The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe 9780904531855, 9781407346014

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF RESEARCH
CHAPTER 2: AREA OF DIFFUSION
CHAPTER 3: CHRONOLOGY
CHAPTER 4: RELATION OF THE COTOFENI CULTURE TO OTHER CONTEMPORARY CULTURES
CHAPTER 5: RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY
CHAPTER 6: ORIGIN OF THE COTOFENI CULTURE
CHAPTER 7: THE END OF THE COTOFENI CULTURE
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION
NOTES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF PLACES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT WITH FINDS OF COTOFENI, BADEN, KOSTOLAC AND VEJCEDOL
LIST OF THE PLACES MENTIONED ON THE MAPS
CORRIGENDA

Citation preview

The Late Copper Age Cotofeni Culture of South-East Europe

Petre Roman translated from the Romanian byNubar Hampartumian Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banhury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England

GE:i'\ERAL EDITORS

A. C. C. Brodribb, l\I. A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. Supplementary Series, 32, 1977: "The Late Copper Age Cotofeni Culture of South-East Europe." © Petre Roman and Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucure13ti. Previously published as "Cultura C oj:ofeni," Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romftnia, Bucure�ti 1976. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531855 paperback ISBN 9781407346014 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

CONTENTS Page PREFACE by V. Milojcié

1

INTRODUCTION

3

CHAPTER 1

History of Research

7

CHAPTER 2

A rea of Diffusion Settlements Dwellings Metallurgical Activity Stone Industry Bone and Antler Industry Pottery Decoration Other Clay Objects. Graves

11 12 14 15 17 18 18 27 34 35

CHAPTER 3

Chronology

39

CHAPTER 4

Relations with Other Cultures

60

CHAPTER 5

Relative and Absolute Chronology

68

CHAPTER 6

Origin of the Cotofeni Culture

80

CHAPTER 7

The End of the Cotofeni Culture

88

CHAPTER 8

Conclusion

90

Notes

92

Abbreviations

95

Bibliography

96

List of Places mentioned in the text

102

Plates and Map

121

CORRIGENDA

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

PREFACE

T he p resen t E ng l ish t rans la t ion o f P . Roman 's b ook Cu l tura C o to fen i ( Buchares t 1 976 ) w i l l make t h is w ork o f Roman ian s cho larsh ip f ar more a cc ess ib le t o a rchaeo log is ts o u ts ide h is own c oun try . As e v idenced b y t he w ork o f A . O dobesco , V . P arvan ; J . N es tor , V . D um i trescu , a nd o thers , t he s tudy o f p reh istor ic a rchaeo logy i n Roman ia h as l ong b een c harac ter ized b y a n e x treme ly h igh s tandard o f s cho larsh ip . S ys tema t ic e xcava t ion a nd t he e xe mp lary p ub l ica t ion o f t he r esu l ts b ased o n s tra t igraph ic p r inc ip les , e spec ia l ly i n t he i nva luab le j ourna l D ac ia , h ave r esu l ted i n ac lose n e twork o f f ind s pots a nd a w ea l th o f ma ter ia l f rom p rac t ica l ly e very e poch a nd c iv i l iza t ion i n Roman ia 's h is tory . The f i rs t v o lu me o fI s tor ia Rom in ie i ( Buchares t 1 960 ) b y C . D a icov ic iu , E . Condurac i , J . N es tor , G h . S tephan a nd M. Ma te i , p ub l ished b y t he Academ ia R epub l ic i i P opu lare Romane , w i th i t s c onc ise a rt i c les c over ing a w ide r ange o f a spec ts o f Ro man ian a rchaeo logy a nd s upp lemen ted b y maps o f f i nd s po ts a nd a n e x tens ive b ib l iography , a lready g ave c lear e v idence o f t he r ich r esources a t o ur d isposa l i n t erms o f f i nd s po ts , a r tefac ts a nd d a ta . I tw as t here fore a l l t he more r egre tab le t ha t s ome o f t h is f unda men ta l ma ter ia l w as w ide ly s ca t tered t hroughou t l oca l p ub l ica t ions , j ourna ls , a nd museums , v ir tua l ly i naccess ib le t o t he f ore ign s cho lar . I n v iew o f t h is s i tua t ion t he I ns t itu te o f Archaeo logy o f t he Academy o f S oc ia l a nd P o l it ica l S c ience o f t he S oc ia l is t R epub l ic o f Roman ia h as f or s o me y ears n ow b een e ncourag ing t he p repara t ion o f e x haus t ive s tud ies o f t he v ar ious c iv i l iza t ions a nd h as a ssumed t he r espons ib i l ity f or t he ir p ub l ica t ion . We o n ly n eed t o men t ion i n t h is c on tex t t he e xce l len t monographs C u l tura P recucu ten i ( Buchares t 1 974 ) b y S . Mar inescu-B i lcu a nd I s tor ia c omun ita t i lor c u l tur i B o ian ( Buchares t 1 974 ) b y E . C omsa , b o th o f wh ich p rov ide d e ta iled d escr ip t ions a nd a na lyses o f t he c iv i l iza t ions i n q ues t ion . S im i lar ly t he p resen t w ork b y P . Ro man r epresen ts t he f i rs t c o mprehens ive s tudy o f t he Eneo l i th ic C o ofen i c u lture , wh ich w as c en tered i n Wes tern Roman ia a nd w as o f c ons ide rab le i mpor tance. P . R oman 's s tudy o f t h is n o tewor thy c iv i l iza t ion b r ings t oge ther a l l e x is ti ng d a ta , i nc lud ing r e la ted f i nds i n Y ugos lav ia a nd B u lgar ia . H e a lso d ea ls w ith t hose c u ltura l g roups i n T ransy lvan ia t ha t w ere f irs t i den t if ied a nd d isc ussed many y ears a go b y H . S chro l ler i n a n a r t ic le s t i l l w e ll w or th r ead ing , a s t he c u l tures o f F urchens t ich a nd L insenkeram ik . T hus t he p resen t w ork c overs n o t o n ly t he f i nds f rom t he C oo fen i c iv i l iza t ion o f O l ten ia , b u t a lso t he e n t ire b ody o f r e la ted ma ter ia l a nd f or t he f i rs t t ime p rov ides t he b as is f or d irec t c o mpar ison b etween t he B aden-Pece ler g roups o f C en tra l Europe o n t he o ne h and , a nd o n t he o ther h and t ha t h e terogeneous a nd amb iguous ma ter ia l f ro m S ou theas tern Europe v ar ious ly r eferred t o a s H isar , K aranovo V I I , Ezero , S i tagro i Ve tc., w h ich h as s o f ar b een o n ly i nadequa te ly p ub l ished . I t wou ld c er ta in ly b e d es irab le i ft h is ma ter ia l t oo c ou ld b e a ssemb led a nd p ub l ished i n aw ork s im i lar t o t he p resen t o ne. Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1

T he n umerous d raw ings , t ab les , maps , a nd p la tes i n P . Ro man 's work a l low u s t o d is t ingu ish c lear ly b e tween t he v ar ious r eg iona l g roups , wh ich a re n onethe less a l l c lose ly r e la ted .

T he q ues t ion o f s tra t if ica t ion w i l l n eed

t o b e c orrobora ted b y f ur ther e v idence s ince t he n u mber o f c r iter ia h as s o f ar b een t oo sma l l a nd s ome r eg iona l v ar ia t ions may s t i l l r e ma in t o b e r ecogn ized . I n v iew o f t he u nden iab le h o mogene i ty o f t he o vera l l c u l tura l p ic ture i ti s d if icu l t t o b e l ieve i n t he l ong d ura t ion o f t he C oo fen i c iv i l izat ion , e spec ia l ly s ince t he a rchaeo log ica l d epos its o f t h is c iv i l iza t ion h ave s o f ar n o tb een p art i cu lar ly p len t i fu l. T he c arbon 1 4 d a tes h ave n ow l os t t he ir v a l id i ty , a s t he mos t r ecen t r esearch f i nd ings h ave r evea led t he d oub t fu l b as is o f t h is method a nd t he amb igu ity o f i t s r esu l ts , a s d iscussed i nR . D . L ong 's a r t ic le i n t he Z e itschr if t f Ur Agyp t ische S prache u nd A l ter tumskunde , v o l . 1 03 ( 1 976 ), p p . 3 0-48 , a nd A . M. S nodgrass a nd H . McKarre l l i n Rad iocarbon . C a l ibra t ion a nd P reh is tory , e d ited b y T . Wa tk ins ( 1975 ) , pp. 4 9-100. W ith i t s c onc ise s ty le a nd l uc id p resen ta t ion o f t he ma ter ia l , P . Ro man 's w ork w i l l c er ta in ly f or many y ears t o c ome r e ma in a n i mpor tan t b as is f or a ny f ur ther r esearch o n t he Eneo l ith ic c u l tures o f S outheas tern Europe. O ur t hanks a re t here fore d ue t o t he p ub l ishers o f t h is Eng l ish e d i t ion f or mak ing t he w ork a va i lab le t o s cho lars t he w or ld o ver .

He ide lberg , F ebruary 1 977

V . M i lo ji ( t rans la ted f rom t he G erman b y Mar ia C lay )

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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INTRODUCTION The idea of writing a monograph devoted to the Coj;ofeni culture emerged gradually and not without hesitation. The desire to understand what happened to the Western half of Romania while profound ethnic-cultural changes �aused by the penetration of the North-Pontic peoples took place in the eastern regions has coincided with my participation in "The Archaeological Unit of the Iron Gate". After I carried out, as a member of this body, extensive rescue digs at Ostrovu Banului, the late C. S. Nicolaescu-Plop�or assigned to me the micro-stratigraphy of the post-paleolithic remains in Pe�tera Hotilor at Baile Herculane. The post-paleolithic deposits at Herculane had to become a re. lative chronological scale for comparing and verifying the finds in the Danube defile and at the same time the hope was expressed that they would also reflect the influences exerted by the Transylvanian cultures. The results of the researches carried out at Pe�tera Hotilor exceeded all expectations; they brought to light archaeological remains in a splendid stra­ tigraphical succession whose analogies and correlation added to the discussion the cultural evolution of a vast geographical area. I carried out, also as a member of the Archaeological Unit of the Iron Gate, excavations at Moldova Veche and I brought to light new evidence concerning the culture of Western Romania at the end of the period of transition to the Bronze Age. Excavations in the Banat, in addition to those carried out in Oltenia (Basarabi, Castrele Traiane and Ostrovu Corbului) were intended to be pre­ sented in a dissertation at the University of Jassy, but Professor I. Nestor assigned to me a more complex task later, namely the production of a mono­ graph devoted to the whole Co¥>feni culture. To a great extent the present work is due to the perseverance of our late professor in supporting and im­ posing his point of view. There are no detailed studies dealing with the finds of this culture and for this reason I had to write this monograph on the basis of the archaeological material which belongs mainly to museum collections. But the greater part of this material comes from the older excavations and is unpublished and we lmow very little about their stratigraphical context. As regards Transylvania, I confined myself to what already existed and to the goodwill of my colleagues in giving me generous support. I express my gratitude to: Al. Aldea, D. Berciu, N. Chidio�an, Sever Dumitra�cu, Egon Dtlrner, K. Horedt, Ianos Pal, v. Lazar, G. Lazarovici, c. Mateescu, M. Moga, z. Nanasi, I. Nestor, M. Nica, I. Ordentlich, Al. Paunescu, I. Paul, C. S. Nicolaescu-Plop§or, M. Rusu, I. Stratan, z. Szekely, N. Vlassa, and E. Zaharia. Until 1971 I concentrated my attention on the study of events in the diffusion­ area of the Coj;ofeni culture which took place before the culture appeared. Only in this way could I understand the process of the genesis of the Co¥>feni culture. Following on from this I defined a new final eneolithic complex, Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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namely Herculane-Cheile Turzii; elements filtered through this complex into the Cojofeni culture from the period of transition.

As regards the Cojofeni culture proper, being aware of the gaps in the evidence, I was compelled to leave them for future research, concentrating my efforts on the discovery of more stable criteria, which can allow us in future to investigate the culture with more certainty. I paid especial atten­ tion to the most significant elements carrying the greatest weight, retaining only the criteria which cannot be replaced without a very pressing reason. For this reason some chapters seem to be less detailed than others. I did nqt intend to look for effect and fill the gaps with data which was not sufficiently verified. I present here only a· stage in knowledge and documentation. I attempted to present as far as was possible a concise text by abstracting the description of the evidence. I avoided useless details and secondary explanation and I deal as far as possible with a general account of the culture. I beg the reader to remember that this work is based on my own studies, unpublished archaeological reports and observations and on the archaeological material. The annexes include a list of the more important find spots of the CoJofeni­ culture registered in alphabetical order. The following details are given: the commune, the district, summary bibliography, the museum where stored and the figure number, if the object is illustrated. The illustration is selective and it has been so arranged that the reader can look at the different aspects of the culture divided into parts: profile, decorative technique, decorative patterns etc. I myself made the illustrations in the form of sketches. Of course, this method has some drawbacks; in the first place, only the profile appears without the rich decoration which is often encountered on the form. Although we are aware of this deficiency, we have adopted this method since it has advantages which cannot be neglected in this special case. It was necessary to classify chronologically a large quantity of material without stratigraphical evidence, on the basis of the typological criteria alone. I attempted in this way to point out all the elements of significance, avoiding blurring of the contour by the rich decoration and vice versa. To illustrate the chronological phases I have used evidence from many different sites and complexes taken together. For the selection of the illus­ trations, I have taken into account the character of the items. The possibility of examining the evidence in West Germany, Austria, Greece, Yugoslavia and Hungary, thanks to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation,has enabled me to integrate the Cotofeni culture into the cultural evolution of South-Eastern and central Europe. The contacts made with Prof. VI. Milojcic and his collaborators, especially Dr. Eva Hanschmann, Dr. K. Kilian, and Dr. Ch. Podzuweit, during my sojourn at the Institut fllr FrUges­ chichte of Heidelberg University as a scholar of the Foundation Alexander von Humboldt and my participation in the researches carried out by him in Thessaly are reflected in the internal structure and the illustration of this work. Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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The f act t hat t he p resen t work p o in ts o ut t he r ec iproca l r e lat ions b etween t he Co ofen i c u lture a nd i t s western n e ighbours much more c lear ly e ven t han t hose w ith t he c u ltures i ns ide t he t err itory o f Ro man ia i s d ue a lso t o t he p ermanent e xchange o f i deas w ith S lovak c o l leagues a nd e spec ia lly w ith Dr. V . Pavc ikova. Ie xpress my t hanks e qua l ly t o Czech , Hungar ian , Yugos lav a nd Bu lgar ian c o l leagues.

Bucharest , October 1 974-August 1 975

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

CHAPTER 1 H ISTORY OF RESEARCH

T he f i rs t men t ion o f f i nds a t Boc a-Co l an i s ee m t o b e i n AE, 1 886 , 1 887 a nd 1 891 ( Franz 1 926 ,92 ). S chm id t ( 1903 ,441 a nd S chro l ler 1 933 ,30 , n .1 ) p o in t o u t t he c harac ter is t ics o f t he p o t tery d ecora ted w ith r epea ted s tabbed d o ts f ound i n Transy lvan ia . Wos insky ( 1904 , 2 5-33 , p 1 . I -V ) i n troduces t he C o jo fen i f i nds i n to h is w ork d evo ted t o t he e ncrus ted p o t tery f rom Hungary . T he e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t b y C . S chuchhard t a t C oo fen i " Bo tu l m ic" i n 1 917 ( Nes tor 1 933 , 6 1 ) a re u npub l ished . F ranz ( 1926 , 9 1-95 ) p ub l ished t he n ew f i nds o f Co l jan i a nd e xp la ined t he p resence o f s o me e lemen ts a s " Nor thern" i n f luences. -

R e iner th ( 1929 , 1 89-199 ) a ss igned t he ma ter ia ls o f T ransy lvan ia t o t he " Nor thern" c u l tura l c irc le ; t hey a t tes t t he d i f fus ion o f t he A ichb t th l c u lture i n to R o man ia . Accord ing t o R e iner th , t he N or thern p opu la t ion , f o l low ing t he r ou te Morav ia-Po land-Nor thern Hungary , o ccup ied t he t err i tor ies o f t he p opu la t ion w i th p a in ted p o t tery i n T ransy lvan ia a nd b egan t he e xp lo ita t ion o f t he s a l t m ines a nd me ta l l iferous d epos its. A ccord ing t o t he t ypo logy , h e d ist i ngu ished t wo k inds o f p o t tery : " f i l tere Ar t" ( Furchens t ichkeram ik ) a nd " j t lngere Ar t" ( i nc ised p o t tery ). A ccord ing t o t he s ame a u thor , t he N or thern p opu la t ion s hou ld h ave o ccup ied t he t err itory o f t he m idd le Mure§ a nd i t s ma in t r ibu tar ies i n t he e ar ly p er iod ( " a l tere Ar t" c orrespond ing t o o ld A ichbUh l ) a nd p enetra ted t he O l t v a l ley i n t he p er iod o f " j t lngere Ar t" ( =more r ecen t A ichbUh l ) . S chr t i l ler ( 1933 , 3 0-38, 7 1, 7 2 , 7 4-78 , p 1 . 2 5/2 ; 2 6-32 ) d is t ingu ished t wo g roups w h ich c o inc ide w ith t he t wo e stab l ished b y Re iner th : F urchens t ichk eram ik a nd L insenkeram ik . B o th a re b r ief ly p resen ted i n h is monograph . As r egards t he o r ig ins , h e f o l lowed t he l i ne o fR e iner th " conso l ida t ing" t he l inks w i th t he " Nor thern" g roups o f c en tra l E urope. T he S outhern , T hessa lo n ian o r Tro jan o r ig in o f s ome ma ter ia ls a lso s eemed t o S chrö l ler a s b e ing e v iden t ( i b id ., 3 2 ). F or S chrö l ler , b o th g roups ( Furchens t ich- a nd L insenk eram ik ) a re o f t he s ame e ar ly p er iod , a nd t hey r epresen t as udden i nvas ion o f t he c en tre o f T ransy lvan ia , i nc lud ing t he moun ta ins r ich i n me ta ls i n t he Wes t a nd h av ing b efore t hem t he s a l t m ines ;

t he g roup o f L insenkeram ik

o ccurs i ndependen t ly i n t he a reas w h ich f o l low t he T hrda whence i ta dop ted t he d ecora t ion w ith l en t ils

-

c u l ture

-

f rom

wh i le t he u nama lgama ted p ar t

o f t he C en tra l European e lemen ts c on t inued t o d eve lop i n to t he f orm o f Furchens t ichkeram ik . O nt he b as is o f t he ma ter ia ls s tored i n t he S taa t . Museum f Ur V or- u nd Fr t lgesch ich te o f Ber l in , c om ing f ro m t he e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t a t Coo fen i b y S chuchhard t , N es tor ( 1933 , 6 1-67 ) i n troduced t he n ame o f t he Co jo fen i c u lture i n to t he l i tera ture.

A t t ha t t ime , t he a rea o f t h is c u lture c ompr ised

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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O lten ia a nd Transy lvan ia.

The s a me a u thor c r it ic ized v io lent ly Reiner th 's

t heor ies o f a n A ichb t lh l migra t ion i n to Transy lvan ia.

Re iner th , Nestor s a id ,

d iv ided t he ma ter ia ls i n to t wo g roups b u t n ot o n t he b as is o f s trat igraph ica l o bservat ion ;

many e le men ts o f t he Co ofen i c u lture ( the c up w ith o b l ique

mouth , t he h and les f ra med w ith c rude r ed p a int , t he a pp l icat ion o f " len t i ls" ,) a re o f a nother o r ig in a nd t hey h ave n oth ing i n c o m mon w ith A ichb t lh l , wh ich i s i tself a b izarre c reat ion ;

t he Furchenst ich t echn ique was a lso u sed o n t he

Midd le Danube a t a n e ar l ier p er iod.

Nestor was a lso i ncl ined t o i nver t t he

c hrono logy , c ons ider ing t hat " the e ar l ier p hase" o f Re iner th was l ater t han t he " j t fngere Ar t" o f t he s a me a u thor.

Nestor c a l led a t tent ion t o s evera l

b ur ia l s tages e x ist ing i n t he b arrows o f Transy lvan ia a nd a ttr ibutes t he g rave a t P lop or t o t he Co ofen i c u lture ( i b id., 6 7, w ith r eference t o P lopsor 1 932 ). Berc iu ( 1939 , 7 2-83 ) p resen ted t he f irst monograph ic s tudy o f t he Co ofen i c u lture i n O lten ia ;

h e p ub l ished t he map o f f inds , t he c on ten ts o f t he c u l ture

a nd e stabl ished i t s r elat ive c hrono logy o n t he b as is o f s trat igraphy.

H e c on-

s iders t hat t h is c u lture i s o f " Nor thern" c en tra l-European o r ig in w ith s o me s urv iv ing Bandkera m ik . Roska ( 1941, 4 4-49 ) p ub l ished t he f irst e xhaust ive c a talogue o f t he f inds i n Transy lvan ia u nder t he n a me o f Corpadea I .

The c ata logue c on ta ins maps

( F ig . 3 4-36 ) a nd r e lat ive ly r ich i l lustra t ion ( wh ich i s n o t a lways e xact : f ig . 3 9, 4 0 , 4 3 Roska 1 941 w ith o ur p lates 2 3/2=89/2 ; 1 9/18 ).

2 2/2=88/2;

c o mpare

3 4/2=88/5 ;

On t he b as is o f t he p ottery w ith r epea ted s tabbed d ots a s ac r i terion

o f j udge men t , Roska p resu mes t ha t t hree s uccess ive waves o f p opu lat ion p enet rated a t s hor t i n terva ls :

t he f irst wave Nor thern w ith Furchenst ichkera m ik ;

t he s econd , w ith r ich mater ia l , s t il l u s ing Furchenst ichkera m ik ;

t he l ast ,

w ithout Furchenst ichkera m ik . Prox ( 1941, 8 0-81) i s i ncl ined , l ike Nestor ( .c it., l oc.c it.), t o t he s ucc ess ion L insenkera m ik-Furchenst ichkera m ik . On t he b as is o f t he r esearches c arr ied o ut i n t he d istr icts o f Turda a nd A lba , D . Berc iu a nd I . Berc iu ( 1943/1945 , 6 3, 6 4 ) c onc luded t hat Furchenst icha nd L insenkera m ik o ccur t ogether a nd i n c onsequence t hey c an b e t rea ted a s t wo d ist inct c u ltura l g roups d if fer ing i n c hrono logy ;

t he n a me o f Co jofen i

s hou ld b e e x tended "w ithout r eservat ions" i n Transy lvan ia a nd Banat ; b erg h as many h er itages f ro m Co ofen i;

Wieten-

t he e ncrusted d ecora t ion i s e ncoun tered

o n t he Co jofen i p ot tery a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he Co ofen i c ulture l asted i nto t he b eg inn ing o f t he Bronze Age. Accord ing t o S eewa ld ( 1940, 1 4 ), t here was a l ink b etween t he Retz g roup o f Austr ia a nd t he Furchenst ichkera m ik o f Transy lvan ia. Roth ( 1942, 1 99-214 ) d ug e xhaust ively a nd method ica l ly a Furchens t ichk era m ik s ite a t C iln ic " streng then ing t he e v idence" f or a "Nor thern" m igrat ion. I n c onsequence o f t he e xcavat ions c arr ied o ut a t Boar ta , Hored t ( 1947/ 1 949 , 5 7-66 ) c ons iders t hat t he n a me o f L insenkera m ik u sed b y S chro l ler a nd t he e x tend ing o f t he n a me o f Co ofen i c u lture t o t he Transy lvan ian Furchenst ich p ot tery a re improper u sages.

On t he b as is o f af rag ment o f d ish t he a uthor

s ynchron izes c hrono log ica l ly B oa r ta , w ith F urchenst ichkera m ik , w ith S chneckenberg B , a nd a dm its a t t he s a me t ime t he r e lat ion w ith Baden. Hored t , Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

8

r eferr ing t o t he o p in ion o f S eewa ld ( .c it., l oc.c it.) a s r egards t he e le men ts o f Retz Fu r chenst ic hke r am ik f ro m Transy lvan ia , c ons iders t hat Fu r chenst ie hk era m ik i s a n i nvad ing e le men t ( i b id. 6 6 ). Berc iu t ook u p t he p rob le m a ga in ( 1960 , 7 9-82 ) a nd c haracter izes t he Co ofen i c u lture i n Ro man ia.

The a rea o f d if fus ion ( i b id., p 1. V II I) e x tended

b eyond t he Or ien ta l Carpath ians a nd was l im ited t o t he West b y Baden ; h e c ons iders t he s ites a t Boc a Mon tana a nd Re ita a s b e ing Baden.

He c ons iders

t hat t he c u lture i s l oca l i n o r ig in , w ith Slcu a a nd P etre t i b ackground a nd e astern He l lad ic , Baden a nd Vu edol a dd it ions. I n t he s a me v o lu me, Nestor wrote ( 1960 , 9 9-100 ) a bou t " the c u lture w i th p ot tery d ecorated w ith

r epea ted s tabbed d o ts"

al ater p hase o f t he Co Jofen i c u lture". n or thern O lten ia ;

wh ich " see ms t o r epresent

Th is " phase" p enetrated a lso i n to

a s r egards t he o r ig in , t he a uthor p resu mes a lso a c o mponent

f ro m S loven ia a nd S erb ia. Accord ing t o Berc iu ( 1961, 1 31-134 ) t he p rocess o f g enes is o f Co jo fen i i s c on te mporaneous w ith t ha t o f S â lc t4a I V ; " lent i ls" o ccurred l ater ;

h e c ons iders t hat t he d ecora t ion w ith

h e d ist ingu ishes t wo p hases :

t he f irst w ith p ot tery

d ecorated w ith i nc ised b ands a nd t he s econd w ith " len t ils";

i t s ee ms t hat a

t h ird p hase e x isted i n Banat a nd Transy lvan ia ( i n t he a reas where G l ina I IS chneckenberg a re miss ing ), a nd h e p resu mes a p ara l le l d eve lopmen t w ith CernavodA I a nd Fo lte t i I ;

h e d ist ingu ishes s evera l v ar ian ts :

i n O lten ia

a nd Bana t , c losely c onnected w ith Kosto lac , a nd i n Transy lvan ia , wh ich p ar t ic ipated i n t he g enes is o f S chneckenberg.

The Coj o fen i c u lture, wh ich

was c on te mporary f or s o me t ime w ith G l ina I I s hou ld h ave c on tr ibuted t o t he c rea t ion o f t he Verb icoara c u lture.

Accord ing t o D . Berc iu ( .c it ., 1 34 ),

h igh ly mob i le p astora l f arm ing p layed a p re-e m inen t p ar t i n t he e cono my o f t he Cojo fen i t r ibes. T o ik ( 1961, 3 21-344 ) d e monstrates t hat t he g roups Retz-Ga jary w ith Furchenst ich p ot tery were e ar l ier t han t he Co jofen i f inds f ro m Transy lvan ia. Pau l ( 1961, 1 12, 1 13, 1 17 , f ig. 7 ) p ub l ishes a n e ar ly Co jofen i c o mp lex f ound a t Ca?o l. B ich ir ( 1962, 1 06-109, 1 14 ) p resu mes t ha t a Co ofen i o ccupat ion o f s hor t d urat ion ex isted i n t he S outh-East o f Transy lvan ia , a nd t hat i tp enetra ted i n to t h is r eg ion f ro m t he z one o f S ib iu ( 107 ); t o t he S chneckenberg A ;

t here a re n o Co jofen i c on tr ibut ions

h e t a lks a bout " Ct ln ic c u lture" ( =Furchenst ich-

k eram ik ) wh ich i s c on te mporary w ith S chneckenberg A a nd t he b eg inn ing o f B . V lassa ( 1962, 2 5 ) c reates t he n o t ion o f ap hase " Petre t i-Co jofen i";

Petre

( 1967, 6 45-653 ) l inks s o me s i tes w ith Furchenst ich p ot tery f ound i n t he Nor thEast o f O lten ia. Horedt ( 1968, 1 06-108, 1 13-114 ) d iv ides t he p er iod o f t he Co ofen i c u lture i n Transy lvan ia i n to t hree p hases :

Co ofen i-Tàr tär ia wh ich i s c onte mporary

w ith Bodrogkeresztir , Decea Mure u lu i, t he h or izon o f t he f lat tened h and les ; t he p hase Cotofen i-Corpadea ( w ith Furchens t ichkera m ik a nd L insenkera m ik ) wh ich i s c on te mporary w ith S chneckenberg A , Baden , a nd Kosto lac ;

a nd t he

p hase Co jofen i-Cf ln ic , p ara l lel w ith S chneckenberg B , Ny irség a nd " str ichverz ier te Kera m ik".

As r egards t he o r ig in , Horedt a dm its t he p oss ib il ity o f

al ink w ith Rissen-Retz , wh ich d iv ides i n to Co ofen i-C ' iln ic a nd P ivn icaRoman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

9

Kosto lac.

S o me s p ira l-shaped mot ifs o n t he Co jofen i p ot tery i nd icate a

c on tact b etween t he Copper a nd Bronze Age ( i b id., 1 07, 1 08 ). A ldea ( 1968, 9 1-102 ) d ug i n as et t le men t a t S ebe , ( "Rtpa Ro ie" ) a nd d ist ingu ished s trat igraph ica l ly t he e x istence o f t wo l evels t here. The l ast g enera l v iew o f t he Co jofen i c u lture i s e xpressed b y Mor intz a nd Ro man ( 1969a , 2 76-285 ). The r esearch a nd o bservat ions made b y S . Du m itra cu a re p ar t icular ly u sefu l ( Du m itra cu , 1 967a , 7 3-78; 1 63 ;

i de m, 1 968, 2 57-264 ;

i de m 1 967b , 7 9-98;

i de m 1 969, 4 1-46;

Du m itra cu , T utu 1 968, 1 -4 ;

i de m , 1 967c , 1 57-

i de m 1 972 , 5 3-62 ;

Du m itra cu , T ogan 1 971, 4 23-437 ).

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 0

i de m

CHAPTER 2 AREA OF D IFFUS ION

T he max i mu m a rea e ncompassed Wa l lach ia , O lten ia , Banat , Transy lvan ia , Cr i ana , Mara mure , Nor th-Eastern S erb ia a nd Nor th- Western Bu lgar ia. Wa l lach ia i s s t il l u nder i nvest iga t ion. I t s ee ms t hat t he Co jofen i c u l ture was p resen t i n t he v a l ley o f t he O l t a s f ar a s t he r iver 's mouth. Th is i s a tt ested b y t he f inds made r ound S lat ina c u lture r ound Corab ia.

( P l.

1 ) a nd b y t he e v idence o f t he Co jofen i

There a re t o t he East t he f inds a t Retevo ie t i ( P l.

1 /6 8 )

a nd t hose made b y I . Nan ia i n t he v a l ley o f t he Mozacu lu i

4 3 ).

G eograph ica l ly , t hese a re s ituated o n t he h igh z one o f t he Arge

1 /13, 1 4 ,

( P l.

p lateau

a s f ar a s t he l im it b etween t he h igh p la in o f P ite t i a nd t he l o wer o ne o f Gávanu l Burdea.

The l ack o f e v idence a t Gävanu l Burdea a nd Burnas might b e

ar ea l a bsence a nd n ot o ne d ue t o l ack o f i nvest iga t ion.

The p oss ib il ity i s

n ot e xc luded t hat a d irect l ink e x isted b e tween t he Cotofen i t r ibes f ro m Wa llach ia a nd t hose f ro m Tara B irse i, t o t he Nor th-East o f Cur tea d e Arge 1 970 , 1 0 ).

( Co m a ,

I nfor mat ion g iven b y D . V . Roset t i a bou t Co ofen i f inds a t

Bucharest ( t he Mil itary Acade my ) a nd Va lea Cä lugãreascã c an o n ly b e d iscussed when t he mater ia l , a t p resen t l ost , i s r e-d iscovered.

They may e qua l ly we l l

h ave b een f rag men ts w i th " len t i ls" , a s f ro m Mlr logea ( p 1 . 1 /178 ) , c o m mon a lso t o o ther c u ltures , impor ts o r o n ly o ccas iona l s trays. O l ten ia b e longed e nt irely t o t he Cotofen i a rea.

We n ot ice t hat t he f inds

a re a bsen t o r l ess d ense i n t he S outh-Eastern c orner o f t he p rov ince a s wel l a s i n Burnas. The Co j ofen i t r ibes i nhab ited t he h il ly a nd mounta inous p ar t o f Eastern a nd S ou thern O lten ia , a nd t hey c reated a r eg iona l v ar ian t. Kosto lac a nd Vu edo l p ressure c aused t he d im inu t ion o f t he a rea.

The l owly ing , s o me-

t imes marshy p la in o f t he Bana t b e longed t o t he Baden a rea.

The Baden

f inds a t S tnn ico lau Mare

3 ,

( P l.

3 , 1 /311), S lnpetru G er man

D t irner 1 970, 4 55, f ig. 1 0/5 ) ; Bodrogu Nou

( P l.

Ner u

( P l.

3 ,

1/2 4 5 );

( P l.

1 /2 6 8,

Zádàren i ( p 1. 3 ,

1/2 6 0 ),

3 , 1 /198 ), a nd w e c an a dd t he f inds a t K ik inda a nd Vrgac

wh ich a re s uf f ic ient ly s ign if ican t t o b e c onclus ive.

The f ar thest western f ind-

s pots o f t he Co jo fen i c u lture c an b e l oca ted a t J adan i ( in for mat ion M. Moga , s tray mater ia l ) a nd Opa t ia ( p 1 . 3 , p la in o f t he V ingâ.

1 /24 9

i n for mat ion F l . Mede le j) i n t he h igher

I n Cr i ana , t he western l im it i s d eterm ined b y t he t opography . A l l f inds wh ich a re s ituated i n t he l ow marshy p la in o r i n t he z one o f t he s and d unes o f t he N iru b e long t o t he Baden c u lture.

We c ite , f or e xa mp le, P i colt

1/2 5 9 ),

Roska 1 928/32, 7 3-80 ), S à lacea ( P l.

Va lea l u i Miha i ( p 1. 3 ,

3 , 1 /181, Orden t l ich 1 973, 1 1);

1/2 8 9 ,

a nd G ir i

( P l.

3 , 1 /91;

( P l.

Du m itra cu 1 968 ).

The f inds s itua ted i n t he l ow p la in , i n t he im med ia te v ic in ity o f t he h il ls, Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 1

3 ,

c ou ld a lso b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he Baden c u lture , b ut t hey c on ta in a h igh p ercen ta ge i n Cojo fen i e le men ts. 1 969 );

We men t ion Un i mà t

3 , 1 /123;

( P l.

Du m itra cu

S tn tandre i ( P l. 3 , 1 /183, Du m itrascu , T au f t 1 968 ) a nd Cubu lcu t ( p l.

3 , 1 /216 ).

A l arge n u mber o f t hese s et t le men ts a re a t tr ibuted t o t he Co jofen i

c u lture ( Du m itrascu 1 968 ;

i de m 1 969;

Du m itra cu , Tàu tu 1 968 ).

The z one

o f h igher t erraces, i ntra- moun ta inous v a l leys , a nd t he c aves b elong t o t he Co ofen i c u lture.

We men t ion Oradea-Sa lca

Ga la mb 1 962, 1 59 ); 1 972 , n o. 1 9 ); ( P l.

1 /2 7 5 ;

C l it

u ncu ius ( P l.

1/2 7 8 );

( P l.

1 /211;

1 /9 2 ;

( P l.

G iur telec

Rusu , S po ial,

( P l.

1 /227 ;

Du m itra cu 1 972, 5 5, p 1. I X );

Du m itra cu 1 972, n ote 2 2 );

Moneasa

( P l.

1/9 0 ;

Du m itra cu i l ind ia

Roska 1 941,

TO,n o. 1 88, f ig. 2 2 ) e tc. There a re t he f o l low ing f inds i n Mara mure , wh ich i s s t il l imperfec t ly i nvest igated :

0ar ja , s ituated i n t he S outh o f t he p rov ince

Kacsó 1 973, 5 0-51, f ig. 2 -3 ). c onnected w ith Cojofen i 5 3-55 ).

( P l.

1 /171;

Co m9a ,

The f ar thes t N or thern f ind wh ich c ou ld b e

i s Med ie u Aunt

( P l.

1 /235 ;

Du m itra cu 1 972 ,

Transy lvan ia was f or a t ime i nhab ited i n i t s e nt irety b y t he Cotofen i t r ibes who l os t t he Eastern a nd S ou th-Eastern r eg ions l ater.

We h ave n o d ata

c oncern ing t he c u ltura l s che me o f t he Or ienta l Carpa th ians. Outs ide Ro man ia a re t o b e n oted t he Co jofen i o ccupa t ion i n Nor th-Eastern S erb ia

( P l.

1 /302-303, 3 13 ;

T as i6 1 967, 9 3 ;

i de m 1 971, 1 95-197 ;

T rbuchov i,

Vukov i 1 967, 1 06, p 1. I; I V/3; V-V u; l ovanov i6 1 974, 1 1-12, 2 1 ., f ig. 7 , p 1. V II ) a nd i n Nor th- Western Bu lgar ia , i n t he r eg ion o f V id in ( P l. 1 /3043 08; D ja mbazov , Kat in arov 1 961, f ig . 4 ; ( researches B . N iko lov ).

i de m 1 974 , 1 07-138 ) a nd Vraca

The d ens ity a nd t he d urat ion o f t he Co ofen i s et t le men ts o n t he s hore o f t he O lten ian Danube s how t hat t h is r iver was i ns ide t he Coj o fen i a rea f or most o f t he O lten ian s ector .

The f act t hat t he Co ofen i s et t le men ts w ere s i-

t ua ted i n al arger a rea , f ro m Western Bu lgar ia t o Eastern S erb ia a nd t hat t he ir r e lat ions were much more e x tended s ee ms t o b e i nd icated b y t he c u ltura l e le men ts wh ich a re c o m mon t o Macedon ia , Nor thern Greece, S outh-Ba lkan Bu lgar ia a nd t he Co jofen i c u lture.

I f we a dd t he f inds f ro m H issar , n ear t he

Yugos lav ian-Alban ian f ron t ier , ( 1bdorov i

1 963, 2 5-29 ), a t test ing a s im ilar

d eve lop men t t o t hat o f t he Co ofen i p heno menon , t hen we c an p resu me t he e x istence o f al arge S outh-Danub ian a rea i n wh ich t he " Co ofen i" e le men ts c an b e c ons idered a s b e ing n or ma l a ppearances. A t p resen t a n a t te mp t t o f or mu late c onc lus ions a s t o t he d ens ity o f s ett lemen t wou ld g ive r ise t o f a lse i deas s ince d if feren t r eg ions h ave b een u nequa lly i nvest igated ;

f ew o f t he s et t le men ts wh ich h ave a lready b een n oted c an b e

c lass if ied i n ac hrono log ical s che me.

Consequen t ly we c annot a t p resen t e s-

t abl ish t he d ens ity i n t he d iferen t p hases o f e vo lut ion ;

t h is p rob le m r e ma ins

t o b e s o lved i n t he f uture. S ETTLE MENTS We c an d ist ingu ish t he f o llow ing t ypes : c . o n h e igh ts a nd d .

a .

l ow l y ing ;

i n c aves o r n atura l s he lters.

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 2

b .

o n t erraces ;

a .

Th is k ind o f s et t le men t i s t yp ica l t o t he Danube 's i s lets a nd i s e n-

c oun tered o n s and-banks wh ich a re s a fe f ro m f lood ing. men ts , o f l arge s ize, d efended b y wa ter .

They a re o pen s ett le-

The s et t le men ts o n t he i s lets o f

s im ian , Corbu lu i ( p 1. 4 /1) a nd Mare a re t yp ica l.

The s et t le men ts s i tuated i n

t he n a tura l v a lu es o r o n t he f lat g round o f t he O lten ian p lateau c orrespond t o t h is t ype.

We men t ion t hose e nc losed b y d efens ive c ircu lar d itches a nd b anks

wh ich h ave b een d iscovered a t Castrele Tra iane b .

( P l.

4 /6 ) a nd P len i a.

The s et t le men ts o n t erraces a re c on t iguous t o t he c ourse o f t he Danube

a nd o f o ther r ivers.

The s lopes a re o f ten w ith t erraces ( Basarab i-Ca 1 .afat ).

There i s n o e v idence f or f or t if ica t ion . t wo p ara l lel r av ines

The p os it ion o f t he s et t le men ts b etween

4 /4 ) o r o n t he h ead lands o f t erraces c reated b y t he

( P l.

b ends o f t he r ivers i n t he l ow p la in ( Brane) c ou ld s uggest t he e x istence o f d efens ive s tructures.

These s et t le men ts a re a lso o f l arge s ize w ith t h ick

c u ltura l l ayers a ttest ing a n o ccupat ion o f l ong d urat ion . C .

The s ett le men ts o n t he h e ights c hosen f or t he ir a lt itude a nd s trateg ica l

p os it ion.

S o me ( f or i nstance t hose o f Co ofen i ) a re s ituated o n s tr ik ing p ro m-

o ntor ies o f h i l ls ;

o thers a re o n t he t ops o f h i l locks , a s i n Nor th-Eastern

O lten ia ( Petre 1 967, 6 45 , 6 52 ), Eastern Transy lvan ia ( Lel icen i , c en tre o f Transy lvan ia ( Boar ta ,

P l.

P l.

4 /3 ), t he

4 /2, Hored t 1 947/1949 , 5 7, 5 8, Du m itra cu

Togan 1 971, f ig. 1 ) Mágura C 5pudu lu i, ( Du m itra cu 1 967, 1 57 ), C tln ic ( Roth 1 942, 2 00 ), a nd S outhern Mara mure

( Co m a , Kacsó 1 973, f ig . 1 ).

S o me

s et t le ments h e ld a k ey p os it ion f or a ccess t o ac er ta in r eg ion ( f or i nstance, Bo i , oara i n Lov i tea ;

Ro man 1 968b , 8 ).

O ther s et t le ments a re s ituated i n

a reas w ith d if f icu lt a ccess ( Sebe -Rtpa Ro ie ,

P l.

4 /5 ;

A ldea 1 968, 9 1-92 )

o r i n mounta inous r eg ions ( Berc iu D ., Berc iu I ., 1 943-1945 , 2 2-25 ).

The

ma jor ity o f t he s ett le men ts o f t ype c a re d efended b y t he ir n atura l p os it ion. Those s i tuated o n t he p ro mon tor ies o f h ills c ou ld e as ily b e p rov ided w ith d ef ens ive s tructures ( f or e xa mp le Oar a ; d .

Co m a , Kac o 1 973, 4 8 ).

S et t le men ts i n c aves o r n atura l s he lters.

S o me were p lanned f or l ong

h ab ita t ion ( Pe tera Hoilor a t Bile Hercu lane, Cu ina Turcu lu i a t Dubova , Mãgura n ear V id in , Z lotska Pe na n ear Bor ).

Trans ien t o ccupat ion i s t o b e

n oted i n o thers o f t he m. The Co ofen i c u lture r evea ls a n impress ive n u mber o f f inds ; t he c onst ruct ion o f ac ata logue i s f ar f ro m b e ing c o mp lete. The l arge n u mber o f f inds h as b een i n terpreted a s a ttest ing t he g reat mob il ity o f t he Co jofen i t r ibes a nd i ti s t rue t ha t t here a re many f inds wh ich s uggest a s easona l h ab itat ion o f s hor t d ura t ion.

Bu t t here a re a lso n u merous s et t le ments e x tended o ver w ide

a reas , w ith r ich r e ma ins , t h ick c u ltura l l ayers a nd s o l id c ons truct ions , a tt est ing a n o ccupat ion o f l ong d urat ion.

I t i s p resu med t hat t he e x istence o f

s easona l o ccupat ion was d eter m ined b y e cono m ic n eeds w ith in a c haracter ist ic g eograph ica l a rea , wh ich were a d jacen t t o s ol id ly b u i lt p ermanen t v i l lages. The s a me i s t rue o f h ab itat ion i n c aves.

The o ccas iona l o ccupa t ion d oes n ot

r ef lec t a n u nstab le way o f l i fe , b ut f or tu itous s helters.

