The hyphomycetous genera of A. P. Morgan

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This thesis, having been approved by the special Faculty Committee, is accepted by the Graduate School of the University of Wyoming, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

__Saienc e_

— Dean of the Graduate School.

August 15. 1950

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THE KYPHOKYCETOU5 GENERA OF A. P . MORGAN by K enneth S h e r id a n W ilson

LIBRARY □ F THE U N I V E R S I T Y D F W Y OM IN G L A R A M IE

A T h e s is S u b m itte d t o t h e D epartm ent o f Botany and t h e G raduate School o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Wyoming i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f R eq uirem ents f o r t h e Degree o f M a s te r o f S cie n ce

U n i v e r s i t y o f Wyoming L ara m ie , 7/yoming A u g u st, 1950

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U M I N um ber: E P 2 0 0 1 0

IN F O R M A T IO N T O U S E R S

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HEBARD i-.uO-l

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The w r ite r wishes to express h is deep g ra titu d e to Dr. W. G. Solheim fo r h is suggestions and d ire c tio n o f t h i s study and to Dr. H. T. Northen who aided w ith th e photography.

The w rite r wishes

f u rth e r to acknowledge h is indebtedness to Dr. D. P . Rogers e f th e New York Botanical Garden and to Dr. G. W. Hart i n o f th e U niversity e f Iowa whose g enerosity in th e lending o f th e type specineas from t h e i r h e rb a ria made t h i s study p o ssib le .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

C h arter

Page

I.

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................

1

II.

MATERIALS AND METHGDS.....................................................................................

5

P r e p a r a t i o n of s l i d e s ...............................

5

Double c o v e r s l i p m ounts. . ....................................... . . . . .

5

Microtome s l i d e s ....................................................................................

5

P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h y ....................................................... III.

CYLINDROCLADIUM MORGAN..................................................................................... t h e genus .................. . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

D e sc rip tio n of

th e t 3rpe s p e c i e s C. s c o p e riu m

.........................

7

D is c u s s i o n ...........................................................................................................

6

......................................................................

HSLICOON MORGAN...................................................................................

13 17

D e sc rip tio n of

th e genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18

D escrip tio n of

th e ty p e s p e c i e s H. s e s s i l e ............................

19

D is c u s s i o n .

...........................

20

F I - t e s and f i g u r e s ........................................................................................ V.

7

D e sc rip tio n of

F l u t e s end f i g u r e s IV .

6

SYI.TH-D1CSFCR1 MORGAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22 26

D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e genus ..................................................... . . . . .

27

D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e ty p e s p e c i e s S. e l e c t s .

27

D iscu ssio n . P l a t e s and f i g u r e s .

........................

....................................................... . .......................................................... . . . . . .

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28 32

iv

V I.

SPORCCYSHS MORGAN .................................................................................................

38

D e scrip tio n of

t h e genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

D e sc rip tio n of

t h e ty p e s p e c i e s

39

S.

co n d ita . . . .

...

D i s c u s s i o n ......................

40

F l e t e s end f i g u r e s .................................................................................................. 45 V II.

ACOUTIUM MORGAN............................................................................................................... 55 D e sc rip tio n o f

t h e g e n u s .............................

D e sc rip tio n o f

t h e ty p e s p e c i e s

A.

55 album . . . . . . . . . . 55

D i s c u s s i o n ..................................................................................................................... 55 V III. IX .

SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................

57

BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................58

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LIST OF PLATES

P la te C v lin d ro c la d iu m s c o o a riu m Morg. I II

Camera l u c i d a draw ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6a

C o n id ia and c o n i d io p h o r e s ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

III

A g g r e g a tio n o f c o n i d i a ................................................................................................14

IV

C o n id ia and c o n i d i o p h o r e s ...................................................................................... 15

V

Hypha, co nidia. and c o n i d i o p h o r e s ............. ......... ...................................... . 1 6

H e lic o o n s e s s i l e Morg* VI VTI V III IX X

Camera l u c i d a draw ing

............................................................................. 17

C o n i d i a ............................................................................................................................. 2 2 Conidium. . . . . . .

................................. . .

. . . . . .

23

Conidium................................................................................................................................ 24 Hypha w ith s e s s i l e o r a b s e n t c o n id io p h o r e

and co n id iu m . . . . .

25

S v n t h e t o s p o r a e l e c t a Morg. XI X II X III XIV XV

Camera l u c i d a draw ing

........................................................................ . 2 6

E a r l y and l a t e s t a g e c o n i d i a ................................................. . . . . . . . 3 0 H a b it p i c t u r e ..............................................................................................................32 C ross s e c t i o n of hymenium showing h o s t - p a r e s i t e C o n id ia and c o n i d i o p h o r e s . . . . . .

re la tio n sh ip . . . . . .

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33 34

vi

XVI XVII XVIII

C o n i d i a .......................................................................... . .........................................

35

C o n i d i a .......................................................................................

36

High cower view o f conidium . . . . .

. . . .

...................................................

37

S c o r o c v s t i s c o n d i t a Morg. XIX

Camera l u c i d a draw in g .......................................................... ..........................

38

XX

H a b it p i c t u r e o f s p o r a n g i o c a r p ......................................................................

45

L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f s p o r a n g io c a r p . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f s p o r a n g io c a r p ..................... ..........................

47

XXI XXII X X III

XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX

L o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n o f s p o r a n g io c a r p showing embedded sp orang ium ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

S p o r a n g ia ....................................................................................................................

49

S p o r a n g i a ..................................... .... .................................................. ....

50

S p o r a n g ia and s p o r e s . . . . .

51

................................... . . . . . . .

Sporangium and e s c a p i n g mass o f s p o r e s . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

Sporangium and e s c a p in g mass o f s p o r e s . ..................................... ..

53

Embedded sp o ran iu m i n s p o r a n g i o c a r p . . . . .

54

.................................

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INTRODUCTION

The Fungi I m p e r f e c t i c o n s i s t s o f a l a r g e number o f f u n g i i n which t h e o n ly s t a g e known i n t h e i r l i f e c y c l e s i s t h e a s e x u a l , o r c o n i d i a l o r " i m p e r f e c t " p hase o f r e p r o d u c t i o n .

1 'h ile most o f t h e s p e c i e s p r o b ­

a b l y b e lo n g i n t h e A scom ycetes, i t i s im p o s s ib l e t o c l a s s i f y them w ith t h e s e ’w ith o u t h a v in g t h e e s c i g e r o u s s t a g e .

C o n s e q u e n tly a s e p a r a t e

s y ste m must be m a in ta i n e d f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s e f u n g i . Eased on t h e ty p e o f f r u c t i f i c a t i o n p ro d u c e d , t h e Fungi I m p e r f e c t i have been grouped u n d e r t h r e e o r d e r s ; t h e S p h a e r o p s i d a l e s , l l e l a n c o n i a l e s and M o n i l i e l e s .

The S p h a e r o p s id a l e s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h a v in g t h e

c o n i d i a pro du ced i n p y c n i d i a , t h e l i e l a n c o n i a l e s pro d u ce t h e c o n i d i a i n a c e r v u l i , and t h e N o n i l i a l e s have t h e c o n i d i a b o rn e on e x t e r n a l hyphae o r c o n i d io p h o r e s which i n g e n e r a l e r e r a t h e r l o o s e l y grouped o r d i f f u s e d as opposed t o t h e compact g r o u p in g o f t h e c o n i d io p h o r e s i n an a c e r v u l u s . I t a p p e a r s p r o b a b le t h a t t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n f o r t h e l a t t e r two o r d e r s i s n o t fu n d am e n tal and t h a t th e y s h o u ld be u n i t e d as a c l a s s o f t h e Fungi Im p e rfe cti. The R o n i l i a l e s o re more commonly r e f e r r e d t o as t h e Hyphcmycetes due t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c hyphae on which t h e c o n i d i a a r e d e v e lo p e d . I n c lu d e d i n t h e group a r e many s p e c i e s which a r e e x tre m e ly im p o r ta n t as p a r a s i t e s .

Some a r e p a r a s i t i c on p l a n t s , o t h e r s on a n i m a l s .

In

a d d i t i o n many a r e s a p r o p h y te s c a u s i n g d eca y , food s p o i l a g e , d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f f a b r i c s and t h e l i k e .

Some, as v a r i o u s s p e c i e s o f P e n i c i l l i u m . a r e

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2

im portant as th e so u rce o f th e a n t i b i o t i c p e n i c i l l i n and a ls o i n th e fla v o r in g o f c h e e s e s . A ccording t o A insw orth and B isby ( 1 ,. p . 19.9)^ th e M o n ilia le s a re grouped in t o s i x f a m i l i e s * t h e P seu d osaceh arom ycetaceae, S p o reb o lo m yceta cea e, M o n ilia c e a e , D e m a t ia c e a e ,S t ilb a c e a e and T u b ercu la r ia cea e , and th e D erm atophytes.

Die l a s t group i s o f u n c e r ta in p o s it io n and

in c lu d e s a number o f p a r a s it e s o f man and o th er a n im a ls. hundred g en era have been d e s c r ib e d i n t h i s o r d er.

Over e le v e n

Of t h e s e A insw orth

and B isby ( l , p . 199) s t a t e t h a t fo u r hundred se v e n ty two a r e synonym s. T his le a v e s a p p roxim ately s i x hundred f o r t y su p p o sed ly good, g e n era . Most o f t h e s e genera, are. a t p r e s e n t o n ly. very, p o o r ly u n d ersto o d . T his makes i t very d i f f i c u l t fo r th e m y c o lo g is t, p la n t p a t h o lo g is t and m ed ica l m y c o lo g ist t o a ssig n - a- g iv e n , s p e c i e s to- a genus w ith any d eg ree o f c e r t a in t y o r to- know ah e th e r th e s p e c ie s -m ig h t p r e v io u s ly have been d e sc r ib e d under some o th er g en u s. - The major- reason, f o r t h i s i s th a tth e o r i g in a l d e s c r ip t io n s o f t h e genera- and ty p e s p e c ie s- o f th e -g e n e r a w e r e so meager t h a t i t i s v ery o f t e n im p o s s ib le t o d eterm ine from th e s e what th e g en era sta n d f o r .

