The journey from Eden: the peopling of our world, with 96 illustrations 9780500050576

Discusses a controversial theory of common human ancestry in the form of one woman who lived in Africa approximately 150

130 4 200MB

English Pages 256 Year 1990

Report DMCA / Copyright

DOWNLOAD FILE

Polecaj historie

The journey from Eden: the peopling of our world, with 96 illustrations
 9780500050576

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
PART ONE: IN SEARCH OF EVE (page 7)
1 A Question of Questions (page 9)
2 Of Candelabras and Noah's Arks (page 15)
3 The Genetic Detectives (page 23)
4 The Savanna Homeland (page 42)
5 African Ancestors (page 50)
PART TWO: DIASPORA (page 63)
6 The Saharan Pump (page 65)
7 The European Neanderthals (page 74)
8 Qafzeh and Skhūl (page 90)
PART THREE: BAMBOO AND BOATS (page 101)
9 The Primeval Asians (page 103)
10 The First Seafarers (page 121)
PART FOUR: MASTERY OF WINTER (page 139)
11 The Rise of the Cro-Magnons (page 141)
12 A Cultural Apogee (page 150)
13 The Plains Dwellers (page 177)
14 Northeast Asians (page 188)
15 The Settlement of the Americans (page 199)
PART FIVE: LEGACY (page 211)
16 After the Ice Age (page 213)
17 The Journey from Eden (page 229)
Acknowledgments (page 237)

Citation preview

THE JOURNEY FROM EDEN

oe Gt, ae ~. a =~ diy | y “SS. YP aa.

tN an/ |\. \CE ii! ty, (VRe

ety re Sh REG a ? ) 4 oy EN . "| RS ea aN 7a aeOS™ LS

Fears aa Me yon \ anion ot eT. ang }

mit \s

ey : ne us

ANY AAS

‘WH i

ey

wf HM fh

A J Ls pay — \\" (G

: (~W_.) Xt N Wy “By 174

,

wy. 2 NAY er Our :

S\y). Lz! 5A SIS

P Led ft (7 GES a : NF

A ee ULLD. e W YK (sy.

i=OAR) ay" WM

SUV. es $s

LSP po ee

~ | SAL , Je; . 5S oN, ‘f,LeCfry 4ettAae ; ‘iWANE ©Re 4

> edits Sete ee by A



\\ . ° . NS * , ee 2 ORRIN ee ig —i. rann 7

, ofALN veseine .* . \.‘N ‘"| neon qisvoonanmnannnapninnnannneannmnnncilly. es|sais MN eesea eM On eae cere ao ysx “oS \ Ce —_ ##&© #2. ©. ©6©=6—h6S.lUmUmUrrUm CU SBS MMM ce eae Bs eaPeers eee ear Ti eee|| ipEisen eee: oot aEER been | Nie Nae . \ eee ee Woe | | Eee ee ae ee ees bsAi aes RRSease | Wesco easel oa . ee | SARS bey 4 Sra | Rares ee | i eae vA ~ N ae ee ow | ee: Woes eee Tes nn el ‘/ Giga cagsae | CRS | Sea deesaM pa caging | eeeaes | mh ve teERE. WOM | Ne3 ee WES UNO Ce bd —_ A

WX NYWook o. Cee eee ee wal ’aps an ee ew eee ee ene | oe . . : eee | ae eM eee ae He) Ay Ws ee ices eee | Mecca HPSS Ue aMtie ONIN S88ee SELES Mee umes cS } 4 oe\ ~WM. | a erence ere eee eeeeneen ta |Aa | ea coc eee WES SO We DEGREE CM |.‘::eee..\\..eee -.. | ee enone (4 WS Oe MeaGRR eae Pee Woe Be i Hii Nice 9ee |fo eRe EER renee Woe eM seca TES Soa Leena ean SRE aan” | ae eee | io ee | fe 3 oe: Le Loe io :fice aoe Wee ee ae beer ial eae ee ee Pe [eee ena ees es 4 fect aD ee eee ee)gece goo w t. Roo Oe ee eee epee eee eee eee ee | | eee legen ey ose De Cee | io ‘ gin OSWee Mom nilMESS ew SSee eae, gsoat Miia oe eee |nSeee oe “. WSs eee SSS a— Era ra Reem e ecarneae ise Wg t Roane | ene eee

~

.

ee jl| yan Oh, Ny 3 a Ny De Wei eeaeMoS eh GIN Mugs ons Wi RS We aia? NeWN eMMsWee Wes ae Wee Me ON a We aUg Ee alaeee OS Mle aWeOs cae Ae Np i esceeto ail eeee ee See ee CM eerMh ae eererenee | Mii yeaal eaoe oe eeeaesEA Tecate, teeeeese ae aeTea eeOeeeeae secre tc 3AMM MGS Tae eee We

Eee Enon RRSc aTSUC RRR Mane EORSSRANAD cee aanae SERRE 9 | LASSER SESE SEES|SREISER RRSSantee RS aati PCE R Me Garena ncvane wrnemeneuenten Meee AiReens OM bea ea | OO RNa7sll 7G Ml ARCS Ee |aA anoseee | Seance esaeteoaaens RASS | Eee ca tot REDRESS | i RRR eeeaen innstert aycteeaeeen negMl en Ean

oe| Co ea |Les oe,ey ey‘ S| Ne yoy Vee ae ae oe | ooKy Poe ae ee oe ol i Ve

Wee om OS ee(iWs | ascaree Bs colleee We| Re Wee eM eee es9| lige eae cee Mis oa em Bear TSS oaSe Gseretaaen, Bac el aeaN ss eee oes oe oNeae, poy Ree WE eeHee Se SGC ena| haa seSeaneeee Pee Teee TMs see Sooners eae a hee iain aMe escee terres |amed 1We ERE Soi SERGE | BBO |ee SERRE | Baacapres area |oa Wie UM Seems Ree Pee ee 8 ies (oe eecea || AI | acon |al faaRRO rare? FRO RR peree Fe MCR eeayaa see CoM ies ame NCES SE a ee |MEE SeeesBOs eas: 4see ey) ee eal Wee pei WG Wee ee OM, alle eee ee ee ed ig ee jeSeSanaa ea Me eli WER AL lle nr

eee |eae eo me ae ee iaRas | ea We Wee oh ceeae en Ro We |oe Daa co We US | SSE ee TEM MS, Reaper cee ee |ee oe ee |e Ee ‘ed ee eee |ieey tee eeeeet ar Po 1 7Wess fe igee a ff. Bee ‘7 | ee

ee!oe Wee (oo oo|rece we WS os Wee oe Do Ian DO tees Bes ee| we We es eeBee Fea Wee SM4 sR Vee Ae Te eae ee ( Nene fea, |eee eee ee eae ee eesfee 3oe eee eel brace cares |eel DCm i ||ieee | We be |es eee Nae Weel eee eae, |eM Bea | ee en Pee || We |e| eee eee Cee lh Bee se tee|ae head We a ee eeSil eee ooo ae ii,a Wee Wee iy eeeeeafom em eeltl eon Wi ee OM ener }ee eee pea, MM ec TE See | ieee es TE We eee We | eee De eee iBere Moe by es nee Ere Wee ea Me Nee eee al ee) | ae | TERS CES MGC ca Me We | ey Woes es on We ey ee ee | eee | eM Pope we Ie oN poy eee Nico eM on, Mice: Ge eens ees eee Bl Beceeecee |) Bese a eae See Wee re Ee amy Wa SECC aah sor Reser 4 | ee | Tee ee Cia) ESR Ups nene ee erm ete eeceth. Mise ee 22 Sinaia ini ee a PreeISenor Wi MeN EE ES Mie, RC BRONROEEE us Ws eee My LR MeBe ON OeCoed a We ee ie ISIE eaete AOE Manu ESS SIE SSa REO aDsail(eS ii

Ne ae Hi Oa se eee ho eee Wee Bee | CN Sa Vee

Mi pM OE IN anil gi ee Ny a Loo US ii iw er 1 DSI IM aWeel esoa MN Min Ee | arene US aeee 4NN ee EO | Wee Oe RN eee BeWie oO Miag, ae Sai ea, ee MP eM Se beoeOs EN ON cee ore | eee OS SESE SRD eS Nl ee eeeWh ee oem eae Ns Ue eee Nh Se er eee ae | eomerece: Iaa,||Aly Noe oe Mee Woe an WN Pa osree(ees aNee |ae|eeee Woe Gee ee |SSG Me |eeTree OG MG So a3 aLooe hESC REESE Ns4We eaee WS ROMS DOESN Wi eee Mh PRESSES ESS WS eR eee csee am BSS peal iBe ARON neeeecrera |vO Reece ae sates SSS Sg, We esahe OER Wiese ee Woe an sea eseGBS LES eas eeee eee (eee BRiMy Mies MISE Cae We Bes Ih Me Nh ee ee Tic en Ne | Soe ay 9 PEN ROSAS ORS EOS SS GE poe tae | bce Me ee eM oa ee Wee, OO encceae | CI §|WE ee a NO eG ee a Pee We ee ROR eee eee | Beane eee | Bee | Mea esa) ee ee | eon | Bie an es.a RARER a, | ese ence MeN Sp fl|eee cra f ee IN GaeaReeaRe caer ee ee AINE EEN SD AB OSee SASTESS Sea eae Ween ssa MM | NScect sensetsers | eeeeae Besa|eeee i Wye cea He OOS eee te tee 1|Peas | |ee RN aeMWR seGe bee cee RR| ae RFMe Lo it WME SOR eS all WS ee EN EO ees PSS SR B |eeeaD Breuer ecole WIGS a ee3| et) Mm ne eee 1Se SeMUTE ere |IN WES AM S SES SO Bee eee eae Pee Thoe Wee Wee Nee tae | eeDO Hit RS eee on eee bearners | ° eee CK) WEE SOS dl OT, URIS So oe) eee || ae ae eee Wee hae ” eS Me ee Re i Seen ae ieee crete WE MSS eo oe Gp ees eee tee | Segeeaeneeey 4 WES We vi eee | WLS MPO CS ee Wee Ngee | We Re aes ee ee | Be aaeacrans ess | ea Seater n We MS CN WOSSO CUaaiaNU 1 Ea a | FRR ENR Wee eae| |ee Dean. WSC OeCi OMA TESS CORSE C Ss TOS ee alle Renee peo, Onbeaees eResr |MR A secre brat Mesere eee eeBe Hes WSS OOM OSES iN|eae | FyA ON Bie. See eae: ee Ma tea Gee Seer HeeMr meeteee aenoe agE ; |eae |eam Rest MS| ee CN AM aad SONU Gy Ge ML Rn. De Te Mawnan ee eae | (Me ee a Eee eee eam eS ee ee a | Ca ee Ce ee Mm MN eae MMR eee ee ee RN ee cae BOE ARNE OO eee 7 ee eeaeee

ig eG Ls os Lo To ee a bo Toes i oy ee

|‘inert es MR ME eo ME | aot eee ataeete|UNE een eee WCE iM em 1a|TOSSES aee eaaoe | eee ane HSCS MERC SSO Seer USESM Aoe, WOES MN a eee ieee pesos Wea ARERR 1Mea ES) Wpeorenanan Sgealg am GeO MSE Me 1 ESS eps ce WS oe sages ‘iEEA Coe lee peace | Wise aa || eo |Map | Ienemas Mie RaWe aeeeTS acerast | ee Wiccow oon 9We DRE HSE SOUS My eee ES a cee eee Wecccae | HC ee eae PS eal oh WO ee | ae ee Co Woy wn @ oy r|ees os oo in eo bol We hs MMe sab all ee MSM Wee eae Loe oa ee ee[oes || earn 8WSS | eee Will aga ea Lee We ce Be ii| eon Se Ue sis eee aren Wee eae BOS a ase a ae | an fease erenes SORES Anil 7He ee eee ne IBS | ee NOUN fet Be SESS SARs Ley eee Moh 1g Cy | re | Nee es Pec e ow eae (oo eee oe eee Meee ||iee ec | oes | | Ose ern | Boies Ee aera i ee Wan Ween | REN eee if | Ses | ES GS eee eat ae ee Wh ee ay ERS WES ESS SENG Wise ROR ae Ae Wesasce al eee erences | ieee ceaeeees ca bese Fe ce ee fee eel TIERS RACE ease eT EER | MRCS Nee Wes PS eed HaanTalk eet Feo eco aa oeUNS Wo eeeERS| oe oeSGaepenea eae ieee | Te ee| aoe foe7 eras eyWeen Peaae INS reed 5eee. ee

