6m at t he base o f t he r eef a nd t he entrances
t o t he c aves.
The
7 1
f loors of t he c aves c onsist
of a l imestone s hingle,
a nd s and
( fig.
1 5).
The only wreck material noticeable on t he ( with weed)
s ite i s t he overgrown
and heavily c oncreted c annon and a nchors,
s ite being c overed with l ight s eaweed a nd a lgae. eye c an s pot t hese c annon,
a s
' with t he weed and c oncretion, Numerous
small,
y ellow bricks
t hey a re
most of t he
Only a practised
g enerally well c amouflaged
and blend i nto t he s urroundings. a re s cattered over t he s ite,
a c loser examination may r eveal s ome pottery a nd brass
and
c andle-
s ticks.
The main problem i n working on t his
s ite and at other exposed s ites
on the Western Australian c oast,
t he
i s
swell i s g enerated f ar out i n t he
I ndian Ocean swell.
I ndian O cean by f rontal
and high-pressure s ystems moving e ast,
a nd a pproaches
o f Western Australia f rom t he west or s outh-west, Pilot, ( C
Hydrographer
3 00m ),
( 1972).
a nd s harp c rests.
t hey break.
The l arger t he amplitude of t he wave,
both i n the
a nother problem.
T he swell i s a lso
l ong- a nd s hort-term,
which presents
I t i s d ifficult t o predict 2 4 hours
l ast f or s everal days,
f or t he better.
However,
t he
At t imes on t he VERGULDE DRAECK
what t he swell c onditions will be o n t he s ite. swell will
t he wave-crests
at a d epth of g enerally l ess t han
t he swell c an r each a height of 8 -9m.
unpredictable,
t he c oast
s ee Australia
As t he s ea s hallows,
f urther f rom t he r eef i t breaks. s ite,
t roughs
The waves have a l ong wavelength
i ncrease i n amplitude until, 1 0m,
T he
if t he
i n a dvance
U sually,
a bad
a nd t hen may a ccountably c hange swell
i s l ow to moderate,
appears t o be a s hort-term unpredictability,
t here
and a n unexpected
s eries of l arge swells may suddenly pass t hrough within a f ew hours.
Thus,
even on r elati; iely c alm d ays,
t aken t o o bserve t he s ea pattern;
g reat c are must be
t his o bservation r elies on
i nstinct r ather t han any f orm of exact s cience.
C ompounding t hese problems t ed by l ocal weather. s ea,
T hus
i s
t he
c ondition of t he
s ea s tate c rea-
t here may be heavy s wells
or l ow swells and a high s ea.
The s ea s tate,
making t he swell d ifficult t o observe, o n t he working platform.
7 2
a nd a l ow
a part f rom
merely c reates d iscomfort
r c i
a ,
7 3
f eatures.
4 4 0
U nderwater t he s ituation i s t he
s ea-bed,
experiences
s omewhat d ifferent;
s urge
f rom t he s well,
but i s
d anger even i f t he swell i s breaking over him. o nly i f he s hould be s upply f ailed.
f orced t o t he
s urface,
a d iver c lose t o i n n o r eal
A danger exists
f or e xample i f h is
a ir
T he s urfacing d iver c ould be washed onto t he r eef
by breaking waves,
where he may w ell s ustain i njuries.
However,
i t i s possible t o swim out t hrough bad s urf c onditions,
s imply
by duck-diving i nto t he breaking waves. Most d iving i n t hese s hallow c onditions i s
c arried out with hookah
s urface-demand a ir s upply,
which g ives c ontinuous a ir provided t he
power-unit does n ot f ail.
I f a power f ailure o ccurs,
has
s everal minutes warning due t o t he a ir s upply g etting
er',
' tight-
and t hus he c an s tart t o swim out underwater f rom t he r eef.
I n t he event o f a c atastrophic t he hookah hose, s afety-line,
which i s
f ailure,
f or e xample a burst pipe
s ecured t o t he work boat,
a cts
a s a
preventing t he d iver being washed over t he r eef.
I f adjustable buoyancy l ife b e
t he d iver
i nflated in t his
j ackets a re worn,
s ituation;
t hey s hould n ot
a d iver s wimming on t he s urface
has to d ive under t he breaking waves,
a nd a l ife-jacket would
prevent t his.
T he greatest danger i n working on t his wreck s ite a nchored outside
t he r eef,
a nd her c rew.
break adrift i n h eavy swell c onditions, driven onto t he r ocks.
i s
t o t he boat
I f t he v essel
i t would be r apidly
The boat would be a t otal l oss within a
matter of s econds a nd t he c rew i n g rave d anger.
Fast a ction
must be taken t o g et t he vessel out o f t he danger a rea, t emporary a bandonment of d ivers i s n ecessary,
i ng swell.
I n t he
a s ecure c hain mooring,
was moored 1 00m out f rom t he wreck s ite.
more
T herefore,
a bove
2 m,
7 4
t he work boat
I n g eneral,
i f t he
or t he break o ccurred
t han 7 5m out f rom t he wreck s ite,
i mpracticable.
i t i s
well outside t he break-
c ase of t he VERGULDE DRAECK ,
amplitude of t he swell was
a nd
a nd equipment on t he wreck s ite
t o s ave t he boat and c rew.
i mportant t o have
s hould
d iving was c onsidered
6 )
D inghy with hookah,
v iew l ooking t owards wreck s ite,
a irlift d ischarge pipe i n b ackground,
( 17)
and c oast l ine
r igid i n
d istance.
P hotograph t aken o n a v ery c alm day.
View t aken
f rom workboat s howing r oad d rill c ompressor
i n
f oreground,
a irlift
D inghy w ith hookah, background. picture.
s upply pipe l eading t o wreck s ite.
and a irlift d ischarge may be n oted
The r eef l ies u nder white water on l eft of
i n
( 18)
( 19
D iver working u nder Arch 1 with f lexible a irlift.
Area of u ncleared bricks
i n e arlyphase of excavation.
CHAPTER I II
T he 1 972 Excavation
T he excavation of the VERGULDE DRAECK i n 1 972 was t he by t he author,
and t he
Western Australia.
a d h oc
basis a s
f irst a ttempted
f irst f ull-scale excavation c arried out i n
Many of t he problems were d ealt with on a n
they a rose.
At t imes,
problems developed during
t he course of t he excavation t hat d emanded a c omplete r e-examinat ion of t echniques and methods being u sed, t o be made on t he
s pot.
I n s ome c ases
only r ealised r etrospectively,
and modifications had
s olutions
t o problems w ere
a nd t hese have been a dopted i n s ub-
s equent excavations.
T he excavation was
s tarted i n January 1 972.
The excavation t eam
was based a t t he Western Australian Museum's L edge Point,
where basic d omestic f acilities were available.
d ay t hat d iving was possible, by boat.
outboard
d eep-V d inghy with a 1 8H.P.
on a mooring at L edge Point,
1 00m t o t he
m ospheres)
( fig.
outboard.
1 6);
and a 4 .5m a lumin-
T he work boat was kept
A 1 .5m 3 /min l ow-pressure
( fig.
1 7).
T he a irlifts were of two
One c onsisted of a r igid P .V.C.
tube,
1 50mm i n d iameter,
l ower e nd a t t he anchoring point.
t o t his was a f urther 4m of f lexible,
a irlift was an e ntirely f lexible, d iameter and 1 2m l ong,
Attached
plastic s uction tubing,
a c onstriction at t he working end t o prevent blockage.
1 8).
( 5 at-
c ompressor l ocated o n t he work boat was u sed t o power
with an a ir box on t he
( fig.
high-
with a f our-wheel-drive v ehicle,
f ield s tation.
two a irlifts on t he s ite t ypes.
a 5 .5m f ibre-glass,
while t he two d inghies were beached
e ach day and taken on trailers, a bout
a 9 .5m bonded-plywood work
outboard motors;
s peed dinghy with a 5 0H.P.
Each
t he t eam c ommuted t o t he wreck s ite
T hree vessels were u sed:
boat with twin 5 0H.P.
i um,
f ield s tation at
plastic suction tube,
with
T he other 1 20mm i n
anchored a bout 5m f rom t he working end
T he a ir s upply pipe was
he working e nd t hen f ed i nto t
s o t hat the a ir d ischarged s lightly beyond t he a nchor point.
T he
a ir supply was blocked off at t he end of t he supply p ipe and a s eries of a bout 5 0, an emulsified a ir
3 mm holes were drilled i nto t he p ipe t o g ive
supply.
T he emulsified a ir s upply was u sed t o
7 7
( 20)
( 21)
Bones and bricks
i n s itu.
L ifting bags of bricks.
i ncrease t he s uction, d irect f rom t he
a s
it was
f ound t hat i f t he a ir was run
3 0mm supply p ipe,
i t t ended t o f orm l arge bubbles
of a ir a s i t r ose up t he a irlift tube, efficiency. of 7 m,
a nd t hus d ecreased t he
S ince t he a ir s upply was only 1 .5m 3 /min in a d epth
a ny d ecrease i n efficiency c onsiderably r educed t he suction.
With an emulsified a ir supply,
it was possible to run both a irlifts
with sufficient s uction to r emove s and and gravel, r ocks.
but not l arge
The d ischarge spoil was d irected over t he r eef into a
l arge hole t o t he permitted,
s outh of c annon N o.5.
t his s poil was
P eriodically,
when c onditions
c hecked f or a rtefacts t hat had been a cci-
d entally d ischarged up t he a irlifts.
On t his t ype of s ite,
a nd i ndeed on most s ites in s hallow water,
t he a irlift i s t he best way o f r emoving s and and gravel up to a d iameter o f
1 00mm.
The main problem i s t hat t he
c ompressor unit
u sed t o power t he a irlift i s
l arge,
platform.
i deal f or d ischarging s poil horizon-
A water dredge
i s
a nd r equires a stable working
tally off a wreck
s ite,
Henderson
on the JAMES MATTHEWS
( 1976),
e rn Australia.
and has been u sed with great success by ( 1841)
s ite here
i n West-
The water pump r equired t o run t he dredge i s
making t he whole operation s imple.
However,
t he a irlift was
small, t he
only practical s ystem f or r emoving s poil f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK s ite,
a s i t had t o be d ischarged over t he r eef.
Any attempt t o
d ischarge s eaward f rom the wreck,
would r esult in t he
driven back onto t he wreck s ite.
F lexible working ends are c on-
s idered e ssential u strated by Wilkes
T he
f or this t ype of work, ( 1971),
l arger material,
and a s olid tube,
d ischarged off t he s ite with t he a irlift.
( figs.
1 9
a nd 2 0);
a s
i ll-
i s n ot r ecommended.
i n excess of 1 00mm d iameter,
i nto two basic t ypes:
s poil being
artefacts
c ould not be
This material
f ell
such a s bricks and concretions
and s poil - r ocks a nd s tones.
On s ome s ites,
back-filling has been u sed t o avoid having t o r emove vast amounts of s poil off a wreck s ite. ( 1977)
t renched a cross
On the DARTMOUTH
t he wreck s ite,
i vely f orward u sing a water dredge, a reas.
S uch a t echnique i s
back-filling t he
t here i s v ery l ittle s ea-bed movement.
s ite,
Martin
and t hen moved progress-
i deal f or t his
7 9
( 1690)
excavated
t ype of s ite,
However,
where
on t he VERGULDE DRAECK
s ite,
a ny
f orm of s ystematic movement of material around
t he s ite was u seless,
s ince t he
f irst s torm would have c ompletely
c onfused t his work and a t t he same t ime l arge quantities of f resh s and would have been washed i n. c ompletely r emove spoil
Any excavation here had t o
f rom t he wreck s ite.
L oose material t hat c ould not be handled w ith t he a irlift, placed i n c alico bags a nd t ied u p. a bout 2 0kg
( in a ir),
T he bags,
when f ull,
was
weighed
and were s tored on t he s ite until t ime was
available to move them.
I f the weather c onditions permitted,
t he
4 .5m a luminium dinghy was dropped back s o t hat i t was over t he wreck s ite and the bags were then hauled up with a l ine one by one onto the boat ation,
( fig.
2 1).
I f bad weather prevented this oper-
about 5 0 of the bags were t ied onto a l ifting bag with
s ingle l ines and quick r elease knots. had a l ine running t o the work boat,
The l ifting bag,
which
was then i nflated a nd
hauled out f rom the wreck s ite t hrough the surf t o the work b oat, where the bags were unloaded i n c alm c onditions
i nto the d inghy.
S orting of spoil and a rtefacts was carried out at the
f ield
s tation and l ater a t t he C onservation Laboratory i n Fremantle.
L ifting bags were u sed f or l ifting heavy objects
s uch a s cannon
which were t owed back t o L edge P oint with the work boat
( fig.
2 2).
Subsequently a crane was hired a nd the object was t aken out of t he s hallows onto the beach. t he VERGULDE DRAECK were
The g eneral
l ifting operations on
f ar f rom s atisfactory,
and this exper-
i ence made heavy l ifting g ear a high priority on the n ew Museum work boat, G reen
built after t he excavation,
f or u se on t he BATAVIA,
( 1975).
Small robust artefacts such a s pottery and c oins r ecovered during a irlifting and general c ollection work, by t he d ivers.
were placed i n bags c arried
At t he e nd of t he day's work,
f ield s tation f or r ecording and r egistration. s uch a s l eather,
rope,
e tc.
t hey were unloaded a t t he D elicate material
was placed in s ealed j ars and d ealt
with i n the s ame way.
8 0
( 22)
T owing C annon N o.
1 2 o ff t he wreck s ite with
l ifting bags.
T he
f irst phase of t he excavation was to d etermine h ow much of
t he
s ite had been d isturbed,
a nd i f t here was
h ow d eep t he wreck d eposit extended,
a ny s tructure o r s tratification present.
a rea i n t he
s outh-west c orner o f t he s ite,
1 x 2m,
s elected f or a t est excavation.
was
c onsisted of l oose, c oncretion
( as
j umbled ballast bricks
i n f ig.
2 0).
( fig. T he
2 3:13.1),
A n about
s urface d eposits
a nd lumps o f broken
B elow t his was a s and l ayer c ontain-
i ng l oosely s cattered ballast bricks. d epth o f a bout 0 .15m where a nimal bones s taves o f a wooden barrel were f ound.
Bedrock was
r eached a t a
and t he r emains of t he T he bones have t he marks
o f butchering a nd a re t hought t o be t he r emains of provisions s uch a s e st
s alt beef,
s ee C hapter.
l evels i n t he t est area,
t here any e vidence o f t he a reas
on t he wreck
s ite
V .2.2.
Apart f rom t he v ery d eep-
n o s tratigraphy was
s hip's
s tructure.
n oted n or was
Examination of other
i ndicated a s imilar s ituation
l ooting i s u sually c arried out w ithout an a irlift, prising t hat t he
S ince
i t i s n ot s ur-
s urface d eposit c onsisted of l arge quantities
of rubble a nd s poil.
After r emoving surface a rtefacts,
8 1
l ooters
g enerally d ig p its i nto d eeper l evels, a round t he e dge o f t he p it. i n by n atural processes.
d epositing t he s poil
T hese p its a re quite q uickly f illed-
T he l ooting c ontinues u ntil t he whole
s urface o f t he s ite i s c overed with a t hick l ayer o f r ubble a nd s poil.
O n t his s ite,
t he d isturbed l ayers u sually e xtend t o a
d epth o f between 0 .5 a nd 1 .0m.
T he Museum h ad been c onducting
a f airly l imited s urface c ollection f or s everal y ears,
working
i n a s ystematic m anner i n c arefully c ontrolled a reas.
H owever,
t he work o f l ooters often u sing e xplosives, s evere s torms,
c onfused much of t his work,
a nd t he e ffects o f m aking d etailed a nd
s ystematic r ecording o f i ndividual i tems o n t he s urface u nnecess ary.
T he f irst priority was t o r emove t he s urface l ayers o f d isturbed m aterial,
i n order t o t ry a nd u ncover u ndisturbed l evels.
t he f ollowing w eeks, e rial,
I n
t eams o f d ivers c leared t he s uperficial mat-
o ften bringing back a s many a s 4 0 bags o f b ricks a d ay.
T he a irlifting was c arried out i n a n e ast-west t rench a bout 2 m w ide,
e xtending f rom t he w estern l imit o f t he d isturbed material
( 13.1) hang
e ast t hrough C ave N o.
( 21.1).
1 ( fig.
1 5)
t o t he base o f t he u nder-
T he r esults o f t his f irst p hase c onfirmed t he
i nitial f indings t hat t he s uperficial l evels w ere s everely d istu rbed.
H owever,
i n l evels u ndisturbed by l ooters v ery l ittle
s tructure o r s tratification t he t rench
( 17.1)
was n oted.
I n t he e astern a rea o f
s ome s hip's s tructure was f ound,
were badly broken-up a nd a lmost u nrecognisable. p ottery a nd other s mall a rtefacts were brick l ayer.
but t he t imbers
I n s ome c ases,
f ound a bove a nd b elow t he
T his t ends t o i ndicate t hat t he s hip broke-up
v iolently a nd h er wreckage was t horoughly m ixed-up.
I t was,
t herefore,
d ecided t o c ontinue t he e xcavation,
o nly t he s ignificant material, t ion
( + l m )
by s ketching i ts a pproximate p osi-
a nd t he d epth a t which i t w as f ound,
p lan o f t he s ite
( fig.
I n t he e xcavation's a nd t he l arge
r ecording
o n a n a ccurate
1 5).
s econd phase,
l ump was r emoved
t he c oncretion b etween C ave N o.
( 23.1-24.1).
8 2
T his a rea was t hen
1
e xcavated d own t o bedrock, u nderhang t o t he n orth,
a nd t he e xcavation e xtended a long t he
u p t he l arge l ump
moved t o t he west o f t his l ump
( 4.2)
( 30.1).
Excavation t hen
e xtending t his work t hrough
t he t rench t o t he e nd o f t he main d eposit
( 18.2).
T he various
l umps o bstructing t he excavation t o t he e ast o f the l arge l ump were t hen r emoved,
and t he l arge l ump was broken-up i nto manage-
a ble p ieces.
V arious c aves were i nspected, l ayer o f s and,
but i n a ll c ases only a s uperficial
gravel and brick was o bserved.
E xcavation o f t hese
c aves was a bandoned because o f t he d angers a nd d ifficulties i nvolv ed with t he v ery s trong s urge.
T wo c annon were r aised
( the f irst,
t he badly damaged C annon N o.
1 6),
N o.
( fig.
2 5),
a nd t he s econd,
f or r esearch i nto m ethods o f
t reating a nd c onserving i ron c annon. u nderway t o c ollect t he
1 2
A l imited programme i s n ow
f ew r emaining l oose a rtefacts on t he s ite.
A s urvey o f t he whole r eef i s planned t o c heck whether t here a re a ny other wreck d eposit a reas,
a nd a hydrographic s urvey o f t he
a rea a round t he wreck s ite s hould d etermine where e xactly t he s hip s truck t he r eef.
8 3
and continuing until April
1 0, N N
c 5 ) , I
. ... .. .
r n N
8 4
C HAPTER I V
D istribution of t he F inds
T he d istribution of t he various i n t he
f inds
f rom t he wreck s ite i s g iven
f ollowing f igures:
1 .
C eramic material,
2 .
B rick and f errous material,
3 .
Non-ferrous
4 .
M iscellaneous material,
T he f igures
f ig.
2 4. f ig.
( including c oin) f ig.
2 5.
and g lass material , f ig.
2 6.
2 7.
s how a c ertain s ystem i n t he d istribution of t he
f inds
which may indicate t o s ome extent how t he VERGULDE DRAECK broke-up.
I nitially,
i t s hould be n oted t hat t he
t rated i n t he a rea between Arch N o.
1 ,
and t he west c annon a nd anchor c omplex. c ave system '
( fig.
1 5)
1 4,
Cannon No.
i nvestigated i n in the
4 ,
excavation was c oncen-
C ave No.
I t i s
1 ,
C ave No.
T he a rea i n t he
had no small a rtefacts,
o f n ine l arge i ron c annon. possibly s tructure,
1 972
t hought t hat more material,
may exist i n t he a rea bounded by Cannon No.
Arch No.
1 972,
1 ,
a nd Cannon N o.
1 3.
T his was
f gture.
i t was
1 ;
t he bones a nd tusks which would have been i n t he hold, s outhern e nd of
b illets o r bars
t he
s ite;
and t he
many of were a t
a l arge c oncentration of i ron
i n c oncretion was
a gain c learly c argo;
i n t he s outh-
c lear t hat t he
c oins were a ll confined t o t he gulley under Arch No.
l ocated i n t he c entral a rea,
c eramic material was predominantly
s outhern end o f t his a rea.
H owever,
t he
s ignificance of t he positions of t hese
i s d ifficult t o evaluate,
small articles
i n t he l ight of t he s cattered d istribu-
t ion of c annon and anchors on t he s ite. c ompare
n ot
but i t i s hoped t his may be done s ometime
w estern e xcavation a rea of t he wreck s ite:
i n the
' complex
but i t had a g roup
D ealing f irst with t he d istribution of small a rtefacts
t he
2 ,
t he c omplex nature o f t his
8 5
I t i s
i nteresting t o
s ite with t he r elative
s ystematic
8 6
0S TONEWARE
o n w reck s ite.
1 .0
I f )
8 7
•
• "
v.) w v. )
0 • H 4
( 5 I = . C A
0
c o ww w 8 L u 2 . . 1zi _ . 1w e a
0 2
C . )
V I
/
r i : t o
•
U )
H Q
0
3 c -
" Q
• r I g i
1 . ) 4 ). G .
B RA 5 .
b
GT 1 020
Two c lay pipes,
r ouletted on t he l ip of t he bowl,
f rom bowl t hree
f leur-de-lis in diamond cartouches on
t he t op o f t he
s tem,
s tamp on heel.
f ig.
3 5A,
e xtending 4 0mm ,
n o
The bowls of these pipes are appreci-
a bly l arger t han previous examples, Friederich
4 5mm
( 1975)
f ig.
3 4E
( N.A.).
f leur-de-lis of this
i llustrates
g eneral t ype with a t ime r ange between 1 620 and 1 645. The bowl
s hape d oes not c orrespond c losely with types
s hown i n Friederich
( 1975).
s how a s imilar s hape,
GT 1 021
f ig.
Atkinson and O swald 7 8-12,
dated t o
1 660.
Three pipes with r ouletting on r im of bowl s tamped i n r elief on t he unpronounced heel, and f ig.
3 4F
a nd CT f ig.
3 6A
( N.A.).
I n g eneral s hape,
these pipes appear t o be a more
upright version of Friederich dated t o 1 632,
GT 1 022
( 1972),
( 1975),
f ig.
1 1-15,
f rom Amsterdam.
F ive pipes with s tylised Tudor R ose with e ither s ide of t he bowl,
f ig.
' sepals'
on
3 4G.
This pipe c losely c orresponds w ith Atkinson a nd O swald ( 1972),
f ig.
7 8-14,
dated t o 1 633,
examples being smaller and t he r ose and with Friederich
( 1975),
f ig.
the heel i n t hese l ower on t he bowl;
3 4-7,
dated t o 1 650,
only here with a smaller bowl a nd no marked r im.
1 56
( 34F)
Profile of CT pipes
( 34G )
Profile o f Tudor r ose pipe with s epals
( 34H)
Profile o f R P pipes
G T 1 027
T en pipes,
f ig.
l etting on t he
( GT 1 021).
S cale
( GT 1 028). S cale
2 5H,
3 80mm overall
l ip o f t he bowl,
r elief on t he heel, d iamond c artouches
f ig.
3 6B,
l ength,
f ig.
1 022).
S cale
with r au-
maker's mark i n
f leur-de-lis
i n l ine on t op of s tem,
u sed i n bore measurement, ( 1975),
( GT
1 :1
R .P.
f our
with three bands o f r ouletting.
Friederich
1 :1
f ig.
i n 3 5B,
T hese examples were
and a re t aken f rom GT 1 028.
1 6-146,
i llustrates a n R .P.
maker's mark f rom a round 1 600,
a nd a lso l ists an
English p ipemaker f rom L ondon,
R obert P ieterson,
who
married a N etherlands woman i n 1 623 a nd who had an R .P.
heelmark.
However,
he does n ot l ist any maker's
marks t hat c orrespond with t he
1 57
f leur-de-lis.
1 :1
GT 1 028
2 23 pipes a s GT 1 027. This group was wheat. of
T he
3 80mm.
f ound i ntact i n a box packed i n buck-
c omplete examples have
a n o verall
l ength
T he s tems o f t hree pipes have been r epaired
by r ejoining t he broken parts,
and t hen applying
r ouletting over t he j oin,
3 7.
Friederich but
( 1975)
f leur-de-lis
1 635;
f ig.
i s u nclear a s t o t he exact date, w ith r ouletting r anges
f rom 1 625-
the c losest c orrespondence with the bowl
i s Friederich Amsterdam, dated t o
( 1975),
f ig.
1 1-15,
a nd Atkinson and O swald
1 648.
1 58
dated t o ( 1972),
s hape
1 632, f ig.
f rom 7 8-10,
( 35A )
F leur-de-lis
f rom GT 1 020.
( 35 )
F leur-de-tie
from GT 1 028.
Scale x4
S cale x4
S cale x4
( 36A ) CT Maker's Mark
f rom GT 1 021
( 36B)
RP Maker's Mark
f rom GT 1 028
3 7A )
( 37B)
Repair work
Mouth piece
on
s tem of
of R .P.
R .P.
pipe
pipe
( GT
( GT
1 028).
1 028).
Scale
Scale x 4
x4
G T 1 024
M iscellaneous
f ragments of unmarked pipe bowls r ou-
l etted on t he
l ip of bowl,
possibly s imilar t o GT
1 019 or GT 1 028. G T 1 026
M iscellaneous pipe
G T 1 029
Two pipes of GT 1 028 t ype c oncreted
GT 1 030
P ipe
s tem f ragments o f GT 1 028 t ype.
G T 1 031
P ipe
s tem f ragments o f GT 1 028 type.
G T 1 032
P ipe
s tem a nd bowl
GT 1 033
S ample of buckwheat packing f rom GT 1 028.
s tem f ragments. ( 173200).
f ragments of GT 1 028 type.
A variety of m ethods of dating c lay smoking pipes p osed
( see O swald,
( 1972),
1 975),
has been
pro-
but a s n oted by Atkinson a nd O swald
l ittle has been published i n English on N etherland c lay
t obacco-pipes. c lay pipes:
Basically,
typology;
three methods are available
f or dating
s tatistical measurements of bore d iameter
( Harrington and Binford );
and f rom v olume c alculations of bowl
( Friederich).
T he dating o f Netherland pipes by typology has been published by Atkinson and O swald
( 1972),
dating s ystem.
f igures i llustrated i n t his typology,
f igs.
I n t he
7 8-8 a nd 7 8-9,
dated t o
which was based on Friederich's
1 625 a nd 1 645 r espectively,
pond most c losely t o t he VERGULDE DRAECK pipes of t he bowl;
a nd f igs.
7 8-15 a nd 7 8-16,
t o t he Tudor R ose pipes.
r ouletted on l ip
dated t o
1 634,
c orrespond
This would i ndicate t hat t he VERGULDE
DRAECK material appears a bout O swald typology,
c orres-
2 0 y ears t oo early on t he Atkinson-
based on Friederich's dating.
T he dating of c lay pipes on t he s tatistical a nalysis of t he bore d iameter of the s tem was originally d escribed by Harrington ( 1954).
This method was based on t he observation t hat t he bore
d iameter d ecreased s teadily f rom 1 620 t o a bout que was c riticised by C halkley ( 1956).
( 1955),
1 800.
but verified by Omwake
The Harrington Method was r efined by Binford
has a gain s ince then been c riticised by s ome authors by others.
Walker
( 1967)
t he t echnique i n America. s ituation by s aying:
The t echni-
( 1961),
and advocated
g ives a r eview of the d evelopment of O swald
( 1975)
sums up t he present
" The excavator may well 1 61
but
f eel that the
m ethod i s hardly worth t he i ngenuity r equired, o f t he s tem d ating
( system )
l ies
..
T he d anger
i n t he t emptation t o a rrive
a t a d ate o n t he basis o f t oo s mall a s ample,
or e ven t o q uote
a s ingle s tem b ore a s i ndicative o f a c ertain p eriod."
T he Harrington M ethod w as based o n E nglish m aterial,
a nd i t
was n oted t hat N etherland p ipes had s horter s tems a nd smaller bores t han E nglish p ipes.
B ecause t he V ERGULDE DRAECK p ipes h ave a p recise d ate, known t o be a c onsignment f rom t he s ame m aker, was t hought t o be worthwhile. measured w ith a d rill b it a s
a nd w ere
s ome bore a nalysis
T he b ore d iameters w ere n ot i s u sually a dvocated, but w ith a
s tandard t ravelling m icroscope,
f or g reater a ccuracy.
T wo
hundred a nd f ourteen c leanly broken s tems w ere s elected f irst a nd t heir bore d iameters m easured; h istogram . 3 .3mm,
f ig.
3 8 s hows t he
f requency
T he measurements s how t wo p eaks - t he main p eak a t
a nd a m inor p eak a t 2 .8mm .
T his b imodality would n ever
have been o bserved u sing d rill bits d iffering by
1 /6 4 "
( 0.40mm ),
and t he u se o f t he t ravelling m icroscope s hould b e s trongly r ecommended.
I n v iew o f t he p ossible c ontamination of t his
s ample with u nidentified t ypes o f p ipes,
1 72 p ipes
s howing t he
R .P.
h eel mark were u sed t o f urther t est t he r esults.
t his
s ample,
W ith
t he d iameter o f t he bore was m easured v ertically
a cross t he s tem ,
i .e.
f requency h istogram ,
: L n t he a xis o f t he h eel a nd b owl. f ig.
3 9,
T he
s hows t he s ame p eaks a t 2 .8mm
a nd 3 .3mm .
I n order t o c heck t hat t he bimodality was n ot a n e ffect o f a n oval s hape t o t he b ore,
t he b ore d iameters o f t en R .P. p ipes were
measured a t 3 00 i ntervals a round e ach bore which g ave t he b imodality,
f ig.
4 0.
T he s tems o f t hree R .P.
broken a t 5 0mm i ntervals, 3 0
o
s ame
P ipes were
a nd t he b ore d iameters m easured a t
intervals a round t he bore.
F ig.
4 1 s hows t hat a ll t he b ores
i n t his s ample were o f t he
3 .3mm t ype;
s ections of t hese
T he r esults c learly .s how t hat t wo
b ores.
f ig.
