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English Pages [296] Year 1991
i
i
re
-U-
I
The Green Kingdom
Childcraft
THE
HOW
WHY
AND VOLUME
LIBRARY
6
&*
The Green Kingdom World Book,
Inc.
a Scolt Fetzer company
Chicago
London
Sydney
Toronto
)
,
1992 Edition The Childcraft
—
US
(Reg
How and Why
Library
Pat Off
c 1991 World Book, Inc All rights reserved This volume may not be reproduced in whole or in part
in
any
form without prior written permission from the publisher.
World Book,
Inc.
525 West Monroe Chicago, c
1
990,
60661
IL
1
989,
1
987.
USA
1980, 1979
1
986,
1
985 by World Book,
Inc
B
1
982.
1976,1974. 1973.1971, 1970.1969, 1968, 1965, 1964 U.S
981
1
by World Book-Childcraft International, Inc A.
G
by
Field Enterprises Educational Corporation.
985 by World Book.
Inc
International Copyright @
1
International Copyright
1982, 1981, 1980, 1979 by World Book-
£
987.
1
986,
1
Childcraft International. Inc. International Copyright
1976, 1974. 1973, 1971, 1970, 1969, 1968,
6
1965, 1964 by Field Enterprises Educational Corporation.
ISBN 0-7166-0191-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 90-701 78 Printed in the United States of America A/IB
Acknowledgments The publishers of Childcraft— The How and Why Library gratefully acknowledge the courtesy of the following publishers, persons, and organizations
for
permission to use copyrighted poems,
excerpts from poems, and special illustrations appearing this
volume.
Full illustration
in
acknowledgments appear
on pages 278-279
The
Shop," by Rachel Field
Florist
From
Taxis
and Toadstools by
1926 by Doubleday & Company, Inc Reprinted by permission of the publisher and World's Work Ltd Rachel
Field, copyright
"Four Seasons," by
Rowena
Bastin Bennett
Reprinted by
permission of the author.
"Maytime Magic,
by Mabel Watts
Reprinted by permission of
the author. "Mists of Daybreak." by
Yosa Buson From A Year
Epigrams, edited and translated by William N
Japanese
of
Porter and published
by Oxford University Press. "Night," by
Sara Teasdale Excerpt reprinted with permission
of
The Macmillan Company from Collected Poems by Sara Teasdale Copyright 1930 by Sara Teasdale Filsinger, renewed 1958 by Guaranty Trust Company
"Package
How,
I
of
ot
New
York, Executor
Seeds," by Aileen Fisher Reprinted from
Wonder Why. ©1962 by
Abelard-Schuman. Ltd
All rights
/
Wonder
Aileen Fisher, by permission of
reserved.
W W
Watt, from One Man's Meter by "So This Is Autumn," by W. Watt. Copyright >c 1959 by W. W. Watt Reprinted by permission of Holt, Rmehart and Winston, Inc
W
"Tomato Time," by Myra Cohn Livingston From The Moon and a Star and Other Poems, © 1965 by Myra Cohn Livingston Reprinted by permission
of
Marian Reiner
for
the author
Photograph from Island bfe by Sherwin Carlquist. Sherwin Carlquist. Reproduced by permission
Company,
Inc
of
IS
1965 by
Doubleday &
Volume 6
The Green Kingdom Contents Seasons of Life
The Plant
life
5
summer,
ol plants in spring,
fall,
and winter
Ways
21
Plants are living things with their
Nature's Neighbors Plants live together
own ways
ol
life
49 in
communities, just
as
people do
Strange and Surprising Plants Man\ odd creatures belong to the green kingdom
Weeds and Wild Flowers Some weeds are pretty, some
How Does No
Famous Gardens Some of the world
live,
What
some
are dangerous
137
you can have some kind
of
garden 161
s
most famous and beautiful gardens
Meet the Trees A game that shows you how The
Ill are useful, and
Your Garden Grow?
matter where you
Plants of
87
171 to tell
one kind of tree from another
Long Ago
first
plants,
Plants
Do
193
and others
for
that lived in ages long past
Us
Plants give us fresh
air,
food, useful things
— and pleasure
People and Plants
The many Legends,
223
different jobs
True Tales and
done by people who work with plants 239
Tall Tales
folk tales,
Saving the Plants What we are doing
and true
stories of plants
251 to
help plants fight the dangers they face
Look for a Lovely Thing The beauty of the green kingdom Books
to
Read
New Words Illustration
Index
205
265 is
always around us
272 274
Acknowledgments
27S 280
"*f?
Seasons of Life Springtime
When
is
a green time
seedlings start their growing.
Summertime's a rainbow time
When many
blooms are blowing.
Autumntime's a brown time
When
seeds are ripe for sowing;
But wintertime' s a
white time
(It is the flowers' nighttime)
When
stars of frost are glowing.
Four Seasons Rowena Bastin Bennett
^
6
|
The Green Kingdom
Sleeping
life
It is the flowers' nighttime
In
many
.
.
parts of the world
and the ground
lies
cold
.
it is
winter,
and hard beneath
snow and
frost.
The
sleeping trees are
brown and
bare.
The
dry, dead stems of
last year's plants shiver in the cold wind.
But under the snow and ground are millions
in the frozen
underground
of seeds,
stems, and roots that will be next sum-
mer's plants. Each seed life,
is
a package of
with a tiny plant and a store of food
inside
buds,
it.
On
the roots and stems are
and each bud
sleeping plant.
A
is
little
warmth, a taste
water, and the plants will
And down
in the
the heart of a
awake
of
again.
ground, or snuggled
beneath the snow-covered leaves, summer animals
—are
—chipmunks,
frogs,
ants, spiders
sleeping, too. Like the plants, the
animals are also waiting for warmth and life
to
come back
to the land.
•
*
«
«
A
A
-
4
8
|
The Green Kingdom
Wake- up time The winter months
slide slowly by.
sun begins to shine a day.
The
air
grows a
little little
longer each
warmer. The
snow begins to melt and soak ground. The earth grows
and
soft.
This
been waiting
is
The
into the
warm and wet
what the plants have
for.
Water soaks
into the seeds. Their hard
covers grow soft.
The water makes
the
tiny plants and the stores of food inside
The
plants burst out
From each
seed, a tiny root
the seeds swell up. of the seeds.
pushes down into the earth, and a tiny
stem with one or two leaves springs up.
The
sleeping
buds and roots
older plants begin to in the
stir.
There
ground again for them to
of is
the
water
find
and
drink.
Plants aren't the only things stirring. It
is
now wake-up time
sleeping animals, too.
for
many
of the
^ff-f
4
w
*
The Green Kingdom
10 I
The world turns green Now
the tiny green heads of
new
plants
are poking up from the
brown earth and
around the patches
snow. The
of
little
plants hold out their tiny leaves toward
the
sun.
Their
roots
down and
push
spread out in the ground.
The
roots of the older plants are work-
ing, too.
They take
in water.
The water
goes up through the plant and into the little
new
leaves.
The land means food
is
for
turning green, and green
many
animals
.
So now the
animals begin to appear.
Once again, plants and animals, the two kinds
of living things, begin life
in the springtime.
anew
12
|
The Green Kingdom
A world full of life The days grow and the ground
new
The
longer.
is filled
air is
warm
with water. The
plants are shooting up.
They
twist
and turn and stretch as they grow. They
much
reach for as get.
of
sunlight as they can
Their leaves grow to
them have
flowers.
and other plants have Animals
Many
of
babies. It
of all
full size.
Many
Many
of the trees
flowers, too.
kinds are everywhere.
them are laying eggs or having is
the beginning of summer.
14
The Green Kingdom
|
A
and a buttercup
butterfly
A
belongs to the Animal Kingdom.
butterfly
A
buttercup belongs to the Plant Kingdom. The butter-
moves through the
fly
the ground.
air.
The buttercup
They seem very
different
rooted in
is
from each other.
But are they? Butterflies
And
and most other animals come from eggs.
so do buttercups
and most plants.
and the part of the plant around tiny plant and a store of food.
egg grows
it
grow
The
A
egg
plant's
into a seed
—
inside of a butterfly
into a tiny, curled-up caterpillar
and a store
of food.
A
A
caterpillar hatches
from an egg and begins to
eat.
buttercup sprouts from a seed and begins to make
food for
itself.
must have
Both the caterpillar and the buttercup
food, water,
and
air to live.
So must
all
plants and animals.
A
caterpillar
grows.
So does a buttercup.
The
caterpillar changes into a brightly colored butterfly.
The buttercup bursts out with bright
When
little
flowers.
these things happen, both the butterfly and the
buttercup have reached an important part of their lives.
The
butterfly
will
mate and
lay
eggs.
The
buttercup flowers will grow seeds. The butterfly eggs will
become new
little caterpillars.
seeds will become
new
little
And
the buttercup
buttercup plants.
So a butterfly and a buttercup aren't so different after
all.
Plants and animals both have the same needs
and they both do many of the same things. They are both living things, each with
its
own way
of
life.
V
16
|
The Green Kingdom
Plants at work During the warm summer months the plants work to stay alive and to
new
make
Their roots take in water. Their
life.
make
leaves
all
food.
make
Their flowers
seeds.
As the seeds grow, the
flower petals
away and drop
Soon, nothing
wither is left
of each flower
off.
but the
little
swell-
ing where the seeds are growing.
As the warm days begin to change.
They become something
on each kind
different
become
pass, the swellings
berries,
of
or nuts,
They
plant.
or other kinds '
of fruits. Inside the fruits are the seeds.
:•>
These seeds must now go traveling.
Some
will float
through the
on leafy
air
wings or silky parachutes. Others have spikes that catch hold of an animal's fur.
Some birds
will
be dropped in far places by
and animals that ate the
seeds were
in.
In each seed a tiny
plant waits to begin
When
the plants
good time
its
life
make
for the animals.
eat.
long
nap.
next spring.
Many and
The animals that
ing winter can
now
Others
fatten
can
new
their seeds, it's a
seeds and berries and pods
good to
fruits the
fill
ground houses with food
up
of the
fruits are
j£ sleep durfor their
their
under•
for the winter.
«
4
*^
•
9
« •
< «
*
«
* »'
18 I
The Green Kingdom
Settling
By
down
the end of
to sleep
summer
the plants have
done their work. They have made their seeds and sent
them out
to find
new grow-
ing places.
For many plants, the
trees
now
life is
over.
But
and other plants that have
longer lives are getting ready for winter.
They have dropped ground
is
all
their leaves.
The
growing cold and hard. Soon
there will be no water for roots to find.
Once again they must
sleep until spring
arrives.
The winter.
animals, too, are getting ready for
Many
of
the birds and insects
have flown away to warmer
places.
Many
of the animals that
have stayed behind
have already gone to
sleep.
The green earth
is
\
turning brown. In a
few weeks, snowflakes
will
come spinning
out of the sky. The land will turn white. It is the flowers' nighttime
.
.
.
m I
>
21
DCE
Plant Ways Have you ever wondered why change color
in
the
fall?
leaves
Or why some
"*^**»
nice
flowers smell
and some don't? Or
what pine cones are
why some
Why
tree
trees
bark
is
for?
Do you know
stay green
rough?
What
all
winter?
flowers do?
The next few pages answer questions you may have asked about of the
answers
plants.
Some
you!
will surprise
Now far and near on field and hill We watch the death of chlorophyll As
earl
autumn rushes in
With xanthophyll and I hold that ignorance
carotin. is
Considering the fact that Is
how a
The
bliss
this
botanist perceives
colorings of
autumn
leaves.
So This Is Autumn W. W. Watt
22
The Green Kingdom
Spanish needle
How
a seed
grows touch-me-not
The seed bursts open. Out comes a
tiny root.
wheat
As the
root
grows down,
the stem pushes up.
What's in a seed?
A food
seed all
is
a baby plant and a bundle of
wrapped up
in a package.
Different kinds of plants have different
Some
kinds of seeds.
seeds are as big as a
baseball. Others are smaller than a grain of
sand.
Some
are round,
are long and thin.
seed a
baby
some are
But
in
flat,
some
every kind of
plant, with its store of food,
is
waiting to grow.
Springtime The
first
make food
leaves begin to
is
come-to-life time for seeds
that have been in the earth
all
Water from melting snow and
soft spring
winter.
for the plant.
rains sinks into the earth
and soaks
into
Plant
Seeds come different
sizes. in
in
many
shapes and
same as the
package
— becomes
The seeds shown
these pictures are the sizes and shapes real
I
23
The seed's tough shell— the cover
the seed. of the
Ways
inside the shell swells
soft.
The food
up with water. Then
the shell bursts open.
Out creeps the baby
seeds.
plant. It uses its
store of food to begin growing.
A tiny root
pushes down into the ground in search
of
blackberry
water.
A
soil in
search of sunlight.
tiny stem grows
As the plant grows, of food.
When
it
pokes
up through the
uses
it
its
up
its
store
head above the
ground, into the sunshine, the plant begins dandelion
to
make
its
own
sunlight, air,
food. It
makes food out
and water that
its
of
roots find.
24
The Green Kingdom
Do
all
Some
plants
come from
plants do not
seeds?
come from
They come
seeds.
from spores.
A
spore
is
usually
of living jelly that
made up
— a tiny bag
of one cell
you would need a microscope
to see.
Spores have a covering on the outside to protect them.
Spores grow
in little
sacks on the leaves and stems
of mosses, ferns, horsetails, and
some other
There are usually a great many spores
in
but very few of the spores will become
plants.
each sack,
new
plants.
Plant
Ways
I
25
spore sacks on fern leaf
These spores are blown into the
air
and
float
away on
the wind. Out of millions of them, only a few come
where there need
A
if
at
is
the right kind of
soil,
down
water, and light they
they are to grow.
spore grows into a tiny green plant that
all like
the plant the spore
is
came from. But
nothing this tiny
plant makes cells that join together. These cells then
grow
into plants that are just like the plant the spore
came from.
spore beginning to
grow
The Green Kingdom
2(i
Why
leaves are green
In the furry, finny, feathered world of the animal
kingdom, there are many different orange and brown
giraffes,
beetles, and red birds.
green kingdom
one color
There are
white polar bears, blue in
the plant world
— the leaves of nearly
— green.
The biggest
But
colors.
all
— the
plants are just
Why?
difference
between plants and animals
is
that animals eat and plants don't. Plants are able
to
make
inside
their
own
food.
Leaves have a wonderful
them that makes food out
of air and water, with
the help of sunshine. This wonderful stuff chlorophyll.
And
chlorophyll
So a leaf is green because
And
chlorophyll
is
it is
makes food
stuff
is
called
green. filled
with chlorophyll.
for the plant.
make
food
inside themselves as plants can. Neither can you.
But
Animals have no chlorophyll. They
wouldn't full
it
be fun
if
can't
you could? You would always be
and you'd never have to chew!
Plant
chlorophyll
Inside a leaf are millions of tiny
packages
filled
chlorophyll.
give the leaf
All its
with green stuff called
these green packages
green color.
Ways
27
Sunlight passes through the clear skin of the leaf.
{
Air
N
.> '. i
\
v..,«^
%
Nature's Neighbors
The Christmas
|
67
home
trees'
In the northern parts of the world, winters are long
and cold and summers are
cool.
This
is
the trees people use as Christmas trees
There are huge forests
where many
of
live.
of spruce trees,
fir
trees,
and
other evergreen trees in the northlands. These trees like cold weather.
In winter, they are covered with
snow. Then, in spring, the snow melts and soaks into the ground. This gives the trees most of the water they need.
Evergreen trees and plants are able to
live in
many
parts of the world. But the cold northern forest com-
munities are the real "cities" of the evergreen trees.
northern forest community
Most trees 4 forest
that
in
the northern
are conifers
have cones.
—trees
twinflower
-,
Plants of the
northern forest
community
* '**%*»*
Nature's Neighbors
r Life in the northern forest
Evergreen trees grow close together
in
the northern forests.
There are many ponds and lakes. Beavers, muskrats, moose, deer,
and water birds live on the plants that grow around the water. Today the biggest cat that lives
northern forests
is
in
these
the lynx.
- fiL
In
the winter,
Many
birds
fly
it
snows
heavily.
south. Squirrels
and bears take long naps. Other animals, such as the elk, stay
awake and
bunchberry
active
all
winter.
69
ffl:)
^wS^a-
Nature's Neighbors
Where Many
trees take lots of baths kinds of trees grow best where
and where they get These trees
lots of
it
always hot
shower baths from the
live together in forests in
world where
it is
rain.
hot parts of the
rains heavily all year around.
So much
rain falls on these forests that they are called rain forests.
Rain forest trees stay green are
much
are so
tall
floor of
many
taller
all
than most other kinds
of trees.
they
They
the forest, so few plants can grow there. But
kinds of vines and plants, such as orchids, live
can get sunlight.
and under the
rain forest
And many
community
a rain forest the trees are
a man's leg. rain forests
tall
Many people
live in
around the world.
trees.
