The Entombment of Christ: French Sculptures of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 0674257758, 9780674257757

Table of contents :
Introduction
CHAPTER I Forerunners
CHAPTER II Earliest Monuments: An Unresolved Problem
CHAPTER III Lorraine
CHAPTER IV Champagne
CHAPTER V Burgundy
CHAPTER VI Central France
CHAPTER VII Southwest France
CHAPTER VIII Normandy
CHAPTER IX Picardy
CHAPTER X French Renaissance
Conclusion
Catalogue
Appendix of Selected Entombment Documents
Selected Bibliography
Index
Illustrations

Citation preview

The Entombment of Christ French Sculptures of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

The Entombment of Christ French Sculptures of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

William H. Forsyth

Published for The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts

1970

© Copyright 1970 by William H. Forsyth All rights reserved Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press, London Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 70-99523 SBN 674-25775-8 Printed in the United States of America Book design by David Ford

To my wife, Agnes Mitchell Forsyth

Preface The Entombment of Christ, as it is usually represented in French monumental sculpture of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, shows the burial of Christ in a sarcophagus by Joseph and Nicodemus, and in the presence of the Virgin, St. J o h n , and the Holy Women. In this book these Entombments have been studied on a regional basis. Where feasible they have been grouped together province by province. In some instances it has seemed better to study them in larger areas, notably for Central and Southwest France. In still other cases they are too scattered to warrant separate treatment. They have then been sometimes noted in the text in a discussion of comparable monuments. However, regardless of whether or not a monument is mentioned in the text, it is listed in the catalogue of this book. Entombments on the calvaries of Brittany are plentiful enough, but too small and isolated to be significant in the development of monumental groups; in general, small-scale Entombments have been discussed only when related to large ones. Since Entombments did not end with the Gothic period, those of the Renaissance have also been included, most of them in a separate chapter. So far as possible the monuments have been studied in chronological order, although often their chronology and dating are still uncertain. Some scholars tend toward earlier datings than given here. Generally speaking, monuments of related subject have usually been omitted unless they throw some light on the Entombment groups themselves. Those omitted include figures of the Deposition of Christ from the cross, of the Lamentation over his body at the foot of the cross, or of his body in the lap of his mother (usually called a Pietà), or laid alone in the tomb. H a d there been space, however, Entombments could have been compared to a number of these and other sculptural subjects. For instance, the body of Christ sometimes resembles the effigies of the dead on contemporary secular tombs. A comparison of Entombments and Pietàs, used both as funerary monuments and as images of devotion, would also provide many parallels. These will be traced in a later study that I shall make of the French Pietà. T h e photographs are arranged by chapter and grouped to illustrate comparisons made in the text. Over half of them were made by La Photothèque of Paris especially for the book. The sources of all of them are acknowledged elsewhere. Good photographs of Entombments are difficult to make because

VII

Preface of the usual location of the monuments in cramped, poorly lit quarters. In selecting illustrations, clarity and sharpness were sought above all, since photographs primarily evocative of mood and suggestive of sculptural form often sacrifice details which are significant in such a comparative study as this. The text is followed by a catalogue, an appendix of documents, and a selective bibliography. T h e catalogue gives a brief description, with a few bibliographical references, of all the monuments I have been able to find. The catalogue is offered as a convenience to students, and not as a corpus. Specialists in each region will be able to add other examples, but the 290 or more here noted seem sufficiently numerous to support the general arguments and conclusions of the book. M a n y Entombments have disappeared in wars and revolutions and the refurbishing of churches, but missing ones when identified have been included. There are numerous existing fragments of sculpture that have been attributed to lost monuments, but reference to such scattered sculptures has generally been omitted unless clear evidence exists that they once formed part of an Entombment. M a n y monuments have been restored or repainted, and most have been moved out of their original setting; they are listed according to their present location, while their place of origin is also given when it is known. Monuments not discussed in the text are starred. French place names are spelled as they were listed in the Dictionnaire national des communes de France, eighteenth edition (Paris, 1965). Entombments are listed as Monuments Historiques ( Μ Η ) only when there is insufficient bibliography; actually many others have been so classified. Translations of foreign texts have been made by the author unless otherwise indicated. M a n y colleagues have been of great assistance, only a few of whom can be acknowledged here. I owe a deep and lasting debt to the late Albert Mathias Friend, J r . , Marquand Professor of Art and Archaeology at Princeton University and Director of Studies of the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection of Harvard University, who as teacher and friend first aroused my interest in medieval sculpture. Among colleagues at the Louvre, I am particularly indebted to Pierre Pradel, Conservateur-en-Chef of the department of sculpture, whose suggestions of central French influence upon southwestern France, contained in his Michel Colombe: Le dernier imagier gothique, have been confirmed by this study in many instances; and to Francis Salet, Conservateur-en-Chef of the Cluny Museum, whose wide knowledge of French sculpture is well known; to Pierre Verlet, Conservateuren-Chef of the department of objets d'art, and to Hubert Landais, now Inspecteur Général of the Musées Nationaux of France, who helped eliminate many difficulties. A large part of the documentation was gathered at the Service des Monuments Historiques in Paris, where Jacques Dupont, Inspecteur Général, generously made available the rich archives of the mobiliers classés, including the two photographic files presided over by Mile Roseline Maître-Devallon,

