The Green Kingdom [6, 1992 ed]
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The Green Kingdom

Childcraft

THE

HOW

WHY

AND VOLUME

LIBRARY

6

&*

The Green Kingdom World Book,

Inc.

a Scolt Fetzer company

Chicago

London

Sydney

Toronto

)

,

1992 Edition The Childcraft



US

(Reg

How and Why

Library

Pat Off

c 1991 World Book, Inc All rights reserved This volume may not be reproduced in whole or in part

in

any

form without prior written permission from the publisher.

World Book,

Inc.

525 West Monroe Chicago, c

1

990,

60661

IL

1

989,

1

987.

USA

1980, 1979

1

986,

1

985 by World Book,

Inc

B

1

982.

1976,1974. 1973.1971, 1970.1969, 1968, 1965, 1964 U.S

981

1

by World Book-Childcraft International, Inc A.

G

by

Field Enterprises Educational Corporation.

985 by World Book.

Inc

International Copyright @

1

International Copyright

1982, 1981, 1980, 1979 by World Book-

£

987.

1

986,

1

Childcraft International. Inc. International Copyright

1976, 1974. 1973, 1971, 1970, 1969, 1968,

6

1965, 1964 by Field Enterprises Educational Corporation.

ISBN 0-7166-0191-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 90-701 78 Printed in the United States of America A/IB

Acknowledgments The publishers of Childcraft— The How and Why Library gratefully acknowledge the courtesy of the following publishers, persons, and organizations

for

permission to use copyrighted poems,

excerpts from poems, and special illustrations appearing this

volume.

Full illustration

in

acknowledgments appear

on pages 278-279

The

Shop," by Rachel Field

Florist

From

Taxis

and Toadstools by

1926 by Doubleday & Company, Inc Reprinted by permission of the publisher and World's Work Ltd Rachel

Field, copyright

"Four Seasons," by

Rowena

Bastin Bennett

Reprinted by

permission of the author.

"Maytime Magic,

by Mabel Watts

Reprinted by permission of

the author. "Mists of Daybreak." by

Yosa Buson From A Year

Epigrams, edited and translated by William N

Japanese

of

Porter and published

by Oxford University Press. "Night," by

Sara Teasdale Excerpt reprinted with permission

of

The Macmillan Company from Collected Poems by Sara Teasdale Copyright 1930 by Sara Teasdale Filsinger, renewed 1958 by Guaranty Trust Company

"Package

How,

I

of

ot

New

York, Executor

Seeds," by Aileen Fisher Reprinted from

Wonder Why. ©1962 by

Abelard-Schuman. Ltd

All rights

/

Wonder

Aileen Fisher, by permission of

reserved.

W W

Watt, from One Man's Meter by "So This Is Autumn," by W. Watt. Copyright >c 1959 by W. W. Watt Reprinted by permission of Holt, Rmehart and Winston, Inc

W

"Tomato Time," by Myra Cohn Livingston From The Moon and a Star and Other Poems, © 1965 by Myra Cohn Livingston Reprinted by permission

of

Marian Reiner

for

the author

Photograph from Island bfe by Sherwin Carlquist. Sherwin Carlquist. Reproduced by permission

Company,

Inc

of

IS

1965 by

Doubleday &

Volume 6

The Green Kingdom Contents Seasons of Life

The Plant

life

5

summer,

ol plants in spring,

fall,

and winter

Ways

21

Plants are living things with their

Nature's Neighbors Plants live together

own ways

ol

life

49 in

communities, just

as

people do

Strange and Surprising Plants Man\ odd creatures belong to the green kingdom

Weeds and Wild Flowers Some weeds are pretty, some

How Does No

Famous Gardens Some of the world

live,

What

some

are dangerous

137

you can have some kind

of

garden 161

s

most famous and beautiful gardens

Meet the Trees A game that shows you how The

Ill are useful, and

Your Garden Grow?

matter where you

Plants of

87

171 to tell

one kind of tree from another

Long Ago

first

plants,

Plants

Do

193

and others

for

that lived in ages long past

Us

Plants give us fresh

air,

food, useful things

— and pleasure

People and Plants

The many Legends,

223

different jobs

True Tales and

done by people who work with plants 239

Tall Tales

folk tales,

Saving the Plants What we are doing

and true

stories of plants

251 to

help plants fight the dangers they face

Look for a Lovely Thing The beauty of the green kingdom Books

to

Read

New Words Illustration

Index

205

265 is

always around us

272 274

Acknowledgments

27S 280

"*f?

Seasons of Life Springtime

When

is

a green time

seedlings start their growing.

Summertime's a rainbow time

When many

blooms are blowing.

Autumntime's a brown time

When

seeds are ripe for sowing;

But wintertime' s a

white time

(It is the flowers' nighttime)

When

stars of frost are glowing.

Four Seasons Rowena Bastin Bennett

^

6

|

The Green Kingdom

Sleeping

life

It is the flowers' nighttime

In

many

.

.

parts of the world

and the ground

lies

cold

.

it is

winter,

and hard beneath

snow and

frost.

The

sleeping trees are

brown and

bare.

The

dry, dead stems of

last year's plants shiver in the cold wind.

But under the snow and ground are millions

in the frozen

underground

of seeds,

stems, and roots that will be next sum-

mer's plants. Each seed life,

is

a package of

with a tiny plant and a store of food

inside

buds,

it.

On

the roots and stems are

and each bud

sleeping plant.

A

is

little

warmth, a taste

water, and the plants will

And down

in the

the heart of a

awake

of

again.

ground, or snuggled

beneath the snow-covered leaves, summer animals

—are

—chipmunks,

frogs,

ants, spiders

sleeping, too. Like the plants, the

animals are also waiting for warmth and life

to

come back

to the land.



*

«

«

A

A

-

4

8

|

The Green Kingdom

Wake- up time The winter months

slide slowly by.

sun begins to shine a day.

The

air

grows a

little little

longer each

warmer. The

snow begins to melt and soak ground. The earth grows

and

soft.

This

been waiting

is

The

into the

warm and wet

what the plants have

for.

Water soaks

into the seeds. Their hard

covers grow soft.

The water makes

the

tiny plants and the stores of food inside

The

plants burst out

From each

seed, a tiny root

the seeds swell up. of the seeds.

pushes down into the earth, and a tiny

stem with one or two leaves springs up.

The

sleeping

buds and roots

older plants begin to in the

stir.

There

ground again for them to

of is

the

water

find

and

drink.

Plants aren't the only things stirring. It

is

now wake-up time

sleeping animals, too.

for

many

of the

^ff-f

4

w

*

The Green Kingdom

10 I

The world turns green Now

the tiny green heads of

new

plants

are poking up from the

brown earth and

around the patches

snow. The

of

little

plants hold out their tiny leaves toward

the

sun.

Their

roots

down and

push

spread out in the ground.

The

roots of the older plants are work-

ing, too.

They take

in water.

The water

goes up through the plant and into the little

new

leaves.

The land means food

is

for

turning green, and green

many

animals

.

So now the

animals begin to appear.

Once again, plants and animals, the two kinds

of living things, begin life

in the springtime.

anew

12

|

The Green Kingdom

A world full of life The days grow and the ground

new

The

longer.

is filled

air is

warm

with water. The

plants are shooting up.

They

twist

and turn and stretch as they grow. They

much

reach for as get.

of

sunlight as they can

Their leaves grow to

them have

flowers.

and other plants have Animals

Many

of

babies. It

of all

full size.

Many

Many

of the trees

flowers, too.

kinds are everywhere.

them are laying eggs or having is

the beginning of summer.

14

The Green Kingdom

|

A

and a buttercup

butterfly

A

belongs to the Animal Kingdom.

butterfly

A

buttercup belongs to the Plant Kingdom. The butter-

moves through the

fly

the ground.

air.

The buttercup

They seem very

different

rooted in

is

from each other.

But are they? Butterflies

And

and most other animals come from eggs.

so do buttercups

and most plants.

and the part of the plant around tiny plant and a store of food.

egg grows

it

grow

The

A

egg

plant's

into a seed



inside of a butterfly

into a tiny, curled-up caterpillar

and a store

of food.

A

A

caterpillar hatches

from an egg and begins to

eat.

buttercup sprouts from a seed and begins to make

food for

itself.

must have

Both the caterpillar and the buttercup

food, water,

and

air to live.

So must

all

plants and animals.

A

caterpillar

grows.

So does a buttercup.

The

caterpillar changes into a brightly colored butterfly.

The buttercup bursts out with bright

When

little

flowers.

these things happen, both the butterfly and the

buttercup have reached an important part of their lives.

The

butterfly

will

mate and

lay

eggs.

The

buttercup flowers will grow seeds. The butterfly eggs will

become new

little caterpillars.

seeds will become

new

little

And

the buttercup

buttercup plants.

So a butterfly and a buttercup aren't so different after

all.

Plants and animals both have the same needs

and they both do many of the same things. They are both living things, each with

its

own way

of

life.

V

16

|

The Green Kingdom

Plants at work During the warm summer months the plants work to stay alive and to

new

make

Their roots take in water. Their

life.

make

leaves

all

food.

make

Their flowers

seeds.

As the seeds grow, the

flower petals

away and drop

Soon, nothing

wither is left

of each flower

off.

but the

little

swell-

ing where the seeds are growing.

As the warm days begin to change.

They become something

on each kind

different

become

pass, the swellings

berries,

of

or nuts,

They

plant.

or other kinds '

of fruits. Inside the fruits are the seeds.

:•>

These seeds must now go traveling.

Some

will float

through the

on leafy

air

wings or silky parachutes. Others have spikes that catch hold of an animal's fur.

Some birds

will

be dropped in far places by

and animals that ate the

seeds were

in.

In each seed a tiny

plant waits to begin

When

the plants

good time

its

life

make

for the animals.

eat.

long

nap.

next spring.

Many and

The animals that

ing winter can

now

Others

fatten

can

new

their seeds, it's a

seeds and berries and pods

good to

fruits the

fill

ground houses with food

up

of the

fruits are

j£ sleep durfor their

their

under•

for the winter.

«

4

*^



9

« •

< «

*

«

* »'

18 I

The Green Kingdom

Settling

By

down

the end of

to sleep

summer

the plants have

done their work. They have made their seeds and sent

them out

to find

new grow-

ing places.

For many plants, the

trees

now

life is

over.

But

and other plants that have

longer lives are getting ready for winter.

They have dropped ground

is

all

their leaves.

The

growing cold and hard. Soon

there will be no water for roots to find.

Once again they must

sleep until spring

arrives.

The winter.

animals, too, are getting ready for

Many

of

the birds and insects

have flown away to warmer

places.

Many

of the animals that

have stayed behind

have already gone to

sleep.

The green earth

is

\

turning brown. In a

few weeks, snowflakes

will

come spinning

out of the sky. The land will turn white. It is the flowers' nighttime

.

.

.

m I

>

21

DCE

Plant Ways Have you ever wondered why change color

in

the

fall?

leaves

Or why some

"*^**»

nice

flowers smell

and some don't? Or

what pine cones are

why some

Why

tree

trees

bark

is

for?

Do you know

stay green

rough?

What

all

winter?

flowers do?

The next few pages answer questions you may have asked about of the

answers

plants.

Some

you!

will surprise

Now far and near on field and hill We watch the death of chlorophyll As

earl

autumn rushes in

With xanthophyll and I hold that ignorance

carotin. is

Considering the fact that Is

how a

The

bliss

this

botanist perceives

colorings of

autumn

leaves.

So This Is Autumn W. W. Watt

22

The Green Kingdom

Spanish needle

How

a seed

grows touch-me-not

The seed bursts open. Out comes a

tiny root.

wheat

As the

root

grows down,

the stem pushes up.

What's in a seed?

A food

seed all

is

a baby plant and a bundle of

wrapped up

in a package.

Different kinds of plants have different

Some

kinds of seeds.

seeds are as big as a

baseball. Others are smaller than a grain of

sand.

Some

are round,

are long and thin.

seed a

baby

some are

But

in

flat,

some

every kind of

plant, with its store of food,

is

waiting to grow.

Springtime The

first

make food

leaves begin to

is

come-to-life time for seeds

that have been in the earth

all

Water from melting snow and

soft spring

winter.

for the plant.

rains sinks into the earth

and soaks

into

Plant

Seeds come different

sizes. in

in

many

shapes and

same as the

package

— becomes

The seeds shown

these pictures are the sizes and shapes real

I

23

The seed's tough shell— the cover

the seed. of the

Ways

inside the shell swells

soft.

The food

up with water. Then

the shell bursts open.

Out creeps the baby

seeds.

plant. It uses its

store of food to begin growing.

A tiny root

pushes down into the ground in search

of

blackberry

water.

A

soil in

search of sunlight.

tiny stem grows

As the plant grows, of food.

When

it

pokes

up through the

uses

it

its

up

its

store

head above the

ground, into the sunshine, the plant begins dandelion

to

make

its

own

sunlight, air,

food. It

makes food out

and water that

its

of

roots find.

24

The Green Kingdom

Do

all

Some

plants

come from

plants do not

seeds?

come from

They come

seeds.

from spores.

A

spore

is

usually

of living jelly that

made up

— a tiny bag

of one cell

you would need a microscope

to see.

Spores have a covering on the outside to protect them.

Spores grow

in little

sacks on the leaves and stems

of mosses, ferns, horsetails, and

some other

There are usually a great many spores

in

but very few of the spores will become

plants.

each sack,

new

plants.

Plant

Ways

I

25

spore sacks on fern leaf

These spores are blown into the

air

and

float

away on

the wind. Out of millions of them, only a few come

where there need

A

if

at

is

the right kind of

soil,

down

water, and light they

they are to grow.

spore grows into a tiny green plant that

all like

the plant the spore

is

came from. But

nothing this tiny

plant makes cells that join together. These cells then

grow

into plants that are just like the plant the spore

came from.

spore beginning to

grow

The Green Kingdom

2(i

Why

leaves are green

In the furry, finny, feathered world of the animal

kingdom, there are many different orange and brown

giraffes,

beetles, and red birds.

green kingdom

one color

There are

white polar bears, blue in

the plant world

— the leaves of nearly

— green.

The biggest

But

colors.

all

— the

plants are just

Why?

difference

between plants and animals

is

that animals eat and plants don't. Plants are able

to

make

inside

their

own

food.

Leaves have a wonderful

them that makes food out

of air and water, with

the help of sunshine. This wonderful stuff chlorophyll.

And

chlorophyll

So a leaf is green because

And

chlorophyll

is

it is

makes food

stuff

is

called

green. filled

with chlorophyll.

for the plant.

make

food

inside themselves as plants can. Neither can you.

But

Animals have no chlorophyll. They

wouldn't full

it

be fun

if

can't

you could? You would always be

and you'd never have to chew!

Plant

chlorophyll

Inside a leaf are millions of tiny

packages

filled

chlorophyll.

give the leaf

All its

with green stuff called

these green packages

green color.

Ways

27

Sunlight passes through the clear skin of the leaf.

{

Air

N

.> '. i

\

v..,«^

%

Nature's Neighbors

The Christmas

|

67

home

trees'

In the northern parts of the world, winters are long

and cold and summers are

cool.

This

is

the trees people use as Christmas trees

There are huge forests

where many

of

live.

of spruce trees,

fir

trees,

and

other evergreen trees in the northlands. These trees like cold weather.

In winter, they are covered with

snow. Then, in spring, the snow melts and soaks into the ground. This gives the trees most of the water they need.

Evergreen trees and plants are able to

live in

many

parts of the world. But the cold northern forest com-

munities are the real "cities" of the evergreen trees.

northern forest community

Most trees 4 forest

that

in

the northern

are conifers

have cones.

—trees

twinflower

-,

Plants of the

northern forest

community

* '**%*»*

Nature's Neighbors

r Life in the northern forest

Evergreen trees grow close together

in

the northern forests.

There are many ponds and lakes. Beavers, muskrats, moose, deer,

and water birds live on the plants that grow around the water. Today the biggest cat that lives

northern forests

is

in

these

the lynx.

- fiL

In

the winter,

Many

birds

fly

it

snows

heavily.

south. Squirrels

and bears take long naps. Other animals, such as the elk, stay

awake and

bunchberry

active

all

winter.

69

ffl:)

^wS^a-

Nature's Neighbors

Where Many

trees take lots of baths kinds of trees grow best where

and where they get These trees

lots of

it

always hot

shower baths from the

live together in forests in

world where

it is

rain.

hot parts of the

rains heavily all year around.

So much

rain falls on these forests that they are called rain forests.

Rain forest trees stay green are

much

are so

tall

floor of

many

taller

all

than most other kinds

of trees.

they

They

the forest, so few plants can grow there. But

kinds of vines and plants, such as orchids, live

can get sunlight.

and under the

rain forest

And many

community

a rain forest the trees are

a man's leg. rain forests

tall

Many people

live in

around the world.

trees.