Here they
kinds of animals live in
trees of a rain forest
huge, and vines are as thick as i
And
they keep the sunlight from reaching the
high up on the branches of the
In
the time.
community.
|
71
passionflower
Plants of the rain forest
community
Nature's Neighbors
m
s>
Life in the tropical rain forest Life is
always much the same
in
a rain forest. The trees are always green.
The
It
rains almost every day.
air is hot, night
animals
live in
and day. Most
the trees.
There are monkeys, tree snakes, and brightly colored birds.
There are tree frogs and many kinds of tree-dwelling insects. In
some
rain forests, there are
great apes such as the orangutan.
73
desert community
Desert plants are able to without
much
water.
live
Nature's Neighbors
Plants that like
A
it
75 |
hot and dry
desert seems like a bad place for In
plants.
most
burning hot, and there's
many
sun
the
deserts,
is
water. Yet,
little
plants do live in deserts
— plants
that have solved the problems of living
waterless place.
in a hot,
Water
is
a desert plant's
first
The only water most desert from
rain.
But
it
it
is
does, the ground
many
So,
quickly dries.
plants get
doesn't rain often in a
And when
desert.
problem.
desert plants
have roots that spread far out and grow close to the top of the ground.
These
roots can catch lots of water, right away.
Most desert plants store up water they can
get.
Some
a barrel cactus, can swell
all
the
plants, such as
up
to hold a lot
of water. Before a rain, a barrel cactus
may
look like a gray lump. But after a
rain
it
looks like a
Many
green
ball.
animals might eat desert plants
to get the
have
fat,
water
solved
them. Some plants
in
that
problem.
They are
covered with thousands of sharp thorns or needles that keep animals away.
The thorns and needles do another job.
They
cast shadows.
A
plant such as a
cactus casts thousands of tiny shadows on itself
and makes
its
own
shade.
Welwitschia
Plants of the desert community
pincushion cacti
-
m
8?*'v
«...
'k'-i'
Nature's Neighbors
77
Life in the desert
During the day, the desert looks
Most desert animals hide where they can escape the heat. lifeless.
A $&t iil^i 9&T^'
When
the sun goes down,
a desert quickly cools. Desert
rodents look for seeds. Lizards hunt insects. Snakes hunt the
rodents and lizards.
It
sometimes
When into
it
almost
a desert.
in all
for there are
most of
many
deserts. But
these plants quickly
wither and die.
candelabra cactus
in
does, the desert bursts
bloom,
seeds
rains
Plants of the frozen north Far
in the north,
on the edge of the great sea that
reaches to the North Pole, there called the tundra.
and
frozen.
Most
The days
is
a great,
flat plain
of the time this plain
is
bare
are dark and sunless.
But, for a short time during the year, there are
sunny days. The tundra warms up and the
Water soaks
into the ground.
And
ice melts.
then plants bloom!
Nature's Neighbors
tundra community
The tundra
is
a great frozen
plain, far in the north.
Even during terrible
these warmer,
sunny days, a
fierce,
wind blows over the tundra. So only tough,
sturdy plants that grow close to the ground can live in this
community. These include mosses,
small, flowering plants. plain,
Most
of the
lichens,
tundra
is
and
a treeless
but sometimes there are birch and willow trees no
bigger than bushes.
79
cottongrass
Plants of the tundra community
B nHH
I
*&?£$&*?
sorrel
*^m*A
Nature's Neighbors
Life
|
on the tundra
reindeer
moss
| In
with
summer, the tundra is filled animals. Little lemmings and
other animals eat leaves, roots,
and seeds. They, in turn, are hunted and eaten by animals such as foxes.
Winter
comes suddenly. The
ground freezes.
Snow
piles up.
Most animals leave, but some stay. Lemmings burrow into the ground and live on seeds they stored away. Herds of musk oxen
move from
place to place,
scraping with their hoofs to find lichens beneath the snow.
81
-*
^mz:M -''~^r>
\
**
\-
Nature's Neighbors
s:\ \
Plant communities on mountains
A
mountain
is
like a little world. It
many
has
kinds
of plant communities, just as the world has.
The upper part North
In
is like
little
warm
the
The
Pole. It's always covered with ice and snow.
sun doesn't
A
of a very high mountain
such high places very much.
lower on a mountain, the sun gives warmth.
summer, the snow melts and many plants bloom.
These small plants grow close to the ground. This keeps them from being ripped up by the fierce winds that howl around the tops of mountains.
A line.
little
farther
down on
mountain
a
the timber
is
That's the highest place where trees can
on a mountain. Along the timber small and bent, and nearly
Below the timber closer together and
line,
make
all
line,
the
the trees
most trees are
same
size.
grow
northern parts of the world.
of place
taller
and
a forest that covers the sides
of a mountain. This part of a mountain
winter and cool and dry
grow
in
It's
is
like
the
and snowy
cold
in
summer. That's the kind
where evergreen trees can grow, but other
kinds of trees can't. So the forest
an evergreen
is
forest.
Toward the lower
part of a mountain
and other kinds of trees can grow. in a part of
If a
the world where lots of rain
much
rain
if
warmer,
mountain
falls,
part will be covered with a forest. But
stands in a place where not
it's
is
the lower
a mountain
falls,
the lower
part will be a grassy meadow. The lower parts of some
mountains are even deserts.
Engelmann spruce
mountain gentian
trees
Nature's Neighbors
Why tree-line
8E
trees are short
Every winter, snow covers the trees that
fire lilies
grow near the
on mountains. The snow
tree line is
about
as deep one winter as the next.
nvj^m-v'
?!
When covers
it
a tree
is
young, snow
each winter. But as
it
grows taller, the top will stick above the snow. Killed by the freezing winds that roar around the mountain, the top falls
off.
summer, the top grows again. winter, it's killed. The tree can't
In
In
grow
aspen tree
taller
than the deepest snow.
ST
Strange and Surprising Plants If
you think that
all
plants are green,
have leaves, and grow
in
the ground,
you're in for a surprise.
Some
plants are white, orange, or even
purple, instead of green.
Some
plants
grow on bread, cheese,
rocks, or even in trees, instead of in the
ground.
Some
plants look like animals, or even
like rocks!
There are a great many kinds of the wonderful living things
And some surprising!
of
them are
we
call
plants.
really strange
and
*
.
*
S.
-
'^i# •
'.
f .
mold growing on bread
When mold grows on it
bread,
spoils the bread.
Plants that and cheese
When
grow on bread
a piece of bread gets old,
become covered with
Each spot
is
it
powdery
pale,
may
spots.
a sort of "forest" of tiny, mold
tiny plants called molds.
Molds, of
many
tiny packages of
But
called cells.
it
These are
takes only one
cell
to
a spore.
cell is called
mold spore
is
smaller than a speck of
dust. It floats in the air.
bread or something it
life.
a whole forest of mold. This kind of
start
A
made
like all living things, are
When
else it
it
lands on
can use as food,
begins to grow by sending out
tiny threads.
down,
like
Some
roots.
of these threads
many grow
Others grow upward,
in
Roquefort cheese
Some molds make they grow
in
the cheese
taste better.
Strange and Surprising Plants
like
stems. Bunches of these threads
make up the
I
spots
you see on moldy bread or cheese.
Some molds better.
spoil food.
But others make food taste
Molds give such cheeses as Roquefort and
Stilton their blue color and delicious flavor.
Molds grow on other things than bread and cheese.
Some grow on
plants.
This usually spoils the plant.
Some molds grow on dead
plants and animals. These
molds help make dead things rot and break apart.
They are part
of nature's clean-up crew.
mold growing on a dead moth
Molds rot,
mold growing on an orange
When mold grows on
make dead things make the soil richer.
that
help
or vegetables,
it
fruits
spoils them.
&>
mold on raspberry jam
Mold often spoils food
in
cans
or jars that have been opened.
89
yeast plants
Yeast plants are growing baker
is
mixing.
growing yeast
the
in
dough
this
The small photo shows how
cells look
under a microscope.
The baker's plant If
it
weren't for a plant called yeast,
have the kind of bread we Yeast plants don't look round drops of
jelly.
And
food.
where
And bread dough
Bread dough
is
They
like plants.
look like
they're so tiny you can see
everywhere. They don't do anything place
couldn't
eat.
them only with a microscope. They warm, wet
we
float in the
until
air
they find a
there's just the right kind of is
just such a place.
made by mixing
a warm, wet paste. To this
is
flour
and water into
added sugar, which
the yeast plants' favorite food.
is
So when the yeast
plants get into bread dough, things start happening!
Here's what happens.
When
a yeast plant takes in
Strange and Surprising Plants
food,
swells up and splits into
it
plants! Then, each
new
two new
plant takes in food,
swells up, and splits in two! Soon, there are millions of
As
all
new
yeast plants!
these tiny plants take
in
sugar,
Grow You
a jar of yeast
many
causes
little
the dough. This
When till
packet
1
tablespoon of sugar
airy.
air.
yeast
about 3/4 cup of
warm water
jar
bubbles to form inside
baked,
swell up.
the bubbles
all
Then the bread
is
light
and
But without yeast to change the sugar
into gas, the
Long
warm into
is
of
to a gas. This gas
makes the dough
the dough
with
it
need:
will
1
a glass
they change part of
i»l |
it.
this to
dough won't swell
ago, people let the
up.
dough
sit
in a Dissolve the sugar
place so that yeast plants would get
Today, bakers don't have to wait for happen. They buy yeast
and mix
it
in
in
the water.
Sprinkle the yeast on top. Leave the jar
in
a
warm
place.
packages
into the dough.
When
the
bread
is
dough
light
and
is
baked, the
airy.
As the yeast
plants begin to use
the sugar for food, the jar
will
with foam.
The yeast plants cause the foam by changing part of the sugar
into
carbon dioxide.
fill
Plants that can swim! you peeked at a drop
If
of
pond water
through a microscope, you'd be surprised!
You would
many odd
see
little
creatures
zipping about in the water.
One kind
of creature looks like
egg with two threads on one end.
a green It
has a
red spot that's sort of an eye, for seeing light.
And
the creature swims by wiggling
the threads. Is
No,
it's
it
an animal?
not an animal, even though
Chlamydomonas
does move,
Chlamydomonas is a tiny plant that swims like an animal!
creature
as animals
makes
its
own
This green
do.
food, using sun-
light, just as grass, trees,
do. It's a plant
it
and other plants
— one of the plants we
call
algae.
Sometimes, 16
of
these tiny
plants form a jellylike wheel
and
live in
it
Sometimes, 16 of these creatures fasten themselves together to
together.
wheel.
Gonium
A
V
Each
outside
stick
of
sort
kind of jellylike stuff holds them
together.
-V-4
make a
creature's
the wheel.
two threads
When
all
the
creatures wiggle their threads, the wheel rolls
through the water!
And sometimes fasten
m
32
of
the
creatures
themselves together into a
They keep
their threads outside the ball
and wiggle them to make the just like a
ball.
bunch
of
ball
men rowing
move,
a boat!
Strange and Surprising Plants
Eudorina
Sometimes, 32
of
these tiny
plants form a jellylike ball
and
live in
it
together.
I
93
The Green Kingdom
94
Plants that trap insects
many wet and swampy
In
are plants that trap insects!
don't "eat."
If
why do they
places there sundew
But plants
plants don't "eat," then
catch insects?
All plants need a salt called a nitrate. It
them grow. Most plants
helps
from the ground, but there it
in
get this salt
isn't
much
swamps. So some plants trap and
of di-
gest insects to get the salt they need.
Plants that trap insects have different
ways
them. The plant called
of catching
a sundew has leaves that are covered with little hairs.
On
sticky liquid.
each hair there
The sun
is
a drop of
sparkles on these
drops and attracts insects. But when an insect touches one of the drops,
Then,
fast!
stuck
it is
the hairs around the insect
all
bend over slowly. They push the
down
against the
leaf.
insect
A juice oozes out
of
the leaf and slowly digests the insect!
The plant
called a Venus's-flytrap
works
There are
hairs,
just like a trap. like
on each
triggers,
edge of the
each leaf can fold fly
Around the
leaf.
leaf are little
little
"claws."
itself in half!
And
When
or other insect lands on a leaf
a
and
touches one of the hair triggers, the leaf quickly folds in half. lock together
and the
Then the plant
digests
The
little
insect it.
is
"claws" trapped.
An aphid has been caught by the sticky hairs of the sundew plant.
(left)
The open leaves
of the
Venus's-flytrap are ready to
catch insects, (top) lands on a
leaf,
fly
touching a
hair trigger, (above)
The
leaf closes, trapping
an
insect.
Now
the plant
slowly digest
Venus's-flytrap
A
it.
will
96
|
The Green Kingdom
The butterwort
traps insects
same way the sundew
does.
wort's leaves are sticky.
crawls on a
leaf,
it
pushed to the middle juice oozes out
The
and
The
in.
The
insect
Then the insect
of the leaf,
digests
the
butter-
When an
gets stuck.
edges of the leaf curl
much
is
where
it.
pitcher plant drowns insects! Its
leaves are shaped like vases.
They
are
usually half-filled with rain water. Inside
the leaves are sweet-smelling
little
filled
with a
insect
crawls
pockets
juice.
An
into a leaf to get at the juice. sides of the plant are slippery
But the and cov-
ered with hairs that point downward. pitcher plant
A
fly
has fallen
plant's leaf.
vase
filled
into the pitcher
The
leaf is like a
with water.
drown and the
The
fly will
plant will digest
it.
The
Strange and Surprising Plants
insect slides
the water.
There
worms!
It
is
It
down the
drowns and even a
and
hairs
falls
into
digested.
is
catches
that
plant
catches them with a lasso, just
as a cowboy catches a cow!
This plant
is
the ground and
a fungus. It grows under is
so small
it
can be seen
only with a microscope. It spreads through the ground like are
many
many
tiny threads. There
loops in these threads.
Tiny worms, no bigger than the threads, crawl through the
soil.
When
a
worm
crawls through a loop, the loop suddenly tightens!
The worm
fungus digests
A
tiny
is
caught!
Then the
it.
worm
crawls
among
the
The worm crawls through a
loop.
threads of a fungus. There
Suddenly the loop tightens and
are loops
the
fungus and
in
the threads.
worm
worm
is
caught!
97
staghorn fern
Plants that live in trees
Do you know there are some kinds of plants that never grow
the ground?
in
They grow high up
in trees in
tropical forests.
There's a good reason for trees
grow
tall
and
reaches the ground.
makes
it
this.
In a forest where
close together, very little sunlight
The
This
leaves block the sun.
hard for other green plants to grow. They must
have sunlight.
But
orchids, Spanish moss, staghorn ferns,
other plants get the sun they need
trunks and branches of leaves
trees.
and stems soak up and
How
and many
by growing on the
When
it
store water.
do these plants get up into the trees? Most
them have
light seeds that float in the wind. If
these seeds
is
root. It
their
rains,
blown into a good spot
spends the rest of
in
its life there,
a tree
of
one of
it
takes
hanging on.
Strange and Surprising Plants
wild pineapple
orchids
Spanish moss
99
If
a green plant doesn't get enough sun-
light, it will die.
The
best
to get lots of sunlight if
is
way
to
for
grow
a plant
tall.
But
a plant with a very thin stem grows too
tall, it will
just topple over. So, as
some
they find
plants grow toward the sun,
things to lean on. These plants are called
climbing plants.
A
plant such as English ivy likes to be
near a wall or
tree.
Then, as
it
grows,
it
has something to lean up against. Tiny roots
grow out
of the ivy's
stem and stick
to the wall or tree. These roots keep the
ivy from falling
down
as
it
grows.
English ivy
honeysuckle
>MMfljjJi
Strange and Surprising Plants
Some
plants
is
101
wrap themselves around
trees or other plants to keep
over. This
|
from
how honeysuckle
falling
grows.
Some
plants send out leafy arms called
tendrils.
These tendrils wrap themselves
around fence posts and other things. In this
as
it
way, the plant keeps from
falling
over
grows.
Every climbing plant has to have something to lean on If
there
is
it
the ground. But it
it
starts to grow.
nothing for the climbing plant
to hold on to,
sunlight,
when
begins to spread out on if
it
doesn't get enough
will die.
grapevine
102
The Green Kingdom
Vampire plants Some
plants live like vampires.
They
fasten themselves to other plants
and suck food and water out
When
them
a plant called a dodder sprouts
from the ground, the
of
nearest
it
stretches out toward
plant.
The
stem
dodder's
grows toward the other plant and slowly winds around threadlike
it.
The dodder pushes into
roots
the
little
other plant's
stem. With these threads the dodder sucks
food and water out of the other plant. Finally, the dodder breaks loose
own
its
spends the rest of
root. It
wrapped around the other Mistletoe
is
trunk.
