The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering: Applications for Physical Disorder Treatments 1119183774, 9781119183778

Table of contents :
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure
1.1 Opening Statement: Your Life, Your Health
1.2 Money God’s New Trinity: Money, Medicine, and Food
1.3 Honey—>Sugar —>Saccharine —>Aspartame (HSSA) Degradation All The Way to The Great Reset of World Governance
1.4 Roller Coaster Ride, Spiralling Down to Nothingness
1.5 Healing Starts With Logical Thinking and Good Intention
1.6 Aphenomenal Model: Iraq Invasion
1.7 Health Care as in War on Terror
1.7.1 The Cuomo Factor: Turning a Profiteer into a Prophet
1.7.2 Every Story is a Planted Story
1.8 Trump Derangement Syndrome and Trump’s Fakenews: Real Collusion between Big Pharma and MSM
1.8.1 US Presidency and Unique Features of Donald Trump
1.8.2 Trump vs the ‘Enemy of the People’ and the Big Pharma
1.8.3 No Ordinary Liar
1.8.4 Fact-Checking – Another Crack at Disinformation
1.8.5 Trump’s War on Big Pharma
1.9 Funding the Big Lies
1.10 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.10.1 Science vs. $cience History vs. Hi$tory
1.11 Chapter 2: The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic
1.11.1 What Happened to Nuremberg Code Human Rights? What Happened to Constitution?
1.11.2 Hippocrates Oath or Hypocrites’ Vow?
1.12 Chapter 3: Reconstructing Human Physiology
1.13 Chapter 4: Kidney Bladder Relationship and Its Role on Health and Illness
1.14 Chapter 5: Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain With Acupuncture
Chapter 2 The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Opening Remarks
2.1.2 Face Masks
2.1.3 Social Distancing
2.1.4 Contact Tracing
2.2 Cesspool of False Premises
2.2.1 Assumption 1: The Method of Counting COVID Deaths is Sensible and Accurate
2.2.2 Assumption 2: The PCR Test for COVID is Accurate
2.2.3 Assumption 3: The Antibody Test for COVID is Accurate
2.2.4 Assumption 4: The COVID Case Count is Rising
2.2.5 Assumption 5: Thermal Imaging/Screening for COVID is Effective
2.2.6 Assumption 6: Asymptomatic People Can Spread the Disease
2.2.7 Assumption 7: Making Schools Adopt Insanely Restrictive Measures Will Stop COVID Spread
2.2.8 Assumption 8: It’s a Good Idea for Government to Take (read Abduct) Kids from COVID-Positive Parents
2.2.9 Assumption 9: Social Distancing is Backed by Solid Scientific Evidence
2.2.10 Assumption 10: Mask Wearing for Healthy People is Backed by Solid Scientific Evidence
2.2.11 Assumption 11: We Live in a World of Indiscriminate Killer Viruses
2.3 Current State of Economic Extremism
2.4 COVID-19 Pandemic: The Folly of The New Dogma
2.5 Timeline of Covid-19 Pandemic
2.6 Timeline in New York
2.7 Vaccine Disinformation
2.8 Vaccination, the New Bioweapon
2.8.1 A Word About Vaccine and Immunization
2.8.2 Vaccine Injuries
2.8.3 Ineffective at Best
2.9 Overall Commentary on Government Response to Covid-19 Pandemic
2.9.1 OCLA Report 2020-1 | April 2020
2.9.2 OCLA Report 2021-1 | February 2021
2.9.3 OCLA, 2021a, https://www.canadiancovidcarealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/A-Letter-to-the-Vaccinated-OCLA.pdf
2.9.4 OCLA Report 2021b, Analysis of All-Cause Mortality by Week in Canada 2010-2021, by Province, Age and Sex
2.9.5 Omicron
2.9.6 Pfizer CEO: A New Vaccine Will be Available by March
2.9.7 By-Product of Covid Hysteria
2.10 Science of Vaccines
2.11 TCM Treatment of COVID-19
2.11.1 Background
2.11.2 The Successful Experience of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Containing Pestilence
2.11.3 Chinese Protocol for Treatment of COVID-19
2.11.4 Current Status of Clinical Studies on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for COVID-19
2.11.5 Overview of Registered Clinical Studies
2.11.6 Discussion
2.12 TCM Therapeutic For COVID-19
2.13 Conclusions
Chapter 3 Reconstructing Human Physiology
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 History of Health
3.2 Science of Physiology
3.2.1 Evidence from Ancient Medicinal Practices
3.3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Anatomy and Functions of the Arteries
3.3.3 Emotions Involved with the Heart
3.4 Introduction to TCM
3.4.1 Zang Organs
3.4.1.1 The Heart
3.4.1.2 The Lung
3.4.1.3 The Liver
3.4.1.4 The Spleen
3.4.1.5 The Kidney
3.4.2 Food Energetic and Health
3.4.3 Biological Clock
3.5 TCM and Heart-The Monarch Organ
3.5.1 Was the Yellow Emperor A Prophet?
3.5.2 Most Notable Work of the Yellow Emperor
3.5.3 Purpose of Life
3.5.4 Yin Yang Theory
3.5.5 Zang-Fu Theory
3.6 A Matter of Heart
3.6.1 The Shen
3.7 Conclusions
Chapter 4 Kidney Bladder Relationship and Its Role on Health and Illness
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Opening Remarks
4.1.2 Kidney the Water Element
4.2 Water, Death and Lifestyle
4.3 Role of Water in Bodily Functions
4.4 A Relevant Anecdote
4.5 Zang Fu Organs
4.6 The Golden Standard
4.7 The Second Creation: The Earth Spleen
4.8 The Kidney and the Bladder
4.9 Heart Kidney Interactions
4.10 The Relationship Between Kidney & Bladder
4.11 Immunity and Kidney
4.12 A Review of Modern Immunology
4.13 The Fantasy of Autoimmune Disease (as related to New Science)
4.13.1 Perceived Malfunctioning of the Immune System
4.13.2 Deconstruction of Autoimmune Disorder
4.13.3 Role of Viruses
4.14 Kidney Bladder Discussion
4.14.1 The Immune Function in TCM
4.14.2 The Bladder
4.14.3 Prevention Perspectives
4.15 Case Studies
4.15.1 Qi and Diseases
4.15.2 Kidney Stores Essence Theory
4.15.3 Kidney Essence, Qigong, and Diabetes
4.15.4 Kidney Essence and Reproduction
4.15.5 Silicosis and Qi Deficiency
4.16 Case Studies on Gynecological Issues
4.17 Conclusions
Chapter 5 Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain with Acupuncture
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cause of Cancer
5.2.1 Pain and Cancer
5.2.2 Diabetes
5.2.3 Chronic Infections
5.3 Honey and Cancer
5.3.1 Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agent
5.3.2 Honey as Natural Antimicrobial
5.3.3 Honey as Natural Cancer “Vaccine”
5.3.4 Honey’s Potential in “Cancer Therapy”
5.4 Cancer and Pain
5.4.1 Sources of Cancer Pain
5.4.1.1 Pain from Cancer Itself
5.4.1.2 Offset of Spinal Cord Compression
5.4.1.3 Bone Pain
5.4.1.4 Surgical Pain
5.4.1.5 Phantom Pain
5.4.1.6 Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation Treatments
5.4.1.7 Pain in Hematological Malignancies
5.4.1.8 Adjuvant Therapy
5.5 Acupuncture and Cancer Pain
5.5.1 The Science of Acupuncture
5.5.2 Evidence for the Effectiveness of Acupuncture
5.5.3 Conflicting Evidence from Published Literature
5.5.3.1 Evidence and Clinical Applications of Acupuncture for Cancer Pain and Related Symptoms
5.5.3.2 Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain in Cancer Patients
5.5.3.3 Acupuncture for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer Patients
5.5.3.4 Acupuncture for Opioid-Induced Constipation in Cancer Patients
5.5.3.5 Acupuncture for Opioid-Induced Pruritus
5.5.3.6 Acupuncture for Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy
5.5.3.7 Acupuncture for Aromatase Inhibitor-Associated Joint Pain
5.5.3.8 Acupuncture for Neck Dissection Related Pain and Dysfunction in Cancer Patients
5.5.4 Making Sense of Evidence from Clinical Research
5.6 Improvement of Quality of Life
5.7 Western Medicinal Solution to Cancer Pain
5.7.1 Chemicals Used in Western Medicine
5.7.1.1 Opioids
5.7.2 Fertility Issues in Girls and Women with Cancer
5.7.3 Moderate to Severe Pain
5.8 Usefulness of Natural Metallic Compounds
5.9 TCM Treatment of Cancer
5.10 Overall Recommendations
5.10.1 Short-Term Pain Reduction
5.10.1.1 4-Gates
5.10.1.2 Nausea and Similar Effects
5.10.1.3 Specific Syndrome and Expulsion of ‘Evils’ of Western Medicine
5.10.1.4 Sunnah Points of Hijama
5.10.1.5 Tonify Vital Organs that are Deficient
5.10.1.6 Strengthening Heart and Kidney Pairing
5.11 Conclusions
Appendix-Chapter 5
APPENDIX-B Chapter 5: Most Commonly Used Points
Nine Needles for Returning the Yang
References and Bibliography
Glossary
Index
EULA

Citation preview

The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Applications for Physical Disorder Treatments

M. R. Islam Jahanara Monaf and

A.O. Islam

This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Wiley Global Headquarters 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no rep­ resentations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-­ ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representa­ tives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further informa­ tion does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organiza­ tion, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 9781119183778 Cover image:  Sonogram: Koi88 | Dreamstime.com I Sunset: Pawish Tanachotpunyaphon | Dreamstime.com Chest X-ray:  Bunyos | Dreamstime.com I Dreamstime.com I Skull, drugs: Roman Romaniuk | Dreamstime.com Cover design by Kris Hackerott Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines Printed in the USA 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Dedication We would like to dedicate this final volume of our Greening series to the one who deserves our greatest credit. We dedicate this book to our forebear, Keramatullah ( ), a phenomenal community leader, astute jurist of Shari’a, and master practitioner of herbal/Islamic medicine. M.R. Islam and A.O. Islam This book is dedicated to my beloved mother and beloved late father. My father’s days ran out many months before this book was published. I wish I could ring him to share this joy that it’s been finally done. Jahanara Monaf

v

Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure 1 1.1 Opening Statement: Your Life, Your Health 2 1.2 Money God’s New Trinity: Money, Medicine, and Food 5 1.3 Honey—>Sugar —>Saccharine —>Aspartame (HSSA) Degradation All The Way to The Great Reset of World Governance 7 1.4 Roller Coaster Ride, Spiralling Down to Nothingness 9 1.5 Healing Starts With Logical Thinking and Good Intention 16 1.6 Aphenomenal Model: Iraq Invasion 19 1.7 Health Care as in War on Terror 40 1.7.1 The Cuomo Factor: Turning a Profiteer into a Prophet 42 1.7.2 Every Story is a Planted Story 45 1.8 Trump Derangement Syndrome and Trump’s Fakenews: Real Collusion between Big Pharma and MSM 51 1.8.1 US Presidency and Unique Features of Donald Trump 51 1.8.2 Trump vs the ‘Enemy of the People’ and the Big Pharma 55 1.8.3 No Ordinary Liar 66 1.8.4 Fact-Checking – Another Crack at Disinformation 72 1.8.5 Trump’s War on Big Pharma 85 1.9 Funding the Big Lies 88 1.10 Chapter 1: Introduction 95 1.10.1 Science vs. $cience History vs. Hi$tory 96 1.11 Chapter 2: The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic 96 1.11.1 What Happened to Nuremberg Code Human Rights? What Happened to Constitution? 104 vii

viii  Contents 1.11.2 Hippocrates Oath or Hypocrites’ Vow? 1.12 Chapter 3: Reconstructing Human Physiology 1.13 Chapter 4: Kidney Bladder Relationship and Its Role on Health and Illness 1.14 Chapter 5: Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain With Acupuncture

106 110 114 116

2 The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic 123 2.1 Introduction 123 2.1.1 Opening Remarks 123 2.1.2 Face Masks 131 2.1.3 Social Distancing 136 2.1.4 Contact Tracing 137 2.2 Cesspool of False Premises 138 2.2.1 Assumption 1: The Method of Counting COVID Deaths is Sensible and Accurate 138 2.2.2 Assumption 2: The PCR Test for COVID is Accurate 147 2.2.3 Assumption 3: The Antibody Test for COVID is Accurate 149 2.2.4 Assumption 4: The COVID Case Count is Rising 150 2.2.5 Assumption 5: Thermal Imaging/Screening for COVID is Effective 151 2.2.6 Assumption 6: Asymptomatic People Can Spread the Disease 151 2.2.7 Assumption 7: Making Schools Adopt Insanely Restrictive Measures Will Stop COVID Spread 153 2.2.8 Assumption 8: It’s a Good Idea for Government to Take (read Abduct) Kids from COVID-Positive Parents 154 2.2.9 Assumption 9: Social Distancing is Backed by Solid Scientific Evidence 156 2.2.10 Assumption 10: Mask Wearing for Healthy People is Backed by Solid Scientific Evidence 158 2.2.11 Assumption 11: We Live in a World of Indiscriminate Killer Viruses 159 2.3 Current State of Economic Extremism 160 2.4 COVID-19 Pandemic: The Folly of The New Dogma 165 2.5 Timeline of Covid-19 Pandemic 179 2.6 Timeline in New York 219 2.7 Vaccine Disinformation 226 2.8 Vaccination, the New Bioweapon 244

Contents  ix 2.8.1 A Word About Vaccine and Immunization 246 2.8.2 Vaccine Injuries 251 2.8.3 Ineffective at Best 268 2.9 Overall Commentary on Government Response to Covid-19 Pandemic 270 2.9.1 OCLA Report 2020-1 | April 2020 270 2.9.2 OCLA Report 2021-1 | February 2021 271 2.9.3 OCLA, 2021a, https://www.canadiancovidcarealliance. org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/A-Letter-to-theVaccinated-OCLA.pdf 272 2.9.4 OCLA Report 2021b, Analysis of All-Cause Mortality by Week in Canada 2010-2021, by Province, Age and Sex 274 2.9.5 Omicron 275 2.9.6 Pfizer CEO: A New Vaccine Will be Available by March 279 2.9.7 By-Product of Covid Hysteria 282 2.10 Science of Vaccines 283 2.11 TCM Treatment of COVID-19 288 2.11.1 Background 288 2.11.2 The Successful Experience of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Containing Pestilence 289 2.11.3 Chinese Protocol for Treatment of COVID-19 291 2.11.4 Current Status of Clinical Studies on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for COVID-19 300 2.11.5 Overview of Registered Clinical Studies 300 2.11.6 Discussion 306 2.12 TCM Therapeutic For COVID-19 307 2.13 Conclusions 325 3 Reconstructing Human Physiology 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 History of Health 3.2 Science of Physiology 3.2.1 Evidence from Ancient Medicinal Practices 3.3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Anatomy and Functions of the Arteries 3.3.3 Emotions Involved with the Heart 3.4 Introduction to TCM

327 327 327 335 340 343 343 343 362 363

x  Contents 3.4.1 Zang Organs 3.4.1.1 The Heart 3.4.1.2 The Lung 3.4.1.3 The Liver 3.4.1.4 The Spleen 3.4.1.5 The Kidney 3.4.2 Food Energetic and Health 3.4.3 Biological Clock 3.5 TCM and Heart-The Monarch Organ 3.5.1 Was the Yellow Emperor A Prophet? 3.5.2 Most Notable Work of the Yellow Emperor 3.5.3 Purpose of Life 3.5.4 Yin Yang Theory 3.5.5 Zang-Fu Theory 3.6 A Matter of Heart 3.6.1 The Shen 3.7 Conclusions 4 Kidney Bladder Relationship and Its Role on Health and Illness 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Opening Remarks 4.1.2 Kidney the Water Element 4.2 Water, Death and Lifestyle 4.3 Role of Water in Bodily Functions 4.4 A Relevant Anecdote 4.5 Zang Fu Organs 4.6 The Golden Standard 4.7 The Second Creation: The Earth Spleen 4.8 The Kidney and the Bladder 4.9 Heart Kidney Interactions 4.10 The Relationship Between Kidney & Bladder 4.11 Immunity and Kidney 4.12 A Review of Modern Immunology 4.13 The Fantasy of Autoimmune Disease (as related to New Science) 4.13.1 Perceived Malfunctioning of the Immune System 4.13.2 Deconstruction of Autoimmune Disorder 4.13.3 Role of Viruses 4.14 Kidney Bladder Discussion 4.14.1 The Immune Function in TCM

366 366 366 366 367 367 368 372 373 374 376 379 381 384 389 390 400 401 401 401 404 407 412 419 421 422 426 430 431 434 436 445 446 451 453 462 466 467

Contents  xi 4.14.2 The Bladder 4.14.3 Prevention Perspectives 4.15 Case Studies 4.15.1 Qi and Diseases 4.15.2 Kidney Stores Essence Theory 4.15.3 Kidney Essence, Qigong, and Diabetes 4.15.4 Kidney Essence and Reproduction 4.15.5 Silicosis and Qi Deficiency 4.16 Case Studies on Gynecological Issues 4.17 Conclusions 5 Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain with Acupuncture 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Cause of Cancer 5.2.1 Pain and Cancer 5.2.2 Diabetes 5.2.3 Chronic Infections 5.3 Honey and Cancer 5.3.1 Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agent 5.3.2 Honey as Natural Antimicrobial 5.3.3 Honey as Natural Cancer “Vaccine” 5.3.4 Honey’s Potential in “Cancer Therapy” 5.4 Cancer and Pain 5.4.1 Sources of Cancer Pain 5.4.1.1 Pain from Cancer Itself 5.4.1.2 Offset of Spinal Cord Compression 5.4.1.3 Bone Pain 5.4.1.4 Surgical Pain 5.4.1.5 Phantom Pain 5.4.1.6 Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiation Treatments 5.4.1.7 Pain in Hematological Malignancies 5.4.1.8 Adjuvant Therapy 5.5 Acupuncture and Cancer Pain 5.5.1 The Science of Acupuncture 5.5.2 Evidence for the Effectiveness of Acupuncture 5.5.3 Conflicting Evidence from Published Literature 5.5.3.1 Evidence and Clinical Applications of Acupuncture for Cancer Pain and Related Symptoms 5.5.3.2 Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain in Cancer Patients

467 470 470 470 471 471 472 473 473 484 487 487 496 497 503 506 506 508 509 511 512 513 516 516 516 516 517 518 518 520 526 528 528 532 561 562 563

xii  Contents 5.5.3.3 Acupuncture for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer Patients 569 5.5.3.4 Acupuncture for Opioid-Induced Constipation in Cancer Patients 574 5.5.3.5 Acupuncture for Opioid-Induced Pruritus 574 5.5.3.6 Acupuncture for Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy 581 5.5.3.7 Acupuncture for Aromatase InhibitorAssociated Joint Pain 581 5.5.3.8 Acupuncture for Neck Dissection Related Pain and Dysfunction in Cancer Patients 581 5.5.4 Making Sense of Evidence from Clinical Research 609 5.6 Improvement of Quality of Life 612 5.7 Western Medicinal Solution to Cancer Pain 614 5.7.1 Chemicals Used in Western Medicine 616 5.7.1.1 Opioids 623 5.7.2 Fertility Issues in Girls and Women with Cancer 635 5.7.3 Moderate to Severe Pain 638 5.8 Usefulness of Natural Metallic Compounds 638 5.9 TCM Treatment of Cancer 662 5.10 Overall Recommendations 678 5.10.1 Short-Term Pain Reduction 678 5.10.1.1 4-Gates 678 5.10.1.2 Nausea and Similar Effects 680 5.10.1.3 Specific Syndrome and Expulsion of ‘Evils’ of Western Medicine 682 5.10.1.4 Sunnah Points of Hijama 683 5.10.1.5 Tonify Vital Organs that are Deficient 685 5.10.1.6 Strengthening Heart and Kidney Pairing 711 5.11 Conclusions 714 Appendix-Chapter 5 716 APPENDIX-B Chapter 5: Most Commonly Used Points 722 Nine Needles for Returning the Yang 725 References and Bibliography

727

Glossary 765 Index 769

Preface Self-healing is the only way nature survives and sustains. Every living being has a soul and a soul aligned with its natural state (Shari’ah, Dao, Dharma) starts the healing. This starting point never happens with western medicine. It is not a surprise that a western medical doctor is trained in medicine, not in health. In fact, medical doctors often invoke phrases such as ‘I’m not a nutritionist’. They also claim not to be ‘chemists’, meaning that they take no responsibility for actions of the drugs they prescribe. Why then do they take the Hippocratic Oath of not harming the patients? Their defence is that they trust the CDC or FDA - agencies that are funded or propped up pharmaceutical companies - that enjoy immunity at many levels. Thus, we come full circle and the general public remain helpless, having no recourse for healing. The contention of this book is that this is not healthcare – it is, rather, disempowerment and lifelong dependence. Volumes 1 and 2 of this book series have discussed the science of this dependence scheme. Volume 3 presents groundbreaking research on chemical drug-free treatments of mental disorders. This current volume (Vol. 4) gives the remedy for physical disorders. Authors are acutely aware of this scheme; of marginalizing any remedy by categorizing them under ‘alternative medicine’ that is inherently experimental, unproven and requires skepticism and mistrust.  What is presented in this final volume is pure science and scientifically proven methods of healing, fully in line with a comprehensive theory of health and sustainability. This is not, to the contrary, ‘science’ of dogma, or heaven forbid, the dollar-motivated science promoted by the ‘New Science’ way of thinking covered in previous volumes. As a consequence, this book is sure to offend agents of ‘$cience’, pushers for pharmaceutical companies and ubiquitous ‘drug’ dealers. Ever since Ibn Sina’s Canon of medicine, no such book has been written. Unlike Ibn Sina, however, we show how natural healing can help restore health by fighting artificial chemicals and energy sources - including those prescribed by the big Pharma’s authorized

xiii

xiv  Preface brokers. A final cornerstone of this book is that one does not require a PhD to read it. In fact, it can be understood by anyone with iota of conscience and even less of logical prowess. M.R. Islam Jahanara Monaf A.O. Islam

Acknowledgements All praises are due to Allah without Whom none of this is possible. Allah has provided us with endless possibilities in the journey called life.   Jahanara Monaf would like to extend heartfelt thanks to her beloved mother who is also her best friend. Thanks are extended also to her family who helped her embark on this project and journey of TICM. they all sustained her spirit along the way. M.R. Islam would like to acknowledge the contribution of Lucy Griffith, the Dean of Acupuncture at Canadian College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, Halifax. This outstanding TCM practitioner and extraordinary teacher has inspired him to remain engaged in research and ask questions that have eluded vast majority of medical professionals.

xv

1 Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure This fourth volume in a five-volume series on Greening Pharmaceutical Engineering presents evidence for the applications of new theories advanced in Volumes 1 and 2. Similar to the Volume 3, which was for mental health, this volume presents applications for the diagnosis and treatment of physical disorders. Based on the groundwork laid in the first two volumes, the authors now embark on significant, real-life scenarios that apply their theory to physical disorder treatments. In keeping with the tradition of engineering solutions, practical yet sustainable solutions are presented. The focus of this volume is Covid-19 and cancer. The fundamental flaws of the conventional approach to medicine are well known. However, this book does not stop at unearthing criticism of western medicine – it offers hope and recommends a series of solutions for both prevention and treatment of physical ailments. Both evidence in studies and the theory behind various treatments are analyzed. Furthermore, food and energy sources are discussed in general as they both directly impact human health. Physical and emotional activities are the other tangible and intangible factors that play a role in human health are discussed. All major diseases, scientific diagnoses, and their common treatments are presented and analyzed. Recommendations for lifestyle changes that could prevent and reverse syndromes are discussed with comprehensive analysis and evidence in medicinal studies. Seasonal flus as well as COVID-19 and other recent viruses with deadly consequences are discussed and ways to manage them through diet, exercises, and meditation are presented. The largest chapter is on COVID-19, as this pandemic symbolizes the failure of the western medicinal approach to any disease. The second longest chapter is on Cancer, a disease that is characterized as the king of lifestyle diseases. The third longest chapter is on female reproductive system and fertility, in which diseases that have enslaved the entire group of women are discussed and solutions presented with case studies. M.R. Islam, Jahanara Monaf and A.O. Islam. The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4: Applications for Physical Disorder Treatments, (1–122) © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC

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2  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Treatment plans, along with food recipes for specific ailments are presented with discussion of the logic behind these remedies. Riemersma et al. (2021) find no difference in viral loads when comparing unvaccinated individuals to those who have vaccine “breakthrough” infections. Furthermore, individuals with vaccine breakthrough infections frequently test positive with viral loads consistent with the ability to shed infectious viruses. their results suggest that if vaccinated individuals become infected with the delta variant, they may be sources of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to others. This is just one example of numerous instances that the establishment line has been proven to be false and misleading. This introduction serves as a primer so the reader can get back to common-sense thinking and realize that they cannot be duped by anyone who has a track record of deceiving. Here is a common sense summary of Covid-19 events.

1.1 Opening Statement: Your Life, Your Health Five years ago, when we launched the first volume of this book series: Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering, we opened the introduction with an anecdotal story: A professor of medicine in Canada was asked if there is any cure in modern era of any contemporary disease. After some reflection, he named penicillin as the only medicine that cures a disease. “Why then physicians routinely ask if a patient has ever taken penicillin in his lifetime?”, he was asked. This time the professor was quick in replying, “Oh that’s because today’s penicillin is synthetic is synthetic (artificial)”. Of course, that poses the pointed question of whether there is any medicine today that is not artificial. The same question was posed five years later, this time to an American professor of medicine. He couldn’t come up with any medicine. When the name penicillin was mentioned to him, he quipped, “Oh, penicillin is the proof that modern era has no medicine that cures; it only delays the symptoms”.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  3 Greening pharmaceutical engineering cannot start with Modern medicine that is based on delaying the symptom. We promised to have a book on cures of physical ailments, not delaying the symptoms. Delaying the symptoms is in the core of pragmatism, which has enabled today’s plastic culture, which focusses on externals, tangible, and myopic approach. In Volumes 1 and 2 of this book series, we discuss the science of physical ailments. Those volumes set the stage for answering the question, how diseases get onset and why Modern medicine doesn’t see them. In Volume 3 of the book series, we discuss the root of ailments, which happen to be intangibles. As such, these diseases are called ‘mental disease’. This volume 4 is about creating an environment, where natural state becomes the norm. The entire book is about how to achieve that state and how to identify forces that stop us from reaching that norm. Quran 8:22 stipulates that humanity is synonymous with using conscientious logic (Aql). It calls failure to use that logic the trait of lowliest of creature. In volume 3 (Islam et al., 2017), we disucssed how to use that logic. In this volume, we bring back the same logic as a starting point. Green solutions start with logical starting point and if it’s not logical it is a false start. In this book, there are many questions raised and each answered with logical answers. These answers are contrasted with Western medicine solutions. To start off, we leave the readership with the following list of adverse side effects of western pharmaceutical drugs, as listed in official WHO site. We ask that you ponder if these are the side effects that Big Pharma is admitting, imagine what they are not divulging and will surely emerge in the near future. The question here to ask is, what good do these drugs are when we know none of them cures anything.

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) As of December 15, 2021 (WHO) Blood and lymphatic system disorders (114,402) Cardiac disorders (151,304) Congenital, familial and genetic disorders (1,635) Ear and labyrinth disorders (90,431)

4  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Endocrine disorders (4,505) Eye disorders (100,191) Gastrointestinal disorders (540,758) General disorders and administration site conditions (1,637,032) Hepatobiliary disorders (5,861) Immune system disorders (44,097) Infections and infestations (217,049) Injury, poisoning and procedural complications (148,843) Investigations (388,538) Metabolism and nutrition disorders (60,477) Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders (772,023) Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) (4,756) Nervous system disorders (1,146,860) Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions (6,919) Product issues (4,224) Psychiatric disorders (127,977) Renal and urinary disorders (22,947) Reproductive system and breast disorders (131,237) Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders (292,265) Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (367,324) Social circumstances (19,921) Surgical and medical procedures (34,315) Vascular disorders (145,567) Source: WHO Paradigm Shift? How About Ask Your Doctor What is Natural Cure? In modern history, rather than trying to discover the science behind diseases and health, industry instead introduced more aphenomenal products, creating ever-darker opacity and obscuring the difference between reality and the truth. As observed by Islam et al. (2015), this set the roller coaster in motion, spiraling downwards to bring mankind to such a status that even a clear champion of new science, the Chemistry Nobel Laureate, Robert Curl, called it a ‘technological disaster’. There were further darker consequences as well (Islam et al., 2014). As a result of the diabolical union of the New Science and the governing shahadah of contemporary economic life that “there is no God but Money, and Maximum is Its Profit”, the entire branch of medicine and health has been transformed into a cesspool

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  5 of misery of the public, who continued to be exploited for maximum profit of the Big Pharma.

1.2 Money God’s New Trinity: Money, Medicine, and Food Money God has new trinity. It was originally Money, Sex, and Control divided up among Government, Church and Corporations (Zatzman and Islam, 2007). In Europe the transition from real God to Money god started with the RCC. Every doctrine was all about serving this money god and nothing to with the real God. When Roman Empire, the same power that ‘killed’ Jesus declared Christianity as the state religion. Curiously it was the same with ancient China. Practically all regimes oppressed the true prophets while later declaring the molested version of their messages as the official religion. Thinking back, only Yellow Emperor seems to be rightly guided who also had political power. In the Mideast that would be prophets King David and his son King Solomon. No other king there garnered any power including the one designated by Allah. Israelites called that king unacceptable because he wasn’t from among the elite (sounds familiar?). After Rashedun caliphate was dismantled by Muwayia, he restored kingdom while calling it a caliphate. The decline continued ever since. Today, the west is controlled by the same elite, China by another set, and the third world by the stooges of the west. They’re all obsessed with money, sex, and control. They all want one government and that to have absolute control over people. In USA, Senator Bernie Sanders called them out as the trinity of political establishment, media establishment and big Pharma establishment. Former President Trump actually took on them and we know what happened to Trump. Biden with all his 50 Executive Orders has reset the Money god trinity back to where Obama left. Indeed, after his departure as Commissioner of the agency in 1969, Dr. Herbert E. Ley said that “The FDA protects the big drug companies, and is subsequently rewarded, and using the government’s police powers, they attack those who threaten the big drug companies. People think that the FDA is protecting them. It isn’t. What the FDA is doing, and what the public thinks it is doing are as different as night and day.” He complained further that during his 18‐month tenure he had been under “constant,

6  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Picture 1.1  “Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth.” ― Albert Einstein, Yet FDA has been given total ownership of public trust.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  7 tremendous, sometimes unmerciful pressure” from drug industry officials. He wrote: Unfortunately, communication is not a precise science. It is not like chemistry, where you can predict with considerable accuracy the reactions you will get when you mix two chemicals in a test tube. When the FDA sends out a “Dear Doctor” letter, or issues a press release, or makes a speech, it hopes to get a reaction. Rarely however, does it know with any degree of accuracy how much of a reaction or whether the reaction will prove to be the one anticipated. (Ley, 1970, p. 4).

Yet, the entire covid-19 narrative banks on unlimited trust in the authority. This is not an environment, where truth has a chance (Picture 1.1).

1.3 Honey—>Sugar —>Saccharine —>Aspartame (HSSA) Degradation All The Way to The Great Reset of World Governance The HSS®A®N pathway is a metaphor representing many other phenomena and chinks of phenomena that originate from in some natural form but become subsequently engineered through many intermediate stages into “new products”, ultimately transforming into nothing, for which the profit margin approaches infinity. These “new products” include materials, technology, and thought processes. In 2007, the first author’s research group wrote an economics book titled: Economics of intangibles. At that phrase was more like an oxymoron. Today, we know without that approach, we cannot solve a single paradox. For that matter, economics is a branch that has the most number of paradoxes among all disciplines. Sadly, this branch of ‘knowledge’ also drives the modern-day global geopolitics. Figure 1.1 shows the cover of the same research group’s book: Economics of Sustainable energy (Islam et al., 2018). The cover shows spiralling down degradation from total sustainability to total implosiveness with the transition from gold standard to Bitcoin. In the post-Renaissance allegorical transition, HSSAN (Honey → Sugar → Saccharine → Aspartame → Nothing) symbolizes degradation from honey (a real source with real process) to nothing via Aspartame (with both source and pathway that are highly artificial). This transition has

8  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Figure 1.1  Today’s civilization is driven by an implosive economic transition.

been the hallmark of environmental degradation that has been fuelled by equally toxic profiteering through standards that dropped from Gold → coin → paper → Bitcoin → Nothing, thus causing black hole like degradation in global geopolitics. Sustainability can be restored only if this trend is reversed from artificial to real. Since 2007 the principal author has striven to popularize this Honey → Sugar → Saccharin → Aspartame (HSSA) pattern as a kind of shorthand reference to a particularly critical insight, often overlooked or only

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  9 tangentially acknowledged, into the essence of the transformation of natural into artificial. This is a pattern so characteristic and widespread across every department of modern industrialized commodity production as to have become invisible. Past work of the first author involved critical observation of this HSSA in economics (Zatzman and Islam, 2007), technology development (Chhetri and Islam, 2008; Khan and Islam, 2012), petroleum engineering (Islam et al., 2010, 2012), resource management (Zatzman, 2012, 2013; Speight and Islam, 2016), education, computer modeling (Islam et al., 2010, 2016), and pharmaceutical engineering (Islam et al., 2015, 2016). In particular, Islam et al. (2015) deconstructed the fundamental premises of Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, Feynman, and Hawking. The most recent development has been toward Nothingness (N), making the degradation transformed from HSSA to HSSAN. This is a journey from intangible of real (Nature that created honey) to false intangible (Nothing). The only way this trend can be reverted to is recognizing the pathway of falsehood (Islam et al., 2016).

1.4 Roller Coaster Ride, Spiralling Down to Nothingness The original purpose of life, which was known among every nation, was perverted by the Roman Catholic church to be ‘salvation through Jesus’ – a dogma the post ‘enlightenment’ replaced with replaced by notions of inalienable natural rights and the potentialities of reason, and universal ideals of love and compassion gave way to civic notions of freedom, equality, and citizenship. In all these, the definition of ‘natural’ and ‘universal’ remained arbitrary, devoid of any reasoning of logical thought. That made these notions of ‘freedom, equality, and citizenship’ more dogmatic and original dogma itself. This has been the era of roller coaster ride of spiraling down of all values through a successive degradation through ever more illogical dogmas and false premises: 1. Classical liberalism (humans as beings with inalienable natural rights (including the right to retain the wealth generated by one’s own work), and sought out means to balance rights across society. Broadly speaking, it considers individual liberty to be the most important goal, because only through ensured liberty are the other inherent rights protected.)

10  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 2. Kantianism (all actions are performed in accordance with some underlying maxim or principle, and for actions to be ethical, they must adhere to the categorical imperative. Kant denied that the consequences of an act in any way contribute to the moral worth of that act, his reasoning being that the physical world is outside one’s full control and thus one cannot be held accountable for the events that occur in it. 3. Utilitarianism (“Nature” has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, ‘pain’ and ‘pleasure’, then, from that moral insight, deriving the Rule of Utility: “that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people”.) 4. Nihilism (Life is without objective meaning. A natural result of the idea that God is dead, and insisting it was something to overcome. This is fighting the God that is now ‘dead’.) 5. Pragmatism (Truth is whatever works, and “only in struggling with the environment” do data, and derived theories, have meaning, and that consequences, like utility and practicality, are also components of truth. Purpose of life is discoverable only via experience.) 6. Theism (God created the universe and that God and humans find their meaning and purpose for life in God’s purpose in creating.) 7. Existentialism (Each man and each woman creates the essence (meaning and purpose) of his and her life; life is not determined by a supernatural god or an earthly authority, one is free.) 8. Absurdism (the Absurd arises out of the fundamental disharmony between the individual’s search for meaning and the apparent meaninglessness of the universe. As beings looking for meaning in a meaningless world, humans have three ways of resolving the dilemma: 1) Suicide; 2) “Religious” belief; and 3) Acceptance of the Absurd.) 9. Secular humanism (the human species came to be by reproducing successive generations in a progression of unguided evolution as an integral expression of nature, which is self-existing. People determine human purpose without supernatural influence; it is the human

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  11 personality (general sense) that is the purpose of a human being’s life.) 10. Logical positivism (the question: what is the meaning of life? Is itself meaningless.) 11. Postmodernism (seeks meaning by looking at the underlying structures that create or impose meaning, rather than the epiphenomenal appearances of the world.) 12. Naturalistic pantheism (the meaning of life is to care for and look after nature and the environment.) In absence of a purpose of life, maiximizing pleasure and minimizing pain have become the mindset. Corportizers have fueled this mindset through propaganda in all aspects of life. In quest of products that will provide instant gratification, and incidentally increase waste, we have been taken for a ride – a roller coaster ride, an endless oscillation between extreme approaches. In the process, the cost-benefit one can analyze from the experience reduces to: 1. losing money; 2. degrading the environment; and 3. harming body and soul. We have indeed been on this ride since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Here are some of the signposts: - from glamorizing perfume to the slogan ‘no scent is good scent’, without noticing that perfumes turned hypoallergenic flowers to hyper-allergic products; - from forbidding marriage with a cousin, to admitting the absence of any scientific basis for such a ban: recently it was discovered that Einstein wasn’t “weird” for marrying a cousin, while the long-standing claim that the offspring of such a marriage are mentally challenged has itself always been open to challenge and has now been proven incorrect. - from promotion of high-fat milk to... no-fat milk: Gold Top brand in England (also promoted in British colonies) had a 28% fat content. Today, however, it has also been established that no-fat milk has other deficiencies as nugatory as those found in high-fat milk; - from condemnation of mother’s milk as no match for the miracles producible by modern industry to... creating rehabilitation centers for mothers unable to breast-feed;

12  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 - from children sharing the parents’ bed to... an absolute taboo. Even infants would be left alone, often for hours before they cried themselves to sleep. Contemporary medical expertise now acknowledges that there can be never be such a thing as too much love and touching of one’s infant. Perhaps that old bed-sharing notion wasn’t so outré after all. A common feature in all these examples -- and the list could go on for volumes -- is that the one extreme does not -- and, we suggest, cannot -- exist without its opposite. We have here to deal with dialectical unities of opposites. However, instead of -- indeed far from -- finding their own path through these extremes, or being assisted to find a path of their own, what happens? Individuals are beset on all sides not to have their own consciousness, not to be guided by their own conscience, and not to sort anything out for themselves. As Einstein taught us all: view never ceases to be a function of vantage-point, or of reference-frame. From outside the living experience just described, we are observing a series of dialectical unities of opposites that implode one on top of the next; it is from inside that we garner the impression of riding a roller-coaster. The result is that the fanatical edge of this extremism also becomes the “meat and potatoes” of double standards. Hence, the Taliban are “savage” for, among other things, not allowing children over seven years of age to share a bed with adults; and since the Taleban are also Muslim, this becomes a justification for Islamophobia. Meanwhile, at the social and cultural epicenter of the reputedly most advanced civilization ever produced in the history of mankind, we have Neverland and -- wait for it -- the second (!) Michael Jackson scandal. As this book hits the production (December, 2021), Ghislaine Maxwell is literally on trial for child sex trafficking while a number of CNN producers face the same charges. Who does not know that the most vulnerable in society are also in the most need of protection? But who is protecting them? How could parents worthy of the title be allowing or enabling “sleep-overs” with some other adult for their progeny? Sociologists and psychologists have documented an even more shocking state of affairs: by the age of seven, some thirty per cent of North American females have been molested by an adult who knows them. This roller coaster ride prevails over rationality and even the necessity for timely intervention. There are various ways to account for this. The EEC Research Group (established by the first author) has hypothesized

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  13 that, since we are indeed, from every direction, “under the gun” to address symptoms and not concern ourselves with their cause, a generally tight focus in daily social and personal life on externals attains the freest possible rein. The tangible or the pragmatic comes ahead of everything else. Such a focus is also coupled much of the time with an obsession to obtain instant results. Driving it all is a well-ingrained commitment both to serve self, and serve self first. Figures 1.2 (a through d) indicate the roller-coaster effects, over time, of contradictory messages “sold” to the public in the form of ‘scientific fact’ inserted in commercial advertising of products and lifestyle. There’s an increase in gambling addiction? Not a problem: just set aside some of the obscene profits for addiction treatment programs. We glamorize alcohol consumption (how else to characterize the equating of “becoming grown up” with the ability to consume alcohol?), then ... having problems? Get yourself a 12-step program, Alcoholics Anonymous, etc. any morning, afternoon or night of the week, in multiple locations in the larger North American cities. Eventually the headlines appear: “Gambling + alcohol = losing”. Far from being temporary incidental or occasional, the roller coaster ride turns out to be actually a built-in feature. The catalogue continues: we overeat, then we take antacid, then we go on a diet to ‘burn all the fat’ that we paid for dearly. Meanwhile, the obesity rate in the west has increased 400% in the last two decades; first there was Oil of Olay, and now there’s an “oil-free” Oil of Olay!. The following series of “roller coaster” graphs are intended to convey a sense of the essence of “yo-yo” culture. The phenomena they chart are not natural, they address the symptom rather than cause, harbor on shortterm and external, have money as the single most criterion for success. (Why else was anti-bacterial soap introduced decades ago and now has made comeback in the name of hand sanitizer?) The other interesting characteristic: most of the deviated paths lead to total divergence from something that is natural and sustainable in the long-term. We introduce high-caffeine drinks. The darker the coffee, the better. Then, bring on fattier milk (called ‘cream’) to take the edge off. Eventually, decaffeinated coffee becomes the sophisticated choice. Then we discover, decaffeinated stuff is more poisoned because of the ‘refining’ process. We damage the environment, only to plan an expensive cleanup. We waste to generate economic activities, then we set up a waste management plan. We glamorize ‘purity’ by refining (from sugar cane to olive oil), only

14  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 to promote ‘virgin’, then ‘ultra-virgin’ – back to the original savage status, only after paying a lot of money to help build the obscene empire. “Destroying the village in order to save it” may have been coined and captured on videotape from the mouth of one of the invaders of an already war-torn impoverished country half a world away from his home, but that young American Marine’s fellow citizens throughout the developed world live this same absurdity at many other levels daily under the abiding illusion that this is as good as it gets. Two fundamental truths inform each example: first, that there is no “steady state” or genuine “equilibrium point”, and second, that there is no sign of conscious intervention designed to dampen the oscillation. What is missing is precisely the human factor - social consciousness. This social consciousness cannot be allowed to exist and there is a reason for it. It gets in the way of making obscene level of profit. Figure 1.2 shows what inhibits the establishment from allowing social consciousness. Figure 1.3 shows how HSSAN correlates with degradation in quality while amassing profit. The HSSAN degradation of all aspects of the society is singlehandedly responsible for the current asymmetric accumulation of wealth. this aspect is discussed in Chapter 2, in the context of COVID-19.

The roller coaster ride: Post RCC Europe Godly

Witch hunt

Homosexuality Mental disease

Tattoing is a mental disorder Pedophilia is mental disorder God gene

Sustainable pathway, Dao

Time Born sinner

Same sex marriage Homosexuality Sex change Men are evil Perfectly natural Criminal gene

(a)

Figure 1.2  The post-RCC collective lifestyle in Europe has been a roller coaster ride, orchestrated by different branches of the Money god. (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  15 The roller coaster ride: Post RCC Europe Sex is evil, Gambling only for banned children

Don’t dare question Truth is what authority Establishment says

Women’s only role to produce children

No such thing is Truth

Sustainable pathway, Dao

Time Men evil unless Online gambling effeminate Rehab centres Sex is everything but no children

Women are goddesses except Question everything Truth is what mothers you perceive

(b)

The roller coaster ride: Post Newton era Global chill High sugar beneficial

DDT saved humanity

Perfume glamourized

Save body, don’t breastfeed

Sustainable pathway, Dao

Time Fossil fuel Global Sugar worse evil warming than cocaine

DDT banned

Scent- Rehab clinic if you free can’t breastfeed

(c)

The roller coaster ride: Post Newton era Smoking glamorous Acid rain evil

Meat-only diet

Fat only diet

Alcohol evil, even as medicine

Sustainable pathway, Dao

Time Born sinner Spray acid Fossil fuel evil to dim the sun

Hand sanitizers Ubiquitous

Vegan diet

Fat-free diet

(d)

Figure 1.2 (Continued)  The post-RCC collective lifestyle in Europe has been a roller coaster ride, orchestrated by different branches of the Money god.

16  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Profit margin

Time

Honey Sugar Saccharine Aspartame

Nothing Quality

Figure 1.3  The HSSAN degradation has accumulated wealth in the hands of the ruling elite, who control the Trinity of Money, Medicine, and Food.

1.5 Healing Starts With Logical Thinking and Good Intention There is an Arab proverb, if it doesn’t come from Aql (conscientious logic), it’s false. This essentially describes necessary and sufficient conditions for correct cognition. let’s elaborate. Logical discourse starts with a major and contextualizes with a minor premise, both of which must be true if a conclusion has to be true and logical. This cognition pattern is shown in Figure 1.4. The starting point is important as it involves absolute trust. If those premises are not true then starting with those premises will create blind faith. Einstein said: “Blind belief in authority is the greatest enemy of truth.”. Blind faith is always dangerous, but blind faith in an authority that has proven itself to be a persistent liar is unconscionable. When it comes to personal health and our own future, we must start with true major and minor premises. Unless they’re both universally true, we’d only travel the path of ignorance-faster we hassle, more ignorantly we hustle. Having a phenomenal starting point is necessary but not sufficient for true knowledge. That’s when the use of conscientious logic

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  17

Third point

Aphenomenal conclusion

Dogma deviation Minor premise Major premise

Phenomenal conclusion point

Figure 1.4  True phenomenal conclusion must have both true major and minor premises. From Islam et al. (2017).

comes. Consider the following, within hours after the 9/11 attack, when FBI came up with the names of the ‘19 hijackers’, why did you trust the official narrative? Then during the Obama era, why did you trust the climate hysteria? How about Osama Bin Laden burial at sea? Then comes the Trump era or perhaps ‘war on President’ era. They all have two things in common. They all lied and they didn’t divulge their real intention. For a logical person, that should have triggered mistrust, but the opposite has happened, at least for majority of the general public. Their trust in the establishment has been embolden. How is that possible? That brings us to the sufficient condition (beyond necessary conditions, which are true major and minor premises) and the role of intention. This topic was first discussed in the context of science by Zatzman and Islam (2007). Figure 1.5 shows how Europe traveled the path of ignorance ever since the dogma days. While outwardly, it was claimed by the new scientists that they were not dogmatic, they followed Thomas Aquinas, the ‘father of dogmatic philosophy’, carefully avoiding Ibn Rushd, the ‘father of secular philosophy’. There is no exception, and it has become worse with today’s secular quantum cult. While the existence of true major and minor premises are necessary, the sufficient condition still have to be met. Conscientious logic involves phenomenal intention. Arabic is the only language that has the notion of dynamic intention (qsd) and static intention (niyah) (Khan and Islam,

18  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Health/Knowledge

B

Path of sustainability

Time

A Robert Curl: Technological disaster Pope: Terrorism against entire humanity Illness/Ignorance

Figure 1.5  Demonstration of subjective truth is fueled by individual’s original intention.

2016). Unless one has phenomenal niyah followed by phenomenal qsd, the conclusion will be aphenomenal1. Only when one has fulfilled these necessary and sufficient conditions that one has developed the cognitive prowess to see both 97% climate emergency souteneurs and 3% climate deniers are ignorant. Only then, one can see the 85% ‘COVID-19 is going to kill us all unless you exterminate the unvaccinated’ souteneurs and 15% ‘COVID-19 doesn’t exist’ are all immersed in ignorance. At the end, this cognitive tool empowers anyone discern between truth and falsehood and identify the intentions behind corporate agendas. Figure 1.5 has two eye pictures imbedded in it. The picture A shows a perspective that is aligned with the correct or phenomenal perspective (objective truth). Picture B denotes a perversed perspective that sees the objetiive truth upside down, meaning progress seems to be a decline while decline seems to be progress. This change of perspective is a subjective matter and depends entirely on the original intention (niyah) of the observer. In summary, intention sets the direction of subsequent steps in human cognition, ultimately holding the individual responsible for the intention. In Arabic, there is a proverb, ٩‫ �طڍڌ‬٩‫( ذڍڌ‬Niyah matiya). As stated earlier, *

1 *

Zatzman and Islam (2007) introduced the term ‘aphenomenal’ that denotes false, irrelevant, misleading. An example is the syllogism: All Americans speak French (major false premise); Jacque Chirac is an American (minor false premise); Therefore, Jacque Chirac speaks French (aphenomenal conclusion).

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  19 Niyah means original intention and matiyah means the mount or the saddle (of a camel or a horse). This proverb implies that it’s the intention that dictates the direction of the journey. When one puts that in the context of first Hadith of the Bokhari collection, it implies all actions are judged by the intention. This narrative shows how irrespective of objective truth, an observer chalks his own subjective path that ultimately lands him in heaven or hell. In brief, the figure demonstrates how from the same starting point, one travels the destination of utter ignorance or radical enlightenment depending on one’s intention. It is no surprise that, humans have full ownership of the intention. So much so that Quran doesn’t have that word (Niyah) in it.

1.6 Aphenomenal Model: Iraq Invasion Zatzman and Islam (2007) first described the aphenomenal model that Quran descrbes as a satanic tool. This is the most potent tool to cover up (kufr) intention of a sinister agenda. Figure 1.6 shows the steps involved. History also tells us that ruling entities always hold back something about their intentions. From ancient Pharaohs to contemporary ruling elites, rulers have invariably maintained a façade of good intentions. Whenever this cover-up became exposed, the principle of “the King has been ill-advised” was invoked (Pocock, 2004). While the onset of the information age has made it somewhat difficult to cover up intentions, recent events in this new millennium show clearly that covering up intentions is bound to be very costly, with many short-term consequences. The US invasion and occupation of Iraq for trumped-up reasons was a particularly outstanding example, with ongoing tragic ramifications for humankind. For that, Gulf War I set the stage. “If I wanted to lie, or if we wanted to lie, if we wanted to exaggerate, I wouldn’t use my daughter to do so. I could easily buy other people to do Decision Planted stories Opacity Justification

Figure 1.6  The aphenomenal model.

20  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 it”, claimed Saud Nasir al-Sabah, Kuwait’s Ambassador to the United States and Canada. But buy they did, and the Kuwait incubator story was planted: October 10, 1990 – Before the so-called “Congressional Human Rights Caucus” on Capitol Hill, al-Sabah’s daughter indeed did a “star turn”, posing as surviving Kuwaiti orphan “Nayirah” – whose last name was being suppressed, it was explained, to “protect any possible relatives from brutal Iraqi secret-service retaliation” in Kuwait (!). Sobbing, she described what she had seen with her own eyes in a hospital in Kuwait City. Her written testimony was passed out in a media kit prepared by... “Citizens for a Free Kuwait”. “I volunteered at the al-Addan hospital,” Nayirah said. “While I was there, I saw the Iraqi soldiers come into the hospital with guns, and go into the room where . . . babies were in incubators. They took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators, and left the babies on the cold floor to die.” “Of all the accusations made against the dictator,” Harper’s publisher John MacArthur later observed, “none had more impact on American public opinion than the one about Iraqi soldiers removing 312 babies from their incubators and leaving them to die on the cold hospital floors of Kuwait City.” But in fact this was just the tip of the iceberg. President Bush told and retold Nariyah’s story; it was recited as fact in Congressional testimony, on TV and radio talk shows, and finally – the videotape of the entire soap opera was replayed in the UN Security Council – a first for that body – as part of securing its vote in favour of concerted military action to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The next day, the resolution authorising Gulf War I was unanimously approved. But why? Hill & Knowlton, then the world’s largest PR firm, served as mastermind for the entire campaign of creating public opinion in favour of “liberating Kuwait” with American troops, weapons and strategic aims. It created “Citizens for a Free Kuwait” and other fronts for this purpose. According to Arthur Rowse, writing in The Progressive in 1991 after the war, documents filed with the US Department of Justice showed that 119 executives from the company, in 12 offices across the US were overseeing the Kuwait account. “The firm’s activities, as listed in its report to the Justice Department, included arranging media interviews for visiting Kuwaitis, setting up observances such as National Free Kuwait Day, National Prayer Day (for Kuwait), and National Student Information Day, organizing public rallies, releasing hostage letters to the media, distributing news releases and information kits, contacting politicians at all levels, and producing a nightly radio show in Arabic from Saudi Arabia”. A concoction called

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  21 “Citizens for a Free Kuwait” capitalised on the publication of a quickie 154-page book about Iraqi atrocities entitled The Rape of Kuwait, copies of which were stuffed into media kits and then featured on TV talk shows and the Wall Street Journal. The Kuwaiti embassy also bought 200,000 copies of the book for distribution to American troops. Some 20 public relations, law and lobby firms hired in its campaign to mobilize US opinion and force against Saddam Hussein. Participating firms included the Rendon Group. Sam Zakhem, a former US ambassador to the oil-rich Gulf state of Bahrain, funneled $7.7 million in advertising and lobbying dollars through two front groups, the “Coalition for Americans at Risk” and the “Freedom Task Force.” The Coalition, which had begun in the 1980s as a front for the contras in Nicaragua, prepared and placed TV and newspaper ads, and kept a stable of fifty speakers available for pro-war rallies and publicity events. Total cost just of setting this vast fraud in motion: some $10 billion. (Unlike Gulf War II which the Americans have had to pay entirely on their own, Gulf War I itself, in which the U.S. supplied most of the weaponry and troops, was actually paid for by looting almost $70 billion from the treasuries of the United States’ “coalition allies”.) The outcome: during the war itself 500,000 children were killed as “collateral damage”, 200,000 men and women killed; during the next 10 years of UN sanctions, approximately 5,000 children and old people a month died from disease and-or as a consequence of the destruction of major infrastructure (hospitals, water and sewer) by British and U.S. bombing raids in the so-called “no-fly zone” while Saddam Hussein built 87 palaces (all now occupied by US forces), hoarded the revenue of an average of 500,000 bbl/day crude oil sale in black market (most of the money now in US hands). The US wiped out its $4-trillion deficit, while the entire Gulf region became swamped in debts that will likely never be repaid. The operators of the casino indeed depend upon it: the top-down model of opacity and falsehood never pays past the first roll of the dice. Thus, it will not do to wait for the damage to be done and try to pick up the pieces after: the truth will out regarding one’s original, self-serving, anti-social, anti-people intentions, regardless. Gulf War I model was perfected by the Gulf War II. It involved far more sinister plot with far wider net and far bigger share of global loot. Planting false stories: On September 28, 2002, President Bush proclaimed: “The Iraqi regime possesses biological and chemical weapons . . . The regime has long-standing

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Picture 1.2  US Secretary of State Colin Powell holding a model vial of anthrax while giving the presentation to the United Nations Security Council on 5 February 2003.

and continuing ties to terrorist groups, and there are Al Qaeda terrorists inside Iraq.” These two false stories had been carefully crafted to justify invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq. Two fears in question are: unconventional weapons and terrorism. They helped win public approval for going to war in Iraq. These false stories were quickly unraveled. The chief U.S. weapons inspector in Iraq concluded that President Saddam Hussein had no such weapons or the means to produce them, and the U.S. intelligence community determined that there was no meaningful connection between Al Qaeda and Iraq. Picture 1.2 shows Secretary Powell holding a planted ‘evidence’ as the entire world watches him. Opacity: Also revealed was the CIA concoction of Niger yellow cake sale, something CIA singlehandedly manufactured. The Center for Public Integrity found that Bush and seven members of his administration made 935 demonstrably false statements in the lead-up to the war, from September 2001 to September 2003, as reported in Iraq: The War Card. The failure of the commander in chief and his administration to gather solid intelligence before sending U.S. troops to war has cost thousands of American and Iraqi lives, billions of tax dollars, and the trust of not only of U.S. allies abroad, but also of a majority of the American people. When asked about the War Card study, a White House spokesman responded: “The actions taken in 2003 were based on the collective judgment of intelligence agencies around the world.”

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  23 Justification: While president Bush would declare aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln that major military operations had ended, three weeks after Saddam’s statue had fallen on April 9, 2003, his words bore a deeper message that US military power could conquer all. “Operation Iraqi Freedom was carried out with a combination of precision and speed and boldness the enemy did not expect and the world had not seen before…You have shown the world the skill and the might of the American armed forces,” he told the assembled sailors, and television viewers. The purpose of Iraq invasion was changed overnight. but, that was just the beginning. Having been able to topple the dictator, the justification kicked off by saying, Iraq invasion made it possible to have a democracy – first in the middle east, the likes of which (e.g. Israel) wasn’t previously possible because of the backwardness of Muslims. That was another lie. Instead of democratically elected leader, Iraqis got Paul Bremer, who had left the US diplomatic service in 1989. It says a lot about the misadventure Iraq would become that a man from the private sector would be chosen to head the Coalition Provisional Authority of Iraq rather than a serving diplomat. What pursued up until today has nothing to do with Democracy and everything to do with the Decision that needed to be executed. MacMillan (2018) sums up: Mr Bremer was permitted to rule Iraq by decree. This he did by immediately banning the Baath Party in any form and, fatefully, disbanding the Iraqi Army. No orders that Mr Bremer would later issue are thought to have been more responsible for creating the conditions for the maelstrom Iraq would become.   Overnight, millions lost their jobs in the institutions of Saddam’s government. Many thousands of them were military men with access to weapons. An Interim Governing Council was chosen from a list of Iraqi groups and individuals that had supported the invasion. Mr Bremer retained the power to veto any decision made by those he had handpicked. All along he conveyed an image of the occupier, a figurehead unacquainted with a complicated region, combined with a transparent lack of cultural sensitivity. If the potential for discord was not discernible then, it at least is understood now.

24  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4   “Nobody really knew what they were doing,” is the assessment of Christopher Hill, who later would become the US ambassador to Iraq, of the initial American attempt to move toward civilian rule.   The lack of security planning became plain through the consequences of decisions made by Mr Bremer’s CPA. Government offices, apart from the oil ministry, were looted because the men paid to guard them had been sacked.   The meltdown of institutions that would lead to a sectarian insurgency remains manifest in the corruption that pervades Iraq today. One dictator was replaced by many little ones. Fortunes — both personal and political — depend on a system of patronage rather than competence. What has emerged from the shadow of one-man rule is a brutalised political environment where power is treated as a zerosum game whether the players are Shiite, Sunni or Kurd. Factional advantage is pursued over national interest. The long-term survival of a unitary state remains in doubt, given the desire of Kurdish leaders to become independent despite a bungled referendum last year. What Iraq war lacked is the forced consent, although some sort of consent was manufactured from minority groups of Iraq and majority of misinformed USA public. This worked to the advantage of the establishment. Obama ran on the promise of ending Iraq war and closing down Gitmo within a year. No such thing happened and war expanded out of control. Nine new wars were started with no end in sight. None of them had anything to do with democracy. In fact, any sign of democracy or popular uprising was ruthlessly suppressed. President Morsi, the first democratically elected president of Egypt ever was quickly toppled by a military coup while USA Secretary of State John Kerry lauded the Egyptian military for ‘restoring democracy’. Meanwhile, the then richest man alive, Colonel Gaddafi was killed and his country destroyed. In no time, slaves were being sold Tripoli’s open market. The horror show continued. Then came the climate change hysteria that helped generating fear. None of these had anything to do with science, but everything to do with corporate profiteering. Note the following roller coaster ride. • In the 1970s, there was the coming of the second ice age. • In the 1980s, acid rain was considered the villain that was ruining the planet earth.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  25 • In the 1990s, global warming was said to bring the earth to the brink of the tipping point. • In the 2000s, climate change was declared real and carbon was designated the enemy. • In the 2010s, engineering of the earth began, and the natural ecosystem, carbon, water, and sunlight were designated the enemy. In 2019, we prepared for the 2020s, in which an apology to acid rain was offered and plans were underway with billions of dollars of funding to “dim” the sun with acid and let the entire world wear toxic sunglasses—all funded by universal carbon taxes. This is the much-dreaded environmental scheme propped up by institutions such as the United Nations, and the petroleum industry is the first target of this scheme. Yet, the science that others have been working with has no avenues to evaluate, let alone critique, the only “scientific” recourse being promoted. It is as if the world has gone insane and cannot fathom the fundamental questions as to what is wrong with carbon, water, or sunlight. In this process, science has an unsavory messenger: The New York Times ran a headline “Worrying About a New Ice Age” on February 23, 1969. In January 1996, The New York Times predicted that by 2020 beaches would disappear because of global warming. This warning evolved. Consider the following headlines of The New York Times: –– “95 Is Hottest Year on Record As the Global Trend Resumes,” January 4, 1996 –– “A Global Warming Resumed in 1994, Climate Data Show,” January 27, 1995 –– “Next Victim of Warming: The Beaches,” June 20, 2006 –– “Rising Seas, Vanishing Coastlines,” November 24, 2012 –– “Is This the End?”, November 24, 2012 –– “What Could Disappear,” April 24, 2016 –– “Rising Seas Will Erase More Cities by 2050, New Research,” October 29, 2019 –– “The Original Long Islanders Fight to Save Their Land From a Rising Sea,” March 5, 2020. Consider the frustration of the establishment when the Trump phenomenon happened and called out New York Times as the recipient of FakeNews Award. All the preparation of previous decades had to new level of the aphenomenal model had to be invented. COVID-19 was the perfect

26  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 disinformation tool and Donald Trump was the perfect villain. With Trump gone, there came the perfect opportunity to push the reset button on the New World Order. How old is this scheme? “We shall have world government, whether or not we like it. The question is only whether world government will be achieved by consent or by conquest,” announced James P. Warburg in front of the Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations (Feb. 17, 1950) of the United States Senate. Islam also talks about a World Order, which is promised after the second coming of Jesus. However, that order doesn’t involve ‘conquest’. This James Warburg fellow is no prophet. He was no politician either. He (August 18, 1896 – June 3, 1969) was a German-born American banker. He was the ‘prophet’ of the Money god. He was the financial adviser to Franklin D. Roosevelt. His father was banker Paul Warburg, member of the Warburg family and “father” of the Federal Reserve system. After World War II, Warburg helped organize the Society for the Prevention of World War III in support of the Morgenthau Plan. The plot to change the world with the aphenomenal model had just begun. The scheme of federal reserve, the entire UN fiasco, economic extremism in name of preventing global catastrophe would follow. The world would travel the path to globalization through the works of David Rockefeller, Sr (12 June 1915 – 20 March 2017), a notorious American banker, statesman, globalist, and a grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, who in turn would control each and every US president, UK Prime Minister, and any leader worth a mention, including the enitre third world. Occasionally, some of their stooges become sacrificial goats, like Nixon, Madoff, Mark Rich, and Ken Lay (Enron), all the way down to some of the convicted criminals (such as Chelsea Clinton’s father in law, Ivanka Trump’s father in law, Israeli presidents, Weinstein), or some of the indicted ones likes Maxwell, Epstein, and Netanyahu, but they are just distractions, like hangnails of a cancer patient. The march toward extremism is very much alive and the world is in deep slumber. COVID-19 hysteria trumped all previous aphenomenal models. The number of false premises skyrocketed and everything that was known previously in science has been discarded. If Iraq war, based on two major lies brought that much death and destruction, consider what is upcoming with COVID-19 that comes with not less than 11 of false premises. Chapter 2 reveals 11 false premises

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  27 introduced during the COVID-19 era. The decision was to create a global reset, something that has been in the works for many decades. Picture 1.3 shows evidence of real intention behind the Covid-19 hysteria. In this entire process, real science has been replaced with ‘science’ that creates the desired conclusions, so the decision (Figure 1.6) can be justified. This is not new. Throughout history, establishments saw the seeking of Knowledge as subversion and found excuses to give it short shrift. Antoine

Picture 1.3  The intention has never been welfare of the general population and this agenda has been in works for many decades.

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Picture 1.4  Numerous instances of Biden administration in the context of COVID-19 are scientific equivalent of G W Bush’s planting of two false premises and Colin Powell’s enduring image of holding up a tiny vial of white powder, which stood for what was supposed to be Saddam’s anthrax.

Lavoisier, father of modern chemistry, was guillotined for persisting in his chemical investigations when all he had been called upon to do was... collect taxes for the regime. Mendeleev, conceiver of the periodic table, drew the wrath of the Tsar for demanding political reform. In more recent times, Lewis — the man who recruited no less than half a dozen future Nobel Laureates in his program at University of California Berkeley — could only draw negative attention at Harvard, prompting him to decline an honorary degree from that University. We come full circle with the death of the British scientist Dr. David Kelly, whose only crime was to have a conscience that could not reconcile with the disinformation and opacity that led to Iraq invasion.2 In the post-Covid-19 era, every scientist, medical professional, or even politician that spoke out against the ‘settled’ science has been attacked, silenced, and marginalized. In this ‘crusade’ all three branches of Establishment have joined in. This is a unique feature of the current hegemony of the ruling elite. Picture 1.4 shows how the Iraq invasion model is alive and well. †

2 †

This event was remarkable not only in itself but especially also for the murkiness in which the British secret services — who uniquely in the world possess more than 400 years’ continuous experience in these matters — manipulated the media to shroud the truth. But as the saying goes: “Murder will out”, and today — ten years on — Dr Kelly’s death is not only commemorated by those who acknowledge its meaning but is the subject of considerable pressure inside and outside the British House of Commons for convening a genuinely independent judicial inquiry, one in which the political executive is barred by constitutional practice and several recent precedents from having the final say, to establish the truth about his death.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  29

Picture 1.5  Dhaka International airport, double vaxed people waiting to get their Rapid test result done so they can safely board a plane during the Omicron outbreak.

Picture 1.6  At no time in history, so much effort has been effected on calling common sense and evidence-based science ‘disinformation’.

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Picture 1.7  All ‘science’ avoid the elephant in the room. They talk about everything else as a probable cause of an ailment.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  31

THIS IS WHAT PROPAGANDA LOOKS LIKE

Picture 1.8  Comparison with Nazism was normalized during Trump era, but the same left that called him Nazi-like have embraced pro-establishment propagandas that had little public support.

Picture 1.9  Children have been used to drive globalization agenda. Severn Cullis-Suzuki: ‘If you don’t know how to fix it, please, stop breaking it’, UN Earth Summit – 1992.

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Picture 1.10  This picture from Palestinian territory is stark reminder of the fact, this globalization agenda is not about people.

Picture 1.11  None of these have any connection to science or logic or common sense.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  33

Picture 1.12  People are calling out the fraud. Big Pharma has no credibility.

Picture 1.13  These are business decisions that have nothing to do with science or logic.

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Picture 1.14  The Covid aphenomenal model is unique in the sense never before MSM, social media, Big Pharma and the political establishment have all banded together like they have with COVID-19.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  35

Picture 1.15  Always carefully avoid the question as to vaccine injury.

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Picture 1.16  The same week, CDC would declare: Unvaccinated people face a 10 times greater risk of testing positive and 20 times greater risk of dying from Covid-19 than fully vaccinated people who have also received a booster.

Picture 1.17  Such contempt for their own citizens has never been displayed so overtly. Even Nazis pretended to round up Jews for their own protection.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  37

Picture 1.18  These are no ordinary liars but you don’t even need ordinary intelligence to catch their lies.

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Picture 1.19  Do you know why it must be related to vaccine? That’s the only question never asked by the media.

Picture 1.20  At no time such obtuse logic has been perpetuated in name of ‘science’.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  39

Picture 1.21  CDC and related health agencies spend $58 billion a year but doesn’t investigate natural immunity. Israel did and found it 27 more.

Picture 1.22  A 80 year old retired teacher shows up in an emergency ward, complaining about heart palpitation. This is something that can be treated simply by massaging acupoints, HT 7, HT9, PC6. He undergoes Covid-19 test, X-ray, and even CT scan.

40  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC). The SOGC recommends that all individuals who are pregnant or those trying to become pregnant should receive the #COVID19 vaccination; there is no evidence to suggest that COVID-19 vaccines will affect fertility via @SOGCorg [Twitter]. 2021 Aug 12 [cited 2021 Aug 13]. Available from: https://twitter.com/SOGCorg/status/1425876801688162310

Picture 1.23  Vaccinating pregnant women is being declared safe, with no back up data, which would be absurd considering the fact that the trial period would be years for such application.

This whole process is full of irony, hypocrisy, and inexplicable inconsistencies and sinister schemes, as depicted in Pictures 1.5–1.23. As we have seen earlier, HSSA degradation is in the core of the phenomenal model, which was devised by Satan, as stated in Quran 4:119. It involves removing the natural pathway (Dao, Dharma, or sharia) to replace it with continuously degrading artificial system. With the Honey to sugar to Saccharine to Aspartame degradation, the quality declines from good to bad whereas the profit margin increases exponentially. This model has been used in the current western society and as a result we see economic extremism today. This economic extremism fuels all the problems. We have nothing real about anything. We have a fake leader of the free world, we have a fake notion of world governance, we have a fake education system, and we have a fake healthcare system. There is nothing real or natural about any of this shenanigan, ranging from Covid hysteria to climate emergency. They all have one common theme, there is no truth to anything they say. There is no logic in any ‘science’ they promote. Consider the following news items and the logicality of the underlying premise.

1.7 Health Care as in War on Terror Within hours of 9/11 Terror Attack, the religion Islam was vilified, and the phrase ‘Islamic terrorism’ was made into the most commonly used phrase among the mainstream media (MSM). Terrorism was portrayed synonymous with Islam (Islam literally means ‘peace’). A common theme, originally coined by Israeli ambassador to UN, became: Israeli un ambassador All Muslims are not terrorist, but unfortunately all terrorists are Muslims. Within weeks, bombs started to rain down on Afghanistan, and preparation to invade Iraq was underway. If Iraq invasion model, based on two Big lies, (Saddam’s WMD and Alqaeda connection), made trillions for the military industrial complex over two decades, why are we surprised that

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  41 today the Big Pharma stands to make trillions in much shorter time frame? It is no small irony that soon after 9/11 terror attack, the first scheme of ‘war on terror’ was started with bombing of Afghanistan and two years later, it’s the same Afghanistan that proved to the world the COVID-19 hysteria is nothing short of the Big lies of ‘war on terror’. Of course, the collective delusional state does not change. Then, it was Islamic terrorism was the most used phrase used by the mainstream media (MSM). Prophet Muhammad was the terror mastermind and Ariel Sharon the man of peace. Today, Nobel laureate scientist is the conspiracy theorist and Dr. Anthony Fauci is Mr. Science. There began the state of collective delusional state. We established in volume 3 that all diseases start with a mental state, a state of departure from a natural state. We further established, this natural state cannot be restored with the mindset of corporatizers. That volume asks the pointed question: What if we have been in a Collective Delusional State? This volume was published in 2017, the year 45th USA President was installed. Every major event that took place after that period is a testimony of the collective delusional state. The USA, the most powerful nation was indoctrinated into believing in falsehoods after falsehood and the entire world joined in. If it were not for former US President Donald Trump, we would never have discovered the connection between War on Terror and

Picture 1.24  It wasn’t about ‘war on terror’, it was itself global terrorism.

42  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 the Save the world scheme of the UN Agenda 21. Just like war on terror benefited the military industrial complex. War on covid benefits the big Pharma. Islam is terrorism, prophet Muhammad is a terrorist, Ariel Sharon man of peace. Nobel laureate scientists are conspiracy theorist and Dr. Anthony Fauci is Science. It was Dr. Fauci who in 1980s concocted ‘casual contacts can spread HIV hysteria. Fast forward 20 years, today’s headline reads: Hardcore vaccine refuseniks could need deradicalising like terrorists – expert A “deradicalisation” programme like those given to former terrorists or cult members might be the only way to dissuade some hardcore antivaxxers from their beliefs, according to one psychology expert. Picture 1.24 shows how the broad agenda is about selling war on conscience.

1.7.1 The Cuomo Factor: Turning a Profiteer into a Prophet Former New York Governor, Andrew Cuomo had been given the International Emmy Founders Award “for effective communication and leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic,” the International Academy announced in 2020 selecting him for the honor. The award was given to acknowledge Cuomo’s use of television to provide information and a sense of calm to viewers during the early outbreak of the pandemic. The award was created to recognize individuals for their ability to transcend cultural divides in connecting to a “common humanity.” Fast Forward a year, Andrew Cuomo ordered by the New York Ethics Board to return the roughly $5.1 million for his pandemic memoir, “American Crisis: Leadership Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic.” The extraordinary directive is the latest development in a fall from grace for the former governor, who in the span of just four months lost his job and reputation, and who is now facing a criminal trial after being accused of groping an aide in the Executive Mansion. Picture 1.25 shows Cuomo’s best selling book. Then there is this Cuomosexual club. The headline once read: Good news for all the self-identified “Cuomosexuals” of social media: Andrew Cuomo hears you, and he’s a fan. Appearing on an upcoming episode of “The Ellen DeGeneres Show,” Andrew Cuomo embraced the new term adopted by DeGeneres and fellow TV hosts Trevor Noah and Stephen

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  43 Colbert to express love and admiration for the New York governor and his brother, CNN anchor Chris Cuomo. The internet is smitten too, and there’s even an Urban Dictionary entry for “Cuomosexual” and clothing emblazoned with the word. The meaning of the word went from: Cuomosexual In love with competent, reassuring governance by a leader who uses complete sentences and displays common sense during a pandemic. After watching today’s New York State pandemic news conference, I officially identify as a cuomosexual. to Cuomosexual 1) In love with an incompetent, gropey, hyper-corrupt Governor who has an atrocious COVID track record, and a history of questionable sexual behavior because the media has never bothered to hold him accountable in any way or bothered to look into what he was doing. This caused the press to falsely portrayed him as an exemplar of competence, and Governor Cuomo to believe he didn’t need to be accountable. 2) a figurative (and possibly literal) rape victim. “Cuomosexual” has not aged well. “Yeah, I think that’s a good thing,” Andrew Cuomo told DeGeneres, smiling from his home. “I don’t think it’s a bad thing.” Cuomo – the man who prided himself in welcoming cultish supporters, who called themselves “Cuomo sexuals” now is disgraced to the extent that he is about to join the criminals of lowest of character. In addition, there is also a federal investigation about his role in alleged killing off of thousands of elderly in nursing homes. A silver casket was wheeled to the front of a Brooklyn nursing home recently  — and 6,500 copies of the cover of Gov. Andrew Cuomo’s new book were dumped into it in protest of his COVID-19 policies. The number of covers was equal to the roughly 6,500 people who have been reported killed by the coronavirus in nursing homes in the state — although the ralliers said they believe the figure is much higher. Cuomo said the early spread of COVID-19 in New York nursing homes was the result of asymptomatic workers and visitors. At that time, the federal

44  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 government was saying the virus was only spread by people with symptoms, he said. It was revealed that the Cuomo administration’s decision to suppress data about covid-19 nursing-home deaths was, at least in part, influenced by the book deal. On July 6, 2020, the same day that Cuomo and a senior aide had a call with Penguin Random House, the state’s Department of Health released a report on the effect of covid-19 on New York’s nursing homes. The intent of the report was to defend an order that Cuomo had issued in March, 2020, directing nursing homes to accept patients discharged from hospitals regardless of their covid-19 status. According to the Judiciary Committee’s findings, witnesses stated that DeRosa, Cuomo’s top aide, decided that the Department of Health report would reflect only those covid-19 deaths that occurred within nursing homes rather than the figure that included people who had died after being transferred to hospitals. That edit lowered the listed nursing-home death toll from around ten thousand to sixty-five hundred. Later, when “American Crisis” was being drafted and edited.

Picture 1.25  Cuomo is an ideal example of how Covid-era has turned a profiteer into a prophet.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  45 Joe Biden called then Governor Cuomo ‘Gold standard of governors’ for managing Covid-19 crisis. In 2021, we see: “Joe Biden’s ‘Gold Standard’ Governor is a serial sexual harassing, grandparent-murdering bully,” (Republican Congresswoman Lauren Boebert tweeted). Or, “According to Joe Biden, Andrew Cuomo is the gold standard of governors, Hunter Biden is the smartest person he knows & Kamala Harris is doing a great job with our Southern Border,”. “Am I the only one starting to think our President isn’t a great judge of character?” (Republican Congresswoman Claudia Tenney posted). Gov. Andrew Cuomo of New York was actually among the candidates being considered for the role of attorney general by President-elect Joe Biden, the New York Times and the Associated Press reported Friday evening (December 12, 2020, Forbes). The Cuomo show would then include Chris Cuomo who was fired by CNN after being the posterboy of the CNN, whose ratings dipped at an all time low. He is the same guy who was caught faking ‘coming out of basement’ after his recovery from Covid-19. It took days before it was revealed that he faked that live show. His other gigs took a bit longer to be unraveled. Only after being fire by CNN that it was revealed that HarperCollins scrapping plans to publish Chris Cuomo’s book, Deep Denial, which was supposed to feature Trump years and COVID-19 pandemic. The week after Chris Cuomo’s producer, John Griffin was arrested for child sex involving 9-year old girls.