Here they

kinds of animals live in

trees of a rain forest

huge, and vines are as thick as i

And

they keep the sunlight from reaching the

high up on the branches of the

In

the time.

community.

|

71

passionflower

Plants of the rain forest

community

Nature's Neighbors

m

s>

Life in the tropical rain forest Life is

always much the same

in

a rain forest. The trees are always green.

The

It

rains almost every day.

air is hot, night

animals

live in

and day. Most

the trees.

There are monkeys, tree snakes, and brightly colored birds.

There are tree frogs and many kinds of tree-dwelling insects. In

some

rain forests, there are

great apes such as the orangutan.

73

desert community

Desert plants are able to without

much

water.

live

Nature's Neighbors

Plants that like

A

it

75 |

hot and dry

desert seems like a bad place for In

plants.

most

burning hot, and there's

many

sun

the

deserts,

is

water. Yet,

little

plants do live in deserts

— plants

that have solved the problems of living

waterless place.

in a hot,

Water

is

a desert plant's

first

The only water most desert from

rain.

But

it

it

is

does, the ground

many

So,

quickly dries.

plants get

doesn't rain often in a

And when

desert.

problem.

desert plants

have roots that spread far out and grow close to the top of the ground.

These

roots can catch lots of water, right away.

Most desert plants store up water they can

get.

Some

a barrel cactus, can swell

all

the

plants, such as

up

to hold a lot

of water. Before a rain, a barrel cactus

may

look like a gray lump. But after a

rain

it

looks like a

Many

green

ball.

animals might eat desert plants

to get the

have

fat,

water

solved

them. Some plants

in

that

problem.

They are

covered with thousands of sharp thorns or needles that keep animals away.

The thorns and needles do another job.

They

cast shadows.

A

plant such as a

cactus casts thousands of tiny shadows on itself

and makes

its

own

shade.

Welwitschia

Plants of the desert community

pincushion cacti

-

m

8?*'v

«...

'k'-i'

Nature's Neighbors

77

Life in the desert

During the day, the desert looks

Most desert animals hide where they can escape the heat. lifeless.

A $&t iil^i 9&T^'

When

the sun goes down,

a desert quickly cools. Desert

rodents look for seeds. Lizards hunt insects. Snakes hunt the

rodents and lizards.

It

sometimes

When into

it

almost

a desert.

in all

for there are

most of

many

deserts. But

these plants quickly

wither and die.

candelabra cactus

in

does, the desert bursts

bloom,

seeds

rains

Plants of the frozen north Far

in the north,

on the edge of the great sea that

reaches to the North Pole, there called the tundra.

and

frozen.

Most

The days

is

a great,

flat plain

of the time this plain

is

bare

are dark and sunless.

But, for a short time during the year, there are

sunny days. The tundra warms up and the

Water soaks

into the ground.

And

ice melts.

then plants bloom!

Nature's Neighbors

tundra community

The tundra

is

a great frozen

plain, far in the north.

Even during terrible

these warmer,

sunny days, a

fierce,

wind blows over the tundra. So only tough,

sturdy plants that grow close to the ground can live in this

community. These include mosses,

small, flowering plants. plain,

Most

of the

lichens,

tundra

is

and

a treeless

but sometimes there are birch and willow trees no

bigger than bushes.

79

cottongrass

Plants of the tundra community

B nHH

I

*&?£$&*?

sorrel

*^m*A

Nature's Neighbors

Life

|

on the tundra

reindeer

moss

| In

with

summer, the tundra is filled animals. Little lemmings and

other animals eat leaves, roots,

and seeds. They, in turn, are hunted and eaten by animals such as foxes.

Winter

comes suddenly. The

ground freezes.

Snow

piles up.

Most animals leave, but some stay. Lemmings burrow into the ground and live on seeds they stored away. Herds of musk oxen

move from

place to place,

scraping with their hoofs to find lichens beneath the snow.

81

-*

^mz:M -''~^r>

\

**

\-

Nature's Neighbors

s:\ \

Plant communities on mountains

A

mountain

is

like a little world. It

many

has

kinds

of plant communities, just as the world has.

The upper part North

In

is like

little

warm

the

The

Pole. It's always covered with ice and snow.

sun doesn't

A

of a very high mountain

such high places very much.

lower on a mountain, the sun gives warmth.

summer, the snow melts and many plants bloom.

These small plants grow close to the ground. This keeps them from being ripped up by the fierce winds that howl around the tops of mountains.

A line.

little

farther

down on

mountain

a

the timber

is

That's the highest place where trees can

on a mountain. Along the timber small and bent, and nearly

Below the timber closer together and

line,

make

all

line,

the

the trees

most trees are

same

size.

grow

northern parts of the world.

of place

taller

and

a forest that covers the sides

of a mountain. This part of a mountain

winter and cool and dry

grow

in

It's

is

like

the

and snowy

cold

in

summer. That's the kind

where evergreen trees can grow, but other

kinds of trees can't. So the forest

an evergreen

is

forest.

Toward the lower

part of a mountain

and other kinds of trees can grow. in a part of

If a

the world where lots of rain

much

rain

if

warmer,

mountain

falls,

part will be covered with a forest. But

stands in a place where not

it's

is

the lower

a mountain

falls,

the lower

part will be a grassy meadow. The lower parts of some

mountains are even deserts.

Engelmann spruce

mountain gentian

trees

Nature's Neighbors

Why tree-line

8E

trees are short

Every winter, snow covers the trees that

fire lilies

grow near the

on mountains. The snow

tree line is

about

as deep one winter as the next.

nvj^m-v'

?!

When covers

it

a tree

is

young, snow

each winter. But as

it

grows taller, the top will stick above the snow. Killed by the freezing winds that roar around the mountain, the top falls

off.

summer, the top grows again. winter, it's killed. The tree can't

In

In

grow

aspen tree

taller

than the deepest snow.

ST

Strange and Surprising Plants If

you think that

all

plants are green,

have leaves, and grow

in

the ground,

you're in for a surprise.

Some

plants are white, orange, or even

purple, instead of green.

Some

plants

grow on bread, cheese,

rocks, or even in trees, instead of in the

ground.

Some

plants look like animals, or even

like rocks!

There are a great many kinds of the wonderful living things

And some surprising!

of

them are

we

call

plants.

really strange

and

*

.

*

S.

-

'^i# •

'.

f .

mold growing on bread

When mold grows on it

bread,

spoils the bread.

Plants that and cheese

When

grow on bread

a piece of bread gets old,

become covered with

Each spot

is

it

powdery

pale,

may

spots.

a sort of "forest" of tiny, mold

tiny plants called molds.

Molds, of

many

tiny packages of

But

called cells.

it

These are

takes only one

cell

to

a spore.

cell is called

mold spore

is

smaller than a speck of

dust. It floats in the air.

bread or something it

life.

a whole forest of mold. This kind of

start

A

made

like all living things, are

When

else it

it

lands on

can use as food,

begins to grow by sending out

tiny threads.

down,

like

Some

roots.

of these threads

many grow

Others grow upward,

in

Roquefort cheese

Some molds make they grow

in

the cheese

taste better.

Strange and Surprising Plants

like

stems. Bunches of these threads

make up the

I

spots

you see on moldy bread or cheese.

Some molds better.

spoil food.

But others make food taste

Molds give such cheeses as Roquefort and

Stilton their blue color and delicious flavor.

Molds grow on other things than bread and cheese.

Some grow on

plants.

This usually spoils the plant.

Some molds grow on dead

plants and animals. These

molds help make dead things rot and break apart.

They are part

of nature's clean-up crew.

mold growing on a dead moth

Molds rot,

mold growing on an orange

When mold grows on

make dead things make the soil richer.

that

help

or vegetables,

it

fruits

spoils them.

&>

mold on raspberry jam

Mold often spoils food

in

cans

or jars that have been opened.

89

yeast plants

Yeast plants are growing baker

is

mixing.

growing yeast

the

in

dough

this

The small photo shows how

cells look

under a microscope.

The baker's plant If

it

weren't for a plant called yeast,

have the kind of bread we Yeast plants don't look round drops of

jelly.

And

food.

where

And bread dough

Bread dough

is

They

like plants.

look like

they're so tiny you can see

everywhere. They don't do anything place

couldn't

eat.

them only with a microscope. They warm, wet

we

float in the

until

air

they find a

there's just the right kind of is

just such a place.

made by mixing

a warm, wet paste. To this

is

flour

and water into

added sugar, which

the yeast plants' favorite food.

is

So when the yeast

plants get into bread dough, things start happening!

Here's what happens.

When

a yeast plant takes in

Strange and Surprising Plants

food,

swells up and splits into

it

plants! Then, each

new

two new

plant takes in food,

swells up, and splits in two! Soon, there are millions of

As

all

new

yeast plants!

these tiny plants take

in

sugar,

Grow You

a jar of yeast

many

causes

little

the dough. This

When till

packet

1

tablespoon of sugar

airy.

air.

yeast

about 3/4 cup of

warm water

jar

bubbles to form inside

baked,

swell up.

the bubbles

all

Then the bread

is

light

and

But without yeast to change the sugar

into gas, the

Long

warm into

is

of

to a gas. This gas

makes the dough

the dough

with

it

need:

will

1

a glass

they change part of

i»l |

it.

this to

dough won't swell

ago, people let the

up.

dough

sit

in a Dissolve the sugar

place so that yeast plants would get

Today, bakers don't have to wait for happen. They buy yeast

and mix

it

in

in

the water.

Sprinkle the yeast on top. Leave the jar

in

a

warm

place.

packages

into the dough.

When

the

bread

is

dough

light

and

is

baked, the

airy.

As the yeast

plants begin to use

the sugar for food, the jar

will

with foam.

The yeast plants cause the foam by changing part of the sugar

into

carbon dioxide.

fill

Plants that can swim! you peeked at a drop

If

of

pond water

through a microscope, you'd be surprised!

You would

many odd

see

little

creatures

zipping about in the water.

One kind

of creature looks like

egg with two threads on one end.

a green It

has a

red spot that's sort of an eye, for seeing light.

And

the creature swims by wiggling

the threads. Is

No,

it's

it

an animal?

not an animal, even though

Chlamydomonas

does move,

Chlamydomonas is a tiny plant that swims like an animal!

creature

as animals

makes

its

own

This green

do.

food, using sun-

light, just as grass, trees,

do. It's a plant

it

and other plants

— one of the plants we

call

algae.

Sometimes, 16

of

these tiny

plants form a jellylike wheel

and

live in

it

Sometimes, 16 of these creatures fasten themselves together to

together.

wheel.

Gonium

A

V

Each

outside

stick

of

sort

kind of jellylike stuff holds them

together.

-V-4

make a

creature's

the wheel.

two threads

When

all

the

creatures wiggle their threads, the wheel rolls

through the water!

And sometimes fasten

m

32

of

the

creatures

themselves together into a

They keep

their threads outside the ball

and wiggle them to make the just like a

ball.

bunch

of

ball

men rowing

move,

a boat!

Strange and Surprising Plants

Eudorina

Sometimes, 32

of

these tiny

plants form a jellylike ball

and

live in

it

together.

I

93

The Green Kingdom

94

Plants that trap insects

many wet and swampy

In

are plants that trap insects!

don't "eat."

If

why do they

places there sundew

But plants

plants don't "eat," then

catch insects?

All plants need a salt called a nitrate. It

them grow. Most plants

helps

from the ground, but there it

in

get this salt

isn't

much

swamps. So some plants trap and

of di-

gest insects to get the salt they need.

Plants that trap insects have different

ways

them. The plant called

of catching

a sundew has leaves that are covered with little hairs.

On

sticky liquid.

each hair there

The sun

is

a drop of

sparkles on these

drops and attracts insects. But when an insect touches one of the drops,

Then,

fast!

stuck

it is

the hairs around the insect

all

bend over slowly. They push the

down

against the

leaf.

insect

A juice oozes out

of

the leaf and slowly digests the insect!

The plant

called a Venus's-flytrap

works

There are

hairs,

just like a trap. like

on each

triggers,

edge of the

each leaf can fold fly

Around the

leaf.

leaf are little

little

"claws."

itself in half!

And

When

or other insect lands on a leaf

a

and

touches one of the hair triggers, the leaf quickly folds in half. lock together

and the

Then the plant

digests

The

little

insect it.

is

"claws" trapped.

An aphid has been caught by the sticky hairs of the sundew plant.

(left)

The open leaves

of the

Venus's-flytrap are ready to

catch insects, (top) lands on a

leaf,

fly

touching a

hair trigger, (above)

The

leaf closes, trapping

an

insect.

Now

the plant

slowly digest

Venus's-flytrap

A

it.

will

96

|

The Green Kingdom

The butterwort

traps insects

same way the sundew

does.

wort's leaves are sticky.

crawls on a

leaf,

it

pushed to the middle juice oozes out

The

and

The

in.

The

insect

Then the insect

of the leaf,

digests

the

butter-

When an

gets stuck.

edges of the leaf curl

much

is

where

it.

pitcher plant drowns insects! Its

leaves are shaped like vases.

They

are

usually half-filled with rain water. Inside

the leaves are sweet-smelling

little

filled

with a

insect

crawls

pockets

juice.

An

into a leaf to get at the juice. sides of the plant are slippery

But the and cov-

ered with hairs that point downward. pitcher plant

A

fly

has fallen

plant's leaf.

vase

filled

into the pitcher

The

leaf is like a

with water.

drown and the

The

fly will

plant will digest

it.

The

Strange and Surprising Plants

insect slides

the water.

There

worms!

It

is

It

down the

drowns and even a

and

hairs

falls

into

digested.

is

catches

that

plant

catches them with a lasso, just

as a cowboy catches a cow!

This plant

is

the ground and

a fungus. It grows under is

so small

it

can be seen

only with a microscope. It spreads through the ground like are

many

many

tiny threads. There

loops in these threads.

Tiny worms, no bigger than the threads, crawl through the

soil.

When

a

worm

crawls through a loop, the loop suddenly tightens!

The worm

fungus digests

A

tiny

is

caught!

Then the

it.

worm

crawls

among

the

The worm crawls through a

loop.

threads of a fungus. There

Suddenly the loop tightens and

are loops

the

fungus and

in

the threads.

worm

worm

is

caught!

97

staghorn fern

Plants that live in trees

Do you know there are some kinds of plants that never grow

the ground?

in

They grow high up

in trees in

tropical forests.

There's a good reason for trees

grow

tall

and

reaches the ground.

makes

it

this.

In a forest where

close together, very little sunlight

The

This

leaves block the sun.

hard for other green plants to grow. They must

have sunlight.

But

orchids, Spanish moss, staghorn ferns,

other plants get the sun they need

trunks and branches of leaves

trees.

and stems soak up and

How

and many

by growing on the

When

it

store water.

do these plants get up into the trees? Most

them have

light seeds that float in the wind. If

these seeds

is

root. It

their

rains,

blown into a good spot

spends the rest of

in

its life there,

a tree

of

one of

it

takes

hanging on.

Strange and Surprising Plants

wild pineapple

orchids

Spanish moss

99

If

a green plant doesn't get enough sun-

light, it will die.

The

best

to get lots of sunlight if

is

way

to

for

grow

a plant

tall.

But

a plant with a very thin stem grows too

tall, it will

just topple over. So, as

some

they find

plants grow toward the sun,

things to lean on. These plants are called

climbing plants.

A

plant such as English ivy likes to be

near a wall or

tree.

Then, as

it

grows,

it

has something to lean up against. Tiny roots

grow out

of the ivy's

stem and stick

to the wall or tree. These roots keep the

ivy from falling

down

as

it

grows.

English ivy

honeysuckle

>MMfljjJi

Strange and Surprising Plants

Some

plants

is

101

wrap themselves around

trees or other plants to keep

over. This

|

from

how honeysuckle

falling

grows.

Some

plants send out leafy arms called

tendrils.

These tendrils wrap themselves

around fence posts and other things. In this

as

it

way, the plant keeps from

falling

over

grows.

Every climbing plant has to have something to lean on If

there

is

it

the ground. But it

it

starts to grow.

nothing for the climbing plant

to hold on to,

sunlight,

when

begins to spread out on if

it

doesn't get enough

will die.

grapevine

102

The Green Kingdom

Vampire plants Some

plants live like vampires.

They

fasten themselves to other plants

and suck food and water out

When

them

a plant called a dodder sprouts

from the ground, the

of

nearest

it

stretches out toward

plant.

The

stem

dodder's

grows toward the other plant and slowly winds around threadlike

it.

The dodder pushes into

roots

the

little

other plant's

stem. With these threads the dodder sucks

food and water out of the other plant. Finally, the dodder breaks loose

own

its

spends the rest of

root. It

wrapped around the other Mistletoe

is

trunk.