A c r i t i c a l stu d y o f each genus and i t s ty p e

i s needed t o d eterm ine c o n c lu s iv e ly what t h a t genus r e p r e s e n t s .

T his

exam in ation sh ould in c lu d e a d e t a ile d d e s c r ip t io n , a ccu rate- draw in gs, and whenever p o s s i b l e , photom icrographs o f th e ty p e f o r each ty p e s p e c ie s o f each

g e n u s .............................................................................................................

.................

Rot in fr e q u e n tly th e worker w i l l f in d t h a t th e ty p e-h a s- been d e s tr o y e d . T his happened during, th e l a s t war w ith th e d e s tr u c tio n - o f th e.S yd ow Herbarium i n B e r lin which co n ta in ed numerous t y p e s .

A ls o , b eca u se o f th e

^ F igures in p a r e n th e s is r e f e r t o b ib lio g r a p h y on p ages 5 9 -6 1 .

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3

e a r l i e r c o n c e p ts o f c o l l e c t i n f and t y p i n g , many of t h e s e t y p e s a r e now to o s c e n t f o r s tu d y o r e re n o n e x i s t e n t .

In in s ta n c e s c f t h i s s o r t i t

i s n e c e s s a r y t o d e s i g n a t e some s p e c i f i c specim en t o r e p l a c e t h e o r i g ­ i n a l t y p e . In d oing t h i s , t h e r e may of ty re ,

be some h e s i t a t i o n i n t h e c h o ic e

cut some s t a n d a r d s h o u ld be fo llo w e d as to t h e t y p e c o n c e p t.

The ty p e c o n c e p t f o llo w e d to d a y h a s a f a i r l y r e c e n t o r i g i n , h a v in g been e s t a b l i s h e d by th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l B o ta n ic a l C o ng ress a t B r u s s e l s i n 1910,

The e n t i r e s t r u c t u r e o f s y s t e m a t i c b o ta n y , w h e th e r i t i s

C ry rto g s m ic o r P h anerogam ic, i s b ased on t h i s idea..

The c o n c e p t

s h o u ld be t h a t a ty p e o f a s p e c i e s , a ty p e s p e c i e s o f a g e n u s , o r a t 3’,pe c f any

o th e r n cm en cla tu ral u n it is

e n tir e ly re p re s e n ta tiv e of

th a t u n it.

I t is th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y c f th e i n v e s t i g a t o r to s e l e c t

a c c u r a t e l y t h i s t y p e , f o r i t w i l l become i n v a l u a b l e as a g u id e i n a d d in g a l l i e d s p e c i e s o r g r o u p s . In most c a s e s t h e ty p e specim en w i l l be d r i e d and e n c l o s e d i n a oaper ra c k e t.

F r e c u e n t l y , how ever, t h e ty p e s h o u ld be t h e s l i d e on

which t h e o r i g i n a l d e s c r i p t i o n i s b a s e d . The a u t h o r o f e new s p e c i e s i s fa c e d w ith t h e q u e s t i o n o f how/ much o f h i s m a t e r i a l t o i n d i c a t e as t y p e . o r a s i n g l e p a c k e t?

Should i t be h i s e n t i r e c o l l e c t i o n

Each v/orker h as h i s p r e f e r e n c e b u t t h e te n d e n c y is

tow ard th e s i n g l e p a c k e t method s i n c e an i n v e s t i g a t o r can examine one p a c k e t more th o r o u g h l y t h a n t h e com plete c o l l e c t i o n . assumed t h a t a l l o f h i s ty p e i s a u t h e n t i c .

Thus, he i s

This s i n g l e specim en t a k e n

as "th e t y p e " by t h e d e s i g n a t i n g i n v e s t i g a t o r i s c a l l e d a h o l o t y p e . rem a in in g specim ens o f th e ty p e c o l l e c t i o n o t h e r t h a n t h e a c t u a l ty p e

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The

4

i s known a.s i s o t y p e .

I f he i n s p e c t s and d e s i g n a t e s s e v e r a l s p e c in e n s

h a v in g e q u a l ran k and d e c l a r e s t h e s e a r e t h e ones upon which he b a s e s h i s f o r a , t h e n th e y a r e natsed s v r.ty p e .

'.hen an a u t h o r does n o t choose

any one specim en from h i s o r i g i n ; ! r a p t o r i a l , each o f t h e specim ens i s term ed a c o t y p e .

This i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as s y n ty p e .

A la te r

i n v e s t i g a t o r may choose one o f t h e specim ens from t h e a u t h o r ' s o r i g i n ­ a l m a t e r i a l and d e s i g n a t e i t as being, t h e t y p e , o r l e c t o t y p e . o t h e r t y p e s a r e s e c o n d a r y and s u p p le m e n ta ry t o t h e s e .

A ll

Then a ty p e

specim en i s no l o n g e r e x i s t e n t and i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o s e l e c t e r e p l a c e ­ ment o f t h e t y p e , an o r d e r o f p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n s h o u ld be f o ll o w e d .

I f t h e o r i g i n a l a u t h o r has n o t ch o sen a h o l o t y p e and ty p e

m a t e r i a l e x i s t s as c o t y p e , t h e n a w o rk er s h o u ld choose one o f t h e s e and d e s i g n a t e i t as l e c t o t y p e .

I n c a s e t h e a u t h o r d id n o t make an

e x t e n s i v e c o l l e c t i o n and t h e t y p e specim en i s d e s tr o y e d t h e n t h e w o rk er s h o u ld a t t e m p t t o s e c u re a c o l l e c t i o n from t h e ty p e l o c a l i t y . Such s specim en i s d e s i g n a t e d as t o p o t y p e .

when t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r has

n o t c l e a r l y s t a t e d t h e l o c a l i t y sc t h a t c o l l e c t i n g i n t h e ty p e l o c a l i t y i s im p o s s ib l e i t i s th e n p r a c t i c a l t o s e l e c t from some c o l l e c t i o n , a specim en which b e s t r e p r e s e n t s t h e a u t h o r ’ s d e s c r i p t i o n .

T his specim en,

a n e o ty p e , w i l l r e p r e s e n t t h e s p e c i e s and r e p l a c e t h e h o l o t y p e . The p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s a f i r s t s t e p to w a rd a c r i t i c a l s tu d y o f th e g e n e r a o f Hyphomycetes.

F our o f t h e f i v e g e n e r a e r e c t e d by A. P.

1'org; n have b een s t u d i e d and d e s c r i p t i o n s , draw ings and p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s have been p r e p a r e d .

No m a t e r i a l o f Acontium sibum , t h e t y p e s p e c i e s o f

A c o n tiu n . has b een l o c a t e d and a s tu d y o f i t w i l l have t o be made l a t e r .

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MATERIALS AND METHODS P re p a ra tio n of S lid e s The specim ens s t u d i e d were o b ta in e d from t h e M y c o lo g ic a l H e r b a r ia o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f lows and t h e New York B o t a n i c a l G arden. specim ens r e c e i v e d s l i d e s were made t o f a c i l i t a t e s t u d y . c o v e r s l i p method was u s e d .

From t h e

The double

This ty p e o f a mount g iv e s a b a lsa m s e a l

w i t h th e m a t e r i a l mounted i n g l y c e r i n e betw een two c o v e r s l i p s .

The

f i r s t s t e p in t h i s method i s t o s c r a p e some o f t h e specim en i n t o a drop o f S h e a r 's Mounting F l u i d which h as been p l a c e d on a s m a ll c o v e r s l i p . This c o v e r s l i p w ith t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e m ounting f l u i d i s h e a t e d f o r a few m i n u te s .

This p e r m i t s t h e e v a p o r a t i o n o f t h e s u p p le m e n ta r y con­

s t i t u e n t s o f t h e m ounting f l u i d and le a v e s o n ly t h e g l y c e r i n e . i s added a drop o f p u re g l y c e r i n e .

To t h i s

Then a l a r g e r c o v e r s l i p i s a p p l i e d

t o t h e drop c f g l y c e r i n e w ith t h e m a t e r i a l which c a u s e s t h e two c o v e r s l i p s t o a d h e re t o one a n o t h e r .

T his i s t h e n p l a c e d on t h e work t a b l e

so t h a t t h e l a r g e r c o v e r s l i p i s on t h e b o tto m . e r c o v e r s l i p i s p la c e d a drop o f b a lsa m .

On t h e upperm ost s m a l l ­

A s l i d e i s th e n co n ta c te d to

th e drop o f balsam and t h e b alsam a llo w e d t o s p r e a d t o t h e edges o f t h e la rg e cover s l i p .

The mount i s t h e n s e t a s i d e t o d r y .

Yhen t h e m a t e r i a l n e c e s s i t a t e d t h e making o f s e c t i o n s a p ie c e o f t h e ty p e specim en was f i r s t t r e a t e d by d r o p p in g i t i n t o a s m a ll b o t t l e o f l e c t o - p h e n o l f o r a t l e a s t 24 h o u r s .

A f t e r t h i s p e r i o d o f tim e th e

m a t e r i a l was washed f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s and t h e n d e h y d r a t e d , and embedd►

7

ed i n p a r a f f i n a c c o r d in g t o t h e s t a n d a r d methods d e s c r i b e d by J c h a n s e n (11 }pp .126-154),

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6

P hot omi c ro g rephy A ll p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s were t e k e n w ith a Eausch &. Lomb F h o to m ic ro gr- p h ic Camera, Type K.