1.7.2 Every Story is a Planted Story Lying, being caught, but staying on is nothing new in the MSM. Picture 1.26 makes this point. Only recently Brian Williams decided to retire and the following was spelled out: MSNBC Remember when Brian Williams lied about: Witnessing a suicide in the Astrodome? Being shot at by Hezbollah? Being at the Berlin Wall when it fell? Flying with Seal Team 6 into Baghdad? Bill Gates fumbles on the question of Jeffrey Epstein One day before CNN producer John Griffin was charged (Dec. 11, 2021) with child sex involving 9 year old girls, The Atlantic put out a feature article: The great (fake) child-sex-trafficking epidemic. The Atlantic

46  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 is owned by Laurene Powell Jobs, who is a bosom friend with Ghislaine Maxwell, who is literally on trial in this period for running a child sex trafficking ring. The Atlantic article talks about ‘moral panic’ and QAnon hysteria, for suggesting that sex trafficking is a real issue of concern. On December 15, 2021, Project Veritas released another case of child sex crime of yet another CNN producer. This very day, Atlantic ran the following feature story, in sync with Dr. Fauci’s ruling that families should be asking for vaccine passports before allowing relatives to visit during the holiday season. “A Guide to Mixed-Vaccination-Status Holidays We’ve broken down the chances of transmission at a gathering with one unvaccinated adult, multiple unvaccinated adults, and unvaccinated or semi-vaccinated kids.” This is a follow-up from November hysteria, titled: Getting Back to Normal Is Only Possible Until You Test Positive-I was ultracareful for 18 months. Then I got COVID.By Alexis C. Madrigal, NOVEMBER 9, 2021.

Picture 1.26  A planted story, designed to maximize vaccinating children prior to Christmas.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  47

Picture 1.27  Another elephant in the room.

December 16, 2021, Ghislaine is supposed to take the stand in her own defence. So far, the following has happened (Picture 1.27). Meanwhile soon after Chris Cuomo’s producer being arrested, there comes Jake Tapper’s producer. Project Veritas exposes very troubling potentially criminal behavior of Rick Saleeby, who continues to be employed by CNN. That doesn’t bother Jake Tapper and he continues to carry on his paymaster’s propaganda. He calls Robert Kennedy Jr. a liar, etc. as if he just raped Tapper’s daughter. He writes:” Robert Kennedy Jr is a liar, grifter, and menace to public health. His own family has had to write opeds to rebut the lunacy he pushes.” Robert Kennedy Jr. takes the high moral ground and writes:

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Picture 1.28  Nothing spells out turning profiteer into prophet than this episode of Elon Musk.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  49

Picture 1.29  Project Veritas exposes CNN producer, Rick Saleeby.

Picture 1.30  As Jake Tapper’s producer is exposed, Jake Tapper remains oblivious.

50  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 “We both feel passionate about our views on vaccine mandates. Let’s have a debate for the benefit of Americans. We can debate your enthusiastic support of censorship and our divergent opinions on Dr. Fauci’s effectiveness as the covid pandemic manager.” Pictures 1.28 through 1.31 expose the link between the sinister schemes and the establishment.

Picture 1.31  As CNN house of cards collapses with outbreak of pedophilia, CNN poster boys are busy gaslighting viewers.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  51

1.8 Trump Derangement Syndrome and Trump’s Fakenews: Real Collusion between Big Pharma and MSM 1.8.1 US Presidency and Unique Features of Donald Trump We wrote in volume 1 of this book series, The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering: It was in this period following the American colonists’ victory over the British occupier that the true corporatization of politics was completed. The monarch was replaced by a “The president” who would essentially still possess all the essential executive powers run the show — controlling the military, determining foreign policy, commanding the “executive departments,” and making lifetime appointments to the all-powerful federal courts. Using chicanery, bribery, and other ruses, along with propaganda, the Federalists were able to induce specially created state conventions to ratify the Constitution. Little did the people know at the time that once their state joined the New Order it could be blocked from a thousand directions should it ever attempt to never leave. (Islam et al., 2015, p. 106). In that volume, the history of all US presidents was analyzed, starting with ending with former President Barack Obama (who was the president at the time of writing that volume of the book). We paid particular attention to Obama presidency. History tells us George Soros hired this ‘friend of Palestine’, son of African Muslim, to destroy Africa and Muslims’ backbone around the world. No other president started nine unilateral wars or bombed an ally (Pakistan) on a routine basis. Today, slaves are being traded in Tripoli, and Muslims are the lowest of the lows, begging for peanuts, in display of Allah’s promised humiliation as described in 2:85, 2:159-163 etc. So, to begin with, USA never gave an option between good and bad. It was always about a sinister hypocritical and an overt transgressor. In my vol. 1 of pharma book series, we showed that all US presidents fall under the category of stooges of the establishment. They all are placed there to take orders. It was 2015, but in 2016, came the first exception - Donald Trump, a 100% non-­politician ran for the presidency – a public office he sought out for the first time and won convincingly. He was the first one to actually wanting to be real

52  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 president, who would change Washington and the powerhouse (Islam, 2020a). The reaction of the establishment, once called by Senator Bernie Sanders as the evil trinity of political establishment, media establishment and financial establishment confirmed that observation. At the same time, it is also true that at no time in history, every branch of the establishment opposed, ridiculed, and resisted the President. To justify their conclusions, the Establishment had concocted the most illogical narratives. The first one being Trump is racist. This is but a projection on the part of Democratic party – the party that once established the KKK. It you suffices to read up on President Biden or even Kamala Harris and their policies. It is hard to even think of a more disastrous combination, particularly with relation to blacks. The events during Biden presidency has exposed one thing, that is fear can exhaust people’s conscience. People remain silent because they are afraid. The whole purpose of an oppressive regime is to terrorize its own people. The moment someone speaks with conscience, he is quickly designated as a MAGA supporting QAnon hillbilly. It could be politics, science, or even entertainment industry, the attack is always the same. The moment someone write a scholarly paper pointing out the lunacy of ‘carbon is the enemy, nuclear is gold’, they call the author pseudoscience cult member, never mind if he is the most published professor in the world. The moment, someone even subtly points out wearing mask, lockdown, and vaccine are anti-nature and inhumane, he risks losing his license, never mind he had saved thousands of patients being succumbed to ailments through decades of service. The moment one mentions that humans are inherently good, conscientious and leftist agenda, green deal, taxation, all the other vile schemes are not sustainable, he spontaneously becomes an ‘Islamic terrorist’ of the post 9/11 era, never mind he spent his life criticizing terrorism and war. The following two pieces are edited versions of what were posted in the first author’s LinkedIn page at a time everyone was castigating Trump for ignoring ‘scientific’ experts.

What does ‘listen to scientists’ mean in a world, where scientists churn out conclu­sions sought by the funder?

Recently president Trump was castigated for calling out ‘Fauci and other idiots’3. People forget some dozen Nobel ‡

3 ‡

Nobel laureate Chemist and Biologist, inventor of PCR test, Kary Mullis, said about Anthony Fauci, “He doesn’t know anything really about anything…Those guys have an

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  53 laureate economists warned of economic collapse in 2016 under Trump. Undeterred, many more psychiatrists signed a document calling him mentally unfit, thus pleading for invoking Amendment 25 (euphemism for a coup d’état). Of course, when Trump pulled out of Paris Agreement, it was called a disaster of historical proportion. Today, New York Times calls Trump the biggest threat to USA since WWII. I don’t know if President Trump realizes or not, the ‘science’ he’s is allegedly disrespecting is the nonsense of Al Gore and Bill Gates. Each of their conclusions is based on stoutly illogical premises such as, Carbon is the enemy, sunlight is toxic, water is inherently polluting, dirt is dirty, alcohol is cleansing, and conscience is evil. It’s no surprise that their findings are so obtusely preposterous.   In this my speech, I introduce the lunacy of new science that’s being promoted as the only science. It’s not science, it’s a Scientology cult. Only Greta Thunbergs would vouch for it. THE EVIL Trinity Bernie Sanders used the term in 2016, when he slammed the media establishment, financial establishment, and the political establishment. But, Bernie capitulated. Meanwhile Trump picked up on the fight and proved to the world that there is nothing more exhausting than having to fight against this evil Trinity. He had to call media the enemy of the people. New York Times on several occasions, among others, had to apologize after deliberately running Fakenews. Yet, the propaganda didn’t stop. New York Times and its Nobel laureate economist, Paul Kruger have doubled down in their Fakenews award that Trump doled them out in 2017. Just watch the headlines. The propaganda from all sides is strong that you can hardly find any real news or real science. Just today, 1600 faith leaders showed support for Biden. You understand this is Joe Biden, whose son is Hunter. This is the Joe Biden who wants to make killing newborns mandatory as long as the mother expressed the intention to abort.

agenda, which is not what we’d like them to have…They have personal kind of agenda, they make up rules as they, they change them when they want to…Tony Fauci does not mind going in front of people who pay his salary and lie directly into the camera…You can’t expect the sheep to respect the best and the brightest…It’s just like in political scandal, follow the money trail, figure out who is getting paid for this”.

54  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4   Meanwhile, New England medical journal castigated Trump in an editorial. They say it’s their first. Well, maybe but these same pimps signed up in 2017 urging to invoke Amendment 25 because they deemed Trump mentally unfit. Needless to say, none examined Trump before expressing their opinion. Anyone else would lose license right there. But, this is Trump country. Trump derangement is your ticket to enlightenment.   Today, Nature ran a story touting the line: Trump has damaged science so much that it would take decades to recover. Of course, they are talking about the ‘settled science’ of climate hysteria of green new deal and covid lunacy of mask, vaccine, and social distancing. That’s not enough, Wall Street is lining up in support of Biden despite record Dow Jones and Nasdaq performances. Big Pharma are running ads to show Trump as a monster. China is in rage and doing everything to stop Trump. Colin Powell, the perpetual war criminal and liar and all former CIA and FBI operatives, along with former Republican Party chair and numerous republicans have lined up as never-Trumper. If Trump wins, it will drive these people to a never-before seen rage. Of course, as Hillary Clinton ordered Biden, Dems would never concede. They would rather ‘burn USA to the ground’ before allowing another four years of Trump presidency. Meanwhile USA is about to hit a financial climax in the form of simultaneous record Dow Jones and Nasdaq index. That In A country, where success is measured uniquely with money. Oh the irony. TRUMPING TRUMP? SEE ALL THOSE MEDIA PREPARING FOR A BIDEN LANDSLIDE? Let’s avoid this shenanigan. Clearly he’s going to win a landslide. So, let’s just inaugurate him from his basement.   On a side note, the problem with these liars is, they do this to tip the scale but end up firing up the Trump base and making liberals complicit. Already the enthusiasm around Biden is at all time low (Who can blame them?) and with these poll numbers, a drop of rain and they all stay home. Meanwhile Trump enthusiasm is at record high (no pun intended) and people would dodge the bullet to vote for him.   I must admit I supported Bernie Sanders and never watched Fox News until Bernie capitulated in 2016. My support for Trump comes from observing his actions and analyzing his policies. I ended up including this analysis in our economics book Islam et al., 2018), which shows Trump as the most unique and most effective president in USA history. One unique feature is in the unanimous attack from all three demons, namely political, financial, and media establishments - all fuelled by the mother of all vile, namely the academia and the ‘intellectual’ elite. No other president had the gut to confront the

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  55 Big Pharma, the globalist environment Souteneurs, and even the military establishment. No president came close to fulfilling the campaign Promises they ran on. No president faced so much opposition from his own party elites. I covered this picture in our economics book published in 2018 (Islam et al., 2018). It shows how Obama was the worst president in terms of economics and energy policies and how Trump could very well become the opposite to Obama.

1.8.2 Trump vs the ‘Enemy of the People’ and the Big Pharma The first line of attack (from scientific perspective) against Donald Trump was his view on ‘Climate change hoax’. In reality, we debunked this hoax in 2019 (Islam and Khan, 2019) and not a single argument has been refuted. By 2020, we know that USA air has not been this green for decades, yet at the same time USA became energy independent, for the first time in 70 years (Islam, 2021). The only argument has been that Donald Trump calls it a hoax, therefore it must be true and scientific. Of course, all these mockeries don’t come close to the insults hurled at him after the onset of COVD-19 in the international arena. Donald Trump quickly became the ‘Bin Laden’ of Big Pharma crusade. In this process, Nobel laureate scientists, top pharmaceutical scientists and doctors were ridiculed alongside Donald Trump. The most important point was that the entire MSM and social media took the side of Big Pharma and took measures that would make North Korea’s regime look like a sophomore. There was nothing Trump could do right, yet every time Trump was correct, not a single exception. Here is a quick review. Donald Trump irked the MSM by starting the tradition of ‘Fakenews Award’, declaring New York Times and its celebrated Nobel laureate economist Paul Krugar (New York Times, Jan. 17, 2018). Here is a list. Clearly, Trump’s cardinal ‘sin’ was to expose the trinity cabal of political establishment, media establishment and financial establishment (Islam, 2020a). In Volume 3 of this Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering, we coined the term ‘deliberate schizophrenia’ to describe the mindset of the Establishment that lies incessantly. These lies are so illogical that they seem to be schizophrenic. However, schizophrenia is a disease, there is nothing sinister about it. On the other hand the lies perpetuated by the Establishment are every bit sinister. Cardiologist Peter A. McCullough, MD, has made headlines once again after discussing COVID-19 at length for an episode of Joe Rogan’s popular podcast, The Joe Rogan Experience. McCullough has gained a significant amount of popularity during the pandemic by making media appearances on Fox News and other outlets.

56  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 He championed early COVID-19 treatments such as hydroxychloroquine, for example, and has been a vocal opponent of how the U.S. government has handled the development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. He has also spoken out against vaccine mandates and urged an entire country to shut down its vaccination programs. During his Dec. 13 interview with Joe Rogan, which was nearly three hours long, McCullough said that he thinks there was “an intentional, very comprehensive suppression” of early COVID-19 treatments to “promote fear, suffering, isolation, hospitalization and death.” This deliberate strategy, he said, was put in place to push the general public to receive COVID19 vaccines once they were made available. He also claimed that as much as 85% of COVID-19 deaths could have been prevented had early treatments been more thoroughly embraced by healthcare providers. The podcast episode immediately earned rave reviews from listeners, especially those who were already skeptical of the government’s pandemic response. One popular media personality, Melissa Tate, was even permanently banned from Twitter after posting about the podcast and making the following post to her 493,700 followers: “GLOBAL BOMBSHELL: Dr. Peter McCullough on the Joe Rogan show says Moderna made the Covid vaccine long before Covid & that the pandemic was a premeditated & concerted scheme by govt. & medical entities to then force vaccinations as the solution.” Twitter has said she was banned for “repeated violations of our COVID19 misinformation policy.” U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson also promoted the interview, saying Rogan “asks excellent questions” and McCullough “provides the answers.” Snopes, meanwhile, has shared a thorough review of Tate’s Twitter ban and McCullough’s history of controversial comments. It includes links to the work of fact-checking websites such as PolitiFact and FactCheck.org. After almost two years of ridiculing Trump about the Wuhan lab being the source of COVID-19 and after scientists fully endorsing the natural origin theory (e.g. Maxmen and Mallapaty, 2021), Dec. 15, 2021 headline reads: Wuhan lab leak ‘is now the most likely origin of Covid because Beijing tried to cover it up’ and it is ‘reasonable to believe virus was engineered in China’, Harvard scientist tells MPs Daily Mail, Telegraph). Harvard scientist, Dr Alina Chan told the Science and Technology Select Committee (UK) that it is ‘reasonable’ to believe that Covid was genetically engineered in China. She also said that the Chinese Communist Party’s cover-up of the initial outbreak in Wuhan two years ago and attempts to sabotage the World Health Organisation’s inquiry into the origins of the pandemic made the lab-leak theory likely. Meanwhile the trial of another Harvard scientist/professor, Charles Lieber, the former chair of Harvard’s

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  57

Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. Planted story

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Russian collusion

The Post received the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for its revelatory examination of Russian interference in the 2016 election, possible links between the Trump campaign and Kremlin agents, and the U.S. response.

Steel dossier

Bensinger, Ken; Elder, Miriam; Schoofs, Mark (January 10, 2017). “These Reports Allege Trump Has Deep Ties To Russia”. BuzzFeed News.

Gaslighting

“Fox News has normalized a lie about the origins of the Russia investigation”, Aaron Rupar, Vox, Mar 22, 2019 “Fox News has normalized a lie about the origins of the Russia investigation”, Aaron Rupar, Vox, Mar 22, 2019 (Continued)

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Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. (Continued) Planted story

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Nicholas Sandman, ‘harassing’ a Native American elder, Nathan Phillips on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

The Detroit Free Press described the video as depicting “Phillips peacefully drumming and singing, while surrounded by a hostile crowd” and suggested that this “illustrates the nation’s political and racial tensions.” The Daily Beast’s story was filed under “AWFUL” and described the video as “disturbing.” Its first several paragraphs quote directly from Phillips. NPR asserted that the boys had mocked the Native American man. In story after story, news outlets claimed the Covington kids had shouted “build the wall.” Again, the sole source of this claim was Phillips.

Russian bounty on USA troops

The Washington Post is standing by a “Four Pinocchios” fact-check rating it gave thenPresident Donald Trump last year, even after U.S. intelligence backed away from reports that Russia placed bounties on the heads of American soldiers in Afghanistan.

Gaslighting

(Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  59

Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. (Continued) Planted story

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Gaslighting

Kyle Rittehnhouse, August, 2020 shooting incident

Biden, when he was a presidential candidate in September 2020, had tweeted that “there’s no other way to put it: the President of the United States refused to disavow white supremacists on the debate stage last night,” referring to President Donald Trump. The post, which includes a 50-second clip, refers to a question Fox News host Chris Wallace asked Trump during a presidential debate about whether he was willing “to condemn white supremacists and militia groups” in the wake of unrest in Kenosha, Wisconsin, and other American cities.

Corporate media spent well over a year vilifying Kyle Rittenhouse and pushing a false narrative. For months, corporate media outlets pushed the claim that Rittenhouse was a “vigilante,” “domestic terrorist” and “white supremacist” despite no evidence. While the media cultivated a fake narrative by capitalizing on tensions surrounding racism, Rittenhouse’s defense worked hard to present a case of self-defense. While the jury heard the evidence and made a decision to acquit Rittenhouse, many are claiming the verdict is a miscarriage of justice. House Judiciary Committee Chairman Rep. Jerry Nadler went so far as to say the acquittal sets a “dangerous precedent” and called for a review by the Department of Justice. Meanwhile, President Joe Biden said he is “angry” about the verdict while Democratic New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio said “to call this a miscarriage of justice is an understatement.” These statements are inflammatory and are based off of the misleading narrative pushed by the corporate media. (Continued)

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Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. (Continued) Planted story

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Gaslighting

Kids in cages, the poster child being: a little boy crying in a cage is being shared on social media as seemingly another heart-rending byproduct of the White House’s “zero tolerance” immigration policy, which separates undocumented parents and kids at the border.

Journalist and filmmaker Jose Antonio Vargas posted the photo last week on Twitter, saying: “This is what happens when a government believes people are ‘illegal’. Kids in cages.”

Other Facebook photos from the protest, organized by the Texas chapter of the Brown Berets de Cemanahuac, a Latino advocacy group, show the same boy outside the cage as activists hold signs urging the White House to “stop separating families.”

(Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  61

Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. (Continued) Planted story

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Trump is xenophobic, that’s why he is closing down flights from China

“We are in the midst of a crisis with the coronavirus,” Biden tweeted as a presidential candidate last year the day after Trump imposed travel restrictions from China into the United States in response to the spread of the coronavirus. “We need to lead the way with science — not Donald Trump’s record of hysteria, xenophobia, and fearmongering. He is the worst possible person to lead our country through a global health emergency.”

HCQ is dangerous. Mehra et al., 2020, Lancet article

WHO runs with the story and media has a field day mocking Trump and all the medical doctors who used HCQ to treat Covid patients. Rules didn’t change after Lancet’s fraudulent article was retracted and main players fired.

Gaslighting

(Continued)

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Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. (Continued) Planted story

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Gaslighting

Ivermectin is useless, it is a horse dewormer. Until now, this drug is not approved for treatment of COVID-19, even though numerous doctors a\have used it successfully and the following article confrims its ability to prevent death.

Amid ivermectin hysteria, QAnon supporter Veronica Wolski died of COVID-19.: Conspiracies helped kill her. Chicago Tribune; Chicago, Ill. [Chicago, Ill]. 14 Sep 2021: 8. Pharmacy’s were barred from dispensing Ivermectin

Momekov, Georgi, and Denitsa Momekova. “Ivermectin as a Potential COVID-19 Treatment from the Pharmacokinetic Point of View: Antiviral Levels Are Not Likely Attainable with Known Dosing Regimens.” Biotechnology, Biotechnological Equipment 34.1 (2020): 469-74. Web.

(Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  63

Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. (Continued) Planted story

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Gaslighting

Jussie Smollett, MAGA supporting homophobes orchestrated the attack

“@JussieSmollett is one of the kindest, most gentle human beings I know. I’m praying for his quick recovery. This was an attempted modern day lynching. No one should have to fear for their life because of their sexuality or color of their skin. We must confront this hate.” Kamala Harris, Jan. 29, 2019 “What happened today to @Jussie Smollet must never be tolerated in this country. We must stand up and demand that we no longer give this hate safe harbor; that homophobia and racism have no place on our streets or in our hearts. We are with you, Jessie.’ “ Joe Biden, 2019

CNN host Don Lemon, who had also come to Smollett’s defense, allegedly alerted his longtime friend shortly after the hoax attack that Chicago police didn’t believe his tale. NAACP Image Award nomination.

(Continued)

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Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. (Continued) Planted story Mark Meadows twits from January 6, 2021 After holding him in contempt of Congress, the truth comes out: BREAKING: January 6 Committee Admits It Doctored Text Message Between Meadows And Jordan

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Gaslighting Oops, he did it again. After leaking fake Donald Trump, Jr. emails, fabricating the transcript of a 2019 phone call between former President Donald Trump and Ukraine’s president, and lying about his interactions with the so-called whistleblower behind House Democrats’ first impeachment of Trump, Rep. Adam Schiff, D-Calif., is now running the same con against a fellow lawmaker. During a hearing Monday night on the riot at the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, Adam Schiff claimed to have proof that a member of Congress texted former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows to instruct former Vice President Mike Pence to overturn the 2020 presidential election results. Not only did Schiff misrepresent the substance of the text message and its source, he even doctored original text messages, which were obtained and reviewed by The Federalist in their entirety. (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  65

Table 1.1  Planted stories during Trump presidency. (Continued) Planted story

Ariel Sharon – man of peace

Trump is just vengeful that’s why he invented Huawei spying hysteria. Bubble bursted Dec. 2021 Chinese Spies Accused of Using Huawei in Secret Australia Telecom Hack Software update loaded with malicious code is key evidence in yearslong push to block Huawei, officials say By Jordan Robertson and Jamie Tarabay December 16, 2021, 7:00 PM AST

July 18, 2020 headline in the Guardian: Pressure from Trump led to 5G ban, Britain tells Huawei. ‘Geopolitical’ factors were behind the move, the company was told, with hints that the decision could be reversed in future, NPR, May 28, 2020. Op-ed: Trump’s campaign against Huawei, Chinese tech will backfire, CNBC, Sep. 9, 2020. EU hopes for ‘tech alliance’ with Biden after Trump Huawei 5G ban, Nikkei Asia, Jan. 12, 2021.

Gaslighting

66  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 department of chemistry and chemical biology, began the same day (December 15, 2021) in Boston federal court. Table 1.1 lists the planted stories perpetuated during the Trump era.

1.8.3 No Ordinary Liar Figure 1.7 shows the flailing trust in media. This survey being taken by a media outlet, the results are questionable and almost certain to be biased. Even then, the fact remains that public trust in media is collapsing. Ironically, it was all time low in 2016, when the media outlets projected Hillary Clinton as the winner with 92% certainty. Then came Trump’s designation of Fakenews that created a frenzy, although both rating and public trust increased somewhat. During Biden presidency, the rating of the liberal outlet collapsed while public trust dipped as well. the collapse is in sync with exposure of media lies. In the week of December 6, 2021, the following was reported: Relative to the prior week (Nov. 29), Fox shed -5% in average total primetime viewers and -2% in the primetime demo. Additionally, Fox News averaged more viewers than CNN and MSNBC combined for the 17th straight week. This is a telling statistics. Nielsen data shows that Fox held 44 percent of the cable news audience in total day viewership and 47 percent of audience share in total viewers in prime time in 2021, an increase from last year. The way the MSM and social media went after Trump is symbolic of how The Media Establishment has become intolerant of dissent. As Nobel laureate scientist, Kary Mullis once said, “It’s just like in political scandal, follow the money trail, figure out who is getting paid for this”. Beyond the Americans’ Trust in Mass Media Lowest Since 2016 In general, how much trust and confidence do you have in the mass media -- such as newspapers, TV and radio -- when it comes to reporting the news fully, accurately and fairly -- a great deal, a fair amount not very much or none at all? % Great deal/Fair amount 100 80 53

55

53

54 44

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40

40

32

41

45

60 41 40

36

40 20 0

1997

1999

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2003

2005

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Data from 1972, 1974 and 1976 not shown GALLUP

Figure 1.7  The collapsing of public trust in MSM.

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  67

Table 1.2  Trump’s FakeNews awards. Reporter

Organization

Story

Notes

1

Paul Krugman

The New York Times

Short op-ed by NYT columnist that predicted if markets would recover from Trump presidency, “first-pass answer is never”.

Krugman changed the claim three days later and wrote that the budget deficits under Trump might actually strengthen the economy. “Is there any good reason to believe that inflation hits low-income households especially hard?”, Dec. 11, 2021

2

Brian Ross

ABC News

Bungled report on former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.

ABC corrected the error after it pointed out, then suspended Ross for four weeks and reassigned him. The report also linked to a temporary drop of 350 points in the Dow Jones.

3

Manu Raju, Jeremy Herb

CNN

Report claiming Trump campaign had early access to hacked WikiLeaks documents.

The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and NBC News soon caught the error and CNN corrected it.

4

Zeke Miller

Time

A tweet claiming a bust of Martin Luther King Jr. had been removed from the Oval Office.

Correction issued after 40 minutes. Time issued an apology. (Continued)

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Table 1.2  Trump’s FakeNews awards. (Continued) Reporter

Organization

Story

Notes

5

Dave Weigel

The Washington Post

Tweet with misleading photo suggesting a rally for Trump in Pensacola was not ‘packed to the rafters.’

Photo was taken while the audience still entered the arena. Deleted after 20 minutes. Reporter issued an apology.

6

Veronica Rocha

CNN

CNN published a video giving the impression Trump carelessly overfed fish in a koi pond during a meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.

Full video showed that Trump was merely copying what Abe was doing; the report accompanying the video actually portrayed Trump’s actions in a positive light.

7

Thomas Frank

CNN

Report claiming then-White House Communications Director Anthony Scaramucci had ties to Russia.

Report later retracted. Three CNN staff members – Pulitzer-Prize nominee Thomas Frank; assistant managing editor Eric Lichtblau (who had recently joined from The New York Times and is a Pulitzer winner himself); and Lex Haris, the executive editor in charge of investigations – resigned. (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  69

Table 1.2  Trump’s FakeNews awards. (Continued) Reporter

Organization

Story

Notes

8

Chris Riotta

Newsweek

Article claiming Polish first lady Agata Kornhauser-Duda did not shake Trump’s hand.

Correction issued three hours after publication.

9

Gloria Borger, Eric Lichtblau, Jake Tapper, Brian Rokus

CNN

Report that former FBI director James Comey disputed Trump’s claim that he was told he was not under investigation.

CNN later corrected the story.

10

Lisa Friedman

The New York Times

Report that scientists were afraid of the Trump administration planning not to publish a climate-change study.

The study had actually been available to the public for seven months. The New York Times stated in a correction that the report “was uploaded to a nonprofit internet digital library in January but gained little attention until it published it”, though the Washington Post previously reported on the study. (Continued)

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Table 1.2  Trump’s FakeNews awards. (Continued) Reporter 11

Various

Organization

Story

Notes

Claims that the Trump campaign “colluded” with Russia.

The Special Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United hjujFDStates elections was not finished at the time and never investigated the claim of “collusion” but examined charges of “conspiracy”. It “never established that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities”.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  71 CIA operation of Project Mockingbird4, few realize that such operations are also used by so-called philanthropists. Table 1.2 shows various recipients of Trump’s Fakenews awards. The Trump era has exposed the hypocrisy and the sinister nature of the establishment cult (Pictures 1.32 and 1.33). §

Picture 1.32  The HSSA degradation before and after Trump era.

Picture 1.33  Evidence of the most logical conclusion that would elude everyone. Instead, Omicron would be replaced with more attack on unvaccinated ones. 4 §

Knowledge of Project Mockingbird was made public in June 2007 when the CIA declassified a 702-page document widely referred to as the Family Jewels (Pines, 2009). Later, the connection between Project Mockingbird with MSM, originally beginning with Washington Post.

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1.8.4 Fact-Checking – Another Crack at Disinformation Journalist Mark Hemingway predicted as much in a 2011 column, writing at the time that “the media seem oblivious to the distinction between verifying facts and passing judgment on opinions they personally find disagreeable.” Ten years later, Democrats and their media counterparts continue to hail PolitiFact, Washington Post and other “fact-checkers” as the country’s last defense against misinformation. With former President Trump out of office and President Biden at the helm, media fact-checkers vowed to cover his presidency with the same tenacity afforded to his predecessor. It was yet another lie. Fox News recently published 10 worst fact checks of 2021 (Halon, 2021). Here is the list. 1. MEDIA FACT CHECKERS CITED WUHAN LAB-LINKED SCIENTIST TO DISCREDIT THEORY Fact-checkers ‘suddenly’ flip on the Wuhan lab-leak theory. Glenn Kessler, who is tasked with determining the bounds of acceptable political realities for The Washington Post, was forced to walk back his position on the Wuhan coronavirus lab-leak theory in May, 2021 after declaring it “virtually impossible” in 2020. Kessler’s outlet reported in February 2020 that Sen. Tom Cotton, R-Ark., had “repeated a fringe theory suggesting that the ongoing spread of a coronavirus is connected to research in the disease-ravaged epicenter of Wuhan, China.” On April 30, 2020, the Washington Post published a fact-check video declaring it “doubtful” that the virus escaped from the nearby Wuhan Institute of Virology, known for its research on bat coronaviruses and lab safety concerns. The video included Peter Daszak, president of EcoHealth Alliance, flatly denying the virus could have emerged from the lab and praising the autocratic Chinese government as “incredibly open.” When Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, decried the outlet for concluding that the natural origin story was most likely, Kessler was quick with a retort, “I fear [Ted Cruz] missed the scientific animation in the video that shows how it is virtually impossible for this virus jump from the lab,” he wrote on Twitter. “Or the many interviews with actual scientists. We deal in facts, and viewers can judge for themselves.” Soon thereafter, reports emerged revealing that Daszak’s group had funded coronavirus research at the Wuhan lab through government grants, although Daszak had earlier claimed he had no conflicts of interest while strongly denying the lab-leak theory. More reports and evidence, such as researchers at the Wuhan lab becoming ill with COVID-like symptoms in late 2019, the Chinese government’s

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  73 known efforts to cover up the virus from the outset, a lack of evidence connecting it to the wet market originally considered the origin place, prior warnings by the State Department of inadequate safety measures at the Wuhan lab, and the virus’ astonishing transmissibility which could suggest laboratory manipulation, have given the theory new credence in 2021. Cruz, referencing the Washington Post’s “Pinocchio” scale for defining the severity of falsehoods, gave the Post four clown emojis for its “fact-checking” mishap. 2. USA TODAY FACT CHECKER SLAMMED FOR ‘PLAYING THE VICTIM’ AFTER FALSE REPORTING ON BIDEN’S WATCH BLUNDER Biden’s time check. USA Today issued a public correction in September on a “fact check” examining whether President Biden actually kept checking the time on his wrist during a dignified transfer ceremony, in honor of the 13 U.S. service members killed in a terrorist attack outside the Kabul airport. Daniel Funke authored the fact check to address the outrage among the families of the fallen, who alleged they witnessed Biden check his watch multiple times as caskets of their loved ones were rolled onto the tarmac at Dover Air Force Base. The fact check ruled their claim “partly false,” writing that the image of Biden that circulated on social media was real but that it does not “accurately summarize” what occurred. Instead, Funke argued that Biden had only checked his watch after the dignified transfer ceremony was over. Critics blasted USA Today for suggesting that the Gold Star families had lied. The next day, USA Today issued a correction. “Corrections & Clarifications: This story was updated Sept. 2 to note that Biden checked his watch multiple times at the dignified transfer event, including during the ceremony itself,” the correction read at the top of the report. “The rating on this claim has been changed from partly false to missing context.” Funke eventually expressed “regret” for the error, writing on Twitter that “Journalists and fact-checkers are human” and they occasionally make mistakes. 3. AXIOS DELETES TWEET FACT CHECKING KAMALA HARRIS Kamala Harris and the not-so-empty stockpile. Axios drew criticism in February after it deleted a tweet fact-checking Vice President Kamala Harris, who repeated the debunked claim that the

74  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Biden administration was “starting from scratch” with its coronavirus vaccine rollout. Harris insisted in an interview with Axios co-founder Mike Allen that the Trump administration. “In many ways, we’re starting from scratch on something that’s been raging for almost an entire year,” Harris said at the time. Axios shared that exchange but included a comment by White House chief medical adviser Dr. Anthony Fauci, disputing the claim. “We certainly are not starting from scratch because there is activity going on in the distribution,” Fauci said in an earlier press briefing. That Axios tweet, however, was later deleted, leading to questions among eagle-eyed Twitter users. Axios did reshare the clip of Harris’ exchange with Allen, but removed Fauci’s comments that contradict the vice president’s claim. 4. DANIEL DALE SLAMMED FOR REACTION TO FALSE IVERMECTIN STORY CNN blames conservatives for questioning false ivermectin story. CNN fact-checker Daniel Dale was slammed as “very obviously a rank partisan” for taking the “conservatives pounded” approach after multiple mainstream outlets were fooled by a false story that some Oklahoma hospitals were overwhelmed with patients having overdosed on the drug ivermectin. Dale penned a piece, “Fact-checking the misinformation about Oklahoma hospitals and ivermectin,” which admitted the viral story was a “poor piece of journalism.” But despite mildly criticizing the outlets who advanced the false story, the liberal reporter somehow managed to blame conservatives for jumping to conclusions that the bogus story was in fact bogus. While Dale was irked that conservatives “baselessly jumped to the conclusion that the doctor [quoted in the story] was a liar who had made the whole thing up,” it turned out that people who suspected something was fishy with Dr. Jason McElyea were correct. The story was later deemed false after the Northeastern Hospital System denied any patients were treated for overdoses from the drug and that McElyea hadn’t actually worked at one of the hospitals in question for two months. 5. COLLAPSED LAFAYETTE NARRATIVE IS JUST ANO­ THER FACT CHECK GONE WRONG The collapse of the Lafayette Square narrative.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  75 The left-leaning media narrative with CNN fact-checker approval went belly-up again in June when an Inspector General report found former President Donald Trump did not have Lafayette Square forcefully cleared of protesters, so he could pose in front of a church last year. When the former president walked from the White House through Lafayette Square to visit a riot-torched St. John’s Church, protestors had already been cleared from the area. Many journalists concluded Trump had been the one to order the protestors out. But an investigation released by the Interior Department Inspector General Mark Lee Greenblatt said U.S. Park Police and the U.S. Secret Service deemed it necessary to remove protestors from the park on June 1, 2020, in order to install anti-scale fencing. At the time, there were numerous examples of media figures pushing the story that Trump demanded protesters to be cleared, including CNN’s Dale, who stated in February that “they cleared peaceful protesters out of the way for a Trump photo-op” and anything to the contrary was false. Critics said they were not surprised that another CNN fact check had “gone down in flames,” due to Dale’s “diminishing credibility.” CNN’s Jim Acosta, now the network’s “domestic correspondent” after leaving the White House beat when Biden took office, suggested the Inspector General report was tainted by pro-Trump political bias. 6. HUFFPOST SLAMMED AS ‘PROPAGANDA,’ ‘STUPID LIARS’ FOR CLAIMING REPUBLICANS ‘ENGAGED IN COURT PACKING’ HuffPost called ‘stupid liars’ after accusing Cruz of lying about courtpacking. The Huffington Post was savaged in April as “stupid liars” for claiming Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, had lied about Republicans never engaging in so-called “court-packing” when they controlled the White House and Congress. Indeed, Republicans during the Trump administration did not expand the size of the Supreme Court – which is set at its current total of nine by the Judiciary Act of 1869 – while in power. But the left-wing site published a video calling Cruz a “master gaslighter” and tweeted he had told his “biggest lie yet” when he made his remark. “We had a Republican president, a Republican Senate, and a Republican House,” Cruz said. “We didn’t do this. We could have ... You didn’t see

76  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Republicans when we had control of the Senate try to rig the game. You didn’t see us try to pack the Court.” In its fact-check video, HuffPost bitterly noted President Trump filled three vacancies on the Supreme Court during his tenure, and Republicans filled hundreds of federal judge openings. None of that constituted court-packing by expanding the size of the Supreme Court, which some Democrats like Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., are proposing to offset its current 6-3 conservative majority. 7. POLITIFACT DECLARES CLAIM BIDEN, HARRIS DIS­ TRUSTED VACCINE ‘FALSE’ DESPITE PAST RHETORIC PolitiFact was accused of shielding President Biden and Vice President Harris from criticism over their past rhetoric expressing distrust in the coronavirus vaccine during the Trump administration. While the Biden administration aggressively pushed Americans to get the vaccine this summer, social media users resurfaced comments made during the 2020 election cycle by the then-Democratic ticket that cast doubt in a vaccine developed under Trump. Biden repeatedly indicated only if there was enough “transparency” would he take the vaccine and that the “American people should not have confidence” in the vaccine developed by the Trump administration if his concerns weren’t addressed. Harris was heard during a CNN interview that getting a vaccine that’s approved by the Trump administration would be “an issue for all of us” and “if Donald Trump tells us that we should take it, I’m not taking it” during the vice presidential debate. Still, PolitiFact issued a so-called “fact-check” with the headline “Biden, Harris distrusted Trump with COVID-19 vaccines, not the vaccines themselves,” insisting that the clips used in the video were “selectively edited to take the statements out of context.” 8. MEDIA PUSHED FALSE JACOB BLAKE NARRATIVE THAT HE WAS UNARMED In August, 2021, police shot a Black man named Jacob Blake in Kenosha, Wis., while trying to arrest him after a domestic incident, leading to violent uprisings and protests in the city. The media widely reported he was unarmed, including in a USA Today fact-check declaring the notion he brandished a knife before the shooting “false.”

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  77 He later admitted in a January ABC News interview, however, that he dropped a pocket knife and picked it up as he returned to his car, where he was shot in the back. That confirmed what prosecutors said a week earlier about Blake being armed with a “razor blade-type knife” as they elected not to charge officers in the shooting. The Justice Department said it will not charge Kenosha police Officer Rusten Sheskey in the shooting of Jacob Blake. USA Today added an editor’s note with the new information but did not change its rating, saying, “ratings are based on what is known at the time. When this statement was made in August 2020, it was not clear what Blake was holding or when, given the grainy cell phone video and lack of detail released by police.” 9. NPR GIVES KESSLER 8 MINUTES TO DEFEND PIECE ON SEN. TIM SCOTT’S ANCESTORS The Washington Post shocked readers in May for publishing a “hit job” on Sen. Tim Scott, R-S.C., questioning his family history of going from a childhood picking cotton to the halls of Congress after Scott delivered the Republican Party’s response to Biden’s speech to a joint session of Congress. Kessler penned a lengthy piece examining the “origin stories” of comments Scott has made about being an ancestor of slaves. Scott has said his grandfather dropped out of elementary school to pick cotton, so the liberal newspaper enlisted its fact-checker to get to the bottom of the claim. “The tale of his grandfather fits in with a narrative of Scott moving up from humble circumstances to reach a position of political power in the U.S. Senate,” Kessler wrote. “But Scott separately has acknowledged that his great-great-grandfather, Lawrence Ware, once owned 900 acres in South Carolina.” Kessler then declared he “dug into the South Carolina census records” to “close this gap in Scott’s narrative” despite admitting “census data is historically questionable at best — and at times unreliable,” concluding, “Our research reveals a more complex story than what Scott tells audiences.” Kessler then dove into a longwinded tale of Scott’s ancestors using the aforementioned “unreliable data.” The article ignited a firestorm on Twitter. Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley called the article “shameful,” while others said it represents “everything wrong with the fact-checking industry” and demanded Kessler apologize to the GOP senator. Kessler claimed his critics “twisted” the article to make it sound more sinister.

78  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 10. KYLE RITTENHOUSE’S GUN CHARGE PolitiFact was roasted in November for a poorly aged “fact-check” claiming Kyle Rittenhouse’s firearm possession was illegal. Judge Bruce Schroeder tossed the sixth charge against the 18-year-old for having a dangerous weapon as a minor after prosecutors conceded Rittenhouse’s rifle was not short-barreled as the law has a carve-out for such weapons. Politifact appeared to assert otherwise after a claim made by a random Facebook user on Aug. 27, 2020, who wrote, “Carrying a rifle across state lines is perfectly legal,” adding “Based on the laws I can find of this area at 17 years old Kyle was perfectly legal to be able to possess that rifle without parental supervision.” “Is that true? State laws suggest not,” PolitiFact’s Daniel Funke, now with USA Today, wrote at the time. Critics railed against PolitiFact for publishing false information in the wake of the shootings. “This fact check was always wrong, but now that the weapons charge has been dropped it’s officially PANTS ON FIRE,” Mark Hemingway reacted. According to the article, the Facebook post was flagged to PolitiFact “as part of Facebook’s efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed.” Facebook has since admitted its fact-checking labels are based merely on “opinion,” which it says makes it immune from defamation lawsuits, according to the New York Post. Suddenly, ‘facts’ that were used to ban numerous scientists and even the president of the ‘most powerful nation in history’ are now just opinions. Why such a sudden change? Because this way court will not allow litigation against Facebook. The following letter from BJM editors highlight this forgery of Facebook. See Table 1.3. 1. ‘Inflation is Good for You’ As the rise in inflation began affecting Americans everyday lives’ this year, The Intercept told its readers in November that they should welcome it. “That’s because inflation is often good for most of us, but it’s terrible for the kinds of people who own corporate news outlets — or, say, founded coal firms,” author Jon Schwarz wrote. “And a panic about inflation usefully creates the conditions to weaken the power of working people.” The Intercept’s take turned out to be one of several more examples to come of the liberal media downplaying the economic crises. LIBERAL MEDIA ROUTINELY DOWNPLAY INFLATION OR TURN IT INTO A POSITIVE: ‘SLASH YOUR SHOPPING BURDEN’

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  79 Table 1.3  Facebook disinformation. COVID-19: Researcher blows the whistle on data integrity issues in Pfizer’s vaccine trial BMJ 2021; 375 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2635 (Published 02 November 2021) Cite this as: BMJ 2021;375:n2635 Open letter from The BMJ to Mark Zuckerberg Dear Mark Zuckerberg, We are Fiona Godlee and Kamran Abbasi, editors of The BMJ, one of the world’s oldest and most influential general medical journals. We are writing to raise serious concerns about the “fact checking” being undertaken by third party providers on behalf of Facebook/Meta. In September, a former employee of Ventavia, a contract research company helping carry out the main Pfizer covid-19 vaccine trial, began providing The BMJ with dozens of internal company documents, photos, audio recordings, and emails. These materials revealed a host of poor clinical trial research practices occurring at Ventavia that could impact data integrity and patient safety. We also discovered that, despite receiving a direct complaint about these problems over a year ago, the FDA did not inspect Ventavia’s trial sites. The BMJ commissioned an investigative reporter to write up the story for our journal. The article was published on 2 November, following legal review, external peer review and subject to The BMJ’s usual high level editorial oversight and review [1]. But from November 10, readers began reporting a variety of problems when trying to share our article. Some reported being unable to share it. Many others reported having their posts flagged with a warning about “Missing context ... Independent fact-checkers say this information could mislead people.” Those trying to post the article were informed by Facebook that people who repeatedly share “false information” might have their posts moved lower in Facebook’s News Feed. Group administrators where the article was shared received messages from Facebook informing them that such posts were “partly false.” Readers were directed to a “fact check” performed by a Facebook contractor named Lead Stories [2]. We find the “fact check” performed by Lead Stories to be inaccurate, incompetent and irresponsible. -- It fails to provide any assertions of fact that The BMJ article got wrong -- It has a nonsensical title: “Fact Check: The British Medical Journal Did NOT Reveal Disqualifying And Ignored Reports Of Flaws In Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine Trials” (Continued)

80  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 1.3  Facebook disinformation. (Continued) -- The first paragraph inaccurately labels The BMJ a “news blog” -- It contains a screenshot of our article with a stamp over it stating “Flaws Reviewed,” despite the Lead Stories article not identifying anything false or untrue in The BMJ article -- It published the story on its website under a URL that contains the phrase “hoax-alert” We have contacted Lead Stories, but they refuse to change anything about their article or actions that have led to Facebook flagging our article. We have also contacted Facebook directly, requesting immediate removal of the “fact checking” label and any link to the Lead Stories article, thereby allowing our readers to freely share the article on your platform. There is also a wider concern that we wish to raise. We are aware that The BMJ is not the only high quality information provider to have been affected by the incompetence of Meta’s fact checking regime. To give one other example, we would highlight the treatment by Instagram (also owned by Meta) of Cochrane, the international provider of high quality systematic reviews of the medical evidence [3]. Rather than investing a proportion of Meta’s substantial profits to help ensure the accuracy of medical information shared through social media, you have apparently delegated responsibility to people incompetent in carrying out this crucial task. Fact checking has been a staple of good journalism for decades. What has happened in this instance should be of concern to anyone who values and relies on sources such as The BMJ. We hope you will act swiftly: specifically to correct the error relating to The BMJ’s article and to review the processes that led to the error; and generally to reconsider your investment in and approach to fact checking overall. Best wishes, Fiona Godlee, editor in chief Kamran Abbasi, incoming editor in chief The BMJ Competing interests: As current and incoming editors in chief, we are responsible for everything The BMJ contains. References: [1] Thacker PD. COVID-19: Researcher blows the whistle on data integrity issues in Pfizer’s vaccine trial. BMJ. 2021 Nov 2;375:n2635. doi: 10.1136/ bmj.n2635. PMID: 34728500. https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj. n2635 (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  81 Table 1.3  Facebook disinformation. (Continued) [2] Miller D. Fact Check: The British Medical Journal Did NOT Reveal Disqualifying And Ignored Reports Of Flaws In Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine Trials. Nov 10, 2021. ​​https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2021/11/ fact-check-british-medical-jo... [3] https://twitter.com/cochranecollab/status/1458439812357185536 Competing interests: As current and incoming editors in chief, we are responsible for everything The BMJ contains.

Picture 1.34 shows the level of arrogance and sinister scheme perpetuated by Facebook.

Picture 1.34  BJM now is spreading disinformation, Facebook want you to believe that Recently, FoxNews put out the following headlines, concocted by the MSM that defies even the standard of satirical magazines, such as Babylon Bee.

2. ‘Maybe Christmas Shortages are a Gift’ Yahoo Finance senior columnist Rick Newman claimed inflation was a great time to consider embracing a less burdensome Christmas shopping experience. “Save money, time and aggravation by exploiting the pandemic shortages to slash your shopping burden,” he wrote, advocating for a permanent “partial Christmas.” The tradition of hanging stockings reportedly comes from a legend about Saint Nicholas.

82  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The tradition of hanging stockings reportedly comes from a legend about Saint Nicholas (iStock). “Maybe Partial Christmas is more like real Christmas than the Excessive version,” he concluded. “Gutsy parents have a chance to find out.” 3. ‘China Basks in COVID Vindication as Omicron Closes Borders’ Bloomberg published a piece this month that claimed, without satire, China was “vindicated” by omicron, the latest recorded strain of the coronavirus. China’s containment methods had worked because it did not appear to be as affected by omicron as other nations, the piece argued. “The emergence of a new coronavirus variant has provided some vindication for China’s Covid Zero approach, which has kept strict border controls in place since the start of the pandemic,” according to the authors. “While other places pivot to living alongside the virus, China has prioritized weeding out every last infection, saying the health of the population is its main priority – and economic benefits will follow,” they later added. Social media users accused the outlet of parroting Chinese Communist Party talking points. “Two years into the pandemic and major media outlets are still willingly pushing CCP narratives,” tweeted the Washington Examiner’s Jerry Dunleavy. Peter Daszak and Thea Fischer, members of the World Health Organization (WHO), sit in a car outside the Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, Feb. 3, 2021. Peter Daszak and Thea Fischer, members of the World Health Organization (WHO), sit in a car outside the Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, Feb. 3, 2021 (Reuters). 4. ‘Waukesha will hold a moment of silence today, marking one week since a car drove through a city Christmas parade, killing six people and injuring scores of others’ CNN infuriated readers when it tweeted a headline that appeared to suggest an SUV drove itself into a crowd of people at a Wisconsin town’s Christmas parade and killed six people. A more fitting headline, critics told the outlet, would have included the alleged culprit, a career criminal. “Well, how about that? Autonomous cars seem to be running amok,” legal scholar and McCormick professor Robert P. George wrote. “Evidently, one got it into its head to kill and maim a bunch of humans, so it ‘drove through a Christmas parade, killing six people and injuring scores of others.’ We should punish that car to teach others a lesson.”

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  83 “A ‘car’ did this? Not a human being with intent to kill and maim and being held on $5 million bail?” California congressional candidate Buzz Patterson agreed. “You guys are a joke.” The headline now reads, “Waukesha held a moment of silence Sunday, one week after a man plowed a vehicle through a Christmas parade.” Waukesha, Wisconsin, parade tragedy defendant Darrell Brooks Jr., center, is seen in a Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, courtroom. Waukesha, Wisconsin, parade tragedy defendant Darrell Brooks Jr., center, is seen in a Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, courtroom (Reuters). The CNN tweet gave the Babylon Bee plenty of material to work with last month. “FBI To Place All SUVs On Terror Watchlist,” one of its more popular headlines mocked. But editor Joel Berry stopped short of concluding that CNN’s message was borne out of a “conspiracy theory,” instead suggesting its narrative had been driven by a natural desire to not publish anything that would implicate itself. “I’ve always seen that as what happened in Waukesha really the media having blood on their hands,” he said. “The way they characterized it. Of course they’re going to bury it. They’re not going to run stories that implicate themselves and what they’ve done to journalism. And the reputation of media and journalism.” “I don’t know if they got in a room and said, ‘OK, how do we bury this story,’” Berry later mused. “I think it’s almost just like a natural thing. It’s like, OK I don’t really want to talk about this because this kind of makes me feel uncomfortable.” LIBERAL COLUMNIST CLAIMS BIDEN GETS WORSE COVERAGE THAN TRUMP, MEDIA NEEDS TO DO SOME ‘SOUL-SEARCHING’ 5. ‘The media treats Biden as badly as - or worse than - Trump. Here’s proof ’ Washington Post columnist Dana Milbank published what he called “proof ” that President Biden has often received worse media coverage than former President Trump. He cited research from Forge.ai, a data analytics unit of the information company FiscalNote. The study used algorithms focused on adjectives and their placement in articles – more than 200,000 of them – to rate the coverage Biden received in the first 11 months of 2021 and the coverage Trump got in the first 11 months of 2020. Biden was often on the worse end of the stick when it came press coverage in the past four months, the findings purported to find. The study was referred to as “sentiment analysis.”

84  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The author used the study as proof the media should engage in some “soul-searching” before considering what they’re telling their audiences. “What’s actually interesting is you would think there’d be a corresponding effect, the left-wing media would be more favorable to Biden. But it doesn’t actually happen,” Milbank said while doubling down on his op-ed on CNN. “The left-wing media is tough on him. He’s too progressive. He’s not progressive enough.” Milbank admitted he only “somewhat” trusted in the study’s findings. But he defended his reliance on the data, saying, “It’s better than having no numbers at all.” The study’s methodology came under withering criticism, with pollster Nate Silver calling it “complete crap.” Critics noted some stories in the study didn’t even address Biden, and that words like “high” and “rise” were correlated with positivity, creating a misleading picture when taken out of context. 6. ‘Is math racist? As many students of color struggle with the subject, schools are altering instruction — sometimes amid intense debate.’ USA Today provided an 11th-hour entry for 2021 on Dec. 9 when it asked, “Is math racist?” The authors focused on “bolder recommendations to make math more inclusive.” “No, math is not racist. Major venues like @USATODAY even asking this question is a sign of cultural sickness. Racial disparities can be addressed (in part) by using the best evidence-based pedagogical practices that enable student learning. Please stop suggesting math is racist,” Portland State University professor Peter Boghossian wrote. Following backlash, the outlet changed the title to, “Is math education racist? Debate rages over changes to how US teaches the subject.” A December report from McKinsey & Company estimated that students fell behind an average of three months on math and one and a half months on reading. However, students of color fell behind even more, the report found. A December report from McKinsey & Company estimated that students fell behind an average of three months on math and one and a half months on reading. However, students of color fell behind even more, the report found. (iStock) Berry said the Babylon Bee’s most engaging stories of the past year were about Biden’s botched withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan. Most of the media appeared to agree, knocking the president for the foreign policy blunder, which left Afghanistan vulnerable to a Taliban takeover.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  85 “Trump Sneaks Back On Twitter By Disguising Self As Taliban Spokesperson” and “CNN Praises Taliban For Wearing Masks During Attack” were two of the Bee’s wildly popular examples. The latter was even subject to fact checks after it was widely shared by social media users. Yet the criticism of Biden’s Afghanistan debacle, it turned out, wasn’t unanimous. 7. ‘The Media Manufactured Biden’s Political ‘Fiasco’ in Afghanistan’ New York Magazine’s Intelligencer writer Eric Levitz credited Biden for overseeing an exit from the embattled country that came with “relatively little chaos and tragedy.” He couldn’t fathom why so many other outlets thought otherwise. “In other words, Joe Biden’s withdrawal from Afghanistan has been a ‘disastrous’ and ‘humiliating’ ‘fiasco,’ in the words of the mainstream media’s ostensibly objective foreign-policy journalists,” Levitz wrote. “Yet this political fiasco is not a development that the media covered so much as one that it created.”

1.8.5 Trump’s War on Big Pharma Trump’s fight with media was in part fueled by the media support of the Big Pharma agenda. Trump was repeated called anti-science for his attacks on Big Pharma by the liberal media who remained silent against Bernie Sanders who was even more vocal about Big Pharma greed. Interestingly, Trump’s solutions to Big Pharma greed were starkly opposite to the liberal solutions. For instance, to curtail corporate profiteering by breaking monopoly of both drug companies and insurance companies. The liberal agenda, on the other hand, claims to curtail the greed by monopolizing both these sectors, giving the monopoly to the government. For Trump, governments represent the Establishment’s political arm. Trump calls the liberal solution much discredited socialism. That stance of Trump antagonizes all branches of the Establishment. The contempt of the Big pharma was evident throughout Trump presidency, but became bitter toward the end of the presidency. On December 20, 2020, Trump announced programs to lower drug prices. During that period, big Pharma the 2020 election cycle attacks big Pharma, announces programs to lower drug prices. He also announced an end to the unapproved drugs initiative, which allegedly created artificial monopolies for some older drugs. Trump argued that his administration would prevent exorbitant raises in drug prices and possibly save Americans billions of dollars. Trump also took the time to attack Big Pharma and “their army of lawyers, lobbyists, and bought-and-paid-for

86  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 politicians.” “Big Pharma ran millions of dollars of negative advertisements against me during the campaign, which I won by the way, but you know, you’ll find that out -- almost 74 million votes,” said Mr. Trump during the briefing on December 20, 2020. Trump alleged that Pfizer and others developing coronavirus vaccines retaliated against the administrations’ policy changes by delaying the vaccine rollout, ultimately impacting the election. Practically all media outlets castigated Trump for this move and held out hope that the incoming Biden administration would reject the drug cost reduction measures. December 23, 2020, a federal judge blocked a last-minute Trump administration rule aimed at lowering drug prices as of January 1, 2021. The rule, scheduled to take effect on Jan. 1, would have tied reimbursements for 50 drugs by Medicare, a U.S. government insurance program, to the lowest prices paid by certain other countries. U.S. District Judge Catherine Blake in Maryland ruled that the administration had rushed the rule without giving the public a chance to comment, in violation of federal law. The decision is a victory for PhRMA, the nation’s leading pharmaceutical industry trade group, which had filed a lawsuit challenging “most favored nation” rule, arguing it would result in Medicare patients losing access to vital care. The group said that it welcomed Blake’s decision. Within mere 10 days of Biden presidency, a freeze by the new administration on Trump-era regulations was in effect. These rules aimed at lowering drug prices, including one dealing with insulin and EpiPens for under-served patients. The Department of Health and Human Services issued a flurry of regulations that sought to address high drug prices, one of Americans’ chief health care complaints, in the waning days of former President Donald Trump’s term. They stemmed from a set of executive orders Trump signed in July and September of 2020. Also, The Department of Health and Human Services agreed to push back the implementation of Trump’s rebate rule until 2023. The regulation would effectively ban drug makers from providing rebates to pharmacy benefit managers and insurers -- a radical change in the way many drugs are priced and paid for in Medicare and Medicaid. That had been the status quo in the Pharmaceutical industry. The agency also froze a Trump rule requiring Federally Qualified Health Centers, which provide primary care services to underserved communities, to pass along discounts they receive on insulin and EpiPens to their patients. Trump officials had said the rule would increase access to these medications among the 28 million people who visit the centers annually, over 6 million of whom are uninsured. Community health centers opposed the rule.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  87 In July, 2021, Joe Biden responded to the Call to Reverse Course on Trump Proposal Barring March-In Rights on Federally Funded Drugs. His executive orders directed the Secretary of Commerce to “consider not finalizing any provisions on march-in rights and product pricing in the proposed rule ‘Rights to Federally Funded Inventions and Licensing of Government Owned Inventions.”5 Among other things, the proposed rule President Biden sought to set aside would limit the federal government’s ability to invoke march-in rights under the Bayh-Dole Act and seize control of the patents of drugs developed with federally funded research based on “high” prices. ¶

Medicare prices has been temporarily+ Trump attacks big Pharma, announces programs to lower drug ... https://www.cbsnews.com › news › trump-attacks-big-p... Nov 20, 2020 — This is the final 2020 edition of the CBS News Trail Markers — much thanks to the CBS News teams who contributed and to you for reading. Trump Signs Executive Orders On Drug Prices - NPR

https://www.npr.org › 2020/07/24 › trump-signs-executiv... Jul 24, 2020 — The president says the actions will lower drug prices, but policy experts say they will likely offer patients only minimal relief and may ... Big Pharma delivers counteroffer to Trump’s drug pricing order ...

https://www.healio.com › news › rheumatology › big-pha... Sept 4, 2020 — On July 24, President Donald Trump signed four executive orders intended to curb skyrocketing drug prices in the United States — notable ... Fact-check: Did Trump lower drug prices? - NBC News

https://www.nbcnews.com › live-blog › ncrd1241478 Sept 29, 2020 — Coverage and fact check of the first presidential debate of the 2020 election. President Trump and Democratic nominee Joe Biden face off, ... (Continued)

5 ¶

President Biden issued on July 9, 2021 a sweeping Executive Order containing 72 initiatives to address competition concerns in a number of industries, including pharmaceuticals, biotech, and healthcare.

88  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Too Little, Too Late: Trump’s Prescription Drug Executive ... https://www.americanprogress.org › article › little-late-t... Oct 15, 2020 — President Trump’s recent executive order is nothing but a distraction from his record of inaction on lowering drug prices. Trump signs new, expanded executive order to lower US drug ... https://www.reuters.com › article › usa-trump-pharmace... Sept 15, 2020 — President Donald Trump signed a new executive order on Sunday aimed at lowering drug prices in the United States by linking them to those of ... Trump unveils controversial drug price rules in a last-ditch ... https://www.cnn.com › 2020/11/20 › politics › trump-unv... Nov 20, 2020 — President Donald Trump unveiled two controversial rules on Friday aimed at reducing drug prices -- a last-ditch effort to fulfill a key 2016 ... Big Pharma won’t like Trump move after rebate rule ... - CNBC https://www.cnbc.com › 2019/07/11 › big-pharma-won... Jul 11, 2019 — Another way President Trump could make a push to lower drug prices is with a proposal announced last year that would allow Medicare to ... What Joe Biden could do to bring down drug costs - Vox https://www.vox.com › policy-and-politics › 2020/12 Dec 7, 2020 — Pharma is having its best moment in years. What does it mean for Biden’s health care agenda? Fierce Pharma Politics—Judge blocks Trump’s ‘most favored ... https://www.fiercepharma.com › pharma › fierce-phar... Jan 4, 2021 — On the drug pricing front, a major effort by the Trump administration to cut

1.9 Funding the Big Lies A recent report shows that The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) has funded hundreds of media organisations to the tune of almost $319 million in several countries, according to more than 30,000 grants examined by American news website MintPress News. The recipients include CNN, NBC, NPR, PBS, The Atlantic, BBC, The Guardian, The Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, Le Monde, Der Spiegel, El País and Al Jazeera.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  89 Christened as ‘Saint Bill’ by The Guardian in 2003 after he gave £100 million to fight malaria in Africa, the Microsoft cofounder’s top five media beneficiaries are NPR $24,663,066, The Guardian (including TheGuardian. org) $12,951,391, Cascade Public Media $10,895,016, Public Radio International (PRI.org/TheWorld.org) $7,719,113 and The Conversation $6,664,271. After sorting through over 30,000 individual grants, MintPress revealed that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) has made over $300 million worth of donations to fund media projects. Recipients of this cash include many of America’s most important news outlets, including CNN, NBC, NPR, PBS and The Atlantic. Gates also sponsors a myriad of influential foreign organizations, including the BBC, The Guardian, The Financial Times and The Daily Telegraph in the United Kingdom; prominent European newspapers such as Le Monde (France), Der Spiegel (Germany) and El País (Spain); as well as big global broadcasters like Al-Jazeera. The Gates Foundation money going towards media programs has been split up into a number of sections, presented in descending numerical order (Table 1.4). “Given that Bill is one of the charter schools’ most fervent supporters, a cynic might interpret this as planting pro-corporate charter school propaganda into the media, disguised as objective news reporting.” Macleod wrote. Besides, the Foundation also donated around $63 million to charities closely aligned with media giants, including nearly $53 million to BBC Media Action, more than $9 million to MTV’s Staying Alive Foundation and $1 million to The New York Times Neediest Causes Fund. The BMGF “continues to underwrite a wide network of investigative journalism centres as well totalling more than $38 million, more than half of which has gone to the D.C.-based International Center for Journalists to expand and develop African media”. These centres include International Center for Journalists $20,436,938, Premium Times Centre for Investigative Journalism (Nigeria) $3,800,357 and The Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting $2,432,552. The Foundation had also donated press and journalism associations with cash to the tune of, at least, $12 million—the National Newspaper Publishers Association, a group representing more than 200 outlets, has received $3.2 million. The list of these organisations includes Edu­ cation Writers Association $5,938,475, National Newspaper Publishers Association $3,249,176 and National Press Foundation $1,916,172, bringing the running total up to $216.4 million.

90  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 1.4  BMGF awards directly to media outlets. NPR-

$24,663,066

The Guardian (including TheGuardian.org)-

$12,951,391

Cascade Public Media –

$10,895,016

Public Radio International (PRI.org/TheWorld.org)

$7,719,113

The Conversation

$6,664,271

Univision

$5,924,043

Der Spiegel (Germany)

$5,437,294

Project Syndicate

$5,280,186

Education Week –

$4,898, 240

WETA

$4,529,400

NBCUniversal Media

$4,373,500

Nation Media Group (Kenya)

$4,073,194

Le Monde (France)

$4,014,512

Bhekisisa (South Africa)

$3,990,182

El País –

$3,968,184

BBC-

$3,668,657

CNN

$3,600,000

KCET

$3,520,703

Population Communications International (population.org)

$3,500,000

The Daily Telegraph

$3,446,801

Chalkbeat

$2,672,491

The Education Post-

$2,639,193

Rockhopper Productions (U.K.)

$2,480,392

Corporation for Public Broadcasting

$2,430,949

UpWorthy

$2,339,023 (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  91 Table 1.4  BMGF awards directly to media outlets. (Continued) Financial Times

$2,309,845

The 74 Media

$2,275,344

Texas Tribune

$2,317,163

Punch (Nigeria)

$2,175,675

News Deeply

$1,612,122

The Atlantic

$1,403,453

Minnesota Public Radio

$1,290,898

YR Media

$1,125,000

The New Humanitarian

$1,046,457

Sheger FM (Ethiopia)

$1,004,600

Al-Jazeera

$1,000,000

ProPublica

$1,000,000

Crosscut Public Media

$810,000

Grist Magazine

$750,000

Kurzgesagt

$570,000

Educational Broadcasting Corp

$506,504

Classical 98.1

$500,000

PBS

$499,997

Gannett

$499,651

Mail and Guardian (South Africa)

$492,974

Inside Higher Ed.

$439,910

BusinessDay (Nigeria)

$416,900

Medium.com

$412,000

Nutopia

$350,000

Independent Television Broadcasting Inc.

$300,000 (Continued)

92  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 1.4  BMGF awards directly to media outlets. (Continued) Independent Television Service Inc.

$300,000

Caixin Media (China)

$250,000

Pacific News Service

$225,000

National Journal

$220,638

Chronicle of Higher Education

$149,994

Belle and WissellCo.

$100,000

Media Trust –

$100,000

New York Public Radio

$77,290

KUOW – Puget Sound Public Radio

$5,310

According to Macleod, the BMGF also provides grants to “directly train journalists all over the world in the form of scholarships, courses and workshops”. The Foundation’s grants pertaining to the instruction of journalists include Johns Hopkins University $1,866,408, Teachers College, Columbia University $1,462,500 and University of California Berkeley $767,800. “The BMGF also pays for a wide range of specific media campaigns around the world. For example, since 2014 it has donated $5.7 million to the Population Foundation of India in order to create dramas that promote sexual and reproductive health with the intent to increase family planning methods in South Asia,” MintPress further reported, adding that the Foundation donated more than “$3.5 million to a Senegalese organisation to develop radio shows and online content that would feature health information”. “Only donations to press organisations themselves or projects that could be identified from the information on the Gates Foundation’s website as media campaigns were counted, meaning that thousands of grants having some media element do not appear in this list,” Macleod wrote. The Foundation paid more than $6 billion to ViacomCBS—which controls CBS News, MTV, VH1, Nickelodeon, and BET—to “insert information and PSAs into its programming and that Gates had intervened to change storylines in popular shows like ER and Law & Order: SVU”.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  93 However, BMGF’s grants database doesn’t contain the name of ViacomCBS and described the project as a “public engagement campaign aimed at improving high school graduation rates and postsecondary completion rates specifically aimed at parents and students”. Tim Schwab, an investigative journalist who has scrutinised Gates, told MintPress: “For a tax-privileged charity that so very often trumpets the importance of transparency, it’s remarkable how intensely secretive the Gates Foundation is about its financial flows.” Earlier this year, Schwab had refused to co-report on a story about COVAX for The Bureau of Investigative Journalism “suspecting that the money Gates had been donating to the outlet would make it impossible to accurately report on a subject so close to Gates’s heart”. As expected, the article, which was published last month, “repeated the assertion that Gates had little to do with COVAX’s failure”. “I don’t believe Gates told The Bureau of Investigative Journalism what to write. I think the bureau implicitly, if subconsciously, knew they had to find a way to tell this story that didn’t target their funder. The biasing effects of financial conflicts are complex but very real and reliable,” Schwab said. He described it as “a case study in the perils of Gates-funded journalism”. According to Macleod, “despite flying more under the radar, Gates and his companies have amassed considerable influence in media”. The Seattle Times wrote in 2011: “The Foundation’s grants to media organisations… raise obvious conflict-of-interest questions: How can reporting be unbiased when a major player holds the purse strings?”. Interestingly, the newspaper later accepted the Foundation’s money to fund its “education lab” section. Schwab discovered that two columnists of The New York Times columnists were effusive in their praises for the Foundation for years without revealing that they also work for Solutions Journalism Network, which received more than $7 million from his charity. Critics have said that billionaire philanthropists often control society by setting the public agenda with their cash. “Philanthropy can and is being used deliberately to divert attention away from different forms of economic exploitation that underpin global inequality today,” said Linsey McGoey, professor of sociology, University of Essex, UK, and author of No Such Thing as a Free Gift: The Gates Foundation and the Price of Philanthropy (Figure 1.8). Thankfully, the propaganda isn’t working and the public trust in establishment rarrative is plummeting (Picture 1.35).

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Figure 1.8  You should be able to discern between prophet and profiteers – just as a starter.

Picture 1.35  Lack of public trust in government is only matched by the lack of trust in MSM and Social Media overlords.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  95

1.10 Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter prepares the readership to think logically. It shows, healing can’t start with a false start and whatever being put out in MSM or mainstream social platforms are deliberate lies. Arguments are made so a reader knows whom to trust and how to tell who is lying and which agenda is being promoted. This chapter asks pointed questions to elucidate vital traits of truth seekers and falsehood promoters. It ultimately primes the reader to accept Nature as the true arbiter and natural as the standard of sustainability. The uniqueness of nature makes it beautiful as well as deeply profound (Pictures 1.36 and 1.37).

Picture 1.36  Nature is the standard of beauty and sustainability.

15 13

14

18 19 20 21

12

22 23 24 25

11 10 9

16 17

26 27 28 29 30 31

8 7 6 5 4

32 33 34

3 2 1

Picture 1.37  Nature is unique and natural solutions are custom designed for each individual.

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1.10.1 Science vs. $cience History vs. Hi$tory There are only two models. One scientific and another one dogmatic. New science is the cultish version of the dogmatic model. It retains the original lunacy but simply replaces with more sinister version. For humans, New Science replaced the ‘original sin’ model with ‘original gene’ model. It helped bad guys pretend as though they are speaking scinetific but in reality New Science has no science in it and it’s only $cience of the money god. Figure 1.9 shows how sustainable technology developed protocols have collapsed since the commencement of the plastic era. Know how/technology development

Newton

King David: iron smelting King Solomon: copper smelting Plastic era ‘Ad, Thamud, Pharaoh Persian Original sin/New Science model

Time UnSustainability started with Newton, dipped in plastic era Figure 1.9  Plastic era sees a collapse of sustainable technology development protocols.

1.11 Chapter 2: The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic 21 October 2020 issue of Nature reads: The false promise of herd immunity for COVID-19: Why proposals to largely let the virus run its course — embraced by Donald Trump’s administration and others — could bring “untold death and suffering”. For the first time in history, a reputable science journal put out a slogan that runs contrary to universal natural law and logical discourse. After nearly 2 years of the onset of COVID-19 hysteria, we now know, if COVID+19 has caused any ‘untold death and suffering’ is that caused to logic. Had that stoutly false statement by Nature been stopped, the lunacy of Omicron – the death warrant (for the unvaccinated, of course wouldn’t arise). Notice, logically, Omicron is good news. Why? Essentially, it has a 32 new mutations that the current vaccines won’t be able to stop whatsoever. And it spreads far more rapidly than previous variants, but is far milder than previous variants.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  97 In a nutshell, it’ll likely spread like wildfire with minimal health risk while creating natural immunity worldwide. Thus totally negating the need for vaccines and mandates altogether. In Conclusion, Omicron is good news. Omicron variant will wreck the need for mandates. Yet, white house COVID-19 task force sent out death warrants warning American unvaccinated people. “For the unvaccinated, you’re looking at a winter of severe illness and death for yourselves, your families and the hospitals you may soon overwhelm.”, December 17, 2021. Fauci chimed in: “Hang in there. We’ll get through this - even a winter surge. Just vaccinate, take your boosters shots, wear masks, social distance. You can enjoy the holiday season with your family if you’re vaccinated.” Within the hour, Canada’s Justice Trudeau parroted the same line: “I know the record numbers we’re seeing in parts of the country are scary - but I also know we can get through this. Please, do what we know works. Wear your mask, keep your distance, and get your shots. If we continue to follow public health guidelines, we’ll get to better days.” Then, he followed up with another Facebook post: “Reminder: “Die Hard” is a Christmas movie. Oh, and here’s another reminder: If you haven’t gotten vaccinated yet, please, go out and get your shots. This holiday season and all year long, it’s the best thing you can do to keep your family safe.” This prompted a Canadian entrepreneur, Jennifer Michal Jenkins to fire back: “Bonnie Henry repeated over and over that it was up to the family and friends to make sure their loved ones were vaccinated, and I thought how disgusting! What a disgrace when we are expected to do the government’s blood bidding for them. Why would you ask such a thing that would drive families further apart?!?!? It’s bad enough that you said the unvaccinated are under no circumstances allowed to be at a family meal or gathering but to then also expect people to enforce their shot!? I’m just disheartened... I am so so disheartened.” In the sports world, where practically 100% athletes have been vaccinated, 10% of the players are found to be infected with COVID-19, thus prompting cancellation of many professional games in NBA, NHL, etc. Yet, what did they all conclude? Get a booster pronto, guys. Meanwhile all reports indicate, vast majority of those that contracted Omicron variant are vaccinated. Meanwhile, the headlines read: Sherrif Tiraspol winger Adama Traore becomes the latest high-profile player to collapse on the pitch as he goes down clutching his chest in their Champions League defeat to Real Madrid (Mail on line, Nov. 25, 2021). Cardologists assure that this has nothing to do with the vaccine mandate. Of course, no media outlet would ask how logical is that narrative.

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“Health experts met today to discuss the uptick in severe cardiac problems and heart attacks in younger people. No obvious cause could be identified, though suggestions included “running too fast”, “excessive Monster energy drinks”, “online hate” and “climate change”. “Cannabis use disorder was also identified as a major contributor to this alarming new trend”, according to one unidentified health expert, forgetting about parent’s angry emails aka domestic terrorism. There is a saying in Pakistan, “jis ki lathi uski bhains.” Translation: The one who wields the club (stick) gets to own the buffalo. Those who get to decide what constitutes a case and what doesn’t get to make numbers which suit them.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  99 In other news:

You know how you can tell his heart conditions were caused by the death vaxx? Because the Guardian article doesn’t even bother to ask why a superstar athlete at the peak of his career is suffering from heart problems so bad, he has to leave the sport entirely. The article just states the retirement as if it is the most mundane and natural thing in the world, without expressing a shred of surprise, concern, curiosity. If the cause wasn’t the death vaxx, we would have gotten some medical context, some statement from medical experts digging deeper into the issue. But since it is the death vaxx, we have to just accept it and move on. Nothing to see here folks. It’s the new

Picture 1.38  Dr. Eli David’s tweet have been popular.

100  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 normal. Picture 1.38 shows some of the conscentitious tweets still allowed by Twitter. Dr. Eli David (USA) wrote: COVID-19 has killed science, logic, and evidence-based medicine and common sense. A false start roils the race even of a record holder. Chapter 2 shows the COVID-19 global response is based on 11 false and stoutly illogical premises. In another epoch, it would suffice to say, fool me once, shame on you, fool me twice, shame on me. But, this is no ordinary epoch and we are being told Trust the liars or you will be marginalized and called conspiracy theorist. Chapter 2 shows how top scientists and medical professionals with iota of conscience couldn’t stay silent but were ruthlessly marginalized by all three branches of the Establishment. Were it not for the earlier primer of “Islam is terrorism, Prophet Muhammad is a terrorist and Ariel Sharon is a man of peace” during the post 9/11 ‘war on terror’, one would consider the current handling of COVID-19 completely preposterous worthy of reporting to an International Tribunal. Chapter 2 presents a comprehensive analysis of what created the COVID-19 hysteria and how the perpetrator of this ‘crisis’ are far more sinister than the perpetrator of Climate emergency hysteria. Chapter 2 doesn’t stop at criticizing the hysteria, it shows a solution – something the world has all but forgotten, after being ravaged by the dogma of western medicine. The science of vaccination and the nonsense of ‘vaccine mandate’ are discussed. That section on vaccination deconstructs all myths, dating back to early era of vaccination. One such myth is rooted in cultural ‘Islam’. The activities of the tyrannical regime of Ottoman empire are often cited as something Islamic. The existence of vaccine passport is one of them (Picture 1.39). Many so-called Muslim organizations have used this mandate from a very tyrannical regime as a proof that Islam condones such an anticonscience agenda. In reality, it is an awful distortion of the truth. Following is a vaccine exemption written by an Islamic scholar. This statement is to clarify the Islamic position on the permissibility of taking vaccines, including those approved in the treatment of COVID-19. Islamic cognition is based on Quran and in the context of Hadith (tradition of the prophet Muhammad). These are also history’s longest and second longest preserved books (in their original language), respectively. These are not debatable issues, much like what Amish people apply except that Amish people do not have unique books in their possession The Quran, the Holy Book of Muslims, orders the consumption of natural products (Quran 2:168), and prohibits the consumption or use of any procedure that changes the internal or external function of the human body (Q4:119), such as the immune system in its reaction to external pathogens. The relevant verses read as follows:

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  101

Picture 1.39  Vaccine certificate from Ottoman empire.

