The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier 9780226330303

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THE FORGOTTEN FRONTIER

PUBLICATIONS OF THE CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES, NUMBER

10

William R. Polk, General Editor

Publications of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies 1. Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century Edited by William R. Polk and Richard L. Chambers 2. The Mosque in Early Ottoman Architecture By Aptullah Kuran 3. Economic Development and Regional Cooperation: Kuwait By Ragaei El Mallakh 4. Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt By Gabriel Baer 5. Conflicts and Tensions in Islamic Jurisprudence By Noel J. Coulson 6. The Modern Arabic Literary Language By Jaroslav Stetkevych 7. Iran: Economic Development under Dualistic Conditions By Jahangir Amuzegar and M. Ali Fekrat 8. The Economic History of Iran, 180(}-1914 By Charles Issawi 9. The Sense of Unity: The Sufi Tradition in Persian Architecture By Nader Ardalan and Laleh Bakhtiar 10. The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier By Andrew C. Hess

THE FORGOTTEN FRONTIER A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier

ANDREW C. HESS

The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO AND LONDON

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1978 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1978 Paperback edition 2010 Printed in the United States of America 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

23456

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-33028-0 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-33031-0 (paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-33028-1 (cloth) ISBN-10: 0-226-33031-1 (paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hess, Andrew C The forgotten frontier. (Publications of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies) Bibliography : p. Includes index. 1. Africa, North—Relations (general) with Spain. 2. Spain—Relations (general) with North Africa. 3. Africa, North— History—1517–1882. 4. Spain—History—House of Austria, 1516–1700. 5. Western Mediterranean—History. I. Title. II. Series: Chicago. University. Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Publications. DT197.5.S7H47 301.29’46’062 77–25517 ISBN 0-226-33028-1 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.

To Sue

CONTENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Note on Transliteration The Ibero-African Frontier A Military Revolution North Africa and the Atlantic Islam Resurgent The Clash of Empires North Africa in Revolt Islam Expelled Once again the East The Forgotten Frontier The Mediterranean Divided Abbreviations Note on Unpublished Sources Notes Glossary Bibliographical Essay Index

ix Xl X111

1 11

26 45

71 100

127 156 187 207 213

215 217 253 257 267

vii

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1. Portuguese and Spanish expanSIOn into North Africa, 1415-1510 Fig. 2. Ottoman naval imperialism, 1480-1580 Fig. 3. Spanish plans for the fortification of Bougie, ca. 1543 Fig. 4. The expansion of Mediterranean Islam into West Africa, 1529-91 Fig. 5. Routes followed by Spain's exiles, 14921609 Fig. 6. The city of Algiers, ca. 1560 Fig. 7. A sixteenth-century drawing of Cadiz Fig. 8. Sixteenth-century Cadiz's cathedral and fortress Fig. 9. A sketch of late-sixteenth-century Algiers

202 204

Genealogical table of the Avis dynasty Genealogical table of the House of Castile Genealogical table of the Sacdian dynasty Genealogical table of the Ottoman dynasty

28 35 51 59

40 80 83 117 152 166 168

ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

While writing this frontier history I have become indebted to a large number of scholars and friends. For a work of this complexity it could not have been otherwise. None of them bears any responsibility for what this book contains; yet without their encouragement it would never have come into being. Stanford and Ezel Shaw joined Hikmet Sebiiktegin in providing me with the inspiration to study Ottoman history. In Turkey, Professor Necat Goyiin