en oe ees, bea eee eee Feo eae De | eelfoes gos eee | ew oe Se ee ee ay ee pee | ea in Peet | ee Serer Cee | Sarees eee | Neca oeWe ee) iOana Wo od ea. eeWSO ee reeee |i ee oie |aCo ae oe yoo Ve| Ve De |EM. an eeNiall ee ee ME ae (ee ee Me ee | BeOS eee ) .La)-ows) .* SNE Yo Sa ay ES OE? oT. aD,

aes We Om OR eese, We eeSee Me. i | aieDo TCO a itION meetc, MSMMR a Te reece ccauail OOM gi ey iN eeWD cee SOE iG |OES Se eee ee aig Mes esBe geMeee Minit SS Ninian eeeeailaei Screte es al eS MiGRC aan EE aR SS | eeSee eeeieERG Canta Wis i| iletoe eeeis 4i ES Bett ree Cee ste eenCM er ane er Mi em eee ee! ee AON AMO NID HHO A AGRA ONS OORIR HERETO AOU MOD Oil ieee anne eNOS yea A ans AH Gina aoa ANU aah ANA ALN Linnean rnin te cal GC i ee ul i nO. LSA

o . Te «“ , ie. Bi o:we ’ re f ns SNES Ring. " § F“a afae 4 ae : > © + 2 ROS ia ee keeper nc OR ey Se > ; SO tee Pe oe ee, Eee 8 Or ee

Re — + eee oe a ae

i S ran * beak » aoe — eee iy” . . lll ve \ _ id ' evry 7. ta . wnt wey ri

Y> . 4 :- ..ms : ; mle? yo : * “ts~~” 7 iS x ¥ .. »4,eas < . =., xwewe . i]‘¢vn ‘ ©x=>! ; =o£:4 ~e ¥7sow Es b2 : Pe — ¥ wZ wt hiss 4

Seb aeAas ‘eaa Rp oeeeteeeSeo at hg aoa ee A eeYaad ee tnDee aces ” 7Mi a a: GR aa ekCa ERAT Shehg SS & el LOU 7: slae tee, ORE ral ion ; FE iAS & ; = , Seo yoo er eh “ ek x aly ; t ¥ 7 . af pa “i Mee x ¥ — - od ye “ nee = “ ; ¥ ae wa ~ fy

Fed ‘ Pa Set tye Stale. pares tu a rn xa ea cad 2 “ee é ro we lee ; a EPR . A . eee $ . ; cs ’ : . i ae i.1Pe -> oh235.3 -RS SF, vr 3So rhe PO,i LO aie r - “See an a v4eaay a-e..2. . ual,RO Rn i> “IvKo A :«“fa —4 . :ee OF Sebo Sk 25 “ att IAree tewbfae A as & “eni 4; a‘&catabu Ags ~; :x. me seine ,AMOS - =Se a:oss 0

PS eeFT Sasaat ee te, mosy te oo gage a\~ge: ee .|

Re ONS TT eSae rea ae a 7 ee Pay veel eisaSyey PeteeS oe 3Ske Boe a1La , PgRSIS - ens+>pee Pa~~ v > ei ae PL' .\anf - : f4 fi :Sony . sy ¢ ; e Paap:ygee Eg Ha ater ngs > Se ¥.2 reyp Ey&, aaa age tt eei ee, — ei

ee sf ny Age Bt. Fr ; ;ee : Hoke » a 8 eyee.eeeyo ofa | ea sa ty PRR? ug? hae ¥ Ae “Gx & “— . 2 ih inne ater a on ha -* A” ° -

ahry. “Fx+Ye irs2An a f ‘~=s ro . oS) “é ee hg NE : Ge ; t, ‘ot = Ss: Pe7, Bort Ta rie fj . 7 j . o* = Th 2g a} eee ae dies ~~ ’ . 1 pe A ’ -" - em P ' * 4 ‘he. Sa. OR RS Ba ees eer oe . ‘2

: > *¢ & ,nen a . : vie ia ee . ot f*“ :~ =weee —8 |\

= z ePe Wet.aba | ' . ; LIL >} ¥.! ae va "e *)~ .re ~—ae a.) Le, Jes ae a = oy e. ss iy “eras : oJ Pk: is a -® a , Fass aN ” q “ * ; Ld g b L al » os = es = ‘- \\ .:.’{eta v7 on 2 pee hee ; > Br. ~~ . ¥ e* e . 7 o\A'S Dee ee VW ae at Re, “an ': - ee a q ote 2 te oN ne, ras BS ee end / . ™ wae are 3 : as » a . a

Bd %& -—s en he e. es) :pe re .— >:e.aee a Vaow WS er wh, 5 | tg :S : “oF x » ; ; . . 2 "Sti a _. es , 4 —— hs) ~~ oe? ’ is Us .

:par “ey . z ¥ ) me, _ , Be | oy | sis >‘Vee .. % % ‘ uA ~ i tr gl ae Bas yh } : ye , ; i Pe Q : a Wie P n'y x — ee , of , 7 - —\ 5 ‘ a

r—' Ay y ® Sy _— " , b gt rs Py” 7 “1 Z , Perr. “ey mane: ~ aw : A a 4 ‘ ae

-~ ss ey

Pe

\\ }%er | 3 Y . a a ad |4)é|ae FBe * am oo : aA : “+rod Ft oad - .ae )ee ) a od : iy by RS event ie ea! hee, Petes. | y‘ Re ten iS *ww rs * :a a. \| €*: Prisa ‘J ¥s ap . “ es : ‘*.’ er — 7 , 7 : ‘s 3 _ | \. ; =a A . |7 ve Bis. Ut Beare, re és ‘ — a ~ yy \ + - as ie, J a . - . Se

“Nr . 7 q

P 4 . *. a ce Tx ‘ ‘ es 8 ; . \;“4 . ; io o ~ = ‘ 7 : bh & \ ms > . = . % ‘ Pak . 44 ~~ ; : + . a = ey = . Pi ns oe : | Primeval Eden Eve tempts Adam in this conventionally lush 19th-century depiction of the Biblical Garden of Eden. But, for modern geneticists. the true Eden may have been the African savanna, where a dark-skinned Eve perhaps lived some 200,000 years ago.

°. ‘; , wet, , R

bt ; _— : ld —_ a , F . “AD bes= % ~Be So; sia ‘a ‘ , . cea Rk 2 # # $' Sz

\; ,Z>*~~ 7i Sa*.Re i . 4 2 ¥ ; a el 5 Sax po . re rye ; alas es an a r

:istart. , 1 eae , ooo e as 7: wat =A oie be ee -.. 2 ae , Seky 2 : ; Pi fh, < b? he ° > |

“ae “tif. im N | f ~~ A a aweee . e aa ‘4 ,A i,"cr, 2

Dd Cae i ee X , : if. ae As \ |y=. | > a wee eo ae OFF f Ait E ' silt haw sa WN Gh i tty } ‘? ’ (5 YS : Le % : { z :i=3é .ey—Q i£ FJ 4ae : age! ‘iS >. & spi£PnP aN f cs Ps 5or pane cou : Prati: ; & ‘i es —. x ‘3 ti 3 j -

[oe Wes a ae Se>, :SS lll.a“Soon: cee” iMe ee /j//f@) : eed &

a

2.3. The Power Tools From Stone Age to theofMachine Age, the = ( a. fT human hands have shaped technological progress (right, anour eS ,SS bd 6, ie ree,etoe

. be . . Gea: - . “a za held : y % ns, es as‘anatomically modern Homo | ,|f a a ‘ ‘ . xe G ‘ aR Bohs. sapiens sapiens? Stone the tools and the. ,\ we a4 fossil record provide answer. \) -)Fae),

archaeologist recreates the ancient es. =< ee skill of flintknapping; above, workers fe a. . 2 on a production ; a) humans as dextrousline). with But theirwere handsearly yy ~ *ts3”, =

| 3. BS. \ ee

\ ( ¥ mn A me HH

ao ee i ; » . P - in < | oo c oY ~.

4InThe Birth of Language ae, ae 9, addition to toolmaking, fully, st gil. _’ ©

i ry etl cei . Stkras |) ag : > yl ¢ eed tell stories and pass on our collective - tie wisdom to the next generation. A ; _ of learning a ,language (right) by the rt... te , . . & “ae ageal of four or five. When did < this il os special gift evolve? Were . | Bs

articulate speech Through is another speech uniquelywe Peul ‘_ eae | a human ability. communicate with one another, we m Ae ? child can achieve the prodigious feat X . 4 F

anatomically humans the- .‘*5 *: oy first to “speakmodern in tongues, or did ay their predecessors do they so ashave well? «ee :oe Some scientists think the“8, oon

answer. - _ m4 wy

:E ~~ na*7 es

j ‘ a ain Py Se — % F/ sabi.

Ss saree a

$03 aea { pf h “Alaa Sate kis||P ia : a oil tre ae net

SRP i i eZ a) e in

_ . [aoe = 2 . aed Dh as Arie: Ane ae 1 og? Sa . Navan , . re

te | co Hage os ew ae i me ys meena < ,i} 7577 14 yt Ne ate an 8=eewet cnn Pe ek a>Re es ' oral : Pale “iI we ay A : oy Dts — a. “ ee

3 el g Oy i le ‘ee - , Wey _ —“— Fd

etic Ue 4 AMS AeNae a , ey=.| ;\.hp= Pa Blogee . tax,mC . os 5on SJBss|Bee | ie BEi‘a: Je y . e speech, .i> _VGrfi a De %| Like i \ toolmaking / j A : and . yy ir our

4) ~*~ yy ca . : - - ' ; ¢ o

S gy ci , 4 wt ae capacity for art — the ability to = 3, | aeAe | Bio imagine and represent oe\| \« | Vy “de ‘Id tside ourselvesstructured — sets u

, id :aN } “ :OS Ww .Py a7."th >. hi ‘ ~. 5 / ee \ qt - E : .

omit ish 4 ee (| ar worlds outside ourselves — sets us ; Tam \\ ieee ? Racy a apart from other animals. An orang | a Ng ‘ aan ale + utan, when put before an easel a=* —_ meee a —_ —Mier May (below), enjoy ee sw OTS) an et rere Eee i Ore: a A wit yainting imwill quite anproducing individual

ee ota) >. gna’ : puke ! wf rte AN, \ i A ae Bis a4 style. But this is a far cry from the cee Ly ! .< | ih vi ba aw: eS human gilt for-accurate 4\\ Ree aa : : Wve : t;’ t : - . : 7 "a ; A } To ‘ . vr _ Far. on | wa /* &tofae FU ree— PS French manuscript illumination). we), ee i a ie ; ; eS) ea,|, an Archacologists have been studying BB \ \/ as # wr ' yo ; es : —_ ns Ws WA ene. ee - Bre Se whether notartartisisfound foundamong among (a AWG a eo sin\ SS eC etheroror}

