The Later Stuarts 1660-1714

Citation preview

THE

LATER STUARTS

1660-1714 By

G. N. CLARK

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IV. CRISIS AND REACTION vThe Popish Plot, 1678 Trials and executions, 1678-81 Problems of the English succession Impeachment of Danby and dissolution of parliament, 1679 Constitutional scheme of I 679 Parliament of I679: Habeas Corpus Amendment Act Parliament of 1680 Monmouth Whigs and tories Oxford parliament of 1681 / Constitutional reaction, I681-5 The Rye House plot Forfeitures of charters of boroughs - Weaknesses of the position of Charles II Foreign affairs The navy The 'reunions' His death, I6 February 1685

V I. THE REVOLUTION SETTLEMENT AND THE FRENCH WAR

88 go 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

v The constitutional settlement

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J03 J04 105 J05 J06

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V. JAMES II

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v Auspicious beginning of James's reign Religious policy . Parliament of 1685 Monmouth's rebellion James's attempt at toleration for Roman catholics Unwillingness of parliament Dispensing power James's ministers Court of high commission The universities . Declaration oflndulgence, 4 April 1687 The seven bishops The succession problem Birth of the prince of Wales, 20June I688 Attitude of William of Orange Approach of a new continental war Growing isolation of James at home and abroad William's expedition to England The invitation Diplomatic and material preparations James's tardy concessions The naval expedition The march from Torbay James negotiates His unsuccessful flight He is allowed to withdraw to France

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113 11 5 11 6 117 II7 11 8 II9 Il 9 121 12I 121

I2I 122 124 126 127 128 130 131 I33 136 136 138

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Parliament defines its principles . William and Mary called to the throne Significance of the Revolution . . Effects of the French war on the constitution The Triennial Act, 1694 Parliament and the executive The 'federative' power The army Cabineni The ecclesiastical settlement Position of Roman catholics The nonconformists Toleration Act, 1689 . . Freedom of the press from licensing after 1695 The non-jurors . . . Higher clergy after the Revolution . Religious societies and humanitarian ideas The war and religious life The French war Diplomatic groupings Naval operations . Disappointments in the earlier years Battle of Beachy Head, 30June I690 . Battle of La Hogue (Barfleur), May 1692 Operations against commerce . . Military operations Campaign of 1690 Campaign of 1691 . . . Campaign of 1692: battle ofSteenkirk, 3 August Campaign of 1693: battle of Landen, 29 July . Campaign of 1694: British fleet in the Mediterranean Campaign of I695: recapture of Namur Campaign of I 696: defection of Savoy . Treaty of Ryswick and last operations, 1697 Financial and economic aspects of the war Taxation and debt . . Foundation of the Bank of England, 1694 Effects of the war on economic demand · On maritime trade vEnglish parties during the war Ministerial appointments . . English politicians and the exiled James II Jacobite plots, 1690-4 • The assassination plot of I696 • Ministerial reconstructions • • Parliamentary opposition to grants of land

139 139 I40 I4I I43 I44 I44 I45 146 I47 147 148 148 149 149 I50 I50 151 153 -. 154 154 157 158 159 160 160 161 162 163 163 164 165 166 166 167 168 168 170 172 172 173 174 176 176

177 179 I8o

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TABLE OF CONTENTS vDomestic and foreign politics, 1697-1702 Question of reducing the army Irish land grants The succession: death of the duke of Gloucester, 30 July 1700 The Act of Settlement The Partition Treaties, 1698-9 Death of Charles II of Spain, 1 November 1700 Parliament and the Partition Treaties The Kentish Petition . England and the continental crisis France and commerce with the Spanish empire Death ofJames II, 16 September 1701: Louis recognizes his son as successor Dissolution of parliament Death of William III, 19 March 1702

VII. MARLBOROUGH'S WAR Grouping of the powers Marlborough Character of the war Campaign of 1702: Cadiz and Vigo Bay . Campaign of 1703: alliance with Savoy and Portugal The Methuen Treaty, 27 December 1703 Campaign of 1704: Blenheim; Gibraltar . Campaign of 1705 Campaign of 1706: Ramillies; Turin; the Peninsula Campaign of 1707: Almanza; Minorca Campaign of 1708: Oudenarde . Peace negotiations Barrier Treaty, 29 October 1709 Campaign of 1709: Malplaquet • Campaign of 171 o \f'English parties during the war, 1702-10 Queen Anne Ministry and opposition Occasional conformity The whigs Dr. Sacheverell . Ministerial changes General election of 171 o .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