On t he o ther h and

t here i s p ermanen t h ab itat ion o f l ong d urat ion i n s o me c aves

( P l.

7 /1-2 )

d e monstra t ing a way o f l i fe c orrespond ing t o t he s urround ing e nv iron men t . But t h is d oes n ot i nd icate i nstab il ity , b u t r ather t he r everse.

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 3

DWELL INGS Ow ing t o t he a bsence o f e xcava t ion o f l arge a reas , t he d a ta a re o f ten f rag m en tary . T here a re : a ) s unken-f loored h u ts ; b ) s ur face h u ts ; f ace dwe l l ings w h ich a re s o l id ly b u i l t a nd d ) h ab i ta t ion i n c aves.

C )

s ur-

A s r egards t ype a , t here i s t he r isk o f c ons ider ing s ome p i ts w ith o ther f unc t ions a s b e ing dwe l l ings ( as i n t he c ase o f C orpadea ; s ee K ovacs 1 913 , 1 3-17 , c orrec ted b y N es tor 1 933 , n o te 2 24 ). T he c hance o f e rror e x is ts i n a l l c ases when t he p i t-dwe l l ing h ouse i s n o t p rov ided w ith a h ea t ing s ys te m. We c an s ay w i th c er ta in ty t ha t t he p i t f ound a t Basarab i-Ca lafa t ( p 1 . 6 ) 0 .70 i n i n d ep th , i s ap i t-dwe l l ing h ouse. T he p ar t ia l ly p reserved a nd e xcava ted c on tour i nd ica tes a c ircu lar o r p oss ib ly o vo ida l f orm. T he dwe l l ing w as made i n a n e ar l ier p i t , w ith d iame ter a bou t 3i n , w h ich w as p ar t ia l ly f i l led a nd whose b o t tom h ad a d iference o f 1i n i n l eve l b e tween t he t wo f l oors. k now e ven i ft h is p i t w as u sed a s a dwe l l ing .

We d o n o t

T he dwe l l ing p roper w as a bou t

4i n i n d iameter ; t races o f c oa t ing h ave s urv ived o n t he e dges o f t he w a l ls a nd o n t he o ccupa t ion l eve l ; ac ircu lar f i re-hear th ( d ia me ter 1 50 cm ) w as d iscovered n ear t he Eas tern w a l l.

T he h ear th i s b u i l t o n ap la t form w h ich

i s 2 0 cm h igher t han t he b ot tom o f t he dwe l l ing a nd c ons is ts o f a" core" o f a shes c oa ted w ith y e l low c lay . Ow ing t o t h is b u i ld ing s ys te m , t he h ear th b ecame a t rue " s tove" , a ccumu la t ing t he h ea t . A s im i lar f orm o f d we l l ing , o f o va l t o r ound f orm h as b een d iscovered a t Oar Ja ( Co m a , K ac o 1 973 , 5 0 ). S em i-sunken h u ts h ave a lso b een f ound a t B oar ta , b u t w e h ave n o i n forma t ion c oncern ing t he f orm a nd t he s ize ( Du m itra cu , T ogan 1 971, 4 23 , 4 27 ). S evera l p i ts o f l arge s ize a nd r e la t ive ly w e l l p reserved , f ound a tR lpa Ros ieS ebe, h ave b een p ub l ished a s b e ing s unken h u ts , ( A ldea 1 968 , f i g . 3 -4 ) , wh i le s im i lar p i ts d iscovered a t B oar ta a re c ons idered a s d omes t ic r efuse p i ts ( Dum i tra cu , T ogan 1 971, f i g . 3 ) . Dwe l l ings l ess s cooped o u t i n t he g round h ave a lso b een d iscovered a t Brane, d is tr ic t o f O l t ( excava t ions , A . U lan ic i ). T he t ype b h u ts o f sma l l s ize w i th s upers truc ture b u i l t o f w a t t le c oa ted w i th c lay h ave b een f ound a t P ianu d e J os ( Pau l 1 969 , 7 1 ). A t L e l icen i , n ear M iercurea-C iuc , C oofen i r e ma ins o f ten o ccur g rouped e xc lus ive ly among r ocks o f l arge s ize , a pproach ing e ach o ther a nd s ugges t ing t he e x is tence o f s he l ters o f s hor t d ura t ion . S l igh t b u i ld ings h ave b een d iscovered a t O s trovu Banu lu i o f G ur u Vi i. A s r egards t ype c , s ur face dwe l l ings o f s o l id c ons truc t ion , t he d a ta a re more c o mp lete , d ue e spec ia l ly t o t he e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t a t C l ln ic where h ave b een f ound r ec tangu lar dwe l l ings ( Ro th 1 942 , 2 04 , 2 10 , 2 11 a nd f i g . 1 , 4 , 6 -7 ) f rom 3 t o 4i n i n w id th , a nd f rom 6 t o 8i n i n l eng th , w ith t wo r ooms , a p orch ( ? ) ‚ h ear ths a nd o vens ;

t he d oub le s lop ing r oo f w as made o f r eeds o r

t ha tch . S torage p i ts , w e l ls a nd c is terns h ave b een d iscovered a d jacen t t o t he dwe l l ings. Dwe l l ings o f t he s ame t ype h ave a lso b een f ound a t B oar ta ( Dum i tra cu , T ogan 1 971, 4 23 , 4 27 a nd f ig . 4 ) .

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 4

A t Brane t ( d is tr ic t o f O l t ) , ar ec tangu lar dwe l l ing h as b een f ound i n al a ter l eve l t han t ha t o f t he s cooped h u ts ; i ti s w ithou t f l oor , b u t h as t he s upers truc ture b u i l to f w a t t le c oa ted w i th c lay a nd e ar th . S ix o ver lapp ing dwe l l ings h ave b een d iscovered a t Basarab i-Ca la fa t ; a re p ar t ia l ly d a maged b ecause o f g round move men t

( P l .

5 ) .

t hey

T hey w ere b u i l t

b y a d jus t ing r epea ted ly t he s lope i n to t erraces . T hey h ave f l oors o f y e l low h umus c lay , a nd t he c oa t ing c on t inues o n t he w a l l r esu l t ing f rom t he c u t t ing o f t he s lope. The s urv iv ing c on tour i nd ica tes a r ec tangu lar f orm ; t he d imens ions p reserved o n 5X 3 m a nd a re p resumed t o b e 3o r 4m i n w id th a nd 7o r 8i n l eng th . A dwe l l ing h ad t wo r oo ms s epara ted b y as tep o f c lay ; o ne o f t hem ( 3 .20 X 3 .20 m ) h ad ah ear th i n t he n or thern w a l l . Two h o les f or t he p os ts ( 22 a nd 3 6 cm i n d iame ter ) i nd ica te t ha t t h is dwe l l ing h ad a d oub le s lop ing r oo f . A ccord ing t o t he l arge q uan t ity o f a shes , t he r oo f s ee ms t o h ave b een made o f r eeds o r t ha tch . A no ther dwe l l ing f ound a t B asarab i i s p ar t ia l ly p reserved a nd h ad a r ect angu lar h ear th w ith a c urb b u i l t o f c lay ( p 1. 6 ) . R ec tangu lar dwe l l ings s im i lar t o t hose o f B asarab i h ave b een f ound i n t he s et t lemen t o f Os trovu C orbu lu i km 9 11 o r a t Mo ldova V eche , i n as et t le men t -

i n w h ich t he K os to lac a nd V u edo l c o mponen ts p layed a s pec ia l p ar t . t he l a t ter p lace s uch c omp lexes h ave o n ly b een p ar t ia l ly r ecovered .

B u t i n

T he l ong a nd d e ta i led i nves t iga t ion o f o ver 2 0 a rchaeo log ica l d epos i ts b e long ing t o t he Co to fen i c u l ture a nd f ound i n P e tera H oi1or a t B a ue H ercu lane ( P l . 7 / 1-2 ) o f fers u s ar e la t ive ly c o mprehens ive p ic ture o f t he c ave-dwe l l ings. The d epos i ts o f Hercu lane d emons tra te t ha t a t l eas t s o me c aves w ere n o t o cc as iona l s he l ters , b u t p ermanen t dwe l l ings i nhab ited b y h u man g roups a dap ted t o as e t t led w ay o f l i fe. T he c aves w ere p rov ided w ith wha t w as s tr ic t ly n ecess ary f or t he h ab ita t ion : c anop ies p ro tec t ing a ga ins t t he f a l l o f s tones f rom t he r oo f a nd t he i n f i l tra t ion o f w a ter , h ear ths b u i l t i n at echn ique w h ich a l lowed t he a ccumu la t ion o f h ea t ( success ive l ayers o f s tones , s herds , a shes o r b urn t e ar th , c overed w ith c lay , b enches a nd b eds s upported b y p o les s tuck i n t he g round . METALLURG ECAL ACT IV ITY T he o b jec ts o f c er ta in p rovenance i nd ica te a s ubs tan t ia l ly r educed me ta ll urg ica l a c t iv ity i n c ompar ison w i th b o th t he Eneo l ith ic p er iod a nd t he p er iod a f ter t he C oo fen i c u l ture. F ie ld-observa t ions made a t Ba ue H ercu lane a nd Mo ldova V eche s how t he e x is tence o f l oca l meta l lurg ica l a c t iv ity i n t hese s i tes , w ith e v idence o f t he r educ t ion o f t he c opper m inera l , t he c as t ing o f p ieces a nd f org ing b y h ammer ing . Re ma ins o f p ieces o f s lag , c opper m inera l a nd f i n ished p ieces o ccur a t H ercu lane a nd e spec ia l ly a t Mo ldova V eche. There a re n o a na lyses , e xcep t ing f or a d agger ( p 1. 8 /24 ) f ound i n a n e ar ly Co o fen i h or izon l eve l e o f P e tera Ho jf lor a t B a ue H ercu lane ; i tc on ta ins ah igh p ercen tage o f a rsen ic ( 6% ) ( ana lys is c er t if ica te I CECH IM , n o . 8 74/24 ) U I 1 968 : Ag 0 .006-0.002% ; A s 6 % ; F e 0 .1% ; N i 0 .01% ; Ca , Mg a nd S i o ccur w ithou t t he e s t i ma t ion o f c oncen tra t ion ). -

-

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 5

a .

Too ls a t: -

aw ls.

These o ccur most f requent ly , a nd a re o f s evera l t ypes :

b oth e nds s harp , r ho mbo ida l i n t he l ong itud ina l s ect ion , a nd r ecta ngu lar i n t he t ransverse s ect ion

-

8 /1, 4 -6 )

( P l.

t he s a me t ype , c ons ist ing o f t wo h a lves , o ne l ong a nd o ne s hor t ( p 1. 8 /9, 1 0 )

-

b oth e nds s harp , f our e dges , w ith t he t wo e nds o f d if ferent t h ickness ( P l. 8 /17 , 1 8 )

-

-

a 2 :

as ing le p o int , f our e dges , " tongue" f or f asten ing ( p 1. 8 /7, 8 ) o f sma l l s ize, f our e dges , a nd a s ing le p o in t

8 /2, 3 ).

Ch ise l-aw l , as harp e nd , t he o ppos ite o ne w idened , r ectangu lar i n s ect ion ( p 1. 8 /11, 1 5 , 1 6 ).

a 3 :

( P l.

Poss ib ly t he s harp e nd was h a l ted.

Doub le c h isel , s harp-edges " in c ross", o ne h a lf c ircu lar i n s ect ion , t he o ther r ectangu lar i n s ect ion

8 /30 ).

( p 1.

a 4 :

F lat a xes

a 5 :

Broad b lades , o f l arge s ize, made b y c ast ing ( p 1. 8 /14, 2 0 ).

a 6 :

F ish-hook , r ectangu lar i n s ect ion

a 7 :

Kn ife ( p 1. 8 /12 ), c urved , u ncer ta in a ttr ibut ion ( Petre 1 970 , f ig. 2 /4 ,

( P l.

8 /23 ).

( p 1.

8 /21).

p . 4 84 ). b .

Weapons b i:

Daggers o f f our t ypes :

b la

=

t r iangu lar b lade, o b long r ho mbo ida l

s ect ion , t he e nd f or ha l t ing i s o f t r iangular f or m w ith t hree r ivets ( P l. 8 /24, 2 5 ) ;

b ib

=

t r iangu lar b lade , t he b ut t r ounded , o b long

r ho mbo ida l s ect ion , f our r ivets

( P l.

8 /29 ), u ncer ta in a t tr ibut ion

( Petre 1 970 , f ig . 2 /2, P . 4 84 );

b lc

=

r ivets ( p 1. 8 /28 ) ;

b id

=

t he s a me f or m , f la t , w ith t wo

t r iangu lar b lade, p lano-convex s ec t ion ,

t ongue f or h a l t ing ( p l. 8 /26 ). b 2: c .

Arrow-head ( ? )

( P l.

8 /13 ).

Orna men ts c l:

Oval p late o f t h in s heet d ecorated i n a u r epousse t echn ique ( p l. 8 /27 )

c 2 :

Brace let ( Roska 1 941, f ig. 2 4/3 )

c 3 :

Depos it c ons ist ing o f f our p ieces ( P l. 8 / 19 a nd Mo ldova V eche , Mov ila 2 ) :

3s p ira ls ( 2 r ound i n s ect ion , t he t h ird r ectangu lar i n s ect ion ,

a nd t w isted o ne a nd a h a lf t imes , o ne o f p la in w ire , t wo p ar t ia lly t w isted ) o ne r ing i n t he s hape o f aw i l low l eaf ( p 1. 8 /19 c 4 :

S p ira ls i n t he s hape o f " spectac les".

C )

They a re k nown w ith in t he

Co jofen i c u lture ( see a r eproduct ion o n av essel ,

P l.

4 3/7 ) e ven i f

t he a t tr ibut ion o f t he p iece f ro m Cacova ( Schro ller 1 933, 3 3 , t o t he Co ofen i c u lture i s u ncer ta in. Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 6

P l.

2 8/ 10 )

T he a t tr ibut ion o f s o me c ross-armed a xes t o t he Co jofen i c u lture c anno t b e a ccep ted s ince t hey a re e ar l ier ( Vu lpe 1 973, 2 27, 2 29 a nd n os. 7 3-74 ); f ur ther , t he mou ld f ro m Dab ca s ee ms t o me t o b e l ater ( Vu lpe 1 974 , 2 46 ). As r egards t he l oops o f s i lver w ire f ound i n s o me b arrow b ur ia ls i n O lten ia ( co l lect ive Verb ic ioara 1 952, 1 64, f ig. 2 1;

P lop or 1 923, 8 1-87 ), a ccord ing

t o t he e v idence o bserved o n t he f ie ld , t hey s ee m t o b e , l ike t he g raves a t Verb i Ja

( excavat ions D . Berc iu ) more r ecen t t han t he Co ofen i c u lture.

POJJSHED STONE I NDUSTRY T h is i s s t il l a n a rea where more k now ledge i s n eeded , wh ich must b e p rov ided i n f uture. We men t ion o n ly t he o b jects whose c u ltura l a t tr ibut ion i s r e la t ive ly s ecure. a .

Axes T he f o l low ing t ypes h ave b een d iscovered i n t he Co jofen i c o mp lexes : a l :

Wedge-shaped a xes , u n ifor m w id th , f our e dges , q uadr ilatera l b utt a nd s ect ion , p er fora ted

( P l.

9 /3, 4 , 5 , 8 ;

1 0/2, 7 , 9 ).

a 2 :

The s a me t ype , r ectangu lar s ect ion , s l igh t ly swo l len b ut t 1 4 ).

a 3 :

Axes w ith c y l indr ica l b ut t : a 3a = u n iform t h ickness , t he d ia meter o f t he c ut t ing e dge i s e qua l t o t hat o f t he o ppos ite e dge ( p 1. 1 0/1, 4 ); a 3b

=

1 0/3,

( P l.

b road c ut t ing e dge , t he z one o f p er forat ion i s t h ickened , d oub le

f acet ( p l. 9 /12 ) o r w ith med ian r ibb ing i n r el ief

( P l.

9 /1);

a 3c

=

b road

c u t t ing e dge , t he z one o f p erforat ion i s n ot t h ickened , f acet ( P l. 1 0/5 ) o r w ith l ong itud ina l g roove ( p 1. 1 0/13 );

a 3d i s s im ilar t o a 3b b ut

w ith n arrow c ut t ing e dge ( p 1. 9 /6 ). a 4 :

Trapezo ida l , o f sma l l s ize , u nper forated ( P l. 9 /7 ).

a 5 :

I n t he s hape o f ab ur in , f la t , u nperforated.

b .

Bur ins

c .

Curved k n ives

( P l.

1 0/8, 1 2 ) ( P l.

9 /16-17 ) o ccur r are ly i n t he l a te Cotofen i s et t le ments

( Tebea , Har uche 1 969 , f ig. 6 /10 , 1 2 ; d .

Orna men ts : 3 2-33 ).

e .

Zoo morph ic r epresen tat ion : s cep tre ( ? )

i nca i, Roska 1 942 , f ig . 2 13 ).

sma l l p laques o f marb le , t rapezo ida l , p er forated ( P l. 5 2/

( P l.

5 1/15 );

p rovenance : Boc a

Mon tan -Co l an i (M t f l ler 1 964 ). CH TPPED STONE I NDUSTRY I n c on trast w ith t he e ar l ier p er iods , t h is i ndustry i s s trong ly i n d ec l ine. As r egards b oth n u mber a nd f unct ional t ypes , f l in t imp le men ts o ccur i n t iny q uan t it ies e spec ia lly i n t he Bana t s et t le men ts ;

a nd t hese h ave b een s tud ied i n

d eta il b y Páunescu ( 1970, 6 6-67, 2 01, 2 02 a nd f ig. 4 2/1-4 , 6 ,8-12, 1 4 , a nd i n o ur b ook p 1. 9 /13-15 ).

The f o l low ing f orms c an b e d ist ingu ished :

a nd midd le s ize b lades , f ine a nd r etouched ; w ith s errated e dge ;

p ieces w ith r etouched h o l lows ;

c o mponen t p ieces f or

Late Copper Age Culture ofe South-East Europe. s iRoman, ck lePetre. s ; Thes c ra pers ;Coţofeni a rr owh ads w i th c oncave b ase ( p 1. 9 /13). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 7

sma l l

f lakes a nd b lades , s o me o f t he m

F lakes a nd c h ips , o f p oor q ua l ity f l in t o r o ther i n fer ior r ocks , w ith c u t t ing e dges a re more n u merous . I n c on tras t w ith f l in t , wh ich p layed a sma l l p ar t , q uar tz it ic r ock w as l arge ly u sed a t l eas t i n s o me s et t lemen ts s i tua ted i n t he v a l ley o f t he Danube. A l though t he s er ies o f f l akes w i th c u tt i ng e dges r esu l t ing f rom t h is k ind o f r aw ma ter ia l c anno t b e g iven a c learc u t n ame , t hey o ccur i n a bundance a nd c ou ld b e u sed f or c u t t ing , r ipp ing o r s crap ing . BONE AND ANTLER I NDUSTRY T h is i s w e l l r epresen ted . b one : -

T he f o l low ing p ieces h ave b een f ash ioned i n

a :

aw ls ( P l . 1/6 , 1 0-13 ) o f d i f feren t s i ze a nd e labora te ly made a re w idespread ;

b :

d aggers o f t wo t ypes : b i f ash ioned f ro m a n u lna , w ith t races o f g loss c aused b y h and l ing ; t here i s aw ho le s er ies o f t h is t ype ; b 2 a re f ash ioned f ro m t he me tapod ia l b one o f r um inan t a n i ma ls

C :

c h ise ls o r g ouges ( p l. 1/7 ) ;

d :

d iverse o b jec ts ( p 1 . 1/3 ) ;

e :

o f t usks a nd i nc isors o f w i ld b oars ; ( P l . 1/4 ) ;

f : o f r ed-deer a n t ler ; g :

o ne p unch

h :

o rnamen ts

h i h 2 h 3 M

-

-

-

-

( P l.

( P l .

11/8) ;

k n ife-b lades o ccur f requen t ly

ma t tocks o ccur f requen t ly ( p 1 . 1/1-2 , 9 ) ;

1/5 ) w orked " in f ace ts" f ro m a n o x a n t ler :

p er fora ted t eeth ( P l . 5 2/22 , 3 7-39 ) b ow-shaped p endan t , p ierced i n t he c en tre f or h ang ing ( p 1 . 5 2/21 ) p er fora ted k nuck lebones ( P l. 5 2/25-26 ) d ecora ted b ones

( P l .

5 2/24 ).

POTTERY

B .

Two l arge g roups c an b e d is t ingu ished : A . F ine p o t tery a nd P o t tery f or d omes t ic u se . I nb oth g roups a nd e spec ia l ly i n t he l as t o ne ,

t he q ua l ity a nd t he s k i l l w ith w h ich t he p o t tery i s made d epends o n t he f orm o f t he v esse l a nd t he u t i l iza t ion f or wh ich t hey a re d es t ined . T he f i ne , g ood q ua l i ty p o t tery i s mode l led i n w e l lte mpered p as te , c ont a in ing f ew i mpur it ies w i th a dd it ions o f s and w ith f i ne g ra ins , c ompac t a nd w e l l f i red ; t he w a l ls o f t he v esse ls a re t h in , c o lour-coa ted a nd o f ten w ith h igh ly meta l l ic b urn ish ing . T h is c a tegory v ar ies i n c o lour ; g rey ( t he mos t c ommon ), b lack ( f requen t ) , b rown o r o range ( somet i mes ). Reg iona l ly , t here a re v esse ls w ith a r ed c o lour-coa t b urn ished o n b o th s ides o r o n ly i ns ide. T he p o t tery f or d o mes t ic u se i s more n umerous i n c o mpar ison w i th t ha t o f g ood q ua l ity . A ccord ing t o c lear-cu t c harac ter is t ics t wo s ub-groups c an b e d is t ingu ished , t he s ub-group mode l led i n c lay m ixed w ith s and a nd g r its o f d i f feren t s ize a nd i n d i f feren t q uan t it ies ( bu t n ever r each ing t he e x tre me Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 8

f orm e ncountered i n t he G l ina I l p ot tery , f or e xa mp le ), p ieces o f c ha lk , m ica s pecks o r o ther a dd it ions a nd wh ich i s g enera l ly w idespread a nd t he s ub-group w ith a p aste c on ta in ing a pprec iab le q uan t it ies o f c rushed s hel l.

The l ast s ub-

g roup i s w idespread i n t he S outh o f O l ten ia a nd Banat a nd e spec ia l ly i n t he s et t le men ts s ituated a long t he Danube ;

i ti s model led i n t wo k inds o f f abr ic :

p orous , when t he s he l ls h ave n ot b een c rushed f ine a nd i n c onsequence t he c lay i s n o t wel l-te mpered a nd "mosa ic" when t he s he l ls h ave b een c rushed f ine , t he c lay i s wel l t e mpered a nd t he c o mpact p aste i s e ven e x terna l ly c o lour-coated. Thus s ub-group i s d ark g rey a nd r are ly b rown i n c o lour . T he f irst s ub-group v ery o f ten p reserves a t h in c o lour-coat c over ing t he i rregu lar it ies.

I n o ther c ases , t he wa l ls h ave i rregu lar it ies o n t he e x ter ior

a nd a re r ough t o t he t ouch. brown a nd b lack.

The most f requen t c o lour i s r ed , t hen g rey ,

FOR MS OF VESSELS T he p ot tery i s o f av ery l arge v ar iety o f f or ms , b u t a s r egards t he d iffus ion a rea , d ura t ion a nd f requency , s ix t ypes s ee m t o b e p resent i n t he s et t le men ts b elong ing t o t he Co jofen i c u lture : c ook ing-pots. T ype I :

d ishes , s aucers , c ups , j ugs , amphorae a nd

D ishes

An u mber o f v ar iants a nd s ubvar ian ts c an b e d ist ingu ished .

We ment ion

f irst , t he v ar ian ts wh ich a re i so lated i n o ccurrence o r s pread o ver a sma l l a rea : 1 2/1) ;

I so la ted f orm 1 , d ish w ith t he f lar ing r im i n t he s hape o f af unnel ( P l. I so lated f or m 2 , h em ispher ica l d ish w ith f la t b ase

I so la ted f orm 3 , d ish w ith r im c ut o b l ique ly ( p 1. 1 2/3 ); w ith s lop ing a nd o b l iquely c ut r im ( P l. 1 2/4

=

6 1/4 );

( P l.

1 2/2

=

6 1/14 ) ;

I so lated f orm 4 , d ish

I so lated f orm 5 , t runca-

t ed c one-shaped d ishes w ith c u t r im ( p 1. 1 2/5 = 6 5/13; f or m 6 , d ish w ith f lar ing mou th ( P l. 1 2/7 = 6 8/32 ).

1 2/6

(5 9/5 ); I solated

The w idespread v ar ian t i s T a , t runcated c one-shaped d eep d ish. I a-I ( p 1. 1 2/8, 9 , 1 1

=

8 6/3 ), t he s i mp lest f orm , u n iversa l ly f ound , w ith

r ounded r im a nd f la t b ase , s ing le ( p l. 1 2/8 ) o r d oub le-hand led ( P l. 1 2 , /9 Roska 1 941, f ig. 4 5 ).

Hand led d ishes o ccur r are ly.

I a-2 , s ubvar ian t w ith t he r im s l igh t ly t h ickened a nd c ut i n terna l ly ( p 1. 1 2/ 1 0

=

4 7/17 ).

I t i s w idely s pread

( P l.

1 3 ).

With t ubular h and les ,

h or izon tal ly p erforated a nd a t tached b e low t he r im ( B ich ir 1 958, f ig . 2 :3/1, 4 ) i ti s e ncoun tered o n ly i n O lten ia. l a-a , t he r im i s i n terna l ly t h ickened i n t he s hape o f ac uf f , s tra igh t o r b u lged , s o met i mes w i th b road h and les a ttached t o t he midd le o f t he v esse l ( P l. 1 2/12-15 ).

P l. 1 4 s hows t hat t h is s ubvar ian t o ccurs v ery

f requen t ly i n t he who le a rea o f Co ofen i f ro m t he midd le p er iod a nd e spec ia l ly f ro m t he l a ter p er iods. I a -4 , t he r im i s a lso ex terna l ly t h ickened a nd o b l ique ly c ut ( P l. 1 2/16 :14 ). I b ,

b itruncated s haped d ish ( p 1. 1 2/17-21), t he l ower p ar t i s h igh w ith a f lat b ase a nd t he l im it s eparat ing t he t wo h a lves i s r ounded.

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 9

Sma l l

t ubu lar h and les , h or izon ta l ly p erforated , a nd w ith a sma l l o r if ice , a re a t tached t o b e low t he r im a nd t he max i mu m d ia meter .

Broad

h and les a re a t tached t o t he l ower p ar t o f t he l arge s ize v essels ( P l. 1 2/21).

Th is v ar ian t i s t yp ica l o f S outhern O lten ia

1 3 ).

( P l.

T bI, t he u pper p ar t i s i nterna l ly s lop ing w ith r ounded r im

( P l.

1 2/17 );

T b2 i s s im ilar t o T bI, b ut t he r im i s t h ickened a nd o bl ique ly c u t

( P l.

1 2/

1 8-19 ); I b-3, t he r im i s l ess b en t e x terna l ly ( p 1. 1 2/20, 2 1). I c , d ishes w ith f lat b ase , t he l ower p ar t i s t runcated c one-shaped , w ith r ounded a nd s o met i mes b u lged s hou lder , a nd b road f lar ing r im ( P l. 1 2/22-24 ).

Th is f or m i s w idespread , e spec ia l ly i n t he c en tre o f

Transy lvan ia

( P l.

1 4 ).

I d , h em ispher ica l f orms , w ith s tra ight b ase I di, r ounded r im

( P l.

( P l.

1 2/25-28 );

1 2/25 :13 ), o ccurs f requen t ly i n Banat ;

I d-2, t he r im i s w idened b y t h icken ing ( p 1. 1 2/26 ) a nd i to ccurs i n Trans y lvan ia ; I d-3, t he r im i s s l igh t ly b en t e x terna l ly ( p 1. 1 2/27 ) ; I d-4 , t he r im i s s hor t a nd t h ickened , r ound i n s ect ion ; f orm , o ccurr ing a t Mo ldova Veche i s more Kosto lac-Vu edol.

( P l.

t h is i s ap er iphera l

1 2/28 :13 ) i n ac on tex t wh ich

l e, h em ispher ica l l ower p ar t , t he s hou lder i s av ery c lear-cu t b and , f unne ls haped mouth ( p 1. 1 5/2 Kostolac r e ma ins.

=

1 1 4 /5) .

I t o ccurs i n c o mp lexes c onta in ing

I f , f unnel-shaped d ish , o b long S -shaped wa l l , t he s hou lder i s s trong ly p ron ounced f or d ecora t ion ( p 1. 1 2/29 I g , b as in-shaped d ish

( P l.

1 5/1

=

Frequen t i n Banat.

1 14/2 ), t he l ower p ar t i s c y l indr ica l, f l a t

b ase , t ru mpet-shaped mouth. Type I :

13/3 ).

=

I t o ccurs i n Ba nt.

S aucers

They d if fer f ro m d ishes i n s ize. b ase a nd g ood s tab il ity .

Deep f orms o f m idd le s ize, w ith f lat

The l ower p ar t ( t hree-quar ters o f t he v esse l ) i s a l-

ways i n t he s hape o f at runcated c one.

Accord ing t o d eta ils o f t he u pper p ar t ,

an u mber o f v ar ian ts c an b e d ist ingu ished : I so lated f orm 1 :

w ith t h ickened r im

I so lated f orm 2 :

w ith r ounded s hou lder

1 5/3 )

( P l.

( P l.

1 5/4 )

ha-I, s tra igh t r im , u n iform ly t h ickened ( p 1. 1 5/5 :16 ) Ia-2 , t he r im i s w idened i n terna lly b y t h icken ing ( p 1. 1 5/6 :7 :17 ) J Ib, r ounded u pper p ar t , t he r im i s c ut i n terna l ly ( p l. 1 5/8, 1 3 :16 ) T Ic, i de m , r ounded r im , b ut u n ifor m ly t h ickened

1 5/9 , 1 0 :16 )

( P 1.

l id , i de m , t he r im i s c ut o b l iquely o r b u lged , w ith t he r im s l igh t ly w idened e x terna l ly ( p 1. 1 5/14

=

9 2/2;

1 5/15

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. He , Publishing, i de m,1977, t he l ip w ith t he p rof ile i n E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 0

=

9 1/3 ;

1 8 )

t he s hape o f aT

( P 1.

1 5/11, 1 2 :18 ).

Type I I :

Cup

T h is i s ah and led v esse l , i n g enera l o f sma l l s ize w ith a w ide mouth a nd s erved f or d r ink ing .

I t i s n ot a lways p oss ible t o d ist ingu ish t he c ups f ro m t he

j ugs o f sma l l s ize o r f ro m t he mugs wh ich were u sed f or l ad l ing , h o ld ing , p our ing a nd s o met i mes f or d r ink ing l i qu ids. Two ma in v ar iants c an b e d ist ingu ished , w ith h em ispher ica l b ody a nd r ounded b ase ( l i la ) a nd w ith f la t b ase ( 1t h ). T he c ups o f t ype 1 12 h ave a s tra igh t l ip , t he h and le i s i n t he f or m o f a b and r is ing a bove t he r i m. S o me o f t he m h ave a s tra igh t ( li la ;!:

1 7/1

P l.

=

4 2/11;

( p 1. l i la 2 : p 1. 1 7/3

=

t 7/2

=

c y l indr ica l n eck

3 9/5 :18 ), o thers i n t he s hape o f af unne l

1 07/1:18 ).

I l ib w ith t he h and le r is ing a bove t he r im 1 7/6 = 6 4/7 : 2 0 ).

( P l.

1 7/4

=

1 04/13;

1 7/5 = 1 07/2 ;

T he l ad les f or d ipp ing a nd d r ink ing l i qu ids c an b e c ons idered a s b e ing r el a ted t o t he c ups.

Those o f sma ll d i mens ions h ave a s pher ica l b ody a nd a

l arge h and le wh ich i s d ispropor t ionate i n c o mpar ison w ith t he s ize o f t he v esse l ; t hey h ad n o s tab il ity a nd p robab ly t hey were h ung . v ar ian ts :

We k now f our

h Ue-I, n arrow n eck ( p l. 1 7/7 = 41/1) h l Ic-2, w ith f unnel-shaped mou th , s tra ight o r s l ight ly o b l ique r im ( P l. 1 7/8 = 7 1/19 ; 1 7/9 = 9 1/4 ; 1 7/10; 2 0 ). The v ar ian ts l lc-3 a nd i l lc-4 o ccur a s i so la ted f inds ;

t he l ad les b e long ing t o t he

v ar ian t I 1c-3 a re t runcated c one-shaped a nd h ave a p o in ted b ot to m ( P l. 1 7/11) a nd t hose o fI Ic-4 a re i n t he s hape o f at ea-po t w ith s tra ight b ase i l Ic-5

( P l .

1 7/12 ).

i s o f l arge s ize a nd i s i ntermed iate b etween t he h and led d ish a nd t he p roper v esse l f or d r ink ing ; r ical s haped ;

t he b road h and les a re o f a modera te h e ight o r a re

p ressed a nd u sed a s l ugs Type I V :

i ti s t runcated c one o r h em isphe-

( P l.

1 7/13, 1 4 ;

9 1/5 ).

J ugs

A ccord ing t o t he d i mens ions, t wo c a tegor ies c an b e d ist ingu ished :

mugs

( IV a ) a nd , p roper ly s peak ing , j ugs ( IV b ). I V a , wh ich was e spec ia l ly w idespread i n Transy lvan ia p resents a n u mber o f v ar ian ts : I Va-1, s pher ica l b ody , s tra ight r im , h and les s pr ing ing f ro m t he l ip ( IVa I a : P l. 1 9/1-2; 2 0 ) o r r a ised a l i t t le a bove t he l ip ( IVa I b : p 1. 1 9/3-4 ; 2 0 ); I Va-2, s pher ica l b ody w ith o b l ique l ip ( IVa 2 a :

p 1. 1 9/5 , 6 ; 2 1), e nd ing i n

t he s hape o f as pout a t t he o ppos ite s ide f ro m t he h and le ( wh ich a lways r ises a bove t he l ip ) b y c orrugat ing t he l ip f ro m wh ich l i qu id p ours.

T he b ody o f I Va-2c i s n ot c onf ined b y t he n eck ;

t he r im i s o b l ique a nd t he s pout r esu lts f ro m t he c orrugat ion o f t he r im

( P l.

1 9/8 ; 2 1);

I Va-3, s tra ight b ase, b u lged s hou lder , o b l ique r im w ith " nozzle", Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 1

I Va-3 , s tra igh t b ase , b u lged s hou lder , o b l ique r im w ith " nozz le" , h and les r is ing o ver t he r im ( p 1 . 1 9/7 = 1 07/3 :20 ) ; I Va-4 , i n t he s hape o f ac upp ing g lass , o b l ique mou th , h and le r i s ing o ver t he r im ( P l. 1 9/ 10 :20 ) ; I Va-5 , t he s pher ica l b ody t ends t o b e d iv ided i n t wo f l a t tened h em is pheres , l ong c y l indr ica l n eck , s l igh t ly o b l ique r im ( P l . 1 9/ 11 : 2 0 ). I Vb p resen ts a n umber o f v ar ian ts : I Vb-1, o f med ium d i mens ions , s pher ica l b ody , w ide a nd o b l ique mou th w ith n ozz le f or p our ing r each ing o r e ven e xceed ing t he max i mum d iame ter o f t he b ody ( p l . 1 9/ 12 = 3 6/ 14 ; 1 9/ 13 = 8 3/ 16 ; 1 9/ 15 17/ 10 ). F orm f rom T ransy lvan ia ( P l . 2 1 ). I Vb-2 , o vo id b ody , s hor t n eck , n arrow mou th , o verra is ing h and le ( P l. 1 9/ 16 = a lso 8 7/ 1; 1 9/ 17 = 84/5: 24 ). I Vb-3 , f l a tb ase. I Vb-3a , l ong n eck , w ide a nd o b l ique mou th , l ong h and le ( p 1 . 1 9/ 14 ). F orm e spec ia l ly f rom O l ten ia

( P l .

2 4 ).

I Vb-3b , b u lged b ody , t runca ted c one-shaped mou th , o b l ique mou th w ith " nozz le" , o verra is ing s hor t h and les ( P l . 1 9/ 19 ). I Vb-3c , p ear-shaped b ody , o b l ique mou th w i th " nozz le" , s hor t h and le ( P l . 1 9/ 18 ). I Vb-4 , d ist inc t f orm w ith w ide n ozz le f or p our ing ( p 1. 2 2/ 1 T ype V :

=

4 9/ 1).

Amphorae

T hey a re v ery f requen t ly e ncoun tered i n t he C oo fen i s e t t lemen ts ( P l. 2 4 ). S ince t hey a re o f med ium a nd l arge s ize , t hey c an r are ly b e r econs truc ted f or t he r es tora t ion o f t he f orm. T he f i rs t v ar ian t ( Va-1,p l . 2 2/3 = 9 5/6 ) c o mpr ises amphorae w ith a l ong a nd t runca ted c one-shaped l ower p ar t , b u lged s hou lders a nd b ody , l ong a nd t runca ted c one-shaped n eck , a nd more o r l ess e ver ted r i m. Broad h and les a re a t tached t o t he max i mum d iame ter o f t he b ody . S ome p ieces , e spec ia l ly t hose o f l arge s ize a re n o t h and led ( Va 2 ; p 1 . 2 3/ 1 = 4 3/ 13 = 8 6/4 ). Y b , b u lged amphora , w i th t he n eck s hor ter t han t ha t o f V a a nd w i th a t endency t o c y l indr ica l f orm , t wo h and les a re a t tached t o t he max i mum d iameter o f t he b ody ( p 1 . 2 3/3 = 8 5/2 ; 2 3/2 = 8 9/2 ). V C , amphora i n t he s hape o f ab o t t le , c y l indr ica l n eck , s tra igh t r im ( P l . 2 3/4 ). V d , amphora w ith t runca ted c one-shaped n eck , r ounded r im , w i th h and les i n ab and a t tached t o t he max i mum d iame ter o f t he b ody a nd h or izont a l ly p er fora ted t ubu lar h and les o n t he l im it b e tween t he n eck a nd t he b ody ( p 1 . 2 3/5 = 3 5/ 1 = 9 4/ 1). y e , i so la ted f orm , s trong ly b u lged b ody , h and les o n t he s hou lder = 8 8 / 2 ) . Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 2

( P l .

2 2/2

Type V I :

v essel o f d o mest ic u se p resen t i n a l l s et t le men ts a nd p robab ly

t he mos t f requen t t ype.

Ow ing t o t he f act t hat i ta lways o ccurs i n af ragmen t-

a ry s tate t he p oss ib le v ar ian ts a nd s ubvar iants c an b e r estored o n ly b y t ak ing r isks.

We c an s ay t hat i ti s av essel o f med iu m s ize w ith a w ide mouth

wh ich o f ten r epresen ts t he max i mu m d ia meter o f t he v esse l , s l igh t ly c urved upper p art , t he s houlder l ow i n c o mpar ison w ith t he h e igh t , t he l ower p ar t more o r l ess i n t he s hape o f at runcated c one a nd a f lat b ase.

There a re l ugs

b e low t he r im

2 5/4

( P l.

2 5/1

=

7 6/6;

2 5/2

5 4/13;

=

2 5/3

1 09/4 ;

=

=

5 9/4 ;

2 5/5 = 8 0/1). Type V I I :

Beakers

There a re n u merous a nd v ar ied b eakers : V ITa-I, t runcated c one-shaped b eakers w ith f lat b ase V IIa-2, i de m , w ith p rof iled b ase V IIb , f unnel-shaped mou th ( 26/4,5 ;

( P l.

2 6/1

( P l.

2 6/2, 3 )

2 6/6

=

1 07/4 ;

Vlc , s pher ica l b ody , t ru mpet-shaped mouth

2 6/7 ).

2 6/8

( P l.

=

4 6/8 ;

2 6/9

=

1 14/1). Vi ld , p ear-shaped b eaker , w ith f lar ing mouth Type V II I :

( P l.

2 6/10 ).

Bow ls

Two ma in v ar ian ts c an b e d ist ingu ished : V i lla , h em ispher ica l b ow ls a nd V IHb , b ow ls w ith f lat b ase. V il la-I, w ith r ounded r im

2 6/11)

( P l.

V Il la-2, w ith f lar ing mouth

2 6/12

( P l.

=

1 14/4 )

V Il la-3, w ith f lar ing a nd d ist inct u pper p ar t V Il la-4 , w ith s tra igh t n eck

( P l.

2 6/13

( P l.

1 14/3 )

=

2 6/15 )

V i l ib, w ith c urved wa l ls , b road r im b end ing e x terna l ly ( p l. 2 6/14 ,16 ). Type I X :

Pots f or h o ld ing l iqu id

Typ ica l f or m w ith p ierced l ugs t hrough wh ich t he c ord p assed f or h ang ing ; i ti s w idespread i n S outhern O lten ia

( P 1.

3 0 ).

I Xa-1, s qua t b u lged b ody , l ong c y l indr ica l n eck , v er t ica l ly p ierced ( one o r more t imes ) a nd t h ickened r im

( P l.

2 7/3

=

4 6/7 ).

I Xa-2, h igh b ody , s qua tter c y l indr ica l n eck , v ert ica l ly p ierced a nd t h ickened r im

( P l.

2 7/1).

IXb , b u lged b ody , t runcated c one-shaped o r c y l indr ica l n eck , h or izon ta l h and les i n ab road b and t ogether w ith h or izonta l t ubu lar h and les , f oot-r ing ( so me s pec i mens ) ( p 1. 2 7/4 4 7/23

=

=

4 7/18;

2 7/5 ;

2 7/6

=

3 5/4

9 7/5 ).

I Xc , b itrunca ted c one f orm , w ith t wo v ert ica l l ugs o n t he s hou lder ( p 1. 2 7/7 ). I Xd , b itruncated- c one f orms , w ith v ert ica lly p ierced p ro truberances Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. b e ne ath t h e r i m ( p 1. 2 7/2 ). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 3

=

a

> (

E Z I

E i

! L >


:

L ,

l u _

_ i.

4--

i s o l a t e d

-

f o r m s

.

:Ju.:

N

a

a

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 a

v IJ NIAOe id

_

o ivaio

l

s

a ;D UD O

Du D !U

Aj!SU Jj

-D

L 1 U

E v o l u t i o n o f t h e p o t e r y t y p e s

-

f o r m s

>

Type X :

F lagons

L arge s ize. Two r estored f orms a ttest t hat t hey were b u lged f lagons , w ith n arrow n eck , p rov ided w ith a l ong h and le i n ab road b and , j o in ing t he r im t o t he u pper p ar t o f t he s hou lder ( var iant Xa ,

2 8/1;

P l.

2 8/3

=

8 8/3 ).

As r e-

g ards t he s econd v ar ian t ( Xb , P l . 2 8/2 ) we k now o n ly t he l ong c y l indr ica l n eck , t he w idened o b l ique r im , w ith a h and le i n av ery b road b and , a lso j o in ing t he r im t o t he u pper p ar t o f t he b ody . Type X I :

Vesse ls o f a skos t ype ( p 1 . 3 0 )

T here a re t wo v ar iants : Ma , o f l arge s ize, e longated b ody , o b l ique c y l indr ica l n eck , o b l ique r im , t he h and le j o ins t he n eck t o t he s hou lder ( p 1. 2 9/ 1

=

9 7/1;

2 9/2-3 );

Mb , o f sma l l s ize , t he h and le j o ins t he r im t o t he b ody ( p l. 2 9/4 Type MI :

1 15/1).

J ars

X I Ia , w ith d ist inct s hou lder , f unne l-shaped mouth 6= 9 0/13 ), o f med iu m s ize ; X 1Ib , w ith s l igh t ly c urved wa l l a nd f lar ing mouth 5 5/4 ; 2 9/9 = 5 5/7 ); X l Ic , b arrel-shaped Type X I I I :

=

( P l.

( P l.

( P l.