.||

eh {oY = ei 4 & PO aK enY representation (left, a l4th-century

i —\— - : eee “ - ‘

| SS ee ee Gn pre-modern human species. R

—— = NSS hy .falAWi y : ) ,.YER. RRRRE :.Et yiaWHS : |‘e ih _— |;: t i ‘ ;eer) >.)SH Lf AA : hd ay Vf | . ) © | f 3 RP | | 5 ee | \ | Ge’ eS

i Brae i, ; ijSahn 5| : |i.HtSa, 04 F =< a ac! ‘gee oe 4cow y {i— riibe& R= ‘oe a “ . & a . ‘: >e.ee.Jf|i. ; / 4 a a ’ oe oh sai

mht Re as =

= “ia e ~~ |

Z eaBa ee —Bs, 4 ys a)

Ja > ,ya gfee *‘ f=.oo fo po . ——_—_B ae = > ie-f} # oan Y — ‘é;a44.47ig7WV 7 we a Za BR a ay , —s }/ & Jan . we fe” “ : % 2 /j Ne dG > Coa cA Az ik ay . " b ey f ‘oar 4Mi .) 4byLpreF.PETS tiga Hi YEN i a £ee: oa / iM & Ne |) cms ;iife $ J 7 ih ; } Pe 4 svg Ag . = Ip. i)uo__SOF 'a| —ag3, .s 5AZp: 4, 8 cP ‘ es=+wh Pt aaH;4,CAT 7s, . LI \\ pe 7J aag a‘ie aeLL Ul as58 44 & = ~~ SR cooler, ire. were ‘ate climates L >three figures, the process °o an whet. © s“Cl, CC \. sNANsS oflast Europe ¢Lee : :im temperate LSUTes, ms rt Crm (¢ . last tabra SCnoo -vOtve mNtoO Mode >of the. Candelabra ayHUMANS (aADoCE, Ca: — CHEVE Wa rove, three al the C ight)? Proponents oparts : ‘the world modern Me ‘ Ion In many dille c on Terent he rivht): : parts oO ww ° ont evolution i : ydern humans . lve nde enden ae al modem ctl Ay 4) QO V 1 " ‘ ch 1 nN } ITOCESS INV CVeCPVr, Mamnle ‘ . }ofathe “bE heory, osNnnts . ]ates Noe . S>rom avocates the . aaye 71 I‘re 7 Psmito .LOW »} OUNeT CON .Le€ 7i anc . . 1 spre:

inALTIC ‘merged fin stAfrica, in “ Cc & 2“cf

+4 2

iGPa p. ["G, Fy NE ;aebyNE WsgeaSauFH

ages

pte aaa 1 jBir ‘t—— . 4 v AW Ct ohae:Le oe AS50ei ‘ ae Wn 3 hee . ’ |low RET TPES beg PRL) ek a AVA rt|“te Fpast & ’ é4 : Buca2ye etenites Seas ahso P95 sa KR oe Vort bh y ey gee Fed : ro

SAT La 3had eSSSB Pr piten he EeTE Se:Sia TH Exe SS a ’Ys BPI be oaiefeMeee 5SieMass |,peeAaa deh? ial :( Wert, Se, ‘8 $ff 4fya 7, ge 2| be ee eae Nasi ge ee >%ee aOeH vam a Se aren: ee “aaa oeAPe CeVegit fe ee nag KsLim SUP;Ci +7,eh Oepais bei| Jie Sg iLF\wae PG pit See. t ae da ae ee it Fees Yee es 7) fate big“HAN oe ie Seer bs toi? Ppa‘pase Grice, BS ae FB

reek a i Nate ge ee Sy 7. ies Jn Ry Rw of

NPSED ead a8, Sy Mewee eaxwy hy SSR Nor:teBeFr:cy Pes FS F, fgae we Bi % Rat fea ty See yer) ‘ CY BE fe fiNG ae GMs eras Y tect Mose) 2 ASAgi) Mh ppg. AN Ne Ane/p WBS ©er oe,

foesEeiseeestSk « ,rteeRo “ we oe Mey gh adVi oeep gia." 2 ‘gi ee§a;is. "oa deldiced ac eeood \ aepion Oe /pean SF: en ie Be eae ¥: aAEP mre. i. Seine bet Meee. eee SG Vag Me ao > ho. . fae 2 cae ee a . me a. » 4 ale ts wl ie & Us rs Menke, © Sea als rn ae ba Cy P $i sik ¢ as = h > 3 i Se Sk eee : A fe oe aS -: rm er 4 Pemhag |fiyh eeyam tee Lad ee Da elle Re SN a 80K ihgs 4 eR ees ae “w / enae date § tin” i. tt: Aan Gaal wh p Hae 1) ne a 0 bse shit jhe te Oe i + ys a eae a Go

Sa oo Sth Pp a een age 8 ns eI AS: a . Ses ‘

se het OS; oe, AO Week ONG oaReds Bier aAe 7y= a ta At :2] xmi H vesy, itsAe, ea ae s oe, whe ry re! OY ;Ces aro Laat ‘. Pome . ;eae rysiaf 2~ aPp fPe ay -a ae *iePron’ a‘es Vg pyaeSa SkORES saoe Py | eseg res Oe tes P Ay ee ¥:Zo3 Nl : ae ae }Midi Pom | Se ay Psae "ie ‘. aafy , . m sO io ne oe ¥ aah R. | ¥; ae a ae, = BC caitlin! "SSG Me 2 ee, s < oe oF Tee . eae oa eg + ¢ytty. ores JN:hy el Faia ha fre - ore

a ete ——_—. RO ie ee ep eh ee OS net ae oo fae RNS ae 1 Fee Bi Bases Se 3 cee,

: .ee. r: :ykewes aaels ae kBes toeEY Cad Sy mh "athe is poe po+ eee Ny 4 a egHiss fe Ak eeRe? mana ie a.ae‘ZAan A ~22, Eee » we ae oe i. cae ie -3 i ie ee, spjs 13 *y Wge sh me Wy, Soe eeyy %) ve a .oii} Ny Phir 1Sia BehBa A Pais 9: AN (oan F& +t. P Tes - sete etmF ae . a4,iad igh iti laginae. SARC timers aN 8 a AA BAER 2.) FNS Gi RN SN ee eee Besoth PEAaiffEhrapUTD : ,;

| i. ‘> sia %ati aa i taRe BY aayBY AS eee. Wea ERA OH RAs ei‘ EN ae. *i ie. Et\ "eG e,z 3A 4 ; . ‘ i:7FikoN \ijP* pts wee i :A4S roa aed\ EEN :mr, \\ ae ae 5Ry BK! Vike \eaai: 2:Uhl, va WA Af Na ay# 1aes, are éiBek Ce BE) SY \ . a \ al sabia ? “ae ’ i ak ! “r . 3 Mi , Vy ae Bs NN “i aaah te Sheath Gy, ae : bg 7 i 7 aa Ree : 5» =Prx ‘, 4ih attiBt a Ne va 4Pa Nwe , aeCa Saae aewato hy hae kG Je Hos yay ae8h, Ik vMi bp wo Uea,oN -» pal Nak: ats ae SON, SCRE Sid /4).\ CO Y1 rec 44YT! eae ae—s tT :B ope CE ANE 2OPH, SATEe RE igs Fa ee tee=erae ee

ooPEO if \ So ty, Bs be ee >Wes Rs Wh ee my Se :*flshe ies 2+ nee ae ceit By Sag. Stes we 4wey Veer? aGY YGAe SPU, ies >VS Gage fora | tae ro. ‘i ; Margi eePAB aEM Shia ao ay1Mw ||Vy es =ef So SX iy. TS : ‘ | 1X 6 EEE me , gs : etaad yerGi {atMe ByaRN Sey iY, A Ee SLO ’ ie >AC 2 a cag -ore ce ee heSSO sie Arey ES TSS Byrtt Pe Ri yFe &éPs| aaa in 4isigPalas Eat i| nae 1)vay. "ih FSISMN PF LZeee a) ie if ao)Wa x) Aa Ve‘ Yo Cas Sipe «4:ATS rib £ OY ra .tubv Der fce t eR UE .'eaee tasae Tcen he oe OOSey "pee 2.aoa Fees. YY, a | he Lo cow fy ee,QD Lani Fipsth oe po eet teyt % iaeasP| ah &aes) f yywy eae. SA FrNeed Be ag*;ete ’wet Nig,WN, Wises ZBdN OzFao ay bho A" ,a: > 7/3 24 er\ eI :| : hey Y aS 2 a ; Be LOR uA} 3 7} Vy ’ Steg Hye 4 ‘ 4 ae a Paes RNS BN oat Noa Re 7 Sie tipa 2 ARS Pe SSS oF BS R ees oe: he PY Wes a? ae A> > VE Poe.

ee‘ :4awee 8wy77RY Coe p} NOF, CSBernd oe Ps 9>a>'s5SCy en bd, FRR bates a elon ,F . ae ? : ;y) be ~1)> Breat a\ Saher 4S *iNie ies 3 Boe BS, ee Freyaean txt BAe ttPN« AS: a ow tn}SS . ae =1\ Ps BANS > eS 4 Ne~zEe sr, Sstee: at kos ( 2)AVON *éyasogee lay —— = ’ .Sp ») ‘ +. . —e . > y eae esIE of AN Sa Ath = Asie oe eae Basso Pa Pe aes ARS& ae a eo Ge. Yr yy: at tM Pat. 5,2 a, i Pe ‘s a s* maid te =is . n 1 a :P“ie ’ _are =e aN G -ie ; tPS ‘ a Ey “ Bg. \ Pvp rieee ianAN ventRah % ot bsNN we ia aoda)*,SSG) Ay tad Sa,Aa 4 | ey se $2 7 a ot‘ a2 $pesewe ¢, =: +Ean S\/oe wyy ON one%Oa i une Wa Mga pie, Lis * ‘20 te =>". Bae.

oe at Om ae a te | Bk ee es eae meee:

Ya 7 OT at ‘he ee he Se a $8 fees -f© ; agaon > - . rh, » “ak.Aes SES ’ ¥ Syghee. Won ae ja hexents : Jen ‘ ‘ 2) eaeay’ ~ aty + Ores Aa 7a “+nd * .Ce _ veoy e “$s Se3 >a ake Re a »? . vee’ ei Faso t Re . 7 ok - . eae . be tV.Ce : “ awh ine ne . aw . & he é . e je EA SibsowtSs. &@\ —— HNosSANs wee - S Reon GEE aD” “sg SS = ee IA 3TON ~ => @e 1 ee ab ae afnet | . . gn OBE > 28% = (Led NG4 ae Fi 2 AE Ween bee eat:ksaevyb ieeS yt P85,< , - Bs \ ae ‘ & , 2 ales r Fe ' r ; \ t fen een wee ae Tew Pe. ae Oe : Aa SS ey jae 4 ite ” o> “2 x *, 9 “of n -A. PF) Bs 5 sok : hes Ste a a . + a

nee 2 af ee . ‘y Ray r est busy Pah i rs ais Sx Fa by ie . oa heirs toa Het Oyf a2tea ae Pp 9-11 ile lilife ‘s rather than »:Sabaa’ Immense ifois anshng ‘ea ESra2dIGE SRB Se oniSatstrac =a SA tearmed :stretching . >with \ Bspears Conant ra nethe OF noe mobile 1 hase were same ceea Cra Es |Pens 5 w . 4Cte t ants : :‘adition ape ore , of 1 ld have been arm { | skills ol the Chase | ibility to pursuc a : . Mig ge a. a I em Ge aante: PTis : —_ Pa pire 5 2 ot " as ae ve a i ] iter-gatherers an ¥ “ly ea fest)/ (ars the Pscl~ er ish aS He “pStits i a ov nah inna ] indreds thousan | y invented in later Pehae oath AeScg 5 Homeland aac The kyave « eyofyack AL : the OW ies