The

its

own

sucking

Mistletoe It

often

seeds send roots into the tree

The

mistletoe plant grows on

mistletoe can

food, but it

is

plant.

dropped on tree trunks by

Then the

the tree.

its life

a vampire plant, too. Mis-

tletoe seeds are birds.

from

it

gets

all its

out of the tree.

a vampire plant.

grows on apple

make some

trees.

of

water by

Strange and Surprising Plants

When it

a

|

103

young dodder sprouts,

begins to grow toward

the nearest plant.

The dodder wraps the other plant.

It

itself

gets

around

its

food and water by sucking them out of the other plant.

Indian paintbrush to be minding its

is

own

a plant that seems business.

But

it's

a vampire, too. Its roots spread through the ground and fasten to

all

other plants they can find.

the roots of

Then the

In-

dian paintbrush sucks water and some food

out of the roots of

all its

neighbors!

Plants that live on other plants are called parasites.

104

The Green Kingdom

baobab

Odd and unusual

"jail" tree

trees traveler's

The world

One

is

full

of unusual trees.

tree has fruits that look like big

sausages hanging from

Another tree looks a

its

branches.

little like

a giant

umbrella. Still

another tree looks somewhat

a peacock's

And,

like

tail.

in Australia, a large tree

hollow trunk was once used as a

with a jail.

;.•**

palm

"dropsical" tree

sausage tree

rain tree

The Green Kingdom

106 I

The biggest living things The blue whale

the largest animal

is

that has ever lived

— bigger

than an

ele-

phant, bigger than the biggest dinosaur.

But even the blue whale

on earth. Trees

living thing

the largest

isn't

are.

And

the

redwoods and

largest of all trees are the

giant sequoias that grow in California.

The

the world are the

tallest trees in

California redwoods.

Most

more than 300

(90 meters)

about as tallest

tall

feet

of

them are high—

as a 30-story building.

known redwood

The

almost 370 feet

is

(113 meters) high!

The

giant sequoias are not as

redwoods, thicker. eral

tree

but

One

their

big sequoia

is

is

272 feet its

feet (30 meters)

(11

(83

meters)

trunk

as the

are

much

called the

Sherman, after a famous

widest part of

feet

trunks

tall

is

soldier.

high.

Gen-

The The

more than 100

around and more than 36

meters) across.

A

big crowd of

people could hide behind this tree!

redwood trees

sequoia trees y

m

M

The Green Kingdom

108 I

The

oldest living tree

If trees

had birthday parties, there's one tree

in the

United States that would need more than 4,000 candles on

its

birthday cake!

Trees

A

live

much longer than people

or animals do.

big oak tree, with a trunk so thick that you can't

get your arms around old.

The big redwood

it,

may be hundreds

of years

trees in California are thousands

of years old.

The

oldest

known

tree in the United States lives in

a mountain forest in California. bristlecone pine tree that's It is

It's

a gnarled, twisted

more than 4,600 years

one of the oldest living things

bristlecone pine

old.

in the world.

Strange and Surprising Plants

|

109

cushion plant

The cushion plant In

New

cushion

,

made

ion plant.

A

Zealand there grows a plant that looks of

white sheep's wool.

And sometimes

cushion plant

it's

stems with millions of

a cush-

of

little leaves.

thousands

The

of tiny

leaves are cov-

ered with tiny hairs, and that's what gives the plant

woolly look.

a

called a vegetable sheep.

made up

is

It's called

like

The stems grow together

its

so closely that

they look like one big white lump.

You

could even

But you would be hard as a rock

sit

on a cushion plant

if

you wished

surprised. It isn't a bit soft



it's

as

Ill

Weeds and Wild Flowers Queen Anne's Lace in Dandelions

frilly white,

gold,

Stalwart, seedy plantain spears:

These are weeds I'm

Though many folks may

And

told.

call

may

weeds they well

I stand and stand

to look at

They're beautiful

to

them weeds be,

them.

me!

Weeds Leland B. Jacobs

112

The Green Kingdom

|

The

lion's tooth

Dandelions are good to eat!

For years, people

different parts of the world

in

have eaten the young, spring leaves of dandelions.

Some

people boil them and eat them with

pepper.

Some

people use them

in salads.

salt

and

These spring

leaves are called dandelion greens.

The dandelion got

name

its

funny way. The

in a

jagged edges of the dandelion's leaf look

like a

row

of teeth. So, long ago, the people in France gave the

plant the

But

name dent de

"j

which means

lion's tooth.

to the people in England, dent de lion

like dandelion,

Jr^l

lion,

*

J^t^ ^"V^

and

that's

^**Et ^"Y"^ ^"V *

called this plant!

*V»

•'Vs*

1

what they

There was a pretty dandelion

With

lovely, fluffy hair,

That glistened in

And But oh!

in the

the

this pretty

Soon grew And, sad

sunshine

summer old

to tell!

sounded

air.

dandelion

and gray; her charming hair

Blew many miles away. Dandelion Author Unknown

A tall plant with tasty seeds Sunflowers are big plants with thick, hairy stems and big, heart-shaped leaves.

Sunflower blossoms are often as big as dinner plates, and sunflowers sometimes grow

twice as

tall

as a tall man.

Sunflower seeds were an important food for

many American

Indian tribes. The In-

dians dried the seeds and ground

them

into

powder. They used the powder to make bread and thicken soup. Sometimes they

mixed powdered sunflower seeds with to

make

fat

a sort of pudding.

Sunflowers grow wild in prairies and

meadows, but there are sunflower farms in

many

¥\

/:

parts of the world. Oil from sun-

used to

flower seeds

is

cooking

paint,

oils,

make

margarine,

and soap. And many

people enjoy eating sunflower seeds.

s

r, •

a

p

1

-

ippf

Jack-in-the-pulpit

Weeds and Wild Flowers

115

Jack-in-the-pulpit It's

easy to see how this

name.

its

pulpit,

It

looks like a

plant got

little

man

little

ready to give a sermon.

It's called

Jack-in-the-pulpit because "Jack"

other word for a

means

a

man

is

or boy, just as

an-

"Jill"

girl.

Jack-in-the-pulpit

Indian

in a

turnip.

is

sometimes

Indians

because

That's

called

used to eat the root, which looks some-

what

like

a turnip.

The Indians

eat the roots raw, though.

The roots have

poison in them. The Indians

dry

in the

didn't

let

the roots

sun for a long time. That got

rid of the poison.

Jack-in-the-pulpit has a relative that

grows

in

England and other parts of Eu-

rope. It looks

but

is

much like Jack-in-the-pulpit,

called a cuckoopint.

Jack-in-the-Pulpit Is preaching today.

What do you

He

is

think

going

to

say?

I'm sure I know well

The message

Be glad for

he'll

bring:

a green world!

Be glad

it

is

spring!

Jack-in-the-Pulpit

Leland B. Jacobs

The Green Kingdom

116

Arrowhead If

you were an Indian long ago, you

might have gone wading to get some of your food.

Arrowhead

is

a

arrow-

with

plant

shaped leaves that grows

in

water near

When

the edges of streams and ponds. Indians liked to eat arrowhead roots.

They

out of the

pulled the plants

mud

with their toes.

Indians saw these plants,

take off their moccasins and wade into the water.

•«-vt,*-

They would

of the

mud

would

boil the roots

pull the plants out

with their toes. Then they

Arrowhead

*'-=.

they might

roots

eaten raw. But

and eat them.

when they

taste a lot like potatoes.

why arrowhead

is

when

bitter

taste

are boiled they

Maybe

also called

that's

duck potato.

arrowhead

afefefei .4

'

it

Weeds and Wild Flowers

117

The perfume plant Do you

think

it

would be fun to have

leaves on the floor of your house instead of

a rug?

Long

ago, people in

settlers in

America would gather leaves

the calamus plant.

of their houses nice,

They

of

dried the leaves

Then they covered the

in the sun.

had a

Europe and early

floors

with the leaves. The leaves

sweet smell that

made

a house

smell good. If

you

live near

a pond, a stream, or a

marsh, you might try drying some calamus leaves.

sweet flag

calamus

it

Long ago, people often gathered

calamus leaves

Look

to put

floors of their houses.

on the

by

its



for

in

calamus



it is

also called

shallow water. You'll

long, swordlike leaves.

know

The Green Kingdom

118 I

milkweed

Weeds and Wild Flowers

A

119

plant that bandages itself There are

lots of things to

know about

the plant called milkweed.

Milkweed gets juice,

out

which looks

when the

name from the white

its

plant

cut.

is

juice dries in the sun like a

milk,

like

that oozes

This rubbery

and covers the cut

bandage.

Without milkweed

plants, there

might

not be any beautiful monarch butterflies.

Milkweed

is

the only plant on which fe-

male monarch

butterflies

eggs. That's because

lay

will

milkweed

is

their

the only

food that monarch butterfly caterpillars will

eat.

Milkweed seeds grow pods.

In the

fall,

inside fat, green

the pods turn brown, milkweed seeds

dry up, and

split

open.

When

in

a pod

the wind

blows, the seeds are lifted out of the pod

a few at a time. tufts,

like

They have

parachutes,

long,

silky

that carry

them

through the air on the wind.

fW

In a milkweed

cradle,

Snug and warm, t

ff\

Baby

seeds are hiding,

Safe from harm. i

Open wide

,yHold "

high!

Come Mr. Wind.

£& Help

I

it

the cradle,

them

fly.

Baby Seeds Unknown

Indian potatoes

When the Pilgrims came to America they didn't have much food. But friendly Indians showed them how to grow corn, beans, and squash. And the Indians showed the Pilgrims where to find wild plants to eat.

One

of these

plants had fat, round roots that the Indians dug out of

the ground. Today,

we call this plant an "Indian potato."

The Indians loved

these roots.

them, too. They boiled the roots hot.

The Pilgrims thought the

Indian potatoes

"7

''

^jZ&r MSB

in

The Pilgrims

liked

water and ate them

roots tasted like turnips.

Weeds and Wild Flowers

An

Indian medicine plant

When

you're sick, your mother or father calls a

doctor.

Long

ago.

mothers

or

when

Indian children became sick, their

fathers

called

a

medicine

man.

The

man didn't have pills or shots, but he could make many kinds of medicine from wild plants. One plant the medicine man used was the May apple. With its slim stem and large green leaves, the May medicine

apple looks like a in

May,

its fruit

and looks more

The

root of the

little

umbrella. While

it

does bloom

doesn't appear until July or August, like a

lemon than an apple.

May

is

apple plant

actually poisonous

and should never be eaten. But the medicine men boiled the roots in water.

Then the water became

medicine that was good for curing a stomachache.

May apples

a

|

121

122

The Green Kingdom

|

and toads'

Elves' umbrellas Fungi are strange

have no

plants.

or balls,

horns, or even birds' nests!

They

They look

roots, stems, or leaves.

umbrellas,

like

little

stools

or sponges,

They

or

are white,

or yellow, or orange, or purple, or even

polka-dotted

— but

grow

usually

in

seldom

They

green.

damp, dark places

in fly

woods, trees

and

agaric

mushrooms

on old

in piles of rotting leaves, or

And sometimes they pop up

logs.

on peoples' lawns.

The

fungi you probably

know

the ones called mushrooms. look like

best are

They

usually

umbrellas. In fact, people

little

once believed that elves used mushrooms for umbrellas

Mushrooms

when

it

are often called toadstools.

Someone with a sense

made up

rained.

that name.

of

humor must have

But some mushrooms

are just about the right size and shape to

make a comfortable

Some mushrooms

stool for a fat toad.

are good to eat.

But morel mushrooms

Many

some are poisonous and can

kill!

people believe that poisonous

mushrooms

will

turn a spoon or a coin black, or will

make water

turn black, but that's not true.

There's no

way

to

tell

a good

mushroom

from a poisonous one unless you're an expert.

So never eat a wild mushroom

.

'-*

an

bird's nest fungi

club

mushrooms

puffballs

-

.

;-

The Green Kingdom

124

and

Fairies, sneezes,

ago, people in Ireland believed

Long that

ragweed was the

the fairies. But fairies

many In

would

favorite plant of

seems strange that the

it

like

people feel

makes

that

a plant sick.

most flowers there are tiny grains

Ragweed

called pollen. It

piles of gold

floats

in

the

people's noses,

it

air.

pollen

When

is like it

dust.

gets into

causes an allergy called

hay fever. Hay fever makes some people's

eyes itchy and red.

It

noses run, too. But most of

makes all,

it

their

makes

them sneeze. ragweed

goldenrod

The blamed

But

plant for

goldenrod

called

often

is

making people sneeze,

Goldenrod pollen

this is a mistake.

doesn't float in the

too.

air.

It's

heavy and

sticky.

Goldenrod gets

its

name because

looks like a slim, green rod with a of gold at its tip. Its golden flowers

from

late

it

mass bloom

summer through autumn. They

look like piles of gold along the sides of

roads and

in

meadows.

Weeds and Wild Flowers

The

day's eye

125 |

and a cup of butter

wild wonder how some Did you ever got their names?

flowers

The And,

daisy looks like

somewhat

an eye,

it

like

an eye.

opens up at the

m

EngSo, long ago beginning of each day. In named it "day's eye. land, people time, the

name became

daisy.

because it its name The buttercup got made of yellow butter. looks like a cup was believed that butter Long ago, people But ate buttercups. yellow because cows does get not true. Butter

ite color

that's

from what cows buttercups.

eat,

but cows don

t

eat

JMI AsSl

n?f

i\\

'

7

cattails

*\ 'Cossack asparagus' Cattails

grow

marshes, on riverbanks, and near

in

water-filled ditches. Their flowers

rods that look and

feel like

Russia eat them, and so do

A

bunch

ies for

called

of cattails

the Indians.

cattail flower soup,

the long leaves and for chairs.

They

brown

tail.

The Cossack people

many

of

English people. In

"Cossack asparagus."

was

like

a whole bagful of grocer-

The Indians and boiled

People once found

fuzzy,

the tip of a cat's

Cattail roots are good to eat.

England they are

become

many

ate cattail root bread,

cattail stems.

uses for cattails.

wove them together

to

They

dried

make

seats

stuffed mattresses with the soft, cot-

tony down that comes from the brown rods. used cattails for decorations, as

many

And they

people

still

do.

Weeds and Wild Flowers

127

Pot-cleaning plants

When

people clean pots and pans, they probably use

scratchy pads of steel wool or plastic. But long ago,

people cleaned pots with plants called horsetails. Horsetails,

stemmed

also called

plants that

rushes,

grow

in

are short,

hollow-

sandy places. They have

a rough, sort of glassy covering on their stems. This is

the same kind of stuff that

When

makes sand

scratchy.

the people of long ago scrubbed their pots with

the scratchy horsetails, the pots got nice and shiny.

The word "scour" means

to clean well.

Because the

horsetails did such a good cleaning job, people gave

them the name "scouring rushes." horsetails

128

The Green Kingdom

The Indian lemonade plant Sumac

a small tree or bush with

is

narrow, pointed leaves.

when the

fall

It

tells

people

arrives. Its leaves are usually

change

first to

color.

They turn from

green to a bright, glowing red.

Near the end

summer, bunches of

of

red berries grow on some kinds of sumac trees.

The American Indians made

a

drink from those berries. They dried the berries,

mashed them, and mixed them

with water. This

made

a sour, cooling

drink that looked and tasted somewhat like

pink lemonade.

One kind that hang

of

down

sumac has white berries instead of sticking up as

the red berries do.

away from

that

The Indians stayed

kind

of sumac.

poisonous and makes skin burn and staghorn sumac

It

is

itch!

Weeds and Wild Flowers

The

carrot's lacy cousin

From May

until late

August you can see the white,

Queen Anne's

lacy flowers of a plant called at

you along roads and

a real queen

who

in fields.

The

plant

lace

is

nodding

named

after

ruled England hundreds of years ago.

People wore lots of lace on their clothes at that time, especially kings

and queens. The person who named the

flower probably thought

it

looked like the lace on the

queen's dresses.

Queen Anne's it

is

lace

is

also called wild carrot because

related to the kind of carrot

Anne's lace

isn't

good to

Queen Anne's

lace

eat.

we

eat.

But Queen

129

The Green Kingdom

130

The plant that Many

A

cats love

cats love the plant called catnip.

cat that finds a

happily

Many

leaves.

owners give their pets

balls or

made

toys

seem

cats

among

the

roll

cat

about

clump of catnip may

of dried catnip leaves.

Most

to like dried catnip leaves just

as well as green, growing ones.

Some people roll

around

in,

like catnip,

too

— not

but to drink. They

to

make

catnip tea by putting dried catnip leaves in boiling

water and adding a

little

honey.

Catnip belongs to the mint family.

grows wild

in

many

parts

of

North

America and Europe. You can often it

It

find

along roads or near old farms.

When catnip,

a cat finds a clump of it

and over

catnip

loves to in

roll

over

the leaves.

Weeds and Wild Flowers

A magic Clover

is

131

plant a

common

plant. Its little red, white, pink,

or yellow blossoms peep up from

meadows and lawns

everywhere.

