The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway: A Phonetic Study [Revised] 9780901282514

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Bib!;ot~ka: Al. Kc1d;;9.i• 1de 14,

io-n.. o FIRST EDITION 1945 REVISED EDITIONS 1966/1975

L ll 8 l i N

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE, CO. GALWAY

A

PHONETIC STUDY BY

TOMAS

DE BHALDRAITHE

DUBLIN THE DUBLIN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES 1975

CONTENTS Chapter

Page

Introduction .... .......... .......... .. .. .. .......... .. ......... ...... .. ..... ..

ix

PART I PHONETIC DESCRIPTION AND TEXTS PRINTED AND BOUND BY THE THREE CANDLES LTD,, DUBLIN

I.

CLASSIFICATION OF VOWEL SOUNDS ........ .

Description of Vowels.·····:.....................................

2

II.

CONSONANT SOUNDS ················ .. -·-·······················. ...

4

III.

PHONEMES, DIAPHONES, METHOD OF TRANSCRJPTION ............... -··········•········'·····················••··············

I

~r i ~.:; ·,

I

JV.

VowE1.

FnAIRRGE ................... .

8

No. I : i: ............................................... . .................... . No. 2: i No. 3: e: No. 4: e No. 5: se: .. No. 6: se. No_ 7: a: No. 8 : a No. 9: a:······•············-········ .. -· ....... No. IO : o ..... No. II: o: .. No. 12: u ..... . No. 13: u:. No. 14: a ..

8 9

PHONEMES OF

Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel Vowel

Cois

6

V

IO II 12

12

r3

IJ 13 r4 14

IS 16

I6

vi

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

Chapter

CONTENTS Page

V. DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS ........................... .

19

ia ....................................... . 2 : ei ....................................... . 3 : ua ....................................... . 4: ai ...................................... . 5: au, ....................................... . I : uai ....................................... . 2 : uau .................................. .

19

Diphthong No. Diphthong No. Diphthong No. Diphthong No. Diphthong No. Triphthong No. Triphthong No.

I :

VI. CONSONANTS Palatalisation and Velarisation of Consonants Plosives ................................................................ . Aspiration of Plosives ........................................... . Voicing of Plosives .............................................. . Explosion of Plosives ........................................... . Fricatives ............................................................. . Affricates ............................................................... . Nasals ................................................................... . Lat.erals ................................................................ . R-Sounds .............................................................. . VII. GLIDES········································································

23 24 24

25 28 28 29 30 36 37

40 41 43

VIII. NASALISATION ······ IX. SANDRI·····················

X. ELISION.: .................................................................... ..

47 57

XI. LENGTH OF VOWELS .... .

59

XII. SYLLABLE-DIVISION ... .

60

XIII. STRESS ····················· ·•························•·•····················· Simple Words .. Compound Words ........... . Sentence-Stress .... ........... .

Page Chapter XIV. INTONATION ............................................................... . 67

xv.

TEXTS ......................................................................... .

20 20 21

22 22

vii

72

PART II HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

XVI. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS ....................................... . Long Vowels ....................................................... . Diphthongs ........................................................... . Short Stressed Vowels ....................................... . Short Pretonic Vowels ... ,..................................... . Short Posttonic Vowels ...................................... .. The Epenthetic Vowel ......................................... . XVII. CONSONANTS ............................................................... . Plosives ................................................................. . Fricatives ............................................................... . Nasals ..................................................................... . Laterals ................................................................. . Vowels in Position before Nasals and Laterals R-Sounds ....................................... ........................ Vowels in Position before R.......... ....................... Vowels in Position before other Consonant Groups containing Rand L ..............................

g6

96 97 w6 108 109 III

II2 II2

XVIII. CONSONANT CHANGES .... ... ..... ... .. ... ................... .. .. .... Interchange of Palatals and Non-Palatals ........ Initial Changes .. ......... .. ... ... .. ... ..... .. ...... .. ... .. ... .. .... Final Changes ..... .. .... .. ... ... ....... ...... ..... .... ... ......... .. . Metathesis ....................................................... :......

113 n4 115 II5

I. Notes 011 the Dialect of the Western Arca of Cois Fhairrge

II7

APPENDIX 11. Notes on the Dialect of the Eastern Area of Cois Fhairrge

122

APl>'ENUIX

II3

INTRODUCTION ' Cars FHAIRRGE ', as far as one can ascertain from the people of the Gaedhealtacht of West Galway, is applied to that area which stretches along the coast from about Bearna, itself a few miles west of. Galway City, to somewhere about Casla. Some people limit its extension to the districts immediately surrounding the villages in question in the present work, An Teach M6r, and An Lochan Beag, which are situated about fifteen miles west of Galway, on the coast road, and are in the centre of Cois Fhairrge, if the name is given its broader interpretation. This district was probably first introduced to the outside world by Micheal Breathnach (r88r-r908), one of the ablest writers of Modern Irish. He was born in Lochan Beag, and lived there until he was appointed Secretary to the Gaelic League in London. He died while yet a young man, having spent his life working in the Language Movement. He wrote under the name ' Cois Fhairrge ', and his writings 1 contain much of the vocabulary and idiom current in that district. Cois Fhairrge, apart from the street in the villages of Bearna and An Spideal, is practically one hundred per cent. Irish-speaking. The areas immediately north and west of it are as thoroughly Irish-speaking. According to the older generation there has been no appreciable change in the position of Irish in the district, apart from Bearna and An Spideal, within living memory. The majority of the people understand a certain amount of English, and can manage to carry on their business with outsiders in ' English ', although there are at least two intelligent middleaged men j.n Teach M6r, who understand no English. The younger people, around the thirties, usually make a much poorer attempt to speak English to the stranger than do their parents, who for the most part have been abroad. The recent 1

Seilg i measg na nAlp (Baile Atha Cliath, 1917), Cnoc na nGabha. (trans. from Knocknagow-Kickham) (B.A.C. 1910-n), Stair na hEireann (B.A.c. 1924-27), Sliocht de Sgrlbhinnibh Mhfchil Bhreathnaigh (B.A.C. 1913.). b

X

THE

IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGI£

mass emigration to England will undoubtedly change the position. One might not expect to find the language in so strong a position in an area not far removed from Galway City. It is to be noted that there are no ' villages ' in the English sense of the word, in this district, apart from Beama and An Spideal. The people of Cois Fhairrge were less likely to come into contact with outsiders than the people of many districts in Connamara, which, although farther removed from the City, were on the main road to Clifden and were until recently served by a railway. Micheal Ging whose speech has been taken as a basis for the present work, was born in the same village as Micheal . Breathnach, and has lived all his life in this district, except for one brief period, spent as a seasonal worker, 'ar an Achadh Reidh ', in East Galway. Although born in An Lochan Beag, he moved to the next village west of it, An Teach M6r, at an early age and still lives there. He is a weaver by trade and it is worth noting that he learnt his craft from an uncle, Liam Ging, who was a famous raconteur among the last generation, and records of whose speech were made by the late Dr. Tomas 6 Maille. Micheal Ging is not yet quite forty, but is a very good average sp·eaker of Irish, which of course is his everyday language. ;!:le has the speech-habits of the older rather than the younger generation, and has in no way been influenced by the school, where Irish was not taught in his day. While not a ' seanchaidhe ' of the old type, he has a good store of anecdotes, songs, proverbs, etc. All recordings, including texts, in this volume have been made from him, unless otherwise stated. As is to be expec.ted, he uses almost exclusively native sounds, when dealing in 'English' with outsiders, or when pronouncing isolated English words. t, 4, tJ, d3, al'e the only non-native sounds used. The vowels and diphthongs used are normally the Irish ones. Palatalised consonants usually replace the corresponding English sounds, except in certain combinations and in the cas~ of r, e.g. pl'm:n' ( J+I > I e.g. Ner'a xa:Je nuair a chas se, nuair a chaithfeas si, ser' i Jiar soir is siar. s+s > s, e.g. suas a gra:N suas sa gcrann. l' +I' > l' e.g. tuma: l'ae:t *tiomdil leat. w+m, w+m', v' +m, m' +m > m (m') e.g. &Na.: ma: sndmh maith, Ni: m'i:a:L naomh Micheal, ya: jel'a mid' dhd dheilbh *muid, gr'i: miIJg'e greim muinge. N' +N > x+N > N, e.g. f'ae:r a.:La Na gr'e:n'a fear dluinn na greine. Lt' +t > L+ t, e.g. ka:ggiLt' *cangailt, but a ka:ggeL te'ba:k ag *cangailt tobac. 47

249. When one word ends in a plosive and the following word begins in a plosive, the first plosive is unexploded, e.g.

k'e:d tun cead tonna.1 xa: to:r' l'm:t ta:de na tabhair leat dadamh. Lek' tu: *loic tu. kut bi: cat buidhe. Juk gra: n sioc granna. 250. The palatals L', l', ••• n' are replaced by the corresponding velars under the influence of a following L, •• d, t, or s. Exx.: paiL' puill, v'i: n paiL La::g giJg'e bhi na puilt' ldn d'uisge. mugiL' mogaill, hri: wugeL xe nu:me:a: thri mhogaill na n-*udhmachai. u:1/ chaill, :xa:L tu: chaill tu. buu:iL' buachaill, me wueDLH mo bhuachaill-sa. •'i:l' nil, •'i:L Lue:x •e k'i:xo:g•~ nil luach fla cian6ige. wil' bhjuil, WUL de v'e:l'i: it'e a:d·? bhfuit do bheile itte agat?; lm:L tu: ? cd bhfuil tu ? f'm:mi•' feamuinn, f'se:mex n ku:nex feamuinn na comhar.san; f'm:me• du feamuinn· dubh. ri:x' roinn, de ri:ne do roinn-sa. 25I. L, l', •• n' are replaced by the corresponding true palatals under the influence of a following L', x', d', or t'. Exx. : til' toil, tiL' d'e: toil De. . o:L 61, go:L' L'ee:n ag 61 leanna; go:L' d'o:x ag 61 deoch. d'ieL diol, d'ieL' t'ee::x diol teach. ta:l' faghail, e la:L' ••ee~ l'e d'i:n ag fagJuiil neart le deanamh. e:g'in' eigin, er' e:g'i•' d'e: ar eigin De. k'a:• ceann, k'a:•' L'se:x ceann leathan; e k'a:x' d'er'e tin ceann deiridh. a:• ann, •'i: re a:x' •'i:s mu: n£ raibh ann nios m6. ra:x aran, ra:•' t'e aran te. :a52. 1' +l' > L' +L' in the phrase e go:L' 1/um ag gabhail Uom, also pronounced e go :l' l'um. · 253. The velars d, tare replaced by the corresponding palatals d', t' (unexploded), under the influence of a following d' or t'. 1

d followed by t is partially devoiced.

49

SANDRI

THE IRISH 01; COIS FHAIRRGE

Exx. : se:r'ig'ed airgead, e tse:r'ig'id' d'i:r'e:a: an t-airgead direach. fo:d f6d, fo:d' t'er'im' f6d tirm 1 lmt cat, kut' d'ee:a cat deas. 254. d', d, t', t are replaced by (i) the corresponding unexploded velarised dentals (d, t), under the influence of a followingd, tor L, (ii) the corresponding unexploded velarised alveolars (IJ, t), · under the influence of a following •• s, r. Exx. : (i) du:rt' dubhairt, du:rt tu: dubhairt tu.

a:t' ait, a:t de La:v'e ait. do laimhe. mid' •muid, hug mud do: e thug muid do e. a:t' ait, a:t La:d'ir' ait ldidir. kid' cuid, de md La:we do chuid ldmha. The final plosives in kut cat, l'm:t leat, k'e:d cead, fo:d f6d, sLa:t slat, ba:d bad, are unexploded in the following examples2 : kut du cat dubh, xa: to:r' l'se:t ta:de nd ·tabhair teat dadamh, k'e:d tuxe cead tonna, 3 • fo:d du f6d dubh, &La:t La:g slat lag, v'i: x -ba:d LO:Xdi: bh£ an bad lochtaighthe. (ii) a:rd' aird, ju:• a:rcJ xa: a:rd' dheamhan aird nd aird. a:t' ait, q:t xu:i:se:x dit *nuidheasach. ha:d bdd, ba:cJ xe mu:xe bad na m6na. l'm:t leat, l':se:t;se leat-sa. rud *rud, rucJ sa:Lex *rud salach. kid' cuid, me mc}se mo chuid-sa.' a:t' ait, ta:pe t' ait-sa. br'i:d' Brighid, br'i:cJ rue Brighid Ruadh. :x'e:d chead, e :x'e:!J rud an chead *rud. ka:t' *Gait, ka:t rue *Gait Ruadh. 255. L' L, x', •• d', d, t', t are replaced by the corresponding palatalised alveolars (l', n', cJ, t) under the influence of a following l' or J. Exx. : a:sgiL' asgaill, hug fe ti:x a:sgil' l'eJ e thug se Jaoi'n asgaill leis e. paiL' puill, xe pail' Jin' na puill sin. 1

d' followed by t' is partially devoiced.

a See alsd § 249. 3

d followed by t is partially devoiced.