4 2
s hows
t he c ross-
s izes o f moulding w ire were u sed t o f orm t he bore o n t he s ame t ype o f p ipe.
1 62
NUMBERS OF DIAMETERS
2
2 .5
3
3 .5
DIAMETERS ( 38)
Frequency histogram of bore
4 .5
4
IN MM diameter of
2 14 broken stems
randomly orientated.
NUMBERS OF DIAMETERS 5 0
4 0
3 0 2 0
1 0
0 2
2 .5
3
3 .5
DIAMETERS ( 39)
Frequency histogram of bore d iameters measured parallel with
1 63
axis
4
4 .5
IN MM
of bowl,
of 00
.
1 72
R .P.
pipes
NUMBERS OF DIAMETERS 5 0
4 0
3 0 2 0
1 0
0 2
2 .5
3
3 .5
DIAMETERS ( 40)
4
4 .5
IN MM
Frequency histogram of bore diameters of measured at
3 00
angle
i ntervals between
1 0 R .P. 00
t o
pipes
1 80 0 .
NUMBERS OF DIAMETERS
3 0 2 0
1 0
2 DIAMETERS ( 41)
IN MM
Frequency histogram of bore diameters of a sample of 3 R .P.
pipes,
broken and measured at 5 0mm i ntervals
a long their s tems, intervals between
diameters 00
1 64
and
taken at
1 80 0 .
3 00
angle
2 5cm
2 3cm
2 0cm
mou thp iece
1 5 cm
1 0 cm
5 cm
o G roup
( 42)
Cross f ig.
A
s ections o f bores of 4 1.
B
C
3 p ipes u sed a s
e xample
S cale x 5.
1 65
i n
B inford 's O swald Y i s
f ormula:
( 1975)
Y = 1 931.85
c orrectly points out:
which s hould b e a s
Y = 1 932
- 3 8.3X,
where
the t heoretical d ate of t he p ipe a nd X t he d iameter
expressed i n 6 4ths of an i nch, Y = 1 932 g ives p eak
- 3 8.26X,
- 9 6.4x,
where x i s t he d iameter i n m illimeters.
t he main peak ( 2.8mm ),
may be modified f or millimeters,
( 3.3mm )
a d ate of
a date of 1 614,
1 662,
t ical a ccuracy of the s ystem.
and f or t he m inor
c onveying s ome i dea o f t he t heoreO swald
( 1975)
of t he Binford f ormula based on Hanson
g ives a modification
( 1969),
who pointed out
t hat t he d ate a nd bore d iameter were n on-linear. f ormula g ives
f or the d ate r ange
t he d ates
r espectively.
1 625
1 620-68,
a nd 1 666
Friederich
i s Y = 1 892 - 8 0.9x,
which
g ives h is own g raph o f p ipe
t his with H arrington a nd B inford
( the l atter being i ncorrectly d rawn, 1 910).
T he metric
f or t he major and m inor p eaks
( 1975)
bore d iameters a nd c ompares
T his
s o t hat when x = 0 ,
Y =
Friederich g ives a d iameter a bout 0 .3mm smaller t han
Binford f or t he same date i n t he m id-17th c entury, i n d ates o f
1 608 a nd 1 640
f or t he two R .P.
r esulting
pipe d iameters.
T he other method of dating has been d evised by F riederich a nd i s based on t he r elationship of t he height H , bowl opening 0 ,
t ypes of bowls
i llustrated,
plotted a gainst d ate. 8 208mm 3 . 2 pipes,
( fig.
4 )
i s g iven
f or t he
which g ive
( fig.
a nd p .76).
1 2
t he product H x B x 0 in mm 3 being
This product w hen a pplied t o G T 1 028 g ives
T hese p ipes belong t o Friederich's,
types o f p ipe a re a s
E xample
breadth B ,
f or a variety of c lay p ipe bowl t ypes
A s eries o f c omplex g raphs
( 1975),
a date of
1 638.
f ig.
T he r esults
p .
7 6,
g roup
f or t he v arious
f ollows:
H x B x 0
D ate
mm 3
Friederich D imensions H
B
0
G T 1 018
7 128
1 630
3 6
1 8
1 1
G T 1 019
8 424
1 640
3 6
1 8
1 3
G T 1 020
1 0660
1 660
4 1
2 0
1 3
GT 1 021
7 980
1 645
3 5
1 9
1 2
G T 1 022
7 980
1 645
3 5
1 9
1 2
G T 1 028
6 732
1 642
3 6
1 7
1 1
N o no.
7 733
1 632
1 66
Apart f rom GT 1 020,
i t would s eem t hat most of t hese dates appear
t o be a bout t en y ears t oo e arly.
This
f inding i s r eflected i n
Atkinson and O swald's typology which i s based on t his dating t echnique, S tenuit
but t ends t o i ndicate s lightly earlier d ates.
( 1974)
LASTDRAGER B"and 0 ,
and Appendix 1 ( below )
( 1653),
s imilar t o GT 1 018,
on the Friederich s cheme.
6 426mm 3 , 7 038,
r ecords n ine bowls
7 128,
7 733,
7 752,
and g ives
t he d imensions H ,
T he products
7 770,
7 770,
f rom t he
a re a s
7 792,
f ollows:
a nd 9 240,
g iving
a mean date o f 1 645,
with d ates of 1 625 a nd 1 650
f or t he minimum
and maximum values.
This i s consistent with t he VERGULDE DRAECK
r esults.
Friederich
( 1975),
f ig.
3 ,
a lso s hows the bowl opening d iameter
of his own d eterminations, o f opening d iameters
a nd those of Goedewaagen.
f or t he VERGULDE DRAECK i s
T he range
1 1-13mm with a
mean o f 1 2mm.
This g ives
f rom Friederich,
D iameter
f ig.
3 :
Earliest
Latest
Mean
l lmm
1 609
1 635
1 624
1 2mm
1 628
1 642
1 632
1 3mm
1 630
1 670
1 654
( NB - LASTDRAGER material
( Stgnuit 1 974 and Appendix 1 ,
below)
g ives a m ean of 1 2mm f or n ine pipes).
I t c an be s een t hat the s catter i s s uch t hat t he t echnique c an only b e expected a t best t o g ive a r ange of - 1 0 y ears,
s olely
f or a g iven d iameter.
Thus on t his r ather s uperficial analysis, dating t echnque g ives a w ide range 5 0 y ears, 1 635
t he bore d iameter
f or the s ame material c irca
and an indicated m ean date a bout 2 0 years
t 2 5 years.
1 67
t oo early,
Friederich's volume method when a pplied t o t he VERGULDE DRAECK pipe,
g ives a more a ccurate date of 1 642
- 1 5 years,
bowl opening d iameter g ives a date of 1 632 analysis applies
2 -
and t he
3 0 y ears.
t o s ix d ifferent types of pipe,
This
a nd t hus we
are examining t he a ccuracy of t he method a pplied t o pipes made by d ifferent makers at t he s ame t ime. system of O swald
( 1975)
T he s tylistic dating
and Atkinson and O swald
t o some extent on Friederich's dating s ystem . and O swald,
1 632 t o
authors,
1 640,
1 625
a s
1 645.
but i n England,
r elies
I n Atkinson
t he VERGULDE DRAECK material c orresponds
c losely t o examples of i s
( 1972)
I n F riederich,
j ust a s t he range
a s pointed out by t he
f ormer
a l ooser dating i s preferred t o t he s pecific dating u sed
by Friederich. I t s hould be emphasised that t he a bove a nalysis t his one particular s ite;
i s based only on
t he r esults of t he analysis
s how purely
t he l imitations of the systems when applied t o t his material. i s hoped t hat t hese
I t
f indings will encourage greater a ttention t o
be paid t o c lay pipe material
f rom wreck s ites,
a nd t hat s tudy
of this material will help t o d etermine t he l imitations of t he systems d iscussed above. The d iscovery i n a box o f 2 50 c lay pipes with t he same maker's mark and two d ifferent bore d iameters,
l ays open t o question t he
a ccuracy of the bore d iameter dating t echnique.
Whilst t he
Harrington M ethod was based specifically on English p ipes a nd excluded N etherland material, t ionship,
a s they had a d ifferent bore r ela-
i t i s n ot unreasonable t o suggest t hat t he methods of
making pipes i n t he two c ountries were case,
s imilar.
I f t his was t he
i t i s possible t hat s ome makers may have produced two
d ifferent bore d iameters in the same batch of pipes,
a s
f ound o n
t he VERGULDE DRAECK. Two points
s hould be emphasised:
u sing d rill b its i s
unsuitable
f irstly,
measurement of t he bore
f or detailed bore analysis a nd
would have n ot s hown up the d ifference i n t he bore d iameters here;
s econdly,
this i s the
f irst t ime
f ound
( to t he author's knowledge)
t hat a l arge g roup of pipes with t he same maker's mark has been f ound in an a ccurately dated c ontext, f indings
a nd t herefore a lthough t hese
s hould be treated with s ome c aution,
i t does
l imitation t o t he theoretical basis of t he t echnique.
1 68
i ndicate
2 .5
Bricks
Approximately 8 ,000 bricks have been r ecovered f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK wreck s ite, crudely made. purpose, edly, and a s
a s
4 3.
These bricks
There has been s ome
a re
a ll yellow,
c onfusion by authors
they were u sed a s ballast but they were
G ouverneur G eneraal e n R aden in Batavia,
l ist quite
requisitions
to be
B ricks
l arge quantities received in t he
f rom wreck
s ite
of bricks.
I ndies
in
and rather to their Undoubt-
a paying ballast,
s uch represented part of the outward-bound cargo.
at home,
a s
they are often r eferred t o a s ballast bricks.
t ions of the
( 43)
f ig.
R equisi-
to t he V .O.C.
For example,
1 653-4,
( KA 1 0072),
i n display i n Fremantle Maritime
Museum.
1 69
included:
1 00,000
V ries
c lijnkert ( Friesland bricks); 1 00,000
g rauwe l eijts m oppen ( grey L eiden l arge bricks); 5 0,000 l eijts c leijne g rauwe c lijnkert ( small grey L eiden bricks); and 5 0,000 G outse c lijnkert ( Gouda bricks).
T he VERGULDE DRAECK,
bound on her f irst voyage i n 1 653,
V ries c lijnkert ,
c arried 2 6,000
and t he only o ther s hip of t hat y ear's
f leets
outward-
t hat carried bricks,
was t he VREDE c arrying 1 5,000.
I n 1 656,
the year of t he
bricks were ordered f rom
l oss of t he VERGULDE DRAECK,
P atria ( KA 1 0061).
S ixty-one t housand
arrived f rom t he C hamber of Amsterdam and 4 5,000 of Middelburgh on t he f ollowing s hips,
1 00,000
f rom t he C hamber
( KA 1 0074):
G amer Amsterdam: j acht MUIJDEN
1 8,000 per 2 3,000 per
WEESP
2 0,000 p er
DEN HERCULES
G amer MIDDELBURGH: 3 3,500 per
j acht DER SCHELLINGH
1 2,000 per
s chip HENRIETTE LOUISE
1 06,500
Thus,
unfortunately,
i nally r equested,
the Company d espatched more bricks t han orig-
a nd i t i s not possible t o d etermine t he number
l ost on the VERGULDE DRAECK,
s ince t he quantity a ctually s ent i s
not specified.
The mean s ize o f the bricks i s 8 25 g rams. of
Thus
1 76mm x 7 6 x 3 4,
a nd t he mean weight,
t he VERGULDE DRAECK c arried a t l east 2 1 t onnes
V ries c lijnkert to Batavia in 1 653, a nd t his would have r epre-
s ented a cargo volume of a bout 1 2m 3 . Stenuit
( 1974)
a nd Appendix 1 ( below),
( mean 1 74mm x 7 6 x 3 5), colour. grey,
T he bricks
f rom t he LASTDRAGER,
a re very s imilar i n s ize
and a re observed t o have t he
s ame y ellow
The BATAVIA s ite has a variety of brick c olours i ncluding
brown and yellow.
The bricks a re a ll of t he s ame s ize,
possibly the grey ones a re
l eijts c leijne g rauwe c lijnkert . Bricks
have a lso been f ound on t he SLOT T ER HOOGE 1 70
( 1724),
S tenuit
( 1975);
t he ADELAAR Sundberg
( 1728),
Martin
( 1972);
and Z EEWIJK
( 1727),
I ngelman-
( 1977i).
A group of 2 2 bricks
( GT 1 454)
f ound c emented t ogether were obviously
part of s ome s ort o f brick wall.
I t i s possible that t his c ould
have been part of t he galley area a lthough t here was n o s ign of burning.
The bricks a re mortared t ogether,
' Dutch bricklaying s tyle'.
Examples of t his
be s een t oday i n 1 7th c entury buildings A typical i llustration of t his i s in Delft" by P ieter de Hooch, 8 35.
I n this painting,
i n t he typical
c onstruction c an
i n t he N etherlands.
i n t he "Courtyard of a House
t he National Gallery,
L ondon,
n o.
t he u se of d ifferent c oloured bricks
f or ornamental purposes may b e n oted. The bricks
f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK vary c onsiderably i n s ize;
t he d imensions
range a s
Stenuit
a nd Appendix 1 ( below )
( 1974)
f ollows:
with t he LASTDRAGER bricks.
This
1 70-180mm x 7 0-80 x 3 0-38. noted a s imilar s ize r ange
r esults
in a c onsiderable
weight r ange - 8 25 grams with a s tandard d eviation of 5 5 grams and probably r eflects the r ather c rude method of making t he bricks. 1 71
I t i s d ifficult t o i dentify t he s ources of t hese small y ellow bricks
f rom t he r equisitions.
V ries o r G outse c liinkert .
T he p ossible c ontenders
a re
Quite a s urprising variety of bricks
were manufactured i n t he Netherlands during t his period. the provinces of Holland a nd Utrecht, works particularly a long the Oude on t he Utrechtse Vecht,
t here were numerous brick-
R ijn f rom U trecht t o L eiden,
on t he Vliet n ear R ijkswijk a nd D elft,
and on t he n orthern branch of t he Hollandse l atter a rea,
t he c lay was
I n these a reas, d epending on t he t ure.
r ed,
I n
dredged f rom t he
U sel.
I n t his
I Jsel and t he L ek.
yellow and g rey b ricks were produced,
c omposition of t he c lay and t he
f iring t empera-
B ecause o f t he h igh water c ontent o f t he r iver c lay u sed
t o make I Jselsteen or G oudsesteen , t o prevent bursting,
t he brick moulds were small,
and t he high c halk c ontent produced a
y ellow c oloured brick on f iring. The n orthern provinces of Friesland a nd G roningen a lso produced l arge numbers of bricks, T hese bricks
M op or
c ould be e ither r ed o r y ellow d epending on t he
m opsteen were generally a larger s ize of brick;
e xample, bricks,
a s well a s Overijsel a nd G elderland.
i n t he
1 6th c entury t here were two
c lay.
f or
s izes of L eiden
the m op being 2 16mm x 1 07 x 5 5 a nd t he k linkert
1 89mm
x 8 6 x 3 5. The I Jselsteen or G oudsesteen
i n 1 662 m easured 612 x 31 4 x l3 d / uim
or 1 80mm x 9 0 x 4 5,
a lthough t he
1 80 x 7 8 t o 9 5 x 3 5
t o 4 5.
brick)
94 x 34
in 1 646 were
bricks a re yellow , DRAECK bricks H ollestelle
f ormat c ould v ary f rom 1 57mm t o
T he Friesland K leinsteen x 1 98 c h Aim .
Both t hese types of
but i t would s eem f rom t he
t hat t hey were t he
( small
s ize of t he VERGULDE
s lightly smaller I Jselsteen ,
( 1976).
1 72
3 .
NON-FERROUS MATERIAL
3 .1.
Bronze
3 .1.1.
Mortars and pestles
AMOR emcm IR MA
GT 6
G T 613
Mortar
( date o bscure).
P estle. T hese two mortars are s imilar t o t he two f ound on t he BATAVIA
( 1629),
S tanbury
( 1974),
BAT 4 57,
a nd f ragmentary r emains BAT 5 62 and 6 25. t he A .V.O.C.
mark,
f or the V .O.C.
s howing i t was
t hese mortars were part o f the
s pecifically made
I t i s
l ikely that
s urgeon's equipment.
" Order e n I nstructie v oor d e C hirurgyns" ,
published f or t he V .O.C. ment n eeds
s hows
a nd pestle). r ange;
GT 7 4 has
and has a n i nteresting r epresentation
of an owl on t he l ower f rieze.
I n the
dated 1 625,
T his
( 1743),
t he
l ist of equip-
' 1 M Ortier e n S tamper '
( mortar
s tyle of mortar had a l ong t ime
a s imilar one was
HOLLANDIA
i n 1 696,
f ound on the V .O.C.
Cowan e t a l .
1 73
( 1975),
s hip
and Mak van
e N
E 4 0
1 74
Mortar d ated
Waay
( 1974),
t ions
n o.
9 2.
S everal c ontemporary i llustra-
s how t hese t ypes of mortars a ssociated with t he
apothecary , a lthough Matthews
V incit O mnia mortars 1 6,
( 1971)
( Love C onquers All)
was a ssociated with
g iven a s w edding presents.
" Interior o f a Dutch Pharmacy",
f rom t he s chool of T erborgh. G erard T homas s een.
( 1663-1720),
However,
I n
( 1954),
f ig.
a s imilar mortar may b e
t he u se of t he mortar was n ot exclus-
Turvey World" of Jan S teen Museum,
dated 1 665,
" The Surgery" by
ively a ssociated with t his milieu.
no.
7 91,
Bronze or brass
Kunsthistor-
a mortar c an be s een c learly
f ragments - 5 .
1 75
I n t he "Topsy-
( 1626-1679),
a ssOciated with household u se. G T 6 17
K oning
s hows an i llustration of a s imilar mortar in t he
painting
i sch
suggests that A mor
( 44)
Brass pot and e lephant's tusk a fter r emoval of c opper bucket.
( 45)
Excavating c andle s nuffers Cannon N o.
1 2 with c hisel
( GT 8 49)
f rom u nder
3 .2.
Brass
3 .2.1.
Cooking utensils,
GT 9 9A
Brass
A s 9 9A, 2 80mm
GT 9 05
A s
4 4.
c auldron with t wo c opper handles and t hree
c opper l egs,
GT 9 98
f ig.
D ia.
but without handles.
( N.A.).
1 016,
Height 1 62mm ,
S cale
D ia.
( N.A.).
Height 1 46mm,
1 40mm
possibly had handle.
( N.A.).
1 77
S cale
D ia.
1 :4
but l egs missing,
Height 8 3mm,
3 63mm
1 :4
GT 1 016
Small cauldron with t hree c opper l egs. 7 8mm,
GT 1 423
A s
D ia.
9 9A,
D ia.
1 47mm
( N.A.).
but c opper handles m issing.
2 75mm
H eight
( 215185).
GT 6 18
Copper l egs - 2 .
GT 9 06
Fragments of bowl
( 230190).
GT 9 62
Fragments of bowl
( 220195).
1 78
H eight 1 52mm,
This material a ppears with s ection 3 .3.1.
t o be
l argely c ooking equipment a s l isted i n R esolutions of 1 656,
s ee Table 6 -8
C hapter 6 ,
a s part of t he
s hip's equipment or i n Table 6 -20 f or supplies the I ndies.
C opper l egs s imilar to GT 618 have been
f ound on t he BATAVIA, 6 54,
S tanbury
( 1974),
BAT 6 44 and
s o i t would s eem t hat t his type of material may
have been present on t hat s hip.
The painting
Vessels" by F loris van S chooten,
Bernt
1 054,
f or
" Brass
( 1970),
n o.
s hows a t hree-legged c auldron with a l oop
handle a cross t he t op.
S imilarly,
in t he
" Woman
Frying Pancakes" by P ieter G erritsz van R oestraeten, Bredius Museum, cauldron,
GT 6 33
GT 1 240
Brass
t he Hague,
with a s ingle
c ollander
Brass c ollander
( ?)
( ?)
i s a small t hree-legged
f rying-pan type handle.
( 155220).
( 215185).
I t i s not c lear if t hese
t wo examples
culinary purposes or not.
are i n f act
f or
T here i s n o evidence of
handles a lthough a s et of small holes
around t he r im
indicates s ome
possibly nails.
f orm of an a ttachment, 1 79
I t i s possible t hat i t c ould have been a pump f ilter; Witsen
( 1690),
Boudriot
f ig.
( 1974),
( chaudron )
6 ,
f ig.
i llustrates a 1 83,
made o f l ead.
English d escription of
p omp-keteltje ;
i llustrates a pump-filter R öding
( 1793)
p umpen k essel
" A plate of l ead or c opper,
a s
g ives t he f ollows:
perforated with holes,
to c over t he bottom of a pump."
3 .2.2.
Buckles
( brass or bronze)
V
4 11
GT 1 349
GT 1 351
GT 9
f l au s el l
GT 1 347
Wide belt or baldric buckle; i llustrated by N ogl Hume
( 1969),
f rom t he s econd half of t he i s
i s
s imilar t o one f ig.
2 0-11,
1 8th c entury.
I t
c lear f rom GT 1 347 with the l eather s trap
i n s itu ,
t hat t he buckle d id not have a t ang.
1 80
GT 1 348
With t ang but n o plates. This type i s i dentical t o GT 8 87, a metal plate, buckle,
GT 8 87
t he
but d oes
which may have broken off.
not have I n t his
l eather s trap i s i n s itu .
With t ang and plate
GT 8 48
( 245195).
G T 1 350
GT 8 87 has two r ivet holes on t he p late;
t he others
which are a ll o f the s ame s ize have one hole.
A
s imilar buckle has been f ound on t he LASTDRAGER Stenuit
( 1974),
f ig.
( 1653),
2 7-11 a nd Appendix 1 ( below).
1 81
3 .2.3.
F ish-hooks
GT 8 50
GT 8 51
G T 8 52
G T 9 02
GT 9 03
( 275195)
( 270230)
( 155230)
( 235205)
( N.A.)
C opper Three brass
f ish-hooks w ith wire t races,
c opper
3 .3.2.)
( see
Brass s ite
one w ithout a nd one i n
f ish-hooks have been r eported f rom t he ADELAAR ( 1728),
Martin
I ngelman-Sundberg
( 1972),
( 1977i).
1 82
a nd the Z EEWIJK wreck s ite,
3 .2.4.
GT 6 08A
Taps
Brass t ap-maker's mark: t o s pout and tube
GT 6 08B
F leur-de-lis and ' AS', r epairs
( N.A.).
Brass t ap-maker's mark:
F leur-de-lis and ' AS'
( N.A.).
These two t aps r esemble t hose i llustrated i n Baart
e t a l ( 1977).
I t i s
i nteresting t o note t hat Baart
e t a l ( 1977), 6 61, has'IS' and a f leur-de-lis .
1 83
GT 6 08C
Brass tap-maker's mark possibly a head. Baart
' HD',
with upper mark,
T he mark HD i s
e t a l ( 1977), 6 63, without t he bird.
upper mark on GT 6 08C r esembles in Baart
GT 8 97
t he s ame a s
e t a l ( 1977), 6 68.
Brass t ap spigot:
i n The
t he head i n the mark
( N.A.).
F leur-de-lis
( 165210).
( x e
GT 8 94
•
Brass tap s pigot maker's mark mark
GT 981
' HD'
with u nidentified
( 170200 a pprox.).
Possibly part of brass
s pigot
1 84
( 205200).
The
' HD '
t ap GT 6 08C has
whereas the on t he
s pout.
A t ap s imilar to GT 6 08A and B has been Stanbury
( 1974),
had a
Lam ne t
( 1667),
( 1974)
( 1974),
f ound on t he LASTDRAGER
and Appendix 1 ( below ),
' HGW '
maker's mark.
in the R ijksmuseum, type,
a l
S everal
Stenuit
f ig.
5 B
spout,
but it
1 ( below),
( 1743):
Cowan
e t a l .
and Mak van Waay
and a tap n o.
( as
ZEEWIJK
( 1975),
no.
( 1975)
c ompared ( 1727),
f ig.
and Lane 1 00,
f ound 1 3-13,
( 1973),
with iCT rmark,
A number of taps
of this
general
type are
f ound i n l arge pewter cans,
Haedeke
( 1973),
f ig.
etc.,
8 9,
1 656, 2
the
1 16.
( 1974),
a nd a s part of the V .O.C.
B ottliers k ist
( see
7 8.
i llustrated in
examples have been
tap and spigot with unidentified mark; 8 11;
f ig.
f ound by Stgnuit i s not
f our
but
i llustrated i n
f ound on t he
( 1977i);
general
s pigot,
s ingle r ing spigots
have been
on the HOLLANDIA
Stgnuit
a tap of this
and Appendix
R ound s ection,
I ngelman-Sundberg
s pigot
Another
in t he handle of t he
f rom the SLOT TER HOOGE,
square here)
( 1653),
has
A s ingle r ing-handled spigot was
detail.
1 1.
one
The Nova Z embla Collection,
s ection on t he
( 1974),
9 ;
with a crossed orb
Amsterdam,
with three holes
with a square
no.
3 260.
f ig.
f leur-de-lis with a'FF' mark, fig.
s pigot was
to
BAT
and s pigots have been f ound on the SANTO CHRISTO
DE CASTELLO
and
s ection on t he spout
' As '/Fleur-de-lis has an octagonal section
f ound on t he BATAVIA, taps
a square
Chapter 6 ,
r esolutions Table
of
6 -1).
k opere w ijjn k ranen ( brass wine taps) were l isted f or
the
ship,
f or the
but a lso
I ndies,
1 00
taps were
Table 6 -20,
r equisitioned in
Chapter 6 .
1 653
3 .2.5.
Lamps and a ccessories
GT 8
S conce or c andle-holder This
( N.A.).
s imple and c rudely-made c andle-holder i s widely
i llustrated in c ontemporary 1 7th c entury paintings. S imilar holders are i llustrated in a still-life by F loris v an S chooten Bernt
( 1970),
n o.
1 054;
and
P ot" by G odfried S chalcken Gallery,
L ondon,
n o.
9 97.
1 86
" Brass Vessels" ( 1590-1655),
" An O ld Woman S couring a ( 1643-1706),
National
GT 4 3
GT 6 07
GT 8 49
Large blade s cissors
Large blade
- possibly a wick-trimmer
( N.A.).
s cissors.
Candle-snuffers,
f ig.
S imilar t o Baart
e t a l
4 5
( 245100).
( 1977),
6 81.
trated in 1 7th c entury paintings,
1 87
Again widely i llus-
n otably i n t he
" Still
L ife" by G erard Bou 1 708,
and in the
d en Uyl
( 1613-1675),
Dresden G allery , no.
" Breakfast Still L ife" by J an Jansz.
( 1595-1640),
Bernt
( 1970),
n o.
1 203.
G T 9 09
GT 6 27
G T 6 75
1 88
1 \ { GT 8 93 G T 8 93
Parts of t hree-wick,
GT 8 98
a re f ragmentary,
GT 6 27
t he BATAVIA,
GT 1 002
excellent i ntact e xample has been f ound by S tenuit on
GT 1 228
t he WITTE LEEUW,
l ost i n 1 613 a t S t.
GT 1 323
Waay
1 079,
GT 9 09
has been f ound on t he DARTMOUTH
GT 6 75
R esolutions of 1 656,
under
K iste',
' 4 d riekante l ampen ',
( 1977),
g imble-mounted o il l amp.
but g ood examples have been f ound on
Stanbury
no.
i s an entry:
c ornered lamps),
The r emains
s ee
( 1974),
f ig.
BAT 3 079 a nd 3 634.
p .
Helena,
2 44 and 2 41.
An
Mak van Another
( unpublished ).
I n t he
' Lijste v an d e B otteliers
C hapter 6 ,
( three-
Table 6 -2 below.
( 165210 and 1 60215). T he
l amp a ppears t o have been mounted on a tube which
was t hen attached t o a ' U'-shaped f itting G T 6 75. The two e nds of t he arms were a ttached by p ins r ing,
and t he r ing was
t hen a ttached by two more p ins
t o t he l amp at r ight a ngles. effect.
On the
T his g ave t he gimble
l ower s ection of t he o il c ontainer,
i s mounted a l ead c ounter-weight,
f rom which t he
o bjects G T 1 3,1326 a nd 1 158 c ould have c ome, and BAT 3 634.
t o a
T he u pper s ection of t he
hole f or f illing t he l amp, and t hree wick-holders.
s ee
l id has
l ead 3 .4.3.
a c entral
possibly with a s crew-cap,
T he wicks c onsist of t apered
wooden r ods with s lender holes down t he c entre;
t he
o il passed up these holes by c apillary a ction t o t he t op where i t burned on t he surface.
1 89
GT 7 34
GT 7 95
GT 9 01
1 90
C andlesticks:
T he examples of a t l east
3 6 c omplete or s emi-complete c andlesticks
a ppear t o be of two basic t ypes, GT 7 95)
t han the other
i ngs may be noted ;
( e.g.
both s imilar but one
G T 7 34).
l arger
Minor d ifferences
( e.g.
i n t he mould-
f or a d escription of t he analysis of t he c omposi-
t ion and manufactures,
s ee Appendix 2 :
s ection f rom a c orroded brass ( Owens).
c andlestick r ecovered f rom t he VERGULDE
DRAECK
( GT 7 95)",
parts,
a s i llustrated i n GT 9 01.
with a hole in t he c entre;
" Metallurgical R eport on a
T he c andlesticks
a re a ll made i n f our
The base i s a f lattened bell s hape
t he l ower s tem i s moulded,
with a hole
running up the c entre a nd a square r aised f lange on t op;
t he wax t ray
i s
f lange of
s aucer-shaped,
t he l ower s tem ; runs
with a s quare hole t o l ocate i t i n t he
t he upper s tem a nd c andle-holder has a l ong r od that
t hrough t he wax t ray a nd t he l ower s tem,
over t he base t o hold t he whole t ogether. two holes
i n the
s ide,
where i t i s r iveted
T he c andle-holder has
t o a id i n r emoving t he s tubs o f c andles.
I t i s c lear f rom examination of t he surface of t hese o bjects t hat t hey were turned a s a f inishing-off process. t ion i s d ifferent f rom t he more u sual, c ombined, f ig.
T he t ype of c onstruc-
where the t ray and base are
a nd t he u pper holder s crewed into t his,
L arne et
a l .
( 1974),
8 .
D exel
( 1973),
f rom t he
1 6th,
f ig.