viii

Preface chargée de la documentation des Objets Mobiliers, and by Mlle Jeanne Vinsot, Chef du Service d'Archives Photographiques. To them and to others of the Monuments Historiques, including M. Taralon, Inspecteur principal, and M M . Costa, Eschapasse, Esterle, and Feray, and to the staff of the Services Commerciaux, many thanks are due. Only a token listing of many French regional specialists can be given, but to all of them go my deep thanks. For Lorraine, M. l'abbé Jacques Choux, Conservateur at the Musée Historique Lorrain in Nancy, who helped procure regional photographs; Professor Paul Maré, also of Nancy, who has written on the Entombments of Lorraine; René Cazin, Conservateur of antiquities of the Meuse, at Verdun; and Professor J . A. Schmoll gen. Eisenwerth, of the Kunstgeschichtliches Institut of the Technische Hochschule, Munich. For Alsace, Victor Beyer, Conservateur of the museums of Strasbourg. For Burgundy, M. and Mme Pierre Quarré, respectively Conservateur of the Musée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon, and former Associate Librarian in the Bibliothèque Municipale. For Champagne, René Gandilhon, Archiviste-en-Chef of the department of the Marne at Châlons-sur-Marne, and Marguerite Dubuisson, Conservatrice of the Museums of Troyes. For the southwest, Professor Paul Roudié of the University of Bordeaux who has been exceedingly helpful and kind; Mathieu Méras, Archiviste-en-Chef of the department of the Tarn et Garonne at Rodez; Louis Balsan, Conservateur of antiquities of the department of the Aveyron, who generously gave many of his own photographs for study; Prof. Jacques Bousquet, of the University of Montpellier, and Solange Granet, Anne Prache, and Léon Pressouyre, all of Paris; Marie-Madeleine Gauthier of Paris, formerly Director of the Municipal Library, Limoges; J e a n Secret, Professeur of the University of Périgueux; and Henri Polge, Archiviste-en-Chef of the Gers and Conservateur of the Musée d'art et d'archéologie, Auch. Among German scholars, Theodor Müller, former Director of the Bavarian National Museum in Munich, and Werner Noack, former Director, and Ingebord Schroth, both of the Augustiner Museum, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, should be warmly thanked. I am grateful to my colleagues at the Metropolitan Museum, especially to Vera K. Ostoia who worked many late hours in helping me to prepare the manuscript for the press. None of these scholars, of course, is responsible for my conclusions, with all of which they may not agree. Grateful acknowledgment goes first of all to the Board of Trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of Art which made possible the necessary research both here and abroad and the publication of this book, and to the Bollingen Foundation which also generously aided the book's publication. Acknowledgement is due also to two former editors of publications for the Museum, particularly Marshall B. Davidson, who furthered the preparation of the book in many ways, and to Gray Williams, J r . I also want to record my gratitude to the Harvard University Press, in particular to Mrs. W. M. Frohock for her painstaking and sympathetic editing and to Mr. David Ford for his creative ideas in the design of the book. Especial thanks are due to two previous Directors, the late Francis Henry

IX

Preface Taylor, who offered encouragement to undertake the work, and the late James J . Rorimer, who, first as Curator of the Department of Medieval Art and then as Director, made this book possible. Thanks are also due to the present administration, in particular to the Director, Thomas P. F. Hoving, and to the Vice-Director for Administration, Joseph V. Noble. William H. Forsyth Curator of Medieval Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, 1970

Contents Introduction

ι

CHAPTER I

Forerunners

5

CHAPTER II

Earliest Monuments: A n

CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X

Unresolved Problem

22

Lorraine

32

Champagne

50

Burgundy

62

Central France

84

Southwest France

102

Normandy

128

Picardy

132

French Renaissance

138

Conclusion

164

Catalogue

171

Appendix of Selected Entombment Documents

igi

Selected Bibliography

203

Index Illustrations (following page 216)

211

XI

Illustrations

EARLIEST MONUMENTS

FORERUNNERS: HOLY GRAVES ι

Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Cathedral, Holy Grave. Courtesy Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg i. Br., with permission of the Generalvikar.

2

Courtesy Foto Marburg, Marburg. 3 a,b,c Strasbourg, Oeuvre Notre-Dame, tomb guardians from a Holy Grave in the Cathedral (front side). Courtesy Victor Beyer.

5

15

Haguenau, church, Holy Grave, from Strasbourg, Saint Stephen. Courtesy Foto Marburg.

6

Strasbourg, Cathedral, tomb of Bishop Conrad of Lichtenberg, d. 1299. Courtesy Foto Marburg.

7

Vieux-Thann, church, Holy Grave.

19

Vieux-Thann, Holy Grave, an angel and a Holy Woman. La Photothèque.

9

Vieux-Thann, Holy Grave, the Magdalen. La Photothèque

10

Vieux-Thann, Holy Grave, another Holy Woman and angel. La Photothèque.

11

Berlin-Dahlem, Staatliche Museen, Kupferstichkabinett, drawing of a Rhenish Holy Grave, Inv. no. 776. Courtesy the Staatliche Museen, supplied by the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

12

13

Langres, convent of the Annunciads, Christ, from a lost monument in a chapel of the cloisters at Langres Cathedral. Courtesy Monuments Historiques, Paris. Dijon, Musée Archéologique, torso of Christ, from a calvary group in the convent of Saint-Bénigne, Dijon.

Courtesy Walters Art Gallery. 29

Neufchâteau, Nicodemus.

30

Neufchâteau, the Virgin and St. John.