“O people! Eat of the lawful and pure things in the earth and follow not in the footsteps of Satan. For surely he is your open enemy” “[Satan said] I will mislead them, and I will arouse in them [sinful] desires, and I will command them so they will slit the ears of cattle, and I will command them so they will change the creation of Allah” Similarly, it is impermissible in Islamic law to imbibe any substance prohibited by the Quran and Prophetic teachings, even in the use of medical treatment. This is based on the following Prophetic tradition: “Allah has not placed a cure for your diseases in things that He has forbidden for you” (al-Bukhari). Any vaccine product that contains alcohol or, indeed, the contagion of the disease itself (synthetic or natural), runs contrary to this Islamic principle of medical treatment. Furthermore, the absence of long term data of the potential risks of the COVID-19 vaccine in particular makes it especially objectionable from an

102  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Islamic legal perspective. This is because there is an Islamic legal dictum in which the Prophet Muhammad said: “there shall be no harm, nor reciprocation of harm.” The absence of data on the long-term potential harms of the vaccine is considered impermissible risk (iḍṭirāb) in islamic law, and therefore prohibited.. Finally, I am aware that some Islamic legal councils have permitted the use of vaccination, including the COVID-19 vaccines. I would like to state that while this is the case, these councils are not representative of prophetic traditions. In fact, just actions of justification of something that is forbidden runs contrary to Islam. As an example, one can cite the following Hadith. This hadith confirms that pork products are forbidden for any other purpose as well. The last sentence castigates Jews of the time for knowingly violating the ‘no pork’ rule. Sadly, the same rule applies to today’s certain group of Muslims, who make up justification for consuming unlawful products.

I heard Allah’s Messenger ( ), in the year of the Conquest of Mecca, saying, “Allah and His Apostle made illegal the trade of alcohol, dead animals, pigs and idols.” The people asked, “O Allah’s Messenger ( )! What about the fat of dead animals, for it was used for greasing the boats and the hides; and people use it for lights?” He said, “No, it is illegal.” Allah’s Messenger ( ) further said, “May Allah curse the Jews, for Allah made the fat (of animals) illegal for them, yet they melted the fat and sold it and ate its price.” Sahih al-Bukhari 2236 (Book 34, Hadith 182)

Similarly, many councils, such as the Council of Theologians of South Africa - which provides guidance to Muslim diaspora communities in the West - have released statements prohibiting the use of vaccination (Picture 1.40).

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  103

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Picture 1.40  Government or Big Pharma has little credibility.

Remember, 11 Nobel laureate economists signed up saying Trump presidency would collapse the USA economy. Did you trust them? Dozens of psychiatrists declared Trump mentally unfit to be president. Then the Russia hoax. The Ukraine hoax. Then 30 some ex-FBI CIA souteneurs called Hunter Biden’s ‘laptop from hell’ a Russian disinformation. And how about the COVID hysteria, where do we start? How could you trust Gates, the eugenicist to save the humanity with vaccines?

1.11.1 What Happened to Nuremberg Code Human Rights? What Happened to Constitution? Recently, several independent reports on social media show that the Covid19 vaccine inserts are left blank. This follows with court battle with Pfizer that is trying to keep vaccine test results away from the public. Several controversies arose regarding banning of Ivermectin for treatment of Covid19 and refusal of pharmacists to give the medication to the patients as per the doctor’s prescriptions. Meanwhile Pharmacist are having breakdown when asked reasonable questions. They seem to acknowledge that they are not convinced the vaccines are safe, due to lack of data, yet they are amdinistering them because ‘they have been asked to’. General public is raising the question if “just because they tell me to” is not going to be good enough excuse for causing harm. One surch report is here: https://www.bitchute. com/video/u7OpzqosKVq1/ Protests are braking out all around the world, as it becomes clear that informed consent is not being solicited while mandating vaccines and denying service (Pictures 1.41 and 1.42).

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  105

Picture 1.41  Human rights are being re-evaluated at grassroot levels.

Omicron that has the mildest symptoms and 0 death is now ‘deadliest variant’ that has the same symptoms as vaccine injury.

Picture 1.42  Protests are breaking out everywhere but being ignored by the MSM.

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1.11.2 Hippocrates Oath or Hypocrites’ Vow?

Hippocratic Oath

I swear by Apollo the physician, and Asclepius, and Hygieia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses as my witnesses, that, according to my ability and judgement, I will keep this Oath and this contract:   To hold him who taught me this art equally dear to me as my parents, to be a partner in life with him, and to fulfill his needs when required; to look upon his offspring as equals to my own siblings, and to teach them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or contract; and that by the set rules, lectures, and every other mode of instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to students bound by this contract and having sworn this Oath to the law of medicine, but to no others.   I will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my patients according to my greatest ability and judgement, and I will do no harm or injustice to them.   I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion.   In purity and according to divine law will I carry out my life and my art.   I will not use the knife, even upon those suffering from stones, but I will leave this to those who are trained in this craft.   Into whatever homes I go, I will enter them for the benefit of the sick, avoiding any voluntary act of impropriety or corruption, including the seduction of women or men, whether they are free men or slaves.   Whatever I see or hear in the lives of my patients, whether in connection with my professional practice or not, which

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  107 ought not to be spoken of outside, I will keep secret, as considering all such things to be private.   So long as I maintain this Oath faithfully and without corruption, may it be granted to me to partake of life fully and the practice of my art, gaining the respect of all men for all time. However, should I transgress this Oath and violate it, may the opposite be my fate.   (Translated by Michael North, National Library of Medicine, 2002) Count how many false premises you can find. “The authorization of this vaccine expands the availability of vaccines, the best medical prevention method for COVID-19, to help us in the fight against this pandemic, which has claimed over half a million lives in the United States,” said Acting FDA Commissioner Dr. Janet Woodcock. “The FDA, through our open and transparent scientific review process, has now authorized three COVID-19 vaccines with the urgency called for during this pandemic, using the agency’s rigorous standards for safety, effectiveness and manufacturing quality needed to support emergency use authorization.”

Imagine telling pregnant women for the longest time to avoid even organic wine, antibiotic, doctors now telling them vaccines are perfectly safe and then the number of still birth sky rockets 100% from fully vaccinated mothers, telling the world that it is certain variant of COVID-19. This book is about instilling logical thinking in matter of personal health and for that COVID-19 hysteria is a perfect example of how sinister the healthcare sector has become. Covid-19 hysteria has become the new War on Terror (Picture 1.43). Every statement from the establihment has become a propaganda scheme (Pictures 1.44 and 1.45).

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Picture 1.43  Get the Gitmo ready, the new war on terror is about to begin.

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  109

Picture 1.44  Public opinion has no longer any correlation with public policies.

Picture 1.45  The previous President of the United States was banned from social media for allegedly spreading fake news. Shouldn’t the current one be banned too for the same reason? Dr. Eli David. Biden also claimed in December, 2020, “I am going to shut down the virus, not the economy, not the country”.

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1.12 Chapter 3: Reconstructing Human Physiology A scientific branch of physiology must involve true history of an organism. There is an interesting quote by Greek Jewish political writer Ludwig Borne (1786-1837 CE), “There are a thousands illnesses but only one health”. In Arabic, even the word truth (ḥaq) and light (Noor) are inherently singular whereas the words for falsehood or darkness (pl. ẓulumāt) are inherently plural. According to a famous Arab Proverb, “He who has health has a hope, and he who has a hope has everything” (Khan et al., 2015). A physiological study should have a historical review of health. It is no exaggeration to say that Western Medicine and Eastern Medicine follow two distinct and divergent paths. The western approach involves focusing on the symptoms by collecting physical data to make the determination which medication is most appropriate. The entire approach is geared toward certain drug delivery and that too to address a specific problem. A treatment therapy stops as the symptom subsides and is prolonged as ‘management protocol’ if the symptoms recur. Both Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Islamic medicine approaches involve the whole body, the person and the history, including social background. Combined TCIM they consider the whole person, as a unified organic whole, involving spiritual, mental, emotional and physical aspects, all seen as interrelated and interdependent. This is the ultimate holistic approach one can take and is the core of this book. Chapter 2 presents human physiology from this holistic perspective and shows how it connects to western medicine so becomes easier for western medical doctors to relate. Most importantly, western medicine relies on artificial chemicals and TCIM relies on natural chemicals, energy sources, and even psychotherapies. Thus, the toxicity of the disease as well as that of the chemical drugs are countered with natural solutions. Table 1.5 highlights some of the salient features of each of these approaches, so the contrast between them can be clear. To further highlight the differences between the two approaches consider the following figure (Figure 1.10). Note that the New Science approach, shown in the left still is off being scientific. Real science doesn’t involve conducting laboratory test. It involves real data from direct observation. The theory has to be able explain every incident not just a few select ones. During Islamic era, that’s how science was. It all changed after Newton. Covid-19 hysteria has caused a great degradation from previously used modus operandi (Figure 1.11).

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  111

Figure 1.10  Western medicinal approach is divergent from eastern or holistic medicinal approach.

Table 1.5  Highlights of the two approaches (some aspects from Tseui, 1978). Theory

Western medicine

TCIM

Use modern pathology, physiology, microbiology and pharmacology knowledge to study symptoms of disease. Its research process from macro to micro (start from system, now develop to DNA molecular).

Use the theory of Yin and Yang and Five elements to human body.  When the entire system is in balance, optimal health occurs. Disease occurs when there are obstructions to the flow of Qi, deficient or excessive Qi, or when there is an imbalance of Yin and Yang. 

Theory is empirical, based on ‘evidence’ and response to drug administration

Theory is unchanged and doesn’t depend on ‘evidence’. (Continued)

112  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 1.5  Highlights of the two approaches (some aspects from Tseui, 1978). (Continued) Western medicine

TCIM

The concept of vital organ is different and based on no fundamental theory.

Five solid organs are considered vital (Heart, liver, spleen, kidney, Lung), each being irreplaceable. One intangible vital organ, pericardium (heart protector) is recognized.

No such organ or function recognized.

Six auxilary organs that play supporting role are: small intestine (paired with heart), gallbladder (paired with liver), stomach (paired with spleen), urinary bladder (paired with kidney), large intestine (paired with lung), and Triple burner or San Jiao (paired with pericardium) are recognized.

Source of disease is always tangible

Diseases are caused by intangible source and subsequently snowballed. For instance, anger will cause liver malfunction, and liver malfunction will cause anger. (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  113 Table 1.5  Highlights of the two approaches (some aspects from Tseui, 1978). (Continued) Diagnosis & Treatment

Western medicine

TCIM

In addition to history taking and physical examination, also by means of a large number of modern scientific instruments to check on the human body (such as blood tests, urine, stool, X-rays, isotopes or computer imaging, ultrasound and other organs function to check). There is rarely any data on the natural state of the person. Treatment: Treatment directly target to the pathogen or etiology. For example, with chemotherapy to kill cancer cells, antibiotics kill bacteria, immunosuppressants to control autoimmune diseases, or surgery to remove the lesion tissue.

TCM doctors make diagnosis by analyzing patient’s tongue, pulse, and whole body situation (reaction, hair, posture etc). Diagnosis base on symptoms related to the imbalance of Yin/ Yang rather than diseases itself. The natural state of the person is important. Treatment: This is a holistic therapy by boosting natural immunity and natural healing. Patients with the same disease may have different Yin/ Yang imbalance, their treatment may be different even tough having same disease. On the other hands, different diseases may use the same method of treatment if they have similar Yin/Yang imbalance

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Scientific Method Ask a Question

Formulate or plagiarize a Hypothesis

Do Background Research

Construct a Model Based on Preconceived ideas

Construct a Hypothesis Test with an Experiment Procedure Working? Troubleshoot procedure. Carefully check all steps and set-up.

No

Yes

Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions Results Align with Hypothesis

Science Worshiper’s Method

Experimental data becomes background research for new/future project. Ask new question, form new hypothesis, experiment again!

Results Align Partially or Not at All with Hypothesis

Find Data that agrees with model Discard Data that does not align with model

Shout “TRUST THE EXPERTS”

Communicate Results

Figure 1.11  Difference between New Science approach and the post-covid approach.

1.13 Chapter 4: Kidney Bladder Relationship and Its Role on Health and Illness How many would relate diabetes to urinary bladder? How many would relate immunity to kidneys? How about heart attack, sudden collapse? Fear and panic? Only in TCIM that one can find a coherent theory that connects all these into one yin yang pairing? That pairing happens to be heart and kidney or fire and water. In TCIM, the kidney is related to fear, which can manifest as chronic fear or anxiety when Qi is out of balance, as well as result in: Emotions: Fearful, weak willpower, insecure, aloof, and isolated. After expounding the theoretical aspect in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 presents how kidney and urinary bladder pairing is responsible for many diseases, including most life style diseases. In TCM, there is a saying that goes “The

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  115 waist is the house of the kidney” due to its anatomical location. The kidney stores a substance called the jing or essence which can transform into ‘qi’ and blood. It is also the source of primordial yin and yang, hence the kidney is viewed as an essential organ for the production of fundamental substances required for life activities, including reproductive activities. It also forms a yin yang pairing with the heart, thus creating overall balance with the most important organ, the heart, also called the ‘monarch organ’ in Chinese medicine. The science of kidney also explains inherent traits coming from parents at conception and even before. In this process, the history of parents and the environment they all have an impact on the essence stored in the kidney. This narrative is starkly different from the western medicinal description of genetics. After birth, kidney essence increases gradually and becomes abundant as the body develops. During the early years, the individual undergoes physical changes marked by permanent teeth, hair and height growth. During adolescence, kidney essence peaks to drive the maturation of organs and form the basis of our ability to reproduce. Chapter 4 describes the whole cycle of life and includes the damages done to the kidneys due to artificial medicine as well as vaccines. For that, this chapter does not wait to gather ‘evidence’ as the term ‘evidence’ itself has been stripped of all science and been politicized to fit the establishment narrative. Figure 1.12 shows how kidney functions are weakened with vaccines, resulting in great vulnerability to a disease, the vaccine was supposed to protect from. Note that Ireland is a country where 94% of population have been vaccinated.

Mar 14, 2020

10,000 New cases: 39 8,000

7-day avg: 39

6,000 4,000 2,000 0

Jun 9

Sept 11

Dec 14

Figure 1.12  Covid-19 outbreak in Ireland.

Mar 18

Jun 20

Sept 22

Dec 25

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1.14 Chapter 5: Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain With Acupuncture Although cancer is known as the ‘king’ of lifestyle diseases, there has been a debate about the role of genetics. In previous volumes, we deconstruct some of the myths behind this narrative (Islam et al., 2015; 2016). such ‘risk’ factors, attributed to genetics is a result of an illogical and aphenomenal humanity model. This model is not recognized in Chinese or Islamic medicine, both of which start from the premise that humans are born perfect. Some decade ago, Khan et al. (2010) pointed out that ‘the chances of developing cancer are significantly affected by the choice of our lifestyle. There are several uncontrollable risk factors which account for the majority of cancers, but we can modify our lifestyle to reduce enhanced threat of cancer.” Scientifically, uncontrollable risk factors should not mean predisposed traits, arising from ‘faulty gene’. It is the lifestyle and the environment that contribute to cancer (both onset and growth). While, history and even pre-birth environment contribute, no scenario can exist that makes cancer unavoidable. A healthy lifestyle means healthy diet, active and natural life, and overall alignment with nature. Tables 1.6 through 1.8 show the role of various lifestyle factors on different types of cancer. In Chapter 7, we present evidence of successful cancer treatment with acupuncture and wet cupping (hijama). Even though the focus is cancer pain, any acupuncture treatment is geared toward reducing or eliminating pain as the first line of action, while improving body’s immunity to fight off the cancer. The chapter shows, how western medicinal approach of both cancer treatment and cancer pain management increases the vulnerability of the person and diminishes natural immunity. In fact, acupuncture treatments work efficiently against both pain arising from cancer and/or pain arising from chemotherapy and other western protocol. Table 1.6  Association of obesity with cancer risk in human studies (from Khan et al., 2010). Type of cancer

Epidemiological studies/Clinical trials

Breast Cancer

Three fold increased risk in women with a BMI in the obese range Obese patients more likely to have hormone-negative tumors, stage III tumors and worse overall survival (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  117 Table 1.6  Association of obesity with cancer risk in human studies (from Khan et al., 2010). (Continued) Type of cancer

Epidemiological studies/Clinical trials BMI>/=30 or WHR >/= 0.85 associated with increased risk of death Increased mortality in obese women compared with ideal weight women

Prostate Cancer

Higher risk of PCa mortality in overweight and obese men compared with men of a healthy weight at baseline High weight gain was inversely associated with PCa Obesity was associated with poorer tumor prognostic characteristics and decreased biochemical relapse-free survival, particularly in African-American men BMI was inversely related to PCa risk Positive correlation between BMI and PCa incidence

Lung Cancer

Positive association of a high WHR in current and former smokers Inverse association of BMI with lung cancer risk in both current smokers and former smokers Inverse association between BMI and lung cancer in men and no association was found in women

Colon Cancer

Abdominal obesity was associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma 29.5% of all colon cancer cases were attributable to BMI>22.5 A 5-unit increase in BMI was related to an increased risk of colon cancer in both men and women Higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer

118  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 1.7  Association of diet with cancer risk in human studies (from Khan et al., 2010). Type of cancer

Epidemiological studies/Clinical trials

Breast Cancer

High saturated fat intake and greater risk association was found for the highest quintile of saturated fat intake compared with the lowest quintile High fat intake of hydrogenated fats or vegetable/corn oil compared to olive/canola oil was associated with increased risk Increased risk associated with total fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat and saturated fat Women with a BMI>/= 25 were associated with a 58% increment in risk Direct association among palmitic, γ-linolenic, palmitoleic and vaccenic acids

Prostate Cancer

Consuming fish >/= 5 times/week had a 48% lower risk of PCa death than did men consuming fish 3 times/ week was associated with a reduced risk, each additional daily intake of 0.5 g of marine fatty acid from food was associated with a 24% decreased risk of metastatic cancer (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  119 Table 1.7  Association of diet with cancer risk in human studies (from Khan et al., 2010). (Continued) Type of cancer

Epidemiological studies/Clinical trials

Lung Cancer

Direct association for fat foods and inverse associations between lung cancer risk and frequent intake of fruits were found in smokers Decreased risk with increased frequency of consumption of fish and shellfish but not with intake of dried/salted fish Protective influence by frequent consumption of carrots and margarine Protective effects were observed for high consumption of tomatoes, lettuce, carrots, margarine and cheese Reduction in risk with the consumption of greens, fresh fruits and cheese, whereas whole milk was associated with a significant increase in risk Increase in risk with red meat, beef and fried meat

Colon Cancer

Intakes of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids from fish may decrease the risk Strong association between per capita consumption of meat and CRC mortality In men, high consumption of processed meat increased the risk of colon cancer and daily coffee drinkers had a reduced risk Each increment of 2 servings of high-fat dairy foods/day caused 13% reduction in the risk of CRC Eel, shrimp and shellfish consumption were positively associated and milk intake was inversely associated with CRC risk. High egg intake and high intake of total cholesterol were also related to risk of CRC Red and processed meat was associated with higher risk whereas, inverse association with long-term consumption of poultry and fish Strong association of an increased incidence with ratio of the intake of red meat to the intake of chicken and fish

120  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 1.8  Association of alcohol with cancer risk in human studies. Type of cancer

Epidemiological studies/Clinical trials

Breast Cancer

High alcohol consumption cause higher risk Threshold below 1-2 drinks daily, a hormone-related mechanism mediates a relation of alcohol drinking to an increased risk Weekly alcohol intake increased the risk with 2% and weekend consumption increased the risk with 4% for each additional drink consumed. Binge drinking of 4-5 drinks the latest weekday increased risk with 55%. In women with low BMI and those diagnosed with ER-positive tumors or with invasive rather than in situ disease, moderate consumption increased risk

Lung Cancer

Association of risk with regular consumption of beer, spirits High consumption of beer and liquors may be associated with increased risk, whereas modest wine consumption may be inversely associated with risk Association between recent hard-liquor and past liquor consumption with risk Positive association between alcohol consumption and risk confined to current smokers Alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with the risk High mean lifelong ethanol intake related to a higher risk

Colon Cancer

Alcohol consumption of >/=30.0 g/day was positively associated with the risk Association between alcohol intake and cancer was evident for both the colon and the rectum. One fourth of CRC cases were attributable to an alcohol intake of >/=23 g/ day in men (Continued)

Summary: Because No One Else Is Talking Cure  121 Table 1.8  Association of alcohol with cancer risk in human studies. (Continued) Type of cancer

Epidemiological studies/Clinical trials Both lifetime and baseline alcohol consumption increase colon and rectum cancer risk, with more apparent risk increases for alcohol intakes >30 g/day Drinking >/=7 alcoholic drinks/week increase risk of CRC hazard ratio by 72% Alcohol consumption associated with an increased risk of cancer of the distal colon and rectum, but not cancer of the proximal colon Increase in risk of colon or rectal cancer by 15% for an increase of 100 g of alcohol intake/week An increased risk of CRC in current drinkers and in those who drank >/= 4 days or >4 units weekly and decrease with increasing duration of drinking abstention

2 The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Opening Remarks Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global pandemic that initially started in Wuhan, China, and spread extremely quickly, making its way to over 180 countries. Ever since the initial spread, the ‘novel coronavirus’ continues to evolve, triggering worldwide panic and subsequent extreme and unprecedented measues. Older adults and people of any age who have underlying medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, have shown worse prognosis (Singh et al., 2020). Diabetic patients have increased morbidity and mortality rates and have been linked to more hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions (Singh et al., 2020). People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or any respiratory illnesses are also at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19 (Zhao et al., 2020). The risk of contracting COVID-19 in patients with COPD is found to be 4-fold higher than patients without COPD (Zhao et al., 2020). Scientifically, children are not vulnerable to COVID-19 death (Ciuca, 2020). COVID-19, however, will go down in history for the extraordinary response from practically all countries in the world. Global shutting down, along with mandatory mask, hand sanitizers, social distancing, culminating in vaccine mandate measures due to spread of COVID-19 seems to be the most radical reaction to any pandemic in history. All the countries except Sweden opted for shutdown. Many believe Sweden has chosen the right path. Many world leaders, scientists, epidemiologists, and intellectuals supported the Sweden model. In USA some of prominent republicans termed the policy of lockdown as fatal to the world economy. In the existing world people forms opinion on the basis of media reports. Those who are exposed to media may differ with the view that lockdown is the biggest M.R. Islam, Jahanara Monaf, and A.O. Islam. The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4: Applications for Physical Disorder Treatments, (123–326) © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC

123

124  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 blunder, the world has ever committed. The United Nations World Food Program (WFP), the 2020 Nobel Peace prize winner, stated that by end of 2020 more than 260 million people will suffer starvation. Double than the last year’s figures. The people are stopped by might from conducting legal economic activities on direction of political leadership may lead to worst economic disaster after World War II. The panic and fear and not the damage caused due to COVID-19 would be responsible for starvation. The worst impact on third world countries would be more than the developed countries. It is warned by WFP Director David Beasley that we are forecasting shortage of food in some 36 countries. There is serious threat that more people would die due to hunger than COVID-19. It is also expected that world GDP will drop by 5 percent. This will bring another 150 million people below the poverty line. According to IMF, the world economy will further reduce by 3 percent due shutting down of economic activity and not Coronavirus. Meanwhile, ‘second wave’ is forecasted to be worse than the first one and everyone is asked to brace for the ‘new normal’, even if new vaccines are introduced. The lock down has also affected the quality of treatment in hospitals to the patients suffering from other diseases and mortality rate is likely to increase in the existing circumstances. In this chapter, real science behind COVID-19 pandemic is unearthed and science-based conclusions are made, avoiding a popular stance, namely ‘agree to disagree’. After climate change hysteria (Islam and Khan, 2019), no event other than Covid-19 pandemic has caused bigger global concern. The financial to USA alone is deemed to be $16 trillion (Cutler and Summers, 2020). With over 200,000 death attributed to Covid-19, and the economic indices plummeting in an election year, Covid-19 pandemic has reached an unprecedented level of politicization. In USA, the year 2020 started off with economically the most robust economy in modern history, with record unemployment rate for both African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and women. This came crashing with the lockdown announcement, which was preceded by cancellation of all flights from China and Europe (except UK). The consequence was immediate in all economic indices, except NASDAQ. For instance, in April, 2020, The U.S. unemployment rate hit 14.7%, the highest rate since the Great Depression, as 20.5 million jobs vanished in the worst monthly loss on record. In March, 2019, 60 million claims were filed for unemployment insurance. Before Covid-19, the greatest number of weekly new unemployment insurance claims (based on data from 1967 on) was 695 000 in the week of October 2, 1982. For 20 weeks beginning in late March 2020, new unemployment claims exceeded 1 million per week; as of September 20, new claims have been just below that amount. This stat

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  125 has improved ever since with record job addition (after the lockdown was removed). The recovery in terms job creation has grown 23 times faster than the post great recession recovery of the Obama era. However, with continued restrictive rules in many states, the recovery still remains tenuous (Figure 2.1). Figure 2.2 shows the sudden dip in Dow Jones industrial average soon after the Covid-19 pandemic was announced. Although similar collapse took place in Nasdaq as well, because of the surge in online businesses, it rose to a record level. This is shown Figure 2.3. Table 2.1 shows the estimated cumulative financial costs of the COVID-19 pandemic related to the lost output and health reduction. The total cost is estimated at more than $16 trillion, or approximately US unemployment rate Percentage of US labour force not in work Obama

16%

Trump

14% 12% 10% 8.4%

8% 6% 4% 2% 0%

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics

Figure 2.1  Unemployment rates during Obama and Trump eras. 30,000 25,000 20,000 29,551.42 Wed, 12 Feb

15,000

Mar. 2020

May 2020

Jul. 2020

Sep. 2020

Figure 2.2  Dow Jones industrial average before and during Covid-19 pandemic.

126  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 12,000 10,000 8,000 12,056.44 Wed, 2 Sep

6,000

Mar. 2020

May 2020

Jul. 2020

Sep. 2020

Figure 2.3  Nasdaq before and during Covid-19 pandemic.

Table 2.1  Estimated economic cost of the COVID-19 crisis (Cutler and Summers, 2020). Category

Cost (billions), US$

Lost GDP

7592

Health loss Premature death

4375

Long-term health impairment

2572

Mental health impairment

1581

Total

16 121

Total for a famlily of 4

196 475

% of annual GDP

90

Abbreviation: GDP, gross domestic product.

90% of the annual gross domestic product of the US. For a family of 4, the estimated loss would be nearly $200 000. Approximately half of this amount is the lost income from the COVID-19–induced recession; the remainder is the economic effects of shorter and less healthy life (Cutler and Summers, 2020). On the science side, COVID-19 has become a hallmark of dogmatic assertions. Nothing is backed with science but all with dogmatic assertions. Even the pictures of coronavirus (both popular version and scientific version) have little to do with reality (Picture 2.1).

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  127

(a)

(b)

100 nm

(c)

(d)

Picture 2.1  Coronavirus from SARS isolated in FRhK-4 cells. (a) Thin section electron micrograph; (b) negative stained virus particles; (c) SEM picture; (d) popular schematic Source: CDC and WHO.

128  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Meanwhile, every story regarding COVID-19 and related restrictive measures have been through a roller coaster ride. Contradicting stories have been touted by WHO, CDC and other agencies from around the world. Initially it was stated that COVID-19 could last for 3 days on a human and two weeks on plastic. Then it was said, the virus lasts 2 weeks on humans and 4 weeks on stainless steel. It was deemed to be not airborne, then it was stated to be infecting within 2 m. Masks, similarly saw a transition from unnecessary to mandatory to only necessary indoor. Even sex with mask on was touted by top health officials. Numerous theories with spurious premises have surfaced, accompanied with even more bizarre rules and regulations. Even top health officials talked about allowing sex with an online encounter while not coming close to a grieving mother at the funeral of the father. While talks about creating vaccine became ubiquitous, others concluded COVID-19 can be contracted more than once (meaning a single vaccine is no longer a solution). Even in terms of mortality and range of infection and covid positive tests varied wildly, ranging orders of magnitude. Every time a publication or report came out there surfaced others that contradicted the findings. At the end, the world became divided into believer and disbelievers (in Covid). One side believed everything the official line stated whereas the other side rejected everything. Sadly, the official side became so eccentric that the term ‘conspiracy theory’ became more synonymous with the official line. Curiously, lockdown measures went in place before a single scientific study was performed (Vogel, 2020). It is a fact that Coronavirus is common and well studied. Yet, Covid 19 started many extraordinary ground rules, none of them is logical but each being promoted as settled science. Whenever the promoters of a certain measure was proven to incorrect or illogical, a new rule was invoked caught with their lies, In a way, this has become the worst form of dogma. When US President Donald Trump said, “They said too many people are tested positive...so I said; then slow down the testing”, everyone ridiculed him. Yet the science behind the tests supports the following facts: 1. Covid positives go up with more testing (including the reporting by Tanzanian President John Magufuli’s that secret samples from invalid subjects, including a goat and a papaya, that came back as “positive” for the virus);

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  129 2. 10-100 times people carry the virus but remain asymptomatic (Stanford paper ‘discovered’ this obvious finding that has been used in the past to fudge data, just check history of SARS and h1n1) 3. Test itself is inherently flawed (the science behind COVID-19 test is non-existent – the tests being for generic coronavirus). We live in a completely inverted world. The mainstream “science” the masses are so unquestioningly indoctrinated by and seemingly so in awe of, is actually pseudo-science, and the “pseudo-science” they dismiss and mock when it questions or contravenes their beloved “science”, is actually the real science. Everything inverted, upside-down and back-to-front in a world run by psychopaths and vested interests working to an NWO Agenda. The American public is being spoon-fed a steady diet of pseudo-science in order to justify the wearing of face masks, social distancing and contact tracing. Yet, the actual science points in the polar opposite direction. Furthermore, those who try to present the real science are shamed, ridiculed and bullied for having such narrow-minded views. This mindset is reminiscent of the 97% ‘settled science’ cult-like attitude in the context of climate change. As OCLA pointed out in a letter to WHO, this is a clear sign of Technocrats-at-work. Instead, these are the ones who should be exposed, shamed and ridiculed. In sum, these dangerous and destructive policies are designed to curtail economic activity, break down social cohesion and control people. Moreover, they fit the original mission statement of Technocracy as far back as 1938: “Technocracy is the science of social engineering, the scientific operation of the entire social mechanism to produce and distribute goods and services to the entire population…” It is highly doubtful that most state and local leaders understand the lack of real and verified science behind their actions and mandates. Nevertheless, they are implementing policies that are destructive to our economic system, harmful to our personal health and ruinous to personal liberty. In this process, the most toxic role has been played by the professionals. They have been turned into the agents of the financial establishment – the same establishment that also fuels the media establishment and the political establishment. Picture 2.2 demonstrates the point. Science has been hijacked by the financial establishment and held the entire public hostage. No conclusion can be trusted. This crisis is personified by COVID-19.

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Picture 2.2  Professionals have lost credibility.

Khan and Islam (2016) described real science as being devoid of an initial premise that involves pleasing the funding agency. With that mindset, real scientific discoveries were made and sustainable technologies were developed during the Islamic golden era. It was practiced by honest and accountable practitioners called scientists and engineers. They often invented new things as a result of their studies, but generally they had no primal urge to use their knowledge to dominate other people, groups or even entire societies. In the post RCC culture, certain other scientists and engineers rose up and made a discovery of their own. If true science was ever-so-slightly skewed and engineering disciplines were applied to society at large, then they could indeed use their “knowledge” to dominate and control other people, groups, entire societies or even, heaven forbid, the entire planet. This is the Thomas Aquinas mindset that continued to be the model for New Science scholars. As Khan and Islam (2016) pointed out, The first group pursued science. This is the group that ceased to exist in the post-RCC Europe. The second group pursued pseudo-science. Merriam-Webster defines pseudo-science as “a system of theories, assumptions, and methods erroneously regarded as scientific.” The Oxford dictionary clarifies by stating, “a collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.” Pseudo-science quickly emerged as the principal domain of Technocrats, but they soon found that scientific debate with those promoting real science was most inconvenient to their social engineering goals. The solution was simple: claim that their own pseudo-science was indeed the real science, and then refuse debate by excluding all other voices to the contrary (Rancourt, 2020).

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  131 In a recent series of publications and reports by Rancourt (2020) and OCLA, three primary tools of fighting COVID-19, namely, face masks, social distancing and contact tracing were examined. Their findings are reported below.

2.1.2 Face Masks The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) website plainly states that cloth face masks “Will not protect the wearer against airborne transmissible infectious agents due to loose fit and lack of seal or inadequate filtration.” In terms of surgical masks, OHSA is clear also that they “will not protect the wearer against airborne transmissible infectious agents due to loose fit and lack of seal or inadequate filtration.” But then right under these statements, OSHA furiously backpedaled by adding an FAQ section on COVID-19 directly underneath and stated, OSHA generally recommends that employers encourage workers to wear face coverings at work. Face coverings are intended to prevent wearers who have Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) without knowing it (i.e., those who are asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic) from spreading potentially infectious respiratory droplets to others. This is known as source control. Consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendation for all people to wear cloth face coverings when in public and around other people, wearing cloth face coverings, if appropriate for the work environment and job tasks, conserves other types of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as surgical masks, for healthcare settings where such equipment is needed most. So, wearing a face mask cannot protect you from getting COVID, but it is supposedly able to keep someone else from getting it from you? What it calls “source control” likely puts the real motive out in the open: since you are the source, it’s about controlling the public. There is no true scientific rationale for anyone but the sick and medical workers to wear masks. The truly healthy have no business wearing a mask, period. But, what about asymptomatic carriers? On June 8, 2020, Maria Van Herkhove, PhD., head of the World Health Organization’s emerging diseases and zoonosis unit released a compilation of a number of contact tracing programs from various nations and plainly stated “From the data we have, it still seems to be very rare that an asymptomatic person actually transmits onward to a secondary individual.” The next day she also furiously backpedaled and stated “I used the phrase ‘very rare,’ and I think that that’s misunderstanding to state that

132  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 asymptomatic transmission globally is very rare. I was referring to a small subset of studies.” It is clear that Dr. Herkhove’s first statement that naively repeated the clear facts of the matter did not follow the WHO’s justification for non-infectious people to wear masks. In fact, the entire mask wearing narrative hangs on the single pseudo-scientific idea that asymptomatic people can spread the virus. In a recent Technocracy News article authored by highly-respected neurosurgeon Dr. Russell Blaylock, MD titled Face Masks Pose Serious Risks To The Healthy, he concluded, “there is insufficient evidence that wearing a mask of any kind can have a significant impact in preventing the spread of this virus.” (Blaylock represents real science.) States and municipalities are mandating that face masks be worn by all citizens when outside their home. Large and small companies are forcing their employees to wear masks. People at large are scared to death to not wear a face mask for fear of getting sick or being mask-shamed by others if they take it off. Yet, face masks lower the percentage of oxygen available for inhaling. Normal fresh air contains 20.95% oxygen. OSHA defines an oxygen deficient atmosphere as an “atmosphere with an oxygen content below 19.5% by volume.” The reason we breathe air is only for our lungs to harvest the oxygen it contains so that we don’t suffocate and die. OSHA documents the effects of the first level of oxygen deficiency from 16% to 19.5%. At concentrations of 16 to 19.5 percent, workers engaged in any form of exertion can rapidly become symptomatic as their tissues fail to obtain the oxygen necessary to function properly (Rom, 1992). Increased breathing rates, accelerated heartbeat, and impaired thinking or coordination occur more quickly in an oxygen-deficient environment. Even a momentary loss of coordination may be devastating to a worker if it occurs while the worker is performing a potentially dangerous activity, such as climbing a ladder. Logically, every employer should provide atmospheric testing to each person to measure average oxygen levels inside the mask when it is being worn and if oxygen is below 19.5%, they must be provided with an oxygen enriched breathing system. Then there is this concern of bacteria accumulation. In 2018, Zhu et al. (2018) investigated whether surgical masks (SM) may be a potential source of bacterial shedding leading to an increased risk of surgical site infection. They tested bacterial contamination of the SMs by making an impression of the external surface of the mask on sterile culture media immediately. They investigated the difference in bacterial counts between the SMs worn by surgeons and those placed unused in the operating room (OR), and the bacterial count variation with indicated wearing time. Moreover, the difference in bacterial counts on the external surface between the first and

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  133 second layers of double-layered SMs was also assessed. The bacterial count on the surface of SMs increased with extended operating times; significant difference was found between the 4- to 6-hour and 0-hour groups (p < 0.05). When they analysed the bacterial counts from the same surgeon, a significant increase was noted in the 2-hours group. Moreover, the bacterial counts were significantly higher among the surgeons than the OR. Additionally, the bacterial count of the external surface of the second mask was significantly higher than that of the first one. They concluded that source of bacterial contamination in SMs was the body surface of the surgeons rather than the OR environment. They recommended that surgeons should change the mask after each operation, especially those beyond 2 hours. Double-layered SMs or those with excellent filtration function may also be a better alternative. Figure 2.4 shows the colony forming units (CFU) as a function of time. In a different study, pulse rates of the surgeons was found to increase and SpO2 decrease after the first hour. This early change in SpO2 may be either due to the facial mask or the operational stress. Since a very small decrease in saturation at this level, reflects a large decrease in PaO2, these findings may have a clinical value for the health workers and the surgeons (Beder et al., 2008). OCLA has sent a letter to the Director General of the World Health Organization, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, asking him to retract the WHO’s recommendation advising the use of face masks in the general population to prevent COVID-19 transmission. The letter criticizes the lack of a valid scientific basis for the WHO’s recommendation and expresses OCLA’s concerns about serious harms to individuals and societies stemming from the recommendation and from government impositions of face masks on the general public. 20

CFU / Well

15 10 5 0 -5

0

2-4 0-2 Wearing Time (H)

4-6

Figure 2.4  Mask contamination within indicated wearing times for the same surgeon (From Zqing et al., 2018).

134  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The letter includes statements such as: “… the WHO cannot collect and rely on potentially biased studies to make recommendations that can have devastating effects (see below) on the lives of literally billions. Rather, the WHO must apply a stringent standards threshold, and accept only randomized controlled trials with verified outcomes. In this application, the mere fact that several such quality studies have not ever confirmed the positive effects reported in bias-susceptible reports should be a red flag.” and “It is an unjustified authoritarian imposition, and a fundamental indignity, to have the State impose its evaluation of risk on the individual, one which has no basis in science, and which is smaller than a multitude of risks that are both common and often created or condoned by the State.” The following points are made: • Viral respiratory diseases, based on rapid mutations, have co-evolved withpowerful, complex, and adaptive immune systems of breathing animals for some 300 million years and with human ancestors for some 5 million years, in the absence of vaccines. • There was no statistically significant increase in winter-burden all-cause mortality in 2019-2020, compared to the last many decades of reliable data for Northern mid-latitude nations. • A sharp peak in all-cause mortality by week occurred synchronously in several jurisdictions, across continents and oceans, immediately following the WHO declaration of the pandemic. • The said peak can be attributed to government preparedness response to COVID-19, impacting immune-vulnerable institutionalized persons in those jurisdictions. In WHO document, WHO states (at p. 6): “At the present time, the widespread use of masks by healthy people in the community setting is not yet supported by high quality or direct scientific evidence and there are potential benefits and harms to consider.” Even this introductory statement of WHO has two problems. First, it contains the palpable bias that “there must be benefits”. Second, more importantly, it fails to mention that several randomized controlled trials with verified outcomes (infections) were specifically designed to detect a

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  135 benefit, and did not find any measurable benefit, for any viral respiratory disease. This includes the many randomized controlled trials that find no difference between open-sided surgical masks and respirators. • Although mechanistic studies support the potential effect of hand hygiene or face masks, evidence from 14 randomized controlled trials of these measures did not support a substantial effect on transmission of laboratory-confirmed influenza. Similarly, limited evidence was found on the effectiveness of improved hygiene and environmental cleaning (Xiao et al., 2020). • A total of six RCTs involving 9,171 participants were included. There were no statistically significant differences in preventing laboratory confirmed influenza, laboratory confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory confirmed respiratory infection and influenza like illness using N95 respirators and surgical masks. Meta analysis indicated a protective effect of N95 respirators against laboratory confirmed bacterial colonization (Long et al., 2020). • Four RCTs were meta analyzed adjusting for clustering. Compared with N95 respirators; the use of medical masks did not increase laboratory confirmed viral (including coronaviruses) respiratory infection or clinical respiratory illness (Bartoszko, et al., 2020). • Among 2862 randomized participants, 2371 completed the study and accounted for 5180 HCW-seasons. … Among outpatient health care personnel, N95 respirators vs medical masks as worn by participants in this trial resulted in no significant difference in the incidence of laboratory-confirmedinfluenza (Radonovich, et al., 2019). • Self-reported assessment of clinical outcomes was prone to bias. Evidence of a protective effect of masks or respirators against verified respiratory infection (VRI) was not statistically significant (Offeddu et al., 2017). • Although N95 respirators appeared to have a protective advantage over surgical masks in laboratory settings, meta-analysis showed that there were insufficient data to determine definitively whether N95 respirators are superior to surgical masks in protecting health care workers against transmissible acute respiratory infections in clinical settings (Smith et al., 2016).

136  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

2.1.3 Social Distancing Adding to the fear of contagion, people across the nation are driven to practice social distancing, or staying 6 feet apart at all times. This is practiced to excess in almost every commercial establishment with markers taped or painted on the floor and shopping isles converted into one-way travel only. Yet, two real scientists at the University of Oxford in Britain, Professors Carl Heneghan and Tom Jefferson, wrote in The Telegraph (UK) recently that “the two-metre rule has no basis in science. ”Their article was titled There is no scientific evidence to support the disastrous two-metre rule” (Wood, 2020). According to these scientists, The influential Lancet review provided evidence from 172 studies in support of physical distancing of one metre or more. This might sound impressive, but all the studies were retrospective and suffer from biases that undermine the reliability of their findings. Recall bias arises in research when participants do not remember previous events accurately, and it is problematic when studies look back in time at how people behaved, including how closely they stood from others. More concerning was that only five of the 172 studies reported specifically on Covid exposure and proximity with infection. These studies included a total of merely 477 patients, with just 26 actual cases of infection. In only one study was a specific distance measure reported: “came within six feet of the index patient”. The result showed no effect of distance on contracting Covid. Heneghan and Jefferson further noted, On further independent inspection of 15 studies included in the review, we found multiple inconsistencies in the data, numerical mistakes and unsound methods in 13 of them. When assumptions over distance were made, we could not replicate any of them. This is the hallmark of modern pseudo-science: inconsistencies in the data, numerical mistakes, unsound methods and inability to replicate results. Meanwhile UK governmental advisor Robert Dingwall said: “We cannot sustain [social distancing measures] without causing serious damage to society, to the economy and to the physical and mental health of the population …i think it will be much harder to

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  137 get compliance with some of the measures that really do not have an evidence base. I mean the two-metre rule was conjured up out of nowhere … well, there is a certain amount of scientific evidence for a one-metre distance which comes out of indoor studies in clinical and experimental settings. There’s never been a scientific basis for two metres, it’s kind of a rule of thumb. But it’s not like there is a whole kind of rigorous scientific literature that it is founded upon.” Of course, the assumption that social distancing works is based on the underlying assumption that there is a distinct and isolated virus SARSCoV2 which is contagious and is the sole cause of all the disease – which has not been proven.

2.1.4 Contact Tracing Contact tracing is an established practice in modern medicine. It is useful for the early stages of serious infectious diseases like Ebola, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases like chlamydia. Every credible expert on contact tracing says that it is effective only up to the point of mass distribution. In other words, during the early stages of a contagion or a slow moving or very serious disease. Throughout the covid-19 epidemic, public health authorities have promoted contact tracing as a key tool to combat the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Nearly every country infected by the virus has adopted some version, with mixed results given the global spread of the epidemic. Contrary to conventional public health wisdom, most of the hope placed on contact tracing efforts to control the epidemic is ultimately futile. It may be useful when the number of cases in an epidemic is very small and only if it is applied aggressively without regard to privacy rights. In cases that do not fit that description, contact tracing may make an outbreak Worse (Bhattacharya and Packalen, 2020) The Center for Disease Control website states that “Contact tracing will be conducted for close contacts (any individual within 6 feet of an infected person for at least 15 minutes) oflaboratory-confirmed or probable COVID-19 patients.” Furthermore, CDC complete definition of “close contact” is, Someone who was within 6 feet of an infected person for at least 15 minutes starting from 2 days before illness onset (or, for asymptomatic patients, 2 days prior to specimen collection) until the time the patient is isolated.

138  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 If one is “exposed” to such a person, one’s personal information will be collected and he/she/they will be contacted by the “tracer” to be instructed to quarantine for up to two weeks. Now, the CDC’s declaration of “6 feet” above takes us back to social distancing, where we just learned above that there is “no effect of distance on contracting COVID” in the first place. Thus, contact tracing misses the mark on two main points: first, the virus is too widespread throughout the population to make tracing effective and second, the criteria of six feet for defining a “contact” is bogus.

2.2 Cesspool of False Premises Covid responses from the government symbolize the new cultural and political divide. The conventional liberal groups find these responses logical while others find it akin to fascist culture. Even judges are weighing in. However, even after the liberal take over of USA, even judges are being criticized for being partisan. Few call out the current situation for what it is, completely devoid of logic. The assumptions people make about COVID, how dangerous it is, how it spreads are running rampant, running far more wildly than the supposed virus SARS-CoV2 itself. The coldly calculated campaign of propaganda surrounding this pandemic has achieved its aim. Besieged with a slew of contradictory information coming from all angles, people in general have succumbed to confusion. Some have given up trying to understand the situation and found it is just easier to obey official directives, even if it means giving up long-held rights. Below is a list of commonly held COVID assumptions which, if you believe them, will make you much more likely to submit to the robotic, insane and abnormal conditions of the New Normal – screening, testing, contact tracing, monitoring, surveillance, mask-wearing, social distancing, quarantine and isolation, with mandatory vaccination and microchipping to come. Freeman (2020) discuses the false premises promoted during this new post-covid culture. They are in the following sections.

2.2.1 Assumption 1: The Method of Counting COVID Deaths is Sensible and Accurate The sleight of hand is achieved by counting those who died with the virus as dying from the virus. This one trick alone is responsible for vastly skewing the numbers and turning the ‘official’ death count into a meaningless farce devoid of any practical value. Figure 2.5 shows the global death toll

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  139 Current

Deaths per 1000 People

7.700 7.650 7.600 7.550 7.500

Annual % Change

Current 0.40 0.20 0.00 -0.20 -0.40 2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Figure 2.5  Global death toll during 2015 through 2021 (Modified from Macrotrends, 2021).

during 2015 through 2021. Note that noting significance happened in 2021 – the year every government claimed to have been exasperated by the covid death toll. An even more telling picture emerges if USA death toll is considered (Figure 2.6). From 2013 onward there is linear increase in death rate without any pattern change during the covid period. Following are the top 10 causes of death in USA in 2019 (Table 2.2).

Deaths per 1000 People

Current 9.200 9.000 8.800 8.600 8.400 8.200 8.000

Annual % Change

Current

1.00 0.50 0.00 2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Figure 2.6  Global death toll during 2013 through 2021 (Modified from Macrotrends, 2021).

140  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 2.2  Top 10 Killers in USA. 2019

2020

Comments

Heart disease: 659,041

Heart Disease: 690,882

Up from 2019

Cancer: 599,601

Cancer: 598,932

Down from 2019

Accidents (unintentional injuries): 173,040

COVID-19: 345,323

New category

Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 156,979

Accidents/Unintentional Injuries: 192,176

Up from 2019, bumped down by COVID-19

Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 150,005

Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 159,050

Up from 2019

Alzheimer’s disease: 121,499

Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases: 151,637

Down from 2019

Diabetes: 87,647

Alzheimer’s Disease: 133,382

Down from 2019

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 51,565

Diabetes: 101,106

Up from 2019

Influenza and pneumonia: 49,783

Influenza and Pneumonia Number of deaths: 53,495

Up from 2019

Intentional self-harm (suicide): 47,511

Kidney Disease: 52,260

Up from 2019

Intentional self-harm (suicide): 44,834

Down from 2019

Table 2.3 Compares 2019 and 2020 data with previous data all the way since 2015. Let’s consider cases for which there has been a decline in 2020. Cancer cases have declined for the first time. Chronic lower respiratory disease cases have declined but there is a tendency to fluctuate over previous years. It’s the same for kidney disease cases. It’s the same with suicide. Trends in mortality for leading causes of death are important indicators of shifting patterns in mortality. During the COVID-19 pandemic, changes

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  141

Table 2.3  Number of deaths for leading causes of death, US, 2015-2020a. From JAMA, 2021. No. of deaths by year Cause of death

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Total deaths

2 712 630

2 744 248

2 813 503

2 839 205

2 854 838

3 358 814

Heart disease

633 842

635 260

647 457

655 381

659 041

690 882

Cancer

595 930

598 038

599 108

599 274

599 601

598 932

COVID-19b

345 323

Unintentional injuries

146 571

161 374

169 936

167 127

173 040

192 176

Stroke

140 323

142 142

146 383

147 810

150 005

159 050

Chronic lower respiratory diseases

155 041

154 596

160 201

159 486

156 979

151 637

Alzheimer disease

110 561

116 103

121 404

122 019

121 499

133 382

Diabetes

79 535

80 058

83 564

84 946

87 647

101 106

Influenza and pneumonia

57 062

51 537

55 672

59 120

49 783

56 495

Kidney disease

49 959

50 046

50 633

51 386

51 565

52 260

Suicide

44 193

44 965

47 173

48 344

47 511

44 834

Leading causes are classified according to underlying cause and presented according to the number of deaths among US residents. For more information, see the article by Heron.4 Source: National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System: mortality statistics (http://www. cdc.gov/nchs/death.htm). Data for 2015-2019 are final; data for 2020 are provisional. b Deaths with confirmed or presumed COVID-19, coded to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision code UO7.1 as the underlying cause of death. a

142  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 in leading causes provide insight into the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic on mortality burden. Most of the increase in deaths from 2019 to 2020 was directly attributed to COVID-19. Sanyaolu et al. (2020) pointed the difficulties associated with COVID-19 characterization. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 range from a common cold to more severe diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, and even death. It is believed that COVID-19, in those with underlying health conditions or comorbidities, has an increasingly rapid and severe progression, often leading to death. The problem is in the fact that there is monetary incentive in declaring death COVID-19 related. From what is known, patients with COVID-19 disease who have comorbidities, such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus, are more likely to develop a more severe course and progression of the disease. Furthermore, older patients, especially those 65 years old and above who have comorbidities and are infected, have an increased admission rate into the intensive care unit (ICU) and mortality from the COVID-19 disease. Increases were also noted for several other leading causes of death. These increases may indicate, to some extent, underreporting of COVID19. Scientifically, the most affected organs for the diseases that saw the maximum jump over 2019 data are lung, heart and kidney. Cancer, the conventional untreatable disease with highest rate of expansion, actually showed a decline. Considering the fact that overall mortality rate trends didn’t change from previous years poses a dilemma on the correct designation of covid deaths. Were COVID-19 a typical flu, increase in influenza cannot be explained. In this regard, drop in life expectancy during 2020 is an important data. Provisional, national mortality data show that the COVID-19 pandemic substantially affected mortality in 2020. Early estimates of life expectancy at birth, based on provisional data for January to June 2020, show historic declines not seen since World War II (19421943). The numerous cases of senior citizens, housed in care facilities (e.g. Michigan and New York) is a matter of criminal investigation and can account for the unusually high rate of COVID-19 deaths. Deaths where Covid-19 was mentioned on the death certificate rose sharply in April, 2020 and between mid-March and mid-June there were 19,286 care home resident deaths where the coronavirus was mentioned. However, deaths where Covid-19 was not mentioned also rose. Subsequent to that, a second wave took place, Covid death registrations began to increase in November, rising sharply in the first weeks of 2021. Between 31 October and 5 February, there were 16,355 Covid deaths registered among people in care homes. Comparing the scale of coronavirus cases and deaths between the two waves is absurd, because there was so little testing in the

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  143 early months. However, the burden of the virus fell much more severely on care homes (relative to the population generally) in the first wave. Of the 48,213 Covid deaths registered between mid-March and mid-June, 40% were care home residents – compared with 26% of the 62,250 deaths registered from 31 October to 5 February. Increases in other leading causes, especially heart disease, Alzheimer disease, and diabetes, may also reflect disruptions in health care that hampered early detection and disease management. Increases in unintentional injury deaths in 2020 were largely driven by drug overdose deaths. Final mortality data will help determine the effect of the pandemic on concurrent trends in drug overdose deaths. Curiously, that explanation doesn’t work for cancer, which showed a decline from 2019 after continuously increasing during previous years. One aspect is rarely talked about by the scientific community. The use of cheap but effective drugs were held out and even banned. We are familiar with Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin scandals. They personify politicization and profiteering by the big Pharma. This topic continues to draw criticism of Dr. Fauci and the mainstream bureaucrats. On December 5, 2021, US Senator Ron Johnson twitted out: I ask a simple question, did Dr. Fauci’s response to COVID-19 work? 788,000 lives lost, many because he ignored and sabotaged early treatment using cheap, available, generic drugs in favor of a vaccine that is not as safe or effective as we all hoped it would be. The effects of the pandemic are likely to continue through 2021 as well because COVID-19 has already caused more than 100 000 deaths this year. However, the effects of COVID-19 on mortality trends may be mitigated in 2021 given better detection and treatment options as well as increasing natural and vaccine-related immunity. A blockbuster paper in the leading British medical journal, The Lancet, reported increased mortality associated with the “controversial” malaria drug hydroxychloroquine, being tested for use against COVID-19. Why would a malaria drug, of a value that has yet to be determined, be controversial? It’s because the cheerleaders are fraudsters, posing as scientists. In brief, scientists drew on shady data from a previously obscure company, Surgisphere, operated by a skeleton crew with a questionable Internet profile. Having won the approval of the journal’s expert peer reviewers, they published in The Lancet. Out of concern about the results, the World Health Organization slammed on a stop to trials of the drug. No one noticed anything amiss until a private medical sleuth with a blog, Dr. James Todaro,

144  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 asked questions about Surgisphere that the paper’s authors and peer reviewers had neglected to ask. Even a bit of quick googling should have raised eyebrows. Some of Todaro’s research included looking up Surgisphere on LinkedIn. The paper was retracted but WHO rules didn’t change. From The Guardian (June 3, 2020): The World Health Organization and a number of national governments have changed their Covid-19 policies and treatments on the basis of flawed data from a little-known US healthcare analytics company, also calling into question the integrity of key studies published in some of the world’s most prestigious medical journals. A Guardian investigation can reveal the US-based company Surgisphere, whose handful of employees appear to include a science fiction writer and an adult-content model, has provided data for multiple studies on Covid-19 co-authored by its chief executive, but has so far failed to adequately explain its data or methodology. Data it claims to have legitimately obtained from more than a thousand hospitals worldwide formed the basis of scientific articles that have led to changes in Covid-19 treatment policies in Latin American countries. It was also behind a decision by the WHO and research institutes around the world to halt trials of the controversial drug hydroxychloroquine. On Wednesday, the WHO announced those trials would now resume. Two of the world’s leading medical journals — the Lancet and the New England Journal of Medicine — published studies based on Surgisphere data. The studies were co-authored by the firm’s chief executive, Sapan Desai. Stobbe (2021) reported that Ever since the announcement of COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have been asserting that 2020 would be the deadliest year in U.S. history, primarily because of COVID-19. However, in reality, the data released in June, 2021 indicate that the biggest increases in the death rates for heart disease and diabetes in at least 20 years (Stobbe, 2021). Of the causes of death for which the CDC had full-year provisional data, nine registered increases. Those included Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s, chronic liver disease, stroke and high blood pressure. Some of the increases were relatively small, but some were dramatic. The heart disease death rate  — which has been falling over the long term — rose to 167 deaths

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  145 per 100,000 population from 161.5 the year before. It was only the second time in 20 years that the rate had ticked up. This jump, of more than 3%, surpassed the less than 1% increase seen in 2015. In raw numbers, there were about 32,000 more heart disease deaths than the year before. Diabetes deaths rose to 24.6 per 100,000 last year, from 21.6 in 2019. That translated to 13,000 more diabetes deaths than in 2019. The 14% increase was the largest rise in the diabetes death rate in decades. The death rate from Alzheimer’s was up 8%, Parkinson’s 11%, high blood pressure 12% and stroke 4%. The death rate from the nation’s No. 2 killer, cancer, continued its decline during the year of COVID-19. It fell about 2% in 2020, similar to the drop seen from 2018 to 2019, even though cancer screenings and cancer care declined or were often postponed last year. According to Dr. Donald Lloyd-Jones, a Northwestern University researcher who is president-elect of the American Heart Association, “When hospitalization rates for Covid would go up, we would see dramatic declines in patients presenting to the emergency room with heart attacks, stroke or heart failure.” (NBC, 2021) CDC (2021) indicates that the age-adjusted death rate increased by 15.9% in 2020. Overall death rates were highest among non-Hispanic Black persons and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native persons. COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death, and the COVID-19 death rate was highest among non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native persons. Heart disease remained the top killer in the U.S. in 2020, accounting for about 21% of deaths and for 31,841 more deaths than in 2019. The nearly 5% increase in heart disease deaths in 2020 was the largest such increase since 2012. Though the total number of cancer deaths in the U.S. ticked down by 669, cancer remained the No. 2 killer of Americans in 2020, accounting for about 18% of overall deaths. COVID-19 was the third-leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, surpassing the fourth-leading cause, unintentional injuries, by more than 150,000 deaths. The disease accounted for more than 10% of U.S. deaths. Unintentional injuries resulting from things like drug overdoses, car accidents and falls accounted for 5.7% of U.S. deaths in 2020. Total deaths from these types of occurrences increased by 19,136 from 2019, marking an 11.1% surge. Chronic lower respiratory diseases also include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – itself encompassing emphysema and chronic

146  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 bronchitis. Such conditions accounted for 4.5% of U.S. deaths in 2020, down from 5.5% a year earlier. There also were 5,342 fewer deaths than in 2019, marking a 3.4% drop. Stroke-caused deaths, also known as cerebrovascular diseases accounted for 4.7% of total deaths in 2020 and for 9,045 additional deaths compared with 2019. In 2020, Alzheimer’s accounted for about 4% of deaths and saw its death total increase by 11,883, representing a nearly 10% surge. Diabetes accounted for 3% of total deaths in 2020 and 13,459 more deaths than it did in 2019, marking a 15.4% increase. Influenza and pneumonia came in as the ninth-biggest killer in the U.S. in 2020, holding the same spot as in 2019 but accounting for 3,712 additional deaths. The number of kidney disease deaths in the U.S. ticked up by 695 from the 2019 total, accounting for 1.6% of total deaths. Trends in mortality for leading causes of death are important indicators of shifting patterns in mortality. During the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in leading causes provide insight into the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic on mortality burden. Most of the increase in deaths from 2019 to 2020 was directly attributed to COVID-19. However, increases were also noted for several other leading causes of death. These increases may indicate, to some extent, underreporting of COVID-19, ie, limited testing in the beginning of the pandemic may have resulted in underestimation of COVID-19 mortality.6 Increases in other leading causes, especially heart disease, Alzheimer disease, and diabetes, may also reflect disruptions in health care that hampered early detection and disease management. Increases in unintentional injury deaths in 2020 were largely driven by drug overdose deaths. Final mortality data will help determine the effect of the pandemic on concurrent trends in drug overdose deaths. Provisional, national mortality data show that the COVID-19 pandemic substantially affected mortality in 2020. Early estimates of life expectancy at birth, based on provisional data for January to June 2020, show historic declines not seen since World War II (1942-1943).7 The effects of the pandemic are likely to continue through 2021 as well because COVID-19 has already caused more than 100 000 deaths this year. However, the effects of COVID-19 on mortality trends may be mitigated in 2021 given better detection and treatment options as well as increasing natural and vaccine-related immunity.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  147

2.2.2 Assumption 2: The PCR Test for COVID is Accurate The most notable PCR test (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was invented by a Nobel laueate chemist, Kary Mullis as a manufacturing technique (since it can able to replicate DNA sequences millions and billions of times), not as a diagnostic tool. The reason is that the intended use of the PCR was, and still is, to apply it as a manufacturing technique, being able to replicate DNA sequences millions and billions of times, and not as a diagnostic tool to detect viruses. COVID or SARS-CoV2 fails Koch’s postulates1. The virus, which shut the world down has still to this day never been isolated, purified and re-injected, or in other words, has never been 100% proven to exist, nor 100% proven to be the cause of the disease. When used to determine the cause of a disease, the PCR test has many flaws: 1. There is no gold standard to which to compare its results (COVID fails Koch’s postulates); 2. It detects and amplifies genetic code (RNA sequences) but offers no proof these RNA sequences are of viral origin; 3. It generates many false positive results; and 4. Even a positive result does not guarantee the discovered ‘virus’ is the cause of the disease! How declaring virus pandemics based on PCR tests can end in disaster was described by Gina Kolata in her 2007 New York Times article Faith in Quick Test Leads to Epidemic That Wasn’t (Kolata, 2007). The most important point is that there is no gold standard. Following are some quotes from the article COVID19 PCR Tests: “Tests need to be evaluated to determine their preciseness — strictly speaking their “sensitivity” and “specificity” — by comparison with a “gold standard,” meaning the most accurate method available. As an example, for a pregnancy test the gold standard would be the pregnancy itself. But as Australian infectious diseases specialist Sanjaya Senanayake, for example, stated in an ABC TV interview in an answer to the question “how accurate is the [COVID-19] testing?” “If we had a new test for picking up [the bacterium] golden staph in blood, we’ve already got blood cultures, that’s our gold standard we’ve been 1

Koch’s postulates are four obsolete criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle, and refined and published by Koch in 1890.

148  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 using for decades, and we could match this new test against that. But for covid-19 we don’t have a gold standard test.” Jessica C. Watson from Bristol University confirms this. In her paper “Interpreting a covid-19 test result”, published in the British Medical Journal, she writes that there is a “lack of such a clear-cut ‘gold-standard’ for covid-19 testing.” (Watson et al., 2020) Here is the admission about the PCR test by the CDC and FDA: “detection of viral RNA may not indicate the presence of infectious virus or that 2019-ncov is the causative agent for clinical symptoms …this test cannot rule out diseases caused by other bacterial or viral pathogens.”

Picture 2.3  Kary Mullis, the inventor of the PCR test, said, “He [Fauci] he doesn’t know anything about anything and I’d say that to his face.”

Kary Mullis (Picture 2.3), Nobel laureate chemist and the inventor of the PCR test, famously criticized the use of PCR for detecting covid-19 virus. According to him, PCR was never meant to be a diagnostic tool and does not measure viruses. He goes on to say he has tried, to no avail, to get Fauci to debate him with no luck. Sadly, Mullis died in August of 2019 of pneumonia or he might be one of the most vocal critics of the use of PCR to test for COVID-19. Some theorize this is the reason why so many asymptomatic cases end up being no more than false positives. These false positives of course are still used to inflate the “official numbers of infected.” In this rare clip, Mullis says Fauci “should not be in the position he is in” and that “those

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  149 guys have got an agenda.” “They make up their own rules and change them when they want to.” He also says Fauci “does not mind going on television in front of the people who pay his salary and lie directly into the camera.” In addition to not having a gold standard, PCR tests also lack a positive identification of the virus. Following are the answers to the pointed question regardin COVID-19. Study 1: Leo L. M. Poon; Malik Peiris. “Emergence of a novel human coronavirus threatening human health” Nature Medicine, March 2020 Replying Author: Malik Peiris Date: May 12, 2020 Answer: “The image is the virus budding from an infected cell. It is not purified virus.” Study 2: Myung-Guk Han et al. “Identification of Coronavirus Isolated from a Patient in Korea with COVID-19”, Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, February 2020 Replying Author: Myung-Guk Han Date: May 6, 2020 Answer: “We could not estimate the degree of purification because we do not purify and concentrate the virus cultured in cells.” Study 3: Wan Beom Park et al. “Virus Isolation from the First Patient with SARS-CoV-2 in Korea”, Journal of Korean Medical Science, February 24, 2020 Replying Author: Wan Beom Park Date: March 19, 2020 Answer: “We did not obtain an electron micrograph showing the degree of purification.” Study 4: Na Zhu et al., “A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China”, 2019, New England Journal of Medicine, February 20, 2020 Replying Author: Wenjie Tan Date: March 18, 2020 Answer: “[We show] an image of sedimented virus particles, not purified ones.”

2.2.3 Assumption 3: The Antibody Test for COVID is Accurate Following are the reasons why the antibody tests don’t really work: 1. Old blood samples contain COVID antibodies, so if a test find antibodies, they may have been there for years or decades. There is no way to tell if they were recently acquired; 2. Like the COVID PCR test, they generate many false positive results;

150  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 3. They test for antibodies which may not even be specific for COVID; 4. Antibodies don’t actually prove immunity, since there are people who fight off disease with little or no antibodies, and conversely, there are those with high antibody titers or counts, but who still get sick; and 5. The results can be interpreted arbitrarily. The presence of antibodies could mean you’re safe and immune to future COVID waves, or conversely, it could mean you’re dangerous (sick and infected right now). It’s all about the interpretation.

2.2.4 Assumption 4: The COVID Case Count is Rising A common fear mongering is: well if COVID is not that dangerous, how come cases keep rising? The answer is simple: because there is more testing. The more we test, the more cases we will find, because this ‘virus’ (really an RNA sequence) is far more widespread than we have been told, and there are far more asymptomatic people than we have been told (which shows it’s not that dangerous). As discussed in many articles, there is really no proof that people didn’t have this particular RNA sequence for years or decades before the test, so the test results are quite meaningless. Even more importantly, a general rule of thumb is that wherever there are people trying to gain power, there will be fraud, and COVID testing is no exception. It has been exposed that tens of thousands of coronavirus tests have been double counted. Additionally, the COVID tests are using the PCR method as discussed above in COVID Assumption 3, which has many flaws, including the flaw of results flipping back and forth depending on the number of cycles, as this quote states: ” Two samples taken from the same patient are being recorded as two separate tests in the Government’s official figures … It is hardly surprising that there are several papers illustrating irrational test results. For example, already in February the health authority in china’s Guangdong province reported that people have fully recovered from illness blamed on covid-19, started to test “negative,” and then tested “positive” again. (Boycott-Owen and Nuki, 2020) A paper published in the Journal of Medical Virology showed that 29 out of 610 patients at a hospital in Wuhan had 3 to 6 test results that flipped between “negative”, “positive” and “dubious” (Li et al., 2020).

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  151 A third example is a study from Singapore in which tests were carried out almost daily on 18 patients and the majority went from “positive” to “negative” back to “positive” at least once, and up to five times in one patient. Among the first 18 patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Singapore, clinical presentation was frequently a mild respiratory tract infection. Some patients required supplemental oxygen and had variable clinical outcomes following treatment with an antiretroviral agent (Young et al., 2020). Even Wang Chen, president of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, conceded in February, 2021 that the PCR tests are “only 30 to 50 per cent accurate”; while Sin Hang Lee from the Milford molecular diagnostics laboratory sent a letter to the WHO’s coronavirus response team and to Dr. Fauci on March 22, 2020, saying that: “It has been widely reported in the social media that the RT-QPCR [reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR] test kits used to detect sarscov-2 rna in human specimens are generating many false positive results and are not sensitive enough to detect some real positive cases.” (Feng and Hu, 2020)

2.2.5 Assumption 5: Thermal Imaging/Screening for COVID is Effective The pointing of a gun at people’s heads only helps in conditioning, but has no scientific merit. Taking people’s temperatures has no effect in stopping viral spread. Even if someone has an elevated temperature, what does that mean? There is a natural variation in human body temperatures; everyone operates at a slightly different temperature and is a function of mental condition, which maybe affected by the fact that the person is being subject to testing. Consider all the things that make one stressed and irritated, or raise one’s blood pressure, which could lead to an elevated temperature! In this way it is similar to the antibody test; it can show a result, but the result can be interpreted in so many ways that it renders the result pointless in terms of science (although there is a very much a point in terms of control).

2.2.6 Assumption 6: Asymptomatic People Can Spread the Disease This particular assumption is novel to any scientific methodology. This has the effect of making people anxious, scared and even paranoid in just going about their daily life. People that accept the Establishment narrative unquestionably become disoriented by this fallacy. WHO (World Health

152  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Organization) official Dr. Maria van Kerkhove was reported by MSM CNBC saying the following last month in June (Feuer and Higgins-Dunn, 2020): ““From the data we have, it still seems to be rare that an asymptomatic person actually transmits onward to a secondary individual,” Dr. Maria van Kerkhove, head of WHO’s emerging diseases and zoonosis unit, said at a news briefing from the united nations agency’s Geneva headquarters. “it’s very rare.”” It’s actually not true, it’s not rare, it’s rather absurd unless the healthy human and the affected other human come in contact with the virus simultaneously (Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7  Draconian CDC guideline, devoid of scientific basis.

Gao et al. (2020) reported a study on infectivity of asymptomatic SARSCoV-2 carriers that reported that 455 subjects exposed to asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV2. They were divided into three groups: 35 patients,

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  153 196 family members and 224 hospital staffs. We extracted their epidemiological information, clinical records, auxiliary examination results and therapeutic schedules. None of the 455 were infected.

2.2.7 Assumption 7: Making Schools Adopt Insanely Restrictive Measures Will Stop COVID Spread Of the many COVID assumptions floating around, these next two are based on the idea that children are a significant source of COVID spread. These have no logical or factual basis. The figures from WorldOMeter state that children aged 0-17 years have 0.02-0.06% share of world COVID deaths, which is essentially zero. That’s far less than death by influenza even when comorbidity is present. Below are the data provided by New York City Health as of April 14, 2020. It can be noted that the absolute number of deaths of patients without underlying conditions was actually higher in a previous report compared to the May 13 one, signaling the data has been since corrected and revised downward. Share of deaths of unknown + w/o cond.

Number of deaths

Share of deaths

With underlying conditions

Without underlying conditions

Unknown if with underlying cond.

0 - 17 years old

3

0.04%

3

0

0

0%

18 - 44 years old

309

4.5%

244

25

40

1.0%

45 - 64 years old

1,581

23.1%

1,343

59

179

3.5%

65 - 74 years old

1,683

24.6%

1,272

26

385

6.0%

75+ years old

3,263

47.7%

2,289

27

947

14.2%

TOTAL

6,839

100%

5,151

137 (2.0%)

1,551

24.68%

AGE

[1] Underlying illnesses include Diabetes, Lung Disease, Cancer, Immunodeficiency, Heart Disease, Hypertension, Asthma, Kidney Disease, and GI/Liver Disease. (Source website 1)

154  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Meanwhile, CDC stats show that “among 149,082 (99.6%) cases for which patient age was known, 2,572 (1.7%) occurred in children aged ultra toxic synthetic (bioweapon) vaccine. This is impersonation of Quran 4:119, where Satan promised he will mislead humans in changing natural to artificial. In our previous volumes we discussed at length how all ailments are rooted in artificial mass, energy, or logic (Islam et al., 2015; 2016; 2017). Here is a breakdown of the three COVID vaccines and their ingredients: Pfizer Vaccine: The full list of ingredients for the Pfizer vaccine is: mRNA, lipids ((4-hydroxybutyl)azanediyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl) bis(2-hexyldecanoate), 2 [(polyethylene glycol)-2000]-N,N-ditetradecylacetamide, 1,2Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3phosphocholine, and cholesterol), potassium chloride, monobasic potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, and sucrose. The Pfizer vaccine does not contain eggs, preservatives, or latex. Moderna Vaccine: The full list of ingredients for the Moderna vaccine is: Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), lipids (SM-102, polyethylene glycol [PEG] 2000 dimyristoyl glycerol [DMG], cholesterol, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [DSPC]), tromethamine, tromethamine hydrochloride, acetic acid, sodium acetate trihydrate, and sucrose. The Moderna vaccine does not contain eggs, preservatives, or latex. Johnson & Johnson Vaccine: The full list of ingredients for the Johnson & Johnson vaccine is: Recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus type 26 expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, citric acid monohydrate, trisodium citrate dihydrate, ethanol, 2 hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBCD), polysorbate-80, sodium chloride.

250  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The Johnson & Johnson vaccine does not contain eggs, preservatives, or latex. The above does not include many components that are in trace amounts. Authors have personal knowledge of the fact that following ingredients are present in various amounts. - HIV proteins - cancer - graphene oxide - mRNA - luciferase - human DNA - foetal tissues - animal DNA - monkey cells - liquid metals, such as mercury - and 30+ other ingredients Meanwhile they take you for a fool If I get vaccinated: 1. Can I stop wearing the mask? • No 2. Can they reopen restaurants etc and everyone work normally? • No 3. Will I be resistant to covid? • Maybe, but we don’t know exactly, it probably won’t stop you getting it 4. At least I won’t be contagious to others anymore? • no you can still pass it on, possibly, nobody knows. 5. If we vaccinate all children, will school resume normally? • No 6. If I am vaccinated, can I stop social distancing? • No 7. If I am vaccinated, can I stop disinfecting my hands? • No 8. If I vaccinate myself and my grandfather, can we hug eachi other? • No

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  251 9. Will cinemas, theatres and stadiums be reopened thanks to vaccines? • No 10. Will the vaccinated be able to gather? • No 11. What is the real benefit of vaccination? • The virus won’t kill you. 12. Are you sure it won’t kill me? • No 13. If statistically the virus didn’t kill me anyway … Why would I get vaccinated?” • To protect others. 14. So if I get vaccinated, the others are 100% sure I’m not infecting them? • No So the shot does not give immunity. Does not eliminate the virus. Does not prevent death. Does not guarantee you won’t get it. Does not prevent you from getting it. Does not stop you passing it on Does not eliminate the need for travel bans. Does not eliminate the need for business closures. Does not eliminate the need for lockdowns. Does not eliminate the need for masking. So…what is the Vaccine actually doing?

2.8.2 Vaccine Injuries Before the 2020 Presidential election, all scientists were quite reserved about the dangers of fast tracking vaccines. President Trump drew fast and furious rebuke from scintists, politicians alike for ‘rushing’ worth operation wrap speed. The caution was well warranted if it were not genuine. After Joe Biden was installed as the 46th President of USA, all paradigms changed. Docea in 2020 wrote: The most difficult scientific challenge for this future vaccine obtained in the laboratory is the proof of clinical safety and efficacy.

252  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The biggest challenge of manufacturing is the construction and validation of production platforms capable of making the vaccine on a large scale. In August, 2020, Moore and Klasse (2020) wrote in an article published in Journal of Virology, titled: COVID-19 Vaccines: “Warp Speed” Needs Mind Melds, Not Warped Minds: Poorly understood genetic variables affect how different people respond to the same immunogen, which is a key point when vaccinating large populations. A vaccine is useful if the majority of the recipients develop an antibody response that exceeds the protection threshold and, preferably, for a period measured in years not weeks (Figure 2.41). Typically, antibody titers vary by well more than 100fold among people given HIV-1 or influenza virus protein vaccines (82, 133, 134). Antibody responses, neutralizing or not, to SARSCoV-1 and -2 and MERS-CoV S-protein-based vaccines are similarly variable in animals and humans (35, 62, 88, 92, 93, 103). As an extreme example of how antibody responses can vary across a human study cohort, peak anti-S protein antibody titers induced by a MERS-CoV DNA vaccine ranged from 3 to 300,000, and in many volunteers, no antibodies were detectable at most time points (103). Thus, a key parameter is where a protective titer lies compared to the range of responses induced by the various vaccine candidates (Figure 2.39). Do only the strongest responders or most of them exceed a protective threshold? For how long? After Election 2020, everything changed and shrouds of secrecy was everywhere. For the first time, each company was given full immunity. against potential vaccine injury, and background data became sparsely available. Recently, a group called “Public Health and Medical Professionals For Transparency Documents” sued the FDA for the release of Pfizer’s documents concerning adverse events from their Covid “vaccine”, which Pfizer fought to have concealed 55 years, but a a judge ordered them released anyway. The Group’s website states: ”Four days after the Pfizer vaccine was approved for ages 16+, we submitted a Freedom of Information Act Request to the FDA for all of the data within Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine biological product file. We have now sued the FDA for not releasing the data. Click below for court documents and for productions of Pfizer’s documents from the FDA.”

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  253 NAb Titer (ID50)

10000 3000 1000 300 100 10

Protective Titer

0

3

6 9 Months

12

(a)

Response at peak

Response 6-months later 10000

1000 300

Protective Titer

100 10

1

2

NAb Titer (ID50)

NAb Titer (ID50)

10000

1000 300

10

3

Protective Titer

100

1

2

3

(b)

Figure 2.39  SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses and their relationships to protective immunity.

Court-Ordered Pfizer Documents that FDA tried to vave sealed for 55 years show 1223 Deaths, 158,000 Adverse Events in 90 Days Post EUA Release. This is no ordinary vaccine. VAERS have recorded unprecedented level of injuries (See Appendix-2A). More importantly, there is growing evidence that this vaccine is acting like a bioweapon. The most vulnerable are the elderly group. If isolation didn’t kill them as in care homes New York and Michigan, vaccines are doing the job. Here is from White (2021). The news is: “Nine Roman Catholic nuns in southern Michigan have died in January due to a COVID-19 outbreak at their retirement home, which had gone for months without a single case, officials said”. Even this one liner hides the crucial fact, which is buried as an endnote: “Residents received the first dose of the Moderna vaccine on Jan. 15, along with more than 50 employees.” They were of age 79 to 97 and all survived the great covid surge of 2020 and all dead within days of vaccination. Yet, their link to COVID-19 is being cited. Why? 9 out of 12 had some link to COVID-19 (not clear how) although 12 out of 12 were linked to vaccination. This has been the problem with the entire COVID-19 hysteria, the most obvious and logical conclusions are being avoided in favour of entirely illogical preposterous connections, packaged as ‘science’. Figure 2.40 shows USA vaccination rates by age groups.

254  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Age

At least 1 dose

12-17

61.7%

18-24

69.2%

25-39

73.1%

40-49

81.2%

50-64

88.6%

65-74

99.9%

75+

98.2%

Figure 2.40  Shows USA vaccination rates by age groups (From MayoClinic, 2021).