a aaa ew es Bee com NS: eee eae unter-get ds of years. Earh . es eaee . . ’ GX, han We, yas |Pe ters.func wou Ste lamenprey ce W sUk : ::or“a andWome an; y :‘ -. n ga aA Set is8eaDy -—eeyun 5yeEthe : rey’s ;ihstt). rete "| Ong, ik!” 4eee Ry: soe .tt), Ne 270ve eat pntha” tay ‘Cua prehistory lle knowledge the habits. final kill f food. Their et Bh) Spey Sees RF 8a. . cae ience, anbut ilol‘ a> reven days . »Wid supplies ¢ lef »et ER eS Wena Vn yee my — me Fa yatience, ¢(above), rete :of st reliable Sup] at bay ee Fee eG) iLe ,Ree bate =f iy ~ ded animal for81 hour -ovided most rel P | y| sed1elf keep‘vation stary auiol aa ‘eer ace.eeine CM 2ce Py ‘ever edible plants Sr ie 1) Se wm 5pea Se howeve ‘ange edi Ae yo oS ane 2ah he :er x‘Le af !woun collectors, ledge of athe huge Pa eee ne BR A XR ah b> 2‘tors, Se yont 3'§s = ::Or sSpl laEVE c rang GSU Fee RR Ranger acs a! adn. 4 BY is detailed knowlec ae ee eT Se Sees ial Riera oe ah bat ee during lean years. it Se Ae y ‘ F me Se es ~ i ee e\ earl ee eeae. | br, Tinbissiy. page es i: Gale Pe 7. ea feOy)ops coloy ees ban wf SASS Yea eewee eetws3 “¥e™ rs Re, beTEAR a>} ae + oa P ee s pul aaa % & sain, Gas Barren Mit ie’ a Aah Rees : SS ae aceWSs yaoSIRS ORR Mfm:So, ~ ae ae beet Paes. pe WER oS Dee ye ote ie’ uw a ere Rey: ey, Ri Re \ sere? », sy a Aas:

REMAN. A £teaDae St ee Steg SOAR Sas ialIsat ey aie ti Stale

7 en CS ae We eeee nf 14 See ys, Hel AY, J : lhe i “Les [> eas !ens oo aDE eee. AE SAP et SEN

2s 4 ga on ee

ENCE RU ORG Oe i ICeae I aUK RC see saiseaiee as eMC INE comm Ee sieee | ae oe eer Ri Me ISG PUNE IIE alee aii aii Mh

a.A _ Pe onGel aee a omee iaesieeea. ? ceOe Moh oe Me oe Gs ee a 1 om aie :STEN os on? ]AUS i.| a—. Joe ies Lee, ee Cg aea. ee mee iee aiOT ons aasay Oe Pe acc22 eee Be eas Oe bea ANN aeS aees eaMAM Ne ge eeBee Rae hy aeaePeobOe ae oye .ay re : aLe Ie of aes a -aa ei .Me os ae iONE ee be Oo) en ee icee oe res ee Be ee NG oa Oe, 7 Aa coieafe Teae Ne aeeica eSaaeee ioy aeieee HWP Mette isOMS eg Ee ga uN ee geies ieele ieCea aei|ae ET aOe as,me Meco ee eee eM OD eeDe ig Cie al Rae 2. SID aM PA OAS NG ee, EE aN a Ogg Sher a le AUG aor Mie ec ASO a Bg IN rE a eee ie. ES sec DS ee) ee

ee ee De ee yoaa ve ieoa#Ahi OO oeoo weoy iN ee ak Se ae ag ee er ae eos oe i Nha a #?eo ¢ iB .. scemummiumnsy E eG ast.eeeoo Peeeoe Aess Los, ueoeoe PaBhOe igeeoF iy8 oe are ee a ; ga Bs ie i ae oe NGS Ha a: sa ove ow hae ie Meee Rae Ae CG P3 ay Maiti sant ial at SHOE Aah ty Coa OE een RRR ee gue ae ig ie as TM 8 Gh i ye PONE i a ae ae a -

ee ee- ee it Mae ae kg: is Oe USE cag a Oh ae a ec sii om ae Sefe CE oeoeees weOs so Eeee gliaBN Site ee panne. osue oe Pehas iedae. on en:nea eo ee 4ae iSee esaaeoe aea as hig aSUA Ce it, oo vo Osae Pi esOs Feage Be a . oe ,et bvata‘,ee? oy ots oe. PSa Oe ieee aege iia, een >aeaeee i saeafk on gee a oe i a sea he, ee We oo ac este as Oe aoe iol aee aea oeCO ature PG CONG Me 2 Cee Roe ee Tall Pe aaes ae,oe ee ON eeWi oe egOe Me RR a FN7 a aye reae ae oc arcs Wesi we i ae ON Dah ee a ee a ee oa ae, a : ts eo a, cae ee a ee ee ON ay oh ae Be a A oe ee lca eee liana RO eee ewer ae ae Eel as tien ae ian se ee Bi laa. © ek a, AM ig: He dee Sei eee oePigoo! oG, i se asinaehg. nel ant aeRee a eee SOG Sa IMee a ee ey aReg BON SUSEhE eee cy IS Re as Sogn SP SM, os Hie ea aea se CU esTN ee), Oo 3 esSO ume26 ARE BON as Te OG Se OS tame eae OUI eee 8aE RoeSe Se Sale 1 ZAR ER lasaTee ub Capra allayae Ee RE Ae ae a Nae oe Glas beak Gatees Sh asDaly SM, Agi . 4RR Bie aeoh aces” aid Sk,Peer MAN ae. ee

a ..

oe Peeure Uhcllaee day elie aa ieeeCG iNAMON LO NNN igcgnenan os api ag ieT eea .1BNA Ue ateGha eeaieOg OC alas ee ZN Wa ie eae z eGas YSain. “Ex Oo eae a ia Sr 1 slick oe IRE a OCHee i ime HSC Ee. aeON iaE GetS aeOrgs aes Oe ie Bay OR EoEN MT Gaee akiaA NIeR MDE yedeae boRE BON oy Wan. eh wge aee en BE EN, 0,re SMR ORE Tezspaki asa aee aeAlees cael Ns a Co, aT Te ai RC Fsoe elCS a ane HsAe Ore ie ati,LE TG GSO assike arin ea Ln Mi mae eee GGaan a an DUR a reas . ppg’? Soames “gl ReSema! cuRO NR8 eas icoe Be Fod aE IRR SI AV ehsophie RR sae i Pe Seaage HsaS ewe OeieAN Ria ie1ig ue en aSeeea iA a Beee agesRT Oaaro eiee UePe een Pe ee Tie NP 0, Re OeTae ae Ne ee Sine MON ee a ee RE. -ee eee a OS Shee ame NRG R EN ea ae:ay: aePeaceee anine(Uae ee Iae ACO ies Oa Oe ae as ee Ee Tae RE ee og HUME Ceo aOE a Eee oe aCR ee tas eTees he Tiegh gene ealPe i RN Dane Mer ff Tice wa: greo eel,Sabe, S| hag a aed SsBaa ON UR aiSOCU BaRr DEON oe Noa: RK aeeeSS a est NE A Na Ce |eeSiR PO en oe alt UG ee RCO ie: ory” eeSeaeitail Maia tein gg ol hy Se ca ott bo en be ee ay |. Ree aeee BSS RRS v hia Pe ae Mea eS FEO. Fe scWeis Bee i em eR ey yeDa ee ak Re eaMae yrae eC aL Re Oe ieee bc Ree Ps uaeasi ate gy ls? Sp 7 Magi Nyee GRRE reWise & ee ene :ty eR ae eee RON Niee ee aeeerr Augen seu ee j aa BO Hine Saupe eee one OP aeCte SE OU UE dase AA p camaname emee Aiea Mic etna CS ae , iiee oe ae Ly et aria ice eROGG Bio Oa OeSa Co es OG | ie age NVSe aeye eeMOM RO DiHAC iRs tie) NS alc eS le HES peaees4!IRR OeI eae ae ascFc. ae iilBN aaah aheeisye aeaaBoeck anae Mane eee icc aN rr a:eee A Fe Oe) Rie ANT Fe toa ON a ee ae Ga ner a i Sea ee De ie a ee ee oO ae aes. I Re ie a oe Es am es 2 NaS PERO Le isi gla, qc han Ne ae bah Mee Pe ere ee ole can PO oe as Ss ree Mi ae BO Nc Some ar ig ll Poodle le itl Peewee OS ih) ama AID aay sig eae MN 8 Olen ye Ah s a ee ee ens Lr aR Bs AG gi: UE Re Se a ees ME Oe es ee Ci ahia aaa Cos topes ee ds yar nee Mes al A Gs Ss, 3 I ed Pee: saan a Oh ERY (So Me ge ee eG mae ee Bs ail “orig lic aN a i ae oe ae Ne ee ON hanna Sk OG ite a: Ba dt hy Bh SO ON SOO ae eS A a ia ee ae Mr ce Po li a ne: wee ee Daa a ease Yi) Dog ee ek.4 ne Be ee io Bi RA Na ae SO is Ie Fe RT Fi eae eee Se ae a NN HO Gla tae ek Ac Rear ! ayes Oe re a “gh Rea SO FNS GRO DI Me a RR) Te sd SHE es ve 2 NR MIN i ae ea ee Psi sake, OSA RATES GR. a ee er A eC

ery oe ee ewe, © ; oa Pe aes Pee y oe oe a ae oe oe. : oe Ss ie a ee. ve A iti ga he He ee 2 oe ae a a, oe a a

2- aee aea Se deed eyTae ae)ee ee ak,Ceaoo eeiiece OoGt eeteite ae oe nreeaeae eee oh we ST RI 6aie oeee aeca| et ae!aeSeas aTe Osaoe a See pagerew A Eee. a, oe are ee We ee ear" LO iy ale”Oe ie oe aca cepe aiiigei 1ye. ae Hi, PORN es . Ve Oe yoeeeea ay _ aaoe ekBO ontaeoe nsaeLee Ceeeao rr ee Se Pe a eeape ao

2&OR aaaha De Oe ARR ee Saas OU kemes nS BaBa by ccikil HG a Rae PRee ae Mea ae BONs ae glce Hae? Se ge ha eee ae UN ae Sevinneey. afy) SENS ae we TenRE IG, PS oe x Le ny eeSa aa oe Bis asb Veen | Nea Hg aa i . Oe Pannen SON aa oun ooepeae ie eGOTICS os lyaieA Paaugecar fi gee ii Gil ee: CO eeAA Oesasae iai BE ane pase ,SORA era Mii Oeoeaeaai Ba. ee o ee eC a ae! Ripa Sea. i ARI i i Dc GS Nae ‘2 Leae iVe Oe ON ee aeVEL PSO aool dine He aeee OES aCe hol eS ho ttie ORG ee | LM aah Se CeO SA (iAeUM lest ne ORS Sieg Wag Oa oe.1ua ieo ea a Wak” Co t ‘aBee Le aGl Wie Meee AFiae eee Ve [oo ey Cee ais 7. ON ae wo ry a‘iee aee ae Meg ioe aAe : OG 78LEE aa “G “aeBs ee Wie oe. - iine ieg . ce aoe cehai Op hae aS eee ie ie A ieTaare ig: We aa FeO Reiaoe ae sanealad AAO eeRe en ARIE SOC Ta aeOHNO ee ae ioe eC Ae umeeuayr asMa aaoR Le Oe Te St MM Pe aoo aeIye cane Ce Cae age ee eer i ae Aiis ere A BO OT OT ig ae, aNg oa ann ee 8hod ae eeils Pastis : ee rreeRe 2eeene eree:gs lalla dle. Oe aTae A os ie ak dics, Oe ee. neecak ome a) UA ee, ane Ne ate aOeaTe A ae pt Gi*Me We os iel ee 8 es en been aeHe as aa aaaes 8I es ee tyaSe ee isee 8A he" ee aeMs ue a as UR Sa aeBete Nae i era 2Oe URE UG 3ue eCORAM aN iN uillodigh ca :Meal ceo aeAo «eae RA : ee ee i, nae re ee ig Nth Oe eeeiace aah eek ee er eeBei \Wig aeSi scr he Nees Miche Pei Pareto he ie FON oe ae ‘:ON eh aeales esi Ng ey UE og ee MN ie,eee oS # os hy ereeARE CN) nee, ares