2 9/5

2 9/7

=

=

8 5/3;

5 5/1;

2 9/

2 9/8

=

2 9/10 ).

Cook ing p o ts o r s torage j ars

L arge s ize, h igh , l arge w ide mou th i n t he s hape o f af unne l , s l igh t ly c urved b ody ( p 1. 3 1/1; 3 1/2 = 9 3/4 ). Type X IV :

Bel l-shaped v esse ls , w ith p rotuberances-lugs b enea th t he r im ,

r ounded b ase ( X EVa , Type XV :

3 1/4 ;

P l.

3 1/5

=

7 3/5 ) o r s tra igh t b ase ( X IVb , p 1. 3 1/3 ).

Vessels o f sma l l d i mens ions w ith f lat b ase , s trong ly c urved

b ody , h igh mouth i n t he s hape o f af unnel ( vessels i n t he s hape o f a n " incense c up" ).

Hor izon ta l t ubular h and les a re a t tached t o t he l ine b etween t he n eck

a nd t he b ody ( p 1. 3 2/1 Type XV I :

=

9 0/14 ;

3 2/2-3 ).

Vesse ls im ita t ing meta ll ic f orms

Two v ar ian ts : XV Ia , o va l b ody , d ished n eck , w ide o pen ing ( p 1. 3 2/4 , 5 ) XV Ib , o val b ody , s hor t c y l indr ica l n eck , t he r im w idened e x terna l ly ( p 1. 3 2/6-7 ). Type XV I I :

Truncated c one-shaped v essels , d eep , s tra igh t b ase , p ro-

t uberanceslugs b eneath t he r im ( P 1.3 2/8 Type XV II I :

=

7 6/5 ).

Vessel o f sma l l a nd med iu m s ize, w ith t wo h and les s pr ing ing

f ro m t he l ip , l arge w ide mouth , d eep ( p 1. 3 3/1

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 5

=

4 1/14 ;

3 3/2 ;

5 8/2 ).

S ing le f or ms wh ich c er ta in ly b e long t o t he Co ofen i c u lture Type M X : i n t he s hape o f ab ot t le , s pher ica l b ody , n arrow c y l indr ica l n eck ( p 1. 3 3/3 ). Type XX : Vesse ls o f l arge s ize, d eep , t runcated c one-shaped l ower p ar t , s hor t n eck , s tra igh t r im ( p 1. 3 3/4 = 1 08/2; 3 3/5 = 4 7/9 = 1 08/1). Type XX I : Deep v esse l , w ith t he r im c urved i nterna l ly , w ith o r w ithout n ozz le f or p our ing ( p 1. 3 4/1). Type XX I I :

Vesse l o f L opadea Ro mana w ith p rotrud ing s hou lders , h and les

o n t he s houlder , s hor t t runca ted c one-shaped n eck , f unne l-shaped mouth ( P l. 3 4/2

=

8 8/5 ).

Type XXII : u pper p art

( P l.

Type XX IV : Type XXV : Type XXV I :

For m o f d ish w ith h em ispher ica l l ower p ar t , a nd c urved 3 4/3 ). Vesse l o f o va l f or m , f lat b ase

( P l.

3 4/4

=

4 6/5

=

10/1).

Vesse l i n t he s hape o f f lower p ot ( p 1. 3 4/5 = 1 10/9 ). Bow l w ith f oot , f ound a t P ianu d e J os

( P l.

3 4/6

=

8 8/1).

Forms whose a t tr ibu t ions t o t he Cotofen i c u lture i s v ery d oubt fu l Amphora w ith b u lged b ody a nd t wo h and les o n t he max i mu m d ia meter. Provenance :

L ivez ile ( Schro l ler 1 933, p 1. 2 8/la-b ;

h ere 3 4/9 ).

Amphora w ith f our h and les f ound a t L ivez i le ( Schro ller 1 933, P l. 2 8/2 ; h ere

P l.

3 4/7 ).

S uppor t , i n f act l id o r c y l indr ica l v esse l , f ro m Ghe ja ( Roska 1 941, f ig. 2 ; h ere 3 4/8 ). HANDLES Co mpared w ith t he e ar l ier p er iods t he u t il izat ion o f h and les r eaches a max i mu m i n n u mber a nd v ar iety i n t h is t i me ( p1. 3 5 ) . Accord ing t o t he ir f unct ion , t wo ma in g roups c an b e d ist ingu ished : f irst g roup ( A ) c o mpr ises h and les f or h ang ing v esse ls ; o r if ices t hrough wh ich t he s tr ing p assed.

t he

t hey h ave smal l

T he s econd g roup ( B ) c ons ists o f

h and les b y wh ich t he v essel was h eld i n t he h and. Group A c ons ists o f : h or izonta l ly p ierced t ubular h and les ( Al) ( P l. 3 5/1-6 ) a t tached b eneath t he r im , t he b ody o r t o t he b ase o f t he n eck ; i to ccurs s ing ly o r a ssoc iated w ith h and les f or h o ld ing ( p 1. 5 / 1, 4 ) e spec ia l ly i n O l ten ia a nd S outhern Ba nt ; 4 2/12 );

v er t ica l ly p ierced p ro tuberances-hand les ( A2 )

( P l.

3 5/7=

h and les " cuf fs" ( A3 ) r esu lt ing f ro m t he t h icken ing a nd t he v ert ica l

p ierc ing ( one o r more t imes ) o f t he r im o f t he v esse l ( P l. 3 5/8-10 ;

5 8/1).

Hand les o f g roup B a re a lways a pp l ied a nd a lso s how a n u mber o f v ar ian ts : B I B2 B3

-

-

-

i n abroad b and

( P l.

3 5/11, 1 2, 2 1 );

i n t he s hape o f ac ordon

( P l.

i n t he s hape o f ah orned a nsa 3 5/15 , 1 7, 1 8 );

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. B4Publishing, t ubu lar ( p 1. 3 5/20 ). Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -

2 6

3 5/ 13,14 ); ( P l .

3 5/16 ,19 ) o r w ith b ut tons ( p 1.

N u merous p ro tuberances w h ich w ere a pp l ied h or izon ta l ly o r i n t he s hape o f ah orseshoe o n t he v esse ls o f d omes t ic u se s erved a lso f or h o ld ing ( p 1. 4 7/ 1, 1 9 , 2 1, 2 5 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 2 9 ; 4 8/ 1-3 , 5 -7 , 1). DECORAT ION T echn ica l Methods We c an s ay w i th c er ta in ty t ha t f our d i f feren t methods w ere u sed i n d ecorat i on n a me ly : 1 ) i nc ised ; 2 ) i n r e l ie f ; 3 ) b y e ncrus t ing a nd 4 ) b yp a in t ing . T he p rocess o f i nc is ion c o mpr ises t he f o l low ing me thods : I a :

i nc is ions c ons is t ing o f t h in l i nes , w ide a nd d eep g rooves o r s uperf i c ia l r ibb ings

i b :

i mpressed d ecora t ion i n t he s hape o f as pec ia l o r a cc iden ta l t oo l u sed f or mak ing t he mo t if , b y p erpend icu lar o r o b l ique p ress ing r epea ted a t more o r l ess c lose i n terva ls

I c :

f l u t ing e xecu ted b y o b l ique o r r epea ted p ress ing w ith ab lun t p o in t ; b urn ished g rooves r esu l t f ro m t h is o pera t ion .

T he d ecora t ion i n r e l ie f c ons is ts o f : 2 a : 2 b : 2 c :

c ordons c res ts p ro tuberances

2 d :

a pp l ied mo t ifs i n t he s hape o f " len t i ls".

T he r e l ief p a t terns a re a pp l ied i n n ear ly a l l c ases . T he d ecora t ion b y e ncrus t ing . A wh ite p as te was e spec ia l ly u sed ; ar ed s ubs tance w as v ery r are ly emp loyed . S i mp le i nc is ions n arrow o r w ide d if feren t f orms o f i mpress ion , l i nes o r s egmen ts c ons is t ing o f s uccess ive s tabbed d o ts ( execu ted w ith a s harp o r b lun t p o in t , o r aw ide s pa tu la ) , a nd -

-

impress ions w ith a t w isted s tr ing , a l l p rev ious ly made i n t he f abr ic , w ere f i l led w ith t h is p as te. T he p reserva t ion o f t he p as te d ur ing t he m i l lenn ia d ep ends b o th o n t he t echn ica l p rocess u sed t o f i x t he p as te a nd e spec ia l ly o n t he a c id i ty o f t he s o i ls i n w h ich t he p o t tery r e ma ined.

O ur o bserva t ion

l eads t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he p o t tery o f t he C oo fen i c u lture may b e i nc luded i n t he c a tegory o f e ncrus ted p o t tery , a s Wos insky b e l ieved a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he p resen t c en tury . P a in ted d ecora t ion . T he f i nds made i n s ome s e t t lemen ts o f S ou thern O l ten ia c a l l o ur a t ten t ion t o ap ar t icu lar a spec t o f t he d ecora t ion o f t he C o jo fen i c u l ture , n ame ly t he c rude p a in t ing e xecu ted a f ter t he b ak ing o f t he p o t tery . We c an r e fer i n s ome r espec ts a lso t o t he r ed s l ip a pp l ied i nb ands o n t he e x terna l r im b efore t he b ak ing o f t he v esse ls , b u t t h is c an b e c ons idered a s ac on t inua t ion o f t he c o lour-coa t c over ing t he i ns ide o f t he v esse l f or p rac t ica l r easons ( p 1. 4 8/21; 9 8/ 1,5 ; 1 03/5 ; 12/ 1). T he c rude p a in t i s o f ten w h ite i n c o lour , r are ly r ed , w ith c rude o chre u sed a s at h in p a in t , o r i n t he f orm o f p owdered p as te , a nd v ery r are ly ( i f t he p henomenon i s n o t d ue t o c hem ica l c hanges ) , w ith b rown . Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 7

T he p as te i s a pp l ied b y t wo methods , o n t he p o l ished o r t he ma t t s ur face o f t he v esse l ( P l . 4 8/ 15 , 1 9 , 2 2 ; 4 9/ 1, 3 -6 , 9 , 1 0 ) o r o n ag round c ons is t ing o f i nc ised o r s cra tched b ands. T he p as te a dheres a nd i s ma in ta ined i n t he f orm o f t h ick l ayers ( p 1 . 4 8/ 16-18 ,20 ; 4 9/2 ). Probab ly t he i dea o f p ictures a lso b rough t a bou t t he e ncrus t ing w ith w h ite o f s o me d eep a nd w ide g rooves ( P l. 4 9/7 ,8 ,11 ) ; t he p as te f i l led t he g rooves a nd c overed a lso marg ina l s tr ips p resen t ing t he i mpress ion o f n arrow w h ite b ands . T h is o bserva t ion r a ises t he q ues t ion o f w he ther t hese f orms o f p a in t ing a re r eg iona l p henomena o r w he ther w e s hou ld p resume t ha t g enera l ly s peak ing t he i nc ised a nd s cra tched b road b ands s erved a s ab ase f or t he c rude p ic ture , a nd t ha t t he w h ite p owdered s ubs tance h as b een w ashed o f f . Consequen t ly we mus t a sk t o w ha t e x ten t p a in t ing w as r ea l ly u sed i n t he Co tofen i c u l ture. I n t he f u ture w e s hou ld p ay more a t ten t ion t o t h is a spec t o f t he n ew f i nds . T he l as t p rob lem w i th w h ich w e w i l l d ea l i n t h is s ub-chap ter i s t ha t o f t he t echn ique o f r epea ted s tabb ing a nd t he t echn ique o f c ord i mpress ions n a me ly , i fi ti s c orrec t t o s peak o f " po t tery d ecora ted w ith r epea ted s tabb ings" a nd " po t tery d ecora ted w ith c ord o rnamen t" w ith in t he C o to fen i c u l ture . I n a l l c ases ( and t here a re many ) i n w h ich t he w h i te e ncrus ted p as te i s s urv iv ing a nd f i l ls l i nes c ons is t ing o f e i ther s uccess ive s tabb ings o r c ord i mpress ions , i ti s wrong t o r e fer t o p ot tery d ecora ted w ith r epea ted s tabb ings o r w i th c ord , s ince i ti s i n r ea l ity a n e ncrus ted p o t tery . I n t h is c ase , t he t echn ique o f r epea ted s tabb ings a nd c ordi mpress ions i s o n ly a s uper ior me thod o f r eta in ing t he p as te. T he p rob lem o f p o t tery w h ich , t hough w orked i n t hese n o t p reserve t he e ncrus ta t ion , r ema ins t o b e d iscussed . a c id i ty o f t he s o i l , t he w eaker a dherence o f t he p as te , o r I ti s h ard t o p rove . My o wn c onv ic t ion , b ased u pon v ery

t wo t echn iques , d oes I s i td ue t o t he t o ar ea l a bsence? c are fu l o bserva t ion

o f al arge q uan t ity o f ma ter ia l a nd o f t he c ircums tances o f d iscovery ,( whe ther , w hen t he f ragmen ts w ere i n as o i l r ich i n a shes , t hose wh ich h ad h ad s econda ry f i r ing p reserved t he e ncrus ta t ion , w h i le o thers s i tua ted o n ly a t af ew me ters f rom t hem h ave l os t t he e ncrus tat ion ) a nd u pon l og ic ( t he l i nes c ons is t ing o f r epea ted s tabb ings w hen s een f rom s o me d is tance d o n o t l ook d i f feren t f rom t he i nc ised o nes f or i nstance ) i s t ha t t he t echn ique o f r epea ted s tabb ings a nd t ha t o f c ordi mpress ions a re a lways s ubord ina ted t o t he e ncrus ta t ion . B arbo t ine , a s ad ecora t ive t echn ique , n o l onger p lays a ny r o le w i th in t he C o Jo fen i c u lture. T he manner i n w h ich t he d ecora t ive p a t terns a re a rranged T he p eop le o f t he C oo fen i c u l ture n o l onger h ave t ha t s en t i men t o f h orror v acu i t yp ica l o f many o f t he n eo- a nd e neo l i th ic p opu la t ions w h ich p receded t hem. T he d ecora t ion i s l ess h eavy , a nd t he c o mponen t e le men ts o f a n o rnamen ta l i dea a ppear c lear-cu t . T he p eop le o f t he C oo fen i c u l ture d ecora ted e spec ia l ly t he mos t v is ib le p ar ts o f t he v esse l : t he r im s lop ing e x terna l ly , t he i ns ide r im , when t he mou th i s f l ared ;

t he n eck , w hen i ti s s tra igh t ,

c y l indr ica l o r i n t he s hape o f at runca ted c one ;

t he s hou lder when i ti s p ro-

t rud ing ; t he b u lged p ar ts o f t he b ody ; t he l arge ma jor ity o f t he h and les. T he l ower p ar ts , t owards t he b ase , a re n o t p roper ly s peak ing d ecora ted ; t hey Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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r e p a t e d s t a b i n g

•

o

•

•

.

o n ly r ef lec t t he d ecorat ion o ccurr ing o n t he r est o f t he v essel.

T he d ecora-

t ive p at terns a re o f ten a rranged o n f r iezes a nd more r are ly i n me topes. d ecorat ive p atterns a re r epeated ;

The

ap at tern c an d ecorate a v esse l b y i t se lf

o r o ccupy t he c en tra l p os it ion , b e ing emphas ised b y t he a dd it ion o f o ther p at terns a round i t . The d ecorat ive p at terns :

The t r iang le p layed a l arge p ar t i n t he Co ofen i

p ot tery , i n wh ich i to ccurs i n al arge v ar ie ty o f f or ms.

We k now t r iangu lar

p at terns c er ta in ly e xecuted b y e ncrust ing a nd p a in t ing , b ut we d o n ot k now i f s o me i nc ised t r iang les a nd o thers worked i n t he t echn ique o f r epeated s tabb ings o r o f c ord impress ions , were o r were n o t o r ig ina l ly e ncrus ted. The t r iangu lar p at terns o ccur e ither b y t he mselves o n t he s ur face o f t he v essel , o r a s ma in e le men ts e nc losed b y s econdary o nes.

The g reat ma jor ity

o f t he m a re r epresented w ith p o in t d ownwards a nd t hey o ccur v ery r arely w ith t he p o in t u p ;

t hey a re a rranged i n as ing le o r a s o ver lapp ing d ecorat ive r ows.

The t r iang les o ccur i n t he f o llow ing s hapes : a :

P la in h atched t r iang les.

3 6/2 ; 1 8 );

3 6/3

6 5/3;

=

a 2, w ith a n o pen s ide

( P l.

( P l.

3 6/5

3 6/1 =

=

8 8/4 ;

6 5/8; 3 6/17,

a 3 w ith t he o pen s ide marked b y i mpress ions i n t he s hape o f d ots ( P l.

3 6/6,7) ;

b :

Tr iang les f i l led w ith d o ts.

( b2, p 1. 3 6/10 o f r oset tes e :

3 6/4 );

a t, w i th marked s ides

( P l.

=

1 12/7 ;

4 1/7 ;

3 6/8,9 );

d :

1 12/5 ;

( bi,

P l.

15/3 );

3 6/11) o r c ons ist ing o f d o ts c :

Tr iang les i n t he s hape

Tr iang les i n t he s hape o f f r inges ( p 1. 3 6/12-13 );

Tr iang les i n t he s hape o f p o inted a rches ( ei, p 1. 3 6/14 ) o r s h ields ( e2,

P l. 3 6/15 );

f :

" Bur ied" t r iang les e xecuted b y a lternat ing t he h a tch ings w ithout

n ega t ive z ones ( p 1. 3 6/16 ); The t ypes a l a nd

g : Ranged i n t i ers ( p 1. 3 6/5 ,17,18 ).

a re u n iversa l

( P l.

3 7 ).

The t ype b i s e ncountered o n ly

i n t he Banat ( P l. 3 8 ); c a nd d o ccur o n ly i n Transy lvan ia ( p 1. 3 8 ). a 2 o ccurs most f requen t ly t o t he Nor th o f t he Carpath ians ( P l. 3 7 ) a nd more r arely t o t he S outh ; b :

a 3 a nd e o ccur i n Cen tra l Transy lvan ia a nd Northern O l ten ia ( p 1. 3 7 ; 3 8 ) Hatched b ands.

These p at terns a re u n iversa l

o f e vo lut ion o f t he Co jofen i c u lture.

d ur ing t he who le p er iod

The e ncrusta t ion o r al ayer o f wh ite o r

r ed p aste h ave s urv ived i n many c ases when t he b ands a re i n f act a g round f or r eta in ing t he p aste a pp l ied b y b rush.

P robably e ncrusting a lways a cco m-

p an ied t he h atched b ands. The p atterns c ons ist ing o f h atched b ands a re a rranged i n a ng les

( P l.

3 9/1;

3 9/2 = 8 2/5 ; 3 9/4 ; 3 9/8,9 ), i n z ig zags ( p 1. 3 9/3,16 ) i n t he s hape o f o b l ique a nd v er t ica l p ara l lel s tr ips ( p 1. 3 9/6,13 ) o r i n " raf ters" ( p 1. 3 9/5 = 1 7/2 ). An u mber o f t echn iques a re u sed f or mak ing t h is k ind o f d ecorat ion : a ) at oo l s im i lar t o ac h ise l w ith a n arrow a nd t h in s harp e dge was u sed t o c ut s hor t v er t ica l a nd r epeated l ines f o l low ing a p lan f ro m me mory ( p 1. 3 9/1, 3 ,4 ,16 );

b ) t he s a me t oo l f irst t raced t he way t o b e f ol lowed b y t he d ecora-

t ion p at tern ( p 1. 3 9/2 ) wh ich was t hen h a tched ;

c ) t he d ecorat ive p atterns

were made o f t wo i nc ised p ara l le l l ines a nd t he s pace b etween t he m was f i l led w ith h atch ings C :

( P l.

3 9/5 ,6,8-10 ,1 3 ).

I nc ised b ands.

They a re a lso w idespread a nd h ave along e vo lut ion .

I n s o me c ases t he b ands were u sed a s g round f or c rude p a in t ing w ith wh ite. Probably t h is d ecora t ion was more w idespread t han we c an d e monstrate a t Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 0

p resent.

The i nc ised b ands g enera l ly o ccur i n t he s hape o f p ara l lel s tr ips

c over ing v er t ica l ly t he s ur face o f t he v essel

3 9/7

( P l.

6 1/2;

=

3 9/11

6 1/10 ;

=

3 9/13,14 ) a nd more r are ly i n t he s hape o f o b l ique s tr ips e nc los ing a ngu lar n ega t ive p at terns i n l a t t ice

3 9/15 ).

( P l.

The d ecorat ion c ons ists o f h a tch ing a rranged

3 9/12 ), o b l ique ly ( p l. 3 9/7 ), i n " ra f ters" ( p 1. 3 9/ 11 ) o r o f i n-

( P l.

c ised p ara l lel l ines e nc losed b y d o ts D :

3 9/15 ).

( P l.

Pat terns i n t he s hape o f a" skeleton o f af ish".

Over lapp ing z ones ,

a min i mu m o f t wo , a nd c ons is t ing o f o b l ique p ara l le l l ines , s hor ter o r l onger , t h inner o r t h icker , i nc ised o r i n t he t echn ique o f r epeated s tabb ing , o f ten p reserve t races o f e ncrusted wh ite p aste.

I n many c ases t he s ing le d ecora-

t ive p at tern i s s ituated im med iate ly b eneath t he r im o r o n t he s hou lder o f t he v essels

4 1/1-5 ;

( P l.

4 1/6

=

8 1/18 ) a nd i s a rranged o n t wo o r more z ones ( Da ).

I n o ther c ases i t r epresen ts t he ma in d ecorat ive p at tern ( Dh ) a pp l ied o n t he p r inc ipa l p ar ts o f t he v esse l r ound ing p at terns.

4 1/7,8,12,13 ) a nd i s s et o f f b y o ther s ur-

( P l.

But f requen t ly t he p atterns i n t he s hape o f af ish s keleton

a lso p layed a s econdary p ar t i n d ecorat ion ; t he u pper z one, t he o rna men ta l " cuff" d ef ined o r e nclosed d ecorat ive f r iezes

i n t hese c ases t hey d ecora ted 4 1/9

( P l.

=

1 08/5 ;

4 1/10 ,11) a nd e ither

4 1/15 ) a nd metopes

( P l.

( P l.

4 1/16 ).

The p at terns u nder d iscuss ion a re u n iversa l a nd s how a n i n teres t ing e vo lu t ion w ith in t he Co jofen i c u lture. E : Pat terns a rranged i n t he s hape o f " branches o f f ir-tree", a lterna t ing i nc ised o r r epea ted s tabbed o b l ique l ines , a rranged i n v er t ica l r ows , u sua l ly o ccupy c o mpletely t he s urface o f t he v esse l

( P l.

s eparated b y n arrow u ndecora ted b ands

41/2 1 = 5 3/3 ).

( P l.

5 8/2 ), i n t wo o r f our metopes The v er t ica l b ands

c ons ist ing o f o b l ique l ines r epresen t t he ma in d ecora t ion i n t he g reat ma jor ity o f t he c ases

4 1/17-24 ;

( P l.

w ide l i nes , " grooves" ( Ea , 4 1/22 4 2/3

=

=

5 6/5 ;

4 3/2

4 2/1-4 ). P l.

41/23 = 6 6/7 ; 8 9/22 ;

=

4 2/4 ).

They o ccur i n t he f orm o f a lternat ing

4 1/17 ; 4 2/1

=

4 1/18

=

5 6/6 ;

4 1/19 ;

4 1/20

6 6/5 ) o r o f n arrow l ines ( Eb ,

=

P l.

5 5/12; 4 2/2 ;

Frequen t ly t he v er t ica l r ows a re s epara ted b y

i nc ised l ines. F :

Pat terns a rranged i n " raf ters".

These d er ive f ro m s i mp l ify ing t he

p at terns i n t he s hape o f b ranches o f af ir-tree ; 4 2/,6 ) o r s econdary ( Fb , G :

P l.

t hey a re p r inc ipa l ( Fa , P l.

3 6/12 ) d ecora t ive p at terns.

App l ied p last ic p a tterns i n t he s hape o f " len t i ls"

( P l.

4 4 ).

These a re

a lways a ssoc ia ted w ith t he Co jofen i p ot tery , f ro m t he e ar ly p hases t o t he f ina l o nes.

The a bsence o f t hese d ecorat ive p at terns f ro m s o me s et t le men ts i s

d irect ly c onnected w ith t he sma l lness o f t he e xcavat ions a t t hose s i tes.

The

f requency o f t h is d ecorat ive p a t tern d epends a lso o n t he p os it ion h e ld b y t he s ite i n t he c hrono logy o f t he Co ofen i c u lture a nd o n t he impor tance g iven b y t he c o mmun ity t o o ne o r o ther d ecorat ive p a t tern , i n o ther words o n i t s l oca l c haracter.

" Len t ils" a lways o ccur a ssoc iated w ith o ther p at terns i n t he

f o l low ing f or ms :

a ) t hey a re a pp l ied s ing ly a nd t hey mark t he c hange i n

d ecora t ive p a t tern ( p 1. 4 2/7 ,10 ,16 f r iezes

( P l.

4 2/8,11,12

o f t he v esse l

( P l.

=

=

5 5/14 );

3 5/7,13-15 ,17 );

4 2/9 ,19 );

b ) t hey d iv ide t he d ecora t ive

C )

t hey s et o f f ac o mponen t p ar t

d ) t hey f or m a n impor tan t d ecorat ive p a t tern ,

a s ad ecora t ive f r ieze ( p 1. 4 2/18,20 ;

4 3/1-3).

The r o le p layed b y t hese

a pp l ied p atterns i n d ecorat ion i s a lso a t tested b y t he f act t hat t hey o f ten o ccur Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. o ver t he e ncrusted l ines o r as cratched g round p a in ted i n wh ite o r r ed c o lour. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 1

H : T he s p ira l-shaped p a t terns ( P l. 4 4 ). T he e x is tence o f t h is p a t tern c an b e a ssumed w i th c er ta in ty , a l though i ti s r are ly e ncoun tered ( p 1. 4 3/4-7 ). A f r ieze c ons is t ing o f i so la ted p la in s p ira ls ( Ha ) e xecu ted i n t he t echn ique o f r epea ted s tabb ings o ccurs a t P etro en i ( P l. 4 3/6 ; Hored t 1 941, 9 3-94 , f i g. 3 /5 ) , C l in ic Bruken tha l Museum , h ere P l . 4 3/5 ), I ghe l ( Berc iu D ., B erc iu I ., 1 943-1945 , p . 6 5 ). T he p a t terns w ou ld h ave b een e ncrus ted w ith w h ite. A s p ira l-shaped p a t tern i s k nown a t L ivez i le ( Schro l ier 1 933 , p 1. 2 9/ 10 ; h ere P l . 4 3/4 ); s p ira ls i n t he s hape o f s pec tac les ( Hb ) d ecora te a t yp ica l Coo fen i h and le f ound a t R ch ita ( P l . 4 3/7 ). I : C oncen tr ic c irc les . T hey a re k nown i n t wo p laces a nd c ons is t o f r ep ea ted s tabb ings ( p 1. 4 3/8 ,10 ) o r i mpressed d o ts ( P l . 4 3/9 ). T he f ragmen t i n P l . 4 3/ 10 w as f ound t oge ther w ith t ha t o f P l . 4 3/7. J : P a t terns a rranged i n t he s hape o f c hess-squares . T hey a re r e la t ive ly f requen t , w ith a l ong e vo lu t ion a nd o ccur i n T ransy lvan ia , B ana t a nd Cr i ana ( P l . 4 5 ). T he p a t terns c ons is t ing o f i nc ised p ara l le l l i nes , l i nes e xecu ted i n F urchenst i ch t echn ique o r o f h a tch ings i n l a t t ice a re a lways e ncrus ted . T hey r epresen t as ing le d ecora t ion , a nd f orm , t oge ther w ith o ther s econdary mo t ifs , d ecorat i ve f r iezes o r me topes

( P l .

4 3/ 11-15 ,16 = 16/5 ,17 ;

4 6/ 1-6 ).

K : P ara l le l b ands ( p 1. 4 6/7 ,8 = 7 5/2 ). T hey c ons is t o f i nc ised p ara l le l l ines b urn ished o r i n t he F urchens t ich t echn ique a nd d ecora te t he s hou lder a nd t he b ody o f t he v esse l . T hey r epresen t t he s o le d ecorat ion ( P l. 4 6/7 ,8 ) o r s epara te t he me topes f i l led w ith i mpress ions ( P l. 4 6/9 ). L : Rows o f i mpress ions . T hese a re i n t he s hape o f t he t oo l w i th wh ich t hey w ere e xecu ted ( ova l , t r iangu lar , s em i-ova l , c ircu lar , r ec tangu lar , c rescen t , i rregu lar ) ; t he i ncrus ta t ion v ery o f ten s urv ives , e ven i n t he c ase o f r ough v esse ls. F or t h is r eason , w e c anno t e xc lude t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t he ir ma in r o le w as c onnec ted w ith i ncrus ta t ion . T here a re t hree f orms : a ) s uper i mposed h or izon ta l r ows d ecora t ing t he r im ( P l . 4 6/10 ,11 ) , t he b ody ( p l . 4 6/ 19 ,20 ; 4 7/7-9 ) o r f orm ing t he d ecora t ive " cu ff ' t he u pper -

z one

-

b enea th w h ich o ther mot ifs a ppear

( P l .

4 6/ 13-17 ;

4 7/5 ) ;

b ) t hey a re a ux i l iary e le men ts o f ad ecora t ive c ompos it ion 4 7/2 ) ; C )

( P 1 .

4 6/22 ,23 ;

t hey r epresen t ad ecora t ive c ompos it ion b y t he mse lves a s f r iezes

( P l . 4 6/ 18 ,21 ) o r me topes ( P l . 4 7/3 ,11) , o r , w ith o ther mo t ifs , t hey f orm a ngu lar p a t terns ( p 1. 47/6)i n t he s hape o f af ence ( p 1 . 4 7/ 11 a ,1 2 ) o r mus ica l s core M :

( P l .

4 7/4 ).

T hese p a t terns a re u n iversa l t hroughou t t he Co to fen i c u l ture.

P a t terns i n r e l ief .

T hey a re f requen t a nd u n iversa l :

a ) App l ied , n o tched o r d i mp led c ordons o ccur i nt he f o l low ing p a t terns : • a l, a s ing le h or izon ta l c ordon , a pp l ied f requen t ly b enea th t he r im o f t he v esse l , more r are ly o n t he s hou lder , s ome t i mes i n terrup ted h ere a nd t here b y p rot uberances i n r e l ief ( p 1 . 4 8/9 ,10 ,11 = 6 9/20 ) ; a 2 , b ands o fp ara l le l c ordons c ons ist ing o f t wo o r t hree r ows o n t he s hou lder o f t he amphorae o fl arge s ize ; Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 2

b ) " Cuf fs" i n r e l ief ( execu ted b y t h icken ing t he r im a nd d ecora t ing i t ; t hey o ccur i n t he s hape o fb road c ordons ( p 1 . 4 8/ 13 ) ; c ) S egmen ts o f c ordons a re a pp l ied e spec ia l ly o n t he z ones o f t he v esse ls wh ich a re t he mos t v is ib le. T hey f orm r epea ted s tr ips c ons is t ing o f 2 -6 p ara l le l c ordons , w hose t erm ina ls e nd e i ther i n ah or izon ta l p ro tuberance o r a re "me l ted" b y t h inn ing o n to t he s ur face o f t he v esse l 1 6 ; 9 0/3 ,6 ,8 ; 9 2/4 ,6 ; 9 9/ 11 ) ; d )

( P l .

4 7/22 ,23 ,29 ; 8 1/

C ordons i n t he s hape o f a mous tache a re e xcep t iona l ( p 1 . 4 7/ 18; 4 8/21) ;

e . ) C ordons a rranged c rossw ise ( p 1 . 4 8/ 14 ) o r a s b roken l i nes a re a lso e xcep t ions ;

( P l .

8 1/ 12 )

1 ) H orseshoes i n r e l ief , w ith o r w ithou t d ecora t ion , w i th t he c urva ture d ownwards o ru pwards ( P l. 4 7/ 19 ,25 ; 4 8/3 ,8 = 16/8 ). T hey a re a pp l ied b enea th t he r im o f t he v esse l a nd w ere p robab ly u sed a s l ugs ; g ) C res ts i n r e l ie f w ere v ery f requen t a nd w idespread ( p 1 . 4 7/ 14 ,15 ,17 ) ; g roups o f 2a rranged a t i n terva ls o r g roups o f 3 -4 a rranged i n c lose p ara ll e ls a re a pp l ied o n t he e x terna l r im o f t he v esse l. S o me o f t hem a re d ecorat ed . T he g roups o f 2c res ts a rranged a t i n terva ls ( P l. 4 7/ 15 ) , w h ich o f ten c ause t he c orruga t ion o f t he r im , may r epresen t i n as ty l ized manner t he t ubu lar h and les w ith t h ickened e dges ( p l . 5 7/ 1) wh ich w ere v ery f requen t i n a n e ar l ier p er iod ; h ) P la in , n o tched o r d i mp led , h or izon ta l o r v er t ica l p ro tuberances ( p 1. 4 8/ 1,2 ,4 ,5 ,7 ,11; 4 8/6 = 16/ 11) a lso o ccur fr equen t ly ; i ) p a t terns i n t he s hape o f ar ec tangu lar f rame w ith med ian r ibb ing ( P l. 47/26 ,28 ) ; J ) S pec ia l p a t terns ( P l . 4 7/20 ; 6 8/ 17 ) , p erhaps r epresen t ing t he h u man f ace i n a n e x tre mely s ty l ized f orm c an b e c ons idered a s b e ing e xcep t ions . N : P a in ted p a t terns ( p 1. 4 8/ 15-22 ; 4 9/ 1-11 ) d o n o t d i f fer f rom t hose a lready men t ioned ; h a tched t r iang les ( p 1 . 4 9/5 ,9 ,10 = 9 5/2 ) ; a ngu lar p a t terns a rranged i n f es toons

( P l.

4 9/ 1) ;

s tr ips c ons is t ing o f n arrow p ara l le l l i nes

( p 1. 4 8/ 22 ; 4 9/ 1), b road b ands o n t he s cra tched , i nc ised o r r ibbed g round ( P l. 4 8/ 15 ,17 ,18 ,20 ) ; n arrow b ands a rranged i n a ng les ( p 1 . 4 8/ 15 ; 4 9/6 ,7 , 8 ,11 ) ; p a t tern i n l at t ice ( P l . 4 9/3 ). 0 : P a t terns p roduced b y i mpress ing a t w is ted c ord ( P l . 4 5 ; 4 9/ 12 ,13 ; 5 0 ; 5 1/ 1-4 ). Even i ft h is c a tegory b e longs w ho l ly t o t he g roup o f e ncrus ted p ot tery , w e mus t p o in t o u t t he s pec ia l e f fec t p roduced b y e ncrus t ing t he c ord i mpress ions i n c ompar ison w ith t ha t o f t he i nc ised o r r epea ted ly s tabbed l i nes. I n t he l ast t wo c ases w e c an s ee a wh i te l i ne , wh i le i n t he f i rs t o ne w e o bserve a s uccess ion o f " gra ins" j o in ing o b l ique ly e ach t o t he o ther . We s hou ld p o in t o u t a lso t ha t t h is p a t tern i s v ery f requen t i n O l ten ia w h i le i to ccurs r are ly i n t he o ther p rov inces ( P 1 . 4 5 ). T he d ecora t ive p a t terns a re t yp ica l o f t he Coofen i c u lture ; a ngu lar , t r iangu lar a nd p ara l le l l i nes . A c oncen tr ic p a t tern e nc los ing a p ro tuberance ( p 1 . 5 1/ 1) a nd a no ther i n t he s hape o f af r ieze w ith c ross-shaped p a t terns ( p 1. 5 0/4 ) a re l ess " or thodox". Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 3

P :

P ierced h oles.

They o ccur r arely a nd c an b e c onnected w ith t he

c orrugat ion o f t he r im i n o ne o r t wo r idges. t ed o ne o r t wo t imes

( P l.

6 9/8;

6 3/9 ;

I n t h is c ase t he r im i s p er fora-

6 5/2 ) f or t wo r easons , ap ract ica l o ne ,

f or t he c ord h ang ing t he v esse l , a nd a d ecorat ive o ne , t he h o le b e ing t he c en tre o f ad ecorat ive p at tern. R : Decorat ion w ith r ibb ings. These a re l ess f requent a nd t he ir s pread i s l ess w ide , b ut t hey h o ld a wel l-def ined p os it ion w ith in t he r elat ive c hrono logy o f t he Co Jofen i c u lture.

The r ibb ings a re e xecuted b y p ress ing o b l ique ly

w ith a c h ip o r a n o b ject w ith v ery f ine t eeth . t he v esse l i s r ibbed i n r egu lar p aral lel l ines

S o met i mes , t he l o wer p ar t o f ( P l.

7 7/4,9 ).

The h and les, i n

t he f orm o f ab road b and , a re d ecorated i n t he s a me manner

( P l.

o ther c ases t he b road b ands a lternate w ith n arrow b ands

9 8/10 ,14 ).

( P l.

1 02/6 ). I n

Narrow o r w ide s tr ips f orm v er t ica l a nd o b l ique d ecorat ive z ones s eparated f ro m e ach o ther b y ah or izonta l s tr ip

9 8/10,13 ).

( P l.

S o met i mes t he g round

c ons ists o f r ibb ings , o n to wh ich t he wavy p a t terns a re a pp l ied ( P l. 9 8/14 ). Narrow s tr ips o r a lternat ing w ith l ong o nes ( P l. 1 01/5 ; 1 02/9 ) may p roduce p at terns wh ich a re h ard t o d ef ine , b ut wh ich a re e f fect ive. S :

F luted p ot tery i s n ot n u merous a nd t he q ua l ity o f f lut ing i s i nfer ior t o

t hat wh ich i s k nown i n t he e ar l ier p er iod o r i n t he c on te mporaneous c u lture o f Baden.

The d ecorat ion c ons ists , a s I men t ioned a bove, o f b urn ished

g rooves ; t he p at terns a re p oor :

v er t ica l p ara l lel f lut ings d ecorate t he who le

s urface o f t he v esse l

7 3/1);

( P l.

6 4/7 ;

t hey f orm h ere a nd t here p o in ted a rches

when t he f lut ings a re h igh ly c urved 8 9/3;

( P l.

9 7/1);

o b l ique ly , t hey g ive way t o b ur ied t r iang les ( p 1. 4 9/1; a t i n terva ls b etween t he m

( P l.

a lternat ing

9 5/6 ) a nd w ide b ands

89/5) .

T : Barbo t ine-pa tterns. These o ccur r arely a nd c ons ist o f o b l ique o r v er t ica l s tr ips ( P l. 5 9/4, 5 ,8 -10 ). U :

S ta mped p at terns a nd impress ions o f d o ts.

e ncrusted p ot tery , w ith a n arrow d if fus ion

( P l.

i nf luenced o r e nr iched b y t he Kosto lac g roup.

Th is i s p ree m inen t ly a n

3 /2 );

t h is p ot tery i s s trong ly

I t o ccurs i n a mil ieu wh ich i s

b as ica l ly Co jofen i, a nd f orms a nd d ecorat ive p at terns o f t h is p ot tery a re o f ten t yp ica l o f t he Co jofen i c u lture.

The d ecora t ion i s a rranged e spec ia l ly i n

metopes, more r arely i n f r iezes

( P 1.

7 4 ;

7 7-79 ;

1 10-115 ) a nd c ons ists o f

b ands o f p ara l lel d ots s eparated b y s tr ips o f l ines e xecuted i n t he t echn ique o f r epeated s tabb ings 1 14/5 ;

1 15/3 );

s quares"

( P l.

( P l.

1 10/3; 1 12; 1 15/15 ,17 );

r ho mbo ids

1 14/3 ;

( P l.

1 15/6,7 );

13/57 ;

t r iang les ( p 1. 12/5 ,7;

1 15/12 ;

a nd " ice f l owers"

1 16/1); ( P l.

p at terns i n " chess

1 10/4;

1 14/7 ;

1 16/ 1).

OTHER OBJECTS OF BA KED CLAY S p ind le-whor ls. ments. a )

These o ccur i n impress ive q uan t it ies i n a l l t he s ett le-

They a re o f v ar ied f orms a nd f ree o f d ecora t ion. The s i mp lest t ype i s made o f r ounded a nd p ierced f ragments o f p ot tery

( P l. 5 2/34 );

b ) The f irst f or m made s pec if ica l ly t o b e u sed a s as p ind le-whor l

was f lat , w ith t he u pper p ar t s l igh t ly b u lged ( p 1. 5 2/29 );

C )

h eavy c one-shaped

s p ind le-whor ls

( p 1.

5 2/19 ,23 );

d ) h igh r hombo ida l, b itruncated c one-shaped

s p ind le-whor ls

( P l.

5 2/11,16 ) o r f lat tened s p ind le-whor ls ( P l. 5 2/12 ,17 );

e ) c one-shaped s p ind le-whor ls w ith h o l lowed b ase ( P l. 5 2/18,28 ).

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 4

Ree ls ( p 1. 52 /2 7 ,30 ,36 ). a )

These o ccur f requen t ly .

c y l indr ica l b ody w ith c ircu lar e nds

( P l.

There a re t wo f orms :

5 2/27,36 ) a nd b ) h o llowed f or ms

w ith t h inned midd le ( P1. 5 2/30 ). S poons

5 2/10 ,14 ) o f o va l o r r ound f or m , o f sma l l s ize w ith a s hor t

( P l.

smal l h and le

( P l.

5 2/ 14 ) wh ich i s s o met i mes p ierced f or h ang ing .

S poons w ith l ong itud ina l ly p er forated h and le

( P l.

5 2/9 ).

These were

p robab ly u sed a s p ipes o r f or l i bat ions. Models o f wagon whee ls " sp ind le" f or a x les ;

( P l.

5 2/20 ,35 ,40 ).

These were p rov ided w Ith

o ne wheel h as t he h ub marked b y t h icken ing.

Models o f a nchors ( p 1. 5 2/7 ,8 ). o ne o f t he m i s d ecorated.

These a re o f s ingu lar a ppearance a nd

Beads o f c lay ( p l. 5 2/6,13,15 ).

These o ccur s o mewha t i nfrequen t ly i n

t wo f orms : l ong itud ina l ly p erforated , c y l indr ica l o r o b long-ova l i n s ect ion a nd b eads w ith o va l h o le f or h ang ing. Anthropo morph ic f igur ines ( p 1. 51/5 12 ).

We k now n ine p ieces, e ight

f ro m Transy lvan ia , o ne f ro m Wa l lach ia ( \ I ilce le , d istr ict o f O lt , f ound b y M. Buto iu ;

h ere

P l.

5 1/10 ).

The most c haracter ist ic t ype i s r epresented b y

t he f igur ines w ith d isc-shaped h ead , i n o b l ique p os it ion a nd w ith t he h ands u p.

51/6 , 8,11,12 )

( P l.

The o ther s pec i mens h ave t he h ead b roken i n a nc ient

t i mes ( P l. 5 1/5 ,7 ), b u t t he c on format ion o f t he s urv iv ing p ar ts a t test a s im il ar s hape o f h ead , a t l east f or t wo p ieces. The a n thropo morph ic f igur ines r epresen t wo men , f our o f t he m b e ing d ecorated , ( w ith t he i nd icat ion o f s o me o rgans

-

e yes , s ex , o rna men ts , o r

c lothes P l. 51/8 , 9,10 ,12 ), o thers a re f ree o f d ecora t ion They a re f lat o r o va l i n s ect ion .

( P l.

-

Zoomorph ic f igur ines

( P l.

5 1/13,14 ,16 ;

5 2/1-5 ).

5 1/5-7 , i f

They r epresen t ,

s che ma t ica l ly , o xen wh ich s ee m t o b elong t o t wo r aces , o ne w ith sma l l s quat h ead w ith s hor t h orns ,

t he o ther w ith o b long h ead w ith h orns

o f l arger s ize.

GRA VES The d ocu men tary e v idence i s sma l l a nd o f ten w ith l acunae.