The
its
own
sucking
Mistletoe It
often
seeds send roots into the tree
The
mistletoe plant grows on
mistletoe can
food, but it
is
plant.
dropped on tree trunks by
Then the
the tree.
its life
a vampire plant, too. Mis-
tletoe seeds are birds.
from
it
gets
all its
out of the tree.
a vampire plant.
grows on apple
make some
trees.
of
water by
Strange and Surprising Plants
When it
a
|
103
young dodder sprouts,
begins to grow toward
the nearest plant.
The dodder wraps the other plant.
It
itself
gets
around
its
food and water by sucking them out of the other plant.
Indian paintbrush to be minding its
is
own
a plant that seems business.
But
it's
a vampire, too. Its roots spread through the ground and fasten to
all
other plants they can find.
the roots of
Then the
In-
dian paintbrush sucks water and some food
out of the roots of
all its
neighbors!
Plants that live on other plants are called parasites.
104
The Green Kingdom
baobab
Odd and unusual
"jail" tree
trees traveler's
The world
One
is
full
of unusual trees.
tree has fruits that look like big
sausages hanging from
Another tree looks a
its
branches.
little like
a giant
umbrella. Still
another tree looks somewhat
a peacock's
And,
like
tail.
in Australia, a large tree
hollow trunk was once used as a
with a jail.
;.•**
palm
"dropsical" tree
sausage tree
rain tree
The Green Kingdom
106 I
The biggest living things The blue whale
the largest animal
is
that has ever lived
— bigger
than an
ele-
phant, bigger than the biggest dinosaur.
But even the blue whale
on earth. Trees
living thing
the largest
isn't
are.
And
the
redwoods and
largest of all trees are the
giant sequoias that grow in California.
The
the world are the
tallest trees in
California redwoods.
Most
more than 300
(90 meters)
about as tallest
tall
feet
of
them are high—
as a 30-story building.
known redwood
The
almost 370 feet
is
(113 meters) high!
The
giant sequoias are not as
redwoods, thicker. eral
tree
but
One
their
big sequoia
is
is
272 feet its
feet (30 meters)
(11
(83
meters)
trunk
as the
are
much
called the
Sherman, after a famous
widest part of
feet
trunks
tall
is
soldier.
high.
Gen-
The The
more than 100
around and more than 36
meters) across.
A
big crowd of
people could hide behind this tree!
redwood trees
sequoia trees y
m
M
The Green Kingdom
108 I
The
oldest living tree
If trees
had birthday parties, there's one tree
in the
United States that would need more than 4,000 candles on
its
birthday cake!
Trees
A
live
much longer than people
or animals do.
big oak tree, with a trunk so thick that you can't
get your arms around old.
The big redwood
it,
may be hundreds
of years
trees in California are thousands
of years old.
The
oldest
known
tree in the United States lives in
a mountain forest in California. bristlecone pine tree that's It is
It's
a gnarled, twisted
more than 4,600 years
one of the oldest living things
bristlecone pine
old.
in the world.
Strange and Surprising Plants
|
109
cushion plant
The cushion plant In
New
cushion
,
made
ion plant.
A
Zealand there grows a plant that looks of
white sheep's wool.
And sometimes
cushion plant
it's
stems with millions of
a cush-
of
little leaves.
thousands
The
of tiny
leaves are cov-
ered with tiny hairs, and that's what gives the plant
woolly look.
a
called a vegetable sheep.
made up
is
It's called
like
The stems grow together
its
so closely that
they look like one big white lump.
You
could even
But you would be hard as a rock
sit
on a cushion plant
if
you wished
surprised. It isn't a bit soft
—
it's
as
Ill
Weeds and Wild Flowers Queen Anne's Lace in Dandelions
frilly white,
gold,
Stalwart, seedy plantain spears:
These are weeds I'm
Though many folks may
And
told.
call
may
weeds they well
I stand and stand
to look at
They're beautiful
to
them weeds be,
them.
me!
Weeds Leland B. Jacobs
112
The Green Kingdom
|
The
lion's tooth
Dandelions are good to eat!
For years, people
different parts of the world
in
have eaten the young, spring leaves of dandelions.
Some
people boil them and eat them with
pepper.
Some
people use them
in salads.
salt
and
These spring
leaves are called dandelion greens.
The dandelion got
name
its
funny way. The
in a
jagged edges of the dandelion's leaf look
like a
row
of teeth. So, long ago, the people in France gave the
plant the
But
name dent de
"j
which means
lion's tooth.
to the people in England, dent de lion
like dandelion,
Jr^l
lion,
*
J^t^ ^"V^
and
that's
^**Et ^"Y"^ ^"V *
called this plant!
*V»
•'Vs*
1
what they
There was a pretty dandelion
With
lovely, fluffy hair,
That glistened in
And But oh!
in the
the
this pretty
Soon grew And, sad
sunshine
summer old
to tell!
sounded
air.
dandelion
and gray; her charming hair
Blew many miles away. Dandelion Author Unknown
A tall plant with tasty seeds Sunflowers are big plants with thick, hairy stems and big, heart-shaped leaves.
Sunflower blossoms are often as big as dinner plates, and sunflowers sometimes grow
twice as
tall
as a tall man.
Sunflower seeds were an important food for
many American
Indian tribes. The In-
dians dried the seeds and ground
them
into
powder. They used the powder to make bread and thicken soup. Sometimes they
mixed powdered sunflower seeds with to
make
fat
a sort of pudding.
Sunflowers grow wild in prairies and
meadows, but there are sunflower farms in
many
¥\
/:
parts of the world. Oil from sun-
used to
flower seeds
is
cooking
paint,
oils,
make
margarine,
and soap. And many
people enjoy eating sunflower seeds.
s
r, •
a
p
1
-
ippf
Jack-in-the-pulpit
Weeds and Wild Flowers
115
Jack-in-the-pulpit It's
easy to see how this
name.
its
pulpit,
It
looks like a
plant got
little
man
little
ready to give a sermon.
It's called
Jack-in-the-pulpit because "Jack"
other word for a
means
a
man
is
or boy, just as
an-
"Jill"
girl.
Jack-in-the-pulpit
Indian
in a
turnip.
is
sometimes
Indians
because
That's
called
used to eat the root, which looks some-
what
like
a turnip.
The Indians
eat the roots raw, though.
The roots have
poison in them. The Indians
dry
in the
didn't
let
the roots
sun for a long time. That got
rid of the poison.
Jack-in-the-pulpit has a relative that
grows
in
England and other parts of Eu-
rope. It looks
but
is
much like Jack-in-the-pulpit,
called a cuckoopint.
Jack-in-the-Pulpit Is preaching today.
What do you
He
is
think
going
to
say?
I'm sure I know well
The message
Be glad for
he'll
bring:
a green world!
Be glad
it
is
spring!
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
Leland B. Jacobs
The Green Kingdom
116
Arrowhead If
you were an Indian long ago, you
might have gone wading to get some of your food.
Arrowhead
is
a
arrow-
with
plant
shaped leaves that grows
in
water near
When
the edges of streams and ponds. Indians liked to eat arrowhead roots.
They
out of the
pulled the plants
mud
with their toes.
Indians saw these plants,
take off their moccasins and wade into the water.
•«-vt,*-
They would
of the
mud
would
boil the roots
pull the plants out
with their toes. Then they
Arrowhead
*'-=.
they might
roots
eaten raw. But
and eat them.
when they
taste a lot like potatoes.
why arrowhead
is
when
bitter
taste
are boiled they
Maybe
also called
that's
duck potato.
arrowhead
afefefei .4
'
it
Weeds and Wild Flowers
117
The perfume plant Do you
think
it
would be fun to have
leaves on the floor of your house instead of
a rug?
Long
ago, people in
settlers in
America would gather leaves
the calamus plant.
of their houses nice,
They
of
dried the leaves
Then they covered the
in the sun.
had a
Europe and early
floors
with the leaves. The leaves
sweet smell that
made
a house
smell good. If
you
live near
a pond, a stream, or a
marsh, you might try drying some calamus leaves.
sweet flag
calamus
it
Long ago, people often gathered
calamus leaves
Look
to put
floors of their houses.
on the
by
its
—
for
in
calamus
—
it is
also called
shallow water. You'll
long, swordlike leaves.
know
The Green Kingdom
118 I
milkweed
Weeds and Wild Flowers
A
119
plant that bandages itself There are
lots of things to
know about
the plant called milkweed.
Milkweed gets juice,
out
which looks
when the
name from the white
its
plant
cut.
is
juice dries in the sun like a
milk,
like
that oozes
This rubbery
and covers the cut
bandage.
Without milkweed
plants, there
might
not be any beautiful monarch butterflies.
Milkweed
is
the only plant on which fe-
male monarch
butterflies
eggs. That's because
lay
will
milkweed
is
their
the only
food that monarch butterfly caterpillars will
eat.
Milkweed seeds grow pods.
In the
fall,
inside fat, green
the pods turn brown, milkweed seeds
dry up, and
split
open.
When
in
a pod
the wind
blows, the seeds are lifted out of the pod
a few at a time. tufts,
like
They have
parachutes,
long,
silky
that carry
them
through the air on the wind.
fW
In a milkweed
cradle,
Snug and warm, t
ff\
Baby
seeds are hiding,
Safe from harm. i
Open wide
,yHold "
high!
Come Mr. Wind.
£& Help
I
it
the cradle,
them
fly.
Baby Seeds Unknown
Indian potatoes
When the Pilgrims came to America they didn't have much food. But friendly Indians showed them how to grow corn, beans, and squash. And the Indians showed the Pilgrims where to find wild plants to eat.
One
of these
plants had fat, round roots that the Indians dug out of
the ground. Today,
we call this plant an "Indian potato."
The Indians loved
these roots.
them, too. They boiled the roots hot.
The Pilgrims thought the
Indian potatoes
"7
''
^jZ&r MSB
in
The Pilgrims
liked
water and ate them
roots tasted like turnips.
Weeds and Wild Flowers
An
Indian medicine plant
When
you're sick, your mother or father calls a
doctor.
Long
ago.
mothers
or
when
Indian children became sick, their
fathers
called
a
medicine
man.
The
man didn't have pills or shots, but he could make many kinds of medicine from wild plants. One plant the medicine man used was the May apple. With its slim stem and large green leaves, the May medicine
apple looks like a in
May,
its fruit
and looks more
The
root of the
little
umbrella. While
it
does bloom
doesn't appear until July or August, like a
lemon than an apple.
May
is
apple plant
actually poisonous
and should never be eaten. But the medicine men boiled the roots in water.
Then the water became
medicine that was good for curing a stomachache.
May apples
a
|
121
122
The Green Kingdom
|
and toads'
Elves' umbrellas Fungi are strange
have no
plants.
or balls,
horns, or even birds' nests!
They
They look
roots, stems, or leaves.
umbrellas,
like
little
stools
or sponges,
They
or
are white,
or yellow, or orange, or purple, or even
polka-dotted
— but
grow
usually
in
seldom
They
green.
damp, dark places
in fly
woods, trees
and
agaric
mushrooms
on old
in piles of rotting leaves, or
And sometimes they pop up
logs.
on peoples' lawns.
The
fungi you probably
know
the ones called mushrooms. look like
best are
They
usually
umbrellas. In fact, people
little
once believed that elves used mushrooms for umbrellas
Mushrooms
when
it
are often called toadstools.
Someone with a sense
made up
rained.
that name.
of
humor must have
But some mushrooms
are just about the right size and shape to
make a comfortable
Some mushrooms
stool for a fat toad.
are good to eat.
But morel mushrooms
Many
some are poisonous and can
kill!
people believe that poisonous
mushrooms
will
turn a spoon or a coin black, or will
make water
turn black, but that's not true.
There's no
way
to
tell
a good
mushroom
from a poisonous one unless you're an expert.
So never eat a wild mushroom
.
'-*
an
bird's nest fungi
club
mushrooms
puffballs
-
.
;-
The Green Kingdom
124
and
Fairies, sneezes,
ago, people in Ireland believed
Long that
ragweed was the
the fairies. But fairies
many In
would
favorite plant of
seems strange that the
it
like
people feel
makes
that
a plant sick.
most flowers there are tiny grains
Ragweed
called pollen. It
piles of gold
floats
in
the
people's noses,
it
air.
pollen
When
is like it
dust.
gets into
causes an allergy called
hay fever. Hay fever makes some people's
eyes itchy and red.
It
noses run, too. But most of
makes all,
it
their
makes
them sneeze. ragweed
goldenrod
The blamed
But
plant for
goldenrod
called
often
is
making people sneeze,
Goldenrod pollen
this is a mistake.
doesn't float in the
too.
air.
It's
heavy and
sticky.
Goldenrod gets
its
name because
looks like a slim, green rod with a of gold at its tip. Its golden flowers
from
late
it
mass bloom
summer through autumn. They
look like piles of gold along the sides of
roads and
in
meadows.
Weeds and Wild Flowers
The
day's eye
125 |
and a cup of butter
wild wonder how some Did you ever got their names?
flowers
The And,
daisy looks like
somewhat
an eye,
it
like
an eye.
opens up at the
m
EngSo, long ago beginning of each day. In named it "day's eye. land, people time, the
name became
daisy.
because it its name The buttercup got made of yellow butter. looks like a cup was believed that butter Long ago, people But ate buttercups. yellow because cows does get not true. Butter
ite color
that's
from what cows buttercups.
eat,
but cows don
t
eat
JMI AsSl
n?f
i\\
'
7
cattails
*\ 'Cossack asparagus' Cattails
grow
marshes, on riverbanks, and near
in
water-filled ditches. Their flowers
rods that look and
feel like
Russia eat them, and so do
A
bunch
ies for
called
of cattails
the Indians.
cattail flower soup,
the long leaves and for chairs.
They
brown
tail.
The Cossack people
many
of
English people. In
"Cossack asparagus."
was
like
a whole bagful of grocer-
The Indians and boiled
People once found
fuzzy,
the tip of a cat's
Cattail roots are good to eat.
England they are
become
many
ate cattail root bread,
cattail stems.
uses for cattails.
wove them together
to
They
dried
make
seats
stuffed mattresses with the soft, cot-
tony down that comes from the brown rods. used cattails for decorations, as
many
And they
people
still
do.
Weeds and Wild Flowers
127
Pot-cleaning plants
When
people clean pots and pans, they probably use
scratchy pads of steel wool or plastic. But long ago,
people cleaned pots with plants called horsetails. Horsetails,
stemmed
also called
plants that
rushes,
grow
in
are short,
hollow-
sandy places. They have
a rough, sort of glassy covering on their stems. This is
the same kind of stuff that
When
makes sand
scratchy.
the people of long ago scrubbed their pots with
the scratchy horsetails, the pots got nice and shiny.
The word "scour" means
to clean well.
Because the
horsetails did such a good cleaning job, people gave
them the name "scouring rushes." horsetails
128
The Green Kingdom
The Indian lemonade plant Sumac
a small tree or bush with
is
narrow, pointed leaves.
when the
fall
It
tells
people
arrives. Its leaves are usually
change
first to
color.
They turn from
green to a bright, glowing red.
Near the end
summer, bunches of
of
red berries grow on some kinds of sumac trees.
The American Indians made
a
drink from those berries. They dried the berries,
mashed them, and mixed them
with water. This
made
a sour, cooling
drink that looked and tasted somewhat like
pink lemonade.
One kind that hang
of
down
sumac has white berries instead of sticking up as
the red berries do.
away from
that
The Indians stayed
kind
of sumac.
poisonous and makes skin burn and staghorn sumac
It
is
itch!
Weeds and Wild Flowers
The
carrot's lacy cousin
From May
until late
August you can see the white,
Queen Anne's
lacy flowers of a plant called at
you along roads and
a real queen
who
in fields.
The
plant
lace
is
nodding
named
after
ruled England hundreds of years ago.
People wore lots of lace on their clothes at that time, especially kings
and queens. The person who named the
flower probably thought
it
looked like the lace on the
queen's dresses.
Queen Anne's it
is
lace
is
also called wild carrot because
related to the kind of carrot
Anne's lace
isn't
good to
Queen Anne's
lace
eat.
we
eat.
But Queen
129
The Green Kingdom
130
The plant that Many
A
cats love
cats love the plant called catnip.
cat that finds a
happily
Many
leaves.
owners give their pets
balls or
made
toys
seem
cats
among
the
roll
cat
about
clump of catnip may
of dried catnip leaves.
Most
to like dried catnip leaves just
as well as green, growing ones.
Some people roll
around
in,
like catnip,
too
— not
but to drink. They
to
make
catnip tea by putting dried catnip leaves in boiling
water and adding a
little
honey.
Catnip belongs to the mint family.
grows wild
in
many
parts
of
North
America and Europe. You can often it
It
find
along roads or near old farms.
When catnip,
a cat finds a clump of it
and over
catnip
loves to in
roll
over
the leaves.
Weeds and Wild Flowers
A magic Clover
is
131
plant a
common
plant. Its little red, white, pink,
or yellow blossoms peep up from
meadows and lawns
everywhere.
