The Egyptian Priests of the Graeco-Roman Period. An Analysis on the Basis of the Egyptian and Graeco-Roman Literary and Paraliterary Sources 9783447114257

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
PREFACE..... ....... .............. ..... .. .. ...... ........ ..................... ....... .... ..... ........ ......... ................... .. .... ......... XI
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........ ... ..... ........... .... ... .... .......... ....... ...... .... ............ ....................... .
1. History of research............ ..... ...... ....................... .. ... .... ........ ... ... .. ........ .. .... ....... ... ... ... .......... ... 2
2. The plan of this book......... ............ ..... ... ... ... ........ ................. ..................... ........ ......... .......... .. 8
PART ONE........... ........... ......... ...... ....... ....................... ................ .... ... ..... ............. ...................... ..... 11
CHAPTER 2: DEMOTIC NARRATIVES............. .. ....... .. .. .. ...... .. ..... .......... ................................... 13
1. The Inaros-Pedubastis cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1. The Fight for the Sinecure of A mun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1.1. The young priest of Horus of Pe in Buto.............................. .......... ..... .. ................ 15
1.1.2. The First Prophet of Amun. .. . .. . . ...... ........ ... ..... ... ... .... .. . .. . . .... .. . . . .. .. . .. . ... ... .. . . . ......... 22
1.1.3. Other priests.... ... ....................................................................... .... ... .. ..... ... .... ..... ... 22
1.2. The Fight for the Armor of Jnaros.. ... . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. ...... ... . . . . ... . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 23
1.2.1. The scribe of the divine book.... ....... ... .. .......... ...... .. ......... .... ................................. 24
1.2.2. The scribe of the House of Life... .. ... .... ..... ........ ..... .. .... ...... ... ................ ... ....... ... ... 25
2. The Story of Pete is is . .. . . . . ... ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . .. ... . . . .. . . .. .......... ... .. .. . ... . .. . . ... . ... . . . . .. ... .... .. . . ... . . . . .. .. . 27
2.1. Frame story. ............... ... ... .. ..... .... ....... .. ............................................. .. ..... ......... ........... .... 28
2.1.1 . Peteisis ... . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . ... . ... . .. .. ... . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . ... . . . ... . . .. . . ... . . . . ... .. . . . ..... .. . . . . .. . . .. . . 28
2.1.2. Hareus.. ........ ...... ...... .... .... ... . . . .. . . .. .. . . ... .. ... ... . . . . ... ... ..... .. ..... .... ... . . .... ... . ... .. . .. . . . ..... .. .. 39
2.1.3. Other priests.. ...... .............. ..... .. .... ... .. .. .... ... .. ..... ... .... .. .... .. ... ................................... 39
2.2. Short stories.............. ............................................ ........ ... .............. ................... ............... 40
3. The Instruction of Ankhsheshonqy....... ................ .......... ... ..... ....... .... ..... ..... ......... ...... ..... .... .... 44
3.1. Ankhsheshonqy ... ............. .. .... ...... .. ..... .. ... .. ....... .......................... .......... ... .............. ....... .. 45
3 .2. Harsiesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3 .3. Other priests . .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . ... .. .. . .. ... .... ... . . . .. . ... ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . 4 7
4. The Setne cycle. .... ............ ....... .... .... .. .................. ..... .... .... ..... ........... .......... .... ...... ... ............... 48
4.1. Setne ... .. ......... ...... .... ...... .... ........... ............ .. ....... .............................. ...... ...... .... ... .... .... .. ... 49
4.2. Naneferkaptah ............. ... ............ .......... ..... .. ...... .......... ..... ....... .... .. ............. .......... ........ ... 55
4.3. The old priest................... ............... ........ .. ........... ........ ... .............. ................................... 59
4.4. Si-Osiris.. .... ... ... .... .. ... ............ ........ ..... ........ ............ ... ..... .. .............. ..... ... .................. ....... 61