The a t tr ibut ion

o f t he f o l low ing f inds t o t he Co ofen i c ulture i s u ncer ta in : F lat i nhu mat ion b ur ia ls c on ta in ing e x tended o r c rouched s keletons f ound i n s et t le men ts , w ithou t t yp ica l g rave-goods a nd p erhaps d at ing f ro m a l ater p er iod ( Rec i, t hree i nhu mat ion b ur ia ls w ith c rouched s keletons , S zékely 1 962, 3 25, 3 27-328;

S . Du m itra cu i s a lso i n d oubt , 1 972 , 5 6 ;

Tàr tàr ia , c rouched

s keleton f ound i n al ayer o f t he Co ofen i c u lture ( Berc iu D ., Berc iu I ., 1 947/ 1 949, 3 0 ) o r b elong ing t o a n e ar l ier p er iod ( Bu ice t i, t wo f lat g raves c o mp lete ly d estroyed , f ound a t t he b ase o f t he Co jofen i l ayer ( Rosu 1 968, 1 2-13 ); I nhu mat ion b ur ia ls i n c aves ( Ba ia d e F ier , g rave c overed w ith f our s labs , c ontain ing s cat tered b ones a ssoc iated w ith Co Jofen i s herds ;

Dac ian s herds

f ound o ver t he g rave ( Plop or a nd c o l laborators 1 953, 2 03;

Co m a 1 968,

n ote 4 ); Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 5

Bur ia l b arrows a t L ivez ile ( V ládhaza , Cacova , Wos insky 1 904 , 3 0-31; Banner 1 927, 7 5-76 ;

S chrol ler 1 933, 3 1-33,

P l.

2 8-29 ;

Nestor 1 933, 6 6 )

whose g rave-goods a re n ot k nown f or c er ta in.

Nestor ( 1933, 6 6 ) s uggested

t he p oss ib il ity o f b ur ia ls o f d if feren t p er iods.

As r egards t he c ase u nder

d iscuss ion o n t he b as is o f t he i l lustrated ma ter ia l f ro m t he Museu m o f A iud -

p rovenance "Dea lu l g irbu lu i l l a )

-

we c an n o t ice t he f o l low ing :

t he o b jects h ave b een r eg istered a t d if feren t t imes w ith t he i n terpo la-

t ion o f mater ia ls f ro m o ther p laces ( G irbova , Me creac ). S chro l ler 1 933, p 1. 2 8/1-5 , 6 ,8,10 ,11;

For e xa mp le,

2 9/1,3,9-12 ,14-15 a re r eg istered

w ith n u mbers o ver 2 300 , wh ile S chro l ler 1 933 , p 1. 2 8/9 ,1 2 ,13 a nd Wos insky 1 904 , p 1.

v / 7 ,9

h ave n u mbers f ro m 1 ,480 t o 1 ,605.

Th is c an b e e xp la ined

by t he o b jects h av ing b een r ece ived i n t he museu m a t d if ferent i n tervals. b )

I n a dd it ion t o t he i l lustrated mater ia ls , t he Museu m o f A iud h as a

l arge q uan t ity o f Co ofen i p o ttery a t test ing t he e x istence o f as ett le men t a t t hat p lace.

Consequent ly i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he b arrows were l ater , t he

ma ter ia ls b e ing ama lga ma ted o n t he o ccas ion o f t he e xcava t ion o f t he b arrows. c ) Wietenberg r e ma ins h ave b een f ound s porad ica l ly o n t he s a me s ite ( Schro ller 1 933,

P l.

2 9/16-17 ).

d ) The v esse ls r eproduced b y S chro l ler ( 1933, p 1. 2 8/1-5 ; h ere p 1. 3 4/ 7 ,9 ) c an b e c ons idered a s a whole t o b e a l ien t o t he Co ofen i c u lture a nd s hou ld b e u n ique o r impor ted p roducts.

1

The b arrows o f Cârp in iq a nd I zvoare 1e 1 927 , 7 6-77 ;

2

( Wos insky 1 904 ,31,32 ;

Banner

Nes t er 1 933, 6 6,67 ) c ause p rob le ms wh ich a re s im ilar t o t hose

r a ised b y t he b arrows o f L ivez ile, n a mely t ha t we d o n ot k now i ft he p resence o f t he Co ofen i p ot tery ( Wos insky a nd Nestor ) i s n ot d ue t o s o me l a ter e ven ts. On t he o ther h and , t he v esse ls r eproduced b y S chro l ler ( 1933,p l. 2 9/5-8 ) a re worked i n an on-Cotofen i manner. There a re a lso n o i nd icat ions c oncern ing t he c u ltura l a t tr ibut ion o f t he h arrows a t Oc land ( Banner 1 927, 7 8;

Nestor 1 933,67 ).

The v esse l r eproduced

i n AE 1 5 , 4 18 i s t oo s che ma t ica l ly r epresen ted t o b e c onclus ive.

( Nestor

1 933, n ote 2 58.) The b ur ials w ith o chre i n t he h arrows f rom O lten ia a re a lso i n ad oubtfu l s ituat ion. a ) The f ind a t C lrna ( B ich ir 1 958, 1 01-112 ) i s ac asua l f ind a nd i n c onseq uence we c annot b e c er ta in o f i t ( Du m itrescu 1 960 ,8 5 ). b ) As r egards b arrow I a t P len ia , Co ofen i s herds h ave b een f ound n ot o n ly i ns ide t he mound , b ut a lso i n t he a nc ien t h umus ( t ea m o f r esearchers Verb icoara 1 942 , 1 64 ), a nd i n c onsequence t he b arrow i s l ater , a s Berc iu b el ieves. C )

Both t he mound a nd t he a nc ien t t opso il a t Rast , Mägura Barbulu i ,con-

t a m ed Co jofen i s herds ( Plop or a nd Du m itrescu 1 951, 2 76-277 ) b ut t hese f rag men ts o f p ot tery d o n o t o ccur i n t he s urround ing a rea a nd i n c onsequence i t i s p oss ible t ha t t hey a re c onte mporary , a s P lop9or a nd D im itrescu b e l ieved. d )

The g raves f ound a t Basarab i ( Du m itrescu 1 944 b , 8 5, h arrows w ith

c rouched s ke letons , s o me o f t he m c on ta in ing s herds w ith o chre , o thers w ith

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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Co to fen i s herds ) o r a t S eaca d e C lmp ( Dum i trescu 1 944a , 4 3 , a s w e l l a s t hose w ith s herds w ith o chre a t B asarab i ) d o n o t g ive s upp le men tary d a ta w h ich c an b e c ons idered a s b e ing c er ta in , c ons ider ing t ha t t he e xcava tor , a dm it t ing t he p oss ib i l ity o f ar e la t ion b etween t he b arrow-bur ia ls w i th o chre a nd t he Coofen i c u l ture , a sser ts i n as pec ia l s tudy ( Dum i trescu 1 960 ) t ha t , w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he g rave f ound a t S uharu , n o o ther i nhuma t ion b ur ia l f rom O l ten ia c an b e a t tr ibu ted w ith a ny c er ta in ty t o t he C o Jo fen i c u l ture ( i b id ., 8 7 ). On t he b as is o f t he r e l iab le d a ta o r t ha t w ith a h igh d egree o f c er ta in ty , w e c an s ay t ha t t he p eop le o f t he C o jo fen i c u l ture p rac t ised b oth t he r i te o f c re ma t ion a nd t ha t o f i nhu ma t ion . a . T he r i te o f c re ma t ion . I ti s a t tes ted a t C irna- M gura " To m i i" ( Du m i trescu 1 960 , 6 9-88 ; h ere p 1. 8 /3 ; 1 2/8 ; 2 7/ 1 ) , O s trovu C orbu lu i ( Berc iu 1 939 , 2 4 , f i g . 1 3/ 1-3 ; i dem 1 966 , 1 36 , n o te 1 ; h ere p 1 . 2 7/7 ) ; Ostrovu i m ian ( excava t ions c arr ied o u t b y G h . P op i l ian , u npub l ished ; P l . 4= 1 04/ 13 ; 47/24 ) ; Mo ldova V eche ( excava t ions P . Roman , u npub l ished ; P1.8 / 19 a -d ) ; Med iesu A unt ( Du m itra cu 1 972 , 5 3-62 ) ; Du m itrescu 1 960 , f i g . 4 /3 = 3 ,5 ; h ere p 1. 2 7/6 ).

1 7/

Máce u d e J os ( ? ‚

V i . D um itrescu ( .c it ., l oc .c i t .) d ea l t i n d e ta i l w ith t he g rave f ound a t C irna , ac re ma t ion u rn w ith l i d , b ur ied i n as and-dune i n t he s hape o f a b arrow . T here a re n o d e ta i ls c oncern ing t he g raves f ound a t O s trovu C orbu lu i. G h . P op i l ian f ound a n umber o f c rema t ion b ur ia ls o f v ar ied r i tua ls a t Os trov i s im ian ; a ) u rn w ith b ones ( P l . 1 7/4 = 1 04/ 13 ) l a id o n s tones, s urr ounded b y c a lc ined b ones , w ith a sma l l r ound b arrow o f r iver s tones r a ised o ver t he u rn a nd t he b ones ; b ) b ones o n t he g round , s herds , b e long ing t o a bol t f our v esse ls n ear t he b ones , t he w ho le a rea b e ing c overed w ith s tones ; c ) u rn-vesse l ( t ype I X b 2 , P l . 47/24 ) f i l led w ith c a lc ined b ones , w ithou t s tones ; d ) g rave w ith s tone c irc le ( d iameter 3 m ) , s herds n ear t he s tones ; t he who le a rea w as c overed w i th s tones . T he g raves o f O s trovu a t Mo ldova V eche b e long b as ica l ly t o t he V u edo l c u l ture g raf ted o n to a n e v iden t C o jo fen i-Kos to lac b ackground . We w i l l d ea l s hor t ly w ith t he m i n o rder t o p o in t o u t t he s ca le , s im i lar ity a nd c hrono logy o f t h is p henomenon . An umber o f f l a t tened b arrows h ave b een i nves t iga ted a t Mo ldova V eche. On ly t wo o f t he m c on ta ined c rema t ion-graves b e long ing t o t he V u edo 1 c u lture. These b arrows w ere b u i l t o f r ed f erug inous s and ( d iame ter 1 2 a nd 1 4 m ). One o f t he m w as r eve t ted w i th a c irc le o f r iver s tones , a nd a n i nner o va l h eap o f s tones c overed t he c en tra l p ar t . T he u rn w ith b ones a nd o ther o f feri ng v esse ls w ere f ound u nder t he i nner mound o f s tones . A r ing o f c opper was d iscovered u nder t he s tones c ompos ing t he c irc le. Two c re ma t ionb ur ia ls w ere f ound i n t he s econd b arrow , o ne o f t he m c ons is t ing o f a n u rn w it h l i d ; t he s econd g rave c on ta ined i n a dd it ion t o t he c overed u rn , o ther o f feri ng v esse ls.

A sma l l d epos it c on ta in ing p ieces o f meta l ( p 1. 8 / 19 a -d ) w as

d iscovered i n t he c en tre o f t he b arrow . I tf o l lows f ro m t hese f ac ts t ha t t he f inds w ere s im i lar t o t hose f rom O l ten ia . Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 7

S . D um i tra9cu ( 1972 , 5 3-62 ) men t ions t he f i nd ing o f t wo f l a t c re ma t ion g raves c on ta in ing u rns i n t he s hape o f amphorae ( i b id . 5 3-54 , p 1 . V I I ) a t Med ie u Aunt . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t o ther v esse ls o r l i ds b e long ing t o g rave g oods a nd b ur ied a t a sma l l d ep th h ave b een d es troyed b y p lough ing , a s w e l l a s o ther g raves s upposed t o b e i n t he p laces w here c lus ters o f p o t tery f ragmen ts h ave o ccurred ( i b id . 5 4-55 , p 1 . V I I I ; X/4-8 ). I vanov i ( 1974 , 2 1, p 1. V I I/ 1,2 ) h as d iscovered a c re ma t ion c e metery a t P ad ina , o n t he Yugos lav ian b ank o f t he D anube. T he c re ma ted r e ma ins w ere p laced i n u rns ( i b id . p 1 . V I I/ 1) a nd a ccord ing t o t he i l lus tra t ion d a te f rom t he p er iod o f L a te C o to fen i I o r t he b eg inn ing o fI l. b . I nhuma t ion . T he f i rs t c er ta in f i nd i s ab ur ia l o f ac h i ld ( chang ing h is m i lktee th ) , s trong ly c rouched o n t he r igh t s ide , o r ien ta ted f rom t he Wes t ( t he s ku l l ) t o t he E as t ( f ee t ), h ands b en t f rom t he e lbows a nd l a id o n t he c hes t , f ound i n P e tera Hotilor a t Bi le H ercu lane. T he b ody was p laced i n as l igh t ly d eepened h o l low made i n t he e ar l ier Co jo fen i d epos i ts i n a n a rea w here t he l a tera l w a l l o f t he c ave me t t he o ccupa t ion l eve l a t a n a cu te a ng le . S tones o r b locks o f e ar th w ere g a thered o ver t he c orpse a nd t h is c lus ter w as c oa ted w ith c lay . Al arge o x-r ib w as p laced a s a n o f fer ing , i n f ron t o f t he s ku l l . Archaeo log ica l l ayers o f t he C oo fen i c u lture o ver ly t he g rave , t he b ur ia l t ak ing p lace a t t he e nd o f t he l as t b u t o ne p er iod o f o ccupa t ion o f t he Co o fen i t ype i n t he c ave ( P l . 7 /3 ). T he g rave f ound a t S uharu-Do l j ( P lop or 1 932 ) d ifers i n r i tua l , wh ich c ou ld b e c onnected w i th t he C oo fen i c u l ture. I ti s ab arrow-bur ia l ( d iame ter 1 5-16 m , h e igh t 0 .60 m ). T he r ec tangu lar g rave ( 1 .96-0.83 m , d ep th i n t he a nc ien t g round 0 .50-0 .55 m ) w as p laced i n t he c en tre o f t he b arrow ( i b id . 5 ) . T he s ke leton l ay c o mp le te ly o n t he b ack , t he h ands a long t he b ody , t he o r ien tat i on f rom t he Eas t ( t he s ku l l ) t o t he Wes t ( f ee t ). A v esse l o f t ype I Vb 3 a ( i b id . 5 ) w ith i nc ised d ecora t ion t yp ica l o f t he Coofen i c u l ture w as f ound a bou t f .18 cm o ver t he c hes t . B . N iko lov ( i n forma t ion D . B erc iu ) h as d iscovered a n i nhuma t ion b ur ia l i n ab arrow a t T arnava ( reg ion o f Vraca ) ; t he g rave c on ta ined a c rouched s ke let on a nd g rave-goods c ons is t ing o f av esse l w h ich i s s im i lar t o t ha t f ound a t M ce u d e J os ( co mpare o ur P l . 9 7/5 w ith A vra mova 1 975 , 9 , p 1 . XV I/ 1 ) a nd o f t wo s p ira ls w ith a na log ies a t Z i mn icea ( A lexandrescu 1 974 , f i g . 8 /7 , 1 0 , 1 3 ).

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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CHAPTER 3 CHRONOLOGY

Imen t ioned b r ief ly i n t he c hap ter d evo ted t o t he h istory o f r esearch , s ome a t te mp ts t o e s tab l ish t he c hrono logy o f t h is c u l ture , wh ich o ver-e mphas ised t he i mpor tance o f s ome f orms o f t he Coofen i c u l ture , b y c ons ider ing t he m t o b e b as ic e v idence o f c hrono log ica l a nd c u ltura l v a lue. We men t ion t wo o f t he m w h ich a re f ound i n a ny s cheme o r s tudy r e ferr ing t o t he Cotofeni c u l ture. F urchens t ich- a nd L insenkeram ik . T hese n o t ions w ithou t a ny d oubt p reven ted a t te mp ts t o d a te t he c u l ture t ak ing i n to c ons idera t ion , i fn o t a l l , a t l eas t t he ma jor i ty o f t he e le men ts c haracter iz ing i t . Ho ''ever w e b e l ieve t ha t t he v a lue o f t hese e le men ts i s s er ious ly d im in ished b y t he f o l low ing f ac ts : a ) t he p o t tery d ecora ted w ith a pp l ied mo t ifs i nt he s hape o f l en t i ls o ccurs i n t he w ho le a rea o f t he C o jo fen i c u lture d ur ing i t s w ho le p er iod o f e vo lut ion a nd c onsequen t ly i t s p resence h as n o c u ltura l o r c hrono log ica l s ign if icance , a l though t he manner i n wh ich t h is t ype o f d ecora t ion e vo lved g ives u s s o me c hrono log ica l e v idence. b ) T he t echn ique c ons ist ing o f r epea ted s tabb ings s ee ms v ery p robab ly t o b e i n a l l s i tua t ions s ubord ina ted t o t he i ncrusta t ion t echn ique , a nd c onsequen t ly i tc anno tb e c ons idered a s ad ecora t ion b y i t sel f . c ) T he p o t tery d ecora ted w ith r epea ted s tabb ings w as much more w idespread ( Transy lvan ia , O l ten ia a s f ar a s t he Danube a nd e ven t o t he S ou th o f t he D anube , B ana t a nd Cr is ana ) t han w as p resu med w hen t h is n o t ion w as i n troduced i n to t he l i terature ( Schro l ler 1 933 , 3 0-35 ) a nd c onsequen t ly t he a t te mp ts t o c rea te a d if feren t c u lture ( Nes tor 1 960 , 9 9-100 ; B ich ir 1 962 , 1 08 ) o r e ven a v ar ian t , b ased e xc lus ive ly o n t h is t echn ique c annot b e t aken i n to c ons idera t ion ; d ) t he p o t tery w ith r epea ted • s tabb ings o ccurs d ur ing a n umber o f c u ltura l p hases a nd f u ture r esearch c ou ld e s tab l ish a d irec t l i nk w ith t he F urchens t ich p o t tery f ro m t he p er iod b e fore t he C o jo fen i c u l ture , a nd c onsequen t ly i t s c hrono log ica l v a lue w ithou t r eferr ing t o o ther e le men ts i s s ubs tan t ia l ly l im ited . I n t he l i gh t o f t he p resen t e v idence w e c anno t e stab l ish a c hrono logy i n wh ich a l l t he k nown f i nds , e spec ia lly t hose c on ta in ing a sma l l amoun t o f mat er ia l o r c ons is t ing o n ly o f e lemen ts w ith a l ong p er iod o f e vo lu t ion c ou ld b e c orrec t ly i nc luded . S uch f i nds d o n o t p lay a p ar t w ith in a g enera l d iscuss ion . T he f unda men ta l e le men ts c harac ter iz ing t he d i f feren t s tages o f e vo lu t ion o f t he C o jo fen i c u lture h ave b een d e term ined o n t he b as is o f t he i n forma t ion g iven b y a ) t he c ompara t ive s tudy o f t he f i nds c om ing f rom s i tes h av ing many l eve ls w hose s tra t igraphy i s w e l l e s tab l ished ( Bi le H ercu lane , Os trovu Corbu lu i , Basarab i , R tpa R oie-Sebe) ;

b ) h or izon ta l s tra t igraphy , b y c o m-

p ar ing , w i th in a p ar t icu lar g eograph ica l a rea , t he ma ter ia ls c om ing f ro m d if feren t f i nd-spo ts ; c ) t he t ypo log ica l e vo lu t ion o f t he d i f feren t c u ltura l c o mponen t e le men ts ;

d ) t he d is tr ibu t ion o f t he s i tes o r o f t he a rchaeo log ica l

l eve ls i n t he e stab l ished p er iods , a ccord ing t o t he i mpor ts o r i nf luences Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 9

r ece ived f rom o ther c u l tures ;

e ) t he s tudy o f t he t rad it iona l e lemen ts a nd o f

t hose wh ich h ave b een t rans m it ted e i ther f rom t he p rev ious c u l tura l m i l ieu o r t o t he f o l low ing c u l tura l m i l ieu , i n f ac t t he r e la t ion b e tween t he d i f feren t s i tes a nd t he e ar l ier , c on temporary o r l a ter c u l tures. A l l t hese d a ta ( f ig . 1 -6 ) a l low u s t o s ta te t ha t t he e vo lu t ion o f t he Co o fen i c u l ture t ook p lace d ur ing t hree ma jor p er iods o r c hrono log ica l p hases ; p er iod o f f orma t ion , p hase I ; p er iod o f c rys ta l iza t ion , p hase I a nd c lass ic p er iod , p hase U I. T he e x is t ing ma ter ia ls d o n o t s uppor t , t ypo log ica l ly s peak ing , t he e x is tence o f ap hase o f d ecadence. T he c hanges w h ich t ook p lace i n t he s i tes i n d irec t c on tac t w ith t he V u edo l c u l ture , s hou ld h ave b rough t a bou t ap er iod o l d ecadence i n t he Coofen i c u l ture , b u t t h is p rocess i s s udden ly i n terrup ted a t i t s b eg inn ing , a ccord ing t o t he p resen t e v idence. PER IOD OF FOR MAT ION :

PHASE I

( P l. 4 /3 ; 8 /24 , 2 7 ; 1 0/2 ; 1 2/ 1-6 ; 1 5/3-5 ,7 ; 2 5/2 ,4 ; 2 8/ 1; 2 9/7-9 ; 3 3/ 1,2 ; 3 5/7 ,13 ; 3 6/ 1,3 ; 3 9/7 ,10 ,11; 4 1/ 12 ,14 ,17 ,18 ,20-24 ; 4 2/ 1,2 ,7 ,8 ,12 ,16 ; 4 6/ 10 ,11,13-17 ,20 ; 47/5 , 15 ,16 ; 51/57 ,16 ; 5 2/3 ,32 ,33 ; 5 3-67 ). T h is p er iod i s w e l l-def ined b y t he f i nds o ccurr ing i n t he g rea ter p ar t o f t he C oo fen i a rea ( P l. 6 7 ), n ame ly i n O l ten ia , E as tern B ana t a nd T ransy lvan ia i n i t s e n t irety . Probab ly Wes tern B ana t a nd Wes tern Cr i ana w ere n o t i nh ab i ted b y t he t r ibes w ho w ou ld c rea te t he C oo fen i c u l ture l a ter , b u t b y t he t r ibes who c rea ted t he B aden c u l ture ; i ti s d i f f icu l t t o d e term ine i ft he mat er ia l i l lus tra ted i n P l . 6 6/4-12 ( Oradea-Sa lca ) s hou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o a B aden o r a n e ar ly Co jo fen i o ccupa t ion . AC oo fen i e vo lu t ion o r C o jo fen i i nf i l tra t ion c er ta in ly t ook p lace f rom w ith in t he a rea o f t he Carpa th ians i n to s o me a reas , h i l ly o r s i tua ted a t h igh a l t itude , o f t he r eg ions u nder d iscuss ion , b u t o n ly i n t he l a te p hases o f t he C o jofen i c u l ture . I t s c hrono log ica l p os i t ion , a s ap r i mary a nd i ndependen t p hase i s s uppor ted b y s tra t igraph ica l o bserva t ions , v er t ica l ly , a t B à i le H ercu lane a nd h or izon ta l ly i nt he c losed c o mp lexes o r i n s e t t lemen ts w i th a s ing le s tage o f h ab i ta t ion , a t L e l icen i , L ocus ten i , P o iana i n P isc , G ornea , Bra te iu , Arg isteu e tc . a s w e l l a s b y t he n umerous e lemen ts s urv iv ing f rom t he e ar l ier p er iod a nd b y t he e x istence o f c ons iderab le e lemen ts wh ich a re c o mmon t o t he c on temporary a nd r e la ted c u ltures a nd wh ich s how , t ypo log ica l ly , t ha t i ti s ap er iod o f d et achmen t o n t he o ne h and f rom t he b ase f rom w h ich i td eve loped , a nd o n t he o ther h and f rom t he more g enera l p henomenon w h ich b lurred i t s t yp ica l e lemen ts . I n t he l i gh t o f p resen t e v idence w e c anno t c haracter ize a l l t he a spec ts o f t he C oofen i c u l ture i n t he f i rs t p hase o f i t s e vo lu t ion . D if feren t f orms o f t h is c u lture a re u nequa l ly a t tes ted . T here a re , h owever , s uf f ic ien t d ata wh ich a l low u s t o a scer ta in t ha t ac u l ture , i n g enera l u n iform , e x is ted i n t he w ho le d i f fus ion a rea . T he s e t t le men ts o f t h is p hase a s w e l l a s t hose f rom t he l a ter s tages , w ere s i tua ted o n t he h e igh ts , t erraces o f t he r ivers , a nd i n c aves. A s r egards t he dwe l l ings , t here a re l acunae i n t he i n forma t ion w ith h u ts a t L e l icen i , h ear ths d irec t ly o n t he g round i n P e tera H o jf lor a t Bi le H ercu lane. I t s eems t ha t t he o ccupa t ion w as n o t o f l ong d ura t ion , s ince t he c omp lexes w ith f i nds o ccur h ere a nd t here w ithou t c u ltura l l ayers . P l. 8 /24 ,27 i nd ica tes s o me me ta l lurg ica l a c t iv ity . Axes w i th s haf t-ho le , p ieces o f f l in t o r o ther i n fer ior r ocks o ccur s ing ly . We k now n oth ing a bou t t he Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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b ur ia l r i te . A l l t hese d a ta d o n o t a s y et a l low u s t o d raw d e ta i led c onc lus ions a s l ong a s t here a re n o s e t t lemen ts f ro m t h is p er iod w h ich h ave b een i n tens ive ly i nves t iga ted . I n c onsequence , i n c harac ter iz ing t he f i rs t p hase w e a re c onf ined o n ly t o t he p o t tery , wh ich i s a lso p oor i n f orms a nd d ecora t ion . T he c oarse p o t tery o ccurs i n ac ons iderab le q uan t ity ; t he b rown , b r ickc o loured a nd g rey p o t tery a re p redom inan t ; t he p o t tery o f b e t ter q ua l i ty , w i th t h in w a l ls a nd e x terna l s l ip , o ccurs r are ly a nd i s b lack-brown , b lack w ith n umerous s po ts , b r ick a nd b rown i n f abr ic. T he p o t tery w h ich i s u n iform ly b lack w it h s l ip a nd mechan ica l ly b urn ished i s a n e xcep t ion a nd o ccurs i n t he f ina l s e t t lemen ts o f p hase I T here a re f ew f orms , f ew a nd u ncer ta in v ar ian ts w ith a nu nequa l f requency a nd d i f fus ion . T he d eep b ow ls a nd e spec ia l ly t hose w i th t h ickened o r w idened r im ( P l . 5 3/7 ,10 ,18 ; 5 4/9 ; 5 9/2 ,6 ; 6 0/ 1; 6 2/5 ,7 ; 6 5/9 ) o ccur f requen t ly . T he b ow ls w ith t he r im c u t a re e xcep t ions ( P l . 5 5/ 10 ). T he d ishes o ccur r are ly a nd t here a re o n ly a f ew f orms w i thou t v ar ian ts ( p 1. 5 6/ 12 ; 6 1/4 ,1 4 ; 6 0/2 i sol a ted s pec imen ; p 1 . 6 5/ 13 ). T he t runca ted c one-shaped v esse ls o f med ium -

a nd l arge s ize , o ccur i n r e la t ive ly l arge n u mbers i n t he f i nds f ro m t he p hase I( P l. 57/2 , 3 ,5 ; 5 9/5 ,10 ). T he v esse ls o f d omes t ic u se , o f l arge s ize , p robab ly s torage p o ts w ere v ery c ommon ; t hey a re h igh , w ith f l ar ing mou th a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t hey h ad t wo s trong h and les r is ing o ver t he r im a nd a t tached t o t he b ody a l i t t le l ower d own ( P 1 . 5 3/5 ,8 ,13,15 ; 5 6/8 ; 5 7/ 1; 5 9/ 1; 6 0/7 ). T hey a re r e la ted t o t he p o ts o f sma l ler s ize , h igh , a nd w ith f l ar ing mou th ( P l . 5 3/ 16 ,19 ; 5 4/ 1-3 , 5 ,13 ,14 ; 5 5/ 13 ; 5 6/7 ; 57/8 ;6 3/9 ). T he j ars w h ich d er ive f rom t h is t ype a lso o ccur f requen t ly ( p l. 5 5/ 1,2 ,4 ,7 ; 5 6/5 ,6 ). T he b ow l w ith t wo h and les b enea th t he r im i s at yp ica l f orm i n p hase I ( P l. 3 3/ 1,2 ; 5 5/3 ,5 ,9 ; 5 8/2 ). Amphorae ( P l . 5 5/3 ,4 ,6 ,20 ,21; 5 4/4 ,8 ,15 ; 5 5/6 ,12 ,15 ; 5 6/2 ,13 ; 5 7/7 ; 5 9/3 ; 5 0/3-6 ,8-10 ; 6 3/4 ,10 ,18-20 ; 6 4/ 1,6 ,9 , 1 0 ,17 ; 6 5/3-5 ,8 ,10 ,11 ) w ith b u lged b ody t o wh ich t wo h and les a re a t tached , l ong c y l indr ica l n eck a nd s l igh t ly f l ar ing r im , a re v ery c ommon . T he f o l low ing f orms a re a lso e ncoun tered d ur ing p hase I : 6 1/6 ,9 ;

c ups ( p 1 . 5 6/1

6 4/7 ) w i th h and le s l igh t ly r a ised o ver t he r im , a nd w ith f l a t b ase ;

J ugs a nd f l agons ( p 1 . 2 8/ 1; 57/6) ; a skos-shaped f orms ( p 1 . 6 1/8 , 1, 1 2 ). A s r egards t he h and les w e s hou ld n o te t he c lumsy e xecu t ion a nd t he sma l l n umbers , b u t we p o in t o u t t ha t i n c on tras t w ith t he l a ter p er iod t here a re v esse ls w i th d oub le h and les a t tached t o t he r im ( 5 8/2 ). T hese a re i m i ta t ions , h or izon ta l ly a pp l ied , o f t he t ubu lar h and les w i th sma l l o pen ings a nd r a ised r i ms ( p 1 . 5 7/ 1; 5 9/ 1 ) w h ich a re c er ta in ly r em in iscen t o f C ernavoda I I t rad i t iona l i n f luence. T he d ecora t ion o n t he p o t tery f rom p hase Ii s s u f f ic ien t ly d ist inc t ive t o b e e as i ly r ecogn ised c ompared w ith t ha t o f l ater p er iods . Wha t s tr ike u s p ar t icu lar ly i s t he t endency t o c over a s much a s p oss ib le o f t he s ur face o f t he v esse l w ith a p la in a nd u n iform d ecora t ion . T he sma l l Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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f ragmen ts s urv iv ing ( p 1 . 5 3/3 ), c ompared w ith t he d ecora t ion o f t he p reced ing p er iod s eem t o i nd ica te t ha t t he d ecora t ion o f t he v esse l w as a rranged i n t wo o r f our v er t ica l z ones , s epara ted b y n arrow b ands . S econd ly , t he d ecora t ion c ons is t ing o f i nc ised w ide p ara l le l a nd o b l ique g rooves a rranged i n " raf ters" o r i n t he s hape o f l eaves o f f irtrees i s v ery t yp ica l o f t h is p hase . T h is d ecora t ion , e xecu ted i n t he manner i l lus tra ted i n P l . 5 3/6 ; 5 5/2 ,3 ,9 ; 5 6/6 , i s e ncoun tered o n ly i n p hase I . The d ecora t ive p a t terns i n t he f orm o fb ur ied t r iang les ( P l. 5 3/ 14 ,19 ) a lso c ons is t o f d eep a nd w ide g rooves . I n n u mbers , s ize o f d ecora ted a rea a nd e labora te e xecu t ion , t he p a t tet t is i n t he s hape o f l eaves o ff irtrees , c ons is t ing o f t h in p ara l le l i nc is ions , ( p 1 . 5 4/ 11; 5 5/ 13 ; 6 3/4 ) i s a lso c harac ter is t ic o f p hase! , a nd w e a lso men t ion t he e labora te p ara l le l r ows o f i mpress ions ( p 1 . 5 3/8 ,15 ,16 ; 5 4/ 1,3 ,5 ; 5 5/4 ,13 ; 5 6/5-8 ; 57/8 , 10 ) a rranged i n ad ecora t ive z one b enea th t he r im o f t he v esse l i n t he p lace o f t he p ara l le l r ows o f c ordons i n r e l ie f . T he d ecora t ion o f t he p o t tery f ro m p hase Ip resen ts t he f o l low ing c haract er is t ics , i n a dd it ion t o t hose w e h ave men t ioned . T he a pp l ied " len t i ls" o r t he o rgan ic p rotuberances ( P l. 5 3/ 1) d o n o t r epresen t t he ma in p at terns , b u t o ccur i n t he f orm o f i so la ted a nd s ca t tered g ra ins . T hey mark , a t t he mos t , ac hange o f d ecora t ive d irec t ions o r t hey s epara te t he d ecora t ive z ones ( P l . 5 3/ 13 ,15-17 ; 5 5/4 ,14 ; 5 6/5 ; 6 1/ 1; 64 /6 , 14-16 ; 6 5/5 ; 6 6/ 11) , w h i le t he o b l ique ly h a tched l i nes a rranged i rregu lar ly o r i n l a t t ice , a s t hey a re e nc oun tered i n t he l a ter p er iods , a re miss ing o r o ccur e x tre me ly r are ly . T he d ecora t ive p a t tern i n t he s hape o f t he h a tched t r iang le o ccurs o n ly e xcep t iona l ly a nd i n c omp lexes w h ich b e long t ypo log ica l ly t o t he e nd o f p hase I ( Hercu lane , P l . 6 5/3 ,8 ,11 ). H owever , t he p a t tern o f " bur ied t r iang les" i s n o t m iss ing ( p 1 . 5 4/ 1,2 ;

5 5/4 ; 6 2/ 11; 6 5/ 10 ).

T he e longa t ion a nd c orruga t ion

o f t he r im o f t he v esse ls ( P l . 57/8)a nd t he b arbo t ine d ecora t ion a re f requen t ly e ncoun tered i n p hase I ; t he " horse-shoe" i n r e l ief o ccurs e xcep t iona l ly ( Co m a 1 970 , f i g . 3 /5 ).

S leeves i n r e l ief , t h icken ing e x terna l ly o r i n terna l ly

t o t he l i p o f t he v esse l , r ibbed p at terns , c ordi mpress ions , s tamped p a t terns , d ot-shaped i mpress ions a nd p a in t ing d o n o t o ccur o n t he ma ter ia l o fp hase I , b u t c ords i n r e l ief ( decora ted i n as pec ia l manner d oub le i mpress ions o f -

d o ts a nd o ccurr ing i n r e la t ive ly sma l l n umbers ), c res ts i n r e l ief ( P l . 5 5/ 11; 5 7/2 ,3 ; 6 2/ 10 ; 6 4/6 ; 6 5/ 13 ; 6 6/2 ) , n arrow h a tched b ands , i mpress ions i n d if feren t s hapes , r ows o f r ec tangu lar i mpress ions ( P l . 5 6/3 ), f l u t ings a nd p ierced h o les a re c harac ter is t ic o f t he c u l ture f ro m p hase I . -

Ap ar t icu lar p a t tern i s e ncoun tered o n af ragmen t o f ac up ( P l . 5 6/ 1) wh ich m igh tb e c ons idered a s ap recursor o f t he mo t if i n t he s hape o f c hess-squares f rom t he l a ter p er iods. A s r egards t he d ecora t ive-pa t terns o f t he f ragmen ts i l lus tra ted i n p 1 . 6 5/ 15 ; 6 6/ 1, t hey c ou ld b e c ons idered a s b e long ing t o t he Eneo l ith ic p er iod , t he ir p resence i n t he l eve ls o f p hase Ia t H ercu lane b e ing a cc iden ta l a nd d ue t o al a ter d isp lace men t f rom t he o r ig ina l l ayer , b u t w e c anno t e xc lude t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t t hey a re e v idence , a s i n many o ther c ases , o f ad irect l ink b e tween t he e ar l ier p er iod a nd t he e ar ly s tages o f t he C o jo fen i c u l ture. T races o f i ncrus ta t ion h ave s urv ived i n t he r ows o f i rregu lar i mpress ions a nd I n t he n arrow h a tched b ands o n t he c oarse p ot tery f ragmen ts. T he i nc rus ta t ion i s made o f aw h i te a nd l imy p as te. T he p resump t ion t ha t t he ma jor ity Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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o f t he g rooved p a t terns w ere e ncrus ted , s eems t o me l og ica l ; a t t he s ame t ime i ti s e v iden t t ha t t he t echn iques f or r e ta in ing t he e ncrus ted p as te w ere s t i l l p oor a nd r ud i men tary . T hree a n thropomorph ic f i gur ines , ( p 1. 5 1/5-7 ) , f ree o f d ecora t ion , o ne o f t hem w ith d isc-shaped h ead a re k nown f ro m p hase I . T he mos t r epresen ta t ive ma ter ia l o f C o jo fen i p hase Ii n O l ten ia c omes f rom L ocus ten i ( Tá tu lea , N ica 1 974 ) f rom t he v ery r ecen t f i nds made a t O cne le Man " Zdup" ( unpub l ished r esearch , G h . P etre ). S o f ar , w e k now o f e ar ly C oj o fen i f i nds i n Bana t , a t G ornea , B odo ( res earch I . S tra tan ) a nd Bà i le H ercu lane-Pe tera H oi 1or , l eve ls e l- W I . A t ypo log ica l c ompar ison c ou ld i nd ica te t he f o l low ing s uccess ion : Bodo , G ornea , Ba u e Hercu lane e l- W I , t he l as t f i nd-spo tb e ing t ypo log ica l ly f ar f rom t he o ther s i tes a nd p robab ly d a t ing f rom t he e nd o f t he e vo lu t ion o f p hase I . T he f i nds a re a l i t t le more n umerous i n T ransy lvan ia a nd t he ir c o mpar ison s hows u s t ha t p hase Ic er ta in ly h ad a n umber o f s tages o f e vo lu t ion . F or e xamp le , a t L e l icen i t he ma ter ia ls c om ing f rom t wo s po ts s i tua ted i n c lose p rox im ity ( "Locu l Opr it" a nd "Mun te le c u p ia trâ" ) , p resen t d i f feren t f ea tures , i n t he s ense t ha t t he p o t tery d ecora ted w ith w ide g rooves wh ich i s c harac teri s t ic o ft he s i te a t L ocu l Opr it , s eems t o b e long t o ad is t inc t p hase , p robab ly t he e ar l ies t ( w ith P e tre9 t i , Bra te iu , Cr is t ian-S ib iu , Me creac , Agr i teu , Db tca e tc.) f o l lowed b y as tage i n wh ich t he w ide g rooves a re g radua l ly r ep laced b y i nc is ions ( Le l icen i- "Mun te le c u p ia trä" , Ro tbav , C ao 1, T urda, D eva-Ciangi , i l ind ia , Budet i e tc.). I t s eems t ha t t he C oo fen i o ccupa t ion e nded i n t he Eas t a nd S ou th-Eas t o f T ransy lvan ia w ith in t h is s tage , wh ich w as a r t is t ica l ly p oor b u t h ad c lear lyd e f ined e le men ts o f t he Cojo fen i c u lture . T he ma ter ia ls t o wh ich Ih ave r e ferred a bove a re t oo c harac ter is t ic o f p hase It o b e a mat ter o f d oub t . Bu t t h is s ta te men t d oes n o t e xc lude t he p oss ib i l i ty o ff ind ing n ew e v idence a t tes t ing s o me more r ecen t i n f i ltra t ion o f C oo fen i e le men ts ( two f ragmen ts a t Bod S chro l ler 1 933 , P l. 31/6 , 9 i ft he -

p rovenance i s c er ta in , Mere t i c ou ld b e r e levan t h ere , f or t hey a re d ecora ted d ense ly w ith l en t i ls , i n a manner wh ich d oes n o t c orrespond w ith t he ma ter ia ls o f p hase I ) . F ur thermore , c u l tura l e xchanges c ou ld a lso i n troduce o ther l a ter ma ter ia l o f t he C o jo fen i c u l ture i n t he a bove- men t ioned r eg ion . H owever , Id o n o t b e l ieve t ha t o ccupa t ion o f al ong d ura t ion f ro m C o jo fen i P hases I a nd I l w i l l o ccur i n Eas tern a nd N or th-Eas tern T ransy lvan ia . Broad ly s peak ing , t he p hase o f f orma t ion o f t he C o jo fen i c i lture ( phase I ) , r e la ted t o t he c hrono logy o f K . Hored t(1968 , 1 06-108 , 13-114 ), i s e ar l ier t han h is p hase Co jo fen i-Corpadea , b u t e xceeds t he " phase C oofen i-Tàr tár ia" wh ich c o inc ides w ith t he f i rs t s tage o f Coj o fen i p hase I( name ly C o jo fen i I a ) a ccord ing t o o ur s che me. T he e nd o f t he p hase C oo fen i Is ee ms t o b e marked b y t he o ccurrence o f p a t terns i nt he s hape o f h a tched t r iang les wh ich o ccur f or t he f i rs t t ime i n t he e ar l ies t d epos its o f t he Co jp fen i c u l ture a t H ercu lane. T hese p a t terns w i l l b r ing a bou t e ssen t ia l c hanges i n t he d ecora t ive c oncep t ion o f t he Coo fen i c u lture .

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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PER IOD OF CRYSTAL UZAT ION :

PHASE I

( p 1. 8 /25 ; 1 0/ 12 ; 17/2 , 7 ; 1 9/4 ; 2 5/ 1,5 ; 3 1/5 ; 3 2/8 ; 4 6/ 18 ,19 ; 4 7/4 ; 4 8/ 11; 5 0/ 11-13 ; 5 1/2-3 ; 5 2/21,22 ,37 ; 6 8-80 ). T ak ing i n to a ccoun t e v idence w h ich r e f lec ts , o n t he o ne h and , t he s ubst an t ia l e nr ich men t o f t he C o jo fen i c u l ture , b y t he o ccurrence o f t he ma in f orms w i th in t he b as ic v ar ian ts a nd s ub-var ian ts , a nd o n t he o ther h and t he o ccurrence o f t he g erms o f ac u l tura l r eg iona l is m , w e a re f orced t o s ugges t t he e x is tence o f an ew d is t inc t p er iod i n t he e vo lu t ion o f t he c u lture. S ince p ar t o f t he e x is t ing ma ter ia l i s n o t p ub l ished a nd c onsequen t ly c ann o tb e r eproduced t he e x istence o f p hase I o f t he Co jofen i c u l ture i n s o me r eg ions i s p ar t icu lar ly e v iden t t o o ne who h as d irec t ly s tud ied t he a r t ifac ts . -

T he s i tes k nown t o b e long t o t h is p hase a re s i tua ted o n h i l ls o r t erraces ( Brane, a lso w ith p 1 . 4 /5 ) o r i n c aves ( Hercu lane , N andru " Petera Cura tA" ). -

T here a re c u l tura l l ayers c ons is t ing o f o ccupa t ion d ebr is ( Brane j-O l t ), w i th s unken-f loored h u ts , s ur face-dwe l l ing h ouses ( Brane j ) a nd c ons truc t ions o f p ro tec t ive c anop ies a nd h ear ths f or s tor ing t he h ea t i n c aves . A me ta l d agger w ith t r iangu lar b lade a nd t hree r ive ts

( P l.