'4

is. normally partially devoiced before S, but can also be wholly devoiced. D

50

SANDHI

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

ju:L siobhal, a ju:l' l'um ag siobhal liom. si:L saoghal, er' a si:l' Jo ar an saoghal seo. t'i:x' teinn, xa t'i:n' l'e ma:da chomh teinn le madadh. x'i:x' chinn, x'i:n' Je: er' chinn se air. t'a:x teann, t'a:n' Ji:s teann sios. fa:x fan, fa:n' l'eJ fan leis. tred' troid, a tre4 l'eJ ag troid leis 1 ; hre4 Je throid se. 2 k'e:d cea,d, k'e:4 Ju:kra cead siucra. 2 gr'm:d gread, gr'se:(l l'se:t gread leat.1 se:t' ait, ba:t l'eJ b' ait leis. 1 a:t' dit, sax a:tjo san dit seo. 3 da:t d'at, dse:tfe d'at'se. 256. L and N are replaced by the corresponding palatalised alveolars under the influence of a following t. Exx.: o:L 6l, go:l' te: ag 6l *te. bri:x braon, bri:n' te: braon *te. 257. The groups Lt' and Nt' are replaced by and n't respectively, under the influence of (i) a following l' or s, in which case t is palatalised and unexploded, (ii) a following N, in which case l' and n' have a middle resonance and t is velarised and unexploded. Exx. : ba:Nt' *baint, a ba:n't l'eJ ag *baint leis. ka:xt' cainnt, ka:n't sdrse:nje:ra cainnt *strainseardha. 4 JiLt' silt, a Jin Na N'o:ra ag silt na nde6ra. ba:xt' *baint, a ba:n't Na mu:xa ag *baint na m6na. 258. Lt' and Nt' are replaced by Lt, Nt respectively, where t is unexploded, under the influence of a following t, d or L. Exx. : osgiLt' *osgailt, gosgaLt dorJa ag *osgailt doirse. ba:xt' *baint, a ba:Nt Luaxir' ag *baint luachair; a ba:Nt do:b'a ag *baint d6ibe. 259. The nasals N', n', N are replaced by (i) IJ', under the influence of a following forward-velar sound, (ii) IJ, under the influence of a following back-velar sound.

n

(I. and t are unexploded before l' . 2 (I. is unexploded and partially devoiced before J. Sometimes it is completely devoiced and with J it forms an affricate tJ, particularly in common phrases such as k'ertJo ceard seo,? iatJin' iad sin, etc. 1

8

t

•t

followed by

J combines

with it to form an affricate.

is often oi e, o, in sait (willow) 111', tairbh ter'lv', saidhbhir

a, ,,

HV'lr',/airsinge ra:r/re, tor/•'e,Jairsing_eacht fa:rf•'ext, forllf't:d. 425. With lost fricative > ai and i: § 539 ; occasionally > Ml and e:, § 562. In position before·nasals, laterals,,. and dr > Cl: §§ 604, 6.Io,

611. In position before bhr and as an alternative form before m1w > ai, . § 527. Elided before a lost fricative, § 565. 426. B (rare, only in a few monosyllables, otherwise n)==e.

,..a7.

_.pa.

BA, normally==•=·• e.g..

ceas, mear.

Before an intervocalic h > •• e.g. neamh-shuim a'llld:m'. 429. Xnitially • a: or a:, e.g. 111i6og •:abet, IIIZa a:r.a, each a:s. Both a: and. •: are used in a number of words, usually

VOWELS

89

influenced by a preceding sound, e.g. eangach a:JJgex, but an eangach ex' m:ggex, etc. 430. > io i, u, in words which have a or 6 in the unstressed syllable, 413, and in the following few words: treabhadh tr'owe and tr'au, *pleanncadh pl'UJJke, seangtha > JUJJki:. 431. > e in subst. vb. forms, e.g. bheadh v's, bheas v'es. 432. > o in beag b'og, deacair d'm:kir' and d'okir'. 433. > a: after sr, e.g. *sreamachdn sra:mex(l:K. 434. With lost fricative > a: or ai in the case of gh, dh § 539; > au or occasionally u: in the case of bh, mh, §529. > a: in position before nasals and laterals, § 604; and before r and groups containing r, §§ 610, 6II, 435. EI, normally=e, e.g. beirt, ceilt. 436. When adjoining a nasal > i, e.g. meinic > minic, deimhin > dimhin, deichneabhar > d'i:w'u:r. Exceptionally ei is retained in a few words, e.g. meirbh m'er'iv', mei'l'bhthean, ,meirg, meigeallach, bheinn (condl.), neide. i also occurs in teilgean tl'ig'ex, leithsgeal L'iJg'e:L ; and *eitedn it'Cl:x in which there is a long d in the unstressed syllable (cf. § 413). 437. In position before r > ai, § 6xo: before nasals > i:, § 604; before mhr > i:, exceptionally > ai § 527. With lost fricative > ai, in the case of dh, gh, § 539 ; > e: in the case of eh, th §§ 55I, 562. Elided with lost fricative § 565. 438. EO=O, e.g. deoch, seo. 439. I, normally=i, e.g. pie, bith. 440. In position before nasals and laterals > i:, § 604.. With lost fricative > i: or ie, §§ 539, 551, 562. Exceptionally > ai in righin rain'. Elided before a lost fricative, § 565. 441. Exceptionally> e in tirm t'er'im', ifreann efr'ex, •F,up f'el'lp'e, *filipin f'el'lp'l:n', *bib b'eb'e, iris er'l/; > u in rith ru; l: in a by-form of U.bh l'lb', l'-1:b', by analogy with other prep. prons. such as daoibh, etc. 442. ro, when before ,, s, n, t, th (final) > i, except when preceded by s, e.g. fios t'is, *giota g'ite, cionntach k'ixte:s, blor b'ir ;. > u, before ng in giongach g'qgo. · 443: When after s, and when before other consonants, > u. e.g. sioc Juk, .sionnach /unz, Uobar 1/uber, gioUa g'uLt.

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

444. Before eh > o, e.g. rioeht r'o:xt, 445. In position before nn > i: and i, before m > u and u:, § 6o4. With lost fricative > u: and i:, §§ 529, 539. 446. Exceptionally > a: in ionann a:NaN. 447. IU=U, e.g. tiugh t'u, aniugh a'N'u, which have by-forms t'i, a'N'i, respectively. 448. Before eh > o, in fliueh fl'ox. 449. o, noimally=o, e.g. bog, sop. 450. When adjoining a nasal> u, e.g: eromadh kruma, sonas SU'88, modh mu, but o is retained in a few words, e.g. Nodlaig BOLik', anoeht, nocht, and moeh which has both forms mox, mux. 45r. o > u in words in which d or 6 occur in the unstressed syllable (see 413), and in the following gor gur, oeras ukrss, folcadh luLka, slogadh &Luga, Jolt fnLt, bosga busga, ogh u, uw, focal fokeL and portaeh portex have by-forms fukeL, purtax. 452. In the following words, which had both a and o in E. Mod. Ir., the form with a is used: artha, baladh, eara ('weir'), easgartha (gen.), crathadh, fasgadh, fastughadh, falach, falamh. But in other words of this .type the form with o is used, e.g. bolg, eogadh, toradh, etc. 453. o > a: in osgardha a:sgera, droma (gen. of druim}

dra:me. 454. o > ua in the proclitic for-, e.g. Jorainm 'fuer'se :n'im', forfhocal 'fuer'okeL; o retained in forfhdsaeh fora:se::s:. 455. In position before a nasal > u and u: § 604; before a lateral and r. > au, §§ 604, 610. 456. With lost fricative > u:, au, or o:, §§ 529, 539, 562. Elided before a lost fricative, § 565. 457. 01 > o, when before rt, eht or a lost final fricative, e.g. boicht bo:xt', goirt gort', doirt dort', sgoith sgo, loigh LO. 458. > o, when preceded by consonants other than~ r, S; t, d, th, e.g. sgoil sgol', eoilleadh kol'e. An equally common by-form is e, used except before s. 459. > e when preceded by r, s, t, d, th, and followed by consonants other than rt, eh, e.g. troid tred', soilgheas sel'i:s, thoir her'. 460. Initially> e, e.g. oileamhain el'u:xt'. 461. When a: occurs in the unstressed syllable, oi > i, e.g. oilean il'a::w. (cf. § 413).

VOWELS

462. When before a nasal oi > ui=i, e.g. eoinncall ki:w'aL, coinne kiN'a, roimhe riv'e ; in a few other words > i (u before s), e.g. toi.l til', roilig riL'ik', coitcheannta kit'iuta, goir£n gir'i :n', goigi'n gig'i:n', coigilt kig'iLt', *sloigeadh sLig'e, *cloistedil kLuJd'a:l', Coisdealbhaeh kufd'8L8X, soileir sil'e:r; > u, with lost fricative in shnoidh hNU. 463. Of the E. Mod. forms eroiceann, eraieeann, coirt, eairt, the ai-forms survive as krse:k'eN, ka:rt', respectively. 464. ai = a: in goimh ga:v', *choinic (do-chonnaie) xa:n'ik',

ha:n'ik', xln'ik'. 465. In position before a nasal > i:, § 604; before a lateral and certain groups containing laterals and r-sounds > ai, §§ 604, 6I1 ; before r > au, § 610. With lost fricative > ai and e:, §§ 539, 551, 562, and occasionally > o: and i:, §§ 551, 539· 466. Exceptionally > u:, with lost preceding fricative in the phrase i bhfoigseacht u:Jg'e:xt. 467. u, normally=u, e.g. rug, sruth. 468. u > o before l, r, eh in a few words e.g. eulaidh kor.e, anu-raidh e'xore, a *bhfurmh6r ( < urmhor) a worawo:r, euraeh korax, turus toras, luch LOX, lueht LOXt, ucht oxt.1 Exceptionally a: in muna > ma:ra. 469. In position before a nasal > u and u:, § 604. With lost fricative > u:, §§ 529, 539· Elided before a lost fricative, § 565. 470. UI normally=i, e.g. cuid, duine. A by-form is u, § 31. 471. Before s=U, e.g. cuisle kuJL'e, pruisleacli pruJL'ex. 472. ui > oi o, e. 2 (i) In the inflected forms of words which have o in the non-inflected forms, e.g. builg (gen. of bolg) > boilg, guib (gen. of gob) > goib, bruibh (pl. of brobh) > broibh, buige (cmpv. of bog) > boige, etc. (ii) In a few other words suitghe ael'i:, Juilint ( < fulang) fel'ixt', critimh krev', uireasbhaidh fer'ese, uirtw.i ore, uile el'e in sin uile, gaeh's uite. 473. In position before a nasal > i and i:, § 604. Cf. o adjoining a nasal retained in a few words before eh and t (§ 450) ; fonns with o retained before r, in orchar, orchoid, orsainn; be.fore z ·in Tolach ; iu > o before eh (§ 448). 2 Forms with oi survive in the ca1 Banba ba:nbe, bainbh ba:n'iv', seanm6ir Jee:xemo:r', ainm m:n'im', Donnchadha duxem:, seanchaidhe /sa:wm:. 505. Between palatal d and r in some words, e.g. maistreadh ma:Jd'ir'e, *sguaidrin sgued'ir'i:n', paidrin pa:d'ir'i:n'. It has not developed in other words such as, paidreacha£ pa:dr'm:, aistriughadh ee:Jdr'u:, fuaidreadh fuedr'e. 5o6. Between velarised d and r in one word, i.e. madrai

ma:deri:. 507. Between eh and r in cloehraeh lu.onru, d-Ochrach doJ:8l'U, but not nonnally, e.g. eoehracha o:uexi:, tochras tones, etc. 5o8-510. In the speech of certain speakers1, between m and l in gimlead g'im'il'e:d. Some speakers, including M.G. have not an epenthetic vowel in this-. position. 1

B.D.

VOWELS

95

Cf. fim'il'e:r simne, in addition to which the following forms are foun d, e.g. smachtughadh sma:xdu:, *seifte Jefd'a, bactar ba:kdar. 519. Palatal t followed by palatal s gives an affricate tJ, § 193. 520. Exceptions : (i) et > cht in doctur doxdu :r ; cl > chl in baclainn ba:xLiN'. (ii) the preps. de and do > go ga. (iii) d disappears in Padraig pa:rik', and in the dependent forms of dubhairt, e.g. nior dubhradh x'i:r u:ru:, gitr dubhairt gar u:rt'. (iv) d > tin deardan d'a:rtaN; before eh in ceardcha k'a:rta; > g in sgdrl6id > sgdirle6ig sga:rL'o:g', (v) g is often silent in the phrase an dtuigeann tu? a d'ig'aN tu: ?, which may be reduced to a d'iN tu:?; and in the prep. prons. agam a:gam, a:m, agat a:gad, a:d, againn a:g'iN', a:N'. (vi) both *cdrda, *cdrdail and *cdrla, *cdrldil occur. 96

BH,MH

521. bh and mh have fallen together in the type of speech represented by M.G., but mh retains its original nasal quality b the language of some speakers (§§ 238-245). Here bh will be used to refer to both, but the historical spelling will be retained in the examples. 522. Initial and final bh, normally, =W, v'. 523. Exceptions : final bh disappears in gabh go, lobh r.o, Sadhbh sau, raibh ro, ra; threabh has both forms hr'ow and hrau; dubh duw is more commonly du; taobh ti:w is ti: when before another adverb, e.g. taobh thios ti: hi:s; > b in the 2 pl. of prep. prons. such as libh > lib, Ub, daoibh > daoib, etc. 524. Final bh, when preceded by an unstressed vowel, other than an epenthetic vowel. disappears, e.g. falamh fa:r.e, chomh xe, Gaillimh ga:L'e, dd riribh 'ya:'r'l:r'e. Exceptionally (a) the preceding vowel is lengthened in the 2pl. prons. such as agaibh a:gi:, oraibh ori:, ionnaibh ulli:. (b) the preceding vowel is lengthened to u: in by.forms of deanamh d'l:xa, caitheamh ka:, briseadh br'lJe, which are used in certain phrases before a vowel, e.g. ag deanamh aeir e d'l:xu: e:r', ag caitheamh aimsire e ka:u: m:mJlr'e, briseadh aimsire br'lJu: m:mJlr'e 1 . (c) bh retained in a/hearaibh (voc.) m:rlv'. 525. Final non-palatal bh after an epenthetic vowel is vocalised to u: or less commonly retained as w, e.g. marbh ma:ru:, ma:rew, banbh baaru:, ba:nw. 526. Medial palatal bh=v', e.g. deimhin d'iv'in'. 527. A preceding short vowel is lengthened or diphthongised before v' followed by r, l, n, s, as follows: ai > al, saidhbhreas 'saivr'es, •aibhneachal; but in initial aimhr- more commonly se:, e.g. aimhreas se:vr'es, aivr'es. ei > i:, e.g. geimhreadh g'i:vr'e. Exceptionally ai in reimhre > raimhre > raivr'e. oi, ui > ai, e.g. coimhling kaivl'ixt', goibhne gaiv:re., 1