5 58,
i llustrates a number of brass
1 7th a nd 1 8th c enturies,
l ittle t hrough t he three c enturies. N etherlands paintings s how numerous
t he s tyle a ppearing t o
c andlesticks,
C omplete
( N.A.).
GT 0 03
Partly eroded - 4 pieces
GT 0 31
Partly e roded
( N.A.)
GT 0 40
Partly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 1 00
Partly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 7 34
Complete.
1 91
( N.A.).
a ll o f which have
c andlestick holder,
f eature of Netherlands manufacture.
G T 3 2
c hange
C ontemporary 1 7th c entury
a small pair of holes on e ither s ide of t he a t ypical
c andlesticks
GT 7 35
Partly eroded - 2 p ieces
GT 7 36
Partly eroded - 3 pieces; t ray
( N.A.). s hank and overflow
( N.A.).
GT 7 37
P artly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 7 38
P artly e roded - 4 pieces
( N.A . .).
GT 7 39
Partly eroded - 5 pieces
( N.A.).
GT 7 95
Partly eroded
GT 7 98
Partly eroded - 6 pieces
GT 8 07
P artly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 1 150
Partly eroded
( N.A.).
G T 1 230
Partly e roded
( 275210).
GT 1 315
Partly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 1 316
Partly eroded
( N.A.).
GT 1 318
Partly eroded
( 277187).
GT 1 319
Partly eroded,
GT 1 321
Partly e roded - 4 pieces
GT 1 311
Partly eroded
( N.A.).
GT 1 313
P artly e roded
( 280200).
GT 1 314
Partly e roded
( 250225).
GT 1 317
Partly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 0 39
P artly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 1 00
Partly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 1 433
P artly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 1 434
Partly eroded
( N.A.).
GT 1 435
P artly e roded
( N.A.).
GT 0 38
P artly e roded,
base missing
( N.A.).
GT 0 67
P artly eroded,
base missing
( N.A.).
GT 7 08
P artly e roded,
base missing
( N.A.).
GT 9 01
Partly e roded
GT 8 86
Partly eroded,
( N.A.).
p lus
( N.A.).
1 f ragment - 5 pieces total. ( N.A.).
( N.A.) t op of s hank a bove wax tray missing
( 280205). GT 1 232
Partly e roded,
t op of s hank m issing
GT 1 312
Partly eroded,
l ower half of c andlestick and
s hank pieces
( 250225). 2
( N.A.).
GT 1 320
Partly eroded,
GT 7 34
P iece of c andlestick - 1 s hank
GT 7 46
P ieces of candlesticks - 1 s hank,
GT 1 151
P iece of c andlestick - 1 s hank
t op of s hank m issing
1 92
( N.A.).
( N.A.). 2 t op pieces
( N.A.).
( N.A.
GT 1 322
P ieces of candlesticks - 2 wax t ray f ragments
GT 0 36
P iece of c andlestick - 1 base
( N.A.).
GT 7 68
P iece of c andlestick - 1 base
( N.A.).
GT 7 96
P iece of c andlestick - 1 base
f ragment
( N.A.).
GT 9 69
P iece of c andlestick - 1 base
f ragment
( 210200).
GT 1 001
P ieces of c andlestick - 2 base
GT 1 152
P iece of c andlestick - 1 base
GT 1 310
P iece of c andlestick - I base f ragment
3 .2.6.
M iscellaneous
GT 6 20
Two parts o f a pair of o rnate handles,
G T 1 235
Part o f k ey,
f ragments f ragment
v ent pricker or s courer
GT 7 81
( N.A.).
( N.A.). ( 275210).
1 s traight
s imilar t o Baart et al . ( 1977),
suggested by Price a nd Muckelroy
Part of s cissors handle
( N.A.).
( 1977),
p .
7 07,
( N.A.).
and
1 2 a s a
( 190200 a pprox.).
( ?)
( N.A.).
0 S ca . 12 G T 8 88
Brass button,
s imilar t o S tgnuit
Appendix 1 ( below ), ca . ( 1977),
2 82
1 :1 ( 1974),
f rom t he LASTDRAGER ,
f rom Amsterdam.
1 93
( 215195).
f ig.
2 7-6 a nd
a nd Baart et
GT 6 21
Brass
r ight angle bracket - possibly c orner of a box;
possibly s imilar t o S otheby HOLLANDIA
GT 8 90
Brass
( 1972),
n o.
4 93,
f rom t he
( N.A.).
c orner f itting,
with wood c ircular patterns
( 155220).
GT 8 96
Small brass d ecoration
( N.A.).
G T 8 91
Two brass bowl-shaped objects,
1 94
possibly l ids
( 250200).
GT 1 331
Tubular brass object, unscrew,
GT 1 234
f ig.
Pair of brass
4 6
unknown purpose,
( 203160).
Scale
c hart compasses,
parts of which
1 :1
worn.
S imilar dividers
have been f ound on a wide variety of wrecks: Price and Muckelroy f ig.
( 1974);
1 4-1 and Appendix 1 ( below );
same author on GIRONA, ( 1977),
1 7th and 1 8th Sotheby
Stgnuit
SLOT TER HOOGE,
Jutholmen Wreck,
Stgnuit
c entury wrecks
( 1972),
nos.
GT
Brass nail
GT 622
Brass
rod
f rom GT 7 69
( N.A.).
1 95
a lso reported by the Stgnuit
( 1975i
and i i);
the
( 1976);
including
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( 1974),
CURAgA0,
4 95 and 496.
Small square-shanked nail
Stgnuit
( 1971),
I ngelman-Sundberg
GT 0 94 7 69
LASTDRAGER ,
KENNEMERLAND,
and other
t he HOLLANDIA,
( 46 )
Details of c onstruction of brass object of unknown purpose
( CT 1 331).
S cale
1 :1
( 47) Copper bucket i n s itu
( CT 8 59)
i n l arge
on wreck s ite,
pot and e lephant ' s i n
l ower r ight.
lump
brass tusk
GT 6 26
A - tongs
( 102mm )
B - f ork
( 135mm ).
The tongs
are
( N.A.
s imilar to Baart
e t a l .
( 1977),
and are u sed f or pulling wick upon a lamp. resemble Baart et ca . ( 1977), r emoving f ish-hooks it may be more
8 22,
678 and 679, The t ongs
and s aid to be
f rom t he mouth of a f ish.
l ikely a ssociated here with
smoking. GT 6 28
Two
f ragments of brass wire
GT 9 04
Piece of curved brass wire
GT 8 89
Brass
tube;
GT 9 31
Flat,
square,
GT 6 24
Brass
f ragments
- 5 ( N.A.).
GT 7 80
Brass
f ragments
- 1 0
( N.A.). ( 280200).
part of trumpet
( ?)
brass pan weight
( N.A.).
1 97
( N.A.). ( ?)
( N.A.).
f or
However
f ire or
3 .3.
Copper
3 .3.1.
C ooking utensils
GT 1 103
Copper f rying-pan with r ivets
f or handle
( 185195). S cale
GT 8 57
Copper f rying-pan with r ivets
f or handle
( 165210).
Martin ADELAAR
( 1972)
r ecords a s imilar pan on t he V .O.C.
( 1728),
a s part of a c argo of 6 00.
s hip
T hese pans
would have had an i ron handle r iveted onto the pan.
1 98
1 :4
GT 8 59
Copper bucket with r iveted s eams and 2 f ittings attaching a hooped handle,
f ig.
Base D ia.
S cale
3 50mm
( 210185).
4 7.
H eight
f or
3 88mm,
1 :4
A s imilar bucket has been f ound on a Portuguese wreck, K irkman
( 1972), a nd various buckets
d er Heide
( 1974),
f ig.
9 9,
c entury.
1 99
a re s hown i n Van
f rom f irst half of 1 7th
G T 8 58
Copper bowl or
l adle;
2 r ivets i n base,
1 a t s ide which
would have been originally a ttached t o t he ( 210185).
2 00
i ron handle
G T 015
Large c opper l id a nd 2 parts of a l arge ( same d ia.)
( N.A.).
S cale
2 01
1 :4
c opper r im
GT 6 02
C opper l id,
d ia.
3 65mm
( N.A.).
S cale
1 :4
C T 6 02A
Copper l id,
d ia.
3 75mm
( N.A.).
S cale
1 :4
2 02
GT 9 60
Copper l id
( N.A.).
S cale
2 03
1 :4
GT 6 77
Copper l id,
d ia.
3 82mm
( N.A.).
I t i s possible t hat t hese l ids originally f itted o n t he c opper buckets.
S cale
1 :4
GT 8 60
Parts of c opper bucket
GT 9 18
Base f ragments o f c opper pot or bucket
GT 9 59
Eight f ragments of c opper c ontainer, around edges
( 190195). ( 210165).
r ivets and holes
( N.A.).
G T 9 61
Four pieces of c opper c auldron
GT 1 239
Copper pot f ragments with r ivets
GT 6 61
Base o f pot with r ivets and 2 3 c opper f ragments
2 04
( 235205). ( 245220). ( N.A.)
GT 0 12
Leg of brass cauldron
( N.A.).
GT 6 23
L eg of brass
( N.A.).
GT 9 65
L eg of pot
( 200180).
GT 9 66
Leg of pot
( N.A.).
c auldron
These l egs would originally have f itted brass cauldron GT 9 67
( see
3 .2.1.).
Leg and 2 f ragments with r ivets
GT 8 99
Handle f rom cauldron
GT 9 00
Handle and r im f ragments
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
2 05
( 240200).
( 48)
I sometric drawing of c opper s heeting,
possibly part
of the s tern post. 3 .3.2.
M iscellaneous
G T 0 63
Nail
( N.A.).
GT 9 95
Nail
( N.A.).
GT 1 325
Nail
( N.A.).
GT 9 02
F ish-hook
GT 9 68
Copper c orner-fitment
( see
3 .2.3.)
( 200200). ( small)
2 06
( 275210).
GT 9 07
P ieces of c opper with n ail holes - 2
GT 9 08
S heets of c opper with r ivet holes
GT 9 64
One box of c opper f ragments
GT 9 70
P ieces of f lat c opper s heet with r ivet holes
( 18)
( 210185).
- 3 ( N.A.). ( N.A.). - 2
( N.A.). GT 0 91
Large pieces of c opper - 7 ( N.A.).
GT 0 92
P ieces of c opper - 7 ( N.A.).
GT 7 74
Small
GT 1 013
One box of c oncreted c opper f ragments
GT 6 01
P iece of c opper - 1 ( N.A.).
GT 6 19
P ieces of c opper - 2 ( N.A.).
G T 6 43
Small p ieces of c opper - 4 ( N.A.).
GT 644
P ieces of c opper - 4 ( N.A.).
GT 6 45
Large piece of c opper
GT 6 46
P ieces of s emi-rectangular c opper - 2 ( N.A.).
GT 6 48
Number of small c opper f ragments
GT 7 27
Small f ragments of c opper
GT 7 41
P ieces of c opper - 2 ( N.A.).
GT 7 69
P ieces of c opper object with r ivets;
f ragments of c opper - 2 ( N.A.). ( 215190).
( N.A.).
( 195200).
( N.A.).
( see a lso GT 7 69A - brass nail) GT 7 74
P ieces of c opper - 2 ( N.A.).
GT 8 10
P iece of c opper - 1 ( N.A.).
GT 017
One p iece of c opper,
c oncertina-shaped
( N.A.).
1 28mm square;
1 l arge piece of
c opper. GT 1 439
E ight s heets of c opper w ith r ivet holes, 1 .6mm
GT 1 442
t hickness
( N.A.).
Two l arge r ectangles of copper with 2 l ayers of l ead inside
( N.A.).
I t i s interesting t hat s ome of t he c opper
( GT 9 2 a nd 9 21)
t ogether, t ion,
a ppear t o have been j oined
s ince t he nail holes overlap.
f ig.
4 8,
G reen
T he r econstruc-
i ndicates t hat this may have been part
of t he s heeting on t he s tern post, BATAVIA,
l arge s heets of
( 1975).
2 07
a s was
f ound on t he
3 .4.
L ead
3 .4.1.
Baling s eals
G T 8 95
G T 9 72
Large
l ead s eal - i nscription:
L ead s eal - writing o n o ne s ide
L ead s eal
G T 1 241
L ead s eal - i nscription partly v isible: S cale
S cale
1 :1
1 :1
' WEST - R ---'
1 :1
O f t he f our l ead s eals, ' 50'
( 200200).
( 175195). S cale
G T 1 064
( 208200).
( 215200).
' ROMMENI 5 0'
t hree e xamples have t he number
a nd v arious i nscriptions i ncluding
what c ould b e WEST
( F)
R ( IESLAND ).
' ROMMENI'
a nd
T he s eals a re
made o f two f lat d iscs o f l ead j oined by a s hort bar; one d isc has a hole i n i t,
t he o ther has t wo prongs
s ticking out f rom t he c entre o f t he d isc.
T hese
prongs a re i nserted i nto t he h ole by b ending t he d iscs t ogether, p rongs
t hrough , t he material t o be s ealed,
f olded over.
a nd t he
A c rimping t ool or s tamp i s t hen
u sed t o s eal t he w hole t ogether w ith t he maker's mark e mbossed o n i t,
O ther s eals have been f ound o n t he 2 08
S cale
1 :1
HOLLANDIA ' 50'
( 1743),
stamped on i t;
s eals
f or c loth.
e t a l .
Cowan
( 1975),
with t he s ame
Marsden suggests these are bale
Twenty-one s eals have been f ound on
t he BATAVIA s ite,
S tanbury
( 1974),
s ome with house-marks,
or t he A .V.O.C.
mark a nd a variety of numbers on t he
r everse:
4 1 and 4 13.
1 6,
4 ,
4D,
i llustrates another s eal
CASTELLO.
Baart
Lam ne t
a l .
( 1974),
f ig.
f rom t he SANTO CHRISTO DE
e t al. ( 1977) suggests t hat t he numbers
r efer to t he l ength of the c loth i n West Friesland i s o rigin of c loth, applied during various
e llen.
Presumably
t he s eals being
s tages of manufacture t o d enote
they had been i nspected.
3 .4.2.
G T 0 07
D eep-sea s ounding l eads
Sounding l ead
S cale
( N.A.).
1 :4
G T 9 98
Possibly a s ounding l ead or f ishing s inker
GT 1 342
S ounding l ead:
K I
M mark,
6 .3kg
These are typical d eep-sea l ead, base
f or tallow.
Smith
( 1627)
2 09
( N.A.).
( 290175).
S cale
with hollow i n
c alls
these:
1 :4
" Dipsie l ine,
which i s a s mall l ine s ome hundred a nd
f ifty f adome l ong, made hollow ,
wherein i s p ut t allow,
vp a ny g rauell." " Deep-sea-lead: s ea l ine,
w ith a l ong plummet a t t he e nd,
M anwayring
c ommonly 1 4 pounds;
W itsen
s ea l ead:
a
d escribes i t:
t he waight whereof i s
t his h ath s ome hard white t allow
l ower e nd o f i t,
g round."
t han 3 6
( 1644)
I s t he l ead which i s hung a t t he d eep-
t o s inck i t d owne;
l aid u pon t he
t hat w ill bring
( 1690)
which brings u p t he
m entions a variety o f d eep-
p eilloot or d eep-sea l ead, i s h eavier
p ond en , and has a l ine of 8 00 o r
1 ,000
v adem , together with 6 , 8 , 1 0 and 1 2 p onden l eads v adem in various
f or d ifferent d epths u p t o 2 00 weather c onditions.
H e a lso m entions i n t he r equire-
m ents o f a s hip o f 1 34 7
v oet under
d ieplooden weighing 1 50
K leinighed en ( trifles),
p onden , s ee C hapt. 6 , Table
6 -13.
I t i s n oted here t hat G T 1 342 has numerals,
presumably t he weight i n pounds.
have been f ound o n t he BATAVIA, marked X IIII weighing 6 .88kg, unmarked weighing 6 .93kg. 2 .7kg,
1 4 marked i n R oman
and 2 .55kg,
t otal o f 9 .
S tanbury
S imilar l eads
( 1974),
a nd a nother,
BAT 3 80,
BAT 3 81,
O thers weighed 5 .6kg,
2 .6kg,
a nd t ogether with t wo more made a
S t6nuit
( 1974)
a nd Appendix 1 ( below ),
r ecords
a 6 .55kg l ead f rom t he LASTDRAGER which h e equates t o 1 3 Amsterdam
p onden or 6 .41kg, a lthough i t i s more
l ikely t hat i t i s
1 4 Amsterdam
p onden or 6 .91kg, h aving
had s ome l ead l ost d ue t o e rosion. been f ound o n t he HOLLANDIA, i llustrated i n C owan
e t a / .
( unspecified number ), ( 1975),
i nscribed w ith t he w eight X II l b t rue weight, l eads
H .M.S.
whatever t hat may mean.
F our s ounding
( 1975)
o ne
1 3-11,
s aid t o b e t he
have been r eported,
a lso Lane
f ig.
( ?)
f rom t he Jutholmen wreck,
( 1976),
O ther l eads h ave
I ngelman-Sundberg
a nd d escribed a s c onical;
r ecords a s quare s ounding l ead f rom
A SSOCIATION
( 1707);
2 10
a f ive pound l ead w as r ecorded
on DE L IEFDE
( 1711),
Bax and Martin
were r eported on t he KENNEMERLAND, ( 1974),
( 1780),
S t6nuit
( 1976),
and t hree
P rice and Muckelroy
but with no weight r ecorded;
EVSTAFII
3 .4.3.
( 1974);
and f rom the
one with n o weight.
Assorted weights
GT 1 326
GT 1 158
GT 0 13
Possibly part of c ounter-weight of g imble oil lamp GT 8 93 e tc.
( see
3 .2.5.
a bove),
( N.A.,
GT 1 328
L ead t op of a f our pound i ron weight
GT 1 327
R emains of s ame.
N .A.,
2 35205).
( 1705).
This type of weight had a cylindrical i ron base with an i ron r ing;
a l ead t op was t hen c ast on t o i t,
t he weight could be a ccurately adjusted.
p onden ,
weight was precisely f our the R oman numerals
' IV'
i t was
When t he s tamped with
a nd a proof mark.
when immersed i n water,
Subsequently,
preferential e lectrolytic c orro-
s ion r esulted i n a ll the i ron c orroding away, the disc of l ead with two holes
A s imilar weight was
o n
( 1974),
' IIII'
and a
f leur-de-lis
Stanbury
f leur-de-lis.
BAT 3 308,
2 11
f ound
s tamped with
I t i s i nteresting t hat t he
a ppears on many o bject ' s ,
i ated with a proof mark;
l eaving
i n i t c orresponding t o
t he r ing of the weight. the BATAVIA,
s o that
f or example,
and may be a ssocon a s et of
avoirdupois weights 3 219;
f rom BATAVIA,
n avigational d ividers,
BATAVIA;
and t aps
S tanbury
LASTDRAGER:
( above).
( 1974),
BAT
a strolabe,
I t would s eem t hat t he
unidentified l ead o bject f rom t he pink EVSTAFII, S tenuit
( 1976),
f ig.
6 ( left),
i s a lmost c ertainly
t he t op of a weight of the s ame type.
A g ood example
of one with a n i ron base but with t he r ing missing, has been f ound on t he MERESTEYN i nscribed
' III'
and dated
1 701.
been f ound on D E L IEFDE, 8 ,
i nscribed
Marsden and
' VIII'
( 1974),
' IR ',
dated 1 748,
' IR ',
dated 1 748,
' IR ',
dated 1 748.
bases
2 8,
i ntact.
n o.
Marsden
1 711;
( 1974),
1 06 - i nscribed
( ?)
e t a l .
t o Baart
1 07 - i nscribed
' III'
and
a nd n o.
1 08 - i nscribed
' III'
and
T hese e xamples a ll had t heir i ron i s a c omplete e xample
with cross on one s ide,
( 1977),
' heads or t ails'.
S ee Baart
( 1977),
R ounded weight with h ole
( N.A.).
GT 1 328
Part o f weight with h ole
( 170205).
3 .4.4.
L ight l ead-shot
GT 1 0
1 9
GT 0 93
2 s hot d ia.
1 6mm
( N.A.).
GT 9 96
1 s hot d ia.
1 6mm
( 180195) .
Van D am
1 6mm
( 1701)
8 69.
i .e.
s tates
t hat i t was
1 9.1mm d iameter,
was
proof ball of 1 4 i n a n Amsterdam n ormal ball o f diameter,
was
1 4
Amsterdam.
a ccording f or
( 165210).
( N.A.) .
r esolved i n 1 659
t he o ld proof l ead ball of which 1 2 made
p ondt
i n the
t hose were p laying d iscs
GT 1 327
s hot d ia.
' V'
n o.
There
Square weight
f ig.
AMSTERDAM,
Nova Z embla C ollection i n t he R ijksmuseum,
GT 9 84
( 1976),
O ther examples have
B ax a nd Martin
a nd d ated
f ig.
( 1702),
i n a n Amsterdam
t o become
2 12
1 6
i .e.
o ne Amsterdam
t o be c hanged t o a
p ondt , p ondt
t hat
a nd t he i .e.
1 8.1mm
1 7.3mm d iameter.
T he c aliver was i ntroduced i n t he l ate 1 6th c entury. I nitially i t was l ighter t han t he musket w ith a bore of 1 5.9mm c ompared w ith 1 8.6mm f or t he musket. t he 1 7th c entury,
During
t he musket was r eplaced by t he
c aliver which g radually l ost i ts own name a nd b ecame known a s t he musket,
K ist e t a l . ( 1974).
T hus i t s eems
t hat here w e a re d ealing w ith c aliver s hot, a ppears f rom t he s hot moulds, 6 .4.2.
b elow ),
a s a lso
GT 1 259 a nd 1 260
( see
with 1 6mm d iameter.
3 .4.5.
Vessels
( possibly p ewter )
G T 6 36
P ossibly a n i nkwell.
O ctagonal-sided c ontainer with
a n oval hole i n t he s lightly d epressed t op. i nkwell i s i llustrated i n t he N ikolaes d e H elt-Stocade, Home i n N ijmegen.
" Double P ortrait" by
d ated 1 647,
H owever,
A s imilar
i n t he O ld M en's
more o rnate v ersions
a ppear o n t he eating t able i n 1 7th c entury p ictures, a nd may be s alt o r c ondiment c ontainers.
( N.A.).
G T 9 83
Small c up,
3 .4.6.
M iscellaneous o bjects
G T 6 32
L ead-coated i ron c ylinder with s quare bore
G T 1 329
Tube-shaped o bject w ith s quare hole a t o ne e nd
G T 1 033
Small cylinder
G T 1 441
Two p ieces o f l ead p iping,
v ery badly c orroded.
( N.A.) . ( 155220).
( 275185).
( 280200). 2 13
possibly s cupper p ipes
GT 1 440
Lead s crap - 1 sack
GT 082
R ed l ead compound
GT
1 356
Lumps of l ead - 2
GT
1 357
Lumps
of l ead ore
GT
1 425
Small
round lump
GT
1 330
Lead scrap
( N.A.).
( N.A.). ( 185195). - 2
( 265200
approx.).
( N.A.).
( 200200).
GT 0 65
Piece of l ead with round holes
GT 016
Lead - 8 pieces,
t hickness
2 .5mm
( N.A.).
GT 0 34
L ead - 2 pieces,
thickness 2 .0mm
( N.A.).
GT 0 66
Lead - 1 piece
GT 075
Lead - 3 pieces,
thickness 4 .0mm
GT 6 03
Lead - 1 3 pieces
( N.A.).
GT 639
Lead - 9 pieces,
thickness
GT 6 47
Lead - 9 pieces
GT 6 62
Lead - 5 small
f ragments
( N.A.).
GT 6 71
Lead - 5 small
f ragments
( N.A.).
GT 687
Lead - 3 f ragments
GT
Lead - 4 small pieces
7 08
( N.A.).
( 195200).
( N.A.). ( N.A.).
Lead - 1 piece
GT
7 44
Lead pieces
GT
7 75
Lead - 1 piece
( N.A.).
GT
7 85
Lead - 1 piece
( N.A.).
GT
7 89
Lead - 5 pieces
( N.A.).
GT
7 92
Lead - 4 pieces
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
GT 8 05
Lead - 1 piece
( N.A.).
GT 8 06
L ead - 1 piece
( N.A.).
GT 8 08
Lead - 3 pieces
( N.A.).
GT 973
Small pieces
l ead s crap
GT
Two r ectangular s heets c opper
3 .0mm
( N.A.).
( 085179).
GT 7 09
1 442
( N.A.).
of
of
( N.A.).
l ead within
2 of
( N.A.).
Much of the l ead s heeting may have been patches
f or r epairing l eaks.
by Olds
( 1977),
l ead.
However,
too small i n u sed wooden
f or u se a s
I t has been suggested
that Spanish ships were not only i s the
s ize and quantity,
s heathed in
l ead s heeting here but a lso the V .O.C.
s heafhing system known a s
v erdubbeling
Alternatively it may have been part of the quantity of s ee Table
l ead exported t o the
6 -18,
C hapt.
6 below.
2 14
I ndies
large
each year,
3 .5.
Pewter
3 .5.1.
Bottle caps
GT 6 13A
GT 9 35
GT 7 63
GT 1 338
GT 1 339
G T 0 46
GT 9 34
GT 9 30
A - bottle c ap with beue g lass in s itu B - bottle c ap with g lass in s itu
G T 6 31
Bottle caps - 4 ( N.A.).
G T 6 31A
Bottle c ap * ( N.A.).
G T 7 63
Bottle c ap
( N.A.).
2 15
( N.A.) .
( N.A.).
GT 6 69
Bottle
caps
- 2 ( N.A.).
GT 930
Small bottle
GT 9 34
Bottle cap with glass
GT 935
Bottle
GT 1 056
Large bottle
GT 1 162
Bottle
GT
1 332
Large bottle
GT
1 334
Bottle
GT
1 336
Bottle cap
( 208200).
GT 1 337
Bottle
cap
( 200180).
GT 1 338
Bottle
cap
( 195200).
GT 1 339
Bottle
cap
( N.A.).
GT 1 340
Bottle caps
- 2 ( 230160).
GT 1 340
Bottle
- 2 ( 230160).
GT 0 47
Top of bottle cap
GT 0 44
Part of bottle cap
GT 1 424
Bottle
GT 7 42
Fragments of bottle cap
GT 1 333
R im of bottle
GT 1 335
Part of bottle
GT 9 94
Fragment of bottle cap
cap with r ing
( 173200).
neck i n s itu
c ap with glass i n s itu
cap
( 230160).
f ragments in s itu
cap with glass
cap
( 220205).
caps
( 185195).
( N.A.). ( N.A.).
( N.A.).
cap
( N.A.).
( 165210).
cap
( 165210). ( N.A.).
There are t hree basic types of bottle collection. i s
The
largest has
caps
a diameter of
c learly a ssociated with t he green glass
bottle 934,
( see below,
935,
( 290175)
( N.A.).
cap and r im f ragment
cap
( 230160).
have
GT 1 399).
The
caps
in t his 5 0mm and case
GT 9 31A,
a s crew-threaded top which
s crews
onto a collar attached to t he rim of the neck of the bottle 4 .1.2.).
( for d iscussion of bottles T his
type does
n ot occur on the BATAVIA,
but similar caps have been Stgnuit
( 1974),
f ig.
a rather
Martin MARIA,
f ound on t he LASTDRAGER,
2 1 and Appendix
SANTO CHRISTO DE CASTELLO, 1 4;
s ee S ection
1 ( below );
Lam ne t c a.
f latter type on DE LIEFDE,
( 1974),
f ig.
Mak van Waay
6B;
( 1974),
the f ig.
Bax a nd
a nd a lso on t he PRINSES
( 1974),
no.
1 3-15.
Pewter
c aps
have been mentioned f rom other wrecks but not d escribed or i llustrated. on the
Also,
SANTO ANTONIO DE TANN ,
2 16
they have been Sassoon
f ound
( 1977),
a ssociated with green g lass Port R oyal,
Marx
c ase bottles,
( 1971).
The s econd type has a d iameter a bout 1 338;
a nd at
3 5mm,
t hese s eem t o be smaller versions of t he a bove
type and possibly a re onion bottle t ops. have been f ound on t he BATAVIA, 3 285,
GT 7 63 a nd
3 286 and 3 319.
Stanbury
S imilar types ( 1974),
I t i s n ot c lear i f s imilar types
have been f ound on t he LASTDRAGER f rom f ig. ( 1974) Holman
BAT
a nd Appendix 1 ( below ),
2 1,
Stgnuit
a nd t he DARTMOUTH,
( 1975).
The third type,
GT 1 339 and t op only GT 9 30,
has d ia-
meters a pproximately 2 0mm,
a nd numerous examples have
been f ound on t he BATAVIA.
T he t op of t he c ap has a
l oop through which f its
a small r ing.
The pewter caps were widely u sed a s c ontainers.
f or g lass
I t i s c lear t he larger caps were f itted on
square c ase bottles,
however,
and small i s unclear. on s chnaps
s toppers
f lasks a s
t he u se of t he medium
I t may be that t hey were in D exel
f or t he medium s ize c aps;
( 1973),
f ig.
t he small c aps,
f itted
6 77 etc., which are
s imilar t o t he t ops on pewter bottles of t he period, may have been f itted to small g lass
3 .5.2.
G T 6 06
f lasks.
Spoons
Spoon d ecorated with rose and c rown and maker's mark ' PV'
i n c rown, . fig.
4 9A
( N.A.).
2 17
S cale x 5
( 49A)
( 49B)
PV mark on s poon GT 6 06.
( 49C)
Unknown mark on s poon GT 8 92. S cale x 5
GT 9 29
Spoon
VW mark on s poon GT 9 63.
( 290175).
2 18
GT 9 63
Spoon d ecorated with r ose a nd c rown, ' VW',
f ig.
4 9B;
a nd maker's mark
i nscribed on back a re t he
l etters
' W.K.'
( N.A.).
GT 8 92
S poon bowl i nscribed with S tar of D avid graffiti on back;
maker's mark i s n ot c lear,
GT 9 27
S poon bowl
G T 1 237
Spoon handles
GT 9 32
S poon handle
f ragment
GT 6 37
S poon handle
( N.A.).
GT 1 341
S poon handle
( N.A.).
f ig.
4 9C,
( N.A.).
( 275210). - 2 ( 275185). ( 165210).