180 180 181 182 183 184 186 186 187 188 190 1go 1g1 191

192 . 193 194 195 196 198 199 202 204 206 207 208 210 210 211 212 212 213 214 215 216 217 218

VIII. THE TORY PEACE The last four years of Queen Anne eace negotiations, 1710-13 The preliminaries The war-party in England and abroad Counter-attack of the government

219 220 220 221 222

Negotiations at Utrecht Position of the Dutch The settlement . The Anglo-French commercial treaty Moderate and extreme tories The English parties and Jacobidsm, 1702-·14 V The pretender's expedition in I 708 • Attitude of the elector of Hanover Impossibility of a Stuart restoration The Hanover tories The ministry suspected of J acobitism, 1713- 14 Oxford and Bolingbroke . Oxford's dismissal Death of the queen, 12 August 1714

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223 224 226 227 228 229 231 231 232 233 . 234 235 237 238

IX. ECONOMIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER QUEEN ANNE Stability of the country Public finance Debt. The South Sea Company, 1711 Taxation. The Bank of England State of trade j Constitutional development The monarchy . . Executive and legislature: placemen Ministers and parliament Ashby v. White, 1702 Cabinet government . . • Absence of controversy on political theory • • . • Liberty Disorder Corruption Paradox of victory and efficiency Its constitutional basis I .irnits of our knowledge of the subject

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X. RELATIONS WITH SCOTLAND State of Scotland . Merc::m tilism Conditions favourable to union with England The Restoration Beginning of religious disturbances The Pentland rising, 1666 Lauderdale Murder of Archbishop Sharp Drumclog and Bothwell Brig Government of James, duke of York

TABLE OF CONTENTS James II Argyle's rebellion The attempt at toleration The Revolution Military events: Killiecrankie Ecclesiastical and constitutional settlement Need for union and obstacles to it Glencoe The Darien scheme Negotiations for union Terms of the union Estimate of its significance

XI. RELATIONS WITH IRELAND Impossibility of satisfactory relations The Restoration The land problem Agricultural progress Manufactures English restrictions on the cattle-trade Political events, 1678~5 . James II . The Revolution Military events: Londonderry The patriot parliament . Relief of Londonderry; Schomberg Battle of the Boyne, 12July 1690 Campaign of 1691 Treaty of Limerick, 13 October 1691 The penal laws William III and the Catholic powers Presbyterian discontent under Queen Anne Economic conditions after the Revolution Agrarian changes Manufactures The restraints on the wool manufacture / Constitutional problem Molyneux Absence of effective demand for union Social condition of Ireland under Queen Anne The Irish language XII. OVERSEAS POSSESSIONS The West Indies The buccaneers Relation of West Indian and European affairs The Dutch war, 1665--7 .

262 263 263 264 265 267 268 269 270 274 277

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282 282 283 286 287 288 286 290 291 292

293 294 295 296 297

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302 303 303 304 304 307 307 308 308 310

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Henry Morgan . The French wars Social conditi~n of the West Indian colonies The West Coast of Africa . Constitutional relations with the American colonies Strengthening of European control Legislatures and executives Charters and plans of regional union Development of the mainland colonies Territorial expansion: Carolina . New York and New Jersey Hudson's Bay The Treaty of Utrecht Growth and character of population The natives Colonial influences in British life . The East India Company Bombay Rivalry with the Dutch Decline of the Moguls The New East India Company

315 317

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323 234 325 326 327 329

330 332 334 335 335 336 336

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XIII. LITERATURE AND THOUGHT Social conditions of authorship Journalism Coffee-houses Critical tendencies and foreign influences Change in prose style Similar changes in poetry Milton . Dryden . The Restoration drama Pope English influences abroad The scientific movement Newton and the mathematicians Boyle and chemistry Other branches of science Political thought Historians . Northern philology Oriental studies Classical studies Bentley Philosophy: Locke .

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342 344 345 345

349 349 35 1 353 356 358 359

359 360 360 362

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TA.F-LE OF CONTENTS

XIV. THE ARTS AND SOCIAL LIFE Architecture I ts political significance • Status of the architect . Decline of Gothic and victory of Palladian style Foreign influences Native characteristics Effacement of local differences Wren Minor decorative arts Chinese influence Furniture Painting Absence of a native school Foreign portrait and 'history' painters Social relations of painters Music The national tradition The musical public after the Restoration Change in musical style . Purcell . Continental influence: Handel Social Life Sport and pastimes: the turf Watering-places . Languages: the Celtic languages . Dialects The court Education. The universities Schools . The education of girls Humanitarian tendencies Witc