Cf. feara

t'se:n

but before a vowel in the phrase Feara Eirea11n and Fianna f'ien, but Fianna ltir,ann f'ien: e:r'ew

f'se:ru: e:r'ex, where •U: < -abh
6rdn; > u: adjoining a nasal in amhantar > 6ntar > untar. ea > au in_reamhar raur, leabhar, etc.; and occasionally> u: as in leamhnacht L'U:Naxt, deamhan d'u:N, less commonly d'auN; Leamhchoill L'au.xiL', also pronounced L'a:xiL', L'o:xiL'. ea is retained in compounds of n-eamh-, e.g. neamh-shuim N'sehi:m'. io > u:, siobhal > siul, tiobhraidh > tiura, etc. o > u:, comharsa > cursa, Domhnach > Dunach, etc.; and occasionally au as in domhan dauN, domhain ('deep') dauN', Baile na mBrobhach ba:l'a Na mraux also . . mrowax. Exceptionally comhrddh ko:ra:. u > u: dumhach du:x, umhlaidheacht u:Liaxt. Short vowel may be retained before ng, e.g. cumhang ku:J;Jg, km.Jg. Exceptions: (i) bh retained after an originally short vowel in amhas a:was, sgamhach sga:wax, sgamh6g sga:wo:g, sgreamh6g Jgr're:wo:g, geamhar g'm:war, meamhghail m'a:wt:l', dubha duwa, and in Baile na mBrobhach, (see under o above). (ii)>/ in seabh6id >seaj6id, amharc a:wark, also a:fark, a:frak. (iii) > m in neamhndireach x'm:Dlllla:r'ax. 530. Medial non-palatal bh h; retained when preceded by a long stressed vowel or diphthong, e.g. ndmhaid Na:wid', fiabhras forms current are kimr'a, ki:mn'a, kimn'a. is no coalescing of syllables when the fricative was followed vowel e.g. dubhdn du:a:N, subhdilceas su:a:lk'as, except in goil, gabhdltas > goltas, .comhdireamh cuire. a Also i'u:rl', by analogy with fut. tiobhraidh t'u:re.

Other 9 There by a long gabhdil > 1

>

f'iawras, taobha ti:wa, uabhar uawar and o:war. It disappears after u in clumJiach kLu:x.

99 Exception:

531. Medial non-palatal bh preceded by an unstressed vowel, including an epenthetic vowel, disappears and the vowel becomes u:, e.g. br6damhail > br6duil, dithreabhach > diriuch, arbhar > arur, colbha > colu, seasmhach > seas-uch. Exceptions: the vowel is not lengthened in d'jhalmhaigh da:la, ionnmhas uNas, ionnmhasach uNasax, itireasbhaidh fer'asa, eanbhruithe a:lf1;ra. teasb(h)ach t'te:sbax, easb(h)aidh se:sba. 532. Medial non-palatal bh preceded by a consonant other than a fricative disappears, e.g. seachtmhain > seachtain, t6gbhdil > t6igedl, f dgbhdil > jdgdl ; but mh is retained as w in the adj. suffix -mhar, e.g. ciallmhar k'iaLwar, except in slachtmhar sLa:xdar. Exceptionally Banbha > Banaba; leanbhaidhe, L'se:Nabl:; geolbhach g'o:Lu:x, bealbhach b'e:Lu:x have by-forms g'o:Lwax, b'e:Lwax 1 . 533. Medial bh adjoining a voiceless fricative > f, f', e.g. 1~aomhtha > naofa, gaothmhar > gaojar, sniomhfaidh > snioja, caithmheach > caifeach, deithbhir > deifir, gdibhtheach > gdijeach. Exceptions : ·uathbhdsach ufa:sax bas a by-form u:a:sax, baintreabhthach ba:Ntr'ax, Flaithbheartach fLa:rtax, marbhthach ma:ru:x, by analogy with marbh ma:ru:; lobhjaidh Lofa, treabhjaidh tr'ofa have by-forms Lau and tr'au. respectively. 534. Medial non-palatal bh, adjoining a voiced fricative remains as w, e.g. foghmhar fu:war. Exceptions: Sadhbh sau, adhbhar a:war has a by-form aur. 535. mh, followed by g ( < gh) > :g, e.g. comhgharach kmjgarax, amhghar a::ggar; > n in comhra kuNtra.

DH, GH

536. The dental fricative fell together with the velar in the course of the thirteenth century. Hence in E. Mod. Ir. both represent the same sound and (in non-initial position) frequently interchange in MSS. Here gh will be used to refer to both, but the historical spelling will be retained in the examples. 537. Initial gh='Y, j, see §§ 178-81, 183. 538. Medial gh normally disappears with coalescence of two 1

See also § 609 (iv),

1

! IOO

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

syllables into one when a vowel immediately follows, 1 e.g. cddhas ka:s, faghdil fn:l'. Exceptions: (i) > g in Se6ighe > Se6ige, diadhanta > diaganta. 2 (ii) > v' in guidhe giv'a, eidheann ev'eN, claidheamh kLa:v'a (influenced by pl. claidhmhe kLa:v'i:) ; >win trdgha (gen.) tra:w (analogy with v.n. trdghadh tra:w). (iii) > X in buadhaim buaxim', influenced by v.n. *buadhachtdil. (iv) The following short unstressed vowel is lengthened to i: in ldighe La:i:, paighe pa:i:, *nuidhe w:i:, suidhe su:i:. (v) uai > uai in truaighe trual, luaidhe Lual, tuaighe tual. (vi) ua > uau infuaghadh fuau, *chuadhadh xueu. (vii) > g after r in saordhdil s1:rga:l', meardhdnta m'~:ra ga:wta. (viii) Silent in m6rdhdlach > m6rdlach. 539. There is compensatory lengthenipg or diphthongisation of preceding short stressed vowels as follows : a > ai, in Tadhg taig, adharc, aghaidh, traghnach, etc. ; > a: infaghaim fa:m', adhmad a:mad; > a: and au (less commonly) in adhbhar a:war, aur. Exceptionally snadhmadh SNuma. ai > ai in faidhb faib', saidhbhreas, taidhbhse, etc.; > i: in snaidhm, maidhm; > a: in ma~ghistir ma:Jd'ir'. Exceptionally saidhbhir sev'ir'. ea > ai in meadhg, leadhb, meadhair, etc.; > a: in feadhain f'a:n', leaghadh (v.n.) L'a:w, breaghdha, bleaghan, meadhaim; also a: in sleaghdn fLa:N, meadhdn m'a:N. ei > ai in leigheas, jeidhm, etc. i, io > i: in fioghafr fi:r', /igheachdn, etc.; > ia in tighearna t'ier!ta; > ai in righin > roighin rain'. iu >u:, e.g. *tiughchan t'u:xaN; tiughas, t'u:s with by-form

t'll. o, when gh is intervocalic, > au, e.g. bodhar, /oghail, etc. Otherwise usually > o: or u: (before a nasal), e.g. bodhrdn bo:ra:x, Joghluim fo:Lim' ; u: in joghmhar fu:war, foghnamh. oi > ai, e.g. foidhide faid', oighre, soighead, loighe, etc. ; > i: in oidhche i: , croidhe kri: . u > u:, e.g. ughdar > udar. •ui > · i:, e.g. tuighe ti:, buidhe, etc. No coalescence of syllables, when a long vowel 10llows a diphthong or long vowel, e.g. fiadhdin f'i:a:n', •t,-aoidil tri:a:l'; for development of •tuaigheog, c,-uadhtfg, etc. see §§ 397, 410, • Also slodhaidhe > sfogat. Cf. gle-gheal gl'e :g'eL, See also § 535. 1

CONSONANTS

IOI

540. When the vowel preceding gh is unstressed, it becomes either i: or u:. This applies to epenthetic vowels as ,well as to those .expressed in writing. 54r. When gh was palatal the resultant vowel is i:, e.g. bailighim ba :l'i :m', aduighim fa :di :m', crioslaighe kr'isLi :, eirghe air'i:, soilgheas sel'i:s, etc. Exceptions: (i) the suffixes -idheach, -idheacht > iax, iaxt respectively, e.g. gaisgidheach ga:Jg'iax, filidheacht f'il'iaxt, umhlaidheacht u:Liext. (ii) The fut. pass. suffix :fidliear normally > a:r, with less common by-forms ar, far, e.g. brisfidhear br'iJa:r, sniomhfaidhe.ar Jx'i:fa:r, *deanfaidhear d'i:xa:r, d'i:Nfar. 542. \Vhen git was non-palatal the resultant vowel is normally u:, e.g. bimadhas > bunus, miniughadh > miniu, ardughadh > drdu, diomdha > dz'omu, beic/eadhach > beiciiteh; but i: in (i) the pl. suffix -eadha, e.g. fileadha > fili, except in Doireadha der'u: and gearrchaileadha 'g'a:r'xa:l'u:. (ii) in the suffix -gha1'l, e.g. jeadghail f'ee:di:l'. (iii) garrdha > garrai, ealadhain a:Li:n', ceann-aghaidh k'm:Ni:, Carghas ka:ri:s, iomdha umi:, less commonly umu:. (iv) no lengthening of vowel in fi.omifad'haclz f'i:Nax. 543. The adj. suffix -dha > -tha by substitution of ending, e.g. stuamdha sdu:me. Exception: maordha m.i:ri: and less commonly, mi :re. 544. The group -thgh- > x in athghr6igeadh a:xro:g'e, which has a less commonly used double-stressed form 'a:'yro:g'e > k' in aithghiorra ee:k'are; > / in Mth-ghdir Lufa:r'a. 545. -ghtlz-, see § 571. 546. Final gh disappears and a preceding unstressed vowel normally remains as 8, e.g. bris/idh br'iJa, culaidh koLa, cheammigh x'ee:Ne, fasgadh fa:sge. 547. Exceptions: (i) final -dh in the inflection -adh of acth·e verbs > x, e.g. mholadh WULax ; > d > t when followed by a pronoun beginning with s, e.g. biodh se b'i:tJe:. (ii) am·uigh a'mu has a by-form e'mix'. (iii) > w in monosyllabic vb. nouns and in those which have become monosyllables, e.g. cradh kra:w also k:ra:, leaghadh L'a:w, teaghadh, teitheadh t'e:w, etc. (iv) > w in the past pass., e.g. ceannuigheadh k'se:Ri:w, dubltradlt du:rew; but -adh is more commonly u: in the past pass. of verbs other than those in -ighim, e.g. brise.otlh br'iJu:, briJaw. (v) > w in a few monosyllables, e.g. 015li n, ti1,gh t'u,

I02

THE IRISH OF COlS FHAIRRGE

aniugh N'u have by-forms uw, t'uw, N'uw respectively. (vi) ghuidh riv', guidh giv', by analogy with gitidhe giv'a. (vii) preceding unstressed vowel is lengthened in filidh > fili: ; doiligh del'i:, by analogy with doilgheas del'i:s ; briongl6idigh br'i.J;igLO:d'i:; abaidh se:b'i:; bunadh buNu:, by analogy with btmadhas buNu:s; etUgeadh ku:g'u: by analogy with other ordinals such as ceathramhadh k'se:ru:; defreadh d'er'a has a by-fonn d'er'u:, used before a word beginning with a vowel in the phrase 6 dliefreadh oidhche o: jer'u: i: (cf. § 524). (viii) preceding stressed vowel is lengthened in leagh (past) l'a: ; feadh f'a! ; tigh t'i:, meadh m'a: ; and diphthongised in beidh b'ei.

F, PH

548. f, ph, normally=f, f', see §§ 1()3-68. 549· Exceptions : (i)/is lost after n in anfadh a:Na, meanjadlzach m'e:w:x, fionnfadhaeh f'i:Nax; after e in beiefeadhaeh b'e:k'u:x; before r in *fiajrughadh f'iaru:. (ii) f normally disappears in the inflections of the fut. and condl., e.g. buailjidh bual'a, bhruidhfidhe wru:i:. (iii) When preceded by a fricative f is usually retained, e.g. *blighfear bl'if'ar, sniomhjaidh JN'i:fa, caithfear ka:f'ar, ka:a:r. (iv) After other consonants f is less commonly retained in the fut. and condl. pass.1, e.g. *deanfar d'i:Nfar, more commonly d'i:Na:r. (v) A preceding voiced plosive is devoiced except when preceded by s e.g. leagfaidh L'ae:ka, greadfaidh gr'ada, sgiobfaidh Jg'upa, but basgfaidh ba:sga; also in the noun mi-cl11!adfadh m'i:x'e:t. (vi) > b in fein he:n'; *feacha f'se:xa has by-form hse:xa.