La Photothèque. La Photothèque. 31 (above). Domjulien, church, chapel north aisle, originally from another chapel. La Photothèque. (below). aisle.

21 22

Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Institut der Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. Charmes, church, chapel, from another chapel of the church. La Photothèque.

33

Bayon, church, baptismal chapel, from the chapel of the hospital.

34

Domjulien, the Magdalen.

Courtesy Mlle Françoise Baudson.

35

Bayon, the Magdalen.

Bourg-en-Bresse, Musée de ΓΑίη, the Magdalen.

36

Domjulien, Joseph.

37

Charmes, Joseph.

38

Domjulien, the Virgin and St. John.

Courtesy Mlle Françoise Baudson.

39

Charmes, the Virgin and St. John.

LORRAINE

40

Bayon, the Virgin and St. John.

Bourg-en-Bresse, Monastery of Brou, Musée de ΓΑίη, from the former Franciscan church, Bourg-en-Bresse.

La Photothèque

La Photothèque.

Bourg-en-Bresse, Musée de l'Ain, Christ.

La Photothèque.

Courtesy Mlle Françoise Baudson. 23

La Photothèque.

Bourg-en-Bresse, Musée de l'Ain, the Virgin.

La Photothèque.

Courtesy Mlle Françoise Baudson. 24

Domjulien, church, chapel north

32

Courtesy Mlle Françoise Baudson (photo Correard).

Bourg-en-Bresse, Musée de l'Ain, female head.

La Photothèque. La Photothèque.

Karlsruhe, Badisches Landesmuseum, portable Holy Grave, from Cistercian convent of Lichtental.

La Photothèque.

Courtesy Foto Badisches Landesmuseum.

25

Neufchâteau, Saint-Nicolas, chapel.

Dijon, Musée des Beaux-Arts, part of a retable by Jacques de Baerze, 1393, from Champmol.

26

Neufchâteau, the Magdalen and a tomb guardian.

Courtesy Foto Marburg.

Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, female head.

Courtesy Pierre Quarré. 20

La Photothèque, Paris. 8

Fribourg, Cathedral (Switzerland), chapel. Benedik Rast, Fribourg).

Niederhaslach, Saint-Florian, Holy Grave. Courtesy Foto Marburg.

Pont-à-Mousson, the Virgin, St. John, a Holy Woman, and an angel.

Courtesy Prof. Alfred A. Schmid (photo 18

28

Pont-à-Mousson, an angel and two Holy Women.

La Photothèque. 17

Paris, the Louvre, female head. La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 16

27

Pont-à-Mousson, Saint-Martin. La Photothèque.

Strasbourg, Oeuvre Notre-Dame, the Christ from a Holy Grave in the Cathedral.

4

14

41

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque.

Domjulien, Nicodemus. La Photothèque.

42

Charmes, Nicodemus. La Photothèque.

Xlll

Illustrations 43

B a y o n , left half.

62

Courtesy Y a n , T o u l o u s e . 44

Bulgnéville, church, chapel (before cleaning). La Photothèque.

45

46

L a Photothèque. 63

Saint-Phal, frontal of main altar, from a local priory.

Courtesy M a i m p o n t e .

La Photothèque.

Bulgnéville, the M a g d a l e n .

64

65

E p i n a l , M u s é e d é p a r t e m e n t a l , the M a g d a l e n , from a lost m o n u m e n t at Vézelise. Studio Marcel, Vittel.

49

Epinal, M u s é e d é p a r t e m e n t a l , the M a g d a l e n , from a lost m o n u m e n t at Chaumousey. Courtesy Kunsthistorisches Institut der Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.

50

P o n t - S a i n t - V i n c e n t , c h u r c h , from a lost m o n u m e n t in a chapel of the church, kneeling angels.

66

P o n t - S a i n t - V i n c e n t , chapel, from a lost m o n u m e n t in a chapel of the H o l y Sepulcher, angels w i t h c o l u m n and w i t h cross.

67

Epinal, S a i n t - M a u r i c e , chapel.

53

Epinal, Saint-Maurice.

54

S a i n t - A v o i d , S a i n t - N a b o r , chapel.

69

B a y e l , c h u r c h , Pietà. C o u r t e s y S t u d i o G o d i n , Troyes.

70

71

72

73

C h a o u r c e , Joseph.

74

V i l l e n e u v e - l ' A r c h e v ê q u e , Joseph.

75

Villeneuve-l'Archevêque, a Holy Woman.

76

ViIIeneuve-ΓArchevêque, a second H o l y Woman.

L a Photothèque.

Troyes, Saint-Jean, Pietà, u n d e r altar of c h a p e l , north transept.

78

N e w Y o r k , T h e Cloisters, a H o l y W o m a n , said to have been e m b e d d e d in a wall at Chartres, A c c . no. 25.120.269. C o u r t e s y the M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t .

79

80

Fontenilles, chapel, m a d e b y J e a n M i c h e l and Georges de la Sonnette, 1453-1454. Courtesy M o n u m e n t s Historiques. 89

Tonnerre, Joseph.

go

T o n n e r r e , Nicodemus.

91

Tonnerre, t w o H o l y W o m e n .

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 92

Tonnerre, the V i r g i n and St. J o h n .

93

D i j o n , S a i n t - M i c h e l , c h a p e l of south aisle, from the former D o m i n i c a n church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste.

94

D i j o n , hospital, former chapel of the H o l y Cross of Jerusalem.

95

D i j o n , hospital, right half (after cleaning).