haei Ee Ge ie en ea ee aeie Ra a7 ey se eeee hs eg ia im. ae lg aaa CT eeae cgi oe esfe unui esaTe eePaige : oo: : a oR ARG ofo og abate we _em Oe ge oe oo Cee oee Og Oe ie a,ee” We ag Pe -:He: i:a6=:ce. sea ee Re oeous ae yos OO pi ow en 7 4! ae ee Lae aD fg OO a. bo .By, — aeFf og 2. ae ee iLo - me co ey CU) NN AEG ee“oh ae : en we D ea PO TO PN pe:ST eT :._ie a. Po :ae: lr::. ee iaaaeo oe iDOSY Oe ee ha a aa eeewe i ae ae Ba ay Okhe oePeba lt eden Rs: ee eels ae eeeCe Higa IE eesaa,Yes oo Oe aEmF Oe ea - Neg ME Rooe ay!eseeaae Tee oe eyee ee iN Oe ae Ha PTPn Mae es aan : 74 ee a esiasa ae |) ee 3 To KN Ce ie) Rs oe AM os, Saige ao ome 1 je aS ge A ae Be icc x ae wh eee MME ess Sa ih uaa he a ea ee en OE Se eee ve See. Pee an ee RC Gy: fs fof ee CO eee a ne lee Oe Nae LEB es et :

oe eyvieae gece re Ce :Bie) SO ‘CO ae ae a ee awl iAePe Ge hy, alles ree ee) aOo BOT gen BO nnoa8alc ee Ne nt ; we aON ae.NRee Hee eeaeet ce.er Dene |ONION aee eae aaece. aeRR hat Oe aaa oe Ieae cw Me ue ena AR ee We we Gas 2cHh hes a ae aSea ene aes ee (ONS eae aaa eer Ns areer aaaSNe F We ronan A see Pole: joe ae ea Pe : 2 es NR espace PSie NEA a ee ae Seer PeasNC on WE MCs: eeile Be anal Geee roaOC i IN RE cae Mee tagar Ui. Saas Aeee : FC a ee : .al | aed -i ay Lo ee ee ee ae eDrBe 2able bi hig Bi ene eo PO aah ele ae ce AM ORCe Soi Be hy a BS Bee eae shag xfasee Nh eenae i ee me Oe Ce Da ee EO ae arinks” DOA aeNl Nee eraae a.BP et ee ad:ieie, :tana. : toe : : RR aene a Bciae Bi aeeae ee Na Tf ieee Pee Na oe eCae oe taeWaa Ce ates IN Ya ea ee aoe ae ‘iDae RGaa: aRore Nic FN A bag RAD Seae ee Ca en oe NOY Rea. a rae Lea ereo ea So 2pie’ A aeae eeoe i aa “ .ent :: LS a*Ce Mie ein. aae: -Us: . on . ee aaa eee eeBe Bi eh TO Ce ee SE aeom 2nilaTamer aaa :aeaoo ie Tee at ON oe a i eee es ees BeOe ee a ae [eee earl ey a oeek ce eeaeeON oe HeeaSO ie UN Eig ae” NERAiNee i, father e e eeasian Sc ena Tee anne Siei aOe ie ae 00 sidenee PARE uae: THe . o PTR MRR ES BEN Re eeCe a . : ee . ” We al ae Mla oR io IN 5. Oe a ee“aeeee en a aa ee ae, 2 "eeC2 iae gg Re me! 8Ri lg ee Wcye peeeae 2 Loe OO8nS UNEfone Een” + re aae 2 aLa ee :ng rae ee 2 SG ee a untae : weetoo : : .;. ae ae ae Coe ee ~ oe ee Boge eoanoe ‘ae Site aeiee ae GG De eee See hg ee ee iSRsee be eee oe One eae CS aoo ee ee) eeSey L:ao : wed ey = . a.) Cote oe a oe on Oe ee ae” | cee ged bovgeeet ts ae Rn ay co c. a eR: ee -eee iCIE idlei aene Me *ue aeaPees Hn aoe eee Wie oo oy oe ;:aiols ;Doe moe. :: : Mig RS ee a gee Ce eae fe eee ; . ae ee Pl a TO ee ue ae ~ ne hae ae ie Oe ee ae : : . Oe as ee aner ie 1 coe ee ee Pe ee Te i ae “gate ee a ae a ie ee ee a. ae A Oe ee Se : Pee r oes : Poa Beel rNaes aaee ae ie aaaere ae ae ea oybaSeTae po oe BeBe ORs iGer Mg. OG PT aange ae BSS aD 6RI PUR r a Ok Pee o8 Tae eeseo ae ae) Oe et ae ay Baar HE F Sanne a MS a Joes eoge i aeua F oe . vos re: .Bae na Ce une iJ. aONO eo i eee, TG oil MT DR A ade ee ‘AL I See i aaa ae ee i eganee” : ii ict kee : : ONS AEN ea : ; :foes Bhan fbn! a eRe oo” Ee a aoe Pa ee Risse CRN aes fee ae OO ccnnninen etiam”: vert Hee: an A eee vee ie ue she oe ee NPS aei: ater eee ta Ae Aae cae hcl ee ta” boe i on Re ete eee :aen ;RIG ee aSRE .aaa:.cana ele aCy at ee eee reeas ae ‘aeaee RS Mig es ON aia es sain Oc acA eae eos: ae ne. gale TG aoc. 17) a.EATS OO ans ::GOONG ::”Sigh :Se aco) SiR oe ::..P .ee Te ee [re Oe peio aES ee, ae i ig, eae ee ea eePe SCAM - Os Pah oe Pye agit it. . iJ: ————e |oe Ree hy ene NNSONI OOO Noi Eee es eee IS 8Or Ao Ae ee Bs ee Pe ie PR UT aee se Le eee mae Hoa 2Saige sau i) OR Pal aR ::aN : SO MON OES 3Oe mo.teiee eeeee Boe MN kag UNE a .ee SUS Ooh ok ee wa Bo IOR ee)iPegg ean) eel a” pee Ca ASE esata iOOM eee SO? Sey ane :F De OR poet ORR :a . -PU :Oo BeatC aa Dn :.:ete afwi : Lou ME I a ae BOE ee MG as es ga ee sola aS er aw Lo Ps ere vos 7 2 ee eek. oe Uh Ne ae a a ee Dee i ae See geo a ee ee eee ane Wess? a ; a ee : oO ae : ee ;: Me Oe LG A ae Cee ee es ra Oe RIE ee Nd OG eae Ue : ¥ US ae” . oP yaeyge Poe Higa B ; sty i ama : : we er re ws iUI i COE ee SN ie HG ae ee ESOS OCS 0 es ik RA i Mane Bs: seen So yas el ae oe ae ike © A a Ee : aS iy. gla Be ner * BE ees ee LA ene : ; : Dae le aRerSeas eeNCES LONipper LS aeeeee Oa aeRevie a es. aoe on:Ri apeeaea Bi: A) . su ae ME NR oecose: Mes OGawei base eRe ASS Bea UeUE ee Ue| ce EAN ane:aOS oe Pes is: SN Ra Reto Ne ~ Fue et ntte . 7Ni oe ii:eeOe MS :Oe . Sy a by,ty pasaoe : F Wis ie sD MAR Be BEEte ; : ::

DS 8 Sie. La :aLES a oe udCiea1 ae 8 eeeeSeee

a ee ae — oe SA ash See OS ee CEC ite oO aes a eee hae Ce aes oes oy ee BC aa oe eee pone bce ee oS hs Sey Vii ToT Sie ence Ae a Dv Ola tea BS Rr NaS Hi (eee en ee TE REO Be re Pe gs ee ME MU OLas eeees ns ee eee CeOREOR CoSaes eenies eS Lo Ceanaac Mey Py RI leesea.aE Ras es eee EIS) ere I aeAN ee ue eee SRNMOC Te Ss Rel a dost iin etemaaa bMS iculaPe ae SMe Oe ee Sea UN SSEecs ee ee NOG De cl OT ee ieaaOOO eegeo Ory) Be): WC Bee OS NSeen | aseae FSTy eeREISS Pe eMe anne eeCO BeCRRA NO ESR aeewR aaNii CO SIeeREI eeot USSEE Wipes es nae ESD anetiae Bis sae ere eAve SEERA SO ie SNereae eae 1ee Pe as EO Neee oe SE NOS NOREEN ane cee Selaene 8 RY seis al Seeain Pageieabael ita Beee iis ge eeee Shci Pe teahea Boe Ee oa Ue ee? cere un hes Oe mg| ea bc eeeeRGR DO MS SRSen ANY MS, Ses aoa) Re ee1FOIE SAE SIR ..NING SO SAGA es aR A TS aiGaN aaron: ee: INNERcaagLtceaeBeige Mame ana Br Se ee We ESee ots eae es SURE MWe Pi oO | ch ae fe , esYS OOS aNans ee IIS RSE as ee eee aa eee 1 iARS AUIS NEG ARS Aa RA RSENS isn USUE EReatin SaRG ireoeea Nes i] ee ee Bae) ee A hi Mee : Py eeeeeeeeGES aie a.OCs csSSae a ORME ee aaa Rog AE ISS ee Ry, SSS aa NS) UI RR ay Ne TCO AG PRO ee AL aS a SMe itetegeeeA sateeSN ek ey eePao a ae cid

ee eee oe ae - ae SES CN SG a et ogee: ee ais ee Be eas BES UD NEES oe ee ence ORD OSS Ss sa oa UN ne Se Bic OS i sae eee Oe eS aa CU ae es RCSB GS

_ Oe Oo cs lic). Ven. ri ee DoS I ioe Se eee es HPSS PROC ec Maas po NN ee es ee Ne ae Ree ENG, _ ae et ll Se ay: Ch ee oh Nal a ee a ees AE. Be ae! Late ee IReRS pe en Bae” LO eeREO ON eae ea See ig ee eeUNEON as ceeea SE eeee ESM Ss GseeDo Oy lsCOORG eeaOH nc SRE Seay PO Sn eS BS SE SO CMA Gs een aeSeaeae ae ee Gee byDelt eRNS Ee Eaters OOaESInN CM aoepe Se a Se Ro ee Cei VE nsESS RES a eae Ce eeeeee OR NN Ce aeCeaae ees Oe ee ue PE hens Me OSCN ENS SE Se fee a ee Mh ar eae SI aeod BRON He ONS SS esay pte BON ania Res Ree kee ee eee eer Oe De Be oa ae:ee a LSoe SEIS: Ge eee