8 /25 ) h as b een f ound a t H ercu lane

i n al eve l c orrespond ing t o t he p hase ( l eve l f ) . M in ia ture a xes o f s t one ( P l . 1 0/ 12 ), c h ips o ff l in t a nd q uar tz ite , p r im it ive q uerns , s p ind le-whor ls o f c lay , z oomorph ic f i gur ines ( oxen ) , aw ls a nd o rnamen ts ( P l . 5 2/21, 2,37 ) h ave b een d iscovered i n t he s ame l eve ls. F or p hase I i n Bana t , w e h ave t he ma ter ia ls f ound i n l eve ls fa nd g a t P e9tera Ho ji lor a t Bä i le H ercu lane ; t hese l eve ls o ver lay t he d epos i ts o f p hase Ia nd a re c overed b y l eve ls b e long ing t o t he f o l low ing p hase. T he d irec t s tra t igraph ica l s uperpos it ion d oes n o t e xc lude t he e x is tence o f s ome g aps , b u t t he t ypo logy o f t he ma ter ia ls i s c onv inc ing i n t h is c ase. As i n n umerous o ther s i tua t ions , i ti s t he p ot tery wh ich makes t he Co jo fen i c u l ture i n Bana t d ist inct ive a nd w e s ee i n t he p o t tery a c u lture w h ich i s s t i l l l ook ing f or , s e lec t ing , i mp lan t ing o r r e jec t ing , d if feren t e le men ts . T he e le men ts r e ta ined a cqu ire t he b as ic f orms w h ich wou ld b r ing a bou t many v ar ian ts e xecu ted e as i ly a nd w ith i mag ina t ion i n t he n ex t p hase . T he c a tegor ies o f p o t tery r ema in t he s ame a s i n t he p reced ing p er iod b u t t he f i ne f orms a re i ncreas ing a nd t ha t w ith b lack o r d ark b rown s l ip i s more e labora te ly e xecu ted . T he f orms a re more n umerous a nd d ivers if ied . F or e xamp le , t he d ishes g a in a p ermanen t p lace i n t he r eper to ire a nd o ccur i n f orms w h ich a re p ract i ca l o r s u itab le f or d ecora t ion

( P l .

b ow ls w ith p la in r im , o b l ique ly c u t

7 4/4 ,7 ,9 ; ( P l .

7 6/2 ; 7 8/ 1; 7 9/ 1,2 ) .

The

8 0/2 ,3 ) o r t h ickened i n terna l ly a nd

n ear ly p erpend icu lar ly c u t ( P l . 7 6/3 ) c lear ly p reva i l o ver s pec i mens w ith s tra igh t r im ( P l. 7 4/3 ) wh ich w as u n iversa l i n p hase I . The r eg iona l f orms b ecome s e t t led i n t h is p er iod , w ith c ups ( w i th f l a t o r r ounded b ase , P l . 7 3/ 1,13 ; 7 4/ 16 ,17 ; 7 6/ 1; 7 8/3 , s tra igh t r im , h and les s l igh t ly r a ised o ver t he r im ), j ugs w ith b road a nd h eavy h and le ( P l . 7 3/6 ,7 ; 7 8/7 ,11 ), a nd s l igh t ly s quat amphorae , w i th t runca ted c one-shaped n eck , b en t r im a nd t wo t ubu lar h and les a t tached t o t he b ody ( p 1. 7 5/2 ,4 ,5 ; 7 7 ; 7 8/4 ; 7 9/3 ,5 ,9 ,10 ). Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

4 8

V esse ls o f d omest ic u se h ave a f orm wh ich w i l l b e r epea ted v ery f requen t ly f rom t h is t ime o n ( P l . 7 4/ 14 ; 7 6/6 ; 7 8/2 ,6 ). S qua tb eakers , w ith f unne l-shaped mou th

( P l .

7 4/ 15 ; 7 6/7 ) , v esse ls i n t he

s hape o f ab e l l ( P l . 7 3/5 ) , b arre l ( p 1. 7 6/4 ) , o r t runca ted c one ( P l. 7 4/6 ; 7 6/5 ) c o mp lete t he r eper to ire o f t he f orms , w h ich a re much more v ar ied , t hough v ery d i f f icu lt t o r econs truc t o n t he b as is o ff ragmen tary ma ter ia l . I n d ecora t ion , i ncrus ta t ion d ef in ite ly p reva i ls o ver o ther me thods . F or r eta in ing t he wh i le c ha lky p as te , v ar ious me thods w ere e vo lved a nd t he t echn ique o f r epea ted s tabb ing , w hose e xecu t ion s t i l l r ef lec ts s ome u ncer ta in ty , w ith t he s tabb ing e i ther r are a nd s uper f ic ia l o r e xecu ted d eep ly w i th a t oo l h and led p erpend icu lar ly , w as g radua l ly a dop ted . T he o rnamen ta l p a t terns a lso r ef lec t ap er iod o f t rans i t ion f rom t he d ecora t ion b ased o n c on t inuous l i nes t o t ha t c ons is t ing o f d o ts .

I ti s e v iden t t ha t t h is d ecora t ion h as n o t y e t

r eached i t s p eak ( p 1 . 7 3/3 ,7 ; 7 4/4-10 ; 77/2 , 3 ,6 ; 7 8/4 ,5 ,7 ,10 ; 7 9/ 1-4 ,9 , 1 0 ). T he p roper d ecora t ive p a t terns c on t inue t o b e l i near ( i nc is ions o r r epea ted s tabb ings ), t he d o ts w h ich c over more a nd more o ft he s ur face o f t he v esse l , s t i l l p lay ing a s econdary p ar t i n t he d ecora t ive c o mpos it ion b y f orm ing t he " s leeve" o f a n o rna men ta l mo t if ( P l . 7 4/7 ,8 ,1 0 ; 77/2 ;7 9/ 1 4 ) , s epara t ing , e nc los ing o r i n terpos ing o ther l i near p a t terns ( P l . 7 4/4 ,5 ,9 ; 7 8/ 1; 7 9/2 ,3,9 ) o r f i l l ing d i f feren t d ecora t ive f rames p rev ious ly t raced ( P l . 7 3/3 ,7 ; 7 8/7 ). A t te mp ts t o c rea te o rna men ta l c o mpos it ions i n w h ich t he d o ts p lay a ma in p ar t a re s t i l l c lu msy ( p 1 . 7 4/6 ; 7 7/3 ; 7 8/4-5 , t he l as t i n a l l p robab i l ity a n i mpor ted p roduc t f rom a no ther c u l tura l a rea ). ,

V esse ls a re d ecora ted i n a" trad it iona l" manner w ith r ows o f i mpress ions , i nc is ions a rranged i n l a t t ice ( P l. 8 0/2 ), o b l ique ly o r i n t r iangu lar s hape ( P l . 7 3/5 ; 7 4/ 14 ,15 ; 7 6/ 1,5 ; 7 7/ 1,6 ,9 ; 7 8/2 ; 8 0/ 1,3 ) " len t i ls" ( P l. 7 4/ 13 ; 7 5/4 ; 7 7/4 ,7 ,9 ) p lay a w e l l-def ined p ar t i n t he d ecora t ive c o mpos i t ion . R ibbed d ecora t ion n ow o ccurs ( P l . 7 4/ 13 ; 7 7/4 ,9 ) a nd t he p ro tuberancelugs b eg in t o o ccur f requen t ly a nd a re d ecora ted ( P l . 7 3/5 ; 7 6/4-6 ; 7 8/2 ,6 ; 8 0/2 ). P hase 2 o f t he C o jo fen i c u l ture i n O l ten ia i s e xpress ive ly i l lus tra ted b y t he f inds a t Br nne j ( unpub l ished , e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t b yA . U lan ic i i n 1 972 a nd P . Ro man , A . U lan ic i i n 1 973 ). T he f o l low ing b as ic t ypes , wh ich w i ll p rov ide t he f ramework f or t he c lass ic p er iod , a re e ncoun tered i n t he r eper tory o f t he p o t tery f orms : a ) T he d ishes w ith s tra igh t r im t h icken ing u n iform ly , wh ich w ere a lso p resen t i n p hase I , n ow g a in t he o u t l ines o f t he n umerous s er ies w h ich w i l l o ccur i n p hase I I ( compare P l . 7 1/7-9 w ith 9 0/3 ,7 ,8 ); d ishes w ith p la in o r t h ickened r im , c u t o b l ique ly i n te r na l ly o cc ur a t t he s a me t ime b )

( P l .

7 1/ 10 ,12 ).

T he s er ies o f d ishes w h ich w i l l c harac ter ize t he c lass ic p hase i n

O lten ia i s r epresen ted b y i ns ign if ican t v ar ian ts a nd s pec i mens ( p 1. 7 1/ 14 ). A k ind o f T r ich terrandsch t lsse ln ( d ish w ith f unne l-shaped r im ) d eep , o f l arge s ize a nd w ith t he r im s trong ly s lop ing e x terna l ly ( p 1 . 7 1/ 11, 1 3 ,1 6 ) a re w ides pread . T hese d ishes , b es ides t he v esse ls p robab ly amphorae w ith t he -

r im b road ly w idened e x terna l ly c on tac ts .

( P l .

-

7 2/ 1 ) a t tes t v ery e xpress ive c u ltura l

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

4 9

c ) Amphorae w ith l ong t runca ted c one-shaped n eck , f l ar ing r im a nd t wo t ubu lar h and les a t tached t o t he max i mum d iame ter o ccur i n t he b as ic o u t l ine o f t he f orm

( p 1.

7 2/1,5 ) ;

d ) Cups ( p l. 5 0/ 11,13 ; 5 1/2 ,3 ; 7 1/ 17-19 ) h ave a r ounded b ase a nd d i f fer i n s ome d e ta i ls f rom t he s im i lar c lass ic f orms . I n c o mpar ison w ith t he c ups f rom p hase I l , t hose f rom p hase I h ave a h and le s l igh t ly r a ised o ver t he r im a nd a re d ecora ted . Bu t t he b as ic f orm h as b een c rea ted . e ) A ccord ing t o t he s urv iv ing f ragmen ts , t he j ugs c on t inue t ob e s im i lar t o t hose e ncoun tered i n o ther g eograph ica l a reas ; t he ir r eg iona l v ar ia t ions t ake p lace i n t he p hase I I. f ) V esse ls o f d omes t ic u se , h igh , a nd w ith f unne l-shaped mou th ( t ype X I I I , P l . 7 2/ 11) g a in a s tab le o u t l ine. We men t ion a lso a n a skos , w ith a b eau t ifü l d ecora t ion , wh ich i s a n e xcept i ona l f orm. T he d ecora t ive s ty le c on tr ibu tes t o t he i nd iv idua l i ty o f p hase H i n r espec t o f t he t ypo logy a nd t he r eg iona l v ar ian ts . T he ma jor ity o f t he d ecora t ive p a t terns w ere e ncrus ted , b u t t he p aste s urv ives o n ly o n af ew s pec i mens . Among t he t echn ica l p rocesses u sed f or d ecora t ion i nc is ions , s ome o f t hem w ide a nd i n t he s hape o f g rooves , a s i n p er iod Ia re p redo m inan t . Impress ions w ith t w is ted c ord ( p 1. 5 0/ 11-13 ; 5 1/2 m3 ) o ccur a lso v ery f requen t ly . We men t ion a lso t he a pp l ica t ions i n r e l ief a nd e ven , i n as ing le c ase , al ine i n t he t echn ique o f F urchens t ich ( U lan ic i 1 973 ). T he mos t s ign if ican t f ea tures o f t he d ecorat ion o n t he p o t tery f ound a t Brane, c ons is t o n t he o ne h and o f s t il l c over ing a l arge a rea o f t he b ody o f t he v esse l , ap rocess c on t inuous f ro m p hase I , a nd , o n t he o ther h and , o f a rrang ing t he p a t terns i n h or izon ta l z ones , i n t he manner o f p hase I l , t o t he d e tr i men t o f t he v er t ica l z ones w h ich w ere t yp ica l t o t he f i rs t p hase. A l though t he d ecora t ive p at terns a re p oor i n f orms , t hey i ncrease i n v ar iety , b y i nser t ing o b l ique z ones b etween p erpend icu lar o nes ( p 1 . 7 2/2 ,3 ,12 ). The p a t terns i n t he s hape o f n eed leleaves o f f irtrees o r s ke le tons o f f i shes ( P l . 7 1/ 10-13 ; 7 2/ 10 ) a re a lready a rranged i n a" c lass ic" manner . App l ied " len t i ls" more f requen t ly p lay t he r o le o f e lemen ts s epara t ing t he d ecora t ive z ones o r t he d iferen t p ar ts o f t he b ody o f t he v esse l ( P l. 7 1/ 15 ; 7 2/5 ,6 ). D ecora ted c res ts i n r e l ief ( P l . 7 2/ 11,15 ) d ifer f ro m t hose o f p hase I , w h ich i m ita ted t ubu lar h and les . T he e v idence o f p hase I o f t he Co jo fen i c u l ture i n Transy lvan ia r a ises s er ious d if icu l t ies , i ti s e i ther f ragmen tary o r s parce a nd p oor i n t he b as ic e lemen ts . We c an r e fer a t t he mo men t o n ly t o af ew f inds : Nandru-"Pe tera Cura tä" , G trbova d e S us , Corpadea , C ic u , P e tera B inder a nd p oss ib ly o ne o f t he s i tes a t Dãb ica . T he s i tua t ion a t N andru i s c learer b ecause t he ma ter ia ls f ound i n " Pe tera Cura tA" ( P l . 6 8 ; 6 9/ 1-19 ) c an b e c ompared w i th t hose d iscovered i n " Pe tera S purca tà" ( p 1 . 8 1; 8 2/ 1-12 ) a nd a c lear t ypo log ica l d i f ference r esu l ts f ro m t h is c o mpar ison . L i t t le ma ter ia l h as b een r ecovered f rom G trbova d e S us a nd C ic k , b u t i t Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

5 0

c on ta ins s o me e lemen ts w h ich s eem t o c harac ter ize p hase I a nd t he b eg inn ing o f r eg iona l is m i n t he c en tre o f T ransy lvan ia . C orpadea h as b een c ons idered a s ad is t inc t s tage o f t he C oo fen i p o t tery i n T ransy lvan ia ( Roska 1 941, H ored t 1 968 ) ; t h is o p in ion d eserves c red it s o l ong a s w e d o n o t k now o f o ther ma ter ia ls i n a dd it ion t o t he f ew p ub l ished f i nds . We w ou ld a dd t ha t i f Roska ( 1941 ) h as r ea l ly i l lus tra ted w ith c er ta in ty a f ragmen t o f Baden p o t tery i n f i g . 37/2 ( see a lso p . 9 6 ) , t hen w e h ave n o d oub t t ha t p hase U Co o fen i i s a lso a t tes ted a t C orpadea . As i n O l ten ia a nd Ba n t , t he t echn iques o f d ecora t ion a re more a nd more s ubord ina ted t o e ncrus ta t ion . T here a re s imp le i nc is ions , h a tch ings , d i f fere n t s haped i mpress ions a nd , r are ly , i mpress ions w i th t w is ted c ord o r s uccess ive i mpress ions o f a rcha ic t ype ( e ither s ca t tered o r i so la ted i mpress ions P l . 6 9/ 19 ; 7 0/ 11 a nd Roska 1 941, f i g . 3 7/6 o r v ery d ense ly e xecu ted w ith -

-

ap o in t p ressed p erpend icu lar ly p 1. 7 1/4 ,5 ). P las t ic a pp l ica t ions o ccur i n t he s hape o fp ro tuberancelugs ( P l . 6 8/2 ,5 ,8 ; 6 9/20 ) , t hu mb i mpress ions o r n o tched c ordons i n r e l ief ( P l . 6 8/9 ,12-14 ; 6 9/20 ) , o fh orse-shoes ( P l. 7 0/7 ) , -

v er t ica l c res ts ( P l. 7 0/8 ) , o rgan ic p ro tuberances ( P l . 7 0/ 1 ) a nd o f " len t i ls" a pp l ied e i ther o n a n e ncrus ted g round ( P l . 6 8/ 1,6 ,7 ,11, i n l i ne w ith t he f u ture e vo lut ion o f t h is d ecora t ion i n t he n ex t p hase ) o r a s ad iv id ing d ecora t ion t end ing t o p lay a p redo m inan t p ar t ( P l. 6 8/3 ,4 ,26 ). A l though t he d ecora t ive p a t terns a re n o t y e t c er ta in ly s e t t led , t hey p resage t he r ich s er ies o f p hase I l i n Transy lvan ia. P a t terns c ons is t ing i n t he ma in o f " bur ied" ( P l . 6 9/22 ) a nd h a tched t r iang les , w ith e nc losed s ides ( mo t if A a t, a s p 1. 3 6/ 1,3 ; 6 9/24 ) o r a n o pen s ide ( P 1. 7 0/5 ) a re p ar t icu lar ly n o t iceab le. We men t ion a lso t he f requen t o ccurrence o f h a tched p a t terns ( P l . 6 8/ 16-19 ) a nd o f n arrow h a tched b ands ( P l . 7 0/5 ) , t he o ccurrence o f p a t terns i n t he s hape o f " chess-squares" ( p 1 . 7 0/ 13 ) a nd o f b road b ands h a tched i n l a t t ice ( P l. 6 9/ 14 ) ; t he d ivers if icat i on o f p a t terns c ons is t ing o f s uccess ive i mpress ions i n d iferen t s hapes ( p 1. 7 0/ 10-12 ,14-16 ) a nd t he b eg inn ing o f a more v ar ied a rrange men t o f t he p a tt erns i n f r iezes

( P l .

CLASS IC PER IOD :

7 0/2 ,3 ,4 ). PHASE H I

( p1.4 / 1,2 ,4-6 ; 5 -7 ; 8 / 1-23 ,26 ,28-30 ; 9 ; 1 0/ 1,3-11,13 ,14 ; 1/ 1-3 ,5 ,7-13 ; 1 2/8-29 ; 1 5/ 1-2 ,6 ,8-15 ; 1 7/ 1 ,3-5 ,9-14 ; 1 9/ 1-3 ,5-19 ; 2 2; 2 3 ; 2 5/3 ; 3 6 ; 2 7/ 1-3 ,6 ,7 , 2 8/2 ,3 , 2 9/ 1-6 ,10 , 3 1/ 1-4 , 3 2/ 1-7 , 3 3/3-5 , 3 4/ 1-6 , 8 -12 ,14-21 3 6/2 ,419 ; 3 9/ 1-4 ,6 ,8 ,9 ,12-15 ; 41/2 11,13 ,15 ,16 ; 4 2/3-6 ,9-11,1315 ,17-20 ; 4 3 ; 4 6/ 1-3 ,5-9 ,12 ,21-23 ; 4 7/ 1-3 ,6-14 ,17-21,23-29 ; 4 8/ 1-10 ,12-22 ; 4 9 ; 5 0/ 19 ,14 ,16 ; 5 1/ 1,4 ,8 ,9 ,11-15 ; 5 2/ 1,2 ,4-20 ,23-31, 3 4-36 ,38 ; 8 1-118 ). T h is c an a lso b e c a l led t he p er iod o f r eg iona l is m a nd o f t he v ar ian ts a nd g roups h av ing t yp ica l f eatures a nd c o mmon e le men ts . I ti s a lso t he mos t e xpress ive a nd r ich ly i l lus tra ted p er iod a nd i n t h is p hase t he a rea o f Coo fen i c u lture e nco mpassed O l ten ia , B an t , T ransy lvan ia ( w ithou t t he l ow g round s i tua ted i n t he East a nd t he S ou th-Eas t ) a nd a l arge p ar t o f Cr i9ana . As r eg ards B ana t a nd t he l ower a reas o f Cr i ana , t he K os to lac g roups s hou ld b e p resen t , d esp ite t he f ac t t ha t t he f i nds o f t h is c u l ture a re s t i l l m iss ing . T he f o l low ing s i tes c on ta in t he mos t e xpress ive a nd r iches t a rchaeo log ica l r e ma ins a nd s upp ly f ur thermore c omp le te s tra t igraph ica l d a ta : Basarab iCa lafa t , Cas te le Tra iane , Cra iova , C o Jo fen i , Ba ja d e F ier , t hose s urround ing G ovora , Os trovu Corbu lu i i n O l ten ia ; Bi le H ercu lane l eve ls h j i n P e9 tera -

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Hoi lor Du bo va-Cu ina T urcu lu i , Mo ldova V eche , Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B ocsa Mon tan , Romane t i i n B an t ; C oz ia , Nandru-Pe tera S purca t, ' j ebea , C l in ic , S ebe -Rtpa Roie , -

5 1

Boar ta , S lngeorg iu d e Mureg i n T ransy lvan ia ; Oradea-Sa lca a nd C ut i n C r i ana . These s i tes c an b e r e la t ive ly e as i ly s ynchron ized b y t he e x istence o f s im i lar c u l tura l e lemen ts a nd e ven o f i mpor ts f ro m o ne z one t o a no ther . T he s i tes t yp ica l o f p hase i f i a re s i tua ted b oth i n l ow l y ing a reas a nd o n h e igh ts o r i n c aves. S ome o f t he m a re f or t if ied a nd h ave r e la t ively t h ick c u l tura l l ayers c on ta in ing a n u mber o f l eve ls a nd d urab le dwe l l ings .

T he

s lopes w ere t erraced. T he f o l low ing o b jec ts c as t i n me ta l a re k nown : t anged d aggers o r k n ives ( p 1. 8 /26 ) w ith a r ounded p ar t f or h and l ing a nd p rov ided w ith t wo o r f our r ive ts

8 /28 ,29 ) ;

( P l .

f l a t a xes ( p 1. 8 /23 ) ;

b lades

( p 1 . 8 / 14 ,20 ) ; n u merous aw ls ( P l . 8 / 1-11, 1 7-18 ) ; f i sh-hooks ( P l . 8 /21 ) ; a rrow-heads ( ? ) ( P l . 8 / 13 ) a nd k n ives ( P l. 8 / 12 u ncer ta in ). T he d epos it o f o rna men ts f ound a t Mo ldova V eche ( P l. 8 / 19 a -d ) b e longs t o t h is p er iod . Al arge n umber o f s tone a xes , aw ls , d aggers , ma t tocks o fb one o r a n t ler -

a nd p r im it ive q uerns h ave b een f ound i n t he s e t t le men ts o f p hase I l. We k now a lso o f p ieces o ff l in t ( i nc lud ing a rrows w ith c oncave b ase ) ( P l . 9 / 13 ) a nd e ven af ew c urved k n ives o f g r i t s tone h ave b een d iscovered 1 7 ).

( Tebea ,

i nca i ,

P l .

9 / 16 ,

B oth t he c re ma t ion b ur ia ls a nd t he i nhuma t ion g raves w e h ave a lready men t ioned ( Bä i le H ercu lane a nd S uharu ) b e long t o p hase I l. I fo ne t races t he e vo lu t ion o f t he C o tofen i c u l ture i n Bana t i np hase i f i i t i s e asy t o o bserve t he p henomenon o f r eg iona l is m , p rovoked b y t he s trong i nf l uences c om ing f rom t he S ou th- Wes t . T h is p henomenon o ccurs e spec ia l ly i n t he S ou thern B ana t , w h i le t he Nor th-Eas te r n p ar t w as o r ien tated t owards T ransy lvan ia . T he f inds a t H ercu lane , Dubova-Cu ina T urcu lu i a nd B oc a Mon tana a re t he mos t e xpress ive o f t he c harac ter o f t he c u l ture o f t he S ou thern B ana t , a nd t he s tra t igraphy f ound i n P e tera H oi lor a t Hercu lane s how t ha t t h is p hase w as n o t o f s hor t d ura t ion ; t here a re a t H ercu lane a m in i mum o f s ix b u i ld ing p er iods b e long ing t o t wo d is t inc t s tages , a n e ar l ier o ne , i n wh ich t he K os to lac i n f luence w as v ery s trong a nd a more r ecen t o ne c lear ly c on ta ini ng a dd it iona l e le men ts o f V u edo l c u l ture. D esp ite t he f ac t t ha t s im i lar o bserva t ions h ave n o t b een made a t D ubov-Cu ina T urcu lu i ( Boronean 1 966 ), t he f i nds s how t he e x is tence t here o f as i tua t ion wh ich i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f H ercu lane. On t he o ther h and , B oc a Mon tana , where t he V u edo l e lemen ts a re a bsen t , s ee ms t o b e c on f ined w ith in t he l im its o f t he e ar l ier s tage o f H ercu lane. T he more r ecen t s tage o f H ercu lane i s a lso p resen t a t J upa ln ic a nd Mo ldova V eche. I n a dd i t ion t o t he t ypes o fp ot tery s t i ll e ncoun tered f rom p hase I ( b lack , g rey , b rown a nd o range ) w e s hou ld men t ion t he s udden o ccurrence , i n l arge n umbers a t H ercu lane , Cu ina T urcu lu i , Mo ldova V eche a nd a s a n i so la ted f i nd a t Boc a Mon tam f , o f p o t tery whose f abr ic c on ta ins c rushed s he l ls , a nd t he p resence o f C oo fen i p roduc ts o f " O l ten ian" n uance ( f orms , r ed s l ip , d ecora t ion ). I n a dd it ion t o t he r eg iona l f orms , s uch a s d ishes o f t ype Ie .g ., b ow ls o f t ype lc ; b eakers o f t ype VUc ( P l . 2 6/9 ) ; b ow ls o f t ype V I I I a l, a 2 , a 3 ( P l. 2 6/ 11-13 ) ; o va l v esse ls o f t ype Xx iv ( P l . 3 4/4 ) o r o f t ype I I c 3 ( P l . 1 7/ 11), t here a re f orms w i th i n terreg iona l d i f fus ion ( t ype XXV , p 1. 3 4/5 ; t ype i l lb , P l . 1 09/8 ; Ia 3 , P 1 . 13/ 1,9 ,10 ,12 ; I b3 , P l . 10/8 ; 11/6 ; 12/ 1 ) o rf orms wh ich a re u n iversa l ly s pread ( p 1 . 2 5/3 ; 10/4 ; 1 11/ 1, w ith t he o bserva t ion

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

5 2

t ha t t here a re a lways c ups w i th s tra igh t mou th a nd t he h and les s l igh t ly r is ing o ver t he r im , t hese b e ing a n i n terreg iona l f ea ture ; P l . 11/2 ; 12/9 ) ; j ugs o f o rd inary t ype ( p 1 . 1 09/3 ) ; b ow l w ith T -shaped p ro f i le w h ich o ccurs f req uen t ly i n t he l a te p er iod ( P l . 11/8 ); v esse l o f t ype I Xd ( P l. 2 9/4 ) ; a skos w ith p o in ted a rch-shaped p a t tern i n F urchens t ich t echn ique ( P l . 15/ 1 ). T he d ecora t ive t echn iques , d o t s haped i mpress ions , l i nes i n t he t echn ique o f r epea ted s tabb ing , e xpressed i n al arge v ar ie ty o f ways , s tamp ing , f i ne i nc is ions , a nd h a tch ings a re s ubord ina ted t o t he e ncrus t ing t echn ique w ith wh ite p as te.

Red s l ip o r c rude r ed p a in t i s e ncoun tered o n ly o n t he " O l ten ian"

p roduc ts . I n t he l eve ls o f t he l a te s tage a t H ercu lane , t he e vo lu t ion l eads t o i nc ised d ecora t ion t hrough a n i n termed iary s tage ( p l . 13/2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ). T he p a t terns a pp l ied i n r e l ief ( cordons , p rotuberances , " len t i ls" , h orse-shoe s haped p a t terns P l . 4 8/6 ,810 ; 12/9 ; 15/5 ,8 ) a re u sua l , e spec ia l ly o n t he p ot tery o f d o mes t ic u se . T he c over ing o f t he s ur face o f t he v esse ls o f t h is -

l ast c a tegory w ith l a t t ices c ons is t ing o f i nc ised l i nes ( p 1 . 16/6 , 8 ,10 ,13 ,14 , 1 8,19 ) i s t yp ica l o f t h is p hase. Impress ions w ith t w isted c ord o ccur r are ly ( p 1 . 4 9/13 ; 5 0/8 ,9 ,15 ) b u t t hey a re e ncoun tered f or t he f irs t t ime i n Bana t i n t h is p hase . Among t he p a t terns , t he t r iang le ( p 1 . 1 09-116 ) i s n o t much u sed a nd c onsi s ts e spec ia l ly o f d o ts ( P l . 12/5 ,7 ; 15/3 ). On t he o ther h and , p at terns i n t he s hape o f " chess s quares" , r hombo ids , " ice f l owers" , a nd b ands o f d o ts s erved t o ag rea t e x ten t f or t he d ecora t ion a rranged i n me topes , a manner wh ich w as t yp ica l o f t he S ou thern h al f o f t he B an t . As i n t he c ase o f t he Co jofen i s i tes i n t he Ba n t w ith i t s r eg iona l e vo lu t ion a nd d i f feren t z ona l o r ien ta t ion , t he c oun try b e tween t he Danube, t he O l t a nd t he Carpa th ians h as a t yp ica l f orm o f c u ltura l e vo lu t ion i n i t s S ou thern p ar t , t he p lane a rea , d ur ing p hase I I C oofen i , w h i le t he N or thern , h i l ly a nd moun ta ino us a rea h as a n e vo lu t ion w h ich i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f T ransy lvan ia . The mos t t yp ica l ma ter ia ls o f p hase I I i n t he S ou thern h a4 o fO l ten ia h ave b een f ound a t Basarab i-Ca la fa t a nd Os trovu C orbu lu i. We c an a dd t o t hose , w ithou t a ny d oub t , t he f o l low ing s i tes : V erb ic ioara ( co l lec t ive V erb ic ioara 1 952 , f ig . 2 2/5 a t yp ica l " impor t" f rom B ana t ) ; C as tre le T ra iane ( excava t ions D . Berc iu , P . Ro man ); Cra iova-Church S f . D um i tru ( where ma ter ia l i n t he c lass ic F urchens t ich t echn ique h as b een f ound ) ; C o jo fen i-Bo tu l Mare ( ma ter ia ls s tored i nt he Museum o f O l ten ia ) ; B u ice t i ( Ro u 1 968 ) e tc. T he s tra t igraph ic o bserva t ions made i n t he s e t t lemen ts a t Basarab i a nd Ostrovu Corbu lu i km 9 11 a nd t he c ompar ison b e tween t he ma ter ia ls f ound i n t he t wo s et t le men ts , i nd ica te t ha t p hase I I l as ted f or a l ong t ime a nd c an b e d iv ided a t l eas t i n to t wo g rea t s tages , a n e ar l ier o ne , r epresen ted i n g enera l a t Basarab i , a nd a more r ecen t o ne wh ich i s l arge ly k nown a t Os trovu C orbu lu i -

-

km 9 11 a nd i s w e l l d a ted b y K os to lac a nd V u edo l i mpor ted p roduc ts. We c an p resume a p ar t ia l ly s ynchron ized d eve lopmen t o fb o th s e t t le men ts , b u t b oth -

-

c on ta in a n umber o fb u i ld ing l eve ls ( m in i mum 3 a t Basarab i , a t l eas t 6a t Os trovu Corbu lu i km 9 11). -

As r egards t he t echn ique u sed i n mak ing t he p o t tery , t he f o l low ing s hou ld b e men t ioned : t he f requency o f t he c a tegory w ith i vory t o y e l low ish c o loured Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

5 3

s ur face ;

t he r ar ity o f t he v ery f ine, g rey o r b lack p ot tery ;

c rushed s hel ls i s p resen t i n l arge q uan t it ies ; v esse ls c overed w ith r ed l ustrous s l ip.

t he p ot tery w ith

t he f requen t o ccurrence o f

The b ak ing i s i n a l most a l l c ases

v ery g ood , t he wa lls b e ing h ard a nd r esonant . Bow ls a nd d ishes c lear ly p redo m inate i n t he v ery v ar ied r eper tory o f f or ms. There a re f or ms o f t ype Ia 3 ( espec ia l ly a t Ostrovu Corbu lu i 9 9/ 1-4 );

t ype Ia 4 ( inc ip ien t f or ms

o ccur f requen t ly :

Ib1-b3

9 . 8/6 ; 9 9/5 ,10,11); II ( p 1. 1 5/11);

P l.

t he f o l low ing t ypes

1 2/17-21; 9 0/2,4 ; 9 5/1,3-5 ; 9 8/1-4 ); t ype

( P l.

Id 3 ( p 1. 1 2/27 ); t ype I a 2

p 1. 9 0/1; 9 9/6-8 );

-

-

9 0/7-8; 9 9/12 ); t ype J ib

( P l.

t ype l al(p l. 9 0/3 );

( P l.

9 0/5 ; 9 2/6;

t ype l d(p l. 1 5/14 ,15 -91/3; 9 2/2 );

t ype I l c 5 ( p 1. 91/5 ).

I t s ee ms t hat t he t h ird p lace i n f requency i s h eld b y t he amphorae o f t ype V a l, a 2 a nd d ( p 1. 2 2/3; 2 3/5 ; 9 0/12; 9 2/1,3,5 ,7; 9 3/1; 9 4 ; 9 5/6 ; 9 6 : 97/2 , 4 ; 1 00 ; 1 01/1-3; 1 02/1-4 ). The " vessels f or b ang ing", o ccur v ery f requen t ly , a nd e spec ia l ly t he t ype I X a l, a 2, b 3 ( p 1. 8 9/3,

5 ,6 ,7; 9 8/8 ), w ith t wo v er t ica l p ierc ings ( 1-5 t imes ) ,

l ugs a nd v ery o f ten p a in ted i n ternal ly o r o n t he e x terna l r im w ith r ed s l ip. The sma l l c up-lad les

9 0/11; 9 1/4 ; 9 3/3; 9 9/13-15 ) a nd j ugs ( p l. 9 8/13 )

( P l.

h ave a r i m wh ich t ends t o o b l iqueness.

Th is t endency i s c lear ly e xpressed ,

e spec ia l ly a t Ostrovu Corbu lu i, wh ile t he h andles f ro m t he Ostrovu Corbu lu i s tage h ave u pr is ing s ides

1 02/6,9 ) w ith a n e vo lu t ion i n to t he " ansa c ornuta"

( P l.

a nd " lunata" ( p 1. 3 5/11,16,19 ). The j ug-pots o f t ype X I Ia ( p 1. 3 1/2

=

( P l.

9 0/13 ), t hose w ith Tr ich terrand o f t ype X II I

9 3/4 ), t hose i n t he s hape o f a n i ncense-cup ( type XV ;

9 0/14 ), t he a skos-vessels ( f ig . 2 9/1

=

P l.

3 2/1

=

9 7/1), t hose i n t he s hape o f af lower

p ot ( p 1. 9 5/2 ) o r t he i so lated o ccurrences o f v esse ls w ith " nozzle" ( p 1. 2 2/1

=

4 9/1; 4 8/22 ) c o mp lete t he r eper to ire o f f orms e x ist ing i n t he S outh o f O lten ia i n p hase I I.

The n u merous h and les h ave a v ery s trong b road b and

4 -7,9 ; 1 02/5 ) c er ta in ly b e long t o t he f lagons o f t ype X The d ecora t ion i s p ar t icu lar ly e xpress ive.

( P l.

( P l.

1 01/

2 8/2 ).

Apar t f ro m t he r ed s l ip , wh ich

a lso p lays a d ecora t ive r ole i n s o me c ases ( p 1. 4 8/21; 9 0/2,4 ; 9 8/1,5; 9 9/9 ; 1 03/5 ; 1 04/13 ) c rude p a in t ing w ith wh ite , r ed , a nd p oss ib ly b rown was p ract iced. o f t he v essel

( P l.

( P l.

4 9/ 1)

The p a in t was a pp l ied e ither o n t he mat t o r l us trous b ackground 4 8/15 ,19 ,22; 4 9/1,3-6,9 ,10 ; 9 5/2 ) o r o n a n i nc ised , r ibbed

o r s cratched g round , c overed w ith a t h ick l ayer o f ac ha lky wh ite s ubstance ( P l. 4 8/16-18,20 ; 4 9/2 ). ( p 1. 4 9/7 ,8,11).

I n o ther c ases t he p aste was r eta ined b y w ide g rooves

Pa in t ing i n c rude r ed was a pp l ied i n s tr ips o n a n i nc ised

g round. Pa in ted f ragments a re k nown a t t he mo men t o n ly a t Basarab i a nd Ostrovu Corbu lu i. I n f uture s pec ia l a tten t ion must b e p a id t o t he wash ing o f Co ofen i ma ter ia ls b ecause t he wh ite o r r ed s ubstances a re e as ily d isso lub le i n c ontact w ith water . Encrust ing i s a nother v ery c o m mon t echn ique o f d ecora t ion. impress ions w ith t w isted c ord

( P l.

5 0/1-3,5-7,16 ; 5 1/4 ', s i mp le

I nc is ions , impres-

s ions a nd more r are ly l ines i n t he Furchenst ich t echn ique ( p 1. 1 04/1-2,4-5 ,7 ) a re u sed f or r eta in ing t he p aste.

O ther t echn ica l methods s uch a s c ordons

i n r el ief , p rotuberanceslugs , " horse-shoes" i n r el ief a nd " len t ils" n ow p lay Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

5 4

al arge p ar t i n t he d ecora t ion ( p 1. 9 2/7; 1 01/10 ; 1 02/2 ).

The g roup c ons ist-

i ng o f r ibbed p at terns c haracter ize p hase i f i ( p 1. 9 8/10,13-15 ; 1 02/6 ) a nd f lut ing ( p 1. 9 5/6 ) s t il l o ccurs, t hough r are ly a nd c ons ists o f b urn ished g rooves. I n p hase I I, t he d ecora t ive p at terns h ave made impor tan t s teps t owards s i mp l if icat ion.

S o me c ategor ies o f p ottery a re f ree o f d ecorat ion ( cup-

l ad les , f or i nstance ) wh ile o thers h ave a s i mp le a nd l ess h eavy d ecorat ion ( d ishes a nd b ow ls ).

O ther c a tegor ies ( a mphorae ) h ave a b anded d ecorat ion

i n v er t ical p aral le l b ands.

On ly a f ew f orms a re d ecora ted o n l arge s ur faces,

a s a n e cho o f t he p rev ious p hases 1 00/4 ,9 ; 1 03/1,5,6 ).

4 9/1; 8 9/3, 6 -8; 9 0/14 ; 9 4/2; 9 7/1,5 ;

( P l.

The i ncreas ing r o le p layed b y t r iang les i n d ecora t ion i n c o mpar ison w ith p hase I must b e n oted ( p 1. 9 3/1,2 ; 9 4/1 l og ica l p er iod a s i n Transy lvan ia. c over ing a l arge a rea o f t he v esse l

9 5/2 ) b ut t hey d o n o t mark a c hrono-

On t he c on trary , t he a ngular p at terns 8 9/3; 9 0/14 ; 9 7/1; 1 03/1; 1 04/1)

( P l.

o ccur f requen t ly a s we l l a s t he v er t ica l p ara l lel b ands ( p 1. 8 9/5 ; 9 6 ; 9 7/2; 1 00/6-8, 0 ; 1 0 1 /2 , 7 ), t he r ows c ons ist ing o f h or izon ta l impress ions

8 9/

( P l.

1 ; 9 0/2-4 ; 9 5/1,396 ; 9 7/3; 9 8/2,3,5 ; 9 9/5 ,12 ; 1 03/2 ), r ows o f s hor t p ara ll e l , o b l ique l ines o r i n t he s hape o f t he s keleton o f af ish

( P l.

9 0/5 ,6,8,9,12;

9 2/2,4,6; 9 3/4 ; 9 8/ 1,4 ; 9 9/6,9,10 ), a nd r ows o f v er t ica l c ordons ( p 1. 9 0/6, 8 ; 9 2/4 ,6 ; 9 7/2,5 ; 9 8/6; 9 9/11; 1 00/6; 1 04/4 ). t erna l r im o f t he d ishes

( P l.

The d ecorat ion o n t he i n-

9 0/1; 9 9/1-4 ) i s k nown o n ly f ro m t h is p hase.

The d ecorat ive p at terns i n t he " o ld" f ash ion o f p hases Ia nd I a re e xcep t ions ( P l. 9 2/5; 94 /2 ; 1 00/9 ; 1 01/1). The Co jofen i c u lture i n Transy lvan ia i ncreased g rea t ly i n s ize a nd q ua l ity i n p hase i f i.

The r eg iona l is m was p robab ly d e term ined b y t he e x istence o f

c entres o f p roduct ion wh ich o n t he o ne h and u n ited t he e ssent ia l f orms o f e xpress ion a nd o n t he o ther f ragmen ted Transy lvan ia i nto a n u mber o f sma l ler a reas , Deva , S ebe , A iud , Med ia , T trgu Mure , C lu j-Napoca. I t s ee ms t hat p hase I l h ad a l ong e vo lut ion ;

s trat igraph ica l ly , t wo l eve ls

h ave b een d eter m ined a t R ipa Ro ie ( Sebe) a nd t ypo log ical ly , R lpa Ro ie r ep resen ts a n e ar l ier h or izon t han C lin ic.

A t t he s a me t ime s evera l f inds ( Tebea ,

i nca i, Rach ita , Cacova , Boar ta ) a lso b e long t ypo log ica l ly t o ap ost-C li n ic h or izon . As r egards t he t echn ica l f in ish , s p lend id s pec i mens o f b lack b urn ished p ot tery f ro m p hase I l h ave b een f ound i n Transy lvan ia. The p ottery w ith c rushed s hel ls i n t he f abr ic i s n ot k nown a nd t hat w ith r ed b urn ished s l ip o ccurs s porad ica l ly ( Ciln ic , 4 3 ;

P l.

3 2/6;

Berc iu , D . a nd Berc iu , I . 1 943/1945 ,

i nca i, e xcavat ions V . L azar i n 1 974 a nd 1 975 ).

c o mpr ises t ypes I a2 ( p 1. 1 2/10 );

I a3 ( p 1. 1 2/13 );

The r eper to ire o f f orms

I a4 ( p 1. 1 2/16 );

I c ( P l.

1 2/22-24 ); I d2 ( p 1. 1 2/26 ); f l at a nd 1a2 ( p 1. 1 6 ); lb ( P l. 1 6 ); He ( P l. 1 5/12 ; 1 8 ) ; hal ( p 1. 1 7/1; 1 8 ); 1 1a2 ( p 1. 1 8 ); 1 1c4 ( p 1. 1 7/12 ; 2 0 ); f f lc5 ( P l. 1 7/ 1 3,14 );

t ype I V , j ugs w ith o b l ique r im i n d if feren t v ar ian ts ( a2a

6 ; 2 1;

a 2b = p l. 1 9/9 ; 2 1;

1 9/11;

b l=p l. 1 9/12 ,13,15 ; 2 1;

P l. 1 9/18) ;

a 2c = p l. 1 9/8 ; 2 1; =

P l. 1 9/5 ,

a 4= p l. 1 9/10- 2 0 ;

b 2= p l. 1 9/16 ,17 ;

amphorae o f t ype V a2, Vb a nd Vc

=

a 5= p l.

b 3b = p l. 1 9/19 ;

P l. 2 3/1-4 ; 2 4 ;

5 e

=

b 3c =

p1.2 2/2;

b eakers o f t ype V I I a t a nd V I I b= p 1. 2 6/5 ; V I Ic = P l. 2 8/3 a nd Xb = p 1. 2 8/2 ; j ars o f t ype X IIa = p1.2 9/5 ; v esse ls o f d o mest ic u se w ith f unnel-shaped mou th o f t ype X II I

( P l.

3 1/1); " be ll" v esse ls o f t ype X IVb

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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=

P1.3 1/3;

v esse ls

im i tat ing t he f orms i n me ta l o f t ype XV Ia = p 1 . 3 2/4 ,5 , wh ich o ccur i n t he R tpa Ros ie s tage , t ype XV Ib = P l . 3 2/6 ,7 w h ich i s e ncoun tered i n t he C l in ic s tage a nd t ype XX I I = p 1 . 34/2 w h ich i s p resen t i n ap os t-Ct ln ic ( ? ) s tage ; v esse ls i n t he s hape o f ab o t t le ( t ype X IX = p 1 . 3 3/3 ) ; v esse ls w i th a " gu t ter" f or p our ing ( p 1 . 3 4/ 1 ). Na tura l ly , t he p ercen tage o f t he v esse ls wh ich a re f or d omes t ic u se ( s torage p o ts o rJ ars ) i s v ery h igh . T he v esse ls f or " hangi ng" , a skos-vesse ls , a nd d iferen t t ypes o f d ishes , a re n o t e ncoun tered i n T ransy lvan ia. A b ow l w ith p edes ta l i s as ing le f i nd ( P l. 3 4/6 ). T he t ubu lar h and les , t hose w ith v er t ica l p er fora t ion a nd i n t he s hape o f a nsa " cornu ta" o r " luna ta" a re m iss ing . Bu t t he h and les ( p 1 . 3 5/ 12 ,14 ) a nd t hose w i th b u t tons ( P l. 3 5/ 15 ,17 ,18 ) a re p resen t . P hase I I o f t he C o Jo fen i c u l ture i n T ransy lvan ia i s ap hase o f e ncrus ted p o t tery ; p robab ly t he i dea o f p a in t ing p o t tery h ad e n t ire ly d isappeared . T he mos t e labora te t echn iques , r epea ted s tabb ings o r i mpress ions , f i ne d eep i nc is ions , i mpress ions a nd h a tch ings w ere u sed t o r e ta in t he e ncrus ted p as te . We d o n o t b e l ieve t ha t p a t terns i n F urchens t ich , i ndependen t o f e ncrus t ing , e x is ted . P ot tery d ecora ted w ith c ordimpress ions o ccurs r are ly . Po t tery p a in ted w ith c rude o chre i s a n e xcep t ion ( Tebea , Har juche 1 969 ,441). O n t he o ther h and d ecora t ion i n r e l ief i s r ich ly r epresen ted b y c ordons o r s egmen ts o f c ordons ( p 1. 47/2 1 ,29 ; 8 1/ 12 ,16 ) ;

c res ts

( P l.