La Photothèque.

L a Photothèque.

L a Photothèque.

Courtesy Maimponte. 96

D i j o n , hospital, end wall of chapel in its architectural setting (before cleaning). T h e area below the niche is not shown here.

97

D i j o n , hospital, the M a g d a l e n .

98

D i j o n , M u s é e A r c h é o l o g i q u e , the N a t i v i t y

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque.

N e w Y o r k , T h e Cloisters, a second H o l y W o m a n , A c c . no. 25.120.268.

in high relief, said to have come, in 1838,

Courtesy the M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t .

Courtesy Pierre Q u a r r é .

Puiseaux, N o t r e - D a m e , chapel of the Sepulcher.

from a former monastery in Dijon, no. 1329. 99

81

C h a m p c e n e s t , c h u r c h , Pietà.

82

Paris, the C l u n y M u s e u m , the V i r g i n ,

A n d r é e Aussoleil, Lons-le-Saunier. 100

Dole, M u s é e A r c h é o l o g i q u e , Collège de l'Arc, from a chapel at Froidefontaine, left half.

ιοί

Dole, M u s é e A r c h é o l o g i q u e , right half.

102

Courtesy M o n u m e n t s Historiques.

L a Photothèque,

Inv. no. 19008. Courtesy Francis Salet ( R é u n i o n des M u s é e s N a t i o n a u x , Versailles).

CHAMPAGNE 61

L ' E p i n e , N o t r e - D a m e de l'Epine, chapel in

L a Photothèque.

83

N e w Y o r k , T h e Cloisters, a H o l y W o m a n , A c c . no. 4 0 . 1 4 7 . ι . Courtesy the M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of Art.

Semur-en-Auxois, N o t r e - D a m e , chapel, from the former priory church of the C a r m e l i t e s (before cleaning).

84

Gisors, Saint-Gervais and Saint-Protais,

La Photothèque.

a m b u l a t o r y , from the Franciscan c h u r c h , Châlons-sur-Marne. L a Photothèque.

Lons-le-Saunier, Saint-Désiré, south choir, set over altar.

L a Photothèque.

from the Liebfrauenkirche. Courtesy L u d w i g Richter.

Courtesy Pierre Q u a r r é .

L a Photothèque.

Trier ( G e r m a n y ) , Saint-Gangolf.

M a i n z ( G e r m a n y ) , C a t h e d r a l , chapel

Tonnerre, Hospital of N o t r e - D a m e des

L a Photothèque. 77

C o u r t e s y L a n d e s m u s e u m , Trier. 60

88

La Photothèque.

C o u r t e s y Kunsthistorisches Institut der

59

Bessey-les-Cîteaux, c h u r c h , part of a relief set in the wall behind the altar, C l a u s de W e r v e , 1430.

L a Photothèque.

V a r a n g é v i l l e , two H o l y W o m e n . Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.

BURGUNDY 87

V i l l e n e u v e - l ' A r c h e v ê q u e , church, from the former a b b e y c h u r c h of V a u l u i s a n t . L a Photothèque.

V a r a n g é v i l l e , c h u r c h , chapel in north side aisle. La Photothèque.

58

C o u r t e s y J a c q u e s Esterle (photo Bignon).

C h a o u r c e , t o m b guardians. C o u r t e s y M o n u m e n t s Historiques.

La Photothèque. 57

C h a o u r c e , donors of m o n u m e n t . La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. N o m e n y , N o t r e - D a m e - l a - G r a n d e , south side.

Courtesy J a c q u e s Esterle ( p h o t o Bignon).

Courtesy Franceschi, Paris.

L a Photothèque.

56

Gisors, the M a g d a l e n .

C h a o u r c e , three H o l y W o m e n .

C h a o u r c e , head of a H o l y W o m a n .

Courtesy Y a n .

M o n t h u r e u x - s u r - S a ô n e , c h u r c h (after cleaning).

Troyes, c h u r c h of the M a d e l e i n e , St. M a r t h a .

68

La Photothèque.

55

86

La Photothèque.

Robert Henry. 52

Gisors, the V i r g i n .

C h a o u r c e , Saint-Jean-Baptiste, chapel.

Courtesy S t u d i o B. B r u n o n , Troyes.

Robert Henry, Pont-Saint-Vincent. 51

85

L a Photothèque.

C o u r t e s y J a c q u e s Esterle and M a i m p o n t e . 48

Courtesy J a c q u e s Esterle (photo F. Bignon, Gisors).

La Photothèque.

C o u r t e s y J a c q u e s Esterle and M a i m p o n t e . 47

Troyes, Saint-Nizier, chapel.

Bulgnéville (after cleaning).

Bulgnéville, left h a l f (after cleaning).

St. J o h n , from a lost m o n u m e n t , once housed in an enfeu in the south wall of the chancel.

L ' E p i n e , the V i r g i n and St. J o h n .

XIV

Illustrations 103

104

Paris, the Louvre, an angel, from Semur, Inv. R . F . 1625.

123

Courtesy Pierre Pradel and Mile Michèle Beaulieu.

124

Paris, the Louvre, the tomb of Philippe Pot, d. 1493, from the abbey church of Cîteaux attributed to Antoine Le Moiturier. Semur, the Virgin, St. J o h n , and a Holy Woman (after cleaning). Courtesy Maimponte.

106

Semur, right half (after cleaning). Courtesy Maimponte.