This data visualization presents data on weekly counts of all-cause mortality by jurisdiction of occurrence. Counts of deaths in the most recent weeks are compared with historical trends to determine whether the number of deaths in recent weeks is significantly higher than expected. AllCause Excess Deaths in Seniors (65+) in the US is up +71% compared to 2020, despite seniors being vaccinated 99.1% (1st dose). Figure 2.41 shows excess deaths among seniors in 2021. Figure 2.42 shows that covid-19 related deaths have far exceeded 2020 count and even cancer death count has gone up. Eslam et al. (2021) reported the death of 70+ year old, who was fully vaccinated. It was in Qatar at a time around 27% of the population were vaccinated, with the focus initially on higher-risk populations. The second dose was received 8 weeks prior to his presentation. He was unwell for a week with malaise, fever, and upper respiratory tract symptoms. In the two days prior to the presentation he became increasingly breathless, needing assistance for any activity. He collapsed while mobilizing, and bystander cardiac massage was instituted following telephone advice. The attending paramedic team found him to be in asystolic cardiac arrest. Return of circulation was achieved after 2 cycles of advanced life support. The emergency medical services team intubated his trachea without drug assistance, and he was transferred to the hospital. On arrival, the tracheal tubeposition was confirmed, and he was noted to have an oxygen saturation of 92% on 100% oxygen with 5 cm of water positive end-expiratory pressure. A 12 lead electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with left axis deviation and T wave inversion in leads I, aVL, V5, and V6. An Arterial Blood gas showed a profound metabolic acidosis (PH 7.75,BE −28,lactate 17 mmol/L), and a bedside echo identified good ventricular function with no regional wall motion abnormalities. He was profoundly hypoxic with arterial partial

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  255 Select a jurisdiction: United States indicates observed count above threshold Predicted number of deaths from all causes upper bound threshold for excess deaths

Weekly number of deaths (from all causes) 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Jan 1, 17 May 1, 17 Sep 1, 17

Jan 1, 18 May 1, 18

Sep 1, 18

Jan 1, 19

May 1, 19

Sep 1, 19

Jan 1, 20 May 1, 20 Sep 1, 20

Jan 1, 21

All-Cause Excess Deaths in Seniors (65+) [USA] Last 13 weeks - Week 33-45; Exces above baseline 2015-’19; Sources: CDC via USMortality.com Vaccination Rate (At least 1 dose)

+71%

Excess Deaths

75.0K

99.8K

100.0%

99.1%

75.0%

58.3K

50.0K

50.0%

25.0K

25.0%

COVID-19 Vaccination Rate

Excess Deaths 100.0K

0.0% 0.0K

2020

0.0%

2021

Figure 2.41  Excess death among seniors in 2021 is up by 71% over 2020.

Covid-19 Heartdisease Cancer Chronic lower respiratory diseases Stroke Alzheimer’s disease Diabetes Poisoning Kidney disease Influenza and Pneumonia Suicide Liver disease Respiratory disease Fall Firearm Septicemia Car crash Renal disease Parkinson’s disease HIV/AIDS 0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

Figure 2.42  Comparison among biggest killers in USA, 2021.

pressure of oxygen of 56 mmHg on 100% oxygen, tidal volume 420 mL, RR 30b/min, PEEP 10 cm water, and an I:E ratio of 1:1.3. A Chest radiograph (Figure 2.43) and a thoracic ultrasound (diffuse B lines, thickened and irregular pleura, no pleural effusion, subpleural consolidations) were suggestive of Covid 19 pneumonia.

256  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Figure 2.43  X-ray Chest showing diffuse B-lines, thickened and irregular pleura, subpleural consolidations.

Ashish (2020) first reported that COVID-19 is having devastating impact on child birth as well as mother’s health. Out of 22 907 eligible women, 21 763 women were enrolled and 20 354 gave birth, and health worker performance was recorded for 10 543 births. This study included with data from more than 20,000 expectant mothers across nine hospitals in Nepal. Physicians there noted a 50% increase in stillbirths: from 14 per 1,000 births, before the pandemic, to 21 per 1,000 by the end of May. They found that the rate spiked especially during the first month of the pandemic, while residents were almost completely quarantined in their homes. From the beginning to the end of the study period, the mean weekly number of births decreased from 1261·1 births (SE 66·1) before lockdown to 651·4 births (49·9) during lockdown—a reduction of 52·4%. The institutional stillbirth rate increased from 14 per 1000 total births before lockdown to 21 per 1000 total births during lockdown (p=0·0002), and institutional neonatal mortality increased from 13 per 1000 livebirths to 40 per 1000 livebirths (p=0·0022). In terms of quality of care, intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring decreased by 13·4% (−15·4 to −11·3; p .05

Arterial clots included ischemic strokes and mesenteric ischemia.

Patients with severe COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus can develop blood clots in medical lines, such as intravenous lines and catheters, and in arteries, lungs and extremities, including the toes. Yet the mechanisms underlying coagulation disorders in patients with COVID-19 are still unknown. Gundry (2021) wrote: “At the time of this report, these changes persist for at least 2.5 months post second dose of vac. We conclude that the mRNA vacs dramatically increase inflammation on the endothelium (layer of cells lining the blood vessels) and T cell infiltration of cardiac muscle and may account for the observations of increased thrombosis (clotting), cardiomyopathy, (a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle) and other vascular events following vaccination.” In March 2020, in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts, Van Cott and colleagues found that a blood sample from a patient with severe COVID-19 on a ventilator contained factor V levels high above the normal reference range. Four days later, this patient developed a saddle pulmonary embolism, a potentially fatal blood clot occurring at the junction of the left and right pulmonary arteries. This pointed the investigators to activity of factor V as well as factor VIII and factor X, two other major blood clotting protein factors. They studied the levels of these clotting factors and other parameters in a group of 102 consecutive patients with COVID-19 and compared the results with those of current critically ill patients without COVID-19, as well as against historical controls.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  263 The researchers found that factor V levels were significantly elevated among patients with COVID-19 compared with controls, and they found the association between high factor V activity and COVID-19 was the strongest among all clinical parameters studied. In all, 33 percent of patients with factor V activity well above the reference range had either deep vein thrombosis or a pulmonary embolism, compared with only 13 percent of patients with lower levels. Death rates were significantly higher for patients with lower levels of factor V, with evidence suggesting that this was due to a clinical decline toward a DIClike state. Van Cott and colleagues also found that the clinical decline toward DIC was foreshadowed by a measurable change in the shape, or waveform, of a plot charting light absorbance against the time it takes blood to coagulate. Importantly, the investigators note that factor V elevation in COVID-19 could cause misdiagnosis of some patients, because under normal circumstances factor V levels are low in the presence of liver dysfunction or DIC. Physicians might therefore mistakenly assume that patients instead have a deficiency in vitamin K. In October, Yeadon wrote a column for the United Kingdom’s Daily Mail newspaper that also appeared on MailOnline, one of the world’s most-visited news websites. It declared that deaths caused by COVID19, which then totaled about 45,000 in Britain, will soon “fizzle out” and Britons “should immediately be allowed to resume normal life.” Since then, the disease has killed about another 80,000 people in the UK. This sounds outlandish but as we know from later data, there is nothing rational about covid-19 death count or infection count. In absence of a standard, there is no way to verify the real story the covid-19 hysteria. Dr. Yeadon’s final commentary: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Masks don’t work Lockdown doesn’t work Hand gel doesn’t work PCR tests don’t diagnose clinical infection & are mostly false positives when running high cycles Natural immunity is “one & done” The virus is of comparable lethality to seasonal influenza After two years, mutation induced “antigenic drift” is so small that natural immunity to one variant means immunity to all variants Covid19 is THE most treatable respiratory viral illness yet

264  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 9. Spike protein is a poor immunogen, so vaccination is followed by weak immunity which fails to prevent infection or transmission 10. Spike protein is dangerous, so vaccination is followed by unprecedented levels of adverse events including deaths 11. Most of the specific predictions of potential side effects included in the EMA petition & Doctors4CovidEthics letters have come to pass 12. Vaccine passports have no public health benefit yet are here. Yeadon isn’t the only respected scientist to have challenged the scientific consensus on COVID-19 and expressed controversial views. Michael Levitt, a winner of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, told the Stanford Daily last summer that he expected the pandemic would end in the United States in 2020 and kill no more than 175,000 Americans – a third of the current total – and “when we come to look back, we’re going to say that wasn’t such a terrible disease.” And Luc Montagnier, another Nobel Prize winner, said last year that he believed the coronavirus was created in a Chinese lab. Many experts doubt that, but so far there is no way to prove or disprove it. almost a year later, evidence is surfacing that the wet market origin of Covid-19 is a fabrication. Levitt told Reuters that his projections about the pandemic in the United States were wrong, but he still believes COVID-19 eventually won’t be seen as “a terrible disease” and that lockdowns “caused a great deal of collateral damage and may not have been needed.” Curiously, Levitt is correct. Dr. Luc Montagnier, who won a Nobel Prize for his part in discovering HIV, said last year he believes the coronavirus was created in a Chinese lab. In a debate last fall in Britain’s House of Commons about the government’s response to the pandemic, parliamentarian Richard Drax called Yeadon an “eminent” scientist, and cited his view “that the virus is both manageable and nearing its end.” More recently, David Kurten, a member of the London Assembly – an elected body – tweeted there is a “real danger” that COVID-19 vaccines could leave women infertile. “The ‘cure’ must not be worse than the ‘disease’,” Kurten wrote. Yeadon called for an end to mass testing and claimed that 30% of the population was already immune to COVID-19 even before the pandemic started. By the time of the recording, he said, there was little scope for the virus to spread further in the UK because most people had already been infected or were immune.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  265 2001-2021

FIFA-

20 15 10 5 0

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2006

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Figure 2.45  500% rise in deaths – FIFA players in 2021. (From Real Time News, Israel).

The Israeli Real-Time News Tuesday reported a 5-fold increase in sudden cardiac and unexplained deaths among FIFA players in 2021 (Figure 2.45. They reported that over the December 2020 to December 2021 period (synchronized with vaccination protocol among athletes), 183 professional athletes and coaches have suddenly collapsed, with 108 dead. Most of the athletes were males, with only 15 females, and the vast majority being 17-40 years of age. Only 21 are older (5 aged 42-45, six aged 46-49, 7 aged 51-54, and 3 others aged 60-64). 23 were teenagers, aged 12-17, of whom 16 died. The investigation revealed in over 80 of the cases, such as football stars Sergio Aguero and Christian Eriksen, the athletes collapsed while playing, racing, or training, or immediately after. In most cases, the cause of the collapse was heart-related, including myocarditis, pericarditis, heart attacks, or cardiac arrest, with the second most prevalent cause being clotting events. Real-Time News emphasized that: “the list we have is even longer, but for the sake of caution, dozens of cases were removed, for which we did not have full details, so that only cases that were reported in detail were included.” They continued: “in addition, cases were removed in which evidence of previous risk factors was mentioned, such as cardiac disease or diabetes. To get a better picture of the data compared to previous years, RealTime News only looked at data relating to deaths among athletes registered with FIFA, and compared the data regarding the number of sudden cardiac death (SCD)/sudden unexplained death (SUD) among athletes in previous years, to the number of cases in 2021.

266  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The list of 183 athletes who collapsed and/or died since December 2020, with full reference, can be viewed at Website 7 (in Hebrew). Since December, 183 professional athletes and coaches have suddenly collapsed! 108 of them died! According to the literature, the phenomenon of collapsing athlete breakdown for reasons unrelated to injury is rare. So what is causing this sudden epidemic? The “Real-Time News” investigation presents a list of athletes who were injured and/or died. Analyzing the list we found: Most athletes are males (only 15 females) TheVast majority are 17-40 years. Only 21 are older (5 aged 42-45, six aged 46-49, 7 aged 51-54, and 3 others aged 60-64). 23 are teenagers, aged 12-17, 16 died. In over 80 of the cases, such as football stars Sergio Aguero and Christian Eriksen, the athletes collapsed while playing, racing or training, or immediately after. In most cases, it has been reported that the cause of the collapse is heart-related, including myocarditis, pericarditis, heart attacks, or cardiac arrest. The second cause reported is clotting events. We emphasize that the list we have is even longer, but for the sake of caution, dozens of cases were removed, from it in which we did not have full details, so that only the cases that were reported in detail were included. players-die In addition, cases were removed in which evidence of previous risk factors was mentioned, such as a cardiac disease or diabetes. To get a better picture of the data compared to previous years, we only looked at data relating to deaths among athletes registered with FIFA, and compared the data regarding the number of SCD (sudden cardiac death)/ SUD (sudden unexplained death) among these athletes in previous years, to the number of cases in 2021. During 2001-2020 there was an average of 4.2 deaths per year attributed to SCD or SUD, the vast majority being SCD. In contrast, in 2021, according to our list, there were 21 cases of SCD/SUD among FIFA players. In other words, instead of 4 SCD/SUD deaths per year (according to Wikipedia data), or 5 cases per year (calculated according to the BMJ) during 20012020, 21 players have died so far this year. When one looks into mainstream news, there is an awkward silence. There are those Factchecking tabloids calling out every dissenting voices as ‘conspiracy theorists’. Then comes some voices of conscience.

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Picture 2.10  Voice of conscience, Cardiologist Dr. Malhotra reveals in his TV interview that it’s fear of losing grants that is preventing researchers from publishing their findings.

Cardiologist Dr. Aseem Malhotra (Picture 2.10) said in a recent interview: “Extraordinary, disturbing and upsetting. We now have evidence of a plausible biological mechanism of how mRNA vaccine may be contributing to increased cardiac events. The abstract is published in the highest impact cardiology journal so we must take these findings very seriously.” “‘They aren’t going to publish their findings, they are concerned about losing research money” “I have alot of interaction with the cardiology community across the UK, and anecdotally, I have been told by colleagues that they are seeing younger and younger people coming in with heart attacks…. Now since July, there’s been at least 10,000 non-covid deaths, and most of those have been driven by circulatory disease, in other words, heart attack and stroke. And there’s been a 30% increase in deaths at home, often because of cardiac arrest…. (So) The signal is quite strong… This needs to be investigated… And I think it is high-time that policymakers around the world put an end to the mandates, because –if this signal is correct– then history will not be on their side and the public will not forgive them for it.” (Malhotra, 2021)

268  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 This is a common theme and more and more scientists are coming out, divulging the real agenda.

2.8.3 Ineffective at Best A recent study (Salvatore et al., 2021) from the U.S. Government’s Covid Response Team at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has found vaccinated people to be “no less infectious” than unvaccinated people. The study tested inmates in a federal prison with high vaccination rates daily during a SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant outbreak. Specimen collection occurred during July 18—August 9, 2021. CDC and BOP staff collected one nasal mid-turbinate specimen daily for 10 consecutive days from participants who had tested positive, beginning on July 19 or, for cases identified after July 19, beginning on the date of participants’ first positive test. All incarcerated persons residing in housing units where cases were identified were placed under quarantine precautions. To assist in case-finding, consenting persons who were quarantined were tested every other day beginning on July 19 or on their first full day of quarantine; those who tested positive during quarantine were invited to participate in the 10 consecutive days of specimen collection. All participants were asked to provide a specimen on August 6 to provide data additional data on viral shedding, which corresponds to a late timepoint in infection for most participants (Figure 2.46). The timelines of specimen collection and laboratory results for 95 included participants are represented diagrammatically, indexed by the day of onset. Onset was determined to be either a) date of first onset of selfreported symptom(s) meeting the case definition of COVID-19 or b) date of first positive diagnostic SARS-CoV-2 test, whichever occurred first. Each participant is represented by a horizontal line corresponding to the investigation sampling period during their time-course of illness. Participants who were not fully vaccinated (including 2 participants who received only the first dose of a two-dose COVID-19 vaccine series) are depicted at the top of the figure, while fully vaccinated participants are depicted at the bottom. RT-PCR results are represented by solid circles (positive results) or open circles (negative results). For specimens with positive RT-PCR results for which viral culture was performed, culture results are indicated by overlaid blue boxes (positive culture results) or red boxes (negative culture results). Specimens with positive RT-PCR results with a cycle threshold (Ct) value greater than 35 for which viral culture was not performed are indicated by overlaid orange boxes (indicated a presumptive negative viral

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Not Fully Vaccinated

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Sampling Period Negative RT-PCR Positive RT-PCR Ct>35 Negative Culture Positive Culture

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Figure 2.46  Timelines and results of nasal mid-turbinate specimens collected from enrolled participants, Federal prison, Texas, July 12—August 9, 2021 (From Salvatore et al., 2021).

culture result). Some participants provided specimens during case-finding testing while in quarantine and may have RT-PCR negative specimens collected prior to onset (Figure 2.46). On the tenth day of specimen collection, participants were asked to complete a paper-based questionnaire to report COVID-19-like symptoms during the course of their illness, including date of symptom onset and symptom duration. Information on demographic characteristics, COVID19 vaccination history, previous positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests, and underlying medical conditions was extracted from BOP electronic medical records for all participants.

270  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The study was very thorough. Inmates who tested positive for SARSCoV-2 were, where willing, PCR-tested for 10 consecutive days and reported symptoms via a questionnaire. The researchers performed whole genome sequencing and viral culture analysis on a high proportion of the 978 specimens collected, allowing them to assess the duration of PCR positivity and viral culture positivity. There were 95 participants in total, of whom 78 (82%) were double vaccinated and 17 (18%) were not double vaccinated (two having received one dose and 15 having received none). No significant differences were found between double vaccinated and not double vaccinated either in duration of PCR positivity (13 days each) or in duration of culture positivity (five days each). The authors conclude that “clinicians and public health practitioners should consider vaccinated persons who become infected with SARSCoV-2 to be no less infectious than unvaccinated persons”. This is in line with the findings of Public Health England and others.

2.9 Overall Commentary on Government Response to Covid-19 Pandemic Ever since the onset of COVID-19 hysteria, Canadian civil liberty group, OCLA published a series of scientific reports that deconstructed the New World Order narrative in response to COVID-19. They are scientifically sound and present a scientific discourse that has eluded the mainstream ‘professional’ societies and academia. In this section, we present the summary of these reports, with reference to the website that presents the whole report.

2.9.1 OCLA Report 2020-1 | April 2020 Criticism of Government Response to COVID-19 in Canada The Abstract We review the scientific literature about general-population lockdown and social-distancing measures, which is relevant to mitigation policy in Canada. Federal and provincial Canadian government responses to and communications about COVID-19 have been irresponsible. The latest research implies that the government interventions to “flatten the curve” risk causing significant additional cumulative COVID-19 deaths, due to seasonal driving of transmissibility and delayed societal immunity.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  271 Dr. Rancourt’s article “Masks Don’t Work: A review of science relevant to COVID-19 social policy”, which is cited in OCLA Report 2020-1.

2.9.2 OCLA Report 2021-1 | February 2021 Summary I find that the transmission mitigation provisions of Regulation 364/20 of the Reopening Ontario (A Flexible Response to COVID-19) Act, 2020 are arbitrary and nonsensical, in light of actual knowledge about transmission of viral respiratory diseases, including COVID-19. Given hard evidence of harm from the measures themselves, if Ontario was a science-based society, the government would apply the precautionary principle by declaring a moratorium on all transmission-mitigation regulations, until policy-grade studies prove their worth in a rigorous harm-benefit appraisal framework. Purpose and context The purpose of this analysis is to examine whether provisions in the Ontario law to regulate mandatory face masks and physical distancing are supported by, consistent with, or contrary to established science about the transmission of viral respiratory diseases, including COVID-19. [ Ontario Regulation 364/20: Rules for Areas in Stage 3, under the Reopening Ontario (A Flexible Response to COVID-19) Act, 2020, S.O. 2020, c. 17, https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/200364 ] The version of interest of Regulation 364/20 (the “Regulation”) is the one with major changes that came into force on 3 October 2020. I use the consolidation period from 9 January 2021, to the e-Laws currency date of the access date of 28 January 2021. The Regulation is one of several regulations under the Act (S.O. 2020, c. 17). I count 32 regulations under the Act, at present. The Act specifies overarching enforcement conditions for these 32 Ontario COVID-19 regulations. [ https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/20r17 ]. In my reviews, since 11 April 2020, of the science of efficacy of face masks to reduce the risk of viral respiratory disease transmission, I have emphasized [1][2][3]: Ø The only way to scientifically measure the efficacy of masks is using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with “verified outcome” (laboratory confirmed infection) because: (a) the efficacy is small compared to other known and unknown factors, (b) the person to person variations of infectiousness and 3 susceptibility are known to be large compared to the averages, and (c) there is a high potential for bias in data collection/selection and in interpretation, in any substandard study.

272  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Ø There have been no less than 15 policy-grade RCTs with verified outcome, in health care, community, and general-population settings. All but the most recent one have been analyzed in published formal systematic reviews. All 15 studies find that no reduction in risk can be detected with statistical significance. This means that any benefit is too small to be detected by science. Ø The government claims that masks work are in effect disingenuous propaganda, improperly relying on substandard and irrelevant studies [2]. Therefore, the presumption that masks work is incorrect. It is disproved by science: Any risk reduction is too small to be detected using usual and established statistical criteria. In the present analysis, I examine whether provisions in Regulation 364/20 make sense regarding reducing the spread of a viral respiratory disease in society and regarding epidemiological harm reduction, in terms of known transmission mechanisms and known circumstances of transmission, with an eye to all-cause mortality by week for Ontario.

2.9.3 OCLA, 2021a, https://www.canadiancovidcarealliance. org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/A-Letter-to-theVaccinated-OCLA.pdf A Letter to the Vaccinated Following their “Open Letter to the Unvaccinated”, an expanding group of Canadian scholars has now written a letter addressing “the vaccinated”. The writers expose the divisiveness of vaccination status and denounce the resulting rift in society. Giving up civil liberties in exchange for a false sense of safety is futile. We must not accept a descent into medical apartheid in Canada and around the world. The letter appeals both to those who chose to take the vaccine and those who were coerced. It reflects on the broader implications of our actions in an effort to collaborate on a constructive path forward. Open Letter to the Vaccinated Prime Minister Trudeau recently warned that “there will be consequences” if federal employees do not comply with vaccine mandates. This is a voice of tyranny that has reverberated fear and heightened agitation across our country. It has launched our nation into deep division around mass vaccination and brought our collective recovery from this pandemic to a critical head. In fact, it forces us, as a country, to finally ask: indeed, what are those consequences?

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  273 What are the societal consequences of being divided along the lines of vaccination status? What are the consequences of mandating such an insufficiently tested medical intervention? How is this all supposed to end well? The consequences will be dire, to be certain. And the consequences will affect all of us, the vaccinated and the unvaccinated alike. Over the last six months, many of us made our decision to accept the vaccine in good faith – doing the right thing in order to work, travel and visit the people we love. Sadly, some of us have been pressured or coerced. And now, mounting evidence worldwide shows that these vaccines cannot stop the transmission of the virus and variants, yet vaccination mandates continue. Meanwhile, the pharma corporations are earning billions of dollars of public money, and pushing to fast-track the vaccines towards full approval, without due process or public discussion. It is abundantly clear that when money and politics intertwine, science and ethics take a back seat. Maybe you once resented those who hesitated to get the vaccine, as people who were not doing their part; but maybe it is time to consider that we have all become passengers on the same runaway train. The meaning of “fully vaccinated” is rapidly changing as leaders demand the next booster upgrade and threaten ousting us from public spaces if we don’t comply. So, if you are among the “fully vaccinated” today, by tomorrow you may become one of the “insufficiently vaccinated” and be coerced into taking another shot. If history is any indication, this will not stop with barring admission to concerts or bars. When you can no longer buy food, access banking, vote in person or cross a provincial border, it will be crystal clear that the same discriminatory practices that you hope to abolish will be ever more firmly established. The real consequences await all of us. Perhaps you’ve had your full round of doses and are now having doubts about whether to continue based on the alarming number of infections among the vaccinated. Or maybe you know someone who has been vaccine-injured or are concerned about the mounting death reports in conjunction with vaccinations. We keep asking ourselves, “Why is the data not allowed to be scrutinized and why are independent experts being censored if they attempt to do just that?” It is incomprehensible, and decidedly un-Canadian, to see the silencing of highly regarded doctors and health scientists in our country and around the globe. History has taught us that one-sided arguments and outlawed dissent are signs of totalitarianism lurking at the doorstep. Soon, asking questions will make you an enemy of the State. Mandating vaccines is a breaking point. “My body, my choice” has been one of the hallmarks of a free and

274  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 democratic society, but this is changing. Canadians are being robbed of personal decision making. With lockdowns already scheduled for the fall, and boosters at the ready, we are entering a watershed moment. Are we all willing to continue being injected indefinitely? In Canadian provinces and around the world vaccine passports are demonstrating our new, long-term relationship with medical coercion in exchange for basic freedoms. Thus far, each treatment has been promised to be the last, but it couldn’t be clearer that there is no end in sight. And now they’re coming for our children. With extremely low risk of becoming ill and practically no risk of dying from COVID- 19, the mass vaccination of children and adolescents remains unwarranted. Lining up our healthy children for medical treatment was never part of the deal. Most disturbingly of all, we are being primed for mass vaccination campaigns in our schools that do not require parental consent. Does the government decide what is best for our children? Without question, the family ties that bind us are being undone. Justifiably, parents are appalled by this unprecedented overreach and are debating pulling their children out of schools. Despite our best intentions, families are scarred, friends are divided, and partners are at odds with each other. We have been weakened by our division and manipulated through fear. Just how far will we allow this to go? “All the way!” some of us declare. But “all the way” is a place we will never reach. We need to stop this medical catastrophe and face the truth: this isn’t about our health; it is about politics and it is about control. The consequences of following Prime Minister Trudeau’s current orders are greater than his threatened consequences. We entered into this for one another, not for our politicians. We have done what we felt we had to do, and now we must say, ‘This is far enough, no more!’

2.9.4 OCLA Report 2021b, Analysis of All-Cause Mortality by Week in Canada 2010- 2021, by Province, Age and Sex There was no COVID-19 pandemic, and there is strong evidence of response- caused deaths in the most elderly and in young males Abstract We analyzed all-cause mortality by week (ACM/w) for Canada, and for the Canadian provinces, and by age group and sex, from January 2010 through March 2021; in comparison with data for other countries and their regions or counties.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  275 We find that there is no extraordinary surge in yearly or seasonal mortality in Canada, which can be ascribed to a COVID-19 pandemic; and that several prominent features in the ACM/w in the COVID-19 period exhibit anomalous province-to-province heterogeneity that is irreconcilable with the known behaviour of epidemics of viral respiratory diseases (VRDs). We conclude that a pandemic did not occur. In addition, our analysis of the ACM/w, by province, age and sex, allows us to highlight anomalies, occurring during the COVID-19 period, which provide strong evidence that: • Among the most elderly (85+ years), many died from the immediate response to the pandemic that was announced by the WHO on 11 March 2020. • Predominantly young males (0-44 years, and also 45-64 years) probably indirectly died from the sustained pandemic response, in the summer months of 2020, and into the fall and winter, starting in May 2020, especially in Alberta, significantly in Ontario and British Columbia, whereas not in Quebec.

2.9.5 Omicron There is nothing extraordinary about Omicron other than the fact that there was 26% rise in ModeRNA shares and 6% rise in Pfizer shares on a day all other stocks collapsed. The South African Medical Research Council posted a report on Saturday outlining early Omicron cases from several hospitals. They found that patients infected with the Omicron strain tended to have less severe disease—most of the hospitalized patients did not need supplemental oxygen, a few developed COVID pneumonia, and fewer still required intensive care. The folly of Omicron variant is summed up by the following letter from Dr ANGELIQUE COETZEE, the doctor who alerted the world to the Omicron Covid variant, says we are over-reacting to the threat. Daily Mail, Nov. 29, 2021 As chair of the South African Medical Association and a GP of 33 years’ standing, I have seen a lot over my medical career. But nothing has prepared me for the extraordinary global reaction that met my announcement this week that I had seen a young man in my surgery who had a case of Covid that turned out to be the Omicron variant.

276  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 This version of the virus had been circulating in southern Africa for some time, having been previously identified in Botswana. ALL travellers will need proof of a negative lateral flow or PCR Covid test taken 48 hours before departure in new crackdown starting on Tuesdaydespite Grant Shapps rejecting calls to introduce pre-departure tests just 24 hours earlier , and other top stories from December 05, 2021. But given my public-facing role, by announcing its presence in my own patient, I unwittingly brought it to global attention. Quite simply, I have been stunned at the response – and especially from Britain. And let me be clear: nothing I have seen about this new variant warrants the extreme action the UK government has taken in response to it. No one here in South Africa is known to have been hospitalised with the Omicron variant, nor is anyone here believed to have fallen seriously ill with it. Nothing has prepared me for the extraordinary global reaction that met my announcement this week that I had seen a young man in my surgery who had a case of Covid that turned out to be the Omicron variant +3 Nothing has prepared me for the extraordinary global reaction that met my announcement this week that I had seen a young man in my surgery who had a case of Covid that turned out to be the Omicron variant Yet Britain and other European nations have reacted with heavy travel restrictions on flights from across southern Africa, as well as imposing tighter rules at home on mask-wearing, fines and extended quarantines. The simple truth is: we don’t know yet anywhere near enough about Omicron to make such judgments or to impose such policies. The British government reaction to the Omicron variant has including an expansion of the booster jab roll-out to all adults The British government reaction to the Omicron variant has including an expansion of the booster jab roll-out to all adults In South Africa, we’ve retained a sense of perspective. We’ve had no new regulations or talk of lockdowns because we’re waiting to see what the variant actually means. We’ve also become accustomed here to new Covid variants emerging. So when our scientists confirmed the discovery of yet another, nobody made a huge thing of it. Many people didn’t even notice.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  277 But after Britain heard about it, the global picture started to change. Even as our scientists tried to point out the huge gaps in the world’s knowledge about this variant, European nations immediately and unilaterally banned travel from this part of the world. Our government was understandably angered by this, pointing out that ‘Excellent science should be applauded, not punished.’ If, as some evidence suggests, Omicron turns out to be a fast-spreading virus with mostly mild symptoms for the majority of the people who catch it, that would be a useful step on the road to herd immunity. After Britain heard about it, the global picture started to change. We’ll learn in the next two weeks if that’s the case. The worst situation – of course – would be a fast-spreading virus with severe infections. But that’s not where we are at the moment. Here in South Africa, what I and my GP colleagues are seeing doesn’t in any way warrant the knee-jerk reaction we’ve seen from the UK. For one thing, we’re not – at least for now – treating patients who are severely ill. Take my first Omicron case, the young man I mentioned earlier. It didn’t occur to him that he had Covid: he thought he’d had too much sun after working outside. After he tested positive, so did his wife and four-monthold baby. So far, the patients who’ve tested positive for Omicron here have been mainly young men – a mixture of vaccinated and unvaccinated (though, in our statistics, ‘unvaccinated’ can also mean ‘single-vaccinated’). Only yesterday, I saw five more patients who had tested positive for the new variant. They all had a very mild illness. So, at the moment, I’m afraid it seems to me that Britain is merely hyping up the alarm about this variant unnecessarily. Yes, the picture might one day look different. I have yet to see older, unvaccinated people infected with the new variant, for example, and they might well present with a more severe form of the disease. But the reality is that Covid is something we have to learn to live with. Look after yourself and get your vaccines. Above all, don’t panic – and that goes for governments as well. Dr Coetzee is chair of the South African Medical Association and first alerted the world to the Omicron Covid variant last week.

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Within hours of the discovery of Omicron, many symptoms of Omicron cropped all over the ‘expert’ sites. The major symptoms became: - breathing difficulties - A number of heart-related complications may occur, including ◦◦ heart failure, ◦◦ arrhythmias, ◦◦ heart inflammation, ◦◦ blood clots Just by chance, these are also the symptoms of Covid vaccine injuries See Figure 2.47.

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Figure 2.47  Symptoms of Omicron.

2.9.6 Pfizer CEO: A New Vaccine Will be Available by March Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla on December 6, 2021 said the omicron variant of the virus that causes Covid-19 appears to be milder than previous strains, but also seems to spread faster and could lead to more mutations in the future. This would be a natural conclusion of a new virus, which spreads faster leading to herd immunity. But, for this person, it is bad news. “I don’t think it’s good news to have something that spreads fast,” Bourla told The Wall Street Journal during an interview at the paper’s CEO Council Summit. “Spreads fast means it will be in billions of people and another

280  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 mutation may come. You don’t want that.” His statement contradicts the logic of virology that always saw mutation as a natural progression and entirely unavoidable. Bourla further cautioned that it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from the wave of infection in South Africa right now. Just 5% of South Africans are over the age of 60, and younger people normally have milder cases of Covid. However, many people in South Africa are also HIV positive, which would presumably lead to more severe disease from Covid, he said. This statement contradictions what South African experts are saying and what anyone with logical; mind can understand. The Pfizer CEO said he expects the number of confirmed omicron cases to surge from dozens to millions over the next few weeks. “We will have a good understanding let’s say before the year-end as to what exactly it means for clinical manifestation,” Bourla said. meanwhile all arrangements for more boosters shots have been finalized, and governments are ready to order another round of lockdown. Went with the propaganda the ‘science of winter vagina’. The following piece is not a satire (Williams, 2021): The NHS says that the cold weather can make some people’s health problems even worse, especially if you’re over 65 and already have an underlying health condition. Experts say you should try and look in on the elderly and vulnerable during the winter months as they may not always be able to get out and about to access the services they need. The cold winter weather can also have an impact on all parts of the body - including, yep, your private parts. And on a more serious note cold weather also means you’re more likely to suffer from serious conditions such as a heart attack or blood clots. Here are the main health dangers that can be triggered by the cold. Winter vagina The vagina has a delicate microbial ecosystem, known as the microbiome, Claire Foss, nutritional therapist at Optibac Probiotics explains.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  281 Claire said: “Some of our beloved winter habits such as taking hot baths, wearing heavy clothing, and even the dry air from cranking up the central heating can upset the vaginal microbiome, creating the perfect environment for a ‘winter vagina’.” Blood clots Sudden changes in temperature cause thermal stress for the body which has to work harder to maintain its constant temperature. In particular, research has shown this makes it more likely for people to suffer from dangerous blood clots during winter. Study authors, from a hospital in Nice, France, suggested that respiratory tract infections more common in winter might make patients more vulnerable to blood clots. They also suggested that chilly weather might make the blood vessels constrict, making it more likely that blood clots will form. The flu Cases of the flu are expected to explode in the face of a ‘super cold snap’ of weather currently blanketing Britain, experts have warned. Dr Conall Watson, consultant epidemiologist at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) said while some have had their flu jab already, the UK needed to go ‘one step further this winter’. He explained: “Temperatures are dropping, and winter is approaching. Flu typically increases at this time of the year, so if you are eligible for an NHS flu vaccine and haven’t had it yet, please book as soon as you can. “We have now met the World Health Organisation target for flu vaccine uptake in those aged 65 and over, but we need to go further to make sure more people are protected this winter.” Flu gets worse in winter months and the cold weather can exacerbate symptoms of the common illness.

282  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Heart attacks People exposed to cold weather are more likely to suffer a heart attack, a recent study revealed. Researchers from Sweden from Lund University in Sweden found that the average number of heart attacks per day was significantly higher when the weather as cold compared to when the weather was warm. Sure enough, On December 12, 2021, the following breaking news crops up.

By December 14, 2021, Covid passes are now mandatory for entry to nightclubs and large venues in England. In addition, face masks are now compulsory in most indoor places. MPs vote in favour of introducing mandatory vaccination for frontline NHS workers in England.

2.9.7 By-Product of Covid Hysteria It was alluded to the fact that the covid hysteria has caused death in other causes, which wouldn’t otherwise occur. Recently, Donnelly (2021) reported disturbing data from UK. Watchdogs also warned that NHS waiting lists could keep growing until 2025 and even reach double the current six million. Charities said the report by the National Audit Office (NAO) reflected a “devastating” situation for many patients, with medics warning of “the biggest cancer catastrophe ever to hit the NHS”. It is reported that the situation was likely to get worse before it gets better, with millions of patients who should have been referred for care during the pandemic now missing from waiting lists. Latest figures show 5.9 million people waiting – around a 10th of the population. The NAO estimates that between 7.6 million and 9.1 million fewer referrals for treatment were made during the pandemic, because of difficulties accessing care and fears of catching the virus.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  283 It estimated that if 50 per cent of missing referrals returned to the NHS, and activity grew in line with pre-pandemic expectations, the waiting list would reach 12 million by March 2025. The report expresses particular concern about a sharp fall in urgent referrals by GPs to hospitals, for cases of suspected cancer. The NAO estimates a shortfall of between 240,000 and 740,000 missing referrals as a result of people struggling to get appointments with GPs, or keeping away from the NHS for fear of Covid or being a burden on services. In turn, between 35,000 and 60,000 fewer people started treatment for cancer than would have been expected over the period. The report warns of uncertainty about how many such patients will now seek help, amid warnings that, in many cases, disease may be more advanced and harder to treat. Before the first lockdown, around 80 per cent of appointments took place in person, a figure which fell to 47 per cent after the first lockdown. A recent increase has taken it to 64 per cent. An NHS spokesperson said: “Treating more than half a million patients in hospital for covid, as well as delivering a world-leading vaccination programme, has inevitably had an impact on some routine and non-urgent care, yet since the pandemic begun the NHS has performed millions of elective procedures and over 450,000 people have started treatment for cancer.”

2.10 Science of Vaccines As discussed by Khan and Islam (2016) and Islam et al. (2015), Qur’an presents the gold standard for sustainability (halal). This standard is in line with every divine ruling throughout history (Dao in ancient China, Dharma in ancient India etc.) Quran says, wine has both good and bad, but more bad and it is forbidden, forming the icon of unsustainability. Taking even medicinal alcohol (tonic) is forbidden. Prophet Muhammad said about organic medicinal wine, “it is the disease, how do you expect it to cure?” Now let’s come to vaccine, not a single ingredient of the vaccine has any good effect on body. It would be doubly forbidden to consume vaccine (double because it has nothing good in it, unlike wine). However, one doesn’t even swallow vaccine, one puts it directly in the blood, below the protective layer. No medicinal method of the prophet Muhammad allows us to place even beneficial substance (e.g. honey or herb) in our blood stream. From that it follows injecting vaccine is triply forbidden. It

284  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 is unconscionable to consider vaccines as immunity boosters. What will protect us from any harm are: 1. Meditation (grounding); 2. good wishes of the loved ones; 3. Exposure to sunlight and fresh air (to help build the immune system); 4. Good organic fresh food. All of these are being denied by the reining establishment. Following is a scientific narrative based on Chinese/Islamic medicine Kidney is the root of Qi (ruh in Arabic) and the foundation of yin and yang in the body. The Kidney stores the Essence or one’s inherited original reserves of vital energy. If one has constitutional kidney deficiency, one may already be deficient in yin and may be predisposed to other organ imbalances. The kidney system, dominated by kidneys, pertains to urinary bladder, and associates with ears, hairs, bones, external genitalia, anus, etc. TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) says, lung’s emotion is sadness, kidney’s fear, liver’s anger, spleen’s worry. In Islamic literature, it is nafs in lung, rafa’ in spleen, rahma in liver, and Aql in heart (peace in TCM). TCM emotions are negative traits or the emotions that would describe deficiencies except for the heart. No TCM literature can explain why heart’s emotion is positive (peace, joy) but others’ are negative. A logical explanation is given in the following. When one describes the trait of a good king (of course, humans are inherently good by birth), one describes him with positive traits. However, within the kingdom, for all subordinates, king is more interested in deficiencies – that’s what defines what would disturb king’s natural state, that is peace. Note heart is the monarch organ in TCM and is the house of conscience of the khalifah (humans are Creator’s khalifah, who would be judged by his conscience, where intentions are made). No one should care for their natural state because that doesn’t require intervention. It is understood that the natural state will be functioning properly. New medicine, on the other hand, assumes a selfish heart, who needs fixing to be normal. Thus, it gives a newborn vitamin k injection at birth, vaccines thereafter. It doesn’t stop there. It then proceeds to fix each organ when they react and resist the insult of the chemicals injected into the body. There comes Prozac and birth control pills for teenagers, in addition to vaccines and vitamin supplements and numerous maintenance pills for the elderly. This degradation of human health is shown in Figure 2.48 that shows Modern Medicine operates through fear. Fear is the expression of the state of imbalance in Kidneys. As such, fear can trigger imbalance. If chemical approach, such as suppressing the cause rather than addressing it would lead to permanent imbalance. Just like a plant continues to be dependent on the minerals and water from the soil, a human continues to draw from jing, stored in the kidney. It doesn’t mean that the environmental factors, quality of food do not affect

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  285 Health Energy Water

Fear

Malady

Chemical

Figure 2.48  Every new medicine intervention leads to an irreversible damage to the body.

human health. Just like plants and trees have to undergo photosynthesis through vital solar energy, environmental CO2, humans also depend on Qi from the environment, along with foods processed through stomach and Spleen. Similar to plants, huamns draw from the ‘root’, which is the kidney. In the human body, the Kidneys are the root. Strategically, kidneys are also located at the lower jiao, store jing. Jing is the potential for life that arose from the union of the two parents’ jing. It was jing that determined the development of the foetus, and it was jing that created the fundamental growth of the body until the post-heaven Qi was created and could assist in the body’s development and growth. Although the Lung and the Spleen create Qi on a daily basis in the form of gu Qi and zong Qi, they are still reliant on the fundamental nourishment that the Kidneys’ pre-heaven jing provides. In Chapter 2, Nein Jing discusses ideal age for procreation and puts certain figures, such as 49 for females and 64 for males. However, it acknowledges that even a 100 year old male or female can procreate. This might seem too far fetched, particularly for females, but one must bear in mind, exceptions are possible and for a chapter that boasts the title: Universal truth, the possibility of exceptional scenarios must be accommodated. Figure 2.49 shows the progression graph for both sexes. Note that this graph points to physical or tangible aspect of humans. Intellectual maturity, while expected to be in sync with physical maturity, has a different connation because it is possible for humans to gain physical maturity without ever having mental maturity. The Nei Jing narrative of gender difference is refreshingly accurate and scientific. By contrast, New Science has been marred with nonsensical articles, all premised on false assumptions, many of which have fueled racism, misogyny and outright bigotry of all

286  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Kidney Qi

28 21 14 7

16

24

32

35

48

49

56 64

8

Age Figure 2.49  Progression among males (red) and female (black) members of the human community.

kids (see the works of Canadian late professor Phillippe Rushton, some summarized in Bryner, 2006). This aspect has been discussed in the mental health book of Islam et al. (2017a). The Kidneys are the place in the body where jing is stored. As we saw earlier, Kidney jing has two aspects: a pre-heaven jing aspect, which is created at conception from the union of both parents’ jing, and a post-heaven jing aspect, which is created from the surplus of the daily production of Qi and blood. Kidney jing is created by the interaction of these two aspects. Like the pre-heaven jing, Kidney jing is stored in the Kidneys, but Kidney jing also circulates around the body, especially in the eight extraordinary channels. Kidney jing can be seen manifesting in the bones, the ears, the hair on the head and in the teeth. A person with Kidney jing xu can therefore have weak teeth, brittle or poorly developed bones, a balding head or thin hair and small ears. In general, jing has a determining influence on a person’s fundamental strength and constitution. A person with strong jing will have a solid constitution. They will be generally healthy and strong. On the other hand, a person who is jing xu will often have a more fragile health. Physically, they will not have the same strength and endurance as other people have. Jing is also the foundation of Shen (a discussion of heart-kidney interaction is below. A person with a weak jing can have problems with their memory, concentration and intellectual abilities in general. Most importantly, the natural immunity can be affected by Jing. In this regard, the role of vaccines (synthetic type) is important to discuss. Figure 2.50 shows how natural immunity is

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  287 Immunity Natural

Menopause/50 year health checkup

Vaccine/maintenance drug

Figure 2.50  The role of synthetic drug and vaccine in altering natural immunity.

affected by the vaccines. Note that vaccines and maintenance drugs (e.g. beta blockers, diabetes pills, supplements) play equally detrimental role. Ironically, vaccines and maintenance drugs are administered at the most vulnerable stages. For instance, consider dozens of vaccines before the age of 6, blood pressure pills at menopause, birth control pills at the peak of female fertility (see Figure 2.50). Due to the fact that jing has a fundamental influence on our physical strength and mental abilities, it is said that ‘the Kidneys control strength and skill’. Jing determines an individual’s growth from the fertilised egg through childhood and adolescence and in adulthood. This means that the condition of Kidney jing has a decisive influence on our basic constitution, our ability to reproduce and our development throughout life. It is through the cycles of Kidney jing that our bodies develop and change. Jing has sevenand eight-year cycles for women and men respectively. These cycles have been described in the chapter 2 of Nei Jing. While Kidney jing is the foundation of our lives and the basis for our development throughout life, jing is also the foundation for the continuation of life in the next generation. Vaccines as well as any artificial chemical starts a war on human nature. The body starts to resist (translated as jihad in Arabic) and doctors then blame your body and give you more chemicals. It’s truly like the war on terror thing. When your becomes tired of fighting enemies from outside as well as within, doctors tell you, oh you have autoimmune disease, your body is attacking its own cells. What else you expected? You have placed evil sleeper cells within every household!

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2.11 TCM Treatment of COVID-19 2.11.1 Background The understanding of major disease outbreaks has been documented throughout the history of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This ancient knowledge is in line with well documented Islamic history all through 6th to 17th century. While TCM is rooted in Yellow Emperor’s canon of medicine, Nei Jing. Islamic medicine, on the other hand, was based on Qur’an (the oldest book retained in its original form) and books of hadith (the oldest biography retained in its original form). Unlike Islamic medicine, TCM theories have evolved over time, often infused with new theories. It was after the communist revolution that the TCM was standardized. However, TCM remained a powerful force for fighting epidemics and pandemics. TCM was also infused with western medicine but not before western medicine became detached from natural medicine. Combating smallpox and malaria would fall under this category. From 243 BCE to 1949, China suffered at least 500 devastating epidemic diseases. Unlike the Antonine Plaque (165–180 BCE) and Spanish flu pandemic in 1918 that killed millions of lives, epidemic disease in the history of China had been contained soon after the outbreaks.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  289 Over time, these successful experiences contributed to an established system to infectious diseases intervention using herbal medicine, non-drug therapies, and numerous single or compound formulas or techniques, such as the well-known Artemisiae Annuae for malaria and the use of variolation for smallpox (Wang et al., 2020). In 2003, TCM and traditional medical physicians made a major contribution to combating SARS in China.

2.11.2 The Successful Experience of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Containing Pestilence In traditional Chinese medicine, the essential principles for disease prevention and treatment are to “reinforce healthy (anti-pathogenic) Qi and remove pathogenic Qi and “treat diseases according to three categories of etiological factors”. To reinforce healthy Qi requires regulating the body functions, achieving homeostasis, and maximizing the body’s self-defending ability. Recently, Ni et al. (2020) summarized TCM actions on pestilence and we have this discussion in latter section of the book. In addition to Chinese medicine decoction or patent medicine, nondrug intervention methods include acupuncture, tuina (Chinese therapeutic massage), Qigong, mental adjustment and nutrition. To treat disease by three categories of three etiological factors requires the physician to conduct individualized precision intervention according to different timing, geographic region and population groups. The Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold Damage) written in the 2nd century is another classic text of traditional Chinese medicine, which preliminarily established the system of Chinese herbal medicine. This text recorded a total of 113 compound formulas and usage for infectious diseases. Like precision medicine, these formulas are modified according to individual conditions. As most of these formulas are directed at regulating the body functions, they have also been widely used for noncommunicable diseases in China and Japan. They have survived the passage of time and are still regarded as having great relevance in today›s environment. The recommended formulas (Figure 2.51) in the Chinese protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 have all been proven effective in the long history of combating infectious diseases. The safety and efficacy of some formulas have been proven by evidence-based clinical trials, for example, Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang (Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction)—Yin Qiao San (Lonicera and Forsythia Powder) for H1N1. COVID-19 is a pathogen that is ‘dry’, ‘hot’ and external according to TCM. It is the same with any other virus. It is also irrelevant if the original of the virus is manmade or natural. However, scientifically,

290  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 205 The Huang Di Nei Jing

1172 The Xuan Ming Lun Fang (An Elucidation of Formulas) (Liu Hejian) recorded the formula Fangfeng Tongsheng Powder

The 1st The 3rd The 4th The 2nd century BC century century century

The 11th century

The 12th century

The Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang (A Handbook of Formulas for Emergencies) (Ge Hong) recorded the use of Artemisiae Annuae Herba for malaria and the formula Huanglian Jiedu Decoction Patients with infectious diseases were isolated and treated in makeshift hospitals

1151

2003

The Wen Bing Tiao Bian [Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases) (Wu Jutong) recorded the Yinqiao Powder, Xuanbai Chengqi Decoction, Sanren Decoction, Angong Niuhuang Pills, Zixue elixir and Suhexiang Pills

1784

Inoculation against smallpox “Etiological factors” and “abundan healthy qi within protects the body from external phathogens”

2

1798

The Shang Han Lun (Zhang Ji), recorded Maxing Shigan Decoction, Xiaochaihu Decoction, Wuling Powder and Shegan Mahuang Decoction

1950s

The Shang Han wen Yi Tiao Bian (Systematic Differentiation of Cold Damage and Warm Epidemics) (Yang Sushang) recorded the formula Shengjiang Powder

The 17th century

The 18th century

The Wen Yi Lun (Treatise on Warm-Heat Pestilence) (Wu Youke) mentioned a similar concept as pathogenic microorganism and recorded the formula Dayuan Decoction

1642 The Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang (Beneficial Formulas from the Taiping Imperial Pharmacy), the first official pharmacopoeia in the world, recorded the formula Huoxiang Zhengqi Pill

The Yi Zhen Yi De (Achievements in the Treatment of Epidemic Rashes) recorded the formula Qingwen Baidu Decoction

The treatment protocol of integrated TCM and Western medicine for containing SARS

The Baihu Decoction recorded in the Shang Han Lun contributed to a little sequelae form epidemic encephalitis

The 19th century

The 20th century

The 21st century

The Yi Lin Gai Cuo (Correction of Errors in Medical Works) (Wang Qingren) recorded the formula Jiedu Huoxue Decoction

1794 1830

Inspired by the Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang, Tu Youyou discovered the anti-malarial drug artemisinin and received the Nobel Prize for medicine/physiology in 2015

1971

Figure 2.51  A brief history timeline: traditional Chinese medicine for pestilence prevention and treatment of infectious diseases (from Ni et al., 2020).

the origin of a virus makes a difference, but the TCM treatment protocol doesn’t change. Current findings have shown that the Chinese medicine can reduce the incidence of severe or critical events, improve clinical recovery and help alleviate symptoms such as cough or fever. Interestingly, few clinics acknowledge and even fewer publish that these TCM treatments are actually total cure, something that never occurs with western medicines. To date there are over 130 ongoing registered clinical studies on TCM/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. The three Chinese patent medicines (Lianhua Qingwen Keli/ Jiaonang (Forsythiae and Honeysuckle Flower Pestilence-Clearing Granules/Capsules), Jinhua Qinggan Keli (Honeysuckle Flower Cold-Relieving Granules) and Xuebijing (Stasis-Resolving & ToxinRemoving) Injection were officially approved by the National Medical Products Administration to list COVID-19 as an additional indication (Ni et al., 2020). Figure 2.52 shows the protocol involved in TCM treatment of COVID19. This includes prevention and treatment strategies. Prevention strategy: to stop pathogens from attacking the host, change the existing environment of pathogens, and make the host stay away from pathogens. Treatment strategy: to reinforce healthy Qi to boost the host’s ability to defend against diseases, and to remove pathogenic factors, i.e., to fight off pathogens. China’s treatment protocol using integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine attracted increasing attention of the international community. While this. is well known, few realize the true power behind such

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  291

Host Reinforces healthy qi Treats disease by 3 etiological factors

Removes pathogenic qi

Living environment

Pathogenic microorganisms

Figure 2.52  Schematic showing COVID-19 treatment protocol.

treatment protocol. Ever since the COVID-19 outbreak, China’s National Health Commission has issued seven versions of Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19(Website 8). TCM treatment was included in the third version of integrative treatment protocol officially released on January 22, 2020. Curiously, COVD-19 was still unknown to the rest of the world. A body of evidence from clinical practice and research has shown that integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine played an important role for China’s successful battle with COVID-19. In this book, we establish that it is the TCM treatment, not the combination of western medicine with TCM that is responsible for such success.

2.11.3 Chinese Protocol for Treatment of COVID-19 The hybrid protocol, combining TCM. with western medicine, discussed in this section was published by Ni et al. (2020). The protocol classifies confirmed cases into mild, moderate, severe and critical, and recommends the use of antiviral drugs that might work to combat COVID-19, for example, chloroquine phosphate (500 mg bid for adults), arbidol (200 mg tid for adults), and combination of ribavirin with interferon or lopinavir/ritonavir. Note that this protocol was in place at a time USA was mocking hydroxychloroquine treatment, along with Ivermectin. Ironically, it’s USA that has politicized science. Table 2.8 shows the recommendations, based on the experience in treating the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Some of these results were published at the early stage of COVID-19 outbreak (Gao et al., 2020).

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Table 2.8  Development of treatment protocol for COVID-19. Version

Issued date

Medication

Traditional Chinese medicine treatment

3

1-22-2020

Antiviral therapy: atomization inhalation of α-interferon, and lopinavir/ritonavir tablets. Others: use of glucocorticoids for a short period of time. Differentiate confirmed cases into four patterns and treat with different traditional Chinese medicine decoctions.

Traditional Chinese medicine decoctions

4

1-27-2020

Antiviral therapy: same as version 3. Others: use of glucocorticoids for a short period of time; GI microbiome modulators; and convalescent plasma therapy.

Traditional Chinese medicine decoctions and/or Chinese patent medicine Treat suspected cases with Chinese patent medicine, in particularly for two typical symptoms; differentiate confirmed cases into four stages and treat with traditional Chinese medicine decoctions; and apply traditional Chinese medicine injection to middle stage and severe stage.

5

2-4-2020

Antiviral therapy: atomization inhalation of α-interferon, lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin tablets. Others: extracorporeal blood purification for critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response.

Same as version 4

(Continued)

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  293

Table 2.8  Development of treatment protocol for COVID-19. (Continued) Version

Issued date

Medication

6

2-18-2020

7

3-3-2020

Antiviral therapy: atomization inhalation Traditional Chinese medicine decoctions and/or of α-interferon, lopinavir/ritonavir Chinese patent medicine tablets, ribavirin (intravenous injection), Treat two typical symptoms in suspected cases with chloroquine phosphate, and arbidol (using Chinese patent medicine①; treat confirmed cases three or more antiviral drugs at the same with Qingfei Paidu Decoction② and differentiate time is not recommend). them into five patterns: mild③, moderate④, Others: same as version 5. severe⑤, critical⑥, and convalescent⑦ and treat with different traditional Chinese medicine decoctions. Apply traditional Chinese medicine injection to severe⑧and critical cases⑨.

Traditional Chinese medicine treatment

Antiviral therapy: atomization inhalation Same as version 6 of α-interferon, lopinavir/ritonavir tablets, ribavirin (intravenous injection), chloroquine phosphate, and arbidol (using three or more antiviral drugs at the same time is not recommend). Immunotherapy: use tocilizumab for patients with elevated level of IL-6 (contraindicated for patients with active infection such as tuberculosis). Others: intravenous injection of γ-globulin can be used for severe and critically ill children.

294  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Right after the COVID-19 outbreak, TCM doctors worked with doctors of modern medicine to control the disease and collect clinical data from the TCM perspective. This firsthand information is essential to pattern identification, treatment recommendations, and national prevention and treatment protocol. Their research paper was published online on January 29, 202013. In Trial Version 3, there were no disease stages; just four patterns and four recommended formulas for clinical reference. In Trial Version 4, there were two periods: medical observation (for suspected cases) and clinical treatment (for confirmed cases). The clinical treatment was further classified into four stages (early/mild, middle/moderate, severe, and convalescence). The protocol recommended five types of Chinese patent medicine for patients during medical observation. These include Huoxiang Zhengqi Wan(Agastache Qi-Correcting Pills), Lianhua Qingwen Zhiji (Forsythiae and Honeysuckle Flower Pestilence-Clearing Preparations), Shufeng Jiedu Keli (Wind-Expelling and Toxin-Removing Granules), and Fangfeng Tongsheng Zhiji (Saposhnikoviae Heat-Clearing Preparations). Besides individualized traditional Chinese medicine decoction, the protocol also recommended four Chinese medicine injections for patients during clinical treatment, including Xiyanping Injection, Xuebijing Injection, Shenfu Injection and Shengmai Injection. In Trial Version 6 and 7, the protocol recommended a specific formula for COVID-19—Qingfei Paidu Tang (Lung-Cleansing and ToxinsRemoving Decoction), along with modified formulas for different stages (mild, moderate, severe, critical, and convalescence). In addition, Fangfeng Tongsheng Zhiji was removed from the recommended lists of Chinese patent medicine and four Chinese medicine injections were added (Table 2.9), including Reduning Injection, Tanreqing Injection, Xingnaojing Injection (major ingredients: moschus, borneol, Gardeniae Fructus, etc.) and Shenmai Injection (ingredients: red ginseng and ophiopogon tuber). In fighting with COVID-19, three Chinese patent medicines and three herbal formulas have been screened for the effective COVID-19 treatment. The three Chinese patent medicines, i.e., Lianhua Qingwen Keli/Jiaonang (Forsythiae and Honeysuckle Flower Pestilence-Clearing Granules/ Capsules), Jinhua Qinggan Keli (Honeysuckle Flower Cold-Relieving Granules) and Xuebijing (Stasis-Resolving & Toxin-Removing) Injection, were approved by the National Medical Products Administration to list COVID-19 as an additional indication. Among the three herbal formulas, i.e., Qingfei Paidu Fang (Lung-Cleansing & Toxin-Removing Formula), Huashi Baidu Fang (Dampness-Transforming & Toxin-Removing Formula) and Xuanfei Baidu Fang (Lung-Dispersing and Toxin-Removing Formula),

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  295

Table 2.9  Traditional Chinese medicine formulas for COVID-19. Number

TCM pattern

Ingredient

①

Fatigue and gastrointestinal discomfort

Huoxiang Zhengqi Jiaonang/Wan/Shui/Kou Fu Ye (AgastacheqiCorrecting Capsules/Pills/Oral Liquid)

Fatigue and fever

Jinhua Qinggan Keli (Honeysuckle Flower Cold-Relieving Granules), Lianhua Qingwen Jiaonang/Keli (Forsythiae and Honeysuckle Flower Pestilence-Clearing Capsules/Granules), Shufeng Jiedu Jiaonang/Keli (Wind- Expelling and Toxin-Removing Capsules/Granules), and Fangfeng Tongsheng Wan/Keli (Saposhnikoviae Heat-Clearing Pills/ Granules)

②

Lung-cleansing and toxin-removing decoction

Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) 9 g, Zhi Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata cum Melle) 6 g, Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) 9 g, Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) 15–30 g, Gui Zhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus) 9 g, Ze Xie (Alismatis Rhizoma) 9 g, Zhu Ling (Polyporus) 9 g, Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) 9 g, Fu Ling (Poria) 15 g, Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) 16 g, Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) 6 g, Zi Wan (Asteris Radix et Rhizoma) 9 g, Kuan Dong Hua (Farfarae Flos) 9 g, She Gan (Belamcandae Rhizoma) 9 g, Xi Xin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma) 6 g, Shan Yao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma) 12 g, Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) 6 g, Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) 6 g, and Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 9g (Continued)

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Table 2.9  Traditional Chinese medicine formulas for COVID-19. (Continued) Number

TCM pattern

Ingredient

③

Cold-dampness stagnating in the lung

Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) 6 g, Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) 15 g, Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) 9 g, Qiang Huo (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix) 15 g, Ting Li Zi (Descurainiae Semen Lepidii Semen) 15 g, Guan Zhong (Dryopteridis Crassirhizomatis Rhizoma) 9 g, Di Long (Pheretima) 15 g, Xu Chang Qing (Cynanchi Paniculati Radix et Rhizoma) 15 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 15 g, Pei Lan (Eupatorii Herba) 9 g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 15 g, Yun Ling (Poria) 45 g, Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) 30 g, Jiao Mai Ya (Hordei Fructus Germinatus) 9 g, Jiao Shan Zha (Crataegi Fructus) 9 g, Jiao Shen Qu (Massa Medicata Fermentata) 9 g, Hou Po (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex) 15 g, Jiao Bing Lang (Arecaesementostum) 9 g, Wei Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus) 9 g, and Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens) 15 g

Damp-heat accumulating in the lung

Bing Lang (Arecaesementostum) 10 g, Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus) 10 g, Hou Po (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex) 10 g, Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) 10 g, Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) 10 g, Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) 10 g, Chi Shao (Paeoniaeradix Rubra) 10 g, Lian Qiao (Forsythiae Fructus) 15 g, Qing Hao (Artemisiae Annuae Herba) 10 g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 10 g, Da Qing ye (Isatidis Folium) 10 g, and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 5 g (Continued)

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  297

Table 2.9  Traditional Chinese medicine formulas for COVID-19. (Continued) Number

TCM pattern

Ingredient

④

Damp toxin stagnating in the lung

Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) 6 g, Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) 15 g, Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) 30 g, Yi Yi Ren (Coicis Semen) 30 g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 10 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 15 g, Qing Hao (Artemisiae Annuae Herba) 12 g, Hu Zhang (Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix) 20 g, Ma Bian Cao (Verbenae Herba) 30 g, Gan Lu Gen (Phragmitis Rhizoma) 30 g, Ting Li Zi (Descurainiae Semen Lepidii Semen) 15 g, Ju Hong (Citri Exocarpium Rubrum) 15 g, and Sheng Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 10g

Cold-dampness obstructing the lung

Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 15 g, Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) 10 g, Hou Po (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex) 10 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 10 g, Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus) 6 g, Sheng Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) 6 g, Qiang Huo (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix) 10 g, Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens) 10 g, and Bing Lang (Arecaesementostum) 10 g (Continued)

298  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Table 2.9  Traditional Chinese medicine formulas for COVID-19. (Continued) Number

TCM pattern

Ingredient

⑤

Epidemic toxin blocking the lung

Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) 6 g, Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) 9 g, Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) 15 g, Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 3 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 10 g, Hou Po (Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex) 10 g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 15 g, Cao Guo (Tsaoko Fructus) 10 g, Fa Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum) 9 g, Fu Ling (Poria) 15 g, Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) 5 g, Huang Qi (Astragali Radix) 10 g, Ting Li Zi (Descurainiae Semen Lepidii Semen) 10 g, and Chi Shao (Paeoniaeradix Rubra) 10 g

Flaring heat in both Qi and ying phases

Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) 30–60 g, Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) 30 g, Sheng Di (Rehmanniae Radix) 30–60 g, Shui Niu Jiao (Bubali Cornu) 30 g, Chi Shao (Paeoniaeradix Rubra) 30 g, Xuan Shen (Scrophulariae Radix) 30 g, Lian Qiao (Forsythiae Fructus) 15 g, Dan Pi (Moutan Cortex) 15 g, Huang Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma) 6 g, Zhu Ye (Lophatheri Herba) 12 g, Ting Li Zi (Descurainiae Semen Lepidii Semen) 15 g, and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 6 g

Internal blocking causing external collapse

Take Suhexiang Wan (Storax Pill) or Angong Niuhuang Wan(Peaceful Palace Bovine Bezoar Pill) with the decoction of Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) 15 g, Hei Fu Zi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia) 10 g, and Shan Zhu Yu (Corni Fructus) 15 g

⑥

(Continued)

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  299

Table 2.9  Traditional Chinese medicine formulas for COVID-19. (Continued) Number

TCM pattern

Ingredient

⑦

Qi deficiency of the lung and spleen

Fa Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum) 9 g, Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) 10 g, Dang Shen (Codonopsis Radix) 15 g, Zhi Huang Qi (Astragali Radix Praeparata cum Melle) 30 g, Chao Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) 10 g, Fu Ling (Poria) 15 g, Huo Xiang (Pogostemonis Herba) 10 g, Sha Ren (Amomi Fructus) 6 g, and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 6 g

Deficiency of Qi and yin

Nan Sha Shen (Adenophorae Radix) 10 g, Bei Sha Shen (Glehniae Radix) 10 g, Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix) 15 g, Xi Yang Shen (Panacis Quinquefolii Radix) 6 g, Wu Wei Zi (Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) 6 g, Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) 15 g, Dan Zhu Ye (Lophatheri Herba) 10 g, San Ye (Mori Folium) 10 g, Lu Gen (Phragmitis Rhizoma) 15 g, Dan Shen (Codonopsis Radix) 15 g, and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 6 g

⑧

Severe

Xiyanping Injection, Xuebijing Injection, Reduning Injection, Tanreqing Injection, and Xingnaojing Injection. (These injections can be used in combination with traditional Chinese medicine decoction)

⑨

Critical

Xuebijing Injection, Reduning Injection, Tanreqing Injection, Xingnaojing Injection, Shenfu Injection, Shengmai Injection, and Shenmai Injection (One or two injections can be used together, in combination with traditional Chinese medicine decoction)

300  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 the first two were approved by the National Medical Products Administration to perform clinical trials for the COVID-19 treatment.

2.11.4 Current Status of Clinical Studies on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for COVID-19 Unlike evidence-based modern medicine, traditional Chinese medicine is an empirical medicine developed on accumulated clinical observations gathered over centuries of practice. It not only deals with the etiological factor to eradicate the pathogenic microbial, but also supports the body’s immune function to help fight the disease and ameliorate its consequences. In ancient times, when facing infectious disease, specific pathogens could not be identified; however, doctors could observe the patient’s sign and symptoms, assess the condition and develop strategies and formulas for the different stages of the illness. So far there are over 133 ongoing registered clinical studies on TCM/ integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. The results of 17 published papers on this topic (and a systematic review on 8 clinical trials (804 cases) have suggested that integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine can reduce the incidence of severe or critical events, improve clinical recovery and help alleviate symptoms such as cough or fever Wang et al., 2011). Duan et al. (2020) and Zhang et al. (2020) reported the detailed information of its adverse reactions during the treatment for COVID-19.

2.11.5 Overview of Registered Clinical Studies A search was performed on clinical trial registries of privately and publicly funded clinical trials worldwide. We selected Chinese clinical trial registries (www.chictr.org.cn/) and U.S. (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). Our search strategy was designed to identify all the clinical trials that were registered for COVID19. The following search terms were used for our search to capture relevant studies: “2019 novel coronavirus”, “2019-nCoV”, “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, and “novel coronavirus pneumonia (in Chinese)”. The eligibility criteria were developed using the Patient Intervention Comparison Outcomes Study type (PICOS) framework (Zhang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020a). Up until March 25, 2020, 642 registered clinical trials on COVID-19related were retrieved from Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChinCTR) and ClinicalTrials.org, among which 514 were registered in ChinCTR, and 133 were about traditional Chinese medicine/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. The research subjects of the 133 trials include confirmed cases (mild, moderate, and convalescent), suspected cases and those who had been in close contact with a confirmed case. The planned sample size was 52,744

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  301 cases. The smallest sample size was 16 cases (case-control study, Guangzhou). The largest sample size was 20,000 cases (Health Service Research, Chengdu). 103 of the 133 trials were related to interventions (including 13 nondrug therapies such as exercise and acupuncture), among which 77 were randomized controlled clinical trials (74.76%) and only 6 were double-blind design. Conventional Western medicine was used as control (symptomatic treatment or standard treatment). These trials measured 416 outcomes, including 220 primary outcomes such as time to defervescence, routine blood test, pulmonary functions, chest CT scan, St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), TCM patterns, length of hospital stay and the viral negative-transforming time. The top 3 research organizations for registered clinical trials on COVID-19 were Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Wuhan, 13 trials), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shanghai, 12 trials) and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chengdu, 9 trials, Table 2.10). Table 2.11 reports major findings. Table 2.10  Registered TCM clinical studies on COVID-19. Category

Traditional Chinese medicine/interventional measure

Chinese patent medicine

Tanreqing Injection/Capsules, Babao Elixir, Reduning Injection, Xiyanping Injection, Shenfu Injection, Jingyin Granules, Xuebijing Injection, Kesouting Syrup, Keqing Capsule, Jinyinhua Oral Liquid, Xiangxue Kangbingdu Oral Liquid, Lianhua Qingwen Capsules/Granules, Shuanghuanglian Oral Liquid, Shenqi Fuzheng Oral Liquid, Jinye Baidu Granules, Liushen Pills/Capsules, Fufang Yuxingcao Mixture, Zedoray Turmeric Oil Injection, Qingqiao Kangbingdu Granules, Fufang Yinchai Granules, Shufeng Jiedu Capsules, Qingwen Baiduyin Peifang Granules, Ganke Shuangqing Capsules, Hanma Capsules, Chansu Injection, Huajuhong Tanke Liquid, Gushen Dingchuan Pillsand Huashi Baidu Granules (45 studies)

Exercise

Traditional qigong exercise, breathing of six healing sounds, turtle breathing qigong (to benefit the lung), healthy qigong, daoyin, eight-step lung-benefiting exercise, baduanjin, meditation (10 studies)

Classical formula

Maxing Shigan Decoction, Shengjiang Powder, and Shenling Baizhu Powder (3 studies)

Acupuncture

Point pressure, needling, applying magnetic seeds to auricular points (3 studies)

Tuina

Chest-soothing and Qi-regulating manipulation, tuina (2 studies).

302  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Table 2.11  Characteristics of clinical trials (16 published clinical trial papers on traditional Chinese medicine/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for COVID-19). n Author

Design

C

T

Treatment (T)

Control (C)

Outcome

Ding et al. (2020)

RCT

49

51

Qingfei Touxie Fuzheng Formula + C

Antibiotics, antiviral drugs and mechanical ventilation

①②③④⑤⑥

Yao et al. (2020)

RCS

21

21

Lianhua Qingwen Capsules + C

Standard treatment (unknown details)

Xia et al. (2020)

RCS

18

34

TCM decoction + Chinese patent medicine + TCM injection + C

Antibiotics, antiviral drugs, immunologic agents, and glucocorticoids

①②⑦

Qu et al. (2020)

RCS

30

40

Shufeng Jiedu Granules +C

Standard treatment (unknown details)

Shi et al. (2020)

RCS

18

49

TCM decoction + Chinese patent medicine + C

Oxygen therapy, antiviral drugs, antiinflammatory drugs, and immunologic agents

①②④⑤⑦⑧⑨ ①②⑧⑩⑪ ①②⑤⑦⑧

(Continued)

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  303

Table 2.11  Characteristics of clinical trials (16 published clinical trial papers on traditional Chinese medicine/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for COVID-19). (Continued) n Author

Design

C

T

Treatment (T)

Control (C)

Outcome

Cheng et al. (2020)

BA

0

54

Lianhua Qingwen Capsules + C

Antiviral drugs, immunologic agents, and glucocorticoids

①②⑦

Huang et al. (2020)

CS

0

111

TCM decoction + Chinese patent medicine + TCM injection + Standard treatment (unknown details)

N

①②⑦⑧⑨⑩

Fang et al. (2020)

RCS

0

308

TCM decoction + Chinese patent medicine + TCM injection + antiviral drugs, immunologic agents, and glucocorticoids

N

①②⑤⑦⑨

Yang et al. (2020)

MCT

26

28

Reyanning Mixture + C

Antiviral drugs, interferon

①②③④⑤⑧⑨⑩⑪

(Continued)

304  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Table 2.11  Characteristics of clinical trials (16 published clinical trial papers on traditional Chinese medicine/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for COVID-19). (Continued) n Author

Design

C

T

Treatment (T)

Control (C)

Outcome

Wang et al. (2020)

BA

0

98

Qingfei Paidu Decoction

N

Xiao et al. (2020)

CT

100

100

Shufeng Jiedu Capsule + C

Arbidol

①②④⑨⑪

Duan et al. (2020)

RCT

41

82

Jinhua Qinggan Granules +C

Antibiotics, antiviral drugs and mechanical ventilation

Chen et al. (2020)

BA

0

131

Ganlu Xiaodu Decoction + oxygen therapy, antiviral drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, Chinese patent medicine + TCM injection and immunologic agents

N

①②④⑤⑧⑪ ②④⑧⑨⑪⑫ ②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩⑪

(Continued)

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  305

Table 2.11  Characteristics of clinical trials (16 published clinical trial papers on traditional Chinese medicine/integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for COVID-19). (Continued) n Author

Design

C

T

Treatment (T)

Control (C)

Outcome

Yang3 et al. (2020)

BA

0

40

Matrine and Sodium Chloride Injection + oxygen therapy, antiviral drugs, antiinflammatory drugs, and immunologic agents

N

②③④⑤⑧⑨⑩⑪

Li et al. (2020)

BA

0

6

Lung-toxin dispelling formula No. 1 + oxygen therapy, antiviral drugs, antibiotics, Chinese patent medicine, TCM injection

N

①②③④⑤⑧⑨⑩

Fu et al. (2020)

RCT

36

37

Toujie Quwen Granules +C

Arbidol

①②④⑤⑧⑨⑩⑪

RCT, randomized controlled trial; RCS, retrospective cohort study; BA, before-and-after comparison; CS, case-control study; MCT, multicenter controlled trial; N, No; C, control; T, treatment. ① defervescence; ②improvement of main symptoms (cough, fatigue, a poor appetite and diarrhea); ③inflammatory factors; ④blood test results; ⑤ improvement by CT (scan inflammatory absorption shown in chest X-ray); ⑥oxygenation index; ⑦death rate; ⑧ clinical recovery; ⑨ numbers and ratios from moderate to severe or fatal; ⑩ negative of novel coronavirus nucleic acid; ⑪ numbers and ratios of adverse reactions; ⑫ Hamilton Anxiety Scale.

306  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 A multicenter, prospective, and randomized controlled trial (n = 284) showed Lianhuaqingwen Capsule, a repurposed marketed Chinese herb product, could be considered to ameliorate clinical symptoms of COVID-19. Compared with control group, the recovery rate (91.5% vs. 82.4%, P = 0.022), the rate of improvement in chest computed tomographic manifestations (83.8% vs. 64.1%, P < 0.001) and clinical cure (78.9% vs. 66.2%, P = 0.017) were significantly higher, the median time to symptom recovery (median: 7 vs. 10 days, P < 0.001), time to recovery of fever (2 vs. 3 days), fatigue (3 vs. 6 days) and coughing (7 vs. 10 days) were significantly shorter in treatment group42. Another retrospective analysis on 308 cases34 have suggested that, after receiving traditional Chinese medicine treatment, all mild and moderate COVID-19 cases recovered and none became severe/critical. In terms of adverse reactions, Jinhua Qinggan Granules caused diarrhea in 32.93% (27/82) of the patients17; Zhang et al.18 reported Qingfei Paidu Decoction caused excessive sweating in 2 cases, gastric pain in 20 causes, nausea and vomiting in 8 cases, diarrhea in 16 cases, elevated serum transaminase in 11 cases, palpations in 4 cases, elevated blood pressure in 2 cases, elevated blood sugar in 3 cases, insomnia in 7 cases, and skin allergy in 1 case. The author advised modification for individual patients, for example, Qingfei Paidu Decoction is not indicated for patients with a red tongue with scanty coating (due to stomach yin deficiency). It is also worth noting some adverse reactions are associated with the combination of Western medication, for example, the serum transaminase can be restored normal after discontinuation of arbidol alone or discontinuation of both arbidol and Qingfei Paidu Decoction.

2.11.6 Discussion In addition, TCM doctors, with their experience and understanding on infectious diseases, can often notice special manifestations during an early stage that may not be considered by conventional medicine. For example, the traditional Chinese medicine treatment in the Trial Version 3 protocol clearly stated that COVID-19 cases do not necessarily develop a fever (Website 9), whereas conventional medicine lists fever as one initial symptom necessary to identify patients. In essence, TCM treatment can function for asymptomatic patients as well. This is particularly appealing because TCM treatment does not have any negative side effect. All symptoms identified by western medicine are tractable by TCM. As such, western medicine doesn’t bring any new dimension to TCM practices and TCM can function independent of Western medicine. In fact, as the next section will show, TCM alone is the fastest way to recover from COVID-19.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  307 As pointed out by Ni et al. (2020), modern medicine and its diagnostic tools confirm the diagnosis of TCM for this infectious disease, such as “dampness tends to affect the spleen and stomach” (indicating the nature of virus and its effects on gastrointestinal tract), and “over time, pathogens may also affect the heart” in severe stage. All these analyses are consistent to the autopsy report on the first patient who died of COVID-19 (Bao et al., 2020): the diffuse alveolar damage and pulmonary hyaline membrane formation as in ARDS, pathologic pulmonary changes as in SARS and MERS, mild liver fatty degeneration and abnormal hepatic lobules and portal vein by liver biopsy (indicating liver damage might be induced by virus or drugs), and presence of a small amount of inflammatory monocyte infiltration without substantial damage (indicating the heart tissue is also affected by the virus). Another example is the association with gastrointestinal symptoms: some COVID-19 cases experienced diarrhea during an early stage, which has later been confirmed by stool samples (nucleic acid positive in fecal specimens or virus isolation (indicating viral multiplication in the gastrointestinal tract upon infection of COVID-19) (Xu et al., 2020). Ni et al. (2020) states that TCM concepts may be beneficial to the identification of herbal active components useful as antiviral drugs. They state so because of their lack of understanding that artificial chemicals do not act like the natural chemicals. This discussion has been carried out in detail by Islam et al. (2015, 2016) as well as Khan and Islam (2012, 2016). TCM can greatly improve the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. In the next section, we show pictures of patients of COVID-19. They have a very distinct colour, at various stages of the illness (Liang et al., 2020). In the following section, we discuss two cases of COVID-19 that were cured with TCM.

