The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies 9780300160574

Table of contents :
CONTENTS
THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
CASE STUDIES
BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Citation preview

THE HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY OF

GENOCIDE

THE HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY OF

GENOCIDE ANALYSES AND CASE STUDIES

FRANK CHALK & KURT JONASSOHN

PUBLISHED IN COOPERATION WITH THE

MONTREAL INSTITUTE FOR GENOCIDE STUDIES

YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW HAVEN & LONDON

Copyright © 1990 by Frank Chalk and Kurt

Library of Congress Cataloging-in­

Jonassohn. All rights reserved.

Pubiication Data

This book may not be reproduced, in whole

Chalk, Frank Robert, 1937-

or

in part, including illustrations, in any form

The history and sociology of genocide:

(beyond that copying permitted by Sections

analyses and case studies I Frank Chalk and

107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and

Kurt Jonassohn. p.

except by reviewers for the public press),

em.

without written permission from the

"Published in cooperation with the Montreal

publishers.

Institute for Genocide Studies." Includes bibliographical references (p.

Designed by Richard Hendel Set in Times Roman and Gill type by Marathon 'JYpography Service, Inc.,

Durham, NC Printed in the United States of America.

).

ISBN o-Jrld at \lllr. Washington, D.C., 1983. JolJiffe, Jill. East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1978. Ramos-Horta, Jose. Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor. Trenton, N.J.: Red Sea Press, 1987. For additional literature on Indonesia and East Timor see Briarpatch (Regina,

Saskatchewan); Inside Indonesia: Bulletin of the Indonesian Resources and Information Programme (Australia); and Tapa/ Bulletin (Great Britain; Indonesia Human Rights Campaign).

Iran Bahkash, Shaul. The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 1984. Benard, Cheryl, and Zalmay Khalilzad. ''The Government of God'': Iran's Islamic

Republic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Cooper, Roger. The Baha'is of Iran. Minority Rights Group Report no. 5 1 . Rev. ed. London: MRG, 1982. Green, Jerrold D. Revolution in Iran: The Politics of Counter-Mobilization. New York: Praeger, 1982. Hiro, Dilip. Iran under the Ayatollahs. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985. Keddie, Nikki R . , ed. Religion and Politics in Iran: Shi'ismfrom Quietism to

Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.

452

B I B LIOGRAPHIES

Lenczowski, George, ed. Iran under the Pahlavis. Stanford: Hoover Institute Press, 19?8.

Japan Adachi, Ken. The Enemy That Never Was: The History ofJapanese Canadians. Thronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976. Boxer, C. R. The Christian Century in Japan. London: Cambridge University Press, 195 1 . Hane, Mikiso. Peasants, Rebels and Outcastes: The Underside ofModern Japan. New York: Pantheon, I 982. Kennedy, Malcolm D. A History ofJapan. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1963. Sansom, George B. A History of Japan: r615-I867. 1963. Reprint. Folkestone, Kent: Wm. Dawson, 1978. ---

. Japan: A Short Cultural History. 1943. Reprint. New York: Appleton­

Century-Crofts, 1962. Storry, G. Richard. A History of Modern Japan. Middlesex: Penguin, 196u.

Melos Adcock, E E. Thucydides and His History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963. Aristophanes. Three Comedies: The Birds; The Clouds; The Wasps. Translated by William Arrowsmith and Douglass Parker. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969. Connor, W Raymond. Thucydides. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984. Durcey, P. Le traitement des prisonniers de guerre dans la Grece antique. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1968. Ferguson, W S. Greek Imperialism. 1913. Reprint. New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1963. Finley, M. I. The Ancient Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.

. Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology. New York: Viking Press, 1980. , ed. Slavery in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: W Heffer and Sons, 1960. Garlan, Yvon. War in the Ancient World: A Social History. London: Chatto and

---

---

Windus, 1975. Hasebroek, J. Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece. 1933. Reprint. Translated by L. M. Fraser and D. C. Macgregor. New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1965. Kagan, Donald. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian \\hr. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1969. Littman, Robert. The Greek Experiment: Imperialism and Social Conflict, 800-400 B.c.