4 7/ 17 ) ;

s ymbo l ic a pp l ica-

t i ons ( P 1 . 47/20 ) ; " horse-shoes" ( p 1. 4 7/ 19 ,25 ) ; p ro tuberances ( P l . 4 8/2 ,5 ) ; f rames ( p 1 . 47/28 ) ; a nd " len t i ls" a s t he ma in p at tern ( p 1. 4 2/ 18-20 ; 4 3/ 1-3 ; 8 3/4 ,5 ,17 ,21; 8 9/ 1 ). H a tched t r iang les p redom ina te o ver o ther p a t terns i n t he l arge p ar t t hey p lay i n t he d ecora t ive s ur face . I to ccurs i n v ery d iverse s hapes : i sola ted , a rranged i n t i ers , i n t he s hape o f r ose t tes , f r inges , p o in ted a rches e tc . ( P l. 3 6/4-6 ,8-9 ,12-18 ; 3 7 ; 3 8 ; 83/59 ,11,12 ,14 ; 8 4-88 ). The u ndecora ted a rea i s s tar-shaped , b u t t he e f fec t w as u n in ten t iona l s ince n o o ne l ooks a t t he v esse l f rom b e low . T he f o l low ing p a t terns a re w idespread :

p ara l le l h a tched b ands a rranged

i n z ig zags , o r i n a ng les ( p 1 . 3 9/2 ,3 ) a nd i nc is ions ( p 1 . 3 9/8 ,9 ,14 ) ;

i n t he

s hape o f as ke leton o f af i sh ( P l . 4 1/5 ,6 ,8 ,11,15 ,16 ), t hose a rranged i n " ra f ters" ( P1.4 2/5 ) , b ands o f " len t i ls" o n as cra tched g round f i l led w i th w h ite ( P l. 4 2/ 18-20 ; 4 3/ 1-3 ; 8 2/4 ,5 ). T he i so la ted o ccurrence o f s p ira ls o r c oncen tr ic c irc les ( P l. 4 3/4-10 ) i n s evera l s e t t le men ts o f p hase I l h ave a s pec ia l s ign if icance . O ther d ecora t ive p a t terns , s uch a s " chess-squares" , i n t he f orm o f l a t t ice , p a in ted i n w h ite , a nd c ons is t ing o f p ara l le l i nc ised l i nes o r o f r epea ted s tabb ings ( p 1. 4 3/ 13-15 ,17 ; 4 6/1-3 ; 8 3/ 16 ) a nd r ows o f sma l l c irc les f i l led w i th w h ite o ccur r are ly ( p 1. 4 6/23 ). P at terns i n t he s hape o f af ence o r l adder o ccur f requen t ly i n af ew sma l l a reas

( P l .

4 7/6 , ha ,1 2 ) a nd

" horse-shoes" o r f rames i n r e l ief ( P l . 4 7/ 19 ,25 ,28 ) a lso o ccur r e la t ive ly f requen t ly . Af ew a n thropo morph ic f igur ines w ith d isc-shaped h ead ( P l . 5 1/8 ,9 ,11,12 ) w ith d ecora t ion r eproduc ing o rnamen ts o r c lo thes a lso b e long t o p hase I I i n T ransy lvan ia . T he Co Jofen i c u lture i n Cr i ana i s a t tes ted b y f ew b u t s ign if ican t f inds made a t Oradea-Sa lca , Med ie u Aunt ( Dum itra cu 1 972 ) a nd C ut ( Dum itra cu 1 972 , p 1 . I X ).

A l l t hree c an b e a t tr ibu ted t o p hase I I Co jo fen i, C ut e v iden t ly h o ld ing

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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X XX

1 3 X l A OIIX A X

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• • • • •

• I A I

S

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I 1 0 1 • •

OX IX

. •

S

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S

S

I

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Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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( I )

T he f i nds s i tua ted t o t he l e f t o f t he O l t a re s t i l l l ess n umerous a nd d o n o t a l low u s t o p u t f orward s ta temen ts d i f fer ing f rom t hose c oncern ing t he r igh t o f t he O l t . B u t f u ture Wa l lach ian f i nds c ou ld c lar ify t he r e la t ion b e tween t he Coo fen i c u l ture a nd i t s S ou th-Eas tern n e ighbours . A s r egards t he Bana t , t he s tra t igraph ica l s uccess ion a t H ercu lane i s t he mos t c onc lus ive e v idence ( f ig . 6 ) . Al ayer b e long ing t o t he d i f feren t s tages o f t he p hases C o jofen i I Il l ( we men t ion p ar t icu lar ly t he f irs t o ne , w h ich may b e c ons idered C oofen i I c , a nd t he l as t , Co jo fen i U Te ) o ver l ies Eneo l ith ic d epos its o f t ype " Sä lcua I Vb-c" a nd i s o ver la id b y al eve l b e long ing t o t he V erb icoara c u l ture , n ow c rys ta l l ized . We p resume t ha t s ome s tra t igraph ica l h iatus , s epara t ing t he C oo fen i l ayer f rom E neo l ith ic a nd t he Bronze Age , e x is ted b oth a t t he b ot tom a nd t he t op o f t he l ayer . As tage o f t ype Cernavodã I I ( a t t he momen t , s l igh t ly a t tes ted a t G ornea , G u ina T urcu lu i , V r ac , T emee t i , Ktegyháza

=

E esedy 1 974 ) a nd a lso o ne o f t ype G l ina I I ( Verb i ja-Be la

Crkva = G aragan in 1 960 , 19-120 ; i dem 1 958 , 9 0-95 ) mus t b e i nser ted i n to t he t wo g aps i n t he e v idence wh ich w e p os tu la te. We c an u se t he f o l low ing s tra t igraph ica l o bserva t ions f or t he c hrono logy o f t he C oo fen i c u lture i n T ransy lvan ia : a ) c ave B inder : V lassa a nd h is c o l leagues p roduced t he s uccess ion P e tre t i h or izon w ith f l at tened h and les C oo fen i I( de ta i ls , R oman 1 971, 9 7-

1 01) ; b ) T är tär ia ( V lassa 1 963 , 4 88 ,494 ) : s uccess ion P e tre t i-Co o fen i I c ) Rh u : P e tre t i-Co to fen i I( Hored t a nd o thers 1 967 , 1 6-17 ) ; d ) F e ld ioara ( Co msa 1 970 , 3 ) : Ar iu d-Co jo fen i I S chneckenberg ; e ) L e l icen i : Co jo fen i l b o ver la id b y J igod in-hor izon S chneckenberg B ; f ) P ianu d e J os ; P etre t i-

h or izon w i th f l a t tened h and les C oo fen i H I ( Pau l 1 969 , 3 6 ,72-81 ) ; g ) P e tre t i : P e tre t i w i th P o lgar r e ma ins h or izon w ith f l a t tened h and les C o jofen i I I ( Berc iu D ., B erc iu I . 1 943/45 , 7 3 , f i g . 4 4 ; 4 8 ; 4 9/2 ; 5 1; 5 2 ; s e t t le men t Co jo fen i Ie x is ts i n t h is z one ; h ) C etea : C o jo fen i o ver la id b y W ie tenberg ( Berc iu D ., B erc iu I . 1 943/45 ,73 ) ; i ) Române t i : T iszapo lgár h or izon -

-

-

-

w i th f l a t tened h and les

-

C o jo fen i i f i ( Roman 1 971, 8 3 ).

I tt here fore f o l lows t ha t g enera lly t he C oo fen i c u lture c an b e i nser ted b e tween t he P e tre t i a nd Ar iusd h or izon ( cons idered b y s o me r esearchers a s b e ing s o c lose ly l i nked t ha t i tw as p oss ib le t o c rea te t he p hase P e tret iC o jo fen i = V lassa 1 962 , 2 5 ; i dem 1 963 , 4 88 ,494 , f i g . 1 a bove , o r t he p ara l le l d eve lopmen t b e tween E ar ly Coj o fen i a nd f i na l Ar iusd w as s ugges ted Hored t 1 968 , 13 ; w ith t he n uance o f d irec t s uccess ion a nd a dop t ion o f c u l tura l a sse ts = Z ahar ia 1 970 , 6 3-64 ) a nd S chneckenberg- w ietenberg .

=

Av esse l b e long ing t o Coo fen i U I h as b een f ound i n a Bodrogkereszt r g rave ( V iassa 1 964 , 3 57-358 a nd f i g . 2 / 1-2 , 3 /3-5 ). When Id ea l t w ith t he p rob lem o f s o-ca l led a pp l ied h and les ( hor izon Hercu lane-Che i le T urz i i ) i n Transy lvan ia ( Roman 1 971, 9 4-114 ) Ir epea ted ly c a l led a t ten t ion t o s ome c u l tura l e v idence w h ich mus t b e j us t d a ted w ith in t he c hrono log ica l s che me o f t h is a rea . O ther n ew f inds ( J igod in c u l ture = Roman , J anos , Horva th 1 973 : g raves e xcava ted r ecen t ly b y V lassa a t L ivez i le ) mus tb e a dded t o t h is e v idence ( comp lexes o f t ype L a te T iszapo lgár a nd Bodrogkeresz t i ir i n C en tra l a nd E as tern T ransy lvan ia , t he D eca Mure u lu i g roup , t he h or izon w ith f l a t tened h and les , a nd e le men ts o f t ype C ucuten i Zb a lLate a Copper g rou p ). Roman, Petre. The Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

7 0

I n c onsequence , t he e ar l ier i n terva l d e l im ited b y Ar iu d-Pe tre t i ( l ower l im i t ) a nd S chneckenberg- W ie tenberg ( upper l im i t ) i s af ramework f or a w ide r e la t ive c hrono lgy ( as i n t he S ou th o f t he C arpa th ians f or S1cua a nd G l ina I I ). We h ave c ons idered i n d e ta i l ( Ro man 1 971, 1 00-114 ) t he r easons w hy w e a ccep ted t he f o l low ing c hrono log ica l s uccess ion : a ) h or izon T iszapo lg rP e tre t i-Ar iu d ; b ) h or izon L a te T iszapo lgár-Decea Mure u lu i ; c ) h or izon B odrogkereszt L Ir ; d ) h or izon w i th f l at tened h and les ( Hercu lane-Che i le T urz i i ) , t he l ast p ar t ia l ly c on te mporaneous w ith C ucu jen i A -B a nd B ; e ) h or izon r e la ted -

w ith C ernavoda I I a nd C e le i ( i n f ac t Coo fen i l a ) ; e ssary t o r epea t myse lf h ere.

f ) Co jo fen i.

I ti s n o t n ec-

N ew f i nds s how t ha t t h is s cheme i s n o t c o mp lete a nd n ew s urpr ises c an a ppear a t a ny t ime. F irst , w e men t ion a d iscovery made d ur ing t he t ime w hen Iw as w ork ing o n t he p resen t b ook ( au tumn 1 974 ) a nd a bou t wh ich w e h ave i n forma t ion t hanks t o t he e x treme g oodw i l l o f my c o l league N . V iassa . V lassa d ug a t L ivez i le ( f ormer V ladháza , C acova ) f our more " barrows" o f t he g roup i nves t iga ted a l ong t ime a go b y H erepey ( Banner 1 927 , 7 5 ). T hey a re n o t p roper b arrows , b u t c ons truc t ions o f s tones i n w h ich c rouched s ke le tons h ave b een f ound , t hree o f t hem h av ing g rave-goods. A t f i rs t s igh t V iassa i nc l ined t o c ons ider t hese g rave-goods a s b e ing c harac ter ist ic f or t he g roup J ordans m t ih l a nd Br jevsk-Ku jawsk i. A f our th " barrow" c on ta ined a d oub le b ur ia l o f c rouched s ke letons , a nd a n amphora w i th s qua t n eck a nd d oub le h and led a nd a " bed" o f s herds a t t he b ase . N . V iassa i nc l ined t o d a te t h is g roup t o t he b eg inn ing o f Co jo fen i a nd a l i t t le b efore when B odrogkerszb ir a nd U sa tovo ( ? ) e le men ts o f t he t ype D ecea Mure u lu i c on t inue t o e x is t i n T ransy lvan ia". I n a ny c ase w e h ave s hown much c au t ion , e ven b e fore t he o ccurrence o f t h is n ew i n forma t ion , w i th r egard t o t he c onnec t ion o f t he b ur ia ls f rom L ivez i le w ith t he Co jo fen i c u l ture ,(see a bove , 3 5 ) . There i s c lear ly a p henomenon w h ich , i n a dd it ion t o t he c hrono log ica l p rob le ms , i nvo lves a lso o ther a spec ts wh ich mus t b e c arefu l ly d ef ined a nd s tud ied . A s econd c a tegory o f f i nds , r epresen t ing a p heno menon w h ich c ou ld e xp la in t he e nd o f t he C oo fen i c u l ture , c ompr ises t hose w h ich h ave b een g rouped b y u s u nder t he n ame o f " J igod in c u l ture" ( Roman , J ános , H orva th 1 973 ). I th as b een p o in ted o u t i n t he b r ief p ub l ished r epor t t ha t t hey r epresen t ac u ltura l f orm i n t he p er iod S chneckenberg B , whose o r ig in c an b e l oca l ly e xp la ined . We mus t t ake i n to a ccoun t t he a na log ies w h ich d irec t u s t owards C en tra l E urope. T he p rob lem i s , d o t he J igod in f orms r epresen t ac u l tura l a nd c hrono log ica l h or izon b etween C o jofen i I I a nd W ie tenberg? W ith r egard t o t he f inds o f V a lea Rea , o n t he b as is o f t he a na lys is o f t he i nven tory-ca ta logue o f t he Museum o f C lu j, V iassa ( 1964 , 3 57 ,358 , f i g . 2 / 1-2 ; 3 /3-5 ) d rew t he c onc lus ion t ha t w ha t w as r eg is tered w as t he g rave-goods b e long ing t o ag rave f ound a t V a lea Res ( com . Romos , d is tr ic t o f H unedoara ) a nd a t tr ibu ted t h is b ur ia l t o t he B odrogkereszt ir c u l ture. T here fore , t here w as a v esse l o f Coo fen i I I , a ccord ing t o o ur c lass if ica t ion , t oge ther w i th B odrogkereszt ( ir v esse ls . T ak ing i n to c ons idera t ion o ther f ac ts w h ich p rove t he i mposs ib i l ity o f s uch a s ynchron iza t ion w e c an b lun t ly a f f irm t ha t t hese p ieces d o n o tb e long t o as ing le f i nd . T he a na lys is o f t he " Bodrogkereszt i ir" v esse ls s how t ha t t hey c anno tb e long t o t he Bodrogkereszt ir c u lture ( V iassa Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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h i mself ,

. c it., 3 57-358 c annot d raw s uch a na log ies ), b ut t o al a ter p er iod.

For V iassa f ig. 2 /1, a na log ies c ou ld e x ist i n t he S outh-Ba lkans o r Macedon ian Ear ly Bronze Age.

The v essel f ig. 3 /5 i s aj ug w ith " nozzle" f or p our ing , f or

wh ich p ara l le ls must a lso b e l ooked. a t tr ibuted t o t he Bodrogkeresz« ir.

Vesse ls f ig . 3 /3 a nd 3 /4 c annot b e a lso The v essels u nder d iscuss ion c an b e c i ted

i n f uture f or t he d ef in it ion o f ac u lture f ro m t he i nc ip ien t Bronze Age. I n c onc lus ion , we ma in ta in o ur p o in t o f v iew t hat t he Co jofen i c u lture d oes n o t o ver lay d irect ly t he Ar iu d a nd Petre t i c u ltures, b u t a t a n i nterva l , a nd i ti s n ot d irect ly f ol lowed b y Wietenberg. -

The c hrono log ica l r elat ion b etween t he Co ofen i c u lture a nd Cen tra l Europe

i s wel l e stabl ished b y t he a gency o f t he c u l tures o f c ontact :

Baden , Kosto lac-

Bo ca , Vu edo l. Co jofen i c u lture f ollows a f ter t he h or izon Bo leráz-Cernavod I l wh ich , o n t he b as is o f r ecen t f inds h as b een d el im ited f ro m t he Lower Danube (Mor in tz, Ro man 1 968 ) t o Centra l Europe ( Torma 1 969; Pav t ikova 1 964 ;

i de m 1 969 ;

1 969 , 1 67-185 ).

The Bole r a 'z-Cernavodä I I h or izon whose l ower l im it r eaches

t he g roups w ith Furchenst ichkera m ik a nc ien t t ype ( Retz =

To ik 1 961;

8 1-85 ;

Ecsedy 1 974 ;

Rut taky 1 969 ) a nd S outhern Poland ( Kozlowsky

Ba laton = Ka l icz 1 969, 1 31-165 ;

Hunyad i h a lo m

=

Kutz i n 1 967;

S eewa ld 1 940 ; Ba ja

=

Las in ja

D im itr jev i

Hercu lane-Che ile Turz i i

=

1 961,

Ro man 1 971,

1 22-123 ) i nter fer ing a lso w ith t he g roups o f Tr ichterbecher c haracter i n s ome a reas ( Ples lová 1 971, 7 -39 a nd e spec ia l ly 2 7-29 ), o n t he o ne h and i n terrup ted t he t rad it iona l e vo lu t ion o f t he Danub ian c u ltures , a nd t he o ther h and b rough t a bou t t hat l arge c u ltura l u n ifor m ity ( by a t tenuat ing a nd l iqu idat ing r eg iona li sm ) w ithout wh ich t he e x tens ion o f Baden o ver s uch a l arge a rea c ou ld n o t h ave b een p oss ib le.

I n f act many e le men ts o f t he p rocess o f Baden izat ion

were a dopted e ven f ro m t he p rev ious l oca l g roups , a nd f i ltered t hrough t he Bo le r áz-Cernavodá I I s tage, a nd s pread u n iversa l ly i n c on trast w ith t he p rev ious p er iod when t hey were o n ly l oca l ly s pread.

But t here a re a pprec iab le

c hrono log ica l d iferences b etween t he s tage i n wh ich a c ultura l e le men t was ac o mponen t o f ar eg iona l f or zn a nd t he s tage when t he s a me e le men t b eco mes ac o mponen t f actor o f av ery l arge u n it ( Toik 1 961 g ave a n i l lustrat ive e xa mp le when h e b rought t he Furchenst ichkera m ik f ro m t he Retz h or izon f ace t o f ace w ith t he Transy lvan ian p ot tery f ro m t he La te Co jofen i ). The n ex t h or izon d ef in ing t he r elat ion o f t he Co ofen i c u lture f ro m t he e nd o f p hase I a nd e spec ia l ly p hase I I w ith t he Western a rea o f t he Ba lkan p en ins u la a nd Cen tra l Europe i s t hat o f Kosto lac-Bo aca ( M ilo ji Benac 1 962 ; 1 964 ).

Banner , Kutz i n 1 960 ;

i de m 1 961;

Pav i ikov

1 949/1950 ; 1 968 ;

Pave l ik

The e vo lut ion o f t h is h or izon i s l onger i n t he r eg ions s ituated t o t he

S outh o f t he S ave a nd i n t he v a l ley o f t he Morave a nd i n my o p in ion v anced t o t he Nor th u nder t he p ressure o f Vu edo l.

i ta d-

Th is o p in ion i s s uppor ted

b y t he s trat igraph ica l s uccess ion a t Hercu lane a nd b y t he f act t hat t he Kosto lac g roup a rr ived i n S outhern S lovak ia , b e ing a ssoc iated w ith Vu edo l e le men ts ( f or i nstance I za , Pav i lková 1 968 );

s uch f inds c orrespond ing w ith Kos to lac

s et t le men ts f ro m t he S outh (Mo ldova V eche ; t he Vucedo l c o mponen t i s s trong .

Go molova

=

Ta ic 1 965 ), where

For t h is r eason , n e ither t he p o in t o f v iew

s uppor t ing o n ly t he e x istence o f a n i ndependen t Kosto lac c u lture (M iloê ' ic 1 949/50 ;

Pav t iková 1 968 e spec ia l ly 4 20 ;

P ivn ica-Benac 1 962

-

n ot t o b e

c onfused w ith t he n ot ion o f Kosto lac ) n or t ha t d eny ing s uch a p oss ib i l ity , u nder t he p retex t t hat t he Kosto lac e le men ts o ccur t ogether w ith t hose o f t he Baden Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

7 2

c u l ture ( Banner , K u tz ián 1 960 ;

i de m 1 961, 2 7 , 3 1) s ee ms t o me u n founded .

I n f ac t , w e must a dm it t he i dea o f Baden-Kosto lac , C oofen i-Kos to lac i n t he S ou thern a rea o f t he g roup o f K os to lac-Bogaca , w here t he c on tac ts w ith Baden w ere l ong a nd a p heno menon o f c rossfer t i l isa t ion t ook p lace , a nd w e b e l ieve t ha t t h is p heno menon t ook p lace a lso b e tween t he P ivn ica a nd B aden e lemen ts . Ap rocess o f r eg iona l ism w ith f eatures d i f fer ing more a nd more f rom t hose o f t he r eg ions wh ich r e ma ined " pure" B aden f or a t ime , t ook p lace i n t hese a reas ( M i lo j &c s hou ld t h ink i n t h is w ay when h e d rew a p ara l le l b e tween K os to lac a nd M idd le a nd L a te Baden ). E v iden t ly , i fw e c ompare t he K os to lac f i nds a rr iv ing i n S lovak ia a nd e ven H ungary w ith t hose o f B aden c u lture f ound i n t he s a me p laces , t he d i f ference b e tween t hem s eems t o u s s o g rea t t ha t w e a re i nc l ined t o s peak a bou t d i f feren t c u ltures ( Pavikova ) a nd i n s o me r espec ts , t h is i si ndeed t he c ase i n t hese r eg ions. A s r egards t he B o aca g roup , t he Baden b ase a nd t he s trong K os to lac i n f luence i s s o e v iden t t o a nyone who h as h and led t he ma ter ia l , t ha t t he p o in t o f v iew c ons ider ing t h is s tage a s ap hase , Baden E ( mos t r ecen t N eustupn 1 969 , 3 26-329 ) s eems t o me t o b e r igh t . A s r egards t he n ex t r e la t ion , Coofen i-Vucedo l , i ti s i mpor tan t t o u s t o k now h ow l ong t he V u &do l p heno menon l as ted c ons ider ing t ha t t he e vo lu t ion o f t he C o ofen i c u l ture c eased w ith in t hese l im i ts . I ti s a n a scer ta ined f act t ha t V u edo l p receded b o th G lockenbecher a nd t he p roper c orded p o t tery i n C en tra l Europe ( Neus tupn

1 966 , 9 5-96 ; K a l icz 1 967 , 1 8-19 ; P les lova 1 971,

1 2 ). E ven i ft hese p henomena a re p ar t ia l ly s ynchron ized i n d iferen t a reas , s uch a s uccess ion i n C en tra l E urope d oes n o t a l low t he p oss ib i l ity o f d irec t c on tac ts b etween C o jo fen i, G lockenbecher a nd S chnurkeram ik . T he h ypo thes is o f p ene tra t ion o f s ome Eas tern g roups p reced ing t he V u edo l c u lture i n to t he P annon ian p la in , a nd e xp la in ing b y t h is t he o ccurrence o f c orded p a t terns o f t he V u edo l p a t tern , h as o f ten b een men t ioned ( f or e xamp le , K a l icz 1 967 , 1 81 9 ). Ih ave a rgued b e fore w hy s uch a n i n trus ion i n to t he Roman ian a reas w as n ot p oss ib le ( Mor in tz , Ro man 1 969a , 2 63-264 ; Roman 1 974 , 1 70-171 ) a nd w e b e l ieve i n t he p oss ib i l ity o f c on tac t w ith t he i mpor tan t c en tre o f c orded w are s i tua ted t o t he S outh o f t he D anube , w h ich c on ta ined a n a bundance o f d ishes i n terna l ly d ecora ted a nd Kreuz fusscha len , ( see f or i nstance G eorg iev , Merper t 1 965 , f i g . 1,12 ,26 ). T ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he c on tac ts o f t he Vu edo l c u lture i n Cen tra l E urope ( Novo tny 1 955 , 5 6-59 ; N eustupn 1 966 , 8 6 ,94-96 ; P les lov 1 971, 1 2 ,31-33 ), t he c u ltures o fJ ev i ov ice B , R ivna, Cham , Z lota e tc . s hou ld h ave b een c on te mporaneous w ith p hase C oofen i I I. One c ou ld i nvoke t he sma l l d epos it w i th We idenb la t t form f ound a t Mo ldova V eche ( P l . 8 / 19 a -d ) f or a na log ies w ith t he N itra g roup ( Toik 1 963 ) o r w ith t he Kot ian i c u lture ( Pastor 1 969 ) b u t e ven t he f ac t t ha t t he d epos i t b e longs t o aM idd le V u edo l g rave a ss igns t o t he f i nd f rom Mo ldova V eche t he r o le o f p ro to type , a s t he mos t a nc ien t o ccurrence o f t h is s er ies o f o rnamen ts . I t i s p erhaps t e mp t ing t o c ompare t he b eaker f rom P etro an i ( Schro l ler 1 933 , P l . 2 7/6 ) a nd s ome f ragmen ts o f p o t tery f ound a t C l it ( Dum itra cu 1 972 , p 1 . T X/ Il ) o r T ebea ( Haruche 1 969 , f i g . 4 / 19 ) w ith t he d ecora t ion o n t he G lochenbecher b eakers ( Schre iber 1 973 ; S tocky 1 929 , f i g . 6 7 , P l . CV II ICXV I I I ) ; b u t t hey d i f fer e ssen t ia l ly i n d e ta i ls , f or t he d ecora t ion i n s uper i mp osed z ones i s n o t e nough when t he t echn ique i s s ubstan t ia l ly d i f feren t . Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

7 3

T he a na log ies a nd s ynchron iza t ion i nvoked s how c lear ly t he o r ig ina l ity o f t he C oofen i c u l ture b rough t f ace t o f ace w i th t he c u ltures o f C en tra l E urope . T here w ere mu tua l r e la t ions wh ich c ou ld c ircu la te c om mon a ssets t oC en tra l Europe a nd Ro man ia b u t a lso s ome o bv ious o bs tac les wh ich d o n o t a l low u s , f or e xamp le , t o c onnec t t he d ecora t ive p a t terns o f p hase Co jofen i I l w ith t hose f rom C en tra l E urope when s ome c u l tures ( Kos to lac , B o aca , Vu edo l ) w ith t he d ecora t ion d ifer ing s ubs tan t ia l ly i n manner , i n terposed b e tween t he t wo a reas . ‚

T he Coo fen i c u l ture c anno t b e e as i ly s ynchron ized w i th t he S ou thern r eg ions. T he e vo lu t ion o f t he Coo fen i c u l ture a t Buban j c eased b e fore t he B uban j Hum I I h or izon wh ich h as a na log ies a t Armenochór i ( Heur t ley 1 939 , 1 92-198 ). More r ecen t ly , H anschmann ( 1970 , 2 69-271 ) d a tes Armenoch6r j t o t he e nd o f t he p er iod o f t he E ar ly Macedon ian Bronze Age a nd e ven a f ter . I tt herefore -

f o l lows t ha t t he C oo fen i mus t b e d a ted e ar l ier . Ap ara l le l d a t ing w ith t he E ar ly Macedon ian I I I Bronze Age ( poss ib ly a lso t he b eg inn ing o fI I ) c ou ld b e s ugges ted b y t he a na log ies e x is t ing b e tween t he p o t tery w ith r ed b urn ished s l ip f rom p hase C o jofen i H I a nd Rachman i ( Hanschmann 1 970 , 2 03,205-207 ,210 ) o r E ar ly T hessa l ic ( Rach man i b e ing p ara l le l w ith Ear ly He l lad ic Ia nd I , a s i s a t tes ted b y t he d iscovery o f t wo f ragmen ts o f s auc ier e w ith u r f irn is , o f t ype Ear ly H e l lad ic I I u nder t he f l oor o f aRachman i dwe l l ing a t P evkak ia ( M i lo j i6 1 967 , 2 4 ; Hanschmann 1 970 , 2 03 ,208 ). H owever , N or th-Danub ian a na log ies w ith t he Rach man i c u l ture e x is t i n t he p re-Coo fen ian h or izon ( Slcua I VH ercu lane-Che i le T hrz i i , C ernavodg If rom t he m idd le a nd l ate s tages a nd v ery r are ly C ernavod I l ). T he p o t tery w i th r ed b urn ished s l ip w h ich o ccurs i n t he e xcava t ions c arr ied o u tb y T heochar is ( Hanschmann 1 970 ,179 ) a t Pyrasos- Magu la ( Thessa ly ) a nd w here t he R achman i l ayer ( IV ) i s o ver la id w ith a l ayer o f t he E ar ly B ronze ( V ) , i s av ery c harac ter is t ic c o mponen t o f t he t wo l ayers ; a l though H anschmann c ons iders t ha t t he t wo l ayers h ave p ara ll e ls i n t he p er iod o f E ar ly H e l lad ic H , h e a t tr ibu tes t he m t o t he M idd le a nd L a te Rachman i p hases ( i b id . 2 05 ). T he p o t tery w ith r ed s l ip o ccurs a t l o lkos i n a l l t he l ayers w h ich a re c on temporaneous w ith Ear ly H e l lad ic I ( i b id .207 ) a nd t he s ame s i tua t ion i s e ncoun tered a t As ine ( Fr t Sd in , P ersson 1 92 4/2 5 ,60 ; Fr t id in 1 938 ,206 ). S tr ik ing a na log ies e x is t w ith t he p ot tery f rom t he Ear ly H e l lad ic f ound a t Z ygur ies ( B legen 1 928 , p 1 . I V ; V I ). T he p o t tery w ith r ed s l ip o ccurs i n a" typ ica l C oo fen ian" I l manner ( see h ere , P l. 1 7/4 = 1 04/ 13 ; 3 5/ 11,1619 ) , a t Z ygur ies w ith v esse ls e ncrus ted w ith wh i te h and les a nd d ecorat i on o f a n a s ton ish ing s im i lar ity a nd e ven i so la ted s p ira ls ( p 1. I V/9-10 ; V I/3 ) a l low u s t o t h ink o f t he s pec i mens o f T ransy lvan ia . An i den t ica l s i tuat ion w i th t ha t e ncoun tered a t Z ygur ies , o ccurs a t A sea ( Ho l mberg 1 944 , 6 1; f ig . 6 6c ; 7 8a ,b ,m ) i n Ear ly H e l lad ic . S ome p ara l le ls w ith t he Coo fen i p ot tery w ith r ed s l ip m igh t b e f ound i n t he p o t tery w ith r ed u r f irn is f rom E ar ly He ll ad ic , a l though t h is t echn ique d ifers e ssen t ia l ly f rom t ha t o f t he s l ip p roper . Bu t , b road ly s peak ing , t he e f fec t i s t he s ame ( Kunze 1 934 , 1 5-16 ; a lso i n L erna I I E ar ly H e l lad ic I , C askey 1 954 a nd e spec ia l ly my own o bserva t ion o f t he ma ter ia ls made i n t he Museum o f Argos ). -

A s r egards t he p o t tery p a in ted w ith wh i te d iscovered a t B asarab i-Ca lafa t ( p 1. 4 8/ 15-20 ,22 ; 4 9/ 1-11 ), t he a na log ies , f ro m t he t echn ica l p o in t o f v iew , l ead u s a ga in t o Rachman i , b u t t o t he E ar ly p hase , i n wh ich t he p o t tery w ith wh ite o r w i th c rude r ed i s e ncoun tered . B o th t he d if icu l ty i n d iscern ing c rude p a in t ing

-

p a in t ing b e fore b ak ing

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

7 4

-

a nd t he e x is tence o f d i f ferences i n

t he d ecora t ive p at terns makes more d if f icu lt c o mpar ison w ith p ot tery p a in ted i n wh ite f ro m t he F ina l Ear ly He l lad ic ( Kunze 1 934, 8 8-90 ; I X/2 ,3 ;

X I I; X II I ; XX -XX I ;XX IV ; XXX/ 13; X

=-X

p 1. I v/1; V ;

=I ).

The n u merous v essels o f a skos t ype wh ich o ccur i n t he Cotofen i c u lture ( p 1. 2 9/ 1-4 ) c an b e c o mpared w ith t hose f ound a t Hg ios Ma mas ( Heur t ley 1 939 , 1 73, n o. 1 81-192 ) a nd d ated b y Hansch mann t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he Midd le Macedon ian I Bronze Age , n a me ly Ear ly He l lad ic I . Aj ug w ith a s l igh t ly o b l ique mouth , ( wh ich i s t yp ica l t o Cotofen i ) a nd b elong ing t o al i t t le e ar l ier p er iod , h as a lso b een f ound a t Hg ios Ma mas ( Heur t ley 1 939, 1 73, n o. 1 95 ).

The p rob le m o f t he a skos-vessels , ( most

r ecen t ly , Milo jc ió 1 950 ) h as g a ined n ew d i mens ions i n t he l ast 2 0 y ears , b y t he f ind ing o f s uch v essels i n t he Neo l ith ic d epos its i n Greece. Th is f or m o f p ot tery h as a n o r ig ina l e vo lut ion i n t he S outh a nd Nor thBalkan r eg ions , p roduc ing v ar ian ts a nd s ub-var ian ts wh ich a re i ndependen t o f t hose f ro m Greece. We c an f ind a c orrespond ing f or m t o t he v esse l f ro m Basarab i

( P l.

2 2/1

=

4 9/1 ) among t he n u merous s auc ière o f t he Ear ly Hel lad ic I o r w ith S chnabe lk anne. C lay a nchors , l ike t hose d iscovered i n t he s et t le men t o f Cotofen i I I i n Govora

( P l.

5 2/7 ,8 ) a re a t tr ibuted t o t he a nc ien t d epos its a t Kr itsana , wh ich

a re c on te mporaneous w ith Rach man i a nd He l lad ic I ( Hansch mann 1 970, 2 53 ). A c o mparat ive e le men t i s r epresen ted b y t he d ecorat ive p at terns o n t he hydr ia f ro m Orcho menos ( Kunze 1 934, 1 9-20, p 1. I ) d ecorated w ith a r ow o f a pp l ied " len t ils" o n t he u pper p ar t.

The h ydr ia f ro m Orcho menos i s r edd ish

g lazed ( i b id. 1 9 ), a nd t he f our "Knöpfe" ( so-ca l led b y Kunze 1 934 ,20 ) a re a bso lutely t yp ica l " len t ils". Pat terns c ons ist ing o f c ordi mpress ions c an a lso b e u sed a s e v idence f or t he s ynchron izat ion b etween Cotofen i a nd t he Ear ly Bronze Age i n Greece. New f inds d at ing f ro m Ear ly Hel lad ic ( Thessa l ic o r Macedon ian ) I a nd I I (M iloc ió 1 956, 1 58-159 ;

Hansch mann 1 970 , 2 5-26 ;

s ee a lso Ro man 1 974 ,

1 72 ) s upp le men t t he o lder d iscover ies , c o m men ted o n l ast b y Milo jc i 1 51-154 ).

( 1955 ,

Recen t ly , V l. M ilo j i6 ( 1972 ) i nfor med me o f t he d iscovery o f

f ragmen ts o f p ot tery d ecorated w ith c ord " e indeu t ige Impor te v o m Typ Gorodosk-Usatovo" a t Pevkak ia-Vo los.

The f ragmen ts were f ound i n al ayer

wh ich " ganz a n d as Ende d er f r t lhen Bronzeze it b zw . Bronzeze it g ehör t".

Anfang d er mitt leren

Two dwe ll ings w ith f rag men ts o f f ive Tro jan b eakers

were f ound u nder t h is l ayer a nd i n c onsequence t he f rag men ts o f c orded p ot tery " in Thessa l ien n ach Tro ia I I z u d at ieren s ind".

I n a dd it ion t o t hese , af ew

f rag ments o f t he Hag ia Mar ina t ype ( M idd le Minoan I ) h ave b een f ound a nd c onsequent ly t hey d ate t he e nd o f t he Ear ly Bronze Age i n Thessa ly t o t h is t ime. With r egard t o wha t h as b een s a id a bove , we n ot ice a ) t hat t he p ot tery f ound a t Pevkak ia-Vo los a s we l l a s t hat d iscovered i n o ther s pots i n Greece d oes n o t r epresen t impor ts o f Usa tovo t ype ( Ro man 1 974, 1 72 ) b ut was t ransmitted f ro m Bu lgar ia , where t h is t ype h as a l ong p er iod o f e volut ion ;

b ) t he

North-Danub ian a na log ies w ith t he f rag men ts f ound a t Pevkak ia e x is t among t he f inds o f G l ina I lSchneckenberg B ( t he d ecorat ion o n af rag men t f ro m Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

7 5

Pevkak ia a nd t hat o ccurr ing o n as ing le f ind made i n aG l ina I l s et t le ment , a t Rosu-Cons tan t in iu , Pana it 1 963, f ig . 5 ;

f or t he c orded p ot tery f ro m

Eutres is , c o mpare Go ld man 1 931, f ig . 1 99 w ith Ro man , J anos , Horvath 1 973, P l. 8 -9 ). I n c onc lus ion , i n t h is way a lso t he Cotofen i c u lture c an b e s ynchron ized w ith t hose o ccurrences o f p ot tery d ecorated w ith c ordi mpress ions wh ich a re o lder t han t hose r epresen ted a t Pevkak ia-Vo los.

As a mat ter o f f ac t , s evera l

c hrono log ica l h or izons i n wh ich f ragmen ts o f c orded p ot tery o ccur h ave b een d ef ined i n r ecen t t imes i n Greece (M ilo jc i6 1 956, 1 59 ; 2 91;

Ro man 1 974 ,172 );

a nd t he c o mpar ison b etween t he d ecorat ion o f a

s P ind le -whor l f ro m Arg issa I ( M ilo ic ic 1 956, f ig. 1 3/1) =

Hansch mann 1 970 , 2 90 ,

=

Ear ly T hessa l ic I

Ear ly He llad ic I ( Hansch mann 1 970 f ig . 4 /5 ) a nd t he d ecorat ion o n af rag-

men t o f p ottery f ro m S tras im irovo (Margos 1 973, p 1. I X/12 ) where t he Cernavoda I p ot tery i s r epresen ted b y t he most t yp ica l s pec i mens ( Margos 1 973, p 1. I X/ i ,3 ,7 ,8 ) s uppor ts t o t he f u l l s uch a h ypothes is. Broad ly s peak ing , we d o n ot b el ieve t hat t he e nd o f t he Cotofen i c u lture a nd t he l ast g l i m mers o f Ear ly Hel lad ic I I o ver lapped , s ince t here i s s uf f ic ien t r eason t o p lace G l ina I I- S chneckenberg B w ith in t hese l im its. As r egards t he Cotofen i c ulture w ith in t he a rchaeo log ica l s itua t ion e x isti ng t o t he S outh o f t he Ba lkans , we h ave a t o ur d isposa l d ata c om ing f ro m t he v a l ley o f t he Mar itsa a nd i n c onsequence t he r e lat ions o f t h is a rea t o S outhEastern Ro man ia a re more v is ib le.

There a re b road ly t wo d if feren t c u ltura l

c o mp lexes whose s ynchron izat ion i s n ot e asy t o e stab l ish. c arr ied o u t e spec ia l ly a t Ezero ( Georg iev , Merper t 1 965 ;

The r esearches Georg iev 1 967 ;

Merper t , Georg iev 1 969 ) b rough t t o l igh t ac hrono log ica l s cale 2 .50-3.80 m i n h e igh t , c ons ist ing o f 9 -13 o ccupa t ion l evels.

The s et t le men ts were e nclosed

w ith a s tone wa l l b etween t he h or izons X-V II ( Merper t , Georg iev 1 969, 2 55 ). The who le p er iod o f h ab itat ion h as b een d iv ided i nto t hree p hases ( t he most r ecen t d istr ibut ion , Merper t , Georg iev 1 969 , 2 56 ); h or izons X III (MV )-V I II ;

p hase I c o mpr ises t he

p hase I , t he h or izons V ET-V h as b een s ynchron ized

w ith Micha l ic ( M ikov 1 948 );

p hase I l, h or izons T vI ( stage K ir il metod ievo ,

Merper t , Georg iev 1 969, 2 56 ).

Accord ing t o t he a u thors, a na log ies w ith

p hase I e x ist i n t he a zzurro p er iod a t Po l iochn i ;

v essels wh ich a re t yp ica l o f

Troy I o ccur i n t he l ast l evels o f p hase Ezero H .

An ? H ngegef ss T ! f ound i n

t he f irs t h or izon o f p hase Ezero I l (Merper t , Georg iev 1 969 , f ig. 2 2 ) i s c ons idered a t erm inus a nte q ue m f or t he midd le p hase :

a na log ies w ith i te x ist i n

Troy T IIl l ( i n p hases o f r ed a nd y el low Po l iochn i ) a nd i n Ther m i I V.

Therm i

I V i s c ons idered a s c on te mporaneous w ith t he e nd o f Troy Ia nd t he b eg inn ing o f Troy I , a nd Ther m i V w ith Troy I ( t h id. 2 56 ). Therefore t he e nd o f p hase I a nd t he b eg inn ing o f p hase I l a t Ezero a re c ons idered a s b e ing p ara l lel w ith Troy H .

The l atest h or izons o f t he p hase Ezero I l a re s ynchron ized

w ith Troy T ITV.

The f ind ing o f a? F ischbu ttengef ss t ! i n t he h or izon Ezero

I l wh ich i s i den t ica l w ith a nother s pec i men f ro m Ther m i I V (Merper t , Georg iev 1 969 , f ig. 2 3 c o mpare w ith La mb 1 936, f ig. 3 7 ) a l lows u s t o s ync hron ize t he s tages o f t rans it ion f ro m Ezero I t o I l w ith Troy I ( Merper t , Georg iev 1 969 , 2 56 ).

We must a dd t hat a d ish d ecorated w ith t yp ica l p at terns

o f Ezero I -H h as b een f ound a t Protes ilas , i n t he f irst s ett le men t ( De mange l a nd c o l labora tors 1 926 , f ig. 2 1, p p. 2 0-21 ) wh ich i s c on te mporary w ith Ear ly Troy

( Podzuwe it 1 973,43 ). 8

The g roup o f Cele i-pre-Cotofen i r ef lects v is ible

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7 6

c onnect ions w ith t he c o mp lex o f Ezero ( by t he d ishes w ith b ended r im , t he j ugs w ith o b l ique r im , t he d ishes w ith i n terna l ly c ut a nd t h ickened r im , t he e x terna l a nd i n terna l d ecorat ion o f t he d ishes, f luted h and les im itat ing t w isti ng , t r iang les c ons ist ing o f impress ions w ith c ord e tc.) ;

o n t he o ther h and

i ti s a l most imposs ible t o d ist ingu ish t hese c onnect ions i n p hase Cotofen i I . S o me c o mparat ive e le men ts w ith Co tofen i Ia nd I e x ist i n Ezero

1 1

9

We

men t ion t he t echn ique o f r epea ted s tabb ings u sed f or e ncrust ing ( Georg iev 1 967 , 1 23;

Merper t , G eorg iev 1 969, f ig. 1 8/14 ), p la in t ubu lar h and les

( Georg iev, Merper t 1 965 , f ig . 2 0 ), c ups w ith o b l ique mouth , w ide h atched b ands (Merpert , G eorg iev 1 969, f ig . 1 9/2 ), t r iang les f i l led w ith d ots ( Georg iev , Merper t 1 965, f ig . 1 1; 1 2; 2 3 ) a s i n t he v ar ian t f ro m t he S outhern Banat , a nd " anchors" o f c lay ( Ren frew 1 969a , p 1. I I ).