This v e r t i c a l cam era t a k e s a 3^-" X 4 4 " c u t

f i l m h o l d e r o r f i l m peck a d a p t e r .

The f i l m u s e d was Kodak P a n stc m ic X

which was d ev e lo p e d w ith a f i n e g r a i n d e v e l o p e r . r e d o r b lu e f i l t e r was used t o b e t t e r d e f i n i t i o n . lamp was used f o r i l l u m i n a t i o n .

In s e v e ra l cases a A 300 Watt f i l a m e n t

The m icro sco p e u s e d i n t h i s work was

eq u ip p ed w ith t h e u s u a l lCx o c u l a r , a lOx lev/ power o b j e c t i v e and a 44x h ig h pc-wer o b j e c t i v e .

I n only one i n s t a n c e was a 30x o c u l a r u s e d .

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6a

6a

FLATS I

•

H

F ig . 1 Camera L u c id a Drawing o f C v li n d r o c 1adium sco p ariu m Morg.

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CYLINDROCLADIUM Morgan

C v lin d r o c la d iu m Morgan. B o t. Gaz. 1 7 :1 9 0 -1 9 1 , 1892; Saccs.rdo, S y l l Fung. 1 1 :6 0 0 . 1895; L in d a u , i n E n g l. & P r a n t l , N a t. P f la n z e n f a m . 1(1 * * ) 4 4 4 -4 4 5 . 1900; Massey, P h y to p a t h . 7 ( 6 ) :4 0 8 -4 1 7 . 1917; A nderson, M ass. A g r i c . Exp. S t a . B u l l . 1 8 3 :1 1 - 4 6 . 1916. The ty p e s p e c i e s i s C v lin d r o c la d iu m sco p ariu m Morgan. F ive s p e c i e s have b een d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s g e n u s . Morgan d e s c r i b e s t h i s genus as f o l l o w s :

" S t e r i l e hyphae c r e e p i n g , b r a n c h e d ; f e r t i l e hyphae e r e c t , f o r k e d o r tr i c h o t o m o u s l y b ra n c h e d , t h e s p o r o p ’n o re s i n p a i r s o r t h r e e s a t t h e e x t r e m i t i e s o f t h e b r a n c h l e t s and cym osely a r r a n g e d ; s p o re s s o l i t a r y , c y l i n d r i c , 1 - s e p t a t e , h y a l i n e . "

C v lin d r o c la d iu m s c o p a riu m Morgan, B ot. Gaz. 1 7 :1 9 1 . f i g . 1 . 1892; S a c c a rd o , S y l l . Fung. 1 1 :6 0 0 . 1895; M assey, P h y to p a t h . 7 :4 0 8 - 4 1 7 . f i g s . 1 - 3 . 1917; A nderson, M ass. A g r ic . Exp. S t a . B u l l . 1 8 3 :1 1 - 4 6 . P i s . 1 - 3 . f i g s . 1 - 1 1 . 1916; S h e r b a k o f f , P h y to p s t h . 1 8 ( 2 ) :2 1 9 -2 2 5 . f i g s . 1 - 2 . 1928 V.'ormsld, T r a n s . Br. Myc. Soc. 2 6 :7 1 - 8 1 . t e x t - f i g s . 1 - 3 . P i s . 5 - 8 . 1943 . M organ's d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s s p e c i e s i s :

" E f f u s e d , t h i n , f l c c c u l o s e , w h i t e ; s t e r i l e hyphae c r e e p i n g , s l e n d e r , i n d i s t i n c t ; f e r t i l e hyphae t h i c k , e r e c t , h y a l i n e , s e p ­ t a t e , cymosely b ra n c h e d abo ve, t h e s p o r o p h o r e s s h o r t , d is p o s e d i n p a i r s o r t h r e e s a t t h e e x t r e m i t i e s o f t h e b r a n c h l e t s , each p r o d u c in g a s i n g l e s p o re a t t h e a p e x ; s p o r e s c y l i n d r i c t a p e r i n g s l i g h t l y downward, 1 - s e p t a t e , h y a l i n e , o b tu s e a t each end, 4050 p i n l e n g t h , 4 p t h i c k a t t h e ap ex , and 3 p a t t h e b a s e . "Growing on t h e o ld pod o f G l e d i t s c h i a t r i a c a n t h o s . The s t e r i l e hyphae a r e abu n d an t enough, but th e y a r e f i n e and s l e n d e r

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8

t h r e a d s c r e e p in g c l o s e t o o r b e n e a th t h e s u r f a c e ; th e f e r t i l e hyphae have a s im p le s e p t a t e stem 5-7 y i n t h i c k n e s s and a r e d i s s o l v e d above i n t o a l e v e l - t o p p e d cyme o f b r a n c h e s ; t h e i r h e i g h t , e x c l u s i v e of t h e s p o r e s which e a s i l y f a l l o f f , i s 125-150 y . "

Synonym - D ip lo c le d iu m c v lin d ro s p o ru m E l l i s & E v e r h a r t , B ui. Tor. B o t. Club 2 7 :4 9 - 6 4 . 1900; Saccs.rdo, S y l l . Fung. 1 6 :1 0 3 8 -1 0 3 9 . 1902.

P l a t e s I-V F i g s . 1 - 6 . C v li n d r o c la d i u m s co p ariu m Ivlorgan E ff u s e d o v e r b o t h s u r f a c e s of pod, t h i n ,

somewhat p u l v e r u l e n t ,

w h ite becoming y e l lo w t o y e llo v /is h - b r o w n w ith a g e .

C o n id io p h o re s i n

f a s c i c l e s , e r e c t , h y a l i n e , s e p t a t e , d i - o r t r i - c h o t o m o u s l y b ra n c h e d , t h e u l t i m a t e b r a n c h e s i n p a i r s o r t h r e e s form in g a l e v e l - t o p p e d cyme, 92-168 X 5-7 y e t t h e b a s e , f r e q u e n t l y w ith a s t e r i l e hypha a r i s i n g from any p a r t o f t h e f e r t i l e hypha, th e s t e r i l e hyphae v e r y lo n g , s im p l e , s t r a i g h t o r s l i g h t l y c u rv e d , e x c e e d in g th e c y l i n d r i c a l s p o r e h e a d , and s w o lle n a t th e t i p .

C o n id ia a c ro g e n o u s, s o l i t a r y , c y l i n d r i c a l ,

s t r a i g h t , o b tu s e a t t h e e n d s , 1 - s e p t a t e , t a p e r i n g s l i g h t l y from apex t o th e b a s e , h y e .lin e , a g g r e g a te d by a s t i c k y s u b s ta n c e t o form a cy­ l i n d r i c a l head which s e p a r a t e s r e a d i l y when p la c e d i n w a t e r , 36-56 X 3 . 3 - 5 yu DISCUSSION I'o rgen 0-9) d e s c r i b e d t h i s s p e c i e s on G l e d i t s c h i a t r i a c e n t h o s i n 1892.

In 1899 E l l i s and E v e r h a r t (8 ) d e s c r i b e d a s p e c i e s o f fungus

on Asimina t r i l o b a D unal. and c a l l e d i t D ip lo c la d iu m c v lin d r o s p o r u m . T heir d e s c r ip tio n o f t h i s sp e c ie s re a d s:

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9

" F e r t i l e hyphae f a s c i c u l a t e , h y a l i n e , e r e c t , 1 - 2 - s e p t a t e , 50-110 X 5-6 p , s u b d ic h o to m o u s ly b ra n c h e d above, t h e t e r m i n a l b r a n c h l e t s s h o r t and s l i g h t l y cu rv ed b e a r i n g a t t h e t i p s t h e c y l i n d r i c a l h y a l i n e , e r e c t , o b t u s e , u n i s e p t a t e c o n i d i a 40-50 X 4 -5 p . "The s h o r t t e r m i n a l b ra n c h e s resem b le b i r d s ' c la w s . 'With th e f e r t i l e hyphae a r e a few much l o n g e r , sim p le s t r a i g h t ones s w o lle n a t th e t i p . "On dead l e a v e s o f Asimina. t r i l o b a . N u t t a l l b u r g , West V a ., J u l y 31, 1899 (L.'W. N u t t a l l ) . "

Massey (L6) i n a s tu d y o f t h e ty p e m a t e r i a l s o f t h e s e two s p e c i e s showed them t o be i d e n t i c a l .

He h as t h i s t o s a y a b o u t them : " I n J u l y

1899, L .V . K u t t a l l s e n t specim ens o f a fungus on dead l e a v e s o f A sim ina t r i l o b a from N u t t a l l b u r g , West V i r g i n i a t o E l l i s who i n 1900 named i t D ip lo c la d iu m c v lin d ro s p o ru m E . & E . The s p e c i f i c name u s e d would i n d i c a t e t h a t E l l i s was im p re s s e d by t h e form o f t h e s p o r e s .

However, t h e fung us

was p la c e d i n t h e genus D ip lo c la d iu m i n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e o t h e r members o f t h i s group have o v a l t o o b lo n g s p o r e s .

No r e f e r e n c e was made

t o M organ's C v li n d r o c la d i u m . "An e x a m in a tio n made by t h e w r i t e r o f t y p e m a t e r i a l o f C v l i n d r o ­ cla d iu m s c o p a riu m and o f D ip lo c la d iu m c v lin d r o s p o ru m shows t h e s e two forms t o be i d e n t i c a l .

The d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e two forms v a r y b u t

s l i g h t l y i n d e t a i l s and c o m p a ra tiv e s t u d i e s show s u f f i c i e n t v a r i a t i o n s to in c l u d e a l l d i f f e r e n c e s . "The genus D ip lo c la d iu m was e s t a b l i s h e d

Bonorden i n 1851 w h ile

t h e genus C y li n d r o c la d i u m was n o t e s t a b l i s h e d by Morgan u n t i l 1892.