CH

550. eh normally, =X, x', see §§ 1R:2, 184. 551. Intervocalic palatal eh > h and disappcars 2 e.g. Micheal m'i:a:L, dieheall d'iaL. There is compensatory lengthening of a preceding short stressed vowel as follows: i > i:, e.g. fiehead f'i:d. 1 1

CON SON ANTS

For occurrence of pal. and non-pal. f, sec § 62 1. Cf. § 562.

ei > e:, e.g. sgeiehe Jg'e:i:. oi > e: and ai in droiehead dre:d, draid; > o: in eroiehe kro:i:,. kro:; cloiehe kLO:i:, kLo:; > i: in oidhche i:. . 552. The above words have by-forms, not used by M.G., which retain the h < eh. h (< eh) is retained by M.G. in .~iche

fl'ihi:. 553- A preceding 11ai > a triphthong uai, e.g., euaiehe > kuai

cruaiche > kruai. ' 554, An i:-vowel has developed in place of a final -ehe (except when preceded by uai), e.g. bldithche bLO:i:, duifhche du:i:, (due to analogical genitives bldthaighe, duthaighe), moiehe moi:, sgei"ehe, croiehe, eloiehe (see § 55I) ; but faithche > fa:. . 555. Exceptions : eh is retained in *dichean d'i:x'se:N, micheadjadh m'i:x'e:t, although these words are no longer felt to be compounds; oidhehe has a rare by-form i:x'a 1 . (ii) > f' in eluiche > cluife, doicheallaeh > doifeallaeh. (iii) ehonnaie xa:n'ik', ha:n'ik'; chugad hugad, ehugaibh hugi: 2 cheana ha:Na, ehor ar bith xor a b'i, hor a b'i. (iv) eeardeha k'a:rta; braehadh bra:, influenced by braieh.

556. Final palatal eh disappears, e.g. braieh bra:, eloieh kLo. 557- Medial palatal eh disappears, e.g., adjoining n in muinehille min'iL'a, 3 deiehneabhar d'iN 'u :r ; after t, with compensatorv lengthening or diphthongisation of short unstressed vowel, e.g. faitcheas fa:t'e:s, fa:t'ias; coiteheannta kit'iaNta. 558. eh after m > p, e.g. timcheaU t'i:mpaL, iomehar > 1·ompar.

TH 559. Initial tit normally=h, e.g. thall ha:L, thios hi:s. Exception : a thighearna a x'iarNa. 560. Initial palatal th, when before a back vowel > x', e.g. thiobhradh x'u:rax, dhd *thiughehan ra: x'u:xax. Exception: theann x'a:N has a by-form ha:N. Cf. rdithe ra:, ,vith by-form ra:x'a . 2 . Meaning ' beware ! ' ; > h in chugad, chugainn meaning ' next • (of time). Normally chugam, etc. > a:gam etc., confused with agam, etc. • Also pronounced mil'ix'a. I

I04

THE IRISH OF COIS .FHAIRRGE

561. Initial th combines with a following l, n or r to form a devoiced sound, see §§ 208-9, 219-20, 227-8. 562. Intervocalic th disappears, with the coalescence of two syllables to form a long vowel or diphthong, as follows: a, ai > a:, e.g. athach fa:x, ftaithis fLa:f, etc. ; initiallv > se: in athair se :r' ; a > ai, when followed by aoi, cathaoir kair'. ea > se:, e.g. creathadh kr'se:; > e: in i'r,rleathair u:n'e:r'. ei > e:, e.g. teitheadh (v.n.) t'e:w, meitheal m'e:L also m'aiL; coalesces with u: and > £."i.1 in breitheamhnas > brehunas > br'auNes; > ei in beithidhigh b'ei. i > i:, e.g .. ithir i:r', tighthe t'i:, ithe i:, except d'itheas d'is, d'itheadar d'ider, which are more common than d'i:s, d'i:der respectively. 1 o > o:, e.g. sgothach sgo:x, gotha go:, except sgothadh sgo: and ago. oi > e: and ai, e.g. soitheach se:x, saix; *froightheachai fre:xi:, fraixi:; troighthe tre:; soithigh sai; *doightheacha de:xi:, daixi:. u > u:, e.g. *cruthachtdil kru:xda:1', cuthach ku:x. 2 ui > i:, e.g. bruitheann bri:N; but bhru,itheadar has both forms wruder, wri:der. 1 563. Exceptions : rdithe ra: has a by-form ra:x'a; leathuair L'se:fo:r'. 564. Preceding uai > uei, e.g. tuaithe tuai, luaithe (compv.) LU8i. 565. When intervocalic th is followed by a long vowel, a preceding short stressed vowel is elided, e.g. bothdn ba:N, bithbheanach > bith-unach > b'u: N8X, mothughadh > mothi'r, > mu:, leitheid L'e:d'e, sruthdn sra:N, gnoaighthe > gnaithi gra:i: and gri:. 566. A preceding long vowel combines with the following vowel to form a diphthong in griithi gr'e:i, which has a by-form gr'ai. 567. A preceding unstressed vowel > i:, e.g. ceannuighthe (past part. and pl. noun) k're:Ni:. 568. Intervocalic th is retained by M.G. in by-forms of ftaitheamhail fLa:u:l', fLaul', fLahu:l'; dathamhail da:u:l', daul', The short vowel occurs, under the influencf\ of the 3. sg. e.,-. d'ith 2 Short vowel retained in plrs. sruthannal, sruNl :, d'l and bhrnith wru. •c,-uthannai kruJd :, ciothannai k'UJd: 1

CONSONANTS

I05.

dahu:l'; *cathughadhach ka:u:x, kahu:x, *taithiughadh ta:u:, tahu:. 569. Some speakers may retain intervocalic th as . h in all instances except after uai, or after an unstressed vo~el but they do not use it consistently. 1

570. Medial th disappears and the adjoining consonants are devoiced 2 except in the case of l, n, m, r, e.g.fdgtha fa:ki:, sgiobtha Jg'upi:, greadtha gr'm:ti:; but aithrighe m:r'i:, cumtha kume. leathnitghadh L're:NU:, artha a:re. Exceptions: (i) preceding vowel lengthened in othras o:ras, srnthldn sru:LCJ.:N. (ii) the suffix -ta is sometimes substituted for -tha in the vb. adj. after r, m, bh, e.g. curtha kura has by-forms. kurta and kurt'a, cumtha kuma 3 and kumta, sgrfobhtha Jgr'i:fe and Jgr'i :fta. (iii) the suffix -te is sometimes substituted for -ighthe in tl1e vb. adj. of verbs ending in -thuighim, (by analogy with verbs of the first conjugation), e.g. beathuighthe b're:i:, cruthuighthe kru:i: have by-forms b'm:t'a, kru:t'a respectively. 571. The group -ghth- normally > h and disappears, e.g. *froightheachai fre:xi:, etc.; occasionally > /, e.g. toghtha tofe; cf. krif'a (pl. of mi), drif'e (pl. of dorgha). For the groups -thbh-, -bhth-, see § 533. 572. Final th disappears, e.g. cioth k'i, maith ma:. Exceptions : > eh in brath bra:x; cf. also bith b'i, Uh i, which have by-forms b'ix', ix', respectively. It is sometimes retained ash in connected speech when the following word begins with a vowel, e.g. caith e ka:h e, d'at'.thin me go maith e dm:n' m'e ga ma:h e.

The use of an intervocalic h seems to be associated in the minds of certain speakers with ' correct ' speech, so that it is more often used by such speakers in sfow deliberate speech, or in pronouncing words in isolation, than in normal speech. In some instances, when explaining words, speakers have inserted an intervocalic h, where there was no historical justification •for such, and where such would never occur in normal speech, e.g. rohu:N < ru:N ron, drahir' < dra:r' gen. of "'drdr (B. 6 C.), 8 tahe < 8 ta: an t-ddh (M.D.). 1

1 3

g is retained when preceded by s, e.g. taosgtha ti:sgi:. See § eo4, n+

106

THE IRISH OF COIS

FHAIRRGE

s 573. Non-palatals normally=s. Exceptionally> f, see § 6r9. 574. s, both palatal and non-palatal, when adjoining r > s, with a by-form f, see §§ 171, 172. 575. Palatal s > J, except when before a bilabial in which case > s. Both s and f are used initially before palatal g but the latter is by far the more common, e.g. sgeal fg'e:L, sg'e:L.

107

CONSONANTS

582. Unlenited palatal n=N'. Palatal n is unlenited when written nn, when preceded by s (but not sh) or r and when followed by tor l, e.g. binn b'i:N', cinneadh k'iN'a, sniomh fN'i:w, oirnis aurN'if, *baint ba:Nt', coinnleach ki:NL'ax. Eclipsing n= N', when before a front vowel or a palatal d, e.g. dhd n-ithe n: N'i:, dhd ndeasughadh a: N're:su: 1 . 583. Unlenited palatal n=n', before s, e.g. fuinnse6g

finJo:g. SH 576. sh, normally =h, see §§ 185-190. 577. Palatal sh > x', before a back vowel, e.g. a Sherlin 8 x'a:n', she6l x'o:L. Exceptions: (i) palatal sh > x' before a front.. vowel in dhd *shipin ya: x'ip'i:n', by analogy with *shiopa x'upa ; (ii) non-palatal sh > x in 6 shoin o: xin'. 578. sh combines with a following l, n, r and forms a devoiced sound, §§ 208, 209, 219, 220, 227, 228. Exceptions: *cu-shndth ku:Na:, math-shluagh ma:Lu:, which are no longer felt to be compounds.

H 579. h remains h, except when intervocalic in certain phrases such as le h-aghaidh l'ai, le h-ais l're:f, nd h-imthigh NO: im'a. Certain speakers, particularly younger people, elide intervocalic h more often, e.g. go h-ard gn:rd, 1 but it is not elided when following a fem. poss. adj. e.g. dhd h-1:the a: hi:.

FH 580. fh is silent. NASALS

N 581. Non-palatal n, lenited and unlenited= N, e.g. bitan and bonn bu:N, annamh and anfadh a:Na.

5R4. Lenited palatal n=n', e.g. c/1,in k'u:n', teine t'in'a, mo neart ma n're:rt. (Initial palatal n is lenited under the same circumstances as other initial consonants.) 585. ln had already developed to ll in Mid. Ir., e.g. olna (gen. of olann) OLa, guailne guaL'i:. 586. n > r, when preceded by g, c, t, m and followed by a stressed vowel '(preceded by m and followed by any vowel) e.g. gniomh > {!,riomh, cneasta > creasta, an t-sneachta (gen.) > 8 tr're:xda, imnidhe i:m.r'i:, *foramnai foramri:, gndthach > grdthach, cndimh > crdimh, tnuthdn > tr,Uhdn, mna > mr,i. Some few speakers use n and r indifferently in this position, (mn followed by an unstressed vowel is more commonly retained). For nasalisation of r < n, see § 242. 587. Exceptions: (i) lcnited pal. n > N' after v', e.g. goibhne gaivN'a. (ii) N' in place of n' in martha·in ma:riN', Brcatain br're:tiN', deichneabhar d'iN'u:r, domhain dauN', cineadh k'in'a also k'iN'a, geineamhain g'in'u:Nt' also g'iN'U:Nt'. (iii) N' is heard in place of n', in initial position, among some of the younger people. (iv) n' in place of N' in English borrowed words, e.g. *niileara ( < 'nailer') n'e:l'e:ra, *s11caitsin ( < 'snatch') Jn're:tJi:n'; and in innis in'iJ2. (v) > r in m1111a ma:re; boineann bin'aN more commonly bir'aN by analogy with fircann ; 0 Ncachtain > 0 Ncachtair. (vi) iinfairt has a by-form umfairt; ar nds er' u:s; tiomainim > tiomdilim, by suhstitution of ending; nios, ni ba before a cornpv. adj. are often pronounced tfos, t£ ba ; carndn has a by-form cardcin.

588. Non-palatal n followed by r N' also occurs in the ngt'abhainn ya: N'auN'. 1

1

Cf. de thobac

young person.

ga'ba:k,

td, st!

i n-a theigle ta: fe Ne:gl'a, from· a

2

Influenced b~· *innsearh.t

eclipsctl

i:nJaxt.

>

form

NQ.r, Nti' (§§ 195-198). of

ghi'ahlwi11n

set' ~ 5S_,.

jauN',

di/

CONSONANTS

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

J08

598. Lenited non..:palatal l=l, e.g. culaidh kola, olc olk, *tlu NG

589. ng, normally= gg, gg', see §§ 2ro-rr. 590. ng, the eclipsed form of g = lJ, g'. 59r. ng, preceded by an unstressed vowel >N', N, e.g. Jairsing 1 fa:rJiN', sgilling Jg'iL'iN', ealang e:LaN, fulang f0L8N , *fulangaidhe foLaNi: 592. ngc = gk, gk', e.g. Cingcis k'lgk'l·:J, splangc sbLa :gk. 593. Exceptions: (i) preceded by r > N' in tairnge ta:n'a, tairnge6chaidh ta:m'o:; but > g in tairngreacht ta:raglr'axt; preceded by l > N' injuilngim feLN'l:m'. (ii) seangdn > Juga:N, sreangdn Jruga:N, pinginn p'i:N', congbhdil kiN'a:L. (iii) ngn > ghn > n, with lengthening of the preceding vowel, e.g. cungnamh > cughna > cuna, iongnadh > ioghna > iona; analogically iongantas > iontas. (iv) g,g' may be inserted before g, g' and k' in a few words. Thus *cnag kra:g, *cnagadh kra:ga, *mugailt muglLt', coigilt kig'ILt', *piceadh p'ik'a, have by-forms kra:gg, kra:gga, mul)glLt', klgg'iLt', p'lgk'a respectively. (v) fairsinge forJN'a, jairsingeacht forJN'axt by analogy with Jairsing fa:rj'hf'.