Long

ago, people believed that clover

They believed

plant.

that

was

a

three-leaf clovers

magic

would

guard them from the spells of witches. They believed that four-leaf clovers would fairies

and

elves.

And,

make them

able to see

many

people think

to this day.

that finding a four-leaf clover will bring

Of course clover does help make

from

its

isn't

soil rich.

really a

them

luck.

magic plant. But

And bees make

fine

it

honey

blossoms.

clover

132

|

The Green Kingdom

Deadly berries and seeds

Many

kinds of berries and seeds are

poisonous! People have died from eating

yew

mistletoe berries,

beans.

There

are

berries,

and castor

several

kinds

of

nightshade plants with green, red, and black berries



all

dangerous! Never eat

a berry, seed, or nut unless you sure that

it is

know

for

safe.

nightshade berries

castor beans mistletoe berries

stinging nettle

poison ivy

Plants that The

plants

make you shown on

itch

this

and burn

page can hurt you.

should happen to touch one of them, skin burn

and

sting

and

plants so you can stay

itch.

it

you

make your

Learn to recognize these

away from them.

poison oak

can

If

134

|

The Green Kingdom

Dangerous plants Some

of the

most beautiful and common

plants have leaves, petals, and branches

that can ers, or

kill

!

Never chew the

leaves, flow-

branches of any plant unless you are

sure they are safe to eat.

oleander

The leaves and branches oleander are

filled

of the

with poison.

rhubarb

We

can eat the stems

rhubarb plant. But will

its

of the

leaves

quickly bring death!

Cherries are good to eat. But the leaves and twigs of cherry trees contain a poison. wild black cherry

mountain

The

leaves, twigs,

of the

mountain

laurel

and flowers

laurel tree

can cause death.

The buds,

fruits,

and leaves

of the poinsettia plant

can cause

illness. poinsettia

137

How

Does Your Garden Grow? They

can't see their pictures,

— seeds in a package —

they can't read the label the

so

how

to

know

are they able if they're daisies

or greens for the table? It

sounds

like

a fancy,

it

sounds

like

a

but

you do

fable,

the sowing,

the weeding, the hoeing,

and of

they'll

how

do the knowing

to be

growing.

Package of Seeds Aileen Fisher

138

A

|

The Green Kingdom

window-sill garden

You can have a all

—a window-sill garden

winter

You can buy

sill,

many

stores.

Put

Keep the

damp, but not

holes in

dirt

them

may grow bigger. You can use tin cans

plants

bigger pots.

Have your mother

in the

house plants!

to let water seep

put a dish under each pot to catch the water.

Some

tons.

your house

window where

muddy. Flower pots have out, so

in

or on a table near a

plenty of sunlight.

is

of

small house plants at

them on a window there

garden

bright, cheerful

bottoms

of these

If so,

move them

to

or cottage cheese car-

or father put a few small holes

homemade

pots.

Plants such as ivy or philodendron look nice in glass bowls.

But a

glass

bowl must have gravel at the bottom

to catch the water that seeps out of the dirt.

geranium

chives

a window-sill garden

Not

all

plants will

that will are called

grow

The

well

dirt

if

house

plants.

They

they get plenty of sunlight.

should be kept damp, not muddy.

#$&& coleus

grow indoors. Those

cactus

140

|

The Green Kingdom

Living-room gardens Would you

like

to

have a garden

your living room? One way to do

buy house

plants.

it is

Philodendrons,

in

to

ser-

pent's tongue, and rubber plants, which

grow wild

in hot parts of the world,

good house plants plants

don't

need much

warm room, a little now and then. avocado

You can You

in cool places.

light

make These

— just

a

water, and a dusting

also sprout

your own plants.

will need: an avocado seed or a sweet potato

4 toothpicks a

Stick

water potting soil

a planter

jar

four

toothpicks

into

opposite

sides of an avocado seed. Place the seed,

serpent plant

sweet potato

How Does Your Garden Grow?

141

philodendron

point up, in a jar partly

filled

with water.

Rest the toothpicks on the rim of the so that only the bottom of the seed

water. Put the jar

Soon the seed

in a

warm,

light

jar, is in

room.

will sprout.

After the seed has sprouted roots and leaves,

seed

in

fill

a planter with

soil.

Plant the

the center. Cover the roots and

most of the seed with

dirt,

but don't

cover the seed completely. Water your plant and place

Now do

rubber plant

it

in a

warm sunny

room.

watch your garden grow! You can

this

with a sweet potato, too.

1

Tlif

12

Green Kingdom

Gardens

A

in glass

terrarium

an indoor garden

is

Owning one

glass box. tiny forest,

is

in a

having a

like

to yourself.

all

You can buy fun to

boxes

a terrarium, but

make your own.

it's

more

You'll need:

a glass box, bowl,

a

or jar

little

peat

sand

moss

pebbles

water

potting soil

small plants

Put a layer of pebbles on the bottom club

for

water to drain

with potting

soil,

moss

Cover the pebbles

into.

mixed with a

and peat moss. Water the

little

soil until

sand it

is

damp, but not muddy.

moneywort

These are good

plants to

put into a terrarium

Next, dig up some ferns, moss, and other small plants from your yard or an

empty

lot.

If

you want, you can

also

buy

small plants. Arrange the plants so that

your terrarium looks

but not

in

a

of the best

plants for an aquarium.

like a tiny forest.

Keep your terrarium where light,

These are some

sunny

place.

it

If

gets

you

cover your terrarium, the temperature

and moisture should stay

in balance.

If

the glass does get too moist, remove the lid

for a short time.

You can

raise

water plants and

fish in

an aquarium. You will probably have to

buy the plants and

fish

from a pet store.

Many pet stores have books that tell you how to take care of the plants and fish and keep them healthy.

Myriophyllum

baby's tears

14::

The Green Kingdom

144 I

Outdoor gardens

A

little

seed

For me

to

A

earth

little

To make

A A A

it

.

hole,

little

pat

little

wish,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

that is that.

little

sun,

little

shower

little

while,

And

.

.

grow

little

And

A A A

sow

then

.

—a flower!

Maytime Magic Mabel Watts

Planting an outdoor garden It's

a

thrill

to

watch

little

come poking up from the

is

truly fun

green heads

places where

you

planted seeds! All

you need

for

an outdoor garden

is

a small patch of earth that gets plenty of sunshine.

You can buy

seeds for

To

kinds of outdoor plants.

many

plant them,

just read the directions on the seed package.

The next few pages

will

of the different kinds of

you might

like to have.

show you some

outdoor gardens

a backyard garden

Wherever there's a soil,

little bit

there can be a garden.

of

And

garden brings beauty wherever

it

a is.

^ 'R*t*Vv '&

**£•::

-..

%:

Wv-'A

'

239

True Tales and Tall Tales Have you ever read

a story in which

the hero was a plant? In Scotland,

about

how

the people

thistle plants

tell

a story

saved a king.

Have you ever heard about a people hunt for with pigs? Or about

who turned

into

a plant?

plant a girl

Or about

a

country that was nearly ruined by a plant?

There

are

many

stories,

true

and

make-believe, about plants. Here are a

few of them.

240

The Green Kingdom

The plant that saved a king Thistles aren't the sort of flower that people like to

They

pick.

aren't very pretty

leaves that hurt

you

if

and they have prickly

you touch them. And

thistles

grow so quickly and thickly that they are pests

to

farmers.

But the

ugly, prickly thistle

Scotland. This

end that

tells

is

because there

how

thistles

an honored plant

is

is

an old Scottish

in

leg-

once saved a Scottish king

from the Vikings. Vikings were

fierce

warriors

who came from

the

northern countries of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.

The Vikings loved war and ferent parts of the world tles.

They

riches,

often

killed

fighting.

They

and attacked towns and all

the people,

and burned everything down.

i

m-~'

ifY

sailed to dif-

i»*

stole

all

cas-

the

True Tales and

An

old story tells

how some Vikings landed

Tall Tales

in Scot-

land more than a thousand years ago. During the night

they surrounded the Scottish king's castle. Everyone the castle was asleep.

They

didn't

know

in

the Vikings

were about to attack. All pit.

around the

castle there

Moats were usually

was a moat

filled

kings took off their sandals to

But it

this

was

moat wasn't

filled

When thistles

with water, so the Vi-

wade

the

first

across the moat.

with water.

with thousands of prickly

It

was

dry,

and

thistles!

barefoot Vikings stepped on those

they howled with pain! The noise woke the

people in the castle, kings and chase national

filled

— a deep, wide

emblem

who were

able to defeat the Vi-

them away. Today, the

thistle is the

of Scotland.

Scottish thistle

The

thistle is the national

flower of Scotland.

|

241

True Tales and

The flower

that tells of battles

More than

a thousand years ago, says

an old French

now known gave away

tale,

there lived a holy

as Saint Leonard.

all his

man

One day he

money and everything he

owned. Then he went to a valley

Tall Tales

live

by himself

in

in a forest.

But a dragon named Temptation also lived in that valley. This dragon

was a

huge creature that breathed

looked

like a snake,

and had wings

fire,

a bat.

like

The dragon Temptation attacked

man

Saint

it

away.

Saint Leonard and the dragon fought

many

Leonard, but the holy

terrible lost.

battles,

chased

and the dragon always

The holy man chased

the beast farther

and farther toward the edge And,

finally,

woods.

of the

the dragon disappeared for-

ever from the valley.

But a strange thing happened where each of the battles was fought. Wherever drops of Saint Leonard's blood

fell

to the

ground, flowers grew! These flowers were called

lilies

of the valley, in

honor

of Saint

Leonard's battles in the valley against the

dragon Temptation.

lily

In

of the valley

a French legend, these

flowers

drops

first

grew where

of a saint's

blood

fell.

243

The Green Kingdom

244 I

The hunting of the Truffles, like

unlike

truffle

mushrooms, are a kind of fungus. But

mushrooms,

truffles

grow underground. That

makes them hard

to find. Truffles are so tasty that

people often spend

many hours hunting

people even train animals to truffles.

And some

help

for

them hunt

truffle hunt. First,

you must go out into the woods where a long walk, and

way,

it

for

of the best truffle hunters are pigs.

Pretend that you're going on a

It's

them. Some

if

your pig had

might be too tired

to hunt.

carry the pig in your arms. Or,

truffles

to

walk

grow. the

all

So you have

maybe you

pull

it

to in

a wagon.

When you

get to where you think the truffles are,

True Talcs and

you

tie a

Tall Talcs

rope around the pig's neck. Then you hold

on to the other end of the rope and follow the pig as it

starts to hunt.

the truffles.

It

When

sniffles it

smells one,

Pigs like truffles just as

your pig from eating the drag

it

it

search of

begins to dig.

as people do.

truffles,

it

an acorn. Then you

dig up the truffles. little,

much

it

in

To keep

you must quickly

away. But you have to give the pig a reward

for finding the truffles, or

give

and snuffles

may tie

They won't

stop hunting. So you

the pig to a tree and look like

much

— just

wrinkled, brown balls with warts on them. But

people

who

monev

for

like the taste of truffles will

pay

lots of

them.

+ *«

truffles

Truffles grow underground. They are good to eat,

so people hunt

SiiC^s*

A\ji\\ii

for

them.

245

$&

-,ys

v

b

s£>i

VS.

i$b

& J !

The

who became a

girl

Long

flower

ago, the people in Greece believed

that the sun was a god

named

Helios,

who

drove across the sky in a chariot pulled by four horses. There girl

named

Helios.

Clytie

is

a Greek tale about a

who

fell

in love

with

She loved him so much that

all

she wanted to do was watch as Helios

S*^

v;

drove across the sky. All

day

long, Clytie sat

on the ground,

watching the sun. She never looked at anything

when «.*.

else.

She never moved. Even

night came, she stayed where she

was, just waiting for the sun to

rise.

^

sr

a

For nine days and nine nights Clytie did not eat tears

by

any

She drank only her

and the dew from the leaves

plants.

took root

And on in

flower stem.

that

food.

turned

the tenth day her body

the ground.

Her

of near-

face

slowly

It

became a

became a flower

on

its

stem,

still

watching the sun move across the sky.

The

flower

is

named

the heliotrope. In

Greek, this means "turning toward the sun."

And

true to

its

name, the beautiful,

Greek legend, this flower was once a girl In

sweet-scented heliotrope blossom always turns toward the sun.

248

|

The Green Kingdom

The flower that nearly ruined a country Imagine paying thousands of dollars for a flower that hasn't even

grown

yet! That's

what many people

did

Netherlands. Tulips were

about 300 years ago

in the

new

which was called Holland

at the

were

money

to the country,

And

time. to

have

rich people

tulips

in

underground buds

saw a chance It

to

willing to

their gardens.

pay

lots of

Tulips

grow from

Many Dutch

called bulbs.

make money by

people

selling tulip bulbs.

takes three to seven years to raise tulip bulbs

from seeds. And some people didn't want to wait that

They wanted money

long.

began

right away, and so they

to sell bulbs before they

growers would

sell

had them. Tulip bulb

some bulbs they

Dutch money.

to others for thousands of dollars in

Those people would then

sell

have

didn't yet

the bulbs they didn't yet

have to others for twice as much. Tulip bulb prices went higher and higher.

people even sold their houses to get bulbs to bulbs.

sell.

One

money

to

Some

buy

tulip

People traded valuable things for tulip

time, a single tulip bulb

was

sold for 4 cows,

8 pigs, 12 sheep, 2 barrels of butter, 1,000 pounds (450

kilograms) of cheese, 2 big barrels of wine, 4 barrels of beer, 2

wagonloads of wheat, a bed, a

and a large

suit of clothes,

silver cup.

Suddenly, people became afraid to spend so much

on tulip bulbs. Prices dropped. People who had bought tulip bulbs couldn't sell

their

money. Others

them.

Many

lost their houses.

Holland was nearly ruined by

tulips.

people lost

The country

all

of

True Tales and

tulip

A

bulb

is

bulbs

an underground bud.

The leaves and stem of a grow right out of the bulb.

tulip

Tall Tales

249

mm

+**

"

251

Saving the Plants Conservation that

means

come from nature"

"saving

things

air, soil,

water,



animals, and plants.

Plants might not

seem

to

need care,

but they do. Plants can get sick, just as

people can. Insects can chew their leaves or roots until they die.

them

Fire can turn

into a pile of ashes.

Polluted air from cars and factories can

choke the

ground

is

life

dug up

parking

lots,

need to

live.

We

out of plants.

And when

for factories, mines,

and

plants lose the space they

need to save the plants. They give

us beauty and food and fresh

air.

We

couldn't live without them.

That's

why

to the plants

conservation

— and

is

important

to you, too.

252

The Green Kingdom

smut on corn

Smut Many

is

of

a tiny plant called a fungus.

these plants sometimes grow

on corn and make

it

rot

and

die.

Saving the Plants

2r>:\

Deadly enemies Some deadly enemies

of plants lurk in the green

kingdom! They are tiny plants called fungi, that look

somewhat Not

all

like

cobwebs.

kinds of fungi are deadly.

that are already decaying, and plants in

ways that are

plant killers.

them

Some

some

helpful.

live

on things

with other

But some fungi are

They fasten themselves

as food.

live

The fungi grow and

to plants

and use

multiply, causing

the other plants to become slimy and rotten. These plant-killing fungi

have nasty-sounding names such as

smut, blight, rust, and mildew.

Fungi can harm even the largest plants. Once, beautiful chestnut trees

grew everywhere

in

North

America. Most of them are gone now. They were

by

killed

blight.

Can

fungi cause trouble for people?

They

certainly

can. In Ireland, in the 1840's, a blight attacked the

potato crop.

More than 750,000 people starved

to

death, because potatoes were their chief food.

Most plants are helpless when fungi attack them.

But people can help plants

fight fungi. Scientists

have

found chemicals that help keep plants from being attacked.

They have

that can't be

working to

also learned

harmed by

find better

deadly enemies.

ways

fungi.

how

to raise plants

Scientists are

to save plants

still

from these

^L^

Saving the Plants

255

Insect enemies Suppose you could make yourself as tiny as an Then, suppose you sat on a leaf

insect.

and were very

still.

You would probably hear

munching, crunching noise

summer away

all

day and night,

long,

garden

in a

around you. For,

billions of insects

a all

chew

at plants.

Many

insects are truly plant enemies.

— corn,

same

wheat, tomatoes, potatoes, and

fruit.

There are several ways insects.

Some

they're

often the

our enemies, too, because their food as ours

And

is

protect

to

plants

people use poison sprays, but

from

many

of

these sprays are dangerous. Gardeners and farmers

know

that one of the best

insects

alfalfa

to protect plants

from

with other insects.

is

Once,

ways

insects called

little

aphids were damaging

crops in California. The farmers turned thou-

sands of lady bugs loose in their

fields.

The lady bugs

gobbled up the aphids and saved the crops.