The

s p e c i e s o f D ip lo c la d iu m d e s c r i b e d p r i o r t o 1892 p o s s e s s more o r l e s s o v a l t o o b lo n g s p o r e s .

There may be some q u e s t i o n as t o w h e th e r o r n o t

Morgan was j u s t i f i e d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a new genus on t h e b a s i s o f s i z e

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10

ana shape c f s p o r e s .

The m o r p h o lo g ic a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e two grou ps

a r e n o t v e r y g r e a t end t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a t p r e s e n t i s v e r y a r t i f i c i a l a t b e st.

At l e a s t a d e f i n i t e m o rp h o lo g ic a l b a s i s f o r s e p a r a t i o n was

u t i l i z e d so t h a t t h i s w r i t e r f e e l s t h a t Morgan was j u s t i f i e d i n e s t a b ­ l i s h i n g t h e genus C v lin d r o c la d iu m on t h e b a s i s o f t h e s i n g l e s p e c i e s s c o p a riu m . " A f t e r t h i s s tu d y Massey d e s c r i b e s C v lin d r o c la d iu m s c o p a riu m a s i

" F r u i t i n g b o d ie s o f t h e fungus f r e q u e n t l y d ev elo p i n from two t o f i v e days on d is e a s e d ro s e p l a n t s when k e p t i n a m o ist chamber. They a r e u s u a l l y borne i n f a s c i c l e s , t h o s e o b s e rv e d a r e e r e c t , h y a l i n e , s e p t a t e , and d i - o r t r i - cho tom cusly b r a n c h e d . The t e r m i n a l b ra n c h e s e x i s t i n p a i r s o r t h r e e s and a.re a r r a n g e d i n a l e v e l - t o p p e d cyrne o f b r a n c h e s . The s p o r e s a r e c u t o f f from t h e i r c o n i d io p h o r e s by c o n s t r i c t i o n . They a r e h e ld t o g e t h e r by a s t i c k y s u b s t a n c e , form ing a more o r l e s s c y l i n d r i c a l h e a d , b u t s e p a r a t e q u ic k ly when p l a c e d i n w ater. The s p o r e s a r e s o l i t a r y , c y lin d r ic , 1 -s e p ta te , h y a lin e , o b tu s e a t each end and a p p e a r t o t a p e r s l i g h t l y from t h e apex t o t h e b a s e . They a r e 36 t o 55 p i n l e n g t h by 3 .3 t o 4 .5 1 p i n d ia m e t e r , t h e a v e r a g e b e in g 4 8 .3 t o 3 .1 3 p . Those pro d u ced i n c u l t u r e have a b o u t t h e same r a n g e . S p ores from c u l t u r e when p la c e d i n w a t e r on s l i d e s g e rm in a te a f t e r t h r e e t o tw e lv e h ours. Germ t u b e s may d e v e lo p from one o r b o th c e l l s . "

This

d e s c r i p t i o n by Massey (16)

w hich a g g r e g a t e s t h e c o n i d i a .

r e f e r s t o t h e cem en tin g s u b s t a n c e

In n e i t h e r t h e d e s c r i p t i o n by Morgan

n o r t h e one by E l l i s and E v e r h a r t i s a r e f e r e n c e made t o t h e c h a r a c t e r . A lso , no m e n tio n i s made by 7/ormala (29) i n h i s d e s c r i p t i o n :

"Tie s p o ro p h o r e s a r e e i t h e r s c a t t e r e d o r i n g ro u p s o f t e n t o t w e n t y - f i v e . Each sp o ro p h o re c o n s i s t s o f a main a x i s , un­ b ran ch e d t o a h e i g h t o f 48-95 p ; s e v e r a l b ra n c h e s t h e n a r i s e a t , o r n e a r , t h e same l e v e l , w h ile t h e a x i s i s u s u a l l y c o n t in u e d beyond t h i s t o a t o t a l h e i g h t o f 190-285 ju and t e r m i n a t e s i n a p y r if o r m o r c l a v a t e knob 8 -1 0 p i n d i a m e t e r . The d ia m e te r o f t h e s p o r o p h o r e s i s 6-9 p a t t h e b a s e , t a p e r i n g t o 4 o r 5 p

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11

j u s t below th e branching} th e te r m in a l po t io n o f th e a x is i s about 2 u in d ia m eter. The branches a re so d isp o se d (w ith t h e lo n g e s t b elow ) t h a t th e u ltim a te branches are ap p roxim ately a t th e same h e ig h t and th e sp o r e s form a s h e a f - lik e c l u s t e r around, o r a t th e s id e o f , th e a x i s . The f e r t i l e branches d iv id e cym osely two or th r e e tim e s ; th e u ltim a te branches ( p h ia li d e s ) a re s h o r t c e l l s (8 -1 2 X 2 -3 p ) , u s u a lly s l i g h t l y cu rved , and each te r m in a te s i n a s i n g l e conidium . Ih e c o n id ia ( p h ia ls p o r e s ) a re c y l i n d r i c a l w ith rounded en d s, h y a lin e , and t w o - c e lle d . From many m easurem ents, ta k en a t v a r io u s t im e s , th e d im en sion s a re found t o be w ith in th e range 4 1 -6 4 X 4 -6 p, m o s tly 4 8 -5 4 X 4 .5 - 5 p . Sometimes one end o f a sp ore i s s l i g h t l y b reed er th a n t h e e th e r by about 0 . 5 p . In some s p o r e s , hew ever, ene e e l l i s narrow er th a n t h e o th e r a lo n g i t s w hole le n g t h , th e d if f e r e n c e in w id th o f th e two c e l l s b ein g u s u a lly about 1 .0 u . Setae sp o r e s show two v a c u o le s , each about halfw ay betw een th e m id d le and th e end; su ch a sp o re may or may n o t have a c r o s s - w a ll, but th e v a c u o le s were m ost c l e a r l y se e n i n sp o r e s where th e c r o s s - w a ll had not y e t d ev elo p e d . "The c o n id ia germ inate r e a d i ly . In w ater a t room tem perature (about 17®C.) th e y produce germ tu b e s up t o 40 u le n g w ith in fo u r h o u rs, u s u a lly ene a t each end o f a sp o re and o c c a s io n a lly ene n ea r th e m id d le. On prune agar p la t e s a t 25#C. th e r e are lo n g lo o s e l y branched germ tu b e s w ith in 24 hours and in 48 hours th e c o lo n ie s are from 3 t o 4 mm. in d ia m eter. "In i t s sp orophores and sp o res th e fungus shows no g r e a t d i f f ­ e re n c e from C v lin d ro cla d iu m sco p a riu m . found on a pod o f G le d it s c h ia and d e sc r ib e d by Morgan ( 1 8 9 2 ) . The d im en sion s o f th e s p o r e s are r a th e r g r e a te r th an th o se g iv e n by him (4 0 -5 0 u lo n g by 4 p a t th e t i p , 3 ju a t th e b a s e ) , but t h i s s l i g h t d iv erg en ce may be due t o th e d i f f e r e n t c o n d itio n s under which th e y d ev elo p e d ."

Anderson (2 ) c a l l s a t t e n t io n t o t h i s cem enting su b stan ce- in h is stud y o f C vlin d rocladiu m scoparium . t h e pathogen c a u sin g r o s e can k er.

In a

stu d y o f th e ty p e m a te r ia l o f C vlin d rocladiu m scoparium t h i s fe a tu r e was q u it e s t r i k i n g .

I t sh ould be in c lu d e d i n th e d e s c r ip t io n o f t h e s p e c ie s

and c h a r a c t e r iz a t io n o f th e g en u s. In th e monograph by Anderson (2 ) t h i s fungus i s d e sc r ib e d a s h a vin g th r e e p h ases o f developm ent i n i t s l i f e h is t o r y .

F ir s t th e g erm in a tio n

o f th e sp o r e , fo llo w e d by a p a r a s it ic phase and th en by a sa p ro p h y tic

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12

phase.

He d e s c r i b e s t h e body o f t h e fungus as b e in g composed o f ( l )

mycelium, (2 ) s c l e r o t i a ,

(3) c o n i d i o p h o r e s , and ( 4 ) c o n i d i a .

As t h e

m ycelium becomes o l d e r i t i s s t a t e d t h a t ch lam y d o sp o res a r e p r o d u c e d . The s c l e r o t i a and chlam y dospo res i n A n d e r s o n 's a c c o u n t were n o t ob­ s e rv e d i n any o f t h e m a t e r i a l exam ined. B e sid e s b e in g a tr o u b le s o m e p a th o g e n on r o s e s t h i s genus i s a p a r a s i t e on plum and c h e r r y r o o t s t o c k s and palm l e a v e s .

Type l o c a l i t y s Ham County; Ohio, Morgan. Specimens exam ined: O hio, Ham C o ., August 1887, on pod o f G l e d i t s c h i a t r i a c a n t h u s , A .P . Morgan, E l l i s C o l l e c t i o n , N.Y. B o t. C a r d ., HOLOTYPE. O hio, P r e s t o n , 1893, on h u l l s o f t h e n u t s o f J u e l a n s n i g r a A .P . Morgan, E l l i s C o l l e c t i o n , N.Y. B o t. C ard. O hio, P r e s t o n , August 21, 1893, on o ld pod o f G l e d i t s c h i a , A .P . Morgan, Morgan C o l l e c t i o n , Myc. H erb. U niv. o f Iowa. O hio, P r e s t o n , August 7, 1893, on h u l l o f w a ln u t , A .P . Morgan, Morgan C o l l e c t i o n , Myc. H erb. Univ. o f Iowa. Ohio, P r e s t o n , J u l y 21, 1900, on h u l l o f w a ln u t, A .F . Morgan, Morgan C o l l e c t i o n , Myc. H erb. Univ. o f Iowa. O hio, P r e s t o n , on old pod o f G l e d i t s c h i a . A .P . Morgan, Morgan C o l l e c t i o n , Myc. H erb. Univ. o f Iowa..