M

tlu:, gl6r glo:r, pldigh pla:. 599. Initial non-palatal l is lenited under the same circumstances as other initial consonants, e.g. ld La:, droch-la 'drox 'la:, a ldimh (' his hand') a la:v'. 600. Unlenited palatal l=L'. Palatal l is unlenited under the same circumstances as non-palatal l1, e.g. buille biL'a, slighe JL'i:, comhairle ku:rL'a, ceilt k'eLt', leigheas L'ais. 2 6o1. Unlenited palatal l > 1' before s, e.g. soillse sailJe. 602. Lenited palatal l=l', e.g. buile bil'a, leagh (past) l'a:. 603. Exceptions : (i) non-palatal l disappears before s in by-forms of bollsgaire bauLsgir'a, bausgir'a and bollsg6id bauLSgo:d', bausgo:d'. (ii) L' is heard in place of initial l' among some of the younger people. (iii) L' in place of I' in roilig riL'ik'; *fuidhleach fi:L'ax has an unlenited l as injuidhealt. (iv) I' in place of L' in tuilleadh t'il'a, eigceill e:g'e:l', Linseach l'i:nJax; in by-forms of uillinn it'iN', il'iN' and sgilling Jg'iL'iN', Jg'il'iN' ; in English-borrowed words, e.g. *livil ( < • level '} l'iv'il', *sleais ( < ' slash ') Jl're :J 3 • (v} l > r in *beileiste b'e:r'e:Jd'a. inntleacht i:Ntl'ext has a by-form i:Ktr'ext, Lochlainn LOXLiN', LoxriN', *pli1Urisi ( L~, Ltr (§§ 195198), except in falr6id fa :tro :d', *culrdid ku :tra :d'. VOWELS IN POSITION BEFORE NASALS AND LATERALS

LATERALS

595. Non-palatal l, lenited and unlenited, =L, e.g. baladh and balla ba:La, culaidh and codladh koLa. 596. Certain speakers 2 (a small minority in Teach M6r area) distinguish between lenited non-palatal l (l) and unlenited non-palatal l (L). For phonetic description, see §§ 2r6, 218. 597. Non-palatal l is unlenited when written ll and whe.n preceded by s (but not sit), r, n or when followed by t, e.g. meall m'a:L, alt a:Lt, Bearla b'e:rta, *m1Ula > munla mu:NL8, Nodlaig> Nollaig NOLik', sluagh SLU8; but shl- > hl, as in shloig hlig'. Normally fel'iNt', see § 615 and note. • The following examples of I and L (§§ 597-599) arc from the speech of S. 6 T. 1

604. Before ll, nn, ng (unless a vowel immediately follows), before m (unless a vowel or t immediately follows 4), and before nr, short stressed vowels are either lengthened or diphthongised as follows : ' a, ea >a: (except before ng); e.g. cam ka:m, lann ta:N,. 2 hL' does not occur. See §§ 597, 599. Palatal shl > hl', e.g. shleamhnaigh hl'aUN8. Cf. non-palatal shl > hi, § 597, 8 l' also in prep. l'e and in prep. prons. liom, etc. • Lengthening and diphthongisation commonly retained, before a following vowel, in diminutives, e.g. caimf.n, ka:m'I:n', coillin kalt'i:n', bail/in ba:L'l:n'; and sometimes in other derivatives, e.g. dreamannai dr'a:maNI: caime ka:m'e, milleann m'i:L'8N, *moilleannai maiL'eNi:, *moilleadofreacht malL'ado:r'axt. cumtha ku:me 'handsome'; otherwise kuma, kumta; camtha ka:mte, 1

ka:mte.

IIO

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIR~GE

*alltrachai a:Ltraxi:, ceann, *feamnadh, feannta, *geanntrachai, etc. Exceptions: (i) Both a: and a: are used before nr, e.g. eanbhruithe a:Ntra, a:Ntra; anr6 a:Ntro:, a:Nt;ro:; but only a: in * Brannra bra:Ntra, danardha > danra da:Ntra. (ii) a is retained as a: before nnt, e.g. sanntach etc. ; before llt in *sgalltrachai sga:Ltraxi:. (iii) ea retained as re: before nnt, ms, mp in the words neannt6g N're:Nto:g, *gea1fntdil, seams6g, *treampdn. (iv) both a: and a: in *ampladhach a:mpLu:x, a:mpLu:x; re: and a: in greannmhar gr're:NWar, gr'a:NWar. ai > a: in the case of ll, m', e.g. aill a:L', chaill, bainrioghan ba :NtriaN. Exceptionally saill saiL'. ai is normally retained as a: before nt, nnt, e.g. *baint ba::Nt', cainnt ka::Nt'; but with a minority of speakers > ai, e.g. cainnt kaiNt', *slainte ( < sldinte) SLai:Nt'a ; initially before ms normally retained as re:, e.g. aimsir re:mfir', but> ai with some speakers. 1 ei > i:, e.g. greim gr'i:m', teinn, etc., except bheinn (condl.) v' eiN', v' eN', fem t' aiL'. i > i:, before ll, and before final nn or m, e.g. im i:m', binn, cill. i: and i are used indifferently before a nasal followed by a consonant, e.g. innseacht infaxt, i:nfaxt; cinnte k'i:.:Nt'a, k'iNt'a; simplidhe Ji:mpl'i:, Jimpl'i:; i retained in prep. pron. Zinn l'iN'. io, initially, > u and u: indifferently, e.g. iomchar, ionnsaidhe, etc.;> u only in ionga ugga; > u and i: in *ionntam (< ionnam) UNtam,. i:Ntam, *ionntad, etc.; >i: in *ionlaoghas i:NLi:s, *ionnlach. io, non-initially, > i: before nn, e.g. cionn k'i:N, fionn, fionnfa4hach,. etc. ; > i: and i, before ng, e.g. briongl6idigh 2 br'bjgLO:d'i:, br'i:ggLo:d'i:, *biongldn ( i: and u before mp, e.g. *tiompall ( < timcheall) t'i:mpaL, *triompdn tr'umpa:N; > i before nnt, e.g. cionntach, *mionta, etc. o > au, before ll, e.g. poll, Goll, etc. ; before nn in one word donn dauN. > u:, before final nn, e.g. tonn tu:N, fonn, etc. ; before nonfinal nn and other nasals u and u: are used indifferently, e.g. lonnradh LUN,)ra, LU: N~a. long LUIJQ, LU:l]g, lom, etc. oi > al before ll, e.g. coill kalL', moill, etc. >i: before final nasals, e.g. broinn, broim; >i: and i indifferently Cf. ai before mhY § 52 7. 2 See also § 609 (vi). a > u in giongach g'UI)gax. 1

CONSONANTS

III

before non-final nasals, e.g, croinnte kriNt'a, kri::Nt'a, broimneach brimr'ax, bri:mr'ax. u > u: and u, indifferently, before nasals, e.g. unsa u:ne, unsa, punt, cuntabhairt, cuntas. ui > i:, before ll and before final nn and m, e.g. thuill hi:L', suim si :m', tuinn ti: N' ; > i and i: before nasals followed by a consonant, e.g. muing m.igg' and mi:gg'; muinntir mi:Nt'ir' mi::Nt'ir'; cuimhneach kimr'ax, ki:mr'ex, kimn'ax, ki:mn'ax ;> i before nns in Juinnseog finfo:g. R-SOUNDS

605. Lenited r=r, r', e.g. caora ki:ra, aire m:r'a. 606. Initially both palatal and non-palatal lenited r=r, e.g. a ri (voc.) a ri:, rug rug ; but r' is heard in a few phrases, e.g. dha reir ya: r'e:r', dd riribh ya: r'i:r'a, mo riocht ma r"oxt, roimhe re riv'a r'e:. 607. Unlenited r (often distinguished by being written rr) has when non-palatal, fallen together with lenited r, e.g. fear f'm:r, fearr f'a:r. 608. Palatal unlenited r has been depalatalised, giving the same result, e.g. ri ri:, reamhar raur, fairrge fa:rig'a, comhairle ku:rL'a, beirt b'ert', ceird k'aircl', Jairsing fa:rfiN', toirneach taurN'ax, srian Jri:N, sri:N. 609. Exceptions: (i) r in place of r', before thin beirthe b'en, uirthe ore, speirthe sb'ere, sirthe6ireacht Juro:r'ext. (ii) r' in place of r in i riocht a r'oxt, do roghain de r'aun'; in inflected forms girre g'lr' a, bairr ba :r'. (iii) r > l in eirim > eilim,feilim; oireamhain > jeiliuint; creabhar > cleabhar, feirm > feilim; suirghe > sel'I:; *prdsan > plasdn; do reir mar has a by-form lear mar l'e:r ma:r. (iv} r is inserted by some speakers before l in the ending -lack, in *muicealach > muicearlach, meigeallach > meigearlach, *spaidealach > spaidearlach, *gaothtalach > gaothtarlach; bealbhach > b'e:Lwax, b'e:Lu:x, b'e:uu:x, ge6lbhach > g'o:Lwax, g'o:Lu:x, g'o:uu:x. (v) r is lost in the poss. adjs. ar, bhar which both > e. (vi) beanglan 1 has both forms brionglan and bionglan; briongl6idigh 1 br'~gLo :d'l: and b'~gLo :d'l: (vii) Other exceptions: dreimire dr'e:m'lr'a and dr'e:m'ld'a; 1

See a.lso § 6o4.

THE IRlSH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

>

matru and smatru; Ruaidhri ruer'i:, also ru&f}.i:; buaidhrean baid'a:x and baic}.a:x; chreidim has a common byform x'ed'im.'; tarla (used·as an adv. 'since') ha:rLe, ha:Lta; ar siobhal 81' Ju:L and er Jru:L; *trdlach and *tdlach occur; r is lost by haplology in ceathrar > *cearar > k'93:r.

marlrughadh

CHAPTER XIX

CONSONANT

CHANGES

INTERCHANGE OF PALATALS AND NON-PALATALS

V OW'.ELS IN POSITION BEFORE

R

6IO. Short stressed vowels, before rr (unless a vowel immediately follows 1) and before rd, rl, rn, are lengthened or diphthongised as follows : a, ai, ea > a:, e.g. carndn ka:rxa:x, fearr f'a:r, tairnge ta:rx'e, ard, etc. Exceptionally airde (compv. of adj. and abst. n.) aird'e, bt,1t a:rd'e in phrase i n-airde. aird (gen.. of. noun) a:rd' has a by-form aird' ; gairdeacht > gaird'ext; tairngthe has both forms ta:rx'i:, ta:rx'i:. ei > ai, e.g. ceird k'aird'. o, oi > au, e.g. corr kaur, corna kaurxe, orlar aurLa:r, buird > boird ba~', toirneach, *coirleach, etc. Ex.::eption: sgornach,

sgo:rnx. ui > u: in duirling du:rL'ix' ; > u and u: in muirnin murx'i :n', mu :r:s'i :n'. Exceptionally ai

VOWELS

IN

> a:

before rm in tairm $0:r'im'.

POSITION BEFORE CONTAINING

OTHER R AND

CONSONANT

GROUPS

L

6n. Short stressed vowels, before the groups br, dr, gr, {{l, are lengthened or diphthongised as follows: a, ai, ea > a: in the case of dr, gr, gl, e.g. *madrai ma:deri:, paidrin pa:d'ir'i:n', freagra fr'a:gre, eaglais a:gLiJ. ai, oi > ai in the case of br, bl, e.g. oibriughadh aibr'u: , oibliogaid aibl'ega:d', Aibrean aibr'a:x. 61:2. For vowels before bhr, mhr, mhl, see § 527. Lengthening and diphthongisation sometimes retained before a following vowel, in inflected forms, e.g. gearra g'a:re, ,:orra kaure, bearrann b'a:rex. 1

613. Non-palatal t becomes palatal in the majority of words in which it occurs initially before i < ui, e.g. tuitim > titim tuigim > tigim, tuilleadh >, tile, *tuilleamhaint > tilliuint · arid in toidheacht t'iaxt. ' 614. Palatal t becomes non-palatal in a few words, before u < io, e.g. *tion6nta > tundnta, *tiomanach > tumanach, *tiomaint > tumdilt; *tiomsacht t'umsaxt has a by-form tumsaxt. 6r5. Non-palatal l becomes palatalised in clu > cliu, loinnir > linnir, foldir > .fiedr, Julang > Joilint, 1 Jalmhughadh fa:Lu: has a by-form fa:l'u:. 616. Palatal l becomes non-palatal in the suffix -dil in a few of the more common verbs, e.g. t6gbhdil > t6igedl, fdgbhdil > fdgdl, cungbhdil > cuinnedl, *cruinnedil > cruinnedl, *feicedil > feicedl. These verbs have by-forms which retain the palatal l. 617. eh is not palatalised before the diminutive termination -in, e.g. teaichin t'93:xi:n', cloichin kLoxi:n'. 618. Palatal rs and sr become non-palatal, §§ 171, r72. 619. Other examples of non-palatals being replaced by palatals: anois a'n'iJ, fiadhnaise f'i:n'iJi:, blonag > blttinic, ag (prep.) > eg', ar (prep.) > er' ; thar ha:r and ha:r' ; maru ( silim, faicim > feicim, tarsna > treasna; abaidh m:b'i:. 620. Other examples of palatals being replaced by nonpalatals : truaighmhiileach truav'e:LaX, bailiughadh ba:l'u: 1

Non-palatal t retained in phr. thar a fhulang

ha:r

8 OL8N, sec

§ 593. I IJ H

114

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

has a by-form ba:Lu:, taisbeanadh > tasbdnadh, aidhbhirse6ir a:warso:r', cineal > ciondl, cinealta > ciondlta, deallraighthe da:L~:. thrid (prep.) > thraoid, deireannach d'erwax, cd bhfios > cd bhos > kaus, beirthe b'era, uirthe ore, fein he:n' has a by-form he:x, timcheall > tiompall (unless the latter represents the literary by-form tiomchall). 621. (a) The fut. pass. ending -fidhear is replaced by -faidhear 1 , except when preceded by a lost fricative, e.g. brisfidhear br'iffar, creidfidhear kr'ed'far, buail.fidhear bual'far. (b) Both -fidhe and -faidhe 1 are used indifferently in the condl. pass., e.g. thuitfidhe hit'fi:, bhearrjaidhe v'a:rfi: and v'a:r-f'i:, sgaoilftdhe sgi:lf'i:, except after a lost fricative where f'i: is the more common, e.g. mheadhfaidhe v'a:f'i:. 622. The vbl. endings -tar, -taoi, and -td are often used in place of -tear, ~t~, and -ted respectively, e.g. cuirt(h)ear kurtar, kurt'ar; leigt(h)i l'ig'ti:, l'igt'i:; sgaipt(h)ed sga:p'ta:, sga:pt'a.