London: Thames and Hudson, 1974·

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Meiggs, Russell .

453

The Athenian Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972. The Greek State at War. Berkeley: University of California

Pritchett, W. Kendrick. Press,

1974·

Renfrew, Colin, and Malcolm Wagstaff, eds.

An Island Polity: The Archeology of Exploitation in Melos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Sagan, Eli. The Lust to Annihilate: A Psychoanalytic Study of Violence in Ancient Greek Culture. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1979. Starr, Chester E. Economic and Social Growth ofEarly Greece. New York: Oxford University Press, 1977· . The Origins of Greek Civilization. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 196 1 . Ste . Croix, G. E. M. de. The Origins of the Peloponnesian War. London: Duckworth, 1972. Thucydides. The Peloponnesian l\br. Translated by Rex Warner. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1954. Vemant, J. P. Problemes de la guerre en Grtce ancienne. Paris and The Hague: Mouton, 1968. ---

The Mongols Allen, W. E. D.

A HiStory of the Georgian People, from the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1932 (see esp. chap. 9, "The Monarchy under the Mongols: Giorgi IV to David VI").

Ayalon, David. ''The Great Yasa of Chingiz Khan: A Re-examination.'' Parts I and II.

Studia Islamica 36 (1972): 8-158 and 38 (1973): 107-56. Histoire des turcs d'Asie Centrale. Translation by M. Donskis. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1945. Bosworth, C. E. The Medieval History ofIslam, Afghanistan and Central Asia. Bartol'd, V. V.

London: Variorum Reprints , n.d. Boyle, John Andrew.

The Mongol 1\Vrld Empire: 1200-1370. London: Variorum 1977. , ed. The Cambridge History ofIslam. \bl. 5: The Saljug and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. Brent, Peter. Genghis Khan: The Rise, Authority and Decline of Mongol Power. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976. Chambers, James. The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum, 1979. Dawson, Christopher Henry, ed. The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Translated by a nun of Stanbrook Abbey. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1955· Elias, Ney, ed. A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: Being the Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar. Dughlat. 1 895. Reprint. London: Curzon Press, 1972. Reprints,

---

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

454

Hodgson, Marshall .

The Venture of/slam. 3

vols . Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1974. Iwamuru, Shinobu. "Mongol Invasion of Poland in the Thirteenth Century." The Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (Oriental Library, Tokyo),

10 (1938): 103-57 Jenkins, Gareth. "A Note on Climactic Cycles and the Rise of Chinggis Khan."

Central Asiatic Journal 1 8 ( 1974): 217-26. The History of the World-Conqueror. 2

Joveyni, Ala al-Oin A�i-Malek.

vols. Translated

bY J. A. Boyle. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958. Langlois, J. D., Jr. , ed.

China under Mongol Rule.

Princeton: Princeton University

Press, 1981. Martin, Henry Desmond.

The Rise of Chingis Khan: His Conquest of North China.

1950. Reprint. New York: Octagon Books, 1971. Pelliot, Paul, and Louis Hambis, eds. and trans.

Khan.

Histoire des campagnes de Gengis

Vol. 1 . Leiden: E. J . Brill, 1951.

Pelliot, P. , ed. and trans.

Histoire secrete des mongols.

Paris: Librairie d'Amerique et

d'Orient, 1949.

The 11-avels of Marco Polo. 1854. Reprint. London: J. M. Dent, 1926. History of the Eastern Mongols during the Ming Dynasty from 1368-I63I. lranslated by Rudolph Lowenthal. Perspectives in Asian History no.

Polo, Marco.

Pokotilov, Dimitri.

1 . Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1976. Rashid al-Oin Tabib.

The Successors of Genghis Khan.

Translated by John Andrew

Boyle. New York: Columbia University Press, 197 I . Sansom, George.