Long
ago, people believed that clover
They believed
plant.
that
was
a
three-leaf clovers
magic
would
guard them from the spells of witches. They believed that four-leaf clovers would fairies
and
elves.
And,
make them
able to see
many
people think
to this day.
that finding a four-leaf clover will bring
Of course clover does help make
from
its
isn't
soil rich.
really a
them
luck.
magic plant. But
And bees make
fine
it
honey
blossoms.
clover
132
|
The Green Kingdom
Deadly berries and seeds
Many
kinds of berries and seeds are
poisonous! People have died from eating
yew
mistletoe berries,
beans.
There
are
berries,
and castor
several
kinds
of
nightshade plants with green, red, and black berries
—
all
dangerous! Never eat
a berry, seed, or nut unless you sure that
it is
know
for
safe.
nightshade berries
castor beans mistletoe berries
stinging nettle
poison ivy
Plants that The
plants
make you shown on
itch
this
and burn
page can hurt you.
should happen to touch one of them, skin burn
and
sting
and
plants so you can stay
itch.
it
you
make your
Learn to recognize these
away from them.
poison oak
can
If
134
|
The Green Kingdom
Dangerous plants Some
of the
most beautiful and common
plants have leaves, petals, and branches
that can ers, or
kill
!
Never chew the
leaves, flow-
branches of any plant unless you are
sure they are safe to eat.
oleander
The leaves and branches oleander are
filled
of the
with poison.
rhubarb
We
can eat the stems
rhubarb plant. But will
its
of the
leaves
quickly bring death!
Cherries are good to eat. But the leaves and twigs of cherry trees contain a poison. wild black cherry
mountain
The
leaves, twigs,
of the
mountain
laurel
and flowers
laurel tree
can cause death.
The buds,
fruits,
and leaves
of the poinsettia plant
can cause
illness. poinsettia
137
How
Does Your Garden Grow? They
can't see their pictures,
— seeds in a package —
they can't read the label the
so
how
to
know
are they able if they're daisies
or greens for the table? It
sounds
like
a fancy,
it
sounds
like
a
but
you do
fable,
the sowing,
the weeding, the hoeing,
and of
they'll
how
do the knowing
to be
growing.
Package of Seeds Aileen Fisher
138
A
|
The Green Kingdom
window-sill garden
You can have a all
—a window-sill garden
winter
You can buy
sill,
many
stores.
Put
Keep the
damp, but not
holes in
dirt
them
may grow bigger. You can use tin cans
plants
bigger pots.
Have your mother
in the
house plants!
to let water seep
put a dish under each pot to catch the water.
Some
tons.
your house
window where
muddy. Flower pots have out, so
in
or on a table near a
plenty of sunlight.
is
of
small house plants at
them on a window there
garden
bright, cheerful
bottoms
of these
If so,
move them
to
or cottage cheese car-
or father put a few small holes
homemade
pots.
Plants such as ivy or philodendron look nice in glass bowls.
But a
glass
bowl must have gravel at the bottom
to catch the water that seeps out of the dirt.
geranium
chives
a window-sill garden
Not
all
plants will
that will are called
grow
The
well
dirt
if
house
plants.
They
they get plenty of sunlight.
should be kept damp, not muddy.
#$&& coleus
grow indoors. Those
cactus
140
|
The Green Kingdom
Living-room gardens Would you
like
to
have a garden
your living room? One way to do
buy house
plants.
it is
Philodendrons,
in
to
ser-
pent's tongue, and rubber plants, which
grow wild
in hot parts of the world,
good house plants plants
don't
need much
warm room, a little now and then. avocado
You can You
in cool places.
light
make These
— just
a
water, and a dusting
also sprout
your own plants.
will need: an avocado seed or a sweet potato
4 toothpicks a
Stick
water potting soil
a planter
jar
four
toothpicks
into
opposite
sides of an avocado seed. Place the seed,
serpent plant
sweet potato
How Does Your Garden Grow?
141
philodendron
point up, in a jar partly
filled
with water.
Rest the toothpicks on the rim of the so that only the bottom of the seed
water. Put the jar
Soon the seed
in a
warm,
light
jar, is in
room.
will sprout.
After the seed has sprouted roots and leaves,
seed
in
fill
a planter with
soil.
Plant the
the center. Cover the roots and
most of the seed with
dirt,
but don't
cover the seed completely. Water your plant and place
Now do
rubber plant
it
in a
warm sunny
room.
watch your garden grow! You can
this
with a sweet potato, too.
1
Tlif
12
Green Kingdom
Gardens
A
in glass
terrarium
an indoor garden
is
Owning one
glass box. tiny forest,
is
in a
having a
like
to yourself.
all
You can buy fun to
boxes
a terrarium, but
make your own.
it's
more
You'll need:
a glass box, bowl,
a
or jar
little
peat
sand
moss
pebbles
water
potting soil
small plants
Put a layer of pebbles on the bottom club
for
water to drain
with potting
soil,
moss
Cover the pebbles
into.
mixed with a
and peat moss. Water the
little
soil until
sand it
is
damp, but not muddy.
moneywort
These are good
plants to
put into a terrarium
Next, dig up some ferns, moss, and other small plants from your yard or an
empty
lot.
If
you want, you can
also
buy
small plants. Arrange the plants so that
your terrarium looks
but not
in
a
of the best
plants for an aquarium.
like a tiny forest.
Keep your terrarium where light,
These are some
sunny
place.
it
If
gets
you
cover your terrarium, the temperature
and moisture should stay
in balance.
If
the glass does get too moist, remove the lid
for a short time.
You can
raise
water plants and
fish in
an aquarium. You will probably have to
buy the plants and
fish
from a pet store.
Many pet stores have books that tell you how to take care of the plants and fish and keep them healthy.
Myriophyllum
baby's tears
14::
The Green Kingdom
144 I
Outdoor gardens
A
little
seed
For me
to
A
earth
little
To make
A A A
it
.
hole,
little
pat
little
wish,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
that is that.
little
sun,
little
shower
little
while,
And
.
.
grow
little
And
A A A
sow
then
.
—a flower!
Maytime Magic Mabel Watts
Planting an outdoor garden It's
a
thrill
to
watch
little
come poking up from the
is
truly fun
green heads
places where
you
planted seeds! All
you need
for
an outdoor garden
is
a small patch of earth that gets plenty of sunshine.
You can buy
seeds for
To
kinds of outdoor plants.
many
plant them,
just read the directions on the seed package.
The next few pages
will
of the different kinds of
you might
like to have.
show you some
outdoor gardens
a backyard garden
Wherever there's a soil,
little bit
there can be a garden.
of
And
garden brings beauty wherever
it
a is.
^ 'R*t*Vv '&
**£•::
-..
%:
Wv-'A
'
239
True Tales and Tall Tales Have you ever read
a story in which
the hero was a plant? In Scotland,
about
how
the people
thistle plants
tell
a story
saved a king.
Have you ever heard about a people hunt for with pigs? Or about
who turned
into
a plant?
plant a girl
Or about
a
country that was nearly ruined by a plant?
There
are
many
stories,
true
and
make-believe, about plants. Here are a
few of them.
240
The Green Kingdom
The plant that saved a king Thistles aren't the sort of flower that people like to
They
pick.
aren't very pretty
leaves that hurt
you
if
and they have prickly
you touch them. And
thistles
grow so quickly and thickly that they are pests
to
farmers.
But the
ugly, prickly thistle
Scotland. This
end that
tells
is
because there
how
thistles
an honored plant
is
is
an old Scottish
in
leg-
once saved a Scottish king
from the Vikings. Vikings were
fierce
warriors
who came from
the
northern countries of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.
The Vikings loved war and ferent parts of the world tles.
They
riches,
often
killed
fighting.
They
and attacked towns and all
the people,
and burned everything down.
i
m-~'
ifY
sailed to dif-
i»*
stole
all
cas-
the
True Tales and
An
old story tells
how some Vikings landed
Tall Tales
in Scot-
land more than a thousand years ago. During the night
they surrounded the Scottish king's castle. Everyone the castle was asleep.
They
didn't
know
in
the Vikings
were about to attack. All pit.
around the
castle there
Moats were usually
was a moat
filled
kings took off their sandals to
But it
this
was
moat wasn't
filled
When thistles
with water, so the Vi-
wade
the
first
across the moat.
with water.
with thousands of prickly
It
was
dry,
and
thistles!
barefoot Vikings stepped on those
they howled with pain! The noise woke the
people in the castle, kings and chase national
filled
— a deep, wide
emblem
who were
able to defeat the Vi-
them away. Today, the
thistle is the
of Scotland.
Scottish thistle
The
thistle is the national
flower of Scotland.
|
241
True Tales and
The flower
that tells of battles
More than
a thousand years ago, says
an old French
now known gave away
tale,
there lived a holy
as Saint Leonard.
all his
man
One day he
money and everything he
owned. Then he went to a valley
Tall Tales
live
by himself
in
in a forest.
But a dragon named Temptation also lived in that valley. This dragon
was a
huge creature that breathed
looked
like a snake,
and had wings
fire,
a bat.
like
The dragon Temptation attacked
man
Saint
it
away.
Saint Leonard and the dragon fought
many
Leonard, but the holy
terrible lost.
battles,
chased
and the dragon always
The holy man chased
the beast farther
and farther toward the edge And,
finally,
woods.
of the
the dragon disappeared for-
ever from the valley.
But a strange thing happened where each of the battles was fought. Wherever drops of Saint Leonard's blood
fell
to the
ground, flowers grew! These flowers were called
lilies
of the valley, in
honor
of Saint
Leonard's battles in the valley against the
dragon Temptation.
lily
In
of the valley
a French legend, these
flowers
drops
first
grew where
of a saint's
blood
fell.
243
The Green Kingdom
244 I
The hunting of the Truffles, like
unlike
truffle
mushrooms, are a kind of fungus. But
mushrooms,
truffles
grow underground. That
makes them hard
to find. Truffles are so tasty that
people often spend
many hours hunting
people even train animals to truffles.
And some
help
for
them hunt
truffle hunt. First,
you must go out into the woods where a long walk, and
way,
it
for
of the best truffle hunters are pigs.
Pretend that you're going on a
It's
them. Some
if
your pig had
might be too tired
to hunt.
carry the pig in your arms. Or,
truffles
to
walk
grow. the
all
So you have
maybe you
pull
it
to in
a wagon.
When you
get to where you think the truffles are,
True Talcs and
you
tie a
Tall Talcs
rope around the pig's neck. Then you hold
on to the other end of the rope and follow the pig as it
starts to hunt.
the truffles.
It
When
sniffles it
smells one,
Pigs like truffles just as
your pig from eating the drag
it
it
search of
begins to dig.
as people do.
truffles,
it
an acorn. Then you
dig up the truffles. little,
much
it
in
To keep
you must quickly
away. But you have to give the pig a reward
for finding the truffles, or
give
and snuffles
may tie
They won't
stop hunting. So you
the pig to a tree and look like
much
— just
wrinkled, brown balls with warts on them. But
people
who
monev
for
like the taste of truffles will
pay
lots of
them.
+ *«
truffles
Truffles grow underground. They are good to eat,
so people hunt
SiiC^s*
A\ji\\ii
for
them.
245
$&
-,ys
v
b
s£>i
VS.
i$b
& J !
The
who became a
girl
Long
flower
ago, the people in Greece believed
that the sun was a god
named
Helios,
who
drove across the sky in a chariot pulled by four horses. There girl
named
Helios.
Clytie
is
a Greek tale about a
who
fell
in love
with
She loved him so much that
all
she wanted to do was watch as Helios
S*^
v;
drove across the sky. All
day
long, Clytie sat
on the ground,
watching the sun. She never looked at anything
when «.*.
else.
She never moved. Even
night came, she stayed where she
was, just waiting for the sun to
rise.
^
sr
a
For nine days and nine nights Clytie did not eat tears
by
any
She drank only her
and the dew from the leaves
plants.
took root
And on in
flower stem.
that
food.
turned
the tenth day her body
the ground.
Her
of near-
face
slowly
It
became a
became a flower
on
its
stem,
still
watching the sun move across the sky.
The
flower
is
named
the heliotrope. In
Greek, this means "turning toward the sun."
And
true to
its
name, the beautiful,
Greek legend, this flower was once a girl In
sweet-scented heliotrope blossom always turns toward the sun.
248
|
The Green Kingdom
The flower that nearly ruined a country Imagine paying thousands of dollars for a flower that hasn't even
grown
yet! That's
what many people
did
Netherlands. Tulips were
about 300 years ago
in the
new
which was called Holland
at the
were
money
to the country,
And
time. to
have
rich people
tulips
in
underground buds
saw a chance It
to
willing to
their gardens.
pay
lots of
Tulips
grow from
Many Dutch
called bulbs.
make money by
people
selling tulip bulbs.
takes three to seven years to raise tulip bulbs
from seeds. And some people didn't want to wait that
They wanted money
long.
began
right away, and so they
to sell bulbs before they
growers would
sell
had them. Tulip bulb
some bulbs they
Dutch money.
to others for thousands of dollars in
Those people would then
sell
have
didn't yet
the bulbs they didn't yet
have to others for twice as much. Tulip bulb prices went higher and higher.
people even sold their houses to get bulbs to bulbs.
sell.
One
money
to
Some
buy
tulip
People traded valuable things for tulip
time, a single tulip bulb
was
sold for 4 cows,
8 pigs, 12 sheep, 2 barrels of butter, 1,000 pounds (450
kilograms) of cheese, 2 big barrels of wine, 4 barrels of beer, 2
wagonloads of wheat, a bed, a
and a large
suit of clothes,
silver cup.
Suddenly, people became afraid to spend so much
on tulip bulbs. Prices dropped. People who had bought tulip bulbs couldn't sell
their
money. Others
them.
Many
lost their houses.
Holland was nearly ruined by
tulips.
people lost
The country
all
of
True Tales and
tulip
A
bulb
is
bulbs
an underground bud.
The leaves and stem of a grow right out of the bulb.
tulip
Tall Tales
249
mm
+**
"
251
Saving the Plants Conservation that
means
come from nature"
"saving
things
air, soil,
water,
—
animals, and plants.
Plants might not
seem
to
need care,
but they do. Plants can get sick, just as
people can. Insects can chew their leaves or roots until they die.
them
Fire can turn
into a pile of ashes.
Polluted air from cars and factories can
choke the
ground
is
life
dug up
parking
lots,
need to
live.
We
out of plants.
And when
for factories, mines,
and
plants lose the space they
need to save the plants. They give
us beauty and food and fresh
air.
We
couldn't live without them.
That's
why
to the plants
conservation
— and
is
important
to you, too.
252
The Green Kingdom
smut on corn
Smut Many
is
of
a tiny plant called a fungus.
these plants sometimes grow
on corn and make
it
rot
and
die.
Saving the Plants
2r>:\
Deadly enemies Some deadly enemies
of plants lurk in the green
kingdom! They are tiny plants called fungi, that look
somewhat Not
all
like
cobwebs.
kinds of fungi are deadly.
that are already decaying, and plants in
ways that are
plant killers.
them
Some
some
helpful.
live
on things
with other
But some fungi are
They fasten themselves
as food.
live
The fungi grow and
to plants
and use
multiply, causing
the other plants to become slimy and rotten. These plant-killing fungi
have nasty-sounding names such as
smut, blight, rust, and mildew.
Fungi can harm even the largest plants. Once, beautiful chestnut trees
grew everywhere
in
North
America. Most of them are gone now. They were
by
killed
blight.
Can
fungi cause trouble for people?
They
certainly
can. In Ireland, in the 1840's, a blight attacked the
potato crop.
More than 750,000 people starved
to
death, because potatoes were their chief food.
Most plants are helpless when fungi attack them.
But people can help plants
fight fungi. Scientists
have
found chemicals that help keep plants from being attacked.
They have
that can't be
working to
also learned
harmed by
find better
deadly enemies.
ways
fungi.
how
to raise plants
Scientists are
to save plants
still
from these
^L^
Saving the Plants
255
Insect enemies Suppose you could make yourself as tiny as an Then, suppose you sat on a leaf
insect.
and were very
still.
You would probably hear
munching, crunching noise
summer away
all
day and night,
long,
garden
in a
around you. For,
billions of insects
a all
chew
at plants.
Many
insects are truly plant enemies.
— corn,
same
wheat, tomatoes, potatoes, and
fruit.
There are several ways insects.
Some
they're
often the
our enemies, too, because their food as ours
And
is
protect
to
plants
people use poison sprays, but
from
many
of
these sprays are dangerous. Gardeners and farmers
know
that one of the best
insects
alfalfa
to protect plants
from
with other insects.
is
Once,
ways
insects called
little
aphids were damaging
crops in California. The farmers turned thou-
sands of lady bugs loose in their
fields.
The lady bugs
gobbled up the aphids and saved the crops.