2.12 TCM Therapeutic For COVID-19 Chen (2020) recently reviewed classic literature on pestilence control with TCM. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapeutic methods can also be found in the ancient literature, mostly in Heat Diseases categories. In Chapter 23, Heat Diseases of Miraculous Pivot described many acupuncture therapeutic methods for individual symptoms of heat diseases. It said “When a heat disease has lasted for three days with a calm pulsing at the Qikou (radial pulse), while at the Renying (carotid pulse) is exited, all Yang [channels] should be selected [for reducing]. There are fifty-nine punctures” (Table 2.12). Zhang Yin-An (1616–1674) annotated that those

308  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 2.12  Fifty-nine punctures in Chapter 23, Heat Diseases, Miraculous Pivot. Text

Acupoints

On both hands on the inner and outer sides, three each, total 12 points

Shaoshang (LU 11), Shaochong (HT 9), Zhongchong (PC 9); Shangyang (LI 1), Shaoze (SI 1), Guanchong (SJ 1)

One each between the five fingers, total eight points, as well as the toes [total eight points] (16 together)

Baxie (Ex.), Bafeng (Ex.)

On the head above the hairline, one cun and three fen lateral [to the center line], three each, total six points

Wuchu (BL 5), Chengguang (BL 6), Tongtian(BL 7)

Further into the hair three cun lateral [to the center line], five on each side and total ten points

Toulingqi (GB 15), Muchuang (GB 16), Zhengying (GB 17), Chengling (GB 18), Naokong (GB 19)

In front and behind the ears, and below the mouth, one each, as well as one on the center of the nape, total six points

Erheliao (SJ 22), Fubai (GB 10), Chengjiang (CV 24), Dazhui (GV 14)

One at the vertex, one at the Xinhui (fontanel meeting), one at the hairlines of the head, one at the Lianquan, two at the Fengchi, two at the Tianzhu

Baihui (GV 20), Xinhui (GV 22), Shenting (GV 24), Fengfu (GV 16), Lianquan (CV 23), Fengchi (GB 20), Tianzhu (BL 10)

59 acupoints were selected to dealing with the heat diseases in the exterior, interior, five-viscera, and 12 channels, respectively. Wu Youke was an excellent observer. He undertook to collect his experiences and wrote in 1 year the two chapters of his Treatise on Pestilence published in 1642 (Wu, 1977- English version). This small volume was to become widely known afterward. It contains many observations and very precise thoughts if not premonitory of all subsequent discoveries on infectious diseases According to the data of Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the following is the list of common symptoms seen in COVID-19 patients.23 See Table 2.13 for recommendations of acupoints applied to treat those symptoms (Chen, 2020).

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  309 Table 2.13  Influential factors causing pestilences and preventive acupuncture methods based on the theories of Five Evolutive Phases & Six Qi. Influential factors

Acupuncture methods

Ascending phase extremely repressed by the heavenly controlling phase during theinterplay of Six Qi

(Ascending phases) Wood: Jing-Well point of the Liver Channel/ Dadun (LR 1); Fire: Ying-Spring point of the Pericardium Channel/Laogong (PC 8); Earth: Shu-Stream point of the Spleen Channel/Taibai (SP 3), Metal: Jing-River point of the Lung Channel/Jingqu (LU 9), Water: He-Sea point of the Kidney Channel/ Yingu (KI 10)

Descending phase extremely repressed by celestial controlling phase during the interplay of Six Qi

(Descending phases) Wood: conquering the metal using Shaoshang (LU 11) and Quchi (LI 11); Fire: conquering the water using Yongquan (KI 1) and Weizhong (BL 40); Earth: conquering the wood using Dadun (LR 1) and Yanglingquan (GB 34); Metal: Conquering the fire using Zhongchong (PC 9) and Tianjing (SJ 10); Water: conquering the earth using Yinbai (SP 1) and Zusanli (ST 36)

Si Tian (Ruling Heaven) not able to appearing on time so the Qi blocking

(Reducing the blocking Qi) Wood — Xingjian (LR 2), Fire — Laogong (PC 8), Earth — Dadu (SP 2), Metal — Yemen (SJ 2), Water — Yuji (LU 10)

Si Tian (Ruling Heaven) refusing to apart on time due to its excessive Qi

(Excessive natural Qi causing the corresponding Zang organ Qi excess so using its He-Sea Point) Wood — Ququan (LR 8), Fire — Quze (PC 3), Earth — Yinlingquan (SP 9), Fire — Tianjing (SJ 10), Metal — Chize (LU 5), Water — Yingu (KI 10) (Continued)

310  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 2.13  Influential factors causing pestilences and preventive acupuncture methods based on the theories of Five Evolutive Phases & Six Qi. (Continued) Influential factors

Acupuncture methods

Si Tian (Ruling Heaven) off track so causing epidemic (five pestilence) three years later

(Five pestilences approaching perhaps impair the correspondent controlling phase organ) Earth pestilence: tonify Shenshu (BL 23) then puncture Taibai (SP 3) three days later; Water pestilence: tonify Xinshu (BL 15) then puncture Yingu (KI 10) five days later; Metal pestilence: tonify Ganshu (BL 18) then puncture Jingqu (LU 9) three days later; Wood pestilence: tonify Pishu (BL 20) then puncture Dadun (LR 1) three days later; Fire pestilence: puncture Feishu (BL 13)

Preexisting organ deficiency plus Si Tian (Ruling Heaven) off track and five evolving phases insufficiency

(Five Zang-organ deficiency plus same phase Si Tian off track coincidence with same phase evolvement insufficiency) Liver deficiency: Qiuxu (GB 40) and Ganshu (BL 18); Heart deficiency: Yangchi (SJ 4) and Xinshu (BL 15); Spleen deficiency: Chongyang (ST 42) and Pishu (BL 20); Lung deficiency: Hegu (L I4) and Feishu (BL 13); Kidney deficiency: Jinggu (BL 64) and Shenshu (BL 23)

Twelve internal organs not able to function which could be infected with pestilence

(Yuan-source points) Heart — Shenmen (HT 7), Lung — Taiyuan (LU 9), Liver — Taichong (LR 3), Gallbladder — Qiuxu (GB 40), Spleen — Taibai (SP 6), Stomach — Chongyang (ST 42), Large intestine — Hegu (LI 4), Small intestine — Wangu (SI 4), Kidney — Taixi (KI 3), Sanjiao — Yangchi (SJ 5), Bladder — Jinggu (BL 64), except the Ying-Spring point in Pericardium — Laogong (PC 8)

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  311 A famous doctrine of Chinese medicine came from this chapter which was “Pathogenic factors won’t affect the body when the body has strong Vital Qi inside”. So the treatment principles of prevention are to break the stagnation and promote evolution, to tonify deficiency, to reduce an excess state, and to maintain constancy of Qi flow in patients. According to pestilences caused by corresponding influential factors based on the theories of Five Evolutive Phases & Six Qi, acupuncture’s therapeutic strategies dealing with different pestilences had been elaborated in detail which mostly applied Five-Shu Points to each channel (Table 2.14). Table 2.14  Acupuncture protocol for different symptoms of COVID-19. Symptoms

Acupoints selection

Cough

Hegu (LI 4), Lirque (LU 7). Add Taitu (CV 22) in severe cases Zhongfu (LU 1), Taiyuan (LU 9), Shangzhong (CV 17), Taixi (KI 3)

Shortness of breath or

Hegu (LI 4), Waiguan (SJ 6), Quchi (LI 11), Dazhui (GV 14)

difficulty breathing Fever and chills

Yuji (LU 10), Shaoshang (LU 11)

Sore throat

Neiguan (PC 6), Zhongwan (CV 12), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6)

Loss of taste

Yingxiang (LI 20), Shangxing (GV 23), Yintang (Ex.)

Loss of smell Muscle aches Fatigue Diarrhea

Dabao (SP 20), Yinlingquan (SP 9)

Cough

Qihai (CV 6), Guanyuan (CV 4), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), either acupuncture or moxibustion Tianshu (ST 25), Shangjuxu (ST 37), either acupuncture or moxibustion

Shortness of breath or

Hegu (LI 4), Lirque (LU 7). Add Taitu (CV 22) in severe cases Zhongfu (LU 1), Taiyuan (LU 9), Shangzhong (CV 17), Taixi (KI 3)

difficulty breathing Fever and chills

Hegu (LI 4), Waiguan (SJ 6), Quchi (LI 11), Dazhui (GV 14)

312  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Glucocorticoids (%3)

Plasma (%2)

Antimalarial drugs (%10)

Bioterapy (%15)

Antiviral drugs (%23)

Traditional Chinese medicine (%32)

Traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine (%15)

Figure 2.53  Covid-19 treatment methods various methods. Buabeid, M., 2021, Therapeutic Uses of Traditional Chinese Medicines Against COVID-19, Infection and Drug Resistance, Nov., Volume 14:5017-5026, DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S328261.

A number of protocols are being tested by doctors with the aim of treating symptoms of the disease in addition to antiviral medications. The types of treatments that have been tested in China to treat COVID-19 are provided in Figure 2.53. Among the treatments used in these clinical trials are remedies from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), most of which are plant-based formulations. Approximately 20% of COVID-19 patientoriented clinical trials have examined TCM treatment. Figure 2.54 describes various TCM, ie Yin Qiao San, Yu Ping Feng San, Sang Ju Yin and Yu Ping Feng San that is used against SARS-CoV, Lian Hua Qing Wen Capsule, Shuang Huang Lian, and Ma Xin Gan Shi Tang. (Buabeid, 2021) produced Table 2.15 that lists the extracts and ingredients found in herbal formulae of TCM which have specific anti-SARS-CoV activity. Thus, to find out the natural compound that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activity, earlier studies were taken into the ground because of homology between SARSCoV and SARS-CoV-2. Viral replication requires 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), thus 3CLpro is considered as the leading drug target for the development of therapies against various coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  313 Composition

Composition Ephedrae herba, Armeniacae semenamarum, Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome, Gypsum fibrosum; in a ratio of 1: 1: 0.7 :2] Astragalus membranaceus, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Saposhnikoviae Radix in a ratio of 1: 2: 1 Sang Ju Yin [made with Mulberry Leaf, Chrysanthemum Flower, Forsythia Fruit, Apricot Kernel Processed, Phragmites Rhizome, Mint Herb, Licorice Root, Platycodon Root in a ratio of 2.5: 1: 2: 2: 2: 1: 1: 2] and Yu Ping Feng San

Shua Huan ng g Lian

Lonicera japonica, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Forsythia suspensa in a ratio of 1: 1: 2

TCM Formulae

TCM Formulae Ma X Shi in Ga Tan n g

Yu Ping Feng San

ing aQ Hu sule n p a Li n Ca We

Forsythia suspensa, Lonicera japonica Ephedra sinica, Armeniacae Amarum Semen, Gypsum Fibrosuum, Isatis tinctoria, Dryopteridis Crassirhizomatis Rhizoma, Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth, Rheum palmatum, Rhodiola rosea, Mentha haplocalyx Glycyrrhiza uralensis with a herbal ratio (in grams) of 170: 170: 57: 57: 170: 170: 170: 170: 57: 34: 57: 5: 57

TCM formulae used to ameliorate URT immunity, treat its infection, and improve inhalation for the treatment of COVID-19 infection

Yin g Ju ng San Yu Pi n d an ng Sa Fe

Yin Q

iao

San

Fructus Forsythiae, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Platycodonis, Herba Menthae, Herba Lophatheri, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Herba Schizonepetae, Fermented soybean, Fructus arctii, and Rhizoma Phragmitis in a ratio of 1: 1: 0.5: 1: 1: 0.5: 1.2: 1: 1: 1

Figure 2.54  1TCM decoction formulas (with their compositions) used to ameliorate URT immunity, treat its infection, and improve inhalation in the treatment of COVID-19 infection.

Table 2.15  Herbal extracts and active contituents with anti-human coronavirus (Anti-HCoV) activity. Extract or ingredient

Herbal extract/active contituent

Extract

Isatis indigotica Houttuynia cordata Rheum palmatum

Ingredient

Cepharanthine, fangchinoline, tetrandrine Myricetin, scutellarein Glycyrrhizin Herbacetin, quercetin, isobavaschalcone, helichrysetin Herbacetin, rhoifolin, pectolinarin, quercetin Quercetin Emodin Kaempferol derivatives Baicalin Saikosaponins

314  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Similarly, some other herbal con-stituents with effective coronavirus inhibitory potential are present in TCMs (Table 2.16). The most important factor for consideration for the preparation of anti-HCoV agents is the helicase proteins, which act as a target material for anti-HCoV agents. As reported by Yu et al., helicase protein of coronavirus named nsP13 was potentially targeted by myricetin and scutellar-ein to downregulate the synthesis of coronavirus via dis-rupting ATPase activity.46 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is another factor considered for anti- COVID agents as it is involved in the synthesis of negative and positive strands of RNA. The experimentation with different TCM therapies explained that TCM therapy is involved in suppression of the RdRp enzyme. These include Sinomenium acutum with IC50: 198.6 μg/mL, Kang Du Bu Fei Tang with IC50 value at 471.3 μg/mL, Coriolus versicolor with IC50 value at 108.4  μg/Ml, and Ganoderma lucidum with IC50 at 41.9 μg/mL. TCM therapy and other synthetic medication, aiming to find out the anti-COVID agents via advanced techniques like cell-based assays using SARS-CoV virus and Vero E6 cells. As a result, it was documented that growth and multiplication of SARS-CoV can be controlled by Table 2.16  Herbal compounds with potential to suppress the SARS 3CLpro and their reported IC50 values. Herbal compounds

IC50 (µM)

Sinigrin

217

Indigo

752

Aloe-emodin

366

Hesperetin

8.3

Beta-sitosterol

1210

Quercetin

73

Epigallocatechin gallate

73

Gallocatechin 3CLpro

47

Iguestrin

2.6

Pristimerin

5.5

Amentoflavone

8.3

3-theaflavin-3-gallate

9.8

Isatin

0.95

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  315 ginsenoside-Rb1, aecin, and reserpine found in Panax ginseng, horse chestnut tree, and genus Rauwolfia respectively in therapeutic concentration. A treatment protocol is suggested by the authors. In this section we present the protocol itself, and show two cases that used this protocol to recover fully. 1. Drink: tea with organic ginger, fennel seed, blackseed, and clove. Boil at least for 5 minutes. Take with honey. Take it as often as possible. 2. Cough syrup: Mixture of organic lemon juice (freshly squeezed, one teaspoon), organic olive oil (1 tsp), pinch of salt, and a drop of oregano oil 3. Acupuncture of following points: LI-4, LIV-3, LU-1, LI-11, ST-36 all reduced (meaning turn the needle anticlockwise during insertion). Then SP-6, tonify (meaning turn the needle clockwise during insertion). 4. Alternative to acupuncture, use acupressure massage of Large intestine and Lung meridians in directions shown in picture. Massage with rubbing motion. This will reduce the temperature almost instantaneously. See Figures 2.55 and 2.56.

LU2 LU1

LU3 LU4

LU5

LU6

LU8 LU9

LU7

LU10 LU11

LUNG MERIDIAN

Figure 2.55  Large Intestine meridian.

316  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

LI 20 LI 19 LI 18 LI 17 LI 16 LI 15

LI 14 LI 13 LI 12 LI 11 LI 10 LI 9 LI 8 LI 7 LI 6 LI 5 LI 4 LI 3 LI 2 LI 1

Figure 2.56  Lung meridian.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  317

5. Circle massage anticlockwise LI-4, LIV-3, ST 36 6. Circle massage clockwise SP 6, SP 6 San Yin Jiao SP 6 3 3 cun

The inside of both feet

7. Use the following if smell and tastes are inhibited, LI 20, EX-HN-8, ST 2, circle massage By using the above protocol, first patient, who started the protocol on the first day of symptom and covid test, recovered in 4 days. He started off with high fever, cough, which prompted him to have a PCR test, which was positive. See (Picture 2.11) before and after TCM treatment. The second patient took 8 days to fully recovered. His symptoms were similar to those of the first patient. He had taken Tylenol in the beginning of the onset. He also lost his smell and taste. However, at that point, Item 7 of the protocol was used. He recovered fully in 15 days. See his before and after tongue picture (Picture 2.12).

318  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Ex HN-8 LI-20

Picture 2.11  Covid-19 tongue (top), after cure (bottom).

BL 2 ST 2

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  319

Picture 2.12  Covid-19 tongue (top), after cure (bottom).

Liang et al. (2020) reported a case study, in which the COVID-19 infiltrated vital organs. A 41-year-old man was admitted to a fever clinic on January 27, 2020, with symptoms of fever, chills, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. although he developed the symptoms on January 22, he didn’t visit a doctor (Picture 2.13). The CT image of this man four times is shown in Figure 2.57. He presented to an urgent care clinic in Xinyi County, Maoming, with a 5-day history of cough and subjective fever. Chest computer tomography (CT) showed multiple patchy shadows in both lungs, consistent with COVID-19 changes in the right upper and lower lungs and

320  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Dec. 30/1st

Feb. 1/2nd

Feb. 3/3rd

Feb. 5/4th

Feb. 7/5th

Feb. 9/6th

Feb. 11/7th

Feb. 13/8th

Picture 2.13  Demonstrating progressive decline and eventual cure.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Figure 2.57  Chest-CT manifestations of disease timeline. (A) Multiple patchy shadows in both lungs; (B) progressive infiltration and diffusion gridding shadows in both lungs; (C) the left lower lung lesions were increased, enlarged, and combined, and the right upper and lower lung lesions were slightly absorbed; (D) absorption of bilateral lung lesions.

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  321

Blood examination (109/L)

the left lower lung (Figure 2.57A), and a throat swab sample was obtained. On January 29, 2020, the Maoming Centers for Disease Control (CDC) confirmed that the patient had COVID-19 by reverse real-time PCR assay. Immediate admission to the isolation ward and supplemental oxygen via a mask [high-flow cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) (50% concentration, 40 L/ min)] were conducted. Aerosol inhalation of interferon α-2b (5 million units twice a day), lopinavir plus ritonavir (500 mg twice a day), and oseltamivir (75 mg twice a day orally) was given for antiviral therapy; moxifloxacin (0.4 g once a day, intravenous injection) for secondary infection prevention. On the second day after admission, the patient was attended by a skilled TCM practitioner for the first time, and he assessed the tongue diagnosis (Figure 2.57, Table 2.17). He received TCM decoction (Gegeng with Xiaocaihu, daily). On February 01, 2020 (day 10 of illness), the disease had progressed. The patient developed severe dyspnea and was transferred to the ICU. Methylprednisolone (40 mg twice a day, intravenous injection) was administered to attenuate lung inflammation considering the severe shortness of breath and hypoxemia. After receiving medication, his body temperature reduced from 39.0 to 36.4 °C. However, his cough, dyspnea, and fatigue did not improve. A chest CT scan showed progressive infiltrate and diffuse gridding shadows in both lungs (Figure 2.57B). He had received non-invasive ventilator support in the ICU; therefore, he received HFNC (60% concentration, 50 L/min). At that time, the patient was attended by a skilled TCM practitioner for the second time (Figure 2.58, Table 2.17), and he received another decoction

White blood cells

15

Lymphocyte counts 10

5

0 30-Jan

4-Feb

8-Feb

14-Feb

Times (date)

Figure 2.58  Lymphopenia is a common feature in patients with COVID-19 on laboratory tests.

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Table 2.17  Tongue characteristics. Tongue characteristics

Fur characteristics

Date

Tongue shape

Tongue color

Fur color

Fur thickness

Distribution

Root

2020-1-30

Moderate

Pink-red

White

Thin

Uniform

Thin

2020-2-1

Moderate

Pink-red

White

Thick

Uniform

Thick

2020-2-3

Moderate

Pink-red

White

Thick area reduced

Uniform

Thick area reduced

2020-2-6

Moderate

Pink-red

Yellow

Thick area reduced

Uneven

Thick area reduced

2020-2-7

Moderate

Pink-red

Yellow

Thick area reduced

Uneven

Thick area reduced

2020-2-9

Moderate

Pink-red

White-yellow

Less-thick

Uneven

Less-thick

2020-2-11

Moderate

Pink-red

White-yellow

Less-thick

Uneven

Less-thick

2020-2-13

Moderate

Red

White-yellow

Thin

Uniform

Thin

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  323

PO2/FIO2 (mmHg)

800 600 400 200

0 30-Jan

4-Feb

9-Feb

14-Feb

Date

Figure 2.59  Change of oxygenation index: the oxygenation index rose to 325 from 195 on February 1. On day 16 of illness, the symptom of dyspnea continues to improve.

(Chaihu + Sanren, daily). Figure 2.59 shows these results. On the 12th day of onset, the patient showed symptomatic improvement with oxygen saturation above 95%. The patient was attended by a skilled TCM practitioner for the third time (Figure 2.59, Table 2.17), and he received the third decoction (Chaihu + Sanren, daily). On the 14th day of onset, his hypoxemia and shortness of breath improved. The patient was attended by a skilled TCM practitioner for the fourth time (Figure 2.57, Table 2.17), and he received another decoction (Xiaochaihu + Maxingshigan). A chest CT scan showed that the left lower lung lesions had increased, enlarged, and combined, and the right upper and lower lung lesions were slightly absorbed (Figure 2.57C). The oxygenation index rose from 195 to 325 on February 1, 2020 (Figure 2.59). On day 16 of illness, the symptom of dyspnea continued to improve (Figure 2.59). The patient was transferred out of the ICU. The patient stopped using lopinavir and ritonavir, and he received antiviral therapy with abidol and strengthened albumin infusion to correct the low protein level in blood. The patient was attended by a skilled TCM practitioner for the fifth time (Figure 2.57, Table 2.17), and he received another decoction (XiaoChaiHu + Maxingshigan + Xiaoxianxiong). On days 18, 20, and 22 of illness, the patient was attended by a skilled TCM practitioner three times (Figure 2.57), and he received decoction. His symptom of dyspnea continued to improve. A chest CT scan showed that the bilateral lung lesions were absorbed more than before (Figure 2.57D) on February 10, 2020. Finally, the patient was cured and discharged from the hospital on February 13, 2020.

324  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Compare this with western medicine’s narrative. Nejabi et al. (2021) reported a case study of tongue ulcer weeks after unconfirmed COVID-19. They took tongue ulcer as a sign of poor oral hygiene and a side effect of COVID-19. There is no data on the treatment the patient underwent, but there is gory picture of the tongue. In TCM, tongue is a signature bearer of the rest of the body. This level of ulceration is an indicative of severe damage in the kidneys, and spleen. However, Nejabi et al. (2021) report the following treatment, entirely focused on the tongue (Picture 2.14). For pain control of the ulcer, the dentist administered photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for 10 days. After 2 days of PBMT, the patient reported relief of symptoms and on the 11th day after PBMT treatment, the lesion partially resolved. Besides the mentioned therapy, they recommended antibiotics (Azithromycin 500 mg for 1 week), antiseptic agents (Chlorhexidine 0.12%, alcohol-free mouth rinses, H2O2 1%), and antifungal agents (fluconazole 200 mg tablets for 1 week) for the prevention of secondary infections. The patient was advised to avoid hot and spicy foods, but to drink plenty of fluids and eat a bland diet. We also advised the patient to practice good oral hygiene. In essence, the western doctors have given the patient exactly opposite to what they should have recommended.

(a) (c)

(c)

Picture 2.14  Covid tongue as reported by Nejabi et al. (2021).

The Science of COVID-19 Pandemic  325

2.13 Conclusions Based on the discussion made in this chapter, the following conclusions can be made. 1. COVID-19 is not unusual virus and the debate over its organic or synthetic origin is not relevant. 2. The response to COVID-19 and the ensuing hysteria has no logical or scientific basis. 3. Independent assessment of mortality in USA, Canada, and the world separately confirm that COVID-19 had no special impact and its denomination as a deadly pandemic has no scientific basis to it. 4. China and Afghanistan serve as two examples of successful COVID-19 management. China cases shows that COVID19 can be successfully managed by integrating western medicine with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). We argue that the success of TCM is despite the western medicine. The cases we studied show that western medicine and treatment (including ventilator) inhibits natural immunity and delays the recovery process. 5. Afghanistan is an example that exposes the illogicality and hysteria of COVID-19. A comparison between Afghanistan and Pakistan shows how West-induced protocols, including vaccines, have destroyed collective natural immunity. 6. Omicron and the hysteria that followed exposes the sinister nature of COVID-19 agenda. 7. Vaccines are scientifically harmful and at best ineffective in controlling. 8. There are 11 false and entirely illogical assumptions involved in designing COVID-19 protocols. 9. Natural remedy with acupuncture, herbal treatment, and cupping is the sustainable method to control COVID-19. Full recovery can be achieved in 4 days. Any interreference with western medicine or other protocols, including ventilator use delays the recovery process and can lead to irreparable damage to vital organs.

326  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 10. Vaccines are dangerous and can trigger long-term devasting consequences, akin to the ones observed with Thalidomide. In particular, older people and younger children are most vulnerable. Next are the ones that are physically active, such as athletes.

3 Reconstructing Human Physiology 3.1 Introduction The word ‘Physiology’ is rooted in the Greek word, φισ (phys), which refers the Greek word for nature. The suffix ‘ology’ means “the knowledge of ”. Therefore, physiology is intended to be the knowledge of nature of the body, including internal body parts. This book and in fact the entire book series (Islam et al., 2015; Islam et al., 2016; and Islam et al., 2017) is about looking into the real science and moving away from dogma science that has incapacitated European education system for many centuries. Today’s medical science does not include determining cause of a disease, let alone suggesting a cure. Physiological studies have been reduced to observing the most tangible phenomena, thus relying on monitoring tools and mechanical diagnosis. A scientific branch of physiology must involve true history of an organism. There is an interesting quote by Greek Jewish political writer Ludwig Borne (1786-1837 CE), “There are a thousands illnesses but only one health”. In Arabic, even the word truth (haq) and light (Noor) are inherently singular whereas the words for falsehood or darkness (pl. zulumāt) are inherently plural. According to a famous Arab Proverb, “He who has health has a hope, and he who has a hope has everything” (Khan et al., 2015). A physiological study should have a historical review of health.

3.1.1 History of Health Before this obsession with dogma science in the post RCC (Roman Catholic Church) Europe, every nation had access to real science. The ancient Greeks had this theme, as did the ancient Chinese, Indians, and Mayans (Islam et al., 2015). This theme reached its culmination in the works of Avicenna, the father of modern medicine, whose most famous medical work, out of nearly 450 treatises, includes the 14-volume Canon of Medicine. M.R. Islam, Jahanara Monaf, and A.O. Islam. The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4: Applications for Physical Disorder Treatments, (327–400) © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC

327

328  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Hippocrates is said to believe health is an expression of a harmonious balance between the various components of man’s nature, the environment and life style. The equilibrium was controlled by natural (and hence predictable) causes. Because human body is 100% organic, it itself struggles to restore its normal equilibrium, anytime an insult is imparted either through food or the environmental stimulants (air, light, and others). Hippocrates advocated the importance of a natural life style because nature is the great healer. Historically, the role of the physician has been to aid, not to hinder the natural healing process (Shapiro and Shapiro, 1997). Aristotle (384-322 BC), the Greek Philosopher, believed that “health is excellence of the body, that is, a condition which allows us, while keeping free from disease, to have the use of our bodies” (Aristotle, referenced in Semler, 2016). Claudius Galen (130-circa 200CE) defined health as the condition in which we do not suffer from pain and are not impeded in the activities of life (Green, 1951). Shusruta (1500 BC), from Ancient India, defines a healthy person as one in whom there is perfect balance of all bodily functions with tranquillity and equilibrium of the mind, senses and spirit (soul) (Bhishagratna, 1911). The Ayurvedic Concept of Health, which dates back approximately five thousand years, is based on equilibrium of Dhatus (elements) whereas the disease is disequilibrium (Valiathan, 2003). Ayurveda (from Sanskrit words; ayuh meaning life and veda meaning knowledge) invariably links mind and body in health and disease. It is the same principle that was used in ancient Persia, where health was considered a result of “right” measure of the elements of humour, while sickness is defined by their excess or deficiency. Medicine thus consists of re-establishing the balance (Gignoux, n.d). This notion of balance is present in every surviving narrative from the ancient literature. Health is defined by a balanced lifestyle, in harmony with the environment, which includes other humans. Another notion that is also presence of presence of soul and how soul is affected by an ailment. The medicine of the body is closely linked with that of the soul: “The medicine of the body consists in keeping the body in good health and in curing the body of sickness, and in like manner the medicine of the soul in preserving the soul from sin and in curing it.” So the physician worthy of this name is “the one who cures in each man the soul of its sins and the body of its sickness” (Gignoux, 2001, p. 47). Perhaps the most colourful ancient medical history belongs to China. Through the recently revived work of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), ancient Chinese philosophy has been transformed into a secular form that is currently available all over the world. The foundational book is called the

Reconstructing Human Physiology   329 Canon of Internal Medicine (黄帝内经, Huang-di Nei-jing),1 a treatise on health and disease. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) emerges from a legendary figure, the Yellow Emperor (Huang-di, 黃帝), who is attributed to developing fundamental theories, such as, yin yang theory, Zang-Fu organ theory, 5-element theory, etc. The Yellow Emperor is legendary figure that appears in many Chinese classics, fairy tales and ancient philosophies. Even though this legendary figure has often been portrayed as a deity or a cult leader (Chang, 1983), recently Islam (2018) argued that the most logical that he could have been prophet and a great savant. Historical evidence supports this premise. If that is the case, it would be interest to see how TCM theories tally with Islamic philosophy. The unique advantage of Islamic philosophy is the fact that Qur’an is the only divine book that remains in its original form from the time of its revelation some 1400 years ago. In addition, the book of Hadith, the sayings and events surrounding the Prophet Muhammad are compiled in the form a comprehensive biography, which is also available in original Arabic and has been intact for last 1200 years. Together, they form a unique standard, which can be used to ascertain the divine nature of another historical event. Qur’an also states that, every nation had a prophet, who brought guidance from the creator to his people. This makes Quran a unique book that claims that every original philosophy is the same and the dichotomy of which nation got from which other nation or how knowledge evolved with time is solved.2 Similar work recently produced very useful guidelines for extracting knowledge from the past and applying the knowledge in developing sustainable technologies (Khan and Islam, 2016), economic models (Islam et al., 2018), and greening of pharmaceutical engineering (Islam et al., 2015; 2016; 2017). Whatever its origin, the book has proved influential as a reference work for practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine well into the modern era. The ideas in the book have a basis in Taoist philosophy. Islam (2018) argues that this is the original form of Islam. As such the similarity of Prophetic Medicine with the Canon of the Yellow Emperor is uncanny. In Islam, it is the Divine pathway (sharī‘ah) that leads a human toward eternal peace. Just like in Chinese, the word ‘harmony’ implies peace (in Chinese, hé, 和), in Arabic, surrendering (the root word being SLM) to Divine pathway 1

2

Huang Di Nei Jing, often abbreviated as Nei Jing, translates to Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon. Quran 16:36 (meaning of translation): And indeed We have already sent forth in every nation a Messenger (saying), “Worship Allah and avoid the Taghut.” (i.e., false gods) Then (some) of them Allah guided; and errancy came true against (some of) them. So travel in the earth, then look into how was the end of the beliers.

330  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 leaders to eternal peace, hence the term Islam (state of surrender to Divine order). In this Canon of the Yellow Emperor, the key to a long healthy life is to follow the Tao, the natural way of the universe. This ‘natural’ state is defined in Islam as the pathway given by the creator and exemplified by the prophet. In fact, adherence to this natural pathway is so crucial that it purposeful deviation is Satanic (Quran 4:119). The most important part of the first chapter of Nei Jing was the acknowledgement of the Gold standard in the form of the pathway of Tao. Figure 3.1 shows how departure from the standard would onset a long-term imbalance, thus triggering both spiritual and physical degradation. Similar to what happened to Jesus Christ, the Yellow Emperor was rendered into a deity. This practice of rendering of humans into deity is as old as humanity. Qur’an – the only scripture that encapsulates God’s speech in first person and the only scripture that remains intact in its entirety since its inception over 1400 years ago – clarifies in many occasions that these were all prophets or messengers of the creator, who sent them to teach ordinary people the original philosophy of humanity, that every culture twisted the original message and turned it into a practice of worshipping the messenger as deity. The Yellow Emperor’s Deified version has Four Faces (Huángdì Sìmiàn, 黃帝四面) that represent the center of the universe and vision of the unity which controls the four directions (Lévi, 2007). In the Huangdi Sijing (“Four Scriptures of the Yellow Emperor”), it is stated that the most notable philosophy of the Yellow Emperor is the regulating “heart within

Left-wing extermist

G O L D E N S T A N D A R D

Right-wing extremist

Figure 3.1  Gold standard is universal and departure from it marks both physical and spiritual degradation (Note that although “left-wing” and “right-wing” terminologies are modern era concepts, we use those terms to indicate deviations from the gold standard as in deliberate ill-intended group (“left”) and well-intended deviation (“right”).

Reconstructing Human Physiology   331 brings order without”. In order to reign one must “reduce himself ” abandoning emotions, “drying up like a corpse”, thus reducing oneself to a state, totally in harmony with nature. It is exactly, how Qur’an describes how a person can reach eternal bliss (Qur’an 2:112). The legend also states that the Yellow Emperor himself reached that state during his three years of refuge on Mount Bowang in order to find himself. Once again, many prophets, including prophet Muhammad (who spent many days in Mount Hira) spent time in similar meditative stage prior to receiving divine guidance. In modern society, it is believed that this practice creates an internal void where all the vital forces of creation gather, and the more indeterminate they remain and the more powerful they will be (Lévi, 2007). However, New Science has no vocabulary to describe these intangible phenomena. Meanwhile, it is portrayed through the philosophy of Chinese Medicine. See Figure 3.2. Figure 3.1 depicts the notion that equilibrium and harmony can only be achieved through harmony with the environment as well as the divine power. Because all organs are intricately linked to the environment, any change in environment will affect the bodily function. This is scientifically accurate, as shown by Islam et al. (2015), who used continuity as the first premise to establish the so-called galaxy model, in which every ‘particle’ acts as a ‘solar system’. Each entity having a yin yang balance, it is expected that a natural system will have yin yang balance in harmony with Dào, whereas unnatural (or artificial) form a ‘cancer’ yin yang that works counter to the natural process of Dào. This notion is new and was introduced in engineering literature by Islam (2014) and Islam et al. (2015, 2016) for the first time. The notion was present in ancient and medieval medical literature, albeit in a context of spirituality (Allavena et al., 2008).

Shén

Dào

Qi

Jing

Figure 3.2  The interconnectivity among Shén(神), Qi (气) and Jīng (精) to form the basis for Dào (道).

332  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 In the metaphysical sense, Shén is considered to be of highest frequency. This can very well be a mischaracterization. Islam (2014) showed that every material object has a characteristic frequency, which is related to so-called resonance frequency. However, creator is not subject to such frequency (Quran 112:1-3) and any mention of God having a high frequency is obtuse. Such conflation of divine trait with human trait is common in post Roman Catholic Church era (Islam et al., 2015). In its proper context, as indicated in Figure 3.1, the universal order or Dào dictates the balance state of the environment and humans. Humans, through meditation can be in tune with the universal order, thus becoming merged in harmony. Within a human body, itself, the internal universe can be viewed as an altar. This is in line with Quranic designation of humans as the viceroy of the creator (Quran 2:30), who once ordered all the angels to bow down to Adam, the first human created (Quran 2:34). This is remarkable because no other creation rose to that level of distinction. This notion is supported by ancient Hindu mythology, where the word Avatar (literally carrying the same meaning as Khalifah in Arabic, both meaning viceroy). It is perceivable why human body is considered to be a temple even in western philosophy. Historically, there was an epoch that saw the most remarkable surge in social development, initially mostly outside Europe. It was led by Prophet Muhammad. Even beyond the Muslim world, this individual has been ranked number one as the most influential ‘religious’ and ‘secular’ leader of all time (Hart, 1992). After his death, the institution or nation (ummah) that he founded became an example of an ideal society. While Muslims are aware of the educational doctrines of the Prophet and his followers, most non-Muslim readers are not. The emergence of Islam as a comprehensive way of life is synonymous with the emergence of Prophet Muhammad and the divine revelation, encapsulated in the Qur’an. The Qur’an proclaims Muhammad to be the last prophet or messenger, and promises that the entire mankind will have enough to resolve any crisis based on the Qur’an and the practical examples of the Prophet, encapsulated in the books of Hadith (his sayings, actions, and actions he condoned or gave tacit approval). This is the guiding philosophy that catapulted some 1000 years of Islamic golden era, during which the world saw an unprecedented growth in all aspects of knowledge. For instance, Islam et al. (2015) points to Islamic scholars, each of whom wrote dozens of books on wide range of topics, each giving them the status of ‘Father’ of respective disciplines. Yet, none of them was a prophet. Some examples are:

Reconstructing Human Physiology   333 1. Mohammed Bukhari, the greatest biographer of all time. Even the science of his collection of Hadiths remain iconic today. 2. Ibn Sina (Avecina), whose textbook, The Canon of Medicine, remains the most widely used textbook for the longest period of known history is known to be the father of modern medicine and alchemy. 3. Ibn Rushd (Averröes) father of rational philosophy and education 4. Ibn Haitham (Alhazen) father of modern optics, 5. Al-Kindi (Alkindus)- father of information processing, 6. Ibn Khaldun - father of modern social sciences, 7. Al-Khwārizmī founding father of algebra and mathematics 8. Al-Farabi, the father of epistemology and metaphysics. It is no small irony that modern Europe has all but eliminated any scholarly discussion of these scholars from educational curriculum while claiming that modern Era has perfected the pursuit of knowledge and scholarship. In reality, what we have is Roman Catholic Church-induced dogmatic thinking, which only took a more sinister turn when ‘enlightenment’ hit Europe. It was not enlightenment, it was the regurgitation of Dogmatic thinking to overwhelm the unsuspecting population to build up justification for colonization and European superiority over other nations. The Canon of Medicine covered every single subject of medicine, all of the known diseases and treatments, methods for testing new treatments, diagnosis, etc. It was a standard full-version medical textbook, used for centuries all over the known world including Europe until the 17th century. Avicenna looked at the theoretical aspect, covering fields of cosmology, the temperaments and humours, etc. In Islamic philosophy, maintaining balance (mizan in Arabic) is a divine order (For instance Quran 55:7-8 clearly states that the balance is part of universal order and must not be violated). This notion is reverberated in every Ali Ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi (949-982 CE), Latinized as Haly Abbas, in his book “Kamil al-sina‘ah al-tibbiyah” (The Complete Book of The Medical Art, also called The Royal Book) asserts that in health the body is in a state of dynamic equilibrium (Ahmet et al., 2010). Ibn Rushd (11261198 CE), Latinized as Averroes, in his book “Kitab al-Kulliyat fi al-Tibb” defined health as “a state in which an organ performs its natural function or undergoes its normal reaction” (A Averroes, n.d.). Ibn al-Nafees

334  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 (1210-1288 CE), renowned for discovery of the pulmonary circulation, defines health, in his book “Al-Mujāz fi al-Tibb”, as a state of the body in which functions are normal per se, while disease is the opposite state (Ali Ibn Abi, n.d.). According to Ibn Sina, “health is a dynamic state in which the temperament and structure of human body are such that all its functions are carried out in a correct and wholesome manner”. He further asserts that the state of equilibrium which, a human being enjoys, has a certain range with an upper and a lower limit. In other words, we can say that it is like a balance which moves between two extreme limits. This is typical of the yin yang description of every organism or entity. Ibn Sina further described disease as an abnormal state of human body which primarily and independently, but not secondarily, disturbs normal functions. Disease may, thus, be a disorder of temperament or structure. He has highlighted the key role of life style/behaviour modification (Mudawa Salookia) in maintaining and preserving health. It is reported that Ibn Sina was the first to integrate psychological aspects in theoretical and practical medicine (Le Maguer, 2013). While this is true that Ibn Sina formalized this narrative and included in his diagnostic technique, Ancient civilizations all put the psychological state (called spiritual) as the trigger for any ailment. Ever since the decline of Islamic golden era and the resurgence of dogmatic thinking albeit being named as secular enlightenment, the science of health has been reformatted as the propaganda of synthetic toxins, packaged as ‘pharmaceutical drugs’ (Islam et al., 2016). It is reflected in every step of world events. Islam et al. (2015) have reviewed the entire Eurocentric era starting from RCC all the way through modern age. All the teachings of Ibn Sina and other greats were rejected by RCC, who reformatted the entire narrative by making an aphenomenal paradigm shift. Disease became the norm (just like original sin, later replaced by ‘original gene’ dogma) and health became the absence of disease. Each remedy either through ritual or through chemicals became an agent that aggravated the natural system that fights pathogens (used in broader sense). Up until the World Health Organizations’ (WHO) adoption of a new definition in 1946, doctors used to define health as the absence of disease, just as someone who defines life as the absence of death (Lewis, 2011). The definition of the WHO dated 22nd July 1946 (entered into force on 7th April 1948) says, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (Lewis, 2011). It was in 1998 that the Executive Board of WHO recommended to the World Health Assembly (WHA) to modify the preamble of the constitution to change the definition of health as follows: “Health is a dynamic state of complete

Reconstructing Human Physiology   335 physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion dated 21st November 1986 defines health as “a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities”. Not only these definitions do not come close to what was known in ancient era as well as Islamic golden era, they actually commodify the terms in favour of more government control and less science.

3.2 Science of Physiology New Medicine has four major shortcomings in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases (Islam et al., 2015): • the cause of deadliest diseases are unknown; • when the origin of a disease is believed to be bacterial, all antibiotics used are synthetic; • vaccines are introduced without knowing the cause of a disease that they are supposed to immunize against; and • the role of lifestyle on human health is not understood. These shortcomings arise from the inherent flaws of New Science. These flaws involve dogmatic assertions and illogical premises. They are summarized as follows (Islam et al., 2015): • conflation of human traits with Godly traits; • incorrect and illogical narration of origin of universe, universal order, and life on earth; • conflation between the nature of real and artificial; • incorrect and illogical characterization of nature and sustainability criterion; • disconnection of conscience from humanity; • lack of characterization of human thought material (HTM); • disconnection between matter and energy; • absence of scientific criteria for defining disease and disorder; • disconnection between mental and physical disorder; and theories of illogical and incoherent fundamental premises. In view of the fact that New Medicine has moved away from investigating the true nature of anatomy and physiology, this section relies upon the work of Ibn Sina and others, including Ancient Chinese scholars.

336  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Overall, Ibn Sina examined basic anatomy, physiology and phycology. In the second part, he examined health disorders. There, he covered definitions, causes of disease, dietetics, pulse, urine analysis and so on. Finally, he looked at treatment of disease and preservation of health. In contrast to New Medicine, which confines treatments to fighting the symptoms with synthetic chemicals, Ibn Sina took a holistic approach. Note the following quote from Urquhart (2006), where he sums up the holistic approach: I asked: “If the year were 1900 and you were marooned and in need of a guide for practical medicine, which book would you want by your side?” My choice was Ibn Sina. A leading reason is that Ibn Sina gives an integrated view of surgery and medicine, whereas Osler largely shuns intervention. Ibn Sina, for example, tells how to judge the margin of healthy tissue to take with an amputation, a basic topic uncovered by Osler. The gap between medicine and surgery is now closing, with the advent of interventional cardiology, gastroenterology, radiology, etc. Ibn Sina correctly saw medicine and surgery as one. For preservation of health, Ibn Sina has described the “Seven principles”3 (Ūmūr Sab‘a). They are listed below (Avicenna, 1973): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Equilibrium of temperament Selection of articles of food and drink Evacuation of effete matters Safeguarding the composite Maintaining the purity of air respired Guarding against extraneous contingencies Moderation in regard to the movements of the body and the motions of the mind, with which may be included “sleep and wakefulness”

Each of these principles is rooted in Quran and Book of Hadith. See Appendix-A for an introduction to Ibn Sina’s philosophical approach. Table 3.1 lists various references to Quran and Hadith for these principles. Curiously, these principles are available in all ancient cultures – a finding made by Islam et al. (2010) in the context of general science and by Islam et al. (2015) in the context of medical science. In this chapter, we will 3

The Arabic word is umūr, which is best translated as principle or rule although modern translators have used the term, ‘doctrine’.

Reconstructing Human Physiology   337 Table 3.1  The Qur’anic and prophetic roots of the Seven Principles of Ibn Sina. Principles

Divine source (Quran) or Hadith of Prophet

1. Equilibrium of temperament

-Humans created ‘in the best of moulds’ (95:4) -Humans appointed viceroy of the creator (2:30), with godly qualities (99 qualities listed in Appendix-B) -Adam taught the science of nature (2:31) -Everything in Creation, in due measure and proportion (Quran 54:49)

2. Selection of articles of food and drink

-Eat from fresh earthly sustainable food 2:168 -Forbidden swine, blood, carcass of a dead animal, and sacrifice to false deity 2:174, 5:3, 6:145,16:115 -Fobidden intoxicants (including wine) 5:90

3. Evacuation of effete matters

-“Cupping is the most helpful procedure for human beings to cure themselves.” (Sahih al-Bukhari º5357) -“The best treatment is hijama cupping; it removes blood, lightens the back and sharpens the eyesight.” (Sunan al-Tirmidhi º3053) - “Hijama cupping on an empty stomach is best. It increases the intellect and improves the memory. It improves the memory of the one memorizing….” (Sahih; Sunan Ibn Majah º3488).

4. Safeguarding the composite

-2:57, 4:97, etc. safeguarding against self-oppression -2:281, accountability -91:7 perfection of soul -30:30 safeguarding natural order -4:119 against changing natural order

5. Maintaining the purity of air respired

-Order against waste and excess 7: 21, 7:31 -Order against environmental integrity 2:205 - Humans as the caretaker of the Earth,6:165 -Minimizing environmental footprint, 25:63 -environmental integrity, 30:30 (Continued)

338  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 3.1  The Qur’anic and prophetic roots of the Seven Principles of Ibn Sina. (Continued) Principles

Divine source (Quran) or Hadith of Prophet

6. Guarding against extraneous contingencies

-guard against evil, 2:2, 2:21, 2:66, 2:181 among many -Be on your guard against three things, which provoke cursing: easing in the watering places and on the thoroughfares, and in the shade (of the tree). Abi Dawud Book 1, no. 26

7. Moderation in regard to the movements of the body and the motions of the mind, with which may be included “sleep and wakefulness”

Walk submissively (mental), 25:63, Walk minimum footprint (physical) 16:69 Salāh* described over 80 times, e.g., 2:3, 2:43, 2:45, 2:83, 2:177, 2:238-239, 2:277, 4:43, 4:77

* Salāh in Arabic means ‘connection’, it’s the same meaning as yoga in Sankskrit. The movements of salah are similar to Qi gong in ancient Chinese literature.

examine these principles in the context of TCM, which itself emerges from Ancient Chinese philosophy. It is to be noted that there has been a sustained campaign to tout the slogan that ‘Islamic scholars became inspired by the Ancient Greek and others’. This is simply a disinformation. While it is true that cultural heritages of the region, from where Islamic scholars of the Golden era hailed from, included Hellenic, Indic, Assyrian and Persian influences, the very study of various cultures was not motivated by anything other than seeking the truth (Khan and Islam, 2016). In particular, Greek and Indian intellectual traditions were recognized, translated and studied broadly. As the population of the lands of Islam gained access to all the important works of all the cultures of the empire, a new common civilization formed in this area of the world based on the religion of Islam. A new era of high culture and innovation ensued, where these diverse influences were recognized and given their respective places in the social consciousness. Although the extent of Islamic scientific achievement is yet fully understood, it was certainly vast and in all respects revolutionary (Islam et al., 2010). However, the same scholars wrote numerous books deconstructing the teachings of ancient scholars, with whose conclusions that did not make logical sense. The case in point is Ibn Haitham, who dedicated several books deconstructing Aristotle’s light theory and others. Yet, modern historians have consistently maintained Ibn Haitham has

Reconstructing Human Physiology   339 been influenced by Aristotle. Islam (2018) points out that other Islamic scholars, including Ibn Sina also fall under this category. In reality, they were pursuing knowledge and were not seeking to be indoctrinated. In their pursuit of knowledge, they came across many traditions that made logical sense. These traditions made through their theories. For instance, Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd both accepted Aristotle’s logic of exclusion of the middle. Similarly Ibn Sina’s reasoning and description of human physiology matches that described in Nei Jing, the Mosaic Code (1571-1451 BC) of Moses the prophet of Islam, “Shushruta Samhita”, authored by Shushruta (fl 1500 BC) and health laws framed by the Chinese philosopher Kong Zi (or Kung-futzu) usually called Confucius (circa 551-479 BC). Ibn Sina’s writings also benefited from the writings of the great Hindu religious giant Manu (fl 500-300 BC), by the greatest hygienic landmarks of Roman Medicine - the Aqueducts (circa 312 BC) and Cloaca maxima (6th century BC), by the writings of the Father of Physiology Erasistratos of Chios (fl 290 BC), by “Austranga Samgraha”, a classic of Hindu Medicine, authored by Vagbhata (fl 7th century CE) and others (Khan et al., 2015). Similarly, the Islamic approach of love as the starting point for healing matches with the teachings of Hippocrates the Great (460-377 BC). Broader aspects of the preservation of health, which is pivotal in Islamic faith, matches with the thoughts Claudius Galen (130-circa 200 CE). Before a discussion can be carried out on the science of physiology, the fundamental nature of universe and human roles within it must be presented. Based on the scientific discussion carried out in Islam (2014), Islam et al. (2015), the following fundamental facts must be recognized. This description is part of the universal standard that was known in every ancient culture, including the description of Tao by Nei Jing, as discussed earlier. 1. Nature is universal order and is 100% pre-determined and immutable. Success is to accept whatever life has given us and make intentions to conform to the universal order. 2. Humans have no freedom other than that of intention, everything else is a function of the environment, upon which we have no control. 3. The worldly life has a purpose and every action in line with that purpose is a good deed and will be rewarded in the long run. 4. Good is anything in conformance with the Universal standard. Good will lead to ultimate success. 5. Bad is anything that goes against the Universal standard. Bad will lead to failure.

340  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 6. The natural state is the best for everything. Natural is 100% in conformance with the universal standard. 7. Artificial is bad for everything and must be rejected 100%. 8. Every human is born 100% perfect with natural traits that are best suited for his/her own journey. 9. Humans (except insane or victim of dementia) gain control over their intention at puberty and become accountable for their intention. 10. Any disease or ailment is a manifestation of our body’s reaction to imbalance. 11. A remedy must involve natural solution. 12. After every ailment a person comes out stronger, only if treated with natural means.

3.2.1 Evidence from Ancient Medicinal Practices Nei Ching (or Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen), the fundamental doctrinal source for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), links the natural effects of diet, lifestyle, emotions and environments with integrity of health. The three simple but indispensable principles include (Ni, 1995): - Being in harmony with Universal standard (Tao or nature and the environment) - Protection of the spirit and the body - Balancing activity and quiescence These all conform to the standards stated above and practiced by Ibn Sina, as evident from his canon of Medicine.

The famous Chinese Saying “one should only pay one’s physician when one is well and one should not pay if one is ill”, comes from the philosophy

Reconstructing Human Physiology   341 that focuses on maintaining wellness all through life, not just treating illness when it occurs. The study of Hebrew Medicine introduces us to the Mosaic Code of Moses. This document describes the principles of personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, rest and sleep, hours of work, disinfection and regulations to check animals before slaughtering and eating. The five principles of preserving health include: - pure air; - pure water; - pure food; - pure dwelling; and - pure body. The Deuteronomic Code (Deuteronomy 23:12-14) contains several sanitation instructions in particular to dispose of human excreta, by burying deep in earth, away from residential areas to keep the locations holy. There are guidelines for correct hand washing also. Leviticus 11:34-36 declares contaminated water and food unclean and unfit for consumption. Confucius, the Founder of Confucianism, in the “Analects of Confucius” discusses the importance of nourishing the body and the mind as a whole. Confucius strongly advocated the idea that good health lies in a broad mind. The Confucian Perspective includes, as its primary aim, the necessity of health promotion (Chan, 2011). It is also integral part of spiritual growth, which is actually the driving force. The same basic principles of general cleanliness, inner and outer purity and food hygiene have been well described in Manusmriti (Laws of Manu) which is the most important and earliest medical work in Sanskrit (Website 1). Shushruta Samhita is perhaps the greatest medical treatise in Sanskrit available today that describes benefits of clean living, pure thinking, good food habits, regular exercise and sound sleep. Of course, it is all inspired by yoga, which means ‘connection’ (with the creator). It explains the origin of disease as an imbalance of vital humours that occur either individually or in combination (Bhishagratna, 1911). Charaka Samhita (Compendium of Caraka), recorded several thousand years ago from teachings of the Rishi (Sanskrit-Sage) Punarvaso Atreya (3000 BC), is another example of prophetic wisdom, which remains to this day the most respected work on Ayurveda (this word literally means, which means complete knowledge for long life). According to the Rishi, the Tripod on which the living world stands is Mind, Self and Body.

342  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Healthy daily routine serves to prevent disease, strengthen tissues and sense organs. He advises that the wise should not suppress natural urges. This is in line of Islamic tradition, which promote natural lifestyles. The Rishi, when asked “what is the origin of a person and what is the origin of his disease?” replied, “Only the use of wholesome food promotes growth of the person. And only the use of unwholesome food is the cause of disease. This is because the wholesome food endows the body with development, strength, lustre and happy life” (Loon et al., 2003). The ancient books Ashtanta Hridya Samhita and Ashtanga Samgraha, authored by Vagbhata (Trinity of Ayurvedic knowledge after Shushruta and Charaka), emphasise provision of a wholesome diet, optimal sanitary practices and regular physical exercise for healthy life (Vāgbhat). Even though not definitely preserved, Hippocrates’ philosophy of the interrelationship between physical and mental health appears to suggest there is no boundary between spiritual and physical aspect of an ailment and both can be addressed with natural means (Cheung and Hyland, 2012). Another Greek physician Herophilus of Chalcedon (335-280 BC), one of the founders of the Alexandria School of Medicine and well-remembered for distinguishing between veins and arteries, advocated the key role of healthy food habits and moderate exercise in the preservation of health (Budin, 2004). He asserts “when health is absent, wisdom cannot reveal itself, art cannot manifest, strength cannot fight, wealth becomes useless and intelligence cannot be applied”. Similarly, practically all known scholars dealing with medicine and psychology promoted the notion that health is a matter of balanced diet and physical and spiritual exercises. For instance, Erasistratos of Chios (304250 BC), the Father of Physiology, known for separating preventive medicine from curative medicine, emphasized the need for general and bodily cleanliness, dietetic hygiene, balanced food and regular exercise for preservation of health (Budin, 2004). Renowned Greek Physician Asclepiads of Bithynia (circa124-40 BC), the Father of Geriatrics, is well esteemed for his motto “Physician’s mission is to heal safely, rapidly and pleasantly”. His approach to preservation of health was directed towards healthy habits, wholesome food, adequate physical exercise, regular bathing and massage (Playfair, 1910). In Galenic Medicine, the six essential factors for preservation of health include: consumption of wholesome food and drinks, the right amount of exercise, living and working in an environment conducive to wellbeing, getting the right amount of sleep, active care of one’s wellbeing and last, but not the least, maintaining the balance of all five factors (Green, 1951).

Reconstructing Human Physiology   343

3.3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart 3.3.1 Introduction Up until the rise of Islamic culture, the circulatory system and its underlying mechanism remained a mystery (Azizi et al., 2008). Several theories can be traced to ancient era but their description remained vague. Circulation of blood was first mentioned in ancient Chinese literature as part of their traditional medicine but was not associated with the pumping action of the heart; instead it was caused by the opposing forces of Yin and Yang (Azizi et al., 2008). However, the most important aspect, i.e., the holistic role of the heart as the source of nervous system, emotions and control mechanism of the rest of the body has been well known in all ancient cultures, including in Chinese, as evident from documents used by TCM practitioners. As we will see in this chapter, the heart is pivotal and correctly designated as the monarch organ, far beyond what New Medicine recognizes. Structurally, Aristotle (384—322 B.C.) described the three chambered heart and noticed that blood filled with breath leave the heart through a large vessel called the aorta (Mazengenya and Bhikha, 2018). Functionally the earlier concepts about circulation were based on the refinement of ingested food in the liver to produce blood that will be distributed by the veins throughout the body and be assimilated and incorporated into flesh (Aird, 2011). Venous blood, in addition to nutrition also contained other humours, including yellow and black bile. In ancient Greek medicine Unani (Tibb), the humoral theory is based on the hypothesis that each individual has an ideal humoral balance which is made up from the four humours namely blood (sanguinous), phlegm (serous), yellow bile (bilious), black bile (melancholic) (Emtiazy et al., 2014). According to Unani (Tibb) philosophy as long as the ideal humoral balance of an individual is maintained, health (homeostasis) will prevail (Emtiazy M, et al., 2014; Mosaddegh et al., 2013).

3.3.2 Anatomy and Functions of the Arteries Ibn Sina described the distribution arteries throughout the human body (Figure 3.3). He described them as vessels originating from the top part of the left cavity of the heart, consisting of two covering layers (tunics) and capable of pulsation. This is comparable to modern knowledge of human anatomy (Figure 3.4), although modern description allows for the existence of three tunics. However, the distinction between layers is not clear. Ibn Sina suggested that the inner layer of the arteries was susceptible to

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Figure 3.3  An illustration of the arterial pattern of the human body and abdominal viscera by Avicenna in the Canon of Medicine.

damage by direct abrasive forces of the flowing blood and also by pulsations (Avicenna). From the heart two major vessels sprout out of the right and left ventricular infundibulum leading into the pulmonary artery and aorta respectively (Moore et al., 2014). Arteries are further classified into large sized elastic arteries, medium sized muscular arteries and small sized arteries and arterioles. This classification depends on the closeness to the heart, the pressure of blood carried by the arteries and the amount of elastic fibres and muscle tissue in the walls. Avicenna noticed that the thickness of the arteries varies with the demands subjected to a vessel (Shah, 1966; bakhtiar, 1999, Grunner, 1984). He suggested that the aorta was thicker and larger because it has to deliver blood to large and distant organs while the pulmonary artery (which he named the venous artery) was thinner

Reconstructing Human Physiology   345 7

Anterior vena cava

Capillaries of head and forelimbs Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary artery Capillaries of right lung

Aorta

9

6 3

2

Capillaries of left lung

3 4

11 Pulmonary vein Right atrium

5

1

Pulmonary vein Left atrium

10

Left ventricle

Right ventricle Posterior vena cava

Aorta

8

Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs

Figure 3.4  Blood circulation system as viewed by New Medicine (From Hajar Albinali, 2007).

because it only served the lungs. This logic is both essential and comprehensive. Curiously, such discussion is not carried out in New Medicine. Consistent with previous scholars Galen (129—207 CE) and Abu Bakr Mohammed Zakariya Razi, known as Rhazes (865—925 CE), Ibn Sina described the pulmonary artery as a thin walled artery consisting of a single tunic and he named it venous artery (Azizii et al., 2008). Note that this description would contradiction New Medicine denomination. However, clearly Ibn Sina was not bound by the nomenclature adopted by New Medicine. Otherwise, his description regarding various aspects of the artery such as its origin from the thin walled part (right ventricle) of the heart, presence of the semilunar valve at it origin to prevent backflow of blood and distribution of comparatively low pressure blood to the lungs are all remarkably accurate. Furthermore, he mentioned that the vessel carries nutrient rich blood to the lungs.

346  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Avicenna described the aorta as the largest artery in the body. Although the term ‘aorta’ is known to be coined by Aristotle (384—322 BC), Hajar Albinali (2007) recently made a convincing argument that this term comes from Arabic Orta, a tree found in abundance in the dessert area. Picture 3.1 shows a picture of this tree, which shows the scientific accuracy of the use of the term.

Picture 3.1  The orta tree – the most likely source of the word aorta.

Avicenna mentioned that at the aortic origin the vessel is guarded by three valves, which prevent back flow during diastole. He also discussed the functions of the valves by stating that ‘‘three membranes and their intermediate thickness work best, two membranes would be thicker and four membranes would be thinner’’. He further postulated that in order to achieve best functions in any structure or organ, there is need to balance the qualities of individual elements (humours). This term ‘humor’ refers to a fluid (or semifluid) substance. Ancient theories, including Chinese Medicine, correlated health with a balanced state of bodily liquids. Diseases, on the other hand, arise when imbalance occurred between the humors. The humors were recognized as: - Phlegm (water) - Blood

Reconstructing Human Physiology   347 - Gall (black bile thought to be secreted by the kidneys and spleen) - Choler (yellow bile secreted by the liver) The humoral theory (also called humoralism was devised well before Hippocrates (c.460-c.375 BC), was still known until dismantled by Rudolf Virchow, who published his formative book, Cellularpathologie, in 1858 that laid out the cellular basis of pathology. Similar to what happened in material characterization through atomic models, pathology became disconnected from the broad picture and connections established based on cellular foundation. This approach, deconstructed by Islam et al. (2015 and 2016) made it impossible to conduct proper diagnosis because history of a patient became disconnected from the manifestation of an ailment. Avicenna described what he says are the “four causes” of illnesses. They are: - The material cause; - the efficient cause; - the formal cause; and - the final cause. According to Avicenna, material cause is the human subject itself, the “members or the breath” or “the humours” indirectly. This is in line with ancient Greek theory of the four body humors (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm) that determined health and disease. The humors were associated with the four elements (air, fire, earth, and water), which in turn were paired with one of the qualities (hot, cold, dry, and moist). As pointed out by Islam (2014), this description is consistent with scientific characterization of matter. In Avicenna’s time, a healthy body meant a proper and evenly balanced mixture of the humors. Whereas temperament of body or mind also was supposed to be determined, for example, sanguine (blood), choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile), or phlegmatic (phlegm). Mental health required proper grounding with meditation, recitation of Quran, and company of righteous people (Islam et al., 2017). Not until the modern era, natural materials, particularly those used in food and energy have been replaced with millions of synthetic materials, which then produce all produce processed food. The characterization of Avicenna has to be adjusted. Khan and Islam (2016) showed how material characterization based on natural and artificial sources can become the most important starting point that will determine long-term impact. This characterization is used in this book.

348  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The efficient cause is broken up into two categories: The first is “Extrinsic”, or the sources external to the human body, such as air or the environment in general. The second efficient cause is the “Intrinsic”, or the internal sources such as our sleep and “its opposite-the waking state”, the “different periods of life”, habits, and race. These aspects are in harmony with the description in Chinese medicine, which describes how the environment can impact the core of the immune system, in addition to genetic makeup. Formal Cause The formal cause is what Avicenna called “the constitutions; the compositions”. This point reinforces the scientific notion that intangibles (such as temperament) come before tangible expressions (Khan and Islam, 2016). Islam et al. (2016) showed every disease to be rooted in an intangible cause. For mental ailments, this is considered to be self evident, but for physical ailments, New Science typically does not consider the link. According to Oskar Cameron Gruner, who provides a treatise within Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, this was in agreement with Galen who believed that the formal cause of illness is based upon the individual’s temperament. Final Cause The final cause is given as “the actions or functions”. Although, this cause has been misinterpreted, the principle is best described as universal order or Allah’s qadr. This principle is neither Avicenna’s nor did he borrow from ancient Greek philosophers. This is a core concept of Islam – the prescribed ‘religion’(lifestyle or Dao) for the entire humanity from Adam to now. Allah calls Himself Al-Fātir— The Originator, The Creator, the Initiator— on six occasions in the Quran. He is the One who initiates and creates. Al-Fātir is the one who starts and finishes the complete creation with perfection! The Initiator, the Creator and Originator Fātir comes from the root fā-tā-rā which points to three main meanings. As such, final cause is a cause in every respect (Ilāhiyyāt, I, 1, 4, 14–17; VIII, 3). The prime unmoved mover—which is, in fact, the first caused Intelligence—justifies the movement of the world, but refers in its turn to the Principle, which is absolutely First (McGinnis 2010, 151; 15). All these suggest to Creator as the originator of every ailment, as part of the universal order. As such, all remedies start with the suplictin to the creator, such as the one stated in a hadith: O Allah, forgive me, have mercy on me, guide me, grant me health and well-being, and provide sustenance for me (Abu Dawud, https://sunnah.com/bulugh/2/188). Ibn Sina described coronary circulation and the orientation of the coronary vessels. He described the first branches of the aorta and their distribution to the heart muscles as follows: the first and larger branch of the aorta encircles

Reconstructing Human Physiology   349 the heart and also supplies it and the second branch supplies the muscle on the right side of the heart. The description is accurate and in conformance of today’s anatomy. Ibn Sina considered lungs and the heart holistically. His images of the lungs have a separate section that includes the location, number of lobes, tubes that penetrate them, the membrane around them, and their functions: “these tubes are three; one starts from the right cavity of the heart, other from the left cavity, and the other from the trachea. The one originating from the right cavity is a non-pulsating blood vessel that looks like an artery … it has two thick layers, and it is called the arterial vein (pulmonary artery) … The second originating from the left cavity is a pulsating blood vessel but looks like a vein; it has one thin layer, and is called the venous artery (pulmonary vein). The third tube originates from the trachea and is made of semicircular cartilages like the trachea … Each of the three tubes divides into four parts when they enter the lungs, two in each lung, but there is a third branch in the right lung. Then they give more branches inside the lungs.” (Ibn Abbas, 1437, p. 130–131). Although Ibn Sina’s description is accepted as an improvement over Galen’s work, Ibn Sina didn’t repeat any of the erroneous statements invoked by Galen. For instance, Galen erroneously described the tracheal semicircular cartilages as “rough arteries” and named each of them as “arteria tracheia,” which convey air (pneuma) to the smooth arteries (pulmonary veins) that come from the heart, and he reported the presence of pulse in them. Ibn Abbas’ Royal Book has several pages about the cardiovascular system that include a very detailed anatomical description of the heart and the differences between the arteries and veins (Persaud, 1984). The heart is described as having two main cavities, right and left, unlike Aristotle and Galen who described three cavities (Leroi, 2014). Like Galen, ibn Abbas considered the left side of the heart as the origin of arteries, and the liver as the origins of veins, as explained above. He also noted the presence of two atria and two auricles, and described the mechanism of tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valves and differentiated between the latter two (Dalfardi et al., 2014a). He further described the pericardium and its relation to the pleura. He mentioned the presence of bone under the base of the heart, like Galen, but was more accurate in reporting that the heart has one apex pointed to the left, while Galen stated that the heart has two apexes, one from each ventricle. Ibn Abbas was the first to pinpoint the presence of a connection between the arterial and venous system: the capillaries (Dalfardi etal., 2014a; Daneshfard et al., 2014). However, he followed Galen’s theory about the presence of an opening between the right and left cavities.

350  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The heart (S11) is seen as strong flesh and, like in Galen’s descriptions, ibn Sina wrote that the base of the heart acts like a root and looks like cartilage (fibrous rings of the heart), providing a solid support for the heart. The heart has three chambers, two large lateral ones and one between them, with a channel between them. Arteries arise from the left chamber and have two layers, with a harder inner layer. The wall of the left chamber is thicker than the right chamber. The breast (mammary gland) is the part that produces milk and is composed of veins, arteries and nerves (S12). The gaps between them are filled with a glandular flesh that has no sensitivity and which has a white color. The esophagus (S13) is composed of flesh, an inner longitudinal membranous layer and an outer transverse membranous layer that facilitate the downward pushing of the food. He described its location, course, and the cranial nerve that descend next to it (vagus nerve). Ibn Sina considered the esophagus as a part of the stomach that widens gradually until it reaches the stomach, because the two organs have the same layers, but the esophagus has muscular substance while the stomach has nervous substance. Additionally, the inner layer of the stomach has some oblique fibers that are missing in the esophagus. The duodenum was not considered as part of the stomach, as they do not have the same layers. He described the course of a branch of a cranial nerve (vagus) that gives the stomach the hunger sensation, and described the peritoneum and omentum (S13). The liver (S14) has red flesh like blood and resembles coagulated blood, and does not contain nervous fibers, but the veins that originate from it branch inside it like fibers. The liver absorbs chyle of the stomach and intestines by the branch of the portal vein, which he designated as mesenteric veins originating from the concave surface of the liver. The chyle is cooked in the liver, converted into blood, and then spreads through the body via the vena cava, which originates from the convex surface of the liver. The liver also sends water to the kidneys, yellow bile to the gall bladder, and black bile to the spleen. He also described the hepatogastric, hepatoduodenal, and hepatocolic ligaments, and the suspensory ligaments of the liver, as well as the gallbladder and spleen (S15), stating that the gallbladder is a sack attached to the liver at the side of the stomach. It has one nervous layer and one mouth that opens in the liver and absorbs the yellow bile. The gallbladder sends one branch (common bile duct) to the duodenum and sometimes a small branch to the end of the stomach. The spleen was characterized as elongated, tongue-shaped organ that attached to the left posterior side of the stomach. It absorbs the black bile from the liver through a tube between them (splenic vein) (Avicenna, 1973; Bakhtiar, 1999).

Reconstructing Human Physiology   351 Ibn Sina described the branching of the aorta into ascending and descending branches. From his description of the branches of the ascending aorta including its arch, Ibn Sina described the brachiocephalic trunk as ascending branch towards the manubrium and gives off the two carotid arteries to the neck and a third branch to supply structures around the sternum, first ribs, upper six cervical vertebrae, clavicle, scapula and structures within the arm. These descriptions do not match New Medicine description. However, his descriptions are remarkably detailed, and include some new data, what has led some authors to argue that he might have secretly performed human dissections, while others believed that his anatomical considerations might be mainly based on his clinical observations (Shoja and Tubbs, 1959). Ibn Sina mentioned that the carotid arteries from each side of the neck divide at the upper end of the neck into anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch further divides into a deeper branch which supplies the tongue and the deeper muscles of the jaw and a superficial branch which courses superficially in front of the ear to supply through several branches the temporal muscles and scalp. This consideration of tongueheart connection is also recognized in TCM (heart opens in the tongue). This connection is true both tangibly and intangibly (a discussion is carried out in the latter sections). Ibn Sina also mentioned the anastomosis (crossconnection between adjacent channels) between branches from opposite side in the scalp. The posterior branch ascends through the neck and enters the cranial cavity through the foramen in the temporal bone. In the cranial cavity the posterior branch of the carotid artery forms a network at the base of the brain and end by giving branches to the brain matter, pia-arachnoid and ventricles of the brain. Ibn Sina’s description clearly delineates the carotid tree in the head and neck region of the human. According to Moore et al. (2014), the common carotid artery bifurcates at the level of the upper boarder of the thyroid cartilage in the neck into the external and internal carotid arteries. The external carotid artery lies anterior to the internal carotid and it gives branches which supply the neck, upper and lower jaw and tongue musculature. On the face the artery continues in front of the ear imbedded in the substance of the parotid, further divides into maxillary artery to the upper jaw and related structures and the superficial temporal artery which distributes to the temporal region and scalp except the forehead region. Contrary to Avicenna’s assertions that the posterior branch of the carotid artery gives a small branch to the joints and muscles of the neck, the internal carotid artery ascends the neck and enters into the cranial cavity through the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone without giving a branch in the neck. However, Ibn Sina described the

352  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 middle cerebral artery

Arterior communicating artery

Anterior cerebral artery Opthalmic artery

Internal carotid artery

Anterior choroidal artery

Posterior communicating artery Posterior cerebral artery Superior Cerebellar artery

Pontine arteries Basilar artery

Picture 3.2  Circle of Willis.

termination of the internal carotid artery into the arterial circle (circle of Willis, Picture 3.2) at the base of the brain correctly and further postulated that the arterial network at the base of the brain facilitates maturation of blood before the brain can assimilate it. This description is accurate to-date (Purves et al., 2001). In addition, the concept of ‘maturation of blood’ is far more meaningful than any other narrative given by New Medicine. In Figure 3.5, cross section through the spinal cord illustrates the distribution of the anterior and posterior spinal arteries. The anterior spinal arteries give rise to numerous sulcal branches that supply the anterior twothirds of the spinal cord. A network of vessels known as the vasocorona connects these two sources of supply and sends branches into the white matter around the margin of the spinal cord. While New Medicine recognizes that neural signaling within the central nervous system (CNS) requires a highly controlled microenvironment, its description of the mechanism is inadequate and has remained a topic of intense research (Abbott, 2010). Three key interfaces are recognized to form barriers between the blood and the CNS: the blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood–CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) barrier and the arachnoid barrier. The BBB at the level of brain microvessel endothelium is the major site of blood–CNS exchange. Efforts have been made to describe the filtering process through this triple-protection mechanism, but none of them

Reconstructing Human Physiology   353 Posterior spinal artery

sulcal artery

Vasocorona

Anterior spinal artery

Figure 3.5  Cross sectional view of the spinal cord (Modified from Purves et al., 2001).

can explain why the composition of plasma is so widely varied from the composition reported in CSF (Table 3.2). Three points are to be noted here, this list of various ions is not comprehensive. Today’s New Science is capable of detecting only a limited number of components with even more limited range of concentrations. Another point is: that the slightest change of these concentrations can create imbalances that have highly consequential impacts. The final point is, the presence of artificial chemicals, either through ingestion or respiration or through injection will be ‘seen’ differently by the human body, the science of which mechanism is still very vaguely understood. Each of these phenomena is linked to some aspects of emotion and thereby can trigger intangible changes, which are susceptible snowballing into a pathological condition. In addition it opens up avenues for integrative medicinal treatments, which have been ignored by New Medicine. Ibn Sina was well versed of the time-honoured theory of temperament. As blood from the heart is hot it must cool before nourishing the brain, an organ of cool temperament. This cooling is done through a network of vessels at the base of the brain (Bhikha and Glynn, 2017). Contemporary New Medicine neuroanatomy, the circle of Willis, apart from facilitating an efficient source of blood to the brain, also helps to equilibrate pressure between the vertebral and carotid arterial systems (Crossman and Neary, 2014). Ibn Sina mentioned that the descending aorta for a greater part descends on the left side of the oesophagus and the vertebral column and further distally it shift towards the right. At the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra the descending aorta pierces the diaphragm to enter the abdominal cavity. Ibn Sina stated that the aorta on crossing the diaphragm it is fixed by fascia to the thoracic vertebra to avoid constriction from the contractions

354  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 3.2  Typical plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations for some selected solutes (From Abbott, 2010). Solute

Units

Plasma

CSF

Ratio

Na+

mM

140

141

~1

K+

mM

4.6

2.9

0.63

Ca++

mM

5.0

2.5

0.5

Mg++

mM

1.7

2.4

1.4

Cl–

mM

101

124

1.23

HCO–3

mM

23

21

0.91

Osmolarity

mM

305.2

298.5

~1

pH

mOsmol

7.4

7.3

Glucose

mM

5.0

3.0

0.6

Total amino acid

μM

2890

890

0.31

Leucine

μM

109

10.1–14.9

0.10–0.14

Arginine

μM

80

14.2–21.6

0.18–0.27

Glycine

μM

249

4.7–8.5

0.012–0.034

Alanine

μM

330

23.2–32.7

0.07–0.1

Serine

μM

149

23.5–37.8

0.16–0.25

Glutamic Acid

μM

83

1.79–14.7

0.02–0.18

Taurine

μM

78

5.3–6.8

0.07–0.09

Total protein

mg/ml

70

0.433

0.006

Albumin

mg/ml

42

0.192

0.005

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

mg/ml

9.87

0.012

0.001

Transferrin

mg/ml

2.6

0.014

0.005

Plasminogen

mg/ml

0.7

0.000025

0.00004

Fibrinogen

mg/ml

325

0.00275

0.000008

α2-macroglobulin

mg/ml

3

0.0046

0.0015

Cystatin-C

mg/ml

0.001

0.004

4.0

Reconstructing Human Physiology   355 of the diaphragm. According to Moore et al. (2014), the aorta pierces the diaphragm at the aortic hiatus which lies at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra; the aorta at this level is intimately surrounded by the left and right crura of the diaphragm and related fascia. Ibn Sina described and categorized the branches of descending aorta in the thoracic cavity into four groups which include branches to each rib, trachea, lungs and the vertebra. The descending aorta gives rise to branches which are orientated in three planes (embryonic vascular planes) which include the anterior unpaired visceral branches to the oesophagus, lateral paired visceral branches to the lungs and posterolateral paired parietal branches to the intercostal spaces except to upper two intercostal spaces. Regarding the arterial branches to the vertebra, Ibn Sina stated that each branch passes between the ribs to enter the vertebral column and reach the spinal cord. This description is in line with the description used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which divides the human body in three physical locations, namely upper xiao, middle xiao, and lower xiao, all being controlled by the monarch organ, viz. heart. At or below the level of the diaphragm, Ibn Sina stated that the descending aorta gives branches to the stomach, liver and spleen. This description is consistent with the branching pattern of the coeliac trunk at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and below the diaphragm where it branches into the left gastric artery, common hepatic artery and the splenic artery to supply the corresponding organs. In addition, Ibn Sina mentioned a branch from the artery to the liver (hepatic artery) which goes to supply the gallbladder, corresponding to the cystic artery a branch of the hepatic artery proper to the gallbladder. After emerging from the aorta, the coeliac trunk extends approximately half thumb before dividing into three major branches – left gastric, splenic and common hepatic arteries. Of these branches, two go left and one goes to the right-hand side. Collectively, they are the major arterial supply to the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, abdominal esophagus, pancreas and duodenum (Figure 3.6). Note that the usual symmetry breaks down and left and right side of the body have different networks of blood vessels. The left gastric artery is the smallest of the three branches. It ascends across the diaphragm, giving rise to oesophageal branches, before continuing anteriorly along the lesser curvature of the stomach. Here, it anastomoses with the right gastric artery. The splenic artery arises from the coeliac trunk just inferior to the left gastric artery. It then travels left towards the spleen, running posterior to the stomach and along the superior margin of the pancreas.

pa

tic

Proper Hep atic

a. Common Hepatic a. Gastroduodenal a.