However , a l l t hese a na log ies

a re i nsuf f ic ient ly c onclus ive , a nd i n c onsequence we must wa it f or t he d eta iled p ub l icat ion o f t he f inds made i n t he l ayers b e long ing t o t he " Ear ly Bronze Age" a t Karanovo, Ezero , a nd Ezerovo. As r egards Thrace , o ur r eferences a re c onf ined t o S itagro i ( Photo l ivos ; Renfrew 1 969b ; i de m 1 970b ). t wo

-

i de m 1 970a-b a nd 1 971 ) a nd D ik il i T ash ( Deshayes 1 970a ;

Renfrew d ist ingu ished f ive l arge p er iods a t S itagro i ;

t he l ast

Ear ly p ost-Gu meln ita ( t here a re s o me i n terrupt ions i n o ccupat ion ) a re

r e levant t o t he p rob le m w ider d iscuss ion.

I f o n t he b as is o f v esse ls o f t he

J unac ite t ype ( Renfrew 1 970a , f ig . 8 /3-4

Renfrew 1 969b , f ig . 2 /3-4 ) t he

=

h or izon o f S itagro i Vb c an b e d ated o n ly t o a f ter t he e nd o f t he Co tofen i c u lture ( a t most , i ft he t heory t hat s im ilar v esse ls o ccur a t Buban jHu m I l-Garasan in 1 958 , p 1. 1 2/5

-

i s a ccep ted , t hen t he e x istence o f as ynchron iza t ion w ith t he

e nd o f t he Cotofen i c u lture i s p resu mab le ), t hen t he h or izon Va ( Renfrew 1 969b , f ig. 3 ) c onta ins e le ments e ncoun tered a lso i n t he Kosto lac g roup a nd i n c onseq uence i t c an b e s ynchron ized w ith s tage Cotofen i I l.

As r egards t he p er iod

S itagro i I V ( Renfrew 1 969b , f ig. 1 ) , a na log ies e x ist b oth i n t he Baden c ulture ( Renfrew 1 969b , 4 38 ) a nd i n t he e ar l ier h or izons ( f or

i nstance , Retz , Ba ja ).

On t he b as is o f t he e xcava t ions a t D ik il i Tash , Deshayes ( 1970b ) d rew amp le c o mpar isons w ith t he c u ltura l e vo lut ion o f t he Midd le Danube ( w ith Baden , Kosto lac e tc.) a nd f ar ther a f ield w ith Greece a nd Anato l ia.

The a nal-

og ies p roposed b y Deshayes a nd r esu lt ing i n t he s ynchron izat ion o f L a te Baden , Kosto lac, Vucedol a nd e ven Zu to Brdo ( ?

? ) g roups w ith Troy I ( i b id. f ig. 4 1)

c an b e r u led o ut b y c o mpar ing t he s a me mater ia ls w ith Cernavoda I I ( as r eg ards t he f luted p ot tery a nd t ubu lar h and les , f ig . 1 8,19 ) w ith t he c o mp lex a t Hercu lane-Che ile T urz i i f ro m t he F ina l Eneo l ith ic , o r w ith Cele i ( i n t he c ase o f t he f inds i l lustrated b y t he s a me a uthor i n f ig . 3 1,33,34 ,38,39 ).

C lear ly ,

s uch a c la im ( and t he a uthor made r eference a lso t o T iszâpo lg r a nd Bodrogeresztir ;

i b id . 3 4 ) c annot b e c er ta in.

I n c onsequence we must awa it

t he p ub l icat ion o f more a bundan t mater ia l a nd t he c onstruct ion o f ac hronol og ica l s che me f or Thrace b ased o n t he s trat igraphy. Ana log ies b etween Cotofen i a nd Troy e x ist i n t he c o l lect ion o f S ch l ie mann ; a ) v essels f or h ang ing o f t ype Cotofen i I X a l-a2 a nd h and les s im ilar t o t hose o f Cotofen i i l lustrated i n t o T roy I ;

P l.

3 5/8-10 ( Sch m id t 1 902, n o. 1 68 a nd 1 69 ) a ss igned

b ) d ishes Cotofen i I I ( type Ia 3 ) w ith i den t ica l d ecorat ion t o t hose

f ound a t Ostrovu Corbu lu i ( Sch m id t 1 902 , n o. 1 3, 1 15-149,154 a nd B legen , Caskey , Rawson 1 951, 1 2, f ig . 2 34, 2 38 ,253-256 ) a nd p resen t a lso i n Troy ( these a re a lso e ncoun tered a t Horod istea

=

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7 7

Du m itrescu 1 941/44 a nd i n t he

Hercu lane-Che jie Turz i i c o mp lex a nd f or t h is r eason , t he ir c hrono log ica l v a lue i s d ispu tab le );

c ) h and les wh ich a re s im i lar t o t hose e ncoun tered o n

t he Coçofen i v essels o f t ype I X b 2-b3 ( Sch m idt 1 902, n os. 5 08, 5 13, 5 27 ,5 29 ) wh ich a re c haracter ist ic o f t he o ccupat ion f ro m Troy I t o V ;

d ) s im ilar it ies

b etween t he s i lver v esse ls i n t he l arge h oard a t tr ibu ted t o Troy I ( Schm idt 1 902, n os. 5 871 a nd 5 973 ) a nd t he Co jofen i v esse ls o f t ype XV I ( or

P l.

1 03/1;

e ) t he t w is ted s p ira ls o f g o ld b elong ing t o t he s a me h oard ( Sch m idt 1 902 , n o. 5 942 a nd 6 131) c o mpared w ith s im ilar s pec i mens f ro m t he d epos it f ound a t Mo ldova Veche ( here

P l.

8 /19, a ,b ,d ).

We a dd t hat t he t ype w ith r ed s l ip ,

b es ides t he b lack b urn ished a nd g rey p ot tery , b egan i n Troy I a nd l as ted u n t il La te Troy V ( Podzuwe it 1 973,5 ). We must n ot l ose s igh t o f t he f act t hat a na log ies i n f or m , a nd e spec ia l ly i n d ecorat ion , e x ist a t Therm i o n L esbos.

We r efer t o t he d ecorat ion o n t he

v esse l n o. 5 65 ( La mb 1 936, p 1. X I I I ) a nd t he d ecora t ive p at terns i l lus trated i n p 1. X IV-XV I I. f er n.

Many o f t he m c an b e c ons idered a s b e ing " typ ica l ly" Co o-

Ah and le ( P l. XV/2 , c en tre ) c annot b e i n a ny way s eparated f ro m t he

s im i lar p roducts o f Co ofen i I I.

The s a me t h ing i s t rue o f t he c lay r ee l w ith

d isc-shaped t er m ina ls ( La mb 1 936 , p 1. XX IV/32.2 ), t he p a inted p ottery ( i b id. P l. =

) o r t he p ot tery w ith r ed s l ip f ro m T her m i I V-V.

I t wou ld f o l low f ro m

t hese c o mpar isons t ha t t he L ate Co ofen i i s c on te mporaneous w ith Troy I (more r ecent ly , Podzuwe it 1 973, a ppend ix 9 , I -V w ith Ear ly Troy 1 -Troy I g ) .

2 7-32, s ynchron ized Ther m i

p p.

The c o mpar ison b etween Cotofen i a nd P o l iochn i ( Brea 1 964 ) c oncerns h or izons wh ich a re e ar l ier t han t he r osso p er iod Vese l inovo ( Brea 1 964 , 1 2, p 1. CLXXI II ).

-

" dated" b y a n a xe o f t ype

F ischbut tengef sse ( i b id. P l.

CXLV I I I/a ,b ) wh ich a re s im ilar t o t hat f ro m Ezero I I (Merper t , Georg iev 1 969, f ig . 2 3 ) o ccur i n t he s a me p er iod.

A sma l l d epos it c onta in ing a

Rand le istenbe il w ith g ood a na log ies i n Po l iochn i

-

t he r osso p er iod

-

( Brea

1 964 , 1 2, p 1. CLXXI I ) c a me f ro m p hase Ezero I I ( Hor izon I V , Georg iev 1 967, f ig . 3 0/4 ,5 ). 1 970 , 3 6-37 ).

Both s pec i mens i nd icate a G l ina h or izon , p ost Co ofen i ( Vulpe The p rev ious h or izon f ro m P o l iochn i, t he a zzurro e vo lu ta

p hase c an b e s ynchron ized w ith Ezero i l- M iha l ic ow ing t o t he e x istence o f a s tone a xe o f a bso lute ly i dent ica l f or m (co mpare Brea 1 964, p 1. I C w ith G eorg iev 1 967 , f ig . 2 8 ). S evera l p ieces wh ich c an b e c o mpared w ith t hose f ro m Co ofen i c o me f ro m Pol iochn i , t he a zzurro p hase :

" anchors" o f c lay ( Brea

1 964 , p 1. LXXX I I I/a-k ); d ecora t ion p a in ted i n wh ite ( t h id. p 1. XLVI I I ) ; w ith o b l ique mou th a nd h and les i n t he s hape o f l unata ( i b id. p 1. XLV II ).

c ups S uch

c ups a re a lso e ncoun tered i n t he a zzurro a rca ica ( i b id. p 1. XL I I-XL I I I ). Good s im ilar it ies w ith t he p la in t ubu lar h and les f ro m t he a zurro e voluta p hase ( i b id. p 1. XX IV ) e x ist i n Co ofen i.

The r osso p hase i s p ara l lel w ith T roy I

a nd t he b eg inn ing o f Troy I , wh i le t he a zzurro p hase i s p laced b efore Troy a nd Ku m T epe I A ( Brea 1 964 , c hrono log ica l t ab le ,

p p.

7 06-707 ).

The p lac ing

o f t he Co ofen i c u lture b efore a nd d ur ing Troy It herefore f o llows , a nd t h is f act wou ld c ontrad ict t he c o mpar ison d rawn e ven w ith Troy a nd Therm i , wh ich i nd icate a c on te mporane ity a lso w ith Troy H .

The c on trad ict ion i s r u led o ut

b y Podzuwe it ( 1973, -a ppend ix 1 2, p p. 3 6-40 ) who s ynchron ized Po l iochn i I -V ( nero-g ia l lo ) w ith Troy I II.

We p o in t o ut t ha t a ccord ing t o a l l t hese c o mpar i-

s ons , h owever , a nalog ies w ith Co Jofen i d o n ot e x ist i n t he p os t-Troy I h or izons.

Probab ly s i mu ltaneous ly w ith t he o ccurrence i n b u lk o f whee l- made

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p ot tery , t he c o mparat ive e le men ts b etween Ana to l ia a nd t he Ba lkan r eg ions d im in ished more a nd more, t he l ast r eg ion c arry ing o n f ur ther t he impu lses r ece ived p rev ious ly . a ppear.

I n t h is way a n eg l ig ib le c hrono log ical d ifference c ould

However t he e x istence o f n u merous a na log ies w ith e le ments o f t he

Co jofen i c u l ture i n Troy I II, a nd e ar ly Hel lad ic Ia nd I i nd icate t ha t t h is c u lture b e longs t o ap er iod wh ich i s o f t h is a n t iqu ity.

The c hrono logy o f t he

Co jofen i c u lture a nd t ha t o f t he c u ltures w ith wh ich i t i s s ynchron ized a re c lose ly i n terdependen t.

S o f ar n o C1 4 a nalyses h ave b een made • 11

T he d a-

t ing o f t he Baden c u lture , w ith wh ich t he Co ofen i c ulture h ad t he c losest a ff in it ies , v ar ies b etween 2 150-1900 ( Ka l icz 1 963 ,84 ), a ccord ing t o t he s hor t c hrono logy ( Troy I V-V, a s t ime ) a nd 3 300-2900 ( Neustupny 1 968, t ab le 5 a nd p . 5 2;

i de m 1 969, t ab le H ,

1 969 , 2 44 ;

p .

3 44 ) a ccord ing t o C1 4 ( see a lso Qu it ta , Kohl

Qu it ta 1 972, f ig . 3 ).

A d if ference o f 1 000 y ears t herefore r esults.

The methods o f s ynchron izat ion a re n ot p er fected a s y et ;

a s r egards t he

r ela t ive c hrono logy , t he a na log ies b eg in i n Pre-Tro jan h or izons a nd e nd i n Troy V ;

a s r egards t he l ong c hrono logy , t he d a ta a re s t il l c ontrad ictory ;

b y c o mpar ison , Late Cernavodä I i s d ated a s al i t t le more r ecent t han Baden ( Neustupny 1 969, 3 44 ).

S o me d ates wh ich c an b e c ited a re ( after Qu it ta ,

Koh l 1 969 ) :

H issar I a = 2 220 ± 1 00 a nd 2 340 ± 1 00 ( i b id. 2 33;

t he

h or izon a nd Kostolac );

Cotofen i

2 370 ;

h or izon 7 = 2 485 ;

Ezero , h or izon 4 = 2 300 ;

h or izon 8 = 2 455 ;

h or izon 1 0

Merper t , G eorg iev 1 969, 2 56-257 , i nd ica t ing

-

=

t h is b e ing h or izon 6 =

2 290 ( ib id. 2 30 ;

f or t he h or izons Ezero I V-

V I II, a ccord ing t o t he work p er formed a t Ber l in

-

2 700-2100 );

Keszthe ly

=

2 830 ( f or t he Ba la ton g roup , wh ich i s i n p ar t c on te mporaneous , i n p ar t e ar l ier t han t he Hercu lane-Che ile Turz i i h or izon , i b id. 2 41,242 ); 2 565 ( f or Baden-Pecel , i b id. 2 44 ); S itagro i I V

=

Hrustovaca

2 440 ± 1 00 a nd 2 360 ± 1 00 ;

1 00 ( both i n Renfrew 1 969b , 4 39 );

=

=

2 135 ± 1 50 a nd 1 920 ±

Co Jofen i r e lated t o t he p er iod o f S itagro i Va f or Troy I , Milo ic ( 1967 , 1 3-15 )

s uggests i n d iscuss ion 2 030 ± 9 7, 2 236 ± 25 , 2 640 ±62; Ear ly He l lad ic Ip er iod f ro m Eutres is -

=

2 175 ( i b id. 2 34, f or Vu edo l );

S itagro i Vb

( see t he c o mparat ive t able Renfrew 1 971);

a nd Late Troy I

Oszen t iv n V I I I

-

a n e ar ly p hase o f t he

c onte mporaneous w ith Ear ly Kr itsana

i s d ated 2 480 ± 6 4 a nd 2 490 ± 7 5 ( M ilo &C 1 967,15 ) wh ile t he

Ear ly He llad ic I i s d ated many t imes a t Eutres is a nd Lerna b etween 2 250 ± 6 4 a nd 1 920 ± 6 1. The p resented s ituat ion c onf ir ms o ur c onv ict ion t hat t he b est d at ing method i s f or t he mo ment a wel l-founded r elat ive c hrono logy .

Accord ing t o t he a b-

s o lute c hrono logy t he Co jofen i c u lture i s d ated t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he t h ird mil lenn iu m B.C.

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

7 9

CHAPTER 6 OR IG IN OF THE COTOFEN I CULTURE T he d i f feren t h ypo theses c oncern ing t he o r ig in o f t h is c u l ture a re s u mmar i ly men t ioned i n t he i n troduc tory c hap ter o f t he p resen t b ook . S o me o f t hem ( Franz 1 926 ; Re iner th 1 929 : S chro l ler 1 933 ; B erc iu 1 939 ; Roska 1 941 ‚ 96 ) c ons idered t he C oo fen i c u lture a s ar esu l t o f a" Nor thern" m igrat i on ; o ther s tud ies c arr ied o u t a f ter Wor ld War I a ccen tua ted t he l oca l o r ig in ( Berc iu 1 960 ; i dem 1 961, 1 31-132 ) a nd a dd i t iona l e le men ts f ro m t he S ou th , t he Eas t a nd t he Wes t . Ex treme h ypo theses h ave b een s ugges ted o f m igra t ion , o r l oca l o r ig in s o c lose t o t he Eneo l ith ic c u l tures t ha t ap hase P e tre t i-Co to fen i ( V iassa 1 963 ) h as b een c rea ted o r ac on te mporane ity b e tween Ear ly C o ofen i a nd F ina l S â lcu ja ( Berc iu 1 961,131 ) h as b een p roposed , a nd t he i mpor tan t p ar t p layed b y t he N or th-Pon t ic s hepherds ( Berc iu 1 961, 1 321 33 ) h as b een emphas ised . H owever , a nyone w ho l ooks a t t he C o jo fen i c u l ture n o t a s a nu nd if feren t iat ed w ho le b u t i n i t s e vo lu t ion , a nd who s tud ies c arefu l ly t he p henomena d ev e lop ing o n t he t err itory o ccup ied b y t h is c u lture b e fore i tw as b orn , a nd w ho c an e s tab l ish more p rec ise ly t he h or izon ta l c hrono log ica l f ramework , a nd c an d is t ingu ish i n t h is w ay t he p oss ib le i nf luences e xer ted o n i t , e as i ly c omes t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he C oo fen i p heno menon i s more c omp lex t han h as b een s upposed . I fw e a dm it t he h ypo thes is o f al oca l e vo lu t ion d irec t ly f ro m t he S ä lcu ja , Petre t i a nd Ar iu d b ackground , t hen w e h ave t o e xp la in h ow a s tructura l c hange was p oss ib le i n to t he r eper tory o f f orms , t he manner o f d ecora t ion a nd t he d ecora t ive p a t terns . I ti s h ard ly p resumab le t ha t t he d i ff eren t c u ltura l g roups c ou ld c rea te a l l t oge ther a r e la t ive ly u n ited c u l ture , e spec ia l ly d ur ing p hase I , t he v ar ian ts o ccurr ing l a ter . S im i lar ly , i fw e a dm i t t he h ypo thes is o fm igra t ion , s uppor ted a s i ti s b y t he c omp le te ly c rys ta l l ized a spec ts o f t h is c u l ture , F urchens t ichkeram ik , L insenkera m ik a nd e ven S chnurkeram ik f or t he S ou thern a rea , i tw ou ld b e i mp oss ib le t o e xp la in t he e vo lu t ion i n p rogress ive s tages , w h ich i s n orma l a nd n a tura l , f ro m t he s imp le t o t he c omp lex a nd v ar ied , w h ich i s r ecep t ive t o e x terna l i nf luences , b u t i s s o o r ig ina l i n e ssence , t ha t a na log ies c an b e g ene ra l a nd e spec ia l ly s ca t tered o ver a l arge g eograph ica l a rea . T oday t he p rob lem m it t b e s imp l if ied b y s earch ing f or s ome s o lu t ion wh ich c an e xp la in t he o ccurrence o f t he e ar l ies t p hase o f t he C oo fen i c u l ture ( hor iz on L ocus ten i-Le l icen i-Bra te i-Bodo ). w h ich g radua l ly e nr iched t he c u lture .

I t mus t a dd a d e f in it ion o f t he i n f luences

Ac o mpar ison b e tween t he c omponen t e le men ts o f t he e ar l ies t h or izon o f C o jo fen i c u lture a nd t hose o f t he S á lcu a , P e tre t i a nd Ar iu d c u lture d o n o t l ead t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t i td er iva ted d irec t ly f rom t hem. R esearch o ver r ecen t y ears ( Berc iu 1 961, 3 09f f ; Ro man 1 971, 3 1f f ) i n to t he f i na l Eneo l ith ic i n t he Wes tern h a l f o f Ro man ia h as r evea led a n ew a spec t o f i t s e vo lu t ion , t he f orma t ion o f al arge c u ltura l u n ity , c over ing a l arge g eog raph ica l a rea e ncompass ing t he a reas a nd t he e ssence o f t he f o l low ing c u lt ures :

S ä lcua , Buban j I , P e tre t i , Ar iu d a nd B odrogkeresztir .

T h is u n i ty ,

w i t ho u tCopper r u l i nCoţofeni g o u t a l lof South-East t he r eEurope. g iona l n uances , h as b een d e term ined b y t he f orRoman, Petre. The Late Age Culture E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. t u i to usofm ix ture o f t hese c u ltures u nder p ressure e xer ted b y t he p opu la t ion o f Downloaded on behalf 38.67.221.43 N or th-POn t iC o r ig in a nd s ome N or th- Wes tern g roups. 8 0

The Wes t-Ro man ian f i na l Eneo l ith ic c omp lex o f t ype H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i ( Roman 1 971 ) i s t he f i rs t ma jor s tep , w ithou t w h ich t he b ir th o f t he C o to fen i c u l ture was n o t p oss ib le. T h is i s f or t he f o l low ing r easons : 1 )

D ue t o t he c omp lex S ã lcu ja I V-Hercu lane-Che i le T urz i i , t he a nc ien t c u l tura l b arr iers w ere b roken , a nd a c u l tura l u n ity a rose t he a rea o f w h ich was n o tb y a cc iden t o ver la id b y t he C oo fen i c u l ture .

2 )

I mpor tan t s e lec t ion a nd c hang ing w ith in t he c u l tura l a sse ts p roper t o t he p rev ious Eneo l i th ic c u l tures t ook p lace w ith in t h is u n i ty . S evera l f orms s uch a s c ups , j ugs , a nd d ishes w ere s e lec t ive ly i nher ited ;

t he

t endency t o p rov ide v esse ls w ith a f unne l-shaped mou th ( wh ich w i l l b ecome s o c harac ter is t ic o f t he C oo fen i p er iod ) i s a ccen tuated a nd i n p ar t icu lar t h is c omp lex r enounced s evera l f orms w h ich r e ma in a s t ypes d e f in ing t he c u l tures w ith p a in ted p o t tery . 3 )

T he d ecora t ive t echn ique w as s truc tura l ly c hanged ; t he c lass ic p a in ti ng ( drawn o r p o lychrome ) i s r ep laced b y t he p a in t ing i n wh ite , b rown , b lack a nd c rude p a in t ing i n wh ite a nd r ed. T he t echn ique o f e ncrus t ing g a ins s ubs tan t ia l g round ; a dequa te me thods a re u sed , r epea ted s tabb ings , i nc is ions , a nd i mpress ions o f d o ts .

4 )

T here h ave b een i mpor tan t c hanges i n t he d ecora t ive p a t terns. S p ira ls o ccur i n ar educed n umber , meanders b ecome more f requen t , a nd t he t r iang le g a ins c ons iderab le g round . G eome tr ica l p a t terns o f t r iang les , r hombo ids a nd b ands c ons is t ing o f d o ts o n as cra tched g round p a in ted i n w h ite a re n o t o n ly v ery f requen t , b u t b y e l im ina t ing t he g round t hey b ecame i den t ica l t o t hose o f t he S ou jten v ar ian t o f t he C oofen i c u l ture f rom S ou thern Bana t a nd O l ten ia . T h is t yp ica l manner i n d ecora t ion , w h ich w ou ld b e t ransm i t ted t o t he e ar ly s tages o f t he C o jo fen i c u lture , i s r epresen ted b y t he d is tr ibu t ion o f t he d ecora t ion i n to t wo o r f our z ones o n t he v esse l .

A l l t hese e le men ts d o n o t a rr ive d irec t ly i n t he C oo fen i c u lture. Typol og ica l ly , ag rea ter p ar t o f t he e le men ts b e long ing t o t he H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i c omp lex c orrespond t o t hose f rom p hase I I C o jofen i. Bu t o n ly p hase I i nher ited c u l tura l a sse ts e ncoun tered o n ly i n t he H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i h or izon w i thou t t ransm it t ing t hem f ur ther t o t he o ther p hases. The p ecu l iar it ies o f t he p hase C o jo fen i Ia nd e spec ia l ly i t s " barbar ian" a spec t , i n c ompar ison w ith b o th t he p rev ious p er iod a nd t he p hases C oofen i I lIl, a re e xp la ined b y t he i n terpos it ion o f an ew c u l tura l f orm b e tween t he p hase C o to fen i Ia nd t he H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i c o mp lex , n ame ly t he C ernav odä I l h or izon . C ernavod. I l i s a t tes ted b y i so la ted f i nds a nd s e t t le men ts i n O lten ia , Western Wa l lach ia a nd t he r eg ion o f t he I ron G a tes . F inds o f g enu ine C ernavodã I I a re n o t k nown i n T ransy lvan ia y e t , b u t s ome o f t he mos t t yp ica l e lemen ts o f t he s ub-phase Cotofeni l a a re s im i lar t o s uch a n e x ten t t o t hose f rom C ernavoda I I , t ha t ap ar t o f t he m h as e ven b een a t tr ibu ted t o t he Cernavod. I I h or izon ( Pav i ikov. 1 969 ,312 ; R o man 1 971, n o te 4 7 a nd p . 14 ).

H owever , w e c anno t e xc lude t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t s ome f i nds o f Coofen i

It ype c on ta in ing s uch e lemen ts r epresen t n ot o n ly i nher itances b u t a lso s o me N or th-Carpa th ian e choes o f t he i n f luence e xer ted f ro m t he S ou th o f t he Carpat h ians . I n t h is c ase , w e mus t a dm i t s ome n on-essen t ia l d i f ferences i n c hronRoman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe.

o lE-book, ogyOxford, b e tw ee nPublishing, t he s e t t le men ts wh ich f ro m t he c u l tura l p o in t o f v iew b e long t o UK: BAR 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

t he s ame ma jor s tage , f or i ns tance , b etween L ocus ten i a nd Bra te i o r L e l icen i. 8 1

T he C ernavoda I I-Bo leráz c omp lex r epresen ts t he s econd l arge h or izon ( a f ter t he H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i c omp lex , H issar I , Va jska , H unyad i-ha lo m , P ec ica l ower l ayer , L a ñany ) w ith c o mmon c harac ter is t ics wh ich was w ides pread a nd w h ich g enera ted f ea tures w h ich a re c ommon t o t he B aden a nd C oof en i c u l tures. T he C ernavoda I I h or izon c on ta ins " shock" e lemen ts wh ich b rough t a bou t t he " barbar iza t ion" o f e x tens ive r eg ions b u t a t t he s a me t ime , t he i n tens if ica t ion o f t he p rocess o f c u ltura l u n if ica t ion b y e l im ina t ing o ther r eg iona l p ar t icu lar it ies . S uch a p heno menon f ac i l ita ted t he r ap id d if fus ion o f t hose f ea tures wh ich i n e ssence w ou ld p roduce " Co tofen iza t ion" , o ver a l arge a rea . P robab ly t he p rocess o f " Coo fen iza t ion" a lso e ncompassed g roups o f d i f feren t e thn ic o r ig in . F or t he momen t , t wo s ee m more c lear ly d is t ingu ishab le : t hose o f t ype F L ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i ( pree m inen t ly a l oca l p roduc t ) a nd t hose o f C ernavodá I l t ype i n t he S ou thern h a lf o f O l ten ia. T he C e le i g roup ( Bu jor 1 967 ; C om a 1 967 ; Mor in tz , Ro man 1 968 ,98f f ) c an a lso b e c ons idered a s b e ing a t t he b ase o ft he Cotofeni c u l ture , e spec ia l ly i n t he O l ten ian v a lley o f t he Danube. T h is g roup w ou ld p lay a l arge p ar t i n s pread ing t he c u l tura l f ea tures f rom t he S ou th t o t he N or th . T he C e le i g roup g radua l ly d is loca ted t he C ernavodà I I c ommun i t ies f ro m t he O l ten ian r iverl ands o f t he D anube a nd p ushed t he m t o t he N or th , ap ar t o f t hese s et t lemen ts r ef lec t ing i n f luences o f C e le i t ype. P erhaps t h is i mpu lse p ushed i n to T rans y lvan ia t hose e le men ts f ound i n t he C o jo fen i J a s e t t le men ts ( Pe tre t i , Bra te i , L e l icen i e tc.) a nd w h ich a re s o s im i lar t o C ernavodä i f i . I n c onc lus ion , t wo l arge c u l tura l c omp lexes w ere i n terposed b e tween t he c lass ic h or izon o f t he S ä lcua , P e tre t i , Ar iu d c u l tures a nd Coo fen i Ia nd t h is e xp la ins b ot h t he g enet ic r e la t ion b e tween Co jo fen i a nd t he l oca l Eneo l i th ic a nd t he d i f ferences i n t ime b e tween t hem. T he " resurrec t ion" o f t he l oca l e le men ts a f ter t he " barbar iz ing" s hock o f C ernavod. I I a nd t he r ev iva l o f t he t endency wh ich w ou ld b e c rys ta ll ized b y t he f i na l Eneo l ith ic c u ltures i n t he H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i s tage f o l lowed o n t he f i rs t momen ts o f p hase I ; i ti s al ong p er iod o f o r ig ina l i ty , i n wh ich t he i nf luences e xer ted , e spec ia l ly f rom t he S ou th a nd Wes t , f or i ts ee ms t ha t t he C o jo fen i t r ibes w ere f i gh t ing , w ithou t p ar t icu lar s uccess , f or t he d efence o f t err itory o n t he ir e as tern b oundary , g radua l ly b rough t a bou t t he f or ma t ion o f t he r eg iona l v ar ian ts . I nves t igat ing t he ma in c o mponen ts o f t he C o Jofen i c u lture , w e c an n o t ice t he f o l low ing : a ) T he l arge ma jor ity o f f orms ( d ishes w i th t h ickened a nd l ong c u t r im ; d ishes w ith t he r im s trong ly c urved i n terna l ly t ype I b2 ; b ow ls o f t ype l b , l Td o r e , w ith t he r im i n t he s hape o f a' T ' ; c ups a nd j ugs w ith o b l ique mou th ; j ugs w i th o b long " nozz le" f or p our ing ; j ugs o f t ype I l c 5 ; v esse ls f or " hang-

i ng" o f t ype I X ; f l agons o f t ype X a nd e spec ia l ly Xb ; a skos v esse ls ; v esse ls o f t ype XV I i m ita t ing t hose o f me ta l ; d ishes o f t ype XX I w it h g u t ter f or p ouri ng ; t hose t runca ted c one-shaped o f t ype XXV ) a re o f e v iden t S ou thern o r ig in a nd a rr ived i n t he Coo fen i c u lture , e i ther a s i nher itances f rom t he p rev ious l oca l b ackground o rb y d irec t i n f luence. S ome o f t hese f ac ts h ave l ong a t trac ted t he a t ten t ion o f r esearchers ( see N est er 1 933 ,63-64 ). We d o n o t i n tend t o d iscuss t he e vo lut ion o f e very f orm , f rom i t s o ccurrence i n t he N or th-Danub ian r eg ions t o t he t ime o f t he C oo fen i c u l ture , b u t w i l l men t ion b r ief ly t he ma in f ea tures : d ishes w ith t h ickened a nd l ong c u t r im o ccur i n S á lcu a ( Berc iu 1 961,

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. f ig .UK:8 9 / 1 ; 9 3/ 10 ) , r are ly i n t he H ercu lane-Che i le Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T urz i i c omp lex ( Ro man

1 971, f ig . 1 8/24 a nd u npub l ished s pec imens i n Che i le T urz i i ) a nd mass ive ly 8 2

i n t he H orod i tea g roup ( Du m i trescu 1 941/44 ;

Roman 1 974 , f i g . 2 /3 ;

3 /2-3 )

a nd C e le i ( unpub l ished ma ter ia l , E . Bu jor ). T hey a re a bsen t i n p hases C o of en i Ia nd I a nd o ccur a ga in i nl arge n umbers i n C o jo fen i I I. T he " resur-

-

r ec t ion" o f t he f orm t o t he N or th o f t he D anube i s p robab ly d ue t o t he a dvances o fE zero- M icha l ic , T herm i , a nd T ro jan c harac ters. A s im i lar d eve lopmen t i s f o l lowed b y t he d ish w ith t he r im i n terna l ly b en t , o f t y peIb 2 , wh ich i s p resen t i n S ä 1cua ( Berc iu 1 961, f i g . 8 9/ 16 ; 9 6/2 ) u n t i l t he f i na l s tages ( Roman 1 971, f i g . 4 1/ 1-2 ), r eappears i n C e le i ( Mor in tz , Roman 1 960 , f i g . 4 5/2 ) a nd l as ts i n C oo fen i u nder t he i n f luence o f n u merous s er ies o f t he Ear ly Bronze Age f rom G reece a nd Bu lgar ia f ro m t he S ou th o f t he B a lkans. F or t he c ups a nd j ugs w i th o b l ique mouth w e m igh t r e fer t o t hose f ound a t S á lcua ( Berc iu 1 961, 1 27/ 1 ) b u t t he l ong i n terrup t ion u n t i l C oofen i I l , when t hey o ccur i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th o ther l a te e le men ts , s uch a s h and les o f t ype " Zygur ies" ( see a bove p .74 )a nd w i th r ed s l ip s hows a d irec t i n f luence e xer ted f rom t he S ou th a lso i n t h is t ime. O f c ourse , t he S ã lc i4a j ugs w i th o b l ique mou th a re a lso d ue t o c on tac ts w i th t he S ou thern w or ld , i n ah or izon w h ich c hrono log ica l ly i s much e ar l ier t han Cotofeni, b u t w h ich f rom t he c u lt ura l p o in t o f v iew i s p erhaps s im i lar t o t ha t f rom t he t ime o f t he C oofen i I l c u l ture. T he c hrono log ica l c onsequences c an b e e as i ly d educ ted . V esse ls o f t ype i f i c 5 o r I V b 4 ( t he l as t i s ag enu ine S chnabe l tasse o r s auc i ' ere ) d o n o t a ppear e ar l ier a nd i mp ly t he d irec t i n f luences a t C oo fen i i f i l eve l . A s r egards t he v esse ls " for h ang ing" ( t ype I X ) w e m igh t t h ink o f t he e ar l ier b ase ( Slc i4a , Bodrogkereszt ir , H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i ) b u t t he s pec ia l f orm i n Co jo fen i I l ( w ith t he l ugs p ierced 1 -5 t imes a nd w i th r ed s l ip ) p resumes n ew i mpu lses o f T ro jan a nd H e l lad ic c harac ter ( see a bove ,p . 7 4 ). A s r egards t he a skos-vesse ls , i ts eems t ha t w e c an d is t ingu ish a N or thDanub ian o r ig ina l e vo lv ing f rom t he S à lcu Ja f orms ( Nes tor 1 933 , p 1. 7 /4 ) t o t hose o f t ype C ernavod. I ( Nes tor 1 937 , f i g . 6 ; 7 / 1; Berc iu , Mor in tz , Roman 1 973 , 3 95-396 ) ; a no ther a skos c omes f rom a nu npub l ished g rave f ound a t O l ten i a-Ca lomf irescu ( Berc iu , Mor in tz , Roman , 3 96 ) a nd t hen t o C oo fen i ( B ich ir 1 958 ; h ere p 1 . 2 9/3 ). F orms o f t ype XV I ( compare w ith E uboea

=

S chachermeyr 1 955 , f i g . 4 1/ 1

a nd p 1 . VI I/ 1-3 , b u t a lso K a i icz 1 963 , p . 4 9 , c ompara t ive t ab le f i g . 4 6a ) , f l agonsof t ype X , w i th t he b ody s trong ly b u lged , a nd i n t he c ase o f t ype Xb w ith t he w idened r im , a re n ew e v idence f or t he c onnec t ion w ith t he A na to l ian w or ld ( f or e xamp le B iegen , C askey , Rawson 1 951, 12 , 2 4 ).

p 1.

1 54 a /B24 ; 5 9 a /B

b ) T he ma in t echn ica l me thods u sed f or t he d ecora t ion o f t he v esse ls. P a in t ing i n c rude r ed , wh ite o rb rown i n t he s ame manner a s a t S a icua , G ume ln ia , H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i (R o man 1 971, f i g . 2 5 ), b u t i n terrup ted b y t he s hock o f t he C ernavodà I I c u lture . Red b urn ished s l ip w i th p ara l le ls o f more o r l ess t he s ame p er iod o n ly i n G reece ( see a bove p . 7 4 ) a nd i n Dru lovka i n t he N or th- Wes t o f Y ugos lav ia , i n ac omp lex d a t ing f ro m t he e nd o f t he L engye l c u l ture , i n w h ich t he p o t tery w ith r ed s l ip , o r p a in t ing a s t he a u thor c a l ls i t , a pp l ied e x terna l ly , ( Korosec 1 960 ,55-59 ) a nd e ven t he t echn ique o f e ncrus t ing t he i mpress ions o f t w is ted c ord .

Prev ious h or izons s uch

a s H ercu lane-Che i le T urz i i , C ernavod ä I I a nd C o jofen i Id id n o tu se , o r u se d o n l y a c c i d e n t a l l y , t h i s t e c h n i q u e , w h i l e t h e E z e r o M i c h a l i c g r o u p , r eRoman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe.

E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. g ar d less on o fbehalf t he i o r ig in a nd t he manner o f t he o r ig ina l i mpe tus , d eve loped Downloaded ofr 38.67.221.43 b y t he a gency o f t h is t echn ica l me thod , av ery v ar ied a nd o r ig ina l c u l ture.

A l l t hree o f t hese t echn iques a re d ue t o t he d irec t r e la t ions b e tween t he Coo fen i c u l ture a nd t he S ou thern r eg ions . 8 3

C )

O ther e le men ts a lso , s uch a s p la in t ubu lar h and les , h andles w ith a

n u mber o f v er t ica l p erforat ion , h and les i n aw ide b and , h or izon ta l ly a t tached , " horse shoes" i n r e l ief , a nd " anchors" o f c lay a re o f S outhern o r ig in o r a re d ue t o t hese i nf luences. d )

S evera l f or ms r epresen t l oca l r ev iva ls , s uch a s d ishes w ith s hor t

w idened r im

-

t ype Id 4

-

wh ich a t o ne t ime was t yp ica l t o t he Gu me ln i ja a nd

5 6 1cu ja c u ltures , o r r esu lt f ro m l oca l s yn theses, a s w ith t ypes o f amphorae w ith t runcated c one-shaped n eck a nd w ide b ent r im , j ars o f t ype X II f or m o f Tr ich terbecher a s we l l a s t he c ook ing p ots r im o f t ype I c. c ou ld

-

t he

a nd d ishes w ith f lar ing

The amphorae o f t ype Va a nd Vb , w ith w ide o r e ver ted r im ,

a dop ted f ro m Cernavod

5 ,8,10 ).

-

I ( Berc iu , Mor in tz , Ro man 1 973,

7 /4 ,

p p.

The s a me p oss ib i l ity c an b e a dm it ted f or t he j ars o f t ype X II , t he

c ook ing p ots , b eakers a nd d ishes , a l l h av ing a f unne l s haped r i m. a na log ies w ith t he m e x ist i n Cernavod

I ( i b id.

P l.

Good

4 /1-2 ; 5 /1-3,6-7,9,12;

7 /1,6,7 ,8; f ig. 3 ; p 1. 1 4/ 13-15 ) a nd t hey c ould h ave b een a ss im ilated f ro m t h is b ackground.

I t must b e a dded t hat t he t endency o f o pen ing a nd f lar ing

t he r im o f t he v esse ls e x ists a lso i n t he Eneo l ith ic c o mp lex o f Hercu laneChe i le T urz ii ( Ro man 1 971, f ig. 1 8; 2 3/1-3 ; 2 7/15-16; 2 8/8; 3 7/1-2 ; 3 8 ). I n c onsequence , r egard less f ro m where t he i n it ia l impulse s tar ted , a nd i t s ee ms t hat i tf o llowed t he r oute t hrough S outhern Po land , Ga l ic ia , Mo ldav ia , a nd Wa l lach ia , t hese f orms c annot b e c ons idered a s b e ing d irec t ly t ransmit ted f ro m t he c u ltures o f Cen tra l Europe t o t he Co ofen i c u lture , s ince t hey were p resen t i n Ro man ia l ong b efore. e )

There i s n o d if f icul ty i n e xp la in ing s o me o f t he f orms a nd d ecorat ive

p at terns o f t he v ar iant f ro m S outhern Ba n t b y t he s trong i nf luences e xer ted b y t he Kos to lac a nd Vu edo l g roups u pon t h is r eg ion. f )

The t ypes o f v esse ls wh ich c an b e d er ived f ro m t he Centra l-European

r eper to ire a re n u mer ica l ly r educed a nd s ee m t o b e t he r esu lt n ot o f d irect c ontacts , b ut a dopted f ro m a n e ar l ier h or izon .

Th is a pp l ies t o t ype X I II w ith

Tr ich terrand , v esse ls " incense-cup" t ype XV , " bot t les"-vesse ls o f t ype X IX , t ype V T Tb , Tr ich terbecher , t ype X IV , wh ich c ou ld b e c ons idered a s s im i lar t o t he M ichelsberg p roducts ( Dr iehaus 1 959 , f ig. 1 1, c en tre , Hach mann 1 969, f ig . 3 , b ut a lso Ro man 1 971, f ig. 2 6/1-2 t ype X I Ia.

-

i n Hercu lane s tage I I ) a nd j ars o f

g ) Among t he t echn ica l p rocesses p ar t icu lar ly men t ioned i n t he l i terature a re t he t echn ique o f t he r epea ted s tabb ings a nd o f a pp l ied " len t ils" , whose o r ig in we w il l a t te mpt t o e xp la in. I s howed i n t he r e levan t c hap ter t hat t he f irst t echn ique i s s ubord inated t o e ncrust ing.

Nestor ( 1933, n ote 2 38 )

c al led a ttent ion t o e ar l ier o ccurrences ( Bt ikk a nd J ordans m t fh l ).

I n t he l igh t

o f p resent e v idence , t h is t echn ique i s e ncoun tered f ro m t he Rh ine ( Rt issen c u lture ) t o Greece ( in D im in i ) i n d iferent c hrono log ica l h or izons. To ik ( 1961) d eserves mer it f or d ist ingu ish ing c hrono log ica l ly t he Retz-Ba j

g roups ,

c onnected w ith a l l t he r ela ted f orms ( Ba laton , Las im ja , Bodrogkereszt t tr I , Hercu lane-Che ile Turz i i e tc.) f ro m t he s im i lar p ot tery o f t he Co ofen i c u lture. For t he d eta i ls o f t he p rob le m s ee Ro man , 1 971, 1 22-123.

Two l arge d iffer-

e n t c hrono log ica l h or izons w ith a n i n terva l o f t ime b etween t he m , when t h is t echn ique d isappeared , ( between Bo ler z a nd Kosto lac-Vu edo l o n t he M idd le Danube, b etween Cernavodá I I a nd Coçofen i I i n t he Ro man ian a rea ) a re Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

8 4

d ist ingu ished i n t he Eneo l ith ic p er iod.

We r epeat t hat t he t echn ique o f r e-

p eated s tabb ings , i n i t s most d eveloped f orms , i s f requen t ly e ncoun tered i n t he H erculane-Che ile T urz ii c o mp lexes i n Transy lvan ia a nd Bana t ( Ro man 1 971, p ass im ) a nd d isappeared s i mu ltaneous ly w ith t he " barbar iz ing" s hock o f Cernavod

I I c haracter , p erhaps c o mb ined w ith t hat o f Cen tra l Europe

a t t h is p o in t , i f we c ons ider L ivez ile, a nd r eappeared i n t he s a me r eg ions d ur ing C o ofen i I , a nd wou ld f l our ish t o i t s g reatest e x ten t i n p hase I I.

The

r ev iva l i s d ue t o b oth a l oca l " resurrect ion" , r equ ired f or t he t echn ique o f e ncrus t ing , a nd t he i n fluences o f Kostolac c harac ter.

The c hannel R t issen-

Retz-Co j ;ofen i ( Horedt 1 968, 1 07 ) c an b e a dm it ted o n ly i fs o me i n termed iary c onserva t ive e le men ts , a b le t o s usta in r epeated i nf luences , a re i so lated. As r egards t he t echn ique o f a pp l ied " lent ils", i f we l ook a t t he e vo lut ion o f t he t echn ique f ro m t he s i mp le f orms o f p hase It o t he c o mp lex o nes o f p hase I I, a l oca l g enes is s ee ms t o u s t o b e most p robab le.