Using insects

to fight insects is the safest

way

to

protect plants. Scientists are looking for other ways.

Getting rid of harmful insect enemies it

is

important. But

has to be done with care. All insects, even those

that attack plants, help maintain the balance of nature.

tent caterpillars

Tent caterpillars are deadly enemies

of

plants.

A

eat

the buds or young leaves on a

all

tree.

nest of tent caterpillars

When

this

happens, the tree

will

often

will die.

256

The Green Kingdom

|

The enemy

in the air

Imagine a world that

is

—a world without beauty. in

plain,

even ugly

Imagine a world

which most of the trees are dead.

Many

other plants are small and twisted. Leaves

and flowers are spotted with fruits,

disease.

And

such as grapes, apples, peaches, and

plums, can't grow.

wouldn't be a very nice world. But

It

many is

scientists fear that's

going to be like some day

something about

it



if

we

don't do

air pollution

Air pollution can also

what our world

make you

makes your eyes water and

cough. It sting.

does far worse things to plants.

trees.

It

It kills

keeps flowers from budding. It

spoils fruits

and vegetables.

Air pollution

But

But

scientists

working on

it.

is

a very serious problem.

and many other people are They're trying to clean up

the air and keep people and plants.

it

clean, for the sake of

damaged aspen

leaves

These leaves were damaged by fumes from cars and trucks.

caused by cars

Air pollution,

and

trucks,

is

killing this

pine tree near a highway

Hameenlinna, Finland.

dying tree near a highway

in

258

The Green Kingdom

mine or national park?

From open-pit mines such as the one in the top picture, we get a useful and important

metal of

— copper.

But this kind

mine destroys both land and

plants. The bottom picture shows a place where valuable

metals have been found.

Some

people want to dig an open-pit

mine here. Others, who want see the land stay the way

it

to is,

are trying to have the area

declared a national park.

w

j

'

'W-lrVV ''

">" .

,v "



m\

ffii H |

270

|

The Green Kingdom

A

thing of beauty is a joy for ever:

Its loveliyiess increases;

Pass

into nothingness

.

will never

it .

.

From Endymion John Keats

salsify

Look

for a Lovely

Itm^F

Thing

THWfo ^Bi

271 |

272

Books

to

Grass and Grasshoppers by Rose Wyler

Read

(Messner, 1990) you like to do experiments, this is the book for you! There are experiments on almost every page that have to do with If

you enjoy learning about plants, you'll many interesting books about them. The books listed here are only a If

find

sampling. Your school or public library will

grass and some of the animals that "hop"

through

it.

have more. In

Ages 5

My

Garden:

to

8

Child's Gardening

Williams (Scribner, 1985)

brown furry marshes. The book

Cattails are tall plants with

spikes that live in

you all about cattails and other plants and animals that live in marshes. will tell

If you want a vegetable garden of your own, this is the guide you need to get

started.

In the Forest by Jim Arnosky (Lothrop, 1989)

This book

A Book

of Vegetables by Harriet L. Sobol (Putnam, 1984) You may find vegetables more interesting at the dinner table after

learning about

them and the

plants they

on.

Discovering Trees by Douglas Florian (Scribner, 1986)

You

see trees every day, but how much do you really know about them? This book helps you to identify some trees and tells how they grow.

Farming and Land: Modern Farmers and Their Machines by Jerry Bushey If you like machines, you will probably enjoy this book about farming machines. It explains how machines are used on a farm.

Jerome Wexler

life

how you can

what each

Mushrooms by

Millicent E.

Selsam

(Morrow, 1986)

kingdom mushroom! green? Not the mysterious

Are

all

plants in the green

A

There Once Was

Tree by Natalia

Romanova (Dial Press, 1985) What happens when an old tree

is split

by lightning? The answer to this question is explained in words and beautiful pictures in this book.

Plants That Never Ever Bloom by Ruth Heller (Grosset, 1984) to a

group of

plants that don't flower.

Ages 9 and Up Tree Through the Year by

Claudia Schnieper (Carolrhoda, 1987)

cycle of

This book follows an apple tree's life from winter through the seasons to fall,

raise them.

when

(Dodd, 1985) ferns and tells

a collection of paintings of

painting includes.

An Apple to Spore by

This book describes the

is

forests, with explanations of

The author introduces you

(Carolrhoda, 1987)

From Spore

Kelly Oechsli

(Macmil'lan, 1985)

Between Cattails by Terry Tempest

grow

A

Book by Helen and

the tree

is filled

with ripe apples.

Books

and Rotten Leaves: Ecology by Molly McLaughlin (Atheneum, 1986) Earthworms are an important part of the community. This book includes experiments that you can do with earthworms so you will better

Earthworms,

Dirt,

An Exploration

in

understand them.

A

A

Forest Year by Carol Lerner (Morrow, 1987) forest changes throughout the four

seasons of the year. Read

how

these

changes affect the plants and animals that call the forest home.

to

Read

273

One Day

in the Prairie by Jean Craighead George (Crowell, 1986) The author of this book describes the importance of prairie grass to all living things on the prairie.

Plant Families by Carol Lerner (Morrow, 1989) Did you know that broccoli, cabbage, and turnips are all members of the mustard plant family? This beautifully illustrated book is full of information about how plants are related.

Potato by Barrie Watts (Silver Burdett,

From Flower

to Flower:

Pollination by Patricia

Animals and Lauber

(Crown, 1986) flowers need bees or other insects to help them make seeds. Learn howanimals help with the process of

Many

1987)

Full-page photographs and written explanations show

how

the potato plant

develops from a shoot to a full-grown plant with the tubers, or underground food-storing stems, that

we

eat.

pollination.

How

Did We Find Out About Photosynthesis? by Isaac Asimov Walker, 1989) This book not only explains what i

Rice by Sylvia Johnson (Lerner, 1985) Rice

is

the basic food crop for one-half of

the people in the world. This book discusses the planting and harvesting of this

important plant.

but also tells how it was discovered and explained through photosynthesis

is,

Tiger Lilies and Other Beastly Plants

the ages.

How

Leaves Change by Sylvia A. Johnson (Lerner, 1986) If you have ever wondered what makes leaves turn such beautiful colors in the fall,

of animals.

read this book.

Moonseed and Mistletoe: A Book of Poisonous Wild Plants by Carol Lerner (Morrow, 1988) Some poisonous plants cause minor skin

rashes— others cause about the most plants.

by Elizabeth Ring (Walker, 1984) think of a plant that reminds you of a cat? How about a pussy willow? This book describes several kinds of plants that remind people in some way

Can you

death. Find out

common

poisonous wild

Wheat: The Golden Harvest by Dorothy Hinshaw Patent (Putnam, 1987) The author refers to wheat as "our most important food." She tells about the different varieties of wheat and describes the processes of planting and harvesting

wheat

for food.

274

New Words Here are some

of the

biome (by ohm) in

They may be new to you. Many them are words you'll meet again in

this book.

of

— so

other books

they're good

words

word you are shown how

it

correctly: acid (as ihd).

word shown more ing

of the

in capital letters is said a little

given

complete sentence.

in a

acid

enough

is

A

botanist

broccoli

to dissolve things.

to

grow

a person

is

who

studies plants.

lee)

an annual plant that

is

is

eaten

as a vegetable. bulrush (bul ruhsh)

a person

is

improve the

soil

a

is

tall,

slender plant that grows

or near water.

cacao (kuh kay oh)

The cacao

a kind of evergreen tree.

is

Cocoa and chocolate are made from

grahn uh mihst)

agronomist

how

called

nihst)

(bkahk uh

Broccoli

in

a chemical substance strong

agronomist (uh

An

uh

botanist (baht

Bulrush acid (as ihd)

An

is

limits the kinds of

Under each word, the mean-

loudly.

is

to say

The part

The climate

a biome.

plants and animals that can live there.

be hard for you to pronounce. Next

to each

plants and animals live together

to

know. Some of them are flower names that

may

where certain kinds of

In nature, a place

words you've met

who

studies

so that crops can

better.

its

seeds.

calamus (kal uh muhs)

Calamus

a

is

plant

with long,

sword-

shaped leaves. algae (al jee)

Algae are green plants without stems, roots, or leaves.

moist

alyssum (uh lihs

It

live in

water or

and make their own food.

soil

Alyssum

They

is

carbon dioxide (kahr buhn dy ahk syd)

Carbon dioxide

is

a heavy, colorless gas

that does not have an odor. carotene (kar uh teen) or

uhm)

a plant of the mustard family.

has small yellow, pink, rose, or white

Carotene in

flowers.

uh

carotin (kar is

a red or yellow color found

and

plants

tihn)

animals.

Carrots

have

carotene.

annual (an yoo uhl)

An

annual

is

cauliflower

a plant that lives only one

year.

is

an annual plant that

is

eaten as a vegetable.

anther (an thuhr)

The anther a flower.

(kaw luh flow uhr)

Cauliflower

is

celery (sehl

a tiny sack on a stem inside

The anthers hold the

pollen.

Celery

is

uh ree)

a plant with crisp, long stalks

eaten as a vegetable or

in salads.

New Words

cell

A

cypress (sy pruhs)

(sehl) cell

275

the smallest part of

is

all

living

Cypress

overlapping

green,

things.

an evergreen tree with dark

is

leaves,

hard

and

wood. cereal (sihr ee uhl)

Cereal

any

is

such as wheat or

plant,

used for food.

oats, that produces a grain

dahlia (dal yuh)

Dahlia that

a tall plant with large flowers

is

bloom

the autumn.

in

chemist (kkhm ihst)

A

chemist

a person

is

who

studies sub-

stances to find out what they are of,

how they

chlorophyll

and how they change.

(klawr uh

Chlorophyll

made by chloroplast

A

act,

plants.

color found in

a tiny, round package of

bloom

in

is

muhm)

is

blue

diatom

it

a tiny water plant.

is

(duh jehst or dy jehst)

digest

to

is

break down food so that

A

can be used.

plant or animal digests it

inside itself.

A

fiber

a long, threadlike piece of a

is

plant.

the autumn.

a spice

has

fiber (fy buhr)

a plant with flowers

fungus (fuhng guhs)

cinnamon (sihx uh muhn)

Cinnamon

that

tall stalk.

food by dissolving

plant cells.

chrysanthemum (kruh sax thuh

Chrysanthemum

A To

plast)

some

plant

a

is

flowers on a

digest

(klawr uh is

Delphinium

diatom (dy uh tahm)

fihl)

the green coloring matter

is

chloroplast

that

made

uhm)

delphinium (dehl fihn ee

made from

the bark

A

fungus

is

a plant

leaves, or chlorophyll.

of a tropical laurel tree.

without

Two

flowers,

or more such

plants are called fungi (fun jy). coleus (koh lee uhs)

Coleus

a plant with showy, colorful

is

leaves that belongs to the mint family.

gall

A

(gawl) gall is a

lump that forms on

leaves,

stems, or roots of plants where they have conifer (koh

A

conifer

is

nuh fuhr)

been hurt by insects or

fungi.

any of a large group of trees

and shrubs, most of which are evergreen

geranium (juh ray nee uhm)

Geranium

and bear cones.

is

a plant with sweet-smelling

leaves and pretty flowers. conservation (kahn suhr

Conservation

is

use of natural soil,

vav shun)

the protection and wise

resources

— water,

minerals, plants, and animals.

air,

ginkgo (gihxg koh)

Ginkgo

is

a large tree with leaves shaped

like little fans.

276

Gladiolus

a plant with long leaves and

is

handsome

large,

flowers.

is

a plant with sweet-smelling

in color. It is also a

any plant whose flowers turn

a tree or shrub that

is

grows

Hawaii. The nuts are good to eat.

maize (mayz)

flowers that range from light purple to

dark blue

Macadamia in

uh trohp)

heliotrope (hee lee

Heliotrope

macadamia (mak uh day mee uh)

oh luhs)

gladiolus (glad ee

name

for

to follow

Maize

Indian corn.

is

mineral (mihn uhr uhl)

A

mineral

a

is

substance that

not

is

animal or vegetable.

the sun. mistletoe (mihs uhl toh)

hepatica (hih pat

Hepatica

bloom

uh kuh)

Mistletoe

a plant with flowers that

is

a plant with small, waxy,

is

white berries and yellow flowers.

in early spring.

an duhr)

oleander (oh lee

Oleander

herb (urb)

An

herb

is

whose leaves or other

a plant

parts are used for medicine, seasoning, food, or perfume.

A

horticulturist

is

growing flowers,

a

ihst)

person skilled

fruits, vegetables,

in

and

other plants.

made

by the rotting of leaves and other parts of plants.

The hyacinth

is

a plant with bunches of

bell-shaped flowers on the ends of

The Joshua

tree

is

a small tree that grows

Oxygen is

a

a gas without color or odor.

is

It

part of the air that you breathe.

to

is

make

penicillin

It

a

looks like moss.

like

water plant once used

a medicine that

is

was

first

a green mold.

(pehn uh sihl ee uhm) is

the kind of mold used to

penicillin.

perennial (puh

A

tall

paper.

(pehx uh sihl ihn)

penicillium

make

fungi and algae plants that are

growing together so that they look one plant.

have

the part of a plant that

is

Penicillium

kuhn)

is

The ovule

made from

the desert.

Lichen

orchids

ovule (oh vyool)

Penicillin

Joshua tree (jahsh u uh tree)

lichen (ly

most

central petal with an unusual shape.

Papyrus

long stalks.

in

of

papyrus (puh py runs)

hyacinth (hy uh sihnth)

little

a plant with beautiful flowers.

is

oxygen (ahk suh juhn)

a black or dark-brown soil

is

Orchid

develops into a seed.

humus (hyoo muhs)

Humus

(awr kihd)

The flowers

(hawr tuh kuhl chuhr

horticulturist

orchid

a poisonous evergreen.

is

perennial

rehn ee is

than two years.

uhl)

a plant that lives

more

New Words

Poinsettia

spore (spawr)

SEHT ee uh)

poinsettia (poyi)

a plant with a small flower

is

surrounded by large red leaves that look

A

spore

a plant and can develop into a

The stigma

anthers

the

powder formed

a yellowish

is

flowers.

of

When

reaches a flower's ovule, a seed

is

in

pollen

usually

formed. pollinate

To

(pahl uh nayt)

from one

Sumac is a bush with divided some kinds are poisonous to the

Sycamore

a plant

is

suh

Salsify

stalks are

Tamarack

Sassafras

bark

is

A

climbing

fras)

a tree of the pine family with fall

off in the

a slender American tree;

its

the

is

threadlike

attaches

that

plant

part

of a

itself

to

used in making medicine, candy,

is

(thihs uhl)

tea.

seedling

is

is

a young plant

grown from truffle

Truffle

is

to

an outside

thought of as being

sensitive.

Sequoia

is

thickly covered

is

a fungus that can be eaten;

it

grows underground.

(sehn suh tihv)

Anything that responds

sequoia (sih

is

(truhf uhl)

a seed.

force (such as light)

a plant that

with sharp points.

seedling (seed lihng)

sensitive

is

something and helps support the plant.

Thistle

A

tree;

(tehn druhl)

tendril

thistle

and

common shade

its

tendril

uh

a large,

autumn. plant;

roots are eaten as a vegetable. sassafras (sas

mawr)

small cones and needles that

fy)

purple-flowered

a

is

touch.

tamarack (tam uh rak)

whose thick

used for making pies and sauces. salsify (sal

is

leaves;

looks like a small, greenish ball.

its fruit

Rhubarb

the part of a plant that

is

sumac (soo mak)

flower to another. rhubarb (boo bahrb)

plant.

receives the pollen.

sycamore (sihk uh

pollinate is to carry pollen

new

muh)

stigma (stihg pollen (I'ahl uhn)

comes from

a single cell that

is

like petals.

Pollen

277

tundra (tuhn druh)

The tundra

is

a great, treeless plain in

a cold place, such as the area just south

kwoy uh) a very

tall

of the ice and

evergreen tree.

rope or twine.

that surrounds the

Pole.

xanthophyll (zan thuh fihl)

sisal (sihs uhl)

Sisal is a strong fiber

North

snow

used for making

Xanthophyll

autumn

is

leaves.

the yellow color found in

278

Illustration

acknowledgments The publishers

of Childcraft gratefully

courtesy of the following

artists,

acknowledge the

photographers, publishers,

agencies, and corporations

for illustrations in this volume. two-page spreads. The words "(left),'' "(center)," "(top)," "(bottom)," and "(right)" indicate position on the spread. All illustrations are the

Page numbers

refer to

exclusive property of the publishers of Childcraft unless

names

1:

are marked with an asterisk

left) K Harris. The Nature Conservancy '; (top nght) Alan Pitcairn from Grant Heilman *; (center left) Torkel

(top

Korlmg

";

Assoc

':

(center nght) Les Blacklock.