INITIAL CHANGES

623. A few examples occur in which bilabials are interchanged, e.g. b > m in beach > meach, *bouilear > maul'e:r; m > j meitheal m'aiL and f'aiL ; J > p in Jeircin > peircin, feirc is more frequently peirc; f > w in fardoras wa:rdoras; p >Jin pailm > failim, *prae has a by-form frae ; both pdimead a:1d fdimead occur. 624. Prosthetic/ develops in: adudh > fadu, ainic > fainic,

aidhb > fa;idhb, aisneis > faisneis, anaim > fanaim, easair > fasair, eirim > eilim andfeilim, oireamhain > feiliuint, urmh6r > forewo:r, uireasbhaidh > foireasa, athach > Jathach. 625. Prosthetics develops in a few words, e.g. maise > smais, preab > spreab ('shovelful'), bluire > spriuille. Other ., words have two forms, e.g. *(s)bicead, (s)bogdn, . *(s)cromdnach, *(s)claibeara, *(s)criochdn, (s)geabhrdn, *(s)glugaire, *(s)gluiteara, *(s)grunlach, (s)giobal, (s)liobar, *(s)matru ( < martrughadh), (s)mair#neach, *(s)meadrdil. 625a. The following have forms in pl-, an tais, aiseadach > taiseadach. Both *eirigeis and *teirigeis occur. Teagasc Criostaidhe > a:glf kr'l:sdl: 627. n dropped in u:m'e:d a by-form of *n6imead n:m'e:c:11. 628. Initial t alternates with s in tuilleamhain > tilUuinl and silliuint (' fit in') ; tarathar > ·tra:r and sra:r; go sroichfeadh ga sre:x also ge dre:x ( < go dtr.) ; *sonc > tone. 629. Palatal d > g in diosgadh > gfosgadh, deann6id > gionn6id. dlite (past part.) dl'it'e and dUsteannach dl'ifd'uu have by-forms gl'it'a and gl'ifd'awax2 respectively. 630. Palatal t and c alternate in te, ce, ceard, which have by-forms ce, te, teard respectively. teilgthe tl'ik'i: and kl'iki:. 63r. c > g in cabdiste guba:fd'e; d > t in dadamh ta:68, t > d in tdinte > ddinte. CONSONANT CHANGES

FINAL CHANGES

632. t' is suffixed to the majority of verbal nouns ending in -n or -l, e.g. oileamhain el'u:Nt', oireamhain > feili·uint, coimhling > coimhlinn > kaivl'ixt', etc. ; ceangal, osgal, fag!idil have by-forms ceangailt, osgailt,faghdilt (fdilt) respectively. 633. t suffixed tor in bagar > bagairt, fuagra (v.n.) > fuagairt; suffixed to s in aithris > aithrist, aris > arist; to l in mar gheaU ma:r ja:L also ma:r ja:Lt. 634. s is suffixed to the words i bhfast6dh > a wa:sdo:s, i ngreamughadh > a :gr'a;e:mu:s, a :gr'139:mo:s, i n-aimhreidhe > a Nm :vr'e :s because of these words being usually followed by the prep. and art. sa. METATHESIS

635. In a few words which had a short vowel, followed by l, n or r, followed by another short vowel there is metathesis of the first vowel and consonant, e.g. teilgean > tligean, bolgam >

blogam, tiormach > triumach, urball > driuball, Murchadh Mrocha, Conchobhar > Crochur, spioraid > sprid, *furasda jrusda, tarathar > trathar tra:r, sra:r. also pronounced mu:m'e:d. • gl- not heard in dligheadh dl'i:

1

> >

II6

THE IRISH OF COlS FHAIRRGE

636. Other examples of metathesis: (a) sr > rs, e.g. *glaisre6dh > *glairse6dh, gLa:rJu: gLa:rsu:, *lasrachai > larsachai. (b) r changes with l, e.g. galra and garla occur; *barriallachai > ba:riaLaxi:, more often ba:te:raxi:. (c) ln > nl, muilne6ir and *guai"lnedil have by-forms muinle6ir and guainledil respectively. (d) further examples: muinchille > muinille and muilinne; sochraide has a by-form sochairde; searm6in > seanam6ir; lucharpdn > loipreachdn; amharc > a/arc and afrac, also a:wark; *acab (aca) has a by-form apac ; coisceim > coismiig and cuimsiig ; coisricim > goirsimic in the phrase goirim is coisricim ger'i:m' as gorJim'ik'; annlann has a by-form annall ; canntlamh > canntal ; admhdil > amhdchl auda :I' ; iomarca has a by-form iomacra ; i bhfoigseacht > i blifoisgeacht u:Jg'axt; trillsian > troisledn traiJL'a:N; both *fuinniniiadach and *fuiminniadach are current; Gaoidhealg > ge:lg'a (representing gen. Gaoidhilge) with a rare by-form ge:gl'a; Purgadoir > Progad6ir ; malairt > malraid ; *neaipicin and *neaicibi-n occur.

II7

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX I NOTES ON THE DIALECT OF THE \VE STERN AREA OF COIS FHAIRRGE

637. The dialect of Leitir Moir and Garumna Islands, which are on the western fringe of Cois Fhairrge, appears to be substantially the same as that of Teach M6r area, except in a few points, the more important of which are given below (§§ 639-66 .3! · . 638. The information is based mainly on the speech of Padraig 0 Rainnigh (P. 6 R.) (c. 58), Leitir Calaidh, c. 35 mls. west of Galway on the island of Leitir M6ir. Other sp se•, (a) when initially before s or t, (b) when preceded 'by t, d, h and followed by d, t, e.g. as(II a,•set, atta se•ti:, dadamh tse·de, d'.fhadiiigh dse·de, *hata ha·te (P. 6 R_.) ; but a· is sometimes heard in this position, e.g. atta a·ti:, asal a·sel (P. 6 F.). 651. The vowels ar and a· normally occur half-long. 652. u > i when preceded by t or d and followed by s, e.g. •dust.a disde, tusa tisa. (P. 6 R).

SHORT UNSTRESSED VOWELS

653. The fut. pass. suffix -idhear > er, e.g. bris.fidhear br'iJer. fdgfaidhear fn:ker (P. 6 R.). -a:r which is the most common form in Teach M6r area (§ 541 ii.) is not found. 654. mh > nasalised w. Medial non-palatal mh=a nasalised w (and the preceding short vowel is retained), e.g. gamhai·n gi·win', amhlaidh i-wle, tamhnach ti•wnax, sleamhain JL'lll•win', cleamhnas kl'all'Wll81.

APPENDIX I I20

I2I

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

ie· in this position represents a vowel which is approximately the same as Cardinal No. 4. ea> i• in reamhar ri·war (B. Ui R.). 655. Some speakers, including the majority of the younger people, do not nasalise the vowel or consonant w in such words. The above words have been recorded, without any nasalisation, from P. 6 R.

TH 656. Intervocalic th is retained as h, e.g. sgothach sgohax, duthaigh du:ha, caitheamh kaha. Exceptions: cuthal ku:l, greithe gr'e:i: (P. 6 R.). 657. Intervocalic th > x', when preceded by i: or i in the speech of certain speakers, e.g. ithe ix'a, saothar si:x'ar (R. 6 R.). 658. ghth, preceded by an unstressed vowel is silent, as in Teach Mor, e.g. ceannuighthe (past part. and pl. noun) k'm:Ni: (P. 6 R.).

CH

659. Palatal eh, when intervocalic, cloiche kloha. (P. 6 R.).

> h,

e.g. droichead drehad,

F 660. f in the fut. and condl. suffixes, when preceded by· a lost fricative > h, e.g. trdighfidh tra·ha, leighfidh L'e·ha, chrdidhfeadh xra•hax. (P. 6 R.).

LENGTH OF VOWELS BEFORE

H

66I. There is a tendency to shorten vowels before h. Long vowels usually become half-long in this position, but may also be made short, e.g. b6thar bohar, bo•har, *laetheannta u·hanti:

(P. 6 R.). comhartha > comhtharra (by metathesis)

> cdtharra

ku·here (R. 6 R.). 662. m· and a· which are normally half-long are .shortened before h, e.g. breathnughadh br'mhu:, caitheamh kahe (P. 6 R.). 663. Originally short vowels are sometimes lengthened to half-long before h, by analogy with originally long vowels, which may become half-long or short, e.g. soitheach sehu and 1e·ha, *feithideach f'e·hid'ez (P. 6 R.).

I22

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

APPENDIX

II

NOTES ON THE DIALECT OF THE EASTERN AREA OF COIS FHAIRRGE

664. The main differences between the language of the area immediately west of Galway City and that of Teach M6r area have regard to the treatment of vowels occurring before certain groups of consonants. In most instances the vowel developments current in Teach M6r are also found in the eastern area. Some people use both pronunciations indifferently. The information is based mainly on the speech of the following : Micheal Mac An Ghoill (Domhnall M6r) (M.G.) (c. 67), Ceapaigh, c. 4 mls. west of Galway, and ¼ml. north of coast road. Peadar 6 hAllmhura.in (P. 6 H.) (80), Claidhe Ban, c. 3 mls. west of Galway, ½ ml. north of coast road. Padraig 6 Heithir (P. 6 Reith.) (c. 55), Buaile Bheag, c. 4 mls. north-west of Galway. Luke Hackett (L.H.) (c. So), Cnoc na Caithreach, c. 3 rnls. west of Galway, on the coast road. Micheal 6 Cadhain (Frank) (M. 6 C.) (67), Cnoc an Leachta, Beama, c. 5 rnls. west of Galway, on the coast road.

VOWELS IN POSITION BEFORE NASALS AND LATERALS

665. Certain short vowels are retained before ll, m, nn, ng, nr where (unless a vowel immediately follows) they are lengthened or diphthongised in Teach M6r area. (See § 604). a and ea are retained as a and m respectively before m, nr, and usually before nn, e.g. cam kam, am am, dream dr'sem and mdm > mam., by analogy. (P .. 6 H.) (M. G.) (L. H.) .. bainrtoghan baHhrieK, anr6 aKhro: (M.G.). crann kraH, gleann gl'sex, (M.G.) (L.H.) (P. 6 H), but also > a: before nn, leann L'a:K, gann ga:x (M.G.). a, ai, ea > a: before laterals as in Teach M6r area. ei retained as i before m, greim gr'im.', but also i:, gr'i:m' (M.G.).

APPENDIX

II

I23

i, ui, sometimes retained as i before m, e.g. im im.' (L.H.) druim drim.' (M.G.), but also > i:, e.g. im i:m' (P. 6 H.), suim si:m' (M.G.) (P. 6 H.). io retained as i before nn, 6s a chionn ses e x'hr (L.H.), but> i: also, e.g. fionnfadhach f'i:Kax (M.G.). o before ll retained as o, e.g. poll POL, (P. 6 H.) but also pauL, coll kauL (P. 6 H.) (L.H.). Before nn usually retained as u, e.g. fonn fuN, tonn tu.N (P. 6 H.), but fonn fu:N (M.G.). ui retained as i, before ng, mn, e.g. citi'ng ~g', Luimneach Limr'ex (P. 0 IL), suaimhneas > suimneas simn'es (P. 0 H.) (M.G.).

VOWELS IN POSITION BEFORE

R

AND GROUPS CONTAINING

R

666. Certain short vowels retain their quality before rr, rn,

rd, dr, gr, mhr where they are lengthened or diphthongised in Teach M6r area (see §§ 610-u). ea remains as se: before rr, rn, e.g. fearr f'se:r, gearr g'se:r, (P. 6 H.) (L. H.) (M. G.), bearna b'se:ne (P. 0 H.) (L. H.) ; but also > a;, fearr f'a:r, gearr g'a:r (P. 0 Reith.) a, ai, ea, are retained as a, a and se respectively before gr, dr, e.g. freagra fr'segre, *madra£ maderi: (M. G.) (M. 0 C.}, *paidreacha£ padr'exi: (M. 6 C.) ; but also > a:, e.g. paidrin pa:d'ir'i:n' (M. 0 C.), freagra fr'a:gre, *madral maderi: and ma:deri: (P. 6 Reith.) ei retained before rd, e.g. ceird k'erd' (P. 6 H.) ; but> ai also, k'aird' (L. H.). ei retained as i before mhr in geimhreadh g'ivr'e (P. 6 H.) (L. H.). o retained before rr, rd, rl, rn, e.g. bord bord, dorn dorNe, (L. H.) (P. 6 H.), corr kor (L. H.) ; but also > au, dorn da.une (P. 6 H.), orldr auna:r (P. () H.) (L. H.), oirneis a.un'e:J (L. H.).

STRESSED

V O\\'ELS

667. The vowels se ( < ea, ai) and a ( < a, ai) do not occur long, except in the case of se, when before r, e;g. fearr f'm:r

(P. 6 H.)

I24

THE IRISH OF COIS FHAIRRGE

668. o: (< 6 or o) is retained before a nasal, and in words in which there originally was a nasal, but its development to u: as in Teach M6r area is also current, e.g. t6in to:n', l6n LO:N, n6s NO:s, m6ide mo:d'a, joghmhar fo:war (L. H.), comharsa ko:rsa, comhairle ko:n'a, Domhnach do:Nax (P. 6 H.) ; but also u:, main mu:n' (P. 6 H.). L. H. regularly uses o: in such positions, except in m6 mu:. M. G. uses u: only,· e.g. comharsa ku:rsa, Domhnach du:Nax.

SHORT UNSTRESSED VOWELS

669. Final unstressed -a, -e in the past participle is sometimes found lengthened to i:, but is more commonly retained as a, e.g. *sdbhdilte sa:wa:Lt'a, (M. G.) ; but buailte buaLt'i:, ceangailte k'aeJ]giLt'i: (P. 6 Heith.), deanta d'i:Nti: (P. 6 H.). Unstressed ai > i: in d'jhdgaibh da:gi: (P. 6 H.).