The History of Japan to 1334. 1958.

Reprint. Folkestone , Kent:

Wm. Dawson, 1978 (see chap. 20 for the Mongol invasions of 1274 and 1281 . ) Saunders, J. J.

A History of Medieval /slam.

London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,

1965. ---

. The History of the Mongol Conquests.

London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,

197!. Sinor, Denis.

Inner Asia and its Contacts with Medieval Europe.

London: Variorum

Reprints, 1977.

History of the Mongols: based on Eastern and Western accounts of the thirteenth andfourteenth centuries. Translated by Helga Drummond and Stuart

Spuler, Bertold.

Drummond. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972. ---

. The Mongols in History.

Translated by Geoffrey Wheeler. New York: Praeger,

1971 . Original edition, 1961. \emadsky, George.

The Mongols and Russia.

New Haven: Yale University Press,

1953· ---

. "The Scope and Content of Chinggis Khan's Yasa."

Asiatic Studies 3 (1938): 337-6o. Vladimirstov, B. Ya. The Life ofChingis Khan.

Harvard Journal of

Translated bY Prince D. S. Mirsky.

New York: Benjamin Blom, 1930.

---. Le rigime social des mongols: Lafeodalisme nomade. Carsow. Paris: A. Maisonneuve, 1948.

Translated by Michel

B I BLIOGRA P H I ES

455

Nigeria Africa Report 1 3 (February 1968). Special issue on the Nigerian Civil War. Balogun, Ola. The Tragic �ars: Nigeria in Crisis, 1¢6- 1970. Benin City: Ethiope, 1973· Coleman, James. Nigeria: Background to Independence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962. Dudley, B. J. Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1973. Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria. London: Cambridge University Press, 197 1 . Luckham, Robin. The Nigerian Military: A Sociological Analysis of Authority and Revolt, 196o-1967. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971. Melson, Robert, and Howard Wolpe, eds. Nigeria: Modernization and the Politics of Communalism. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1971. Mezu, S . 0. Behind the Rising Sun. London: Heinemann, 1971. Nafziger, E. W. , and W. L . Richter. "Biafra and Bangladesh: The Political Economy of Secessionist Conflict."

Journal ofPeace Research 13 (1976): 9 1 - 109. The Listener 30 (January 1969): 129 -3 1 . . Herod: Reflections on Political Violence. London: Hutchinson, 1978. O'Connell, James. "Political Integration: The Nigerian Case." In African Integration and Disintegration: Case Studies in Economic and Political Union, ed. Arthur Hazelwood. London: Oxford University Press, 1967. Olorunsola, Victor A . , ed. The Politics of Cultural Sub-Nationalism in Africa. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972. Panter-Brick, S. K., ed. Nigerian Politics and Military Rule: Prelude to the Civil War. London: Athlone Press, 1970. St. Jorre, John D. The Brothers' War: Biafra and Nigeria. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. O'Brien, Connor Cruise. ''Biafra: Genocide and Discretion.''

��-

Oceania Abbie, A. A.

The Original Australians. London: Frederick Muller, 11}69. A History ofAustralia. 3 vols. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1962. ed. Select Documents in Australian History, 1788- 1850. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1950. Inglis, K. S. The Australian Colonists: An Exploration in Social History, I788-1870. Victoria: Melbourne University Press, 1974. Jones, Lancaster E The Structure and Growth ofAustralia's Aboriginal Population. Aborigines in Australian Society no. 1 . Canberra: Australian National University, 1970.

Clark, C. M. H.

��-,

456

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

MooreJtead, Alan. The Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific,

I767- I840. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1966. Morris, James . ..The Final Solution, Down Under." Horizon 14 (1969): 60-7 1 . Price, Grenfell A. Wh�te Settlers and Native Peoples: A n Historical Study of Racial

Contacts between English-Speaking Whites and Aboriginal Peoples in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.