(bottom Fujikawa

20-25:

Gyo James Teason

26-27

(top nght)

28-29:

(left)

4-19:

(*).

left

and

Tom

70-71: 72-73:

Stack &

Norman Weaver

nght)

George Suyeoka: (bottom) James Teason George

Nigel Alexander (Specs Art Agency), (nght)

74-75:

76-77:

Suyeoka 30-31

:

32-37: 38-39:

George Suyeoka: (bottom) James Teason George Suyeoka (left) Angela Lumley (Specs Art Agency): (top center) Adrian Davies. Bruce Coleman Ltd \ (bottom center) A. J Deane, Bruce Coleman Ltd (top nght)

'

40-41: 42-43:

44-45

Hermann Eisenbeiss, Photo Researchers (center left) Jerome Wexler, NAS *: (nght) James Teason (left) Geoff Dore, Bruce Coleman Ltd "; (right) James Teason (top

'

left)

78-79 80-81

'

Harold Hungerford Robert Keys: (nght) Edward

46-47:

(left)

48-49

Jean Helmer

50-51:

Irvin L

52-53:

(top

'

82-83:

Oakes.

NAS

-

84-85

Sven Samelius

left)

S Ross

';

(center

left)

Russ Kmne,

Photo Researchers ": (bottom left) Ken Brate. Photo Researchers *; (top right) Walter Chandoha '; (bottom Grant Heilman *; art. Jean Helmer Russ Kmne, Photo Researchers * (top left) Torkel Korling •; (center left) Jane Burton, Bruce Coleman Ltd "; (bottom left) Edward S Ross ', (top right and center) Torkel Korling "; (bottom right) Edward S. right)

54-55 56-57

Ross

58-59 60-61:

Jane Pickering (Linden right, Jean Helmer Les Blacklock, Tom Stack & Assoc *:

art left,

Artists Ltd

);

88-89 90-91

art

92-93 94-95

'

Torkel Korling

86-87

(bottom left) Harold Hungerlord. Tom Stack & Associates *: (fop center) Edward S Ross *: (bottom center) G D Plage, Bruce Coleman Ltd ': (top right) E. R Degginger "; (bottom right) Torkel Korling ': art left. David Thompson (Linden (top

left)

Artists Ltd

art right,

):

62-63:

Ron Church

64-65

(top

'.

Jean Helmer

"

Joan E Rahn ; (bottom

left)

Ron Church, Waller Dawn

left

and

left

center)

Tom

Stack & Associates ; (bottom center) (top right) Eileen Tanson, Tom Stack & Associates '. (right center) Carlson Ray, Photo Researchers *: bottom an, David Thompson (Linden *;

Artists Ltd.); art right,

Jean Helmer

66-67,

Gale Belmky, Photo Researchers

68-69:

(top

left

and

Researchers Blacklock,

Samelius art right.

left ':

Tom *,

art

*

center) Noble Proctor, Photo

(bottom left and bottom right) Les Stack & Associates ': (center) Sven David Thompson (Linden Artists

left.

Jean Helmer

Ltd.);

100-103

Acknowledgments

Illustration

122-123

NAS

E StaHan. NAS *; " Richard Parker NAS " (bottom) Larry Moon. Tom Stack & Associates GnHen, Earth Scenes \ (bottom left) (top left) Maroa Parti Munay. Earth Scenes *. an, Betty Fraser (left) Betty Fraser: (nght) Roger Wilmshurst Bruce

Don

(top)

Renlro.

";

tleft)

:" Edward S Ross \

124-125: 126-127:

W

--

Coleman 128-129

Alvin

(right)

(left)

*

Ltd.

John Neel.

Tom

Stack & Associates

".

204-205 206-207 208-209 210-211 212-213: 214-215:

(right) Betty

132-133

left)

';

Betty Fraser: (bottom

(nght)

138-139:

'

and

Associates

*:

Inc.

(bottom nght)

140-141:

Jack Endevelt (top nght) Josephine Von Miklos

Wayne Stuart (left) Wayne Stuart: Miller

148-153: 154-155:

C. William Randall

•;

(bottom) C. William

(nght) Peter Geissler (Specs Art

156-159: 160-161:

C

162-163

(left)

164-165:

166-167:

168-169: 170-187: 188-189: 190-191: 192-197: 198-199:

Services

Rapho

Wayne

•;

(nght)

Wayne

Stuart

Raymond Hermann Eisenbeiss ". (top) Goftscho-Shleisner, (bottom nght) Longwood Gardens. Kennett

':

Square, Pa ' (left) Frances Bannett. DPI •; (top right) T M McCausland. Bruce Coleman Inc ': (bottom right) Ronny ' Jaques. Photo Researchers (top left) John Gajda. DPI "; Ctop nght) Van Bucher. Photo Researchers "; (bottom) William McQuitty (top and bottom nght) William McQuitty ; (bottom left) Van Bucher. Photo Researchers " Robert Keys (left) Grant Heilman (nght) Rutherford Piatt (left) i Miro Vintoniv. Stock Boston •; (right) Lyle Lamont Alex Ebel (left) Alex Ebel; (right) Al Gentry. Misspun Botanical

(left)

234-235:

(left)

236-237 238-239

244-245:

i

Hans Reinhard. Bruce Coleman



top center,

and bottom

photos courtesy Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; (bottom center) World Book photo Crop

left,

Charles Fiore Nursenes. Inc ' Services

*;

fngnn

'

Miller

Three Lions ": (right) £ Wendy Neefus. Earth * Scenes • (left) John Anthos ': (nght) David Muench Monica Laimgruber (left) William Stobbs: (right) Pamela Harper (left) Klaus Winter and Helmut Bischoff: (right) W. Atlee " Burpee & Co. (left) Susi Weigel; (right) Michel Viard. Bruce Coleman •

Ltd.

246-247 248-249 250-251 252-253 254-255 256-257

(top)

Lyle

W

Atlee Burpee & Co. *: art. Pauline Baynes Babs Van Wely: (bottom) W. Atlee Burpee & Co. Lamont

(nght)

NAS

258-259 260-261 262-263 264-265: 266-267:

268-269: 270-271

-

(top) University of Illinois at

Uruana

';

(bottom)

£

Tom

McHugh. Photo Researchers * Boyd Norton Jack Dermid, Bruce Coleman Inc. " (top) £ Lawrence Migdale '; (bottom) Tom Myers. Tom * Stack & Associates Dan Mornll from Vince Kamin ' (top left) John Neel. Tom Stack & Associates '; foortom left) Zaner Miller. Tom Stack & Associates ': (right) Joan * E. Rahn from Vince Kamin * (left) David Muench *: (right) James Milmoe Bill

Ratclrffe



right) Childcraft

Cover:

'

'

Linda Hungerford Louis Quitt.

*

*

Alex Ebel; (nght)

:

232-233:

:

Ltd.

202-203:

left) Georgia-Pacific ': (bottom left) Fntz Henle. Photo Researchers *: ffop nght) Mississippi Agnculturat Industrial Board '; art. Norman Weaver (top left) W. Atlee Burpee & Co (bottom left) Pfizer Inc. ": (top right) E John Fennell. Bruce Coleman Ltd. '; c (bottom right) George H Harnson from Grant Heilman (left) World Book photo, (right) Norman Weaver " Charles Stone Jack Endevelt (left) Runk Shoenberger from Grant Heilman "; (top nght) Frans Lanting. Bruce Coleman Ltd *; (bottom nght) Rip

(top

*

William Randall

(left)

D Argo

Schulke. Black Star (left) c Lawrence Migdale \ (nght) Tuskegee Institute * (left) Peter Larsen '; (nght) Walter Dawn * Georgia-Pacific

240-241 242-243:

Stuart

Garden 200-201:

Guillumette

Charles Inc

Laura

226-227 228-229 230-231

Agency) 144-145: 146-147:

(left)

(right)

Norman Weaver (left) Deere & Co "; (top right) E Alain Compost. Bruce Coleman Ltd. '; art. Norman Weaver Norman Weaver

'

218-219 220-221 222-223 224-225

Gene Ahrens. Bruce

*

Randall

142-143

216-217:

c

top left) Walter Chandoha "; (top nght) Veryl Schiebner. Photo Researchers *; (bottom left) Hoppock (left

Coleman 136-137:

W

left) Atlee Burpee & * Enc Cnchton, Bruce Coleman Ltd. (bottom left and top center) E R. Degginger . (top left) Jane Burton. Photo Researchers *: (center) Joan E Rahn *: roorfom center) Alvin E. Staffan. NAS *; (top nght) Edward S. Ross '; (bottom nght) C. G. Maxwell

rtop

Co

Photo Researchers 134-135:

*;

279

and

Fraser

130-131:

Robert Keys (left) The Nature Conservancy

|

Roberta Polfus

280 beech, American

Index

beet This index

book.

To

an alphabetical

is

list

both words

in

help you understand what an entry means, there

word

covered

of the important topics

help you find information given

will

It

is

and

in this

pictures.

often a helping

parentheses, for example, barley (cereal grass).

in

If

there

is

see the words (with pictures) after the page number. If there is only a picture, you will see the word (picture) after the page number. If you do not find what you want in this index, please go to the General Index in Volume 15, which is a key to all of the books. information

(tree),

174

(pictures)

both words and pictures, you

in

will

208

(plant),

sugar beet, 210 (with picture) bells of Ireland (plant), 155 (picture)

Rowena

Bennett,

Bastin (poet)

Four Seasons, 5

The

Bible,

quotations from, 266-267 bilberry (plant), 80 (picture)

biochemist, work

of,

223

work of, 223 biome, see community biologist,

acanthus

(plant), 73 (picture) agronomist, work of, 228 (with

ash (tree) European mountain, 183

ailanthus

(tree),

172 (pictures)

29 (with picture) see also carbon dioxide; use

plant's

of,

oxygen algae

92 (with pictures)

(plant),

allergies

hay

124

35

218

(with

in.

159 (picture)

30 (with pictures), 34-

(plant)

growing from seed, 140 (with

forest,

69 (with

picture) in

grasslands, 57 (with picture)

in

ponds, 61 (with picture)

in

rain forest,

in

tundra, 81 (with picture)

73 (with picture)

woodland, 53 (with picture) annual plants, 150-151 (with in

baby's tears (plant). 142 (picture) balance of nature, 259 baobab (tree), 104 (picture) bark, tree, 43 (with pictures), 263 cinnamon from, 210 dye from, 218 identifying tree by. 172-187

anther (flower

part),

38 (with

picture)

(insect),

94

(picture),

basswood bean

(tree),

173 (pictures)

(plant),

72 (picture)

(plant)

cacao, 212 (with picture) (tree).

173 (pictures)

209 (with picture) aquarium, 142 arboretum Strybing (San Francisco), 167 fruit,

(plant).

60

(picture),

picture)

of,

236

(with

219

(picture)

(India),

169

(picture)

Botanic Garden, National (South Africa), 166-167 (picture) botanist, work of, 224 (with pictures)

212 (picture) bread and yeast, 90-91 (with picture) broccoli (plant). 208 (with picture)

bud 172-187

identifying tree by,

(pictures)

underground, see bulb vegetable, 208 (with pictures)

(with pictures)

pollination by,

233

39 (with

(with pictures)

picture),

248

(picture),

(with

picture)

vegetable, 208 (with picture)

bulrush

(plant), 59 (with picture), 60 (picture) bunchberry (plant), 69 (picture) bur reed (plant), 59 buttercup (plant), 14, 84 (picture), 125 (with picture), 219 (picture)

butterfly (insect), 14

Monarch,

1

19

(tree)

color from,

219

leaf-scar face,

(insect)

40

253

Botanical Garden (Munich), 162

butternut

(plant)

color from,

bee

6 (with pictures)

work

1

kidney,

bearberry

(picture)

arrowhead

32 (with picture) 208 (with picture) lima, 208 (with picture) scarlet runner, 208 (with picture) snap, 148 (picture) castor,

(picture)

blight (plant disease),

tulip,

bauhinia vine

picture)

(picture)

blackberry, 23 (picture), 209

bulb (underground bud), 152-153

(pictures)

barley (cereal grass). 210 (with barrel cactus (plant). 75

pictures)

(picture)

174 (pictures) bird's nest fungus, 123 birch,

Brazil nut,

picture)

evergreen

269

Botanic Garden

(with pictures)

avocado

(hard tree gum),

Anacharis (plant), 142 (picture) animal extinct, 259 in desert, 77 (with picture)

artist,

in,

68-69 (picture)

(tree), of,

(picture)

(picture)

leaves

picture)

1 1

98

harvesting

(nut),

(picture)

aphid 255 apple

85 (picture) pollution damage, 257 (picture) quaking, 173 (pictures) Asteroxylon (prehistoric plant), (tree),

autumrr, 18

213 (picture) aloe (plant), 76 (picture) alyssum, sweet (plant), 147

amber

aspen

1

fever,

almond

in

1 89 (picture) 173 (pictures)

leaf-scar face, white,

air

bark

paper

(pictures)

pictures)

birch

nut,

213

(picture) 1

89

(picture)

(picture)

butterwort

(plant),

96

281 cabbage

208

(plant).

Chlamydomonas

(with

picture)

cacao bean, 213

(with picture)

cactus (plant). 75 (with 76-77 (pictures), 139 Calamite

(with pictures)

(picture)

chloroplast (plant

(prehistoric plant).

200

picture), 31 (pictures)

Christmas

pictures)

tree,

(with picture)

chrysanthemum

(plant),

cinnamon, 210

cannon-ball tree, 72 (picture)

climbing plant, see vine

carbon dioxide

clover

29

use

made

by yeast, 91 (with

club

carnivorous plant (insect-eating). 94-97 (with pictures) carotene or carotin carrot

30

148

(picture),

208

1

(scientist),

Coal-Age plants, 201

coconut, 23

29

(with picture)

227 (picture) 212 (with picture)

(nut),

coleus

(with

(pictures),

213

(plant),

from plants, 218 (with pictures) nature

jumping bean, 45 catnip (plant). 130 (with pictures) cattail (plant), 59,

126 (with

208

(plant),

(with

picture)

cedar, eastern red

(tree),

175

(pictures)

celery

(with picture)

cell in plant,

29 (with

picture), 31

(picture)

see also spore cereal grass, 210 (with pictures) Chateau Garden (France), 164 cheese, 89 (with picture) chemist, work of, 226 (with

mountain, 83-85 (with pictures)

(tree),

(nut),

212

chestnut, horse

134

(picture)

(picture)

(tree),

179

(picture) (plant),

155

138 (picture)

diatom

in,

75-77 (with pictures)

(plant), 63,

65

(with

disease, plant, 253 (with picture)

dodder (plant), 102 (with pictures) dogwood, flowering, 176 (pictures),

187

(picture)

dragon and Saint Leonard, 243

(with

ocean, 63-65 (with pictures)

Drepanophycus

pond, 59-61 (with pictures)

198 (picture) "dropsical" tree, 105 (picture)

(prehistoric

plant),

71-73 (with pictures)

tundra, 78-81 (with pictures)

duck potato, 116

woodland, 51-53 (with pictures)

duckweed (plant), 59, 61 (picture) Duke Gardens (New Jersey), 163

cone, pine, see pine cone coneflower, 56 (picture)

(with pictures)

(picture)

dye from plants, 218

conifer, see evergreen tree

conservation, 251-263 (with

(with

pictures)

pictures)

(sea animal). 65 (with Ebel, Alex

picture)

corallina (plant), 65 (picture) bud), 151

edelweiss

(with

(plant),

84

(picture)

egg 55,

210

(with

insect, 14, plant, 14,

Indian corn, 154 (with picture)

252

236

eelgrass, 63

see also bulb corn (cereal grass),

on,

(artist),

picture)

(with picture)

smut

(picture)

153 (with

pictures)

picture)

Chinese lantern (plant),

pictures)

corm (underground

pictures)

cherry, black

chives

grassland, 54-57 (with pictures)

copepod

(picture)

chestnut

(plants and animals), 49-85 (with pictures) desert, 75-77 (with pictures)

rain forest,

208

(plant),

(plant),

picture)

northern forest, 67-69 (with

pictures)

cauliflower

125 (with picture) 112 (with

(plant),

desert plants

community

in

(plant).

picture)

leaves. 30 (with pictures)

(pictures)

168 (picture) daisy

delphinium

139 (picture)

catalpa, northern caterpillar, 14

(plant), 219 (picture) Daigo Temple Garden (Japan),

219 (picture) seed of, 23 (picture) date (fruit), 209 (with picture) day lily (plant), 44-45 (pictures)

flowers. 39-40 (with pictures)

175

175

picture)

castor bean, 132 (with picture) (tree),

(with picture)

(tree),

color from,

color

in

(picture),

dahlia

dandelion

(with picture)

(picture)

George Washington

cashew

142 (picture)

coal tar dye, 218

(with picture)

(plant),

wild carrot,

(plant),

pictures)

(plant

(with picture)

Carver,

moss

Clytie (legendary figure), 246-247

pictures)

coloring),

131 (with picture)

(plant),

purple prairie, 57 (picture)

leaf's

cypress, bald

picture),

(pictures)

cane, sugar, 210 (with picture)

of.