Using insects
to fight insects is the safest
way
to
protect plants. Scientists are looking for other ways.
Getting rid of harmful insect enemies it
is
important. But
has to be done with care. All insects, even those
that attack plants, help maintain the balance of nature.
tent caterpillars
Tent caterpillars are deadly enemies
of
plants.
A
eat
the buds or young leaves on a
all
tree.
nest of tent caterpillars
When
this
happens, the tree
will
often
will die.
256
The Green Kingdom
|
The enemy
in the air
Imagine a world that
is
—a world without beauty. in
plain,
even ugly
Imagine a world
which most of the trees are dead.
Many
other plants are small and twisted. Leaves
and flowers are spotted with fruits,
disease.
And
such as grapes, apples, peaches, and
plums, can't grow.
wouldn't be a very nice world. But
It
many is
scientists fear that's
going to be like some day
something about
it
—
if
we
don't do
air pollution
Air pollution can also
what our world
make you
makes your eyes water and
cough. It sting.
does far worse things to plants.
trees.
It
It kills
keeps flowers from budding. It
spoils fruits
and vegetables.
Air pollution
But
But
scientists
working on
it.
is
a very serious problem.
and many other people are They're trying to clean up
the air and keep people and plants.
it
clean, for the sake of
damaged aspen
leaves
These leaves were damaged by fumes from cars and trucks.
caused by cars
Air pollution,
and
trucks,
is
killing this
pine tree near a highway
Hameenlinna, Finland.
dying tree near a highway
in
258
The Green Kingdom
mine or national park?
From open-pit mines such as the one in the top picture, we get a useful and important
metal of
— copper.
But this kind
mine destroys both land and
plants. The bottom picture shows a place where valuable
metals have been found.
Some
people want to dig an open-pit
mine here. Others, who want see the land stay the way
it
to is,
are trying to have the area
declared a national park.
w
j
'
'W-lrVV ''
">" .
,v "
•
m\
ffii H |
270
|
The Green Kingdom
A
thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Its loveliyiess increases;
Pass
into nothingness
.
will never
it .
.
From Endymion John Keats
salsify
Look
for a Lovely
Itm^F
Thing
THWfo ^Bi
271 |
272
Books
to
Grass and Grasshoppers by Rose Wyler
Read
(Messner, 1990) you like to do experiments, this is the book for you! There are experiments on almost every page that have to do with If
you enjoy learning about plants, you'll many interesting books about them. The books listed here are only a If
find
sampling. Your school or public library will
grass and some of the animals that "hop"
through
it.
have more. In
Ages 5
My
Garden:
to
8
Child's Gardening
Williams (Scribner, 1985)
brown furry marshes. The book
Cattails are tall plants with
spikes that live in
you all about cattails and other plants and animals that live in marshes. will tell
If you want a vegetable garden of your own, this is the guide you need to get
started.
In the Forest by Jim Arnosky (Lothrop, 1989)
This book
A Book
of Vegetables by Harriet L. Sobol (Putnam, 1984) You may find vegetables more interesting at the dinner table after
learning about
them and the
plants they
on.
Discovering Trees by Douglas Florian (Scribner, 1986)
You
see trees every day, but how much do you really know about them? This book helps you to identify some trees and tells how they grow.
Farming and Land: Modern Farmers and Their Machines by Jerry Bushey If you like machines, you will probably enjoy this book about farming machines. It explains how machines are used on a farm.
Jerome Wexler
life
how you can
what each
Mushrooms by
Millicent E.
Selsam
(Morrow, 1986)
kingdom mushroom! green? Not the mysterious
Are
all
plants in the green
A
There Once Was
Tree by Natalia
Romanova (Dial Press, 1985) What happens when an old tree
is split
by lightning? The answer to this question is explained in words and beautiful pictures in this book.
Plants That Never Ever Bloom by Ruth Heller (Grosset, 1984) to a
group of
plants that don't flower.
Ages 9 and Up Tree Through the Year by
Claudia Schnieper (Carolrhoda, 1987)
cycle of
This book follows an apple tree's life from winter through the seasons to fall,
raise them.
when
(Dodd, 1985) ferns and tells
a collection of paintings of
painting includes.
An Apple to Spore by
This book describes the
is
forests, with explanations of
The author introduces you
(Carolrhoda, 1987)
From Spore
Kelly Oechsli
(Macmil'lan, 1985)
Between Cattails by Terry Tempest
grow
A
Book by Helen and
the tree
is filled
with ripe apples.
Books
and Rotten Leaves: Ecology by Molly McLaughlin (Atheneum, 1986) Earthworms are an important part of the community. This book includes experiments that you can do with earthworms so you will better
Earthworms,
Dirt,
An Exploration
in
understand them.
A
A
Forest Year by Carol Lerner (Morrow, 1987) forest changes throughout the four
seasons of the year. Read
how
these
changes affect the plants and animals that call the forest home.
to
Read
273
One Day
in the Prairie by Jean Craighead George (Crowell, 1986) The author of this book describes the importance of prairie grass to all living things on the prairie.
Plant Families by Carol Lerner (Morrow, 1989) Did you know that broccoli, cabbage, and turnips are all members of the mustard plant family? This beautifully illustrated book is full of information about how plants are related.
Potato by Barrie Watts (Silver Burdett,
From Flower
to Flower:
Pollination by Patricia
Animals and Lauber
(Crown, 1986) flowers need bees or other insects to help them make seeds. Learn howanimals help with the process of
Many
1987)
Full-page photographs and written explanations show
how
the potato plant
develops from a shoot to a full-grown plant with the tubers, or underground food-storing stems, that
we
eat.
pollination.
How
Did We Find Out About Photosynthesis? by Isaac Asimov Walker, 1989) This book not only explains what i
Rice by Sylvia Johnson (Lerner, 1985) Rice
is
the basic food crop for one-half of
the people in the world. This book discusses the planting and harvesting of this
important plant.
but also tells how it was discovered and explained through photosynthesis
is,
Tiger Lilies and Other Beastly Plants
the ages.
How
Leaves Change by Sylvia A. Johnson (Lerner, 1986) If you have ever wondered what makes leaves turn such beautiful colors in the fall,
of animals.
read this book.
Moonseed and Mistletoe: A Book of Poisonous Wild Plants by Carol Lerner (Morrow, 1988) Some poisonous plants cause minor skin
rashes— others cause about the most plants.
by Elizabeth Ring (Walker, 1984) think of a plant that reminds you of a cat? How about a pussy willow? This book describes several kinds of plants that remind people in some way
Can you
death. Find out
common
poisonous wild
Wheat: The Golden Harvest by Dorothy Hinshaw Patent (Putnam, 1987) The author refers to wheat as "our most important food." She tells about the different varieties of wheat and describes the processes of planting and harvesting
wheat
for food.
274
New Words Here are some
of the
biome (by ohm) in
They may be new to you. Many them are words you'll meet again in
this book.
of
— so
other books
they're good
words
word you are shown how
it
correctly: acid (as ihd).
word shown more ing
of the
in capital letters is said a little
given
complete sentence.
in a
acid
enough
is
A
botanist
broccoli
to dissolve things.
to
grow
a person
is
who
studies plants.
lee)
an annual plant that
is
is
eaten
as a vegetable. bulrush (bul ruhsh)
a person
is
improve the
soil
a
is
tall,
slender plant that grows
or near water.
cacao (kuh kay oh)
The cacao
a kind of evergreen tree.
is
Cocoa and chocolate are made from
grahn uh mihst)
agronomist
how
called
nihst)
(bkahk uh
Broccoli
in
a chemical substance strong
agronomist (uh
An
uh
botanist (baht
Bulrush acid (as ihd)
An
is
limits the kinds of
Under each word, the mean-
loudly.
is
to say
The part
The climate
a biome.
plants and animals that can live there.
be hard for you to pronounce. Next
to each
plants and animals live together
to
know. Some of them are flower names that
may
where certain kinds of
In nature, a place
words you've met
who
studies
so that crops can
better.
its
seeds.
calamus (kal uh muhs)
Calamus
a
is
plant
with long,
sword-
shaped leaves. algae (al jee)
Algae are green plants without stems, roots, or leaves.
moist
alyssum (uh lihs
It
live in
water or
and make their own food.
soil
Alyssum
They
is
carbon dioxide (kahr buhn dy ahk syd)
Carbon dioxide
is
a heavy, colorless gas
that does not have an odor. carotene (kar uh teen) or
uhm)
a plant of the mustard family.
has small yellow, pink, rose, or white
Carotene in
flowers.
uh
carotin (kar is
a red or yellow color found
and
plants
tihn)
animals.
Carrots
have
carotene.
annual (an yoo uhl)
An
annual
is
cauliflower
a plant that lives only one
year.
is
an annual plant that
is
eaten as a vegetable.
anther (an thuhr)
The anther a flower.
(kaw luh flow uhr)
Cauliflower
is
celery (sehl
a tiny sack on a stem inside
The anthers hold the
pollen.
Celery
is
uh ree)
a plant with crisp, long stalks
eaten as a vegetable or
in salads.
New Words
cell
A
cypress (sy pruhs)
(sehl) cell
275
the smallest part of
is
all
living
Cypress
overlapping
green,
things.
an evergreen tree with dark
is
leaves,
hard
and
wood. cereal (sihr ee uhl)
Cereal
any
is
such as wheat or
plant,
used for food.
oats, that produces a grain
dahlia (dal yuh)
Dahlia that
a tall plant with large flowers
is
bloom
the autumn.
in
chemist (kkhm ihst)
A
chemist
a person
is
who
studies sub-
stances to find out what they are of,
how they
chlorophyll
and how they change.
(klawr uh
Chlorophyll
made by chloroplast
A
act,
plants.
color found in
a tiny, round package of
bloom
in
is
muhm)
is
blue
diatom
it
a tiny water plant.
is
(duh jehst or dy jehst)
digest
to
is
break down food so that
A
can be used.
plant or animal digests it
inside itself.
A
fiber
a long, threadlike piece of a
is
plant.
the autumn.
a spice
has
fiber (fy buhr)
a plant with flowers
fungus (fuhng guhs)
cinnamon (sihx uh muhn)
Cinnamon
that
tall stalk.
food by dissolving
plant cells.
chrysanthemum (kruh sax thuh
Chrysanthemum
A To
plast)
some
plant
a
is
flowers on a
digest
(klawr uh is
Delphinium
diatom (dy uh tahm)
fihl)
the green coloring matter
is
chloroplast
that
made
uhm)
delphinium (dehl fihn ee
made from
the bark
A
fungus
is
a plant
leaves, or chlorophyll.
of a tropical laurel tree.
without
Two
flowers,
or more such
plants are called fungi (fun jy). coleus (koh lee uhs)
Coleus
a plant with showy, colorful
is
leaves that belongs to the mint family.
gall
A
(gawl) gall is a
lump that forms on
leaves,
stems, or roots of plants where they have conifer (koh
A
conifer
is
nuh fuhr)
been hurt by insects or
fungi.
any of a large group of trees
and shrubs, most of which are evergreen
geranium (juh ray nee uhm)
Geranium
and bear cones.
is
a plant with sweet-smelling
leaves and pretty flowers. conservation (kahn suhr
Conservation
is
use of natural soil,
vav shun)
the protection and wise
resources
— water,
minerals, plants, and animals.
air,
ginkgo (gihxg koh)
Ginkgo
is
a large tree with leaves shaped
like little fans.
276
Gladiolus
a plant with long leaves and
is
handsome
large,
flowers.
is
a plant with sweet-smelling
in color. It is also a
any plant whose flowers turn
a tree or shrub that
is
grows
Hawaii. The nuts are good to eat.
maize (mayz)
flowers that range from light purple to
dark blue
Macadamia in
uh trohp)
heliotrope (hee lee
Heliotrope
macadamia (mak uh day mee uh)
oh luhs)
gladiolus (glad ee
name
for
to follow
Maize
Indian corn.
is
mineral (mihn uhr uhl)
A
mineral
a
is
substance that
not
is
animal or vegetable.
the sun. mistletoe (mihs uhl toh)
hepatica (hih pat
Hepatica
bloom
uh kuh)
Mistletoe
a plant with flowers that
is
a plant with small, waxy,
is
white berries and yellow flowers.
in early spring.
an duhr)
oleander (oh lee
Oleander
herb (urb)
An
herb
is
whose leaves or other
a plant
parts are used for medicine, seasoning, food, or perfume.
A
horticulturist
is
growing flowers,
a
ihst)
person skilled
fruits, vegetables,
in
and
other plants.
made
by the rotting of leaves and other parts of plants.
The hyacinth
is
a plant with bunches of
bell-shaped flowers on the ends of
The Joshua
tree
is
a small tree that grows
Oxygen is
a
a gas without color or odor.
is
It
part of the air that you breathe.
to
is
make
penicillin
It
a
looks like moss.
like
water plant once used
a medicine that
is
was
first
a green mold.
(pehn uh sihl ee uhm) is
the kind of mold used to
penicillin.
perennial (puh
A
tall
paper.
(pehx uh sihl ihn)
penicillium
make
fungi and algae plants that are
growing together so that they look one plant.
have
the part of a plant that
is
Penicillium
kuhn)
is
The ovule
made from
the desert.
Lichen
orchids
ovule (oh vyool)
Penicillin
Joshua tree (jahsh u uh tree)
lichen (ly
most
central petal with an unusual shape.
Papyrus
long stalks.
in
of
papyrus (puh py runs)
hyacinth (hy uh sihnth)
little
a plant with beautiful flowers.
is
oxygen (ahk suh juhn)
a black or dark-brown soil
is
Orchid
develops into a seed.
humus (hyoo muhs)
Humus
(awr kihd)
The flowers
(hawr tuh kuhl chuhr
horticulturist
orchid
a poisonous evergreen.
is
perennial
rehn ee is
than two years.
uhl)
a plant that lives
more
New Words
Poinsettia
spore (spawr)
SEHT ee uh)
poinsettia (poyi)
a plant with a small flower
is
surrounded by large red leaves that look
A
spore
a plant and can develop into a
The stigma
anthers
the
powder formed
a yellowish
is
flowers.
of
When
reaches a flower's ovule, a seed
is
in
pollen
usually
formed. pollinate
To
(pahl uh nayt)
from one
Sumac is a bush with divided some kinds are poisonous to the
Sycamore
a plant
is
suh
Salsify
stalks are
Tamarack
Sassafras
bark
is
A
climbing
fras)
a tree of the pine family with fall
off in the
a slender American tree;
its
the
is
threadlike
attaches
that
plant
part
of a
itself
to
used in making medicine, candy,
is
(thihs uhl)
tea.
seedling
is
is
a young plant
grown from truffle
Truffle
is
to
an outside
thought of as being
sensitive.
Sequoia
is
thickly covered
is
a fungus that can be eaten;
it
grows underground.
(sehn suh tihv)
Anything that responds
sequoia (sih
is
(truhf uhl)
a seed.
force (such as light)
a plant that
with sharp points.
seedling (seed lihng)
sensitive
is
something and helps support the plant.
Thistle
A
tree;
(tehn druhl)
tendril
thistle
and
common shade
its
tendril
uh
a large,
autumn. plant;
roots are eaten as a vegetable. sassafras (sas
mawr)
small cones and needles that
fy)
purple-flowered
a
is
touch.
tamarack (tam uh rak)
whose thick
used for making pies and sauces. salsify (sal
is
leaves;
looks like a small, greenish ball.
its fruit
Rhubarb
the part of a plant that
is
sumac (soo mak)
flower to another. rhubarb (boo bahrb)
plant.
receives the pollen.
sycamore (sihk uh
pollinate is to carry pollen
new
muh)
stigma (stihg pollen (I'ahl uhn)
comes from
a single cell that
is
like petals.
Pollen
277
tundra (tuhn druh)
The tundra
is
a great, treeless plain in
a cold place, such as the area just south
kwoy uh) a very
tall
of the ice and
evergreen tree.
rope or twine.
that surrounds the
Pole.
xanthophyll (zan thuh fihl)
sisal (sihs uhl)
Sisal is a strong fiber
North
snow
used for making
Xanthophyll
autumn
is
leaves.
the yellow color found in
278
Illustration
acknowledgments The publishers
of Childcraft gratefully
courtesy of the following
artists,
acknowledge the
photographers, publishers,
agencies, and corporations
for illustrations in this volume. two-page spreads. The words "(left),'' "(center)," "(top)," "(bottom)," and "(right)" indicate position on the spread. All illustrations are the
Page numbers
refer to
exclusive property of the publishers of Childcraft unless
names
1:
are marked with an asterisk
left) K Harris. The Nature Conservancy '; (top nght) Alan Pitcairn from Grant Heilman *; (center left) Torkel
(top
Korlmg
";
Assoc
':
(center nght) Les Blacklock.