Robson, Lloyd. A History '!f Tasmania. VoL 1: Van Diemen's Landfrom the Earliest

Times to 1855. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1983. Rowley, Charles Dunford. Aboriginal Policy and Practice. 3 vols. Vol. 1: The

Destruction of the Aboriginal Society. Canberra: Australian National University, 1970. Ryan, Lyndall. The Aboriginal Tasmanians. Vancouver and London: University of British Columbia Press. 1981. Stone, Shennan N. Aborigines in White Australia: A Documentary History of the

Attitudes Affecting Official Policy and the Australian Aborigine, 1697-1973. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1974. Travers, Robert. The Tasmanians: The Story of a Doomed Race. Melbourne: Cassell Australia, 1968.

Sri Lanka Amnesty International. Sri Lanka: Some Recent Reports of Extra-Judicial Killings,

September 1985 to March 1986. London: Amnesty International, April 30, 1986. Fernando, Tissa, and Robert N. Kearney, eds. Modern Sri Lanka: A Society in

Transition. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1979. International Alert. Emergency: Sri Lanka, 1986. London: International Alert, 1986. Leary, Virginia A. Ethnic Conflict and Violence in Sri Lanka: Report of a Mission to

Sri Lanka in July-August 1981. 2d ed. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1983. McGilvray, Dennis B . , ed. Caste, Ideology and Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Schwarz, Walter. The Tamils of Sri Lankn. Minority Rights Group Report no. 25. London: Minority Rights Group, 1983. Sieghart, Paul. Sri Lanka: A Mounting Tragedy of Errors. London: International Commission of Jurists, 1984. Tambiah, S. J. Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam. Politics in Sri Lanka: 1947-1979. 2d ed. London: Macmillan, 1979.

B I B LIOGRAPHIES

457

Sudan Albino, Oliver.

The Sudan: A Southern Viewpoint. London: Oxford University Press ,

1970. Bechtold, Peter K.

Politics in the Sudan: Parliamentary and Military Rule in an Emerging African Nation. New York: Praeger, 1976. Beshir, Mohammed Orner. The Southern Sudan: Background to Conflict. Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1970. ---

. Revolution and Nationalism in the Sudan. New York: Barnes and Noble,

1974· Eprile, Cecil.

ll!lr and Peace in the Sudan,

1955- 1972 . Newton Abbot: David and

Charles, 1974. Mahjub, Muhammed Ahmad.

Democracy on Trial: Reflections on Arab and African Politics. London: Deutsch, 1974· Morrison, Godfrey. Eritrea and the Southern Sudan. Minority Rights Group Report no. 5. 2d ed. London: Minority Rights Group, 1976. First edition, 197 1 . O'Ballance, Edgar. The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955- 1972. Hamden, Conn. : Archon Books, 1977· Oduho, Joseph, and William Deng .

The Problem of the Southern Sudan. London:

Oxford University Press, 1963. Voll, John Obert.

Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. London: Scarecrow Press, 1978. The Southern Sudan: 1'he Problem of National Integration.

Wai, Dunstan M . , ed.

London: Frank Cass, 1973. Warburg, Gabriel R . , and Uri M. Kupferschmidt, eds.

Islam, Nationalism, and

Radicalism in Egypt and the Sudan. New York: Praeger, I 983. For additional literature see Cultural Survival

Quarterly.

The USSR Abramovitch, Raphael R.

The Soviet Revolution:

1917- 1939. New York: International

Universities Press, 19{)2. Andics, Helmut.

Rule ofTerror: Russia under Lenin and Stalin. New York: Holt,

Rinehart and Winston, 1969. Amrnende, Ewald.

Human Life in Russia. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1936. The Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tyranny. Translated by

Antonov-Ovseyenko, Anton.

George Saunders. Introduction by Stephen F. Cohen. New York: Harper and Row,

1981.

Bailes, Kendall.

Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin. Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1978. Broido, Vera.

Lenin and the Mensheviks: The Persecution of Socialists under Bolshevism. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1987.