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PLATE I I

F ig u r e 3

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PLATE I I I

F ig u re

4

A g g regatio n o f c o n id ia M org.

of G y lindrocladium

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PLATE III

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PLATE IV

F ig u re

5.

C o n id ia and c c n i d i o p h o r e s o f C y lin d ro c la d iu T n s c o p a riu in M org.

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15

PLATE IV

Figure 5

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PLATE V

F ig u re

6.

H ypha, c o n i d i a and e o n i d io p h o r e s C y l i n d r o c l a d i u m sco-parium M org.

of

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16

PLATE V

Figure 6

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'V

17

17

PLATE VI

Fig- 7 Camera Lucida Drawing of Ilelicoon sessile Morg.

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HELICOON Morgen H el i co o n fiorgsn, J o u r . C i n c i . Soc. N a t . H i s t . 1 5 : 5 0 . 1892; Seccei'do, S y l l . Fung. 1 1 :6 0 9 . 1895; L in da u, i n E n g l . & P r a n t l , N a t. P f l a n z e n f a n . l ( l * * ) :4 5 2 .

1900; Li nda u, i n R s b e n h o r s t , K r y p t . F I .

D e u ts c h . C s t . u . d . Schweiz. 1®:535. 1906; 1 ^ : 2 2 7 . 1908; L i n d e r , Ann. Mo. Bo t. Gard. 1 6 :3 2 2 - 3 2 3 . 1929. The t y p e s p e c i e s i s H e li c o o n s e s s i l e Morgan. L i n d e r (15) i n h i s monograph p u b l i s h e d i n 1929 i n c l u d e d se v e n s p e c i e s i n t h i s genus.

Three s p e c i e s have been added s i n c e t h e n making a t o t a l

of ten species in a l l . Morgan d e s c r i b e s t h e genus as f o l l o w s : "Hyphae v a r i o u s . Spores v e r y l a r g e , s p i r a l l y c o i l e d i n t o an e l o n g a t e d e l l i p s o i d a l b o d y . " L i n d e - (15) d e s c r i b e s t h i s genus i n h i s monograph o f t h e H e l i c o s p c r o u s f u n g i i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner:

" C on id io ph or c s v a r i o u s , e r e c t , s im pl e o r b r a n c h e d , o r a p p a r ­ e n tly o b s o le te . Ccnidia h y a lin e , b rig h t- c o lo r e d , or fuscous, the f i l a m e n t c o i l e d i n 3 p l a n e s t o form a c y l i n d r i c a l o r e l l i p s o i d a l body, n e v e 7" i n c h a i n s . "

H el i co o n s e s s i l e Morgan, J o u r . C i n c i . Soc. Nat. H i s t . 1 5 : 5 0 . f i g . 17. 18S2; S s c c a r d o , S y l l . Fung. 1 1 :6 0 9 . 1895; L in d au , i n E n g l . P r a n t l , ? > t . P f l a n z e n f r m . 1 (1 **) :4 5 2 . 1900; L in de u, i n R e b e n h o r s t, K ry p t. F I . D e u ts c h . O s t . u . d . Schweiz. 1 ^ : 5 3 5 . 1906; 1 ^ : 2 7 7 . 1908; L i n d e r , Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 1 6 : 3 2 5 . P l a t e 26, f i g s . 12 - 1 6 . 1929.

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Korean d e s c r i b e s t h i s s p e c i e s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner;

" Z f f u s e d , formi ng m i n u t e l y p u l v e r u l e n t , p a l e s t r a t u m . Hyphee c o n s i s t i n g o f e x t r e m e l y f i n e t h r e a d s , r u n n i n g on and b e n e a t h t h e s u r f a c e , so t h a t t h e s p o r e s app ea r to be s e s s i l e upon t h e m a t r i x . Spor es h y a l i n e , e l l i p s o i d a l , composed o f 6 - 8 s p i r e s , c l o s e l y c o i l e d ; s p o r e s 40-48 X 25 p ; t h e t h r e a d 5-6 p i n t h i c k n e s s " G r o w i n g on old wood o f film. The s p o r e s a p p e a r t o be s e s s i l e i m m e d i a te l y upon t h e wood; t h e hyphae a r e so f i n e as t o be s c a rc e ly discerns.ble. "

Gyncnym - H e li c o o n fa irms n i S a c c a rd o , Ann. l y e . 4 : 2 7 8 . 1906; S y l l . Fung. 2 2: 1 33 3 - 1 3 3 4 .

1913.

P l a t e s 7I-X

F ig s . 7-11.

H e l i c o o n s e s s i l e Forgen C o lo n i e s in c o n s p i c u o u s upcn t h e s u b s t r a t u m , p u l v e r u l e n t , w h i t e t o p i n k i s h becoming t a r n i s h w i t h a g e .

C c n i d io p h o r e s v a r i o u s ,

erect,

simple o r b r a n c h i n g o r a p p a r e n t l y o b s o l e t e , d i s t i n c t , u s u a l l y a t t e n ­ uating into a fin e th rea d .

Conidi e a e r o g e n o u s , borne s i n g l y ,

o l i v a c e o u s t o h y a l i n e , t h e f i l a m e n t 3 . 3 - 6 . 6 jj t h i c k , s e p t a n o t e v i ­ d e n t , c l o s e l y c o i l e d 5-9 t i m e s (commonly 6 t i m e s ) i n 3 p l a n e s t o form ®n e l l i r s o i d e l body, 24-42 X 1 6 . 5 - 2 4 p . On decayed wood o f Him. L i n d e r (15) d e s c r i b e s t h i s s p e c i e s us b e i n g :

" C ol o ni e s p u l v e r u l e n t , i n c o n s p i c u o u s , w hi te t o p i n k i s h s p a r s e l y c o v e r i n g t h e s u b s t r a t u m . The c c n i d i o p h o r e s i n c u l t u r e seldom e x c e e d i n g 50 y. in l e n g t h , a p p a r e n t l y o b s o l e t e on t h e n a t u r a l s u b s t r a t u m . C o n id i a a c r o g e n o u s , borne s i n g l y , h y a l i n e

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t o p i n k i s h , t h e f i l a m e n t ( 4 ) - 4 . 5 - 6 . 5 p t h i c k , c o i l e d 5-16 t i m e s i n 3 p l r n e s t o form an e l l i p s o i d a l body, 20-30 X 37-59 p . "On v e r y m o i s t w e l l - d e c a y e d wood o f dec id u ou s t r e e s . F.as t e r n U n it e d S t a t e s . " DISCUSSION There a p p e a r s t o be some c o n f u s i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t y p e o f t h i s species.

The only p a c k e t i n t h e Morgan C o l l e c t i o n of t h e M y co lo gi ce l

Herbarium o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa b e a r s t h e f o l l o w i n g i n s c r i p t i o n ; H e l i c o o n s e s s i l e Morgan On old p i e c e s o f b o a r d s Belmont, Mass. S e p t . R. T h a x t e r This p a c k e t has bee n i n i t i a l e d by David H. L i n d e r .

No fungus grow/th was

e v i d e n t on t h e p i e c e o f wood i n c l u d e d and a p p a r e n t l y L i n d e r ( 15 ) a l s o found n o t h i n '

s i n c e he does n o t c i t e i t w i t h t h e specimens examined.

In

any e v e n t t h i s sp ecimen i s not t h e t y p e . In commenting on t h e t y p e m a t e r i a l L i n d e r (15) s t a t e s ;

"The t y p e of

t h i s s p e c i e s a p p e a r s t o be m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d by E l l i s , pres um abl y i n New J e r s e y , e 'd s e n t t o Morgan u n d e r t h e h e r b a r i u m name o f H e l i c o s p o r i u m c o n c h o i d e s . a f r ag m e n t o f which specimen was communicated by Morgan t o Dr. T h a x t e r . "

This c o n c l u s i o n a p p e a r s t o be i n c o r r e c t .

In his paper

d e s c r i b i n g t h e new genus Morgan s t a t e s ; "most o f t h e s e have bee n found l i v i n g and growing by m y s e l f .

The fen; s p e c i e s d e s c r i b e d from

d r i e d specimens a r e c r e d i t e d t o t h e p e r s o n s from whom the y were received."

S in ce Morgan does n o t g i v e E l l i s as t h e c o l l e c t o r of t h e t y p e

s pecimen i t i s im p l i e d t h ,:t he c o l l e c t e d i t n i m s e l f . A r a c k e t from t h e E l l i s C o l l e c t i o n l o a n e d by t h e New York B o t a n i c a l Garden h e a r s t h e f o l l o w i n g i n s c r i p t i o n ;

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H e li co sp o r iu r n co n c h o i d e s E l l i s and Morgan On r o t t e n wood H e l i c o o n s e s s i l e Morgan On r o t t e n wood Ohio, Morgan (628) I n a l e t t e r accompanying t h e lo a n e d sp ecimen Dr. D. P. Rogers s t a t e s : "The p a c k e t I am s e n d i n g you ( t h e only one we ha ve ) o f H e l i c o o n s e s s i l e would seem t o be t h e t y p e .

You w i l l n o t i c e t h a t i t was n o t c o l l e c t e d

i n New J e r s e y b u t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a b e l which i s i n E l l i s ' s h a n d w r i t i n g came from Ohio and was c o l l e c t e d by Morgan.

I th in k i t l i k e l y t h a t the

specimen L i n d e r had was one i n t h e b i g s c r a p books o f E l l i s ' s which were p u r c h a s e d by Dr. F ar lo w .