Aae eeae Oey iy Fe eeee esee aeeae SS Ae Pa oo Bs Pe ie Ia ae (eeeoo eeSONI ee ee eS oH Oc.ayeyTos eeeaesiete ee fee Oe i:eeCe oeLa: OEaee ee ee BoaeRees ee aees ee >... . Wie

ig 228 aOs eg SOV aeeee aeeOT pe ae Lo Sa oe oe aceSO ek Fo oo es aOeRe Ce Co ee Do AOMe aN Ns i eeCNR aeg ONE OU US er ee De aeko ee Rae ea OS ee ea OO ee ae aeoHRN aeau iFOa.Se| ESR ohSe Sa es OG He NEE oeROS, ee os es as oh eeROM BOO ee aFE eeEB REO LOSE oe ea An ce FO ey BCs Le aeeBiss ae igi, ee es SN tt CO De. eet Aa ayUSC ee aaeeEN Coy ae oN ge ae Be Bees RN Oe eee pote ea Boe De os .eleee csee Sie ee OA IAN Ba Se ee ee CeDe zaee ee Wee ee A RN ROR AER ae De heSee OS ean POSES Ds ogey oeBia Ne se aeOE eeaSE Serco Boas OES fiieee Ties Ha ee ae ies Es HU es NG eho) GS SONs ae Ng aees Seite CN HR AOR Ceeee Cae aeLOVE SesSo er eenen ee eae ReCt oe ee 5ee RSA i Se aes aaa BG ES ee ere bar : ssae chee RUE BR io aSAa oa Pena i)aie See Same cece comes eee iyge Mie MUUER age 8 IRea SN SEED Sn eo es Cee Ne GO. Oe Bes oe Ba eS ay i SO OOS Es CE ERS A Eg OG Sa EER RS: NG ON aaa eae noes «Tisiae Se iROR oe IEE en ee aee Se TRUE PR en Oe es Sea SIGHS :Pe ee ees ay SONA act REO ae Se ae eta Poa De) eee ee Meee Age SE NEO | a al Se ee oR od We Be a Aas eee ee a DEM | Pe ie heer a ee SUE OEE ORR ee ieecans a as ea I Se MO Se ee ee a Se Oe by UG UN Nee ee DRE I Se | a RO ee Re Oe G oe ee SN ee ees ee aasSeaaN Ce GS ORM ees ee aS ee ee ee oe SoS aeee OOEN ia Gage Gee id eM ONaeaes aeON BeOe LRane SeSiN Be Se oe ae eee eh, SENG CA aeeeae ea Uta UU Geeasain ereae ae eeates ONIN Ses: Cs aee OG NCOCS esAeee Ol es cs esCARS REA aan BE as ee a geteMe: ace Cee eae ee Ce eee Ne, Se ES a OG whe tee Meg Pee TC ONS GOES. Ye Os aoe gee ee Ballas eae A ae PO ESA 2 HS Dee aN NG oe Oe ee eee ae ee oe Bee an | Ga aie 2 SNM DSS Ug Ce ee oe Be ee pene NG. ME OM a OS, ae es ES a a fi ae Coe ck eee eee So ued | ais Oe eee” Oe Oe Fa ee Bia OR ars CE ee ey i es Gk ate COS a os oS Og See aie ee a eee ee LOT Oe i Ml Se ae ROU AON orca OO ee LE Oe SIA Ne a Te ek ee OG AS Heide Sick es ee SN We ae on We fo Ro cs ee ee ee SIN ES SUE Sa OO) Br Bytes eee Be Cn a a eka ne ie) ae CO ee Ue ea Ce ee: A DR eee He EN UNO IS a i Ram OS, PP Nees ed OME ee: oe es BW aaa FE SR CSE IES. sil ae Oa EAS On Ain Da ERRR oe eae os ence ies SONS ag Sc gol ‘icine Uo UMM es He AG ORNs Rae ie A aes OE A Me 8 FRR as ey Ng a Ces Rees By SSC Beane ae: SC ea Oe . Oe . oe aa oe SUC OR 2 ch ak cea SE eee ey Re ee ge MSS act OS VAM Me: ee oo Pye a ‘ sain ae GE Re: ee aeAy Sens ee SOU Mes aiiaioe rR UsaiBis cs Me See RE Be PE, Bic One LUN eaeDanis al lane 5 RSun SesIeUS Ms MON Oa: Be Ba ER Waa. NaN ID EN, asGs: ONuae ae EMee OR ee eeOoee) Bae GOR MRS NC es os Cs Oe oe eeEE CDS eee, ak OCR oligs CRAG UNE Go BR aut eis gs esee Lae ESN aOe ORRIN. oS TE Oe ae ng ek OU BUS SG AO AN Oe PIOe eC aPeorig aeeaean Re, Ga PO aee ak HONE OM FONE ee neat aeUIUT ee IaaNee SN EE ns .Se aOS ee ee ea ae | ee alle ana: UMS OI begat We ase es ii Eee Cee i oe ee ee CC De io SEE Se era oo SAR .. a 2 La GN HE) TE Fe ae RO ee ee Age Ce ee 5 eb a Gy OS IOS a a ae A TN. ne. EE OS Se Se ee Se eee: a ae a ee a OO ae Oa er ee OMS Ge os aeEe eee ee) Oe: i ae ee ee pe uptime ee ae Ree Ne le EO AUN Ts Ba a re is Ra ON a ena Ss EEG i TO ae 5 Le ey MER a ae MES Se, ee Se BIE NIE SO Oe A cape ee Hee eee Ae ee eee Aaec ee en ihe iN Sa Be Ss Shade: Pe AS Boa a aman es. CE eR M7 hie us Ohta HRC IN: Nake Scere nee ENS GN CO A Nya Ee a Hac Oe NE en eS ee Be a ine ik UR TBS i) SICA slante SOE INN DORON Po ae ee ae ne aCoa ie oe saga OO NS als See ce Ce ae i Sa OO a at LS an cn Le a oe ae a ee: saat ee ee a PR TO GS ee ae ee ae Ce ae ge Co ON nc NY Oe 2 es oe ee ee nn he ae ee ae eee ee Oa aa Be a ON he OT ae ae Z| NO: SO aC NES SC Site Sa hae EONS Soe ca ae a ee ee OL aC I Se ROG Oe 2 ey SS SRE Pee SES oO eee oe ae ee ko oe oe. 4 oo ie ee ON EN ees Ree eae ge UO rs es Ha Ne LE RE ee Oe NMG i es ee CaM REE Es ee Sys eS Uy ee Ceres aanBe. Le ee ee Vy BO seNS ONG PNG A ee uN—..hlUm Pare Hee INN Pe a as a ea MR, gooa eo Ne tenAS GEO NONctASO en eee Oe RE He WE ee ea) SO. Ae aatics Sodeee Gaoees ceca Be Ne ee eeSOS EO RES RU eliejon eee ae pee is ee ekSe eae 8 oes SsHONG SONY ae NO aesa ee SA (2 UNSOOT | SOARES aN SSRI Ng ee aCe Re SAA | Aea, era ECS RGSS 8 Bee ONSEN CaS Diets UO OS oe oS ga, aGe — ee alanis — ee ee Main icg ee Me Sle aic EBL RG, ee ee Oo Meantiones Sc ees Se oe Se: Citic ee NSS aee— SSN aana|.aAee UMD aeae SeTG|oe Ga CI oy oeNoii i BN: ae ae See |eeee ae ee ae OO Aae aN aesee ayeer! 1 CEG PII i gad aeee ~~HRB SOE OO Sas eeee OE Bea: eee cna iUeeae [Ur 2GO ee OU ae we a. es ay ee eT fee COGS BO aes ee ei SE eee anne eee a ee or ance eePet NMC eee ae a rm ONC eaeese 2 FE.aON Denies oe tc saa f aaiatees ceay ee I:ee Wena eS SeeES aa CO eece eege eeae Dee BON ele Sede Rue RROD ccc pe BO} gate mee Ce PES NCES CURA, SU eet eee A NEN ay HON GONE HSE ok SR LOO STS NC Gia Meee SEE SS 8G Br Rae Pa SR 8 SU Sa SNR cae FAM er ent A sa AOR ES Zs oo ER ig se CR eT es Bios! URN eae CINE ON IRR oa Re Se

| eee ae eee a ae ae Pe NOES ERM cars CRN Meng Nae ee a he ie oe Rh MR aS a) Cs MG sAhetelioN Sa OMS varicuica ANI Pi gee SEE Se SOR ee. a SG Saari a ea > ORCAS ate ae a eae SS aul, Fa AMI NANOS x. o0: Se US Be PRIS SENS ES Beene, paneer i ONAN ESS Cas BL ee eee Ps ic 1 CON ag SUR Se ce oa Oe Ae Ge ea eS eee: NOMI NO OS) ie CGS fos WS ee ee is Oe OM as ER SE Ge OES S22 Ra Oa SNA MN CGNs Seay ENCHANT Fier aa Noll RS Se HO Nes ES aa Sith te A Pa oeM PUR a ane Seton Be Ce NE GIR SO OS nae SO BSIEN

Me Co6 eeee DO nea) eG i aaae SesPe, aeae Oe Ceoeoe . oe 4oe i ee Pio. oFhr DD af aeeoe |es|ee— 2as Te | eel ee Gi ae Co es ae Cews co 1aON iy LO:le ‘’aof . :‘; » ;.. 1/

‘ Homela H ;-1On anna , are Stre HEIL ershers are ,tl a raql ; ol . mo ay °12S * tre ¢oan wnter-Vatl : l . . MELABMO o.yeSba ‘ad t : O a ; n¢g yac . ‘TS Unters would & wnaredas lO 2 a * e lave bee ary ‘ . 1ousand . [> W NS .anspears SO Years ..‘.. | prehistor efi AWA reN ars. arly e‘.2,>>°rme V 2 t rather ' : , wen 1e€ Tunaan the bow 1 By .we I « an i W nV x e Py , re . al it ~ SO le cme ALter VIedve - thse ’Wwe , , Ww Sal »* 4 ate }eC .even cle vere NtMate chase . . dge of the pre ‘sale. ens -d animal f ‘y S Nabits, : al tor hours or eve : Ss, and an abiht toi al vs or ai af ability \ . ~*~ =“=c* collectors avs beTore C 1 . pursuc a - AC Ss, however Ys DeTOre tne inal ki | ‘ AOOVE . 1 ¢ l avove ots , provide ele M7 le rig . : YS » . . oe C n VIC eC or: . PHLADIC S . .. ,x1)" *rp ¢aVe ad -huge re 7 . . € SUPPHes - +4 oO anve .FEE ~LO0 -ware =.O©e 7’ ‘PC .7 7. n “ATS vez S ay \ +4 9 ] l A) S ¢ } V
; ae . ope . ’ . 4 » > i . oO . ze 5. as aa : = . pl , od , > ~ » ee s ; * ‘ 4 e ys wil oy “a e4 aF . — _ ae 2) aN : . ; Ls ‘5 S ‘ : » Saree ae -. : ~~. , — : 4 .s mSeee;Sy>ge18 - a it 4 Pa4‘ —>Feaoewl gee OR Re -ts le . ’ s: ». “aa Re FER DT ae a * , am J rs Pas : f he . . a + 2 i. . p ; ; . i= 5 ae ai ey Yh a, e's : > to ae oe BP eo i a ey ; —_— s ow J ae a es 4 ) ~ = f oe a 4 Se, . . ~- ~ > = 9

—> - ge 2>wre my a ae ee aee: 4es' ae ee : ; ,-Lwe ss x a ae) 23 “aie -” ~ 7 ee ad OT Ne ee ke ee | ° ae ge ¥ , _— Ps a oo . & : . 7 “4 a ll ’ 4 e. 5 > «:" — A “ . * Se .’ _: , - 3 ‘/ ’3/ ¢-ee * ~ yy a= Ju an, , IAN 4 © Y hg “> a ve Ree ee ) a ’ 4 en “ 4 . an

Pref ail a ari! ee omeBh = ots. ne 4 -‘ fp 82S its , ; Ew as, :\hh Lg +1 A —_ oe Sh Bs . , y a i ee aie > at ie 33 >, ~eil4>. ;a Ag bs a 4 Fi ee nal =e, oes \ S ah os Ye ee ee w= ee eeWe :72 wi— “|“yo -age Ba oo Peete : Be" ; , e ae Alem ~. . a * a ; te SJ 4 fa ~~ ioe .> ¥ wea = : oo ? .tagee... 4a 4tur As ia”ea7 :2.) aad a Ba 3. ~t a -* ’-.tos >- P"* *.5oer 7ta a My St:

,A a ents alegre. ae ae tee OPE -, ae had aoe.ne ee ee OE ae ig * z=SS.