107

Malesherbes, Saint-Martin, north aisle, from the chapel of the former convent of the Cordeliers nearby. Malesherbes, left half (after cleaning).

109

Avignon, Saint-Pierre, lateral nave, from the Galéans chapel, greatly restored.

125

110

Solesmes, Joseph and Nicodemus.

127

Solesmes, shroud-bearer at Christ's feet.

CENTRAL FRANCE 111

Souvigny, Saint-Pierre and Saint-Paul, chapel, relief, partly restored. L a Photothèque.

112 113

Moulins, Museum, female head.

130

Jouarre, church of Saint-Pierre and Saint-Paul, from the chapel of the Holy Sepulcher in the former Benedictine abbey church, probably by Guillaume and J e a n Regnault, workshop of Michel Colombe. L a Photothèque.

L a Photothèque.

131

L a Photothèque. Nantes, Cathedral, St. Louis, from the tomb of Francis II.

133

Jouarre, head of Christ.

Moulins, Joseph. Moulins, the Virgin and St. J o h n .

135

Moulins, a Holy Woman. Nevers, Cathedral, crypt, probably once in a niche.

152

Rodez, Cathedral, architectural setting of monument.

153

Rodez, Cathedral, St. J o h n and Joseph.

154

Rodez, Cathedral, the Magdalen and Nicodemus.

155

Rodez, Cathedral, a Holy Woman.

156

Château of Roquelaure, chapel.

157

Ceignac, Notre-Dame, chapel of NotreDame de Pitié, given by Pierre Banes, prior of Ceignac.

158

Carennac, church, formerly a Benedictine priory, from the chapel of the Sepulcher in cloisters.

159

Reygades, cemetery chapel (after cleaning and much restoration).

160

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, from the chapel of the château of Biron, right transept. T h e niche is a cast of the original enfeu, Acc. no. 16.31.2. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

161

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Biron, a close-up.

L a Photothèque.

Château de la Bourgonnière, chapel, head

L a Photothèque. Courtesy Hélène Adant.

Salers, church, chapel, given by Géraud Vitalis, ca. 1495-1498.

L a Photothèque.

Salers, left half.

L a Photothèque.

Salers, the Magdalen. L a Photothèque.

138

139

Limoges, Cathedral, top of niche once housing a lost monument. Courtesy Franceschi

L a Photothèque.

Salers, tomb guardian.

L a Photothèque.

L a Photothèque.

120

Solesmes, abbey church of Saint-Pierre and Saint-Paul, architectural setting. Courtesy Monuments Historiques

140

Toulouse, Musée des Augustins, from the cathedral, chapel of the sepulcher. Courtesy Monuments Historiques.

121

Solesmes, close-up.

141

L a Photothèque.

Toulouse, Musée des Augustins, shroudbearer.

Solesmes, David.

La Photothèque.

Courtesy Foto Marburg.

Rodez, Cathedral, chapel of Notre-Dame des Sept-Douleurs, given by Canon R o u x in 1523.

Courtesy Bernard Biraben, Bordeaux.

La Photothèque.

122

Courtesy Foto Marburg. 151

Courtesy Hélène Adant.

Monestiès-sur-Cérou, chapel, head of Christ.

L a Photothèque.

137a.

142

Albi, Cathedral, J a c o b , on the exterior of the choir screen.

L a Photothèque.

SOUTHWEST FRANCE

137

Albi, Cathedral, St. J a m e s the Less, on the interior of the choir screen. Courtesy Yan.

150

L a Photothèque,

L a Photothèque. 119

149

of Christ above altar of Saint-Sauveur.

136

Monestiès-sur-Cérou, Nicodemus. Courtesy Hélène Adant.

Courtesy Hélène Adant, Paris.

L a Photothèque. 118

148

L a Phototèque. 134

Monestiès-sur-Cérou, a disciple of Christ. Courtesy Hélène Adant.

La Photothèque.

Courtesy Franceschi. 117

147

Nantes, Cathedral, figure of Force from the tomb of Francis II, duke of Brittany, originally in the Carmelite church, Nantes, by Michel Colombe, 1 5 0 2 - 1 5 0 7 .

132

Monestiès-sur-Cérou, right side. Courtesy Franceschi.

Solesmes, church, St. Peter.

La Photothèque. 116

Courtesy Franceschi.

Moulins, Cathedral, chapel in choir, from the crypt of the cathedral. Moulins, a Holy Woman and the Magdalen.

Monestiès-sur-Cérou, left side.

146

129

L a Photothèque. 115

145

Solesmes, guardian on the right side. L a Photothèque.

L a Photothèque. 114

Monestiès-sur-Cérou, chapel of SaintJacques, from the chapel of the château of Combefa, made for Louis d'Amboise, bishop of Albi (1474-1503). L a Photothèque.

L a Photothèque.

Souvigny, the Magdalen, nose restored. L a Photothèque.

Courtesy Saltel. 144

La Photothèque.

128

Toulouse, Musée des Augustins, the Magdalen. From a Calvary.

Solesmes, two Holy Women.

126

Arles, Saint-Trophime, chapel, said to come from chapel of the Holy Sepulcher in former Dominican church, Aries. L a Photothèque.

143

L a Photothèque.

Courtesy Maimponte.

L a Photothèque.

Courtesy Saltel, Toulouse.

Solesmes, the Virgin and St. J o h n . L a Photothèque.

L a Photothèque. 108

From a Calvary.

L a Photothèque.

Courtesy Foto Marburg. 105

Solesmes, the Magdalen.