I s h o u l d n o t do ubt t h a t t h e specimen was a

p o r t i o n o f t h e one I am s e n d i n g you but t h e l a b e l s on t h o s e specimens arc. q u i t e b r i e f and i t may be t h a t t h i s p a r t was i n c o m p l e t e l y o r i n c o r r e c t ­ ly la b e le d ."

The a u t h o r a g r e e s w i t h t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Dr. Rogers and

c o n s i d e r s t h e specimen i n t h e E l l i s C o l l e c t i o n as a p a r t o f t h e t y p e collection.

I t s h o u ld be d e s i g n a t e d a s a frag me nt o f t h e t y p e o r c o t y p e .

Type l o c a l i t y : O h i o , Morgen, 628. Specimen examined: M a s s a c h u s e t t s , Belmont, S e p t . ,

on o l d p i e c e s o f b o a r d s , R. T h a x t e r ,

(no m a t e r i a l f o u n d ) , Myc. Herb. Univ. o f Iowa. Ohio, on r o t t e n wood, w i t h "Helicosporiurn c o n c h o i d e s " Morgan, 628, N. Y. E c t . Gard. H e r b . , COTYPE.

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PLATE V II

E igure

8.

C o n id ia of H elico o n

sessile

K org.

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PLATE V I I

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PLATE V I I I

E ig u r e 9 .

Conidium o f H e l i c o o n s e s s i l e Morg.

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PLATS V I I I

Figure 9

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PLATE IX

F ig u re 10.

C onidium o f H e l i c o o n s e s s i l e Morg.

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PLATS IX

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PLATE X

F ig u r e 11.

Hypha w i t h s e s s i l e o r a b s e n t c o n i d i o p h o r e and c o n id iu m o f H e l i c o o n s e s s i l e Morg.

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PLATS X

F i g . 11

26

26

PLATE XI

5 190-192. 1 8 9 2 .

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32

PLATE X I I I

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PLATE XIV F ig u re

F ig u re

15.

16.

C ross s e c tio n o f th e d r ie d , c o n v o lu te , hym enium o f P e z i z a sh o w in g h o s t - p a r a s i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f S y n t h e t o s n o r a e l e c t a M org.

C ross s e c tio n in fe c te d w ith

o f hym enium o f P e z i z a S y n t h e t o s p o r a e l e c t a Mo r g .

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33 PLATE XIV

Figure 16

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PLATE XV

F ig u re

17.

C o n i d i a and c o n i d i o p h o r e s o f S y n t h e t o s p o r a e l e c t a M org. on hym enium o f P e z i z a .

F ig u re

18.

C o n id ia and c o n id io p h o r e s o f S y n th e t o s n o r a e l e c t a M org. on hym enium o f P e z i z a .

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PLATS XV

F ig u r e 17

F ig u r e 18

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PLATE XVI

F ig u re

19.

C o n id ia

of

S y n th eto sn o ra

e l e c t a Morg

F ig u re

20.

C o n id ia of

S y n th eto sn o ra

e l e c t a Morg

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35 PLAI3 XVI

F ig u re 19

F ig u r e 20

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PLATE XVII

F ig u re

21.

C on id ia

of

F ig u re

22.

C onidia of

S yntheto snora

e l e c t a Morg

S y n t h e t o s n o r a , e l e c t a Morg

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PLATS XVII

F ig u r e 21

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PLATE X V I I I

F ig u re

23.

H igh pow er view o f c o n id iu m o f S y n t h e t o s u o r a e l e c t a M org. (30X o c u l a r )

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PLATS XVIII

F ig u r e 23

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38

PLATE XIX

Camera L u c ¥ d a d r a w i n g of Sporocvstia condita Morg.

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SPOHOCYSTIS Morgan

S p o r o c v s t i s Morgen, J o u r . Myc. 8 :1 6 9 . 1902; S a c c a rd o , S y l l . Fung. 1 8 :6 7 6 - 6 7 7 . 1906. The ty p e s p e c i e s i s S p o r o c v s t i s c o n d i t a Morgan. Two s p e c i e s have b een d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s g e n u s . Morgen (£0) i n h i s w r i t e - u p d id n o t in c l u d e a s e p a r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n f o r t h i s genus.

I n s t e a d , he g iv e s on ly th e s p e c i f i c d e s c r i p t i o n o f

S p o r o c v s t i s c o n d i t a from which t h e w orker must g e t a p i c t u r e o f t h e genus.

S acca rd o 022) i n t e r p r e t s t h e g e n e r i c d e s c r i p t i o n t o b e :

"S p o ro d o c h ia g l o b u l o s a , c a r n o s u l a , a l b a , ex h y p h is m y c e l i c i s te n u i b u s h y a l i n i s o r i u n d a . C o n id io p h o ra i n c o n tex tu m laxum paren chy m aticum co n n ex a . C o n id ia c e l l u l o s o - c l a t h r a t a , h y a l i n a i n c o n id io p h o ro ru m e x t r e m i t a t i b u s p lu s minus d i s t i n c t i s a c r o g e n a . " S p o r o c v s t i s c o n d i t a Morgan, J o u r . Myc. 8 :1 6 9 . 1902; S a c c a rd o , S y l l . Fung. 1 8 :6 7 6 . 1906. Morgan d e s c r i b e s t h i s s p e c i e s i n t h i s way:

"Stroma l a r g e , s u b g lo b o s e , f l e s h y , w h i t e , w ith a mycelium o f s l e n d e r w h ite f i l a m e n t s ; t h e s p o r e s a d en se s u p e r f i c i a l l a y e r . The p e l l u c i d hyphae com pacted i n t o a s o f t paren chy m ato us t i s s u e , r i c h i n f a t t y g l o b u l e s ; t h e s p o r e s borne on t h e more o r l e s s d is tin c t ex tre m itie s. Spores s u b - g l o b o s e , w h ite , 50-70 p i n d ia m e te r , e ac h composed o f many s m a ll s p h e r i c a l c e l l s , 9-11 p i n d ia m e t e r . "Growing on o ld l e a v e s i n woods; P r e s t o n , Ohio, O c to b e r 1 9 0 2 ."

S p o r o c v s t i s c o n d i t a Morgen S p o r e n r io c a r p s s u b g lo b o s e , 1 .2 5 - 2 X 1 - 1 . 5 mm; a t f i r s t w h ite , becoming c^eam t a n to orange w ith a g e , f l e s h y , becoming hard w ith ag e , O c c a s io n -

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a l l y c o n f lu e n t . . Sporangia te r m in a l, s u b s p h e r ic a l t o s p h e r ic a l, 46«-68 y i n d ia m eter, many sp o red , c o lu m e lla a b s e n t.

Spores i n sp o ra n g ia su b-

an gu la r from p r e s s u r e , w ith t h in w a ll, 6 -9 X 8 -1 2 p i n d ia m eter , su b s p h e r ic a l t o s p h e r ic a l upon e s c a p e , 6 -1 4 p i n d ia m eter, a v era g in g 10 p, esca p in g u s u a lly i n co h eren t g ro u p s. Type l o c a l i t y * P r e sto n , Ohio; Morgan.

Specimens examined* O hio, P re sto n ; October- 2 0 , 1902; on o ld le a v e s ; A. P. Morgan; I fy c o lo g ic a l Herbarium, U n iv e r s ity o f Iowa. Ohio,- P re sto n ; October- 1 0 , 1902; on o ld le a v e s ; A. P . Morgan; M y co lo g ica l Herbarium, U n iv e r s ity o f Iowa.

HOLOTYFE.

DISCUSSION In 1899 Harkness (2 5 ) d e s c r ib e d a s p e c ie s o f Endogone which he c a l le d E. m a lle o la .

A com parison o f t h i s d e s c r ip t io n - w it h t h e ty p e

m a te r ia l e f S p o r o c v s tis c o n d ita r e v e a ls th e s e two forms t o be i d e n t i c a l . S in ce Morgan d e s c r ib e d S . c o n d ita in 19 0 2 , E. g a l i e o l a ta k e s p r e fe r e n c e and i s th e v a li d name. Thaxter (2 5 ) in h is r e v i s i o n e f th e Endoeoneae g iv e s L in k 's o r i g in a l d e s c r ip t io n o f th e genus Endogone Lk. a s fo llo w s * Endogone Lk. (1809)

"Hypogaebus or ep igaeou s* producing t h ic k - w a lle d isogam ous o r heterogam ous zy g o sp o res w ith or w ith o u t s p e c ia l iz e d en v elo p e s* th ic k - w a lle d a crc g en o u s, n o n -sex u a l chlam ydbsporest or t h in - w a lle d s p o r a n g ia . The throe- t y p o s , a s a r u le , produced: s e p a r a t e ly i n compact grou p s, w hich may be s i n g l e o r a s s o c ia te d , i n acommon. m ass, naked or surrounded by a v a r ia b ly d evelop ed pseudoperidium o r tomentum, and may form e i t h e r a d e f i n i t e sporocarp o r an in d e f i n i t e l o o s e l y co h eren t sp o re-m a ss."

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I n t h i s r e v i s i o n T h a x t e r p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e r e h as been c o n s i d e r ­ a b l e c o n f u s io n a b o u t t h e s p o r a n g i a o f t h e s p e c i e s E. m a l l e o l a .

B ecause

o f t h i s f a c t a lo n e s e v e r a l i n v a l i d s p e c i e s were d e s c r i b e d which v/ere b a s e d on s e p a r a t e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s .