The crowned rose i s t he mark f or f ine quality t in. o riginated f rom t he Tudor R ose which was into Antwerp i n 1 523. o ld f ine t in mark,
by the r ose and c rown,
and t he maker's
i ncorporated i n t he c rown, r ose,
Dubbe
( 1965).
i ntroduced
Approximately 1 613,
t he hammer a nd c rown,
t he original
was r eplaced
i nitials were
or on e ither s ide of t he
The maker 's
s poons have not been identified,
i nitials on t hese but marks s imilar t o
t hese occur extensively on plates a nd spoons of this
2 19
I t
period. of t he
T he s hape of the s poons are l ikewise t ypical 1 7th c entury.
spoon i s
T he graffiti on t he back o f t he
again a c ommon f inding f rom wreck s ites,
owner c arving h is i nitials on t he back a s
t he
i n GT 9 63.
The S tar of David on GT 8 92 may s ignify t hat t he spoon was owned by a J ewish person. of the V .O.C.
r etourschip
on l lth October 1 656,
of 2 50 men includes
Table 6 -4 Chapt.
s chipper ,
6 ,
below,
f or the
e quipment,
I ndies,
f or a
4 00 wooden s poons,
Table 6 -10,
I t i s l ikely t hat t he s poons t he officers'
t he mess
a nd f or the c abin of t he
t inne l epels,
2 0
I n the R esolutions
C hapt.
6 ,
below.
f ound here were part of
f or i f t hey were supplies
t hey would n ot be marked.
I t i s
interesting t o note t hat t he BATAVIA had f our s poons a ll with t he same maker's mark, stern cabin a rea of t he wreck, were V .O.C.
property;
P lates,
i ndicating t hat t hey
f rom t he same s ources.
pots a nd beakers
GT 9 82
Fragments of p ewter p late - 8 ( 230160).
GT 6 29
Plate f ragments
GT 6 63
P late f ragments - 4 ( N.A.).
GT 6 29
Base of plate or bowl
GT 0 47
Hinge
GT 7 76
Fragments of pewter - 1 8
GT 7 83
Fragment of pewter
GT 7 97
Fragments of pewter - 4 ( N.A.).
- 1 7
f ound a t t he
i t i s u nlikely t hat i ndividuals
would have a ll bought s poons
3 .5.3.
and a ll
( N.A.).
( 280200).
f ragment f rom s tein l id
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
2 20
1 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I 1
,
g f r
1 359
G T 0 48
P ewter c hamber-pot - e ncrusted
E ngraved p ewter mug
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
T he plate f ragments a re t oo badly c orroded e ither t o d etermine t he o riginal s hape o r l ocate a ny p ewter marks;
i t i s n oted t hat i n t he l ist o f pewter f or
t he c abin o f a e ach o f 3 l bs., T able 6 -10,
r etourschip , there were two plates 21 2 l / bs.,
C hapt.
T he c hamber-pot i s ( 1974);
6 ,
2 l bs.,
a nd 11 2 l / bs.,
s ee
below.
s imilar t o BAT 3 031,
S tanbury
o thers have b een f ound o n o ther wrecks,
n one a re e xactly s imilar.
but
T he handle o n t his p ot
i s made i n a d ifferent f ashion t han i s u sual.
T he
u se o f t he c hamber-pot must have p layed a n i mportant part i n s hipboard l ife, i t impossible
particularly where i llness made
he h eads. f or a p erson t o v isit t
A c lear
ickness i s i n t he a ssociation o f t he c hamber-pot with s painting "T he D octor ' s V isit" by J an S teen, t he Hague,
n o.
1 68,
M auritshuis,
which s hows t he p ot prominently
p laced n ext t o t he patient 's b ed. 2 21
A gain,
i n t he
l ist
of p ewter f or t he cabin o f a
r etourschip are the
w aterpotten or chamber-pots, Table 6-10, Chapt. 6 , below.
I t s eems t he c rew was n ot g iven t he l uxury
o f s uch i tems.
T he engraved p ewter mug G T 0 48,
i s v ery badly c orroded
a nd t he e ngraving o n i t i s o nly barely d iscernable. T he s cene i n t he c artouche a ppears t o be o f Aphrodite r iding o n a s hell, F lowers,
b irds a nd s croll-work c an a lso be s een a round
t he c artouche. Kohlmann
a lthough t his i s n ot c lear.
( 1972),
d ecoration,
A s imilar b eaker i s f ig.
1 06,
i llustrated,
o nly w ith a r elief
a nd i t i s o f 1 8th c entury manufacture.
T he g eneral s hape c orresponds t o C owan f ig.
1 5-19,
e t a l .
but t hat i s w ithout d ecoration.
( 1975),
4 .
M ISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL
o 4 .1.
G lass
4 .1.1.
M iscellaneous
GT 8 53
R osary medallion
ggi A >
Q
QQA : '
Q 00
( brass),
2 2 beads
( glass)
( 230160). S cale
T he r osary medallion i s oval with a suspension point on t he t op.
The surface of d ecoration i s worn,
a lthough t he deeper parts a re quite c risp. wear r esembles
t hat f ound on c oins,
The
a nd i ndicates
t hat i t was quite a n old i tem a t t he t ime of t he
l oss.
Other medallions have been f ound on t he SANTO CHRISTO D E CASTELLO,
McBride
e t a l .
( 1975),
f ig.
NUESTRA S ENORA DEL CARMEN or G ENOVES ( 1971);
others
Mombasa.
1 1a7,
( 1977),
GT 1 353
and on t he Horner
( 1974),
T he black g lass beads
n ot described i n Karklin
bead,
( 1730),
are i llustrated i n K irkman
f rom F ort J esus,
b ead t ypology,
1 1,
( 1974)
a re
1 7th c entury Netherlands
a lthough a t orroidal or c ircular black
i s mentioned.
T hey r esemble Baart
e t a l .
4 14.
G lass iron. S imilar irons are i llustrated i n G lissman 1 9,
who i ndicates
t o 1 7th c entury); s everal of these t o a s
a l ong period of manufacture Baart ( 153,
s trijkglazen .
u sed t o press
( 1970),
e t a l .
( 1977)
1 54 a nd 1 55).
( c
f ig. 7 00AD
i llustrates T hey are r eferred
They were barely heated and were
small p ieces of damp l inen.
2 23
1 :1
4 .1.2.
Bottles
/
G T 1 399
Square green g lass bottle - base height 3 00mm
1 12mm x 1 13mm,
( 230160).
GT 9 35
Green bottle n eck
GT 9 37
Base of dome-shaped d rinking g lass
GT 9 36
Base of square,
g reen bottle 1 10mm x 1 10mm
G T 9 45
Base of square,
g reen bottle
etched on bottom
( N.A.).
Base of square,
GT 9 52
Base of s quare green bottle
GT 9 53
E leven bases o f square,
g reen bottle
1 07mm x 1 05mm,
c ross
1 06mm x 1 07mm
( N.A.).
1 05mm x 1 05mm
9 6mm x 8 1mm,
1 06mm x 8 6mm ,
1 09mm x 1 04mm,
( N.A.).
green bottles and t hree
f ragments - 1 05mm x 1 03mm,
1 05mm,
( 280200).
( 210165).
G T 9 51
1 05mm x 1 01mm,
( 180195).
1 06mm x 1 04mm,
1 10mm x 1 09mm
2 24
1 04mm x 1 03mm,
( N.A.).
1 07mm x
GT 9 50
Base o f square,
g reen bottle 1 09mm x 1 08mm
GT 939
Base o f square,
g reen bottle 8 5mm x 1 00mm
GT 9 47
Base of square,
g reen bottle 8 5mm x 9 5mm
GT 9 48
Base o f square,
g reen bottle
G T 611
Three bases of s quare, f ragments,
( N.A.). ( 200250).
1 07mm x 8 5mm
g reen bottles
8 7mm x 1 08mm,
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
and e leven
1 02mm x 8 4mm
( N.A.).
GT 9 44
Part of a base of a square,
green bottle
( 155220).
GT 0 29
Part of a base o f a square,
green bottle
( N.A.).
GT 1 432
Base o f square,
g reen bottle
I n t he c ollection of g lass, ples o f onion bottle
( N.A.). t here appear
t o be n o exam-
f ragments a nd t he c ollection s eems
entirely t o c omprise c ase bottles.
T he two basic base
s izes a re a bout 1 10mm x 1 10mm and 1 00mm x 8 5mm ; o nly bottle GT 1 399,
t he
f rom which a c omplete profile can be taken,
has a height of 3 00mm,
a pproximately 3 .5
l itres.
a nd t hus a volume of
Stenuit's
suggestion t hat
t hese bottles c ould have been mercury c ontainers, Stenuit
( 1974)
a nd Appendix 1 ( below ),
i s d iscussed
i n Appendix 3 .
Marx 1 04,
( 1969)
i llustrates
a s imilar-shaped bottle,
which he d escribes a s
it s eems
l ikely t hat t he
no.
a s nuff or medicine bottle;
s cale i s i n e rror on t hese
drawings and t hat t hey s hould be half s cale rather t han quarter.
I f t his
i s
t he c ase,
would s tand 2 60mm high a nd be would be
t he bottle mentioned 1 40mm square,
s imilar in s hape t o our e xamples.
it i s possible t hat Marx 's example i s c entury rather t han Muckelroy
( 1974)
( 1974)
bottles ( 1975)
Thus,
i n f act 1 7th
1 9th a s he s uggests.
Price a nd
f ound s imilar bases on t he KENNEMERLAND,
and n oted two s izes u it
which
1 12mm square a nd 8 0mm square;
and Appendix 1 ( below),
r ecords
s quare c ase
and onion bottles on t he LASTDRAGER ;
Holman
r ecords a broken c ase bottle f rom t he DARTMOUTH
with a pewter s crew t op, height - t he base appears
but does n ot r ecord t he t o be 8 0mm x 4 2mm.
have been f ound on t he SANTA ANTONIO D E TANNA, ( 1977),
S ten-
and the Z EEWIJK, 2 25
I ngelman-Sundberg
f ull
Others Sassoon
( 1977i).
I n v iew of t he c ommon o ccurrence of t his t ype of bottle on other m id-17th c entury V .O.C. been c ontainers
f or w ine,
ordered i tem f or t he
I ndies.
of Spanish w ine a nd 5 0 ordered f or t he e ither,
s ince
t hey may have
t his was
a r egularly
I n
Z eggers
I ndies;
s hips,
1 656,
l eggers
o f French wine were
t he c ase bottles may h ave h eld
a lthough t he r equisitions
( i9ggers)
1 70
r efer t o barrels
r ather t han c ases of bottles.
N oel Hume
( 1972)
suggests t hat t he s quare-sided c ase bottles pre-date t he mid-17th c entury g lobular-bodied
' onion'
a nd t hat t hese were s tored i n c ases o r generally h olding a d ozen bottles. bottles
a s N ogl Hume notes:
" ...
' cellars'
T hese
1 7th c entury",
origin.
s quare
r epresent a v ery l arge
part of t he E nglish bottle output of t he the
b ottle,
f irst half of
a s well a s being o f N etherlands
I t s eems most l ikely t herefore t hat t hese
c ase bottles were part of t he personal possessions of t he s enior o fficers who, c hests,
were a llowed 2
i n addition t o t heir s ea
f leskelders
holding 1 5 c ase bottles each, There s eems
s ee
( bottle C hapt.
c ellars)
6 .5 b elow.
l ittle d oubt t hat t hese b ottles w ere u sed
f or s toring w ine,
d espite t he s uggestion t hat t he
pewter t ops a re i ncompatible w ith w ine.
T here a re f ew c ontemporary
1 7th c entury paintings
s howing square c ase b ottles a ssociated with w ine. I n most d rinking s cenes,
t he wine appears
d ecanted i nto a s toneware o r s ilver whence i t was poured i nto t he g lass. " Vanitas no. t op,
1 429,
S till L ife" s hows
( 1655),
( ?)
t o have been
j ug,
f rom
Anthonie L eemans'
R ijksmuseum,
Amsterdam,
a c ase bottle with a n o rnate p ewter
a nd a f ull wine g lass n earby.
G T 0 83
lass G reen g
- 9 3 pieces
( N.A.).
GT 0 30
lass G reen g
- 1 1 p ieces
( N.A.).
G T 6 38
lass - 1 1 . p ieces G reen g
( N.A.).
GT 6 66
lass G reen g
GT 6 67
lass - 1 5 pieces Green g
- 8 pieces
( N.A.). ( N.A.).
2 26
GT 7 04
Green g lass - 5 p ieces
G T 7 05
One box: f ragments
f ragments
( N.A.).
- r ound bottle's base a nd 3 neck
( N A.).
GT 6 65
Green g lass
- 2 base
GT 7 13
G reen g lass
- 1 3 p ieces
( N.A.).
G T 7 16
Green g lass
- 1 3 pieces
( N.A.).
G T 7 62
ieces G reen g lass - 3 p
( N.A:).
G T 7 73
G reen g lass - 6 pieces
( N.A.).
G T 9 38
lass - 5 1 p ieces Green g
( N.A.).
G T 9 40
Green g lass
( N.A.).
G T 943
ieces Green g lass - 3 p
GT 9 49
One box of green g lass pieces
G T 1 155
Green g lass
- 2 pieces
( N.A.).
G T 1 400
Green g lass - 6 p ieces
( N.A.).
G T 7 61
Fragmented green bottle n eck
G T 9 41
S even r im f ragments o f green bottle n ecks
G T 9 46
N eck f ragment a nd r im - green g lass
G T 9 54
Two pieces of c oncreted g lass
f ragments
- 3 6 p ieces
drinking vessel
( N.A.).
( 245220). ( 230160).
( N.A.). ( N.A.).
( N.A.).
- possibly f rom a
( N.A.).
GT 1 015
P iece of y ellow g lass
in c oncretion
G T 1 401
G lass caps - 2 ( 275210).
GT 9 42
C lear g lass
GT 7 25
G lass
G T 1 154
Base
f ragments - 4 ( N.A.).
f ragments - 3 ( N.A.). f ragments of g lass - 2 ( N.A.).
2 27
( N.A.).
4 .2.
Stone Material
4 .2.1.
Slates and pencils
GT 9 22
Slate pencil
( N.A.).
GT 9 24
S late pencil
( 215200).
GT 681
Slate pencil,
GT 6 64
P ieces of s late - 3 ( N.A.).
GT 9 1 5
P ieces of s late - 3 ( 230160).
GT 9 25
Pieces of s late - 1 8
GT 1 149
Triangular piece of s late
broken
( N.A.).
( N.A.). ( 265180).
This method of writing - f or t aking n otes a nd d oing c alculations
- i s
s till in u se in Holland today,
t he s late pencils u sed now a re s imilar t o those here.
and f ound
Four s imilar pencils have been f ound on t he
BATAVIA,
Stanbury
( 1974),
BAT 4 202,
4 203,
4 204,
4 205,
t ogether with a c ollection of s late f ragments s imilar to t hose f ound here. s late pencil in Hants.
4 .2.2.
GT 0 28
Barton
f ragments
Whetstone
( N.A.).
2 28
r ecords
two
f rom a n 1 8th c entury w ell
S imilar t o Baart
Schist whetstones
( 1969)
e t a l .
( 1977),
7 31.
GT 6 09
Whetstone
( N.A.).
G T 7 06
Whetstone
( N.A.).
GT 911
Whetstone
( N.A.).
GT 9 23
Whetstone
( 265200).
I ;
I GT 9 71
Whetstone
( N.A.).
GT 9 71A
Whetstone
( N.A.).
GT 1 344
Whetstone
( 235205).
2 29
Holden
( 1963)
suggests t hat s chist whetstones g ener-
a lly had a suspension hole i n t hem,
but i t i s i nterest-
ing t hat none of t hese examples have such holes, do t he 2 0 examples The examples
f ound on t he BATAVIA,
except GT 0 28.
a lso i ndicates s ources of s chist a s t he R hineland.
Huggins
hones which were
( 1969)
Holden
( 1963)
r ecords t hree m icaschist
f ound i n mediaeval a nd l ater d eposits
hones a ttributed t o t he been f ound a t St.
F ragmentary s chist
l ate 1 6th or 1 7th c entury have
Neots,
A s ingle whetstone was
Addyman a nd Marjoram
f ound on t he HOLLANDIA,
6 ,
4 .2.3.
Grindstones
GT 1 429
Sandstone grindstone. Hole s ize 0 .060mm
Stgnuit
a nd various whetstones
C owan
e t a l .
whetstones were r equisitioned f or t he C hapt.
( 1972).
f ound o n t he LASTDRAGER ,
a nd Appendix 1 ( below ),
Table 6 -20,
( 1974)
f rom Brittany a nd
at an excavation a t Waltham Abbey.
were
Stanbury
f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK a ppear t o b e
r elatively n ew a nd unused,
( 1974)
nor
( 1975).
4 0
I ndies in 1 653,
below.
D ia.
( N.A.).
2 30
0 .872m,
S cale
1 :8
Thickness 0 .112m,
GT 1 427
Sandstone grindstone. Hole s ize 0 .072mm
D ia.
( 175200).
1 .096m, S cale
The three millstones a ll have
Thickness 0 .120m,
1 :8
square d rive holes,
but
do not s eem t o c onform t o a ny pattern i n d iameter, thickness or hole s ize. s tones was
There a re no r ecords of m ill-
i n t he r equisitions,
t he purpose o f t hese.
and i t i s not c lear what I t i s possible t hat t hey
were grindstones r ather t han millstones. grindstones
t hey would be t ermed
2 31
I f t hey were
s lijp-steen
a nd would
be turned v ertically by hand, 7 5-32.
G rindstones were
Witsen
( 1690),
c ommonly requisitioned.
The t hickness of these s tones i s v ery small however,
a nd t he d iameter v ery l arge.
l ikely t hat t hese were,
i n f act,
were u sed horizontally,
N ooms
grinding c orn,
f ig.
( 120mm )
I t s eems more
millstones which
( 1970),
f ig.
1 ,
f or
e tc.
I n Batavia a t this
t ime,
t here was
a powder mill and
s everal s ugar mills which w ere driven by water power. T he grindstone f ound on t he K ENNEMERLAND, Muckelroy
( 1974),
three here;
was a bout t he same s ize a s t he
however,
t heir c onclusion t hat,
one was
f ound,
voyage,
s eems t o be wrong.
large,
Price a nd
i t was
a s only
f or u se on-board during t he T he grindstone was v ery
and would have n eeded extensive equipment t o
operate i t.
Also,
t here was only one,
not t wo a s would
be u sual.
•
.
•• • jj
•. %
• •
Sandstone grindstone. Hole s ize 0 .060mm
D ia.
0 .920m,
Thickness 0 .104m,
( 100200). S cale 1 :8
2 32
4 .2.4.
M iscellaneous
G T 616
C oal
( N.A.).
T his was a c ommon i tem r equisitioned f or t he Master Smith.
I n 1 656,
c oolen )
were r equisitioned,
C hapt.
6 ,
1 500 hods of f orge c oal KA 1 0061,
( smits
a nd Table 6 -20,
below.
G T 7 51
L arge piece of f lint
( N.A.).
G T 9 58
Small piece of
( 275210).
f lint
F ive hundred f lints were r equested f or t he g eneral d emand f or t he 6 -20
( 2000
I ndies
i n 1 656,
f or t he W apen G amer in 1 653),
G T 7 77
P iece of c halk
G T 9 75
P ieces of c halk - 3 ( 210185).
G T 9 76
*L umps
KA 1 0061,
6 .
of c halk - 3 ( 265200).
Lumps of c halk - 3 ( 207200).
G T 9 78
P ieces of c halk - 3 ( 225200).
G T 9 79
Lump of c halk
G T 9 80
L arge
G T 1 007
Lump of c halk
G T 1 161
L arge of l umps o f c halk - 2 ( N.A.).
( 210185).
lump of c halk
( 265180).
( 265200).
E ight v aten of chalk
( kalk)
g eneral equipment i n t he
f or t he
I ndies,
r equirements o f
1 656,
t onnen of chalk was ordered in 1 653,
6 -20,
C hapt.
( N.A.).
G T 9 77
1 0
a nd Table
Chapt.
6 ,
below.
2 33
KA 1 0061, s ee Table
a nd
5 .
ORGANIC MATERIAL
5 .1.
Wood
5 .1.1.
M iscellaneous small a rtefacts.
GT 1 143
Drumstick,
G T 1 144
Drumstick,
c omplete,
broken
hard wood - possibly e bony
( 175195).
( N.A.).
Drumsticks were n ot s pecifically mentioned in t he r equisitions
f or t he I ndies f or 1 656,
a lthough in t he l ists were 4 0 drums, 2 00 s nares,
2 00 s trings,
drum c arrying-bands.
KA 1 0061, 3 00 drumskins,
2 00 brace s trings and 5 0
S o i t would s eem t hat i t i s n ot
impossible t hat t hese drumsticks were provisions t he
I ndies.
H owever,
s hipboard u se;
GT 1 036
t hey c ould also have been f or
g enerally t he
one d rum under h is
Powder f lask and c ap,
P owder c ap - wood
C onstapel had a t l east
c harge.
c omplete - wood with l eather
( 215200). G T 1 088
f or
( 215200).
2 34
S cale
GT 1 004
Powder f lask - wood with l eather
( 215200).
GT 1 037
P owder
l eather
( 215200).
G T 1 051
P owder f lask - wood with l eather
( 215200).
GT 1 089
Powder c ap - wood
( 215200).
GT 1 091
Powder c ap - wood
( 215200).
f lask - wood with
Twelve o f t hese c harges were originally
f itted with
l eather s trings t o a musketeer's bandolier. of various c harges may be 7 0;
s een i n K ist
Examples
( 1971),
plate
and a re s hown being u sed by a musketeer i n d e
G heijn
( 1607),
f ig.
2 3.
The examples
VERGULDE DRAECK a ppear t o be
l eather-covered,
wood i s i n a v ery f ragile c ondition. f or the
I ndies,
f or calivers. musket
KA 1 0061, T he
f rom t he
T he r equisitions
include 2 00 s houlder belts
l atter was a l ighter v ersion of t he
( which was a matchlock of 6 .5kg weight,
1 8.6mm bullet ), of 1 5.9mm.
a nd weighed a bout 4 kg,
The l ead musket-balls
ball mould G T 1 260 would have made, T hus,
by 1 659,
5 00 bandoliers were ordered in 1 653 C hapt.
6 ,
2 35
with a c alibre
t hat t he musket
both g ive d iameters
t he V .O.C.
s hot a round 1 7 t o 1 8mm i n d iameter
s ee Table 6 -20,
below.
f iring
f ound on t he wreck
s ite and t he d iameter of musket balls
a round 1 6.5mm.
and t he
( see
was u sing
3 .4.4.
f or t he
above).
I ndies,
G T 1 395
Pulley s heave - wood T he only e xample
( 275210).
f ound on t he wreck s ite.
)
B B I A A G T 1 145
M easuring s tick,
t he e ight m ost o bvious g raduations a re
a ll 2 5.5mm l ong - a bout a n i nch a part; s ubdivided i nto quarters
( 275210).
T he v alue o f t he . v arious i nches,
2 36
t hese u nits a re
V an D ale
( 1970),
i s
a s
f ollows:
Amsterdamse
d uim - 2 5.73mm
R ijnlandse
d uim - 2 6.16mm
English
i nch - 2 5.4mm
T he t wo o bvious p ossibilities
f or t he t ype o f i nch u sed
h ere i s e ither t he Amsterdam o r E nglish. a ppears t o b e u nbroken, t herefore,
a lthough s lightly worn a nd,
i s a lmost c ertainly a f oot r uler s lightly
l onger t han 2 82mm. ( 1970),
T he r od
T he v alues
f or t he f oot,
i s a s f ollows:
Amsterdamse
v oet - 2 83mm
R ijnlandse
v oet - 3 14mm
English
f oot - 3 05mm
T he r uler,
t herefore,
i s
c learly a n Amsterdamse
of 2 83mm made u p a s u sual of 1 1 Amsterdamse G T 1 146
L ong wooden r od w ith s quare c ross d ipstick
G T 1 133
s ection,
v oet
d uim . p ossibly a
( N.A.).
G raduated wooden r od,
g raduations a t 2 4mm i ntervals,
unknown g raduation o n r everse
G T 1 125
Van D ale
C ircular plate o f wood,
( 170205).
possibly l id o f c ask
2 37
( N.A.).
GT 1 041
Dowel(245220).
GT 1 054
D owel a nd wedge
( 180195).
GT 1 068
Wedge
GT 1 130
Bung
GT 1 137
Bung,
5 .1.2.
Handles
GT 1 034
Ivory knife handle,
GT
Ivory knife handle with brass
1 039
( 220205). ( 265180). 4 5mm d iameter
( 235205).
( also bone)
8 5mm l ong
( 235205).
f errule,
9 5mm l ong
( 290175).
GT 1 136
Bone knife handle with wavy-line d ecoration, 8 2mm l ong
( N.A.).
GT 985
Wooden t ool handle,
1 10mm l ong
GT 1 004
Wooden handle,
GT 1 005
Wooden knife handle w ith d iamond pattern,
8 0mm l ong
( 215200).
( 215200).
8 5mm l ong
( 215200).
GT 1 006
Wooden peg
( ?)
with s quare hole a t one e nd,
( 215200).
2 38
8 5mm
G T 1 044
Wood,
with brass wire whipping,
of sword handle
broken,
possibly part
( 175195).
GT 1 052
Wood,
1 32mm l ong t ool handle
GT 1 069
Wood,
1 60mm l ong
( 290175).
( 225200).
0 G T 1 072
Wood,
GT 1 079
Wooden r od
G T 1 134
Wooden handle with brass
G T 1 138
Wooden bodkin handle,
GT 1 139
small t ool handle, ( ?)
7 5mm l ong
part o f handle
Wooden t ool handle,
( ?)
s pike
bradawl handle,
( 280200).
( 235205).
8 5mm l ong
1 40mm l ong
( 215200).
( 235205).
( 215200).
GT 1 352
Wood,
7 4mm l ong
( N.A.).
GT 1 061
Wooden nails or s prigs
G T 1 055
Wooden f ragments
G T 1 099
Wooden f ragment
GT 1 397
Wooden tube with grooves on outside
( 215200).
( 290175). ( 290175).
2 39 •
( 265180).
5 .1.3.
Combs and f an
( also bone)
GT 9 86
Bone c omb
( 210190).
GT 1 129
Wooden
( ?)
c omb
( 245220).
GT 1 131
Wooden
( ?)
c omb
( N.A.)
GT 1 354
Fan and f ragments
( 200200).
These c ombs a re c ommon f inds, t ed i n Baart e t al . ( 1977),
2 40
a nd s everal are i llustra-
1 10.
5 .2.
Bone
5 .2.1.
Elephant tusks,
f ig.
Elephant tusks were V .O.C.
t o the
an important c argo carried by the
I ndies,
item by weight. were
4 4.
being a bout the third l argest
On average,
a bout 4 0,000 Amsterdamse
t he years below.
1 634 and
1 664,
I n s ome years,
but at other t imes,
the orders
i ncreased t o
and were
imported to
the
f rom West Africa,
r ecords
( 1971).
or other
in t he
of s ettlement a t the Cape.
However,
f irst
f ew years
he notes
that
tusks of d ead elephants were often d iscovered,
KA 4 56
f .
5 8.
Thus,
almost c ertainly came a s
any e lephants
because of a larming depletion
in numbers of t hese animals
the
( 1947)
Van R iebeeck
f orbidden t o kill
' big game'
Menkman
Only a l imited number were
at t he Cape of Good Hope.
that i t was
a s
The tusks were
C ompagnie
( G.W.C.)
6 ,
a s much
G eoctroyeerde W est I ndische
available
such
I ndies
a s
Norway,
early a s
Svalesen
A - F - A ,B,D,E,
f rom West Africa,
1 634.
tusks
particularly
s lave ( 1974),
Elephant tusks have a lso s hip FREDENSBORG and t he
- Sections of tusks - tusk
F ,
- f ragments of tusk
S ection of tusk
GT 691
Tusk
GT
Tusk,
( N.A.).
( N.A.). i ncomplete
( 1765)
Z EEWIJK.
C ,
GT 95
Tusk
i t would s eem that the
l arge quantities were c ommonly exported to the
been f ound on t he
1 366
Chapt.
Netherlands by the
and Goslinga
GT
s ee Table 6 -18,
tusks were not r equisitioned;
f rom African e lephants,
1 364
p ondt p er a nnum between
p ondt p er a nnum .
90,000 Amsterdamse
GT 0 02
the annual requisitions
( N.A.).
( 230160).
2 41
( N.A.).
i n
GT
1 367
Tusk,
t ip damaged
( 245195).
GT
1 365
Tusk,
1 58mm l ong
( 180195).
GT
1 370
Tusk,
1 54mm l ong
( 215200).
GT
1 371
Tusk,
1 58mm l ong
( 265200).
GT
1 372
Tusk,
1 90mm l ong
( N.A.).
GT
1 374
Tusk,
large
( N.A.).
GT 1 375
Tusk
( N.A.).
GT
Tusk
( N.A.).
GT 1 377
Tusk,
l arge
GT 1 378
Tusk
GT
1 384
Tusk,
GT
1 363
End of tusk - 2 pieces
GT
1 373
Tip of tusk and 2 pieces
GT
1 391
Tip of tusk
GT
1 392
Tusk
( N.A.).
GT
1 393
Tusk
( N.A.).
GT
1 394
Part of elephant tusk
1 376
( N.A.).
( N.A.). 1 .6m l ong
( 285210).
Fragment of tusk
GT 6 70
Ivory f ragments
GT
Ivory
( N.A.).
( N.A.). - 3 ( N.A.).
f ragments - 1 4
( N.A.).
GT 7 60
Ivory fragments
GT 7 85
I vory pieces - 4 ( N.A.).
GT
7 87
I vory pieces
GT 7 88
Ivory pieces
GT 8 09
Ivory pieces - 3 ( N.A.).
GT 1 003
Ivory piece
GT
1 166
Ivory pieces
GT
1 362
Ivory piece
GT 1 379
( 255205).
( N.A.).
GT 0 62
7 26
( 255205).
7
( N.A.).
2 ( N.A.).
- 3 ( N.A.).
( N.A.). - 2 ( 155220). ( 215200).
Piece of tusk
( N.A.). 2 42
5 .2.2.
A nimal
a nd f ish
G T 1 101
R at s kull
( 215200).
G T 1 102
R at s kull
( 215200).
G T 1 066
L ower j awbone of r at
( 215200).
G T 1 085
L ower
j awbone of r at
( 215200).
GT 1 084
B one
f rom j aw of r at
( 215200).
G T 1 087
R at bone?
G T 1 067
R at bones - 2 ( 215200).
( 215200).
T he two s kulls have been i dentified by Mr. t he W. A.