153

(with picture)

(gas)

149

(plant),

209 (with picture) cushion plant, 109

see also evergreen tree

106 (with picture), 108

crocus (plant). 152 (with 219 (picture) cuckoopint (plant), 115

cucumber

190 (with

picture)

California trees.

(pictures)

29 (with

part),

chocolate, 213

117 (with

(plant),

(plant), 215 (with pictures), 217 cottonwood, eastern (tree), 175

cotton

chlorophyll (plant coloring), 26-30

picture),

(picture)

calamus

92

(plant),

(picture)

(picture)

cottongrass, 80 (picture)

elderberry

elm

42 38

(with picture),

(fruit),

219

45

(picture)

(tree)

American, 176 (pictures)

282 elm (continued) Elodea (plant) oxygen experiment

with,

207

lily

pictures)

cone, 177-185 (pictures) northern forest, 67, 69

243

of the valley.

thistle,

(with

240-241 (with picture)

movement

36-37 (with pictures)

on mountainside, 83

see also fir; pine; spruce experiments with oxygen-making plant, 207

44

of,

(with pictures)

(pictures)

with yeast plants, 91 (with

(with

names

(picture)

(with

44-45 (pictures)

147

(picture)

216

84

(picture)

gladiolus, 151 (with picture)

grass flowers, 40 (with picture)

246-247

heliotrope,

whisk, 199 (picture)

honesty, 154 (with picture)

leaves as, 263

217 Field, Rachel (poet) Florist Shop, The, 234 filbert (nut), 213 (picture) fiber, leaf,

152 (with

picture),

lily,

balsam, 190 (with picture) Douglas, 177 (pictures), 190

lily

52 (with picture) water, 59 (with picture), 61 1

219

(picture),

lotus,

northern forest, 67

marigold, 150 (picture)

silver,

190 (with picture)

forest

fire,

230, 261 (with picture)

261

Fisher, Aileen (poet)

Package

of Seeds,

1

37

flavoring from plants, 212-213

florist,

215

work

of,

(with pictures)

234

(with

pictures)

flower, 38 (with pictures)

40 (with pictures) as dye, 218 (with pictures) gardens, 150-153 (with pictures) color, 39,

230, 261

(with

foxglove (plant), 216 (picture) France (Europe) legend of Saint Leonard, 243 (with pictures)

places to

visit

Chateau Garden

(Villandry),

identifying tree by,

(picture)

snapdragon, 151 (picture) 1

172-187

(pictures) of, 16,

38,

209

(with

pictures)

fungus,

98 (with picture) passionflower, 72 (picture) poinsettia, 135 (picture) salvia, 40 (pictures), 150

(plant),

266 97

by,

(picture)

(with

54 (with picture)

blight,

names

of

253

mold. 88-89

mushroom, 122 rust, 253 smut, 253 (with

(with pictures)

picture)

stmkhorn, 72-73 (picture) yeast, 90-91 (with pictures)

sunflower, 47, 113 (with picture)

sweet pea, 44 tulip,

1

52,

233

(picture),

248 gall, insect,

(with pictures) zinnia, 151 (picture)

see also weeds and wild flowers,

164

(picture)

pictures)

oleander, 134 (picture)

strawflower,

(with pictures)

flax (plant),

of,

four-leaf clover (plant), 131

worm eaten

orchid, 71,

fire fighter,

work

202-203

Foster Botanic Garden

fungus

(with picture)

60-61 (picture)

(with pictures)

fire

261 (with picture)

fire,

seeds

of the valley,

243

(with

fruit

(picture) lily,

forest

266

(picture)

fir (tree)

in

(with picture)

hyacinth, grape. 147 (picture) iris,

230

(Honolulu), 168 (picture)

(picture)

gentian, mountain,

staghorn, 98 (with picture)

fertilizer,

of,

pictures)

geranium, 138 (picture)

ostrich plume,

work

fossil plant,

(picture)

delphinium, 153 (with picture)

pictures)

woodland, 51-53 (with pictures) forester,

forest ranger,

219

foxglove,

(with

pictures)

picture)

picture)

lily,

98

rain forest, 71-73,

Chinese lantern, 155 chrysanthemum, 153

day

fern (plant), 24-25 (with pictures)

Coal Age, 201 (with pictures) plant community, 49

alyssum, sweet, 147 (picture)

dahlia,

see autumn farming industry, 228 (with

tomato, 149

mountainside, 83 (with picture)

of

(picture)

fall,

poem about

evergreen, 67-69 (with pictures)

seeds from, 16 smell, 40 (with pictures)

crocus, 152 (with picture), 219

pictures)

see also projects extinct animals, 259

209 (with picture) 212 (with picture) sugar, 210 (with picture) vegetables. 208 (with picture) fruit,

food-making process, plant, see photosynthesis forest, 230 (with picture)

39 perfume from, 218 poem about, 234 pollination of, 38-40 nectar,

flowers,

(with picture)

nuts,

pictures)

(pictures) winter,

246-247 (with

picture)

Eudorina (plant), 93 (picture) evergreen tree Christmas trees, 190 (with

210

cheese, 89 (with picture)

picture)

(picture)

kinds of cereal,

legend about heliotrope,

(pictures)

in

172-187

identifying tree by,

(pictures)

England (Europe) Hampton Court Garden, 165

in

food

flower (continued)

leaf-scar face, 189 (picture)

names

of

42

(with pictures)

games tree-path, 172-186 (with

pictures)

gardener, work

232

of,

(with

picture)

(with pictures)

gardening

poem

green color of leaves, 26. 29. 30

about. 144

tips. 156-159 (with pictures) gardens, famous, 161-169 (with

indoor. 138-141.

162

(plant).

84

(plant),

(plant).

Germany

(Europe)

138

(picture)

115 (with

(picture)

(picture)

214-215 (pictures)

Hawaii

177 (pictures)

(plant).

Helios. 246-247 goldenrod (plant). 124

hawthorn, cockspur

(tree),

177

(plant).

grape

(fruit),

92 (picture) 154 (with picture)

(with pictures)

209

(with picture)

vine. 44. 101 (picture)

fever, 124

hazelnut. 213 (picture)

heliotrope

(plant).

247

(with

210

42 (with pictures) 39 (with picture),

177

(tree).

(with pictures)

Mount Usher Garden (Ashford). 169 (picture) potato blight, 253 iris (plant). 152 (with picture), 266 ivy

as house plant.

hen and chickens hepatica

(with pictures)

(picture)

hemlock, eastern

147

(plant),

English.

1 38 with picture 100 (with picture)

poison, 101 (pictures), 133

52-53

(plant),

(picture),

(picture)

(picture)

178

(tree).

holly.

English

(tree).

Jack-in-the-pulpit

178

Jacobs. Leland B.

picture)

spores

cottongrass. 80 (picture)

of.

24

horticulturist,

40 (with picture) 57 (picture) pampas. 56 (picture) porcupine, 45 rattlesnake. 57 (picture) red top. 56 (picture) squirreltail. 267 (picture) grass flowers, 40 (with

house

flower.

Indian.

115

Jack-in-the-pulpit,

(poet) 1 1

Weeds. 111

Japan

(Asia)

Daigo Temple Garden (Kyoto). 168 (picture) jobs

201 (with picture)

prehistoric.

pictures)

agronomist. 228 (with pictures) artist,

work

of,

223

plant, 138-141 (with

pictures)

hyacinth, grape

236

(with picture)

biochemist. 223

223 224 (with pictures) chemist, 226 (with pictures) biologist,

botanist,

humus, 263 (plant).

147

fire fighter.

261

234 (with pictures) forester. 230 (with picture)

(picture)

florist.

forest ranger. 230. 261

gardener. 232 (with picture)

India (Asia)

picture)

Botanic Garden (Calcutta). 169

grassland plant community, 5457 (with pictures)

Greece (Europe) Clytie and Helios, 246-247

honesty (plant). 154 (with picture) honey, 210 honeysuckle (plant). 101 (with

picture)

(with

(plant),

(with picture)

horsetail (plant). 127 (with

grass, 54-57 (with pictures) cereal grasses.

leaf.

Ireland (Europe)

(pictures)

(pictures)

210

(with picture)

insect-'eating" plants, 94-97

hickory nut, 213 (picture) (with

(plant),

grain,

on

255

(picture)

(pictures)

picture)

gourd

gall

40

(Honolulu). 168 (picture)

hickory, shagbark

picture)

gods and goddesses

219

fossil,

Foster Botanic Garden

142

151 (with

eating plants,

pollination by.

(picture)

(tree),

14

pictures)

Royal Gardens. 165 (picture)

(pictures)

Royal Gardens (Hannover), 165

of,

"eaten" by plant, 94-97 (with

picture)

Garden (Munich), 162

and growth

birth

Helios, legend about, 246-247

(picture)

geranium

picture)

pictures)

Hannover (Germany)

hay

pictures)

gentian, mountain

Gonium

103 120 (with

(plant).

(plant),

insect

(England). 165 (picture)

(pictures),

66 (with pictures) outdoor. 1 44 (with picture) rock. 147 (with pictures) terranum. 142 (with pictures) vegetable, 148-149 (with 1

gladiolus

community Hampton Court Garden habitat, see

harvesting, 159 (pictures), 210

(with

pictures)

ginkgo

Indian potato

picture)

gardens, kinds of aquarium. 142 flower. 150-153 (with pictures) formal. 164 (with pictures) fun, 154 (with pictures)

Botanical

Indian paintbrush

Indian turnip

pictures)

natural,

medicine, 121 (with picture)

for

greenhouse, 162-163 (pictures). 234 (picture) gum, sweet (tree). 184 (pictures)

American (continued)

Indian,

Indian,

use (with

American

photographer, 237 (with picture)

Joshua

of plants

as food. 113, 115. 116. 120 (with pictures),

223

horticulturist.

landscaper. 232 (with picture)

(picture)

1

26.

1

28

tree.

76

(picture),

(picture)

jumping bean

(plant),

45

179

284 kale

154

(plant),

Keats,

John

(tree),

National Botanic Garden (South

179

(pictures)

(plant),

(with

Song

of Hiawatha,

269

172-187

(pictures), 191 (picture)

(Pennsylvania), 163 (picture)

kola nut, 213 (with picture)

(plant part)

identifying tree by,

Longwood Gardens

picture)

nectar, 39, 210

needle

(poet)

208

166-167 (picture)

Africa),

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth

Endymion, 270 kelp (plant), 64 (picture)

kidney bean

honey

locust,

(picture)

(poet)

lotus (plant), 60-61 (picture)

on desert plant, 75 on evergreen tree, 36-37 (with pictures)

Netherlands, The (Europe)

ladybug, 255 landscaper, work

of,

232

(with

laurel,

mountain

(tree) picture,

chlorophyll

in,

26

effect of pollution on,

256

(with

263 217 (with picture) 202-203 (with pictures)

fertilizer

from,

fibers from,

identifying tree by,

172-187

(pictures)

autumn, 30 (with pictures), 3435 (with pictures) insect galls on, 42 (with pictures)

in

leaf-scar, 1 89 (with pictures) see also needle (plant part); photosynthesis legends about plants heliotrope. 246-247 (with

of the valley,

243

(with

thistle, 240-241 (with pictures) Leonard, Saint, 243

Lepidodendron 200 (picture)

(prehistoric plant),

(with picture)

licorice (plant),

212

(with picture)

cycle of plant, 6-18, 34-35

152 (with picture)

85 (picture) lily, water (plant), 59 (with picture), 60 (picture) lily of the valley (plant), 219 lily,

(plant),

208

(with

picture)

linden

23

180

(picture),

European, 179 (pictures) linen (cloth), 215,

217

Livingston, Myra

Cohn

Tomato Time, 149

nuts, kinds of, 212-213 (with

oak

picture)

medicine

(tree)

42

leaves,

from plants, 121, 216 (with

267

(picture),

(plant),

133 (picture)

oats (cereal grass). 210 (with (with

picture)

ocean

pictures)

mine

plants

63-65 (with pictures)

in.

194-196

prehistoric,

134 (picture)

mineral

oleander

by plants, 32-33 mistletoe (plant), 102 (with

olive (tree), 181 (pictures)

of

picture).

mold

132

(picture)

(fungus), 88-89,

216

(with

moneywort (plant), 142 (picture) morel mushroom, 122 (picture) (plant),

24

(with picture),

Spanish moss. 98 (with picture)

mountain

Mount Usher Garden

(Ireland),

38 (with picture)

oxygen

(gas) in

making, 207

(pictures)

made

by green plants, 195 (with

206

plant, 44-45 (with

47

algae, 92 (with pictures)

Muench, David 237 (picture)

(photographer),

Myriophyllum

palm (tree) cabbage palmetto, 181 traveler's,

1 22 (with pictures) musical instrument, 218 mustard (spice), 210 (with

(picture)

(plant part), 41

picture),

(picture)

movement,

picture)

ovule

experiment

plants on, 83-85 (with pictures)

69

(plant),

onion (plant), 208 (with picture), 219 (picture) orange (tree), 181 (pictures) fruit, 209 (with picture) orchid (plant), 71, 98 (with

flower,

79, 81 (picture)

1

(picture)

white, 181 (pictures)

oak, poison

pictures)

mildew (fungus), 253 milkweed (plant), 119

(pictures)

104

(picture)

263

(with picture)

paper, 217 recycling,

papyrus

(plant),

60 (picture)

parasite, plant, 102 (with

picture) (poet)

(picture)

nightshade berries, 132 (picture) northern forest plant community, 67-69 (with

pictures)

mushroom,

(tree)

American, 173 (pictures)

Jersey

Duke Gardens, 163

pictures)

(picture)

(picture)

pictures),

(picture)

legend about. 243 (with picture)

(with

marigold (plant), 150 (picture) May apple (plant), 121 (with

moss

lichen (plant), 79

lima bean

of,

pictures)

lettuce (plant), 148 (picture), 208

lily (plant),

(tree)

sugar maple, 53

use

pictures)

fire

New

copper, 258 (picture)

pictures)

life

seed

248

(picture),

nettle (plant), 133 (picture)

superstition

maple

233

tulips,

picture)

red maple, 187 (picture)

picture)

lily

(picture)

magnolia (tree), 180 (pictures) maize (cereal grass), see corn

29

fossil,

213

nut,

four-leaf clover, 131

135 leaf,

macadamia magic

picture)

(plant),

142

pictures)

fungus, 253 (with picture)

2*7,

passionflower, 72 (picture)

pea

life

perennial plants, 152-153 (with

perfume from plants, 218

plants

(tree).

182 (pictures)

movement. 44 (with pictures) philodendron (plant). 138. 140 (with picture)

reproduction, plant seeds. 22-24 (with pictures)

of,

237

(with

picture)

photosynthesis (plant foodmaking process), 23. 26, 29, 30, 206 of prehistoric plants, 195 pig, 244-245 (with picture) (tree)

268

108 (with

picture),

(picture)

68

of

as food. 112. 113. 115. 116.

120 (with pictures). 126. 128, 130, 208-212 (with picture)

218

pictures)

(with pictures)

plum, 209

perfume. 218

work

224-237 (with

with.

potato,

names

radish,

of

avocado, 140 (with picture)

209 208 (with

(with picture)

210

rye,

picture)

salsify,

(with picture)

270-271 (picture)

47 40

217 (picture) Spanish moss, 98 (with picture) spearmint, 212 (with picture) squash. 209 strawberry, 209 sundew. 94 (with pictures) tomato. 148. 209 (with picture), 209 (with pictures) truffles, 244-245 (with picture) vanilla. 212

148

serpent plant.

208

(picture),

208

(with

(with picture)

chives. 138 (picture)

see corn 215 (with pictures), 217 cucumber, 148 (picture), 209 (with picture)

cushion plant, date,

209

fern,

1

09 (with picture)

(with picture)

219

1

(with picture) (with picture)

sisal,

picture)

elderberry,

plant

210

rubber, 140 (with picture)

cactus, see cactus

cotton.

pictures)

209

sensitive plant,

corn,

pine nut, 213 (picture) pitcher plant, 96-97 (with

(with

bunchberry, 69 (picture) cabbage. 208 (with picture)

pine cone, 41 (with pictures) identifying tree by. 191 (picture)

208

picture) rice,

blueberry,

pineapple, wild, 99 (picture)

pine needle, 191 (picture)

(picture),

rhubarb, 134 (picture), 208 (with

coleus. 139 (picture)

picture)

148

raspberry,

155 (picture)

bells of Ireland,

cauliflower.

(picture)

Scots or Scotch, 190 (with

(with picture)

picture)

210 (with picture) bauhmia vine. 72 (picture) bean, see bean bearberry. 219 (picture)

broccoli.