(bottom Fujikawa
20-25:
Gyo James Teason
26-27
(top nght)
28-29:
(left)
4-19:
(*).
left
and
Tom
70-71: 72-73:
Stack &
Norman Weaver
nght)
George Suyeoka: (bottom) James Teason George
Nigel Alexander (Specs Art Agency), (nght)
74-75:
76-77:
Suyeoka 30-31
:
32-37: 38-39:
George Suyeoka: (bottom) James Teason George Suyeoka (left) Angela Lumley (Specs Art Agency): (top center) Adrian Davies. Bruce Coleman Ltd \ (bottom center) A. J Deane, Bruce Coleman Ltd (top nght)
'
40-41: 42-43:
44-45
Hermann Eisenbeiss, Photo Researchers (center left) Jerome Wexler, NAS *: (nght) James Teason (left) Geoff Dore, Bruce Coleman Ltd "; (right) James Teason (top
'
left)
78-79 80-81
'
Harold Hungerford Robert Keys: (nght) Edward
46-47:
(left)
48-49
Jean Helmer
50-51:
Irvin L
52-53:
(top
'
82-83:
Oakes.
NAS
-
84-85
Sven Samelius
left)
S Ross
';
(center
left)
Russ Kmne,
Photo Researchers ": (bottom left) Ken Brate. Photo Researchers *; (top right) Walter Chandoha '; (bottom Grant Heilman *; art. Jean Helmer Russ Kmne, Photo Researchers * (top left) Torkel Korling •; (center left) Jane Burton, Bruce Coleman Ltd "; (bottom left) Edward S Ross ', (top right and center) Torkel Korling "; (bottom right) Edward S. right)
54-55 56-57
Ross
58-59 60-61:
Jane Pickering (Linden right, Jean Helmer Les Blacklock, Tom Stack & Assoc *:
art left,
Artists Ltd
);
88-89 90-91
art
92-93 94-95
'
Torkel Korling
86-87
(bottom left) Harold Hungerlord. Tom Stack & Associates *: (fop center) Edward S Ross *: (bottom center) G D Plage, Bruce Coleman Ltd ': (top right) E. R Degginger "; (bottom right) Torkel Korling ': art left. David Thompson (Linden (top
left)
Artists Ltd
art right,
):
62-63:
Ron Church
64-65
(top
'.
Jean Helmer
"
Joan E Rahn ; (bottom
left)
Ron Church, Waller Dawn
left
and
left
center)
Tom
Stack & Associates ; (bottom center) (top right) Eileen Tanson, Tom Stack & Associates '. (right center) Carlson Ray, Photo Researchers *: bottom an, David Thompson (Linden *;
Artists Ltd.); art right,
Jean Helmer
66-67,
Gale Belmky, Photo Researchers
68-69:
(top
left
and
Researchers Blacklock,
Samelius art right.
left ':
Tom *,
art
*
center) Noble Proctor, Photo
(bottom left and bottom right) Les Stack & Associates ': (center) Sven David Thompson (Linden Artists
left.
Jean Helmer
Ltd.);
100-103
Acknowledgments
Illustration
122-123
NAS
E StaHan. NAS *; " Richard Parker NAS " (bottom) Larry Moon. Tom Stack & Associates GnHen, Earth Scenes \ (bottom left) (top left) Maroa Parti Munay. Earth Scenes *. an, Betty Fraser (left) Betty Fraser: (nght) Roger Wilmshurst Bruce
Don
(top)
Renlro.
";
tleft)
:" Edward S Ross \
124-125: 126-127:
W
--
Coleman 128-129
Alvin
(right)
(left)
*
Ltd.
John Neel.
Tom
Stack & Associates
".
204-205 206-207 208-209 210-211 212-213: 214-215:
(right) Betty
132-133
left)
';
Betty Fraser: (bottom
(nght)
138-139:
'
and
Associates
*:
Inc.
(bottom nght)
140-141:
Jack Endevelt (top nght) Josephine Von Miklos
Wayne Stuart (left) Wayne Stuart: Miller
148-153: 154-155:
C. William Randall
•;
(bottom) C. William
(nght) Peter Geissler (Specs Art
156-159: 160-161:
C
162-163
(left)
164-165:
166-167:
168-169: 170-187: 188-189: 190-191: 192-197: 198-199:
Services
Rapho
Wayne
•;
(nght)
Wayne
Stuart
Raymond Hermann Eisenbeiss ". (top) Goftscho-Shleisner, (bottom nght) Longwood Gardens. Kennett
':
Square, Pa ' (left) Frances Bannett. DPI •; (top right) T M McCausland. Bruce Coleman Inc ': (bottom right) Ronny ' Jaques. Photo Researchers (top left) John Gajda. DPI "; Ctop nght) Van Bucher. Photo Researchers "; (bottom) William McQuitty (top and bottom nght) William McQuitty ; (bottom left) Van Bucher. Photo Researchers " Robert Keys (left) Grant Heilman (nght) Rutherford Piatt (left) i Miro Vintoniv. Stock Boston •; (right) Lyle Lamont Alex Ebel (left) Alex Ebel; (right) Al Gentry. Misspun Botanical
(left)
234-235:
(left)
236-237 238-239
244-245:
i
Hans Reinhard. Bruce Coleman
•
top center,
and bottom
photos courtesy Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; (bottom center) World Book photo Crop
left,
Charles Fiore Nursenes. Inc ' Services
*;
fngnn
'
Miller
Three Lions ": (right) £ Wendy Neefus. Earth * Scenes • (left) John Anthos ': (nght) David Muench Monica Laimgruber (left) William Stobbs: (right) Pamela Harper (left) Klaus Winter and Helmut Bischoff: (right) W. Atlee " Burpee & Co. (left) Susi Weigel; (right) Michel Viard. Bruce Coleman •
Ltd.
246-247 248-249 250-251 252-253 254-255 256-257
(top)
Lyle
W
Atlee Burpee & Co. *: art. Pauline Baynes Babs Van Wely: (bottom) W. Atlee Burpee & Co. Lamont
(nght)
NAS
258-259 260-261 262-263 264-265: 266-267:
268-269: 270-271
-
(top) University of Illinois at
Uruana
';
(bottom)
£
Tom
McHugh. Photo Researchers * Boyd Norton Jack Dermid, Bruce Coleman Inc. " (top) £ Lawrence Migdale '; (bottom) Tom Myers. Tom * Stack & Associates Dan Mornll from Vince Kamin ' (top left) John Neel. Tom Stack & Associates '; foortom left) Zaner Miller. Tom Stack & Associates ': (right) Joan * E. Rahn from Vince Kamin * (left) David Muench *: (right) James Milmoe Bill
Ratclrffe
•
right) Childcraft
Cover:
'
'
Linda Hungerford Louis Quitt.
*
*
Alex Ebel; (nght)
:
232-233:
:
Ltd.
202-203:
left) Georgia-Pacific ': (bottom left) Fntz Henle. Photo Researchers *: ffop nght) Mississippi Agnculturat Industrial Board '; art. Norman Weaver (top left) W. Atlee Burpee & Co (bottom left) Pfizer Inc. ": (top right) E John Fennell. Bruce Coleman Ltd. '; c (bottom right) George H Harnson from Grant Heilman (left) World Book photo, (right) Norman Weaver " Charles Stone Jack Endevelt (left) Runk Shoenberger from Grant Heilman "; (top nght) Frans Lanting. Bruce Coleman Ltd *; (bottom nght) Rip
(top
*
William Randall
(left)
D Argo
Schulke. Black Star (left) c Lawrence Migdale \ (nght) Tuskegee Institute * (left) Peter Larsen '; (nght) Walter Dawn * Georgia-Pacific
240-241 242-243:
Stuart
Garden 200-201:
Guillumette
Charles Inc
Laura
226-227 228-229 230-231
Agency) 144-145: 146-147:
(left)
(right)
Norman Weaver (left) Deere & Co "; (top right) E Alain Compost. Bruce Coleman Ltd. '; art. Norman Weaver Norman Weaver
'
218-219 220-221 222-223 224-225
Gene Ahrens. Bruce
*
Randall
142-143
216-217:
c
top left) Walter Chandoha "; (top nght) Veryl Schiebner. Photo Researchers *; (bottom left) Hoppock (left
Coleman 136-137:
W
left) Atlee Burpee & * Enc Cnchton, Bruce Coleman Ltd. (bottom left and top center) E R. Degginger . (top left) Jane Burton. Photo Researchers *: (center) Joan E Rahn *: roorfom center) Alvin E. Staffan. NAS *; (top nght) Edward S. Ross '; (bottom nght) C. G. Maxwell
rtop
Co
Photo Researchers 134-135:
*;
279
and
Fraser
130-131:
Robert Keys (left) The Nature Conservancy
|
Roberta Polfus
280 beech, American
Index
beet This index
book.
To
an alphabetical
is
list
both words
in
help you understand what an entry means, there
word
covered
of the important topics
help you find information given
will
It
is
and
in this
pictures.
often a helping
parentheses, for example, barley (cereal grass).
in
If
there
is
see the words (with pictures) after the page number. If there is only a picture, you will see the word (picture) after the page number. If you do not find what you want in this index, please go to the General Index in Volume 15, which is a key to all of the books. information
(tree),
174
(pictures)
both words and pictures, you
in
will
208
(plant),
sugar beet, 210 (with picture) bells of Ireland (plant), 155 (picture)
Rowena
Bennett,
Bastin (poet)
Four Seasons, 5
The
Bible,
quotations from, 266-267 bilberry (plant), 80 (picture)
biochemist, work
of,
223
work of, 223 biome, see community biologist,
acanthus
(plant), 73 (picture) agronomist, work of, 228 (with
ash (tree) European mountain, 183
ailanthus
(tree),
172 (pictures)
29 (with picture) see also carbon dioxide; use
plant's
of,
oxygen algae
92 (with pictures)
(plant),
allergies
hay
124
35
218
(with
in.
159 (picture)
30 (with pictures), 34-
(plant)
growing from seed, 140 (with
forest,
69 (with
picture) in
grasslands, 57 (with picture)
in
ponds, 61 (with picture)
in
rain forest,
in
tundra, 81 (with picture)
73 (with picture)
woodland, 53 (with picture) annual plants, 150-151 (with in
baby's tears (plant). 142 (picture) balance of nature, 259 baobab (tree), 104 (picture) bark, tree, 43 (with pictures), 263 cinnamon from, 210 dye from, 218 identifying tree by. 172-187
anther (flower
part),
38 (with
picture)
(insect),
94
(picture),
basswood bean
(tree),
173 (pictures)
(plant),
72 (picture)
(plant)
cacao, 212 (with picture) (tree).
173 (pictures)
209 (with picture) aquarium, 142 arboretum Strybing (San Francisco), 167 fruit,
(plant).
60
(picture),
picture)
of,
236
(with
219
(picture)
(India),
169
(picture)
Botanic Garden, National (South Africa), 166-167 (picture) botanist, work of, 224 (with pictures)
212 (picture) bread and yeast, 90-91 (with picture) broccoli (plant). 208 (with picture)
bud 172-187
identifying tree by,
(pictures)
underground, see bulb vegetable, 208 (with pictures)
(with pictures)
pollination by,
233
39 (with
(with pictures)
picture),
248
(picture),
(with
picture)
vegetable, 208 (with picture)
bulrush
(plant), 59 (with picture), 60 (picture) bunchberry (plant), 69 (picture) bur reed (plant), 59 buttercup (plant), 14, 84 (picture), 125 (with picture), 219 (picture)
butterfly (insect), 14
Monarch,
1
19
(tree)
color from,
219
leaf-scar face,
(insect)
40
253
Botanical Garden (Munich), 162
butternut
(plant)
color from,
bee
6 (with pictures)
work
1
kidney,
bearberry
(picture)
arrowhead
32 (with picture) 208 (with picture) lima, 208 (with picture) scarlet runner, 208 (with picture) snap, 148 (picture) castor,
(picture)
blight (plant disease),
tulip,
bauhinia vine
picture)
(picture)
blackberry, 23 (picture), 209
bulb (underground bud), 152-153
(pictures)
barley (cereal grass). 210 (with barrel cactus (plant). 75
pictures)
(picture)
174 (pictures) bird's nest fungus, 123 birch,
Brazil nut,
picture)
evergreen
269
Botanic Garden
(with pictures)
avocado
(hard tree gum),
Anacharis (plant), 142 (picture) animal extinct, 259 in desert, 77 (with picture)
artist,
in,
68-69 (picture)
(tree), of,
(picture)
(picture)
leaves
picture)
1 1
98
harvesting
(nut),
(picture)
aphid 255 apple
85 (picture) pollution damage, 257 (picture) quaking, 173 (pictures) Asteroxylon (prehistoric plant), (tree),
autumrr, 18
213 (picture) aloe (plant), 76 (picture) alyssum, sweet (plant), 147
amber
aspen
1
fever,
almond
in
1 89 (picture) 173 (pictures)
leaf-scar face, white,
air
bark
paper
(pictures)
pictures)
birch
nut,
213
(picture) 1
89
(picture)
(picture)
butterwort
(plant),
96
281 cabbage
208
(plant).
Chlamydomonas
(with
picture)
cacao bean, 213
(with picture)
cactus (plant). 75 (with 76-77 (pictures), 139 Calamite
(with pictures)
(picture)
chloroplast (plant
(prehistoric plant).
200
picture), 31 (pictures)
Christmas
pictures)
tree,
(with picture)
chrysanthemum
(plant),
cinnamon, 210
cannon-ball tree, 72 (picture)
climbing plant, see vine
carbon dioxide
clover
29
use
made
by yeast, 91 (with
club
carnivorous plant (insect-eating). 94-97 (with pictures) carotene or carotin carrot
30
148
(picture),
208
1
(scientist),
Coal-Age plants, 201
coconut, 23
29
(with picture)
227 (picture) 212 (with picture)
(nut),
coleus
(with
(pictures),
213
(plant),
from plants, 218 (with pictures) nature
jumping bean, 45 catnip (plant). 130 (with pictures) cattail (plant), 59,
126 (with
208
(plant),
(with
picture)
cedar, eastern red
(tree),
175
(pictures)
celery
(with picture)
cell in plant,
29 (with
picture), 31
(picture)
see also spore cereal grass, 210 (with pictures) Chateau Garden (France), 164 cheese, 89 (with picture) chemist, work of, 226 (with
mountain, 83-85 (with pictures)
(tree),
(nut),
212
chestnut, horse
134
(picture)
(picture)
(tree),
179
(picture) (plant),
155
138 (picture)
diatom
in,
75-77 (with pictures)
(plant), 63,
65
(with
disease, plant, 253 (with picture)
dodder (plant), 102 (with pictures) dogwood, flowering, 176 (pictures),
187
(picture)
dragon and Saint Leonard, 243
(with
ocean, 63-65 (with pictures)
Drepanophycus
pond, 59-61 (with pictures)
198 (picture) "dropsical" tree, 105 (picture)
(prehistoric
plant),
71-73 (with pictures)
tundra, 78-81 (with pictures)
duck potato, 116
woodland, 51-53 (with pictures)
duckweed (plant), 59, 61 (picture) Duke Gardens (New Jersey), 163
cone, pine, see pine cone coneflower, 56 (picture)
(with pictures)
(picture)
dye from plants, 218
conifer, see evergreen tree
conservation, 251-263 (with
(with
pictures)
pictures)
(sea animal). 65 (with Ebel, Alex
picture)
corallina (plant), 65 (picture) bud), 151
edelweiss
(with
(plant),
84
(picture)
egg 55,
210
(with
insect, 14, plant, 14,
Indian corn, 154 (with picture)
252
236
eelgrass, 63
see also bulb corn (cereal grass),
on,
(artist),
picture)
(with picture)
smut
(picture)
153 (with
pictures)
picture)
Chinese lantern (plant),
pictures)
corm (underground
pictures)
cherry, black
chives
grassland, 54-57 (with pictures)
copepod
(picture)
chestnut
(plants and animals), 49-85 (with pictures) desert, 75-77 (with pictures)
rain forest,
208
(plant),
(plant),
picture)
northern forest, 67-69 (with
pictures)
cauliflower
125 (with picture) 112 (with
(plant),
desert plants
community
in
(plant).
picture)
leaves. 30 (with pictures)
(pictures)
168 (picture) daisy
delphinium
139 (picture)
catalpa, northern caterpillar, 14
(plant), 219 (picture) Daigo Temple Garden (Japan),
219 (picture) seed of, 23 (picture) date (fruit), 209 (with picture) day lily (plant), 44-45 (pictures)
flowers. 39-40 (with pictures)
175
175
picture)
castor bean, 132 (with picture) (tree),
(with picture)
(tree),
color from,
color
in
(picture),
dahlia
dandelion
(with picture)
(picture)
George Washington
cashew
142 (picture)
coal tar dye, 218
(with picture)
(plant),
wild carrot,
(plant),
pictures)
(plant
(with picture)
Carver,
moss
Clytie (legendary figure), 246-247
pictures)
coloring),
131 (with picture)
(plant),
purple prairie, 57 (picture)
leaf's
cypress, bald
picture),
(pictures)
cane, sugar, 210 (with picture)
of.