Museum,
s hip's r at.
a s t hose of Ratus Ratus,
A .
Bains,
o f
t he brown or
This s keletal material i s of i nterest,
particularly a s we know t his was t he t he s hip a nd,
t herefore,
s econd v oyage of
i t may b e r easonably a ssumed
t hat t here were many more r ats on-board. a inly s ome would have
Almost c ert-
survived t he wreck i tself;
t he
question has been r aised t hat s hould a f ew r ats have r eached s hore,
t hat t his may have been t he i ntroduc-
t ion of Ratus Ratus G T 9 98
F ish-bone
i nto Australia.
( 180195).
G T 1 063/65 F ish-bones - 3 ( 215200). G T 1 073/74 F ish vertebrae - 9 , G T 1 360
a nd other
f ish bones
F ish v ertebrae a nd 2 bone f ragments, e nd
( 220205).
1 with c harred
( 235205).
G T 1 361
F ish v ertebrae - 2 ( 215200).
G T 1 083
F ish-scale
( 215200).
I t i s questionable i f t his material was, board t he s hip a t t he t ime of t he
l oss,
i n f act,
on-
o r i f i t i s
i ntrusive material f rom f ish t hat have d ied i n t he a rea. I t s hould be noted,
however,
t hat t hese bones were bur-
i ed i n d eep organic l ayers o f t he s ite, hang,
u nder t he over-
i n a n area where other a nimal bones were
2 43
f ound.
( 50)
L ongitudinal h alf o f b arrel a ssociated w ith bones.
0
CM
1 0
I RA ILJ I LJ IL A ILJ ( 51 )
P ig B ones, 1 167,
1 179,
( from l eft t o r ight G T 1 165, 1 368,
1 183,
1 179,
1 368).
1 368,
1 368,
Cow and p ig: All the bone material identified by Mr.
in t his
G .D.
domestic c ow and p ig.
s ection has been t entatively
van d er Heide,
a s being
This material was
with the r emains of barrels,
f ig.
5 0;
I t was
bone,
e tc.
( pork),
i .e.
5 1,
and
v leesch
( beef),
r eferred to i n t he r equisitions.
goods
arriving i n t he
that
1 ,257
1 0072,
I ndies
v aaten s peck
arrived in the carried 2 7
I ndies.
and I n
v aaten v leesch
Table
6 -21,
Chapt.
1 ,785
1 653,
f or
Chapt.
6 , t he
below.
2 4 pieces
( 275210).
GT 1148
Animal bones
3 9 pieces
( N.A.).
GT 1163
Animal bones
3 3 pieces
( 275185).
GT 1 164
Animal bones
3 3 pieces
( N.A.).
GT 1 165
Animal bones
1 2 p ieces
( 215200).
GT 1167
Animal bones
4 4 pieces
( 255205).
GT 1 168
Animal bones
- 1 r ib
GT
1 169
Animal bones
- 5 ( 155220).
G T
1 170
Animal bones
- 2 s capulae
( N.A.).
( 290175).
( 280200).
GT 1 172
Animal bones
- 1 1
( 280200).
GT 1 173
Animal bones
- 2 ( 170205).
GT 1 174
Animal bones
- 3 pieces
GT
1 175
Animal bones
- 1 9
GT 1 176
Animal bones
- 5 ( 220205).
GT
Animal bones
- 3 ( 165210).
( 275185).
( 225200).
GT 1 178
0 pieces Animal bones. - 1
( 245220).
GT
9 pieces Animal bones - 1
( 245220).
2 45
5 2A,
B ,
and
The r ecord of KA 1 0074,
s hows
v aaten v leesch
KA
However it may
ship's provisions,
Animal bones
eg Animal bone - l
s peck
v aaten s peck ,
6 .
GT 1 171
f igs.
thigh-
the VERGULDE DRAECK
GT 1147
1 179
vertebra,
f or 2 656,
and 41
equally been part of
Table 6 -17,
1 177
c ontainers
The c ontents may have been the
f ig.
but i t
noted that particular barrels
c ontained c ertain s orts of bone,
have
found,
c lear t hat t hey were originally t he
this matter.
C ,
f ound a ssociated
in every case,
only vague r emnants of the barrels were it i s
f rom the
s ee
( 52A )
C ow B ones
( GT 1 452 a bove,
a nd 1 147)
n ote butchering
mark on k nuckle of GT 1 147.
( 52B)
D etail of butchering mark o n G T 1 147.
( 52C)
Butchered c ow v ertebrae
0 ( GT 1 189).
MU M
c m
5 B I M
GT 1 180
Animal bones
GT 1 181
Animal bones - 2 1
( 165210).
G T 1 182
Animal bones - 3 6
( 235205).
G T 1 183
Animal bones
( 215200).
G T 1 184
Animal bones - 8 ( 215200).
G T 1 185
Animal bones
- 1 6
Animal bones
- 4 ( N.A.).
G T 1 8 6 G T 1187 G T 1188 G T 1189
- 4 ( N.A.).
- 3 6
( N.A.).
Animal bones - 1 0
( 275185).
Animal Bones - 2 4
( 180195).
Animal bones
- 2 6
( N.A.).
GT 1 190
Animal bones
- 7 ( N.A.).
GT 1 191
Animal bones
- 8 ( 290175).
G T 1192 G T 1193 G T 1194 G T 1195 G T 1196 G T 1368 G T 1369 G T1449 G T 1450
Animal bones - 7 ( 275210). Animal bones
- 1 8
( 290175).
Animal bones - 6 ( 215200). Animal bones
- 3 ( 255205).
Animal bones
- 4 1
( 215200).
Animal bones - 4 1
( 280200).
Animal bones
( 275210).
- 4 6
Animal bones - 7 ( 290175). Animal bones - 2 r ibs in c oncretion
GT 1 452
Animal bones - 2 6
5 .2.3.
Beads
( 208200).
( N.A.).
S cale
G T 999 G T 1 3 4 3
White bone bead
( N.A.).
5 .3.
Miscellaneous:
P itch and resin
G T 1 0 0 0 G T 1 0 0 0
Small white bone bead
Box of p itch
1 :1
( 210190).
( N.A.).
A - piece of p itch; B - piece of pitch
( N.A.).
The G eneral D emand f or t he I ndies vaten arpui j .s o r r esin.
Harpuis
i n 1 656 o rdered 2 75 ( arpuijs)
incendiary material in f ire-ships,
2 47
was u sed a s
a nd a lso a s a
protection against s hip worm , a s hip i s
v erdubbeld
c ow hair covers waterline.
Witsen
( or s heathed),
are
a layer of tarred
l aid over this
grey paper c overed with harpuis, onto the hull with numerous
v erdubbeien n agels.
Also,
which
a ll nailed
l arge-headed iron nails,
pap was
f rom harpuis,
i s
and then
u sed f or anti-worm.
r ough hair,
whale-oil
sulphur,
and was
applied below t he waterline,
( 1690).
Van
( 1697)
Smith
IJk
( 1627)
mentions:
mentions
and
Witsen
the s ame procedure.
" Graving i s only under water,
a white mixture of Tallow, Train-oile,
Where
the outside of the hull below t he
Thin planks
This was made
( 1690).
Sope and Brimstone;
or
Rosin and Brimstone boiled together,
i s
the best t o preserve her c alking and make her g lib or s lippery to pass of
a rpuijs
below,
was
the water."
r equisitioned,
Ships
a lso
their own supplies,
Table
Rope
c arried
4 000
l bs.
6 -20,
2 00
v aten
Chapt.
a rpuis
a s part of
as per Table 6 -13.
5 .4.
Fibres:
GT 0 24
R ope
coiled around c onglomerate
GT 0 54
R ope
f ibre
GT 0 56
A - piece of rope;
and matting
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
B - piece of rope GT 9 97
R ope
GT 1 062
P iece of string
GT 1 086
Rope
GT 1 159
P ieces
GT 1 197
P iece of rope
GT 1 355
Bag of rope pieces
GT 6 86
Matted f ibres
GT
Matting
GT 1 059
1 653,
of which the VERGULDE DRAECK delivered one,
Table 6 -21.
1 090
In
( N.A.).
( 215200).
f ibres
( 235205).
( 215200).
of r ope
- 3 ,
c oncreted
6 0mm l ong
( N.A.).
( 275210).
( 275210).
f rom cannon n o.
1 4
( 800230).
( 215200).
Stuffing f ibres
f rom c annon n o.
2 48
1 4
( 800230).
6 ,
5 .5.
S eeds
and Straw
GT 614
S eeds
- 2 ( N A.).
GT 7 48
Seed
GT 990
Seeds
- 6 ( 210200).
GT 9 91
Seeds
- 4 ( 165210).
GT 9 92
Seeds
- 1 9
( 207200).
GT 9 93
Seeds
- 1 1
( 265180).
GT
1 042
Jar of s eeds
( 215200).
GT 1 043
Jar of s eeds
( 250200).
GT 1 045
Jar of s eeds
( 250200).
GT
Seeds
1 046
( N.A.).
- 3 ( 210200).
GT 1 048
Jar of s eeds
( 215200).
GT 1 053
Jar of s eeds
( 250200).
GT 1 132
Jar of s eeds
( 200200).
GT
1 345
Thirteen s eeds with
GT
1 345
A - 6 s eeds with
f ruit attached;
B - 6 s eeds with
f ruit attached
fruit attached
GT 1 420
P ieces
5 .6.
Timber
5 .6.1.
G eneral
GT 014
T imber - 1 piece
GT 0 55
One
GT 061
Piece with hair a ttached
GT 0 98
Pieces
GT 6 92
P iece
( N.A.).
GT 694
Piece
( N.A.). •
GT 6 95
Piece
( N.A.).
GT
Fragments
7 12
of reed or s traw
concreted piece
( 215205).
( 235205).
( N.A.). ( N.A.). ( N.A.).
- 3 ( N.A.).
- 2 ( N.A.)
2 49.
( 215205).
GT
7 28
Fragments
- 3 ( N.A.).
GT
7 31
Fragments
- 1 2
GT
7 45
Fragments
- 9 ( N.A.).
GT
7 49
Fragments
- 2 ( N. A.).
GT
7 65
Fragment
( N.A.).
GT
7 82
Fragment
( N.A.).
GT
7 93
Fragment
( N.A.).
GT
8 03
Fragments
- 7 ( N.A.).
GT
8 04
Fragments
- 4 ( N. A.).
GT
1 014
Wood bark and
f ragments
GT
1 109
Piece of wood
( N.A.).
GT
1 121
Piece of wood
( N.A.).
GT
1 141
Pieces of wood
GT
1 385
Timber pieces
GT
1 386
Ships
GT
1 387
T imber pieces
GT
1 388
Piece of t imber
( 215200).
GT
1 389
P iece of t imber
( 215200).
GT
1 390
P iece of t imber
( 215200).
GT
1 404
Wood f ragments,
c oncreted
GT
1 405
Wood f ragment
( N.A.).
GT
1 406
Wood f ragment
( 275210).
GT
1 410
Assorted pieces
GT 1 411 GT
1 412
t imber
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( 200200). - 1 bag
( 245220).
( N.A.). - 1 bag
of
( 215200).
s hips
Parts of wooden cask,
( 275185).
t imbers
f igs.
5 3 and
Two pieces of dowel-shaped wood
5 .6.2.
Bark,
s ilverbirch,
GT
1 047
Bark
( 220205).
GT
1 049
Bark
( 215200).
GT
1 050
Bark
( 235205).
GT
1 060
Bark
( 215200).
GT
1 078
Bark
( 215200).
GT
1 082
Bark
( 220205).
GT
1 097
Bark
( 245220).
GT
1 135
Bark
( 275210).
GT
1 142
Piece of wood with bark
GT
1 396
Bark
( N.A.).
2 50
( N. A.)
( 215200).
possibl y dunnage
( 215200).
5 4
( 175195).
( 53)
( 54)
B arrel
s taves.
B ottom o f barrel o r bucket i n u nderhang, i n base.
T his photograph was
n ote coins
a hand h eld t ime e xposure.
( 55)
R emains of l eather s hoe G T 1 092 d etail below.
S cale
1 :2
4
.
S cale 1 :1
T op ( 56)
R emains of heel GT 1 113.
S ide S cale 1 :1
Bottom
S ide
T op
( 57)
R emains o f h eel GT 1 115
5 .7.
L eather:
G T 1 057
P arts o f s hoe
( 255205).
GT 1 092
L eather s hoe,
f ig.
G T 1 105
L eather s trap f rom s hoe
GT 1 106
Parts of s hoe
G T 1 107
L eather f ragments
G T 1 108
S hoe h eel
G T 1 109
L eather f ibres
G T 1 110
P iece o f s hoe l eather
GT 1 111
P iece o f l eather
( 285210).
G T 1 112
P iece of l eather
( 220205).
G T 1 113
Shoe h eel w ith wooden nails,
G T 1 114
L eather h eel
G T 1 115
L eather h eel,
5 7
( N.A.).
G T 1 116
L eather h eel f ragment
( N.A.).
G T 1 117
S ole o f s hoe
( 215200).
G T 1 118
L eather s hoe
( N.A.).
G T 1 1/ 3
L eather f ragment
S cale 1 :2
sh -) es
5 5
( 290175). ( 275210).
( 200200). ( N.A.).
( 215200). ( N.A.). ( 255205).
( N.A.). f ig.
( N.A.). 2 53
f ig.
5 6
( 275210).
S cale
( 58)
1 :2
R emains of l eather s hoe GT 1 127 .
S ide
G T 1 120
L eather f ragment
( N.A.).
G T 1 121
L eather f ragment
( 245220).
G T 1 122
Parts of s hoe
G T 1 123
Parts of l eather s oles
GT 1 124
Misc.
G T 1 126
Part o f s cabbard
G T 1 127
S hoe a nd misc,
GT 1 128
L eather i n c onglomerate
GT 1 058
C onglomerate with l eather,
GT 1 307
S hoe
G T 1 346/9
L eather s traps a ttached t o brass buckles
( 285210). ( N.A.).
f ragments o f l eather
l eather
( 215200).
f ragments,
f ig.
5 8
( 245220).
( N.A.). s eeds a nd c eramics
( 175195).
( 275210).
Some o f t he s hoe ' nails'
( N.A.).
( 275210).
f ragments s how e vidence of wooden
both i n t he
s ole a nd i n t he heel.
2 55
( 59)
Front s ide of t ool box d uring c ourse of extraction o f c orroded t ools.
( 60)
Front s ide further o n i n e xtraction process.
( $1)
Back s ide o f t ool b ox s howing wooden h andles.
6 .
TOOL-BOX - IRON TOOLS AND WOODEN HANDLES
This
tool box was
raised complete. f rom the
f ound under the overhang, Subsequently,
2 15200,
and was
the tools were excavated
c oncretion a t the Conservation Laboratory in
Fremantle,
using a vibro-tool,
6 .1.
Precision Tools
6 .1.1.
Round-ended c entre punches
s ee
f igs.
5 9,
6 0
and 61.
• GT 1 204
GT
GT 1 206A
GT 1 213
1 206
•
GT 1 222
GT 1 248
GT 1 249
GT
GT
1 252
S. GT
1 264
GT
1 273
2 57
•
1 268
•
( 62)
R ound F ile
( 63)
D etail o f m ark.
( 64)
( GT 1 271).
D etail of t ongs
( CT 1 271). Scale_20cms.
6 .1.2.
Flat,
•
•
taper-ended punches
•
GT
1 205
GT 1 214
GT
1 216
GT
1 219
GT
1 221
GT
1 223
GT
1 246
GT
1 256
• GT
1 262
2 59
6 .1.3.
Square-ended punches
•
6 .1.4.
•
•
G T 1 210
GT 1 254
GT 1 261
GT 1 262
F lared c hisels
G T 1 201
G T 1 202
GT 1 251
GT 1 252
2 60
6 .1.5.
Parallel-sided chisels
M ow GT
1 208
GT
1 209
GT
1 215
GT
1 220
• TN»
7 1 1. GT 1 224
GT
GT 6 .1.6.
Long-tanged,
GT
1 245
1 266
f lat-tapered tools
1 207
GT
GT
1 247
2 61
1 217
6 .1.7.
Long-tanged,
octagonal-tapered tool
GT 1 218
6 .1.8.
GT 1 198
Hammers
C opper hammer,
_
GT 1 242
I ron hammer,
f lat square f ace with straight pane.
g g e p ie i g ä l l) z i a
f lat s quare
t o French pattern hammer,
GT 1 243
I ron hammer,
f ace with c ross pane, Salaman
( 1975).
do u ble f lat c ross pane,
possibly a type
of adze or a s aw s etting hammer a s i n Salaman
2 62
s imilar
( 1975).
6 .2.
F iles
6 .2.1.
Square
G T 1 257
Large,
s quare
f ile
2 3mm x 1 7.
GT 1 274
Small,
square
f ile
7 mm x 7 .
6 .2.2.
R ound
GT 1 276
G T 1 275
d e G T 1 279
6 .2.3.
Blanks
( possibly )
•
•
G T 1 200
Half r ound f ile.
GT 1 203
Oval,
c ross-section f ile.
2 63
6 .3.
Screwdriver blades or Chisels
a lm i l i o = i i rm
GT
GT 1 244
1 212
6 .4.
Miscellaneous
6 .4.1.
Assorted
e
Tools
GT
1 199
x
GT
1 271-1272
2 64
ma
m um s
0° 3• 1 3 3 1 G T 1 263
G T 1 258
Hinge
G a mm a s
( ?)
GT 1 269
Possibly part of handle of t ongs.
D ie-stock f or d owels
4 GT 1 211
Nail with square s ection,
GT 1 225
Nail
=2 1 0mm .
f ragments.
6 .4.2.
Musket-ball moulds
G T 1 259
Handle and end broken - 3 moulds
l eft.
GT 1 260
Handle
and end broken - 4 moulds
6 .5.
Unidentified objects
l eft,
d ia.
1 6mm.
•
E z ze GT 1 277
Hinge piece.
6 .6.
Wooden Handles
GT
Hammer
1 287
( ?)
GT
handle.
2 66
1 286
Pin
( ?).
G T 1 288
Small handle d ecorated with n otching, hole
f or t ool,
r ectangular
and smaller hole i n other end,
possibly part of s word handle.
G T 1 289
T ool handle,
square hole.
G T 1 2 )0
Bobbin.
G T 1 291
T ool handle,
square hole.
GT 1 292
Tool handle,
s quare hole.
G T 1 293
Tool handle - oval s ection - possibly a powder
6 .7.
Miscellaneous
G T 1 280
)
G T 1 281 G T
1 282
9
) ) )
M etal f ragments iron.
G T 1 283
) )
G T 1 284
Smoothing i ron c oncretion.
G T 1 285
C oncretion..
G T 1 2 )4
Spherical,
GT 1 309
F ile
i ron o bject with square hole.
( ?).
2 67
f lask.
The presence of t he musket-ball moulds i n the t ool box t ends t o i ndicate t hat i t was part of e ither t he
C onstapel ( the gunner )
C orporaals k ist ( corporals c hest).
or the
T he r equirements
g iven i n t he
R esoluties v an o rdanaris e n e xtraordinaris v ergaderingen v an d e H eren X VII of October 11, 1 656, KA 1 87, f or t he C onstapelskist and
S cheepscorporaalskist are given in Tables 6-5 and 6-7,
The majority of the e quipment f ound i n t he t ool box, the l ists.
I t i s possible t hat t he powder f lasks
( below ).
o ccurs
i n
( GT 1 036 e tc.
S ection 5 .1.1.),
a nd s ome of t he handles
( Section 5 .1.2.),
were i n f act originally part of this t ool box,
t oo. f ig.
f ound i n the v icinity
A 1 8th c entury i llustration of Armourers ' tools 6 5,
and i s t aken f rom D iderot and d ' Alembert
however equally be argued that t hese i tems
i s g iven i n
( 1778).
c ould b e
I t may
f or t he
I ndies a s they a lso a ppear i n t he R equisitions in Table 6 -20, Chapt.
6 ,
below.
2 68
F au rLurur o d d : , . ( 65)
Collection of Armourer's t ools
iderot's Encyclopaedia. f rom D
7 .
F ERROUS MATERIAL
7 . 1.
Armament
7 . 1.1.
I ron Cannon
3 T
1 454
Cannon No. marks,
1 2,
l ength
marked AVOC, 2 .87m.
Bore
AGWC,
3 230A,
1 25mm.
no t runnion
R aised
1 972
excava-
t ion. GT
1 455
Cannon No. 1 972
GT 1 456
1 6,
a lmost c ompletely eroded away.
R aised
excavation.
Cannon No.
1 3,
marked AVOC, 2 .2m.
1 700A 1 D and 4 8 on t run-
n ions,
l ength
Bore unknown.
Raised March
1 970.
D isintegrated during c onservation. 2 71
GT unreg-
Cannon No.
2 5,
marked AVOC,
i stered.
L ength and bore unknown.
1 700A,
1 D,
on t runnion.
R aised May 1 963.
D isin-
t egrated due t o l ack of c onservation. GT 1 104 & 1 408
Part of c ascabel of cannon,
GT 1 454.
GT 0 71-073 & 0 81
Fragments
f rom GT 1 456.
S ince t he question of the t he c annon-balls,
t his
c annon s izes a re r elated t o
s ubject will be d ealt with at
the end of S ection 7 .1.2.,
I ron c annon balls.
7 .1.2.
I ron c annon-balls
GT 0 53
Cannon-balls - 3 ( N.A.).
GT 0 59
Cannon-ball
GT 0 69
Cannon-balls - 2 ( N.A.).
GT 0 70
Cannon-ball
GT 0 97
Cannon-balls
GT 676
Cannon-ball
GT 6 79
Bar s hot
GT 682
Cannon-balls - 6 ( N.A.).
GT 7 43
Cannon-balls
- 2 ( N.A.).
GT 7 67
Cannon-balls
- 2 ( N.A.).
GT 8 01
Cannon-ball
GT 1 160
Cannon-balls
- 3 ( N.A.).
GT 1 398
Cannon-balls
- 4 ( N.A.).
GT 1 008
Cannon-balls
- 2 ( N.A.).
GT 1 009
Cannon-balls
- 6 8
GT 1 009 A
Cannon-balls - 6 ( N.A.).
GT 1 010
Cannon-ball
f ragment
GT 1 075
Cannon-ball
( 215200).
GT 1 094
Cannon-ball
( N.A.).
GT 1 095
Cannon-balls - 2 ( N.A.).
GT 1 096
Cannon-ball
( N.A.).
GT 1 100
Cannon-ball
( 280200).
GT 1 011
Cannon-bal r fragments - 1 box
GT 6 74
Part of cannon-ball
GT 1 430
Cannon-balls a nd f ragments - 2 3
GT 1 430A
Cannon-balls
( N.A.).
( N.A.). - 3 8
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
- 2 ( N.A.).
2 73
( N.A.
Of t he t hree c annon r aised s o f ar, Nos.
No.
1 2
i s a l arger type t han
1 3 and 2 5 which have both d isintegrated but appear
f rom
photographs t o be identical.
On Nos.
1 3 a nd 2 5,
t he incised f igure
( for t echnical t erms s ee Falconer
t o t he owners,
( 1780):
p ondt .
weight of t he piece i n Amsterdam r efers
1 700A on t he base-ring, Cannon ) , r efers
T he monogram A .V.O.C.
V ereenigde
t he Amsterdam C hamber of t he
O ostindische C ompagnie; the cast initials in bas-relief, one trunnion and 4 8 on t he other, initials and date of c asting,
t o t he
a re possibly t he
I D on
f ounder's
1 648.
Both guns have a pair o f multiple a stragals where normally t he f irst a nd s econd r einforce-ring and ogees would be. i s
a l arge a stragal f lanked on e ither s ide by t hree
8 0mm wide overall;
T hus,
f illets,
t hen t here i s a g irdle a bout 3 0mm wide,
t hen another s et of a stragals. f illets are a lso non-typical, of t he main a stragal,
a bout
a nd
T he vent and muzzle a stragal,
a nd
having two f illets on e ither s ide
i nstead of t he normal one.
has a small a stragal o r f illet on i t a s well. a re noticeably tapered.
t here
Norton
( 1628)
The
c ascabel
T he t runnions
s tates t hat:
" The t runnions
ought n ext t o t he body be a Dyametre one Calibre of her proper bore i n thickness, i ng
1/ 20
of a Calibre,
a nd a lso one in l ength,
only l essen-
tapering l ittle by l ittle t owards t heir
outward end of t hem."
Although smaller,
t hese cannon
f ound on the KENNEMERLAND with a bore of
( 1974), multiple
f ig.
( 1664),
N o.
1 3 and 2 5) 6 ,
F our s imilar guns are
Mombasa, 8 2-2;
a stragals,
has a l ength of
r esemble one
which i s
1 20mm c orresponding t o N o.
MERLAND in c alibre. J esus Museum,
( Nos.
1 2
2 .73m l ong
f rom t he K ENNE-
l ocated i n t he Fort
a nd a re possibly i llustrated i n K irkman
a lthough he
s ketches the overall s hape of t he
he does n ot s how any d etail.
2 .44m a nd a bore of 1 78mm.
T his c annon
F rom t he l ength i t
would s eem t o be intermediate between t he KENNEMERLAND c annon No.
6 a nd the VERGULDE DRAEbK cannon Nos.
t he bore i s excessively l arge;
1 3 and 2 5.
C learly
this may possibly be due t o
2 74
c orrosion or i t may have been bored out. l ocated i n t he Leger Museum, base r ing,
L eiden,
7 4-126,
I D on t he r ight t runnion,
( when v iewed f rom t he c ations of G roeningen,
f ront ).
This
A s imilar gun i s with 1 625A on t he
a nd IR on t he l eft t runnion c annon c omes
dating possibly f rom t he s iege o f
I t has been suggested that t hese guns with t his multiple a stragals were of S wedish origin, F inspong o r N ijkoping f oundries, l andse
f rom the
f amily Trip i n 1 628,
f ortifi1 672.
t ype o f paired
possibly f rom the
which were s tarted by t he Neder-
K lein
( 1965).
These guns a re a lso
F inbanker , said to be a Danish word, Blom ( 1691),
r eferred t o a s t he author i s
grateful t o Mr.
information.
E leven examples were r ecovered f rom t he Danish war-
s hip,
ENIGHEDEN,
which was
Swedish f leet in 1 679. Copenhagen,
nos.
Hoff of the T Ojhusmuseum f or t his
s unk at Kalmes,
while blockading t he
These cannon a re i n t he TOjhusmuseum,
2 44-256,
s ee T 9 Sjhusmuseum
( 1971),
f ig.
7 .
Other
F inbanker guns of 1 2, 6 , a nd 4 pounds a re l ocated i n t his museum, f rom t he Battle o f t he S ound of 1 658 between t he N ederlands a nd Swedish f leets.
T hese guns a re
f rom t he Swedish s hips NORDSTIERNAN
and POLLUX.
T he VERGULDE DRAECK c annon N o. d escribed a bove.
1 2
i s d ifferent f rom t he two
T he c ascabel has a s ingle
t he vent a nd muzzle a stragals have each s ide of the main a stragal.
f illet a s
t he normal s ingle
The
a n ogee a nd f our f illets;
has an a stragal
f lanked on e ach s ide by three
a s et o f i ron guns which have t he
such.
f illets.
There i s
( 1968)
i llustrates
f rom t he French Naval r egulations of
c orrespond t o the c annon here),
a
t he s econd r einforce-ring
Boudriot
s imilar multiple mouldings
but
f illets on
f irst r einforce has
r einforce-ring,
no c hase a stragal o r f illets a s
a bove,
1 680,
( although n one exactly
and which are s aid t o have been
i nspired by t he Hollanders.
On the base r ing of Cannon N o. in Amsterdam
1 2 i s inscribed 3 230A,
t he weight
p ondt ; beyond the vent-field astragal i s inscribed
t he monogram AGWC,
t he insignia of t he Amsterdam C hamber of t he
G eoctrogeerde W est -I ndische C ompagnie.
2 75
By t he mid -1 7th c entury,
t he West I ndia C ompany was
o ctrooi
t his period of the s econd Company was g oing broke, t his gun who
in f inancial d ifficulties ( license),
G oslinga
( 1971).
( and possibly others on t he
and d uring
1 647-1671,
the
I t i s possible t hat
s ite)
were s old to t he V .O.C.,
s ubsequently put t heir mark AVOC a bove t hat of t he GWC.
trunnion marks were
f ound on t his gun,
N o
a nd this i s a s imilar
f inding t o t he cannon r ecovered f rom t he BATAVIA.
When we c ome t o i nvestigate t he problem of t he types of guns c oncerned here a nd t heir calibre,
t he s ubject i s
d ifficulties.
tables g iving t he weights
There a re numerous
various d iameter of s hot. the weights and measures
However,
in many c ases,
a re n ot s pecified.
a windage of
1 4
i nch
ordinary s hot and s torm s hot were t hen t he amount of
powder a pplied t o t his a half
c artouw
s hot.
T hus Galschut
p onden
bored t o 2 0
p onden ,
and s torm s hot 71 2 /
1 2
questions here.
F ig.
1 692)
p onden
p onden ,
1 2
1 20mm.
Windage,
t he
3 0-35mm,
5 5-60mm,
f requency histogram o f t he
6 5-70mm,
We can s ee
Norton
( 1697).
( 1628)
1 00-105mm and 1 15-
g ives
( 1628),
However,
1 4
inch by most authors,
Witsen
( 1690),
s ome authors
t he s hot s ize a s
G alschut
and Galschut
( C 1 692)
a nother by which t he s hot i s i ron c annon the w indage i s
e .g. ( C
Smith
1 692),
2 0 of bore;
Witsen
g ives Witsen 's
1 7/18 of t he bore,
( 1690)
s hot i s 91%
f ormula a nd
and states
f or
1 /8th of t he d iameter of t he s hot.
2 76
s hot,
g ive a lternatives:
g ives a c omplex f ormula f or calculation by which t he of t he bore;
f ive
d ifference between t he bore of t he p iece a nd t he
( 1600i and i i),
Norton
ordinary s hot
D f these will be d iscussed below.
g enerally c onsidered t o be
and Van I Jk
and
and i t i s t hus r elevant t o d iscuss both
6 6 g ives t he
The s ignificance
s hot,
i s r elated t o t he
d iameters of t he s hot f rom t he VERGULDE DRAECK. noticeable peaks
s tates t hat
p onden .