B I B LIOGRAPHIES

458

Carynnyk, Marco. "The Famine the

Times Couldn't Find." Commentary 76

(November 1983): 32-40. Carynnyk, Marco, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, and Bohdan S. Kordan, eds.

The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932- 1933. Kingston, Ont. , and Vestal, N.Y.: Limestone Press, 1988. Chamberlin, W H. The Ukraine: A Submerged Nation. New York: Macmillan, 1944. Cohen, Stephen. Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888- 1938. New York: Knopf, 1973. Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukraine Famine: 1932- 1933. Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1988. Conquest, Robert.

The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties. New York:

Macmillan, 1968. ---

. The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. New

York: Oxford Univel'liity Press, 1986.

--- . Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps. New York: Oxford Univel'liity Press, 1978.

--- . The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation ofNationalities. New York: Macmillan, 1970. Dallin, David.

Forced Labor in Soviet Russia. New Haven: Yale University Press,

1947 · Davies, R. W.

The Industrialization of Soviet Russia. Vol. 1: The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivization ofSoviet Agriculture, 1929-1930. Vol. 2: The Soviet Collective Farm, 1929-1930. London: Macmillan, 1980. Dekker, Nikolai. , and Andrei Lehed, eds. Genocide in the U.S.S.R . : Studies in Group Destruction. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1958. Dunham, vera. In Stalin's Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Dushnyck, Walter. Fifty li-ars Ago: The Famine Holocaust in Ukraine-Terror and Human Misery as Instruments of Soviet Russian Imperialism. New York and Thronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, 1983.

Getty, J. Arch. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933- 1938. Cambridge: Cambridge Univel'liity Press, 1985. Ginzburg, Eugenia. Journey into the Whirlwind. Translated by Paul Stevenson and Max Hayward. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1967. Gouldner, Alvin W "Stalinism: A Study of Internal Colonialism."

Telos 34

(1977-78): 5-48. Ivanov-Razumnik, Vasil'evick.

The Memoirs of Jvanov-Razumnik. Translated by P. S.

Squire. London: Oxford University Press, 1965. Kravchenko, Victor.

I Chose Freedom: The Personal and Political Life of a Soviet Official. New York: Scribner's, 1946. Leggett, George. The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. Legtel'li, Lyman H. "The Soviet Gulag: Is It Genocidal?" In Toward the

Understanding

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

459

and Prevention of Genocide, ed. Israel Chamy. Boulder, Col . : Westview Press, 1984. Lewin, Moshe. Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization. London: George Allen and Unwin, 11)68. ---

. "Society and the Stalinist State in the Period of the Five Year Plans." Social

History (Great Britain) I (May 1976): 139-75. Mace, James. "The Man-Made Famine of 1933 in the Soviet Ukraine: What Happened and Why?'' In Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide, ed. Israel Charny. Boulder, Col.: Westview, 1984. Manning, C. A. Ukraine under the Soviets. New York: Bookman Associates, 1953· Medvedev, Roy A. Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972. Nekrich, Aleksandr M. The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet

Minorities at the End of the Second World War. New York: Norton, 1978. Pethybridge, Robert W. The Social Prelude to Stalinism. London: Macmillan, 1974. Serbyn, Roman, and Bohdan Krawchenko, eds. Famine in Ukraine, 1932- 1933· Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1986. Shanin, 'kodor. The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of the Peasantry in a

Developing Society-Russia, 1910- 1925. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. Solzhenitsyn, Aleksander M. The Gulag Archipelago. 3 vols. Harper and Row, 1973�74. 1975. 1978. Tucker, Robert, ed. Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation. New York: Norton, 1977· Ulam, Adam. Stalin: The Man and His Era. New York: Viking, 1973. Volin, Lazar. A Century ofRussian Agriculture: From Alexander ll to Khruschev. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.