Toulouse, Musée des Augustins, St. J o h n .

XV

Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Illustrations 162

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a Pietà from the main altar in the chapel of the château of Biron, Acc. no. 16.31.1. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

163

181

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, flying angels from Biron. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

164

180

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, angel at right end with coats of arms on collar, from Biron.

166

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the head of Nicodemus from Biron. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Paris, the Louvre, the head of the statue of St. Peter from the chapel of the château of Charnelle, attributed to Jean de Chartres, 1500-1503, Inv. R.F. 1159. La Photothèque.

167

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Joseph from Biron.

169

201

Binche, the Magdalen.

Copyright A C L , Brussels.

Auch, Cathedral, Chapelle du Montesquiou in ambulatory of choir, in architectural setting.

202

Courtesy Monuments Historiques.

203

La Photothèque.

185

Copyright A C L , Brussels.

Narbonne, Cathedral, chapel said to have come from the cathedral cloister.

204 205

188

Jaligny, church, Pietà, head of the Virgin.

Belpech, church, chapel, cipher on shield above niche may be that of the donor, a member of the de Claverie family. Courtesy Georges Canal.

206

Amiens, Saint-Germain-l'Ecossais, close-up.

207

Joigny, Saint-Jean, from Folleville.

208

Folleville, church, enfeu for monument now at Joigny.

209

Joigny, the Magdalen.

210

Nantes, Cathedral, Prudence.

211

Nantes, Prudence (detail).

212

Joigny, Joseph.

La Photothèque, La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 171

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, head of the Virgin from the Biron Pietà. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

172

189

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, head of the Virgin from the Biron Entombment. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

173

NORMANDY

Albi, Cathedral, an angel from the inside of the choir screen. Carcenac, church, Pietà, from the church of the Cordeliers, Rodez. La Photothèque.

175

176

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, St. John from the Biron Entombment. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, head of Christ from the Biron Entombment. Carcenac, Pietà, heads of Christ and St. John. La Photothèque.

178

191

La Photothèque.

Verneuil-sur-Avre, Nicodemus.

FRENCH RENAISSANCE

Verneuil-sur-Avre, two Holy Women.

213

Bologna (Italy), Santa Maria della Vita, by Niccolò dell'Arca.

214

Moncalieri (Italy), Santa Maria della Scala.

La Photothèque. 192

Courtesy Alinari.

Louviers, Notre-Dame, chapel. La Photothèque.

193

Louviers, The Virgin, St. John, and a Holy Woman.

194

Eu, Saint-Laurent, chapel.

195

Eu, the Virgin and St. John.

196

Nevers, Cathedral, the Virgin and St. John.

197

Rouen, Musée départemental des Antiquités, a Holy Woman. Courtesy Mlle Elisabeth Chirol (photo Ellebe).

La Photothèque.

Courtesy Istituto italiano d'Arti Grafiche, Bergamo. 215

Modena (Italy), San Giovanni, by Guido Mazzoni.

216

Montdidier, Saint-Pierre, chapel.

217

Doullens, Notre-Dame, chapel.

218

Doullens, left end.

219

Poitiers, Notre-Dame-la-Grande, from the abbey of la Trinité.

La Photothèque.

Courtesy Alinari.

La Photothèque. La Photothèque.

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, head and shoulders of the Magdalen from the Biron Entombment. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

179

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque.

Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 177

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 190

Courtesy the Monuments Historiques. 174

Verneuil-sur-Avre, la Madeleine, south transept, from a local Franciscan monastery next to the château.

198

Carcenac, Pietà, head and shoulders of the Magdalen. Courtesy Louis Balsan, Rodez.

XVI

Amiens, Saint-Germain-rEcossais, chapel, architectural setting. Durand, "Saint-Germain," following p. 195 (heliogravure P. Dujardin).

Narbonne, the Magdalen. Moissac, Saint-Pierre, former abbey church, from the former funerary chapel of the abbots; coats of arms of the donor, the Abbot Antoine de Carmaing (1485-1503). La Photothèque.

Saint-Omer, Notre-Dame. La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 187

Soignies (Belgium), Saint-Vincent, chapel. Copyright A C L , Brussels.

La Photothèque. 186

Mainvault (Belgium), church. Copyright A C L , Brussels.

Auch, Cathedral, close-up. La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 170

Binche, the Virgin and St. John.

183

New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Magdalen from Biron. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Montluçon, Saint-Pierre, Pietà.

200

Bordeaux, left end of monument.

184

Binche (Belgium), cemetery chapel, a Holy Woman. Copyright A C L (Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistique), Brussels.

182

Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 168

Bordeaux, Maison de la Miséricorde, chapel, former convent of the Annunciads, above an altar.

PICARDY 199

Puytorac, Bordeaux.

Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 165

Toulouse, Musée des Augustins, a Holy Woman from Maurens-Scopont. Courtesy Sal tel.

Rouen, Musée départemental des Antiquités, another Holy Woman. Courtesy Mile Elisabeth Chirol (photo Ellebe).

Courtesy Monuments Historiques. La Photothèque. La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 220

Poitiers, Christ (after cleaning). Courtesy Maimponte.

Illustrations 221

C h â t e a u of L a T r e y n e , Pinsac (Lot),

239

chapel, from the priory of M o n t g é . C o u r t e s y R o b e r t Santiard. 222

Verteuil, c h u r c h , from the chapel of the château. Courtesy A . Gilbert, J a r n a c .