Be ere. ho appt. 2 eds = Gatien. - opt Oe¢ ‘ ae Re Ba FS, 4 a ems © avd “ . 2 = . ° ORR : . 7 Beard ;:a . _¥

| . . . bs . bs ‘ r , s = ‘ , a . :

13 Belief in an Afterlife? The Neanderthals were the first humans to bury thei dead. This scene reconstructs the burial of a Neanderthal child at Teshik-Tash in central Asia some 50,000 years ago.

i \ ‘4 \ ae x . ag a7 " :

oo) ae ¥/ id ‘ : =‘— ~ > : , eae . . a = 4 a % lon “aes . Por sel van WE of Wak. > ae 2 « es rs p re Tr aaa NS «ti or, . Gis ans Kea | ‘j : f = “ Z TA — ' bee ‘‘ ;ce a ‘ o et i ra in % oa } owe 4 " ee : , hs o ; sa a soi? “bh ~ + a i sol e uy dae — ne LE FP 2 ek ey och} gO = ; nee £ ¥ ad . WG A i Fa er: yt ‘ is = Sees ' “ (ff ; ’ a az E ay => x i sare

i ab eee eh aes . ai »re » akee . eo i_ F7a r ’ : re , en ae a. 2 eae,. 7pit phe | ; ort ue } ee a ee :PR. a es ‘ y . . ‘ PONS Eb: 97 bi Z f = : 5oteene Amene , “_ oats aS i \" i , (ee Ps He, ;: :NA \ . \" y 4 é Se eee. ee © \ f Neg

Pi: . ewe ae = iyme . i= , _— ED rr ¥ 7\ ae"fy, i a luisee r’ Py S| mT m™ 5 os \ , fn Ui ' i) : .s

y ZN ee “ % \ Ss nny \ . sis! “ 4 . . 3 aes. }) Z , \ ‘ stint =e \ : y. Bs : tae Jee ae oe OY, \ es SS . /, : : gs ; < < ad ° AN \ y Kei, } r \\ \ \ / \ : ° ’ ’ a Wee Vs af eet” Af ~ £Oe Son \ 4 *+.~ me. é

— ; \\ ( »-= re ‘ie Ae VN A \ -/ ny

“ae 2 : ™ : N) % Ax \ ' ‘A, : + ~, a! % » 7 2. SEEN . \ } \ 5 $ ‘i ’aoe ‘ . : ENG \/ ; WNL | 7c % neal rfi.“4 ]\ cI :: AS, Any’ 8‘ tie % vr. NMSea \ Is \N\% caseui ) aty. Wiitin, \hia Ti\ Ce ©)ryAeennmusculature 14.15. The and Harsh World of the European Neanderthals With their powerful robust physique, the Neanderthals were specially adapted to the

‘ eu j severe conditions of central and western Europe during the last glaciation. But . ' they may have lacked the manual dexterity and fully developed speech which gave

. ' more lightly built modern humans the competitive edge after 40,000 years ago.

'

ee : eee es . ee oe S :

oe oe ee :

8 S . . :: :;, ye : ot :HE : eee :Lay sre Sagas Eee eecee eos oe vePEE: rete ee” ee EE es ee Ce ee _ ss ; ; ‘ eee aera os oe ee . oe ee ee ee ee . . : HE Sn Rie es Ce ee ._ ee es aeeess: : wt ee oe Ss cee ESE eeoe po ee : : °.: .:.::%: eae Pees geesee Es & Ls oe . 5oees oe ee oe. BAGS. : :7 Pepto . :: -: en Phy Pees See SI Ee Hs BO Ee Pe ee oo aeeeeS Sea.oe See eeLo ey ses . . a Loe : : . : . WEES : petra B a EE SSRCS Ss eee Pas ISS eae De ees pr canes senie nce

HE Se Ee i:§sith : . : es ona ‘.SoS SAE peaaecate eee if ee ea:prams ae SESS BrOU Staas SEGeo EBS IS ee eeCe eeLs ESS os ane se Ss ee seen! : :woh D. ee WETS OE EES AEE eeBons Ee SUES oo Se Es RESON DUG Uee EDO éBATE : .le&OES: :.‘Seach :;SHOE ee ee HEE neRES SEE DSGe Es, Bee es ; :coer gepores Bebre ge 203 FPOA SIRS oe . es eeee eeeS Sees eeeee ee -ees eee le ae De aeanien LOU Ae ese aE oe: ee Cee Bo ee Es

oo Sne:;’Lied aayers : eS aS sa slCEES ro eee a _eee oo oe Co oe . ee . eeoe oO Perret Perea ere we : oe oes eeOs LS aS :: :ae ; ae ee ihN vegs eae pee erat eters ESS eeee iCee oeoo ee. aoe | Tl ee a_Ce oe 8ee Re ee EGE ES Sa — _~~ Co 7D : ; a ; a eee ee oe es oe |. ee 2 eae fs : son — PSs oeao oeaeLOG NaN & : Paes pene reneeee ee Ss ereered sare eae Les ~=—r—eEB eee gS eee eee one7 oe Bee roe ae Lee . PU Woiaiieis: ceeeerioated see oe oo a eee aS = eas (ee oe Oe ee ee eee ee ee ee Oe as ee ee es 2 ee Se . es ee ee ee :Oe : foe Oete ae Fa oe — ie eas iyCC Ss eeee ees— ee ie——r—“‘“_ ee ee . es ee eee EES EE _ fe —on acces eeeeoe See Bess : eaeag Tee ae eaee ee Coe Res ee CUEns eee eee ae os iisiiaenten ee Pe ane oe oo ees | Se ee s ae ee 2S igi RS Spee DGS ee as Lira ee SS Swat vijieaae EEUEES SEES ey Se ae EES ee ee pees eee I ee ee Poa eee Seas EE ie EE:

es De ee ME cee See ee ee ee ee eae LO ee ue Le 2 i. es ee ee

eee Ses:::es oy Bee ha SRL Rs he Bees Pee PRE RETE G5 en ieee eeEee tesane ES ees Oe SOS So eeeeRs Resets —HO ee Ro Ree Ss as Oe aoe Le cae ere eSee eo ame TE MOS egear CR eeONG Cn oes ~~. — ee Le oeee a Heed Nas oeey oe ae Spee! IN DS’ eee EROS SEGRE BONIS eS a aoo. eee) oes SSSoe ee Loe eeene se ee ees Beare ae eee bayek iene reyAC ere Oe ee ee “agi 7Eee ee en eeOk aees eS eS Beess SE_Oe ee ideeUGH esSE SNES SS oo. oe . . : Pe es ea eee ee eee DORR ae ve Be ges Pe ou —— . ee CeO ee Dee ee Ce SEBO . ° : ihe Coane aoe Pigs:foe ‘aoe3Paeck eee 2 RRS es Ae aePe oa 2cee Adega ea eeCee SMBS etic aBr SORene SSA By Ee eitee ESIC NG a aesee Ce HE hrs SO SN ass Boen ee RSET SRSe eres a. einen GES eee eesSo SE: eae Cc .oe : Rese eB ay oePe See asta ee esc eeOEECOs: oe ES gc ESS foes eeeee es ee ee eee oe eh oe Sales Lo Loe ae I is oe ee eee BOGGS eS ie yee ee ee oe ee oe — EE | Bee .es7:es ; oSSe eae eerr: ,eae aeeeies He esee ot-eege oeoeaereeS a eeBee Rag RG EoTes Sega oe ee es eePOO. oe oe en eeCEES Ceeee oe ee :zes ;Bienes oh ol gereeoe esa of ue Se re eee Ce aes Ce oy oe:eon as ee Pres oe oo eea 2Segue ee Pf hgeheee pee ae ee oe: ERS Le es ee eaoe esOE [> ee i eeees z iess leERS ee 38 james ae oaaee porate Bi ENS ae LU Ses hl ausBs AaaELIS Dae eeeee Rheeae teBe Bea eae SO oaes bee EERE ee ce ee ae SeeeS oeesyee eg ook aan a aCa ale ESM ees eiseee aDees ae ici Boe eeee OS 8 eeae es ee Oe ere ieESOe a eeBe ee aiA —Be ee ee a of ee ee Dee . wee oe ve WO SNE pee eee er: pa eo Fe ‘ . eae eee oe os a! ees fos eee a ee , Be ee . ee eS: eee le es eee Srna es giana peu eae Beer ee2 De:aSEE EET ENoo. is pee eee pease veeoe 1) keeo HGoo ele s _..ee . ASSee ase WEES Sea TaD arene eyOt i a DES SAGER SOON 2 EROS S a CO aE EEN ._.. oF. i. i HO a, ow a ee oo... oe We oe ie Ea Lee Ys oo Oe oo ee. se oe aGes eeGeaaeae ue ee he oe |ietena? ee oe ae a3$5oe nS ee we eeuae Oe ee ee EE Ogee Eas OeLies: ug eeoe SIA ata HE ee EecBe aeee cae seer iii SIE ee ae SoS: :eeseae PGS eer oieeee Cr) eae OS Se Ce) oeLees aBUie Bs ORS SS LA i SS RecA Pe ay oe | i By ieee aace oy ASB, ee. Be ge YGy eee oe ERE SN eis Bi| iieee canine eercconeeea eesmo cee pees Barre recat |oe aesaant BAD Ce LS PIO ae se Oe Se iialites ea: HRS en OOS Mere y ee Phase BAGH eeeaeON oe SEES RON De De ee aeer ae Peloreet Rr ee Cg ee eres oi seat ane aneDaan ie peer Aeeeee Ri 2a ae SSNS ShesNe ee asOR Waites eG Se! ere re ee SN oe CoSe ee a ee SS. on in ee eee a Ts aaa oe oF HERE Sg oe ae i fy ke Me a ee ele oe oe oe Lee ae ee OC NS NORTE AN ee Ct ee al eae eesee ce ee eeeDo ieeeeseeeR eeeaPaper ee eae ay Beiee aes el eae RRSrri URS San esas—. Pe oo a oege: gueeeRsSeeneas MeSENOS SOS Gesrtot ake Oe ooLe OF ooee coeSk aeeeeSee i or Beare eee | ee Seema Cee Se_Te |... ee a ee ce we Es ey eS. a ce Ce. = ea ee i 7

* ay . f . »Y > , : ; “€ erl vi wr . .ooa:.mamr+ 7;‘.reaCc*stmmec N e xterity ‘ . * rq » y* -eve .a)lastsy. ‘bulOV1€\ ¢: g.RY the . af °Wea ) vpn

Z*%] lia es77 ea a: We oo OLE Gee aLAs) Pes: ee Oa aW eeOy es Bs. aneeT ee He? ROE eo pang t That)7ES eC faeaee a eee aeOR Lee : Re aaoie & — ys ::;a. rs .esoe .......... oLe eee sean eon ; 3ON, secu tHod ,aan Seee ee : ses Cc ]uy‘ ieC a nO}t Cc 4 ae u *oeenosLo oS 8‘ oo eeeas: acla -{ - ay na W nats wer Nave vestern E : -powe ere rfu . more the stern specla lys@‘; QO re -Ylig 1VY 1‘lacked ‘ and ad( lack eC. We °ur «< ay Ut a]CQO C tay l 5Vv . oa

ernwmMans | rityompetiti fed ast glaciati : tfand ULLYV d4.WV -~ped 71ation 1 SCc °YQ I- itive .“| seeen - ¢wl cl| ( ) u

By ) VC% ’ r “~

.