4.5. Horus son of Paneshe ... .............. ..... .... .. ...... ..... ... ................ ........ ... .... .. .... .. ..... .... ............ 67
4.6. Other priests . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . ... . . . .. . . .. ......... ... .... .. .. . .. . . . . .. . ....... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . 70
5. Papyrus Vandier .. ······· ······ ························· ···········:·········· ·················· ·············· ······ ·· ·· ······ ········ 71
5.1. Merire .. .. ......... .. .. ..... ...... ... ... ........ ... .... ... .... ..... ............................ ..... ..... ..... .. ... .... ... ..... ..... 72
5.2. The court magicians.... ...... ......... ..... .... ... .... .. .... .......... ...... ... ... .. .............. ... ................. ..... 74
6. Amasis and the skipper....................... ..... ...... ..... ......... ....... .... ... ..... ..... .... ............................... 75
7. The magician Hi ( son of) Hor.......... ... ...... ........... ................ ................. ............... ..... ...... ... ..... 7 5
8. The Saqqara Demotic Papyri........... .......... ....... .... ... ... .. .. ........ ...... ... ...... ..... .................. .. ........ 76
9. The story of Padipep ....... ..... ... ... ......................... ..... ... _. .. ............ .... ... .. .. ..... .... ......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
10. Eine neue demotische Erzahlung..... .. . . . ... . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 79
11 . Narratives from the Tebtunis Temple Library........ .... .... ... ......... ........ .............. .... ....... ..... ... . 80
12. The Life of Jmhotep.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . .. . . .. . ... .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . .. . ... . . ... .. . .. . . . . ... ... . .. . ... .. . . 82
VIII Table of Contents
CHAPTER 3: GRAECO-EGYPTIAN LITERATURE............ ............ ............ ... ........ ........... .......... 85
1. The Greek Alexander Romance: Nectanebo ................... ....................................... ................. 85
2. Manetho and Chaeremon (with a postscript on Horapollo) .... ............................... .. .... ... ........ 91
2.1. Manetho .. .... .. . .. ...... ... ..... ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. ... . ......... ... . . . . ... .. ........ .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. ... . . ... . . .. ........ .. 92
2.2. Chaeremon.................................................. .......................... .................................. ......... 105
2.3. Postscript: Horapollo and the transmission of Chaeremon's Hieroglyphika .................. 113
3. The Hermetica......... ....... ........ .. ................ .......... ..................... ...... ........................... ....... .. ...... 115
3 .1. The Hermetica: texts, chronology, and history ofresearch ... .................................. .... .... 116
3 .2 The technical Hermetica........... ......... ................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3 .2.1. The Graeco-Egyptian magical formularies............. ..... .. ............ ......... .... ....... ... ..... 127
3.2.2. The early alchemical texts...... ....................... ............... ... ......................... .. ........... 132
3.2.2.1. Pseudo-Demokritos' Physika kai mystika .. ....... ..... ................... ... ............ 137
3.2.2.2. Zosimos of Panopolis ........ .............................. .. .................... .... ........... .... 140
3.3. The philosophical Hermetica...... ....................... .......... ........................................ ........ .... 147
3.4. Conclusions............. ........ .. ..... ... ... ..... ................ ........................ .... ...................... ............ 156
CHAPTER 4: GRAECO-ROMAN LITERATURE ........... .......... .. ............ .................... .... .............. 159
1. The ancient novel.... ....... .............. .... .. ....... ................ ........... ............. ........... ............... ............ 159
1.1. The Aithiopika of Heliodoros .. ... .. .. .. .... . .. .. .... .. .. .. .... ......... ... .. .. ...... ... .. .. ... .. ....... .. ......... .... 161
1.1.l Kalasiris .. ....... ......... ..... ..... .. ...... ..................................... ................... ...................... 163
2. Lucian's Philopseudes ... .. .................. ................................ .. ................................................... 180