Von Laue, Theodore H. Why Lenin? Why Stalin?: A Reappraisal of the Russian

Revolution, H)00- 1930. 2d ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. Wolfe, Bertram D. Khrushchev and Stalin's Ghost: Text, Background and Meaning of Khrushchev's Secret Report to the Twentieth Congress on the Night of February 24-25, 1956. New York: Praeger, 1957. For additional literature on the Ukrainian famine see Journal of Ukrainian Studies (Toronto); Ukrainian Quarterly; and Ukrainian Review (Great Britain).

The Zulu under Shaka Chanaiwa, David. "The Zulu Revolution: State Formation in a Pastoralist Society."

African Studies Review 23 (December 1980): 1-20. Gluckman, Max. "The Kingdom of the Zulu of South Africa." In African Political

Systems, ed. M . Fortes and E. E. Evans-Pritchard. London: Oxford University Press, 1955.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

460

---

. "The Rise of a Zulu Empire." Scientific American 202 (April 1960):

157-68. Hammond, Dorothy, and Alta Jablow. The Africa That Never Was: Four Centuries of

British Writing about Africa. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1970. Krige, Eileen Jensen. The Social System of the Zulus. Pietennaritzburg: Shuter and Shooter, 1936. Marks, Shula. "The Nguni, the Natalians and Their History." Journal ofAfrican

History 8 (1967): 529-40. Morris, Donald. The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Zulu Nation under Shaka

and Its Fall in the Zulu \\llr of 1879. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. Omer-Cooper, J. D . The Zulu Aftermath: A Nineteenth Century Revolution in Bantu

Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966. Thompson, Leonard. ''Cooperation and Conflict: The Zulu Nation and Natal.'' In The

O.iford History of South Africa. Vol. 1 : South Africa to 1870, ed. Monica Wilson and Leonard Thompson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969. Walter, Eugene Victor. Terror and Resistance: A Study ofPolitical Violence with Case

Studies of Some Primitive African Communities. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1969

On the Prediction and Prevention of Genocide Bazyler, Michael J. "Reexamining the Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention in Light of the Atrocities in Kampuchea and Ethiopia.'' Stanford Journal of International

Law 23 (1987): 547-619. Charny, Israel W "Intervention and Prevention of Genocide." In Genocide: A Critical

Bibliography, ed. Israel W Charny. New York and London: Facts on File and Mansell Publishing Ltd, 1988. Charny, Israel W., ed. Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide:

Proceedings of the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide. Boulder, Col.: and London: Westview Press, 1984. Clay, Jason W. , and Bonnie K. Holcomb. Politics and the Ethiopian Famine 19841985. Cultural Survival Report 20. Rev. ed. Cambridge, Mass. : Cultural Survival Inc., 1986. Deutsch, Eberhard P. "International Covenants on Human Rights and Our

Constitutional Policy." American Bar Association Journal 54 (1968): 238-45.

''Biafra, Bengal, and Beyond: International Responsibility and Genocidal Conflict.''

American Journal of International Law 66 (September 1972): 89-107. Gayner, Jeffrey. "The Genocide Treaty. " Journal of Social and Political Studies 2 (Winter 1977) : 235-45. Goldberg, Arthur J . , and Richard N. Gardner. "Time to Act on the Genocide Convention." American Bar Association Journal 58 (February 1972): 141 -45· Harff, Barbara. Genocide and Human Rights: International Legal and Political Issues.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

461

Monograph Series in World Affairs, Graduate School of International Studies. Denver: University of Denver, 1984. Howard, Rhoda E. , and Jack Donnelly. "Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Political Regimes." American Political Science Review So (September 1986): 801- q. Kuper, Leo. International Action against Genocide. Report no. 53. Rev. ed. London:

.

Minority Rights Group, 1984.

---

. The Prevention of Genocide. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press,

1985. Schwelb, Egon . .. Crimes against Humanity." The British Yearbook of International Law 23 (1946): 178-226. Sanford, Nevitt, Craig Comstock, and Associates. Sanctions for Evil. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973. For additional literature on prediction and prevention, see Cultural Survival

Quarterly and Internet on the Holocaust and Genocide.