¢~e

LUE.

het er — > a : “ : . Ly © 7Pam es as p i:ii¢ a. 5; ae hsSS ‘ - ~~ Sey. oe » +: ‘'y°Sy AN ®D ‘kh. * OSes

AyesGe Lee bsaSasoe! ‘A Seae .. aa .} :ag, Sar SSR ae « “ar nei Tek ma : Seo¥ a, \ ere , - A * ‘*, aA “ep WW ~ es 4 ‘ *-) ort

Bi! gel) Me! eu », yir aioe 2» FS ae ee a te : P beae Ras x : Ss R * ~ a tee . rs Sees re Gage Oe - s an

A 5, e oss : ~ ~ a RR Fs ‘ .: ~4ae~. — i. ke.; 2 ig oe Sete~asi ge ‘ ; ! fe . y+. if ot, nit: : ~~ a 7 pn= : &@) 9 pe As _ is -_ .’:+7Ye . * ‘ »* 2 . te ¥ . — e ‘Ve by it : N ae —e; --

= ’ e-_ . ~A 4 . ‘ae > — “ie - 4 ae

fie (ee

oe ¥ Ae Pca: fF ewee i ae ae — % : at y ‘ * > ‘ 2 ; » ial .* ‘ ; } : f ‘ .

‘ *3Ne. rs —ee ad a 2h : i. > ¢< :%- te~~ ~“Y— &. ° Soa = _ =-_* as : a

16-19 Exeavations in the Near East The British archaeologist S Dorothy Garrod was a pioneer of Stone Age studies. Her excavations in the caves of Mount Carmel, near Haifa, during the 1920s and 1930s (above) revealed remains of both Neanderthals and anatomically modern people (below),

. AS m py 4 4 t 4 : e . ¢ r ra ~~ 2 Z ¥ o 4: 4 e7« ne a ° “Ny 2 f“s.j ~ a we ”= my, of , «a a oe“_wr, “ ra« ,»: ‘ : 3 ¥ | a. ‘

is : I ; NA : =; a,4 >. mY WP iH ie ett se a>a-ae ~~.

AVE ‘ ; LA 4 » lite! ee Wik ge , em OO aie a+ Be aS HA eeWii, | » “ede? ——y em NI aD ee

an if wa i; gf . —— ; ;— —_=" i} \34 :— A , ‘»Yitaae :%& yoo ‘ FiorRY y, Sere , ; baatot nat.Fs lowSate yf A . fm \#

?'s P f ts ss 'aSom .ee4%Tay $e Oe / . PP > a. 4 ? Papas i 25 tks ee-J SA Sea oi Fr “aN 6ae ee A: : .i /&? “ oma 4 : ; os 3 iy > /. : . ei Rusa > >! oa oy ~

“ Re, ee 4 OP”. Rn Bernard Vandermeersch s ee. Stee Sk work at of Oatzeh, sf' -5"ed y :*sg yt aSaal . ~ \- of 7 .the 4 °site . =A yy . the *eee 9¥wv ye, «inland Haifa, during

>¥f" ee BR. 3 Aaa ae below) i a ae ,' :1960s as es(left + -and Jui, :.;

Ge bp” 75 AY. "re A gieance® zk ; produced modern-looking mee ? , hes zt. ag. +: uf O° it io se Ae ae, oe J

- ws errrae an om Tt “ Ase Fg ee Fag aes m ‘< skeletons that have+ recently 4 "ss P tigate is y ie by ( a ths. ~|ras: . RY its hae AP” TOS iaa caeRe Bee been redated to as early AR RR Ty a ct AS. : >aeat). ce»|4ae ae>oe Se 92.000 years old. ae eeOS dCoes? : :ot ’RN Co Si St Pn , ¥ ae “yr s ie 4 we > MaeWIR = ny pote>.*% :

aes 8 UA ee ee une BO A Ee ee a es Oe ae re . Z.; daly” *aaAge >eo ste4ws S 3me = » -So J Con “mad Ft. “ ‘Te Sey oa es sa te. ” are 7-xy- sity : yr Z t.be MG? De at= ee :>(4i", :*\y BASE r ig. axhg ESRa ; -; “5 ’ ee

Wire ii), ae! eee , , ,2 ysNB :wy fy OF i.;ote Sana AOS ¢ Pr Ie ma ds ray ; ‘— TER Magi igfj2, )" aiusee4 ee

— ail Ub)yo+SdRS ON 2+ A, Bay me aUF ly RR ge Ter me paler - a. yt, -_— ay ; d fie —_ at — ee : oe 4 e? —-_ rs . { 7 yw é < | ad r

we Teay . Wee “~ PF ; ‘53. nef fs “a ee ee fin SSS gS Oe) 79 : re4 & :: Peg

a a ‘ 5

a7

encountered an environment dominated by eo era

lropical rainforest (opposite page; and, inset, a - Rey eee Poy eer 700,000-year-old hearth being excavated at the = ? , fieaetae.

; a y.144m ; a, 3Y4 “eae. choppers (above right). Thus was born a bamboo y / a =) a ie as

site of Kao Pah Nam in northern Thailand). One =e S — ——— ss lores product, bamboo. proved so versatile that Za oie ah — the only stone tools needed were simple re Se > A cop, 9 ;

; dflourishes hii bi Hh \ :inisthe“Ee Z Hen, in 4b a oe ~ ifarbee . technology that still today shape een=Rg of scaffolding (above) or basketry (near right). RAC US ye FR So)

ne ; ‘SEU Rag, I oS, Ce pee Pe ee Ah

tk ~~ % af satel RSS * ine aa Wain

o. n B45 o

an “mn 7. ; :iY“‘7i a”oll7,-:”v:ES a : : ? . 7 > x : af : ta : i -_ ? ” ‘ ee: ° Be cm ¢ Md) , t ae , ’ ¥ m < +? ¢:* a ges .-— Coy ay SNS oats

} +, "Why ° a o es ~ 3Dw r ; ten al s~ '->- oon ».. i ., ?Be Y»->. ni-y'+)4- *.7mG . ay . a a rary i"Zamy n, Y, ws_— ak ¢_ .a, 5- re ee "ea j =ss= =< ~ . b _ — ; mS “ae — ar os... “thy ° 2 -/ fag’ . t A ; 4 , 4 2 Se | ‘ , “ip * ty & 7 , > _ = : : a —* RP eens. a ‘d | . ee \ FIA Se ‘a— ..SO 3, ed

y Ngee . ySea: abn : 2Nie > ‘reLint Sey name: eeLeste n"X:ve '* vl |A ¢ ‘= age?) DS +

i . = yt BO Par PSOE TESS % se A, te! \., >. ¥. az a 7. \ aT a A ~ »‘,—_— := ' ,:De vw = : Ws ~ 4 . ~ s t= ‘5 a, : \ rm & wig Es 5 TR % mm — ~~ 4c Se fo i ie ee a 2) ee f

J . ~—— = oS ’ * 4Stine f;é »st.te¥a“ s> eee Fay” Sa ER YRoki, Neboy| a RC e . ee —, Pat a2 Ses WS ‘ ~Oe: “a oY aame Sheva, 5, eat .”=x~ a» ,ere a »> 2 ?Fagk es) |aSF ps ao ys re “ie + 4 a~a

ne A rat fe Mw a ae a he ted . . .‘. ~~~>a *Se a Me ie: ee eee ee Le 2 ee eS Fe ee yep 5 ae te ma ie. ee2

- = 4 v 4 ~ ” . 4 > a ~* * > - P . . ' ' - a’ *

Ee 3 Se ae aflMo ~The 4. ;ae aneBy >a ~ . :a. ,. -7=+S. 5 . Ci. =gs a ,Perr: . ocPee WrOr ebee' 7-eee ope ~, =,*- --2 iD> 4 ine ~~ A

i cs py ie. aP52 a ede ‘ ™FE “ae- > Pn. Se ». beeen if A ~3 a aa oe a Raed ys =a »Me bas?.;2vrs oe oePt: Soars,

~~ we ie a Se ae eo ie “e _ » 7 ' in rs \ . o _\ F * g * » > fe , =, ‘ P35 x

_ we a ee ~ gee ae, oe : a ce oy™ | ‘ 3 “ i . rad ? a ~ Pe 3 By * om y P ae rg .. . : | “wee tae tex. w me “ ae ae . > ad gi * a % cs ee ote iB .

™~\ > T Un os a o> a mn ~ a ae ey ) . lle & : ey + 9, . ee aa fa: to ex |

r .— . na~~ ves , or. - >. we 2"—_o. . 7y : ~ *=~a. .‘oma ,, -, -‘- 7: .. -=: >—— rhsa+_\ >~~. : x , il * ™~ E % ae a.6 .OD asP®> by ame alle Pal i. ae -> r . ~> | a : . -a * mf. ;—— *, vom 4°co. =f w~ ¢i ~ww * aie on at + ye+ eteed tee as ri ate “4 pee:Ce aes pre > 7 . . eee - . ae") ‘ee, _a7 if So "a- Iwr ee .a. ,ge “aa: ; - ar. ; Pomis aw »!). := De ~ mt >| BY : \ _ y, NN -. ' °» -“x wr ‘ J ” :. ge af ak :. aoe rm onl . e. 4 7 ri =. & ‘, bd ea Poy , — ’ r~ "e mm > 1 \ am 7 > 4 . , fs ’ , pp or . fy) a, ‘ ‘: ae a > , . § " -_ we °> . ao. a y A ee ae ite ~ as pA Se a a iy SS. bk LN em :‘weleiag re eS, “SA A t- - 4 + x* .asJo,¢ Site . a ¥ee‘ rie 3 ~~ “ >aeey a. :“4 & .=4“2 js >> *Je¥7! icalmt ae > -bs ‘ ’Caca “ eee 2@* io' »* z, = :: -rs! .ST roe: a ae“\ ~ 2 sw ~~ t Sea tar‘ .geek * eon) e-ws: e ON

. dey +. a aren wa -— 2 ie ae ee eS Re ee hes Y geisices: RSs : —— »e, ‘va "> er”~“oe ,é.--aaag 7.fy, -+‘*te~ Pn =fe . ’** ‘ee) ete . ‘e > ; “7 ‘ = : ' — . 4 ie" i I ae om PP -why t~ »_ ;..ia‘path ey ato aearty r&e* a“ a

Ae

o i gees

| Z ;= a ~~Ae wilt e*ee f2 = 3 ae ee a A Beex = i Let

i.::+4 a ac 7", orn % ‘ 7 - " 4 > . a

Aya Hi)sama ee A ’ % 1% ie i a BS e Aee ais \ ara e) % hy ‘3 . a4 eae ‘4 ge . Sh MS; fe \ ae Fe meh a - ~~ a

“>” 7 \ a >) ; 4 , oT ? of . Siy “>, N eo’ /-t).edetic. NOU, a. -y ‘a :ey > ‘ . Sy f Pe ; — ay ee”‘d%a "me, We (\ eaeSte ro Ta ? = Weare. Sy 4: .44,,a2: 4;.:’ue7:>a:>OLsy CO A ‘4 a | . . pie: . fe} ' -¢nae‘Sa 74->‘g :4bis7‘BR. a, — , , iePing ;:aida } we a oO | ‘: ‘2‘. #aae VE' es ;-:a. a. % .4 %.si Wy &, } %” . ; . ; - » . ’ ‘G ;‘ad pres : evfiayA P ota %Yy a

oj . alae “3 : Ba a ai he . » '

+e aa ‘ aj iysae — Om aio Cieayhea ee ; — Ne 4 , i id er) Pa > * ; "

.»%- i,PFe) P’iepfFa p< Lia

ms gis i

4 ON iy "4 , al ’—“yg > , : “s ; ae » —_ © ua & ‘ ar. ae =. ‘ “f 0 er ‘ a ney *oS ? , . we nt am mre P er , 4(ier i 3 a ie (FYé, a By jses / 2ats Se 2? a oe ve a 2 a 9 ; \ heat ree ts Py ts 4 Oe : { . ‘iad f ‘ 4 : 5 Biss baa ¥ te J Pr