223

Verteuil, Christ. L a Photothèque.

224

Paris, the L o u v r e , Christ, by G e r m a i n Pilon's workshop.

Saint-Denis, a b b e y church, H e n r i II, b y

240

226

242

228

Verteuil, St. J o h n .

L a Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 229

Verteuil, a H o l y W o m a n . L a Photothèque.

230

Verteuil, the V i r g i n . La Photothèque.

231

Paris, the L o u v r e , the V i r g i n , detail of a Pietà, terra-cotta model for original in Valois chapel at Saint-Denis, now in c h u r c h , Saint-Jean-Saint-François, Paris, by G e r m a i n Pilon.

243

244

245

246

233

M é r u , S a i n t - L u c i e n , from former sepulchral c h a p e l of Ferry d ' H u m o n t .

Bourges, C a t h e d r a l , crypt.

A m b o i s e , Saint-Denis-Hors, a b o v e altar.

Pontoise, S a i n t - M a c l o u , chapel.

Pontoise, a H o l y W o m a n .

Courtesy G i r a u d o n .

C h a u m o n t - e n - B a s s i g n y , Saint-JeanBaptiste, chapel, mortuary chapel of Saint-Belin family.

263

La Photothèque.

264

Bologna (Italy), C a t h e d r a l , m o n u m e n t by Alfonso Lombardi.

265

Troyes, M u s é e V a u l u i s a n t , said to h a v e c o m e from la M a d e l e i n e , Troyes.

266

Saint-Mihiel, Saint-Etienne, by Ligier Richier.

267

Part of engraving, school of A n d r e a M a n t e g n a ( H i n d 2a).

C h a u m o n t , head of the M a g d a l e n .

C o u r t e s y Alinari.

L a Photothèque.

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 250

C h a u m o n t , Christ.

251

Châtillon-sur-Seine, Saint-Vorles, from the former Franciscan church, temporarily shown in m u s e u m of C h â t i l l o n .

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 252

Courtesy T h e C l e v e l a n d M u s e u m of A r t , Gift of the Print C l u b of C l e v e l a n d . 268

Saint-Mihiel, the Christ held by Joseph.

269

Bonzée-en-Woevre, Deposition, church.

270

C l e r m o n t - e n - A r g o n n e , chapel of SainteA n n e , St. J o h n , from Saint-Sauveur, Verdun.

271

C l e r m o n t - e n - A r g o n n e , chapel of Sainte-

La Photothèque.

Châtillon-sur-Seine, the M a g d a l e n .

Courtesy M o n u m e n t s Historiques.

La Photothèque. 253

Mussy-sur-Seine, c h u r c h , the M a g d a l e n .

254

Châtillon-sur-Seine, shroud-bearer a t head.

La Photothèque.

Courtesy Franceschi. 255

Joinville, the M a g d a l e n and shroud-bearer (after cleaning). Courtesy Maimponte.

C h a u m o n t , left half.

249

Courtesy M o n u m e n t s Historiques.

A n n e , the M a g d a l e n , from V e r d u n .

Châtillon-sur-Seine, shroud-bearer at foot.

Courtesy M o n u m e n t s Historiques.

C o u r t e s y Franceschi. 256

Châtillon-sur-Seine, one of the donors of monument.

257

Châtillon-sur-Seine, the V i r g i n and St. J o h n .

258

Châtillon-sur-Seine, a H o l y W o m a n .

272

Ray-sur-Saône, c h u r c h (before cleaning). C o u r t e s y M o n u m e n t s Historiques.

273

Courtesy Franceschi.

Aix-en-Provence, la M a d e l e i n e , chapel of the G r e y Penitents. Courtesy Prof. W h i t n e y Stoddard.

La Photothèque.

Paris, the L o u v r e , Pavillon de M a r s a n , a caryatid by J e a n G o u j o n .

Courtesy Maimponte.

La Photothèque.

La Photothèque. 238

and a H o l y W o m a n (after cleaning).

C o u r t e s y Foto M a r b u r g .

C h a u m o n t , head of a H o l y W o m a n .

C o u r t e s y M o n u m e n t s Historiques. 237

La Photothèque.

C a u d e b e c - e n - C a u x , church, chapel, Christ.

248

La Photothèque. 236

Joinville, the V i r g i n supported b y St. J o h n

Les A n d e l y s , church.

C h a u m o n t , right half.

L a Photothèque. 235

262

La Photothèque.

Pontoise, head of Nicodemus.

247

L a Photothèque. 234

Joinville, N o t r e - D a m e , from the former Franciscan convent of Saint-Anne, the V i r g i n , St. J o h n , and a H o l y W o m a n (before cleaning).

La Photothèque.

A g n e t z , church, crypt. La Photothèque.

261

Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, head of Nicodemus.

La Photothèque.

L a Photothèque. 232

R e i m s , S a i n t - R e m i , chapel, the M a g d a l e n .

A u t h o r ' s photo.

La Photothèque. Verteuil, N i c o d e m u s .

260

L a Photothèque.

C o u r t e s y M o n u m e n t s Historiques.

Verteuil, Joseph.

227

R e i m s , S a i n t - R e m i , chapel, from the former church of the T e m p l a r s .

Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, church. C o u r t e s y M o n u m e n t s Historiques.

241

G e r m a i n Pilon (from a cast). C o u r t e s y Giraudon.

259

L a Photothèque.

L a Photothèque. 225

Pontoise, left end.