This question of t he c alibre of Cannon N o. s ize of the cannon balls,
( c
f ired a n 1 8
t hat t he powder u sed f or proof s hot was
was
c annon
t hen u sually a llowed which g ave t he c alibre o f t he piece;
proof s hot,
9
f or
t he units o f
Furthermore,
were g enerally bored t o a c ertain d iameter, was
f raught with
NUMBER OF SHOT
0
( 66)
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
60
7 0
DIAMETER OF
SHOT
8 0 IN MM
Frequency h istogram o f s hot d iameter i n mm. 2 77
90
1 00
110
120
There are two main s ources which g ive t he r elationship between t he d iameter of a cannon-ball and i ts weight:
tables published
i n the
and gunner's t ally-
1 7th c entury g iving t his r elationship,
sticks of t he period.
Table
1 g ives
t he t wo r elationships between
t he d iameter and weight published by Smith ( 1600ii).
Surprisingly,
( 1600i),
and Smith
t he two tables a re not t he s ame,
a lthough
i n both c ases Smith i s u sing t he
A voirdupois
t he English i nch.
t he r elationship published by
Norton
( 1628),
Table
2 g ives
again i n t he
s ame weights a nd measures
Norton's tables agree with Smith's above a bout 4 i nches. a lly a bout 1 671) Tables
weight system and
Witsen
( 1600 2
( 1690)
table
s ystems.
f or d iameters
published two tables
( origin-
which are g iven i n a s lightly modified f orm i n
3 A a nd B ( it i s a ssumed t hat Witsen u sed t he Amsterdam
and duim );
t he two tables G alschut
( c
a re not c onsistent apart f rom i n one or
two
c ases.
t he
r elationship between t he d iameter i n u nspecified units and
t he weight in Nurenberg trates a
t alstock
1 692)
published a manuscript which gave
p ond en ,
Table 4 .
( tally-stick)
Van I Jk
( 1697),
p onden .
i n unspecified
T he t ally-
stick f ound on t he BATAVIA has been identified by McGrail i llustrated i n S tanbury
( 1974).
T his has
on each s ide of t he s quare s ection s tick,
d uimen ,
The
i ron s hot has been c alibrated a gainst t he
a nd weights of i ron s hot,
( 1974),
f our s cales,
l ead s hot and s tone shot. d iameters
i n Table 6 .
The other tally-stick f rom t he wreck of t he WITTE L EEUWE
( 1613),
has n ot y et been published.
I f the d ensity of i ron i s c alculated f rom t he various Tables, r esults
s how a r emarkable variation
( see T able
t hat t he h igh d ensity f or Witsen's table, t o the
Table
7 ).
f or a g iven bore.
3 B below,
a ppears t o bear no r elation t o a ny weights
s ystems,
a nd may i ndicate
t hat his
t alstock
i ron i s
p ondt .
s hot rather Table
and measures
i s purely s chematic.
I t appears t hat Galschut i s. u sing t he Amsterdam t he Nurenberg
i s due
Van I Jk's measurements,
5 below,
t he
I t i s possible
f act that he i s r eferring t o t he weight o f t he
alibre t han t he c
one
c orresponding t o Amster-
dam
and d iscovered by Stenuit,
i llus-
f rom which t he d iameter i n mm c an
be d etermined f rom g iven weights
and i s
p ondt
d uim
t ogether with
The true value of t he d ensity of grey c ast-
7 .0g.cm 3 which most t ables
2 78
s eem f airly c lose-to.
U sing
the BATAVIA tally-stick a s t he bore of 1 25mm,
d uim
windage,
s tandard,
would be bored t o I 4A.
Cannon No.
p onden ,
the calibre of t he gun would be
with Witsen's 9 1% windage,
a bout 1 1A.
1 2,
with a
and with a 0 .25A. 1 2A.
p onden ,
or
p onden .
R eferring now t o the c annon s hot d iameter f ound on the VERGULDE DRAECK,
f ig.
6 6
s hows t he f requency h istogram of their d iameters.
I t i s possible that the three smallest s ize s hot a re, g rape-shot;
i n f act,
of the r emaining e ncrusted cannon on t he wreck s ite,
n one a ppear small enough t o c orrespond to such small
s hot.
T he
t hree examples of s hot with 1 00mm d iameter c orrespond t o a s hot s ize of 7 .5A. 1 18mm ,
p onden ;
t o a 1 2.3A.
and the s ingle example of a d iameter o f
p onden
of 2 mm t o a llow i t t o
s hot.
I n the
l atter c ase,
f it i nto c annon No.
1 2
a windage
s eems too small.
I t i s hoped to carry out f urther s tudies on the VERGULDE DRAECK c annon i n the near
f uture,
a nd t he whole question of c annon s izes
c an t hen b e properly s tudied.
2 79
TABLE ONE
A Smith D iam in MS
: Art of
( 1600ii)
( 1600i) Wt
in Avdp
Wt
in Avdp
2 .00
5 0.8
1 .11
1 .29
2 .25
5 7.2
1 .58
1 .75
2 .50
6 3.5
2 .13
2 .33
2 .75
6 9.9
2 .88
3 .43
3 .00
7 6.2
3 .75
4 .50
3 .25
8 2.6
4 .75
5 .00
3 .50
8 8.9
5 .94
6 .22
3 .75
9 5.3
7 .31
7 .86
4 .00
1 01.6
8 .94
9 .00
4 .25
1 08.0
1 0.63
1 0.75
4 .50
1 14.3
1 2.63
1 2.67
4 .75
1 20.7
1 4.88
1 4.63
5 .00
1 27.0
1 7.31
1 6.25
5 .25
1 33.4
2 0.06
1 9.67
5 .50
1 39.7
2 3.12
2 2.14
5 .75
1 46.1
2 6.38
2 5.83
6 .00
1 52.4
3 0
2 9.50
6 .25
1 58.8
3 4
3 2.13
6 .50
1 65.1
3 8
3 6.63
6 .75
1 71.5
4 2
4 0.75
7 .00
1 77.8
4 8
4 6.00
7 .25
1 84.2
5 3
5 2.86
7 .50
1 90.5
5 8
5 6.63
7 .75
1 96.9
6 4
6 4.00
8 .00
2 03.2
7 1
7 1.00
2 80
s hooting
great ordinance
: Art of Gunnerie
Diam in MM
Smith
TABLE TWO R obert N orton:
T he Gunner
( 1628)
A Table s howing t he h eight a nd weight o f i ron,
l ead a nd
s tone-shot a ccurately and n ewly c alculated by the Author, a nd a pplied t o our a ssize o f English measure of i nches a nd parts,
and t o t he Haberdepolze W eight o f
1 6 ounces
t o t he pound. D iam i n
D iam i n
Wt.
i n
mm
Avdp
1 .00
2 5.40
0 .13
1 .25
3 1.75
0 .25
1 .50
3 8.10
0 .38
1 .75
4 4.45
1 .00
2 .00
5 0.80
1 .06
2 .25
5 7.15
1 .56
2 .50
6 3.50
2 .13
2 .75
6 9.85
2 .88
3 .00
7 6.20
3 .12
3 .25
8 2.55
4 .12
3 .50
8 8.90
6 .06
3 .. 75
9 5.25
7 .31
4 .00
1 01.60
8 .94
4 .25
1 07.95
1 0.63
4 .50
1 14.30
1 2.63
4 .75
1 20.65
1 4.88
5 .00
1 27.00
1 7.31
5 .25
1 33.35
2 0.06
5 .50
1 39.70
2 3.13
5 .75
1 46.05
2 6.38
6 .00
1 52.40
3 0.00
6 .25
1 58.75
3 4.00
6 .50
1 65.10
3 8.00
6 .75
1 71.45
4 2.00
7 .00
1 77.80
4 8.00
7 .25
1 84.15
5 3.00
7 .50
1 90.50
5 8.00
7 .75
1 96.85
6 4.00
8 .00
2 03.20
7 2.63
i nches
2 81
TABLE T HREE
w itsen
:A rchitecture N avalis e t R egimen N auticum ( 1690 ) T able A D iam . A.
P onden
d uimen
D iam i n
T able B
Amst.
D iam.in
D iam .in
m m
d uimen
m m
p ondt i jzer
1 .0
2 .0
5 1.46
1 .5
3 8.60
0 .75
1 .5
2 .29
5 8.92
2 .0
5 1.46
1 .0
2 .0
2 .52
6 4.84
2 .25
5 7.89
1 .5
2 .5
2 .72
6 9.99
2 .50
6 4.33
2 .0
3 .0
2 .88
7 4.10
2 .75
7 0.76
2 .5
3 .5
3 .04
7 8.22
3 .0
7 7.19
3 .5
4 .0
3 .18
8 1.82
3 .25
8 3.62
4
4 .5
3 .30
8 4.91
3 .5
9 0.06
5
5 .0
3 .42
8 8.00
3 .75
9 6.49
5 .5
3 .53
9 0.83
4 .0
1 02.92
6 .0
3 .64
9 3.66
4 .25
1 09.35
1 0
6 .5
3 .73
9 5.97
4 .50
1 15.79
1 2
7 .0
3 .82
98.29
4 .75
1 22.22
1 5
7 .5
3 .92
1 00.86
5 .0
1 28.65
1 7
8 .0
4 .00
1 02.92
5 .25
1 35.08
2 0
8 .5
4 .08
1 04.98
5 .50
1 41.52
2 2
9 .0
4 .16
1 07.04
5 .75
1 49.95
2 4
9 .5
4 .24
1 09.10
6 .00
1 54.38
2 6
1 0.0
4 .31
1 10.90
6 .25
1 60.81
3 1
1 0.5
4 .38
1 12.70
6 .50
1 67.25
3 6
1 1.0
4 .44
1 14.24
6 .75
1 73.68
4 0
1 1.5
4 .51
1 16.54
7 .00
1 80.11
4 4
1 2.0
4 .58
1 17.84
7 .25
1 86.54
5 0
1 2.5
4 .64
1 19.38
7 .50
1 92.98
5 5
1 3.0
4 .70
1 20.93
7 .75
1 99.41
6 0
1 3.5
4 .76
1 22.47
8 .00
2 05.84
6 5
1 4.0
4 .82
1 24.02
1 4.5
4 .88
1 25.56
1 5.0
4 .93
1 26.85
1 6
5 .04
1 29.68
1 7
5 .14
1 32.25
1 8
5 .24
1 34.83
1 9
5 .34
1 37.40
2 0
5 .42
1 39.46
2 82
( 5)6.5 8
TABLE FOUR
D aniel G alschut
:K onst d es
C onstapels ,
c irc 1 692
T afel v an d iameter w icht e n c ircomftentie d er K ogels b eginende v an d e v alkonet t ot e en h eel d iujtsche k artow N urenb . g ewe .
N urenb . p ondt
D iameter
2 .0
1 .0
2 .25
1 .38
2 .5
1 .94
2 .75
2 .63
3 .0
3 .38
3 .25
4 .06
3 .5
5 .38
3 .75
6 .56
4 .0
8 .0
4 .25
9 .63
4 .5
1 1.38
4 .75
1 3.38
5 .0
1 5.63
5 .25
1 8.06
5 .50
2 0.81
5 .75
2 3.75
6 .0
2 7.0
6 .25
3 0.5
6 .5
3 4.31
6 .75
3 8.44
7 .0
4 2.88
7 .25
4 7.63
7 .5
5 2.75
7 .75
5 8.13
8 .0
6 4.00
2 83
TABLE F IVE
C ornelius van I Jk:
T alstock p .
d e N ederlandsche S cheepsbouw K onst 1 697 .
2 64.
D iameter i n
Weight i n
m m
p ondt
1
4 6.3
2
5 8.8
3
6 8.2
4
7 4.4
6
8 5.6
8
9 4.3
1 2
1 06.7
1 8
1 22.8
2 4
1 34.9
3 6
1 55.5
4 8
1 73.3
2 84
TABLE SIX
BATAVIA Tally-stick,
Wt.
Wt.
of
shot in
BAT 4 497
p ondt
s hot
D iam in MM
of
in
p ondt
D iam in mm
1
4 9.5
3 0
1 53.5
2
6 2.5
3 1
1 55.0
3
7 0.5
3 2
1 56.9
4
7 7.5
3 3
1 58.9
5
8 3.8
3 4
1 61.4
6
8 9.8
3 5
1 64.0
9 6.0
3 6
1 65.0
8
1 00.0
3 7
1 66.0
9
1 04.3
3 8
1 67.5
1 0
1 08.6
3 9
1 69.0
1 1
1 12.5
4 0
1 70.2
1 2
1 15.0
41
1 72.0
1 3
1 17.5
4 2
1 73.5
1 4
1 19.4
4 3
1 75.0
4 4
1 76.4
1 5 1 6
1 25.0
4 5
1 78.0
1 7
1 28.0
4 6
1 79.0
1 8
1 30.8
4 7
1 80.0
1 9
1 32.8
48
1 81.2
2 0
1 36.0
4 9
1 82.5
2 1
1 37.9
5 0
1 83.4
2 2
1 39.5
5 5
1 89.1
2 3
1 41.5
6 0
1 95.3
2 4
1 43.5
6 5
2 01.0
2 5
1 46.1
7 0
2 05.5
2 6
1 48.2
8 5
2 27. 0
2 7
1 50.0
9 0
2 26.6
2 8
1 52.0
95
2 32.0
1 00
2 36.8
2 9
2 85
TABLE SEVEN
Density of iron i n g .cm -3 , c alculated
f rom various
s ources
of shot weight-diameter tables.
Smith
lA
7 .0288
Smith
1 B
7 .3307
Norton
2
7 .2464
Witsen
3A
6 .9209
Witsen
3 B
7 .2893
Galschut 4
6 .7804 a ssuming R ijnland
d uimen Galschut 4
7 .126
a ssuming Amsterdam
d uimen d uimen
Van
I JK 5
9 .1226 A .1b/A.
Van
IJk 5
8 .4494 A .1b/Rijnland
d uimen BATAVIA tallystick
7 .07
2 86
7 .2.
M isc allaneous
7 .2.1.
Nails
GT 0 35
Three nails,
GT 1 156
Nail.
square
s hanks.
• GT 1 457
Nail
( 235205).
GT 7 29
Nails
7 .2.2.
I ron barrel hoops
GT 7 54
Barrel hoop parts,
GT 1 081
Barrel hoops,
GT 1 140
Barrel hoops.
GT 1 402
S ection of barrel,
c oncreted
( 275210).
GT 1 409
S ection of barrel,
c oncreted
( 280200).
GT 1 418
S ection of barrel,
c oncreted,
in c onglomerate.
s ection
c oncreted
1 8.5 x 6mm and 3 2 x 6mm.
3 2 x 8 .5mm.
( 275285).
c ross-sections
( 67)
Barrel s ite.
o f n ails
( GT 1 471A)
a fter r aising f rom t he wreck
7 .2.3.
Barrel of i ron n ails
GT 1 471A
Barrel of nails,
s ee
f ig.
6 7.
Note t hat unlike t he wooden barrels 5 .6.1.,
a ssociated with bones,
wooden hoops a t t op of barrel, cross
s ection,
s hown i n s ection
t hese barrels have with
s emi c ircular
rather l ike bamboo s trips.
barrels have been f ound on t he BATAVIA, ( 1974),
BAT 3 301.
Stanbury
Barrels of i ron nails were r egul-
arly ordered f or t he
I ndies,
Chapter 6 below.
C T 1 471B
S imilar
Nails extracted f rom barrel.
2 89
s ee Table 6 -20
i n
I
( 68)
( 69)
S ection of unknown object GT 0 25.
X -ray of GT 0 25.
2 90
8 .1.
GT 0 25
CONGLOMERATES
Unusual object, pulley s heaf
f ig.
6 8,
with what appears
3 4mm wide on l eft hand s ide and on r ight
hand s ide another 2 8mm wide, than t riangular s ection, the c hannel, are
t o be a
but with a square r ather
a nd f langes
l ike a c hain gypsy.
l ocated i n c entre.
running a cross
These s heaves
( ?)
T he whole system t hen appears
t o be l ocated on f our t riangular g rooves or s plines onto a c entral tube
( see e nd e levation).
object i s quite e xtraordinary ; 6 9,
s how more o f internal
explanation of t he
I n a ll,
X -ray photographs,
s tructure.
f ig.
No obvious
u se o r purpose of t his object c an
be produced t o date. GT 0 26/7
Conglomerates - 2 ( N.A.).
GT 0 42
Encrusted c ast-iron
GT 0 44
Encrusted metal
GT 0 45
Encrusted hollow i ron
G T 0 49
P iece of hollow p iping
GT 0 50
Encrusted metal pipe
G T 0 51
Encrusted metal o bject
GT 0 58
Encrusted p iece of metal
GT 0 60/9
C onglomerates
GT 6 04
P iece of encrusted pipe - 2 "
G T 612
Conglomerate
GT 6 30
Concreted metal
GT 6 35
Concreted i ron p ieces
G T 6 40/1
C onglomerate
GT 6 42
Conglomerate c ontaining i ron, f ragments
t he
( N.A.).
( N.A.). ( N.A.). ( N.A.).
( N.A.). ( N.A.). ( N.A.).
- 2 ( N.A.). l ong
( N.A.).
( N.A.). f ragments
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
f rom c annon
( 195200). brick and c eramic
( N.A.).
GT 6 64
Miscellaneous
f ragments
GT 6 68
C onglomerate
GT 6 73
Corroded metal f ragments
GT 6 74
Small c onglomerate
GT 6 78
Conglomerate
GT 6 80
C onglomerate p ieces
f ragments
( N.A.). ( N.A.). ( N.A.).
( N.A.).
c ontaining wood a nd metal ( N.A.).
. 2 9 . 1
( N.A.).
8 .2.
R EPLICAS
G T 1 295
Bar s hot r eplica
G T 1 296
R ing bolt - r eplica
GT 1 297
Bolt r eplica
GT 1 298
R ing and r ing bolt,
G T 1 299
Flat bar with
GT 1 300
Hammer heads
GT 1 301
Unidentifiable
G T 1 302
Thick bar - r eplica
G T 1 303
Thick bar,
GT 1 304
P ipe f ragment - r eplica
GT 1 305
Lump with square bar - r eplica
( N.A.).
GT 1 306
Small c hain f ragment - r eplica
( N.A.).
G T 1 308
Long tube-shaped object - r eplica
GT 7 30
Palm of anchor - r eplica
GT 1 426
Cast f rom c oncretion - r emains of pistol with
( 275185). ( 275185).
( 275185). both broken - r eplicas
3 holes
- r eplicas
- r eplicas
( 275185).
( N.A.).
l ump - r eplica
( N.A.).
( 275185).
t apered - r eplica
f iring mechanism
( 275185).
( 275185).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
( N.A.).
GT 1 437
Cast f rom c oncretion - part of sword-handle
( 275185).
GT 1 438
M iscellaneous
( N.A.).
c asts
f rom c oncretion - 1 box
2 92
The Loss of the
Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht
VERGULDE DRAECK, Western Australia I 6 56
An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fluit LAS TD RAGER Part ii
Jeremy N. Green,
Curator, Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum with contributions by
Lous Zuiderbaan, Robert Stenuit, S.J.Wilson, Mike Owens BAR Supplementary Series 3 6(ii) 1 977
British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A .
Mrs. Y. M. Hands
A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.
Supplementary Series 36 (ii), 1977: "The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagrtie Jacht Vergulde Draeck, Western Australia, 1656."
B .A .R. Part ii
© Jeremy N. Green, 1977. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407387499 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407388625 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780904531978 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407346458 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531978 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS L i s t o fI lu s t ra t ion s
v i i
E d i tor ' s I n troduc t ion
x v i i
PART ONE : THE H ISTOR ICAL BACKGROUND
LOUS ZU IDERBAAN
I n t roduc t ion
1 3
C hap te r I
T he R ou te t o t he I nd ie s
5
C hap ter I
T he J ourney o ft h e VEREEN IGDE PROV INT IEN ( 1654 -55)
7
C hapter I I
O r ig in s o ft he VERGULDE DRAECK a nd t he E vent s P r io r t o h er S a i l ing i n 1 653
2 3
C hapter I V
T he DRAECK ' s F i r s t J ourney ( 1653 -54 )
2 9
C hap ter V
B ack t o P a tr ia
3 7
C hap ter V I
T he S econd J ourney ( 1655 -56 )
4 3
C hap ter V I I
F ir s t S ea rches f o r t h e W reck
4 8
C hap ter V I I I
S earche s f r om t he C ape o f Good H ope
S i
C hap ter I X
T he L a s t A t temp t s
5 4
P ART TWO :
THE VERGULDE DRAECK — THE MODERN S EQUEL
J EREMY GREEN
6
C hap ter I
T he D iscovery o ft he W r eck S i te
6 3
C hap ter I
T he VERGULDE DRAECK W reck S i te
7 1
C hap ter I I
T he 1 972 E xcava t ion
7 7
C hap te r I V
T he D i s tr ibu t ion o ft he F inds
8 5
C hap ter V
C a ta logue o fF ind s
9 3
1 .
I n t roduc t ion
9 4
2 .
C eram ic Ma ter ia l 1 .S tonewa re
9 5
B ea rdman j ug s : m a sk sa nd m eda l l ion s 1 .P l a in j ug s 2 . J ug s w i th m a sk o n ly 3 . J ug sw i th m a sk a nd o ne m eda l l ion 4 . J ug sw i th m a sk a nd t h ree m eda l l ion s 5 . J ug f r agmen t s( neck s ) 6 . J ug f r agmen t s( ba se s a nd m eda l l ion s ) 7 . M i sce l laneou ss t onewa re s 8 . U nca ta logued s t onewa r ej ug f r agmen t s
3 .
9 6 1 05 10 16 1 23 1 33 1 38 1 42 1 46
2 . E a r thenwa re s w i th B rown o rG reen L ead G laze
1 47
3 . T in -G lazed M a te r ia l ( Ma jo l ica a nd D e lf twa re )
1 51
4 . C l ay T obacco P i pe s
1 52
5 . B r ick s
1 69
Non F er rou s Ma t er ia l I .B ronze 1 . Mo r ta r s a nd p e s t le s 2 . B r a s s 1 .C ook ing u t en s i l s 2 . B uck le s ( b ra s s o rb ronze ) 3 . F i sh -hook s 4 . T ap s 5 . L amp s a nd A cce s so r ie s 6 . M isce l laneou s
1 73 1 77 1 80 1 8/ 1 83 1 86 1 93
4 .
5 .
6 .
3 . C oppe r 1 .C ook ing u ten s i l s 2 . M i sce l laneou s
1 98 2 07
4 . L ead 1 .B a l ing s e a l ' s 2 . D eep sea s ound ing l e ad s 3 . A s so r ted w e igh t s 4 . L i gh t l e ad sho t 5 . V e s se l s( po s s ib ly p ew te r ) 6 . M i sce l laneou s o b jec t s
2 08 2 09 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 13
5 . P ew te r 1 .B o t t le c ap s 2 . S poon s 3 .P l a te s , p o t s a nd b eake r s
2 15 2 17 2 20
M i sce l laneou s Ma ter ia l 1 .G la s s 1 .M i sce l laneou s 2 . B o t t le s
2 23 2 24
2 . S tone M a ter ia l I .S l a tes a nd p enc i l s 2 . S ch i s t w he t s tone s 3 . G r ind s tone s 4 . M i sce l laneou s
2 28 2 28 2 30 2 33
O rgan ic Ma ter ia l 1 . Wood 1 .M i scelaneou ss ma l l a r tef ac t s 2 . H and les ( a l so b one ) 3 . C omb s a nd f a n ( a l so b one )
2 34 2 38 2 40
2 . B one 1 .E l ephan t t u sk s 2 . A n ima l a nd f i sh 3 . B ead s
2 41 2 43 2 47
3 . M i sce l laneou s : P i tch a nd R e s in
2 47
4 . F ib re s : R ope a nd M a t t ing
2 48
5 . S eed sa nd S t raw
2 49
6 . T imbe r 1 .G ene ra l 2 . B a rk ,s i l ve rb i rch ,p o s s ib le d unnage
2 49 2 50
7 . L ea the r : S hoe s
2 53
T oo l B ox -I r on T oo l s a nd Wooden H and le s 1 .P rec i s ion T oo l s 1 .R ound -ended c en t re p unche s 2 . F l a t , t a pe r -ended p unche s 3 . S qua re -ended p unche s 4 . F la red c h i se l s 5 . P a ra l le l s ided c h i se l s 6 . L ong tanged , f l a t tape red t oo l s 7 . L ong tanged , o c tagona l tape red t oo l s 8 . H ammer s
2 57 2 59 2 60 2 60 2 61 2 61 2 62 2 62
2 . F i le s 1 .S qua r e 2 . R ound 3 . B l ank s( po s s ib ly )
2 63 2 63 2 63
3 . S c rewd r ive r B l ade s o rC h i se l s
2 64
7
C hap te rV I
4 . M i sce l laneou sT oo l s 1 .A s so r ted 2 . Mu ske t -ba l l mou ld s
2 64 2 65
5 . U n iden t if ied O b jec t s
2 66
6 . Wooden H and le s
2 66
7 . M i sce l laneou s
2 67
F er rou s Ma ter ia l I .A rmamen t 1 .I r on c annon 2 . I r on c annon -ba l l s
2 71 2 73
2 . M i sce l laneou s 1 .N a i l s 2 . B a r re l h oop s
2 87 2 89
8 . 1
C ong lomera te s
2 91
8 .2
R ep l icas
2 92
9 .
C o inage
R equ i s it ion L i s ta nd W reck M a ter ia l
APPEND IX 1 T he L o s so ft he F lu i t LASTDRAGER APPEND IX 2 Meta l lurg ica l R epo r to n aS ec t ion f r om a C or roded B ra s sC and le s t ick R ecove red f r om t he VERGULDE DRAECK APPEND IX 3 F ur the r No te so n t h e Me rcu ry T rade
S .J .W i l son
2 93
J e remy G reen
3 4 1
R ober t S t 6nu i t
4 03
M ike Owens
4 69
J e remy G reen
4 81
CONCLUS IONS
4 86
A cknow ledgemen t s
4 87
Manu scr ipt R ef erence s
4 88
R ef er ence s
4 89
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS ( 1)
T he s ailing routes
f rom H olland to t he
i ntroduction of Brouwer's r oute ( 2)
T he Cape of Good Hope.
An artist's
4
D etail of a Dutch e ngraving f rom
t he s econd half of t he ( 3)
I ndies after t he
i n 1 611.
s eventeenth c entury.
1 7
i mpression o f the VERGULDE DRAECK,
taken f rom
a contemporary i llustration of the s traets -v aerder the V ERGULDE DOLPHIJN by R einier Nooms 1 664 ( 4)
( alias
Z eeman)
2 2
T he Zuyderzee a nd the V lie,
t he r oads where t he
l ying at anchor in the s ummer of 1 653 before t he
I ndies;
t he roads a re east of t he
E ngraving by A elbert H aije, ( 5)
1 623-
( see Nooms 1 970).
i sland of Vlielandt.
1 585.
T able Bay and S aldanha B ay with E ngraving f rom
f leet was
l eaving f or 2 5
R obben a nd Dassen I slands.
O ud e n N ieuw O ost I ndien
( Valentijn 1 724-
2 6). ( 6)
T he
3 1 Castle of Batavia w ith the n ew s tone bridge.
' Oud e n N ieuw O ost -I ndien'
f rom ( 7)
T he Cape
I t was t he
f rom
B egin e nde V Oortgangh
Overall view of Batavia.
Engraving
4 2
4 2
D etail of a c hart by S amuel Volkersen,
A lgemeen R ijksarchief,
Aucke P ietersz Jonck,
1 658.
s pot where
( second d escription f rom
' s-Gravenhage.
s kipper of t he EMELOORT,
( third f rom t he r ight). A lgemeen R ijksarchief,
5 6
named two p laces
D raecken R iff ( far r ight)
a fter the VERGULDE DRAECK:
D raecken h ooft
( 11)
s kipper of t he WACKENDE
s howing t he i sland R ottnest and t he
t he l eft).
J onck,
' Oud e n N ieuw O ost-
Engraving f rom
" many s ign of t he Draeck were f ound"
( 10b)
B egin e nde V oort-
f rom
( Valentijn 1 724-26).
( 1658)
a nd
D etail o f a c hart by
' s-Gravenhage.
Map s howing Western Australia and part o f l ocations of t he wreck s ites of the TRIAL,
5 6
I ndonesia and t he ZUYTDORP,
BATAVIA,
Z EEWIJK and VERGULDE DRAECK. ( 12)
Map of the
3 6
f irst possible meeting place a fter t he
( Commelin 1 646).
I ndien'
BOEY
( Commelin 1 646).
Helena i n t he s outhern half of t he Atlantic
f or homebound s hips.
g angh
( 10a)
( detail)
i sland of St.
O cean.
( 9)
3 5
P epper c limbing up a long h igh r eeds on t he i sle of Banda. E ngraving
( 8)
Engraving
( Valentijn 1 724-26).
6 2
c oast of W estern Australia f rom Fremantle t o L edge
P oint s howing the wreck s ite a nd the s ite where coin hoard was f ound.
t he Edward's 6 9
v ii
( 13)
U nderwater v iew o f outer r eef l ooking t owards s ite,
t he wreck
s howing g ulleys and e xtensive w eed c overage o f r eef.
( 14)
V iew l ooking t hrough c omplex c ave s ystem o n t he wreck
( 15)
P lan o f t he wreck s ite, t ion o f c annon,
D inghy w ith hookah, d istance.
( 17)
C owan,
G .
f eatures.
B renzi,
R .
S onner7 3
• v iew l ooking t owards wreck s ite,
a irlift d ischarge p ipe
7 0
s howing t he r eference grid a nd l oca-
a nchors a nd major t opographical
F rom t he o riginal s urvey by J . man a nd W . Anderson i n 1 966. ( 16)
s ite.
7 0
i n background,
a nd c oast
r idgid
l ine i n
P hotograph t aken o n v ery c alm d ay.
7 5
V iew t aken f rom w orkboat s howing r oad d rill c ompressor i n f oreground,
a irlift s upply p ipe l eading t o wreck s ite.
D inghy w ith h ookah, b ackground.
a nd a irlift d ischarge may b e n oted i n
T he r eef l ies u nder w hite water on l eft of
p icture.
7 5
( 18)
D iver working u nder Arch 1 w ith f lexible a irlift.
7 6
( 19)
A rea o f u ncleared bricks
7 6
( 20)
B ones a nd bricks i n s itu.
7 8
( 21)
L ifting bags o f b ricks.
7 8
( 22)
T owing c annon N o.
8 1
( 23)
P rogress o f t he e xcavation,
s tarting o n 1 3 J anuary 1 972
( 13.1)
1 0 April
i n e arly p hase o f e xcavation.