2.1. Pankrates...................................................... .. ............. ............... .. .......................... ....... ... 181
3. Apuleius' Metamorphoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
3.1. Zatchlas ........................ ..... ...... ... ... ................ .. .. :.............................. ...... .. ... ............... ...... 187
3.2. Priests in Book 11 (the Isis Book)......... .. ..... .. ....... ........ ..... ........ ............................ ......... 194
3.2.1. The priest of Cenchreae, the high priest Mithras,
and the pastophorus Asinius Marcellus............... ..... ........ ............. ......... ....... ........ 195
3.2.2. The priests of the procession and other priestly figures in Book 11.. .... .. .............. 200
4. Thessalos.. ..... .. ... . . .. . . .... .. .. . ...... .. ... ... . .. ... ... . ... .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ..... .. ... . . . ... . . . . .. .. .. . . . ... . . ... ... . .. . ... . . . 204
5. Hamuphis and the "miraculous rain".... ... .. ...... ............... .................... ................ ..... ....... ..... ... 212
6. Plutarch's De ]side et Osiride .... ................. .... ................ ........ ............................ .................... 215
6.1. The Egyptian priests according to Plutarch... .... ...... ........ ............................ ................ .... 219
7. Iamblichos' De mysteriis (and Porphyry's Epistula ad Anebonem) ....................................... 225
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS TO CHAPTERS 2-4 ..... ....... ........ .. ....... ..... .. ..... ..... ........... ......... .. 237
1. Egyptian priests in Demotic narratives . . . . . . .. . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7
1.1 . Characteristics of the Egyptian priesthood in Demotic literature. ... .............. ....... ......... .. 238
1.1.1. Physical characteristics. ........................ ............. ................. ............. ..... .......... ....... 238
l .1.2. Age ............... ... .............. ................. .... .. .. ........ .... ....... .......... .... ............ ......... .. ... ..... 239
1.1 .3. Social situation................................. ....... ................ ...................................... ... ...... 240
1.1 .4. Name ........... ........ .......... .......... ................ ............... ... ................................... .. ........ 241
1.1.5. Epithets and titles ... ....... .. ................. ..... .... ......... ...... .............................. ....... ......... 242
1.1.6. Actions: ritual, magical................... ... ............. .. ....... ........ .. ..... .............. .. ........ .. ..... 245
1.1. 7. Moral characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 24 7
1.2. Other important aspects in the Demotic narratives . . ..... .... .. . . .. . ... . . ... . . . . ... .. ... . . . .. . . ... .. . .. . . .. 248
1.2.1 . Wisdom and knowledge.................. .. ....... ........ ........ ............. ... .... .......... ........ ... .. ... 248
1.2.2. Priests being paid for their services ... .. ........ ...... .. .................. .. .. ...... ... ........... ... .. ... 250
2. Egyptian priests in Graeco-Egyptian and Graeco-Roman literature....... ..... .... .... ....... ....... .... . 251
2.1. Characteristics of the Egyptian priesthood in Graeco-Egyptian
and Graeco-Roman literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 252
2.1.1. Physical characteristics... .. ... ...... ... ...... ...... .. .. ........................... ................. .. ........... 252
2.1 .2. Age. .... ....... ....... ................ ...................... ..... .. ......... .. ... .. ............................ .. .. .... .... . 253
Table of Contents IX
2.1.3. Social situation ...... ......... .... ... ...... , .. ................. :.... ..... ... ........ .. .................... ..... .. .. .. 254
2.1.4. Name............... ... ... ...... ..... .................................... .... .... .... .............. .................... .. 256
. 2.1 .5. Epithets and titles .................... : ......... ......... .... .. . :...... ........ ......... .......... ... ...... ... .. .... 256
2.1 .6. Actions: ritual, magical....... ........... ............... ............... .. ..... ... .... ....... .. .................. 257
2.1.7. Moral characterization.......... ........ ....... .. .. ...... ............. ...... .......... ......................... . 258
2.2. Other important aspects in the narratives.............. ............. .......... .................... ............ .. 259
2.2.1. Wisdom and knowledge................. .... .................. ... .... ... .... ... ........... ...... .............. 259
2.2.2. Priests being paid for their services ........... .... ........... ...................................... .... .. 260
3. Contrast with Dieleman' s conclusions in chapter 6 of Priests, Tongues, and Rites .. . . . ... . ... . . 261
3 .1. Demotic literature. ......... ........ ..... ... .... ...... ...... ........................ ....... ... .... .. ..... .. .................. 261
3.2. Graeco-Roman literature... ........... ... .... ................ ...... ......... ... ........ .......... ... .................... 264
3.3. Comparison between Demotic and Graeco-Roman literature.... ................... ...... ....... .. .. 267
4. Conclusion: is there a literary type?...... .... ............... ..................... ....... ... .... .... ......... .............. 269
PART TWO ......... ............................ ............ ........... .............................. .. ......... ......... ............ .......... . 281
CHAPTER 6: ROMAN OPPRESSION AND DECAY OF THE TEMPLES?........................ ...... . 283
1. Traditional views on the impact of Rome in the Egyptian temple milieu........ ...... .. ....... ....... 283
2. New interpretations.... ....... .......... ..... .. ..... ... .. ...... ............... ..... ... ... .. ...... ..................... ........ ..... 285
3. Persistence of the traditional model...... ...... .... ... ............... ......... ... ......... ............ .................... 292
4. Conclusions...... ....... ......... ............. ............ ............ ...................... .................... ....................... 294
CHAPTER 7: THE "PRIEST TO MAGICIAN" MODEL........ ........ ............. ........ ..... ................... 295
1. The "priest to magician" model.......... ............ ................ .. .......... ....... ..... .. ............................. 295
2. Analysis and refutation of the "priest to magician" model .. .... . . . ... . .. .. . . ...... .. .. . .. . . . . .... . . . .. .. . . . . . 298
2.1. Decentralization of the cult . . .. . ........ ... . .. .. .. . ... . . . . .. ... . .. . . . .... . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . ... . . . .. .. ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . 298
2.2. The adaptation of temple ritual to private use............ ....... ...... ..... .. ... ..... .... .. ... ..... .. .... .... 301
2.3. Mercantilization of religious expertise. ..... ............. .......... ...... .. ...... .................. .. ... ... .. .... 304
2.4. Itinerant experts in the Roman Empire.... ............. .... ..... ... ................ .... ........ .................. 305
3. Conclusion .... ...... .... ......... ...... ....... .......... ....... ... ........ ..... ........ ... ... .. .... ..... ...... ......................... 310
CHAPTER 8: THE "STEREOTYPE APPROPRIATION" MODEL........................... .................. 311
1. Analysis and refutation of the "stereotype appropriation" model........ ............. ... ......... .. ....... 312
1. 1. Exoticism and the image of the magos. ... ...................... ..... ............ ................ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
1.2. Egyptian and Graeco-Roman literary sources in the creation of the stereotype....... .... .. 315
1.3. The Graeco-Egyptian magical formularies as a document
of "stereotype appropriation" . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7
2. Reception and use of the "stereotype appropriation" model in the scholarly literature. ........ 319
3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 325
CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION....... ...... .............. ....................... ... ........ ...... .. ................................... 327
1. So, what is an Egyptian priest?... ............. ........................... .. ............. .................. .................. 329
2. Postscript... ....... ........... .. ..... .... .. .... ........... .. ...... .... ......... .......... .. ...................... .. ......... ..... ..... .. 338
BIBLIOGRAPHY .. .... ....... .... .......... .. ................. ........ .... ·.................. .. ............... ......... ...... .. ............. 341
INDEX .... .... ..................... ... ·...... ...... ..... ............ .......... .. .. .......... ... ... ..... ... ... ...... ... .. ... ... .. .... .. ..... ........ 375

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