STRESS

670. The prepositional pronouns agam, etc. (except the 3rd sing.) are stressed on the second syllable as often as on the first. When stressed on the first, initial a > u, e.g. agam 'ugam, a'gum, againn 'ugiN', a'ghi', aca 'ukab, a'ku: (M. G,) (P. 6 H.). 671. The stress is frequently on the second element of the following words, in which the pretonic vowel is elided ; coldiste kLO:Jd'e, bordiste bra:Jd'a, pardiste pra:Jd'a (P. 6 H.) but the stress is also found on the first syllable 'kuLa:Jd'e, etc.

INDEX English is used to identify Irish words. Although an attempt is made to give the most common meaning of the words, in the dialect, the index is not to be taken as a vocabulary. The numbers refer to the paragraphs, except those preceded by n., which refer to the footnotes, or those preceded by t .. which refer to tile lines of the texts in Chap. XV. Add.=Addenda. Verbs are given under the fc)rm of the I sg. pres. indic.; prepositional pronouns under the form of the 1 sg. A

a, (voc. particle), z82, 264, 295. etc. a, (rel. pron.), 248; tt. 7, 13, etc. a, ( < prep. do), with v.n., tt. II, 59, etc. abaidh, ripe, 547, 619. abhaile, homewards, 329. abhainn, river, 204, 235, t. 56 ; abhann, t. 54 ; aibhneachai, 107, 527. ach, but, tt. 13, 18, etc. Achadh Reidh, n. loc., 35, 332, 499. 0

achar : distance ; period of time ; achair, t. 136. ddh, luck, 569. adhall, heat in dogs, uo. adharc, horn, 134,539; adharca, 1 ro. • adhbhar, material, 534, 539· adhmad, timber, 59, 539. admhdil, act of admitting ; receipt, 636. aduighim, kindle, 541; aduighthe, 231 ; d'aduigh, 650. aer, air; sky, t. 164 ; aeir, 524. ag (prep.), 85, 251, 276, 278, etc. ; with poss. pron., agat, 279 ; ghd, d, 184, etc. agam, 357, 520, 670 ; agat, 199, 250, etc., 520 ; aige, 422, t. I7, etc. ; aice, 422, t. 4, etc. ; againn, 520, 670 ; agaibh, 484, 524 ; aca, 295, etc., 636, 670.

aghaidh, face, 539 ; in phrs. i n-aghaidh, against, t. 123 ; 16 h-aghaidh, for, 579. agus, and, 290, 295, etc. Aibhistin, n.pr., 422. Aibrean, April, 273, 6II. aice, in phr. i n-aice, beside ; together with, 179, t. 22. aidhb, blow, 539, 624. aidhbhirse6ir, devil, 620. A ifreann, Mass, 86, 167; tt. 42, 44; Aifrinn, t. 139. aigneadh, mind, 150. aill, cliff; large stone, 59, 213, 604; alttracha£, 604. ailleog, shout; blow, 4z4. ailp, lump ; bite, 136. aimhreas, doubt, 85, 24I, 527. aimhreidhe, entanglement, 634. aimhreiteach, entangled, 33. aimsir, weather; period, 240, 604 ; aimsire, 524 ; t. 69. aindeoin, in spite of, 422. aine6las, great knowledge, 271. ainfhear, good man, 270, 326. ainic, beware (impv.) ; warning, 624. ainm, name, 503. aird, heed, 254. airde, height, no, 610. aire, care; heed, 47,. 422, 605; tt. 102, I03,

l);DEX

airgead, silver ; money, 253 ; airgid, 335, 349· dis, open wicke.r-work in side of pannier, 626. ais, in phrs. such as, le h-ais, beside, 579. aiseadach, shroud, 626. aisneis, report, 624. aisteach, strange; queer, 88, 125, 143, 295, 310, 489. aistriughadh, act of moving, 505. dit, place, 59, 127, 244, 254, 255, 232, etc. ; because, t. 51. ait, excellent, 255, 286. aiteall, dry period between showers, 88. aiteann, furze, 286 ; aitinn, 286. aith-ghiorra, short-cut, 133, 325, 544· aithmheala, regret, 167, 232, 499. aithne, recognition, 47, 639. aithnighim: recognise; d'aithin, 43, 339, 572 ; t. 93. aithrighe, repentance, 570, 639. aithris, imitation; act of imitating, 286, 633. ditiughadh, dwelling-place, 231, 232. A.lbain, n. loc., 501. alpadh, act of snatching, 215. alt, joint, 597 ; ailt, 39, 422. altoir, altar, 414. altughadh, act of giving thanks, 215. dluinn, beautiful, 248, t. 155. am, time, 87, 203, 665; t. 132. amach, out, 329, 342, etc. amhdin, alone; only, 270, 291,. 312, 329, etc. amhantar, good luck, 529. amharc, sight ; pupil of eye, 164, 529, 636. amhas, mischief-maker, 529. amhghar, affliction, 535. amhlaidh, thus, 243, 654. amhfdn, song, 66, 529. ampladhach, greedy, 604. amuigh, outside, 295, 304, 474, 547· an, in phr. in-an, able, t. 37•

an-, (intens. proclitic), 270, 271, 281, etc. an, (interrog.), 270, 303, 345, etc. an, (de£. art.), 85, 87, 270, etc. ; na, 248, 250, etc. andil, breath, 71. anaim, see fan.aim .. anam, soul, 53. anbhruithe, see eanbhruithe. anfadh, storm ; dry period, 206, 549, 581, 642. aniar, from the west, 204, 295, 329. anios, from below, tt. 23, 28, 6:z. aniugh,to-day,74, 75,238,447, 547• ann, (adv.), 251, 295, 334, etc. annamh, seldom, 206, 581. annlann, sauce, 240, 636. annseo, here, 193, 287, etc. annsin, then ; there, 295, t. 3, etc. anocht, to-night, 450. anoi,-, from the east, t. 15r. anois, now, 329, 619 ; tt. 62, 99. anr6, hardship, 604, 665. anuas, from above, 329. anuraidh, last year, 468, 641. aoibheall, see adhall, which appears to be a recent misspelling. aoibhinn, pleasant, 154. aoinddag, eleven, 343, 375· aoinfheacht, in phr. i n-aoinfheacht le, a.long with, 375. aois, age, 170. aon, one, 43, 270, 282, 284, 291, 375, etc. aonach, fair, t. 77, 79; aonaigh, 302 ; t. 75 ; aontaighe, 23. ar, (interrog.), 85, 270, 345, etc. ar, (prep.). 210, 25 l, 255, etc. ardn, bread, 251,479. araoid, address; interference, t. 134. arbhar, corn, 53 x. ard, high, 579, 610; aird, 610. ardughadh, act of raising, 542. argain, beating, 501. ariamh, always; never, t. 141. arts, again, 139, 329, etc., 633. arm, army ; weapon, 224 ; airm, 28•

INDEX

armdil, use, 501. artha, charm, 87, 452, 570. as, (prep.), 301, 342, etc. asal, ass, 334, 650, t. 20, etc. ; asail, tt. 17, 27. asgaill, armpit, 255. ataim : swell ; aifaidh, 87 ; atta, 650 ; at, 128; d'at, 255. dth, oast, 244. athach, giant; 562, 624. athair, father, 562 ; aithreachai, 481. athdhdir, second heat in cow, 327. athghroigeadh, act of refooting turf, 544. athrughadh, act of changing, t. 13. atornae, lawyer, 35. B babdilte, bobbed, 414. bacach, lame, t. 166. bacaim : interfere with ; bactar, 349, 518. bacdn, hinge-hook; bent arm, 71, 308, 413. baclainn, armful, 520. bdd, boat, 254, 306. bddhadh, act of drowning, t. 163. bagar, act of threatening, 633. bail, condition, 421. baile, home ; village, t. 93. Baile na mBrobhach, n. loc., 529. bailighim, gather, 541 ; bailigheann, 232 ; bailiughadh, 620. baillin, in phr. ar baillin, in a little while, 604 n. 4· bainim : cut ; bhain, t. 25 ; baint, 257, 258, 299, 304, 582, 604 ; t. 23. bainne, milk, 54· bainrioghan, queen, 197, 391, 604, 665. baintreabhthach, widow, 533. Bairbre, n.pr., 501. bdire, game; shoal, 59. bairille, barrel, t. 126. bairneach, limpet, 224. bdisteach, rain, 300.

baithis, crown of the head, t. 147. baladh, smell, 53, 88, 215, 218, 452, 595, 640. balla, wall, 53, 88, 215, 218, 595; ballat, t. 167. ballach, rock-fish, 88, 293. bdn, white, 59, 352. banbh, young pig, 525 ; bainbh, 503. Banbha, n.loc., 503, 532. bannrdn, act of complaining, 197. baramhail, opinion, 232. barr: crop, bairr, 609; do bharr, as a result of, t. I 16. barr-iall : boot lace ; barriallachai, 636. bds, death, 281, tt. 93, 161 ; bdis, 281, t. 3. basgaim : injure ; basgfaidh, 549. beach, bee, 623. btfaddn, back-biting; act of backbiting, 97, 383. beag, small, 64, 230, 26g, 295, 337, 338, 432, t. l 15. beagdn, a small amount, t. 95. btfal, mouth, t. 126. bealdilte, greased, 414. btfalbhach, bit (for horse), 532, 609. beal-gharbh, moderately rough, 326. bean, woman, 48, 202, 281, etc.; mnd, 224, 586. beangldn, limb of tongs, 151, 310, 6o4, 609. Bearla, English language, 597. bearna, gap, 645, 666. bearrann, shave, 610 n. 1; bearradh (v.n.), 121; bhearrfaidhe, 621. bearrdn, inconvenience, 30, 413. beart, deed ; plan, 225. Beartla, n.pr., 514. beatha, food, 47, 281. beathadhach, see beithidheach. beathuiglithe, fattened, 570. beibe, bib, 441, 500. beicfeadhach, act of shouting, 231, 542, 549. beile, meal, 250. btfileiste, drink closing a sale, 6o3. beinn, peak ; gable, 259.

INDEX

INDEX

btli'flnBach, big strong man, t. 144. beirim : bear ; befr, 223 ; rug, 265, 467, 606; breith, 40; beirthe,

bodhar, deaf, 236, 237, 539. bodhrdn, sheepskin vessel, 539. boddig, heifer, 413. 609, 620, 639. bog, soft, 449; buige, 472. bheirim: give; tuga'fl'fl, 88; tabhafr, bogdn, anything soft, 71, 318, 413, 249, 254, 342 ; thug, 254, 255, 625. 259, 348, tt. 39, 43, 125 ; tiobh- boineann, female, 587._ raidh, 529 ; thiobhradh, 560 ; bolg, belly, 452 ; builg, 45, 332, tabhairt, 66, 529. 335 n.I, 472. beirt, two people, 40, 435, 608, t. 65. bolgam, mouthful, 635, t. 14. beithidheach, animal, 100 ; beith- bollsgaire, a fly-boy, 603. idhigh, 100, 562, t. 55. bollsgdid, blister, 6o3. bed, living; nerve, 67, 121, 231, 386. bonn, sole ; foundation, 79, 122, beddhaim : liven ; bheddhaigh, 154. 206, etc. ; buinn, 259, 260 ; bed-phia'fladh, act of tormenting, bonnufocha£, 284, 481. 326. bordiste, borage, 479, 671. biadh, food, 95. borb, rough, 122, 224, 501. biakl, fed, 97. bord, table, 146, 224, 281, 666; bib, see beibe. t. 12 ; buird, 610. Mclad, a large pointed object ; a bosga, box, 451. big person, 625. bothdn, hut, 59, 565. bitleach, very small, 337. bdthar, road, 398, 661. biflfl, melodious, 582, 604. bouilear, boulder; a big person, 623. bitw, pin ; spike, 442. brachadh, act of fermenting, 555. biordn, pin, 223., 479. braeitsedil, act of breaking, 193. biset1Ch, recovery; relief, t. 72. braich, malt, 556. bith, in phr. ar bith: {preceded by Brannra, n. loc., 197, 604. neg.), in the world, at all, 29, braon., drop, 1:22, 2:24, 256, 295. 121, 304, 439 ; t. 5, etc. brdth, doomsday, 57:2, t. 43. bithbheant1Ch, rascal, Bo, 565. brath, act of intending, t. 78. BldctM;h : n.pr., t. 143 ; Bldcaigh, brlag, falsehood, 33, tt. 46, 108, etc. t. 130, etc. breaghdha, fine, 337, 348, 439, blai~m: taste; bhlais,_ JS8. t. 74, etc. bias, taste; nothing (with neg.), 147, brlag'fluighim : deny ; prove false ; 261. bhrlagnaigh, 150. bltJII,, 11.ower, 122, 215. Breatain, n.loc., 204, 587. blt.Uhaeh ; .buttermilk ; bl.dithche, 554. breathnuighim : look ; bhreathnuigh, bleaist, blow; kick, 130. t. 31; breathnughadh 643, 66:2, t. 91. bliadhai'fl, year, 96, 121, 214, t. 130; Breatnach, n.pr., 513. bliadh'fla, 206 ; bliadhanta, t. 54. breitheamh, judge, 33. blighim : milk ; bhligh, 154 ; bligh- breitheamhnas, judgement, 1:21, 562. fear, 549 ; bleaghan, 539. breith-ghreamannach, captious, 326. blonag, lard, 517, 619. bredite, ill, :230. bltiir,, fragment, 625. bricneach, freckled, 152. bd, cow, 66, 281, 393. Brighid, n.pr., 254. bobotl, bogey, 331. briogh, vigour, 223. l,ocail, act of hitting, 414. briongldidigh, dream ; act of dreamboeht, poor, 338, 348; boicht, 457. ing, 151, 547, 604, 609.