1 2 o ff w reck s ite w ith l ifting bags.
a nd c ontinuing u ntil
1 972
( 10.4).
A reas
worked o n particular d ates a s i ndicated.
8 4
( 24)
D istribution o f c eramic material o n w reck s ite.
8 6
( 25)
D istribution o f brick a nd f errous m aterial o n wreck s ite.
8 7
( 26)
D istribution o f n on-ferrous a nd g lass material o n wreck
8 8
( 27)
D istribution o f m iscellaneous m aterial on w reck s ite.
8 9
( 28)
B eardman j ugs.
9 5
( 29)
S eal o f F riedrich F a l i pricus, ( Repro-Film:
( 30) ( 31)
5 1,
B eardman j ugs
N eg.
( CT 8 46)
P air of m edallions
1 .
s ite.
c ourtesy o f S tadtarchiv F rechen
1 4-20).
1 03
heavily c oncreted i nto s eabed.
1 03
f rom C T 8 35 s howing s imilar f law o n 1 24
h eart on e ach. ( 32)
B eardman j ug
( CT 8 11)
l ightly c oncreted t o r eef.
( 33)
S orting c lay p ipes f rom box
( GT 1 028 ),
1 25
c omplete p ipes on 1 52
l eft.
v iii
( 34a )
P rofile of S ir Walter R aleigh P ipe
( GT 9 19).
1 53
( 34b)
P rofile o f S croll a nd f lowpr p ipe
( GT 1 017).
1 53
( 34c)
P rofile o f Tudor r ose p ipe without s epals
( 34d )
P rofile o f plain pipes
( GT 1 019).
1 53
( 34 ( 34e)
P rofile of f leur-de-lis p ipes
( GT 1 020).
1 53
( 34f)
P rofile o f CT p ipes
( GT 1 021).
1 57
( 34g )
P rofile o f Tudor r ose p ipe with s epals
( 34h )
P rofile o f R P P ipes
( 35a )
F leur-de-lis f rom G T 1 020.
1 59
( 35b)
F leur-de-lis from GT 1 028.
1 59
( 36a )
C T M akers Mark f rom G T 1 021.
1 59
( 36b)
R P M akers Mark f rom G T 1 028.
1 59
( 37a )
R epair work o n s tem o f R P p ipe
( 37b)
M outh p iece o f R P P ipe
( 38)
F requency h istogram o f b ore d iameter of 2 14 broken s tems,
( GT 1 018).
1 57
( GT 1 022).
1 57
( GT 1 028).
( GT 1 028 ).
1 60
( GT 1 028).
1 60
r andomly orientated. ( 39)
1 63
F requency h istogram o f b ore d iameters of 1 72 R P p ipes m easured parallel w ith a xis o f b owl,
( 40)
00 .
R P p ipes,
C ross f ig.
( 43)
1 80
.
1 64
F requency h istogram o f b ore d iameters o f a s ample o f broken a nd m easured a to 5 Omm i ntervals a long
t heir s tems, d iameters t aken a t 3 0 b etween 0o and 1 80 o . ( 42)
1 63
F requency h istogram o f b ore d iameters o f 1 0 R P p i es m easured a t 3 0o a ngle i ntervals between 0o t o
( 41)
1 53
a ngle i ntervals 1 64
s ections o f bones o f 3 p ipes u sed a s e xamp1e i n 4 3.
Bricks
1 65
f rom wreck s ite i n d isplay i n F remantle Maritime
Museum.
1 69
( 44)
B rass pot a nd e lephant 's t usk a fter r emoval o f c opper bucket.
1 76
( 45)
Excavating c andle s nuffers
( GT 8 49)
f rom u nder c annon N o. 1 76
1 2 w ith c histle. ( 46)
D etails o f c onstruction o f brass o bject o f u nknown purpose
( 47)
1 96
( GT 1 331 ) .
C opper bucket
( GT 8 59)
i n s itu i n l arge l ump o n wreck s ite,
brass pot and e Lephants tusk i n l ower r ight. i x
1 96
( 48)
I sometric d rawing o f c opper s heeting,
possibly p art
o f t he s tern p ost. ( 49a )
2 06
PV mark o n s poon G T 6 06.
)
V W mark o n s poon G T 9 63.
) )
( 49c)
M ark o n s poon
) )
( 50)
L ongitudinal half o f b arrel a ssociated w ith bones.
( 51)
P ig Bones,
( 49b )
1 179, ( 52a )
( from l eft t o r ight G T 1 165,
1 368,
C ow Bones
G T 8 92.
1 183,
1 179,
1 368,
1 368,
2 44 1 167,
1 368).
( GT 1 452 a bove,
a nd 1 147)
2 18
2 44 n ote butchering mark
o n knuckle p f G T 1 147.
2 46
( 52b)
D etail o f butchering mark o n G T 1 147.
2 46
( 52c)
Butchered c ow v ertibrae
2 46
( 53)
B arrel s taves.
( 54)
( GT 1 189).
2 51
B ottom o f barrel o r bucket i n u nderhang, base.
n ote c oins
( 55)
R emains o f l eather s hoe G T 1 092 b elow d etail.
( 56)
R emains o f h eel G T 1 113 A
( 57)
( 58)
2 51 2 52
T op
B
B ottom
C
S ide
2 52
R emains o f h eel G T 1 115 A B
S ide T op
2 53
R emains o f l eather s hote G T 1 127 s ide b elow t op d etail o f t oe
( 59)
i n
T his photograph w as a h and h eld t ime e xposure.
immediately a fter r ecovery.
2 54
F ront s ide o f t ool box d uring c ourse o f e xtraction o f c orroded t ools.
2 56
( 60)
F ront s ide f urther o n i n e xtraction p rocess.
2 56
( 61 )
Back s ide o f t ool box s howing wooden handles.
2 56
( 62)
R ound F ile
2 58
( 63)
D etail o f mark.
( 64)
D etail o f t ongs
( 65)
C ollection o f Armourers ' T ools f rom D iderot's E ncyclopaedia.
2 69
( 66)
F requency h istogram o f s hot d iameter i n mm.
2 77
( 67)
B arrel o f n ails s ite.
( GT 1 271).
2 58 ( CT 1 271).
( GT 1 471A )
2 58
a fter r aising f rom t he wreck 2 88
( 68 )
S ection o f u nknown o bject G T 0 25.
2 90
( 69)
X -ray o f G T 0 25.
2 90
( 70)
G reat S hield.
2 94
( 71)
O rigin o f Arms.
2 95
( 72)
R outes o f T reasure F leets.
2 97
( 73)
Typical 8 r eale .
3 03
( 74a )
Map o f B lue M ull S ound s howing l ocal c urrent p atterns a t e bb t ide.
P resumably t he d rifting s tern-half o f t he
L ASTDRAGER was c arried o ut t o s ea by t he c grrent a t t he t urn of t he t ide. ( 74b )
Map o f C russa N ess s howing t he a pproximate i tinerary o f t he n aked,
( 75a )
4 02
wounded s urvivor,
N o p ictures o r m odels o f a l arge V6C f luit ,
s pecially e quipped,
m odified a nd a rmed f or t he I ndies
a re known t o t he writer. Museum,
( Model
i n P rins H endrick Maritime
R otterdam ).
4 06
A c ontemporary d rawing o f a N etherlands f luit of 2 8 c annons by a n a nonymous a rtist. S cheepvaart Museum,
( 76)
4 02
f luitschip or Dutch
A c ontemporary model o f a c ommon
f luit .
( 75b )
J an Camphuijs.
T he wreck s ite \
( Nederlandsch H istorisch
A msterdam ).
N e
i s d ry l and;
4 06 b lack i s r ock e xposed
a t v ery l ow t ide, f f l a re u nderwater h eights; a re excavated a reas,
mainly g ullies;
022
h eavy d ots i ndicate
main c oncentrations o f a rtefacts a nd f ragments. 1 -5 a nd t he main mound o f
s hot 6 a re d rawn.
G uns
T he p osition
o f o ther i ndividual a rtefacts i s g iven i n t he t ext by r eference t o t he g rid s quare, overcrowding, ( 77a )
Brass r evolving k eg
t ap.
( indicated by a rrows)
writer.
T he m aker's m arks
M arks
2 ,
3 ,
4 14
i s n ot u nderstood by t he
a nd i nitials a re n ot i dentified
4 a re f rom t ombstones i n c emetery r ecords o f
Amsterdam and D elft. t ion but are g iven, i llustrate
T o a void
T he purpose o f t he n arrow p erfor-
a tions
1 ,
f or example B -9.
g rid s quares a re n ot d rawn o n t he map.
A lthough s imilar t hey h ave n o c onnecw ith t he maker's n ames,
t he b etter t o
t he c omplexity o f t he p roblem o f a ttribution.
V an A lderwereldt means ' of t he whole world', h ence t he c hoice ' orbs m undi' symbol.
o f a n ( 77b)
U nmarked,
otherwise i dentical k eg t ap with p iping,
Barentsz c ollection, ( 78)
S poons a nd/or f orks: but s ee n ote c omplete Museum ,
3 5.
R ijksmuseum, 1 .
2 .
P ewter s poon,
C ommon on D utch wreck s ites, c rew
( Van Dam,
4 17
mark u nidentified
Hypothetical r econstruction a fter a
s poon with s ame u nidentified mark, R otterdam;
i n t he
Amsterdaf f i .
C opper s poon,
1 927),
I :
x i
i n t he H istorial
o ne o f 1 2
f ound,
unmarked,
probably t he t ype i ssued t o t he
6 48-52);
3 -5.
4 17
F ragments o f s ilver
s poons.
T ype 4 i s c ommon on 1 7th c entury Dutch s ymbolizing m oederliefde,
s poons, c harity; ( 79)
6 .
( 80)
F or d oubtful bullet-shaped o bject 4 20
L inked s hot was f ound i n l arge q uantity.
4 24
i n brass.
B rachiolus s hown i n t he d etail o f a p ortraite o f D irecteur G eneraal Gerard Pietersz Hulft by Govert F linck
( 82)
4 18
B rachiolus of a Dutch mariner's universal or catholic a strolabe,
( 81)
s ilver
mother-love o r
F ragments o f s ilver s poons or f orks.
Small arms a mmunition. s ee a bove.
i .e.
( 1654)
i n R ijksmuseum,
T he s o-called Armken v an B arentsz, with i ts wooden c ursor,
a s imilar b rachiolus
o ne o f t he o bjects a bandoned i n
t he f amous B ehouden H uijs party.
4 24
Amsterdam.
i n 1 597 b y W illem B arentsz'
At t he t ime o f d iscovery,
n o o ther f ragment o r 4 25
c omplete i nstrument e xisted. ( 83)
A c ardboard m odel o f t he i nstrument, c ulated s mall a rm a nd t he c ursor,
written i n 1 647 by J an N anninghsoon, s urveyor. ( 84)
s howing t he a rti-
f rom a manuscript a D utch l and 4 25
( Noord H olland Archiefsdienst).
A G erman p ocket s un-watch a nd t he i vory box i t s hared with
i ts c ompass.
N ote t he brass p ivot a nd c hapelle
o f m issing r ose o f c ompass.
P hotographed a gainst F ather
F ournier's d escription o f a mariner 's c ompass,
s howing
s imilar c ompass p ivot a nd c hapelle i n H ydrographie, ( 85)
1 643.
4 28
I dentical s un-watches w ith r emains o f t heir c opper boxes. N ote t hat t he b rass p ivot o f t he d isc o n t he l eft i s s till s tuck i n a c oncretion block.
4 28
( 86)
S ounding l ead.
4 30
( 87)
Brass n avigational d ividers. N os. 1 t o 8 , t he t otal f ound w ere probably i n u se o n board; n os. 9 t o 1 1, e xamples o f 7 2 s imilar p airs pairs
f ound,
were o bviously c argo.
T he
f our
l ying horizontally f eature modern p lastic c asts of 4 31
t he m issing wrought i ron p oints. ( 88)
D ivider,
with i mprint o f p art o f i ts d isintegrated p oint
l eft i n p rotection c oncretion. s ame b lock,
N ote o ther i mprints,
o ne a bove a nd t hree b eneath,
packaging o f i nstruments.
i n
i ndicating t ight
Maker 's m ark n ot i dentified 4 32
( see t ext f or parallels). ( 89)
O rnament o n d ividers.
T he w ide-open f leur -d e -l is
by a I on e ach s ide a lways s tamped c oncentric c ircles. without t he
L ead i ngot.
T he c ompact f leur -d e -l is
I Is a lways c orresponds w ith t hree s ets,
an i ndentation b eneath t he ( 90)
f lanked
c orresponds with t wo s ets o f
c ircles
( see t ext ).
p lus 4 32 4 35
Unmarked. x ii
( 91 )
N ine t obacco p ipes,
( 92)
P iles o f s ilver
d imensions i n mm.
4 35
a rend s chellingen ( Dutch s mall c hange)
f ound c emented t ogether by t he c opper s alts
f rom m etal 4 39
i n t he a lloy a nd other a gents. ( 93)
D ecorated f ragments o f B ellarmine f lagons.
T he f lower
on t he upper r ight f ragment i s s imilar t o t he o rnament o n t he f lagon f ound o n t he I sle o f F etlar
( fig.
2 2), 4 39
possibly plundered i n 1 653 f rom t he LASTDRAGER wreckage. ( 94)
Bottleneck r einforcements a nd matching p ewter s crew c aps, f rom s quare-based g reen g lass bottles.
C ontents u nknown,
but quicksilver a possibility. ( 95)
T he F etlar Bellarmine F lagon. Antiquities,
( 96a )
4 40
T he
( National Museum o f
E dinburgh).
s ignet r ing
( no.
I )
4 45 has l eft a perfect p ositive i mprint
i n t he protective c oncretion i n which i t was e mbedded. ( 96b)
S imilar merchant's marks,
4 49
i n u se a t t he s ame p eriod belonged
t o: I
)
1 :
Hans v an H answijck, 7 6 f o.
I I
)
2 :
U nidentified
1 :
Unidentified
( Homeyer,
( O.K.
7 5
f o.
2 1 18 & O .K.
Unidentified
1 24,
p l.
V ).
( Wedding r egister of O ortmarsum
( Staatsarchief, 2 :
1 639
8 4 ).
Z wolle).
( On a g rave i n S teenwijck,
G roote
K erk). 3 :
Unidentified
( On a g rave i n R otterdam 's G roote
K erk ). 4 :
Unidentified
( On a g rave i n Oude K erk c emetery,
Amsterdam ). 5 :
Thomas J anszoon,
1 640.
( On a t ombstone i n d e
Oude K erk c emetery o f Amsterdam 6 :
Anthony V erbruggen
7 :
Jacob Willemsen,
( as a bove,
( Grafboek O .K.
7 5).
n ote t hat monogram
i s a lmost c omplete). Amsterdam , 8 :
P ieter R uijs z ijn k inderen, R oolof d e V rij, Unidentified, ( Homeyer,
( 98a )
1 32,
1 666,
c .
1 700
p l.
( England)
V ).
T he v an Waveren s ignet r ing,
4 57
S eal o f Alderman Anthony O etgens v an Waveren,
Mayoral s eal o f h is s on, 1 643
o n a n o fficial
1 614.
4 52
J oan O etgens v an Waveren,
d ocument of t he Municipality o f Amsterdam,
o n a
d ated 2 3 April,
( Historisch-topographische a tlas, Gemeentelijke Archie -
d ienst, ( 99a )
( as a bove).
( as a bove).
i n u se i n N orwich
d ocument dated 2 6 N ovember, ( 98b)
( Nieuwe K erk c emetery
4 8).
9 : 1 0:
( 97)
B lauwen H olm
G rafboek N .K.
Amsterdam,
n os.
1 102 a nd 1 219).
P art o f a brass wimble f or s kull-bone s urgery.
4 53
( 99b)
A F rench 1 6th c entury c omplete i nstrument,
s imilar but
with a more e laborate s ystem o f t repan f ixation
( see t ext ),
L a M ethode c urative d es P 1ayes e t F ract ures d e l a t este h umaine, pl. CLXXXVI, Paris. f rom P are,
( 100)
1 .
A .
1 561,
Brass p ins o f s piral wound-head t ype,
3 s izes
4 53
( 45
r ecovered ). 2 .
G lass b eads, blue,
3 . 4 -7. 8 .
t op t o bottom:
b lue-black,
y ellow,
b lue
g reen.
Brass pegs. Brass buttons
( 19 r ecovered ).
F ixing a rrangement o f buttons,
a llowing u se with t hick
c loth. 9 .
G old button,
bottom o f c up i s
T ypically Dutch, o rnament
e namelled i n white.
o ften s een i n p ictures,
worn a s an
( 12 r ecovered ).
1 0.
G old buckle,
1 1.
Brass buckle.
u se u nknown.
1 2.
P ossibly a g old e arring.
1 3.
Brass webbing o r belt h older.
1 4.
P lain s ilver r ing d ecorated with b lack t hread.
1 5.
E xquisite l ady's g old w edding r ing i n t he
s hape o f 4 55
plaited hair. ( 101)
1 -3. 4 .
P robably s ailor's
f ishing l eads.
C arefully c ast l ead weight,
p erforated t hrough a c entre
with t he r emains o f a w ooden r od
( or p ipe?)
i nside,
u se
u nknown. 5 .
S ection s howing t he h ole, s heet,
6 -7.
l ined w ith a t hin r olled c opper
a nd r emains o f u nidentified f ibrous matter i nside.
Cubical a nd c ylindrical l ead b oxes,
8 .
F lat c ylindrical weight.
9 .
L ead f illed t hin c ast c opper c up,
u se unknown.
possibly a weight f or
s ome o bject o n g imbals. 1 0. ( 102)
P ossibly a f ish-shaped t rolling-lead.
U nidentified s ilver o bjects.
4 57
M an a nd h orse a re possibly
p oppenzilver.
4 58
( 103)
S ilver s word o r r apier pommel.
4 58
( 104)
Knife handles o f h orn,
i vory a nd c opper.
4 58
( 105)
D ecorated g lass bottle
( about 2 0cm ),
b elieved t o b e G erman
o r D utch 1 7th c entury work, s aid b y t radition t o have b een r ecovered f rom t he LASTDRAGER wreckage s hortly a fter t he s hipwreck
( Lerwick Museum ).
4 61
( 106)
C orroded c andlestick GT 7 95.
4 69
( 107)
D etail o f wax t ray s howing c orrosion.
4 71
( 108)
U netched u ncorroded polished m etal s urface s howing p orosity a nd l ead g lobules
( 109)
( magnification x 1 00).
Fully c orroded a rea.
4 71
O nly s keleten o f metal r emains
( magnification x 5 0).
4 75
x iv
( 110)
E tched i n aqueous
f erric c hloride.
a s ingle c ored g rain ( 111 )
E tched. s ulphide,
T he l ight a rea i s
( magnification x 5 0).
4 75
T he l ight g rey i nclusions a re p robably z inc l ead g lobules a re a lso present
( magnification
x 4 00). ( 112)
( 113)
4 76
E tched. 1 ,000).
Enlarged v iew o f i nclusion
E tched.
T he b eginning o f c orrosion a long t he h igh-zinc
4 77
a reas of t he g rain, ( 114)
E tched.
( magnification x
( magnification x 5 0).
Enlarged v iew o f c orrosion path
4 78 ( magnification
x 5 0). ( 115)
E tched.
4 78 H ere t he c orrosion has
a s econdary
( bridging )
p enetrated d eeply;
a ttack i s o ccurring
t ion x 5 0).
a nd
( magnifica4 80
XV
9 .
C OINAGE
S .J.Wilson,
Fellow R oyal Numismatic S ociety.
Curator Numismatics,
Western Australian Museum.
T he s ilver pieces of e ight r ecovered f rom t he wreck o f t he VERGULDE DRAECK have an intrinsic v alue i n t he r omance of s ea power,
trade
s ilver bullion. d eal w ith the
a nd c ommerce which f ar A lthough
1 7th c entury
outweigh t heir value a s
i t i s beyond t he s cope of t his work t o
c omplexities o f t he monetary and e conomic history of
S pain a nd Europe
i n t he period u nder s tudy here;
a brief d escrip-
t ion of t he c ircumstances t hat brought t he s hip and t he
c oins
t ogether i s n ecessary.
During t he r eign o f C harles w ith t heir s ubdivisions i n S pain.
These
I ( 1516-1556),
of f our,
c oins were
1 536 a t t he M exico m int,
t wo,
t he
f irst e ight
r eales
one and one-half were i ssued
f irst produced i n Spanish America i n
a nd l ater a t t he other N ew World mints.
At f irst t he c olonial m ints p roduced t he rather c rude c obs o r
c abo d e b arra
( end o f t he bar)
produced by t he
p ieces;
t he r ound milled c oins
s crew press w ere n ot i ntroduced i nto S panish
America u ntil t he 1 8th
c entury.
H owever i n t he
d ecades t hat t he M exico M int produced t he r ound hand-made c oins
f irst t wo
r eales,
a lmost perfectly
c oins were made a nd most mints produced sample
f or presentation t o t he K ing,
t hat were perfectly r ound.
T he c rude c obs were produced f rom f lat bars or s trips o f s ilver, beaten a pproximately t o t he t hickness of t he cut f rom t he bar t o g ive
S ections were
s lightly more t han t he c orrect weight f or
t he r equired d enomination. weight,
c oin.
T hese were
t hen t rimmed t o t he
and s truck b etween t wo d ies with a hammer.
c oin often had only Part o f t he
impression on i t,
i rregularities in t he original bar, a ppearance.
c orrect
T he r esulting due t o t he
a nd t hus each c oin has
a unique
G enerally a n a ttempt was made by t he m int t o e nsure
that a t l east t he m int mark a nd t hey were r esponsible
a ssayer's
f or t he purity o f
i nitial w ere
l egible,
a s
t he s ilver a nd weight of
t he c oin.
The m etropolitan mints
a lso p roduced t he c ob but a fter 1 586
machinery and t echnicians
u sing r oller d ies were
S egovia m int
( and l ater e lsewhere),
ity a nd m ore
r egular p ieces
i ntroduced a t t he
which pr , ) duce much better qual-
t han t he d ie a nd hammer.
2 93
G erman
F ig.
7 0
s hows
t he Arms of
t he House o f H apsburg,
onto the c oinage by P hilip
I I.
These Arms
f irst i ntroduced
a re a measure of c omplex-
i ty of t he d ynastic b ackground of t he S panish royal are many subtle n uances here. e leven d ifferent provinces
I n t his
f amily a nd t here
f orm they s how t he Arms of
u nder t he S panish c rown either by f act
or pretence.
( 70)
I n t he
T he Great S hield.
f irst quarter
and Leon
( see
f ig.
( one a nd f our : castles,
7 1),
a re t he quartered Arms of C astile
t wo a nd t hree l ions
t he s econd quarter per pale are d exter, s inister,
Naples
d isplayed ); Austria
a nd S icily
( fess)
a nd base,
t he Arms of Aragon
( per c ross pallets
i n the t hird quarter per
i n
( pallets) ;
a nd Imperial e agle
f ess are c hief,
t he Spanish N etherlands
2 94
rampant);
the Arms of
( bendlets);
i n
t he f ourth quarter per f ess a re c hief,
d e us )
a nd base,
Brabant
( lion passant ).
t ence i s per pale d exter, s inister,
T yrol
( f leur
t he Arms o f Burgundy
T he e scutcheon o f pre-
t he Arms o f F landers
( Imperial e agle d isplayed ).
( Lion rampant )
a nd
I n a small e ngrail-
ment b etween t he f irst and s econd quarter i s t he p omegranate o f G renada.
C AST ILE L EON C AST ILE
A RAGON G RANADA N APLES &
I
* Ura l
L EON
S IC IL Y B URGUNDY
A USTR IA S PAN ISH N ETHERLANDS
F LANDERS T ( 71)
E 3 RABANT
t
T YROL
T he O rigin o f t he Arms.
I n t he
1 6th c entury t here w ere s everal S pains.
I sabella I 's
C astile a nd L eon a nd F erdinand 's Aragon were u nited i n t heir marriage,
a nd t his was t he f irst s tep t owards u nity i n t he I ber-
i an p eninsular.
L ater i n 1 492,
s urrendered t he K ingdom o f
t he l ast o f t he M oorish Emirs
G ranada t o F erdinand a nd I sabella.
a s eries of d ynastic a ccidents,
By
t heir e ldest g reat g randson P hilip
I I i nherited n ot o nly t he S panish l ands a nd t he A ragonese possess ions o f Naples
a nd S icily i n I taly,
g randmother M ary, t he
but a lso,
t hrough h is g reat
d aughter o f C harles t he B old,
f uture Hapsburg emperor
Maximilian,
c ame t he
t he o ld f ragmented m iddle K ingdom of Burgundy, N etherlands a nd t he c ounty B urgundy,
f or y ears vainly t ried t o r eclaim f rom France. d ynastic t ies w ere a lmost a s impressive: of Henry V III a nd C athdrine o f Aragon,
c omprising t he a long w ith
which C harles had T he i ndirect
M ary T udor ,
t he d aughter
was e ngaged t o C harles V
P hilip I I.
2 95
i nheritance o f
t he F ranche C omte,
a more s hadowy c laim t o t he d uchy of Burgundy,
a nd a s a n a geing s pinster m arried
who h ad married
Portugal was
i nex-
t ricably bound to
Spain t hrough a n etwork of marriages.
f irst wife was Portuguese, of Portugal. Emperor.
His
and i n t he end he
P hilip 's
inherited t he
c rown
s ister Maria married M aximilian t he Holy R oman
H is aunt married t he K ing of F rance,
a nd he himself w as
to wed a daughter of France and try t o put t he c hild of t hat u nion on the
t hrone i n
Paris,
G rierson
( 1974).
Movements of S ilver f rom S panish America. A vast amount of s ilver f rom t he American c olonies was being c oined in a c rude
f orm and s hipped back t o Spain where i t was u sed t o
enhance t he wealth and s plendour of t he S panish R oyal
C ourt a nd
t he households of t he n obility a nd merchants.
Twenty p er c ent
of t he
but by t he t ime
s ilver was
t aken a s t he
Philip I I's g randson,
Philip I V,
e conomic a nd political The United Provinces
" King's c ame
F ifth",
t o t he t hrone
i n
t he
s ituation i n Spain d eteriorated c onsiderably.
was w inning t he war with S pain,
Y ears War ended in 1 648 with t he Treaty o f Münster, were other political problems. in t he New World;
1 621,
whereas
t he E ighty a nd t here
A more ominous problem e xisted
in every d ecade between 1 580
and 1 630
at l east 5 0 million p esos of bullion from Peru and Mexico had been r egistered i n S eville, dropped t o
i n t he period 1 641 t o 1 650
2 5.5 millions and d id n ot r ise a bove
This c aused considerable e conomic problems
1 0.7
t he amount
i n
in S pain,
1 651-60.
and s eriously
affected her f oreign policy. The process of moving t his vast amount o f money f rom t he N ew W orld was
c omplex.
t he
f leets
From 1 596 t he Spanish had r egularized t he
f rom Spain t o the N ew World a nd back.
f leets sailed f rom San Lucar, both
f leets,
Each y ear t wo
t he port of S eville,
at d ifferent t imes of t he y ear,
s ailing of
a nd f rom C adiz;
s ailed t o t he C anary
I slands and f rom t here a cross
t he Atlantic t o t he Lesser Antilles,
f ig.
t he
7 2.
I n
1 623
f or e xample,
f rom t he Canaries
to t he
T ierra F irme F leet was
G alleon's Passage between Tobago a nd
Trinidad and enter t he Carribean i n t hat way. the g aleones, galleons,
s ix of which were
men t o
f leet,
c alled
l arge Spanish Navy s hips known a s the
T hey m easured more t han 6 00
2 4 t o 2 8 p ieces,
s oldiers.
T his
ordinarily l eft Spain i n April e scorted by e ight
' silver-galleons'. with
t o s ail
had c rews of
These e ight galleons
T ierra F irme.
T he
2 53 t o
t ons,
were
a rmed
3 00 a nd often u p t o 1 00
c onvoyed twenty or more merchant-
f leet a lso d ispatched b oats
2 96
t o n otify
officials of its
in Margarita,
P orto Cabello,
T ierra F irme
i t paused a t C artagena t o d isembark passen-
g ers and c argo f or t he area; it arrived in June.
i t t hen proceeded t o P orto B ello, where
On t he arrival of t he f leet i n Cartagena,
president of Panama was i nformed, of P eru,
t hat t he
S ur in Callao.
A rmadilla d e M ar d el
t hen l anded o n t he
Valparaiso,
f leet had gathered g oods
Antofagasta a nd Africa in C hile.
f leet t hen s ailed north t o P anama, Ventura,
g aleones had arrived. All
T he vessels making up t his
f rom Concepciön,
At P anama t he t reasure
C amino R eal to Porto Bello, where
t ransported by mules on t he
T ierra F irme F leet.
T his f leet r eturned t o C artagena t o l oad f urther g oods. t he m iddle of July t he f leet n ow worth guilders, Havana.
G oslinga
( 1971),
e ight d ays
s ooner or
The s econd f leet c alled t he t ed of f our g alleons. New Spain.
T owards
a n e stimated t en m illion
s ailed t hrough t he Yucatan C hannel t o
I t passed Cape S an A ntonio
s ometimes
T he
s topping at Guayaquil a nd B uena
picking up t he C olumbian t reasure.
l oaded on t he waiting
t he
who i n t urn i nformed t he V iceroy
T ierra F irme F lota o r
t he P eruvian t reasure was
it was
a nd Santa Marta
f orthcoming arrival.
Sailing along
was
R io Hacha,
on a bout
1 0 August,
a lthough
l ater.
f lota or the
f lota d e S an J uan c onsis-
Two were d estined f or Honduras,
t wo f or
T hey were part o f a c onvoy o f f ifteen or more merchant-
men d estined f or t he G reater Antilles,
H onduras a nd Mexico.
T his
f leet s ailed l ater i n t he y ear and e ntered t he C arribean b etween Guadeloupe
a nd D ominica u sually in August.
i t anchored a nd r efreshed.
F rom t he L esser Antilles
s et c ourse t o C ape San Antonio, d e Puerto R ico, peche. the
S anto D omingo,
Two of i ts
I n t hat n eighbourhood t he
s ending d espatch boats Jamaica,
f our g alleons
f lota
t o S an J uan
S antiago d e Cuba a nd C an-
s ailed t hen t o T rujillo.
A fter
f lota had passed Cuba's west point, it changed course, and
proceeded more t o t he west, Juan d e Alua.