208

pumpkin. 209 (with picture)

pictures)

plants,

picture)

pineapple, wild, 99 (picture) pitcher plant. 96-97 (with

as medicine. 121, 216

carrot,

eastern white. 182 (pictures) red.

see legends about

plants

uses

(with picture)

208 (with picture) pea, 208 (with picture) peach, 209 (with picture) pear. 209 pepper, 210 (with picture) peppermint, 212 (with picture) philodendron, 138, 140 (with

onion,

barley.

photographer, work

bristlecone.

oats, 21

see

of,

of (continued)

moss, see moss mustard. 210 (with picture)

see prehistoric

reproduction

stories,

names

mold, 216 (with pictures)

cycle of

life

plant

for

petal (flower part). 38 (picture)

see

of,

for dye,

pictures)

pine

cycle

prehistoric,

picture)

persimmon

plants,

plant (continued)

208 (with picture) peanut. 213 (with picture) pea, sweet (plant), 151 (picture) peach (fruit). 209 (with picture) peanut (plant). 213 (with picture) pecan (nut). 213 (picture) penicillin, 216 Pennsylvania Longwood Gardens (Kennett Square). 163 (picture) pepper (spice), 210 (with picture) peppermint (plant). 212 (with (plant).

vegetable sheep, 109 (with picture) s-flytrap, 94 (with picture) see vine wheat. 22 (picture), 55. 210 (with

Venus

(picture)

see fern 215 (with pictures)

vine,

animals and. 14 (with picture)

flax,

carnivorous. 94-96 (with pictures)

fungus, see

communities of, see community diseases of, 253 (with picture) eaten by insect. 255 (with

gooseberry. 209

wintergreen, 212 (with picture)

gourd, 154 (with picture)

see also flowers, names

photosynthesis 202-203

of,

see

(picture)

honeysuckle, 101 (with picture)

209 see ivy kale, 1 54 (picture) lettuce. 148 (picture), 208

gardens, see gardens, kinds of:

gardening of.

see poisonous plant: and type of plant, such as tree

pod

ivy,

(with

8aby Seeds,

79

mistletoe.

(plant part)

as food, 208 (with pictures) milkweed, 119 (with picture)

poems and rhymes

picture) lichen.

102 (with

(with pictures)

of;

names of; parasite. plant; trees, names of; water plants, names of; weeds and wild flowers, names of fungus,

grape, 209 (with picture)

huckleberry. (with

pictures)

kinds

pictures)

hen and chickens, 147

pictures)

food-making process fossils of.

fungus

picture),

132

1 1

Dandelion, 112

Endymion, 270

286

poems and rhymes

(continued)

Shop, The, 234 Four Seasons, 5 Jack-in-the-Pulpit,

Rowena

Field,

Jacobs, Leland

B.,

(tree), 183 (pictures) Royal Gardens (Germany), 165

growing plants, 140-141 (with

(picture)

rubber plant, 1 40 (with picture) rubber tree, 217 (with picture) rushes, scouring (plant), 127

pictures)

outdoor garden, 156-159 (with picture)

rock garden, 147 (with picture)

142 (with picture) see also experiments Protolepidodendron (prehistoric terrarium,

Rachel, 234

137

rowan

pictures)

Bastin, 5

Fisher, Aileen,

Coal Age, 201 (with

in

projects

1 1

Maytime Magic, 144 Night, 264 Package of Seeds, 1 37 Song of Hiawatha, 269 So This Is Autumn, 20 Tomato Time, 149 Weeds. 111 poets Bennett,

root (continued) seasonal life, 6-18

prehistoric plants (continued) trees

Florist

198 (picture) Psaronius (prehistoric

111, 115

Myra Cohn, 149 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 269 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 268 Teasdale, Sara, 264 Watt, W. W„ 20 Livingston,

poison oak

poisonous

135 (picture)

133

(plant),

(picture)

plants, 132-134 (with

200

plant),

puffball (fungus), 123 (picture)

salsify (plant), 270-271 (picture)

pumpkin

salvia (plant), 40 (picture)

209

159

(plant),

(picture),

(with picture)

red,

115 (with

apple, 121 (with picture)

Queen Anne's

lace (plant), 129

sassafras radish

(plant),

148

(picture),

rain forest

pictures)

sumac, 128

124 goldenrod, 124

pollution

92

plant

256

(with

community, 59-61,

pondweed

(plant), 59 popcorn, 210 poplar (tree), 188 (picture) potato (plant), 208 (with picture), 253 prairie, plants of, 54-57 (with

pictures)

prehistoric plants

oceans, 194-195 (with

pictures)

196-197 (with picture), 199 (with pictures) fossils, 202-203 (with pictures) first,

on

woodland, 51

106 (with picture)

spores

of

rhubarb

134

(plant),

(picture),

Rhynia

(prehistoric plant).

land,

208

198

210

(with

53 (pictures)

autumn, 20 see also autumn; spring;

64 seed

(with picture),

(picture)

as food, 113, 208-212 (with

making and growth

of,

6-18, 22,

38-39, 41 (with pictures)

picture)

planting, 140, 144, 148-151,

rock

202-203 (with pictures) soil formation, 197 rock garden, 1 47 (with pictures) rockweed (plant), 64 (picture) root, 32-33 (with pictures) in,

as food, 115, 116, 120. 126,208 (with pictures)

as medicine, 121 of desert plants, of English ivy,

75

100

34-35 (with 37 (pictures)

of tree,

,

about, 5

pictures)

rice (cereal grass),

fossils

poems

summer; winter seaweed (plant). 63

molds, 88-89

(picture)

(with pictures)

first, in

(tree),

(picture) to plants,

pictures)

pond

northern forest, 67. 69 (pictures)

spores, 24-25 (with picture)

(with picture)

pollination, 38-40 (with pictures)

damage

redwood

communities

tundra. 78-81 (with pictures)

183

41 (with pictures)

fever,

of pine tree, 41

(tree),

reproduction, plant, 14, 38-40,

(with pictures)

of

redbud, eastern

plant

mountainside, 83, 85 (pictures)

(pictures)

pollen (plant reproduction), 38-40

sausage tree, 1 05 (picture) Sciadophyton (prehistoric plant),

in

recycling, 263 (with picture)

(with pictures)

101 (picture)

65 (picture) 183 (pictures)

(plant),

(tree).

seasons

71-73, 98 (with

in,

(picture)

198 (picture) Scotland (Europe) thistle, 240-241 (with picture) sea lettuce (plant), 64 (picture)

124 (with

(plant),

mushrooms, 122

and hay

208

(with picture)

ragweed

rain tree, 105 (picture)

ivy,

(California)

sap, leaf, 30

sargassum

(with picture)

medicine from, 216 poison

(picture)

Strybmg Arboretum, 167

plants

picture)

May

150

San Francisco

picture)

pictures) Jack-ln-the-pulpit,

picture)

plant),

Watts, Mabel, 144 (plant),

rye (cereal grass), 210 (with

(picture)

Keats, John, 270

poinsettia

(with picture)

rust (plant disease), 253

pictures), 36-

156

(with pictures)

poem

about, 137

119 (with picture) see also spore sensitive plant, 47 (with pictures) sepal (plant part), 38 (picture) sequoia (tree), 106 (with picture) Shelley, Percy Bysshe (poet) Recollection. The, 268 Sigillaria (prehistoric plant), 200 traveling, 98,

(picture)

sisal (plant),

217

(picture)

287 skunk cabbage

(plant), 40.

52

smell, flower, 39-40

smoke jumper

use

(fire fighter),

smut (fungus), 253 (with snapdragon (plant), 151

261

picture) (picture)

formation

197 228 (with picture)

of,

testing of,

sorrel (plant), 80 (picture)

South Africa

47

by green plants, 29 (with

of

195

picture),

plants

94

in,

flag (plant),

117 (with

pictures)

sweet pea (plant), 44 sweet potato (plant), 140-141 (with picture)

(Africa)

National Botanic Garden, 166-

sycamore

67 (picture) South Carolina Magnolia Gardens (Charleston). 166-167 (picture) Spanish needle (plant), 22

tamarack

(tree),

184 (pictures)

1

spearmint

(plant),

212

(with

Sphenophylum

(prehistoric plant),

spice, 210 (with pictures) (plant reproduction), 24-25.

88-89 spring (season), black,

10

8,

1

90

(with picture)

Colorado, 183 (pictures)

Engelmann, 84 (picture) Norway, 1 90 (with picture) white, 68 (picture)

stem

34

stigma

tree

(flower part),

38 (with 133

(plant),

(picture)

(plant),

154 (with

picture)

Strybing Arboretum (San Francisco), 167 (picture)

sugar

sugar maple

(tree).

(plant),

color from,

(picture)

128 (with picture)

219

(picture)

summer, 12, 16 sundew (plant), 94 sunflower

53

community, see forest see leaf

(picture)

see

fir

ginkgo gum, sweet, 184

(pictures)

(pictures)

hemlock, eastern, 177 (pictures) hickory, shagbark,

178

(pictures)

Joshua

tree.

178 (pictures) 76 (pictures), 179

(picture) laurel,

mountain, 135 (picture)

see linden honey, 179 (pictures) magnolia, 180 (pictures) maple, see maple oak, see oak linden, locust,

olive, 181

nuts,

212-213 1

08

(with pictures)

(with picture)

plants living on, 98-102 (with pictures)

poems about birch,

pine,

pictures)

(pictures)

palm, 181 (pictures), see palm

persimmon, 182 (pictures) pine, see pine poplar, 188 (picture) rain tree,

269 268

root system,

105

(picture)

redbud, eastern. 183 (pictures)

redwood,

32-37 (with

pictures)

garden, 157

fir,

orange, 181 (pictures)

113 (with

sunlight

elm

evergreen, see evergreen tree

mistletoe on, 102 (picture)

(with pictures)

picture)

"dropsical" tree, 105 (picture)

elm, see

leaf-scar face, 189 (with pictures)

products from, 214, 217 (with

(plant), 47,

for in

of,

plant

leaf,

176

(picture)

holly, English,

261 (with picture)

(pictures)

oldest,

as food for plant, 29-30 from plants. 210 (with pictures)

(with

209 (with pictures) 43 (with pictures) gum, 218 (with picture) identification chart, 172-185 in

strawf lower

263

fruit of,

stinkhorn (fungus), 72-73 (picture)

of,

pictures)

growth

stinging nettle

need

see bark 106 (with pictures)

biggest,

fire,

187

hawthorn, cockspur, 177

pictures)

forest

picture)

sumac

and. 256 (with

air pollution

34-37 (with

pictures)

flowering,

(pictures),

ginkgo, 177 (pictures), see

conservation

of tree (trunk),

(pictures)

cypress, bald, 175 (pictures)

line,

Coal Age, 201 (with pictures)

(plant part)

of leaf.

83 toadstool, see mushroom tomato (plant), 209 (with picture) how to grow, 1 48 (with picture) touch-me-not, seed of, 22

79 (pictures)

1

cottonwood, eastern, 175

dogwood,

241 (with picture)

bark,

of

1

chestnut, horse,

(picture)

(tree)

names

72 (pictures) apple, see apple ash, see ash aspen, see aspen baobab, 104 (picture) basswood, 173 (pictures) beech. American, 174 (pictures) birch, see birch butternut, see butternut cannon-ball, 72 (picture) catalpa, northern, 175 (pictures) cedar, eastern red, 175 (pictures) cherry, black, 134 (picture)

terrarium, 142 (with pictures)

timber

(picture)

spruce

264

Night.

thistle (plant), legend about, 240-

picture)

spore

185 (pictures)

Teasdale, Sara (poet) tendril (plant part), 44, 101

(picture)

200

(tree),

(pictures)

trees,

ailanthus,

swamp sweet

soil

tree-path game, 172-186

sunlight (continued) plant motion and, 44,

(picture)

unusual, 104 (with pictures) see also evergreen tree line, see timber line

1 06 (with picture) 217 (with picture) sassafras, 183 (pictures) sausage tree, 05 (picture) sequoia, 1 06 (with picture) spruce, see spruce sumac, 128 (with picture), 219

rubber,

1

(picture)

288 trees,

names

see willow

tropical rain forest, see rain

forest truffle (fungus),

244-245

(with

picture) tulip (plant),

152 (with

248

(picture),

picture),

(with picture)

185 (pictures) tundra plant community, 78-81 tulip tree,

(plant),

68

(picture)

212

vanilla (plant),

vegetable, 208 (with pictures) garden, 148-149 (with picture)

vegetable sheep

(plant),

109

(with picture)

Venus's-flytrap

(plant),

94 (with

pictures)

Vikings, 240-241 (with picture) bauhinia, 72 (picture) climbing, 44, 100-101 (with

pictures)

209

65

(picture)

robin

walnut

(plant),

(tree),

53

52

(picture)

(pictures),

185

212-213 (pictures) water use of by plants, 29, 32-33 (with picture), 34-35 (with pictures). 36-37 (with pictures), 46, 75 leaf. 30 watering of garden, 158 (picture) water lily (plant). 60 (picture) watermelon (plant), 209 (with picture)

milkweed, 119 (with pictures)

papyrus, 60 (picture)

pondweed, 59 rockweed, 64 (picture) sargassum, 65 (picture) sea lettuce, 64 (picture) seaweed. 63, 64 (picture) Watt, W. W. (poet) So This Is Autumn, 20 Watts, Mabel (poet) Maytime Magic, 144

water plants, names of algae, 92 (with pictures) Anacharis, 142 (picture) arrowhead, 60 (picture),

263

poems

about,

baby's tears, 142 (picture) bulrush, 59 (with picture), 60

bur reed, 59

ivy,

133

(picture)

poison oak, 133 (picture)

Queen Anne's

129 (with

lace,

1 24 (with picture) skunk cabbage. 40, 52 (picture) sorrel. 80 (picture) thistle, 240-241 (with picture)

ragweed,

68 (picture) 52 (picture) Welwitschia, 76 (picture) yucca, 77 (picture) see also flowers, names of Welwitschia (plant), 76 (picture) wheat (cereal grass), 22 (picture), 55, 210 (with pictures) wild flowers, see weeds and

wake

(picture)

robin,

1

willow

1 1

12

115

185 (pictures)

wilting

poisonous, see poisonous plant wild flowers,

81 (picture)

(tree),

black,

names

cause of in plant, 46 wind and plant reproduction,

40, 41,

119

of

acanthus. 73 (picture)

77 (picture)

35-37 (with pictures) (plant),

125 (with picture) dandelion, 23 (picture), 112, 219 daisy,

(picture)

(with

witch hazel seeds, 45

woodland

plant

community, 51-

53 (with pictures) wood products, 214, 217 (with

218

worm for food,

97 (with

pictures)

xanthophyll

02 (with pictures) edelweiss. 84 (picture) goldenrod, 124 (with picture) grass, see grass hepatica, 52-53 (pictures), 142 1

212

picture)

used by plant

cuckoopint, 115

pictures)

in,

wintergreen

pictures),

coneflower, 56 (picture)

horsetail. 24, 127,

winter, 6 (with picture) trees

80 (picture) buttercup, see buttercup butterwort, 96 catnip. 130 (with pictures) cattail, see cattail clover, 57 (picture), 131 (with bilberry,

(picture)

1 1

poison

twinflower,

milkweed. 119

dodder.

(with pictures)

moneywort, 142 (picture) nettle, 133 (picture) nightshade, 132 (picture)

wild flowers

picking,

aloe,

apple, 121 (with picture)

picture)

(picture)

picture)

water plant, 59-61 (with pictures) first plants, 194-196 in aquarium, 142 (with pictures) in ocean, 64-65 (with pictures)

85 (picture)

fire,

duckweed, 59, 61 (picture) eelgrass. 63 Elodea, 207 (pictures) Eudonna, 93 (picture) Gonium, 92 (with picture) kelp, 64 (picture) lily, water, 59 (with picture), 61

weeds and

(picture) nut,

(picture)

lily,

May

Jack-in-the-Pulpit,

wake

115 (with

diatom, 63, 65 (picture)

dandelion,

(with pictures)

Jack-in-the-pulpit,

picture)

weeding of garden, 158 weeds and wild flowers

vine (plant)

fruit of,

(with

Mynophyllum, 142 (picture)

(with pictures)

twinflower

Chlamydomonas, 92 corallina,

Indian paintbrush. 103 Indian potato. 120 (with pictures)

59

picture)

witch hazel, 45

233

cattail,

names

wild flowers,

of (continued)

calamus, 117 (with pictures)

1

(picture)

willow,

weeds and

of

(continued)

85 (pictures) walnut, black, 53 (pictures). 185 tulip tree,

names

water plants,

of (continued)

sycamore, 184 (pictures) tamarack, 185 (pictures)

(leaf coloring),

30

(with picture)

yeast plant (fungus). 90-91 (with pictures)

yew

berry, 132 (picture)

yucca

(plant),

76 (picture)

zinnia

(plant),

151 (picture)

201 (with