brisim: break; brisfidh, 546; brisftdhear, 541, 621, 653; bhrisfed, 60; bhris, 154; briste, 27; briseadh (pass.), 547, (v.n.), 524. brobh : rush; bruibh, 47:2. br6damhail, proud; pleased, 531, t. 4I. broim, breaking wind, 6o4. broimneach, act of breaking wind, 604. broinn, breast, 604. brdn, sorrow, 395. brostuighim: hurry; bhrostuigh, 158. bruach, brink, tt. :24, 28, 40, 407. bruidhim, press, 201 ; bhruidh, 157 ; bhruidhfidhe, 549. bruithim, boil, 377; bruitheann, 56:2 ; bruith, 72, 377, 474 ; bhruith, 157, 562 n. 1 ; bhruitheadar, 562 ; bruite, 147, 377. buachaill, boy; servant, _250, 289, 409 ; t. 68, 73, etc. buadhaim, win ; defeat, 538. buaidhrtfan, in phrs. such as td stf i n-a bhuaidhrean aige, he has made a mess of it, 412, 609. buaile, pasture, 644. buailim : beat ; buailfidh, 549 ; buailftdhear, 6:21 ; bhuailfeadh, 639; bhuail, 409, t. 146; buaileadh (past pass.) t. 70 ; buailte, 669.

buan, lasting ; long, 79, 206, 408, 581, 646.

buidtfal, bottle, 384. buidhe, yellow, 1:22, :249, :281, 539. buile, anger, :214, 314, 60:2. buille, blow, 85, 90, :213, 600; t. 147. bulc, crowd, t. 55. bimadh, race ; origin, 547, t. 4. bunadhas, origin, 542, 547•

C

cabhair, help, n4, 2:23, 529. cdca, home-made loaf, 136. cad, what ?, in phrs. cad chuige? cad eile ?, 83, 304. cadhan, in phr. cadhan aonraic, a solitary person, I 10, cddhas, respect, 538. edit, reputation, 59. cailc, chalk, 133, :214. cailin, girl, 301, t. 3, etc. caillim : lose; chaill, 250, 604, t. 38 : cailleadh (past pass.), tt. 15, 50. caimin, crooked walking-stick, 604 n. 4· cainnt, speech ; act of speaking, 54, 127, 257, 604 ; t. 76. cainntedir, speaker, 68.

cainntighim : talk; chainntigh, 184. cairr£n, dim. of carr, car, tt. 24, 25. Caislean, n. loc., t. 13r. caislean, castle, 413. Cdit, n.pr., :254. caitedg, emaciated person or animal, 4 1 4· caithim : throw ; spend ; caith, 572 ; caithfear, 549; chaithfeas, 248 ; gcaithjeadh, t. 53; chaith, t. II5; caite, 260, t. 135 ; caitheamh, 53, 5:24, 656, 66:2.

caithmheach, spendthrift, 167, 533. caladh, harbour, 640. calar, collar, 217. calcadh, plugging up, hardening, 137. cam, crooked, 59, :203, 604, 665; caime, 604 n. 4. oamaim : bend ; camfaidh, 639 ; camadh (v.n.), 89; oamta 604 n+ canda, a junk, 645. cangailt, act of chewing, :248, :289. canntlamh, annoyance ; peevishness, 636. caooh, blind ; short-sighted, t. 166. caoohaim : blind ; overcome ; chaoch, 184.

cd, (interrog.), 250, 344, etc.

cabdiste, cabbage, 631. cabhail, body, .I 14.

caoi, manner, 43, 134, 231, 350. caoic£s, fortnight, 376, caoinim: weep; lament; chaoin, 184, l

130

INDEX

caoir-fhedil, mutton, 327. caoiuint, protection ; act of protecting, 235 n. 1. caol, narrow; slender, 24, 215, eaoile, t. 16o. caol-shdile, narrow inlet, 6o3. caoluighim : narrow ;- caoluighthe, 231. caora, sheep, 11, 230, 605 ; caoirigh, 23. capall, horse, 124, 136, · 313. cat'a, weir, 452. cat'bad, palate, 50.1. cdt'da, card (for combing wool), 520. cd,,ddil, act of carding (wool), 520. carddn, see carndn. Carghas, Lent, 542. cdrla, see cdrda. cdrldil, see carddil. carndn, heap, 224, 587, 610. cardig, jackdaw, 414. Farr, car, tt. 16, 20, etc. carraig, rock, 517. cdrt, quart, 136; tt. 19, 29, etc. ·cdrta, card, 137, 295. casaim: turn; meet; chas,. 248, 261, tt. II3, 124; casadh (past pass.), 43 ; casadh (v.n.), 87; chasfadh, t. 1 II ; casta, 143. casaoid, complaint, 23. casgairt : act of thawing ; casgartha, 45 2 casdig, a jacket, 414. cat, cat, 71, 136, 249, 253, etc. ; cuit, 31, t. 128. catach, •curly-haired, 136. tathaoif', chair, 109, 562. cathughadhach, tempting, 55, 56, 568. ea# maf'a, mischief, in phrs. such as td an cat mara air, he's the mischief, 417. catdig, a curly-headed person, .,p4. cl, what?, who?, 44, 259, 281, 295, 344, etc. cl, where?, 334, 344; tt. 22, 98, cl, see te. oead, permission, 4 7.

cead, hundred ; hundred weight, 126, 232, 249, 254, etc. ; ceadta, 232, 348, t. 7. chead, first, 254, tt. 14, III, etc. ceadna, same, 206, 259, 512, 645, t. II7. ceadughadh, act of permitting ; act of asking permission, 307. ceaig, keg, 48. cheal, lack, 182. cheana, heretofore, verily, 555. ceangluighim : bind ; ceangluighthear, 232 ; cheangldchthd, 59 ; ceangal, ceangai.lt, 632 ; ceangailte 669 .. ceann, _head; one; 60, 133, 25r, 259, etc.; cinn, 259, 260, 290, 300, 343, t. 70, etc. ; cionn, 175, 604, 665 ; ceanna, 304. ceann-aghaidh, countenance, 325, 542. ceannaighe, hawker, t. 105, etc. ; ceannaighthe, 567, 658. ceann easna, home-spun tweed, 298. ceannuighim: buy; cheannuigh, 281, 546, t. 19 ; ceannuigheadh (past pass.), 547 ; cheannoghthd, 396 ; ceannuighthe, 567, 658. ceapaim : think; ceaptar, 149. ctfard, what?, 255 n.2, 630; t:t. 7, 59, 135. ceardcha, forge, 127, 520, 555. ceart, right, 226, tt. 37, 97. ceas, heaviness after eating, 47,427. ceathramhadh, fourth, 547. ceathrar, four persons, 609. ceite, fellow, 345, t. 100. ceilt, act of hiding, 127,213, 435, 600. ceim, step, 33, 380; ceimeannai, 481. ceir, wax, 33. ceird, trade, 224, 259, 6o8, 610, 666. ceirtlin, ball of thread, 228, 514. ceisnighim : question ; cheisnigh, 204. ceist, question, 139, 268, 298, tt. 99, 112, 1:24. cheithre, four, 182. ced, fog; anything, 67, 133.

INDEX

ceol, music ; act of playing music, 67. ciall, sense, 98; in phr. cu1• i gee-ill, inform, t. 165. ciallmhar, sensible, 157, 502, 532. cian6g: half a farthing; cian6ige, 250. cianta, in phrs. such as le na cianta, for a long time, 405. cibe, in phr. cibe a.r bith, whatsoever, t.

ll2.

cill, graveyard, 6o4. chim : see ; chitear, 389 ; feicim, 619 ; chonnaic, 464, 499, 555 ; tt. 24, 78, 92 ; fhaca, 31 ; feicthe, 486; feicedl, 133, 616. cineadh, race; family, 587. cint!al, kind, 384, 620, t. I 31. cinealta, kind ; fine, 620. Cingcis, V\'hit, 592. cinneamhaint, act of surpassing ; fate, 204. cinnim : surpass ; chinn, 255 ; cinneadh (v.n.) 85, 582 ; cinnfidh, 639, cinnte, certain. 204, 604. cioch, breast, 391. cionntach, guilty, 30, 259, 442, 604. cior, comb, 391. cioth, shower, 572 ; ciothanna-1, 562 n. 2. ciuin, quiet, 81, 205, 259, 584. ciuinighim : quieten; chiieinigh, 182. claddil, keen playing, at cards, 217. clagsdil, act of walking noisily, 217, claibeara, garrulous person, 625. claidheamh, sword, 538, 500. clais, trench, 215, 500. claoidheadh, act of oppressing, 184. cleamhnas, marriage arrangement; relationship through marriage, II2, 654. cleibhin, dim. of cliabh, pannit,r, t. 103. cleite, feather, 485 ; cleitiuchai, 481. cleitheamhnas, dependence, 112, cli, left side, 379. cliabh, pannier, 98, 214, 404; t. 91 ; cleibh, t. 89.

cliabhrach, chest, 158. clisim : fail; chlis, 182. clock : stone ; cloich, 556 ; cloiche, 551; 659 ; clocha, t. 168. clochrach, stony, 507. cloichin, dimin. of cloch, stone, 6 r 7 . cloidhe, fence; wall, 134. cloidheamh, see claidheamh. cloigeann, head; top, tt. 125, 146. clu, reputation, 133, 147, 615. cluiche, game, 555. cluid, corner of hearth, 125. cluimhreach, hair on the body, 402. cluinim : hear; an gcluin, t. 82 ; cloistedil, 462. clumhach, feathers, 184, 530 ; clumhaighe, 235, 31.5. cnag, rap ; underbi:>iled (of potatoes), 242, 593. cnagadh, act of rapping, crunching, 184, 593. cndimh, bone, 154, 585. cnaipe, button, 224. cnapaim: gather up; cnaptha, 417. cnead, pant, 223, 242. cneasta, · honest, 58(>. cnoc. hill, 134. cnu, nut, 402; cnuthannai, 562 n. 2. cocdil, cocking on horse shoe, 414. codladh, sleep, 63, 215, 218, 294,etc. cogadh, war, 452. cogitas, soft-palate, 412. coigilt, act of raking fire, 462, 593. coileach, cock, 45. · coilgneach, bad-tempered; vicious, 501. coill, forest, 213, 604. coilleadh, act of castrating, 458. coil/in, small wood, 604 n. 4. coimhi!ad, act of keeping, 528. coimhleithead, equal length, 528. coimhling, contention ; act of contending, 527, 632. coinin, rabbit, 22. coinne, in phrs, such as i gcoinne faoi choinns, to fetch, 462. coinnedil, see congbhdil.

r32

INDEX

core, cork, 225. coinneall, candle, 28, 304, 462. co,-na, roll, 610. coinnleach, stubble, 204, 582. c6i,-, favourable wind, 393, co,-6in, crown, 479. c6i,-iughadh, act of arranging, 307. corp, body,_ 124, 225. cofrleach, a kind of seaweed, 610. con-, odd, 144, etc.; coffa, 610 n. 1. cofrt, bark; crust of dirt, 463. co,-ruighim: stir; chorruigh, 281. cois, leg, foot, 64; coise, t. 160. cosmhail, resembling, 79. coisclim, footstep, 636. cota, coat, 306, 307, t. · 159. Coisdealbhach, n.pr., 462. craiceann, skin, 49, 463. Cois Fhafr,-ge, n.loc., t. 147. c,-didhim: torment; chrdidhfeadk, coisint, protection ; aci: of protect660 ; crddh, 547; c,-dite, 127. crann, tree, 248, 665; croinnte, ing, 259, 619. coisricim, bless, 636. 604. coitcheann,ta, usual, 127, 462, 557. c,-asoig, kind of star-:fish, 414. crathadh, act of shaking; a shake, cditin; dim. of cdta, coat, t. 156. 452, t. 26. r.oldiste, college, 76, 314, 413, 479, en!, earth, 378. 671 ; coldisti, 300. creabha,-, horse-fly, 609. Colam, n.pr., 334. I C1'eafoig, clay, 383. colbha, edge, 531. creathadh, act of shivering, 47, 562. coll, hazel, 665. colloid, disturbance, 232, 308, 414. c,-eidim, believe, 389, 609 ; c,-eid, 39; c,-eidftrad, 86; creidftdh, 127; chomh, as, 524. C1'eidftdhea,-, 621 ; c,-eidte, 486; comhdfreamh, act of counting, 529 chreid, 182, 193 ; creideamh, 85, n.2. 125, 314. comhafrle, advice, 213, 224, 6oo, crioch, finish, 133, 391. 608, 668. comharsa, neighbour, 245, 529, criochdn, small potatoe, 625. criochnughadh, finishing, t. 91. 668 ; comharsan, 250, 289. comhartha, mark, 306, 307, 661 ; c,-ios, belt, 147, 223, t. 159. crioslaighe: i mo chr., in my possesscomharthat, 307. ion, 541. comhgharach, near, 535. Criostaidhe, Christian, 626. comhla, door, 243, 245, 640. comhluada,-, company ; family, 412. criotdn, a feeble person, 128. crock : pot-hanger; croiche, 551. comhra, coffin, 197, 207, 535. crochad6ireacht, aimless wandering, comhrddh, conversation, .529. 322. comortas, comparison; act of comc,-ochaim : raise ; h!l,ng; crochann, peting, 318, 396. t. 28; crock, t. 40; chroch, 357. con-ablach, carcase, 325. condch, in phrs. such as a chondch croi,the, heart, 539; fine (with noun in voc.), t. 162. sin aif', may he get what he c,•oin, dim. of cr6, small housF; ; hut, merits, 479. 295. Conafre, n.pr., 499. cromaim : stoop ; chrom, t. 12 ; Conchobhar, n.pr., 635. cromadh (v.n.), 90, 450. congbhdiJ, act of keeping, 593, 616, cromdnach, tall crooked person, 625. t. 138. cor, twist ; stir, 63 ; in phr. ar aon crosdn, razor-bill ; Aran-Islander, ch