Once the
t o t he i ron r ings
a nd proceeded t o the
f leet was
embedded i n t he
i n
t hat harbour,
f ort walls.
r eached San Juan de A lua i n e arly S eptember. ( valued at 8 million guilders,
G oslinaa 2 98
f ortress of S an
T he
i t was moored f leet
o rdinarily
I t unloaded i ts cargo
( 1971)),
and r emained
t here during the winter, w ith gold,
u ntil June.
During t his t ime i t was
s ilver,
c ochineal,
i ndigo,
a nd other products
( valued a t
1 4 t o
h ides,
t obacco,
l oaded
c ompechewood,
1 5 million guilders).
f lota, now sailing without two of its escort galleons
I n June t he
t hat had been s ent to Honduras,
proceeded t o Havana,
S an Antonio
i n early July.
for t he s econd t ime
passing C ape
T he two Honduras galleons o rdinarily passed Cape San Antonio s hortly a fterwards. t his
In i ts wake t he
strategic outpost.
o rder.
From here,
T ierra F irme F leet would a lso pass
U sually t he s hips arrived a t H avana i n t his
under t he protection of twelve galleons,
t he
f leet
proceeded a t the e nd of August t hrough t he Bahama C hannel t o t he A zores,
a nd f rom t here t o S an Lucar,
t hen up t he
G uadalquivir R iver
P uerto d e I ns M alas where the officials of the C asa d e C on-
t o t he
t rataciön took charge.
I t i s
i nteresting t o note h ow often t hese
f leets were d estroyed,
e ither by a cts o f p iracy a nd war or s torm a nd s hipwreck. e xceptionally outstanding e xample of t he t he whole o f the H eyn i n 1 628,
was
c apture of
f lota of S t. John i n the Bay of Matanzas by P iet
the t reasure was v alued at between
1 4 m illion guilders, s hipwreck
f ormer i s t he
An
Goslinga
t he f ate
( 1971).
1 1.5 million a nd
I n t he case of t he
o f o ne of t he two g alleons
o f t he
l atter,
A rmadilla d e M ar
d el S ur which departed from Callao in October 1 654, with t en million
p esos,
a nd only o ne r eached Panama.
T he
g aleones were 2 -8 m illion pe sos
t herefore d elayed i n Cartagena until March u ntil had b een s alvaged f rom t he w reck.
T he f leet
c ollected t his a t
P orto Bello and t hen r eturned t o Cartagena.
I n 1 , 11 7,
j ust a s
t he
g aleones were about to sail from Cartagena for Havana, warning of a n E nglish
f leet a rrived,
a nd t he
s ailing was postponed.
a n a dvice boat
f rom Spain a rrived with orders
t he f leet must
s ail a s
T he f leet
s ailed,
s oon a s possible,
but n ews o f
t o b e d iverted t o V era Cruz.
. August
1 654.
I V,
c aused t he f leet
After t he danger had passed t he i n O ctober,
( 1975)
2 99
f leet
a nd n ot d eparting t ill
T hus t he f leet had been i n t he
According t o M arx
t hat
r egardless of t he d angers
2 7 English warships
s ailed t o H avana a rriving t here J anuary 1 ,1656.
f rom P hilip
I n July
only t o
C arribean smE .11
f rom
. : essels ever
r eached Spain,
s o that
i t
i s
l ikely that much of t he
mintage of coin carried by this
The Spanish Eight . R eale piece Asia a nd trusted a s The
a trade
Eight R eale piece was
being
f leet would have been
I n f act
in the early
received
u sed e ither
i n i ts original
itself,
form or by
short of
their own
during s uch
a s hortage
over-struck a number o f Mexico Mint
pieces of e ight with a representation of t he J ewel of the
i n
c oin of good s ilver c ontent and weight.
t he Netherlands
1 650's,
l ost.
and its parts were well
c ounter-stamped by c ountries who w ere
c oinage.
1 653-1654
Golden F leece to show that t hey were t o be
the Order o f
a ccepted
f or circu-
l ation.
C oins
f rom the VERGULDE DRAECK r ange
and the To
l atter date
f ollow through
Spanish c oin of at
i s
the
Spanish K ing
s equence of events t his
( Philip
IV ),
would have been s ent
t o Spain
such a quantity of
in
1 626
c oins
t o
States
n ext
silver
f leets
twelve months
to Batavia on
t he
i s i llustrated by t he ( 1629)
i ndicating t hat
were
f act
a lmost
an extensive
the Dutch with t he other parts of Europe.
G eneral
f oreign c oin c irculating in the N ether( The Netherlands
a c oin tariff catalogue,
and their weights,
permitted t o c irculate
s end i t
s hip the BATAVIA
and c ities,
There was
t he
During t he
An interesting point
s tates
The new coinage
i n one of t he regular
f or the V .O.C.
carried on by
that
i ts minting
trade with t he Dutch and by October
trade was
lands
s hip.
t hat would put a Mexican
f irst quarter of 1 654.
that t he c oins on an earlier entirely of G erman
1 654,
prepared in S pain and s hipped out t o
it would have been u sed in
VERGULDE DRAECK.
t o
t o i dentify the
s hip we must s tart with
crossing t he Spanish Main.
1 655 been available
1 590
The d ies would have been authorised by the
M exico probably in the
( Flota )
f rom a bout
s ignificant in helping
1 654 on
t he Mexico Mint.
i n d ate
i llustrating a v ery wide
and the exchange rate
in the
Parliament)
country,
3 00
Anon
i ssued range of
a t which they were
( 1626).
T he V ERGULDE DRAECK c oinage, while being mostly of M exican origin, c ontained a p ercentage of o ther Spanish American M ints a nd s ome f rom m etropolitan S pain i tself.
T he f ollowing l ist g ives
t he c omposition
of t he t otal c oinage.
P ercentage d istribution of c oins i n VERGULDE DRAECK r ecords o f 1 0,792
H oard f rom
c oins
M exico M int 1 590 - 1 654
P otosi M int
R eals
1 1%
4
R eals
1 7%
8
R eals
5 4%
8
R eals
3 %
8
R eals
3 %
( Peru
n ow B olivia) S eville M int
2
( Spain )
A ll o thers
Various Values
1 2% 1 00%
T he t otal c ash on t he s hip f rom t he V .O.C. been 7 8,600 guilders
i n 8 c hests.
r ecords i s known t o have
F rom our knowledge of t he c ont-
e mporary v alue of t he Guilder c ompared t o t he e ight r eal piece and k nowing t he percentage break u p o f c oins a s a bove i t has been possible t o d educe t hat a bout 4 0,000 i ndividual c oins were i n t he c hests. f or,
A lmost half of t hese have been r ecovered o r a ccounted
a s w ill be s een f rom t he f ollowing l ists a nd c atalogue.
T he c oins have been c lassified basically by t heir S panish o r S panish American o rigins, T he material
a nd t here a re examples
f rom t en d ifferent m ints.
i s d ivided i nto two main s ections,
one b eing t he c oins
r ecovered by private persons before t he passage o f t he c ontrolling A ct o f P arliament a nd s ubsequently r egistered by t he Western Austral ian Museum,
and t he o ther b eing t he material r ecovered by t he
Museum 's own Maritime Archaeology D epartment.
A small s ub-section
s hows s ix c oins which have a pparently c ome f rom t he personal p ossess ions o f t he
c rew. 3 01
I t must be r ealised t hat a major proportion of t hese c orroded f rom 3 20 years has been made
e xposure
t o t he s ea,
c oins a re b adly
and a f urther d ivision
t o s how t he number of p ieces which a re of c ollectable
c ondition and t hose which, be of numismatic value.
a lthough
There
i dentifiable,
i s a lso
a re
t oo poor t o
a quantity of unidentifiable
s crap s ilver a gainst which an e stimate o f t he original c oins which i t r epresents has b een made. c oins are
The
t hose known t o be i n private h ands
number o f
8 97 unrecorded private a lthough the d etails of
t hese are n ot known a t present.
From t he
f ollowing s ummary,
t housand c oins
s till u naccounted
between r ecoveries by t he l ost,
i t w ill be f or.
s urvivors
i n
s een t hat t here P ossibly t hese 1 656,
a re over t wenty a re s pread
which were
s ubsequently
f urther material r ecovered by private persons prior t o t he
passing of t he r elevant amendments
t o t he Museum Act,
and material
s till on t he wreck s ite but n ot d iscovered.
After t he main l isting a n a ttempt has b een made t o describe a nd i llustrate key p ieces
f rom e ach m int where t hey a re
be photographed.
3 02
available t o
( 73)
Typical
Inscriptions
8
r eale . R eale coinage of Spain circa 1650.
and d evices of t he
The pieces of
two,
f irst half of the
f our, 1 7th
and eight
century are
r eales of the Mexico mint of the typical of the Spanish
Coinage of the period and r epresent 9 2% of t he t he VERGULDE
DRAECK.
of Philip
1 621-1665.
IV
s ide of c oins
of
The majority of
1 652,
T he Latin a s
t he
c oin recovered
c oins
are
of
t he reign
l egend on t he obverse or
i llustrated in
f ig.
7 0,
f rom
s hield
i s:
PHILIPPUS.1111.DEl. G.1652 i .e.
Philip the
f ourth by t he
The mint mark g the value On the
8
( Mexico)
( Reales )
reverse
to
or cross
and
Grace of God a ssayer's
( Dei-Gratia)
initial P are
t o
1 652. t he
l eft,
and
t he r ight. s ide
i s
the
l egend.
H ISPANIARUM.ET.INDIARUM.REX i .e. The
King of Spain and India r efers
t o the West
and South America,
The
cross on
has
f our equal
arms
( Lily
and two
kingdoms
Indies
border with
the
of the coin
face.
i s
the
Spanish
f lower).
In the
colonies
c laim t o
c ross
I ndies.
and
r epresentation of a
areas between
d iagonally opposite
in c entral
t he East
Jerusalem or F lory
each capped by a rough
castles
of Castile
and Spanish
t ogether with the
the Mexico c oins
F leur d e us l ions
I ndia.
t he
arms
r epresenting t he
are
two
combined
and Leon and the whole enclosed in a double
l egend between
two
3 03
c ircles of dots
around t he
l ine
edge
CATALOGUE OF MAIN COIN TYPES
The
FROM VERGULDE DRAECK
f ollowing numbering systems
and s tandard catalogue
have been u sed i n the description of
references
coins in this catalogue.
WAM No.
Western Australian Museum r egistration number.
P .R.
Private registration material number.
No.
Yriarte
Yriarte Oliva Jose a O cho Madrid
Vicenti
l os
R eales
de
1 965.
Vicenti
Jose A .
Espanola
1 475-1974,
Lorente
Lorente
- Catalogo d e
Catalogo G eneral de
R odriguez
Madrid
J .J.
1 975.
- Catalogo de
Madrid
l a Moneda
de a dos
E spanoles
Gabriel.
- C ompendium of E ight
l os
R eales
1 965.
Calbeto d e Grau
R eales,
Puerto R ico
1 970.
Total r ecorded material r ecovered f rom VERGULDE DRAECK including W .A. Museum , Note:
Privately owned,
C = Collectable
coins
and s crap s ilver.
condition
NC = Not c ollectable
condition
D enomin-
Private
W .A.
Mint
ation
Material
Material
Burgos
4 R eals
Granada
Madrid
Mus.
3
W .A.
Mus.
Condition
Total
C
3
8 R eals
1
C
1
2R eals
1
c
1
4 R eals
2
C
3
8 R eals
5
C
5
2R eals
3
4R eals
8
8R eals
1 3 3 1 0
1 1
Jew-
C
1 6
C
1 1
C
2 1
C
1
8R eals ( C/S
1
.
e l of Golden Fleece)
3 04
1
Toledo
6 M aravedi
1
c
1
( C/S Madr id 8 maravedi) 2 R eals
5
1
C
6
4 R eals
5
1
C
6
8 R eals
6
5
C
1 1
Mint Unidentifiable 2 R eals
2 4
C
2 4
4 R eals
3 5
C
3 5
8 R eals
5 5
C
5 5
Beach Material
& Sailors
Personal Property Zeeland
R ix Dollar
1
1
Brabant
Cross
1
1
Japan
Mameita Gin
1
1
Flanders
Patagon
1
1
Holland
Two Stuyvers
1
1
Groningen
Two Stuyvers
1
1
Dollar
Unrecorded private 8 97
8 97
coins
. ,
, 4 288
6 504
C - 2 652
1 0,792
NC-
1 0,79
3 852
Scrap Silver showing weight and e stimated 6 90
7 618
number of coins
( 139.5kg) ,
( 11.5kg) ,
.
' Total r ecovered Still to be
8 ,308
1 1,906
7 194
1 9,100
recov2 0,900
ered or r ecorded h Total Value of coin on ship ( Estimated number
7 8,600
of coins)
Guilders Approx.
3 06
4 0,000
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE MAIN COIN TYPES
All
i llustrations
at
1 :1
s cale.
BURGOS MINT SPAIN Mint Mark B Situated about of Castile. century.
2 00 Km.
Struck
north of Madrid.
coinage
from the
One of the early
thirteenth
to
the
royal mints
seventeenth
R eals
Four
WAM No.
3 077
Type of Yriarte Assayer R ?
WAM No. Type
Circa
Eight
1 651
6329
of Yriarte
Assayer B c irca Wt.
5
1 3.31
5 1 651
gm.
R eals
PR No. Type
of Yriarte
Assayer Wt.
3 0 .7
4 037
? circa
2 5.25
gm.
5 1 651
GRANADA MINT SPAIN Mint Mark G Two hundred and
t hirty kilometres
Struck 2 R eal
f rom the Mediterranean C oast.
Ferdinand and I sabella to Philip 1 621.
8 R eal pieces Philip
s outh of Madrid and f orty k ilometres
I I
and 4
IV l ast i ssue of
to Charles Two
R eal pieces from
2 R eals
s truck
in
I I.
R eals
PR No.
-
2 962
Type of Lorente Assayer M . Wt.
Note:
Triplelined
border Four
t o c ross,
5 .75
s uggests
1 603
gm.
1 603
PR No.
i ssue.
1 742
Type of
' z4
Vicenti
8 70
Assayer N ( Inverted N )
_ 7
Circa Wt.
1 651
1 2.49gm .
WAM No.
3 995
Type of . , . . . ' „ , :. ,
Vicenti 8 70
Assayer N ( Inverted N ) Circa Wt.
E ight R eals
' ,
c irca
R eals
•
_
1 09
\
3 08
4 039
Type of Yriarte
_
1 6
A ssayer N ( Inverted N ) C irca Wt.
'
1 2.92gm.
PR No.
(. 1, ( I,
,
1 651
1 651
2 6.87gm.
R eals
E ight
PR No.
4 041
Type of Y riarte
1 6 or 1 7
Shows mint mark o n s ide
( . 5
A ssayer N ( inverted) C irca Wt.
1 651
2 4.87gm.
MADRID MINT S PAIN crown Mint Mark M -MD-M Main S panish mint at Capital c ity f rom 1 614 t o date Two
R eals WAM No.
6 494
Type o f Lorente
1 22
A ssayer A - Augustin Mayens C irca 1 641 Value I I
F leur-de-lis
2
Wt.
6 .46 gm.
WAM N o.
6 501
Lorente N o.
1 27
A ssayer A - Augustin Mayens 1 651 3
F leur-de-lis
Wt. Four
R eals
6 .58 gm.
PR N o. Type of
V icenti 8 84
A ssayer?
c irca
Value 2
I II1
F leur-de-lis
Wt.
3 09
4 045
1 3.13 gm.
1 643
R eals
Four
PR No. Type
,
„
4 047
of
Vicenti
8 90
Assayer A - Augustin Mayens
v
M .
i
-
M ark MD
Wt.
R eals
E i nht
1 651
1 2.93 gm.
PR No. Type
1 63
of
Y riarte
Assayer
,
B .I.
3 00
-
Bernardo P edrera and Hipclito ,
Santo
Domingo
Circa
1 639
Wt.
. - •
2 5.40
PR No. .,
, i .1 .•
Type -,
of
Y riarte B .
Wt.
M . Mark M
= 8
2 6. 85
WAM No.
gm.
3 612
Type of Yriarte
,
3 04
Assayer B -
i rf
Bernardo P edrera
.
,
,
Mint M ark
•
Wt.
PR No.
, ! -
,
,
•
,
,
3 02
1 642 Value
•
gm.
4 042
Assayer
- , ›
%
_
de
_
H e . . • • ""
'
M Dcirca
2 3.63 gm.
4 043
Type of Yriarte 3
Augustin Mayens Mint Mark MD
Wt.
3 10
3 07
Assayer A -
Value
1 643
VIII
2 6.07
1 64
n ot gm.
8
( ?)
( ?)
E ight
R eals
WAM No.
3 631
Type o f Yriarte
3 08
A ssayer A - Augustin Mayens M int Mark M c irca
1 651
Value = 8 Wt.
2 4.38 gm.
PR No.
5 339
Madrid M int? C irca
1 650
Counter s truck with J ewel of t he G olden F leece Wt.
2 6.18 gm.
M EXICO M INT M int Mark
A
M exico a s
t he V ice-royalty of N ew Spain was
i n 1 519.
The V iceroy,
by royal decree in
1 531 t o
s trike
c oins
was g iven authority
f rom o ne quarter
n o e ight
r eal
I I.
t he King's
c oins a re known t o exist u ntil
T hese
t he r eign of
s how t he Hapsburg s hield on t he obverse with
n ame i n t he l egend a round t he perimeter of t he c oin
a nd a c ross w ith a
F leur-de-lis on the end of each of the four
arms w ith d iagonally o pposed l ions a nd c astles This
r eal
r eals, and in 1537 to strike four and eight r eal pieces;
t o t hree
P hilip
Antonio d e M endoza,
c aptured by C ortes
c haracteristic c ross was
M exico until t he
i n
i n t he quarters.
u se on t he c oins of Spanish
a dvent of t he P illar D ollar i n 1 732
and i s the
main d istinguishing mark of a ll of t he M exico c oins
f rom t he
VERGULDE DRAECK wreck except WAM No.
I I which has
3 624 of P hilip
a plain ended c ross.
T he
f irst
i n 1 600
c oins with a d ate i ncluded i n t he l egend were
under King P hilip I II.
T his
r ough
C .O.B.
t ype of c oin
a s d escribed i n t he g eneral s ection on m inting m ethods t he whole
of t he M exico mint c oins
3 11
i ssued
c onstitutes
i n t his particular s hip.
One R ai •
PR N o.
4 025
Type of Yriarte 477 Circa 1 598 Value = Wt.
2 .99 gm.
PR No.
4 818
Circa 1 650 M int Mark M Wt.
3 .55 gm.
PR N o.
4 015
Type of Y riarte
4 77
Lorente 9 03 Assayer 0 Wt.
6 .20 gm
PR N o.
4 021
T ype of L orente 9 03 Assayer 0 Value = 1 1 Wt.
6 .34 gm.
UM W"
PR N o.
4 445
Type of L orente 9 11 C irca 1 610-1613 Agsayer Value = I I Wt.
3 12
6 .37 gm.
-
Two
Reals
PR No.
A r . • ' • 2 .,
,
4 711
C irca
1 618-21
Assayer D Wt.
6 .24
gm.
_ .
, .
e
, .
PR No.
3 913
Type of Lorente 914
, .
1 644
\
Assayer P Wt.
6 .61 gm.
PR No.
, :
. .
1 747
Type of Lorente
. .
,
1 64
914
( ?)
Assayer P Wt.
6 .52
PR No.
, -
gm.
3 563
Type of Lorente $ \
915
1 648 , . ,
A ssayer P Wt.
6 .68 gm.
PR No. l
,
2 798
Type of Lorente 1 649
.
Assayer P --
Wt.
3 13
7 .01 gm.
9 15
R eals
Two
Y
\
:
_
.
-
-
1 728
Type of Lorente
!
. ,
PR No.
t
j '; 14
'
1 652 Assayer P Wt.
6 .45 gm.
WAM No. , -
Type
of Lorente
1 651
-
Assayer P 6 .02
PR No.
t . . . e
r
'
, . 0.
4 750 915
1 653 Assayer P Wt.
6 .63
PR No. Type i l
914
gm.
Type of Lorente
' 7 1 t ' T ,
0 -
6 417
-;
Wt.
t
915
gm.
4 615
of Lorente
9 15
1 654 ,
Assayer P Wt.
6 .20
gm..
R eals
Four
e . r
PR No.
,
Type .
. . ,.
•
3 661
of
C irca
Yriarte
1 629
Assayer D
, Wt.
3 14
1 3.05
gm.
5 13
Four
R eals
PR 2 917 Type of Yriarte 1 60
4 92
( ?)
Assayer A Wt.
1 2.33 gm.
PR No.
5 217
F lowery Cross C irc
1 620
Assayer D Wt.
1 2.14
PR No. C irca
gm .
5 213 1 606
Assayer F Wt.
1 2. 47 gm.
PR No.
5 271
Type of Yriarte
5 25
1 649 Assayer P wt.
1 3.22
PR No.
gm.
4 447
Type of Yriarte Circa
1 621
Assayer D wt.
3 15
1 3.19
gm.
5 06
F our
. ‹ .
R eais
•
-
PR No.
4 785
Type of Y riarte 1 652
, ,—
,
5 28
A ssayer
A
Wt.
P
1 3.80 gm .
WAM No.
6 414
Type of Yriarte
•
5 27
1 651
-
>
Assayer P Wt.
PR No.
' • , .
1 1.16 g m.
5 285
1 653/2
•
Wt.
1 2.55 gm.
-
. ,
PR No.
-
. , _
. ,
4 t -
,
. 1 . ,
•
.
5 > .
, . , L
.
s .•
1 0
Type of Yriarte
•
-
1 3.29 g m .
PR No.
.
_ .
,
, •
3 16
5 29
1 653
,
,
.. ,
4 698
Type of Y riarte
Wt.
,
, .
1 .,. 3 . : ‚ , .
e •
,
. .
e , .
1 654 wt.
1 2.43 gm.
5 30
F our
R eals
WAM No.
2 409
Type of Yriarte
5 26
1 6(?)0 Wt.
1 3.48 gm.
Counterstamped with S iam Mark.
E ight R eals WAM No.
3 624
Type of Yriarte C irca
4 75
1 580
P lain Cross Assayer 0 Wt.
2 3.53 gm.
WAM No.
6 325
Type of Yriarte
4 83
C irca 1 590 A ssayer F , Wt.
2 5.26 gm.
PR No.
3 987
Type of Yriarte 4 90 1 608 A ssayer A Wt.
2 6.30
WAM No.
gm .
6 326
Type of Yriarte 1 609 A ssayer A Wt.
3 17
2 4.25 gm.
4 92
E ight R eals
PR No.
5 412
Type of Y riarte
4 94
C irca 1 610 Assayer F Wt.
2 6.37 g m .
PR No.
3 490
Type of Y riarte
5 04
1 620 A ssayer D Wt.
2 2.00 g m .
PR No.
2 763
Type of Yriarte
5 04/5
1 62(?) A ssayer D Wt.
2 5.75 g m ,
PR No.
3 991
Type of Y riarte
A
5 13-4-5
1 629-1632 A ssayer D Wt.
2 6.33 g m .
PR No.
3 301
Type of Yriarte C irca
1 619-1521
A ssayer D Wt.
3 18
2 6.88
g m .
5 03
E ight R eals
PR No.
5 019
Type of Yriarte
5 19
( 16)41 A ssayer P Wt.
2 6.38 gm .
PR No.
1 810
Type of Yriarte
5 20
1 642 A ssayer P Wt.
2 5.98 gm .
PR N o.
3 993
T ype o f Yriarte 5 22 1 646 A ssayer P Wt.
2 6.88 gm .
WAN No.
6 424
Type of Yriarte 1 647 A ssayer P Wt.
3 19
2 5.60 gm .
5 23
Eight
R eals
WAM No.
2 541
Type of Yriarte
5 24
1 648 Assayer P Wt.
2 6.06
PR No.
gm .
3 994
Type of Yriarte
5 25
1 649 Assayer P Wt.
2 6.86 gm .
WAM No.
7
Type of Yriarte
5 26
( 16)50 Assayer P Wt.
2 5.90
WAM No.
gm .
2 545
Type of Yriarte
5 27
1 651 Assayer P Wt.
2 5.15 gm .
WAM No.
6
Type of Yriarte 1 652 Assayer P Wt.
3 20
2 5.04 gm .
5 28
E ight R eals
, . .
WAM No.
6 426
Type of Yriarte
5 29
etJ 't
— fg4 r -z4e • 4 0 1. . . . . . 4.
e e m . ' ,7
A ssayer P
,
WAM No.
6 425
Type of Yriarte . • •
• •
,
•
. 1 J , . , . 0 0 , ,•' 0 4 0. 0 1 df 7• 94 , • A t i • •• . '
1
•
1 654 Assayer P Wt.
2 4.69
WAM No.
gm .
2 596
o f Yriarte
,
,
5 30
5 30
1 654 ,
X —4" ,
4
4
Assayer P Wt.
2 2.44 gm .
PR No. , .
,
1 3
Type of Yriarte C irca
5 28
1 652
Assayer P ?
Wt. . -
C ounter s truck with ,
3 21
2 6.28 gm .
Jewel o f t he
G olden Fleece
PR No.
5 348
( 1)652 Value Wt.
2
6 .48 gm .
F our R eals PR No.
2 923
T ype of Yriarte 942 C irca 1 640 Cross Wt.
& S hield
1 2.54 gm .
PR No.
1
Type of Yriarte
9 67
1 652 A ssayer E Wt.
1 1.77 gm .
PR N o.
2 018
Type of Yriarte 9 70 1 652
( 3 dates)
A ssayer E Wt.
1 3.71 gm .
PR No.
3 020
1 652 Value r eversed between p illars wt.
3 23
1 2.75 gm .
Four
Real. ..� PR No .. 5349
Type of Yriart.e 971 1653 (3 dates) Assayer E
Wt. 13.88 gm.
R. Re . No. 5347
Type of Yria te 972 Assay ....�
E
T� '."1€: , f :riarte 9 8
155'5·· 159 or B WL
PP. Tt_fp
Ci
24.
!
2 gm.
o� 2aa of Yriarte 942
a 16 0
. -�- -� ! i
I
I
I I
. - ·- . -�� . .-•··•·•-- j
Eight R eeds
WAM No.
6 354
Yriarte
9 66
1 652 Assayer E Wt.
2 5.92
PR No.
gm .
2
Yriarte
9 67
1 652 Assayer E Wt.
2 6.39
PR No.
gm .
2 702
Yriarte
9 68 t ype
1 652 Assayer E Wt.
2 4.95
PR No. Yriarte 1 652
gm .
2 752 9 69
( Two dates)
Assayer E Wt.
3 25
2 6.68 gm .
X I
E ight R eals
PR No.
2 700
Yriarte 9 70 1 652 wt.
( 3 d ates) 2 6.25 g m .
PR No.
1 533
Yriarte 9 71 1 653 wt.
PR No.
( 3
d ates)
2 5.00 g m .
3 305
T ype of Yriarte C irca Wt.
9 65
1 652
2 6.15 gm .
Counter s tamped with C rown.
3 26
SANTA F E M INT Mint M arks
( Nuevo R eino)
R 9 R
Philip I II ordered t he e stablishment of a mint at Santa F e
i n t he
Vice-royalty of t he new k ingdom of G ranada
G ranada)
and i t c ame
( Nuevo R eino d e
into production a bout 1 622 under P hilip IV.
A s
t his
mint was e stablished c lose t o an area of gold mines most of i ts coinage was gold a nd the r are s ilver pieces of e ight were struck from t he s ilver o btained a s an impurity i n t he r efining of gold.
Two R eals
PR No.
1 201
Type of Yriarte
1 193
Not r ecorded i n L orente C irca
1 623
Mint Mark N over R Wt.
6 .59
PR No.
gm .
4 057
Lorente
1 037
? 1653 A ssayer P Mint M ark NR Wt.
6 .37 gm .
Four Reals PR No.
4 972
1 645 M int Mark NR Value Wt.
3 27
I III
1 1.17 gm .
Four Reals
PR No.
5 330
1 65(?) Mint Mark N P Assayer P P Wt.
1 2.92
PR No.
g m .
4 055
Yriarte
1 198
1 651 Wt.
1 3.12 g m .
PR No.
5 323
? 1652 Mint Mark NR Assayer PR Wt.
1 3.27 g m .
PR No.
4 056
Type of Yriarte
1 198
1 653 Assayer PM Value Wt.
I III
1 2.81 gm .
PR No. Type
4 051
of Yriarte
Circa
1 625
Mint Mark N o ver Assayer
R
Castles
& L ions
Wt. 3 28
1 195
2 5.34 gm .
R
reversed
E ight R eals PR No. Yriartc
4 053 1 198
1 651 A ssayer PRM Value VIII Wt.
; 7.29
PR N o.
gm .
3 286
Type of Yriarte
1 198
1 652 A ssayer PRM Wt.
2 5.65
gm .
SEGOVIA M INT Mint M ark a n Aquaduct All t he c oinage
s truck a t t he O ld Mint was of t he COB t ype
f rom C harles
I to P hilip IV.
New R oyal Mint struck r ound machine made Philip V .
in
1 585 Philip I I
c oins
f rom P hilip I I
t o
imported machinery a nd s killed workers
from G ermany to s trike t he r ound pieces
f or which t his m int i s
s o
well known and which
s o r esemble t he contemporary c oinage of t he
German s tates.
c oining machines
T he
c onsisted of a pair o f c ylin-
drical r ollers
D ne with a s eries of obverse d ies
r everse d ies.
A previously rolled s trip of s ilver plate was passed
between the rollers impressed.
a nd t he other with
a nd c ame out with t he d esign of t he d ies d eeply
These round p lanchets were t hen punched out of t he plate.
Some v ariation i n t hickness was produced by t his process a nd s ome3 29
R eals
Two
PR No.
2 795
Lorente
3 85
1 652 j
0
, , • „ .
. . I , ?
,
X
Assayer B . B ernardo P edrera Value
. , ,
Wt.
I I
6 .60
PR No. - * . _
(
_
1 652 P edrera & Rafael
Wt.
'
6 .61 gm .
PR No. . , . 1
.
, '4
Value
e
, . 1 a r i
'
• •4
Z
4 533
Type of Yriarte
. . tj
-
1 3.77 gm .
PR No.
. v . ., .
I III
F leur -d e -l is
Wt.
.
3 74
C irca 1 597
3
• , . . .
5 327
Type of Lorente ,
. -L
,
1 344
•