T h a x te r has t h i s t o say*

"This s p e c i e s seems t o have b een r e s p o n s i b l e f o r much o f t h e c o n f u s i o n w i t h which t h e genus h a s b een a f f l i c t e d , s i n c e a l t h o u g h i t i s fu n d a m e n ta lly u n l i k e t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e o t h e r t y p e s which have b een i n c lu d e d i n Endogone. i t b e a r s c e r t a i n re s e m b la n c e s t o them which h ave l e d t o a m i s c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a p p e a r a n c e s t h a t a r e f r e q u e n t l y found i n t h e s p o r e s o f t h e o t h e r two s e c t i o n s o f t h e g e n u s . This m is c o n c e p ti o n h as l e d t o t h e o p in i o n t h a t t h e c h la m y d o s p o re s , f o r exam ple, were t o be r e g a r d e d a s s p o r a n g i a , o r a t l e a s t t h a t t h e y m ight become d i r e c t l y tr a n s f o r m e d i n t o s p o r a n g i a . This c o n c l u s i o n , how ever, seems t o have no b e t t e r b a s i s t h a n t h e f a c t t h a t , i n many c a s e s , t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e s e s p o r e s i s so m o d i f ie d , t h a t th e y become f i l l e d w ith l a r g e g r a n u l e s o r f a t t y b o d ie s , o f t e n so u n ifo r m i n s i z e and form t h a t t h e i r s p o r e - l i k e c h a r a c t e r h a s been assum ed. Thus B u c h a ltz i n h i s B e i t r a g e , i n f l u e n c e d p r o b a b ly by t h e u s e o f t h e te rm sp o rang iu m and s p o ra n g io lu m i n L i n k 's d e s c r i p t i o n , has assumed t h a t t h e p r e s e n t form may be r e g a r d e d as t h e t r u e E. p i s i f o r m i s , and i s t h u s t h e ty p e o f t h e g e n u s . The r e a s o n s f o r b e l i e v i n g t h a t t h i s r e f e r e n c e can h a r d l y be c o r r e c t , have a l r e a d y been m e n tio n e d . I n E. m a l l e o l a . how ever, t h e l a r g e s p h e r i c a l o r somewhat i r r e g u l a r b o d ie s w hich form t h e f r u c t i f y i n g mass a r e f i l l ­ ed w ith numerous r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e , s e p a r a b l e , w a ll e d s p o r e s ; q u i t e d i f f e r e n t i n a p p e a ra n c e from any d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n such as h a s been above r e f e r r e d t o . "

Morgan d e s c r i b e s h i s s p e c i e s as h a v in g spores- each composed o f many s m a ll s p h e r i c a l c e l l s .

A s tu d y o f M organ's ty p e m a t e r i a l d i s c l o s e s t h e s e

l a r g e " s p o r e s " t o be t r u e s p o r a n g i a whose s p o r e s e s c a p e f r e e l y when p re ssu re is a p p lie d to th e c o v e rg la s s.

T h a x te r d e s c r i b e s t h e s p o r a n g i a

ss fo llo w s:

"The form o f t h e s p o r a n g ia i s n o rm a lly s u b s p h e r i c a l , b u t may be i r r e g u l e r , l o n g e r t h a n b ro a d , o r even b r o a d e r th a n lo n g , o r s u b a n g u la r from m utu al p r e s s u r e . The w a ll u s u a l l y a p p e a r s t h i n , and t e n d s t o f o ll o w t h e c o n t o u r o f t h e c o n t a in e d s p o r e s ; b u t , e s p e c i a l l y when t r e a t e d w ith p o t a s h , may form a c l e a r

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42

g e l a t i n o u s en v elo p e around t h e s p o r e s , 4 -5 p t h i c k . The s p o re s a r e somewhat v a r i a b l e i n s i z e , s u b a n g u lt;r from p r e s s u r e , b u t o f t e n become s p h e r i c a l when f r e e , and p o s s e s s a. d i s t i n c t t h i n v /a ll. None have been s e e n , even i n t h e T orrend m a t e r i a l , w hich c l o s e l y approach t h e m easurem ents g iv e n by B r e s a d o la , 15-28 X 15-7 p . m easured i n t h e sporan gium t h e 3/ r a r e l y seem t o exceed 14-15 p, and u s u a l l y a v e r a g e from 8-12 p : a l th o u g h when s e t f r e e and t r e a t ­ ed w ith p o ta s h t h e y may r e a c h 20 p o c c a s i o n a l l y . They form a r a t h e r v i s c o u s m ass, and when t h e sp o rang iu m i s v i o l e n t l y b ro k e n , a r e a p t t o e s c a p e i n more o r l e s s c o h e r e n t g r o u p s . The f i l a m e n t s , i n which t h e s p o r a n g i a a r e b o rn e t e r m i n a l l y , a r e b ra n c h e d and u s u a l l y r a t h e r c o p i o u s l y s e p t a t e , even s u b m o n ilif o rm ; t h e c o n t e n t s above t h e u p p e r sep tu m , which i s o f t e n a s h o r t d i s t a n c e below t h e sporan gium , b e in g o f t e n d iv id e d i n t o s e v e r a l s u p e rp o s e d s p o r e s . "

Many v a r i a t i o n s from H a r k n e s s 's (25) o r i g i n a l d e s c r i p t i o n were ob­ s e r v e d by Dr. T h a x t e r .

Both i n v e s t i g a t o r s c a .ll a t t e n t i o n t o t h e c l o s e

r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t i n g betw een 3 . m a l l e o l a and M o r t i e r e l l s . .

The s p o r a n g i a

a r e many s n o re d and lo o k much l i k e th o s e o f a Mucor. b u t d i f f e r i n t h e absence of a c o lu m e lla .

The resem b lan ce was f i r s t p o i n t e d o u t by

B e c c a r i n i (19C 3), who b e l i e v e d i t s h o u ld be e x c lu d e d from t h e Endogoneae f o r t h i s reaso n . In Morgan’ s d e s c r i p t i o n he c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e f r u c t i f i c a t i o n as b e in g a l a r g e s tr o m a .

'.Valker (27) as s i g n s t h e te rm s p o r a n g io c a r p t o t h e f r u c t i ­

f i c a t i o n s and d e s c r i b e s them as f o l l o w s s

"The s p o r a n g io c a r p s a r e w h i t i s h , round ed , o r somewhat e lo n g g a te d b o d i e s , a b o u t 1 -4 mm. a c r o s s . The u p p e r s u r f a c e i s hemi­ s p h e r i c , smooth o r more o r l e s s c o n v o lu te d , w h ile t h e u n d e r s u r ­ f a c e i s s l i g h t l y d e p r e s s e d e x c e p t where d e l i c a t e s t r a n d s o f hyphae a t t a c h i t t o t h e s u b s t r a t u m . I n s e c t i o n a l v iew t h e i n t e r i o r i s found t o c o n s i s t o f a co m p actly in te rw o v e n p o r t i o n a t t h e b a s e , made up o f c l o s e l y s e p t a t e h y p h ae, which a l s o show many a n a s to m o s e s . From t h i s , o t h e r s e p t a t e hyphae e x te n d r a d i a l l y to w ard t h e s u r f a c e and g iv e r i s e t o an o u t e r r e g i o n i n which a r e found i n t e r m i n g l e d hyphae and s p o r a n g i a . "

I n t h i s papei" V/alker d e s c r i b e d two d i s t i n c t t y p e s o f s p o r a n g i o c a r p s which

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43

she d e s i g n a t e d as s m a ll and l a r g e s p o r a n g i a l t y p e s .

Her d e s c r i p t i o n s c f

t h e s e ty p e s a r e :

" In t h e s m a ll s p o r a n g i a l t y p e t h e f r u c t i f i c a t i o n s a r e a lm o s t h e m is p h e ric and t h e s p o r a n g i a a v e ra g e a b o u t 30 p i n d i a m e t e r , ru n n in g up t o a b o u t 45 p as a. maximum. The s p o r a n g i a i n t h i s ty p e a r e u s u a l l y t e r m i n a l , b u t s e em in g ly may be i n t e r c a l a r y , and a r e d e n s e ly massed t o g e t h e r to w ard t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e f r u i t . Each sp o rangium c o n t a i n s r e l a t i v e l y few s p o r e s , a v e r a g i n g 10-13 X 12-15 p , b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y t h e r e a r e v e r y s m a ll (5 X 6 p ) and v e r y l a r g e (20 X 33 p ) s p o r e s , llixed w ith t h e s p o r a n g i a a r e hyp hae, t e r m i n a t i n g i n somewhat m o n ilif o r m c e l l s , and t h e s e , t o g e t h e r w ith th e s t a l k s o f some o f t h e s p o r a n g i a which re a c h t h e s u r f a c e , g iv e t h e a p p e a ra n c e o f a d e l i c a t e cobwebby p e r id i u m . "In t h e secon d o r l a r g e s p o r a n g i a l ty p e t h e f r u c t i f i c a t i o n s a r e o f t e n much f l a t t e r and i n t h e s p o r a n g i a l r e g i o n few i n t e r ­ mixed hyphae a r e fo u n d . Mo t r a c e s o f m o n ilif o r m c e l l s o r s u p e r ­ f i c i a l hyphae o c c u r . The s p o r a n g i a a r e d e f i n i t e l y t e r m i n a l , much l a r g e r (5 0 -7 0 p) i n d ia m e t e r , and c o n t a i n many s p o r e s . The s p o r e s in t h e s e l a r g e 1" s p o r a n g i a a r e s l i g h t l y s m a l l e r (7 -1 0 X 10-13 p ) . "

A c o m p a ra tiv e s tu d y o f S n o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a ana E. m a l l e o l a shows s u f f i c i e n t v a r i a t i o n t o i n c lu d e a l l d i f f e r e n c e s .

M o rgan's m easurem ents

c f t h e s p o r a n g i a , 50-70 p, a g r e e f a v o r a b l y w ith t h e m easurem en ts g iv e n by T h a x te r a v e r a g in g 55-75 p . t y r e m a t e r i a l t o be 46-56 p .