The p la in p rotuberances ,

t hose f ormed i nto c losed b ut ton-ho les , t he a pp l ied p rotuberances wh ich i nt errup ted t he d ecorat ive r ow , f or i nstance i n Cernavodá I ( Berc iu , Mor in tz , Ro man 1 973, p 1.

7 /6 7;

8 /5 ; 9 /14 ) a nd e ven t he g enu ine " lent ils" (Mor intz ,

Ro man 1 968, 4 9/10 ; 5 0/1 a ) c an b e c ons idered a s t he b ase f ro m wh ich t h is t echn ique d eveloped i n Co ofen i , a nd i t i s n ot n ecessary t o r efer t o t he s pec imens f ro m R t Sssen ( Boroneanj 1 966, 3 52 w ith r eference t o S troh 1 938 , 1 07, p 1. 1 /7; 8 / 16 ).

The s pec i mens f ro m p hase I a nd e spec ia l ly I l b etray t he f act

t hat t hey were i nf luenced b y t he t echn ique i n meta l ( rows o f r ivets ).

T ak ing

i nto a ccount t he d istance a nd t he a bsence o f i n ter med iary l inks , we c ons ider t hat a n i n terdependence b etween t he p ottery w ith " len t i ls" i n Co ofen i a nd t hat f ro m I ran ( Arne 1 945 ) i s n ot p oss ib le. As Ip o inted o ut i n t he p rev ious c hap ters , t he d ecorat ive p at terns o f t he Co Jofen i c u lture must b e a na lyzed a ccord ing t o t he c hanges i n t he d ecorat ive t echn iques f ro m p a in t ing t o e ncrus t ing.

S uch a c hange i n c oncep t ion i s d ue t o

b oth a n atura l e vo lut ion ( such c yc les o f p a in t ing

-

e ncrust ing

-

e xc is ion

-

p a int ing a re k nown b oth e ar l ier a nd l ater ) a nd t he f or tu itous c ross ing b etween n u merous e thno-cu ltura l e le men ts.

The i n terven t ion o f e x terna l f actors

p rovoked s hocks , i n terrup t ions , t roub les a nd e spec ia l ly d e lay i n t he d evelopment o f c u ltura l p rocesses. Gradua l ly , t he " ass im ilat ion" o r "melt ing i n" o f t he i n truders t ook p lace , a nd t he " barbar iz ing" c haracters were b lurred u n t il t hey d isappeared ; wha t f o l lows s ee ms t o b e d irect ly c onnected w ith t he s tages p r ior t o t he p heno menon o f i n trus ion. I n t he t echn ique o f c rude p a in t ing a nd e ncrust ing , t he s p ira l-shaped p atterns a re g radua l ly r ep laced b y t he a ngu lar mot if a nd e spec ial ly t r iangular o nes. The s p ira l-scra tched g round c overed w ith a wh ite s ubstance i s u sed f or a t ime;

t hen , s uch p at terns e xecu ted i n at echn ique r equ ir ing t oo much t ime, t hey

f e ll o ut o f f avour a nd meanders i n s hor t s egmen ts a re p referred t o t he m. Th is was t he s a me a s t he e vo lu t ion o f d ecorat ive p a tterns a t Hercu lane-Che jie Turz i i , w hen t here t ook p lace t he CernavodA I l s hock , c o mb ined p robab ly w ith t hat o f C ernavod I wh ich was s o d iferen t f ro m t he Hercu lane-Che j le T urz i i c o mp lex , i n wh ich t he i dea o f p a in t ing was s t il l r ooted. The l inks w ith t he S outh a re s er ious ly d isturbed a nd t he " barbar ian" s tage o f t he Co ofen i c u lture ( phase I ) i s p erfect ly e xp l icab le.

S i mu ltaneous ly w ith t he p ressure e xer ted b y

t he S outh-Ba lkan e le men ts o n t he r eg ion s ituated t o t he Nor th o f t he Danube , Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

8 5

i n t he f orm o f t he Ce le i g roup , r e la t ions w ith t he S outhern wor ld w ere r es u med , b u t t he n ew i nf luences h ad e xact ly t he s a me t endency ; r ep laced b y e ncrust ing .

p a in t ing i s

Ih ave d e monstrated a bove t hat p a in t ing w as n ot i n

f act a bandoned , e spec ia l ly i n O lten ia , e ven i n t he l a test p er iods o f t he Cotofen i c u lture :

w ide i nc ised o r s cratched b ands a re c overed w ith a t h in l ayer o f

wh ite p aste.

Th is i s t he s tage wh ich im med iately p receded e xc is ion.

The

p aste-pa in t ing p ar t icu lar ly c haracter ized t he v ar ian t i n S outhern O l ten ia , wh i le t he e ncrus t ing t echn ique p roper , w ith o n ly t he l ine o r d eepened s egment f i l led w ith p aste, p redo m ina ted o ver t he r est o f t he c u ltura l a rea .

But s uch

at echn ique wou ld a l low a ga in t he o ccurrence o f s p ira l-shaped e ncrusted p at terns , e as ily e xecu ted a s p la in l ines , s uch a s t hose e ncoun tered i n Co tofen i I I.

Even i ft he d ecora t ive p at terns o f t he Co jofen i c u lture c ou ld b e p laced

i n a more g enera l f ra mework , t hey a re s t i l l al oca l c reat ion , i n t he macro a nd m icro-reg iona l s ense.

I n t h is t hey a pprox i mate t o b ut a re a lso d ist inct

f ro m t he n e ighbour ing c u ltures s uch a s Baden , Kosto lac , Vu edo l , Ezero , Cernavodà I , S chneckenberg A a nd Z.ba la , s o me o f wh ich a re r e lated t o t he m. The t r iangular p at terns , e ven t hose h a tched a nd r anged o ne o ver t he o ther , o ccurred e ven i n t he Hercu lane-Che ile T urz i i s tage.

Ow ing t o t he Baden i n-

f luences , t hey r eappeared a t t he e nd o f Co ofen i Ia nd p robab ly t hen o ccurred i n t he mos t v ar ied s er ies o f v ar ian ts.

Ow ing t o c hrono log ical d if ferences a

d irect r elat ion w ith Retz c annot b e a dm itted.

Retz c ou ld o n ly i nf luence t he

o ccurrence o f t hese p at terns i n t he Hercu lane-Che ile T urz i i h or izon .

The

s tra igh t o r a ngu lar b ands , t he p at terns i n t he s hape o f f ish-skeletons , e nc oun tered a lso o n ac a tegory o f Ar iu d d ishes ( Zahar ia 1 970 , 6 3 ), t he p at terns i n " Raf ters", a nd i n z ig zags a re v ery a nc ient i n t he Nor th-Danub ian c oun tr ies. The c over ing o f t he s ur face o f t he v esse l w ith d eep g rooves , b urn ished f lu t ings a nd c ordons i s i nher ited f ro m Cernavodä I I a nd Cele i. O ther p at terns , s uch a s t hose i n " chess-squares" , t r iang les , a nd " ice f lowers" c ons ist ing o f d ots a re d ue t o c on tacts w ith Kosto lac. The r ows o f d i mp les c o mpos ing t he " s leeve" b elow t he r im o f t he v esse ls , p robably r ep laced t he d i mp led c ordons. The d ecorat ion o f t he r im a nd t he s hou lder o f t he v esse ls w ith i mpress ions r eca l ls t he Cernavoda I manner , a nd t he r e lated c o mp lexes i n L odav ia , Zaba la o r S chneckenberg A . i ) A f ew words c oncern ing t he o r ig in o f a n thropo morph ic p las t ic a r t a re n eeded.

An i dol w ith d isc s haped h ead h as b een f ound a t Bril iça ( Har uche ,

a nd b e longs t o t he Co jofen i c u lture.

I t i s t he s ing le a pprox i mat ing a na logy .

The Co jofen i p ieces f ro m b oth p hases Ia nd I I c ou ld b e e xp la ined b y c on tacts w ith Baden ( we r efer t o t he d ishes w ith t wo p ar t it ions a nd b ut tons w ith d iscs haped h ead ). d e J os

j )

( P l.

As a matter o f f act t he d ecorat ion o n t he f igur ine f rom P ianu

1 25/5 ) i s a lso t yp ica l ly Baden .

As r egards t he c oun tr ies i n wh ich t here a re c u ltures r elated t o t hose

f ro m t he f uture a rea o f Co , ofen i, t he c re mat ion r i te o ccurs i n t he b ir itua l c e meter ies b elong ing t o t he Laznany g roup i n Eastern S lovak ia ( S iska 1 972 ) a nd i n t he Bo leráz b ur ia l c o mp lexes i n Hungary ( P ils i marSt-Basaharac , Tor ma 1 969, 4 84f f ).

However , o n ly i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls a re k nown t o t he

S outh a nd t he East , i n t he f orm o f t ype Va jska , S ä lcu a I V Hercu lane-Che i le Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

8 6

Turz i i a nd l ater i n Cernavodg I I.

The p resen t e v idence c ou ld r ef lect b oth a

p rocess o f s uccess ive i ncorporat ion ( w ith in t he l arge c o mp lexes o f t he c u l tures :

Slcu ja T V-He r cu lane cheile Tu r z ii -Va js ka-Hunyad i h a lo m- Laznany-C er navod I I-Bo leráz , Baden-Cotofen i-Kostolac-Vu cedo l ) o f s o me g roups who p ract iced t h is r i te e ar l ier a nd a p rocess o f g radua l

d if fus ion o f an ew b ur ia l r i te , wh ich

f or t he mo men t i s a t tes ted i n Ro man ia i n t he p er iod o f Co ofen i I I a nd e spec ia l ly a long t he Danube ( see a bove ) .

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

8 7

CHAPTER 7

THE END OF THE COTOFEN I CULTURE -

The Co jofen i c u lture c eased i n Eastern Transy lvan ia i n p hase I .

The

s a me s i tua t ion must b e t rue i n t he s et t le men ts o f Western Wa l lach ia . Ib el ieve t ha t Ih ave d e monstrated a lready t he c on te mporane ity b e tween what we c a l l Furchenst ichkera m ik , c ons idered a s al ate p hase , a nd t he Co of en i f orms t o t he S outh o f t he Carpath ians a nd i n t he Banat.

We c annot e x-

c lude t he p oss ib il ity t hat o ther r eg ions a lso o n t he b orders h ad b een l ost b y t he Co jofen i t r ibes i n f avour o f t hose b elong ing t o t he Kosto lac , Vu edo lNy irs g o r G l ina I ISchneckenberg. a rea o f t he Cojo fen i c u lture.

But t hese l osses d id n ot a f fect t he c en tra l

Ih ave s hown a bove t ha t we d o n ot y e t k now o f

t he e x istence o f ap hase o f d ecadence i n t he e vo lut ion o f t he Co jofen i c u lture wh ich would a l low u s t o d ist ingu ish a n e volut ion wh ich , a t ap rec ise p o in t , c ou ld b e c a l led w ith a no ther n a me. Recent r esearch h as d ef ined more a nd more c lear ly t he e x istence o f a c hrono log ical a nd c u ltura l h or izon o f " barbar iz ing" c haracter.

Th is c onst it-

u tes t he e ar ly p hases o f t he c u ltures o f t he c lass ic Bronze Age, O to man i I ( Ordent l ich 1 963, f ig. 5 ; i de m 1 970 , 8 6-90 ) Ear ly Wiete t herg ( Ch id io an 1 968, 1 61, f ig. 6 ) Ear ly Verb ic ioara-(Boronean j 1 971) " str ichverz ier te Kera m ik" ( Hored t 1 968, 1 13-114 )

) and r epresen ts a t ypolog ica l b reak b etween

Cotofen i a nd Wietenberg , O to man i , Verb ic ioara e tc. Ow ing t o t he o ccurrence o f s et t le men ts o f t ype J igod in i n Eastern Trans y lvan ia ( Ro man , Inos , Horvat h 1 973 ) a nd o f i solated f inds i n Nor thern O lten ia (M ilostea

=

Popescu , Vu lpe 1 966 ) wh ich c an b e e as ily d ated t o t he

p er iod o f S chneckenberg B , t he ma ter ia ls o f S chneckenberg " charac ter" f ro m Centra l Transy lvan ia ( Hored t 1 968,105 ) d e mand o ur a t ten t ion .

A l l t hese

f acts s how t ha t a t ac er ta in mo men t a n impor tan t e x terna l impact o n t he Co ofen i c u lture p u t a n e nd t o i t s t rad it iona l e vo lut ion .

The f ol low ing p er iod

was q u ite d isturbed a nd c ou ld b e c ons idered a s b e ing s im ilar t o t ha t b etween t he Ar iu d-Petre t i-S lcu Ja c u ltures a nd t he Co Jofen i c ulture. We d o n ot k now h ow l ong t h is s tage was, b ut i ti s p robab ly i den t if ied w ith t he E ar ly Bronze Age. To t he S outh o f t he Carpath ians , e ven i ft he i nf il trat ion o f M ilostea c hara cter ist ics p receded i t , t he G l ina I I c u lture a ga inst wh ich t he Co jofen i t r ibes p robab ly f ough t f or a l ong t ime, p rovoked t he e nd o f t he Co Jofen i c u l ture. t herefore f o llows t hat t he Eastern g roup was s tronger .

I t

The G l ina I I c u lture

i s a lso a cco mpan ied , e ither a s a n i nd igenous e le men t o r i n a nother c on te mp orary c ulture b y b arrow-bur ia ls , a s was s hown b y t he e xcavat ion o f Prof . Berc iu a t Verb i Ja , a nd t h is p heno menon c ont inues t o t he West i n t he f or m o f Be la Crkva ( Gara an in 1 958, 9 0-95 ; i de m 1 960 , 1 19-121). Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

8 8

I s i tp oss ible t ha t

t he l ate b arrow-bur ia ls p layed a p ar t i n t he e nd ing o f t he Co ofen i c u lture? Th is h ypothes is s ee ms t o b e c onf ir med b y t he f requen t o bserva t ions o f Cot o f e n i s h e r d s f o u n d i n b a r r ow s . J I n t he l ight o f p resent e v idence , t he p heno mena wh ich t ook p lace i n t he p er iod i nvest igated b y u s c ou ld b e p resen ted a s f ol lows :

a f ter t he s trong

c u ltura l e xpans ion o f t he S ou th t o t he Midd le ( i n t he f or m o f t he Baden c ulture ) a nd L ower Danube ( resu lt ing o n t he o ne h and i n t he Co ofen i c ulture a nd o n t he o ther i n t he a t tenuat ion o f t he Nor th-Pon t ic e le men ts ) t he Western e le men ts , f or a t ime s ta t ionary , a ga in e xer ted i nf luences o n t he c orr idors o f t he S ave a nd t he Drave a nd c reated t he K ostolac a nd Vu6edo l g roups wh ich a t f irst s h if ted t owards t he S outh-East a nd t he East. i n t he Eastern r eg ions a t t he s a me t ime ;

The G l ina I I c u lture i s c reated

i t s e xpans ion i s d irected t o t he

Nor th a nd t o t he West t o t he d etr i men t o f t he Co Jofen i c u lture.

I nterna l

r easons o r p oss ib ly n ew p enetra t ion o f Nor th-Pon t ic e thn ic g roups d e term ined t he e xpans ion o f t he G l ina I l c u lture o ver O lten ia , t h is p heno menon b e ing f elt a s f ar a s S erb ia.

The VuÖedo l e le ment i s f orced a t t h is t ime t o move a long

t he Danube, t o t he Nor th , t owards Centra l Europe.

Th is p rovoked t he r eact ion

o f t he G lockenbecher c u lture i n t he o ther d irect ion ;

i tb rough t w ith i tt he

c ord-pottery g roups whose l ate e cho i n Transy lvan ia was t o b e t he J igod in c ulture. a b le.

I n t h is way t he e nd o f t he Co jofen i c ulture i n Transy lvan ia i s e xp l ic-

We h ave n o i n forma t ion c oncern ing t he d eve lop men t o f t hese p heno mena

i n t he Eastern c orr idor ( Sub-Carpath ian Ukra ine , Mo ldav ia ). A l l t hese move men ts a nd d isturbances i n t he l oca l c u ltura l p rocesses , s ee m t o h ave " drowned" a ga in t he l oca l b ackground.

However , t he f act t ha t i th ad

n ot b een d estroyed i s c lear ly p roved b y i t s " resurrect ion" i n t he c lass ic s tages o f t he Ro man ian Bronze Age. T he r e lat ion b etween Co jofen i a nd Verb ic ioara- W ietenberg c an b e c ons ide red a s s im ilar t o t ha t b etween Ar iu9d , Petre t i, S à lcu ja a nd Co rofen i, a nd t he s a me c u ltura l e le men ts c on t inue t o p u lsate w ith in t he n ew c u lture.

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

8 9

CHAP TER 8 CONCLUS ION

-

T o c o mp lete o ur work we w ish t o s u m mar ise t he c u ltura l f ra mework , t he

way o f l i fe a nd t he e thn ic a ff i l iat ion o f t he Co jofen i c u lture. The Co ofen i p heno menon d eve loped a t at ime when s et t le men ts i n t he Ba lkan P en insu la e vo lved c u ltures o f t he Ear ly Bronze Age, c u ltures wh ich c an b e c ons idered i n s o me r espects a s b e ing marg ina l f or ms o f e xpress ions o f t he Ear ly Anatol ian Bronze Age.

Cu ltures o f t he M idd le a nd Late Eneo l ith ic

a nd e ven o f t he i nc ip ien t Bronze Age d eve loped o n t he M idd le Danube a nd i n Centra l Europe s uch a s t he Vu edol g roup.

I n my o p in ion , t he Co jofen i p he-

n o menon a s wel l a s t he c on te mporary c u ltures l ike Zâba la , S checkenberg A , a nd Ear ly G l ina b elong t o t he s o-ca l led p er iod o f t rans it ion.

Meta l lurg ica l

a ct iv ity , wh ich i s n eg l ig ible i n c o mpar ison w ith t hat o f t he p rev ious p er iods , d oes n ot r each t he s tage o f p roduc ing a xes w ith h o le-shaf t , d a t ing f rom t he f ina l l im it o f t he Co ofen i c u lture.

As r egards t he ma ter ia l c u lture o f t h is

p er iod t he f orms p roper t o t he Eneo l ith ic a re a bandoned a nd t hose w h ich wou ld c haracter ize t he c u ltures o f t he Bronze Age a re g radua l ly a dop ted , a l though n ot i n c onv inc ing n u mbers. Vu lpe 1 974 ;

We must n ot n eg lect o ther v iews ( espec ia l ly

e ar l ier , Berc iu 1 966 , 1 52f f ) a s we ll a s t he e x istence o f a n a p-

p rec iab le q uan t ity o f a rsen ic i n s o me Co ofen i p ieces , b ut t he Co Jofen i c ulture i s t o s uch a n e x ten t c onnected w ith t he p ast t hat o n ly impacts l ike t hose o f Late G l ina , S chneckenberg B , a nd J igod in b rought a bou t , a t ap ar t icu lar mo men t , t he p reva lence o f n ew c haracter is t ics b e long ing t o an ew p er iod. The Co ofen i c u lture was c ons idered t o b e t he c reat ion o f g roups o f n o mad o r s em i-no mad s hepherds.

However , r ecen t r esearch s ugges ts t ha t

i ti s ac ultura l p heno menon , whose c reators , f ar f ro m b e ing n o mad o r s em in o mad s hepherds, a dapted t he mselves a dm irably t o t he c ond it ions o f t he s urr ound ing e nv iron ment , wh ich t hey h ad e ither l ooked f or o r i n wh ich t hey were o b l iged t o l ive.

The s tab il ity o f t he Co ofen i t r ibes i s s een n ot o n ly f ro m t he

f act t ha t s et t le men ts w ith many o ccupa t ionlevels a nd d urable dwel l ings a re f requen t o r t ha t c aves a re a rranged a nd u sed f or a l ong p er iod o f t ime b u t e spec ia l ly f ro m t he f act t hat i t wou ld b e imposs ib le t o d ist ingu ish s evera l v ar ian ts ( w ith micro-var ian ts a nd wel l-def ined e thnograph ic c en tres ) i ft he p opu lat ion was mob ile.

The Co ofen i p heno menon i s as tab le e le men t , t he

l im ited move men t b e ing d eterm ined b y r eg iona l e cono m ic n ecess it ies a nd b y f or tu itous r easons.

C lear ly c at t le r a is ing , w ith move men t a ccord ing t o t he

weather , p layed a l arge p ar t i n t he e cono my o f t he moun ta inous a nd h igh z ones ; t he s tab le s et t le men ts were s ituated

a t t he f oot o f t he mounta ins.

But t h is

was a lways s o. Durable v il lages a re e ncoun tered i n t he meadow land o f t he Danube o r i n t he p la in ;

t here i s c onclus ive e v idence o f a rab le f arm ing , a n i ma l-ra is ing ,

Roman, f Petre. Theg Lateo Copper Age ofi South-East Europe. i sh in r g a thCoţofeni er inCulture g a ct v it ies i n t hese v i l lages. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

9 0

Who were t he p eop le o f t he Co ofen i c u lture? a re t hey p roto-Thrac ians?

Are t hey I ndo-Europeans ,

T here h ave b een n o a n thropo log ica l s tud ies.

Archaeo log ica l ly Ih ave s hown i n t he p resen t b ook a nd a lso e ar l ier ( Ro man 1 971) t hat we c an d ist ingu ish t he f ol low ing s tages :;

( a )

s tage Gu meln ia ,

S á lcu a , Ar iu d , Petre t i, T iszapo lg r , as tage o f a we ll-def ined i nd iv idua l ity ; ( b ) s tage o f mix ture : West a nd t o t he Nor th ,

Gu me ln ia p ushed t o t he West , S â lcu a p ressed t o t he T iszapo lgár p enetrated i nto t he East o f Transy lvan ia ,

Eastern e le ments ( Cucuten i Ca nd Decea Mure u lu i ) i ns ide t he Carpath ian b ow l ;

( C)

t he f orma t ion o f ac u ltura l c o mp lex ( Sâ lcu ja I V-Hercu lane-Che ile

Turz i i ) wh ich un if ied a l l t hese e le men ts i nto a l arge c u ltura l u n ity , c lose ly c onnected w ith t he c u ltural f orms o n t he T isa a nd t he Midd le Danube , a nd t hrough t h is a lso w ith t he Eastern p ar ts o f Cen tra l Europe , ma in ta in ing l inks w ith t he S ou thern r eg ions t hrough t he Morave-Vardar c orr idor ;

( d ) t he p ene-

t rat ion o f n ew Nor th-Pon t ic e le men ts i n to t he Eastern p ar ts o f Ro man ia t he e ar l ies t e le ments b e ing p ushed t o t he West t o t he S outh o f O lten ia , where t here wou ld b e r ap id a ss im i lat ion.

Al arge Danub ian c o mp lex i s c reated , Cernavodâ

I I-Bo leráz, e xer t ing a s trong i nf luence.

Th is c o mp lex e nco mpassed e qua l ly

Cen tra l-European , S outh-Eastern a nd Eastern n atura l ized e le ments ;

( e ) t he

Cotofen i-Baden s tage u pon wh ich Kosto lac a nd Vucedo l e le men ts a re g raf ted. Fro m t he c u ltura l a nd e thn ic p o in t o f v iew t he l oca l e le men ts a re p redo m inant i n t h is s tage.

I t i s d if f icu lt t o k now t he l anguage s poken b y t h is " cong lo mer-

a te" e nr iched w ith Eastern a nd Cen tra l-European e le men ts. an ew p er iod o f d isturbances :

( f ) There f o llows

G l ina I l a nd t he b arrow-bur ia ls s h if ted t o t he

West , p ressure was e xerted f ro m t he Nor th- West o n Transy lvan ia a nd t hen e ven o n O lten ia.

Does o ne o f t he mov ing g roups n ow s peak a n I ndo-European

l anguage a s h as b een s ugges ted ( more r ecen t ly b y G i mbu tas 1 963 ; o r e ar l ier b y Koss ina 1 902 ; S u l im irsk i 1 933;

S chu lz 1 935 ;

i de m 1 973,

S ch m id t 1 949 ;

Wah le 1 954 ), o r d id s uch a l anguage a ppear a s e ar ly a s s tages

( C)

a nd ( e )

r ender ing p laus ib le t he v iews o f G i mpera 1 961? C lear ly o ne c an s pecu late , a nd o ne o r o ther o f t he t heor ies c an b e a ccep ted ; b ut i ti s e ssen t ia l t o c o l lect c arefu l ly a nd s er ious ly n ew e v idence. Regard less o f whether t he g roups b e long ing t o t he

Cotofen i

p heno menon

s poke a n I ndo-European l anguage o r n ot , f ro m t he b io log ica l a nd c u ltura l p o int o f v iew , t hey c onst itute t he ma in c ore o f t he Nor th-Thraco-Danub ian b ranch a nd c u lture.

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

9 1

NOTES

1 .

Ih eard o f t he r esu lts o f s o me n ew r esearch a nd e xcavat ions c arr ied o ut b y N . V iassa a f ter I wrote t he p resen t c hap ter ( see a lso t he c hap ter o n r e la t ive a nd a bso lute c hrono logy ).

These f inds c onf ir m my h ypo-

t hes is t hat t he b arrow-group a t L ivez i le d oes n ot b elong t o t he Co ofen i c u lture. But i t i s a lso t rue t hat t he o ppor tun ity s o k ind ly g iven me b y my c o l league N . V iassa i n F ebruary 1 975, t o s ee t he mater ial , d id n o t h e lp me t o c lar ify t he ir c u ltura l a f f il iat ion. 2 .

The r esearch i n t he a rch ives a nd t he f i e ld i nvest igat ion c arr ied o ut b y my c o l league N . V iassa p rove t hat b o th Carp in is a nd I zvoare le a re s i tuated o n t he t err itory o f t he c o m mune L ivez i le a nd i n c onsequence t hey h ave b een wrong ly l ocated i n t he l i terature ( Banner 1 927 , 7 6-77 ; Nestor 1 933, 6 6-67 ).

3 .

Very r ecen t ly , V iera Ne me jcová-Pav i ková ( 1974 a nd e spec ia l ly 3 49 ) e stab l ished a b etter c hrono logy o f t he d if feren t mater ia l f ound i n S lovak ia a nd wh ich b elonged t ypolog ica l ly a nd c hronolog ica l ly t o t he i n terva l b etween t he Bo ler z s tage ( cons idered a s b e ing Ear ly Baden ) a nd t he c lass ic Late Baden.

Accord ing t o V . P av i iková , t he Bo aca a nd Kosto lac

g roups d o n ot b e long t o t he Baden c u lture.

V . PavC iková c an d is t ingu ish

t wo l arge p er iods ( ear ly a nd l a te ) f or c lass ic Baden a nd d iv ided Ear ly c lass ic Baden i n to a n e ar l ier p ar t ( w ith t wo s uccess ive h or izons : Tekovsk

Hr dok a nd 6erven

Hradok a nd a l ater p ar t ( hor izon N ev idzany ).

The e ar l iest h or izon ( Tekovsk Hrádok ) i s s ynchron ized w ith N eustupnr p hase B ( t herefore w ith Fonyód ), wh ile t he f o l low ing h or izons ( Cerven Hr.dok a nd Nev idzany ) a re p laced b etween p hase B a nd p hases C , D ( d ist ingu ished b y Neustupny ).

V . Pav kova ' c a l ls a tten t ion t o t he f act

t hat s evera l f or ms c haracter iz ing p hases C a nd D Neustupn l as ted i n to t he Nev idzany h or izon a nd t he s uccess ion o f t he f inds a t tr ibu ted t o t he t wo p hases i s n ot v ery c er ta in ( 349-350 ).

As r egards t he p hases a nd

s ub-phases p roposed b y h er , s he men t ions t hat t hey a re o f s hor t e vo lut ion ( 250 ).

A t t he s a me t ime , s he a ss igned t o s o me e le men ts wh ich

c haracter ize h er own d iv is ions i n S lovak ia , c hrono log ica l v a lues a nd o n t h is b as is s he a lso e stab l ished t he c hrono logy o f o ther f inds f ro m Hungary ( 339-346 ) o r Yugos lav ia.

S he j ust if ied t he method u sed b y h er , b y i n-

v ok ing t he f act t hat t he Ear ly p hase o f Baden c overed a n a rea wh ich b e longed t o t he Bo le rz g roup b efore a nd s he s tated t hat n e ither t he Bo lera 'z g roup , n or t he e ar l ier p hase o f c lass ic Baden a re l oca l ly d iff eren t ( 349 ), i n s p ite o f t he f act t hat b e fore ( 346 ) s he s tated s o me p ecu l iar it ies i n t he d ecorat ion o f t he Y ugos lav ian f inds.

I n emp loy ing

t he method p roposed b y Neustupn , we t ake i n to a ccount t he f act t hat Baden f inds i n t he T isa p la in h ave n ot b een c hrono log ica l ly s tud ied i n d eta il , a nd t he b e l ief t hat a t l east a s r egards s o me r eg ions , t he Kosto lac p heno menon c annot b e s eparated f ro m t he e vo lu t ion o f t he Baden c u lture.

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9 2

4 .

The s ituat ion e x ist ing i n Western Ro man ia c onf ir ms t he p o in t o f v iew ( Paviková 1 974 ) t hat s o me f i nds c annot b e a t tr ibuted t o o ne o r o ther o f t he p hases p roposed b y N eus tupn .

But , a t t he s a me t ime, t he ma ter-

i a ls u nder d iscuss ion , a lthough t hey a re e v iden t ly Baden , p resen t t o s uch a n e x tent a l arge n u mber o f l oca l f eatures , t hat t hey c annot b e a ss igned w ith c er ta in ty t o S lovak ian o r Hungar ian c u ltura l f or ms , a ccordi ng t o r ecen t e v idence. 5 .

The f inds a t S lnpetru German wh ich a re i n r educed n u mbers , b ut a re t yp ica l ( we men t ion e spec ia l ly f ragmen ts o f p ot tery d ecorated w ith t ri a ng les c ons ist ing o f d ots ) h ave a na log ies i n Western Vo ivod ina ( Karmansk i 1 970 , H ).

I n r eferr ing t o t h is ma ter ia l , Pavüková ( 1974,

3 48 ) a t tr ibuted a p ar t o f t he m t o t he e ar l ier p hase o f c lass ic Baden , wh ile o thers, e ven i ft hey c a me f ro m c losed c o mp lexes a re c ons idered Kosto lac.

S o me e le ments w h ich a re c haracter ic f or S lovak ia o n ly i n

t he e ar ly c lass ic Baden p er iod a re t yp ica l o f o ur r eg ions e spec ia l ly i n aL a te Co jofen i p er iod , i n p ar t p ost-Baden.

We men t ion t he f act t hat

a n impor t o f t ype S i mpetru G erman ( here p 1. 7 8/5 ) h as b een f ound a t Hercu lane , i n l eve l g

-

r epresen t ing p hase Co Jofen i lb

-

a mil ieu i n

wh ich t he e vo lut ion i n t he Kosto lac s ense i s e v iden t. 6 .

Accord ing t o t he " re in t ypo log isch" c r iter ia ,

V . Pav ková ( 1974 , 3 48-

3 49 ) a ttr ibuted t he f inds made a t Brate i ( here p 1. 5 5/16-18; 5 6 ; 5 7/1, 7 ) t o t he h or izon T ekovs 4-Hrádok-Fony6d ;

b ut , a ccord ing t o t he s a me

c r iter ia a v essel f ound a t Basarab i ( see h ere,

P l.

9 4/2 ) "m it Ber t ick-

s ich t igung d es ü br igen Mater ia ls wahrsche in l ich z e it l ich n icht t iefer a ls d en Hor izon t Nev idzany a nsetzen k önnen , f a l ls e r n icht n och j ünger i st" ( t ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he r est o f t he mater ia l c an b e d ated n ot e ar l ier t han t he h or izon N ev izdany , i fi ti s n ot more r ecen t , i b id. 3 49 ).

And

i ti s t rue t hat t he s ett le men t a t Basarab i d ated f ro m a p ost-Baden p er iod. 7 .

Fro m t h is p o int o f v iew , t he s trat igraph ica l o bservat ion made a t Hercu lane a nd t he a na lys is o f t he Baden mater ials f ound i n Western Ro man ia o b l ige u s t o a dm it t he e x istence o f ap ara l le l e volut ion b etween Ear ly Kosto lac a nd Late Baden , i n o ther words t hat t he Kosto lac " fash ion" s pread g radual ly f ro m a p r i mary c en tre.

V . Pav i 5ková p ut

f orward a n o ppos ite p o in t o f v iew ( 1968, 4 20 ) t hat " d ie Kosto lac-Gruppe ü bera l l j ünger i s t a ls d ie Badener Ku ltur , s owoh l i n i hre m Kerngeb iet a ls a uch i n d en p er ipheren L andschaf tste ilen

( =t he Kosto lac g roup i s

y ounger t han t he Baden c u lture e verywhere, b oth i n i t s c en tra l c oun try a nd i n t he marg ina l r eg ions ). I vanov iC wro te i n t he s a me s ense a s u s i n a work wh ich I r ece ived a f ter Ih ad wr itten t he p resen t c hap ter :

Bogdan Brukner , Bor is lav

I vanov i6 , N icola T as ic , Pra jstor i ja Vo jvod ine , Nov i-Sad , 1 974, 8 .

P .

4 50.

Ch. Podzuwe it ( 1973, 1 21-126 ) made s o me i nterest ing o bservat ions c oncern ing t he r e la t ion Troy-E z ero , i n ar ecen t b ook d evoted t o t he f orms o f p o ttery i n t he Nor th- West o f As ia Minor a nd i n t he Nor th Aegean :

( a ) t ubu lar h and les o ccur n ot o n ly i n Troy I , b ut u nt i l Troy

I I a nd a t Therm i , Kusara , Beycesu ltan a nd Kr itsana e ven l ater ; ( b ) Ezero I i s s ynchron ized w ith Troy I d -g ; d ) t here a re n o e le men ts o f s ynchron izat ion f or Ezero I I, b ut Karanovo V II c annot b e p laced b eRoman, The Copper f orPetre. e T roLate yl ig. Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

9 3

9 .

Very r ecen t ly , Kat in arov ( 1974 ,23 ) s ynchron ized Cojo fen i, Baden a nd Cernavoda I I w ith Ezero I , a nd "G l ina I l-Schneckenberg-Zók" w ith Ezero H .

Tak ing i n to a ccoun t t he f act t hat R . Kat in arov r efers t o t he

f inds made i n t he c ave Magura ( D ja mbazov , Ka t in6arov 1 974 , 1 07-138 ), wh ich i n my o p in ion b elong t o t he p hases Coj o fen i J IbTUb , i tr esu lts t hat t he L ate Co ofen i i s s ynchron ized w ith Ezero I .

I n s uppor t o f h is

c onc lus ion , t he a uthor a t tr ibutes f ig . 2 1z a nd 2 3v , f ound i n t he h or izons X II I-X I a t Ezero , t o t he Co jofen i c u l ture.

Bu t b oth f rag men ts o f p ot tery

a re d ecorated i n t he Cele i f ash ion ( Kat in arov 1 974 , 1 7 ,23 ). 1 0.

I n p o in t o f f act t he d at ing p roposed b y C . Renfrew a t Troy h as c hanged d ra mat ica l ly f ro m S itagro i Vb-Troy I ( Renfrew 1 970b ), t o t he s ynchron izat ion o f S itagro i Vb a nd Troy 1 1-V ( Renfrew 1 971).

1 1.

Ir ece ived t he r esu lts o f t he C" d at ing made i n t he l aboratory J o lla ( Un ivers ity S an D iego , Ca l iforn ia ) f or t he s a mp les c om ing f ro m t he Eneo l ith ic a nd Co o fen i l eve ls a t Bile Hercu lane , o n 1 5 J une 1 976 , wh ile Iwas c orrect ing t hese p ages. 6 300-6200 B .C.);

S a mp le 3 Eneo l ith ic

s a mp les 4 a nd 5 Eneol ith ic

o f t he s ix th millenn iu m B .C.). 4 470 ± 5 0 B . P.

( C.

3 500 B .C. " or l a ter" );

( c. 3 400-3000 B .C.).

(7 325 B . P. ± 8 0

6 670 ± 6 0 B . P. (m idd le

S a mp les 6 a nd 7 , f or Co jofen i

4 300 ± 6 0 ( c . 3 200-3100 B .C.); t at ing t he a na lys is.

=

=

s a mp le 8 , f or Co jofen i

s a mp le 1 0 , f or Co jofen i

=

=

4 360 ± 6 0

We t hank Pro fessor Mar i ja G i mbutas f or f ac il i-

We c annot u nderstand a nd we d o n o t c o m men t o n

h ow i t was p oss ib le f or t here t o b e s o g reat a n i n terva l b etween S â lcu t ,a I V a nd Co jofen i.

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

9 4

L IST OF ABBREV IAT IONS

AA

=

Archaeo log ia Austr iaca.

AAA

=

Acta Ant iqua e t Archaeo log ica ( Szeged ) .

AA H

=

Acta Archaeo log ica Acade m iae S c ient iaru rn lungar icae .

AE

=

Archaeo log ia E rtes itö .

AH

=

Archaeo log ia i lungar ica .

AISC

=

Anuaru l I nst itutu lu l d e s tud l i c las ice d in C lu j - Napoca .

AJ

=

AM N

=

BC H

=

BC MI

Acta Muse i Napocens is . Bu l let in d e C orrespondence He 1 lén ique . Bu let inu l C om is iun i l monn mente lor I s tor ice .

Ber icht RG K

=

CAB

=

Dac ia Dac ia , N .S .

Archaeo log ia J ugos lav ica .

Ber icht d er Römisch - Ger man ischen Ko m iss ion . C ercetär i a rheo log ice I n Bucuret i . Dac ia , r echerches e t d écouver tes a rcheo log iques e n Rou man ie .

=

Dada . Revue d 'archéo log le e t d 'h isto ire a nc ienne , Nouve l le s är ie .

J schr . mitte ld . Vorgesch .

=

J ahresschr ift f ür m itte ldeutsche Vorgesch ichte .

M AG W

=

Mitte i lungen d er Anthropo log ischen Gese l lschaft I n Wien .

Mater ia le

= Mater ia le e i c ercetär i a rheo log ice .

PA

=

PZ

=

RM

=

Pa mätky a rcheo log ické . P räh istor ische Z e it schr ift . Rev ista muzee lor , Bucure t i .

RV M

=

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Chrono log ie

d er Badener Ku ltur , B rat is lava 1 973 .

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ALDEA 1 968 ALDEA 1 972

I on A lexandru A ldea , A se area C o /of en i d c l a P upa Ros ie -Sebe, Apu lu m V u /I. l oan A l . A idea , ‚ an 1 ieru l a rheo log ic ( ; h irbo m ( cor n . B ergh in , j ud . A lba , s dpä tur i le d in 1 967) , Apu lu m X,

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p . 8-9 , ALEXANDRESCU 1 974

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f i g . 5 . A lexandz ina

A lexandrescu ,

La

n é cropo l e

d u b ronze a nden d c Z i mnicea

( dép . d e T e leor man) ,

Dac ia , N . S . , 1 8 , p . 7 9 -93 . T . J . Arne , Excava t ions a t S hah T epe , I ran , R epor ts f rom t he S c ien t if ic Exped i t ion t o t he Nor th - Wes tern P rov inces o f C h ina u nder t u e Leadership o f Dr . S ven I fed in , Pub icat ion 2 7 VII , Archaeo logy , 5 , S tockho lm ,

1 945 . AVEAMOVA 1 975 Ma ia Avra mova , Ka ta log n a ‚ i ahodk i le 0 1 p tevod i le l ia . -

BADER 1 974 BANNER 1 927

P ra istor ièesko i skustvo v n at ite z em i , S of ia .

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AA H , XIII , p . 1-32 . BENAC 1 962 A . B enac , P ivnica k od Odtaka i n ek i p rob le m i Kos to lacke Ku l ture , Gl asn ik -S arajevo . X VII , p . 2 1 -40 . BERc IU 1 934 D . B erc iu , G enera l i läl t a supra p re is lor ie i O l ten ie i ia ngrenarea e i I n p rob leme le Europe i G en ita le # s ud-

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e s l ice , BC MI , XVII . BE .nc lu 1 939 H ere in 1 ) ., Arheo log la p rc is lor icä a 0 1 1en ie 1 C ra iova . BERc iu 1 954 D . B erc iu , P rob le me r id ica te d c s apa tur i le a rheo log ice d in O l ten ia , SCIV V /3 -4 . -

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Bs tc iu BERC It J BERC ID BE 1d Iu BE l ic lu

1 960 I n I s tor ia Ro mdnie i , I . 1 961 D . Berc iu , C on tr ibu / i i l a p rob le me le n eo l i t icu lu t i n R omdnia I n l um ina n o l lor c erce tär f , Bucurelt i . 1 962 D . B erc iu , D i la g l in iar tih „ iakor ia" iv opros i vs v ia: i sk u l (uram i Ko tof en t iC ernavoda , Dada , N .S ., VI . 1 966 Du m itru B erc iu , Z or i le i s lor ie f I n G arpa l i it o Dunäre , Bucuret i . D . BERC IU 1 . 1 943 -1945 D . B erc iu , 1 . B erc iu , C erce tä ii s i s äpä tur i a rheo log ice I n j udef r le Turda s iA lba , Apu lu m I , A lba l u l ia . BERc 1u D . BERc IU I . 1 947 /1949 D . B erc iu I on H ere in , S äpätur i ic erce tór i a rheo log ice i n a n ti 1 944 -1947 , -

-

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Apu lu m , II . BERC IU ic o laborator i i 1 950 D . B erc iu ic o laborator i i , . an t ieru l a rheo log ic d c t o V erb ic ioara Do lj , SCIV 1 / 1 . BERC I I J ic o laborator i i 1 951 D . B erc iu § i c o laborator i i , . an u ieru I a rheo log ic l erb ic ioara Do lj , S CIV , 1 /1 . BERC IU , MOR INTZ , ROMAN 1 973 I ) . H ere in , S ebast ian Mor intz , P etre Ro man , Cul tura C ernavoda M. Aezarea d in s ec l o rul b d c l a C ernavoda , S CIV , X XIV /3 , p . 3 73 -405 . B IcH r n 1 958 Gh . I . B ich ir , Un r normin t c u o cru l a C (rna , S CIV , IX /1 . B IcH IR 1 962 Gh . B ich ir , B e i trag z ur Kenn tn is d er f rühen B ronze i f i m s üdos t l ichen T ranss ilvan ien u nd i n d er Moldau , Dac ia , N . S . , VI , p . 8 7 -114 . BLEGEN 1 928 C ar l W. B iegen , Zygour ies , ap reh is tor ic S e t t le men t i n t he V a l ley o f C leonae , C a mbr idge , Massachusetts . -

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BLEGEN , C ASKEY , RAWSON 1 951 , BLEGEN , CASKEY , RAWS0N 1 951 , BORONEANT 1 966 BORONEANT 1 968 BORONEANT

C ar l \ V . B iegen , J ohn L . C askey , Mar ion

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Vas i le Boronean, Descoper ir iapar t inlndcu l tUr i i Vukedolinzona I ' or t i lor d c F ier , RM , V /4 ,p . 3 52 -355 .

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RM , VIII /1, p . 5-12 .

BREA 1 964 , I1_2— Lu ig i B ernabO -Brea , P o l iochn i , v o l . I ( t ext ) 1 ' ( p 1 . ) . BRUKNER 1 970 Bogdan B rukne i-, D ie Nekropo le i n V aj ska . E in n euer B e i trag z ur k u l ture l len u nd c hrono log ischen De term in ierung d es Anco l i th ikun is S üdos ipannoniens , AJ , XI , p . 1-14 . 12

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BUJOR 1 967

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Expectatus Bu jor , A ezarea d e t o C e le i d in p er ioadadetran: il ie s pec e poca b ron:u lu i , RM , I V /3 . p .211 -216 .

CASKEY 1 954 — J ohn L . C askey , Excava t ions a t L erna , 1 952 -1953 , Hesper ia , X XIII /1 , p . 3-30 . C I I 1D 1O AN

1 968

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9 6

Roman, Petre. The Late Copper Age Coţofeni Culture of South-East Europe. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1977, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531855. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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