153
(with picture)
(gas)
149
(plant),
209 (with picture) cushion plant, 109
see also evergreen tree
106 (with picture), 108
crocus (plant). 152 (with 219 (picture) cuckoopint (plant), 115
cucumber
190 (with
picture)
California trees.
(pictures)
29 (with
part),
chocolate, 213
117 (with
(plant),
(plant), 215 (with pictures), 217 cottonwood, eastern (tree), 175
cotton
chlorophyll (plant coloring), 26-30
picture),
(picture)
calamus
92
(plant),
(picture)
(picture)
cottongrass, 80 (picture)
elderberry
elm
42 38
(with picture),
(fruit),
219
45
(picture)
(tree)
American, 176 (pictures)
282 elm (continued) Elodea (plant) oxygen experiment
with,
207
lily
pictures)
cone, 177-185 (pictures) northern forest, 67, 69
243
of the valley.
thistle,
(with
240-241 (with picture)
movement
36-37 (with pictures)
on mountainside, 83
see also fir; pine; spruce experiments with oxygen-making plant, 207
44
of,
(with pictures)
(pictures)
with yeast plants, 91 (with
(with
names
(picture)
(with
44-45 (pictures)
147
(picture)
216
84
(picture)
gladiolus, 151 (with picture)
grass flowers, 40 (with picture)
246-247
heliotrope,
whisk, 199 (picture)
honesty, 154 (with picture)
leaves as, 263
217 Field, Rachel (poet) Florist Shop, The, 234 filbert (nut), 213 (picture) fiber, leaf,
152 (with
picture),
lily,
balsam, 190 (with picture) Douglas, 177 (pictures), 190
lily
52 (with picture) water, 59 (with picture), 61 1
219
(picture),
lotus,
northern forest, 67
marigold, 150 (picture)
silver,
190 (with picture)
forest
fire,
230, 261 (with picture)
261
Fisher, Aileen (poet)
Package
of Seeds,
1
37
flavoring from plants, 212-213
florist,
215
work
of,
(with pictures)
234
(with
pictures)
flower, 38 (with pictures)
40 (with pictures) as dye, 218 (with pictures) gardens, 150-153 (with pictures) color, 39,
230, 261
(with
foxglove (plant), 216 (picture) France (Europe) legend of Saint Leonard, 243 (with pictures)
places to
visit
Chateau Garden
(Villandry),
identifying tree by,
(picture)
snapdragon, 151 (picture) 1
172-187
(pictures) of, 16,
38,
209
(with
pictures)
fungus,
98 (with picture) passionflower, 72 (picture) poinsettia, 135 (picture) salvia, 40 (pictures), 150
(plant),
266 97
by,
(picture)
(with
54 (with picture)
blight,
names
of
253
mold. 88-89
mushroom, 122 rust, 253 smut, 253 (with
(with pictures)
picture)
stmkhorn, 72-73 (picture) yeast, 90-91 (with pictures)
sunflower, 47, 113 (with picture)
sweet pea, 44 tulip,
1
52,
233
(picture),
248 gall, insect,
(with pictures) zinnia, 151 (picture)
see also weeds and wild flowers,
164
(picture)
pictures)
oleander, 134 (picture)
strawflower,
(with pictures)
flax (plant),
of,
four-leaf clover (plant), 131
worm eaten
orchid, 71,
fire fighter,
work
202-203
Foster Botanic Garden
fungus
(with picture)
60-61 (picture)
(with pictures)
fire
261 (with picture)
fire,
seeds
of the valley,
243
(with
fruit
(picture) lily,
forest
266
(picture)
fir (tree)
in
(with picture)
hyacinth, grape. 147 (picture) iris,
230
(Honolulu), 168 (picture)
(picture)
gentian, mountain,
staghorn, 98 (with picture)
fertilizer,
of,
pictures)
geranium, 138 (picture)
ostrich plume,
work
fossil plant,
(picture)
delphinium, 153 (with picture)
pictures)
woodland, 51-53 (with pictures) forester,
forest ranger,
219
foxglove,
(with
pictures)
picture)
picture)
lily,
98
rain forest, 71-73,
Chinese lantern, 155 chrysanthemum, 153
day
fern (plant), 24-25 (with pictures)
Coal Age, 201 (with pictures) plant community, 49
alyssum, sweet, 147 (picture)
dahlia,
see autumn farming industry, 228 (with
tomato, 149
mountainside, 83 (with picture)
of
(picture)
fall,
poem about
evergreen, 67-69 (with pictures)
seeds from, 16 smell, 40 (with pictures)
crocus, 152 (with picture), 219
pictures)
see also projects extinct animals, 259
209 (with picture) 212 (with picture) sugar, 210 (with picture) vegetables. 208 (with picture) fruit,
food-making process, plant, see photosynthesis forest, 230 (with picture)
39 perfume from, 218 poem about, 234 pollination of, 38-40 nectar,
flowers,
(with picture)
nuts,
pictures)
(pictures) winter,
246-247 (with
picture)
Eudorina (plant), 93 (picture) evergreen tree Christmas trees, 190 (with
210
cheese, 89 (with picture)
picture)
(picture)
kinds of cereal,
legend about heliotrope,
(pictures)
in
172-187
identifying tree by,
(pictures)
England (Europe) Hampton Court Garden, 165
in
food
flower (continued)
leaf-scar face, 189 (picture)
names
of
42
(with pictures)
games tree-path, 172-186 (with
pictures)
gardener, work
232
of,
(with
picture)
(with pictures)
gardening
poem
green color of leaves, 26. 29. 30
about. 144
tips. 156-159 (with pictures) gardens, famous, 161-169 (with
indoor. 138-141.
162
(plant).
84
(plant),
(plant).
Germany
(Europe)
138
(picture)
115 (with
(picture)
(picture)
214-215 (pictures)
Hawaii
177 (pictures)
(plant).
Helios. 246-247 goldenrod (plant). 124
hawthorn, cockspur
(tree),
177
(plant).
grape
(fruit),
92 (picture) 154 (with picture)
(with pictures)
209
(with picture)
vine. 44. 101 (picture)
fever, 124
hazelnut. 213 (picture)
heliotrope
(plant).
247
(with
210
42 (with pictures) 39 (with picture),
177
(tree).
(with pictures)
Mount Usher Garden (Ashford). 169 (picture) potato blight, 253 iris (plant). 152 (with picture), 266 ivy
as house plant.
hen and chickens hepatica
(with pictures)
(picture)
hemlock, eastern
147
(plant),
English.
1 38 with picture 100 (with picture)
poison, 101 (pictures), 133
52-53
(plant),
(picture),
(picture)
(picture)
178
(tree).
holly.
English
(tree).
Jack-in-the-pulpit
178
Jacobs. Leland B.
picture)
spores
cottongrass. 80 (picture)
of.
24
horticulturist,
40 (with picture) 57 (picture) pampas. 56 (picture) porcupine, 45 rattlesnake. 57 (picture) red top. 56 (picture) squirreltail. 267 (picture) grass flowers, 40 (with
house
flower.
Indian.
115
Jack-in-the-pulpit,
(poet) 1 1
Weeds. 111
Japan
(Asia)
Daigo Temple Garden (Kyoto). 168 (picture) jobs
201 (with picture)
prehistoric.
pictures)
agronomist. 228 (with pictures) artist,
work
of,
223
plant, 138-141 (with
pictures)
hyacinth, grape
236
(with picture)
biochemist. 223
223 224 (with pictures) chemist, 226 (with pictures) biologist,
botanist,
humus, 263 (plant).
147
fire fighter.
261
234 (with pictures) forester. 230 (with picture)
(picture)
florist.
forest ranger. 230. 261
gardener. 232 (with picture)
India (Asia)
picture)
Botanic Garden (Calcutta). 169
grassland plant community, 5457 (with pictures)
Greece (Europe) Clytie and Helios, 246-247
honesty (plant). 154 (with picture) honey, 210 honeysuckle (plant). 101 (with
picture)
(with
(plant),
(with picture)
horsetail (plant). 127 (with
grass, 54-57 (with pictures) cereal grasses.
leaf.
Ireland (Europe)
(pictures)
(pictures)
210
(with picture)
insect-'eating" plants, 94-97
hickory nut, 213 (picture) (with
(plant),
grain,
on
255
(picture)
(pictures)
picture)
gourd
gall
40
(Honolulu). 168 (picture)
hickory, shagbark
picture)
gods and goddesses
219
fossil,
Foster Botanic Garden
142
151 (with
eating plants,
pollination by.
(picture)
(tree),
14
pictures)
Royal Gardens. 165 (picture)
(pictures)
Royal Gardens (Hannover), 165
of,
"eaten" by plant, 94-97 (with
picture)
Garden (Munich), 162
and growth
birth
Helios, legend about, 246-247
(picture)
geranium
picture)
pictures)
Hannover (Germany)
hay
pictures)
gentian, mountain
Gonium
103 120 (with
(plant).
(plant),
insect
(England). 165 (picture)
(pictures),
66 (with pictures) outdoor. 1 44 (with picture) rock. 147 (with pictures) terranum. 142 (with pictures) vegetable, 148-149 (with 1
gladiolus
community Hampton Court Garden habitat, see
harvesting, 159 (pictures), 210
(with
pictures)
ginkgo
Indian potato
picture)
gardens, kinds of aquarium. 142 flower. 150-153 (with pictures) formal. 164 (with pictures) fun, 154 (with pictures)
Botanical
Indian paintbrush
Indian turnip
pictures)
natural,
medicine, 121 (with picture)
for
greenhouse, 162-163 (pictures). 234 (picture) gum, sweet (tree). 184 (pictures)
American (continued)
Indian,
Indian,
use (with
American
photographer, 237 (with picture)
Joshua
of plants
as food. 113, 115. 116. 120 (with pictures),
223
horticulturist.
landscaper. 232 (with picture)
(picture)
1
26.
1
28
tree.
76
(picture),
(picture)
jumping bean
(plant),
45
179
284 kale
154
(plant),
Keats,
John
(tree),
National Botanic Garden (South
179
(pictures)
(plant),
(with
Song
of Hiawatha,
269
172-187
(pictures), 191 (picture)
(Pennsylvania), 163 (picture)
kola nut, 213 (with picture)
(plant part)
identifying tree by,
Longwood Gardens
picture)
nectar, 39, 210
needle
(poet)
208
166-167 (picture)
Africa),
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
Endymion, 270 kelp (plant), 64 (picture)
kidney bean
honey
locust,
(picture)
(poet)
lotus (plant), 60-61 (picture)
on desert plant, 75 on evergreen tree, 36-37 (with pictures)
Netherlands, The (Europe)
ladybug, 255 landscaper, work
of,
232
(with
laurel,
mountain
(tree) picture,
chlorophyll
in,
26
effect of pollution on,
256
(with
263 217 (with picture) 202-203 (with pictures)
fertilizer
from,
fibers from,
identifying tree by,
172-187
(pictures)
autumn, 30 (with pictures), 3435 (with pictures) insect galls on, 42 (with pictures)
in
leaf-scar, 1 89 (with pictures) see also needle (plant part); photosynthesis legends about plants heliotrope. 246-247 (with
of the valley,
243
(with
thistle, 240-241 (with pictures) Leonard, Saint, 243
Lepidodendron 200 (picture)
(prehistoric plant),
(with picture)
licorice (plant),
212
(with picture)
cycle of plant, 6-18, 34-35
152 (with picture)
85 (picture) lily, water (plant), 59 (with picture), 60 (picture) lily of the valley (plant), 219 lily,
(plant),
208
(with
picture)
linden
23
180
(picture),
European, 179 (pictures) linen (cloth), 215,
217
Livingston, Myra
Cohn
Tomato Time, 149
nuts, kinds of, 212-213 (with
oak
picture)
medicine
(tree)
42
leaves,
from plants, 121, 216 (with
267
(picture),
(plant),
133 (picture)
oats (cereal grass). 210 (with (with
picture)
ocean
pictures)
mine
plants
63-65 (with pictures)
in.
194-196
prehistoric,
134 (picture)
mineral
oleander
by plants, 32-33 mistletoe (plant), 102 (with
olive (tree), 181 (pictures)
of
picture).
mold
132
(picture)
(fungus), 88-89,
216
(with
moneywort (plant), 142 (picture) morel mushroom, 122 (picture) (plant),
24
(with picture),
Spanish moss. 98 (with picture)
mountain
Mount Usher Garden
(Ireland),
38 (with picture)
oxygen
(gas) in
making, 207
(pictures)
made
by green plants, 195 (with
206
plant, 44-45 (with
47
algae, 92 (with pictures)
Muench, David 237 (picture)
(photographer),
Myriophyllum
palm (tree) cabbage palmetto, 181 traveler's,
1 22 (with pictures) musical instrument, 218 mustard (spice), 210 (with
(picture)
(plant part), 41
picture),
(picture)
movement,
picture)
ovule
experiment
plants on, 83-85 (with pictures)
69
(plant),
onion (plant), 208 (with picture), 219 (picture) orange (tree), 181 (pictures) fruit, 209 (with picture) orchid (plant), 71, 98 (with
flower,
79, 81 (picture)
1
(picture)
white, 181 (pictures)
oak, poison
pictures)
mildew (fungus), 253 milkweed (plant), 119
(pictures)
104
(picture)
263
(with picture)
paper, 217 recycling,
papyrus
(plant),
60 (picture)
parasite, plant, 102 (with
picture) (poet)
(picture)
nightshade berries, 132 (picture) northern forest plant community, 67-69 (with
pictures)
mushroom,
(tree)
American, 173 (pictures)
Jersey
Duke Gardens, 163
pictures)
(picture)
(picture)
pictures),
(picture)
legend about. 243 (with picture)
(with
marigold (plant), 150 (picture) May apple (plant), 121 (with
moss
lichen (plant), 79
lima bean
of,
pictures)
lettuce (plant), 148 (picture), 208
lily (plant),
(tree)
sugar maple, 53
use
pictures)
fire
New
copper, 258 (picture)
pictures)
life
seed
248
(picture),
nettle (plant), 133 (picture)
superstition
maple
233
tulips,
picture)
red maple, 187 (picture)
picture)
lily
(picture)
magnolia (tree), 180 (pictures) maize (cereal grass), see corn
29
fossil,
213
nut,
four-leaf clover, 131
135 leaf,
macadamia magic
picture)
(plant),
142
pictures)
fungus, 253 (with picture)
2*7,
passionflower, 72 (picture)
pea
life
perennial plants, 152-153 (with
perfume from plants, 218
plants
(tree).
182 (pictures)
movement. 44 (with pictures) philodendron (plant). 138. 140 (with picture)
reproduction, plant seeds. 22-24 (with pictures)
of,
237
(with
picture)
photosynthesis (plant foodmaking process), 23. 26, 29, 30, 206 of prehistoric plants, 195 pig, 244-245 (with picture) (tree)
268
108 (with
picture),
(picture)
68
of
as food. 112. 113. 115. 116.
120 (with pictures). 126. 128, 130, 208-212 (with picture)
218
pictures)
(with pictures)
plum, 209
perfume. 218
work
224-237 (with
with.
potato,
names
radish,
of
avocado, 140 (with picture)
209 208 (with
(with picture)
210
rye,
picture)
salsify,
(with picture)
270-271 (picture)
47 40
217 (picture) Spanish moss, 98 (with picture) spearmint, 212 (with picture) squash. 209 strawberry, 209 sundew. 94 (with pictures) tomato. 148. 209 (with picture), 209 (with pictures) truffles, 244-245 (with picture) vanilla. 212
148
serpent plant.
208
(picture),
208
(with
(with picture)
chives. 138 (picture)
see corn 215 (with pictures), 217 cucumber, 148 (picture), 209 (with picture)
cushion plant, date,
209
fern,
1
09 (with picture)
(with picture)
219
1
(with picture) (with picture)
sisal,
picture)
elderberry,
plant
210
rubber, 140 (with picture)
cactus, see cactus
cotton.
pictures)
209
sensitive plant,
corn,
pine nut, 213 (picture) pitcher plant, 96-97 (with
(with
bunchberry, 69 (picture) cabbage. 208 (with picture)
pine cone, 41 (with pictures) identifying tree by. 191 (picture)
208
picture) rice,
blueberry,
pineapple, wild, 99 (picture)
pine needle, 191 (picture)
(picture),
rhubarb, 134 (picture), 208 (with
coleus. 139 (picture)
picture)
148
raspberry,
155 (picture)
bells of Ireland,
cauliflower.
(picture)
Scots or Scotch, 190 (with
(with picture)
picture)
210 (with picture) bauhmia vine. 72 (picture) bean, see bean bearberry. 219 (picture)
broccoli.
208
pumpkin. 209 (with picture)
pictures)
plants,
picture)
pineapple, wild, 99 (picture) pitcher plant. 96-97 (with
as medicine. 121, 216
carrot,
eastern white. 182 (pictures) red.
see legends about
plants
uses
(with picture)
208 (with picture) pea, 208 (with picture) peach, 209 (with picture) pear. 209 pepper, 210 (with picture) peppermint, 212 (with picture) philodendron, 138, 140 (with
onion,
barley.
photographer, work
bristlecone.
oats, 21
see
of,
of (continued)
moss, see moss mustard. 210 (with picture)
see prehistoric
reproduction
stories,
names
mold, 216 (with pictures)
cycle of
life
plant
for
petal (flower part). 38 (picture)
see
of,
for dye,
pictures)
pine
cycle
prehistoric,
picture)
persimmon
plants,
plant (continued)
208 (with picture) peanut. 213 (with picture) pea, sweet (plant), 151 (picture) peach (fruit). 209 (with picture) peanut (plant). 213 (with picture) pecan (nut). 213 (picture) penicillin, 216 Pennsylvania Longwood Gardens (Kennett Square). 163 (picture) pepper (spice), 210 (with picture) peppermint (plant). 212 (with (plant).
vegetable sheep, 109 (with picture) s-flytrap, 94 (with picture) see vine wheat. 22 (picture), 55. 210 (with
Venus
(picture)
see fern 215 (with pictures)
vine,
animals and. 14 (with picture)
flax,
carnivorous. 94-96 (with pictures)
fungus, see
communities of, see community diseases of, 253 (with picture) eaten by insect. 255 (with
gooseberry. 209
wintergreen, 212 (with picture)
gourd, 154 (with picture)
see also flowers, names
photosynthesis 202-203
of,
see
(picture)
honeysuckle, 101 (with picture)
209 see ivy kale, 1 54 (picture) lettuce. 148 (picture), 208
gardens, see gardens, kinds of:
gardening of.
see poisonous plant: and type of plant, such as tree
pod
ivy,
(with
8aby Seeds,
79
mistletoe.
(plant part)
as food, 208 (with pictures) milkweed, 119 (with picture)
poems and rhymes
picture) lichen.
102 (with
(with pictures)
of;
names of; parasite. plant; trees, names of; water plants, names of; weeds and wild flowers, names of fungus,
grape, 209 (with picture)
huckleberry. (with
pictures)
kinds
pictures)
hen and chickens, 147
pictures)
food-making process fossils of.
fungus
picture),
132
1 1
Dandelion, 112
Endymion, 270
286
poems and rhymes
(continued)
Shop, The, 234 Four Seasons, 5 Jack-in-the-Pulpit,
Rowena
Field,
Jacobs, Leland
B.,
(tree), 183 (pictures) Royal Gardens (Germany), 165
growing plants, 140-141 (with
(picture)
rubber plant, 1 40 (with picture) rubber tree, 217 (with picture) rushes, scouring (plant), 127
pictures)
outdoor garden, 156-159 (with picture)
rock garden, 147 (with picture)
142 (with picture) see also experiments Protolepidodendron (prehistoric terrarium,
Rachel, 234
137
rowan
pictures)
Bastin, 5
Fisher, Aileen,
Coal Age, 201 (with
in
projects
1 1
Maytime Magic, 144 Night, 264 Package of Seeds, 1 37 Song of Hiawatha, 269 So This Is Autumn, 20 Tomato Time, 149 Weeds. 111 poets Bennett,
root (continued) seasonal life, 6-18
prehistoric plants (continued) trees
Florist
198 (picture) Psaronius (prehistoric
111, 115
Myra Cohn, 149 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 269 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 268 Teasdale, Sara, 264 Watt, W. W„ 20 Livingston,
poison oak
poisonous
135 (picture)
133
(plant),
(picture)
plants, 132-134 (with
200
plant),
puffball (fungus), 123 (picture)
salsify (plant), 270-271 (picture)
pumpkin
salvia (plant), 40 (picture)
209
159
(plant),
(picture),
(with picture)
red,
115 (with
apple, 121 (with picture)
Queen Anne's
lace (plant), 129
sassafras radish
(plant),
148
(picture),
rain forest
pictures)
sumac, 128
124 goldenrod, 124
pollution
92
plant
256
(with
community, 59-61,
pondweed
(plant), 59 popcorn, 210 poplar (tree), 188 (picture) potato (plant), 208 (with picture), 253 prairie, plants of, 54-57 (with
pictures)
prehistoric plants
oceans, 194-195 (with
pictures)
196-197 (with picture), 199 (with pictures) fossils, 202-203 (with pictures) first,
on
woodland, 51
106 (with picture)
spores
of
rhubarb
134
(plant),
(picture),
Rhynia
(prehistoric plant).
land,
208
198
210
(with
53 (pictures)
autumn, 20 see also autumn; spring;
64 seed
(with picture),
(picture)
as food, 113, 208-212 (with
making and growth
of,
6-18, 22,
38-39, 41 (with pictures)
picture)
planting, 140, 144, 148-151,
rock
202-203 (with pictures) soil formation, 197 rock garden, 1 47 (with pictures) rockweed (plant), 64 (picture) root, 32-33 (with pictures) in,
as food, 115, 116, 120. 126,208 (with pictures)
as medicine, 121 of desert plants, of English ivy,
75
100
34-35 (with 37 (pictures)
of tree,
,
about, 5
pictures)
rice (cereal grass),
fossils
poems
summer; winter seaweed (plant). 63
molds, 88-89
(picture)
(with pictures)
first, in
(tree),
(picture) to plants,
pictures)
pond
northern forest, 67. 69 (pictures)
spores, 24-25 (with picture)
(with picture)
pollination, 38-40 (with pictures)
damage
redwood
communities
tundra. 78-81 (with pictures)
183
41 (with pictures)
fever,
of pine tree, 41
(tree),
reproduction, plant, 14, 38-40,
(with pictures)
of
redbud, eastern
plant
mountainside, 83, 85 (pictures)
(pictures)
pollen (plant reproduction), 38-40
sausage tree, 1 05 (picture) Sciadophyton (prehistoric plant),
in
recycling, 263 (with picture)
(with pictures)
101 (picture)
65 (picture) 183 (pictures)
(plant),
(tree).
seasons
71-73, 98 (with
in,
(picture)
198 (picture) Scotland (Europe) thistle, 240-241 (with picture) sea lettuce (plant), 64 (picture)
124 (with
(plant),
mushrooms, 122
and hay
208
(with picture)
ragweed
rain tree, 105 (picture)
ivy,
(California)
sap, leaf, 30
sargassum
(with picture)
medicine from, 216 poison
(picture)
Strybmg Arboretum, 167
plants
picture)
May
150
San Francisco
picture)
pictures) Jack-ln-the-pulpit,
picture)
plant),
Watts, Mabel, 144 (plant),
rye (cereal grass), 210 (with
(picture)
Keats, John, 270
poinsettia
(with picture)
rust (plant disease), 253
pictures), 36-
156
(with pictures)
poem
about, 137
119 (with picture) see also spore sensitive plant, 47 (with pictures) sepal (plant part), 38 (picture) sequoia (tree), 106 (with picture) Shelley, Percy Bysshe (poet) Recollection. The, 268 Sigillaria (prehistoric plant), 200 traveling, 98,
(picture)
sisal (plant),
217
(picture)
287 skunk cabbage
(plant), 40.
52
smell, flower, 39-40
smoke jumper
use
(fire fighter),
smut (fungus), 253 (with snapdragon (plant), 151
261
picture) (picture)
formation
197 228 (with picture)
of,
testing of,
sorrel (plant), 80 (picture)
South Africa
47
by green plants, 29 (with
of
195
picture),
plants
94
in,
flag (plant),
117 (with
pictures)
sweet pea (plant), 44 sweet potato (plant), 140-141 (with picture)
(Africa)
National Botanic Garden, 166-
sycamore
67 (picture) South Carolina Magnolia Gardens (Charleston). 166-167 (picture) Spanish needle (plant), 22
tamarack
(tree),
184 (pictures)
1
spearmint
(plant),
212
(with
Sphenophylum
(prehistoric plant),
spice, 210 (with pictures) (plant reproduction), 24-25.
88-89 spring (season), black,
10
8,
1
90
(with picture)
Colorado, 183 (pictures)
Engelmann, 84 (picture) Norway, 1 90 (with picture) white, 68 (picture)
stem
34
stigma
tree
(flower part),
38 (with 133
(plant),
(picture)
(plant),
154 (with
picture)
Strybing Arboretum (San Francisco), 167 (picture)
sugar
sugar maple
(tree).
(plant),
color from,
(picture)
128 (with picture)
219
(picture)
summer, 12, 16 sundew (plant), 94 sunflower
53
community, see forest see leaf
(picture)
see
fir
ginkgo gum, sweet, 184
(pictures)
(pictures)
hemlock, eastern, 177 (pictures) hickory, shagbark,
178
(pictures)
Joshua
tree.
178 (pictures) 76 (pictures), 179
(picture) laurel,
mountain, 135 (picture)
see linden honey, 179 (pictures) magnolia, 180 (pictures) maple, see maple oak, see oak linden, locust,
olive, 181
nuts,
212-213 1
08
(with pictures)
(with picture)
plants living on, 98-102 (with pictures)
poems about birch,
pine,
pictures)
(pictures)
palm, 181 (pictures), see palm
persimmon, 182 (pictures) pine, see pine poplar, 188 (picture) rain tree,
269 268
root system,
105
(picture)
redbud, eastern. 183 (pictures)
redwood,
32-37 (with
pictures)
garden, 157
fir,
orange, 181 (pictures)
113 (with
sunlight
elm
evergreen, see evergreen tree
mistletoe on, 102 (picture)
(with pictures)
picture)
"dropsical" tree, 105 (picture)
elm, see
leaf-scar face, 189 (with pictures)
products from, 214, 217 (with
(plant), 47,
for in
of,
plant
leaf,
176
(picture)
holly, English,
261 (with picture)
(pictures)
oldest,
as food for plant, 29-30 from plants. 210 (with pictures)
(with
209 (with pictures) 43 (with pictures) gum, 218 (with picture) identification chart, 172-185 in
strawf lower
263
fruit of,
stinkhorn (fungus), 72-73 (picture)
of,
pictures)
growth
stinging nettle
need
see bark 106 (with pictures)
biggest,
fire,
187
hawthorn, cockspur, 177
pictures)
forest
picture)
sumac
and. 256 (with
air pollution
34-37 (with
pictures)
flowering,
(pictures),
ginkgo, 177 (pictures), see
conservation
of tree (trunk),
(pictures)
cypress, bald, 175 (pictures)
line,
Coal Age, 201 (with pictures)
(plant part)
of leaf.
83 toadstool, see mushroom tomato (plant), 209 (with picture) how to grow, 1 48 (with picture) touch-me-not, seed of, 22
79 (pictures)
1
cottonwood, eastern, 175
dogwood,
241 (with picture)
bark,
of
1
chestnut, horse,
(picture)
(tree)
names
72 (pictures) apple, see apple ash, see ash aspen, see aspen baobab, 104 (picture) basswood, 173 (pictures) beech. American, 174 (pictures) birch, see birch butternut, see butternut cannon-ball, 72 (picture) catalpa, northern, 175 (pictures) cedar, eastern red, 175 (pictures) cherry, black, 134 (picture)
terrarium, 142 (with pictures)
timber
(picture)
spruce
264
Night.
thistle (plant), legend about, 240-
picture)
spore
185 (pictures)
Teasdale, Sara (poet) tendril (plant part), 44, 101
(picture)
200
(tree),
(pictures)
trees,
ailanthus,
swamp sweet
soil
tree-path game, 172-186
sunlight (continued) plant motion and, 44,
(picture)
unusual, 104 (with pictures) see also evergreen tree line, see timber line
1 06 (with picture) 217 (with picture) sassafras, 183 (pictures) sausage tree, 05 (picture) sequoia, 1 06 (with picture) spruce, see spruce sumac, 128 (with picture), 219
rubber,
1
(picture)
288 trees,
names
see willow
tropical rain forest, see rain
forest truffle (fungus),
244-245
(with
picture) tulip (plant),
152 (with
248
(picture),
picture),
(with picture)
185 (pictures) tundra plant community, 78-81 tulip tree,
(plant),
68
(picture)
212
vanilla (plant),
vegetable, 208 (with pictures) garden, 148-149 (with picture)
vegetable sheep
(plant),
109
(with picture)
Venus's-flytrap
(plant),
94 (with
pictures)
Vikings, 240-241 (with picture) bauhinia, 72 (picture) climbing, 44, 100-101 (with
pictures)
209
65
(picture)
robin
walnut
(plant),
(tree),
53
52
(picture)
(pictures),
185
212-213 (pictures) water use of by plants, 29, 32-33 (with picture), 34-35 (with pictures). 36-37 (with pictures), 46, 75 leaf. 30 watering of garden, 158 (picture) water lily (plant). 60 (picture) watermelon (plant), 209 (with picture)
milkweed, 119 (with pictures)
papyrus, 60 (picture)
pondweed, 59 rockweed, 64 (picture) sargassum, 65 (picture) sea lettuce, 64 (picture) seaweed. 63, 64 (picture) Watt, W. W. (poet) So This Is Autumn, 20 Watts, Mabel (poet) Maytime Magic, 144
water plants, names of algae, 92 (with pictures) Anacharis, 142 (picture) arrowhead, 60 (picture),
263
poems
about,
baby's tears, 142 (picture) bulrush, 59 (with picture), 60
bur reed, 59
ivy,
133
(picture)
poison oak, 133 (picture)
Queen Anne's
129 (with
lace,
1 24 (with picture) skunk cabbage. 40, 52 (picture) sorrel. 80 (picture) thistle, 240-241 (with picture)
ragweed,
68 (picture) 52 (picture) Welwitschia, 76 (picture) yucca, 77 (picture) see also flowers, names of Welwitschia (plant), 76 (picture) wheat (cereal grass), 22 (picture), 55, 210 (with pictures) wild flowers, see weeds and
wake
(picture)
robin,
1
willow
1 1
12
115
185 (pictures)
wilting
poisonous, see poisonous plant wild flowers,
81 (picture)
(tree),
black,
names
cause of in plant, 46 wind and plant reproduction,
40, 41,
119
of
acanthus. 73 (picture)
77 (picture)
35-37 (with pictures) (plant),
125 (with picture) dandelion, 23 (picture), 112, 219 daisy,
(picture)
(with
witch hazel seeds, 45
woodland
plant
community, 51-
53 (with pictures) wood products, 214, 217 (with
218
worm for food,
97 (with
pictures)
xanthophyll
02 (with pictures) edelweiss. 84 (picture) goldenrod, 124 (with picture) grass, see grass hepatica, 52-53 (pictures), 142 1
212
picture)
used by plant
cuckoopint, 115
pictures)
in,
wintergreen
pictures),
coneflower, 56 (picture)
horsetail. 24, 127,
winter, 6 (with picture) trees
80 (picture) buttercup, see buttercup butterwort, 96 catnip. 130 (with pictures) cattail, see cattail clover, 57 (picture), 131 (with bilberry,
(picture)
1 1
poison
twinflower,
milkweed. 119
dodder.
(with pictures)
moneywort, 142 (picture) nettle, 133 (picture) nightshade, 132 (picture)
wild flowers
picking,
aloe,
apple, 121 (with picture)
picture)
(picture)
picture)
water plant, 59-61 (with pictures) first plants, 194-196 in aquarium, 142 (with pictures) in ocean, 64-65 (with pictures)
85 (picture)
fire,
duckweed, 59, 61 (picture) eelgrass. 63 Elodea, 207 (pictures) Eudonna, 93 (picture) Gonium, 92 (with picture) kelp, 64 (picture) lily, water, 59 (with picture), 61
weeds and
(picture) nut,
(picture)
lily,
May
Jack-in-the-Pulpit,
wake
115 (with
diatom, 63, 65 (picture)
dandelion,
(with pictures)
Jack-in-the-pulpit,
picture)
weeding of garden, 158 weeds and wild flowers
vine (plant)
fruit of,
(with
Mynophyllum, 142 (picture)
(with pictures)
twinflower
Chlamydomonas, 92 corallina,
Indian paintbrush. 103 Indian potato. 120 (with pictures)
59
picture)
witch hazel, 45
233
cattail,
names
wild flowers,
of (continued)
calamus, 117 (with pictures)
1
(picture)
willow,
weeds and
of
(continued)
85 (pictures) walnut, black, 53 (pictures). 185 tulip tree,
names
water plants,
of (continued)
sycamore, 184 (pictures) tamarack, 185 (pictures)
(leaf coloring),
30
(with picture)
yeast plant (fungus). 90-91 (with pictures)
yew
berry, 132 (picture)
yucca
(plant),
76 (picture)
zinnia
(plant),
151 (picture)
201 (with