The w r i t e r found th e s p o r a n g ia o f M o rgan 's Assuming T a l k e r ' s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f

s p o r a n g i a l t y p e s i s c o r r e c t , M o rg an 's m a t e r i a l would be i n t h e l a r g e s p o ra n g ia l ty p e d e s ig n a tio n .

The s p o r a n g i a i n M organ's ty p e a r e t e r m i n a l ,

l a r g e , and c o n t a i n ms;ny s p o r e s .

T' i s com plies w ith T a l k e r ' s d e s c r i p t i o n .

The sp o re m easurem ents g iv e n by h e r a r e assumed t o have been t a k e n i n t h e c r o r a n g i u r i.

7/hen. f r e e t h e s p o r e s e r e s l i g h t l y l a r g e r .

re a c h 23 p .

I n t h e sp orangium t h e s p o r e s measured 6-9 X 10-16 p .

m easurem ents a r e a l i t t l e

Some were found t o These

l a r g e r t h a n th o s e g iv e n by T h a x t e r and W a lk e r,

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44

Endogone i s a sa p ro p h y te.

The s u b s tr a te i s most fr e q u e n tly dead

le a v e s in or on th e s o i l . P la te s XIX - XXIX

F ig s . 2 4 -3 6 .

Endogone m a lle o la Harkness Synonymsi

..............

Endogone m icr o ca rp i F is h e r pro p a r te (1 8 9 7 ), p . 1 2 1 , f i g s . 4 - 5 . R abenhorst SYmgi E u ro p ei, No. 2516, nec T u lasn e (1 8 5 1 ). S p o r o c v s tis c o n d ita Morgan Jou r< liv e . 8*169. 1 9 0 2 . Endogone p i s i f o n a i s B u eh oltz (1 9 1 2 ), B e itr a g e , p . 1 9 6 , f i g s . 8 8 -9 6 ; n e c . Link (1 8 0 9 ). .................. Endogone T o rre n d ii B resa d o la . In Torrend (1 9 1 3 ), p . 1 0 1 | (1 9 2 0 ) p . 5 5 . Torrend (1 9 1 3 ), Fungi S e l e c t i E x s ic c a t i , No. 159.

D oubtful s p e c ie s - S p o r o c v s tis f u lv a v . Hohn., S tzb . k . Ak. d . W iss. Wien. A bt. I . 118*426. 1909} S y l l . Fung. 22*487. 1913. I b is s p e c ie s w i l l have t o be s tu d ie d fo r p lacem ent s in c e S p o r o c v s tis i s n ot a v a li d g en u s.

Type l o c a l i t y * P r e sto n , Ohio; Morgan. Specim ens examined* Ohio, P re sto n ; O ctober 1 0 , 1902? on o ld le a v e s , A. P. Morgan, Morgan C o lle c t io n , Myc. Herb. U niv. o f Iowa.

HOLOTYFE

.

.

Ohio, P resto n ; O ctober 20, 19 0 2 , on o ld le a v e s , A. P. Morgan, Morgan C o lle c t io n , Ifye. Herb. U n iv. Of Iowa.

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PLATE XX

F ig u re

25.

H ab it p ic tu r e o f sp o ro carp s of S p o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a M org. on d e a d le a v e s.

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45

PLATE XX

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PLATE XXI

F ig u r e 26.

L o n g itu d in a l s e c t io n of sporocarp o f S p o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a Morg.

F ig u re

L o n g itu d in al se c tio n of sporocarp o f S p o r o c v s t i s c o n d i t a M org.

27.

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46 PLATS XXI

F ig u re 27

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PLATE XXII

F ig u re 28 .

L o n g itu d in a l s e c t io n o f sporocarp o f S n o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a Morg.

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PLATS X X II

F ig u r e 28

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PLATE X X III

F ig u re

29.

L o n g itu d in al se c tio n of sporocarp S n o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a M org. on d e a d show ing an embedded s p o ra n g iu m .

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of le af

48

PLATE X X I I I

F ig u r e 29

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ELATE XXIV

F ig u r e 30.

S p o r a n g ia o f S o o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a Morg.

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PLATS XXIV

F ig u re 30

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PLATE XXV

F ig u r e 31.

S p o r a n g ia o f S n o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a Morg.

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50

PLATE XXV

F ig u r e 31

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PLATE XXVI

F ig u re 32.

Sporangium and s p o r e s o f S p o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a Morg.

F ig u re

S porangium and an e sc a p e d S p o ro c y stis co n d ita.M o rg .

33.

spore

of

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PLATE XXVI

\.

•

• •

-•

v

F ig u re 33

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PLATE XXVII

F ig u re

34.

S porangium and e s c a p in g m ass o f s p o r e s o f S u o r o c y s t i s c o n d i t a M org.

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52

PLATE XXVII

F ig u r e 34

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F ig u re

35.

S p o r a n g iu m an d e s c a p i n g mas spores of S n o ro cy g tis condi

c* ro

PLATE XXVIII

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53

PLATS X X V III

F ig u r e 35

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PLATE XXIX

F ig u re

36.

C lo s e -u p view o f in sp o ran g io ca rp M org.

embedded s p o ra n g iu m of S o o ro c y stis co n d itt

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PLATE XXIX

F ig u r e 36

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ACONTIUM Morgan

Acontium Morgan, J o u r. Myc. 8 * 4 -5 . 1902; Saccardo, S y l l . Fung. 18*572-573 1906. The ty p e s p e c ie s o f t h i s genus i s Acontium album Morgan. Four s p e c ie s have been d e sc r ib e d f o r t h i s gen u s. Morgan d e sc r ib e d t h i s genus in th e fo llo w in g way*

"Hyphae decumbent, h y a lin e s e p t a t e , v a g u ely branched, th e s p o r ife r o u s branches un iform , a sc e n d in g , each producing a t th e apex s e v e r a l sp o res w hich a re c o n g lu tin a te in t o a p e ll u c id g lo m e r u le . Spores siaqple, c y lin d r ic o r fu sifo r m , sm ooth, hya­ lin e . "

Acontium album Morgan, J o u r. Ifye. 8 * 4 -5 . 1902; S accard o, S y l l . Fung. 18*572 -5 7 3 .

1 9 0 6 . ....................................................

Morgan d e s c r ib e d t h i s s p e c ie s as fo llo w s *

"Hyphasma e f f u s e d , t h in , d e n se , w h ite , m in u tely p u b e sc e n t. Hyphae c r e e p in g , s le n d e r , h y a lin e , s c a r c e ly s e p t a t e , i n t r i c a t e l y much branched; th e s p o r ife r o u s branches a sc e n d in g , s h o r t , sim p le o r w ith a few s le n d e r d iv is i o n s a t th e apex, producing ah e l o n g - ' a ted su b fu sifo rm glom erU le o f s p o r e s . Spores c y l in d r ic - f u s if o m i, s t r a i g h t , h y a lin e , 1 8 -2 5 X 1 m ic. ; V .. :.:. "Growing on th e in n e r s id e o f o ld b a rk o f A cer. S p o rife ro u s branches 40-60 m ic. lo n g , th e g lom erule' c lin g in g to . th e u p p e r .. h a l f u s u a lly le a v in g - th e apex naked; sometimes two o r th r e e o r s e v e r a l a d ja c e n t glome n ile s a r e c o n f lu e n t. There a re u s u a lly from f iv e o r s ix t o a dozen sp o re s in a g lo m e ru le ."

DISCUSSION With t h e d e s c r ip t io n above Morgan c a l l s a t t e n t io n t o th e s i m i l a r i t y o f t h i s genus t o C ephalosporium .

He a ls o e x p la in s th e term hyphasma as he u se s

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56

i t t c mean i

" th e g e n e r a l a s p e c t o f t h e mould t o t h e naked eye o r w ith a siim le- l e n s ; t h i s i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e sen se i n which Link _ J_ +o • t ! I ' re t: 1

L.'crgen s t a t e s a t th e tim e t h i s s p e c i e s was p u b l i s h e d t h a t he co uld f u r n i s h a nunber o f th e specim ens o f th e ty p e t o m i c v o s c o p is ts d e s i r i n g them . 3o f a r none c f t h e s e ty p e specim ens o r a n y specim ens o f t h e type have been fo u n d .

sp e c ie s

A s tu d y o f t h i s genus w i l l have t o be made a t a l a t e r

tim e .

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SUMMARY Four o f M organ's f i r e g en era o f th e Hyphomycetes have been s tu d ie d and d e s c r ip t io n s , d raw in gs, and photom icrographs have b een p rep ared .

H e lico o n and C vlin d rocladiu m were found t o be v a l i d g e n era .

S p o r o c v s tis and S v n th eto sp o ra are n o t v a l i d . o f Endogone L in k .

S p o r o c v s tis i s a synonym

S v n th eto sp o ra i s a synonym o f Stenhanoma W alr.

S p o r o c v s tis c o n d ita i s a synonym o f Endogone m a lle o la H arkness. S v n th eto sp o ra e l e c t a i s a synonym o f Stephanoma strim osum V a lro th on th e a u th o r ity o f M a ttir o lo in 1926.

Each o f t h e s e two g en era a re

compared w ith t h e i r synonym ies and d is c u s s e d in t h i s t h e s i s .

No

m a te r ia l o f Acontium album, th e ty p e s p e c ie s o f Morgan's f i f t h genus o f th e Hyphom ycetes, has been lo c a te d and a stu d y o f i t w i l l be made la te r .

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.

A D i c t i o n a r y c f t h e F u n g i.

A in sw o rth A B isb v 1945.

The I m p e r i a l

li y c o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e , Kew, S u r r e y , E n g lan d . 2.

A nderson, P. J . 1918.

Rose c a n k e r and i t s c o n t r o l .

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