C o u r t e s y Franceschi.

Map by Samuel H. Bryant

XVII

Entombments by Province or Region BRITTANY Brélévenez Lampaul-Guimiliau Quimper Quimperlé Saint-Caradec Saint-Gilles-Pligeaux Saint-Thégonnec

BURGUNDY Baume-les-Dames Baume-les-Messieurs Beaune Bessey-les-Cîteaux Bourg-en-Bresse Ghâtillon-sur-Seine Dijon Froidefontaine Langres Lons-le-Saunier Montlay Pesmes Petit-Jailly-Touillon Pouilly-en-Auxois Ray-sur- Saône Saint-Seine-P Abbaye Sauvigny-le-Bois Semur-en-Auxois Talant Tonnerre Vesoul

CENTRAL FRANCE Aize Bourges CériLLy Clamecy Dun-sur-Auron Langeron Moulins Nevers Souvigny

CHAMPAGNE Ceffonds Châlons-sur-Marne

LORRAINE

Chaource Chaumont Clermont-en-Argon ne Gudmont Huilliécourt Isle-Aumont Joinville Lirey Loivre Montier-en-Der New York Poissons Puiseaux Reims Rethel Ricey-Bas Rigny-le-Ferron Saint-André-les-Vergers Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval Saint-Dizier Saint-Nicolas-la-Chapelle Saint-Phal Sens Troyes Vauluisant Villeneuve-sur-Yonne

Arc-en-Barrois Bar-le-Duc Bayon Beuveille Bulgnéville Ceffonds Charmes Chaumousey Cons-la-Grandville Contrexéville Domjulien Epinal Fains- les-Sources Génicourt-sur-Meuse Gironcourt-sur-Vraine Gondrecourt-le- Chateau Gondreville Homberg-Haut Laneu veville-devan t- Nancy Longuyon Malaincourt Mognéville Molhain Mon thureux-sur-Saône Neufchâteau New York Nomeny Pont-à-Mousson Pont-Saint-Vincent Puzieux Rehon Rembercourt-aux-Pots Remiremont Rouvres-la-Chétive Sailly-Achatel Saint-Avold Saint-Mihiel Saint-Nicolas- de-Port Trier Varangéville Vézelise Villette Vittel Xivry

ILE-DE-FRANCE Agnetz Clermont-de-1'Oise Essomes-sur-Marne Etampes Guignes Jouarre Limay Malesherbes Marissel-Beauvais Marseille-en-Beau vaisis Méru Montgé Paris Poissy Pontoise Saint-CI air-sur-Epte Saint- Germer-de-Fly Senantes Vil lers-Saint-Sépulcre

LOWER LOIRE Am boise

XIX

Entombments La Chapelle-Rainsouin Le Coudray-Montbault Jarzé Marolles-les-Braults La Roc Solesmes NORMANDY Les Andelys Angiens Aumale Auppegard Bernay Blangy-sur-Bresle Bures-en-Bray Caudebec-en-Gaux Cherbourg Dieppe Eu Gisors Jumièges Louviers Maulevriers Mesnil-sur-l'Estrée Nehou Neufchâteau-en-Bray Nogent-le-Rotrou Ouville-la- Rivière Rouen Saint-Nicolas-de-Pierrepont Saint-Ouen-sous-Bailly Saint-Wandrille Le Trait Verneuil-sur-Avre Veules-les-Roses Yebleron PICARDY Abbeville Airanes Allery Amiens Berck-sur-Mer Berteaucourt-les-Dames Contre Coullens Etelfay

by Province or Region

Folleville Hazebrouck Longpré-les-Corps-Saints Montdidier Montreuil-sur-Mer Oust-Marais Pernes-en-Artois Péronne Quaedypre Saint-Omer Saint-Quentin Sissy Tortefontaine Le Touquet Verchin SAVOY Annecy Avrieux Chambéry Moutiers-Tarentaise SOUTHEAST FRANCE Aix-en-Provence Aries Avignon Gaillac Millery Puget-Theniers Valréas SOUTHWEST FRANCE Agen Aguts Aixe-sur-Vienne Albi Ancizan Anglars Aubazat Auch Belpech Bergerac Billom Biron Bordeaux Cadouin

XX

Carennac Ceignac Chambon-sur-Voueize Ciadoux Clermont-Ferrand Combefa Courpière Eymoutiers Foix Francoulès Gaillac Langeac Lansargues Limoges Maringues Marmande Mauriac Moissac Moniestiès-sur-Cérou Montel-de-Gelat Montesquieu-Volvestre Moutier-d'Ahun Narbonne Périgueux Perpignan Poitiers Prades Pujols Reygades Rieux-Minervois La Rochelle Roquelaure Saint-Céré Saint-Gence Saint-Junien Saint-Urcize Salers Les Salles-Vauguyon Sauvagnas La Selve Thouars Toulouse Trespoux-Rassiels Tulle Verteuil-sur-Charente Vienne

The Entombment of Christ French Sculptures of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

' Distribution of Entombments T h e s e towns are represented with more than one Entombment: Bordeaux - 3 Paris - 2 Bourges - - 2 Poitiers - 2 Chaumont - 2 Si Nicolas - de -Port 2 Dijon 2 St. Omer-2 Epinal — 2 St. Quentin-2 Cimocjes - 4 Talant - 2 Montdidier 2 Thouars - 2 Trojes — 3 Trier - 3

'Boundaries of France in 14-53 'Present boundaries

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