Cystic a.

Ab. Aorta

R. g

ati

He

L. He p

R.

ast ric

c

a.

356  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

a ft g

Le

str

ic a

.

Splenic a. CT

R. gastroepiploic a.

Superior pancreatico-duodenal Figure 3.6  Branches of the common hepatic artery.

Ibn Sina also described braches to the small intestines and colon which correspond to the Superior mesenteric artery and its branches. The blood supply to the kidneys and associated suprarenal glands was explicitly described in the Canon of Medicine. Avicenna mentioned two arteries from the descending aorta to the kidneys which are involved in the absorption of excess water from the blood and an additional smaller artery which distributes to the renal capsule. The suprarenal glands receive blood from three sources which include the inferior phrenic arteries, abdominal aorta and renal arteries. The smaller artery to the renal capsule alluded to by Ibn Sina corresponds to the middle suprarenal artery. Ibn Sina described the origin of the right testicular artery from the descending aorta and left testicular artery from the left renal artery demonstrating an anomalous pattern of the gonadal vasculature. Gonadal vessels often present with various patterns in different populations and numerous patterns pertaining to origin, course and number have been recorded in literature. Towards the terminal bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, Ibn Sina described branches to the rectum. The inferior mesenteric artery stems from the abdominal aorta at the level of L3 vertebra and gives branches to the large intestines including the rectum (Moore et al., 2014). Ibn Sina mentioned that the descending aorta terminates by diving into right and left branches, which enter the pelvis and thighs. He described the point of bifurcation as representing the Greek letter lambda. Figure 3.7 shows the depiction of the blood circulation system as envisioned by Avicenna.

Reconstructing Human Physiology   357 Capilliaries

Veins

Arteries

Head and brain Upper limbs

Ascending arteries

Superior vena cava Pulmonary arteries Right atrium (RA)

Pulmonary veins

Lungs Left atrium (LA)

Inferior vena cava Right ventricle (RV) Heart

Left ventricle (LV) Coronary arteries Trunk Hepatic artery

Hepatic vein

Liver

Renal veins

Aorta Abdominal aorta

Hepatic portal vein Hepatic portal system

Kidneys Valve

Digestive tract Renal arteries

Descending arteries

Pelvis and lower limbs

Figure 3.7  The blood circulation system (from Moore et al., 2014).

The abdominal aorta terminates into the common iliac arteries which will subsequently give the internal iliac artery to supply the pelvis and its contents and the external iliac artery which continues into the lower limb. Ibn Sina described the branches to the pelvic organs such as the bladder and the uterus and also noted the anastomoses between arteries from

358  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 opposite sides. To demonstrate his explicitly medical expertise, Ibn Sina studied the anatomy of the gravid uterus and its blood supply and he mentioned that the uterine arteries become prominent during pregnancy adjusting to the increased demands of blood from the developing foetus and then shrink after child birth. In the lower limb region, Ibn Sina described the course and distribution of the femoral artery. He mentioned that the femoral artery gives a muscular branch to the thigh muscles and the artery continues into the leg and feet towards the big toe. In the thigh the femoral artery gives the profanda femoris artery to supply the thigh musculature and the artery continues into the leg and foot regions of the lower limb. Ibn Sina described the accompanying veins which are associated with the femoral artery along its course in the lower limb and postulated that arteries and veins are capable of exchanging the moisture with each other. The relationship between arteries and accompanying veins has been shown to benefit exchange of heat through counter-current multiplier mechanism and also to facilitate venous pumping through the aid of pulsating arteries. The counter-current multiplier system facilitates conservation and exchange of heat between the warm arterial blood and cold venous blood from the extremities. In the testes the relationship between the testicular arteries and the pampiniform venous plexus helps to maintain a temperature below the body temperature preparing an environment conducive for sperm production. The pampiniform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord (Figure 3.8). In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries.

Figure 3.8  Pampiniform venous plexus.

Reconstructing Human Physiology   359

Vascular and lymphatic capillary beds in superficial dermis

Hair

Basal (regenerating) layer of epidermis Epidermis

Afferent nerve endings Small arteriole feeding vascular capillary bed Collagen and elastic fibers Arrector muscle of hair Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Fat Cutaneous nerve

Dermis

Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

Lymphatic vessel Superficial blood vessels

Deep fascia Skeletal muscle

Skin ligament (L. retinaculum cutis) Sweat gland

Figure 3.9  The vessels close to the skin.

Anatomy and functions of veins Figure 3.9 shows the vessel system near the skin. Avicenna distinguished veins and arteries, highlighting on the different topographic locations and structural differences. For example, he mentioned that veins are found in both superficial and deep locations, whereas arteries are always deep; arteries pulsate, veins do not and the covering tunics of arteries are denser than those of veins because arteries carry blood with high pressure. In line with previous scholars such as Aristotle and Rhazes, Ibn Sina believed that the blood in the arteries was thinner, warmer and contained breath and or ‘animal spirit’. At the outset, this would appear to be misconstrued flow pattern, but this has a deeper meaning in real science. In TCM, breath includes vital energy, Qi and ‘animal spirit’ includes other types of Qi’s including component derived from Jing (often translated as ‘essence’, which itself has both pre-birth component and post-birth component). What Ibn Sina is describing as breath and/or ‘animal spirit’ in fact represent Qi in TCM terminology, in which both blood and Qi are the yin yang set that keeps a body alive. Also, Ibn Sina described the pattern of blood flow in the veins by stating that all veins originated from the liver and they carry nutrient

360  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 rich blood to the rest of the body. Once again, it is misrepresented as a “misconception” (Mazengenya and Bhikha, 2018, p. 65). In New Medicine, there is no provision for liver being the storeroom for blood. It is not the case in TCM or in in logical cognition. It was known in ancient time going back to Galen who described open ended circulation where blood flows to organs; become consumed and contribute to the formation of flesh. However, Ibn Sina modified Galen’s views and hinted on closed circulation by describing arteriovenous anastomoses and artery to artery anastomoses. Ibn Sina described the two major venous systems which, include the portal vein: • which drains nutrient rich blood from the intestines and accessory digestive organs to the concave surface of the liver and the vena cava; • which arises from the convex surface of the liver and distributes blood to the rest of the body. According to Ibn Sina, the vena cava originates from hair-like veins which anastomose freely with branches of the portal vein in the substance of the liver and exit the convex surface of the liver and divides into ascending and descending veins. The ascending vena cava pierces the diaphragm and divides into two major branches. One branch enters theright ventricle of the heart and the other branch ascends to supply the head and neck, the upper limbs and intercostal spaces. Regarding the descending vena cava, he mentioned that the vein supplies structures below the diaphragm. From the above description it can be deduced that Ibn Sina developed his concept from previous misconceptions from earlier scientists/anatomists like Galen and Hippocrates and hence the erroneous interpretation of the venous pattern and direction of blood flow in this region. According to Moore et al. (2014), the inferior vena cava drains blood from the structures below thediaphragm including abdominal contents, pelvis region and lower extremities to the right ventricle of the heart whereas the superior vena cava drains receives blood from the upperlimbs, head and neck and the thoracic region and drain into the right ventricle of the heart. Blood from the right ventricle is then channeled to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. However, Ibn Sina described the venous drainage of the face through the external jugular vein and he stated that the vein receives branches from the face, tongue muscles, jaws and associated muscles and the region of the ear. Ibn Sina also described the internal jugular vein and he traced it back into the confluences of sinus in the occipital region. He mentioned that ‘‘The internal jugular vein drains the structures inside the

Reconstructing Human Physiology   361 skull and its membranes and at the occipital region blood from various areas of the membranes of the brain meet in a spacious place’’. In the upper limbs, Ibn Sina described the venous patterns of both deep and superficial veins without clear elaboration but he mentioned the communication between the basilic vein and the cephalic vein in the cubital fossa through the median cubital vein. The median cubital vein is widely used for venesection in most clinical procedures in modern clinical settings. This contradiction is interpretated as an evidence that Ibn Sina misinterpreted the direction of flow of blood in the venous system. For ease of description we will follow the inferior vena cava distally as described by Ibn Sina and describe its branches and compare with modern structural anatomy. Ibn Sina mentioned that the inferior vena cava gives a larger branch to the left kidney that divides into branches to the renal capsule andsubstance of the kidney. Similar to renal arteries the branch to the capsule is a suprarenal vein draining the suprarenal gland. We will see in Chapter 6 that Ibn Sina’s description is indeed scientific when the role of heart-kidney yin yang is considered. It is the dogmatic New Science that has misrepresented the real flow of blood and Qi in a human body. Ibn Sina described the origin of gonadal veins from the left renal vein on the left and inferior vena cava on the right and also mentioned that sometimes both gonadal veins arise from the right and left renal veins respectively. The above description highlights the anatomical variations of the renal and gonadal vessels often encountered in surgery and autopsy dissection and these variations can be explained based on the intricate development of gonads, kidneys and their vasculature. Distal to renal veins the inferior vena cava gives off branches to the lumbar vertebra and associated abdominal muscles. Griessenauer et al. (2014) stated that Ibn Sina noticed that the inferior vena cava serves the spinal cord through intervertebral veins. He also described the termination of the inferior vena cava at the level of the 5th lumbar vertebra into two common iliac veins. Ibn Sina explicitly described the tributaries of the internal iliac vein in both males and females. He mentioned branches from the uterus, bladder (fundus and neck), rectum and sacrum, vagina and penis. He further traced the distribution of the external iliac vein into the lower limb and also into the anterior abdominal wall and the epigastrium. In the epigastrium, Avicenna described the anastomoses between veins from the chest wall and breast region with those from the external iliac/femoral vein and suggested that the anastomoses might serve as a link between the female breast and the uterus. According to Moore et al. (2014), the anterolateral abdominal wall receives blood from the superior epigastric, inferior epigastric, superficial and deep circumflex vessels and these vessels anastomose freely in the

362  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 umbilical and epigastric regions. Lastly, Ibn Sina described the superficial and deep veins of the lower limb and their communication. He also described the location and distribution of the greater and small saphenous veins medial and lateral to the leg respectively. He stated ‘‘that the medial vein (greater saphenous) runs medially and reaches the dorsum of the foot and the big toe’’.

3.3.3 Emotions Involved with the Heart Ever since western medicine disconnected intangible causes from tangible expressions, the role of emotions in causing or remedying ailments has been ignored. Only recently, Integrative Medicine has surfaced that combines the concepts, values and practices of complementary and alternative medicine with conventional medicine in the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of disease. Integrative Medicine is concerned with preventing disease, health maintenance and healing, rather than merely eliminating symptoms. The persons innate healing abilities are actively supported, and the importance of mind and spiritual nature are recognized. Integrative Medicine values the relationship between the healer and the patient to promote self-help and provides the appropriate education and motivation required for patient empowerment. The complementary arm of Integrative Medicine adopts specific therapeutic techniques such as massage, herbal medicine and aromatherapy, or medical paradigms such as Tibb, Ayurveda, Naturopathy, or Homeopathy. Tibb, also known as Unani-Tibb (Graeco-Arabic) medicine, is the historical forerunner of conventional medicine, so it is an attractive partner. Integrative Medicine has a major role in both treatment of acute ailments, mainly through the conventional arm of treatment, and long-term management of chronic disorders, mainly via the complementary arm. Integrative Medicine addresses the increasingly common disorders of lifestyle such as hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and depression. In line with all Islamic scholars of the medieval era, Ibn Sina, was a fervent Muslim with in-depth knowledge of The Quran and Hadith, made extensive use of the instructions contained therein in his own practice of medicine; whether academic, preventive or curative. There is an authentic Hadith “Ask Allah (God) for forgiveness and health, for after being granted certainty, one is given nothing better than health.” The objective of preserving this blessing, for humans, is attainable by getting adequate knowledge of the principles of acquiring and maintaining health, and sticking to the comprehensive and practicable instructions regarding taking wholesome food and drink, abstinence from unhealthy practices, and taking care of personal, general and environmental hygiene. There is a dire need to

Reconstructing Human Physiology   363 maintain a balance between the preventive and the promotive components of medicine. The concept of health potential is given in another authentic Hadith, “And store up enough health to draw on during your illness.” Health potential may take the form of proper nutrition, or good immunity or physical fitness enabling a person to cope well with the stress which the body may face (Koenig, 2012). Ibn Sina believes that “the well being of the whole person - emotionally, physically, spiritually and mentally - is necessary for the believer to participate fully in life, fulfilling his/her duties towards a better society”. The following sections show how the views of Ibn Sina coincides with that of ancient Chinese philosophy, much of which has been captured by the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM includes the quintessence of classical Chinese philosophy, culture, and science from ancient Chinese history (Pan and Zhou, 2014).

3.4 Introduction to TCM The earliest description of viscus in TCM is found in the handbook Huangdi Neijing, which termed viscus as zangxiang (臟象). “zang” (臟) refers to internal organ in Chinese, “xiang” (象) means manifestation of image or phenomenon. When used together, zangxiang refers to internal organs and the external manifestations of their physiological and pathological visualizations and states. The theory of zangxiang mainly studies the zang organs and the fu organs. That is why it is also known as “the theory of zang-fu organs” (臟腑學說). According to the ancient theory, all internal organs are divided into two major categories, namely the Five zang organs and the Six fu organs. The 5 zang organs include the heart (心), the liver (肝), the spleen (脾), the lung (肺), and the kidney (腎), and the 6 fu organs include the gallbladder (膽), the stomach (胃), the small intestine ( 小腸), the large intestine (大腸), the urinary bladder (膀胱), and sanjiao (the triple energizer). Besides, there is another group of tissues and organs, similar to the zang organs in function and the fu organs in form, which is termed the extraordinary fu organs, including the brain (腦), the marrow (髓), the bones (骨), the vessels (脈), the gallbladder (膽), and the uterus (女子胞). The content of the zangxiang theory is composed of a function system which contains the physiological function and pathological changes of all viscera. The relationship systems include the correlations between the 5 zang organs and the body, organs, and orifices (竅, such as tongue, ears, eyes, nose, mouth, external genitals, and anus), the 5 zang organs and the 5

364  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 constituents (namely vessels, tendons, muscles, skins, and bones), and the correlation between the zang organs and the 6 fu organs. The 5 zang organs and the 6 fu organs are all internal organs, but they differ in functions and characteristics. The main function of the 5 zang organs is “to store jing-qi (essence, 精氣)” which is the refined food nutrient responsible for maintenance of life activities. The main function of the 6 fu organs is “to transport and transform food.” That means to receive and digest food, absorbing the nutrients and discharging the waste. That is why TCM has divided the internal organs into 2 distinct categories: the zang organs and the fu organs. Zang organs and fu organs control all life activities. The substantial bases responsible for the physiological functions of the 5 zang organs and the 6 fu organs are founded on 2 aspects: one is morphological structure in anatomy and the other is refined nutrient like qi, blood, yin, and yang. A different morphological structure bears a certain relationship to the physiological functions of certain internal organs. The theory of TCM pays more attention to the synthetic manifestations of the holistic functions of the body and is more sophisticated in distinguishing the intrinsic nature of life from the external manifestation. The zangxiang theory claims that qi, blood, yin, and yang are the essential substances for constituting and maintaining the physiological functions of the zang-fu organs. All pathological changes result from deficiency or disturbance of these substances. Substantially, these refined substances are fine and minute. Though invisible to the eyes, they can still be understood and distinguished according to their physiological functions and pathologic changes by the TCM doctors and researchers. Generally, qi and yang both have the functions of warming, propelling, and fixating. However, the function of qi is to propel and fixate, while the function of yang is to warm the whole body. Both TCM blood and yin have the functions of nourishing and moistening like the blood with the contents (such as oxygen, nutrition, etc.) of Western medicine. However, in TCM, the function of blood is to nourish while yin has the task to moisten. Qi, blood, yin, and yang differ in qihua (qi-transformation). That is why they bear different physiological functions. Overall, the zangxiang theory focuses on the study of physiological functions and pathological changes of the zang-fu organs, somatic tissues, and organs as well as the mutual relationships among them. Therefore, it is the core of the theoretical system of TCM. Though terminologically identical to some of the organs in modern medicine, in the zangxiang theory, the zang-fu organs are quite different in its physiological functions. The zangxiang theory was established mainly on the basis of life experience and clinical practice. The conceptions of zang-fu organs in TCM are quite beyond

Reconstructing Human Physiology   365 the range of anatomical morphology. It is generally believed that the functions of the zang-fu organs in TCM are extensive, not only including part of the functions of the organs with the same names in modern medicine, but also covering certain functions of other related organs. Obviously, the zang-fu organs in TCM are not only the conceptions of anatomy but synthetic functional units. The Five Zang Organs, Its Constituents, and Its Orifices The 5 zang organs include heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. The theory does not only describe the physiological functions of the 5 zang organs but also shows their relationships between the organs and the body, the organs and the orifices, and also describes the relationship between the 5 zang organs and the 5 constituents, the 5 zang organs, and the focal external manifestations. The 5 constituents include the vessels, the skin, the tendons, the muscles, and the bones that are dominated by the 5 zang organs, respectively. The orifices, simplification for “the 5 sensory organs and the 9 orifices,” include the tongue, the nose, the eyes, the ears, the external genitals, and the anus. The heart, the lung, the liver, and the spleen govern 1 orifice, respectively. However, the kidney opens into the ears, the external genitals, and the anus. The focal external manifestations of the 5 zang organs refer to 5 special areas (i.e., the face, the body hair, the tendons, the lips, and the hair) on the surface of the body on which the essence of the 5 zang organs is shown. The relationship of the zang organs, fu organs, its sensory organs, and the orifices is shown in Figure 3.10. fu organ

Small intestine

Large intestine

Gallbladder

Stomach

Bladder

zang organ

Heart

Lung

Liver

Spleen

Kidney

Governing

Vessels

Skin

Tendons

Four limbs

Bones

Opens

Tongue

Nose

Eyes

Mouth

Ears,external genitals and anus

Face

Hair

Nails

Lips

External manifestation

Figure 3.10  The functional and relationship systems as descrbed in TCM.

Hair

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3.4.1 Zang Organs Following is a description of zang organs.

3.4.1.1 The Heart The physiological functions of the heart are mainly to govern the blood and control the mind, and sometimes to control emotions and feelings. The heart governs the vessels, opens into the tongue, with external manifestation on the face. It is an appendix organ that surrounds the heart like a tissue to protect it. The zangxiang theory states that the heart is the monarch organ and cannot be directly attacked by pathogenic factors. If pathogenic factors directly invade the heart, it will disturb the heart-spirit and threaten life. For example, the symptoms of high fever, coma, and delirium in exogenous febrile diseases are described as “invasion of pathogenic factors into the pericardium” in TCM.

3.4.1.2 The Lung It is located in the chest and is the highest among the internal organs. The function of the lung mainly depends on the propelling and fixating functions of lung-qi and on the moistening function of lung-yin. The lung may dominate the qi and manage the regulation of water passage and govern the skin. The main task of the skin is to protect the body, excrete sweat, and adjust the body temperature. The lung governs the hair, i.e. the lung has its external manifestation on the hair. The lung opens into the nose for smelling.

3.4.1.3 The Liver It is located below the diaphragm and on the right side of the ribs as in Western medicine. The liver stores yin-blood and has a function as yang because yang-qi in the liver is very active and resolute, tending to disperse. The liver possesses 2 physiological functions: the first is to govern dredging and regulate materials (including blood, metabolism, yin, yang, and qi, etc.) of the body (it is called shu-xie function in TCM), and the second is to store blood. It can also assist the spleen and the stomach to digest food by modifying the spleen-qi and the stomach-qi with its dredging and regulating functions, and the liver can control mental activity such as joy, anger, anxiety, and contemplation, etc. Finally, the liver can regulate menstruation in women. The liver governs the tendons and opens into the eyes. The external manifestation of the liver is on the nails.

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3.4.1.4 The Spleen It is located in the abdomen and governs digestion and absorption. As the source of qi, blood, and body fluid, the spleen plays a vital role in maintaining life activities. The spleen governs transportation and transformation, it means the spleen can digest food, absorb nutrients of food and water, and then transport them to the heart and the lung. It can command blood as to control the blood circulation inside the vessels and prevent it from flowing out of the vessels and govern the muscles and the 4 limbs. The spleen opens into the mouth, and its external manifestation is on the lips.

3.4.1.5 The Kidney It is located in the waist, and the handbook Huangdi Neijing says that “the waist is the house of the kidney.” The kidney stores essence and the essence transforms qi and produces blood. It is the source of genuine yin and genuine yang, and it is related with the essence, qi, blood, yin, and yang. The physiological functions of the kidney are composed of 6 parts: to govern growth and development, to govern reproduction, to govern water (modify and maintain all fluid of the body), to govern reception of qi, to produce marrow to enrich the brain and transform blood, and to nourish and warm the internal organs. The bones (including the growth of teeth) are governed by the kidney. It opens into the ears, the external genitals, and the anus, and their external manifestation is on the hair. The Interactions of the Zang Organs and the Fu Organs in the Five Elements Theory The 5 elements theory (五行), originating in ancient China, is the theory of yin and yang. It includes 5 basic elements of the earth, which also form the body of human beings. In ancient times, this theory was used to explain and analyze things and their changes in the natural world. The theory of the 5 elements was applied to demonstrated the interactions of zang organs and fu organs in the theoretical system of TCM (Figure 3.11). It includes 2 main interactions: interpromotion (相生) and interrestraint (相剋). Interpromotion means that one thing bears the effect of promoting or generating another in the 5 elements theory. For example, the zang-organ liver (which has the property of wood in the 5 elements theory) can promote the zang-organ heart (which has the property of fire in the 5 elements theory), and at present we say “wood promoting fire.” Similarly, the zang-organ kidney (which has the property of water in the 5 elements theory) can promote the zang-organ liver (which has the property of wood

368  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Element

Sense

Wood

Eye

Fire

Tongue

Spleen/ Stomach

Earth

Mouth

Lung/ Large intestine

Metal

Nose

Kidney/ bladder

Water

Ear

Liver/ galbladder

Heart/ Small intestine

Figure 3.11  The Zang Fu organs and related external organs.

in the 5 elements theory), and at present we say “water promoting wood.” Interrestraint means that one thing controls and restrains another thing in the 5 elements theory. The property of liver as wood may restrain the spleen whose property is earth, spleen (earth) restraining kidney (water), kidney (water) restraining heart (fire), heart (fire) restraining lung (metal), and the lung (metal) restraining liver (wood). Interpromotion and interrestraint among the 5 elements are in fact inseparable. Without promotion, nothing can grow and develop; without restraint, there will be no way to prevent harm caused by excessive development of things. Only when restraint exists in promotion and promotion in restraint can the normal development and harmonious balance of things be maintained.

3.4.2 Food Energetic and Health In TCM, food energetics are explained through both yang ying balancing and 5-element theory. Figure 3.12 shows how various organs are connected with various elements. In addition, it shows the mother child relationship (nurturing) as well as father child relationship (controlling). Scientifically water is the source and the only ubiquitous material (Islam, 2014). It is photosynthesis that creates the main body of the wood element. As such water is the ‘mother’ of wood. The water organ is the set

Reconstructing Human Physiology   369

FIRE WOOD

WATER

EARTH

METAL

Figure 3.12  Five zang organs and related elements.

of kidneys. The kidney is the organ that carries the genetic information as well as the entire history through memory of water, the “reserve generator” of energy in the body, supplying extra Qi to all the organs when necessary. Its corresponding emotion is ‘fear’. This is a curious word. Fear in short-term represents paranoid, whereas fear of long term amounts to wisdom and righteousness. As pointed out by Unschuld (2003), original meanings of ancient Chinese medicinal theories have been transformed to conform to New Medicinal theories. These theories are themselves recycled version of the ‘original sin’ model that considers humans inherently selfish. Islam et al. (2017) showed that the original humanity model contained every human qualities as positive. As such, fear of short-term would fall under the Dogma model. Quranic principles that inspired the medicinal theories of Ibn Sina conforms to the long-term model. It means each inherent quality of humans and human organs is inherently good and beneficial. Furthermore, any departure from its natural state is the cause of any imbalance and follow up ailments. The Quranic term related to ‘fear’ is Taqwa. This term stands for fear of Allah (the creator) or longterm consequences. This is the only force that can restrain humans from negative or self-destructive behaviour. It is this fear of Allah that keeps the heart of a human awake and enables him to distinguish right from wrong. As will be discussed later, this is the principal function of the emotion of heart. Another term used is khushu‘. This term implies a state of submission, having in full conformance with the universal order. This is the most grounded state. In psychological terms, this can be likened to a state

370  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 of mind, deeply focused to the purpose of life and optimization of one’s duties to achieve that purpose. So, overall, the emotion of fear as related to Kidney is attached to the deep sense of purpose of life and fear of longterm consequences. However, this can also be mechanical, detached from conscience. For instance, any knee-jerk reaction to loud noise or bright light or physical threat can trigger the kidney and related organ, the bladder. This description is in line with TCM theory that asserts that the kidney is the foundation of innate constitution, housing innate yin and yang, thus is the fundamental root of yin fluid and yang Qi for all Zang-Fu organs within the human body. From water sprouts every vegetation. In the photosynthesis process itself, water plays a crucial role, along with sunlight. The following yin yang pairings are at play: Water (yin) sunlight (yang) Oxygen (yin) Carbon dioxide (yang) This wood is the equivalent of real starch or all the carbohydrate that forms the backbone of any living object. The wood organ is liver. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the liver is the organ responsible for the smooth flow of emotions as well as Qi and blood, while the modern version of TCM states that liver emotions are: anger, resentment, frustration, irritability, bitterness, “flying off the handle”. These are all negative traits that amount to a non-functional liver or in a state of imbalance. This cannot be a natural trait of a natural organ. By contrast, Islamic Medicine word for the spirit of liver is ‘rahma’, the word with the root, “Rahm” or womb – the ultimate of empathy. Interestingly, all liver functions involve the smooth flow of energy and blood throughout the body. Gallbladder, the pair organ of liver, regulates bile secretion, stores blood, and is connected with the tendons, nails, and eyes. Liver also controls the volume and smooth flow of blood in human body vessels and also stores the blood. The eyes are the sensory organ related to the Liver. Real fire is a product of wood. Similar to sunlight’s role in photosynthesis, fire is triggered with some intangible factor that starts the burning process. Fire is not an invention, let alone human invention, it is as old as natural cycles on earth. The sciences of lightening and fire are not trivial and a truly scientific discussion continues to elude most scientists. Islam (2020) discussed the science of lightening whereas Islam and Khan (2019) discussed the science of fire without resorting to dogmatic assertions. At this point it is important to note that lightening is natural and is distinctly different from electricity, which is not a natural

Reconstructing Human Physiology   371 phenomenon. Similarly, fire from wood fire is distinctly different from fire from, say, refined oil or electric fire. The related organ of the fire element is the heart. This is the monarch organ and its position in governing human body and soul recognized in every ancient culture as well as Islamic medicine. In modern TCM, joy, intuition and peace are the emotional past of the heart. In contrast with other organs, whose emotional sides reflect a negative trait, the traits of heart emotion are mostly positive. However, imbalance in heart is often equated with overjoy or excessive laughter and mental imbalance. Once again, the negative trait is somehow recognized as the inherent feature. In reality, ancient cultures recognized heart as the seat of consciousness thinking. This is not moodiness, but is instead logical thinking that sets heart apart. Islam et al. (2017) have equated this ability to think conscientiously as the unique trait of humans. In Chinese, the thought process starts with the heart. In Islamic medicine, heart is the seat of Aql – the process of fuzzy logic that leads to scientifically accurate conclusion, rather than dogmatic conclusions. The product of fire are solids that make up the earth material and gaseous material that help with the photosynthesis. The emission (carbon dioxide rich) helps with the photosynthesis whereas the solid residue (ash, charcoal and other carbon-rich components) enrich the earth. The follow up sequence thus becomes: Fire Generates Earth, Controls Metal, and Insults Water. Zang Fu: Heart (Yin) and Small Intestine (Yang) Shang Shu: That which blazes upward is bitter The Earth Element Earth Generates Metal, Controls Water, and Insults Wood Zang Fu: Spleen (Yin) and Stomach (Yang) Shang Shu: That which permits sowing and reaping is sweet The Metal Element Metal Generates Water, Controls Wood, and Insults Fire Zang Fu: Lung (Yin) and Large Intestine (Yang) Shang Shu: That which can be molded and become hard is pungent The Water Element Water Generates Wood, Controls Fire, and Insults Earth Zang Fu: Kidneys (Yin) and Urinary Bladder (Yang) Shang Shu: That which soaks and descends is salty.

372  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The Wood Element Wood Generates Fire, Controls Earth, and Insults Metal Zang Fu: Liver (Yin) and Gall Bladder (Yang) Shang Shu: That which can be bent and straightened is sour

3.4.3 Biological Clock The functioning of various vital organs as well as their partner organs is important. Figure 3.13 shows the timing of various organs. Chinese Medicine’s 24 hour body clock is divided into 12 separate twohour intervals. During each interval, our Qi (vital life force, “prana” in Sanskrit, ‘ruh’ in Arabic) moves through the body, landing in a specific organ meridian. Note the time relates to a season, when days and nights are equal (around spring or fall) and must be adjusted during summer and winter seasons, as per sunrise and sunset. During sleep, Qi is drawn inward to restore the body. This phase is completed between 1 and 3 A.M., when 12 noon

11 am 10 am 9 am 8 am

7 am

6 am

1pm 2 pm

Heart

Small Intestine

Blood Circulation High energy Eat Lunch Clear thingking Sort & Spleen converts Absorb food food to Qi Low energy Nap time

Spleen

Stomach

Breakfast Good concentration Walk

Large Meditate Metal Intestine

5 am

4 am

Deep sleep Dreams & memory Detox lungs

Lung

3 am

Eat 6 pm

Store Nutrients Build bone marrow Suppertime

Wood

Fire

Protection Light reading, sex Self love

7 pm

Pericardium

Endocrine & Metabolic balancing Deep sleep Sleep Detox blood Release bile Getting sleepy Rest & recovery Cellular repair Planning Build blood cells

Liver 2 am 1 am

Figure 3.13  Biological clock.

5 pm

Kidney

Water

Wake up Release Bowels

4 pm

Bladder

Energy restored. Liquid waste released Work & Study

Fire

Earth

3 pm

Gall bladder

8 pm

Triple burner

12 midnight 11 pm

10 pm

9 pm

Reconstructing Human Physiology   373 the liver cleanses the blood and performs a myriad of functions that prepare the body for the Qi to move outward again. Exactly 12 hours after “liver time” ends (which would be from around 3 A.M. to 3 P.M., and depends on season), energy cycles of the organs associated with activity rather than rest and repair are carried out, such as digestion and elimination. These organs include the lungs, large intestine, stomach, spleen/pancreas, heart and small intestine. After 3 P.M., the flow of energy again begins moving inward to support internal organs associated with repairing the system. The purpose of this is to circulate fluids and heat, as well as to filter and cleanse. This time affects the pericardium, triple burner (coordinates water functions and temperature), bladder, kidneys, circulation/sex and the liver. When one organ is at its peak energy, the organ at the opposite side of the clock, 12 hours away, is at its lowest function. For example, between 1-3 A.M., the liver reaches its peak, doing its work to cleanse the blood. At the same time, the small intestine (the organ responsible for the absorption and assimilation of nutrients) is at its lowest point of activity – a good reason not to stay up and eat in the middle of the night!

3.5 TCM and Heart-The Monarch Organ The world is moving from natural to artificial state in an unprecedented rate. Today, headlines can easily read: “Bodybuilder set to marry his sex robot girlfriend” (Jackson, 2019). Although, plastic era is just over a century old, artificial emotional state was introduced during the reign of RCC. Since then the meaning of every word has been changed to suit the desired conclusion in support of the status quo. Consider several facts. When it is stated, that ‘God created humans in His image’, it totally makes sense when you see children. In this process, Traditional Chinese Medicine offers a great hope. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) emerges from a legendary figure, the Yellow Emperor (Huang-di, 黃帝), who is attributed to developing fundamental theories of TCM, including yin yang theory, 5-element theory, etc. The Yellow Emperor is legendary figure that appears in many Chinese classics, fairy tales and ancient philosophies. Even though this legendary figure has often been portrayed as a deity or a cult leader (Change, 1983), recently Islam (2018) argued that the most logical that he was in fact a prophet and a great savant. Historical evidence supports this premise. If that is the case, it would be interest to see how TCM theories tally with Islamic philosophy. The unique advantage of Islamic philosophy is the fact that Qur’an is

374  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 the only divine book that remains in its original form from the time of its revelation some 1400 years ago. In addition, the book of Hadith, the sayings and events surrounding the Prophet Muhammad are compiled in the form a comprehensive biography, which is also available in original Arabic and has been intact for last 1200 years. Together, they form a unique standard, which can be used to ascertain the divine nature of another historical event. Qur’an also states that, every nation had a prophet, who brought guidance from the creator to his people. This makes Quran a unique book that claims that every original philosophy is the same and the dichotomy of which nation got from which other nation or how knowledge evolved with time is solved.4 Similar work recently produced very useful guideline for extracting knowledge from the past and applying the knowledge in developing sustainable technologies (Khan and Islam, 2016), economic models (Islam et al., 2018), and greening of pharmaceutical engineering (Islam et al., 2015; 2016; 2017).

3.5.1 Was the Yellow Emperor A Prophet? This question has to be asked because TCM relies heavily on Yellow Emperor’s original canon of medicine. This begs the question as to what legitimacy his canon has. Even though Huang-di is a legendary figure, it is likely that he was actual emperor who created the first centralized state, the father of Chinese civilization, and the ancestor of all Hua-xia (華夏) Chinese (or Han Chinese 漢人 after the Han dynasty). The name, Yellow Emperor is a curious one. It is well known in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) literature that yellow (huang; 黃) is the color of the earth element. It is also an adjective often used for describing the color of soil or loess deposit (Huáng-tú, 黃土) in Chinese and is the symbol of earth or land in ancient China. This word also stands for ‘lowly’ akin to the word ‘dirt’ in English or ‘ard’ in Arabic. This is a peculiar connection to Earth, which scientifically is unique habitat for humans. Although it is commonly stated that the chosen surname Yellow was probably intended to honor Huang-di’s contributions of unifying the nation’s land (guo-tu; 國土), it is conceivable that this title is a tribute to his work for developing Earth-friendly lifestyle. This would be at par with every ancient philosopher/savant. They were ‘the first to know’. In Chinese, the word ‘prophet’ (xiānzhī, 先知) implies the 4

Quran 16:36 (translation of the meaning): And indeed We have already sent forth in every nation a Messenger (saying), “Worship Allah and avoid the Taghut.” (i.e., false gods) Then (some) of them Allah guided; and errancy came true against (some of) them. So travel in the earth, then look into how was the end of the beliers.

Reconstructing Human Physiology   375 meaning ‘the first one to know’. It is only possible when that first one is connected with the Creator, who knows everything and is the epitome of knowledge. For instance, the prophet King David was the first one to know about iron smelting (Qur’an 34:10-11), as noted by Islam et al., (2010). Historical accounts support the possibility that the Yellow Emperor helped improve the livelihood of the nomadic hunters of his tribe and the region (Bonnefoy, 1993). His contributions are numerous, some inventions are art being: Chinese diadem (冠冕), throne rooms (宮室), the bow sling, early Chinese astronomy, the Chinese calendar, math calculations, code of sound laws (音律). Wikipedia cites a number of Chinese historical books that show the following major areas of technological development, some of which are also cited in English documents (Yu, 2016). - Chinese diadem (冠冕) - throne rooms (宮室) - the bow sling - early Chinese astronomy - the Chinese calendar - math calculations - code of sound laws (音律), - and cuju, an early Chinese version of football. - the historian Cangjie into creating the first Chinese character writing system - the Oracle bone script, - his principal wife Leizu invents sericulture and teaches his people how to weave silk and dye clothes. - Interpretation of dream While this array of legendary feats seems improbable in a lifetime, one should note, during the Islamic golden era, such accomplishment was not extraordinary among many Muslim polymaths. For instance, Islam et al. (2015) points to Islamic scholars, each of whom wrote dozens of books on wide range of topics, each giving them the status of ‘Father’ of respective disciplines. Yet, none of them was a prophet. Some examples are: 1. Mohammed Bukhari, the greatest biographer of all time. Even the science of his collection of Hadiths remain iconic today. 2. Ibn Sina (Avecina), whose textbook, Canon of Medicine, remains the most widely used textbook for the longest

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

period of known history is known to be the father of modern medicine and alchemy. Ibn Rushd (Averröes) the father of secular philosophy and Education Ibn Haytham (Alhazen) the father of modern optics, Al-Kindi (Alkindus)- father of information processing, Ibn Khaldun - father of modern social sciences, Al-Khwarizmi the founding father of algebra and mathematics Al-Farabi, the father of epistemology and metaphysics.

It is no small irony that modern Europe has all but eliminated any scholarly discussion of these scholars from educational curriculum while claiming that modern era has perfected the pursuit of knowledge and scholarship. In reality, what we have is Roman Catholic Church-induced dogmatic thinking, which only took a more sinister turn when ‘enlightenment’ hit Europe. It was not enlightenment, it was the regurgitation of Dogmatic thinking to overwhelm the unsuspecting population to build up justification for colonization and European superiority over other nations.

3.5.2 Most Notable Work of the Yellow Emperor The most notable work of the Yellow Emperor is the Canon of Internal Medicine (黄帝内经, Huang-di Nei-jing). It is structured in the form of dialogues between Huang-di and each of his ministers or physicians, the most famous one being Qi-bo (岐伯). This style of documentation is in line with ancient Greek tradition of dialectic discourse (Curran, 2008). Curiously, this is also the style Bukhari and other Muslim biographers used to compile the quotes of the Prophet Muhammad. Literally, each quote is discussed under Soule (in Arabic), meaning question. The Huangdi Neijing is a treatise on health and disease. The original written form is said to have arisen out of the writing of Chinese emperor Huangdi around 2600 BC. However, Huangdi is a semi-mythical figure, and the book probably dates from later, around 300 BC and may be a compilation of the writings of several authors. Logically, it may be the result of collection of original statements of the Yellow Emperor as passed on to new generations. This is a common tradition of all religious works, including prophet Muhammad’s Books of Hadith. For instance, from such collection, a book, called Prophetic Medicine (Website 1) has become the source of inspiration of many physicians, including Ibn Sina. Whatever its origin, the book has proved influential as a reference work for practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine well into the modern era. The book takes the

Reconstructing Human Physiology   377 form of a discussion between Huangdi and his physician in which Huangdi inquires about the nature of health, disease, and treatment. The ideas in the book have a basis in Daoist philosophy. As such the similarity of Prophetic Medicine with the Canon of the Yellow Emperor is uncanny. In Islam, it is the Divine pathway (Shari‘ah) that leads a human toward eternal peace. Just like in Chinese, the word ‘harmony’ implies peace (in Chinese, hé, 和), in Arabic, surrendering (the root word being SLM) to Divine pathway leaders to eternal peace, hence the term Islam (state of surrender to Divine order). In this Canon of the Yellow Emperor, the key to a long healthy life is to follow the Tao, the natural way of the universe. This ‘natural’ state is defined in Islam as the pathway given by the creator and exemplified by the prophet. In fact, adherence to this natural pathway is so crucial that it purposeful deviation is Satanic (Qur’an 4:119). Similar to what happened to Jesus Christ, the Yellow Emperor was rendered into a deity. This practice of rendering of humans into deity is as old as humanity. The Qur’an clarifies in many occasions that these were all prophets or messengers of the creator, who sent them to teach ordinary people the original philosophy of humanity, that every culture twisted the original message and turned it into a practice of worshipping the messenger as deity. The Yellow Emperor’s Deified version has Four Faces (Huángdì Sìmiàn, 黃帝四面) that represent the center of the universe and vision of the unity which controls the four directions (Lévi, 2007). In the Huangdi Sijing (“Four Scriptures of the Yellow Emperor”), it is stated that the most notable philosophy of the Yellow Emperor is the regulating “heart within brings order without”. In order to reign one must “reduce himself ” abandoning emotions, “drying up like a corpse”, thus reducing oneself to a state, totally in harmony with nature. It is exactly, how Qur’an describes how a person can reach eternal bliss (Qur’an 2:112). The legend also states that the Yellow Emperor himself reached that state during his three years of refuge on Mount Bowang in order to find himself. Once again, many prophets, including prophet Muhammad (who spent many days in Mount Hira) spent time in similar meditative stage prior to receiving divine guidance. In modern society, it is believed that this practice creates an internal void where all the vital forces of creation gather, and the more indeterminate they remain and the more powerful they will be (Lévi, 2007). However, New Science has no vocabulary to describe this intangible phenomena. Meanwhile, it is portrayed through the philosophy of Chinese Medicine. See Figure 3.14. Figure 3.14 depicts the notion that equilibrium and harmony can only be achieved through harmony with the environment as well as the divine power. Because all organs are intricately linked to the environment, any

378  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

Shén

Dào

Qi

Jing

Figure 3.14  The interconnectivity among Shén(神), Qi (气) and Jīng (精) to form the basis for Dào (道).

change in environment will affect the bodily function. This is scientifically accurate, as shown by Islam et al. (2015), who used continuity as the first premise to establish the so-called galaxy model, in which every ‘particle’ acts as a ‘solar system’. Each entity having a yin yang balance, it is expected that a natural system will have yin yang balance in harmony with Dào, whereas unnatural (or artificial) form a ‘cancer’ yin yang that works counter to the natural process of Dào. This notion is new and was introduced in engineering literature by Islam (2014) and Islam et al. (2015, 2016) for the first time. However, the notion was present in medical literature, albeit in a different context (Allavena et al., 2008). In the metaphysical sense, Shén is considered to be of highest frequency. This can very well be a mischaracterization. Islam (2014) showed that every material object has a characteristic frequency, which is related to so-called resonance frequency. However, creator is not subject to such frequency (Quran 112:1-3) and any mention of God having a high frequency is obtuse. Such conflation of divine trait with human trait is common in post Roman Catholic Church era (Islam et al., 2015). In its proper context, as indicated in Figure 3.14, the universal order or Dào dictates the balance state of the environment and humans. Humans, through meditation can be in tune with the universal order, thus becoming merged in harmony. Within a human body, itself, the internal universe can be viewed as an altar. This is in line with Quranic designation of humans as the viceroy of the creator (Quran 2:30), who once ordered all the angels to bow down to Adam, the first human created (Quran 2: 34). This is remarkable because no other creation rose to that level of distinction. This notion is supported by ancient Hindu mythology, where the word Avatar (literally carrying the same meaning as Khalifah in Arabic, both meaning viceroy).

Reconstructing Human Physiology   379 It is perceivable why human body is considered to be a temple even in western philosophy.

3.5.3 Purpose of Life For whatever one can gather from ancient cultures, there was no confusion about the purpose of human life. In the legal and ethical systems of life that religions may have represented, there was always a conception of humanity and a purpose of each individual life. This purpose starts off with the designation of a formal status for humans. This section analyzes the definitions and conceptions of the purpose of life from Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. In ancient India, the concept of representation, or life’s purpose, is founded in the notion of ‘avatar’. The word is derived from from the Sanskrit avatāra, meaning ‘descent,’ from ava ‘down’ + tar- ‘to cross.’ The word was used to describe what were believed to be deities or representative of gods on earth. This is not to be conflated with the notion of the reincarnation of Jesus, for example, as the word avatar can be used to describe the pious and gurus in general—i.e., the expert practitioners of God’s attributes. It in fact can signal the fact that God’s presence is in all creatures. This is the inevitable outcome of the ‘original sin’ model that reverses the cognition process, and thereon corrupts the entire humanity. Unfortunately, there is no exception that we can cite in the entire history of modern Europe. In Islam, the Qur’an formalized and expounded upon the notion of the purpose of life. As found in verse 2:30 of the Qur’an, humans are all seen as ‘khalifah’, the word best translated as viceroy or vicegerent. In Islam, man’s ultimate life objective is to worship (Arabic word ‘abd’ literally means ‘obey with love’) the creator Allah (English: God) by abiding by the Divine guidelines revealed in the Qur’an and the Tradition of the Prophet. It is stated: “And I (Allâh) created not the jinn and mankind except that they should be obedient (to Allah)” (Qur’an 51:56). Earthly life is merely a test, determining one’s afterlife, either in Jannah (Paradise) or in Jahannam (Hell). The Qur’an describes the purpose of creation as follows: “Blessed be he in whose hand is the kingdom, he is powerful over all things, who created death and life that he might examine which of you is best in deeds, and he is the almighty, the forgiving” (Qur’an 67:1–2). So, a viceroy (human) is sent to the earth (Ardha in Arabic means ‘habitat of humans’) for a test period. If he carries himself well, he gets to return to heaven; if not he goes to hell. This would be what a viceroy would use to be constantly vigilant of what he is required to do in order to conform to the job description. Hence, if the objective and nature of life is pro-humanity, such actions will

380  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 follow. Does a human have to have a fair chance of going to heaven? In Islam it is believed that humans are created with best of features (Qur’an 95:4), even the word ‘human’ (insan in Arabic) meaning ‘adorable’, ‘trusting’, yet forgetful. This notion of forgetfulness makes it a test, since a perfection would be impossible to test. However, this ‘weakness’ is anything but a description of ‘original sin’—such a theoretical conception is directly opposed to the Islamic theory of ‘fitra,’ human traits that naturally flow towards good and consciousness (Islam et al., 2015). In fact, it is logical that the Creator equip humans with qualities that prepare them to be a viceroy. For instance, a good King would send a good person to represent him as a viceroy. What is a good viceroy? He keeps in contact with the King (‘salah’ in Arabic and yoga or joga in Sanskrit both mean “communication”), manages the finances with utmost care (generosity and charity is fundamental trait that is mandated), and acts in the same manner the King would have acted if the viceroy were not there. So, how does one act like the King? He follows the King’s traits. How is that trait embedded? The word ‘deen’ in Arabic and dharma in Sanskrit both mean ‘natural traits’ (and not religion as commonly mistranslated). It is also logical that a good King would prepare his viceroy well and give him enough provisions to fulfill his job. Finally, for him to be held accountable, a viceroy must have certain freedom. Islam gives the freedom of intention, whereas everything else (including provisions) are a part of the universal order for which he has no accountability. The first Hadith of the book of Bukhari states that a man will be judged for his intention. In addition men are equipped with 99 good traits that are similar to those of the Creator, albeit at a miniscule level. Let’s review some of the traits: 1. Ar-Rahman (literally means ‘a womb’ that extends to infinity in space). Humans are, therefore, born with Rahma; the simplest translation is ‘empathy’ for everyone and everything; 2. Ar-Raheem (literally means ‘a womb’ that extends to infinity in time). Humans are, therefore, born with empathy at all times; 3. Al-Malik (literally means ‘the owner of everything’). Humans are, therefore, born with one item that they have full control over. This happens to be intention. It is logical, because the first hadith of Book of Bokhari confirms, we’ll be judged by our intention. Now, does this ownership risk violating universal order? No. Intention has no continuity with anyone other than the individual whose intention is in question. So, what it does is give people the freedom of

Reconstructing Human Physiology   381 intention, without disturbing the universal order, thereby holding them responsible for the intention that he had full control over; 4. Qur’an names a total of 99 such traits of the Creator and asserts that humans are created with those qualities so they are prepared to be the viceroy of the creator. Islam et al. (2017) listed these 99 human qualities that are inherent to every human. Note that these traits are all of yin or yang nature, except for Allah, which is neutral. This is in line with Earth being neutral or balanced state of its own. In that regard, the Earth represents the throne of the Viceroy of the Creator. In Chinese major ‘religions’ (Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism), Hinduism and Islam5 there are godly ideal role models and traits in which the purpose of life (more emphasized in Islam) is to represent the creator. Hence, the idea of a human being was that of naturally good actions, actions, which have been ‘good’ by the originator of creation—the creator. So where did this conception of humanity go wrong? Chronologically speaking, the first major distortion of this understanding of human life was imparted by the Roman Catholic Church. Metaphorically speaking, this distortion would be akin to the development of “sugar” following the HSSA6 degradation (i.e., indicative of the origin of the degeneration of sweeteners: in our case, of humanity). Although Islam accepted Jesus as a prophet or messenger sent by Allah, Islam did not recognize Jesus as the Son of God and therefore could not accept Christ as standing at the center of recognizing Allah.

3.5.4 Yin Yang Theory In terms of medical science, health and illness are caused by an imbalance of the two basic forces, yin and yang, and by the influence of the five elements (water, fire, metal, wood, and earth) on the organs of the body. Islam et al. (2016 and 2017) pointed out that each of these points are mentioned in the Qur’an. For instance, Quran 36:36 mentions that each and every entity is created in pair (as in yin yang – male, female, the term being 5

6

Note that all these version of ‘religions’ are consistent with what Quran describes as deviation from the original way of life, which is Islam (Quran 3:19). HSSA stands for Honey-Sugar-Saccharine-Aspartame – a progressively degrading process as first identified in: M.R. Islam, A.B. Chhetri, and M.M. Khan, 2010, Greening of Petroleum Operations, Scrivener-Wiley.

382  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 used in Arabic: zawj or spouse). Quran also states that everything on Earth is beneficial to humanity (Quran 2:29). This would be in line with the 5element theory, in which all elements make part of essential 5 elements. The principle of yin yang is perhaps the oldest logic introduced to mankind. The original principle can be traced back to every culture and naturally connected to original philosophy of creation and creator. Islam et al. (2015) pointed out that creation and creator themselves form a yin yang pairing. However, that pairing is unique because that pairing is the only one that is not interdependent. The creation is entirely dependent on the creator, whereas the creator has no need of the creation. As such, the pairing is more like that of a foetus and a womb (Figure 3.15). This characterization of creator and creation is foreign to the west, but it is innate to oriental culture. In the Qur’an, for instance, this relationship is described by giving creator the trait of a womb. Creator is described as Ar-Rahman, literally meaning a womb, which extends infinitely in space; and Ar-Raheem, literally meaning a womb, which extends infinitely in time. Time, itself is a creation. Philosophically it matches ancient India’s description of God as a female. Similar theme is portrayed in Korean flag, in which the white part shows the Absolute pure state (belonging to the creator) whereas everything else shows essential elements of creation. Figure 3.16 shows the depiction. In this figure, the following symbols denominate various creations, such as skies, sun, moon, and earth (Table 3.3). Figure 3.16 also shows (bottom set) how Creator (Shen) is represented with all His 99 traits by humans. Coming back to yin yang of creation, Quran 36:38 states (translation of meaning): Glory be to Him Who created pairs of all things, of what

Figure 3.15  Creator/Creation is portrayed in Islam as a mother and fetus.

Reconstructing Human Physiology   383 Table 3.3  Korean flags and its equivalence in yin yang balance. Symbol

Korean/Chinese

Meaning

☰

geon (건 / 乾)

skies (천 / 天)

☲

ri (리 / 離)

sun (일 / 日)

☵

gam (감 / 坎)

moon (월 / 月)

☷

gon (곤 / 坤)

earth (지 / 地)

Creator

Creator: 99 traits

Water

Dào

Fire Viceroy: humans 99 traits

Figure 3.16  Korean flag (the white portion represents the Creator).

the earth grows, and of their kind and of what they do not know. The key words here are ‘kullaha’ (everything) and ‘zawj’ (pair or literally ‘spouse’). It is no surprise that Chinese philosophers identified this yin yang behaviour in ‘everything’. This ‘everything’ cannot be confined to tangible or even perceivable, it rather relates to everything that the Creator created and that happens to be everything but the Creator Himself. It follows immediately that everything includes all phases in time. For instance, a father (yang), with all his yang traits, and a mother (yin), with all her yin traits, unite and

384  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 a child is born. Immediately the child will have both yin yang traits, but one of them will be exhibited more (e.g. yang for a son and yin for a daughter). This cycle continues infinitely. The father of a child gives his sperm to the mother, the mother gives birth to son or daughter, and the cycle continues. Here ‘infinite’ does not conform to the western definition of ‘infinity’ (which means a very large number), it rather refers to ‘endless’. Curiously, in Arabic there is no word as in ‘infinite’ in the western sense. The related word is ‘lā nihāya,’ meaning ‘without end’, as in a circle. This deficiency in western New Science was pointed out by Khan and Islam (2016). Another aspect of yin yang is in the fact that each creation has both yin yang, as in tangible (physical) and intangible (spirit) sense. So, one can find a female with numerous male traits (both tangible and intangible) and vice versa. Strength in a person or object is to strike a balance between these two traits. Sadly, in the west, stereotyping and other anti-nature principles, rooted in Dogma, have marred the characterization and today the word masculinity is synonymous with ‘toxic masculinity’, and femininity with ‘homicidal feminism’ (Islam et al., 2017). It is almost impossible to find a scholarly paper that discusses the benefit of striking a balance between these natural features in order to improve the quality of individual and social life.

3.5.5 Zang-Fu Theory The fundamental theory of Zang-Fu is attributed to the Yellow Emperor. Although, Modern era, focused on tangibles and external features of matters, have looked at Zang-Fu theory with skepticism and typical Orientalist hubris, Islam et al. (2015) have pointed out that this New Science based modern medicine is incapable of answering any of the causes of diseases without resorting to dogma. By contrast, Zang-Fu theory, along with yin yang theory and 5-element theory can explain perfectly the onset and propagation of any disease. This is necessary because without knowing the cause, a professional should not embark into treating. Modern medicine has indeed turned this profession into prescribing drugs to delay the symptom and in all cases, this has caused irreversible damage to the body, thus destroying health and bankrupting a person. The original document of the canon states that organs themselves interact in ways that seem physiologically strange in New Science, but are actually logical. For instance, Heart is the monarch organ, connected to creator, Shén (神). Creator is the epitome of love. In ancient India, it was recognized that God created everything from nothing out of love. In Quran, Al-Wadud (the epitome of love) is one of 99 traits of God mentioned explicitly. It is universally known that heart is related to love. The point

Reconstructing Human Physiology   385 to recognize is humans are inherently connected with the creator through the heart. Interestingly, the word Yoga in Sanskrit means ‘connection’ (with creator). It is exactly what the word ‘Salat’ (incorrectly translated as ‘prayer’) translates into the same meaning, i.e., connection. In Chinese, any disconnection from Shén causes imbalance. Imbalance cause both physical and emotional maladies. Restoring this balance can be done through the intangible process of connecting Qi to Shén, the heart being the monarch organ. Only recently, the link between meditation and functioning of heart and brain is being unravelled (Kim et al., 2013). Furthermore, this has to be followed up with 5-element balancing (another theory attributed to the Yellow Emperor). This means that natural food as well as seasonal food with ground water be consumed. New science tells you, remedy is in chemicals that push a human further from natural state of harmony. In Chinese Medicinal theory, tongue is the signature of what’s in one’s heart. The heart is also connected to the sex organs. It is remarkable that Islamic philosophy dictates that humans have only freedom of intention, intention is within conscience, which is housed in the heart (in metaphysical sense). The first Hadith of prophet Muhammad, as noted in the compilation of Bukhari, states that every human will be judged by his intention. Prophet Muhammad also said, by guarding one’s tongue and private parts (sex organs), one can make sure that the freedom of intention is not abused7. Only in the Arabic language is vision a function of the heart, and contrasted from sight, which is simply the collection of data. Without good intention, data are useless. Likewise, vision in Chinese philosophy is a matter of the heart and not brain (Dashtar et al., 2016). In Chinese, the word, bing 病 symbolizes lying in bed, in western medicine, it’s dis-ease, opposite to lying. In reality, this dis-ease should be replaced as dis-nature. Every denaturing (departure from natural path) leads to a disease. Consequently, every solution should be returning to Dao, the natural pathway. Similarly, balancing (pínghéng, 平衡) is of utmost importance. In the Qur’an, maintaining such balance is obligatory (Quran 55:8).

7

Allah’s Messenger (‫ )ﷺ‬said, “Whoever can guarantee (the chastity of) what is between his two jaw-bones and what is between his two legs (i.e. his tongue and his private parts), I guarantee Paradise for him.”



(Reference: Sahih al-Bukhari 6474)

386  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 The use of the term Qi, commonly translated as ‘air’ or ‘wind’ (literally) and ‘energy’ (allegorically) is another term that is stated in the Quran. It is Ruh, which translates into ‘spirit’ but bears the same meaning as ‘breath’ ordered by the creator. Traditional Chinese medicine uses a unique terminology to diagnose and treat a wide range of health problems. Following terminologies are commonly used: - Wind Strike - stagnation of liver Qi - blood deficiency. To be noted here that an ailment doesn’t imply a physically wrong with the body. In Chinese medicinal practices, everything is esoteric and not based on symptoms. The theory of Chinese medicine uses the names of the organs to help illustrate related patterns of physical and psychological problems. When a traditional Chinese doctor diagnoses a patient with a “liver” problem, from a historic Chinese medicine perspective, the doctor is usually talking about a problem with the “hepatic system”. This system involves the physical liver, acupuncture meridian liver-related disharmonies (or patterns), and liver diseases (Western medicine) such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. Similarly, the word ‘wind’ is used inappropriately. TCM is a holistic medicine. It considers the human body as a whole and attributes disease to an imbalance between the different elements it considers. In sharp contrast to modern medicine, which focuses on alleviating the symptom, Chinese medicine focuses on restoring the body’s balance, emphasizing the need to have a healthy, nutritious lifestyle, with meditation and grounding. Islam et al. (2017) showed, based on scientific analysis, meditation is the foundation for any healing while using balanced diet is the key to reversing conditions that gave rise to imbalance. In the Qur’an, meditation and balanced diet is equally emphasized. As pointed out by Khan and Islam (2016), Qur’an (16:69) designates honey as the cure for mankind while made it mandatory to eat fresh food from the earth (Quran 2:168). Honey is the most natural food one can imagine while food from earth is the essence of 5-element balancing. Table 3.4 shows how different organs are linked to different state of Qi. The denominating ‘Six Excesses’ (Wind, Cold, Heat, Dryness, Moisture, and Heat of Summer) originated from the word attributed to the Yellow Emperor. These are deemed to be unscientific today, but that’s mainly because New Science does not have any room for including intangible phenomena. As such, it cannot even explain simple phenomena, such as life and death, or even state of sleep and awakening. With TCM theories,

Reconstructing Human Physiology   387

Table 3.4  Qi is the intangible ‘life force’ that governs every part of the human body (from Dashtdar et al., 2016) Wind Direction

Name of Wind

Generated in

Internally Affects

Externally Affects

Its Qi Causes

Heavenly stems*

South

Great Feathery Wind

Summer

Heart

Channels

Heat

C & D (Bing, Ding)

Southwest

Scheming Wind

Late Summer

Spleen

Muscles

Weakness

E & F (Wu, Ji)

West

Hard Wind

Autumn

Lungs

Skin

Dryness

G & H (Geng, Xin)

Northwest

Breaking Wind

Beginning of Winter

Small intestine

Arm’s major yang channel

Blockage in channel

–

North

Great Hard Wind

Winter

Kidneys

Bones, shoulders, back muscles

Coldness

I & J (Ren, Gui)

Northeast

Ferocious Wind

Beginning of Spring

Large intestine

Sides of ribs, armpits, lower bones, limb joints

Not reported

–

East

Infant’s Wind

Spring

Liver

Thick muscles

Dampness

A & B (Jia, Yi)

Southeast

Feathery Wind

Beginning of Summer

Stomach

Muscles, flesh

Body weight

–

388  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 however, every phenomenon can be explained logically. In this regard, meridians (jīngluò, 经络) serve as the intangible vehicle for Qi circulation. Qur’an does stipulate similar vehicle for moving around Qi and also makes provision for life, death, and sleep. In simple terms, meridians are the pathways, prescribed by the creator in accordance to universal order (Shariah of physiology), which would be similar to the meaning borne in Chinese. Figure 3.17 shows how every human quality as well as every natural material has a yin and yang component to it. Figure 3.18 shows how the onset of “cancer” will snowball into total destruction of an individual, both emotionally and physically. This figure is an extension of the 5-element theory. This picture forms the core of the sustainable development model that puts artificial matter in collision path with natural matter, originally proposed by Khan and Islam (2012). The Unbalanced state

Balanced state

yin qualities yang qualities

Figure 3.17  Any ailment is a product of imbalance within a human body.

Knowledge/health/ welfare

Intangible/tangible balance

Natural source

Time

Ignorance/illness/ misery

Unnatural source

Figure 3.18  Any ailment, physical or mental must be remedied with natural solutions, otherwise it will continue to overpower (From Islam et al., 2015).

Reconstructing Human Physiology   389 goal of including this figure here is to demonstrate that there needs to be modifications to the 5-element theory to have different sets of yin yang pairing for natural and artificial matters. Logically, they should be in collision and there should never be harmony between the two sets. The Yellow Emperor could not do this extension because there were no artificial products in his time. In fact, the plastic revolution occurred only over a century ago. Ever since, the occurrence of diseases has skyrocketed, so did the number of so-called medicines, which are actually another set of artificial chemicals that cannot help restore balance. In fact, they make it worse for the human body to come back to a natural state.

3.6 A Matter of Heart The combination of five element theory and Zang Fu theory shows that there is a continual connection through various levels of “energy”. The five elements each has a spirit (intangible) aspect of it. Figure 3.19 shows how different spirits connect with Shen, the umbrella ‘spirit’ belonging to the creator. It is the heart that controls all other organs, both physically and spiritually. In this process, hun relates to the wood element, Yi to the earth element, Po to the metal element and Zhi to the water element. Liao et al. (2017) shows how these elements are connected to both Zang and Fu organs, along with the emotions that trigger imbalances in the respective

Creator SHEN HUN

ZHI

YI

PO

Figure 3.19  The existence of 5 spirits, the heart being the dominant one and creator being connected to the heart.

390  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 fu organ

Small intestine

Large intestine

Gallbladder

Stomach

Bladder

zang organ

Heart

Lung

Liver

Spleen

Kidney

Governing

Vessels

Skin

Tendons

Four limbs

Bones

Opens

Tongue

Nose

Eyes

Mouth

Ears,external genitals and anus

Face

Hair

Nails

Lips

External manifestation

Hair

Figure 3.20  The Five Zang Organs, Its Constituents, and Its Orifices (From Liao et al., 2017).

organs (Figure 3.20). The 5 Zang organs include heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. The theory does not only describe the physiological functions of the 5 zang organs but also shows their relationships between the organs and the body, the organs and the orifices, and also describes the relationship between the 5 zang organs and the 5 constituents, the 5 zang organs, and the focal external manifestations. Table 3.5 completes the description and inserts Islamic description of intangible qualities attributed to various organs. This is derived from the following Hadith. ‘Iyad ibn Khalifa heard ‘Ali say at Siffin, “The intellect (Aql) is located in the heart. Mercy (rahma) is located in the liver, Compassion (rafa) is located in the spleen. The self or characteristic wind (nafs) is located in the lungs.”

(Al-Albani, Book 30, Hadith no. 10).

3.6.1 The Shen The most important spirit is Shen. The word “Shen” (神) can be translated in many different ways such as “mind”, “spirit”, “consciousness”, “vitality”, “expression”, “soul”, “energy”, “god”, “God”, “psychic”, “numinous”. Starting with the premise that the original philosophy always started with the

Reconstructing Human Physiology   391

Table 3.5  Complete description of the 5 element theory as applied in human physiology. Tangible element

Fire

Metal

Wood

Earth

Water

Intangible Element

Shen

Po

Hun

Yi

Zhi

Fu organ

Small intestine

Large intestine

Gall bladder

Stomach

Bladder

Zang organ

Heart

Lung

Liver

Spleen

Kidney

Governing

Vessels, Sex glands

Skin

Tendon

Four limbs

Bones

Opens

tongue

Nose

Eyes

Mouth

Ears, external genitals and anus

External manifestation

Face

Hair

Nails

Lips

Hair

Trait

Intuition Joy Peace

Sadness

Anger

Worry

Feear

Mental part

Moodiness

Sensitivity

Mental activity

Pondering

Will Power

Taste

Bitter

Islamic/Ibn Sina

Aql

Qi (Nafs)

Empathy (Rahma)

Pity (Rafa)

392  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Creator, Islam (see Appendix-A) deduced that Yellow Emperor was actually a real character of a prophet,. As such, Islam made the logical deduction that Shen is the same as Allah in the Quran – the only divine book that exists in its entirety today. The Chinese character for “Shen” is composed of two parts, one on the left, the other on the right. Often when a character is composed of two parts, one part gives it a meaning and the other is purely phonetic. However, this is a modern notion. In ancient Chinese, the entire symbol was meaningful. As such, it is important to look into the symbol holistically. Let us look first at the left side which gives the character its meaning. The left part of the character “shen” (神) is a contracted form of “shi” (shi 示) which indicates “influx from heaven”, “auspicious or inauspicious signs by which the will of Heaven is known to mankind”, “altar for sacrifices.” The non-contracted form of “shi” shows two lines at the top which are the old form of “shang” [上] (superior, above, high, hence “Heaven”) and three vertical lines representing what is hanging from Heaven, i.e. the sun, the moon and the stars, the mutations of which reveal to people transcendent things. In Arabic, the word ‘heaven’ is replaced by sam’a, which literally means external or above. As such, there is this earth (Ardha in Arabic means, habitat for humans) and there are 7 layers of skies (Quran 2:29). Allah is claimed to be above all skies (external to everything). This meaning resonates with the meaning of Shen in Chinese philosophy. Therefore, we can say that the left part of “Shen” conveys the idea that the Shen is something spiritual, pertaining to Godly traits. The right part of the character is pronounced “shen” [申] and it confers the word this sound. However, as stated earlier, ancient writings also ascribed the right symbol to a meaning. In the case of “Shen” means “to state”, “to express”, “to explain”, “to stretch”, “to extend.” Shen [申] means “to extend”, “to stretch”. The seal writing shows two hands stretching a rope and hence the idea of stretching, expansion. Later the rope was straightened by the scribes and was explained as a man standing and with both hands girding his body “I” with a sash. The form 申 is simply an easier way of writing the pictogram below.

Pictogram 3.1  The symbol of the right element of Shen.

Reconstructing Human Physiology   393 Now, consider the Quranic verse (3:103), which mentions humans being asked to hold on to the rope of Allah (the Shen). Quran 3:103 (translation of meaning) states: “And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided. And remember the favor of Allah upon you - when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and you became, by His favor, brothers. And you were on the edge of a pit of the Fire, and He saved you from it. Thus does Allah make clear to you His verses that you may be guided.” Note the mention of the words ‘rope’, heart, brotherhood. Then look at Quran 2:30, where God tells angels, He is about to place humans as the Viceroy on earth. Here it is (translation of meaning): “And, when your Lord said to the angels, “Indeed, I will place upon the earth a viceroy.” They said, “Will You place upon it one who causes corruption therein and sheds blood, while we declare Your praise and sanctify You?” Allah said, “Indeed, I know that which you do not know.” How does a King prepare a viceroy? By first picking someone who has the most kingly qualities so the representation is accurate. 100 divine names (Allah and 99 others) are mentioned in the Qur’an. Islam et al. (2017) have analyzed those names and provided one with the scientific explanation of what “humans created in the image of God” implies. These qualities themselves follow the yin yang pattern and every child is born with all of them. This starkly opposite to the ‘born sinner’ notion of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) and even different from New Science’s assertion that every child is born a ‘blank slate’ at best but often predisposed with inherent defects, as marked by the existence of “defective” gene, “criminal” gene, etc. Islam et al. (2017) are the first writers of modern era to introduce the Islamic model as the humanity model. As such, a child is born perfect and well balanced. However, soon the child is subject to physical abuse (not limited to unbalanced food) and emotional abuse (not limited to indoctrination through culture or religion or any other ism). Even then, a child is inherently pure and innocent. This is reflected by the fact that they don’t have ownership of their intention. At puberty, when hormonal changes occur and a child gain both physical and emotional maturity. In tangible, sense it involves puberty, but in intangible sense, it means ownership of intention. After puberty, a human can make

394  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 intention that is not in harmony with natural order or Dao. Anytime there is a departure from the natural state (circle on the right in Figure 4), there is a possibility that a cancerous state has evolved (left of the same figure). This follows that restoration of health is returning to the balanced state. If anyone departs from the job description, his or her credibility comes into question and the person potentially loses the privileges of the job. Up until the time the Roman Catholic Church got hold of European cognition, the purpose of life, as known from ancient times and later recognized by the Qur’an, has been to follow the knowledge pathway, which involves taking a long-term approach (or approach of obliquity – see the upward graph in Figure 5). The Qur’an puts this purpose succinctly in Chapter 51, verse 56. “And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship (ya‘budūn) Me.” Qur’an 51:56 The Arabic word yabud needs clarification. Typically it’s translated as worship. However, this translation is not scientific and falls in line with dogmatic tradition of rituals. Scientifically, this word means ‘to obey with love’. One of the 99 traits of the Creator, as mentioned in the Qur’an, is ‘Al-Wadud’ (Qur’an 85:14), meaning the ‘Ultimate Lover’. In ancient cultures, it is recognized that the creation of everything from nothing (the unique trait of the Creator) is a manifestation of pure love (Scheweig, 2005), which is mutual (Creator by choice and creation by design). Similarly, Voegelin (1968) used the term, theophilos, to mean “lover of God”. He cited Socrates’ work to point out that humans cannot be characterized as knowledgeable, only the lover of Knowledge as God is in possession of all knowledge (Sophos in Greek and Al-Aleem in Arabic). It then follows that the philosophos (as in philosopher) is only the lover of divine knowledge and as such then becomes ‘lover of God’ or theophilos. So, it is entirely logical to expect that humans that are the designated viceroy of the creator reciprocate the ‘love of God’ quality by obeying the Creator with love. This in turn, sets one up for the Hope model. It is also consequential to discuss the root meaning of the word Allah. Even though this word is considered to be without any root, the most scientific meaning of the word is ‘Al-Ilah’ or ‘The Ilah’. Beyond the conventional meaning of the word, i.e., ‘deity’, the word in fact relates to an entity that is absolutely reliable and absolutely worth being obsessed with or passionate about. Once again, the tone of love is quite clear. Because the major premise of Islam is ‘there is no ilah but Allah’, Allah is then invoked as the only one to be relied on. It is important to know that the concept of Allah in Islam makes a perfect “reliable one” for people in hardship and depression, for everybody. Two of Allah’s first Drivers of Mental Ailments and Natural Remedy 275 traits, “Rahmān” and “Rahīm,” have ‘womb’ as the root meaning, something nurturing us from the outside and at the same time being,

Reconstructing Human Physiology   395 “closer to you (humans) than your jugular vein” (Qur’an 50:16), while at the same time being completely external. External in the sense that it is impossible to fight (and hence have any effect on) it, “Samad” has this meaning: “Say: he [Allah] is the Samad” (Qur’an 112:2). Coming back to Shen, let’s evaluate the symbol, 神. It is said that the right side is phonetic but one must wonder how the phonetics come to place? It cannot be detached from the scientific meaning of the symbol. but the idea of spirit may have some connection with an increased or extended 申 [shen] spiritual revelation 示 [shi]. Shen 神 is cognate with shen 申 and shen 伸. 申 means “to state”, “to express”, “to extend” 伸 means “to stretch”, “to extend”. The description of Allah being the creator who created humans with the unique responsibility of being His viceroy is entirely consistent with the logical meaning of Shen. Chinese philosophy scholars agree that Shen represents another important function of the creator. As the right part of the character for “Shen” reflects, Shen has the capacity to “extend” outwards, to project outwards, to relate, to communicate with others: it is what makes us relate to the world and other human beings and what makes us truly “human”. Consider the fact that Quran claims, every nation had a messenger of God in order to guide people to the path of Dao. It is no surprise that Shen is the spiritual umbrella of the heart. In classical Chinese philosophy the meaning of the Chinese word xin 心, which literally refers to the physical heart, is also the metaphysical expression of intrinsic qualities. Unlike Western definitions, the Chinese metaphorical understanding of this notion not only denotes this organ as the center of emotions, but also as the center of perception, understanding, intuition and even rational thought. As ancient Chinese believed that the heart was the center of human cognition, the notion of xin is most commonly translated as “heart-mind” in philosophical discourses. This is in line with Islamic understanding of intellect. Quran 2:31 puts that as the first ability the first human, Adam was endowed with. The Quran (2:21) states (translation of meaning): “And He (Allah) taught Adam the natural traits of everything. Then He showed them to the angels and said, ‘Inform Me of the natural traits of these, if you are truthful.’” The fundamental human trait – ‘seated’ in the heart – is the intellect. Let’s analyze the word ‘intelligence’. In the post Roman Catholic Church (RCC) Europe, the word has changed its true meaning to practical meaning, in line with every scholarly word (Islam et al., 2017). It is often argued that the philosophy behind psychological works on intelligence vary from culture to culture thus justifying the notion that each cultural standard was an invention of the time and there is no standard, let alone unifying theme

396  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 of how to define intelligence. This line of discourse opens up an avenue to establish a Eurocentric version of definition set as the standard (Berry, 1984). In order to break out of this circular argument, one has to look into some of the ancient literature and contextualize in light of those cultures without resorting to a Eurocentric lens. This is something I have done for sustainable technology development and for ‘greening’ of pharmaceutical industry involved in managing mental health. I discovered that the original notion of intelligence was about aligning with the Creator (Shen in Traditional Chinese Medicinal, TCM, term). Lao Tzu said, “Knowing others is intelligence; Knowing yourself is true wisdom.” The question here arises, what knowing others has to do with intelligence. Humans are a social being and the entire humanity hinges on our ability to function within a social structure. In this process, we constantly judge others.8 How can we even begin to make decisions, each of which involve other people without having intelligence? Then, if we fail to judge correctly, we remove ourselves from the path of the Dao and create what is recognized in TCM as spiritual malady. Yang and Sternberg (1996) indeed point out how this notion of intelligence in Daoism (i.e., unhurried “great understanding”) is in stark contrast to the western concept of intelligence, which is reduced to being ‘witty’.9 In Islamic philosophy, it is exactly what is mandated as a pre-requisite to be human and far more restrictive requirement for being a Judge. This term is called Mantiq (introduced as ‘fuzzy logic’ in Europe in 1970s). In this sense, ancient Chinese philosophical definition of intelligence is in conformance with Islamic cognition, which has been adopted by the likes of Ibn Sina (father of modern Medicine), Averroes (father of secular philosophy in Europe), Ibn Khaldun (father of modern sociology), as pointed out by Islam et al. (2013; 2015) and Islam (2018). It tells me that all original philosophies are the same and truth was made available to every nation and every culture. Similarly, in classical Chinese epistemologies, each person’s self-awareness is based upon a holistic understanding of the world, which is structured as an interactive relationship between humanity and nature (tianren heyi 天人合一). As such, self-awareness, the ability to understand the purpose of life and live according to that higher purpose is a matter of heart, where conscience resides (Theodore de Barry, 1999). 8

9

The word ‘judge’ is another example of how post RCC culture has altered the meaning of a word. Today, judging is synonymous with prejudice. In reality, the worst form of prejudice is when someone pre-judges someone else. A true judgment is not only essential, not making such judgment is prejudicial. Islam et al. (2013) characterized it as robotization of humans.

Reconstructing Human Physiology   397 Sinologists always translate the word “Xin” 心 [Heart] as “mind” (rather than “spirit”). Many of the characters that refer to different modalities of “thinking” are also constructed with xin as a component. In the classical Chinese worldview, the Mind cannot be divorced from the Heart. The cognitive is inseparable from the affective. The origins of this tradition are remote, and reach far back into pre-Qin intellectual history. In this paper, it can be seen as going back to the original philosophy of the creator. In Chinese culture, the human heart-mind was not only posited as the seat of the concept of mind or consciousness and thus the source of both emotions and reasoning, but was also perceived as a kind of sense organ by the ancient Chinese. It is exactly the same with Islamic description of cognition. We see that Mengzi (372–289 BC) sometimes even views it as the principal sense organ, responsible for selecting and interpreting the sensations transmitted to it by other sense organs. Note that it was still before prophet Muhammad’s time (570-622 AD). In other words, while the latter enabled perception, the heart-mind enabled the comprehension of external reality or that part of reality transmitted by the sense organs. In Guanzi, a philosophical work ascribed to the legalist politician Guan Zhong (7th century BC, although probably dating much later) the leading function of mind does not refer merely to the sense organs, but also to all other major organs as for instance intestines or bladder. This matter has Islamic root as well. Later on, such an approach was typical of the legalist scholars, who set the concepts of Confucian hierarchy upon absolutist foundations. Although, this has been misinterpreted in modern era, Jaan Islam (2018) points out that Confucian discourses on the relation between the (inferior) body and the (superior) spirit is in line with Islamic description of soul and body. The soul (rūh) is said to be perfected and forms the basis of human purity (one of the 99 Godly traits). However, in the early Chinese philosophical texts hearing and seeing seem to be regarded as the most important senses in that they play the most significant role in acquiring knowledge (Geaney 2002). In most ancient Chinese philosophical discourses the body-mind relationship was seen as an organic unity, determined by the principle of complementarity. This led to the establishment of bodily recognition (tiren  體認 or  tiyan  體驗) that belongs to the fundamental methods of perception in traditional Chinese epistemology (Keightley, 2000). The Qur’an literally mentions intellect as the first trait implanted on Adam. It then repeatedly warns that the intellect is also a great trust from the creator, abuse of which debase his ability to represent the Creator on Earth. In Quran 8:22 calls people who do not use reason (AQL) the worst of creature. In other verses (e.g. 2:18 states: They are deaf, they are dumb, they are blind; they will never return (to the Right Way). It is of significance

398  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 that vision (as distinct from physical function of eyes) is also an act associated to the heart. Everyone is born Mu’min (in perfectly connected state with the creator); they are born with all 99 expressed traits of God, the first quality being empathy (rahma – the root word is Rahm that leads to Rahman and Raheem that mean womb with infinite extent and infinite duration, respectively). This is entirely in conformance with the viceroy status. A human keeps in contact with the Monarch (‘salat’ in Arabic and yoga in Sanskrit both mean “communication”) and manages the finances with utmost care (generosity and charity is a fundamental trait that is Psychological Grounding 265 mandated) and acts in the same manner the Monarch would have acted if the viceroy were not there. So, how does one act like the Monarch? He follow his traits. That’s when the first revealed verse of the Qur’an becomes handy. It says, “iqra (deduce) in the ithm (natural trait) of Allah” (Qur’an 96:1). How is that trait embedded? The word ‘Deen’ in Arabic and Dharma in Sanskrit both mean ‘natural traits’ and not religion as commonly translated. In fact, the word religion and ‘Deen’ are opposite of the cognition spectrum. It is also logical that a good Monarch would prepare his viceroy well and give him enough provision. Most importantly, for a viceroy to be held accountable, a viceroy must have certain freedom. This freedom happens to be mentioned in the first Hadith of the book of Bukhari that states that a man will be judged for his intention. Islam gives the freedom of intention, everything else (including provision) being part of the universal order for which he has no accountability. The role of intention is central to the human cognition and anything else that goes with the responsibility of the viceroy. This ownership of intention makes him unique as no other entity other than the Creator has any freedom whatsoever. Of course, the ultimate of all freedom belong to God, but humans are given freedom of their intention. In addition to being the absolute owner of his intention, each human being is equipped with 99 good traits that are similar to the Creator’s, albeit at a miniscule level. The heart in TCM is related to sexual glands and opens in the tongue and face. Sexual glands and tongue are instrumental in keeping two very important social functions, namely sexuality and verbal communication. Book of Bokhari quotes prophet Muhammad as saying, “Whosoever gives me a guarantee to safeguard what is between his jaws and what is between his legs, I shall guarantee him heaven.’’ (Bukhari 6474). In terms of face, face indeed represents the most dignified, most sacred of human possession (in tangible sense). Bowing the face to anyone other than the Almighty is a sign of blasphemy. When Allah created Adam, He ordered all the angels in presence to bow their head to Adam (Quran

Reconstructing Human Physiology   399 2:34) – a command rejected by Satan, prompted Allah to expel him. That was the beginning of the trial of humans. But, what this act established is the high rank given to Adam or the humanity as the only viceroy of the Creator. It is no surprise that the same creator asked Humans to assume the prostration position, as sign of surrender (the root word SLM leads to the word ISLAM, which translates into Peace). Quran 2:112 for instance states that surrendering one’s face to Allah is a necessary condition for going to heaven (sufficient conditions being doing good deeds). The word heart is QLB in Arabic, it literally means turning or setting direction. If that heart is poisoned (with our obsession of anti-nature or anti-Dao or anti-Shari‘ah behaviour), we end up with a rigid heart and thus become incapable of turning to the creator. This is the state that is designated as Dumb, Deaf, and Blind - the state that makes humans the worst of creation (Quran 8:22). Prophet Muhammad said, even if you repeat simple sins deliberately, you end up with a ‘black heart’ (each sin making one black dot) and your heart is sealed, incapable of turning. You travel the path of ignorance so far down the road to hell that you have no chance of returning to the path of Dao or Shariah (to heaven). It all makes sense. Involving true wisdom is in line with every ancient philosophy and once again in conformance with Islamic description in the Quran. In ancient Greece, Socrates’ ‘Know thyself ’ is known to be the first order of business in being a human. In ancient India, it is known as Atmanan Vidhi, which implies that it is one’s spiritually that elevates a person to the level of Avatar (literally meaning Viceroy, which is a translation of the word Khalifah in Arabic). Qur’an (2:30) states, the position of humans is that of a viceroy on Earth. A viceroy must know his position before he can assume the responsibility of representing the King. Of course, that involves knowing everything about the viceroy’s own ability and the traits of the King, so the viceroy can best serve the purpose of his tenure as a viceroy. To be able to know oneself is synonymous to knowing one’s purpose on Earth and one’s desired standard of behaviour. What greater wisdom than the true knowledge of oneself and in term of the One who created one? It also follows that, to know oneself, one must seek knowledge from the creator. This is a notion that has been discussed in every philosophy and recognized by Islamic scholars (such as Averroes) as well as RCC philosophers (e.g. Thomas Aquinas).10 Meditation is the one that connects self 10

Thomas Aquinas was fond of Averroes and considered him as the ‘interpreter’ of Aristotle, whose doctrine Aquinas adored. Ironically, Aquinas adopted Averroes’ logic except for the principle that Quran should be the starting point of all cognition. Aquinas replaced Quran with ‘Bible’ (read more in Islam et al., 2010).

400  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 with the creator and grounds a person. In Sanskrit, the word Yoga literally means connection, it is the same meaning of the equivalent word Salat in Arabic. This Arabic word is often mistranslated as ‘obligatory prayer’. In reality, it is a misnomer, because prayer is not the same as connecting. In fact, in Arabic the word ‘dua’ is already there to mean prayer or supplication.

3.7 Conclusions Based on the discussion presented in this Chapter, the following conclusions can be made. 1. Ibn Sina as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine’s (TCM) description of natural phenomena are accurate and scientific. 2. TCM description is in line with Quranic description, which was used by Ibn Sina, whose book was the textbook classic around the world for many centuries. 3. There is a need to adjust TCM theories to draw contrast between natural and artificial matter and thought process in order to relate to them to healthy yin yang and “cancerous” yin yang, respectively. 4. The fact that heart is the monarch organ resonates well with the Islamic description of creation that puts the Love at the centre of creation and puts special value to the heart for vital functions, as applied to both physical and emotional states.

4 Kidney Bladder Relationship and Its Role on Health and Illness 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Opening Remarks Water is synonymous with life. This has been the case since pre-historic times to the modern era (Tsiaras et al., 2019). While the indispensability of water for sustaining life is well known, water being the first creation and as such the ubiquitous phase on earth as well as the cosmos is little known in the modern era. This is a typical problem related to New Science, which disconnected modern knowledge from the previous annals of science. In the pre-Socratic cosmogony of Thales, considered to be the first ‘element.’1 This was more than a poetic gesture, it was rather an attempt to answer the question: “What is the common element from which everything is composed?” This notion of water being the first creation permeated through Christianity. In Genesis 1:1-2, it is stated, “And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters”. The Quran (11:7) points to the existence of water before any other creation, the exact word being: “and His (creator’s) throne/dominion extends on the water - that He might manifest to you, which of you is best in action....” (Qur’an 11:7). This throne is similar to the notion of ‘lotus’ in ancient India (Tresidder, 1997). This, in addition to indispensability of water for sustainability of humans (67:30; 24:54) as well as overall origin of every life on earth (24:45). Islam (2014) presented the scientific justification of water as both the first matter of cosmos as well as the first material of life. As such, Islam (2014) characterized water as the ubiquitous phase. It follows that the purity of water is pivotal to global sustainability. For human health, water is the vehicle for carrying nutrients to all cells in our body and oxygen to our brain. Water allows the body to 1

This term does not relate to the modern scientific term, which emerges from atomic theory. Rather, it refers to a material in its natural state.

M.R. Islam, Jahanara Monaf, and A.O. Islam. The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4: Applications for Physical Disorder Treatments, (401–486) © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC

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402  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 absorb and assimilate minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and other substances. Water flushes out toxins and waste. Water helps to regulate body temperature and maintains the overall metabolism for sustaining life. As such, humanity, civilization, the environment, and the cosmos are all connected seamlessly. Modern investigation in material science has been marred with the first premise, which is inherent to the Big Bang theory. This premise is: This theory considers hydrogen atoms as the first material in existence, thus creating paradoxical depiction of mass and matter. In the past decade, observations from space and the ground have found water to be the most abundant molecular species, after hydrogen, in the atmospheres of hot, gaseous extrasolar planets (Tsiaras et al., 2019). However, as early as 2011, evidence surfaced that the existence of hydrogen molecules is not factual and comes from the assumption that hydrogen is the first ‘element’ to come to existence. Khan and Islam (2016) point to the fact that scientists actually look for water molecules even in outer galaxy to consolidate the claim that the assumption that hydrogen, which is not the most abundant molecule in universe. With the premise that water is the first ‘element’ in existence, the existence of ‘energy’ and its natural state can be properly retooled. Islam (2014) introduced the concept of characteristic time to assure sustainability. It involves identifying the natural state of matter, which is dictated by the time function. Table 4.1 shows fundamental properties of tangible (e.g. matter) and intangible (e.g. energy). The tangible-intangible duo can be regarded as a yin-yang. In ancient Chinese, as well as ancient Indian culture, water and fire are considered to be the original yin yang. The term ‘fire’ represents energy (Qi in Chinese, 氣; often translated as ‘vital force’, “material energy”, “life force” or “energy flow” in figurative sense and ‘air’ in literal sense). Table 4.1 shows the yin yang nature of energy and matter. The yin yang shows contrast as well as interdependence. For instance, no matter is produced without energy and no energy is produced without matter. Water is needed for plant, which is then needed for fire. This logic also shows nothing is natural (hence sustainable) unless it is part of the positive negative cycle. For instance, fire without water is not real. That would explain why diamond cannot be set on fire even though it is made out of carbon. Similarly, the presence of mass would indicate the presence of energy. This would make the existence of zero energy and infinite mass an absurd concept, even though new cosmic physicists routinely tout that notion (Krauss, 2012). Figure 4.1 depicts a water-fire yin yang. It shows how yin and yang encircle each other alternating as a continuous function of time. As time progresses, yin becomes yang and vice versa. This progression confirms

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  403 Table 4.1  The tangible and intangible nature of yin and yang (from Islam, 2014). Yin (tangible), water

Yang (intangible), ‘energy’ (Qi)

Produces form

Produces energy

Grows

Generates

Substantial

Non-Substantial

Matter

Energy

Contraction

Expansion

Descending

Ascending

Below

Above

Water

Fire

Figure 4.1  Water-fire yin yang, showing how without one the other is meaningless.

the existence of characteristic time function for every object at every scale. Within the limitations of natural traits that is finite, the following picture depicts the role of two counteracting entities being held in harmony by the ‘mother’, the one that dictates the universal order (Islam, 2014). This most important takeaway of this discussion is that water and energy form the foundational yin yang pattern and sustainability is making sure they are at their natural state. The Kidney is the water element and the Bladder is the Fu partner of the Kidney. Just like environmental sustainability depends on the quality of water in the ecosystem, human health depends on the state of the Kidney.

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Energy Water

Oxygen Hydrogen

Figure 4.2  Sustainability implies natural balance between water and energy as well as unaltered state of water (From Rahman and Islam, 2020).

Figure 4.2 shows how energy and water form a yin yang pair at every level. As such, water is the source of all yin yang. Similarly, Kidneys are the source of all yin yang in a human body.

4.1.2 Kidney the Water Element Kidney is the root of Qi and the foundation of yin and yang in the body. The Kidney stores the Essence or one’s inherited original reserves of vital energy. If one has a constitutional kidney deficiency, one may already be deficient in yin and may be predisposed to other organ imbalances. The kidney system, dominated by kidneys, pertains to urinary bladder, and associates with the ears, hair, bones, external genitalia, anus, etc. (Jiiuzhan and Lei, 2015). According to TCM, every vital organ is associated to an intangible trait, named ‘emotion’. Lung’s emotion is sadness, kidney’s fear, liver’s anger, spleen’s worry. These are negative traits or the emotions that would describe deficiencies. No TCM literature can explain why the heart’s emotion is positive (peace, joy) but others’ are negative. A logical explanation is given here. When one describes the trait of a good king (of course, humans are inherently good by birth), one describes him with positive traits. However, within the kingdom, for all subordinates, the king is more interested in deficiencies – this is what defines what would disturb the

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  405 king’s natural state, that is peace. No one should pay any extra attention to their natural state because it does not require intervention – the natural state is simply the absence of any malady. It is understood that the natural state will be functioning properly. Western medicine, on the other hand, assumes a selfish heart (arising from ‘selfish gene’ narrative), which needs fixing to be normal. The underlying assumption is that nature is inherently deficient and in need of human engineering. According to TCM, fear is the emotion of kidneys. As such, fear is the expression of the state of imbalance in Kidneys. As such, fear can trigger imbalance. If chemical approach, such as suppressing the cause rather than addressing it would lead to permanent imbalance. As TCM has been reinvented in Communist China and imported to the West, there has been a concerted effort to avoid portraying Chinese Medicine as a comprehensive healthcare. TCM researchers have rushed to avoid giving the full picture of the Chinese medicine, instead settling for a narrow, alternative or secondary role. In doing so, they have avoided following up on their sacred duty. As Godon (1992) points out: “Though physicians must act as technicians, they are primarily teachers and sages. Their job is to help their patients to live in harmony with the Tao. Their methods are designed to free patients from the fixed patterns of thought, belief, and action which limit capacity for change and growth. Their tools include storytelling and a variety of meditation techniques, Tai Chi Chuan, Qi Gong, and massage, along with acupuncture, diet, and herbs.” (Gordon, 1992) What is missed here is an opportunity to lead. New Medicine has no answer to any of the questions regarding health and welfare. The cause behind no disease is known. Of course, New Science has identified bacteria and even viruses, but cannot answer why some people are not affected and most importantly, cannot remedy a single disease (Islam et al., 2015). Instead, it is western medicine experts are that are discovering the values of Chinese Medicine. For instance, it has recently been discovered that acupuncture releases mood-elevating endorphins, and that needling of appropriate points may improve the functioning of the immune system and of the lungs (Han, 2004). Controlled clinical trials have already shown the utility of acupuncture in treating such conditions as asthma, dysmenorrhea, chronic pain, and, most dramatically, addiction to alcohol and drugs. For example, one carefully controlled study on alcoholics showed that regular acupuncture treatment reduced both drinking episodes and readmission to detoxification programs by more than 50 percent (Gordon, 1992).

406  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Yet, New Medicine continues to operate on a vacuum and treat TCM as a cult-like ‘alternative approach’ (Worner, 1996). Back in early 1970s, acupuncture evoked extravagant hopes and easy denunciation. Fifty years later, the credibility of TCM is redeemed through uncovering of the mechanisms by New Science, the same science that’s clueless about how nature works (Khan and Islam, 2016). Today, many clinical practices are making use of its methodology, but with a distorted explanation of the underlying mechanism. We are learning that acupuncture and the other techniques of Chinese medicine can often complement Western medicine even when they cannot replace it, and they can almost always contribute to personal and psychological well-being. This conclusion is false and misleading. This work will establish, along with our other work that TCM and Western medicine are divergent, not complimentary. In fact, if they are used together, natural physiological system will actually be ‘confused’, creating unpredictable outcome from otherwise effective and sufficient Chinese medicinal approach. In terms of TCM, various zang-fu organs, sensory organs, orifices, five constituents (tendons, vessels, muscles, skin, bones, etc.), four limbs, and all skeletal parts, are not only directly related to one another in structure, but also indirectly linked centering around five zang-organs through the meridian system. The liver system is dominated by the liver, assisted by the gallbladder, and associated with eyes, tendons, hands, etc; the heart system takes the heart as the main part, pertains to the small intestine, and associates with the tongue, face, vessels, etc.; the spleen system takes the spleen as the leader, pertains to the stomach, and associates with lips, mouth, muscles, limbs, etc.; the lung system, led by lungs, pertains to the large intestine, and associates with the nose, skin, and hairs etc.; the kidney system, dominated by kidneys, pertains to urinary bladder, and associates with ears, hairs, bones, external genitalia, anus, etc. Figure 4.3 shows the central role of spleen, the earth element, coupled with the yin yang pairing of fire and water along with metal and wood. Scientifically, earth does represent the overall constitution of human body and the true balance and harmony (Islam et al., 2017). Any balancing act will require correct amount of water and fire primarily (heat and cold balancing). If this balance is lost, wood and metal elements will suffer and an imbalance will result. Alternately, imbalance can be invoked through external pathogens inhaled through the lung system. This balancing act is a reminder of the delicate nature of human body.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  407 FIRE: HEART

WOOD: LIVER • • • • •

• • • • •

SOUTH HIGH NOON SUMMER GROWTH JOY

METAL: LUNG

SHEN

EAST RISING SUN SPRING BIRTH ANGER

• • • • •

WEST SETTING SUN AUTUMN DEGENERATION SORROW

EARTH: SPLEEN BLOOD

• • • •

CENTER TRANSITION MATURITY RUMINATION

QI

MOISTURE

WATER: KIDNEY

• • • • ESSENCE •

NORTH MIDNIGHT WINTER DEATH/GERMINATION FEAR

Figure 4.3  Spleen as the Central Zang (from Korngold and Beinfield, 1992).

In the view of TCM, the etiology of diabetes can originate with preheaven Kidney Essence or Kidney Yin deficiency and weakness of the five Zang organs that predispose a person to further imbalances such as Spleen Qi deficiency. Congenital Kidney Essence and vital Qi deficiency are the intrinsic factors to diabetes. In addition, chronic Kidney Yin deficiency can diminish the generation of Kidney Yang. Combined Kidney Yin and Yang deficiency can in the long run lead to Kidney Qi failure, making the kidney unable to regulate the exiting of body. This amounts to creating imbalance in the source of yin yang, similar to water pollution in the ecosystem.

4.2 Water, Death and Lifestyle Figure 4.4 shows top 10 leading causes of death in the USA. Throughout last few decades, the 10 leading causes of death involved heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory diseases, stroke, unintentional injuries, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, kidney disease, and suicide. In 2011, they accounted for 73.8% of all deaths in the United States (Islam et al., 2015). From 2011 to 2012, age-adjusted death rates declined significantly for 8 of 10 leading causes of death. The rate decreased 1.8% for heart disease, 1.5% for cancer, 2.4% for chronic lower respiratory

408  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Heart disease Cancer Unintentional injuries Chronic lower respiratory diseases Stroke Alzheimer’s disease

2016

Diabetes Influenza and pneumonia

2017

Kidney disease Suicide 0

40

80

120

160

Deaths per 100, 000 U.S population (age adjusted) Figure 4.4  Death rate for major causes of death in USA (Source: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality).

diseases, 2.6% for stroke, 3.6% for Alzheimer’s disease, 1.9% for diabetes, 8.3% for influenza and pneumonia, and 2.2% for kidney disease. The rate for suicide increased 2.4%. The rate for unintentional injuries remained the same. Heart disease and cancer remain the 1st and 2nd leading causes of death, respectively, over the 80-year period. A 80-year perspective points to both stability and change in the leading causes of death: stability because three causes (heart disease, cancer, and stroke) remained among the five leading causes each year between 1935 and 2010; and change because other causes moved into or dropped out of the five leading causes at different points over the past 80 years. There were also changes in the proportion of all deaths that were due to each of the leading causes. For example, heart disease and cancer were the leading causes of death from 1935 to 2010, but it was in 1983 that these two conditions accounted for the highest percent (60 percent) of all deaths. In 2010, they constituted 47 percent of all deaths. According to the CDC, the 10 leading causes of death together account for about three quarters of United States deaths. Cancer caused nearly as many deaths as heart disease – 152.5 per 100,000. This represented a significant decrease from the 155.8 cancer deaths per 100,000 seen in 2016. The remaining top 10 causes of death, in decreasing order, were unintentional injuries, chronic lower respiratory diseases, influenza and pneumonia, kidney disease, and suicide.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  409 Though life expectancy at birth decreased to 78.6 years in 2017, down from 78.7 years in 2016, that change was driven primarily by suicide and drug overdose. However, heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, at 165 deaths per 100,000 individuals in 2017. This represents a slight, statistically non-significant, decrease from the 165.5 deaths per 100,000 caused by heart disease in the previous year. Other diseases related to cardiometabolic health saw increases. Stroke and diabetes each caused a small but significant increase in deaths in 2017, which saw a 1-year increase to 37.6 from 37.3 stroke deaths per 100,000 people. Diabetes deaths increased to 21.5 from 21 per 100,000 the previous year. Stroke was the fifth and diabetes the seventh most common cause of death, according to the data brief published by the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Alzheimer’s disease deaths also increased significantly, from 30.3 per 100,000 in 2016 to 31 per 100,000 in 2017. Although Alzheimer’s exact etiology remains under study, cardiovascular disease factors and Alzheimer’s disease share many risk factors and are often comorbid. Infant deaths from congenital malformations decreased from 2016 to 2017, from 122.1 to 118.8 deaths per 100,000 live births. The age-adjusted death rate for the total population decreased 1.1% from 731.9 deaths per 100,000 standard population in 2017 to 723.6 in 2018 (Figure 4.5).

731.9

All causes

1723.6

Heart disease

165.0 1163.6 152.5 1149.1

Cancer Unintentional injuries Chronic lower respiratory diseases Stroke

49.4

2017 2018

148.0

40.9

139.7

37.6 137.1 31.0 130.5 21.5 21.4 14.3 214.9 13.0 12.9 14.0 214.2

Alzheimer disease Diabetes Influenza and pneumonia Kidney disease Suicide 0

200 400 600 Deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population

800

Figure 4.5  Age-adjusted death rates for all causes and the 10 leading causes of death in 2018: United States, 2017 and 2018.

410  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 In 2018, the 10 leading causes of death (heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, chronic lower respiratory diseases, stroke, Alzheimer disease, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, kidney disease, and suicide) remained the same as in 2017. Causes of death are ranked according to number of deaths. The 10 leading causes accounted for 73.8% of all deaths in the United States in 2018. From 2017 to 2018, age-adjusted death rates decreased for 6 of 10 leading causes of death and increased for 2. The rate decreased 0.8% for heart disease (from 165.0 in 2017 to 163.6 in 2018), 2.2% for cancer (152.5 to 149.1), 2.8% for unintentional injuries (49.4 to 48.0), 2.9% for chronic lower respiratory diseases (40.9 to 39.7), 1.3% for stroke (37.6 to 37.1), and 1.6% for Alzheimer disease (31.0 to 30.5). The rate increased 4.2% for influenza and pneumonia (14.3 to 14.9) and 1.4% for suicide (14.0 to 14.2). Rates for diabetes and kidney disease did not change significantly. Other conditions have all occupied spots within the five leading causes for some but not all years between 1935 and 2019. Specifically, chronic lower respiratory diseases entered the five leading causes of death in 1979; certain diseases of early infancy was among the five leading causes only from 1949 to 1962 and 1964; accidents entered the five leading causes of death in 1946; kidney disease was among the five leading causes only from 1935 to 1948; and influenza and pneumonia was among the five leading causes between 1935 and 1945, again in 1963, and between 1965 and 1978. Figure 4.6 shows how New Medicine trivializes the causes of death. For New Medicine, heart diseases are a matter of heart, the valve, cancer a matter of anything but lifestyle, respiratory disorders a matter of lung – the physical organ, digestive disorders a matter of the digestive system, whereas kidney diseases are confined to the physical actions of the kidneys. Each caused is disconnected from other. For all but the oldest age group (85 years and over), mortality risk fell more than 50 percent between 1935 and 2010 (Figure 4.7). The greatest reduction was among persons 1–4 years of age where the death rate declined from 440.9 to 26.6 deaths per 100,000 population, a decrease of 94 percent. Declining death rates were seen among the over 65 population, although not of the same magnitude as among the younger ages. For example, for persons 65–74 years of age, death rates declined by 62 percent, while death rates decreased by 58 percent for those 75–84 years of age, and declined 38 percent for persons 85 years or more (Figure 4.8). In 2018, life expectancy at birth was 78.7 years for the total U.S. population—an increase of 0.1 year from 78.6 years in 2017 (Figure 4.9). For males, life expectancy changed from 76.1 in 2017 to 76.2 in 2018—an

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  411 Leading causes of death in perspective

heart & circulatory disorders cancer

respiratory disorders

terrorism war pregnancy & birth medical complications murder undetermined events mental health disorders transport accidents suicide musculoskeletal disorders diabetes non-transport accidents infections kidney disorders digestive disorders nervous system disorders

NHS

Figure 4.6  Pictorial representation of various mortality in USA (from 2017).

Percentage change

0

Under 1 1-4

Age in years 85 and 5-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 over

-20 -40 -60 -80

-100

Figure 4.7  Percentage change in death rates by age: United States, 1935–2010. NOTE: 2010 data are preliminary. SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.

increase of 0.1 year. For females, life expectancy increased 0.1 year from 81.1 years in 2017 to 81.2 in 2018. Life expectancy for females was consistently higher than it was for males. In 2018, the difference in life expectancy between females and males was 5.0 years, the same as in 2017.

412  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 2017

At birth 78.6 78.7

Both sexes

2018

76.1 76.2

Male

81.1 81.2

Female At age 65 19.4

Both sexes

19.5 18.0 18.1

Male

20.6 20.7

Female 0

20

40 60 Life expectancy (years)

80

100

Figure 4.8  Life expectancy at selected ages, by sex: United States, 2017 and 2018.

In 2018, life expectancy at age 65 for the total population was 19.5 years, an increase of 0.1 year from 2017. For males, life expectancy at age 65 increased 0.1 year from 18.0 in 2017 to 18.1 in 2018. For females, life expectancy at age 65 increased 0.1 year from 20.6 years in 2017 to 20.7 in 2018. The difference in life expectancy at age 65 between females and males was 2.6 years remains unchanged from 2017.

4.3 Role of Water in Bodily Functions One of the biggest problems in describing the role of natural elements in affecting human physiology is, New Science has focused on tangible thereby disconnected the natural sequence in research (Islam et al., 2017). Only recently, it is being recognized as a major issue (Liu et al., 2017). Any discussion of sustainability must take a holistic approach and as such, this section is opens with a discussion of traditional Chinese medicine and New Science. As we have seen in Chapter 2, the science of water uses a holistic approach and that approach is now connected to various diseases that have origins in various vital organs. It is interesting that the most frequent cause of death in USA is heart disease. There is a general acknowledgement in all civilizations that the heart is the most important organ in the human body. In ancient medical classics from Babylon, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China, it is generally described

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  413 as being the center of a system of vessels supplying the various parts of the body (Acierno, 1994). In Islamic medicine, heart is where conscience lies and governs the overall consciousness of a person (Islam et al., 2017). Although western medicine considers the heart as a vital organ, only eastern medicinal practices (traditional Chinese medicine, TCM, Ayurveda, Islamic medicine, etc.) retained the original role of the heart. Europe has reduced it into tangible aspects. That focus has removed heart (or any other vital organ) from its fundamental role in working in concert with the whole body. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) retained the original role of the heart (called the monarch organ) and its relationship between the heart and exterior things. In TCM, the physiological functions of the heart are governing blood and vessels, controlling the mind, opening into the tongue, manifesting on the face, and so on. Only the tangible aspects of these functions are covered in modern Western medicine through anatomical structure, spatial connection, and micromechanical character of the organ. TCM and Western medicine have their separate diagnostic and management systems that are very different from each other. Figure 4.9 shows an integrative view of the heart in traditional Chinese medicine (left half) and Western medicine (right half). This figure clearly shows how western medicine has disconnected vital connection of the heart with other organs by neglecting intangibles. Based on this fundamental reality, Chinese medicine and Western medicine have formed their own knowledge systems and have developed respective theories for the diagnosis and management of heart diseases. The heart is regarded as the monarch of all organs in TCM, and “Shen Ming” (神明) is what defines the purpose of life and primary job description assigned to every human. The closest translation of this word would be khalīfah (viceroy, Quran 2:30 defines that to be the principal function of each human) in Arabic and avatar in Sanskrit). In TCM, one thinks with the heart. This is in line with Islamic narrative of heart functions. The responsibility of the heart is to be the emperor of all organs, even of the brain, for the commander-in-chief achieved dominion over the whole body by governing blood and vessels. Furthermore, at a higher level, the heart is seen as the center of the mind and consciousness for its storing spirit. Normal mental activity depends on regular cardiac function, for example, people will lose their mind when the heart is in disorder. As can be seen from Figure 4.9, for western medicine, the heart is like a mechanical pump that generates pressure to transport blood through the body. Besides its role as the dynamic source of circulation, the heart is also seen as the engine (another mechanical role) of the body because it

414  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Tradition Chinese Medicine

Emotion Joy

5-element

Fire

Western Medicine hide Brain anterior insular penaqueductal gray matter spirits

X-Ray

anterior cingulate cortex

Amygdale

parabrachial

Lung

nucleus

Season

Manifest in Face

DCG

Collaterals Blood

Lung Pulmonary circulation

Ions ANP

open to Tongue

interior exterior

Shao Yin vessel

Small Intestine Flavor Bitter

c mi

te

Kidneys

Lab Exam.

Circulatory Sys.

cir cu lat ion

Color Red

(O2, CO2)

Gas

Heart

Meridians

Direction South

ECG

Nervous Sys.

BNP

Summer

MRI

Hypothalamus

Zong QI

sys

Coronary

angiography

Ultrasonic Doppler

Figure 4.9  Integrative comparison of TCM and western medicinal description of heart and other vital organs.

propels the blood flow. The exact structure of the heart was not clear until the Renaissance period when it was discovered that the heart is made up of four separate chambers. Further anatomical studies revealed that the heart has a blood supply system of its own and a conducting system that consists of specialized cardiac muscles found in the sinoatrial node and in the atrioventricular node and bundle (Moore et al., 2014). There is nothing in common between TCM approach and the western approach. Yet, numerous modern TCM researchers as well as alternate medicine practitioners have rushed to find similarities and often recommended that the two be combined in order to complete a treatment. Liu (2017) summed up the difference in the following statement: “Systematic descriptions of the heart by TCM terms can be found in ancient Chinese medical classics, which were recompiled in 200 BC. From then on, TCM theories have been guiding the clinical practice steadily for more than 2,000 years. In comparison, Western

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  415 medicine, originating from the “Corpus Hippocraticum,” has continuously been updating its theories with new discoveries. It looks as if these two types of medicine have been running on 2 different rails starting from the same station but going into different directions.” That phrase ‘same station’ happens to be very mechanical description of the most tangible functions of the heart. A holistic consideration must involve both tangible and intangible aspects of any process. The combination of five element theory and Zang Fu theory shows that there is a continuation connection through various “energy” levels. The five elements each has a spirit (intangible) aspect of it. Figure 4.10 shows how different spirits connect with Shen, the umbrella ‘spirit’ belonging to the creator. It is the heart that controls all other organs, both physically and spiritually. In this process, Hun relates to the wood element, Yi to the earth element, Po to the metal element and Zhi to the water element. Liao et al. (2017) shows how these elements are connected to both Zang and Fu organs, along with the emotions that trigger imbalances in the respective organs (Figure 4.11). The 5 Zang organs include heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. The theory does not only describe the physiological functions of the 5 Zang organs but also shows their relationships between the organs and the body, the organs and the orifices, and also describes the relationship between the 5 Zang organs and the 5 constituents, the 5 Zang organs, and the focal external manifestations.

Creator SHEN HUN

ZHI

YI

PO

Figure 4.10  The existence of 5 spirits, the heart being the dominant one and creator being connected to the heart.

416  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 fu organ

Small intestine

Large intestine

Gallbladder

Stomach

Bladder

zang organ

Heart

Lung

Liver

Spleen

Kidney

Governing

Vessels

Skin

Tendons

Four limbs

Bones

Opens

Tongue

Nose

Eyes

Mouth

Ears,external genitals and anus

Face

Hair

Nails

Lips

External manifestation

Hair

Figure 4.11  The Five Zang Organs, Its Constituents, and Its Orifices (From Liao et al., 2017).

Table 4.2 completes the description and inserts Islamic description of intangible qualities attributed to various organs. This is derived from the following prophetic tradition. ‘Iyād Ibn Khalīfa heard ‘Alī say at Siffīn, “The intellect (Aql) is located in the heart. Mercy (rahma) is located in the liver, Compassion (rafa) is located in the spleen. The self or characteristic wind (nafs) is located in the lungs” (Al-Albani, Book 30, Hadith no. 10)

The next cause of death is cancer, which relates to practically all vital organs. Although new science focuses on the organ or location, where the cancer manifests itself, holistic analysis (such as TCM) would reveal something different. For instance, skin cancer is a matter of skin in New Science but it is a matter of lung in TCM. Brain cancer is a matter of brain in New Science, TCM says it is a matter of kidney, spleen, and heart, which collectively governs all emotions and tangible brain and bone marrow activities (Sakatani et al., 2010). The holistic approach stems from the simple principle that there is no discontinuity between mass and energy or tangible and intangible.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  417

Table 4.2  Complete description of the 5-element theory as applied in human physiology. Tangible element

Fire

Metal

Wood

Earth

Water

Intangible element

Shen

Po

Hun

Yi

Zhi Bladder

Fu organ

Small intestine

Large intestine

Gall bladder

Stomach

Zang organ

Heart

Lung

Liver

Spleen

Kidney

Governing

Vessels, Sex glands

Skin

Tendon

Four limbs

Bones

Opens

tongue

Nose

Eyes

Mouth

Ears, external genitals and anus

External manifestation

Face

Hair

Nails

Lips

Hair

Trait

Intuition Joy Peace

Sadness

Anger

Worry

Fear

Mental part

Moodiness

Sensitivity

Mental activity

Pondering

Will Power

Taste

Bitter

Sour

Spicy

Sweet

Salty

Islamic/Ibn Sina

Aql

Qi (Nafs)

Empathy (Rahma)

Pity (Rafa)

418  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Everything that makes up a human being, mind-body-spirit, correlates at an energetic level to something tangible in nature. This principle of interconnectedness also applies between different physical aspects of our bodies. For example, the Kidney organ correlates with the tissue of bone/teeth, the sensory taste of salt, the sensory organ of the ear, and the areas of the lower back, knees, and the heels/feet. Liver Health: According to TCM, the Liver is the organ that is most affected by anger. In Islamic medicine, empathy resides with liver. As such, any imbalance will cause a person to lose empathy, depriving him of the essence of humanity. At that point, the body gets launched into a spiralling down mode. While New Science does not recognize this process of the progression of a disease, it does recognize the connection between alcoholism, cigarette addiction with aggressive behaviour, then back to liver damage. Heart Health: True cardiovascular health is not about physical fitness of the heart, but rather about deep contentment with one’s life and destiny. TCM recognizes the role of contentment and love are often associated with the heart representing a state of peacefulness. Ancient Chinese culture recognized the need for the heart to be in tune with Dao (Highest consciousness) for it to reach statement of good health. In Islamic heart is where conscience and intention resides – intention being the only freedom a human has. Islamic philosophy dictates that act on empathy, conscience and long-term objectives make a heart peaceful and give rise to any fruitful decision. Stomach Health: Chronic stress, worry, and anxiety can damage Stomach function very quickly. Without the proper functioning of the Stomach and its partner organ the Spleen, you can easily begin to suffer from poor digestive health and low metabolism function. Lung Health: Too much sadness and grieving can harm the Lung and its partner, the Large Intestine. While new science focuses on smoking to cause lung cancer, it ignores the intangible aspects. For instance, a person confined in an office, in absence of sunlight will develop lung cancer, as evidenced in many cases, but New Science fails to explain such occurrences. According to TCM, lungs are connected to large intestine and govern skins. New Science rarely looks at skin or intestine cancer’s link to the lungs. Kidney Health: The Kidney is the “reserve generator” of energy in the body, supplying extra vital energy to all the organs when necessary. Its corresponding emotion of fear can be a red flag that these powerhouses of the body are themselves low on immunity and working too hard. The kidney has water as the primary element and it thus contains all genetic

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  419 information of a person. While New Science recognizes the role of genetics, it confines to negative aspects and does not include the role of environment in shaping water ‘energy’. This, in turns, makes it impossible to trace the root cause of any disease. The next most death-causing disease is lower respiratory disease. In TCM, this disease is connected to both lung and heart (Zhen et al., 2018). As such, lifestyle, air quality and water quality will feature prominently as discussed earlier. Stroke is the next most fatal disease. Stroke in TCM, relates to the heart, lung, as well as spleen and kidney (Zhang and Yang, 2012). Similarly, all other deadly diseases relate to some form lifestyle and water quality issues. They are listed in Table 4.3.

4.4 A Relevant Anecdote A relevant anecdote, which highlights the role of lifestyle and particularly water quality, exists from Ecuador. The village of Vilcabambawas identified as the “valley of longevity” by a Harvard Medicine professor (Leaf, 1973). French studies had shown that the diet and lifestyle of the inhabitants may have been a factor. Nobel Laureate Chemist, Richard Laurence Millington Synge, the man who discovered amino acids, claimed that there are remarkable medicinal qualities to be found in the plant life in certain places near the Ecuador in the proximity of the valley of Vilcabamba. Thanks to scientific chemical assay techniques, analysis has now shown that the fruit, roots and herbs of this particular equatorial subarea offer some of the strongest anti-oxidant protection in the world. In 1981, the Ecuadorian government hired medical journalist Dr. Morton Walker to study these people in depth. In his book, “The Secret to a Youthful Long Life”, Walker reported that his research showed the mineral rich water that the Vilcabambans drank was key to their long lives and health. Laboratory analysis of the Vilcabamba water determined that the unique balance of enriched colloidal minerals in the local drinking water was ideal for promoting optimum human health. In 1991, businessman Craig Keeland traveled to Vilcabamba to study the anti-oxidants that are presumably helping people live longer. He developed and marketed a whole fruit puree made from Vilcabamba fruits and vegetables and sold it through his former company, Youngevity, which he sold in 2005. In July 2003, Keeland formed a new company that developed a whole food puree product called ViaViente which is now sold globally in over 26 countries and territories. Furthermore, medical researchers had confirmed that the retinas of 100 year-old residents are often comparable

420  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 4.3  This table relates various leading causes of death to vital organs that govern the related function. Disease

Vital organs involved

Elements

Comments

Heart disease

Heart

Fire

Heart disease is often linked to lung and overall immune system, affected by artificial thinking; affected by artificial light and other energy sources

Cancer

Lung, Heart, Kidney, Spleen

Metal, water, Earth,

Cancer is the overall failure of the immune system that succumbs to repeated insult with artificial material.

Chronic lower respiratory diseases

Lung, heart

Metal, fire

Most sensitive to air quality, including artificial air conditioning

Stroke

Heart, lung, Kidney

Fire, metal, Water

Water quality as well as genetic vulnerability will play a role

Unintentional injuries

N/A

N/A

N/A

Alzheimer’s disease

Spleen, Kidney

Earth, Water

Food quality, water quality as well as energy quality (e.g. artificial light, energy sources) will affect the cognitive ability.

Diabetes

Kidney, Liver

Water, wood

Genetic diabetes is related to the Kidneys while Non-genetic diabetes is a combination of heart, spleen, lung and kidney (Continued)

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  421 Table 4.3  This table relates various leading causes of death to vital organs that govern the related function. (Continued) Vital organs involved

Elements

Comments

Influenza and pneumonia

Lung

Metal

The immune system is central, and as such both water element and lung play a role

Kidney disease

Kidney

Water

Includes genetic vulnerability and water quality

Suicide

Heart, Spleen, Liver

Fire, Earth, wood

With the exception of schizophrenia, it is a combination of several factors

Disease

with those of 45 year-old city-dwellers. The same village now forms the core of another epidemiological study. It has the highest rate of stomach cancer in the world (over 50 for 100,000 inhabitants). How is such drastic switch possible? The answer, of course, lies within consideration of each health practices that has changed in that community (Islam et al. 2015). Such practices may include, water purification, usage of European toilet, processed food, smoking cigarettes, and numerous other artificial changes that are made in name of civilization. Natural processes have been replaced with new processes that increased the profitability and created a paradigm shift.

4.5 Zang Fu Organs It is important to note that, New Medicine (so-called western medicine) is fundamentally different from Traditional Chinese Medicine. New Medicine is equivalent to considering only tangible features of human physiology. A prerequisite for understanding Chinese medicine is acceptance of the fact that when organs are referred to, it is the Chinese medicine concept of organs that is inferred (Ching, 2017). Although it is often recognized that there is significant divergence between the Western and Chinese medicine perception of the internal organs, it has rarely mentioned that there is literally nothing in common between the two narrative (from

422  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 .

diagnosis to treatment). New Medicine treats the symptoms and does not go beyond delaying the symptoms, whereas TCM addresses the root causes of an ailment and during the diagnosis process, the symptoms are used only for diagnosis, which involves determining the root cause and the real syndrome. It is not only the fact that Western medicine operates with a biochemical physiological model, whereas Chinese medicine uses a qi-or energetic model, it is also because in Western medicine it is the organ’s physical anatomy that is definitive (Ching, 2017). In the Chinese medical model, the physical structure of the body is of limited importance. Here it is the organ’s function and the science behind these functions that are paramount. For instance, eczema is invariably treated by New Medicine with some ointment with external application and even when the connection with asthma is recognized, in absence of scientific root, it becomes an arbitrary process. In addition, asthma is treated with inhalers, which contain toxic synthetic chemicals that aggravate the proper functioning of the lung, thus spiraling down the physical condition. At the end, treatment becomes a matter of drug dependence. Overall effect of this modus is skyrocketing profit margin of the big pharma and global degeneration of public health and welfare. Meanwhile, Chinese Medicine considers skin conditions a manifestation of imbalance in the lung that also leads to asthmatic syndrome. On the physiological side, the development of New Medicine is based on human structures and cell biology, equivalent to Atomism in New Science (Islam et al., 2015). As pointed out by Sun et al. (2013), the narrative in New Medicine is based on the way of thinking of decomposing the whole human body into several independent parts, which is the impetus of promoting drugs that would only treat different body parts discretely. Chinese medicine takes the diametrically opposite holistic approach, which considers the human body as a whole and as an integral part of the environment and the ecosystem.

4.6 The Golden Standard What is also interesting is that in even modern Western discourse, in the entire discussion of humanity and humanism, mention of the Qur’an has been absent. This is remarkable, considering that Qur’an offers in clearest terms all the answers that elude Eurocentric thinkers. In a way, the terrorist attacks of 9/11 have triggered the discussion of Islam, albeit in the context of ‘clash of civilizations’. However, as Islam (2017) has pointed out, this discussion barely made any dent on the true nature of Islam or humanity.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  423 Of  course, there have been numerous critiques of both the ‘savagery of Islam’ and the hegemony of the United States in the context of the “war on terror,” but most work did not delve into the humanity model that is the principal focus of this book. Even the most sympathetic papers limited the discussion in pointing out the double standards of neoliberalism and feminism (Bahramitash, 2005). In Islam, Cognition is seen as a five-step process that has origins in questioning, as is summarized below. • cognition starts with a real question that has only a Yes (1,+) or No (0,-) answer. Such a question doesn’t arise if it has already been resolved in a source of absolute truth (if one can be confirmed exists through this same process) • make niyah (original intention) to start the cognition process solely in search of the truth (haq) so a right (haq) decision is made at the end of the cognition process; • collect all available data and filter out questionable sources; • fuzzy logic (manteq) phase: ask questions of dialectical • nature (manteq) that will have a qualitative answer (by collecting a series of yes/no answers). Each manteq questions should be motivated by qsd (dynamic intention) that is in line with niyah; and • logic (aql) phase: Ask the final question to determine the yes/no answer to the question asked in Point 1. This idea or the philosophy is unique to Islam, which is the same divine doctrine given to all prophets, starting with Adam (as per Quran 3:19, Islam is universal and time honoured and as per Quran 16:36, every nation was sent a prophet with the same message of Islam). Of course, the Gospel and Torah are well known (although incorrectly conflated with the New and Old Testaments, respectively), but recent work of Islam and co-coworkers have shown that other books can also be related to divine revelations. For instance, take the case of the Yellow Emperor, whose legendary contribution was captured in the book, Nei Jing. This book is allegedly based on Taoist philosophy. The Taoism of these ancient texts advanced a doctrine of liberation through submission, of control by means of noninterference, and of transcendence as a result of physiological and mental regimens. The ideal of liberation from the physical, epistemological, and social constraints of the human condition in time translated into a quest for immortality is meaningless if the notion of creator, purpose of creation, and eventual hereafter with eternal life is eliminated. Islam (2018) argues

424  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 that this is the original form of Islam. As such the similarity of Prophetic Medicine with the Canon of the Yellow Emperor is uncanny. In Islam, it is the Divine pathway (Shariah) that leads a human toward eternal peace. Just like in Chinese, the word ‘harmony’ implies peace (in Chinese, hé, 和), in Arabic, surrendering (the root word being SLM) to Divine pathway leaders to eternal peace, hence the term Islam (state of surrender to Divine order). In this Canon of the Yellow Emperor, the key to a long healthy life is to follow the Tao, the natural way of the universe. This ‘natural’ state is defined in Islam as the pathway given by the creator and exemplified by the prophet. In fact, adherence to this natural pathway is so crucial that it purposeful deviation is Satanic (Quran 4:119). The most important part of the first chapter of Nei Jing was the acknowledgement of the Golden standard in the form of the pathway of Tao. The first chapter of the Nei Jing outlines this standard right at the beginning, then delves into food and drink immediately after the opening two paragraphs, starting off with how ‘modern’ lifestyle has deviated from the lifestyle of Tao. The first item of discussion? Wine. The deviation of the lifestyle is pivoted around drinking wine in place of water and indulge in ‘destructive activities’, ending up depleting Qi (vital energy). This is a classic case of natural yin yang turning into cancerous (artificial) yin yang, putting the mindset before physical aspect (e.g. lifestyle before water). This is entirely consistent with Islamic medicine, as outlined in Ibn Sina’s work. Any of the negative qualities can trigger a lifestyle what has been characterized by Islam et al. (2015) as the ‘roller coaster ride’. Figure 4.12 shows how this roller coaster has been prevalent in modern living – a lifestyle criticized in the first chapter of Nei Jing. In this figure, the straight line (x axis) can be equated with Tao, the universal lifestyle, which is optimized for good health. Here, it is important to deconstruct the myth of ‘in moderation, everything is fine’. There is no such thing as ‘in moderation’ if it is not conformant with Tao. It is as absurd as saying rape in moderation or greed in moderation or unjust violence in moderation. In modern history, rather than trying to discover the science behind diseases and health, industry instead introduced more aphenomenal products, creating ever-darker opacity and obscuring the difference between reality and the truth. As observed by Islam et al. (2015), this set the roller coaster in motion, spiraling downwards to bring mankind to such a status that even a clear champion of new science, the Chemistry Nobel Laureate, Robert Curl, called it a ‘technological disaster’. There were further darker consequences as well (Islam et al., 2014). As a result of the diabolical union of the New Science and the governing shehadeh of contemporary economic life that “there is no God but Money, and Maximum is Its Profit”,

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  425 Caffeine free Sugar-free Meet-only diet

Alcohol-rehab center Alcoholglamorized

The straight path Natural, long-term, Diversified full of good intentions High-sugar High caffeine Alcohol banned No-meat diet (even as a medicine) (a) Gambling addiction Rehab centers Sex is everything, Rehab center For mothers As long as there who Cannot is no children breast feed Gambling glamorized

The straight path Natural, long-term, Diversified Save your Sex is sinful, Gambling full of good intentions banned body Only for DO NOT producing BREASTFEED children (b) No cigarette More police to Ad/no smoking Fight street violence Women are goddesses As long as they dont On campus/pub Become mothers No perfume

All perfume

The straight path Natural, long-term, Divesified full of good intentions

Violence Extra Women are evil Glamorized on nicotine TV Smoking glamorized (c)

Figure 4.12  Roller Coaster of the modern lifestyle (from Islam et al., 2014).

426  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 the entire branch of medicine and health has been transformed into a cesspool of misery of the public, who continued to be exploited for maximum profit of the Big Pharma.

4.7 The Second Creation: The Earth Spleen This deviation is in the core of physiology. Let us consider the Spleen. In Chinese medicine the Spleen is the most important digestive organ, which produce both blood and Qi, the most vital yin yang coupling that drives the human organism. Yet, in New Medicine, the spleen has no such role. It is the same for liver, kidney and heart. Most importantly, however, the pivotal connection of mental and emotional characteristics and properties to various vital organs is entirely absent in New Medicine (Sun et al., 2013). Another example is the meridian system. It is not recognized in New Medicine, which includes various pathways for various materials. For instance, blood is believed to be transported through blood vessels (including brain in spite of having brain blood barrier), while ‘electric signals’ via nervous system (including brain) and lymphatic fluids through the lymph nodes. This discrete system ignores the functionality of a body as a whole, cannot explain interactions/interdependence among them and does not include any invasion of external stimuli to render a normal body ill. By contrast, consider the 12 meridians that are used in Chinese medicine. These meridians are pathways for transport of both blood and Qi. This description accounts for every material the body contains or any matter and energy that the body comes in contact with. These 12 meridians are connected to 12 internal organs. These are called zangfu organs. Six of these organs are defined as being yin organs (these are the sources). They are solid in their structure and are called zang organs. The other six organs have a hollow structure and are called fu organs. Fu organs are defined as being yang organs. Such is the case because they fulfill the feature of yang (external, dynamic, etc.) In addition to the structural differences, there is also a difference between zang and fu organs’ overall functionality, energetic level and importance. Each of the six zang organs has a yin/ yang relationship to one of the six fu organs and they are regarded as each other’s partner organ. As well as the twelve zangfu organs, there are six so-called extraordinary fu organs. These are organs that have the structure of a fu organ but the functions of a zang organ. These zang organs are connected to five fundamental elements, each being nourished with natural products. Each of them also is connected to particular taste, color, emotions, etc. More specifically, The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine:

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  427 a new translation of the Neijing Suwen with commentary (1995, p. 29) states that the ‘Heart is benefited by the bitter taste, the Lung by the pungent taste, the Spleen by the sweet taste, the Liver by the sour taste, and the Kidneys by the salty taste. However, this never implies that one may overindulge’. Zang organs’ solid structure should be understood as being relative to the fu organs. The Lung and the Heart have hollow spaces, but in comparison to the Zangfu Organs. The Stomach, the Intestines and Bladders, their structure is still relatively solid. Fu organs’ hollow structure reflects their function. Fu organs receive, transmit and excrete. For example, the Stomach receives the food and liquids that are ingested through the mouth. After the Spleen has transformed the food, the Stomach sends the remaining residue to the Small Intestine. Similarly liver is connected to gal bladder and the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The heart is connected to the small intestine, whereas the lung is connected to the large intestine, its fu partner. Furthermore, fu organs are in contact with impure and untransformed substances, where zang organs are only involved in processing and storing pure and refined substances. Zang organs do not receive or transmit in the same way as fu organs do. Zang organs’ primary task is to store the vital substances. The Five Vital or Fundamental Substances are: Qi, Xue (Blood), Jinye (Body Fluids), Jing (Essence), and Shen (Spirit)2. In summary, Zang-fu (five bodily organs) follow a Wu Xing cycle. They flow through the Jing-luo (Meridians) that are connected to the Zang-fu, through which the five substances flow. The Functional Entities are responsible for performing five cardinal functions, which protect and maintain health within the body. The five cardinal functions are: • • • • •

Actuation Warming Defense Containment Transformation.

Qi, Jing, and Shen are referred to as The Three Treasures. Together, they form the foundation for understanding the human body and the healing practices of Traditional Chinese Medicine. However, the other two fundamental substances are still important and should be thought of as subsets 2

Note that these translations are not exact nor comprehensive. Each of these elements have a comprehensive meaning in Chinese medicine that are not captured in these translations.

428  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 or particular manifestations of The Three Treasures, rather than completely different substances. Xue: Xue or blood is the liquid life force of the body, and its key proponent is nourishment. It is yin in nature and is considered to be in yin yang pairing with Qi. Qi gives rise to blood, which nourishes the Zang-fu organs, which produce more Qi. The stomach and the spleen are essential organs in the production of blood and its healthy functions. Circulation is a prime function of Xue. When Blood is undersupplied, issues with anxiety, sleep deprivation, and irritability may surface. Jin Ye: Jin Ye is a compound word that is translated as body fluids. Jin refers to thin, clear, and water-like fluids that nourishes the skin and muscles, like tear drops and sweat. Ye refers to thick viscous liquids that lubricate organs, like brain and spinal cord fluid. Jin Ye is yin in nature and is produced through consuming food and drinks, where it then separates and distributes the nutrition throughout the body. In Huang Di Nei Jing – Su Wen,chapter eight, the various organs are allocated positions in the imperial court or in society. The following is the quote: “8-58-2 Huang Di asked: “I should like to hear [the following]: How do the twelve depots engage each other, and what is their hierarchy?” Qi Bo responded: “An encompassing question, indeed! Please let me speak about them one by one. The heart is the official functioning as ruler. Spirit brilliance originates in it. The lung is the official functioning as chancellor and mentor. Order and moderation originate in it. The liver is the official functioning as general. Planning and deliberation originate in it. The gallbladder is the official functioning as rectifier. Decisions and judgments originate in it. The dan zhong is the official functioning as minister and envoy. Joy and happiness originate in it. The spleen and the stomach are the officials responsible for grain storage. The five flavors ori­ginate from them. The large intestine is the official functioning as transmitter along the Way. Changes and transformations originate in it. The small intestine is the official functioning as recipient of what has been perfected. The transformation of things originates in it.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  429 8-58-8 The kidneys are the official functioning as operator with force. Technical skills and expertise originate from them.” (Unschuld and Tessenow, 2011, pp. 155-157) Such allocation of duties is typical of every ancient philosophy of good governance and healthy body functions. It also reflects the various organs’ functions and how important these are viewed as being. For example, in the same way that the Emperor was not physically involved in the daily tasks of the realm, the Heart is not directly involved in any of the transformation processes of qi, xue or jinye. Nevertheless, the Heart’s role is considered to be of crucial importance. Recall that in Islamic philosophy heart is considered to be sovereign that houses the conscience and notably ‘the ability to make intention’, for which a person is accountable. There is no freedom in any other object or being as everything is strictly governed as part of the universal order. Table 4.4

Table 4.4  Role of various Zang Fu organs. Organ

Court position

Task it is responsible for the realm

Heart

Emperor

Governs shen, residence for shen

Pericardium

Ambassador

Joy and delight

Lung

Prime Minister

Regulation

Spleen and Stomach

Civil servants

Responsible for the storage and granaries

San jiao

Civil servant

Irrigation and the ditches

Gall Bladder

Upright civil servant

Responsible for decisions

Liver

General

Planning and strategies

Kidney

Strong official

Ingenuity and skill

Urinary Bladder

Province capital

Storage of liquids until they are expelled by qi

Small Intestine

Civil servant

Receiving, to be filled and to transform

Large Intestine

Civil servant

Passage and transportation

430  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 is constructed by Ching (2017). Unschuld (2011) puts the nature of Zang and fu in an eloquent fashion. It is stated: This new view described the governors who ruled over each of these “administrative centers” and also the subordinates who were subject to their rule: the blood was ruled by the heart and resided in the “palace” of the small intestine; the bones and sinews were ruled by the kidneys and resided in the bladder “palace”, and so on. (p. 35) Each zang organ will, in addition to influencing the vital substances, manifest itself in various other ways. Furthermore, organs can be affected by certain emotions, climatic factors, environmental constraints, etc. Many of these correspondences – things that affect these organs and things that are affected by these organs – are the same as the Five Phase correspondences. This is the explanation of many of the relationships that are seen in the Five Phase system. Each zang organ has a relationship to a specific (Ching, 2017): • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

vital substance body tissue sensory organ emotion external manifestation of the body fluid climatic factor odour colour flavor posture sound virtue shen.

4.8 The Kidney and the Bladder Just like water is the first creation in the universe, kidney represents the onset of life in humans. Ching draws a parallel between germination of a plant with human embryo formation. Note the following section (Ching, 2017): Deep down in the dark, moist soil nestles the roots of a flower. It was in these dark depths that a seed once germinated. It was from here

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  431 that the seedling forced its way upwards and broke through the surface of the soil, reaching up into the light. It was in the dark soil that the seed, formed from the union of the jing of two other plants, was to be found. It was in this seed that the resources needed by the seed to germinate and grow upwards were activated, providing the energy that was necessary for the plant to germinate and grow upwards until it could generate its own energy from the sunlight. From these depths came the will to live and the willpower needed to enable the seedling to force its way up and past obstacles in its pursuit of light. Without the willpower and without the inherited potential that the seed contained, the flower would never have been able to blossom, manifesting the full potential of its beauty. “ (p. 122) Just like a plant continues to be dependent on the minerals and water from the soil, a human continues to draw from jing, stored in the kidney. It does not mean that the environmental factors, quality of food do not affect human health. Just like plants and trees have to undergo photosynthesis through vital solar energy, environmental CO2, humans also depend on Qi from the environment, along with foods processed through stomach and Spleen. Similar to plants, humans draw from the ‘root’, which is the kidney. In the human body, the Kidneys are the root. Strategically, kidneys are also located at the lower jiao, store jing. Jing is the potential for life that arose from the union of the two parents’ jing. It was jing that determined the development of the foetus, and it was jing that created the fundamental growth of the body until the post-heaven Qi was created and could assist in the body’s development and growth. Although the Lung and the Spleen create Qi on a daily basis in the form of gu Qi and zong Qi, they are still reliant on the fundamental nourishment that the Kidneys’ pre-heaven jing provides.

4.9 Heart Kidney Interactions The heart is the monarch organ and represents the fire element, whereas Kidneys are the product of water – the first element of the universe. It is quite fitting that heart emerges as the first vital organ that emerges in a fetus. Within 4 weeks, the heart starts to beat at the rate of 65 times a minute in a fetus size that is merely as big as a rice grain. This is by design. Even before fertilization of an egg, jing is transformed by Heart fire to form tian gui (天癸, Heavenly water). This itself shows interaction between kidney and heart. “Tiangui” is commonly translated as ‘kidney essence’ as a sex-stimulating essence in female that is intricately linked to menstruation

432  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 and pregnancy of women. The disturbance of Tiangui (including time, status and rhythm) would result in female reproductive problems (Wang et al., 2010). It is also related to ovarian dysfunction in PCOS can be expressed as disorder of Tiangui (Wang et al., 2010). For males, tiangui is expressed in sperms and any deficiency in kidney will be reflected in the reproductive and sexual behaviour of a male (Zhu et al., 2018). It is also to be noted Jing is progressively waning throughout our lives as we age and it is one of the factors that determines the ageing process and impairment in old age. When jing declines, the hair starts to grey and begins to fall out, the teeth become loose, the bones weaken, the hearing fades, the memory weakens and we lose our potency and fertility (Ching, 2017). As it is pointed out in Chapter 2 of Nei Jing, this is a universal factor that affects every human. The quantity and quality of the jing that has been present from the beginning is of great importance, but one’s lifestyle is of equal importance. This is unlike the concept of DNA or genetic driven prognosis in New Medicine. TCM includes a great analogy of treasure with Jing. Jing, which is one of the three treasures and is the only one that involves storage. It implies that Jing is can be depleted by a ‘toxic’ (anti nature, non-Dao compliant) lifestyle. If Jing is consumed by, for instance, living beyond one’s means, by using more Qi than can be produced, by ‘burning the candle at both ends’, irreversible damages to the Kidneys will occur and will potentially trigger various ailments (due to lowering of immunity, in New Medicine term). The Chinese also believe that, when men ejaculate, they lose jing, as semen is jing. Daoists therefore developed various sexual practices to withhold the sperm. This is also why sexual abstinence is recommended for men with Kidney xu conditions. Unfortunately, this is a misconception and is a myth that emerges from misinterpretation of both New Science and Yellow Emperor’s canon. This is rooted in cognitive malfunction at a fundamental level. In reality, ancient texts have recommendations for treatment through sexual activities and considered managing sex life as an integral part of natural lifestyle (Unschuld, 2011). This aspect will be further discussed in the follow up section. This is the fundamental relationship between Fire and Water is in conformance with the universal order, which manifests a broad duality in aspects. Figure 4.13 depicts such balance. As discussed by Islam et al. (2017), humans are the viceroy of the creator, with their ‘palace’ being the earth (in Arabic, the term ‘ardha’ means ‘habitat for humans’). Humans are not separate from the universe and the earth is the place that defines their most grounded place. The interaction between fire and water is the essence of reproduction and cultivates life and sustainable lifestyle.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  433 Water

Creator

Fire

Water Fire

Earth

Figure 4.13  Heaven and earth, water and fire are part of the Universal order (From Islam et al., 2015).

In essence, heart and kidneys form the yang and yin extremities of the overall yin yang balance. The Kidneys and jing in the lower jiao are corporeal aspects of the Water Phase. They thereby constitute the ultimate yin in the body. The Heart and shen in the upper jiao are the corporeal aspects of the Fire Phase and thus the ultimate yang in the body. Indeed, the Heart is placed at the most superior position whereas kidneys are at the lowest position. Also, kidney is the source, the most static, the most water, most cooling Zang organ, whereas heart is the first dynamic expression of a fetus, most dynamic, most firey, and warmest Zang organ. Figure 4.14 shows the relative positions of various Zang fu organs.

Gal bladder

Liver

Lung Heart Spleen Stomach

kidney

Large intestine

Small intestine Bladder

Figure 4.14  Zang Fu organs.

434  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

4.10 The Relationship Between Kidney & Bladder The Kidneys kidney (Chinese: 腎: shèn) are the connection of water element to an individual. As such, the kidneys connect a person to his/her ancestry as well history, including the history of the environment. The Huang Di Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor’s Medicine Classic), states, “The kidney forms the foundation for the body’s reproduction and development. As we age, essence stored in the kidney is depleted and when no more tian-gui is produced, the meridians in the pelvic region become empty and collapse, and thus women will lose the ability to menstruate and give birth.” The kidneys are connected to reproduction as well as ancestry. The kidney system is often referred to as “the root of life” (Wang, 2019). Vital energy reserve belongs to kidneys. Just like root of the tree that benefits from both the genetic makeup of the seed as well as the environment, kidneys benefit from ancestral of traits (‘pre-heaven Qi’). Any weakness in kidneys can easily lead to disturbances and eventual imbalance in other organs (Chong et al., 2015). The division of kidneys into yin and yang functions was introduced by Zhang Jie Bin (approximately 1563-1640), who wrote “there are two kidneys, (kidney yin and yang), with the “Gate of Vitality” between them.” The Gate of Vitality was originally thought to be a function of the Kidneys and some texts went further and said it actually was the right kidney. Logically, this notion (of having right or yin as the main kidney) is logical although the assertion of Ming Men being lying in between two kidneys widely accepted in modern era. This important concept in TCM, the Gate of Life, is where the original life essence of the individual is based. The Gate of Vitality provides us, through the Three ‘burners’, (the Upper, Middle and Lower ‘burning spaces’ being the chest cavity, the abdomen below the diaphragm but above the umbilicus and the abdominal cavity below the umbilicus) with enough warmth to keep us alive. We receive the original energy for this Fire via our genetic (ancestral) makeup, a healthy pregnancy and birth. After birth we begin to draw on it, but also to re-supply it with energy from the food and drink we consume. Just like a root of a banyan tree cannot ensure a large, magnanimous trunk and branches (for instance, bonsai) in absence of proper environment (both tangible, such as space and intangible, such as nourishment), kidneys cannot function properly in absence of nourishing food and proper lifestyle (Chapter 1 of Nei Jing). This is an important aspect that puzzled New Medicine experts.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  435 In New science, undue emphasis is given to genetic makeup and that too to attach negative traits in a human, as if humans are not created in best of forms and their bodies have to be engineered for survival (Islam et al., 2015).

Picture 4.1  Bonsai (on the left) and normal banyan tree they both have the same genetic makeup and the only thing different between them is the environment.

Picture 4.1 compares a Bonsai with a banyan tree to demostrate the role of the environment. Water is the deep, mysterious source of life. The Kidneys are the source and reserve tank of primal Yin, Yang, and Qi for the entire system — like a well that draws water up to the surface. An excellent analogy to demonstrate kidney functions was recently mentioned by Lucy Griffiths (Dean of Acupuncture, CCATCM). It compares kidney with a petroleum reserve. Petroleum reserve is defined by a fixed amount of total hydrocarbon. However, the several factors are crucial. They are: 1. Total amount of hydrocarbon production is a function of the mode of production. For instance, a rapid production would exhaust the reservoir and water-oil-ratio would be so high that the reservoir has to be abandoned prematurely, with more than 50% of reserve remaining untapped. This is equivalent to exhausting one’s Kidney Qi by indulging into excessive eating, drinking and sexual activities (Chapter 1, Mei Jing). 2. Often petroleum reservoirs are connected to water formations that can provide additional support as the oil reserve is depleted. With proper replenishment, oil recovery can be maintained for a long time without losing in flow rates and much as 80% of the reserve is produced. This mechanism is similar to providing adequate environment for a person.

436  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 This would include lifestyle, community support, and the overall environment. 3. During the production cycle of a petroleum reservoir, one can employ so-called Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), in which both external energy and fluid are injected into the formation to stimulate overall productivity. This operation greatly improves overall oil recovery efficiency. Analogous to EOR, kidneys can be replenished with nourishment from food and/or through meditation. Kidney deficiency and essence depletion are at the core in the development of age-related disharmonies (for instance, during male or female menopause, adolescence, geriatric state). For menopause, these disharmonies disrupt the body’s dynamic equilibrium, leading to yin deficiency, thus creating virtual (false) heat, a relative excess of yang develops into a hyperactive state inside the body. As a result, the primary signs of menopause problems include hot flushes, red face, hot sensations in the palms and soles, sweating, dizziness, ear ringing, lumbar soreness, menstrual irregularities and constipation. Since yin and yang mutually create and depend on each other, when a yang deficiency also develops, more complicated conditions such as cold limbs, chills, fatigue, gray pallor, puffiness, incontinence of urine and feces, sexual problems will occur. If disharmonies are not treated properly, restoring overall harmony, each age-related ailment can lead to spiraling down of the overall health.

4.11 Immunity and Kidney Although not explicitly mentioned, immunology has long been well-recognized as an important part of human physiology in TCM. As explained in the Chapter 72, chapter of Su Wen (Plain Questions ), written 2,000 years ago, “If zheng qi remains strong, xie qi cannot invade the body. Zheng qi must be weak when invasion of xie qi takes place.”3 TCM’s starting premise is that human body is well equipped to fight off pathogenic invasion. In case, pathogenic invasion overcomes natural defense, it suffices to restore original balance through food, exercise, and lifestyle adjustment. As such, the word ‘immunity’ does not appear in ancient Chinese vocabulary. While TCM has rushed to borrow New Medicine’s word ‘immunity’ to invent a 3

An energy imbalance occurs as a result of breakage of the relationship between real power and pathogenic power (Zheng Qi - Xie Qi).

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  437 Chinese term ‘mianyi’ (Hou and Jin, 2012). By following New Medicine, TCM has introduced the concept of hoadexing (acquired immunity) and xiantianxing (congenial immunity). While, there is nothing wrong in this division into two types of immunity, drawing parallel with New Medicine opens the gate to misinformation. As pointed out by Islam et al. (2015), this separation of inherent immunity from acquired immunity creates the illusion that immunity can be acquired through engineering or artificial ways. Immunity thus is removed from the notion of balance or energy and mass in human body. Scientifically, immunity go hand in hand with deficiency either in energy or mass. Note that the division between mass and energy is also artificial. This is because there is no energy in absence of mass. More importantly, a synthetic mass will not give rise to beneficial energy. However, in the immunity narrative, this information is entirely hidden. Next time, when synthetic chemicals are promoted as a vaccine, there is no scope or appetite in TCM to counter that. A simple review of available TCM literature reveals that none of mainstream TCM literature offers a valid criticism of synthetic vaccines – the very chemicals that would scientifically qualify to be the most harmful for destroying the immunity system (Islam et al., 2015). By using Ancient Chinese Medicine’s yin yang theory, along with 5-element theory, the real impact of synthetic medicine as well as pharmaceutical drugs, the Figure 4.15 figure can be constructed. Such destruction of natural immunity is described in the first chapter of Nei Jing. In the first chapter of Nei Jing, the Yellow emperor asks the profound question involving the environment and the lifestyle and their role in determining the quality of life. The answer begins with outlining the way Immunity Natural

Menopause/50 year health checkup

Vaccine/maintenance drug

Figure 4.15  Depicts how artificial chemicals can affect natural immunity in a human body.

438  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 of life being that of Tao. As quoted below, the opening chapter laments the time when people practiced Tao. Now, this Tao has been defined in many ways, all suffering from clear objective analysis. For instance, the year Ni published this book under review, Verellen (1995) introduced Taoism as a “a doctrine of liberation through submission, of control by means of noninterference, and of transcendence as a result of physiological and mental regimens” but failed to explain the fact that some rulers supported yet while others opposite, albeit defining this problem as a paradox. Yet, there is no paradox if the original philosophy, similar to every ancient philosophy, is recognized. Qi Bo replied, “In the past, people practiced the Tao, the Way of Life. They understood the principle of balance, of yin and yang, as represented by the transformation of the energies of the universe. Thus, they formulated practices such as Dao-in, an exercise combining stretching, massaging, and breathing to promote energy flow, and meditation to help maintain and harmonize themselves with the universe. They ate a balanced diet at regular times, arose and retired at regular hours, avoided overstressing their bodies and minds, and refrained from overindulgence of all kinds. They maintained well-being body and mind; thus, it is not surprising that they lived over one hundred years. 

(Ni, 1995, p. 1)

It involves identifying underlying fundamental premises. Islam (2018) in his seminal work: Political Philosophy in the East and West: In Search of Truth, characterized Ancient Chinese philosophy having the fundamental concept of: God is the source, everything else is His manifestation (avatar) and is in perfect harmony; peace is in harmony with nature, made out of fire, water, earth, and air. Everything in nature is in motion and transits through dual properties, hot and cold, summer and winter, day and night, male, female, etc. (Islam, 2018, p. 61) If this principle is invoked, one comes up with a definition of Tao that involves the pathway prescribed by God. Once that is allowed, all paradoxes and mysticism disappear. The ones that accept the above philosophy remain submissive to Tao, whereas others remain subversive and outright hostile. This concept of Tao has been molested by TCM, which was created by the Communist regime of China, who obviously did not want to see God

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  439 inserted in the definition of natural lifestyle. Ever since, in line with other branches of New Science, New Scientists as well as TCM practitioners ran with the notion of ‘natural’ instead of ‘conforming to Tao’. The results of this is manifested in lack of coherent and comprehensive approach in dealing with New Science. If this nonsense is removed and the original notion of Tao restored, qualities that are aligned with Tao are desired and the ones subversive to Tao are to be avoided. That would restore and strengthen natural immunity. Consider the following suggestions in Nei Jing. The desirable qualities are: - practicing the way of Tao (the standard of behavior) - performing Dao-in, ‘exercise involving various motions’, which promotes Qi flow. - Meditation - Balanced diet - Eating at regular times - Getting up and going to bed at regular hours - Calm - Recognize and maintain natural purity and clarity of mind - Honesty - Untainted conscience - Fearless - Active - Simple life - Content - Nourishing food - Season appropriate food and clothing - Compassion for others - Helpful and honest - Unshakable and unswayed by temptations - Just treatment irrespective of intelligence and social status Negative traits or qualities that need to be avoided are found in first three pages of Nei Jing. They are: • Zei feng4 4

Six pathogens (Zei Feng, 贼风) is often translated as ‘bandit winds’. As such, they are harmful to the human organism and tend to take advantage of extreme weather changes or temporary bodily weakness, enter the lungs through the openings of the body, thus triggering imbalances in bodily functions.

440  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 • • • • •

Undue desire Undue ambition Fear Depletion of jing (over work or over sex) Destructive habits (in particular drinking wine is pointed out)

These qualities are related to all five Zang organs (through emotions/ spirit), but primary connection is with water and the kidneys. The path of harmony starts with love whereas the path of disharmony starts with contempt. Figure 4.16 shows the general trends. If the path of disharmony is continued, human health and knowledge spiral down to a ‘cancerous’ destination. The bottom curve symbolizes what happens to human immunity system. Philosophically, a person who is grounded is unlikely to be swayed by distractions, thus retaining overall balance. Because heart is the monarch organ (the yang most organ), which governs the rest of the vital organs. A heart is in harmony with the Kidney (the yin most organ) when love is the starting point and the heart becomes a ‘peaceful heart’, ‘soul at peace’ (nafs mutma’inna in Arabic), or a Shen aligned with Tao, a well-grounded restful heart will clear the way to a healthy lifestyle, in which all organs will work in harmony. Dong et al. (2017) points out the “harmony between the heart and kidney” is paramount to proper functioning of a human

Knowledge/health/ welfare

Intangible/tangible balance Natural source

Love as the starting point Time Contempt as the starting point Ignorance/illness/ misery

Unnatural source

Figure 4.16  The starting point decides the long-term outcome of two opposing pathways.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  441 body. Any disharmony disharmony between the heart and kidney (also called disharmony between fire and water) refers to the pathological state. This state triggers overall breakdown of the organism if unchecked. The pattern of disharmony between the heart and kidney is widely observed in patients with insomnia, anxiety disorder and menopausal syndrome, etc. In order to gain a full and systematical understanding of this pattern, from the perspective of ancient Chinese philosophy and zang-fu theory in Chinese medicine, Dong et al. (2017) recently systematically reviewed and discussed the functions and physiological characteristics of the heart and kidney, the origin and development of theories relating to heart–kidney relationship, the pathogenesis and identification of the pattern, as well as the commonly used classical formulas for its treatment, including Coptis and Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction (Huánglián Ējiāo Tāng) and Grand Communication Pill (Jiāotài Wán). Two examples of clinical modifications of these formulas in the treatment of insomnia and menopausal syndrome are provided in that article. The kidney’s main functions are summarized as follows. Firstly, the kidney stores Jing. This is equivalent to the overall reserve, from which energy can be drawn. This reserve is finite but is guaranteed to last the lifetime of a person if judicious use is made by following Tao-conforming lifestyle. The Jing stored in the kidney promotes growth, development and the reproductive functions of the body, and it is also closely related to the generation of blood. Secondly, the kidney governs water. This means the kidney regulates water metabolism through the Qi transformation function of the kidney yang (Dong et al., 2017). Finally, the kidney governs Qi reception, in the form of assisting the lung in regulating respiration. Ling being the first line of defense against pathogen, this role is pivotal in protecting natural immunity of a human body. As the foundation of innate constitution, the kidney houses innate yin and yang, so it is regarded as the fundamental root of yin fluid and yang qi for all zang-fu organs within the human body. As the kidney is characterized by “housing and storing”, pathological changes of the kidney often belong to the deficiency type (Dong et al., 2017). More and more diseases have been found to be related to the immune system. Since a specific term for the immune system is not available in traditional Chinese medicine, when we analyze these diseases, the term “immune system” has to be borrowed from Western medicine or translated into. One has to explain that wei qi, in traditional Chinese medicine, does not mean immune system. Finally, the qi of lung, spleen and kidney is used to represent the immune system in the body. This explanation is not only wordy but also confusing and disappointing. If a new term for the immune

442  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 system can be created, it will be easy to have a more holistic understanding in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. With this new term, the inconvenience in language when describing the immune system in traditional Chinese medicine will be avoided. Any shortage or imbalance in either substance or function causes a condition known as “deficiency” (for example, deficiency in bioenergy or in blood and other body liquids). Functional deficiency includes all bodily functions: 1. nervous system, 2. endocrine system, 3. immune system, 4. cardiovascular system, 5. blood-generating system, and 6. metabolic system (Hou and Jin, 2012). In Chinese medicine, such discrete observations are not made. The entire pathological state is reduced in disharmony between Qi and blood. For instance, tonic herbs are defined as medicinal substances used to treat or prevent deficiency in the body (Dong et al., 1998). The term “tonic,” as used by TCM, is not familiar to New Medicine. Tonic medicines are not stimulants in the biological and pharmacological sense. Just like food, they are activators or nourishing agents for deficient or debilitated organs, and strengthen the body’s resistance to disease. For example, lack of appetite, constant diarrhea, feeling bloated after eating, a pale face, and a feeling of constant tiredness are caused by spleen deficiency. Vertigo, dizziness, or restlessness are likely due to deficiency of the liver. A cough, shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, and general weakness or feeling tired all the time may be due to a deficiency or insufficiency of bioenergy Qi. The term “deficiency” used in Western medicine describes deficiency of a substance essential in body metabolism, such as vitamin C deficiency. However, in TCM, it means more than just inadequacy in substance—it also means deficient activity of certain organs of the body. TCM doesn’t isolate various ingredients, keeping the wholesome nature of food as well as the body intact. In Chinese medicine, deficiency and weakened immunity go hand in hand. In Western medicine, the immune system can be compared to a defending army, constantly on the alert for viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancers, and other attackers. White blood cells are the main defenders in this system and are greatly assisted by the lymph nodes. Also important in the battle are bone marrow, the skin, and the epithelial linings of internal organs. This description is inadequate and is not amenable to holistic treatment. In Chinese medicine, if there is a deficiency in Qi or blood or a malfunction of any of the organs, each being part of the defense mechanism, the immune system is weakened. The defense system or immunity of the body may become weakened or completely lost once Qi becomes deficient, especially the Lung-Qi and the Spleen-Qi. Clinically observed symptoms such as shortness of

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  443 breath, breathlessness after movement, a disinclination to talk, spontaneous sweating or cold sweats, lassitude, and weariness are due to deficiency of the Lung-Qi. Symptoms of fatigue, lack of vitality, lassitude, edema, spontaneous sweating, loose bowel movements, poor appetite, hernias, and prolapse of the uterus or rectum are likely due to deficiency of Spleen-Qi. However, the Kidneys or the Jing storage plays a pivotal part. For instance, deficiency of Qi is quite common in the elderly owing to naturally depleted state of Jing. This is aggravated for people that are overweight, cancer patients, and those who are recovering from surgery or suffering a long illness (Long, 1998). As stated in previous sections, these conditions are direct results of lifestyle, particularly the quality of water consumed. In this process, a deficiency of blood also plays an important role. For example, a sallow complexion; paleness of the lips, tongue, and nails; dizziness; blurred vision; palpitations; delayed menstrual cycle with scanty, pale menstrual blood; or amenorrhea are common symptoms of blood deficiency. These syndromes are all triggered with the Kidneys. However, they end up affecting heart, liver, and spleen, resulting in Qi deficiency (triggered by blood deficiency). In addition to Qi deficiency and blood deficiency, yin deficiency or yang deficiency can occur. These are, however, not isolated. Yin and yang are complementary in composition and function; they are the inseparable parts of one unit, whether an organ or the human body. The balance of yin and yang in a system maintains the normal functioning of the system. An excess of one means a corresponding deficiency in the other. In other words, yin deficiency leads to excess or hyperactivity of yang, and vice versa. Because the Qi, the blood, the yin, and the yang in the human body are interdependent, deficiency of Qi is often accompanied by deficiency of yang. Deficiency of yang is most likely to develop or lead to deficiency of Qi. Similarly, deficiency of yin is usually accompanied by deficiency of blood, and deficiency of blood is likely to cause deficiency of yin. The term, Nei wei Qi (internal defensive Qi) is coined in TCM to represent the immune system. Nei wei Qi is a part of the zheng Qi of the body. It comes from yuan Qi and is nourished by acquired nutrients. It belongs to Qi and yin. It is located both inside and outside blood vessels. It runs through the entire body, including the five zang organs, six fu organs, head, limbs, etc. The normal function of nei wei Qi is vital in ensuring the normal function of the zang fu organs. It is important to note that nei wei Qi is affected by the quality of the food. Natural food would nourish it whereas artificial (source or process) would insult it. An insulted nei wei Qi will be

444  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 lead to deficiency in zang fu organ deficiency. The three functions of nei wei qi are • Defense; • Surveillance; and • tolerance. Defense means that nei wei qi recognizes, mobilizes, attacks and eliminates xie qi such as pathogens, microbes, vaccines, toxins, or anything artificial (not recognized as organic). Surveillance means continuous monitoring of anomalies, any occurrence of unbalanced act. Any anomaly would be dealt with during this surveillance process (e.g. destruction of cancer cells). A properly functioning system is self-correcting. Tolerance means ‘not panicking’ at small deviation from the norm. This allows for body temperature to fluctuate, albeit very slightly, within limits during the days or the season. At the same time, tolerance would trigger surveillance and defense mechanisms in case of anomalies. It also means that nei wei qi can recognize and differentiate the foreign from the self; the foreign is attacked and the self is preserved by nei wei qi. This is contrary to the New Medicine concept of ‘fooling’ the system. This concept promotes the false premise that a body organism can be deceived with artificial entities. The whole process becomes nonfunctional if nei wei qi is deficient, which can then lead to the body suffering from infections. If nei wei qi is persistently deficient, the chance of tumor development is high. When tolerance is disturbed, nei wei qi will act against the self and cause autoimmune diseases. There is always an underlying deficiency behind these autoimmune diseases. Zheng qi refers to an antipathogenic factor in the body, while xie qi refers to the pathogenic factor. The latter is the negative force – a term often avoided by modern writers, who are influenced by the new age philosophy that ‘there is no such thing as good and bad’. This concept is absent in human history. Throughout history, good and bad always existed and always conflicted in a ‘struggle’. Modern writers, who are ignorant of the true purpose of life, have conveniently settled for this new age mantra. For instance, in Islam5 and every ancient society, the struggle between good and bad marked the screening of conscientious people, who would be 5

In the Hadith of Book of Muslim, the first hadith confirms that good and evil are created for the purpose of testing humans. It considers to be path of the faith, stated as: ‘…faith ُ ‫ )َنِمْؤ‬is stated as a foundaْ ‫بِهِر‬ in the Divine Decree about good and evil’ (‫شَو‬ َ ‫تَو ِرَد‬ َ ‫يَخِهِّر‬ ِ ‫قْلا‬ tional to Islamic faith. (Muslim 1:1)

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  445 rewarded in the long run. Similar suggestion is made in Nei Jing, which talks about different categories of humans. The philosophic theory on the struggle between zheng qi and xie qi represents the core idea of immunology. The confrontation of xie qi with zheng qi and xie qi explains the battle between the immune function of the body and the pathogenic factors. The entire therapeutic technique revolves around helping zheng qi to expel xie qi. In the 16th-century Ming Dynasty, the Chinese used dry powder from the skin scabs of smallpox patients to blow into the nose of healthy people in order to protect the body from smallpox. This was the earliest vaccine. Combining modern science with traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese scientists have found many herbs regulating immune functions. Acupuncture and qi gong also have the effect of improving the immune system. In treating the severe and high-mortality disease AIDS, Chinese medicine shows superior advantages (Science Museum, 2019).

4.12 A Review of Modern Immunology Immunology is the science of studying the principle and application of the body’s immune phenomena. Immunology started from anti-­infection immunology. Modern immunology is far beyond this point. The immune system consists of immune organs (thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymphatic vessels and nodes), immune cells (T-cells, B-lymphocytes, macrophages, natural-killer cells, neutrophils and antigen-presentation cells), soluble substances such as immunoglobulin, complement proteins, cytokine, major histocompatibility complex molecules and adhesion molecules. The immune system can recognize both “self ” and “non-self.” Microbes such as germs or other microorganisms, cancer cells and transplanted tissues or organs are all interpreted by the immune system as “non-self,” which the body must ward off. The three functions of the immune system are defense, surveillance and tolerance. Defense means that the immune system recognizes, mobilizes, forces, attacks and eliminates the antigen such as microbes, vaccine and toxin. If defense is weak or absent, the body is vulnerable to severe infections. Surveillance refers to eliminating cancer cells. If the immune system is deficient, the body can develop cancer easily. Tolerance means the immune system can recognize and differentiate “nonself ” from “self ” and attack the former while preserving the latter. When tolerance is disturbed, the immune system will act against “self ” and cause autoimmune diseases.

446  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4

4.13 The Fantasy of Autoimmune Disease (as related to New Science) As a group of disorders, autoimmunity ranks as the third most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western World (Getts et al., 2013). An ‘autoimmune disease’ is a perceived condition in which human immune system ‘mistakenly’ attacks one’s own body. This narrative starts with the narrative that humans are born with inherent defects and the immune system is susceptible to making mistakes. As discussed by Islam et al. (2016), human bodies are created under perfect of conditions. However, New Science has introduced ‘original sin’ like false premises. As such, it allows for the human immune system to mistake part of the body, such as joints or skin, as foreign. As a follow-up of the original ‘mistake’, it then releases proteins, called autoantibodies that attack healthy cells (Elkon and Casali, 2008). Going back to decades, it has been postulated that antibodies that bind to a variety of exogenous antigens, such as those on bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as self-antigens (e.g., nucleic acids, phospholipids, erythrocytes, serum proteins, cellular components, insulin or thyroglobulin) account for a significant proportion of immunoglobulins in healthy individuals (Casali and Schettino, 1996). In further extension of this theory, it said that autoimmune diseases are organ specific. It is said that some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. For instance, Type 1 diabetes damages the pancreas. Other diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affect the whole body. There have been many dogmatic efforts to explain away how an immune system manages to make such a ‘mistake’ and turns against the body and all of them are unsurprisingly paradoxical. It is in general agreed that doctors do not know how the immune system misbehaves but it is acknowledged that some people are less likely to be affected, thus fomenting the ‘defective gene’ narrative. After this narrative is established, studies then focus on finding correlation between various lifestyle choices and the occurrence of the autoimmune diseases (e.g. Kim et al., 2015). Several studies have surfaced to show that women get autoimmune diseases at a rate of about 2 to 1 compared to men (Carey et al., 2015). Also, correlation has been made with regards to age and ethnicity. For instance, women ages 15 to 44 are found to be at greatest risk for lupus. Meanwhile, minorities (e.g. African American and Hispanic) are deemed at greater risk than whites (Wahlberg, 2018). In support of ‘defective gene’ narrative, certain autoimmune diseases, such as, multiple sclerosis and lupus, are considered to run in families.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  447 Not every family member will necessarily have the same disease, but they inherit a vulnerability to an autoimmune condition (McCombe et al., 1990). Unsurprisingly, the causes of these autoimmune diseases remain unclear at best. It turns out that the genetic factors cannot shift in the span of a single generation, so genes alone cannot explain the recent rise of these diseases. In order to explain such occurrences, efforts have been made to combine genetic effects with environmental factors. In particular, an interplay that appears to be modulated by microbes that make their home in the human gut appears to be an attractive narrative scientists have resorted to (Konke, 2016). The “western diet” or the surge of processed food is another suspected risk factor for developing an autoimmune disease. Eating high-fat, high-sugar, and highly processed foods is thought to be linked to inflammation, which might set off an immune response. However, every time a correlation has been published linking processed food with autoimmune disease, there has been a counter publication that negated the correlation (Islam et al., 2016). A 2015 study focused on another theory called the hygiene hypothesis (Hesselmar et al., 2015). Because of vaccines and antiseptics, children today are not exposed to as many germs as they were in the past. The lack of exposure could make their immune system prone to overreact to harmless substances. The hygiene hypothesis stipulates that microbial exposure during early life induces immunologic tolerance via immune stimulation, and hence reduces the risk of allergy development. Several common lifestyle factors and household practices, such as dishwashing methods, may increase microbial exposure. Questionnaire-based study of 1029 children aged 7 to 8 years from Kiruna, in the north of Sweden, and Mölndal, in the Gothenburg area on the southwest coast of Sweden. Questions on asthma, eczema, and rhinoconjunctivitis were taken from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. This study observed that hand dishwashing is associated with a reduced risk of allergic disease development (multivariate analysis, odds ratio 0.57; 95% confidence interval: 0.37–0.85). The risk was found to be further reduced in a dose-response pattern if the children were also served fermented food and if the family bought food directly from farms. In families who use hand dishwashing, allergic diseases in children are less common than in children from families who use machine dishwashing. Hesselmar et al. (2015) postulated that a less-efficient dishwashing method may induce tolerance via increased microbial exposure. This study points to a possible explanation why the ‘defective gene’ narrative did not answer any question that arise and why such narrative fails to predict behavior of the immune system in a healthy person.

448  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 There are more than 80 different autoimmune diseases. Here are 14 of the most common ones. 1. Type 1 diabetes The pancreas produces the hormone insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. High blood sugar results can lead to damage in the blood vessels, as well as organs like the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. 2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the immune system attacks the joints. This attack causes redness, warmth, soreness, and stiffness in the joints. Unlike osteoarthritis, which commonly affects people as they get older, RA can start as early as your 30s or sooner. 3. Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis Skin cells normally grow and then shed when they’re no longer needed. Psoriasis causes skin cells to multiply too quickly. The extra cells build up and form inflamed red patches, commonly with silver-white scales of plaque on the skin. Up to 30 percent of people with psoriasis also develop swelling, stiffness, and pain in their joints. This form of the disease is called psoriatic arthritis. 4. Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) damages the myelin sheath, the protective coating that surrounds nerve cells, in your central nervous system. Damage to the myelin sheath slows the transmission speed of messages between your brain and spinal cord to and from the rest of your body. This damage can lead to symptoms like numbness, weakness, balance issues, and trouble walking. The disease comes in several forms that progress at different rates. According to a 2012 studyTrusted Source, about 50 percent of people with MS need help walking within 15 years after the disease starts. 5. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Although doctors in the 1800s first described lupus as a skin disease because of the rash it commonly produces, the systemic form, which is most the common, actually affects many organs, including the joints, kidneys, brain, and heart.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  449 6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Joint pain, fatigue, and rashes are among the most common symptoms. Inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used to describe conditions that cause inflammation in the lining of the intestinal wall. Each type of IBD affects a different part of the GI tract. Crohn’s disease can inflame any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. Ulcerative colitisaffects only the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. Addison’s disease Addison’s disease affects the adrenal glands, which produce the hormones cortisol and aldosterone as well as androgen hormones. Having too little of cortisol can affect the way the body uses and stores carbohydrates and sugar (glucose). Deficiency of aldosterone will lead to sodium loss and excess potassium in the bloodstream. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and low blood sugar. Graves’ disease Graves’ disease attacks the thyroid gland in the neck, causing it to produce too much of its hormones. Thyroid hormones control the body’s energy usage, known as metabolism. Having too much of these hormones revs up your body’s activities, causing symptoms like nervousness, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, and weight loss. One potential symptom of this disease is bulging eyes, called exophthalmos. It can occur as a part of what is called Graves’ ophthalmopathy, which occurs in around 30 percent of those who have Graves’ disease (Ji et al., 2018). Sjögren’s syndrome This condition attacks the glands that provide lubrication to the eyes and mouth. The hallmark symptoms of Sjögren’s syndrome are dry eyes and dry mouth, but it may also affect the joints or skin. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroid hormone production slows to a deficiency. Symptoms include weight gain, sensitivity to cold, fatigue, hair loss, and swelling of the thyroid (goiter).

450  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 11. Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis affects nerve impulses that help the brain control the muscles. When the communication from nerves to muscles is impaired, signals can’t direct the muscles to contract. The most common symptom is muscle weakness that gets worse with activity and improves with rest. Often muscles that control eye movements, eyelid opening, swallowing, and facial movements are involved. 12. Autoimmune vasculitis Autoimmune vasculitis happens when the immune system attacks blood vessels. The inflammation that results narrows the arteries and veins, allowing less blood to flow through them. 13. Pernicious anemia This condition causes deficiency of a protein, made by stomach lining cells, known as intrinsic factor that is needed in order for the small intestine to absorb vitamin B-12 from food. Without enough of this vitamin, one will develop an anemia, and the body’s ability for proper DNA synthesis will be altered. Pernicious anemia is more common in older adults. According to a 2012 study, it affects 0.1 percent of people in general, but nearly 2 percent of people over age 60 (Cooper and Biondi, 2012). 14. Celiac disease People with celiac disease cannot eat foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and other grain products. When gluten is in the small intestine, the immune system attacks this part of the gastrointestinal tract and causes inflammation. Lebwohl (2015) noted that celiac disease affects about 1 percent of people in the United States. A larger number of people have reported gluten sensitivity, which isn’t an autoimmune disease, but can have similar symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal pain. Autoimmune disease symptoms are common. The early symptoms of many autoimmune diseases are very similar, such as: - Fatigue - achy muscles - swelling and redness

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  451 - - - - -

low-grade fever trouble concentrating numbness and tingling in the hands and feet hair loss skin rashes

Individual diseases can also have their own unique symptoms. For example, type 1 diabetes causes extreme thirst, weight loss, and fatigue. IBD causes belly pain, bloating, and diarrhea. With autoimmune diseases, such as, psoriasis or RA, symptoms may come and go. A period of such symptoms is called a flare-up. A period when the symptoms go away is called remission. Rheumatologists treat joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis as well as other autoimmune diseases, such as, Sjögren’s syndrome and SLE. Gastroenterologists treat diseases of the GI tract, such as celiac and Crohn’s disease. Endocrinologists treat conditions of the glands, including Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and Addison’s disease. They all are aimed at ‘fixing’ natural ‘anomalies’ of the immune system. Dermatologists treat skin conditions, such as psoriasis. Once again, this treatment is focused on external features of the disease. Not surprisingly, not a single test can diagnose most autoimmune diseases. The doctor uses a combination of tests and a review of the symptoms and physical examination to diagnose. The antinuclear antibody test (ANA) is often one of the first tests that doctors use when symptoms suggest an autoimmune disease. A positive test means the patient may have one of these diseases, but it will not confirm exactly which one he/she has or if the ailment is in fact autoimmune related. None of the treatments can cure autoimmune diseases and they are designed to control the overactive immune response and bring down inflammation or at least reduce pain and inflammation. Drugs used to treat these conditions include: 1. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) and naproxen (Naprosyn) 2. immune-suppressing drugs: Treatments are also available to relieve symptoms like pain, swelling, fatigue, and skin rashes.

4.13.1 Perceived Malfunctioning of the Immune System Crow and Ronnblom (2019) describe such mechanism in Lupus. Specifically, Type I interferons (IFN) can have dual and opposing roles in

452  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 immunity, with effects that are beneficial or detrimental to the individual depending on whether IFN pathway activation is transient or sustained. Determinants of IFN production and its functional consequences include the nature of the microbial or nucleic acid stimulus, the type of nucleic acid sensor involved in inducing IFN, the predominant subtype of type I IFN produced and the immune ecology of the tissue at the time of IFN expression. When dysregulated, the type I IFN system drives many autoimmune and non-autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including SLE and the tissue inflammation associated with chronic infection. The type I IFN system may also contribute to outcomes for patients affected by solid cancers or myocardial infarction. However, the mechanisms of induction and response to type I IFNs across these diseases, and patient endophenotyping is little known. The key may be the inability of the autoimmune theory to determine whether the cytokine is acting as ‘friend’ or ‘foe’, within a particular patient, and at the time of treatment. Crow and Ronnblom (2019) summarized currently available theories that attempt to explain autoimmune diseases in the context of Lupus. Following is a description of the mechanism described under Lupus (Elkon and Casali, 2008). This example is for Type I interferons (interferon-α and interferon-β), which are potent activators of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. Patients with systemic lupus are reported to have increased levels of interferon in serum, for no obvious reason. Serum from patients with systemic lupus or Sjögren’s syndrome, when incubated with extracts of apoptotic or necrotic cells, stimulates the production of type I interferon, and this phenomenon is abrogated by exposure to nucleases. The molecular mechanisms that are responsible for interferon (and other cytokine) production explain how autoantibodies against nucleoprotein antigens become self-perpetuating. In brief, when anti-DNA autoantibodies that have bound to chromatin (which contains DNA) or those against Sm/RNP that have bound to Sm or RNP (which contain small nuclear RNAs) enter cells through the B-cell receptor or FcγR, the nucleic acid stimulates an intracellular Toll-like receptor (Figure 4.17), resulting in interferon production and immune activation. Although not yet proven, the presentation of peptides derived from the proteins stimulates T cells, probably accounting for the specificity of the immune response. These mechanisms, which have led to the so-called Toll hypothesis might apply to other systemic autoimmune diseases and could generate other cytokines as well. The role of Pathogenic autoantibodies effects is explained in Figure 4.17. They cause inflammation and tissue injury. (a) Autoantibodies produced by B lymphocytes bind to self-antigens released by apoptotic or necrotic

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  453

Interferon-α

APC

pDC

B

T Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines

(a)

Autoantibody Nucleoprotein antigen (b)

Figure 4.17  From Elkon and Casali (2008).

cells, forming antigen–antibody (immune) complexes. When antigens in the immune complexes contain nucleic acids and are endocytosed by pDCs, Toll-like receptors are activated and the pDCs secrete interferon-α. This cytokine activates B and T lymphocytes as well as APCs such as macrophages and dendritic cells. In addition, the immune complexes might be phagocytosed by APCs resulting in the release of other inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6) and chemokines. (b) Immune complexes deposit in the vessels as well as the kidneys and lungs. The immune complexes activate inflammatory pathways through interaction with FcγRs and complement. Abbreviations: APC, antigen-presenting cell; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell.

4.13.2 Deconstruction of Autoimmune Disorder Getts et al. (2013) pointed out some of the paradoxes that arise from the autoimmune narrative. They pointed out that although genetic linkage studies support a critical underlying role for genetics, the geographic distribution of these disorders as well as the low concordance rates in monozygotic twins suggest that a combination of other factors including environmental ones are involved. They identified several shortcomings of

454  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 the autoimmune narrative. Most importantly, it is not able to predict onset of an ailment, not does it provide one with a logical description of viral infection as a primary factor that has been implicated in the initiation of autoimmune disease. It does not account for viral infections triggered by a robust and usually well-coordinated immune response that is critical for viral clearance. However, in some instances, immune regulatory mechanisms may falter, culminating in the breakdown of self-tolerance, resulting in immune-mediated attack directed against both viral and self-antigens. Traditionally, cross-reactive T-cell recognition, known as molecular mimicry, as well as bystander T-cell activation, culminating in epitope spreading, have been the predominant mechanisms elucidated through which infection may culminate in a T-cell-mediated autoimmune response. Cusick et al. (2012) pointed out that molecular mimicry offers a logical explanation of the viral infection without resorting to dogmatic assertion of autoimmune response. Molecular mimicry has typically been characterized on an antibody or T cell level. However, structural relatedness between pathogen and self does not account for T cell activation in a number of autoimmune diseases. Cusick et al. (2012) reviewed what is known about molecular mimicry followed by a discussion of the current understanding of dual TCRs. They also discuss three mechanisms, including molecular mimicry, dual TCRs, and chimeric TCRs, by which dual reactivity of the T cell may play a role in autoimmune diseases. Examples of human autoimmune diseases with possible links with molecular mimicry are presented in Table 4.5 (From Cusick et al., 2012). The immune system has a number of mechanisms that are able to detect foreign pathogens by utilizing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This locus encodes the HLA genes and a variety of immune response (Ir) genes, thereby shaping the immune system that protects against pathogens. There are two main types of HLA antigens, HLA class I and class II. The function of HLA class I molecules is to present viral peptides at the surface of an infected cell to a T cell receptor (TCR) on a CD8+ T cell. The activation of these CD8+ T cells leads to the killing of the virally infected cell. This role of HLA class I, the identification of cells that are infected, explains why all nucleated cells have the capacity to express these MHC molecules. In the autoimmune disease narrative, this powerful feature of humn immune system is ignored, thus creating a paradox, which is not remedied. In addition to its role in protection against pathogens, Cusick et al. (2012) identified a second critical role of the MHC and Ir genes and that is to safeguard against self-reactivity by restriction of the immune response to self.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  455

Table 4.5  Examples of human autoimmune diseases with possible molecular mimicry as a mechanism. Human diseases

Target

T cells/Ab

Human antigen mimicked

Spondyloarthropathies (SpAs), ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis and undifferentiated SpA

Lumbar spine and sacroiliac joints

Abs

HLA-B27

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella, Chlamydia trachomatis, and other gram-negative bacteria

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Fetal loss and thromboembolic phenomena

Abs

β2-glycoprotein I

Bacteria, viruses, yeast, and tetanus toxin

Autoimmune chronic gastritis (AIG) (gastric atrophy, hypochloridria and pernicious anemia)

Stomach epithelium cells or parietal cell canaliculi

T cell/Abs

H+, K+-ATPase, parietal cell canaliculi

Helicobacter pylori

Cogan’s syndrome

Eye and ear

Abs

SSA/Ro; (DEP-1/ CD148); connexin 26

Reovirus III major core protein lambda 1

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

Platelet

Abs

Platelet; plateletassociated immunoglobulin G (PAIgG)

Helicobacter pylori

Organism

(Continued)

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Table 4.5  Examples of human autoimmune diseases with possible molecular mimicry as a mechanism. (Continued) Human antigen mimicked

Human diseases

Target

T cells/Ab

Behçet’s disease

Eyes, skin, oral cavity, joints, genital system, CNS and blood vessels

T cell

HSP60, HSP65, HSP70, alphatropomyosin, S-antigens

Organism Mycobacterial HSP, Plasmodium falciparum

Cardiomyopathy (myocarditis)

Heart

T cell/Abs

Cardiac myosin

Coxsackie virus, group A streptococci, chlamydia, or Trypanosoma cruzi

Celiac sprue (celiac disease)

Small intestine

T cell

Transglutaminase

Gliadin (gluten), perinatal infections, adenovirus 12, hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Chagas disease

Heart

T cell

Cardiac myosin

Trypanosoma cruzi B13 protein

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Schwann cells

Abs

Monosialoganglioside GM2

Melanoma, Campylobacter jejuni

Crohn’s disease

Gastrointestinal tract

T cell

Unknown

Gram-positive bacterial peptidoglycans

Dermatomyositis (juvenile)

Skin and muscle

T cell

Skeletal myosin

Streptococcus pyogenes M5 protein (Continued)

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  457

Table 4.5  Examples of human autoimmune diseases with possible molecular mimicry as a mechanism. (Continued) Human diseases

Target

T cells/Ab

Human antigen mimicked

Organism

Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia

B cell

Abs

IgG-Fc

HCV

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Gangliosides and peripheral nerve

Abs

Peripheral nerve

Campylobacter jejuni

Insulin dependent diabetes (type I)

Pancreas

T cell

Islet antigens (GAD 65, proinsulin carboxypeptidase H)

Coxsackie B virus, rubella, rotavirus, herpes, rhinovirus, hantavirus, flavivirus and retrovirus

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic

Abs

60 Kda Ro

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV nuclear antigen-1)

Multiple sclerosis

Myelin

T cell

Myelin basic protein

EBV, measles and HHV-6

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Liver (intrahepatic bile ducts)

Abs/B and T cell

PDE2, GP210, human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E2 (PDCE2), HLA-DR

Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cytomegalovirus, and Haemophilus influenza

Psoriasis

Skin

T cell

Epidermal keratins

Streptococcus pyogenes (streptococcal M protein) (Continued)

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Table 4.5  Examples of human autoimmune diseases with possible molecular mimicry as a mechanism. (Continued) Human diseases

Target

T cells/Ab

Human antigen mimicked

Rheumatic fever

Heart

Abs/T cell

Cardiac myosin

M protein (major virulence factor of group A streptococci) and streptococcus carbohydrate epitope GlcNAc

Rasmussen’s encephalitis

CNS

Abs

Antiglutamate receptor (GLUR3)

Microorganisms

Acute disseminating encephalomyelitis

CNS

T cell

Myelin basic protein

Measles virus, rabies vaccine, HHV6, coronavirus, influenza virus hemagglutinin, EBV, Semliki Forest virus

Myasthenia gravis

CNS

Abs

Acetylcholine receptor, neurofilaments

Herpes simplex virus type 1 gpD

Graft vs host disease

Solid organ transplant

Abs

HLA-DR, CD13 (aminopeptidase N)

Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)

Organism

Herpes stromal keratitis

Eye

T cell

Corneal tissue

Herpes simplex virus-type 1

Lyme arthritis

Joints

Abs

Human leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (hLFA-1)

Borrelia burgdorferi

(Continued)

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  459

Table 4.5  Examples of human autoimmune diseases with possible molecular mimicry as a mechanism. (Continued) Human antigen mimicked

Human diseases

Target

T cells/Ab

Sydenham’s chorea

Brain

Abs

β-Tubulin, GlcNAc, calcium/ calmodulindependent protein (CaM)

Organism Goup A streptococcus

Autoimmune uveitis

Eye and pineal gland in the brain

T cell

S-Antigen, interphotoreceptor binding protein (IRBP)

Viruses

Scleroderma

Endothelial cells

Abs

NAG-2 (tetraspan novel antigen-2)

hCMV UL94 protein

Sjögren’s syndrome

Systemic

Abs

Ro60 kD

Coxsackie virus

Stiff-person syndrome

Neurons and β cells

T cell/Abs

GAD65

hCMV (pUL57)

Peptic/gastric ulcer

Gastric mucosa

Abs

Gastric mucosa antigens (Lewis antigens)

Helicobacter pylori

460  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 In this regard, the immune system has developmental checkpoints for the maturation of a T cell. As a naïve T cell expressing a pre-TCR migrates from the bone marrow to the thymus, rearrangement of α and β TCR genes occurs and T cells that have either too high avidity or lack of recognition of self-antigens are selected against and subsequently programmed for cell death. This selection mechanism for generating mature αβ TCRs is named central tolerance. Further, peripheral mechanisms of tolerance are able to suppress autoreactive T cells through certain subsets of cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) that are able to inhibit self-reactive immune cells in the periphery. Unfortunately, if the proper mechanism is not identified and chemical treatment is commenced, there are a variety of mechanisms including molecular mimicry, bystander activation, exposure of cryptic antigens, and superantigens by which pathogens can aid in the expression of an autoimmune disease (Fujinami and Oldstone, 1985; Oldstone, 1987; Fujinami et al., 1983). Inflammation induced by exposure to a foreign antigen can lead to autoimmune diseases from cross-reactive epitopes (molecular mimicry). These epitopes are segments of foreign antigens which, when presented to either T or B cells in the context of the MHC, can activate CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. The induction of the immune response and subsequent proinflammatory cytokine release is critical for clearance of a virus or bacteria. However, a sustained proinflammatory response against specific host tissues can occur when there is sequence or structural homology between foreign antigens and self-antigens, termed molecular mimicry(Fujinami et al., 1983). Although this concept has been associated with autoimmunity, there are instances where mimicry (cross-reactivity) provides protection for the host, termed heterologous immunity (Chen et al., 2001). Crossreactivity or mimicry between various strains of viruses or bacteria could help explain how protective immunity arises in certain individuals even in the absence of prior exposure to an emerging pathogen. This example of sequence homology in which molecular mimicry between viruses leads to protective immunity is in contrast to a pathogen mimicking host epitopes. Cusick et al. (2012) presented another important aspect of autoimmune functions. They gave examples of experiments, which showed that conventional inflammatory responses to specific pathogens were able to induce disease in animals primed with a molecular mimic to a CNS antigen. Therefore, not only is the priming of the immune system necessary for an autoimmune disease but the milieu to which the primed immune cells are exposed is an important factor in initiating an autoimmune disease. Animal models of various autoimmune diseases have explored the role of molecular mimicry as a contributing factor (Table 4.6). This explains the efficacy

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  461 Table 4.6  Examples of murine models of autoimmune diseases where molecular mimicry is proposed as a mechanism (From Cusick et al., 2012). Human autoimmune disease

Mouse strain

Initiating agent(s)

Behçet’s disease

ICR mice

HSV type 1 (F strain) inoculation in ear lobe

Myocarditis

BALB/c

Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)

Insulin-dependent diabetes (type I)

Tg mice expressing LCMV protein in pancreas

Pichinde virus infection of mice

Guillain–Barré syndrome

BALB/c

lipooligosaccharide of Brucella melitensis

Autoimmune hepatitis type 2

FVB

infection with recombinant adenovirus encoding human cytochome CYP2D6

Herpes stromal keratitis

C.AL-20

HSV-1

Autoimmune uveitis

C3H/HeN

Salmonella typhimurium

Sjögren’s syndrome

C57BL/6; [B6]+/+; Fas-deficient B6-lpr/lpr; TNFR1deficient B6; and TNFR1-deficient lpr/lpr)

MCMV

Multiple sclerosis

SJL/J C57BL/6

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus Semliki Forest virus infection

of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is to prevent or treat certain auto-immune diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). It belongs to a class of medications known as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Typically, HCQ is attractive to virus-infected cell, which then can be destroyed by pH of the milieu manipulated by the chemical changes invoked by HCQ (Liang et al., 2018).

462  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Other hypotheses, including virus induced decoy of the immune system are also discussed for their potential for triggering autoimmunity. Getts et al. (2013) discussed the mechanisms by which virus infection and antiviral immunity contribute to the development of autoimmunity. In particular, the infection of the CNS represents the failure of critical immune surveillance mechanisms and is most common in immune-compromised individuals, often times leading to morbidity in survivors. Numerous highly pathogenic viruses, including those from the paramyxoviridae, flaviviridae, and herpesviridae families are known to infect cells within the brain (Table 4.7); however, only a handful including EBV, MV, and HTLV-1 have been linked with MS or other demyelinating disorders. The development of autoimmunity as result of CNS infection requires a significant number of events to occur (Figure 4.18). The mechanisms by which viruses gain access to the CNS, directly/indirectly cause cell damage and death, activate the immune response, and initiate autoreactive responses are The development of autoimmunity as result of CNS infection requires a significant number of events to occur (Figure 4.18). The mechanisms by which viruses gain access to the CNS, directly/indirectly cause cell damage and death, activate the immune response, and initiate autoreactive responseshave been discussed by Getts et al. (2013).

4.13.3 Role of Viruses Ancient medicinal practices lumped bacterial, viruses and other environmental ‘pathogens’ were lumped together as ‘evil air’ (xie Qi), without regards to their specific origin (Unschuld, 1985; 1988). It was during the JinYuan dynasty (115-1268 AD) that a number of prominent Chinese physicians who introduced the concept of characterization of pathogens (the six evil being wind, cold, damp, heat, summer heat, dryness). The most prominent of them is Liu Wansu (1120-1200), whose belief centered around five movements (yun) and six influences. He placed particular emphasis on heat or fire. Today that notion would coincide with viral infection. For a long time, viruses have been shown to modify the clinical picture of several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), celiac disease (CD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) (Smatti et al., 2019). Some of the examples of viral infections that have been proposed to modulate the induction and development of autoimmune diseases are the infections with enteric viruses such as Coxsackie B virus (CVB) and rotavirus, influenza A viruses (IAV), and herpesviruses. Other viruses that have been studied in this context

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  463

Table 4.7  Select viruses associated with central nervous system autoimmune diseases (from Getts et al., 2013). Virus

Species

Family

Associated with autoimmune disease

Mechanism

Measles virus

Human

Paramyxoviridae

Yes – multiple sclerosis (MS)

Bystander activationa Molecular mimicrya

Epstein– Barr virus

Human

Herpesviridae

Yes – MS

Bystander activationa Molecular mimicrya

HTLV-1

Human

Retroviridae

Picornoviridae

Yes – HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis

Bystander activationa

Yes – TMEV-induced demyelinating disease

Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicrya

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)

Mouse

Japenese encephalitis virus (JEV)

Mouse

Flaviviridae

Yes

Molecular mimicry

Sindbis virus

Mouse

Flaviviridae

Yes

Molecular mimicry

Semliki Forest virus

Mouse

Flaviviridae

Yes

Molecular mimicry

WNV

Human/Mouse

Flaviviridae

Yes

Immune decoya

Epitope spreading bystander activation

Bystander activationa a

 Suggested or proposed mechanism.

464  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Inoculation/ Infection

Entry into CNS 1. BBB infection 2. Retrograde axonal transport 3. Trojan Horse 4. Choroid plexus

Cell Death 1. Direct viral lysis 2. Indirect

Immune Activation 1. PAMP’s, TLR’s 2. Innate Immune 3. Adaptive

Autoimmunity 1. Molecular Mimicry 2. Bystander Activation 3. Epitope Spreading 4. Microbial toxins & Immune deviation

Figure 4.18  Schematic outlining the potential pathway(s) through which infection may trigger autoimmunity (from Getts et al., 2013).

include, measles, mumps, and rubella. Epidemiological studies in humans and experimental studies in animal have shown that viral infections can induce or protect from autoimmunopathologies depending on several factors including genetic background, host-elicited immune responses, type of virus strain, viral load, and the onset time of infection. Matta et al. (2019) reviewed available data that show that viral-induced autoimmunity can be activated through multiple mechanisms including

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  465 molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation, and immortalization of infected B cells. On the other hand, the protective effects can be achieved via regulatory immune responses which lead to the suppression of autoimmune phenomena. It shows that any artificial chemical (such as medicines) can interfere with the natural immune system. In ancient Chinese as well as Islamic medicine, the role of virus or any other pathogen is well recognized. However, New Medicine advanced several hypotheses, none of which clearly describes the role of virus-induced autoimmunity. Matta et al. (2019) summarized the recent findings on virally induced autoimmunity and the potential underlying mechanisms triggering the development of the autoimmune disorder. Figure 4.19 summarizes some of those models.

(a) Molecular mimicry

(b) Bystander activation

Self antigens

MHC II APC

Virus

TCR

Autoreactive T cell

APC TCR

Autoreactive T cell

Cytokines

Viruses carry antigens structurally similar to self antigens

2

Self antigens

3 APC Autoreactive T cell

4

1

Self antigens released from damaged tissue

Non-specific anti-viral response/inflammation

MHC II Autoreactive T cell

Virus

2

Cross reactive response against self and non-self antigens

(c) Epitome spreading

Cytokines

Self antigens presented on APC activate autoreactive T cells

Virus

Viral antigens

1

3

Self antigens

MHC II

T-cell response spread to other autoreactive T cells

TCR

Self antigens presented on APC activate autoreactive T cells

Autoreactive T cell

2

More tissue damage and release of new self antigens

1

Persistent viral infection

Figure 4.19  Mechanisms of virus-induced autoimmunity. (a) Molecular mimicry model: (1) Viruses carry epitopes structurally similar to self-epitopes. (2) Presentation of viral epitopes by antigen presenting cells (APCs) activate autoreactive T cells that bind to both, self and non-self-antigens, and induce tissue damage. (b) Bystander activation model: (1) Non-specific and over reactive antiviral immune responses lead to the liberation of self-antigens and release of inflammatory cytokines from the damaged tissue. (2) Selfantigen is taken up and presented by APCs. (3) Autoreactive T cells activated by APCs, leading to tissue destruction. (c) Epitope spreading model: (1) Persistent viral infection. (2) Continued tissue damage and release of new self-antigens. (3) Self-antigens are taken up and presented by APCs. (4) Nonspecific activation of more autoreactive T cells leading to autoimmunity.

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4.14 Kidney Bladder Discussion Within Kidney itself, yin yang represents the oil flame interaction. As shown earlier, oil or wax represents the yin while the flame represents the yang. They are both needed and they need the environmental support. An imbalance will make the flame (Kidney yang) untenable. For instance, too much oil will smother the flame and too much flame would burn up the oil, limiting lifespan. Kidney Yin provides the material substratum for Kidney Yang and Kidney Yang provides the heat necessary to all the Kidney Functions. The energy from the Kidney yin is the source of energy for Liver, Heart and Lungs functions; and Kidney Yang is the foundation of all Yang energies of the body, in particular that of Spleen, Lungs and Heart. The yin yang theory stipulates that Kidney Yin and Yang are needed to remain in balance for health. Deficiency in one will necessarily invoke deficiency in the other. Overall, however, the deficiency will manifest in different forms, hence the term ‘false excess’. Restoring health involves treating Kidney disharmonies. With the oil and flame analogy, the procedure becomes that of replenishing the oil and or adjusting the environment that’s causing imbalance in the flame. Just like water being unique (Rahman and Islam, 2020) in all respects with numerous ‘paradoxical’ (as compared to the norm) traits, the Kidney is also different from other Yin organs because they are the foundation for all the Yin and Yang energies of the body, and also because they are the origin of Water and Fire in the body. The five element theory stipulates that the Kidney belongs to Water, which is the source of fire scientifically speaking. This water-fire yin yang pairing is the driving mechanism of human physiology. Of course, the Heart is the fire element, which is also the monarch organ. Allegorically, this is called the ‘Fire of the Gate of Life’ or Minister fire. Other functions of the kidney involve storing Jing, govern birth, growth, reproduction and development. Note that the kidney is also responsible for Producing bone Marrow, fill up the brain and control bones. Chapter 33 of Spritual Pivot mentions brain as the ‘sea of marrows’. Imagine how misguided new medicine is while it considers bone marrow cancer treatable with toxic chemicals. ´ Govern Water ´ Control the reception of Qi ´ Open into the ears ´ Manifest in the hair ´ Control spittle

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  467 ´ Control the two lower orifices ´ House will-power ´ Control the Gate of Life ( Ming Men or Minister Fire)

4.14.1 The Immune Function in TCM The medical terms related to immune functions in traditional Chinese medicine are zheng qi, yuan qi, yang qi, wei qi, qi of zang fu organs (including lung qi), spleen qi and kidney qi, along with the related materials and function such as jing (essence), qi (energy) and shen (spirit). Zheng qi. Classical Chinese medical literature has the following famous adage: “If zheng qi remains strong, xie qi cannot invade the body, zheng qi must be weak when invasion of xie qi takes place.” There is no doubt that zheng qi is related to the defensive function of the body. Is zheng qi the same as the immune system? Zheng qi consists of yuan qi (primary or congenital qi), zong qi (pectoral qi), yin g qi (nutrient qi), wei qi (defensive qi), and qi of all the zang fu organs. Zheng qi is the physiological functions of zang fu organs, meridian channels and tissues. It also represents the adaptability and accommodation of the body to the environment and the resistance of the body to diseases. Since zheng qi represents such a broad category, it is clear that zheng qi covers (but is not limited to) the immune system. From the holistic point of view, zheng qi is similar to the nerve-­endocrine-immune network. Zheng qi represents the whole body function, while the function of the immune system is only a part of it.

4.14.2 The Bladder While new medicine considers the Bladder as a vehicle for collecting and expelling waste water, it has a far wider sphere of activity in Chinese Medicine. It stores and excretes urine but it also participates in the transformation of fluids necessary for the production of urine. Chapter 8 of Nei Jing states: “the Bladder is like a district capital, it stores fluids which are then excreted by the power of Qi transformation.” (quoted by Maciocia, 2015) Bladder removes water by Qi transformation. This aspect of the Bladder depends on its close relationship with the Kidney. This is crucial to body’s ability to repel pathogen and restore balance and harmony. In Chinese medicinal description, the clear part of fluids separated by the Small

468  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Small Intestine Turbid fluids are sent to Bladder

Bladder

Provides Qi and heat for Qi transformation

Kidney-Yang

Transforms fluids and excretes urine Urine

Figure 4.20  Interaction between bladder and small intestine.

Intestine passes on to the Bladder, which further transforms them into urine. This transformation of fluids requires Qi and heat, which are provided by Kidney Yang, in TCM is usually called Bladder’s function of Qi transformation. Figure 4.20 shows the flow chart of this transformation. In addition to Qi transformation, the Bladder also has the following aspects - mental aspect - Dreams - Relationship with the Kidneys The urine system itself involves Small Intestine, the Triple Burner, the Liver and the Lungs. The small intestine and the Bladder work together to move fluids in the lower Burner as the Blader receives the clear part of fluids separated by the Small Intestine. Although it is the Bladder that performs this function, the energy to do this is derived from the Kidney Yang. As Maciocia (2015) points out: Central to any kidney pathology is the duality of kidney-yin and kidney-yang. Although this duality can be observed in both physiology and pathology, it is in disease that it becomes very apparent. Kidney-Yin represents the essence(Jing) and the fluid within the Kidneys. Kidney-Yang and is the motive force within the Kidneys and it is the root of transformation and movement; it is the physiological Fire. Kidney-Yin is the material foundation for the KidneyYang, and Kidney-Yang is the external manifestation of Kidney-Yin.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  469 Every pathological condition of the Kidneys will necessarily manifest itself as a deficiency of Kidney-Yin or Kidney-Yang. For example, the patterns of Kidney not Firm and Kidneys failing to receive Qi are variations of Kidney-Yang deficiency while the pattern of Kidney while the pattern of Kidney Yin deficiency (although it may sometimes present with symptoms of KidneyYang deficiency). Kidneys are called the root of pre-heaven Qi and as such always affected by chronic illnesses. Alternately, a chronic illness wouldn’t take hold until the Kidneys have failed to maintain harmony. Tangibly, the kidneys are also the root of all organs. As such Kidney Yin is the root of Yin of Liver and Heart, whereas Kidney Yang is the foundation of Yang of Spleen and Lungs (Maciocia, 2015). Since the Kidneys are the foundation of Yin and Yang energies, chronic diseases will be manifest with Kidney Yin or Yang deficiency. Chen Wu Ze of the Song dynasty wrote: “The ancients considered the left Kidney as Kidney proper, related to the Bladder, and the right Kidney as the Gate of Life related to the Triple Burner.” (Maciocia, 2015, p. 163) In previous sections, the logic behind the original characterization is discussed. It was Zhang Jie Bin (1563-1640) said that: “the Gate of Life is the organ of Water and Fire, it is the residence of Yin and Yang, the Sea of Essence and it determines life and death.” (Maciocia, 2015, p. 163).This is the time, the ‘Gate of Life’ was assigned to a central location between the two Kidneys as opposed to previous characterization that the Kidney is the Right Kidney only. TCM scholar Li Shi Zhen wrote that the Gate of Life is the motive force of all functional activities of the body, being the physiological Fire which is essential to life. This Fire is also called “True Fire” or “Minister Fire”. As discussed before, energies to keep the entire ZangFu system active comes from the Kidneys. The heat of the Gate of Fire is essential to transform fluids in the Bladder, if the Gate of Fire is weak, the Bladder will lack of heat to transform fluids, these will therefore accumulate, giving rise to Dampness or edema. In disease, there is an imbalance between Kidney Yin and Kidney Yang, resulting in a malfunctioning of the “gate” in opening and closing; it will either be too open (deficiency of Kidney Yang), causing profuse and pale urination, or too closed (deficiency of Kidney Yin), causing scanty and dark urination.

470  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Kidney Yin deficiency easily induces a deficiency of Liver Yin and Heart Yin, and Kidney Yang deficiency easily induces a deficiency of Spleen Yang and Lung Qi.

4.14.3 Prevention Perspectives The most direct way to warm Kidney Yang is to drink warm water and warm meal. In terms of lifestyle, it is recommended that waist and knee areas are covered during winter seasons. It is imperative not to take cold shower after sweating. Kidneys can be tonified by nourishing Kidney Yin. Note that the meridian time clock states that 3pm-5pm (during late March or late September, when days are equal to nights in duration) belongs to Bladder and 5pm-7pm belongs to Kidney. Furthermore, sleeping before 11 pm (the Liver meridian clock) is imperative for nourishing the Kidney Yin. In terms for food, black coloured foods can tonify the Kidney. Examples are black beans, black fungus, drink He Shou Wu soup (Tuber Fleece flower). It is important to have adequate amount of salty, meaning not too salty or too little salt. Of course, natural sea salt or Mountain salt is preferred over iodiozed or processed salt.

4.15 Case Studies Recently, Li (2017) published a book chapter outlining three cases of Kidney bladder imbalance. For sake of completeness they are summarized below.

4.15.1 Qi and Diseases According to TCM, “Qi is the root of the human”; “All the diseases originate from Qi.” Qi dominates the whole vital activities. Qi can make the human body work in an orderly fashion by promoting a variety of physiological activities; “Qi deficiency” will lead to a decline of physiological functions. As one part of a central medical classic (Unschuld and Tessenow, 2011) pointed out that consumption of the vital Essence Qi leads to deficiency. The basic idea of TCM to prevent and cure diseases is strengthening vital Qi to eliminate pathogenic factors. Strengthening vital Qi can improve body’s

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  471 resistance to disease, in order to eliminate weakness syndromes, ward off illnesses, and be physically strong. On the understanding of the etiology, TCM theory emphasizes the cause of disease—“vital Qi deficiency”—especially.

4.15.2 Kidney Stores Essence Theory Essence Qi theory of ancient Chinese philosophy provides a premise condition to the birth of the Kidney stores Essence theory of TCM. Kidney stores Essence, Essence can be converted to Qi, and Qi converted by the Kidney Essence is Kidney Qi; therefore, if the Kidney Essence is sufficient, Kidney Qi is filling, and if the Kidney Essence is deficient, Kidney Qi fails. Kidney dominates growth, development, and reproduction of the body; this is the physiological function of Kidney Essence and Kidney Qi. Thus, the life processes of the human body, including birth, growth, prime, aging, and death, as well as reproductive ability, all depend on the rise and fall of Kidney Essence and Kidney Qi. Kidney Essence deficiency will result to insufficient reproductive Essence and ultimately lead to male infertility, female menopause, and infertility. Deficient Kidney Essence cannot produce enough Kidney Qi, so the sexual hypofunction will occur. Kidney Qi can be divided into Kidney Yin and Kidney Yang, whose material basis is Kidney Qi, and they are the two different attributes of the Kidney Qi, of which Kidney Yin is the source of Yin Qi in the whole body and Kidney Yang is the root of Yang Qi in the whole body; the balance and coordination between Kidney Yin and Kidney Yang maintain the function of Kidney in TCM.

4.15.3 Kidney Essence, Qigong, and Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a common degenerative disease and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Diabetes has become an epidemic with a substantial social and economic burden (Santos et al., 2014). The prevalence of this disorder is rising dramatically; an estimated 370 million people worldwide will be suffering from diabetes in 2030 (Wild et al., 2004). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex, chronic, metabolic disease with hyperglycemia and is the most common form of diabetes. The exact cause of T2DM is unknown in Western medicine. The modern studies show that bioenergetic dysfunction is emerging as a cornerstone for understanding T2DM.

472  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Qigong is one of the major Chinese medical therapies used to strengthen Qi through self-practice and to manage the state of Qi to prevent and cure disease. Qigong therapies are popular in China as Qi therapies are in Asia. Medical Qigong is defined as the system of authentic Qi (vital energy) practice, which empowers the body to heal itself and to facilitate the healing process of others. Qigong exercises that focus on boosting Kidney and Spleen Qi can be particularly beneficial in managing T2DM (e.g. Sun et al., 2014). Genetic, dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors play a role in T2DM. Improper diet, overeating of certain foods, and overtaxing the body can weaken the Qi energy and disrupt the balance of the Zang (organs). Likewise, a sedentary lifestyle can weaken the Qi because not enough Qi is generated to invest in the strengthening of the body. Medical Qigong involves appropriate management and regulation of all energetic and informational communications. Receiving acupuncture treatments from an experienced Chinese medical practitioner supports the management of T2DM by improving the energetic function of the internal organs. The kidney is central to the understanding of the pathogenesis of T2DM in Chinese medicine. Kidney is the root of Qi and the foundation of Yin and Yang in the body. The Kidney stores the Essence or one’s inherited original reserves of vital energy. If one has constitutional kidney deficiency, one may already be deficient in Yin and may be predisposed to other organ imbalances. In the view of TCM, the etiology of diabetes can originate with pre-heaven Kidney Essence or Kidney Yin deficiency and weakness of the five Zang organs that predispose a person to further imbalances such as Spleen Qi deficiency. Congenital Kidney Essence and vital Qi deficiency are the intrinsic factors to diabetes. In addition, chronic Kidney Yin deficiency can diminish the generation of Kidney Yang. Combined Kidney Yin and Yang deficiency can in the long run lead to Kidney Qi failure, making the kidney unable to regulate the exiting of body fluids and manifesting as the need to urinate directly after drinking (Cho et al., 2005).

4.15.4 Kidney Essence and Reproduction Infertility is a worldwide problem affecting people of all communities; infertility has a wide range of causes stemming from three general sources: physiological dysfunctions, preventable causes, and unexplained issues. It is an important medical and social problem in the world as regards 15% of couples are infertile and 40% are infertile because of male factor infertility. The ancient Chinese physicians consider that the main pathogenesis of infertility is kidney deficiency; kidney-nourishing therapy is an effective method to the treatment of infertility. Kidney deficiency syndrome was positively

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  473 correlated with Yin deficiency and Yang deficiency constitution. The Kidney stores Essence to control the reproductive activity. Kidney Essence is the basis of the conception; the Kidney Essence-, Kidney Qi-, Kidney Yin-, and Kidney Yang-tonifying therapies were often used according to treatment based on syndrome differentiation. Acupuncture and moxibustion work by regulating Qi flow over the meridians. According to the Yin and Yang theory, Kidney Essence pertains to Yin, while the Kidney Qi pertains to Yang. Kidney Essence is the most vital substance both constituting the human body and supporting its functional activities; it is the foundation of Kidney Yin and Kidney Yang. Kidney Yin provides material basis for the activities of human body, while Kidney Yang promotes the functions of the organs. TCM, with its long history of clinical practice, occupies an important place among the “alternative medicine” that has been gaining attention in recent years. Because of the general mildness in nature and the emphasis on relief, balance, and harmonization rather than forceful suppression, many good Chinese medicines are particularly suited for pregnancy.

4.15.5 Silicosis and Qi Deficiency Silicosis is the most common pneumoconiosis globally, with higher prevalence and incidence in developing countries. To date, there is no effective treatment to halt or reverse the disease progression caused by silica-induced lung injury (Lopespacheco et al., 2016). Effective therapies have to be found in order to reduce morbidity and mortality related to silicosis. In TCM, the lung dominates Qi of the body, the kidney is the root of Qi, and silicosis has close relations with the lung and kidney. The occurrence and development of silicosis are a chronic evolution process from the lung to the spleen and from the spleen to the kidney; finally, the lung, spleen, and kidney were all injured. Both Qi and Yin were injured, and vital Qi was depleted gradually.

4.16 Case Studies on Gynecological Issues Like a seed which holds potential of an entire plant, the kidney system in TCM forms the basis of reproduction in humans. This is important as the abundance in kidney essence drives the maturation of reproductive capabilities during adolescent years where females face the onset of menstruation and males undergo an increase in size of their genitals and experience their first ejaculation. These changes provide humans with the capacity to reproduce. Kidney essence depletes by late 30s or early 40s, depending on individual, signals the start of pre-menopause and the ability to conceive diminishes.

474  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 From the TCM perspective, primary fertility issues are most commonly linked to the imbalances in the kidney system. While Western medicine may say that you have low progesterone levels, a TCM diagnosis may refer it as a deficiency in kidney yang. It is a different way of saying similar things, just from different medical perspectives. In this section, a number of case studies, as related to gynaecological issues are presented. A through case study on this topic will be presented in latter section latter in this book. Case 1

8-principle diagnosis: Internal, Cold, Deficiency, yin Following is a list of symptoms and their possible cause-effects (Table 4.8). This helps develop the etiology. Table 4.8  List of symptoms and their possible cause and effects. Symptoms

Possible cause-effect

Source: The condition was triggered by the post natal depression of the first child. It was repeated after the birth of the second child.

The pregnancy and child birth are two extreme yin yang that a woman experiences. After childbirth, a mother is vulnerable to Blood and yin deficiencies, explicitly of the Liver Blood/yin, Heart Blood/yin, Spleen qi/ yang, and Kidney yin/jing essence. According to TCM theory, the etiology of post partem depression (PPD) includes stagnation of the liver, stasis of the blood, deficiency of liver blood, phlegmdampness, deficiency of kidney yin, deficiency of heart yin and blood, and deficiency in the heart and spleen (Hong et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016) (Continued)

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  475 Table 4.8  List of symptoms and their possible cause and effects. (Continued) Symptoms

Possible cause-effect

during pre-menstruation, very irritable

irritability and anger can affect the liver and result in multiple ailments, including menstrual pain, headache, redness of the face and eyes, dizziness, and dry mouth. Alternatively, imbalance in the liver can result in stormy moods.

during pre-menstruation, irrational

A weakened Liver (such as Liver Qi stagnation or a Liver Blood/Yin deficiency) leads to the Mind lacking stimulation, making a person apathetic and depressed. A person will not be able to bring them to fruition. With this kind of Hun-disturbance, there will be agitation, anger, rage, an inability to regulate one’s emotional overwhelm, and manic tendencies.

during pre-menstruation, cried a lot

When there is weakness of the Po, the spirit of lung, we might see lingering or unresolved grief, lifeless voice, lethargy, depression, or constant feelings of loss or incompleteness. In this case, a person might be stuck in a moment that is far in the past, keeping them from being present or moving forward. excessive crying is a sign of lung imbalance.

during pre-menstruation, Distension in breast and abdomen

Premenstrual breast tenderness and abdominal distension both relate to Liver Qi stagnation.

suffers from constipation

Abdominal distension, with or without tenderness, would trigger constipation, affected by Stomach heat.

suffers from insomnia

difficulty falling asleep and excessive dreaming indicate Liver Qi stagnation transforming into fire.

suffers from excessive dreaming

see the above row (Continued)

476  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 4.8  List of symptoms and their possible cause and effects. (Continued) Symptoms

Possible cause-effect

suffers from headache

Indicates disharmony of the liver meridian. The liver is responsible for the free flow of Qi and blood in the whole body, which is necessary for one’s emotional and physical health. This is indicative of Liver Qi stagnation.

suffers from insomnia

difficulty falling asleep and excessive dreaming indicate Liver Qi stagnation transforming into fire.

suffers from palpitations

Prolonged illness, anxiety and overstrain, or deficiency of blood can lead to heart palpitations because they can weaken the functioning of the heart (heart Qi).

PULSE • fine overall: Simultaneous Qi and blood xu • Slightly wiry on liver: indicative of irregular liver function • Weak in heart: Deficiency in heart Qi as well as blood. TONGUE • pale: indicative of blood xu • Slightly thin: indicative of blood and Qi deficiency • Red on the sides: Indicative of liver Qi stagnation TCM: diagnosis: Liver Qi stagnation with blood xu Treatment principle Correct deficiency by moving blood stasis, soothe liver, regulate Qi and calm Shen Acupuncture points: LI-4, LI-3 both reduce to PC-6 to calm the Shen SP 6 to regulate Qi and blood ST-36 move Qi Table 4.9 summarizes the diagnosis.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  477 Table 4.9  Table of summary. Type

Finding

TCM illness

PMS arising from Post partem depression

Syndrome Differentiation

Liver Qi stagnation with blood xu arising from post partem depression, which weakened the Spleen

Etiology and pathogenesis (reason for diagnosis)

Patient underwent severe post partem depression after both pregnancies. The liver affected heart Qi, causing imbalance in spleen. They all resulted in deficiency conditions.

Treatment principle

Correct deficiency by moving blood stasis, soothe liver, regulate Qi and calm Shen

Acupuncture principles

LI-4, LI-3 both reduce to PC-6 to calm the Shen SP 6 to regulate Qi and blood ST-36 move Qi

Other considerations

Blood tonic

Case 2

8-principle diagnosis: Internal, Cold, Deficiency, yin Following is a list of symptoms and their possible cause-effects (Table 4.10). This helps develop the etiology. Table 4.10  Symptoms and cause and effects. Symptoms

Possible cause-effect

Pre-menstrual tension

Implies the failure of liver in discharging and storing blood. This may arise from Blood deficiency and/or Liver Qi stagnation. (Continued)

478  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 4.10  Symptoms and cause and effects. (Continued) Symptoms

Possible cause-effect

Breast distension

Qi stagnation

Irritability

According to TCM theory, excessive irritability and anger can affect the liver and result in multiple ailments, including menstrual pain, headache, redness of the face and eyes, dizziness, and dry mouth. Alternatively, imbalance in the liver can result in stormy moods.

depression

Indicative of liver, heart, and lung imbalance.

Severe abdominal distension

Liver qi stagnation is a common component of recurrent abdominal distension. It impacts on the abdomen in numerous ways. Liver qi can invade the Spleen and Stomach and disrupt the qi mechanism.

Lacks confidence

Deficiency in Spleen Qi

Lacks sense of direction in life

“

Cannot concentrate

May relate to foggy mind (dampness) or kidney disharmony (kidney controls brain)

Difficult to take decisions

Indicative of Gallbladder deficiency. It may also come from deficiency of Blood.

Fears change

Indecision and lack of resolve affecting kidney.

Poor memory

Heart & Spleen Qi Xu

suffers from insomnia:

difficulty falling asleep and excessive dreaming indicate Liver Qi stagnation transforming into fire.

Blurred vision

Liver blood deficiency

Dizziness

Liver fire/yang rising up

Numbness of feet

Qi and Blood stagnation

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  479 PULSE • fine and wiry on left side: Qi and blood xu, deficiency due to dampness • choppy on the right: stagnation of blood or Qi TONGUE • Pale on the side: indicative of liver blood deficiency TCM: diagnosis: Qi & Blood Stagnation leading to Qi & Blood Deficiency with Liver Yang Rising, Floating Shen Treatment principle Disperse Stagnation, Tonify Qi & Blood, Subdue Yang, Anchor Shen Acupuncture points: LIV3 & LI4 – disperse stagnation, ST36 & SP6 – tonify Qi & Blood, LIV2 Subdue Yang, Yintang – Anchor Shen. Table 4.11 sums up the diagnosis. Table 4.11  Table of summary. Type

Finding

TCM illness

PMS arising from emotions

Syndrome Differentiation

Qi & Blood stagnation from mental burnout leading to Qi & Blood deficiency creating Floating Shen and Unanchored Yang

Etiology and pathogenesis (reason for diagnosis)

7 years PMS has led to blood & Qi xu creating heat in the body with a floating shen and unanchored Yang

Treatment principle

Disperse Stagnation, Tonify Qi & Blood, Subdue Yang, Anchor Shen

Acupuncture principles

LIV3 & LI4 – disperse stagnation, ST36 & SP6 – tonify Qi & Blood, LIV2 Subdue Yang, Yintang – Anchor Shen

Other considerations

Heat clearing formula – Xiao Feng San Shen formula – Gui Pi Tang

480  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Case 3

8-principle diagnosis: Internal, hot, excess, yang Following is a list of symptoms and their possible cause-effects (Table 4.12). This helps develop the etiology. Table 4.12  Symptoms and cause-effects. Symptoms

Possible cause-effect

Started with depression and irritability

Emotions leading to PMS causing Liver Qi Stagnation

Headache on vertex

Heat leading Yang to Rise leading to dry mouth, Sore eyes, dry hair

Regular, 3-day period, scanty, no pain

Heat drying up Blood leading to Blood deficiency leading to scanty periods

constipation

Heat leading to Blood deficiency unable to lubricate Intestines leading to constipation

backache

Kidney Xu

Heat and dry mouth at night

Heat

Sore eyes

Heat leading to Liver Blood Xu unable to lubricate eyes

Blurred vision

Liver Blood Xu leading to blurred vision

Dry hair, falling out

Heat drying up Blood, Blood Xu leading to Kidney/Jing Xu unable to lubricate scalp leading to hair fallout

PULSE • Weak on left kidney (yang): kidney yang deficiency

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  481 TONGUE • Slightly red: heat • Rootless coating: yin deficiency TCM: diagnosis: Treatment principle: Release heat, anchor Yang, disperse stagnation, tonify Kidneys, Qi & Blood, transform fluids Acupuncture points: LU5, LI11 – release heat, SJ6 transform fluids, LIV2 Anchor yang, ST36, SP6 tonify Qi and Blood, KID3, KID6 tonify Kidneys. Table 4.13 sums up the diagnosis. Table 4.13  Table of summary. Type

Finding

TCM illness

PMS arising from underlying emotional issues

Syndrome Differentiation

PMS leading to Liver Qi stagnation giving rise to heat, floating Yang and Blood and Qi Xu

Etiology and pathogenesis (reason for diagnosis)

Emotional imbalance creating Liver Qi Stagnation has led imbalance of Spleen and Kidneys

Treatment principle

Release heat, anchor Yang, disperse stagnation, tonify Kidneys, Qi & Blood, transform fluids

Acupuncture principles

LU5, LI11 – release heat, SJ6 transform fluids, LIV2 Anchor yang, ST36, SP6 tonify Qi and Blood, KID3, KID6 tonify Kidneys

Other considerations

Liver tonic – Jia Wei Xiao Yao San

Case 4

482  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 8-principle diagnosis: Internal, cold, deficiency, yin Following is a list of symptoms and their possible cause-effects. This helps develop the etiology (Table 4.14). Table 4.14  Symptoms and cause-effects. Symptoms

Possible cause-effect

Started with depression and anxiety

PMS leads to Liver Qi Stagnation leading to anxiety which depletes Blood leading to Blood and Qi deficiency leading to depression

Painful period

Liver Qi Stagnation gives rise to Blood and Qi Stagnation making periods painful with clots. Clots will also occur due to Cold in the Uterus due to lack of circulation. Stagnation also gives rise to cold in the body due to lack of circulation leading to Qi and Blood deficiency giving rise to Wind to enter the Blood vessels which leads to dizziness, tinnitus, restless sleep, tiredness, poor memory

Dark clots

Liver nourishes the Uterus, so when Liver Qi Stagnation give rise to Blood stagnation leading to clots and painful periods.

backache

Due to Stagnation this leads to Kidney deficiency giving rise to backache

Achy knees

Stagnation leading to Kidney Xu giving rose to achy knees

dizziness

Due to Qi and Blood Deficiency, this can lead space in the Blood vessels for wind to enter giving rise to dizziness and tinnitus

Tinnitus

Due to Qi and Blood Deficiency, this can lead space in the Blood vessels for wind to enter giving rise to dizziness and tinnitus (Continued)

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  483 Table 4.14  Symptoms and cause-effects. (Continued) Symptoms

Possible cause-effect

Urgent and slightly dribbling urination

Due to Kidney deficiency, this leads to deficiency cold in the Bladder leading to urgent and slightly dribbling urination.

Poor memory

Liver Qi stagnation leads to Spleen Qi xu from anxiety and depression leading to Blood Xu. Not enough Blood to lubricate the Marrow leading to poor memory

Numbness of the limbs

Liver Qi Stagnation gives rise to Liver Blood Deficiency, not enough Liver Blood to lubricate the limbs leading to numbness

Restless sleep

Lack of Heart blood leads unanchored Shen to restless sleep

Tiredness

Due to restless sleep from unanchored Shen leading to tiredness

PULSE • Weak on left kidney (yang) TONGUE • Pale: blood deficiency • Slightly red on the side: liver imbalance TCM: diagnosis: Qi & Blood Stagnation leading to Qi & Blood Xu giving rise to Wind in the Body. Liver Qi Stagnation leading to Kidney, Spleen and Heart deficiency, Cold in Uterus and Bladder Treatment principle: Disperse stagnation, tonify Qi and Blood, Disperse Cold, strengthen Spleen, Kidney, Heart Acupuncture points: Moxa ST29, SP10, SP8 to disperse Cold and invigorate Blood, LIV3, LI4 disperse stagnation, ST36, SP6 tonify Qi & Blood, DU14 eliminate Wind, SP6 strengthen Kidney, Spleen, HT7 Tonify Heart Blood. Table 4.15 sums up the diagnosis.

484  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 Table 4.15  Table of summary. Type

Finding

TCM illness

PMS arising from depression and anxiety

Syndrome Differentiation

Liver Qi stagnation giving rose to anxiety and depression weakens Heart, Kidney, Spleen. Leading to Blood and Qi Xu leading to Wind in the body

Etiology and pathogenesis (reason for diagnosis)

4 years of PMS and painful periods leading to anxiety and depression causing an imbalance in the 5 major organs, Heart, liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Lungs

Treatment principle

Disperse stagnation, tonify Qi and Blood, Disperse Cold, strengthen Spleen, Kidney, Heart

Acupuncture principles

Moxa ST29, SP10, SP8 to disperse Cold and invigorate Blood, LIV3, LI4 disperse stagnation, ST36, SP6 tonify Qi & Blood, DU14 eliminate Wind, SP6 strengthen Kidney, Spleen, HT7 Tonify Heart Blood

Other considerations

Spleen, Heart, Blood tonic – Gui Pi Tang Menstruation – Wen jing Tang

4.17 Conclusions Based on the discussion presented in this paper, the following conclusions can be reached. 1. Kidney and Bladder Zang Fu pair plays an important role in both immunity and prevention of long-term ailments 2. Most long-term ailments are related to deficiency in Kidney Yang or Kidney Yang. Balancing and harmonizing KidneyBladder system is the key to reverse the syndromes of these diseases. 3. Long-term diseases do not have a remedy in New Medicine, which focuses on the tangible aspects of a disease.

Kidney Bladder Relationship and Health Effects  485 4. By addressing the root causes of these diseases, TCM offers great hope beyond its conventional recognized role as an ‘alternate medicine’’. 5. The human immune system is best nurtured by nourishing the Kidney Bladder pairing 6. TCM offers great hope for long-term ailments, for which there is no curative is available today. 7. New Science narrative of immunity system and autoimmune malfunction is illogical and self paradoxical. Such difficulty doesn’t arise in TCM narrative.

5 Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain with Acupuncture 5.1 Introduction “Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself.” -Albert Schweitzer Cancer, often dubbed as the “The Emperor of All Maladies” is synonymous with modern lifestyle, which is the manifestation of artificial mass and energy, also known as the plastic culture (Khan and Islam, 2016). Cancer extorts massive toll on healthcare around the world. Western medicine is accustomed with the question: how we can make greater strides in prevention and early detection. The target population for cancer prevention and screening interventions is healthy people who have no symptoms. Some of the actions that people can take to lower their risk of getting cancer have wide-ranging health benefits, while other interventions are more specific to cancer and require us to identify who is at risk. Unfortunately, one question that is never asked is how cancer is onset. Great efforts and even greater expense are expended on screening tests are able to find a cancer early enough to intervene and prevent the cancer from becoming life-threatening. However, none of the solutions offered are effective and in fact even the detection techniques can induce cancer – as reported by studies done on vulnerability to cancer. It is routinely touted that the appropriate use of Pap tests, mammograms, and colon cancer screening tests has helped to reduce death rates from cervical, breast, and colon cancers in the United States. Studies of the science behind these procedures show that this claim is devoid of facts (Islam et al., 2016). Use of increasingly sensitive screening tests can lead to a problem called overdiagnosis. The recently released Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer includes data on several screen-detected cancers, such as thyroid and melanoma, in which incidence rates are increasing while M.R. Islam, Jahanara Monaf, and A.O. Islam. The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4: Applications for Physical Disorder Treatments, (487–726) © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC

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488  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 mortality rates are relatively unchanged, a classic reflection of overdiagnosis. National Cancer Institute (NCI) addresses this issue by supporting studies to identify the cellular and molecular factors that drive progression in screen-detected lesions. This approach aims to distinguish cancers that are truly life-threatening and require immediate treatment from those for which treatment is unnecessary. A growing area of research is focused on cancer immunoprevention, harnessing the body’s ability to heal and protect itself from cancercausing agents, including infectious causes such as the human papillomavirus. Many studies are focused on interventions that modify the balance of microorganisms in the gut that play a role in energy exchange, inflammation, immunity, and diet. Other new approaches include repurposing commonly used drugs such as aspirin to study their effectiveness in cancer prevention. Others identify interventions that do not work or are harmful, such as an NCI-supported study that found that Vitamin E increased the risk of prostate cancer. One of the signature successes of prevention science in the last half century has been the reduction in tobacco use in the United States. The rewards have been a reduction in a large spectrum of cancers and other chronic diseases. However, alternative means of smoking (e.g. e-cigarette) have already caused havoc. Recently, NCI-supported research has shown that a low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening test can further reduce the risk of dying of lung cancer. Consistent with these study results, Medicare now provides coverage of LDCT lung cancer screening. However, as early as 2005, research publications indicated that the use of tomography potentially increases the risk of cancer (Brenner and Hall, 2007). Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and multiply to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. The entire narrative of cancer in western medicine is based on the assertions of genetic changes, under following premises: - errors occur as cells divide. - damage to DNA caused by harmful substances in the environment, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke and ultraviolet rays from the sun. - errors are inherited from our parents. These premises are deconstructed by Islam et al. (2015; 2016), who pointed to the following scientific causes of cancer:

Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain with Acupuncture  489 - artificial mass - artificial energy source - artificial lifestyle While death by cancer is a concern, cancer pain remains a significant clinical problem worldwide. While causes of cancer are known only vaguely, western medicine has some grasp on the causes of cancer pain. Cancer pains generally are multifactorial and complex and are likely to vary with an array of tumor-related and host-related factors and processes. Not surprisingly, the nature of pain varies with the type of cancer, but New Science uses symptom-based remedies in dealing with the pain, rather than addressing the cause of the pain. Only recently, phenomena such as cross-talk between cancer cells and host’s immune and neural systems as an important potential mechanism that may be broadly relevant to many cancer pain syndromes. Not withstanding the cause of cancer pain, Opioids remain the most effective pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of cancer pain. However, their role has been evolving due to emerging awareness of risks of chronic opioid therapy. Despite extensive research efforts, no new class of analgesics has been developed. As research efforts forge ahead to discover new pharmaceuticals, it is not likely that the modus operandi of resorting to continuously more toxic option will be changed. In this paper, a comprehensive approach using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practices are used to address cancer pain. Recent research publications indicate that acupuncture and related therapies may be valuable in alleviating cancer pain. Although, the mainstream TCM research points to TCM as a complementary procedure to pharmacological interventions for pain management, this paper is aimed at addressing cancer pain from a unique perspective. That is, TCM will be considered as a stand alone procedure for treating cancer pain, irrespective of the original treatment of cancer. This process of cancer pain treatment is the same as treating the cancer and it involves resolving the original cause and strengthening related vital organs. Pain is a common cause of agony and suffering affecting millions of people around the globe and is synonymous with overall state of disease. Ibn Sina (980-1037), whose text book Canon of medicine was in use worldwide for some 700 years, gave an excellent description of pain, its types, and treatments (Tashani and Johnson, 2010). As Tashani and Johnson (2010) point out, Ibn Sina postulated that the true cause of pain was a change in the physical condition of the organ regardless of the presence or absence of an ongoing tissue injury. They found evidence in The Canon that Avicenna challenged Galen’s concept of pain. Galen insisted that injuries (breach of continuity) were the only cause of pain. In contrast, Avicenna suggested

490  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 that the true cause of pain was a change of the physical condition (temperament change, which include both tangible and intangible aspects) of the organ whether there was an injury present or not. Although Ibn Sina accepted many aspects of Galen’s work, he often took a different stance. For instance, he diverged from Galen’s philosophical view in medicine and rejected some of Galen’s pharmaceutical opinions and Galen’s views on the physiology of pain, the physiology of pulse, the same nature of the tendons and nerves and separation of the mind and body. Avicenna criticised Galen for being dogmatic about the ‘interruption of continuity’ as the sole cause of pain as it implies that all stimuli must interrupt the nature of organs to cause pain. Avicenna maintained that some stimuli don’t interrupt the nature of organs (i.e. do not cause injuries) and the true cause of pain is, therefore, the temperament change (i.e. a stimulus that alters the physical condition of organs). Ibn Sina also indicated that pain may persist even if the original stimulus had disappeared. He classified this pain as ‘not true pain’ and suggested that doctors should not attempt to treat it because the cause (i.e. the stimulus) ‘does not exist’. This is consistent with modern pain theory which recognises that pain can often occur in the absence of injury. However, modern pain theories cannot explain the science behind this occurrence of pain and resort to pharmaceutical drugs to ‘manage’ the pain (Islam et al., 2016). Ibn Sina agreed with Galen that nerves carried pain sensation to the brain. Galen identified three conditions for pain perception: the organ to receive impression, a connecting passageway and an organisational centre. Both Galen and Ibn Sina believed that the brain was the principal organ for perception of pain. New science recognizes that there are specialised (tissue injury) receptors in many different tissues of the body and their activation may lead to the sensation of pain which occurs in the brain. However, recent advances in pain research indicated that while this is enough to explain nociceptive pain (resulting from physical damage or potential damage to the body), which is a physiological protective mechanism, it does not explain other types of pain such as neuropathic pain. The mechanism of generating inflammatory and neuropathic pain involve changes of nociceptors sensitisation, recruitment of new population of previously unresponsive receptors and changes in brain modulation and perception of pain, thus making devising one theory to how pain occurs an unrealistic approach. Interestingly, TCM offers an entirely logical explanation to pain, as we will see in latter sections. Although the views of Greek scholars, especially Galen, in The Canon of Medicine have been quoted abundantly, Avicenna revised the knowledge of the ancient scholars through critical thinking and relying on observation and testing, systematized the science of medicine and introduced many

Treatment of Cancer-Related Pain with Acupuncture  491 ideas and innovations. Curiously, Ibn Sina’s terminology is remarkably similar to that of TCM as well as that used in McGill Pain Questionnaire (Sadeghi et al., 2020). For more details about McGill Pain Questionnaire, see Appendix-A. Interestingly, some of the ancient and medieval description of pain is consistent with our modern understanding of the pathophysiology of pain as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP): an “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage” (Treede, 2018). Pain is generally classified as acute or chronic according to its duration. If pain lasts for three months or more, it is usually considered chronic pain (IASP, n.d.). Studies indicate that almost one out of five people suffer from moderate to severe chronic pain, and that one in three are unable or less able to maintain an independent lifestyle due to pain (IASP, n.d.) Epidemiological data from developed countries showed that up to 50% of the general population could be affected with chronic pain (McQuay and Moore, 2008). Pain is identified as one of the most common reasons for patients to seek medical advice (Mäntyselkä et al., 2001). Uncontrolled pain can lead to catastrophic consequences on physical, mental, social, and financial levels. In the postoperative period, serious complications such as poor wound healing, infections, cardiac ischemia, and ileus might occur due to inadequate pain management, each with compounding effect on both physical and mental conditions of a patient (Bair et al., 2003). This is explained by the fact that pain causes stress, which in turn results in the activation of the sympathetic system and triggers a cascade of negative effects on various body systems. Islam et al. (2015) explained it in terms of spiraling down yin yang balance of an organic system. Further compounding occurs during uncontrolled postoperative acute pain, which can be transformed into chronic pain if it is not managed timely and adequately. Mentally, patients with chronic pain commonly suffer from negative emotions, irritability, and anger. While this connection is foundational in Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it is nevertheless recognized in western medicine, albeit without making use of it in treatment protocols. The impact of chronic pain on mental health is illustrated further by the evidence of a higher prevalence of psychological distress, anxiety, and depression among patients who suffer from chronic pain. Also, socially, pain leads to strain and disruption of relationships, the inability to perform routine physical activities, and a growing dependency on others. Pain has a huge economic burden since it is closely linked with disability and unemployment (Gaskin and Richard, 2012). It is estimated that the annual cost of pain is much greater than the annual costs for major chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Therefore, considering all of the

492  The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering Volume 4 harmful consequences of uncontrolled pain, it would not be surprising to discover that pain is indeed associated with a significant increase in both morbidity and mortality. An estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020 (Sung et al., 2021). The most prevalent of cancer is female breast cancer, which has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Curiously, overall incidence was from 2 to 3-fold higher in developed as compared to developing countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied