The Graffiti of Tikal: Tikal Report 31 9781934536360

Table of contents :
Acknowledgments
Editor’s Introductory Comments
References
Appendix: Contextual Positions of Material Forming Figures 1 to 100
ILLUSTRATIONS: FIGURE 1 – FIGURE 45
ILLUSTRATIONS: FIGURE 46 - FIGURE 105

Citation preview

Tikal Report No. 31

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL

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University Museum Monograph 57

Tikal Report No. 31

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL Helen Trik and Michael E. Kampen

William R. Coe, Volume Editor Series Editors William R. Coe William A. Haviland

Published by THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM University of Pennsylvania 1983

Copyright© 1983 THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Trik, Helen. The graffiti of Tikal. (Tikal report; no. 31) (University Museum monograph; 57) Bibliography: p. I. Tikal Site (Guatemala) 2. Mayas—Art. 3. Indians of Central America—Art. 4. Graffiti—Guatemala—Tikal Site. I. Kampen, M. E. (Michael Edwin) II. Title. III. Series: Tikal reports; no. 31. IV. Series: University Museum monograph; 57. FM65.1.T5T5 no. 31 972.81'2s [730'.97281'2] 83-12504 ISBN 0-934718-56-3

Acknowledgments It was through the generosity of the late Colonel Truman Smith that funds were devoted to the orderly recording of the material this volume presents. Approximately ten years ago important steps were taken toward final publication, one of the more critical being photo-reduction of an exceedingly large quantity of line work, a task William Clough and the late George Quay efficiently accomplished. Assembly of illustrations went hand in hand with compilation of provenience, a difficult job expertly handled by Robin Robertson. Appreciation is also to be extended to Arlen Chase for additional inventories as well as further refinement of captions. Jennifer B. Quick is to be credited with this volume's copy editing.

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Editor's Introductory Comments

agreed with the modest topical constraints he and I had agreed upon. "Keep it technical" was the prevailing guideline, the expectation being (at least on my part) that a comprehensive analysis of the TR. 31 graphic material by Kampen would someday be a significant part of TR. 36. For the reasons stated above, both text and illustrations were set aside for future conclusive processing. In the long interim, however, Kampen decided to publish his TR. 31 text verbatim but with deletions of procedural interest (Kampen 1978). Accompanied by a small number of graffito examples he himself had gathered at Tikal, his article appeared in such an amply distributed series that its reproduction here seems superfluous. Therefore, I have chosen to supply only a rudimentary text to supplement the exhaustively "provenanced" corpus of illustration. These, after all, form the report's incontestible worth. As originally, uppermost in mind are the elemental interests of the so-called dirt archaeologist. Background interest in the graffiti deserves some mention. The beginnings of a site record go back to Maler (191 l-1913:Figs. 8-17) and the materials he gathered, principally from Str. 5D-2-lst (Temple II) and 5D-65. The corpus was subsequently added to by Shook (1951:Figs. 20,21; Str. 3D-43) and by Berlin (1951:Fig. 7; Str. 6F-27). During February and March 1957, Walker amplified the record to a limited extent; most of what he achieved helped to verify the accuracy of prior piecemeal and segregated copywork. His manuscript and illustrations, on being reviewed for inclusion in the Tikal Reports series, presented two heretofore unrecognized deficiencies which served to alert the Project to the need of a methodical policy. One concerned systematic, exhaustive coverage of the material in lieu of the subjective culling and often isolated treatment that had become the practice. The other shortcoming lay in stipulating location. How in logical fashion to designate rooms, constituent surfaces, and areas within them presented a problem for which several solutions were devised by Linton Satterthwaite, among others. Although appreciative of these matters, Walker rightly proceeded to publish his material (1959) in order to provoke interest among colleagues in art history.

The graffiti of Tikal, most commonly found incised on plaster walls within structures, have had a troubled path toward their publication in this series of reports. Minimal graphic presentation could have been achieved a decade ago were it not for my decision to postpone such until the day when more substantive reports existed in print. Although manifestly a subject of fascination for many, the publication of the graffiti alone, perhaps for considerable years, might have appeared ludicrous to others anxious to have more fundamental results concerning site composition. In any event, there had always been a reluctance to assemble in a single volume the whole body of recorded graffiti: there were many advantages to presenting illustrations and locational data in those reports dealing respectively with the architectural masses in which all graffiti essentially figured. On these grounds, publication was delayed. Nevertheless, their collective treatment here accords with an agreement made upon the advent of a program of systematic recording initiated in the early 1960s. It should be pointed out that the great majority of material illustrated in this monograph was recorded by Helen Trik and afterwards traced in ink under her supervision. Numerous concerns arose regarding the volume's scope, both in illustration and in text. Beyond inscribed material, what else might be included in this category of ostensibly informal art? Should the text really enter into topics of style, formal classification, meaning, and the like, or rather focus on the bare-bones interests of depictive media, spatial location, and contextual dating? The second approach seemed wisest since, in the late 1960s, Tikal art per se became a subject designated for specialized treatment in TR. 36. The TR. 31 text presented other problems. The duty of preparing it fell to Michael Kampen. His role fit into a collaborative effort, initiated by George Kubler, to carry out a study of Tikal art under a grant by the National Endowment for the Humanities (1970-1973). In the early 1970s, Kampen came to the University Museum and worked intensively with the records, by then arduously photo-reduced and assembled. His eventual text largely

1

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL

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Categorization Questions of what should and should not qualify for inclusion in TR. 31 led to certain arbitrary decisions a decade ago while pondering the layout of its illustrations. While use of the term graffito has to be credited to Maler (1911-1913), a satisfactory definition is not easily devised for immediate purposes. That it basically communicates scratch or scribble (Kampen 1978:155) merely matches the commonplace dictionary emphasis on crudeness of products, be these representational or inscriptional. Both Trik (Webster 1963) and Walker (1959) avoid strict criteria in order to escape bogging down in qualitative judgments. Certainly little progress was possible under the influence of Thompson's general appraisal of graffiti as the idle doodlings of "bored or inattentive novices" (1954:10-11). With no useful guidelines, it was decided that the subject of graffiti be generously broadened to include depiction by means other than incision, a ubiquitous technique. This brought into the fold human handprints

both directly applied and even negatively done, seemingly by splatter work. Allowed as well was pecked, gouged, drilled, and punctate material, in addition to items brushed in black and, on occasion, in red. The inclusion of painted elements, however, impinged on the vaguely defined category of architectural embellishment (e.g., frescoes) excluded here, and also on inscriptional and figural work encountered in certain Tikal grave chambers, to say nothing of the red circular devices on capstone undersides in a few other "tombs." Nonetheless, while some may feel that systematic segregation is impossible to achieve, others may agree that "architectural graffiti are separable from what appear to be the more deliberately conceived and valued forms of art*1 (Kampen 1978:155). Kampen has ordered the graffiti in terms of technical variation (ibid.: 156-62), which serves to emphasize again that departures from incised rendering are negligeable in quantity, a point confirmed by perusing the myriad line-work figures presented herein.

Recording Procedures Techniques used throughout the Project merit some note. As might be expected, the most usual method employed was rubbing in order to capture incised examples. Excavators coming upon graffiti in their work would use anything available: pencils, lumber crayons, onion skin, brown wrapping paper, and so on and so forth. Alternatively, an item was photographed under cross-lit conditions, the intent being at a later date to create a copy from a scaled print. On the other hand, there never emerged a program of comprehensive photographic coverage even though Richard Adams set the groundwork for such while clearing the interior of Str. 5D-65 in 1958. A third approach was infrequent direct copying at full scale in field books or on separate sheets. Painted subjects were traced on opaque paper and/or photographed. Trik, working mainly outside excavation sites, consist-

ently utilized 12 by 18 inch sheets of sensitive imported rice paper and (by my recollection) black rubbing sticks of a crayon sort. Often rubbing could only proceed after first cleaning surfaces of accumulated sticky mold. The existence of graffiti beneath such growth frequently could not be gauged without its removal. Once a rubbing was finished, a sheet of tracing paper was immediately applied to it and details considered significant copied in pencil from the rubbed undersheet. The objective was to render the authentic graffito free of seemingly extraneous Maya lines, historical recuerdos, and natural damage; on-thespot decipherment was not unusual (Webster 1963:37-8). This factor of selective judgment, at its worst as underrepresentation, raises problems to which these pages will return. The actual rubbings are due to be filed in the Museum's Archives for future consultation.

Illustration Had Trik's 1963 article included the reproduction of a truly large incised graffito (e.g., Fig. 1 in this report), a flaw in her then ongoing recording program would have been evident and soon corrected. When size required two or more rubbing sheets (and pencilled overlays, as described), they appear to have been completed separately rather than in a continuous manner which would have allowed perfect alignment of pencilwork from sheet to

sheet. The resultant profuse discrepancies were not recognized and fixed in the course of making individual inked tracings of each pencilled sheet. Only during the mosaic-like arrangement of quarter-scale photographic prints did minute to grotesque mismatching of line work become all too visible where separate pieces joined. Reluctant in such cases to start afresh, we have sometimes simply chosen to opaque discontinuities and re-ink

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL directly on the assemblages. Yet this is only feasible in unambiguous instances of original unity. Many others are left as drafted, thereby accounting for the numerous abruptly ending lines evident within illustrations devoted to graffiti of large proportions. Having raised matters of fidelity and reliability, it is proper to point out that a fairly fine pen (a No. 2 Rapidograph) was utilized throughout the inking stage. As will be appreciated, the choice of a single line cannot render variations in the width of the incised original, a reality especially present in compound, superimposed graffiti. Line work consequently is often a medial compromise, except in cases of marked excision, gouging, and the like. These are marginally drawn with interiors stippled (e.g., Fig. 13a). In the same vein, under-representation or overly stringent decipherment may affect an illustration, particularly a cluttered one. An example is Fig. 46, depicting two versions of a remarkable scene of ball players. Trik suppresses much in order to clarify the panorama; utilizing the actual rubbing, Kampen graphically maximizes the material his eyes detect. Contrasting policies are perhaps beside the point of attaining an ideal discrimination between primary scenic components and additions which to the Maya may or may not have been topically germane. Unfortunately, rubbings themselves provide little to no basis for making such distinctions. In place of inspecting the actual material, photographs occasionally do help in sorting primary from secondary, crosscutting incisions (e.g., Webster 1963:36). Even elementary examples of graffiti diverge in the hands of different copyists. Exemplary is Fig. 102, comparing as it does items rendered by Maler, Walker, and Trik. Overall form and details differ, though possibly insignificantly so, depending on to what use the illustrated graffiti are to be put. To these disparate cases should be added an elegant figural graffito that was copied by Kampen (1978:176, top left), and Trik's far more elaborate depiction (1963:no. 7; here Fig. 74c, oblique left). In short, anyone availing himself of all this material should take into account a gamut of inherent subtleties in treatment among which lie subjective factors generally left unstated by the copyists. While much in the following line illustrations may be considered workable approximations for purposes of study, what will prove an obstacle to particularized analysis is the absence of some convenient means to refer to specific elements within compound, often highly disoriented graffiti. Indeed, it may prove necessary in TR. 36 to atomize such arrays and reillustrate significant parts in isolation, an onerous procedure. Comparable efforts may also be needed for the abundant glyphic components in the corpus (reserved for review in a later part of TR. 33). A common scale of 1:8 governs all the line-work figures. In order to keep gatefolds to a minimum, certain lengthy pieces appear in two parts with ample overlaps

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(Figs. 3/4, 6/7, 89/90). Other than the already noted stipple-work, conventions include (1) a diagonally ticked line indicative of missing plaster (e.g., Fig. 8a) or its extant limits (Fig. 83a-e), and (2) a broken line to restore details perceptibly once connected and now damaged (e.g., Figs. 14c,62b,67g,92). This latter convention has not, however, been followed consistently. Arrangement of line illustrations (Figs. 1-100) is by structural association; structures are ordered according to their alpha-numeric designation, which is to say, primarily by the mapped squares in which they fall (TR. 11). Within a structure, graffiti are presented in terms of numbered chambers, with Rm. 1 understood to join the principal entrance, a doorway normally fixed to the front and center. Numeration of multichambered, range-type buildings ("palaces") runs a clockwise course insofar as possible, while among tandem layouts (typical of "temples") Rm. 2 lies behind Rm. 1, Rm. 3 behind 2. While this kind of information occurs in captions accompanying a majority of the graffiti, a grasp of chamber arrangement best comes from perusal of building plans featured in various excavational/architectural reports, as follows. Structure

Line-work Figures

Tikal Report (cf. TR. 12)

3D-40 3D-43 4E-37 4E-45 5C-13 5C-29 5D-l-lst 5D-2-2nd 5D-3 5D-20-lst 5D-23-lst 5D-26-lst 5D-26-4th 5D-32-lst 5D-33-2nd 5D-38 5D-43 5D-46 5D-49 5D-50 5D-51 5D-52-lst 5D-52-2nd 5D-54 5D-61 5D-65 5D-91 5D-95 5D-Sub.l-lst

1-11 12,13 14 14 15-29 29 30,101a 31-40 40 41 41 41 41 41 42-44 45 46,47 48-51 52 52,53 53 56-58; 101b,c 54,55 59-62 63 64-76 77-81 82 82

23A 23A 18 23A 23A 23C 14 14 23B 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 23D 23D 14

THE GRAFFITI OF T1KAL

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Structure

Line-work Figures

Tikal Report (cf. TR. 12)

5D-Sub.3-A 5D-Sub.lO-lst 5E-51 5E-58 5G-4 5G-8 6F-27

82,83 83 84-86 87-91 92 93,94 95-100

14 14 23A 23A

The Appendix carries location to the finest practical level via an "X" which is registered on most of the illustrations. Again, the reader's orientation will depend on consulting detailed structural views provided in the reports just cited. (At so late a time, we have abandoned our original intention to draft and include here simplified, appropriately labeled plans of the structures involved.)

21 21

23B

Distribution The spatial occurrence of Tikal graffiti (as of 1970) is a subject aptly within the limits of this report. To summarize data on specific sitings which Kampen provides (1978:163), graffiti were arrayed on vault soffits, walls (murals predominate), jambs, floors (rare), and parts of so-called benches (usually tops); also on record are a few within roofcomb chambers. Although all data available document an enormous interior frequency, outside erosion, even ancient demolition, becomes a consideration when trying to judge the degree to which building exteriors were favored. A personal assessment is that enough outer mural plaster survived in both interred and surface situations to infer that external graffiti were always greatly in the minority. Existing instances include Str. 5D-Sub.l-lst (Fig. 82c-h), 5D-Sub.3-A (Fig. 83a-c,e), 5DSub.lO-lst (Fig. 83g), and 5D-26-4th (largely crisscrossed lines). A consistent structural context is marred to date only by a pecked design on the front of St. P54 (TR. 18), and, further, by a pair of simply outlined human feet scored on a platform summit in the North Acropolis (TR. 14:Fig. 15j). Distributions of the infrequent red hands and brush-painted material are easily arrived at from captions. (A fragmentary red hand, not shown here, is referred to in TR. 14, Str. 5D-33-lst.) With respect to non-occurrence, there is a total absence of any sort of work within the reasonably preserved chambers of Str. 5D-3 and 5 as well as 5C-1, which are all "great temples," and in this regard they contrast markedly with graffiti-laden Temples I and II (Figs. 30-40). The same is true of Str. 5D-22-lst, the paramount component of the North Acropolis. Without conferring with farflung colleagues, I cannot venture how many other investigated centralized buildings lacked discernible graffiti, let alone intelligeable ones; such information will emerge upon the publication of respective reports. Far more important is that the relative prevalence of graffiti—to say nothing of specific types and themes—theoretically could bear upon the subject of structural function, even endurance. Concerning the temporal dimension, both Trik and Kampen emphasize a local sequence derived from con-

structional stratification. This reality is confirmed elsewhere (Kampen 1978:165; his data stem from notes prepared by me in 1958 to counter a then-current notion that graffiti in time were superficial phenomena, an attitude referred to in TR. 12). All periods, however conceived, evidence graffiti. The aforementioned footprints start the record in an era of notably developed Chuen pottery, likely well along in a Middle Preclassic Period. The record subsequently proliferates, but the appearance that graffiti were most numerous in Late Classic constructions could be due to an understandably biased sample. Kampen's list of graffiti-bearing structures assembled by regional period offers the reader at least a provisional scheme for dating all that this volume illustrates. Any chronological concerns inevitably reach for evidence of finely graduated sequence. For instance, did fresh plaster ever seal graffiti? In my experience, there is considerable uncertainty here, since a practice of roughening old surfaces before applying new coats seems to have prevailed; any graffito would have to be deeply cut to survive this process. Otherwise, some degree of fine dating is possible in roofcomb cases (assuming no subsequent entry to their chambers) when compared to specimens in the open rooms beneath. The keenest of evidence of course lies in minute scrutiny of overlapped, juxtaposed, and superimposed material. (Consecutive work is glaringly evidenced in examples like Fig. 78b.) It appears, nonetheless, that no compounded array was ever visually dissected and the results documented. Relative temporal control of material within surface-situated buildings (some with construction dates going back to the 3rd century A.D.) is particularly troublesome. Perhaps the only key is cogent art historical analysis. Attention to certain loosely formal characteristics leads Kampen to isolate examples of what he terms Postclassic "Mexican stylizations." His original manuscript identified these within Figs. 9; 13c,d; 16; 17a,c; 21c; 62a; 67a,i; 75d; 76a; 99. All occur in terminal buildings, with the implication that all belong to exceptionally late times. (One might speculate about linking them to an era of Caban pottery, evidenced for instance in Temple I and

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL first reported upon in TR. 7.) Needless to say, what precisely these representations have in common and what their Mexican affiliations comprise (Kampen specifies "Highland Mexico") are topics TR. 36 is bound to pursue. Because his proposals relate to the problem of graffiti dating, mention also must be made of two logically linked interpretations Kampen develops (1978:168-71). He first of all states that graffiti encountered in constructionally buried buildings "predating the Late Classic period" were executed in the manner of desecration just prior to their interment. Central to this conclusion is that graffiti were never architecturally incorporated by design. This viewpoint aside, the fact remains that a case of functional mid-term graffiti cannot be confidently cited in contradiction; the scarce, curious roofcomb chamber items might be considered immaterial from either standpoint. In favor of Kampen's proposition are fairly recent discoveries at Tikal (C. Jones, personal communication) involving an evidently Late Classic edifice underneath Str. 5E-58. Within this structure are features qualifying as graffiti, some of which quite demonstrably belong to the

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precise moment of its dismantlement, filling, and interment. That they in a sense decommissioned 5E-58-2nd remains to be argued; that they served to desecrate it is perhaps even more disputable. Nevertheless, Kampen's temporal evaluation of circumstances deserves serious consideration. His second interpretation concerns graffiti in contexts of final construction at Tikal. Being consistent, he accredits these not to the builders, nor to the authentic Late Classic occupants, but to peoples ceramically cast as Eznab. The latter complex is normally treated as Terminal Postclassic (Culbert 1973). In other words, a large percentage of the material the following figures illustrate was wrought by people using Eznab pottery. It is fair to note the somewhat impressive correlation of these images with Eznab sherds from debris within those very sources. (Garnered from Project files, these data, while in the original manuscript, are excluded from Kampen's publication,) Any critic still must wonder about his case inasmuch as important questions still surround Tikal's socalled Eznab occupation and, most assuredly, extant formal and iconographic conventions.

Concluding Remarks This long delayed monograph never had any other aim than to present a voluminous record of local material fitting a category traditionally called graffiti, here from the hands of many but outstandingly those of Helen Trik. What an accompanying text might entail was always conceived of as non-interpretive/concerned instead with the wheres and whens, even hows, so elementary to archaeology. The above pages rival what was in mind when, in the mid-sixties, exhaustive thought was given to the structure of eventual Tikal Reports and their topical coverage, restraints, and concatenation (cf. TR. 12). Scheduled TR. 36 will be pivotal, for few would summarily

disqualify graffiti as art, and it is thus germane to the special analytic interests of that work entitled The Art of Tikal. It is expected to carry forward, not only from this report as a prime source, but also in conjunction with numerous monographs devoted to the structural contexts graffiti possess. As mentioned earlier, a methodology for referencing particular items within convoluted, multiple images will have to be devised to move ahead meaningfully. Simply to facilitate comparative study, it may be necessary to abstract and draft afresh now near countless items complexly entangled.

References

Maler, Teobert 1911 Explorations in the Department of Peten, Guatemala: Tikal. Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Memoir 5(1):3-91.

Adams, Richard E. W., and Aubrey S. Trik 1961 Temple I (Str. 5D-1): Post-constructional Activities. No. 7 in Tikal Reports Nos. 5-10. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

Shook, Edwin M. 1951 Investigaciones arqueologicos en las ruinas de Tikal, Departamento de El Peten, Guatemala. Antropologia e Historia de Guatemala III(l):9-32.

Berlin, Heinrich 1951 El Templo de las Inscripciones—VI—de Tikal. Antropologia e Histona de Guatemala III(l):33-54. Carr, Robert E, and James E. Hazard 1961 Map of the Ruins of Tikal, El Peten, Guatemala. Tikal Report No. 11. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. Coe, William R., and William A. Haviland 1982 Introduction to the Archaeology of Tikal, Guatemala. Tikal Report No. 12. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

Thompson, J. Eric S. 1954 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Trik, Helen 1963 See under Webster, Helen T. Walker, L. C, Jr. 1959 Maya graffiti as art, Art in the South, Southwestern Louisiana Institute, pp. 193-200. Lafayette.

Culbert, T. Patrick 1973 The Maya downfall at Tikal. In The Classic Maya Collapse, edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 63-92. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Webster, Helen T 1963 Tikal Graffiti. Expedition 6(l):36-47.

Jones, Christopher, and Linton Satterthwaite 1982 The Monuments and Inscriptions of Tikal: The Carved Monuments. Tikal Report No. 33, Part A. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. Kampen, Michael 1978 The Graffiti of Tikal. Estudios de Cultura Maya 6:155-180.

Tikal Report No. 7: Adams and Trik 1961. Tikal Report No. 11: Carr and Hazard 1961. Tikal Report No. 12: Coe and Haviland 1982. Tikal Report No. 33A: Jones and Satterthwaite 1982. Tikal Report Nos. 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23A-D, 36: for listing of forthcoming works, see Tikal Report No. 12:57-61.

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Appendix: Contextual Positions of Material Forming Figures 1 to 100

In most instances, more precise locational information is available than the captions to Figs. 1-100 convey. A majority of the graffiti illustrated carry an "X." These marks register in meters the position of the graffiti horizontally and vertically in relation to firm features like corners, vault springs, and floors. Absence of an "X" may signify either the image's center is the reference point or the recorder's failure to provide precise data. The princi pal worth of this appendix is that it allows reconstruction of the layout of two or more separately illustrated depictions sharing the same surface. To establish horizontal distribution requires common reference to cardinally designated room corners, normally four interior ones and two leading ones, which are the interior jamb edges of the room's entry; two additional leading corners occur within the same chamber should a doorway exist from it to an adjacent room. The following clarifies the scheme adopted:

Notation naturally changes according to variations in chamber orientation. To establish a particular room's orientation and precise configuration requires referral to the structural plan contained in one of the Tikal Reports listed in the text. Apart from this difficulty, a discrepancy often exists between room numbers cited in captions and those in this appendix that deal with graffiti on jambs of doorways between chambers. In captions, the area between jambs is properly considered to belong to the second of the two rooms; as indicated above, corners 4 and 5 are reference points by definition within the first chamber's confines. Entries noting "right" and "left" reflect the viewer's standpoint. FIGURE 1 2 3,4 5 6,7a 7b 7c 8a 8b 9 lOa

1, SW corner. 2, SW(S) corner. 3, NW(N) corner. 4, NW corner. 5, NE corner. 6, NE(N) corner. 7, SE(S) corner. 8, SE corner.

lOb lOc

7

DATA 0.15 to right of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 1.84 below vault spring 0.86 to right of Rm. 1 NE(N) corner; 1.51 below vault spring 0.51 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.12 below vault spring 0.70 to W corner of Rm. 2 N jamb; 0.44 below lintel 2.59 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.10 below vault spring 1.49 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 2.15 below vault spring 1.95 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.00 below vault spring 2.86 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.78 below vault spring 2.69 to left of Rm. 2 SE(S) corner; 1,80 below vault spring 1.47 to left of Rm. 2 SE(S) corner; 1.17 below vault spring 0.21 to left of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 1,10 below vault spring Unrecorded 2.32 to right of (probably) Rm. 2 SW corner; 1.63 below (probably) vault spring

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL

8

FIGURE lOd

DATA

FIGURE

3.28 to right of (probably) Rm. 2 SW corner; 1.18 below (probably) vault spring 22b 11 0.74 to W corner of Rm. 2 S jamb; 0.50 below lintel 12a 3.25 to left of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 1.35 below vault 23a spring 23b 12b 1.20 to left of Rm, 1 SW(S) corner; L55 below vault spring 23c 12c 5.13 to left of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 0.52 below vault spring 23d 13a 2.23 to right of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 1.16 below vault spring 24a 13b 4.24 to right of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 1.57 below vault spring 24b 13c 0.84 to left of Rm. 1 NE(N) corner; 1.24 below vault spring 24c 13d 0.93 to right of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.57 below vault spring 24d 14a Centered on rear interior wall, near floor 14b Rear interior wall; location unrecorded 24e 14c 1.13 to right of corner; 0.97 above unrecorded point 14d 1.67 to left of corner; 0.72 below vault spring 25a 15a 1.27 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 0.67 below vault spring 25b 15b 0.05 to left of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 0.88 below vault spring 26a 16 0.12 to right of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 0.93 below vault spring 26b 17a 0.35 to left of Rm. 1 SW corner; 0.37 below vault spring 26c 17b 0.51 to right of Rm. 1 NW corner; 0.86 below vault 27a spring 27b 17c 1.60 to left of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 0.35 below vault 27c spring 27d 18a 0.56 to left of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 0.95 below vault 27e spring 27f 18b 0.98 to left of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 0.04 below vault spring 27g 18c 0.76 to left of Rm, 1 NW(N) corner; 0.05 below vault 27h spring 18d 1.48 to left of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 0,20 below vault 27i spring 18e 0.14 to left of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 0.18 below vault 27j spring 19a 1.21 to right of Rm. 2 SE(S) corner; 0.80 below vault 28a spring 19b 1,38 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0.87 below vault 28b spring 19c 0.21 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 1.13 below vault 28c spring 28d 19d 1.98 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0.80 below vault 28e spring 19e 1.01 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0.72 below vault 28f spring 19f 1.53 to right of Rm. 2, probable NW corner; 0.64 below 28g probable vault spring 20a 0,56 to left of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 0.84 below vault 29a spring 20b 1.43 to left of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0.60 below vault 29b spring 20c 0.20 to right of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 0.90 below vault 29c spring 21a 0,62 to right of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 0.86 below vault 30a spring 30b 21b 0.90 to right of Rm. 3 NW corner; 0.68 below vault 30c spring 30d 21c 1.78 to right of Rm. 3 NW corner; 0,85 below vault 30e spring 30f 22a 2.72 to right of Rrn. 3 NW corner; 0,82 below vault 30g-m

DATA spring 0.90 to left of Rm. 3 NW(N) corner; 0.70 below vault spring 0.70 to left of Rm. 8 SE corner; 0.22 below top of jamb 2.36 to right of Rm. 8 SE corner; 0.40 below vault spring 1.78 to right of Rm. 8 SE corner; 0.45 below vault spring 0.60 to right of Rm. 8 SE corner; 0.30 below vault spring 1.26 to right of Rm. 8 SE corner; 1.25 below vault spring 1.22 to right of Rm. 8 SW(S) corner; 0.37 below vault spring 1.70 to right of Rm. 8 SW(S) corner; 0.62 below vault spring 5.13 to right of Rm. 8 SW(S) corner; 0.35 below vault spring 2.19 to right of Rm. 8 SW(S) corner; 1.37 below vault spring 2,34 to right of Rm. 8 SW(S) corner; 0.35 below vault spring 1.42 to left of Rm. 8 NW(N) corner; 0.28 below vault spring 3.72 to left of Rm. 8 NW(N) corner; 0.38 below vault spring 0.20 to left of Rm. 8 NE corner; 0.44 below vault spring 0.63 to left of Rm. 8 NE corner; 0.48 below vault spring Probably to right of Rm. 8 NE corner; unrecorded Unrecorded 1.01 to left of Rm. 8 NE corner; 1.15 below vault spring Center of Rm. 8 NE corner; 1.12 below vault spring Unrecorded 0.31 to right of Rm. 8 NE corner; 0.60 below top of jamb 0.42 to left of Rm. 8 NW corner; 0.55 below top of jamb 3.17 to right of Rm. 10 SE corner; 0.70 below vault spring 2.57 to left of Rm. 10 SW(S) corner; 0.52 below vault spring 1.44 to right of Rm. 10 NW(N) corner; 0.75 below vault spring 4.02 to right of Rm. 10 SW(S) corner; 0.52 below vault spring 4.85 to right of Rm. 10 SW(S) corner; 0.62 below vault spring 0.99 to left of Rm. 11 SE corner; 0.30 below vault spring 0.15 to left of Rm. 11 SE corner; 0.24 below vault spring 1.12 to left of Rm. 13 SW(S) corner; 0.67 below vault spring 0.44 to left of Rm, 13 NE(N) corner; 1.20 below vault spring 2.97 to right of Rm. 13 SW corner; 0.72 below vault spring 0.32 to right of Rm. 13 SW corner; 0.80 below vault spring 3.25 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1,19 below vault spring 3.05 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.19 below vault spring 0.05 to left of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 1.44 above floor 0.29 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 0,45 above floor 0.80 to left of Rm. 1 SW corner; 1.92 above floor Un located 0.44 to right of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 0.61 above floor 0.98 to right of Rm. 3 NE(N) corner; 1.80 above floor See Fig. lOla

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL FIGURE 30n 30o 31a 31b 31c 31d 32a 32b 33a 33b 33c 33d 33e 33f 34 35 36a 36b 36c 37 38a 38b 39a 39b 39c 39d 40a 40b 40c 40d 41a 41b 41c 41d 41e 41f 41g 41h 41i 41j 41k 411 41m 41n 41o 41p 41q 41r 41s-v 41w 41x 41y 41z 41aa 42 43a 43b 43c 43d 44a

DATA E vault soffit Rm. 1; ca. 0.30 above lintel Unlocated 0.71 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.38 above floor 0.30 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.47 above floor 0.20 to left of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 1.23 above floor 0.10 to left of Rm. 1 SW corner; 0.68 above floor 0.58 to right of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 1.66 above floor General area to right of Rm. 1 NW corner; unrecorded 0.68 to left of Rm. 2 SE corner; 1.65 above floor 0.28 to left of Rm. 2 SE corner; 2.10 above floor 1.09 to left of Rm. 2 SE(S) corner; 0.80 above floor 0.51 to left of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 1.65 above floor 0.18 to left of Rm. 2 SW corner; 1.01 above floor 0.16 to right of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 1.60 above floor 0.40 to right of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 1.63 above floor 0.53 to left of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 1.70 above floor 0.04 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 0.98 above floor 0.14 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.02 above floor 0.39 to left of Rm. 1 NW corner; 1.05 above floor 0.14 to right of Rm. 2 NE corner; 0.95 above floor 1.09 to right of Rm. 2 SW corner; 0.95 above floor 0.06 to right of Rm. 2 SW corner; 0.58 above floor 0.26 to right of Rm. 2 SW corner; 1.17 above floor 0.33 to left of Rm. 3 SE corner; 1.53 above floor 1.29 to left of Rm. 3 SE corner; 2.08 above floor 0.70 to left of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0.70 above floor 0.25 to left of Rm. 2 NW corner; 1.80 above floor 0.18 to left of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0.72 above floor Central on S part of E wall 0.40 from NE(N) corner; 0.92 above floor 1.92 to left of Rm. 1 NE corner; 1.64 below vault spring 2.28 to left of Rm. 1 NE corner; 1.76 below vault spring 0.62 to left of Rm. 1 NE corner; 0.40 above floor 1.60 to right of Rm. 1 NE(N) corner; 0.67 above floor 1.71 to right of Rm. 1 NE(N) corner; 0.68 above floor 0.64 to right of Rm. 1 NE(N) corner; 0.51 above floor 0.32 to left of Rm. 2 NE corner; 0.63 above floor 0.48 to right of Rm. 1 NE corner; 0.67 above floor 0.24 to right of edge of lower E bench; 1.20 above floor 1.21 to left of front edge of W bench lower face; 1.34 above floor 0.96 to left of upper bench front; 0.33 above W bench lower member 0.18 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 1.10 above floor 0.50 to left of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 1.33 above floor 1.15 to right of Rm. 2 S jamb and on adjacent floor 0.40 to left of Rm. 3 S jamb; 0.23 above floor 1.85 to left of Rm. 1 NW corner; 0.60 above floor 2.20 to left of Rm. 3 NE(N) corner; 0.70 above floor E jamb of front doorway; 0.45 above floor Wall adjacent to Rm. IB N doorway; 1.00 above floor W wall adjacent to Rm. 1C N doorway; unlocated Center of red-painted back of Rm. 2 rear bench Unlocated Center rear (fallen masonry block) Unlocated 0.11 to left of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 2.04 above floor 1.01 to right of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 0.05 below probable surviving wall summit 0.78 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 0.44 below probable surviving wall summit 0.43 to right of Rm. 2 SE(S) corner; 0.15 below probable surviving wall summit 0.08 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 0.42 below probable surviving wall summit 0.90 to right of N corner of Rm. 2 E jamb; 0.36 below probable surviving wall summit

FIGURE 44b-d 45a 45b 45c 45d 46a,b 47a 47b 47c 47d 47e 47f 47g 47h 47i 47j 47k 471 47m 47n 48a 48b 48c 48d 48e 48f 49a 49b 49c 49d 49e 49f 49g 49h 50a 50b 50c 50d 50e 50f 50g 51a 51b 51c 52a 52b 52c 52d 52e 52f 52g 53a 53b 53c 53d 53e 53f

9

DATA Unlocated 0.83 to right of SE(S) corner; 1.14 above floor 0.35 to left of SW(S) corner; unrecorded Unrecorded 0.86 to right of SE(S) corner; 0.25 to bench face 0.66 to right of Rm. 1 SW corner; 1.15 above floor 2.00 to left of Rm. 1 SE corner; 0.94 above floor 1.54 to right of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.27 above floor 1,38 to left of Rm. 1 SE corner; 1.07 above floor 1.41 to right of Rm. 2 NE corner; 0.77 above floor 1.92 to right of Rm. 2 NE corner; 0.65 above floor 0.80 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 0.32 above floor Unlocated 0.23 to left of Rm, 1 SW corner; 0.52 above floor 0.51 to left of Rm. 1 SW corner; 0.60 above floor 0.70 to left of Rm. 1 SW corner; 0.55 above floor 1.19 to left of Rm. 1 SW corner; 0.97 above floor 0.81 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0.54 above floor 0,15 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0,75 above floor 0.13 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 0.42 above floor 3.93 to right of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 1.46 above bench top 1.50 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1,49 above floor 0.32 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.08 above bench top 0.95 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.02 above bench top 0.43 above inner lower corner of bench arm 0.54 above top of bench arm Unlocated 0,95 to right of Rm. 4A NE(N) corner; 1,47 above floor 0.44 to right of Rm. 4A NE(N) corner; 1.57 above floor 0.39 to right of Rm. 4A NE(N) corner; 0.98 above floor 0.05 to right of Rm. 4A NE(N) corner; 0.94 above floor 1.24 to right of Rm. 4A NE(N) corner; 1.63 above floor 1.74 to right of Rm. 4A NE(N) corner; 1.15 above floor 0.52 to right of Rm. 4A NW(N) corner; 1.10 above floor 1.01 to right of Rm. 4B NW(N) corner; 0.95 above bench top 1.33 to right of Rm. 4B NW(N) corner; 1.25 above floor 2.12 to left of Rm. 4B SW(S) comer; 1.69 above floor 2.38 to right of Rm. 4B NW(N) corner; 1.38 above floor 1.34 to right of Rm. 4B NE(N) or SE(S) corner; 1.10 above bench top 0.93 to right of Rm. 4B NE(N) or SE(S) corner; 1.18 above bench top 0.41 to right of Rm. 4B NE(N) or SE(S) corner; 1.02 above bench top 0.17 to left of Rm. 5 NE corner; 1.61 above floor 1.09 to right of Rm. 3B SE(S) or SW(S) corner; 0.74 above floor 1.22 to left of Rm. 3B NE(N) or NW(N) corner; 0.70 above bench top Probably E wall; 0.41 above bench top Unlocated; 0.50 above floor 0.46 from W wall; 1.15 above floor 0.90 from W wall; 1.12 above floor 1.60 from W wall; 0.78 above floor 1.95 from W wall; 0.62 above floor 0.60 from N wall; 0.46 above floor 2.05 from E wall; 1.36 above floor 1.57 from E wall; 0.68 above floor 0.66 from E wall; 0.90 above floor 0.90 from (probably) E wall; 1,13 above probable floor 0.94 from E wall; 0.95 above floor 0.27 to left of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 0.80 above probable floor

10 FIGURE

53g 53h 53i 54a 54b 54c 55a 55b 55c 55d 55e 55f 55g 56a 56b 56c 57a 57b 57c 57d 57e 57f 58a 58b 58c 59a 59b 59c 60a 60b 60c 60d 61a 61b 61c 62a 62b 62c 62d 63a 63b 63c,d 64a,b 64c 64d 64e 64f 64g

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL DATA

0.46 to left of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 0.96 above floor 0.44 to right of Rm. 1 NW(N) corner; 0.82 above floor 3.42 to left of Rm, 2 SW(S) corner; 0.64 above floor Unlocated; 1.23 above floor Unlocated; 0.94 above floor Unlocated; 1.28 above floor Unlocated; 0.57 above floor Unlocated; 1.26 above floor Unlocated; 1,13 above floor 0.82 to right of N corner of W jamb of center doorway; 1.75 above floor 0.75 to right of N corner of W jamb of center doorway; 1.35 above floor 1.10 to right of N corner of W jamb of center doorway; 1.35 above floor Unlocated 0.92 to left of N corner of E jamb of W doorway; 1.31 above floor 0.12 to right of N corner of W jamb of W doorway; 0.90 above floor 2.38 to right of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 1.32 above W bench top 3.65 to right of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 1.44 above W bench top 3.85 to right of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 0.90 above floor 6.00 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.75 above floor 3.24 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.12 above the E bench top 2.94 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 0.87 above the E bench top 2.75 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.64 above E bench top Unlocated; 1.87 above floor Unlocated; 0.44 above floor 1.62 to right of N corner of W jamb of E doorway; 1.70 above floor 0.90 to left of Rm. 1A NW(N) corner; 1.01 above bench arm top 2.50 to left of Rm. 1A NW(N) corner; 1.39 above bench top 1.49 to left of Rm. 1A NW(N) corner; 0.83 above bench top 1.62 to left of Rm. 1A NW(N) corner; 1.40 above bench top 1.44 to right of Rm. 1A SW(S) corner; 1.08 above bench top 0.48 to right of Rm. 1A SW(S) corner; 1.58 above floor 0.49 to left of Rm. 1A NE(N) corner; 1.35 above floor 1.20 to left of Rm. 1A NE(N) corner; 1.07 above floor 0.24 to left of Rm. IB SW(S) corner; 1.12 above bench top Unlocated 0.54 from N side of bench; 0.65 above bench top 0.34 to right of Rm. 1C SE(S) corner; 1.70 above bench top 0.81 to right of door jamb; 0.28 above bench top Unlocated; 0.21 above bench top 0.85 to left of Rm. 4 NW(N) corner; 1.85 above floor 1.72 to right of Rm. 4 SE corner; 0.62 above bench top Unlocated Unlocated 0.28 to left of Rm. 1 NE(N) corner; 1.61 above bench top 0.57 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.70 above bench top 1.18 to right of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.35 above bench top 1.64 to left of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 0.60 above bench top 1.73 to left of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 1.64 above bench top

FIGURE 65a-e 65f 65g 65h 65i 65j 66a 66b 66c 66d 66e 66f 66g 66h 66i 66j 66k 661 67a 67b 67c 67d 67e 67f 67g 67h 67i 67j 67k 68a 68b 68c 68d-k 69a 69b 69c 69d 69e 69f 70a 70b 70c 70d 70e 70f 70g 70h 71a 71b 71c 71d 72 73 74a 74b 74c 74d

DATA Unlocated 0.72 to left of Rm. 1 NW corner; 1.74 above floor Unlocated 0.16 to left of Rm. 1 NW corner; 1.55 above floor Unlocated 0.80 to right of Rm. 1 NW corner; 1.40 above bench top 0.52 to right of Rm. 2 NE corner; 0.86 above floor Unlocated 1.07 to right of Rm. 2 NE corner; 0.78 above floor 0.80 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.40 above floor 1.04 to right of Rm. 2 NE corner; 1.53 above floor 1.50 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.30 above floor 0,20 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 0.95 above floor 1.28 to left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.38 above floor 0.63 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1,29 above floor 0.88 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.80 above floor 1.29 to right of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 1.20 above floor 0.32 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.43 above floor 0.47 to left of Rm. 2 SE(S) corner; 1.24 above floor 0.34 to right of Rm. 2 NW corner; 1.35 above floor 0.09 to left of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 1.23 above floor 0.55 to right of Rm. 2 NW(N) corner; 1.09 above floor 1.56 from W corner of N jamb of E front doorway; 0.77 above bench top 0.70 from W corner of N jamb of E front doorway; 0.45 above bench top 1.45 to left of Rm. 5 NW corner; 0.74 above floor 0.65 to left of Rm. 5 NW corner; 0.73 above floor 1.87 to left of Rm. 5 NW corner; 0.96 above floor 0.88 above bench top 0.53 above bench top 0.84 above bench top 1,52 above bench top 0.90 above bench top Unlocated 0.57 to left of Rm. 7 NW(N) corner; 0.60 above floor 0.11 to right of Rm. 6 SW(S) corner; 1.52 above floor 0.65 to left of Rm. 6 SW(S) corner; 1.60 above floor 0.84 to right of Rm. 7 NW corner; 2.20 above floor 0.46 to right of Rm. 8 NW corner; 1.37 above floor 0.87 to right of Rm. 8 NW corner; 1.37 above floor 1.30 to right of Rm. 8 NW corner; 0.84 above floor 0.39 to left of Rm. 8 NE(N) corner; 3.45 above bench top 0.44 to left of Rm. 8 NE(N) corner; 0.98 above bench top 0.30 to right of Rm. 8 NE(N) corner; 0.52 above bench top 0.71 to left of Rm. 8 SW(S) corner; 0.88 above bench top 0.45 to right of Rm. 8 SW(S) corner; 1.59 above bench top 1.15 to right of Rm, 8 SW(S) corner; 1.62 above bench top 0.68 to right of Rm. 8 SW(S) corner; 0.95 above bench top Unlocated 0.08 to left of Rm. 9 NE corner; 2.00 above floor 0.08 to right of Rm. 9 NE corner; 0.95 above bench top 1.40 to left of Rm. 9 NE(N) corner; 1.00 above bench top 0.67 to left of Rm. 9 SE(S) corner; 1.64 above bench top 0.55 to right of Rm. 9 SE(S) corner; 1.35 above bench top Unlocated 3.10 to right of Rm. 9 SE(S) corner; 1.40 above floor 0.82 to left of Rm. 9 SW(S) corner; 1.10 above bench top 0.15 to left of Rm. 9 SW(S) corner; 1.78 above bench top

THE GRAFFITI OF TIKAL FIGURE 74e 74f 74g 75a 75b 75c 75d 76a 76b 76c 76d 76e 76f 77a 77b 77c 77d 77e 77f 78a 78b 78c 78d 78e 79a 79b 79c 80a 80b 80c 80d 81a 81b 81c 81d 81e 82a 82b 82c-j 83a-e 83f 83g 84a,b

DATA 0.03 to left of Rm. 9 SW(S) corner; 1.03 above bench top 0.21 to right of Rm. 9 NW(N) corner; 0.73 above bench top 0.94 to right of Rm. 9 NW(N) corner; 0.68 above bench top 1.41 to right of Rm. 9 NW(N) corner; 1.05 above floor 0.57 to left of Rm. 9 NW corner; 1.37 above floor 0.35 from S wall; 0.53 above floor 0.67 to right of Rm. 2 SW corner; 1.70 above floor 0.65 to left of Rm. 2 SW(S) corner; 1.36 above floor 1.25 to right or left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 0.89 above bench Unlocated; 0.62 above bench arm 0.33 from E bench arm; 0.53 above bench top Unlocated; 0.83 above bench arm 0.40 to right or left of Rm. 2 NE(N) corner; 0.62 above bench arm 0.69 to left of Rm. 1A SE corner; 0.93 below vault spring 0.47 to right of Rm. 1A SW(S) corner; 0.64 below lintel underside 0.23 to left of Rm. 1A SE(S) corner; 0.15 below lintel underside 0.35 to left of Rm. 1C NE(N) corner; 0.25 below lintel underside 0.84 to right of Rm. 1C NE(N) corner; 0.27 below lintel underside 0.92 to right of Rm. 1C NE(N) corner; 0.13 below jamb top 0.10 to left of Rm. 1A NW(N) corner; 0.19 below lintel underside 0.50 to left of Rm. 1A NW(N) corner; 0.60 below lintel underside Unlocated 0.25 to left of Rm. 1A NW(N) corner; 0.54 below lintel underside 0.50 from E side of upper vault member; 0.78 below vault spring 0.56 to right of Rm. IB NE(N) corner; 1.72 above floor 1.13 to left of Rm. IB SE(S) corner; unlocated 0.50 from Rm. IB SW corner to right; 0.73 down from vault spring 0.95 to right of Rm. 1C NW corner; 0.84 below lintel underside 0.37 to left of Rm. 1C NW corner; 1.20 below vault spring 0.13 to left of Rm. 1C NW(N) corner; 0.73 below (probable) vault spring 0.28 to right of Rm. 1C NW(N) corner; 0.85 below vault spring 0.23 to right of Rm. 1C SE corner; 0.85 above bench top 0.09 to left of Rm. 1C SE(S) corner; 1.94 above bench top 0.33 to left of Rm. 1C SE(S) corner; 1.50 above bench top 0.14 to right of Rm. 1C NE(N) corner; 1.32 above bench top 0.47 to left of Rm. 1C SW corner; 0.99 below lintel underside Unlocated 1.32 to right of Rm. 1 NE corner; 0.40 above vault spring Unlocated Located in TR. 14:Fig. 43bl,2 Located in TR. 14:Fig. 30a4, central inset panel Located in TR. 14:Fig. 32b Unlocated

FIGURE 85a 85b 85c 85d 86 87a-c 87d 87e 87f 87g 88a 88b 88c 89,90 91a 91b 91c 92 93 94 95a 95b 96a 96b 96c 97a 97b 97c 97d 97e 97f 98a,b 99a 99b 99c 99d 99e 100

11 DATA

Unlocated 0.23 to right of N corner of W jamb; 0.27 below lintel underside 0.51 from edge of bench arm; 0.47 below lintel underside Unlocated Unlocated; 0.28 below vault spring Unlocated 1.65 to right of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 1.65 below vault spring 0.20 to right of Rm. 1 SW(S) corner; 1.65 below vault spring Unlocated 0.41 from W corner of N jamb; 1.23 below lintel underside 0.58 from W corner of Rm. 3 S jamb; 1.14 below lintel underside 0.84 to right of Rm. 3 SE(S) corner; 1.32 below vault spring 0.17 to left of Rm. 3 SW(S) corner; 1.09 below vault spring 1.70 to left of Rm. 3 SW(S) corner; 1.90 below vault spring 1.46 to left of Rm. 3 SW(S) corner; 1.80 below vault spring 0.92 to right of Rm. 3 NW(N) corner; 0.94 below vault spring 0.83 from W corner of Rm. 3 S jamb; 1.23 below lintel underside Unlocated Center of ceramic wall insert; 0.34 above floor Unlocated 3.10 to left of Rm. 1 NE corner; 0.93 below vault spring 1.40 to right of Rm. 1 NE(N) corner; 0.95 below vault spring 1.69 to right of Rm. 1 SE corner; 0.62 below vault spring 1.97 to right of Rm. 1 SE corner; 1.15 below vault spring 1.94 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.00 below vault spring 0.98 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.10 below vault spring 0.37 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.13 below vault spring 3.10 to right of Rm. 1 SE corner; 0.60 below vault spring 3.80 to right of Rm. 1 SE corner; 0.60 below vault spring 4.70 to right of Rm. 1 SE corner; 0.60 below vault spring 1.20 to right of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.63 below vault spring Unlocated 0.20 to right of Rm. 1 NE corner; 0.24 below lintel underside 0.16 to left of Rm. 1 NW corner; 0.20 below vault spring 1.66 to right of Rm. 1 NE(N) corner; 1.36 below vault spring 1.35 to left of Rm. I SE(S) corner; 0.65 below vault spring 1.16 to left of Rm. 1 SE(S) corner; 1.82 below vault spring 0.45 to right of Rm. 2 SW corner; 0.26 below lintel underside

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ILLUSTRATIONS

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FIGURE1 Str. 3D-40:Rm. 1, N wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 2

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 1, E wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 3

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 1, S wall. Incised. Joins Fig. 4. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE4

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 1, S wall. Incised. Joins Fig. 3. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 5

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 2, N jamb. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE6

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 2, E wall. Incised. Joins Fig. 7a. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 7

a

c

b Str. 3D-40:Rm. 2, E wall. Incised. Joins Fig. 6. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 8

a

b

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 2, E wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 2, E wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

•ao

§ r*i ^

FIGURE 10

a

b C

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 2, S wall, a, incised; b,c, red-painted; d, black-painted. (Scale 1:8)

d

FIGURE 11

Str. 3D-40:Rm. 2, S jamb. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 12

a

b

c Str. 3D-43:Rm. 1, S wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

a

b

S3 o

gt*l

c d Str. 3D-43: a,b, Rm. 1, N wall; c, Rm. 1, N wall; d, Rm. 1, S wall, a, incised and gouged; b-d, incised. (Scale 1:8)

S

FIGURE 14

a

b c

d

Str. 4E-37: a, red-printed; b,c, incised; d, incised and gouged. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 15

a

b Str. 5C-13: a, Rm, 1, E wall; b, Rm. 1, S wall, a, incised; b, incised and punctate. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 16

U in

C/3

FIGURE 17

a

b

C

Str. 5C-13:Rm. 1, W wall. Incised and punctate. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 18

a

c

b

d

e

Str. 5C-13:Rm. 1, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 19

Q

b

d

C

e

f Str. 5C-13: a, Rm. 2, S wall; b-f, Rm. 2, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 20

b

a

c Str. 5C-13: a,b, Rm. 2, W wall; c, Rm. 2, N wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 21

a

b

Str. 5C-13: a, Rm. 2, N wall; b,c, Rm. 3, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

c

FIGURE 22

a

b

Str. 5C-13:Rm. 3, W wall, a, incised and gouged; b, incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 23

b C

Q

d

Str. 5C-13: a, Rm. 8, S jamb; b-d, Rm. 8, E wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 24

a

c

d

b

e Str. 5C-13: a, Rm. 8, E wall; b-e, Rm. 8, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 25

b

a Str. 5C-13:Rm. 8, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 26

b

a c Str. 5C-13: a, Rm. 8, W wall; b,c, Rm. 8, E wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 27

Q

d

c

e

b

f

h

i 9 Str. 5C-13:a, Rm. 8, Wjamb; b-e, Rm. 8, E wall;/,g, Rm. 8, Njamb; h, Rm. 10, E wall; i, Rm. 10, S wall;;, Rm. 10, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 28

b a

c

d

e

f

9 Str. 5C-13: a,b, Rm. 10, W wall; c,d> Rm. 11, N wall; e, Rm. 13, S wall; /,g, Rm. 13, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 29

o

b

C

Str. 5C-13: a, Rm. 13, W wall. Str. 5C-49: b,c, Rm.l, E wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 30

d

a

c

b

e

h

i

i

k

I

m

9

f

n

O

Str. 5D-l-lst: a, Rm. 1, W wall; b, Rm. 1, E wall; c,d, Rm. 1, W wall; ey Rm. 2, S jamb;/, Rm. 3, E wall; g-m, Rm. 2, entry floor (see Fig. lOla); n,o, Rm. 1, E wall. Incised. (Red handprints omitted; see Fig. 104a.) (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 31

a

b

d

C

Str. 5D-2-lst: atb, Rm. 1, E wall; c,d, Rm. 1, S wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 32

a

b Str. 5D-2-lst:Rm. 1, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 33

b a

c

f e

d Str. 5D-2-lst: a,b, Rm. 2, S jamb; c, Rm. 2, E wall; d, Rm. 2, S wall; e,f, Rm. 2, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 34

Str. 5D-2-lst:Rm. 2, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 35

Sir, 5D-2-lst:Rm. 2, W wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 36

a

C

b

Str. 5D-2-lst: a, Rm. 2, N wall; b, Rm. 2, E wall; c, Rm. 2, N jamb. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 37

Str. 5D-2-lst:Rm. 2, N jamb. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 38

a

b Str. 5D-2-lst:Rm. 3, S jamb. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 39

b

a

C

d

Str. 5D-2-lst: a-c, Rm. 3, S jamb; d, Rm. 3, E wall. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 40

Q

C

b

d

Str. 5D-2-lst: a,b, Rm. 3, E wall; c, roofcomb, Chm. 2. Str. 5D-3: d, roofcomb chamber. Incised. (Scale 1:8)

FIGURE 41

a

b

d

c

h

e

i

i

m

n

f

9

I

k

o

r

s

P

t

v

u

q

w

X

y

z

aa

Str. 5D-20-lst: a-f, Rm. 1, N wall; g,h, Rm. 2, Wjamb; i-m, Rm. 2, N wall. Str. 5D-23-lst: n, Rm. 2, floor; o, Rm. 3, Njamb;p, Rm. 1, W wall. Str. 5D-25-lst: