The Early Iron Age in the Paris Basin, Parts i and ii: Hallstatt C and D 9781407389738, 9781407390864, 9780860541639, 9781407327464

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The Early Iron Age in the Paris Basin, Parts i and ii: Hallstatt C and D
 9781407389738, 9781407390864, 9780860541639, 9781407327464

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
SOMMAIRE
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF DEPARTMENTAL SITE-MAPS
ARTEFACT-LISTS
LIST OF GENERAL AND DISTRIBUTION MAPS
LIST OF FIGURES
DEDICATION
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
A. INTRODUCTION
B. PREVIOUS RESEARCH
C. CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
D. GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND
Section I: ARTEFACTS
CHAPTER 1: SWORDS
CHAPTER 2: DAGGERS
CHAPTER 3: KNIVES
CHAPTER 4: SPEAR-HEADS
CHAPTER 5: ARROW-HEADS
CHAPTER 6: RAZORS
CHAPTER 7: TORCS, BRACELETS AND ANKLE-RINGS
CHAPTER 8: BELTS AND ACCESSORIES
CHAPTER 9: FIBULAE
CHAPTER 10: BRONZE VESSELS
CHAPTER 11: MISCELLANEOUS MEDITERRANEAN IMPORTS
CHAPTER 12: POTTERY
Section II: EXCHANGE AND TRADE
CHAPTER 13: EXCHANGE AND TRADE
Section III: SETTLEMENTS AND BURIALS
CHAPTER 14: SETTLEMENTS
CHAPTER 15: INDUSTRY
CHAPTER 16: BURIALS
CHAPTER 17: LOCATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Section IV: EPILOGUE
CHAPTER 18: SYNTHESIS
Appendix: IRON NODULE-HILTED SWORDS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. THE GAZETTEER
Cover Page
Copyright
ADDENDUM
II. DEPARTMENTAL SITE MAPS
III. ARTEFACT-LISTS
IV. GENERAL AND DISTRIBUTION MAPS
V. FIGURES

Citation preview

The Early Iron Age in the Paris Basin Hallstatt C and D

Nicholas Freidin

Part i

BAR International Series I 3 I (i)

1982

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A.R • Hands, B • Sc • , M. A ., D .Phi 1. D.R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. S1J1 (I): 'The Early Iron Age in the Paris Basin: Hallstatt C and D'

Part I

© Nicholas Freidin, 1982. The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389738 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407390864 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860541639 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407327464 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541639 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

CONTENTS

S omma ire Abbrev ia t ions u sed i n t he t ex t L ist o f t ab les L ist o f d epar tmen ta l s i te-maps Ar tefac t-l ists L ist o f g enera l a nd d istr ibu t ion maps L ist o f f igures P reface I n troduc t ion A .

I n troduc t ion

1

B .

P rev ious r esearch

3

C .

Chrono log ica l f ramework : 1 . R e la t ive c hrono logy 2 . Abso lu te c hrono logy

6 9

D .

Geograph ica l b ackground: 1 . Geo logy 2 . P a laeo-env ironmen t

S ec t ion I : Chapter 1 . 1 .1 1 .2

2 .1 2 .2

ARTEFACTS Swords

Bronze Ha C s words a nd c hapes I ron Ha C s words

Chapter 2 .

1 1 1 1 1 3

1 8 2 1

Daggers

Daggers a nd s hor t-swords An tennae-h i l ted d aggers a nd s hor t-swords

2 5 3 0

Chapter 3 .

Kn ives

3 5

Chapter 4 .

Spear-heads

3 7

Chapter 5 .

Arrow-heads

5 .1 5 .2 5 .3 5 .4 5 .5

Bronze L e Bourget type a rrow-heads ' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads M isce l laneous b ronze a rrow-heads I ron a rrow-heads Qu ivers

3 9 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 6

Chap ter 6 . 6 .1 6 .2

Razors

Bronze r azors I ron r azors

Chapter 7 .

4 8 5 1

Torcs, b race le ts a nd a nk le-r ings

7 .1

Knobbed r ings : 7 .1.1 Brace le ts a nd a nk le-r ings w i th h o l low h em ispher ica l knobs 7 .1.2 ' Barre l '-brace le ts a nd a nk le-r ings 7 .1.3 Knobbed t orcs, b race lets a nd a nk le-r ings 7 .1.4 Summary 7 .2 Tubu lar r ings: 7 .2.1 Tubu lar t orcs, b race le ts a nd a nk le-r ings 7 .2.2 L arge t ubu lar b race le ts 7 .2.3 Tubu lar t orcs w ith a ' Charva is '-type o rnamen t 7 .3 Torcs w i th a pp l ied d iscs 7 .4 Torcs w ith l oop-a ttachmen ts 7 .5 Arm i l lae 7 .6 ' Cog '-whee l b race le ts 7 .7 M isce l laneous b race lets 7 .8 T ores a nd b race le ts w i th c ast ingje ts a nd s o ldered j o in ts 7 .9 M isce l laneous t orc a nd b race le t f asteners 7 .10 I ron t orcs a nd b race le ts Chapter 8 . 8 .1 8 .2 8 .3 8 .4

9 .1 9 .2 9 .3 9 .4 9 .5 9 .6

9 .7 9 .8 9 .9 9 .10 9 .11 9 .12 9 .13

7 3 7 5 7 6 7 7

F ibu lae

' Spec tac le '-f ibu lae Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a f i l iform b ow Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s l igh tly s wo l len b ow Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s wo l len b ow a nd s hor t f oo t ( a s angu isuga) Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s wo l len b ow a nd l ong f oo t ( a n av ice l la) Mu l t icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae : 9 .6 .1 Dragof ibe ln 9 .6 .2 S ch langenf ibe ln 9 .6 .3 M isce l laneous Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a n o rnamen ted f oo t ( Fussz ierf ibe ln) K ett ledrum-bow f ibu lae ( Pauken- a nd Doppe lpaukenf ibe ln) Curved-bow f ibu lae w ith a n o rnamen ted b ow a nd f oo t ( Doppe lz ierf ibe ln) F ibu lae w ith a ' co i l-spr ing ' f oot O ther Ha D/L .T. I f ibu lae M isce l laneous f ibu lae Summary

Chapter 1 0 .

5 8 6 0 6 1 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 9

Be l ts a nd a ccessor ies

B e l t-buck les Be l t-studs B e l t-p la tes B e l t-buck le f rom Cha te l-Gerard, Y onne

Chapter 9 .

5 4 5 5 5 6 5 8

7 9 8 0 8 1 8 1 8 3 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 9 3 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00

Bronze v esse ls

1 0 .1 Cau ldrons w ith c ruc iform-hand le a t tachmen ts 1 0 .2 R ibbed p a i ls

1 04 1 05

1 0 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 .5

1 0 .6

S i tu lae Oenochoes ( Schnabe lkannen) M isce l laneous v esse ls : 1 0 .5 .1 Hammered b owls 1 0 .5.2 S tamno i 1 0 .5 .3 Bas ins 1 0 .5 .4 M isce l laneous v esse ls Summary

Chapter 1 1. 1 1.1 1 1.2 1 1.3

1 2.1 1 2 .2

1 2.3

1 2.4

1 22 1 23 1 24

P o ttery

I n troduct ion Reg iona l s tudy : 1 2.2.1 ' O ise ' g roup 1 2 .2 .2 ' Se ine-Marne ' g roup : 1 2.2.2.1 S ettlemen t p o ttery 1 2.2.2.2 Funerary p o ttery 1 2.2.3 ' Hau lzy ' g roup 1 2.2.4 S ore l-Mousse l a nd Taverny 1 2.2.5 ' Lo ire ' g roup 1 2.2 .6 The M idd le L o ire r eg ion 1 2.2.7 The Y onne va l ley 1 2.2 .8 The s ou thern p er iphery o f t he P ar is B as in 1 2.2.9 L ower Normandy 1 2.2.10 Ha D p o ttery : 1 2.2.10 .1 S ett lemen t p o ttery : 1 2.2.10 .1.1 G enera l 1 2 .2.10 .1.2 ' Jogass ian ' g roup 1 2.2.10 .2 Funerary p o ttery P o ttery t ypes : 1 2.3 .1 Ha D p edesta l led v esse ls 1 2.3 .2 ' Jogass ian '-type g ob le ts 1 2.3 .3 ' Sca l lop '-r immed b ow ls 1 2.3 .4 Domest ic s toragejars P o ttery o rnamen ta t ion : 1 2.4 .1 Exc ised-ornamen ted wares 1 2.4 .2 Graph i te-ornamen ted wares 1 2.4 .3 P o ttery o rnamen ted w i th i nc ised meanders 1 2.4.4 F igura t ive r epresen ta t ion o n p o ttery 1 2.4 .5 Ha D b arbo t ine-pa in ted wares

S ec t ion I :

EXCHANGE AND TRADE

Chapter 1 3.

Trade a nd e xchange

1 3 .1 1 3 .2 1 3 .3

1 14 1 15 1 16 1 17 1 17

M isce l laneous Med i terranean i mpor ts

S even th c en tury S ix th c en tury F if th c en tury

Chapter 1 2.

1 08 1 11

Ha B /C Ha D/L .T. I Trade p a tterns

1 26 1 28 1 31 1 34 1 37 1 39 1 40 1 41 1 42 1 42 1 45

1 45 1 47 1 48 1 52 1 53 1 56 1 58 1 60 1 61 1 63 1 65 1 68

1 76 1 78 1 79 1 80

S ec t ion II:

SETTLEMENTS AND BURIALS

Chapter 1 4 .

S ettlements

1 4 .1

1 4 .2

S ettlemen t s tructures: 1 4 .1.1 P ost-structures 1 4 .1.2 P it-structures: 1 4 .1.2.1 S torage-p its 1 4 .1.2.2 Hut-f loors a nd h ear ths H i l l-se ttlemen ts: 1 4 .2.1 Genera l c hrono logy 1 4 .2.2 S i te c hrono logy a nd s ettlemen t t ypes 1 4 .2.3 S ettlemen t p a ttern 1 4.2.4 C onc lus ion

Chapter 1 5. 1 5.1 1 5.2 1 5 .3

1 6 .1

1 6 .2

1 6 .3

1 6 .4 1 6 .5

1 89 1 90 1 92 1 92 1 93 1 95 1 96

I ndustry

S a l tworks I ron p roduct ion P ottery p roduct ion ( k i lns)

Chapter 1 6 .

1 86

1 98 2 00 2 04

Bur ia ls

F la t-bur ia ls: 1 6.1.1 Crema t ions: 1 6.1.1.1 Ha B/C a nd C 1 6 .1.1.2 Ha D 1 6 .1.2 nhuma t ions: 1 .1 .2.1 P lan 1 6.1.2.2 Bur ia l s tructures 1 . 1.2.3 Doub leinhuma t ion bur ia ls 1 6 .1.3 R i tua l h ear ths Tumul i : 1 6.2.1 Genera l : 1 6 .2.1.1 D istr ibut ion 1 6 .2.1.2 P lan o f t umu l i c emeter ies 1 6.2.2 Crema tions: 1 6 .2.2.1 Argonne, Champagne, Basse 'e ( Ha B /C t o e ar ly D) 1 6 .2.2.2 M idd le L o ire, Yonne va l ley, Berry 1 6.2.3 Inhuma t ions: 1 6 .2.3.1 Ha C 1 6 .2.3.2 Ha D a nd Ha D/L.T. I 1 6.2.4 Construct ion a nd r i tua l 1 6 .2.5 Ha D c ar t-bur ia ls Funerary d itched e nc losures: 1 6 .3.1 C ircu lar d itched e nc losures 1 6 .3.2 Ova l d itched e nc losures 1 6 .3.3 Quadrangu lar d i tched e nc losures Bur ia l l oca t ion a nd s tructure Summary : 1 6 .5.1 Ha B/C 1 6 .5.2 Ha C 1 6 .5.3 Ha D 1 6 .5.4 D itched e nc losures

2 07 2 08 2 08 2 08 2 09 2 10 2 11

2 12 2 13

2 14 2 14 2 17 2 19 2 22 2 24 2 25 2 27 2 27 2 28 2 30 2 30 2 32 2 33

Chapter 1 7 . 1 7.1 1 7.2

L oca t iona l c ons idera t ions

S e tt lemen ts a nd c emeter ies S ett lemen ts: 1 7.2.1 Ha B /C a nd C 1 7 .2.2 Ha D a nd Ha D/L .T. I

S ec t ion I V :

EP ILOGUE

Chapter 1 8.

Syn thes is:

1 8 .1 1 8 .2 1 8.3 1 8 .4

Ha Ha Ha Ha

B /C C D D/L .T. I

Append ix :

I ron n odu le-h i l ted s words

B ib l iography I ,

2 36 2 38 2 38

2 42 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45

2 50 2 56

Gaze tteer

3 00

Depar tmen ta l s i te-maps

5 87

I I.

Ar tefact-l ists

6 14

T V.

Genera l a nd d istr ibu t ion maps

6 71

F igures

7 28

I.

V .

SOMMA IRE

1 .

P resenta t ion

C et o uvrage c herche ä r assemb ler t outes l es d onndes a rchdo log iques d ans l e but d e p resen ter une s ynthese d e 1 'o ccupa t ion h a l lsta tt ienne ( Ha C -D) du Bass in P ar is ien . L e t exte s e d iv ise e n qua tre p ar ties. L a p remiere ( Sect ion I ) t ra i te du mob i l ier e n e xam inant l es o b jets l es p lus r eprdsen ta tifs d e l a c iv i l is a t ion h a l lsta tt ienne . L a c dram ique f a i t l t o b jet d ' une a na lyse p lus a pprofond ie d tan t d onnd s a p lace p rddom inan te d ans l a c u lture ma ter ie l le. L t d pde d e f er a r ognons, c lassde h ab i tue l lement a u Ha D ma is a ppart enant ä d qu ipement g uerr ier d e l a f in d e L a Tene , e st r envoyde ä u n a ppend ice . L a d eux ieme p ar t ie ( Section I) a borde l es p rob lemes d es d changes i nter-rdg ionaux e t d u c ommerce e xtdr ieur , t ouchant p ar t icu l ieremen t a ux r e la t ions a vec l e monde mdd i terranden . L a r echerche d es h ab ita ts e t d es r i tes f undra ires o ccupe l a t ro is ieme p ar t ie ( Sect ion I I). L a d escr ipt ion d es s tructures i n ternes d es h ab i ta ts e st a ccen tude . L es d iff icu l tds s ou levdes p ar une e nqu ae d es s i tes d e h auteur s on t d ga lemen t e xposdes. Chap i tre 1 5 s e r appor te a ux a ct iv itds p roduct ives, n o tamment ä l t e x tract ion du s e l , äl t e xp lo i ta t ion du f er e t äl a f abr ica t ion c dram ique. L 'a bondance r e la t ive d es r ense ignements s ur l es s tructures e t l es r i tes f undra ires p ermets u ne p resenta tion p lus d dta i l lde . P our t erm iner , l es t ra i ts p r inc ipaux qu i r essor ten t d ' une a na lyse d es l oca l isa tions d es h ab i ta ts e t d es n dcropo les f igurent d ans l e Chap i tre 1 7. L es g randes l i gnes d u d dve loppemen t h istor ique du Ha B /C a u H a D/ L . T. I s ont e squ issdes d ans l a qua tr ieme p ar t ie ( Sec tion I V) e n g u ise d e c onc lus ions g dndra les. 2 .

These

L a c iv i l isa t ion h a l lsta tt ienne p ropremen t d i te a pparaf t d ans l e Bass in P ar is ien v ers l a f i n d u Ha C , a nnoncde p ar l t i n troduct ion d es g randes d pdes d e b ronze e t d e f er d ans l es e nsemb les f undra ires du p our tour du Bass in ( Berry , P la teau d e L angres, Argonne). L es z ones p rofonddmen t i nf luencdes p ar l es c iv i l isa t ions 'a t lant iques ' ( Normand ie, l es b asses v a l l6es d e l a S e ine e t d e l a S omme) e t d es ' champs d °u rnes ' ( Champagne, l es moyennes v a l ldes d e l a S e ine , d e PO ise e t d e l a L o ire) p oursu ivent une e vo lu t ion l en te , i so lde d es d vdnemen ts p dr iphdr iques, j usqu ' äl a f in du Ha D . L es i nf luences mdr id iona les d ev iennent p rdponddrantes ä c ette é poque qu i c o inc ide a vec l 'a ppar i t ion e n Champagne du g roupe 'J ogass ien ° . C e d ern ier c ontr ibue ä l t a ppor t d ' une n ouve l le c iv i l isa t ion , c e l le-c i d e l t a ge d u f er , a ux r eg ions s i tudes ä l t o uest ( les v a l ldes d e PA isne e t d e l 'O ise) e t a u n ord ( P icard ie e t Ar to is). Un g roupemen t a na logue a u s ud d u Bass in, l e g roupe 'b err ichon ', r econnu d epu is l e d ebut du Ha D , d tend a lors s on i nf luence v ers l a L o ire.

L 'i mpu ls ion qu i i nc ite a u c hangement d es e nsemb les ma ter ie ls e t d es r i tes f undra ires d ans l e Bass in p rov ien t e n p art ie d e e x ter ieur , d ' une p art d es r eg ions a vo is inantes ( Hau te B ourgogne e t L orra ine) ä l a f in du Ha C / debu t D , d°a u tre p ar t d es z ones p lus e lo ignees ( Al lemagne du Sud e t p ays med i terraneens) a u Ha D / L . T. I . L es r appor ts a vec l e monde med iterraneen d ev iennent d e p lus e n p lus d tro i ts, c u lm inan t a u Ha D / L . T. I a vec l 'i mporta t ion d irecte d es r ec ip ien ts e n b ronze ( s i tules, s tamnof , o enochoes, b ass ins e trusques). Des p ress ions i n ternes, qu 'o n n e p eu t äp resen t que s upposer , o n t s üremen t j oud un r o le t ransforma teur d eterm inan t. Un a ccro issemen t d emograph ique i mpor tant a u c ours du Ha D p ourra i t e xp l iquer , p ar e xamp le , l e mouvemen t c en tra l isa teur que l a issent e ntrevo ir l es d iverses r epar t i tions d 'o b jets e t qu i c aracter ise c ette p er iode . L a n ecess ite d a ssurer une a ugmen ta t ion d e l a p roduc tiv ite e conom ique p our s a t isf a ire a une p opu la t ion c ro issante , a ins i qu ' a ux d emandes d es r eg inns med i terraneennes, a ura i t e x ige u n h au t n iveau d ' o rganisa t ion. L a r epart i t ion d es i mpor ta t ions d e l uxe ' ,s ur tou t e n Berry, p ourra i t i nd iquer l es c en tres o ü c ette e vo lu t ion a tte ign it s on a pogee ä l a f in d u Ha D . L ' e tude d es t ransforma t ions d es s truc tures s oc ia les d o l t a ttendre une i nvest iga t ion p lus p oussee d es h ab i ta ts e n c on jonct ion a vec l es r esu l ta ts o btenus d es a na lyses p a leo-env ironmen ta les.

ABBREVIATIONS USED I N THE TEXT

F rench d epartments A . Ad. A l l. A .Mar i t. Ar d. A rde. Au. Av . Bas-R. Basses-Pyr. C . Ca lv. Can. Ch. C .-WO . C .du-N. Co r. D . Dord Dr. D .S. E . E .et-L. Es s. F in. G . G ir. Her . H te-L. H te-M. H te-S. H tes-A. H te-Say. H tes . Pyr . H te-V. H t-R. H ts-de-S. I . I. -et-L . I. et-V. I s. J . L . L.At l. L. -et-C . L.et-G . L o ir.

A isne Aude A l l ier A lpes Mar i t imes A rdennes A rdbche Aube Aveyron Bas-Rhin Basses-Pyrenees ( Pyrenees-At lant iques) Cher Ca lvados Canta l Charente C ö tes-d or C ötes-du-Nord Corrbze D oubs D ordogne Dröme D eux-Sbvres Eure Eure-et-Lo ir E ssonne F in istbre G ard G ironde H erau lt H aute-Lo ire H aute-Marne H aute-Saöne H aute sA lpes H aute-Savo ie H autes-Pyr6n6es H aute-Vienne H aut-Rh in H auts-de-Se ine I ndre I ndre-et-Lo ire I le-et-Vi la ine Is bre J ura L ot L o ire-At lant ique L o ir-et-Cher L ot-et-Garonne L o iret

L oz . M . Man. May. M .et-L. M. -et-M . Morb. Mos. N . No . 0 . Or. P.de-C . P.de-D. P yr At l P yr.-Or. Rh. S . S ar . S ay. S.et-L. S. -et-M . S. -Mar i t. S om. S St . D. T . T. -et-G . V . Vauc. V. de-M. V .d 'O Vos. Y . Yves.

L özere Marne Manche Mayenne Ma ine-et-Lo ire Meurthe-et-Mose l le Morb ihan Mose l le N r ävre Nord O ise Orne P as-de-Ca la is Puy-de-Döme P yren ' ees-At lant iques P yrenees Or ienta les Rhöne S e ine S arthe S avo ie SAne-et-Lo ire S e ine-et-Marne S e ine-Mar i t ime S omme S e ine-Sa int-Den is Tarn T arn-et-Garonne V ienne Vauc luse Va l-de-Marne Va l-d 'O ise Vosges Yonne Yve l ines

M isce l laneous a bbrev iat ions ( o ther t han b ib l iograph ica l) B. A. C .R. A.V . 0. E.B . A. E I. A .

Ha I. A. Kr. L. B. A . Ldkr . LH L . T.

M. A. N. M .B .A . MH p ers . comm .

B ronze Age C entre d 'etudes e t d e R echerches Arche o log iques d e l a Moyenne Va l lde d e l 'O ise E ar ly Bronze Age E ar ly I ron Age F rench G erman Ha l lsta tt ( Ha C a nd D ) I ta l ian I ron Age K re is L ater Bronze Age L andkre is L ate H e l lad ic L a n ne Museum / mus e Mus " ee d es Ant iqu i t ' es Na t iona les, S t-Germa in-en-Laye M idd le Bronze Age M idd le H e l lad ic p ersona l c ommun icat ion

S . O.M. U .I.S.P.P.

S e ine-O ise-Marne ( La te Neo l i th ic) Un ion i nternat iona l d es S ciences p re " - e t p rotoh istor iques

L IST OF TABLES

1 .

Chrono logy

8

2 .

L e Bourget type a rrow-heads: Chrono log ica l s ummary

3 .

F ibu lae :

4 .

I mpor ted b ronze v esse ls:

5 .

Synop t ic t ab le o f bur ia l p rac t ices

Chrono log ica l s ummary Chrono log ica l s ummary

4 0 1 01 1 18 2 31

L IST OF DEPARTMENTAL S ITE-MAPS: A isne Ardennes Aube Ca lvados Cher Eure Eure-e t-Lo ir I ndre I nc ire-e t-Lo ire L o ir-e t- Cher L o iret Manche Marne Hau te-Marne Mayenne N ievre Nord O ise Orne P as-de-Ca la is Sa r the S e ine-Mar it ime S e ine-e t-Marne S omme Yonne P ar is r eg ion ( Se ine, Yve l ines, E ssonne, Hau ts-de-Se ine, S e ine-St-Den is, Va l-de-Marne, Va l-d 'O ise)

5 87 5 88 5 89 5 90 5 91 5 92 5 93 5 94 5 95 5 96 5 97 5 98 5 99 6 00 6 01 6 02 6 03 6 04 6 05 6 06 6 07 6 08 6 09 6 10 6 11 6 12

ARTEFACT-L ISTS: ( The o rder i n t he l i sts i s a rranged a lphabe t ica l ly by d epar tmen t) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Depar tmen ts i n t he P ar is Bas in Archaeo log ica l c ircumscr ipt ions Bronze Günd l ingen-type s words Bronze w inged c hapes Ha C i ron s words Ha C i ron swords —Grave a ssemb lages Ha D/L .T. I i ron d aggers Ha D/L .T. I i ron d aggers —Grave a ssemb lages

6 14 6 15 6 16 6 16 6 17 6 18 6 20 6 27

9

Ar tefacts a ssoc ia ted w ith Ha D/L .T. I d aggers n o t i nc luded i n L ist 8 6 30

1 0

An tennae-h i l ted s words a nd d aggers

6 31

1 1

Antennae-h i l ted swords a nd d aggers —Grave a ssemb lages

6 32

1 2

I ron kn ives

6 33

1 3

J avel in a nd s pear-heads a ssoc ia ted w ith Ha D/L .T. I d aggers

6 34

1 4

Bronze L e B ourge ttype a rrow-heads

6 35

1 5

Bronze ' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads

6 36

1 6

I ron a rrow-heads

6 37

1 7

Ha C b ronze r azors

6 38

1 8

Ha C b ronze r azors —Grave a ssemb lages

6 39

1 9

Bronze b e l t-buck les —Grave a ssemb lages

6 40

2 0

Bronze b e l t-studs

6 41

2 1

I ron r azors--Grave a ssemb lages

6 42

2 2

I ron r azors ( contex t n o t s pec if ied)

6 42

2 3

Bronze ' barre l '-brace lets

6 43

2 4

Bronze ' cog-whee l ' b race lets

6 43

2 5

Tubu lar b ronze t orcs w i th a n i nc ised Tharva is '-type o rnamen t

6 44

2 6

Bronze ' spec tac le ' f ibu lae

6 45

2 7

Bronze c urved-bow f ibu lae w ith a f i l iform b ow

6 45

2 8

Bronze c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s l ight ly s wo l len b ow

6 46

2 9

Bronze c urved-bow f ibu lae w ith a s wo l len b ow a nd a s hor t f oot ( a s angu isuga)

6 47

Bronze c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s wo l len b ow a nd a l ong f oot ( a n av ice l la )

6 48

Bronze mu l t icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae ( J . S undwa l l 's Type H )

6 49

Bronze mu l t icurv il inear-bow f ibu lae ( J. S undwa l l 's Type D )

6 50

3 3

Fuss z ierf ibe ln

6 52

3 4

P aukenf ibe ln

6 55

3 5

Doppe lpaukenf ibe ln

6 55

3 6

Doppe lz ierf ibe ln

6 56

3 7

F ibu lae w ith a ' c o i l-spr ing ' f oot

6 56

3 8

Cross-bow f ibu lae ( genera l)

6 57

3 9

D isc-f ibu lae

6 57

4 0

Un iden t if ied f i bu lae

6 58

4 1

Bronze c au ldrons w i th c ruc iform-hand le a ttachmen ts

6 60

4 2

Bronze r ibbed p a i ls

6 60

3 0 3 1 3 2

4 3

Bronze s i tu lae

6 61

4 4

Bronze o enochoes ( Schnabe lkannen)

6 62

4 5

' Sca l lop '-r immed b owls ( "bords our les")

6 63

4 6

Ha B/C a nd C e xc ised ( Kerbschn itt) mo t ifs

6 64

4 7

Ha D s i tes w ith b arbot ine-pa inted wares

6 65

4 8

H i l l-settlemen ts

6 66

4 9

S a l twork s i tes

6 67

5 0

Contex t o f Ha C i ron swords

6 68

L IST OF GENERAL AND D IST R IBUTION MAPS: A

Map o f western Europe :

The P ar is Basin

6 71



Depar tments i n t he P ar is Bas in

6 72



Archaeo log ica l c ircumscr ipt ions i n t he P ar is Bas in

6 73



Geo logy

6 75



P edo logy

6 77

1

Ha C swords

6 78

2

' Proto-Ha l lsta tt ' b ronze swords

6 79

3

An tennae-h i l ted d aggers

6 80

4

Bronze a rrow-heads

6 81

5

I ron a rrow-heads

6 82

6

Ha C b ronze r azors

6 83

7

Bronze ' barre l '-brace lets

6 84

8

Tubu lar b ronze t orcs w ith a ' Charva is '-type o rnamen t

6 85

9

Bronze t orcs w ith a ppl ied d iscs a nd ' cog-whee l ' b race lets

6 86

1 0

Bronze a rm i l lae

6 87

1 1

Be l t a ccessor ies

6 88

1 2

F ibu lae w ith f il iform a nd s l ight ly swo l len b ows

6 89

1 3

A s angu isuga a nd a n av icel la-type f ibu lae

6 90

1 4

Fussz ierf ibe ln

6 91

1 5

P aukenf ibe ln

6 92

1 6

Doppe lpaukenf ibe ln

6 93

1 7

Doppe lz ierf ibe ln ( dZ3-type)

6 94

1 8

F ibu lae w ith a ' co i l-spr ing ' f oot

6 95

1 9

D isc-f ibu lae

6 96

2 0

Bronze c au ldrons w ith c ruc iform-hand le a t tachments

6 97

2 1

Bronze r ibbed p a i ls

6 98

2 2

Bronze s i tu lae

6 99

2 3

M iscel laneous Ha D/L .T. I b ronze v essels

7 00

2 4

I mported b ronze f igur ines

7 01

2 5

M isce l laneous l uxury b ronze i mports

7 02

2 6

Uogassian '-type g ob lets

7 03

2 7

' Sca l lop '-r immed b owls

7 04

2 8

Exc ised ( Kerbschn itt) ornamented wares

7 05

2 9

Graph ite-ornamented wares

7 06

3 0

P ottery w ith i nc ised meanders

7 07

3 1

Ha D barbo t ine-pa inted wares

7 08

3 2

H i l l-settlements

7 09

3 3

S a ltworks

7 10

3 4

I ron d epos its

7 11

3 5

Ha B /C a nd C c rema t ion bur ia ls

7 12

3 6

Ha D a nd Ha D / L.T . I f l atinhuma t ion bur ia ls

7 13

3 7

Doubleinhuma t ion bur ia ls

7 14

3 8

Ha C /D t umu l i

7 15

3 9

Bur ia ls w ith Ha C i ron swords

7 16

4 0

Ha D t umu lus c rema t ions i n b ronze v esse ls

7 17

4 1

Tumu l i w ith ' r neurger ' o r i ga lga l ' s tructures

7 18

4 2

R ing d itches

7 19

4 3

Ha B /C a nd C s ettlements

7 20

4 4

Ha D a nd Ha D/L.T. I s ett lements

7 21

4 5

Ha s ettlemen ts ( Ha C o r D)

7 22

4 6

I ron n odu le-h i lted swords

7 23

L IST OF F IGURES: 1 -4

Bronze Ha C swords a nd c hapes

7 28

5

I ron Ha C swords

7 32

6

Ar tefacts a ssoc ia ted w ith Ha C swords: S emout iers ( 52), V itry-läs-Nogen t ( 52), C orbe i l ( 51), E ronde l le ( 80)

7 33

7

s ame :

7 34

8

I ta l ic f ibu lae:

9

s ame :

Manche, Ca lvados, Eure

7 36

1 0

s ame :

P ar is ( 75)

7 37

1 1

s ame :

O ise

7 38

1 2

s ame :

Am iens ( 80)

7 39

1 3

s ame :

Marne, Ardennes, A isne

7 40

S au lces-Champeno ises ( 08) Cher, I ndre

7 35

1 4

s ame :

Nord, Aube, L o ir-e t-Cher, L o ire t, Yonne

1 5

' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads

7 42

1 6

M isce l laneous b ronze r ings: Che l les ( 77), J ouy-surEure ( 27), Huest ( 27), Baccon ( 45), S t-Cyr-en-Va l ( 45)

7 43

1 ' 7-19

M idd le O ise s i tes:

7 44

2 0-21

s ame :

L a Cro ix-St-Ouen ( 60)

7 47

2 2-26

s ame :

Th iverny ( 60)

7 49

2 7

s ame :

Verber ie ( 60)

7 54

2 8

L ower Norman s i tes: L ion-suri V Ier ( 14), Mondev i l le ( 14), L a Cambe ( 14), J or t ( 14), S t-Aub in-sur-Mer ( 14), S t-Germa in-le-Vasson ( 14)

7 55

2 9-30

s ame :

7 56

3 1

P ar is r eg ion, l ower A isne a nd Marne s i tes: P ernan t ( 02)

Cho isy-au-Bac ( 60)

S oumont-St-Quen t in ( 14)

7 41

P ar is ( 75), 7 58

3 2

s ame :

Taverny ( 95)

7 59

3 3

s ame :

L ouvres ( 95), L eche l le ( 77)

7 60

3 4

s ame : F resnes-sur-Marne ( 77), J ab l ines ( 77), P recys ur-Marne ( 77)

7 61

3 5-37

S ou thern Ardennes s i te :

7 62

3 8

M isce l laneous Aube a nd S enona is s i tes : Verr iäres ( 10), Droupt-St-Basle ( 10), J u l ly-sur-Sarce ( 10),Merys ur-Se ine ( 10), C ourgenay ( 89), S t-Mar t in-du-Ter tre ( 89)

7 65

3 9-41

Champagne s i tes:

7 66

4 2

s ame :

Bannes ( 51)

7 69

4 3

s ame :

Bannes ( 51), Au lnay-aux-P lanches ( 51)

7 70

4 4

s ame :

Bussy-Lettree ( 51)

7 71

4 5

s ame :

Bouy ( 51), Mourme lon-le-Pet i t ( 51), R ecy ( 51)

7 72

4 6-47

s ame :

L a Chaussee-sur-Marne ( 51)

7 73

4 8

s ame :

Epernay ( 51)

7 75

4 9

s ame :

J uv igny ( 51), B ouy ( 51)

7 76

5 0

s ame :

O iry ( 51)

7 77

5 1

s ame : He i l tzl 'Evöque ( 51), Marson ( 51), Mareu i l-leP or t ( 51), unprovenanced f inds

7 78

5 2

s ame :

Chamou i l ley ( 52)

7 79

5 3

s ame :

L aneuv i l le-au-Pon t ( 52)

7 80

5 4

M idd le Yonne s i tes: Teno ts ( 89)

5 5

s ame :

5 6-57

M idd le L o ire s i tes :

5 8

s ame :

Hauv in

( 08 )

P omad e ( 51)

V i l leneuve-sur-Yonne ( 89), L es 7 81

Quesnes ( 89)

7 82 B eaugency ( 45)

Bucy-le-Ro i ( 45), I ngre ( 45)

7 83 7 85

5 9

B erry s i tes :

Bourges ( 18)

7 86

6 0

s ame : Chä teauneuf-sur-Cher ( 18 ), Lundry ( 18), Mor thom iers ( 18)

7 87

6 1-62

s ame :

C oust ( 18)

7 88

6 3

s ame :

Dun-sur-Auron ( 18)

7 90

6 4

s ame : I neu i l ( 18), S t-A ignan-des-Noyers ( 18), S av igny-en-Septa ine ( 18)

7 91

6 5-66

s ame :

Marmagne ( 18)

7 92

6 7-68

s ame :

S t-Den is-de-Pal in ( 18)

7 94

6 9

s ame :

S te-Thore tte ( 18), S t-Aoustr i l le ( 36)

7 96

7 0

s ame :

Vornay ( 18)

7 97

7 1

s ame :

S 6gry ( 36)

7 98

To My P arents

PREFACE

The p resent w ork i s ar ev ised v ers ion o f aD .Ph i l. ( Ph.D) t hes is a ccepted by t he F acu l ty o f Anthropo logy a nd G eography, Un ivers i ty o f Oxford. i n M ichae lmas T erm 1 980. Ma ter ia l a va i lab le t o me up t o t he S pr ing o f 1 981 h as b een i ncorpora ted, a nd a number o f t he more g lar ing omiss ions a nd m is takes i n t he t hes is h ave b een r ect if ied. I n t h is l ast r espect, I am most g ratefu l t o my e xam iners, Dr. Daphne Nash a nd P rof . S tuart P iggo tt, f or t he ir w e lcome c omments a nd s ugges t ions. The r esearch h as d rawn o n av ar iety o f s ources. P r imar i ly, t hey a re t he p er iod ica ls a nd monographs t hat I was a ble t o c onsu lt i n t he Ashmo lean L ibrary, Oxford , t o whose s taff I a m p art icu lar ly i ndebted; a nd i n t he l i brar ies o f t he S ociety o f Ant iquar ies o f L ondon, t he L ondon I ns t itute o f Archaeo logy, a nd t he Muse 'e d e l 'Homme, P ar is. Ih ave a lso h ad a ccess t o r ecords i n t he d epartmenta l a rch ives o f t he Marne a t Chä lons-sur-Marne, a nd o f t he L o iret a t Or ldans. Iv is i ted t he f o l low ing museums t o e xamine a rtefacts, many o f t hem unpub l ished, a nd t o s tudy r e levant c ata logues a nd f i les : F rance ( M. M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M . M .

= Musge)

d e P icard ie, Am iens d e l 'Abbaye d e S t-Germa in, Auxerre d epartementa l d e l 'Oise, B eauva is du Berry, Bourges d es Beaux-Ar ts , Caen d e Normand ie, C aen d es S ciences Na ture l les, Char tres Bertrand, Chäteauroux mun ic ipa l , Che l les Vi vene l ( C R. A. V. 0 ), Compiegne d 'Archeo log ie r eg iona le, Epernay d e l 'Ancien Evgche, Evreux d e l 'Hosp ice S tRoch, I ssoudun Gat ien Bonnet, L agny-sur-Marne du Breu i l d e S t-Germa in, L angres d 'Archeo log ie mun icipa le, L aon Carnava let, P ar is d e S t-Rem i , R e ims mun ic ipa l, S t-Diz ier a rcheo log ique r eg iona le, S t-P re-sous-Vd ze lay municipa l, S ens mun ic ipa l , S o issons d es Beaux-Ar ts e t d 'Archdo log ie, Troyes mun ic ipa l, Vendöme

Eng land Un ivers i ty Museum o f Archaeo logy a nd E thno logy, Cambr idge Br i tish Museum, L ondon Ashmo lean Museum, Oxford

Being unfortuna te ly p ressed f or t ime, I c ou ld o n ly a fford a c ursory g lance a t t he E .I.A. c o l lect ions i n t he f o l low ing museums: M . d e l 'Ava l lona is , Ava l lon M . h is tor ique e t a rcheo log ique d e l 'Or leana is , O r leans M . d es S ciences Na ture I les, Or leans I was g ra tefu l ly g iven p erm iss ion t o l ook a t t he ma ter ia l i n a number o f s emi-pr iva te a nd p r ivate c o l lect ions: t he c o l lect ion o f t he Groupement Archeo log ique e t H is tor ique d e l a Reg ion d 'Artenay ( G. A.H.R. A.), s ome o f wh ich i s k ept i n t he p r ivate r es idence o f l ' Abbé No l lent; t he ma ter ia l e xcava ted by t he l oca l g roup a t V i l leneuve-sur-Yonne, t emp orar i ly h oused i n t he museum a t t he P orte d e S ens, Vi l leneuve; Bernard Ede ine Co l lect ion, Caen; Raou l Dan ie l Co l lect ion, P ar is; L ou is Ga i l lard Co l lect ion, Tavers Much o f t he p os t-war e xcavated mater ia l i s s tored a t t he h eadquar ters o f t he r eg iona l a rchaeo log ica l c ircumscr ipt ions ( L ist 2 , Map C ) who a lso k eep e xtens ive f i les o n s i tes a nd f inds, a nd r eceive r eports o f a l l a uthori sed e xcavat ions w i th in t he ir r espect ive j ur isd ict ions. I was a b le t o c a l l upon a number o f t hem: D irect ion r eg iona le d es a nt iqu i te ' s p reh is tor iques ( D. R.A.P. ) e t h istor iques ( D. R. A. H .) d e Champagne-Ardenne, Chä lons-sur-Marne; D. R. A. H . du Centre, Or leans; D . R. A.P. d e l ' I le-de-France, P ar is ; D .R. A.P. e t D .R.A.H. d u Nord —Pas-de-Ca la is , V i l leneuve-d 'Ascq Var ious unpub l ished e xcava t ion r eports w ere made a va i lab le t o me b y: A la in Bu lard ( Jab l ines, P recy-sur-Marne), Gerard Ducoeur ( Taverny) , R . Octobon ( Vie lmanay), Roger P ioux ( Tannay), Char les P ou la in ( Aumdnanc our tle-Pe t i t, P omad e), a nd Dr . I an S tead ( Sau lces-Champeno ises). A l arge p or t ion o f t he i nforma t ion c onta ined i n t h is w ork d raws o n p ersona l e ncounters w i th amateur a nd p rofess iona l a rchaeo log ists i n F rance who w ere r ead i ly w i l l ing t o s hare t he ir f ind ings w i th me, mos t ly unpubl ished, s upp ly ing d eta i ls o f t heir own e xcavat ions a nd r esearch: F ranço ise Audouze ( Comp iegne), P ierre Ba i l ly ( Bourges), J ean B iena imd ( Troyes), J ean-Claude B lanchet ( Compiegne), J ean-Lou is Brunaux ( Comp iegne), O l iv ier Buchsenschutz ( Levroux), A la in Bu lard ( Lagnys ur-Marne), F rango is Carrd ( Chartres), Bernard Cher t ier ( Chä lonss ur-Marne), Dan ie l a nd M iche l Chossenot ( Chä lons),Jean-Pau l Demou le ( Par is), C laude Drouho t ( Lagny), P asca l Duhame l ( Par is), P ierre Durv in ( Beauva is), A la in Duva l ( St-Germa in-en-Laye), P ierre E berhart ( Lagny), Bernard Edeine ( Caen), A la in F erdf dre ( Or leans) , Jacques Hur tre l le ( Compiegne), Maur ice J onot ( Mourme lonle-Pe t it), M iche l J ouve ( Comp ibgne), Vences las Kruta ( Par is), Bernard L ambo t ( Compi egne), P ierre L eman a nd Germa ine L eman-De ler ive ( V i l leneuve-d ' A scq), L ou is L epage ( St-Diz ier), G i lber t L ob jo is ( Laon), Ph i l ippe Marqu is ( Comp ibgne), P rof . J acques-P ierre M i l lo tte ( Compi egne), J ean-P ierre Mohen ( St-Germa in), Robert Ne iss ( Chä lons), Dov i l io P eretto ( Vi l leneuve-sur-Yonne), A la in Qua trev i l le ( Char lev i l le-Mdzieres), P ierre Roua let ( Epernay), Dr. J .-G. Rozoy ( Char lev i l le), Ph i l ippe S ou l ier ( Cergy), J acques Tarrgte(Par is), D id ier Vermeersch ( Compi egne), A la in V i l les ( Cha lons), a nd Mar t ine W i l laume ( Par is). 1 1

Ir eceived a dd i tiona l i nforma t ion by c orrespondance w i th: J acques Ask lund ( Or leans), J ean- F ranco is Barat in ( Or leans), Domin ique Bert in ( L i l lebonne), Gerard Cord ier ( Tours), P ierre Demo lon ( Doua i), Marce l Garn ier ( Cou lommiers), Dr. M . Gruet ( Angers), J acques H inout ( Cha teauThierry), l 'Abbe L ou is Bou i l lon ( Bray-sur-Se ine), Henr i Mar iette ( Samer), C lement Maro l le ( Douzy), A la in N ico las ( Auxerre/Marse i l le), D . O ja lvo ( Or leans), P rof . D r. R . Ro l le ( Gött ingen), a nd Guy Verron ( Caen). It ake t h is o ppor tun i ty t o e xpress my g rat i tude t o a l l t hose i nd iv idua ls a nd i nst i tut ions l i s ted a bove, a nd t o t hank f urther t hose who g ave me p ermiss ion t o i lus tra te unpub l ished ma ter ia l. Anne Cahen-De lhaye a nd L . v an I mpe, f rom t he S erv ice Nat iona l d es F ou i l les ( Bruxe l les), k ind ly s ent me pub l icat ions o f c omparat ive ma ter ia l f rom n orth o f t he b order. I n Oxford, I w ou ld e specia l ly l ike t o t hank Dr. Brendan O 'Connor who s o o pen ly s hared w i th me t he r esu l ts o f h is own r esearch; a nd H e inr ich Harke who p a ins tak ing ly s uggested i mprovements t o t he s ect ion o n h i l ls ett lements i n Chapter 1 4 . 1 Ih ave a lso b enef i ted f rom c onversa t ions w i th Dr. D aphne Nash. Ir ema in most i ndebted t o P rof . Barry Cun l iffe, my t hes is s uperv isor , who c ommun ica ted h is e nthus iasm f or t he p ro ject t hroughout. I wou ld a lso l i ke t o t hank M ichae l Rou i l lard t o whom I owe my d raw ing a pprent icesh ip, a nd t o a l l t hose who h e lped me i n o ne way o r a nother a t t he I nst i tute o f Archaeo logy, Oxford. Ig ra tefu l ly r eceived t rave l g rants f rom b o th t he Meyerste in Fund a nd t he Z aharoff Award . Th is w ork wou ld n ever h ave s een t he l ight o f d ay h ad i t n o t b een f or t he c onstant e ncouragement a nd f inanc ia l s uppor t o f my p arents, a nd i t i s t o t hem t ha t If i tting ly d ed ica te t hese v o lumes.

NOTE

1 .

Both s ubsequen t ly pub l ished t he ir r esearch w i th B . A. R. 1 980 ; H . Härke 1 979).

1 11

(B . J . 0 ' Connor

I NTRODUCTION

A .

I NTRODUCTION

The ma in purpose o f t h is s tudy i s a s tra ightforward p resenta t ion o f t he ma ter ia l e v idence f or t he Ha o ccupa t ion i n t he P ar is Bas in a long t he l i nes e s tab l ished f or o ther r eg ions o f F rance ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 963a, G . Wamser 1 975). The g azetteer o f s i tes f orms t he b as is o f t h is a pproach. The work a lso p resents a n i n i t ia l a ttempt a t s ynthes is, c ombining t he a rtefactua l ma ter ia l a nd t he s tructura l e v idence f rom s ett lements a nd bur ia ls. The f i rs t c a tegory , c ompr is ing S ect ion I , c ons ists o f ' i so la t ing ' t he more r epresenta tive a rtefact-types a nd i nves tigat ing t heir c ontext, d ate a nd d istr ibut ion, a nd o r ig in where p oss ib le. P o ttery, g iven i t s p redominance i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord, i s d ea lt w i th more f u l ly t han t he meta l f inds. The i ron n odu le-h i lted s word ( Kno l lenknaufschwert), t hought by many t o b e long t o t he l a ter Ha D , i s more l ike ly a l a te L .T . w eapon, a nd i s t herefore r e legated t o a n a ppend ix. S ect ion I c ons iders t he l im i ted e v idence f or i nter-reg iona l c ontacts, b oth i nterna l a nd e xterna l, a nd t races d iscernab le p a tterns o f e xchange a nd t rade. S ett lement a nd f unerary s tructures a re t rea ted i n S ect ion I I. The emphas is i n s ett lement i s p laced o n i nterna l s tructura l f eatures s ince t he e v idence d oes n ot a l low a d ist inct ion b etween d ifferent t ypes o f s ett lements o ther t han b etween l ow land a nd h i l ltop s i tes. Var ious i ndus tr ia l a ct iv it i es, n ame ly s a lt-product ion, i ron-work ing a nd p ottery manufacture, a re d iscussed i n Chapter 1 5 . The d ata i n t he l a tter s phere r e la te t o k i lns e xc lus ive ly. The c ompara t ive w ea lth o f i nforma t ion o n f unerary p ract ices makes a more l engthy a nd d eta i led s tudy p oss ib le. F ina l ly, t he l oca t iona l p atterns o f s ett lements a nd c emeter ies a re b r ief ly s ta ted. To c onc lude, Chapter 1 8 o f S ect ion I V e ndeavours t o s ynthes ise t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord i nto a c oherent but t entat ive h is tor ica l o ut l ine o f t he Ha P er iod i n t he Bas in. The l arge v ar ie ty i n t he mater ia l c u lture o f t he Ha P er iod h as n ecess ar i ly l ed t o a number o f om iss ions. P rominent among t hese a re t hose t ypes o f a r tefacts t ha t a re more c haracter is t ic o f p reced ing a nd s ubsequent phases. Bronze Armor ican a xes, a l though known t o o ccur i n Ha C c ontexts, a re a L .B. A. d eve lopment ( J. Br iard 1 965 :2 41-282) a nd a re t herefore n ot t rea ted s pecif ica l ly. I ron s ocketed a xes a re a lso n ot i nc luded s ince f ew a re s trat if ied f inds a nd may v ary w ide ly i n d a te ( B. J . O 'Connor 1 978 : 4 53-454). A t t he o ther e nd o f t he c hrono log ica l l im i t o f t h is s tudy, a number o f Ha D I L. T . Io b jects a re e xc luded b ecause t hey a re more c lose ly i dent if ied w i th e ar ly L .T . I' Marn ian ' a ssemb lages. They i nc lude s uch s ma l l f inds a s c rescent-shaped o r ' boat ' e arr ings i n s heet-bronze, b ronze a nd i ron ' t o i let-sets ' ( " trousses d e t o i lette") a nd m isce l laneous p endants, 1 f requent ly f ound i n ' mixed ' Ha D /L.T. I g raves i n t he Champagne. O ther t ypes o f ma ter ia l a re e xc luded d ue t o t he ir r ar i ty. Horse-gear b e long t o t h is c a tegory, b eing l im i ted t o t he f ew c art-bur ia ls but more o f ten c ompr is ing s tray f inds, a s t hose f rom t he

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S e ine a t P ar is ( M. Oxford) a nd ' Sbche-P ierre ', Chamou i l ley, H te-M. ( L. L epage 1 967 :113 , 1 14 f ig . 4 , 4 -6). The r ecent d iscovery o f Ha C h orse-gear i n t he c remat ion bur ia l o f Enc losure I V a t ' l e F ond d e Berno is ', S au lces-Champeno ises, Ard., i s o f p ar t icu lar i nterest ( I . M . S tead 1 978). P robab ly t he most n otab le om iss ion c oncerns t he e v idence f or a gr ic u ltura l a Ct iv i ties. The g enera l r ar i ty o f a gr icu ltura l t oo ls i n t he e ar l ie s t I .A. h as b een n oted ( J . C ourt in e t a l . 1 976 :176). The e nv ironmenta l d a ta r e la t ing t o l and-use a nd a na lyses o f p o l len s amp les f rom s ett lements r ema in m in ima l i n t he Bas in, a nd a re c erta in ly i nsuff ic ient t o warrant g enera l isa t ions. The s tudy o f t he f auna l r ema ins i s more a dvanced b ut d eta i led r eg iona l s yntheses a re s t i l l l ack ing. I n i t ia l r esu lts i nd ica te w idespread d omest ica t ion, r epresent ing a h igh p ercentage o f s amp les , u p t o 1 00% , w i th o v icapr ids a nd p ig p redom ina t ing i n t he Bas in ( T. P ou la in 1 976: 1 10-111). Osteo log ica l e xam inat ion o f human s ke leta l r ema ins i s l im i ted t o a h andfu l o f Ha D c emeter ies i n t he Bas in, f rom ' l a Dronnf öre ', I fs , C a lv. ( J. Dastugue a nd S . Torre 1 966) a nd ' l es L ongra is', S oumont-StQuent in, C a Iv . ( J . Dastugue 1 961), b oth i n L ower Normandy, t o ' l es Danges ', S ub la ines, I .-et-L. ( R. R iquet a nd P . Brenot 1 976), i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, a nd ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly, M . ( R. P . Char les 1 959), i n t he Champagne. A lthough t he s amp l ing t o d ate i s t oo s parse t o b e t ru ly r epresentat ive, t he Bas in a ppears t o h ave b een i nhab i ted by a n a nthropo log ica l ly m ixed p opu lat ion, o f Neo l i th ic s tock, w i th s ome r eg iona l d ifferent iat ion ( R. R iquet 1 976 :148-149). The e v idence f rom s ett lements a nd bur ia ls , a s n o ted a bove, i s h eav i ly b iased t oward t he l a tter. Th is i s i n l arge p art due t o t he i nteres ts a nd a ct iv i ties o f c o l lectors a nd a nt iquar ians o f t he p as t s evera l c entur ies. Bur ia ls, by t he ir s tructure a nd c on tents, a re a lso more s uscept ib le t o d iscovery a nd r ecord ing t han a re l ow land s ett lements t hat l eave l i tt le t race a nd w i l l h ave g one unnot iced unt i l f a ir ly r ecent ly. I n c ons ider ing t he n ature a nd d istr ibution o f t he e v idence f or t he Ha o ccupa t ion i n t he Bas in, i t i s n ecessary t o t ake i nto a ccount t he p resent c auses wh ich e ffect a rchaeo log ica l d iscovery a nd wh ich t o s ome e xtent d eterm ine t he s tatist ica l v ar iabi l i ty o f as i te o f ac erta in t ype a nd d a te b e ing f ound. Us ing f igures f or 1 974 a nd 1 975 s upp l ied by t he S erv ice d es F ou i l les e t Ant iqu i tgs ( P. Duhame l a nd A . Marguet 1 974; 1 975), t he p r incipa l c auses i nc lude: 1 974 U rban isat ion / Industry Agr icu lture / Forests Quarr ies ( sands a nd g rave ls) Motorways/Roads C landes t ine e xcava t ions

4 1% 2 7% 1 2.8% 8 .5% 9 .9%

1 975 3 9% 2 5% 1 2% 1 7% 7 %

A lthough t hese p ercentages a re f or t he who le o f F rance, 2 t hey a pp ly e qua l ly t o t he Bas in. Urban isa t ion a nd i ndus tr ia l d eve lopment, p art i cu lar ly e v ident i n t he P ar is r eg ion a nd i n t he Nord —Pas-de-Ca la is, a ccount f or f ew Ha d iscover ies. The ma jor c ause o f d iscovery ( and d es truct ion) o f Ha s i tes i s quarry ing . 3 The d ens i ty o f Ha o ccupa tion i n t he v a l leys o f t he m idd le O ise a nd S e ine, a nd t he m idd le a nd l ower A isne a nd Marne, i s t he r esu l t o f i ndustr ia l e xp lo ita tion o f t he a l luv ia l s ands a nd g rave ls o n t he v a l ley f l oor a nd t erraces. Corre la t ions

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b etween q uarry ing a nd r escue a rchaeo logy h ave b een s tud ied i n t he Bassde, a z one w i th a r e la t ive ly d ense c luster o f Ha B /C t o D s i tes, f or t he y ears b etween 1 960 a nd 1 976 ( D. Mordant 1 975). The h igh r iver ine c oncentra t ion o f Ha o ccupa t ion c an t herefore b e s een s im i lar ly a s t he o utcome o f modern c ond i tions a s ar ef lect ion o f p re-exis ting s ett lement p a tterns . I n 1 975 , 4 0% o f a rchaeo log ica l d iscover ies w ere c hance f inds, 3 1.5% t he r esu lt o f f i e ld w ork, a nd 2 9 .5% t he c onsequence o f a er ia l s urveys. A lthough f igures a re n ot a va i lab le by p er iod, a er ia l r econna issance h as made a v i ta l c ontr ibut ion t o t he d iscovery o f Ha s i tes i n t he S omme, A isne, O ise, S e ine , Marne a nd Yonne v a l leys . The n a ture o f t he e v idence i s a lso r e la ted t o t he methods o f a rchaeo log ica l r ecovery. The t ype o f e xcava t ions c arr ied o ut i nc lude:

1 974 1 975

R escue e xc.

P rogrammed e xc.

S ondages

4 2% 4 9%

3 2% 3 1%

2 6% 2 1%

I t s hou ld b e n oted t ha t Ha s i tes f igure a t t he b o ttom o f a l l p er iod t ab les i n e ach c ategory. The r at io o f p rogrammed t o r escue/sondages e xcavat i ons o n I .A. s ett lements a nd c emeter ies i s a bout e ven, w i th i ncreas ing a ttent ion b e ing p a id t o s ett lements. The s h if t i n p rogrammed r esearch a way f rom c emetery t oward s ett lement a rchaeo logy i n t he Bas in h as b een v ery n ot iceab le i n r ecent y ears. Th is i nterest h as b een d irected most ly t oward v a l ley s i tes wh i le h i l ltop s ett lements r ema in n ear ly t o ta l ly n eg lected. The d ispar i ty o f Ha o ccupa t ion o n ar eg iona l l eve l i s due i n l arge measure t o t he p resence o r a bsence o f l oca l a rchaeo log ica l s ociet ies , c lubs, r esearch un its a nd o ther s im i lar o rgan isat ions. The ir i nteres ts a nd l eve l o f i nvo lvement, n o t t o ment ion f und ing , a re i mportant f actors. The Centre d e R echerches e t d 'Etudes Archdo log iques d e l a Moyenne Va l le d e l 'O ise ( C . R. A. V. 0.) i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley, t he ' A isne P ro ject ' wh ich i nvo lves U .R.A. n o . 1 2 ( C . N.R.S. ) a nd t he Un ivers i ty o f P ar is I among o thers i n t he m idd le A isne v a l ley, a nd t he Cerc le A rchdo log ique d e B ray-sur-Se ine a n ima ted by C . a nd D . Mordant i n t he Bassde, t o g ive s evera l e xamp les , a re r espons ib le f or t he l arge d ens ity o f f inds i n t he ir r espect ive a reas. The d ifferent ia l work o f t he a rchaeo log ica l c ircumscr ipt ions ( L ist 2 , Map C ), a nd t he ' preferences ' o f a p art icu lar o ne o f i ts d irectors o r a ss is tants, n eed a lso b e t aken i nto a ccount. P resent l and-use a nd t he p o l ic ies o f o rgan isa t ions a nd i nd iv idua ls r ema in i mportant f actors i n d eterm ining t he d istr ibut ion p a tterns o f Ha o ccupat ion i n t he B as in B .

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

Apart f rom G . Ba i l loud 's n ow c lass ic s tudy o n t he Neo l i th ic ( 1974), w r i tten i n 1 964, a nd a n e xtended p aper o n t he M idd le L a T bne by A . Duva l ( 1976), 4 t he P ar is Bas in h as n ot b een u sed a s af ramework f or a c omprehens ive a rchaeo log ica l s urvey. Synthet ic p rotohistor ic r esearch i n t he Bas in h as b een l arge ly c onf ined t o ar estr icted r eg iona l a nd d epartmenta l l eve l. Th is h as t aken v ar ious f orms, f rom i nventor ies a nd c ata logues o f s i tes a nd f inds, t o pub l ishing museum c o l lect ions, t o d eta i led p er iod s yntheses .

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The Nord--Pas-de-Ca la is i s o ne o f t he l east e xp lo i ted r eg ions i n t erms o f p rotoh istor ic r esearch. Bas ic works i nc lude G . Deneck 's br ief a rchaeo log ica l s urvey o f t he P as-de-Ca la is a nd S omme up t o a nd i nc lud ing t he Ga l lo-Roman P er iod ( 1943), a nd m isce l laneous i nventor ies by R . P revost ( 1958), R . R ingo t ( 1965) a nd R . F e l ix ( 1968; 1 976). The o n ly d eta i led s ynthes is c oncerns t he B .A. ( G. Gaucher a nd J .-P. Mohen 1 974), E .I. A. s tud ies b eing r estr icted t o s pecif ic a rtefact-types, notab ly ' s ca l lop '-r immed b ow ls ( G. L eman-De ler ive 1 973 ; J . Hurtre l le 1 978). There i s , h owever, g rowing i nterest i n t he E . I . A. o f t he r eg ion, r ef lected i n at hes is b eing p repared b y G . L eman-De ler ive ( pers. c omm. ) , a nd a p ro jected p aper o n L .T . s ett lements by J . Hurtre l le a nd A . V i l les ( pers. c omm.). P icardy r ema ins o ne o f t he b etter e xp lored p rov inces i n t he Bas in a s a r esu lt o f e xtens ive a er ia l photograph ic s urveys o f t he S omme b asin a nd s urrounding a reas by R . Agache ( 1962 ; 1 970; 1 975 ; 1 976b; 1 978), a nd t he f i e ldwork a nd e xcavat ions undertaken by C . R. A. V. 0. i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley. A s hort a rt ic le r esum ing t he ev idence f or Ha C a nd D o ccupa t ion i n P icardy a ppeared i n t he 1 976 i ssue o f t he R . A. O. wh ich i s d evoted t o s imi lar p er iod e ssays c over ing t he Neo l i thic t o t he L .T. i nc lus ive ly ( J.-C. B lanchet 1 976b). An i mportant a spect o f p rotohistor ic r esearch i n t h is z one i s t he pub licat ion o f museum c o l lect ions o f Bronze a nd I ron Age a rtefacts o f most ly r eg iona l p rovenance 5 ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd B . L ambot 1 975 ; B . L ambot 1 975 ; A. Op i trescoDodd e t a l . 1 978). A c o l lect ion o f p apers o n t he E .I.A. i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley i s s hort ly t o b e publ ished a s a " Festschr if t" t o P rof . J .-P. M i l lotte ( J.-C. B lanchet, p ers. c omm.). One o f t he p apers i s t o d ea l w ith d ecorated s ett lement p ottery ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decormei l le 1 980b). A s ynthes is o f t he p rotohistory o f t he m idd le O ise v a l ley i s a lso t he s ub ject o f a t hes is by J .-C. B lanchet ( pers. c omm.). The S e ine-et-Marne i s t he b est c overed d epartment i n t he P ar is r eg ion. Exc lud ing c antona l i nventor ies pub l ished by t he B .G.A.S.M. by P . Cava i l ler ( 1961; 1 963; 1 964; 1 965), A . C lement ( 1967), J .-M. Desbordes ( 1962), a nd P . Eberhart a nd C . Drouhot ( 1967), t here e x ists a c omprehens ive s urvey o f t he I .A. i n t he Br ie ( J.-P. Gui l laumet 1 971-72). The e xcavat ions o f t he Cerc le Archeo log ique d e Bray-surS eine i n t he Bassee a re o f p articu lar r elevance, a nd s evera l h ave b een publ ished ( J. Bont i l lot e t a l . 1 975 ; C . Mordant 1 976; C . a nd D . Mordant 1 970 ; 1 977; 1 97 F78 ; D . Mordant 1 966; 1 975). J .-P. Mohen 's s tudy o f t he B . A. i n t he P ar is r eg ion, b ased o n c o l lect ions i n t he M .A.N. i ncorporates a c erta in amount o f Ha B /C mater ia l ( 1977). R . P arent 's d issertat ion o n t he p reh istor ic s ett lement b etween t he Marne a nd A isne d ea ls o n ly s uperf icia l ly w i th t he Ha P er iod ( 1971-72: 3 5-37). The more i mportant r esu lts o f a er ia l photographic r esearch i n t he I l e-de-France h ave b een c omp i led by D . J a lma in ( 1970). There h as b een l i tt le work o f s ynthes is i n Normandy s ince L . C out i l ( 1902) a nd M . Doran lo ( 1924-25). D . Bert i n h as d rawn up a c ata logue o f Norman I .A. s i tes ( 1975a), a nd G . Verron i s c omp let ing a t hes is o n t he Neo l i thic, Bronze a nd I ron Ages i n Normandy ( 1976b: 8 15; p ers. c omm.). Whi le t he p rotohistor ic mater ia l f rom t he S eine-Mari t ime d ep artmenta l museum a t Rouen h as a ppeared ( G. Verron 1 971), t he l arge c o l lect ion o f t he S ocie te ' d es Ant iqua ires d e N ormand ie a t Caen, a l though c ata logued ( D. Bert in 1 975b), a re s t i l l unpub l ished. The m idd le L o ire r eg ion i s we l l d ocumented w ith s pecia l emphas is o n t he B .A . S ince E . C . F lorance 's i nventory f or t he L o ir-et-Cher ( 1925 ; 1 926), o ther d epartmenta l c ata logues h ave a ppeared f or t he

4

I ndre-et-Lo ire ( G. Cord ier 1 967) a nd t he L o iret, t he l atter i n r egu lar i nsta l lments i n t he B .S.P.F. ( A. Noue l 1 947; 1 957a; 1 963 ; 1 967a; A . Noue l a nd M . Dauvo is 1 959). S ynthet ic r esearch t hat i nc ludes t he Ha P er iod h as r ecent ly c overed t he An jou ( G. Cord ier a nd M . Gruet 1 975) a nd t he w es t Or l6ana is ( J. Ask lund 1 970). Ment ion c an a lso b e made o f a s urvey o f t he Bronze a nd I ron Ages i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion ( A. Noue l 1 957b). S i te c a ta logues a nd s ynthet ic work h ave b een most ly c oncerned w i th t he B .A. i n t he L o iret a nd a d jo in ing r eg ions ( G. Cord ier 1 978b; A . Noue l 1 967b), w i th p art icu lar a ttent ion b e ing p a id t o t he Urnf ie ld P er iod i n t he Toura ine ( G. Cord ier 1 961), t he Or le-a na is ( id. 1 977) a nd t he L o iret ( A. Noue l 1 967c). 6 S imp l if ied g enera l s urveys f or t he r eg ion a re a lso known ( id . 1 966; J . D erba l 1 968; 1 974). The p rotoh istor ic b ronzes i n t he Musgum d 'H isto ire Nature l le a t Chartres, p ert inent t o t he Eure-et-Lo ir, h ave r ecent ly b een pub l ished ( C. E lubre 1 972). But f or P . d e Goy 's s er ies o f a rt ic les o n t umu l i ( 1884; 1 885; 1 8868 7; 1 887-88 ; 1 888-89), t here h as b een l i tt le s ystema t ic work o n t he p rotoh istory o f t he Berry. R ecent r esearch h as b een most ly c oncerned w i th a spects o f t he l a ter L .T., e specia l ly h i l lfort s tud ies ( 0. Buchsens chutz 1 971 ; I . Ra ls ton a nd 0 . Buchsenschutz 1 975). Work i s i n p rog ress o n ac omputer ised mapp ing o f a rchaeo log ica l s i tes , b egun w i th t he c anton o f Dun-sur-Auron, C . ( 0. Buchsenschutz e t a l , 1 975b), a nd p resent ly c omp leted f or t he Cher ( 0. Buchsenschutz, p ers. c omm.). A t hes is o n t he I .A. i n t he Berry, l arge ly b ased o n t he ma ter ia l f rom t he Musee du Berry a t Bourges , h as b een p repared by M . W i l laume ( pers. c omm.). L ower Burgundy h as b een more e xtens ive ly i nves t iga ted. The ma jor s ynthes is s t i l l r ema ins A . Hure ' s s tudy o f t he S enona is i n t he Bronze a nd I ron Ages ( 1931), s upp lemented by more r ecent r esearch ( J.-Y. P rampart e t a l . 1 965). O ther r eg iona l s urveys i nc lude b r ief a rt ic les o n t he N iverna is by A . Desforges ( 1925 ; 1 932), a nd o n t he Morvan by J . J o ly ( 1976). A t hes is o n t he p rotoh istory o f t he Auxerr o is i s b e ing c omp leted by A . N ico las ( pers. c omm.). A s ynthes is o f t he I .A. i n t he u pper Marne, Meuse a nd Aube b as ins, i s i nc luded i n at hes is by L . L epage wh ich d ea ls w i th h is e xcavat ions i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a Mo ttote ', N i jon, H te-M. ( 1980). An i nventory o f s i tes h as b een c ompi led f or t he Haute-Marne ( P. Ba l let 1 971). S hort p apers r esuming p rotoh istor ic f unerary r i tes i n t he Yonne ( P. P arruzot 1 955a) a nd upper Marne b as in ( L. L epage 1 974c) h ave a lso a ppeared. The o n ly i mportant museum c o l lect ion t o h ave b een pub l ished r ecent ly i s t he B . A. mater ia l f rom t he Abbaye d e S t-Germa in a t Auxerre wh ich most d irect ly c oncerns t he Yonne v a l ley ( A. N ico las e t a l . 1 975). The Champagne r ema ins undoubted ly t he r eg ion w i th t he b est a rc haeo log ica l c overage. But a part f rom A . Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 's s tudy o f t he s ett lements i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( 1966; 1 967), t here h ave b een f ew works o f s yntheses b ear ing d irect ly o n t he Ha C a nd D . S uch a ttempts h ave b een d irected t oward t he p reced ing p er iod , a s t he Urnf ie ld c emeter ies i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( B. Chert ier 1 976a), a nd t he f o l low ing phase o f t he L .T. I ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971). I nteres t i n t he L .T . Ih as a lso p rompted t he i nvest iga t ion o f s pec if ic a rtefact-types h oused i n l oca l museums, e spec ia l ly p ottery ( B. Chert ier 1 973; D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 961) a nd f ibu lae ( id. 1 958a ; 1 959). 7 The pub l icat ion o f t he A . N ica ise c o l lect ion i s o f i mportance f or b o th t he Ha C a nd D a nd L . T. I i n t he Champagne ( id. 1 960). A p aper s ummar is ing t he p rea nd p rotoh is tory o f t he Marne i s known ( P. M . F avret 1 935), but

5

s im i lar t o e x isting d epartmenta l i nventor ies f or t he Ardennes ( J . Dupu is 1 933 ; 1 936) a nd t he Marne ( E. S chm i t 1 929), i s l arge ly s urp assed by p ost-war d eve lopments. A r ecent c ata logue h as b een d rawn up f or Chg lons-sur-Marne, M . ( M. Chosseno t 1 976). A s ummary l i st o f Ha D s i tes d iscovered i n t he Marne s ince 1 945 r evea ls t he meagre a dvances made i n t h is f i e ld ( D. Chosseno t e t a l . 1 979 : 1 4). A t hes is by A . V i l les o n L .T. s ett lement s tructures i n t he Champagne, t ouch ing l ight ly o n t he l a ter Ha D , i s t o a ppear i n 1 982 ( pers. c omm.). The 1 976 n inth c ongress o f t he U .I.S.P.P. i n N ice p rec ipi ta ted t he pub l icat ion o f r eg iona l s yn theses c over ing t he who le o f F rance a nd C ors ica ( J. Gu i la ine 1 976a). The p apers d ea l ing w i th t he I .A. i n t he P ar is Bas in v ary g rea t ly i n d epth a nd qua l i ty. They a re, h owever , at ime ly r ef lect ion o f t he s tate o f r esearch i nto t he Ha C a nd D , s how ing p as t n eg lect a nd t he r ecent s pate o f d iscover ies, mos t ly f ortu i tous , wh ich h as p rompted r enewed i nterest i n t he p er iod. Th is h as r esu l ted i n t he r e lat ive ly l arge number o f t heses d evo ted t o t he s ubject i n a n a ttempt t o f i l l t he g ap o f s ynthes is. A number o f s yntheses n ot s pecif ica l ly c oncerned w i th t he Bas in bu t wh ich e ncroach u pon i t d eserve a ttent ion. O f p art icu lar i mportance f or t he Ha C a nd D a re B . J . O 'Connor 's t hes is o n meta lwork, c overi ng t he n ortheas tern quarter o f t he Bas in ( 1978 ; 1 980), a nd G . Wamser 's s tudy o f t he Ha P er iod i n Burgundy a nd t he J ura wh ich e ncompasses t he s outhern Yonne a nd Haute-Marne d epartments ( 1975). A lthough t o s ome e xtent s uperseded by r ecent f inds a nd r esearch, N . K . S andars ' c omprehens ive a na lys is o f t he F rench B . A. r ema ins a u sefu l c omparat ive t oo l ( 1957). O ther works, a s M . Whee ler a nd K . M . R ichardson 's s urvey o f h i l lforts i n n orthwestern F rance ( 1957), D . Nash 's work i n c entra l Gau l ( 1975), a nd H . L orenz 's p aper o n f unerary p ractices, wh ich i nc ludes t he Champagne ( 1978), a re more a pp l icab le t o t he L .T . Apar t f rom r eg iona l s urveys, r ecent s ynthet ic r esearch p erta in ing t o t he Ha P er iod i n t he Bas in h as i nvo lved i nves t igat ions i nto i mported a rtefact-types , n o tab ly I ta l ic f ibu lae ( A. Duva l e t a l , 1 974), a nd b ronze v esse ls ( B. Bou loum ie 1 973a ; 1 976; 1 977 ; 1 978). The v ast bu lk o f t he w r i tten ma ter ia l i s c oncerned w i th r eport ing i nd iv idua l s i te-excavat ions a nd f inds , a nd f orms t he b as is o f t h is s tudy. C .

CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

C1

R e la t ive c hrono logy ( Tab le 1 )

I t i s n ot t he purpose h ere t o r ev iew t he v ar ious r e la t ive c hronol og ica l s chemes e stab l ished f or t he E .I.A. i n t he West Ha l lstatt p rov ince ( Westha l lstattkreis) but t o e xp la in b r ief ly t he c hrono log ica l f ramework u sed i n t h is w ork ( Tab le 1 ). A c onven ient a nd c r i t ica l s ummary o f e x is ting s ystems, w i th p art icu lar r eference t o t he e v idence f rom Ha l ls ta tt, S a lzkammergut, c an b e f ound i n B . J . O 'Connor ( 1978 :60-67). J . Gu i la ine h as r ecent ly p rov ided a n o ut l ine o f t he c urrent c hrono log ica l s cheme emp loyed i n F rench p rotoh is tory ( 1976b: 1 9-22). J .-J. Ha tt ' s t ernary d iv is ion o f t he Ha l ls ta tt P er iod ( 1962: 6 60-667), most c ommon ly u sed i n c ont inenta l F rance, h as b een s et a s ide i n f avour o f ab roader a nd more f l ex ib le b inary p art i tion u s ing P . R einecke 's t ermino logy, t he Ha C a nd D . The upper ( c. 7 50) a nd l ower ( c. 4 50) l im i ts, n ecessar i ly a rbi trary, c orrespond r ough ly t o t hose i mposed by J .-J. Ha tt f or e astern F rance ( ibid.:660, 6 66), by G . Wamser f or

6

Burgundy a nd t he J ura ( 1975 : 9 0-99) a nd by G . Kossack f or s outhern Bavar ia ( 1959 : 5 0-56). The Ha C / D i s p receded a nd f o l lowed by ' t rans it i ona l ' p er iods, t he Ha B/C a nd Ha C /L.T. I r espect ive ly, wh ich r epres ent t imes o f f lux, e vo lut ion a nd c onso l idat ion i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord. The i nherent c ont inu i ty o r o ver lap o f mater ia l c u ltures, a nd v ary ing r eg iona l r ates o f c hange, d o n ot a l low f or a r ig id c hrono log ica l s ystem i ncorpora t ing t he P ar is Bas in a s a who le. A s harp c ontrast i s p ercept ib le, f or e xamp le, b etween t he c ont inu i ty o f L ate U rnf ie ld f unerary a nd c eram ic t rad i t ions i n t he Champagne a nd m idd le S e ine v a l ley i nto t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D , a nd t he Ha C d eve lopments a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, f rom t he P lateau d e L angres t o t he Berry, which r ef lect c ontemporary c hanges i n n eighbour ing Burgundy, i n t he J ura a nd s outhern G ermany. Cont inu i ty o f L a te Urnf ie ld t rad i t ions i nto t he E .I. A., a lso e v ident i n t he L aufe ld Group o f t he N euw ied Bas in f or i nstance ( H. -E. J oach im 1 968 :3 0-31), i s e xpressed i n t he c hrono log ica l s ystems f ormu lated by W . K imm ig f or t he s outhern Rh ine land ( W. K imm ig a nd R . L ou is 1 951 :72-76), a nd by B . Chert ier f or t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne ( 1976a : 1 56-158). The f i rst t ru ly ' I ron Age ' c u lture t o a ppear i n t he Champagne i s t he Vogass ian ' c omp lex, i ntroduced i n t he l ater Ha D . The r e la t ive c hrono logy o f t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in c an b e i ntegra ted i nto G . Wamser 's s cheme f or t he Upper Burgund ian t umu lus c u lture ( 1975 : 9 0-99). I t b eg ins w i th a t rans i t iona l p hase ( Ha B2 /3), marked by p ers is tent L a te U rnf ie ld t rad i t ions a nd t he i ntroduction o f t he b ronze Günd l ingen-type s word, a nd e nds w ith a s im i lar ly ' m ixed ' p er iod ( Ha D3) when ' conservat ive ' Ha D e lements m ing le w i th e ar ly L .T. a ssemb lages. Notab le c hanges o ccur i n t he l ater Ha C ( Ha C2) when t he l ong i ron s word a nd b ronze l ooped r azor a re i ntroduced , a long w i th t he i nhuma t ion r i te, a nd i n t he l a ter Ha D ( Ha D2), w i th t he a rr iva l o f v ar ious o b jects o f p ersona l a dornment, p ar t icu lar ly f ibu lae ( Doppe lpaukenf ibe ln a nd Fussz ierf ibe ln), mass ive b ronze c ircu lars ect ion a nd t ubu lar r ings ( ibid. : 90-91 , 9 3 , 9 5 Tab. 1 2). S imi lar t o t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in , t he d iv is ion b etween t he l a ter Ha C ( Ha C2) a nd e ar ly D ( Ha D1) i s b lurred i n Burgundy. Wh i le t he a dvent o f t he Ha C I ron Age a long t he s outhern c onf ines o f t he Bas in c an b e s een a s a g radua l e vent, s hedd ing L ate U rnf ie ld f unerary p ract ices a nd mater ia l c u lture by s low d egrees, a p rocess i ncorporating t he e nt ire Ha C phase, t he a ppearance o f t he Ha D I ron Age i n t he Champagne was a brupt, b r ing ing a n a l ien f unerary r i te a nd mater ia l c u lture w i thout l oca l p recedent. I ts o r ig ins r ema in o bscure ( J.-J. Ha tt a nd P . R oua let 1 977 :10). The ' J ogass ian ' p er iod i n t he Champagne i s d iv ided i nto t wo phases, t he Ha Ia a nd I 1 3, b ased o n t he g rave-assemb lages f rom t he e ponymous f l a tinhuma t ion c eme tery a t t l es J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M . ( ib id .:10). The f i f ty-year p er iod c orresponds t o t he d a te-range o f t he p r ince ly c ar tb ur ia l a t V ix C .d ' 0. ( ib id . : 11 ; R J offroy 1 96 O a : 1 59-160) . Toward t he e nd o f t he Ha D , t he Bas in e n joyed a c erta in mater ia l h omogenei ty unknown s ince t he l a ter Ha B . The t rans i t ion f rom t he l a ter Ha D t o t he e ar ly L .T. I i s t he s ub ject o f h eated d ebate, e spec ia l ly c oncern ing t he r e la t ionsh ip b etween t he 1J ogass ian ' a nd L .T. I ' Marn ian ' c u ltura l c omp lexes. The a rgument, b r ief ly s ta ted, r evo lves a round t hose s uppor ting a s hort p er iod o f ' co-ex istence ' o f b oth c u ltures ,

7

I ( 1977) R oualet J .-J. Hatt/P.

B . Chertier ( 1976a)

G . Wamser ( 1975)

( 1962) Hatt J .-J.

( 1959) K ossack G .

( 1959)

K immig ( 1941-47) W .

H . Müller-Karpe

I gchelette J .

( 1913a) R einecke P .

P aris B asin

Ha i

8 00 7 50

U K

=

E aC

B FIIIb H aB3

7 00

H aC1 H aD

Ha n

UKIT E

a C

H aD 1 H aD2

L TA

L TA

4 50 4 00

C UIII

H a A

L TB

Ha C

H aC2

5 50 5 00

Ha B /C

H aB2/3 H aC

6 50 6 00

H aB

H a M

Ha D

H aD H aIIa H aIIb L TIa

H a F L TIa

L T

L TIb

H a D /L .T. L .T.

I

L TI

A bbreviations:

H a L T UK C U

Hallstatt L a T bne Urnenfelderkultur C hamps d 'urnes

H a A H a M H a F

Tab le 1 Chrono logy

8

H allstatt Ancien Hallstatt M ayen H allstatt Final

I

a s P . M . F avret ( 1936:25-32), D . B retz-Mah ler ( 1971 :203-204), a nd M . P iroutet i n t he F ranche-Comtd ( 1930a : 7 8 ; 1 931c), a nd t hose f avouri ng a n ' a ff i l iat ion ' w i thout c ontemporanei ty ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 977 :10-11). R . J offroy 's p os i t ion, a ccept ing l oca l c o-ex is tence but r e jecting a ff i l ia t ion, m ay b e d ism issed a s i rre levant ( 1960a :171-172). Numerous a uthors h ave t aken i nto a ccount a l a te, r es idua l s urv iva l o f t he Ha D i nto t he e ar ly L .T. i n t he ir c hrono log ica l s ys tems : n otab ly J .-J. Hatt 's Ha F ina l I I ( 1962 :666), H . Z ürn 's Ha D3 i n s outhwes tern G ermany ( 1974 :290), a nd G . Wamser 's Ha D3 i n Burgundy ( 1975 :93). The w idespread e v idence f or " M isch inventar" o r " M ischgräber" a cross t he Westha l lstattkre is l ends s upport t o ap er iod o f c ontemporane i ty b et ween b o th c u ltures. 8 A ff i l iat ion i s a n e v ident c orro lary, a nd i s s een i n t he c ont inu i ty o f f unerary p ract ices, c er ta in s ett lement t ypes a nd l oca t ions ( H. Härke 1 979 :149-153), a nd i n t he morpho log ica l l i nks b et ween v ar ious L .T. I a rtefact-types, w eaponry, t oo ls a nd o b jects o f p ersona l a dornment, a nd t he ir Ha D p ro totypes ( J.-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 981 :29-31 , P l. XXXIII-XXXVII). J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let's i nterpreta t ion o f t he r o le p layed by t he Uogass ian ' g roup a s a ' p i lot ' b r ing ing r eg iona l c u ltures i nto c ontact w i th t he Med i terranean, f ormi ng t he b as is f or t he L .T. I c u lture n eed n o t b e d ism issed ( id. 1 977: 1 0-11). The ir h istor ica l e xp lana t ion, c onnect ing t he d em ise o f t he ' Jogass ian ' c omp lex t o Ce lt ic movements d own t he Rh8ne v a l ley t oward t he M id i , c o incid ing w i th burnt h or izons a t L e P bgue, Dr., a nd a t o ther s outhern h i l lforts i n 4 80, r ema ins t o b e t ested c onc lus ive ly i n r eg ions l y ing o uts ide t he p r inc ipa l n orth-south a xes wh ich i nc lude t he P ar is Bas in. C2

Abso lute c hrono logy

Abso lute d ates i n t he Bas in a re l im i ted t o s evera l C14 s amp les , t o b e i nterpreted w i th t he c ustomary c aut ion, a nd t o i mpor ted l uxury a rtef acts, mos t ly t oward t he e nd o f t he Ha D . C14 d ates, t he ma jor i ty f rom s ett lements , i nc lude: R e l. c hrono logy ' L 'Entrde d es E coua ires ', Nanteu i l-sur-A isne ( 08): p i t-structures ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 9 , 1 976: 4 48-449)

9

Abs. c hrono logy

Ha B

2 820±90 B .P.(870 B .C.)

' Camp d e B ierre ', Merr i ( 61): p romontory-fort: L eve l I V ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 6 , 1 973 :389)

Ha B

2 320±100 B .P .(370±100 B .C.) 2 810±120 B .P.(850±120 B .C.) 2 740±110 B .P.(790±110 B .C.)

' La Mottote ', N i jon ( 52): Tumu lus pyre ( L. L epage 1 980 :107)

Ha B /C

2 000±100 B .P.

' L 'Enfer ', Chartret tes ( 77): p i t-structure ( J . Degros e t a l . 1 976:91)

Ha C

2 750±100 B .P.(620 B .C.)

' Le Temps P erdu ', Chartrettes ( 77): P i ts 1 a nd 2 ( J.-C. Bo ichd e t a l . 1 980 : 3 0,32)

Ha C

2 450±100 B .P.

9

Re l. c hrono logy ' Au-dessus du Monto ir d e F ontenay ', L ouvres (9 5) : p i t-structure ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 2 2, 1 979 : 4 70) ' Le S au le Ba i l lo t, Chassemy ( 02): House 9 ( R. M . Row lett e t a l . 1 969 : 1 25) ' Le R iez-De lattre ', Neuv i l le-sur-Escaut (5 9) : l ow land s ett lement ( Nord 1 977: 1 1)

Ha C

Abs. c hrono logy

2 230±90 B .P.

Ha D / L .T . I

5 90±60 B . 0. 7 320±125 B . 0 .

Ha C L . T. I

6 50 1 -3 50 B .C.

The d ispar i ty o f t hese C 1 4 d ates i s t oo w ide f or t hem t o s erve a s au sefu l i ndependent y ards t ick. A more r epresentat ive s amp le f rom a l arger number o f s i tes a cross t he Bas in must b e t es ted b efore t hese d a tes may b e i nterpreted w i th s ome a ssurance. The b ases o f a bso lute d at ing o f M ed i terranean i mports i nto c ont ine nta l w estern Europe i n t he Ha C a nd D a nd e ar ly L .T. h ave b een o ut l ined by W . Dehn a nd 0 .-H. F rey ( 1962) a nd n eed n ot b e d eta i led h ere. I mported Greek p ottery p rov ides t he most a ccurate d a t ing e v idence ( B. J . O 'Connor 1 978 : 5 19). A tt ic B lack-F igure wares, wh ich w ou ld n orma l ly b e f ound i n l a te Ha D c ontexts i n c ont inenta l Europe ( P. S . We l ls 1 980 : 1 9), a re n o t known f rom t he Bas in. The A tt ic Red-F igure p o ttery, r are ly f ound i n c losed c ontexts, e stab l ish a t erm inus a nte q ue r n f or t he Ha D i n t he Bas in. A c antharus, o f J . D . Beaz ley 's S t-Va lentin s er ies, a ssoc iated w i th a b ronze s tamnos i n t he p r imary t umu lus bur ia l a t ' l a Motte S t-Va lent in ', Cource l les-en-Montagne, H te-M., i s d ated t o c . 4 50 ( J. Ddch lette 1 913d:126-133 , P l. XXXI; B . Bou loum id 1 978:18. 2 1). The ky l ix f rom t he p r ince ly c art-bur ia l a t l 'Homme-Mor t ', S ommeB ionne, M ., d a ted t o C . 4 20 i s more p rob lema t ic, quest ion ing t he a uthent ici ty o f t he g rave-assemblage s ince much o f t he a ssociated mat er ia l c lear ly d ates t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i f th c entury ( D. BretzMah ler 1 971 :218 , P l. 1 72; J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 977 :8-9). E ar l ier Greek wares a re e qua l ly r are i n t he Bas in a nd a re s tray f inds. They i nc lude t wo s kypho i , d ated t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ixth c entury, f ound i n t he Bres le a t I nchev i l le, S .-Mar i t. ( G. Verron 1 971 : 3 9 , 8 0-81), a nd a t h ird unprovenanced s kyphos f rom t he Yonne ( B. Bou loum id 1 973b: 2 89-290). An E truscan ' bucchero n ero ' v esse l , o r a Med i terranean i mi tat ion, was f ound i n t he t umu lus a t ' l a Mo tto te ', N i jon , H te . -M ., but i ts c ontext i s n ot known f or c er ta in a l though i t may c ome f rom t he c art-bur ia l, Grave L ( L. L epage 1 974b: 3 53-354 ; 1 980 : 2 3 , 4 2). I mported b ronze v esse ls, i ncreas ing ly c ommon i n t he l ater H a D a nd e ar ly L .T . I bur ia ls, a re l ess p rec ise i nd icators o f a bso lute d ates s ince t hey h ave a l onger s urface ' l i fe e xpectancy '. The ir d at ing r e l ies a s much o n t he ir r e la t ive l oca l c ontexts a s o n t he t ime-range o f t he ir manufacture, o f v ary ing uncer ta inty, a nd i mpor tat ion. 1 0 I mported b ronze v esse ls a re t herefore u sefu l ' pegs ' i n t he r e la t ive c hrono log ica l s ca le.

1 0

The c hrono log ica l f ramework o f t h is s tudy r e l ies l arge ly o n ar e lat ive d a t ing s cheme ( Tab le 1 ), purposefu l ly f l ex ib le, a ccept ing t he g enera l a bso lute s ca le p resented by W . Dehn a nd 0 .-H. F rey ( 1962 : 2 09 Abb. 1 6). R ecent work , t end ing t o l ower t he d ates f or t he l a ter Ha C a nd D , d oes n ot d rast ica l ly mod ify t he r e la t ive s equence u sed i n t he p resent work ( H. Härke 1 979 : 1 3). D .

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND

The P ar is Bas in under p resent s tudy o ccupies t he n ortheas tern quarter o f modern F rance ( Map A ) a nd i nc ludes 3 2 d epar tments c overi ng a t ota l a rea o f 1 66,070 km 2 ( L is t 1 , Map B ). D1

Geo logy ( Maps D a nd E )

The ' Bas in ' i s p r imar i ly a g eo log ica l t erm " r eferr ing t o t he 1 81 ,000 km 2 s tructura l d epress ion e ncased by t he H ercyn ian mass ifs o f t he Mass if Armor ica in t o t he west, t he Mass if Centra l t o t he s outh, t he Vosges t o t he e as t a nd t he Ardenne t o t he n ortheast. The d epress ion i s f i l led w i th s ed imentary r ocks d epos i ted i n t he S econdary a nd T er t iary P er iods. These b ecome p rogress ive ly o lder f rom t he T ertiary c entre o f t he Bas in o utward t o t heir p o ints o f c ontact w i th t he o lder J urass ic mass ifs. The T ertiary d epos i ts o f l imestones, s andstones , mar ls a nd c lays, o ccupy t he c entre. The E ocene a nd O l igocene l imes tones a re t he d om in a t ing r ocks a t t he c en tre where t hey f orm l ow-ly ing p la teaux. S ands tones o f t he o lder T ert iary, r epresented by s of t s andstone a nd l oose s and, a re f ound i n t he P ar is r eg ion, i n t he Hurepo ix a nd F onta ineb leu. The s ands a nd c lays o f t he M iocene a re l oca ted t o t he s outh, i n t he S o logne. The Cretaceous d epos i ts e ncirc le t he T ert iary r ocks, i nterrupted o n ly i n t he s outh where t hey a re bur ied b eneath t he more r ecent T er t iary d epos i ts i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion. Cha lk i s t he most w ides pread s urface r ock o f t he Cretaceous, under ly ing l arge a reas o f t he n or thwes t, n o tab ly i n t he P ays d e Caux, P icardy a nd Arto is , a nd e xp osed i n t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, a long t he e astern p er imeter o f t he Bas in. O ther c retaceous d epos i ts i nc lude t he Gau lt C lay f ur ther e ast, i n t he Champagne Hum ide; t he " arg i les p last iques" n or theas t o f P ar is, i n t he L aonna is a nd S o issona is , a nd i n t he s outheast, i n t he Gät ina is a nd S enona is : a nd t he g reen-wh i te c o loured s of t c layey s ands tone ( "ga ize")that f orms t he Argonne r idge o n t he e astern f r inge o f t he Bas in. The J urass ic l imestones a nd c lays a re l ocated a long t he e as tern marg ins o f t he Bas in, a long t he n or thern e dge o f t he Mass if C entra l, a nd i n t he w est where t hey a ppear a s an arrow s outh-north o utcrop s k irting t he Mass if Armor ica in t o t he Ca lvados c oast. P ort land , Cora ll i an a nd O o l i tic l imestones s ucceed e ach o ther i n a n o utward ly d irect ion, a l ternat ing w i th t he K immer idge, Oxford a nd L ias C lays. Superf ic ia l d epos i ts o f t he Qua ternary a re v ar ied. They i nc lude t he r es idua l c lays o ver t he l imestones a nd Cha lk, t he g rave ls o n t he v a l ley t erraces, t he a l luv ium i n t he f l ood-p la ins, a nd t he " l imon" ( loess), a f ine-gra ined y e l low-brown l oam, o n t he h ighest i nterf luves, p lateaux a nd r iver t erraces. The s tructura l a nd s ed imentary h is tory o f t he Bas in n eed n ot b e d eta i led h ere. 1 2 S uff ice i t t o ment ion t ha t r epeated s ubs idence o f t he

1 1

H ercyn ian p la tform a nd t he d ifferent ia l e ffects o f s ed imentat ion c aused t he g enera l s lop ing o f t he Bas in f rom n orth t o s outh w i th t he marg ina l a reas, t he e astern r im e spec ia l ly, t i l t ing o b l ique ly i n as outheas tn or thwest c urve. The d ra inage s ys tem, a d etermin ing f actor i n t he p atterns o f c ommun icat ion a nd s ett lement, f o l lows t he T ert iary i nc l inat ion i n an or thw es ter ly d irect ion. The main r iver i n t he s ystem i s t he 7 75 km S e ine wh ich h as i t s s ource i n t he J urass ic l imes tone up land o f t he P la teau d e L angres. A number o f i t s ma jor t r ibutar ies h ave t he ir s ources i n t he a rea : t he Marne i n t he Upper L ias C lays o f t he s outhwestern marg ins o f t he Vosges; t he Aube i n t he L ias mar ls; a nd t he Y onne i n t he c rysta l l ine r ocks o f t he Morvan. The S e ine f l ows t ransverse ly a cross t he Bas in w i th t he o ther h ead-streams a cross t he J urass ic a nd Cretaceous r ocks c utt ing a s er ies o f a l ternate v a les a nd s carps. A f ter c ross ing t he G au lt C lay o f t he Champagne Hum ide, t hey e nter o n t o t he Cha lk o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse where t he S e ine i s d iverted westward f or 7 0 km a long t he Tert iary e scarpment o f t he F a la ise d e l ' I le-de-France, i n t he Va l d e S e ine o r Bassee, b efore r esuming i ts n or thwester ly c ourse t o t he Eng l ish Channe l. Mos t o f i ts t r ibutar ies d ra in f rom t he s outh a nd e ast ( Yonne, Aube, Marne a nd O ise), a nd o n ly f ew f rom t he w est ( Essonne a nd Eure). I n i t s m idd le a nd l ower c ourse, t he S e ine p res ent ly f lows r egu lar ly w i th f ew s easona l v ar ia t ions d epos i t ing l i tt le a ll uv ium. The 1 000 km L o ire, wh ich i s t he p r inc ipa l r iver i n t he d ra inage s ys tem o f t he s outhern h a lf o f t he Bas in, h as i t s s ource d eep i n t he Mass if Centra l , i n t he Cevennes. I t e nters t he Bas in, i ts v o lume e nl arged by t he A l l ier , f l ow ing n orthward a cross t he L ias C lay p la in o f t he C oles du N iverna is, c utting t hrough t he P or t land L imestone r im o f t he Bas in. Or ig ina l ly i t must h ave pursued i t s n orthward c ourse t o j o in t he S e ine, a r o le p resent ly p layed by t he L o ing. The L o ire i ns tead t urns w estward t oward Or leans a nd p roceeds i n a s outhwester ly d irect ion t o t he Key o f B iscay. Between Nevers a nd S aumur, i t f lows f or 3 00 km a cross t he l imestones, s ands a nd c lays i n ab road 4 t o 1 0 km w ide t rench. I ts l ef t b ank ( Cher , I ndre a nd Creuse-V ienne) a nd r ight bank ( MayenneS ar the-Lo ir-Ma ine) t r ibutar ies d o n o t c ontr ibute t o t he v o lume o f t he L o ire. Un l ike t he S eine, t he p resent L o ire r eg ime i s i rregu lar, l i ab le t o s easona l f luctuat ions. I t r eaches i t s h igh w a ters i n t he s pr ing a nd a utumn a nd i t s l ow wa ters i n t he s ummer. I t d epos i ts s and a nd g rave l i n t he f l ood-p la in a nd a l luv ium o n t he t erraces. The Bas in i s a lso d ra ined by m inor r ivers i ndependent o f t he L o ire a nd S eine. These i nc lude: t he n orth-f low ing Meuse i n t he e as tern s carp land f r inges w i th i ts s ource i n t he Upper L ias C lays o f t he s outhw es tern marg ins o f t he Vosges ; t he n orthwes t-f low ing Canche, Au th ie a nd S omme w i th t he ir s ources i n t he c ha lk a n t ic l ine o f t he Co l l ines d e l 'Ar to is; a nd t he n or th-f low ing Orne, Touques a nd D ives w i th t he ir s ources i n t he Oxford C lay o f t he Co l l ines d u P erches. The d ra inage p a ttern h as c ontr ibuted t o c arv ing u p t he Bas in i nto d is tinct ive un i ts o f ' pays ' d emarca ted by r iver v a l leys. The Bas in i s a ccess ible o n l and f rom t he n or th by t he P la ine d es F landres, a nd t o t he e ast a nd s outh-wes t where t he d ifferences i n s tructura l g eo logy a re n o t p ercept ib le o n t he s urface. On i ts e astern a nd s outh-eas tern f lanks, h owever , t he Bas in i s c ut o ff by h igh g round i n an orth-southwes ter ly a rc c ompr is ing t he A rdenne P lateau , t he Argonne r idge, t he P lateau d e L angres a nd t he Morvan mass if . Access

1 2

a cross t hese barr iers i s p oss ib le by t ransversa l r iver v a l leys, t he more i mportant b eing t he Tou l g ap o pen ing t o t he e ast where t he Mose l le f ormer ly j o ined t he Meuse, a nd t he w ide t rench f ormed by t he A l l ier a nd L o ire v a l leys t o t he s outheast. The L o ire, Yonne, S e ine a nd Aube va l leys a ppear t o h ave b een i mportant n orth-south ' corr idors ' i n p rotoh istor ic t imes, wh i le t he Marne a nd A isne p layed a s imi lar r o le i n weste ast t raff ic. Commun icat ion w ithin t he Bas in was d ependent o n t he t wo main r iver s ystems, t he S eine a nd L o ire, w i th n orth a nd s outh f l ow ing r ivers e nsur ing c ommun ica tion b etween t hem. These i nc lude t he Yonne a nd L o ing t o t he west, a nd t he Eure a nd S arthe t o t he e ast. The l ow d iv ide o f A lencon, i n t he upper S arthe v a l ley n ear t he s ource o f t he n or thf l ow ing Orne, p rov ided a n atura l p assage-way b etween t he L o ire r eg ion a nd t he Campagne d e Caen. I n g enera l, i t c an b e a ssumed t hat t he d ra inage s ystem a nd l ow lands o f t he Bas in f avoured i nterna l c ommun icat ion. D2

PALAEO-ENVIRONMENT

There i s l i tt le e v idence r e lat ing t o t he p a laeo-env ironment d esp i te t he f act t hat t he p er iod under d iscuss ion c overs t he t rans i tion f rom t he s ub-Borea l c l imat ic phase t o t he more t emperate a nd humid s ub-At lant ic phase, o ccurr ing a t t he e nd o f t he Ha B a nd e ar ly C . I n v ery g enera l t erms, 1 3 t he p o l len s pectra f or t he western F rench p la ins r evea l a s trong p ercentage, over 5 0% , o f t ree a nd s hrub s amp les. A lthough t he f orest c over was worked by man, t he p rocess was s t i l l ' reversab le '. The f o l lowing has b een O bserved f or t he P ar is Bas in, i nc luding t he L o ire b as in: a .

i n t he p reced ing A t lant ic phase: t he w idespread d eve lopment o f Oak a ccompan ied by L ime, E lm, A lder a nd Haze l a nd p ers istence o f P ine, a nd t he d iscont inuous p resence o f Ash a nd a ppearance o f Beech i n t he e astern p art o f t he Bas in;

b .

i n t he s ub-Borea l: t he i rregu lar r egress ion o f E lm a nd L ime, t he i ncrease o f A lder ( no t g enera l ised) a nd t he a ppearance o f Beech i n Normandy;

c .

i n t he s ub-At lantic: t he g enera l d ecl ine i n t he p ercentage o f t rees, t he s porad ic d ominat ion o f Haze l ( Cory lus) a nd A lder ( Alnus) a nd t he a ppearance i n s evera l a reas a nd d evelopment o f Beech ( Fagus).

The c orre lat ion b etween t he ' c l ima t ic d eter ioration ' a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ha C a nd t he s ett lement p a ttern i s d iff icu lt t o e stab l ish d ue t o t he a bsence o f a dequate p o l len a na lyses a nd s ed imentary s tud ies f rom s ettlement e xcava t ions. The s ettlement a t t he A isne-O ise c onf luence a t l a Bouche d 'Oise ', Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 ., w i th i t s s uccess ive Ha o ccupat ion phases s eparated by s i lt l ayers, i n t he p rocess o f e xcavation, w i l l p rov ide i nva luab le d ata o n t he c l imat ic c ond i tions a nd l and-use a nd i t s e ffects o n t he i nterna l s ett lement p a ttern ( J.-C. B lanchet). A p er iod o f h eavy r a infa l l i n t he l a ter B .A . h as b een r ecorded o n t he s i te, a s i tuation a lso r ef lected i n t he n orthern P ar is Bas in ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :2 6). A t t he e nd o f t he p er iod under r ev iew, t he p o l len s pectrum f rom t he Ha D /L.T. I s ett lement a t ' l e S au le Ba i ll o t ', Chassemy, A ., c onf irms t he wet c ond i tions p reva lent i n t he f i f th c entury ( R. M . Row lett e t a l. 1 969 :130). A lnus ( A lder) i s by f ar t he d ominant t ree p o l len c o l lected i n t he s ett lement. The l ow p o l len c ount f or up land t rees s uggests f orest c learance o n t he h igher s o i ls. 1 3

The g enera l e v idence f or t he ' c l imat ic d eter iorat ion ' p o ints t o a g radua l c hange o ccurr ing o ver a n e xtended p er iod o f t ime, f rom t he L a te Urnf ie ld t o t he e ar ly s tages o f t he L .T. ( H. Härke 1 979 :64). A c erta in d egree o f r eg iona l c l imatic var iation may b e p resumed. The p resent s tate o f r esearch i s i nadequate t o d ef ine t he n a ture a nd e ffects o f t h is c hange i n t he P ar is Bas in.

NOTES

1 . Amber ( T. Ma l inowsk i 1 971), i ncreas ing ly f requent i n t he f orm o f b eads i n l ater Ha D bur ia ls a cross t he Bas in, i s n o t d iscussed s pecif ica l ly. L i tt le c an b e s a id o n t he s ub ject unt i l d eta i led s pect rograph ic a na lyses o n ar epresentat ive s amp le a re c arr ied o ut o ther t han t hat t heir p resence i nd icates a c ertain s ocia l s tatus. Cora l ( S. T . Champ ion 1 977), u sed t o o rnament l a ter Ha D f ibu lae a nd a s b eads, a nd l ign ite a nd r e lated s ubstances ( 0. Rochna 1 962), emp loyed i n t he manufacture o f b racelets but a lso f ound a s b eads , have r eceived f u l ler t reatment e lsewhere. 2 . A l l t he f igures r efer t o metropo l itan F rance a nd Cors ica. 3 . Agr icu ltura l a ct iv i t ies a nd r oad c onstruct ion a re a lso i mportant f actors. Examp les o f t he l a tter a re t he r esu lts o bta ined dur ing work o n t he A .10 b etween Or leans a nd B lo is , a nd o n t he A .4 b et ween Reims a nd S te-Menehou ld. 4 . Both G . Ba i l loud ( 1974 :6) a nd A . Duva l ( 1976:457) d ef ine t he P ar is Bas in i n i t s more r estr icted s ense o f t he S e ine b as in. 5 . H . Hubert 's s ummary o f t he F . Moreau c o l lect ion i n t he M . A.N. r ema ins a n i mportant s ource f or t he Ha D /L .T. I c emeter ies o f t he A isne v a l ley ( 1902; 1 906). 6 . A b ib l iography o f s ynthetic work i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion c an b e f ound i n A . Noue l 1 964b. 7 . L . L eClert 's c ata logue o f b ronzes f rom t he T royes museum ( 1898) r eta ins i ts i mportance f or t he Aube. 8 .

The Champagne a ppears un ique i n h av ing c omparat ive ly f ew ' mixed ' bur ia ls, t he ma jor i ty c onta ining ' pure ' l ate Ha D ( Ha Ib) a nd e ar ly L .T. I ( L.T. A. I a) a ssemblages ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 981 : 2 9).

9 . Comparative C14 d ates f or o ther Ha C s i tes i n F rance o uts ide t he P ar is Bas in c an b e f ound i n G . De l ibr ias e t a l . ( 1976:897-899). Recent d endrochrono log ica l d ates o f Ha s i tes a re l i sted i n E . Ho l ls te in(1973). The Ha D1 p r ince ly t umu lus c hamber bur ia l ( Grab 1 ) a t Magda lenenberg, V i l l ingen, Baden-Wür ttemberg, i n t he S chwarzwa ld, i s c onsequent ly d ated t o 5 77 ( ibid.:52, 5 5). 1 0.

S ee Chapter 1 0.

1 1.

The i nformat ion f or t he g eo logy o f t he P ar is Bas in i s d rawn f rom F . J . Monkhouse ( 1959 : 1 77-187) a nd t he s urvey c onducted by t he Nava l I nte l l igence D iv is ion ( 1942:21-46). The g eo log ica l map ( Map D) i s b ased o n t he Carte g eo log ique d e l a F rance ( 1/1 0 00 0 00) i ssued by t he Bureau d e Recherches g eo log iques e t m inf äres; t he s o i l map ( Map E ), o n t he Carte pedo log ique d e l a F rance ( 1/1 0 00 0 00)

1 4

pub l ished by l ' Ins t i tut Na t iona l d e l a Recherche a gronom ique. s ymbo ls u sed a re t he a uthor 's.

The

1 2. A d eta i led s tructura l a nd s ed imentary h is tory o f t he P ar is Bas in c an b e f ound i n E . Martonne ( 1955 :27-29) a nd P . P incheme l ( 1964 : 4 4-52). 1 3.

The d ata i s b ased o n w ork by N . P lancha is, r ev iewed b r ief ly by H . d e Lum ley e t a l ., ' Cadre c hrono log ique e t s 6quences c u l ture l les ' ( J. Gu i la ine 1 976a78-9); a nd N . P lancha is, ' La v dgetat ion p endant l e P os t-Glacia ire: a spects d e l a ve ütat ion h o loc ne d ans l es p la ines f ranca ises ' ( id. : 38-39).

1 5

S ect ion I ARTEFACTS

1 7

CHAPTER

1

SWORDS

1 .1

J .

Bronze Ha C s words a nd c hapes ( L ists 3 -4 , Map 1 ) Ha C b ronze s words f rom t he P ar is Bas in b e long i nvar iab ly t o D . Cowen 's G t ind l ingen-type ( 1967 :391-394).

E ar ly a ttempts t o s ub-d iv ide t he s er ies a ccording t o swordlength ( J. Ddche lette 1 913a :723-725; M . P iroutet 1 930b:387; A . Re i th 1 942 : 2 3-31) have b een s ummar ised a nd a r ev ised t ypo logy f ormu lated by M .-E. Mar idn ( 1958:253-255; 1 975 :30,32). Two t ypes o f Gl ind l ingen s words a re d istingu ished. The f irst i s t he V i l lement-type wh ich i nc ludes s hort swords b etween 6 5 a nd 7 0 cm i n l eng th , w i th a s imp le b lades ect ion, a nd a re a ssoc iated w ith b oat-shaped a nd r a ised w inged b ronze c hapes, G . Kossack 's A4 a nd Al t ypes ( 1959 :Taf . 1 51). The s econd i s t he M iers-type, a verag ing o ver 7 0 cm i n l eng th, w i th p ronounced r ibbing o n t he b lade t erm inated by a t r iangu lar t ip. I t i s f ound w i th h or izonta l a nd c urved w inged b ronze c hapes o f G . Kossack 's A2, A3 a nd B t ypes. Typo logy b ased o n swordlength a nd a ssociated c hapes h as b een c r i ticised a nd d ismissed by J . D . Cowen ( 1967:380 , 3 82). He, i n t urn, i dent if ied t hree Continenta l a nd t wo I nsu lar c lasses o f Günd lungent ype s words b ased o n t he s hape o f t he p omme l-piece ( ibid. : 401-409). The Continenta l c lasses h ave s quare ( al), t rapezo ida l ( a2) a nd ha lfs quare t o h a lf-hexagona l ( b) p omme l-pieces ( ibid.:402 f ig. 1 0). Swords w i th a c entra l n otch ( c) a nd l atera l d ownward h ooks ( d) on t he p omme lp iece b e long t o t he I nsu lar c lasses. P . S chauer h as most r ecent ly s uggested a n ew c lass if icat ion based o n t he d ispos i tion o f t he r ivet-ho les i n t he p omme l-piece, t ang a nd butt ( 1971 :198-212). F our e lementary t ypes a re r ecogn ised: 1 S te ink irchen ( 2+1:4); Muschenheim ( 1+1 :2); L engenfe ld ( 2+1 :2); a nd We icher ing ( 3+1:6). L ist 3 g ives t he c orre lation o f J . D . Cowen 's a nd P . S chauer 's t ypo log ies f or t hose s words f ound i n t he Bas in t hat c an b e i dent if ied f or t he purpose. The g enes is o f t he G l ind l ingen-type s word h as b een t he s ub ject o f c onf l icting v iews d iscussed r ecent ly i n s ome d epth ( B. J . O 'Connor 1 978:459-471). I ts o r ig ins, b r ief ly s tated, r evo lve a round J . D . Cowen 's Thames type s word a nd i ts p lace i n t he r e lat ive t ypo log ica l a nd chronol og ica l s equences o f t he L .B. A. a nd E .I. A. F or J . D . Cowen, t he Thames type s word i s a " devo lved v ers ion" o f t he i nsu lar Ewart P ark s word i nf luenced by t he n ew ly i ntroduced Gl ind l ingen-type s word, a n e xamp le o f " ' nat ive ' c haracter istics s wamping t he ' f ore ign ' "( 1967:412). Th is a ccords w ith h is hypothes is t ha t t he Günd l ingen-type s word, o r ig inating i n s outhern G ermany a nd Bohem ia a s ac ava lry weapon under ' pre-Scyth ian ' i nf luence i n t he e ar ly Ha C , s pread wes tward a nd n orthward a cross Europe e vo lving g radua l ly i nto d ifferent c lasses a nd d er ivat ive g roups ( ib id. : 416-422). The p rocess i s r eversed by P . S chauer

1 8

who v iews t he Thames type s word a s t he ' Pro to-Ha l lsta tt-Gr iffzungen s chwerter '. t he i mmed iate p recursor o f t he Günd l ingen-type ( 1971 :2132 15 ; 1 972 :261-270). These ' pro to-Ha l ls tatt ' s words a re w ide ly d istr ibut ed i n n or thern a nd western Europe: i n Denmark ( Jut land a nd Fyn I s land), W est G ermany ( Kr. Haunau a nd Ludw igshafen) a nd Sw i tzer land ( Vaud), i n h oards o f H . Mü l ler-Karpe 's Ha B3 ( id. 1 972:262, 2 68); i n c entra l a nd n or thwestern F rance i n Carp 's t ongue h oards ( ib id.; G . Cord ier 1 976: 5 50-552; J . Br iard 1 965 : 1 99-239) ; i n Br i ta in i n h oards o f t he Bex ley Heath ' t rad i t ion ' ( P. S chauer 1 972: 2 62,268; C . B . Burgess 1 968 : 1 7-26); a nd, more r ecent ly, a s i so la ted r iver-f inds a t Hans-surL esse, Namur ( M. -E . Mar idn 1 975 : 1 4-17) . ' Proto-Ha l ls tatt ' s words f rom t he Bas in a re l i s ted b e low w i th t he ir b ib l iograph ica l r eferences ( Map 2 ): Am iens, ' P la inseau ' ( 80) Auvers, n ear Caren tan ( 50) A zayle-R ideau ( 37) C li ed igny , ' Code ' ( 37) L e Havre, ' Granv i l le-SteHonor ine ' ( 76) N euvy-sur-Barangeon, ' Pet i te-Vi l la tte ' ( 18) P ar is ( 75) Rouen, unprovenanced ( 76)

G . G . G . G . G .

Gaucher a nd J .-P. Mohen 1 974 : 5 9-66 J acob-Fr iesen 1 968 Cord ier e t a l . 1 959 Cord ier e t a l , 1 960 :117-121 Verron 1 -0 -7 6ä :594, 5 93 f ig . 4 , 1 6

G . Cord ier 1 976 : 5 50

J .-P. Mohen 1 977 :185-186, 1 89 f ig . C . B . Burgess 1 968 :22 f ig . 1 3 , 2 ; G . Verron 1 976a:594 S t-Germa in-en-Laye , unprov.(78) J . D . Cowen 1 967 :451 V i l leneuve-St-Georges ( 94) J . D . Cowen 1 967 :451 n o. 1 8; J . P. Mohen 1 977 :185-186, 1 89 n o. 7 11

7 10

I t may b e a ssumed t ha t many more s uch f inds e x ist a nd awa i t i dent if icat i on r a ther t han d iscovery. M .-E. Mar ien h as a lso d istingu ished a Cont inenta l v ers ion o f t he Ewart P ark s word , t he M inden type ( 1958 :253-255). The b lade i s s hor t w i th n o r ibb ing a nd w i th a p omme l-p iece c omb in ing t he c rescent-form o f Hemigkofen s words a nd t he t rapezo ida l f orms o f h is V i l lement a nd M iers t ypes . J .-P. Mohen h as r ecent ly i dent if ied t wo v ar iants o f t he ' proto-Ha l ls tatt ' s word: a s hort a rcha ic f orm w i th a l eaf-shaped b lade a nd f langed t ang , e xemp l if ied by t he P ar is s word l i s ted a bove, a nd a l a ter, l arger a nd more e vo lved v ar iant w i th a f l at-sect ion t ang a nd p ron ounced r icasso c loser t o t he Günd l ingen-type weapon, i lustrated by t he f ind f rom V i l leneuve-St-Georges. Both a re Ewar t P ark d er ivat ives. The Günd l ingen-type s words c an b e s hown t o h ave emerged i n t he l a ter phases o f t he L .B. A., a t at rans i t iona l phase b etween t he Ha B a nd C , B . J . O 'Connor 's LB A 4 ( 1978 :5 17). A number o f Carp 's t ongue h oards o f t h is t ime, f or e xamp le, a re f ound t o c onta in Ha C a rtefacts s uch a s b ronze k nobbed b race lets, a r azor, a nd p oss ib ly a n a ntennaeh i lted d agger ( J. Br iard 1 965 :208 , 2 19 ; J .-P. Mohen 1 977 :185-186 ; G . Cord ier 1 976: 5 52). The d is tr ibut ion o f Günd l ingen-type s words ( Map 1 ) i n t he n orthern h a lf o f t he Bas in i s e ssent ia l ly r iver ine, f o l low ing t he S omme a nd S e ine. 2 A long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, t hey a re f ound c lus tered i n t he Berry a nd o n t he P la teau d e L angres , a ssocia ted w i th t he t umu lus i nhumat ion r i te. The d istr ibut ion p attern i s o pen t o a t l eas t t wo d ifferent i nterpret at ions. J . D . Cowen 's a l a nd a 2 c lass s words a re f ound, w i th t he 1 9

e xception o f t he sword f rom Bardouv i l le ( Fig . 3 , 1 ), S .-Mar i t., a long t he s outhern f r inges o f t he Bas in, wh i le t he ma jor i ty o f swords, o f c lass b , a re c oncentrated a long t he S omme a nd S e ine, i n t he n orthwes t p art o rt he Bas in. The p attern wou ld r ef lect J . D . Cowen 's ' phase o f o r ig ins ' ( al/a2), t he s word s ubsequent ly s pread ing wes tward a nd n or thward i n t he ' phase o f e xpans ion( ( b) ( 1967 :403 Map C , 4 05 Map D). F o l low ing P . S chauer 's hypothes is, t he d iff isuon o f G l ind l ingent ype s words, most ly o f S te inkirchen t ype, c an b e f avourably c ompared t o t he p reced ing Carp 's t ongue a nd ' proto-Ha l ls tatt ' s words ( J. Br iard 1 965:231 f ig. 8 5). P . S chauer 's o ther t ypes , L engenfe ld a nd Muschenh eim, a re e xc lus ive ly r epresented s outh o f t he L o ire, w i th t he e xcept ion o f t he We icher ing-type f rom ' l es Mote l les ', S t-Aubin-sur-Ga i l lon(F ig . 3 , 3 ), E . On ly t hree Günd l ingen-type s words h ave b een f ound i n g raves w i th a ssoc iated mater ia l. Two b ronze p enannu lar b racelets ( Fig. 6 , 4 -5) a ccompan ied t he s word f rom E ronde l le ( Fig. 3 , 2 ), S om., o ne o f wh ich i s o rnamented w i th i ncised t ransverse l ines a nd c hevrons o n t he s tem a nd h err ing-bone a t t he t ermina ls ( A. Opi tresco-Dodd e t a l . 1 978 :79-80). D iscovered i n a r a i lway t rench, i t i s uncerta in whether t he f ind c omes f rom a g rave ( ?tumu lus) o r h oard. The c ontext o f t he s word f rom ' Champ d e P rd ', S emout iers ( F ig. 2 , 3 ), H te-M., l eaves n o d oubt h owever ( P. Bou i l lerot 1 913b). I t c omes f rom Grave 1 , t he c entra l i nhumat ion bur ia l i n at umu lus c onta in ing a t l east s even L .T . Is econdary bur ia ls. The s word was a ssociated w ith i t s b ronze w inged c hape ( Fig. 4 , 5 ) o f G . Kossack 's B3-type ( 1959 : Taf . 1 51) a nd P . S chauer 's Typ Bera tzhausen ( 1951 :26-31, Taf . 1 25), a nd o ne g raph i te-coated c eramic b ow l ( Fig. 6 , 1 ) c onta ining a t in i ngo t. I ron s lag was s cattered a round t he bur ia l. Three s words were f ound i n t he t umu l i c emetery a t ' Vi l lement ', S tAoustr i l le, I . ( A. d es Md l iozes 1 889-90). One o f t hem ( Fig. 1 , 2 ) was f ound i n 1 889 i n at umu lus c over ing a s ing le i nhumation bur ia l ( Grave 4 ) a ccompan ied by i t s b ronze w inged c hape ( F ig. 4 , 3 ) o f G . Kossack 's Al-type a nd P . S chauer 's Typ P rt i l lsbirk ig, a nd a number o f p ottery s herds i nc lud ing o ne b ow l ( "dcue l le") a nd one c oarse-fabr ic s herd. J . D . Cowen 's ment ion o f " poter ies l acustres" a nd a " bracelet o f wood" ( 1967 :437 n o. 1 12) r efer t o a rtefacts r ecovered i n o ther t umu l i ( Graves 5a nd 1 0) a t ' Vi l lement ' ( A. d es Md l iozes 1 889-90; M . Bourges). Two o ther swords were f ound i n t umu l i l evel led i n 1 865, o ne o f wh ich w as a ccompan ied by i ts b ronze w inged c hape ( Grave 1 ) a nd n ow l ost. Apart f rom b ronze c hapes, t he a ssociated f inds s hed l i tt le l ight o n t he s words. The E ronde l le b race lets c an b e c ompared t o a number o f e xamp les f rom t he c emetery a t Ha l lstatt, S a lzkammergut ( B. J . O 'Connor 1 978 :497; R . P eron i 1 973 :53 f ig. 1 3 , 3 -4, 6 ). The g raphi te-coa ted b ow l f rom S emout iers f i ts i nto l oca l Ha B/C c eram ic t rad itions. The u se o f g raph i te i nd icates l i nks, n ot n ecessar i ly d irect, w ith t he Rhinel and a nd s outhern Germany. F our b ronze c hapes a re known f rom t he Bas in, t wo o f wh ich a cThe t hree c hapes f rom t he Berry b e long t o G . Kossack 's Al type a nd P . S chauer 's Typ P rü l lsbirk ig; t he S emout iers c hape t o G . Kossack 's B3-type a nd P . S chauer 's Typ Beratzhausen. Both t ypo log ies a re b ased o n t he c urvature o f t he c hape w ings ( G. Kossack 1 959 :285-286; P . S chauer 1 971:217-224). W inged c hapes h ave b een i ntimate ly c onnected w i th h orse-gear a nd h orse-r id ing a nd f orm a n i ntegra l p art o f G . Kossack 's Kombinat ionsgruppe A l a nd A M 2 ,

c ompan ied swords.

2 0

d ated t o t he Ha Cl a nd e ar ly C2 ( J. D . Cowen 1 967 :418-420 ; G . K ossack 1 959 : 1 7-19 ; P . S chauer 1 971 :225). The P rü l lsbirk ig-type h as a w idespread d istr ibut ion c lus tered i n Bavar ia but f ann ing o ut t o n orthern a nd w es tern Europe. The Bera tzhausen-type h as a n e xc lus ive Bavar ian d is tr ibut ion ( ibid.:Taf . 1 27), a l though G . Kossack 's B3-type i s d iffused i n Bohem ia w ith o u t l iers i n t he Rh ine a nd Rhöne v a l leys ( 1959 : Taf . 1 51). B3-type c hapes h ave a s im i lar d is tr ibut ion p a ttern t o P . S chauer 's Dott ingen-type. The P rü l lsb irk ig-type c hapes i n t he Bas in a re c onf ined t o t he s outhe rn p er imeter, t he B era tzhausen-type c hape t o t he s outheas t. None, a s h as b een s een, w ere f ound w i th h orse-gear. The ir d is tr ibut ion i s l i nked t o M inde lhe im a nd Günd l ingen-type s words g enera l ly but t he ir r e lat ion t o s pec if ic s word s ub-types h as b een d ism issed ( J . D . Cowen 1 967 : 3 80) . The w inged c hapes o f Ha C s words may h ave d eve loped f rom t he b ag-shaped c hapes o f t he Ha B3 which a ccompany Carp 's t ongue a nd p erhaps Thames type s words, n otably a t Hans-sur-Lesse ( M.-E. Mar i@n 1 975 :33). 1 .2

I ron Ha C s words ( L ists 5 -6, Map 1 )

The l ong s word i s t he f i rs t p rest ige i t em o f t he Ha C t o b e made e nt ire ly i n i ron. J . D . Cowen s uggests t hat, w i th c er ta in e xcept ions , t he l ong i ron s word i s mode l led p r imar i ly o n t he l ong M inde lhe im-type b ronze s word ( 1967:380 n ote 5 ). But a g lance a t ac ross-sect ion o f t hese s words r evea ls , l ike t he ir b ronze p rototypes , an umber o f d iff erent s ub-types ( A. R ieth 1 942 :24-25 Abb. 1 6). M .-E. Mar ien h as d is tingu ished f our v ar iants o f t he i ron s word: a s hor t f orm c op ied f rom h is V i l lement-type; a Grünch ing-type, b etween 9 0 a nd 1 00 cm l ong , mode l led a f ter h is M iers-type; aW iesenackertype o f modera te l eng th, b etween 1 00 a nd 1 10 cm l ong , w i th a w ide b lade; a nd a G omad ingen-type, a pprox ima te ly 1 20 cm l ong , w i th a p ronounced r icasso a nd a w ide t r iangu lar t ip ( 1958 : 2 55-256). L ike A . R ieth ( 1942 :2 3-31), M .-E. Mar idn i nterprets t he M inde lhe im-type a s ab ronze v ers ion o f t he l ong i ron s word, a r eversa l o f J . D . Cowen 's s equence ( 1958 :2532 55). I t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he b ronze M inde lhe im-type s words a re d ensely d istr ibuted i n c entra l Europe, s outhern G ermany a nd Bohem ia , a s a re t he l ong i ron s words w i th t he e xcept ion o f Burgundy where i ron s words a re e spec ia l ly we l l r epresented ( A. R ieth 1 942:163-169 , F undkarte; J . D . C owen 1 967 :390 Map A ; P . S chauer 1 971 :Taf . 1 22b). L ong i ron s words a ppear i n Bavar ia i n G . Kossack 's M inde lhe im p hase ( Ha Cl), i n h is Kombina t ionsgruppe A I3 , a nd t he ir u se c ont inu es i nto t he Bubeshe im phase ( Ha C2), i n Kombinat ionsgruppe A I2 ( 1959 : 1 7-18 , 2 3-24). They a ppear i n c ontemporary g raves a t Ha l ls tatt, S a lzkammergut ( R. P eron i 1 973 :31 f ig . 2 , 1 ). The i ron s word i s t he m os t d istinct ive a rtefact i n t he g rave a ssemblages o f F . H enry 's Groupe A i n Burgundy, d a ted t o t he Ha C3 ( 1933:45-55 ; G . Wamser 1 975 : a-72, 9 5 Tab. 1 2). The f ragmentary c ond i t ion o f t he ma jor i ty o f i ron s words i n t he P ar is Bas in makes i t d iff icu lt t o d is t ingu ish b etween M inde lhe im a nd Günd l ingen t ypes a s d ef ined by J . D . Cowen ( 1967 :384-388 , 3 91-394). I dentif ica t ion i s r endered t hat much more d oubtfu l by s ummary d escr ipt i ons a nd p oor d raw ings a nd pho tographs where p resen t . A f ew e xp lanat ions, i n t he way o f j ust if ica t ion, a re n eeded f or s ome o f t he more d ubious a ttr ibut ions o f i ron s words t o t he Ha C . 2 1

A pho tograph o f t he i ron s word f rom a c remat ion bur ia l a t Chä teauP orc ien, Ard., s hows a f la t t ang w i th a s quare p omme l-piece c haracteri s t ic o f Ha C s words , a nd n ot t he l ong c y l indr ica l t ang o f L .T. s words ( A . L arm igny 1 932). The d iscovery n ear-by, i n 1 978, o f t he u pper h a lf o f a n i ron Ha C s word ( F ig. 5 , 1 ) i n ac rema t ion bur ia l w i th h orseg ear a nd p ottery ( F ig. 7 ), i n Enc losure I V/B a t ' l e F ond d e Berno is ', S au lces-Champeno ises ( J .-L. F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 979 :7-14), Ard., l ends s upport t o a Ha C d a te f or t he Châ teau-Porc ien s word. The s word f rom Tumu lus 1 a t ' Corte l ', C ous t, C ., i s n ot a ssoc iated w i th e v ident Ha C mater ia l ( P. d e G oy 1 887-88 ; M . Bourges). I ts p res ence a t C oust, h owever , where o ther Ha C t umu l i a re a ttested , a nd i n ar eg ion w i th a r e la t ive ly d ense c lus ter o f Ha C s words, d oes f avour , a lbe i t r eserved ly, a Ha C d ate f or t he ' Cor te l ' s word. The Dun-sur-Auron s word, f ound ' unstra t if ied ' i n at umu lus c ont a in ing s ome t h ir ty i nhuma t ion bur ia ls a t ' Tureau d e l a G irounde ', C ., h as a s hor t h i lt w i th t wo r ivets e xtant ( A. Buho t d e Kersers 1 887-88; A . d e Grossouvre 1 914-16). The r ivetted h i lt, o r t ang, may i nd icate a Ha C i ron s word. The s word f ragment f rom ' l es Danges t a t S ub la ines, I .-et-L., c omes f rom t he d ebr is o f ap r ior e xcavat ion o f Tumu lus 2 ( G. Cord ier 1 975: 5 88, 5 89 f ig. 2 0, 1 0). I t c ons is ts o f av ery o x id ised p omme l-p iece o f a Ha C s word w i th a c entra l r ivet. The s word f rom Entra ins-sur-Nohain, N ., i s s a id t o b e ' notched ' ( "a c rans") ( A. Desforges 1 932:95), a p oss ible r eference t o t he r icass o o r s hou lder c haracter is t ic o f Ha C s words. The s word c an a lso b e i dent if ied w i th t he b ronze w eapon f ound a t Entra ins b efore ' 1 838 t hat a ppears i n J . Ddche lette 's a ppend ix o n Ha C s words w i th i dent ica l b ib l iograph ica l r eferences ( 1913a : Append ix I V [ 1912] n o. 3 2) but whose d a te i s r efuted by J . D . Cowen ( 1965). The s word d redged f rom t he S eine a t N eu i l ly-sur-Se ine, H ts-de-S., i s t hought by P. -M. Duva l t o b e long t o t he Ha C ( 1961: 5 4). I t h as l igneous t races o n t he upper p art o f t he b lade ( shea th) where i t i s d escr ibed a s s i lver-p lated ( ?). The Ha C a ttr ibut ion o f t h is w eapon r ema ins i n d oubt. The s word f rom t he s econdary bur ia l i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a T ombe F ourda ine ', Equ ihen-P lage, P .-de-C., i s i lustrated a s a l ong ( 94 cm) w eapon w i th a w ide b lade a nd a d ist inct ive t r iangu lar t ip. The h i lt i s m iss ing ( G. G aucher a nd J .-P. Mohen 1 974 :75 f ig. 4 8). I t was f ound w i th o ther a r tefacts s cattered i n t he t umu lus mant le wh ich c overed a c entra l p r imary Cha lco l i th ic i nhuma t ion bur ia l. D escr ibed a s c om ing f rom a s econdary i nhumat ion g rave, t he s word may j ust a s w e l l h ave b e longed t o as econdary c rema t ion, s evera l o f wh ich w ere f ound i n t he d is turbed t umu lus c over ( ibid.:76). S uch a n a ssoc iat ion wou ld a ccord more f avourab ly w i th t he e v idence f rom t he t umu l i c emeter ies i n n e ighb our ing Be lg ium, a t Court-St-Et ienne, Brabant ( M.-E. Mar i n 1 958), a nd S t-V incent, Luxembourg ( id . 1 964); a nd i n t he l ower F rench Ardennes, a t S au lces-Champeno ises , Ard. ( J .-L. F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 979 :7-14). The r ar i ty o f f ind ing Ha C i ron s words i n s econdary t umu l i g raves a rgues , h owever , a ga inst a Ha C d ate f or t he Equ ihen s word. I t c an b e n oted t hat t he c ontexts o f t he s words f rom C ourtS t-Et ienne a re e qua l ly unre l iab le. Ha D t umu l i a re m ent ioned, a l though n o t c onf irmed, a t Equ ihen ( A. Duva l a nd 0 . Buchsenschutz 1 976:792). The d is tr ibut ion o f Ha C i ron s words i s c onf ined t o t he s ou thern a nd e astern p er iphera l r eg ions o f t he Bas in where t hree ma in c lus ters 2 2

a re d iscern ible ( Map 1 ): o ne a long t he n ortheas tern c onf ines o f t he Champagne; t he s econd o n t he Upper Marne p la teaux; a nd t he t h ird i n t he B erry. The Ha C i ron s words f rom t he Argonne a nd s outhern Ardennes , a nd p oss ib ly t he e xamp le f rom Equ ihen, a re l i nked w i th t he t umu lus c remat ion r i te i n c ontras t t o t he ir a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he t umu lus i nhumat ion r i te a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in ( L is t 5 0, Map 3 9). Th is p ar t icu lar f unerary r i te i n t he Ha C l i nks t he g roup t o t he t umu l i c remation c emeter ies i n t he L orra ine ( J.-P. M i l lo tte 1 965 :3 2) a nd s outhe rn Be lg ium. R e la t ions, e specia l ly w i th t he B e lg ian g roup, a ppear t o h ave b een c lose. The t r icon ica l c eramic v esse l w i th r ounded s hou lders a nd f l ar ing n eck, G . Goury 's Type I I, f rom Tumu lus 3 0 a t ' Hau lzy ', V iennela-Vi l le, M ., f ound w i th a n i ron s word ( 1911 :f ig . 2 5), a lso o ccurs i n t he G roupe I c emetery a t ' Grand Bo is ', S t-V incent, d a ted t o t he Ha C 1 ( M.-E. Mar ien 1 964 : 1 65). The h orse-gear a ssoc iated w i th t he i ron s word i n Enc losure I V/B a t S au lces-Champeno ises c an b e p ara ll ed a t Court-St-Et ienne where i t f orms a n i ntegra l p ar t o f t he Ha C1 g rave a ssemb lages ( id.1958 :197). The s econd c luster, t o wh ich may b e a dded t he f ind f rom Corbe i l ( Fig. 5 , 2 ), M . ( L. More l 1 889), i s l oca ted o n t he L angres P lateau. I t c an b e a ttached t o t he g roup o f Ha C t umu l i i nhuma t ion bur ia ls c entred i n t he C öte-d 'Or a nd i nc luded i n F . H enry 's Groupe A ( 1933 : 4 5-55 ; G . Wamser 1 975 :65-89). The t h ird c lus ter o f i ron s words i s f ound i n t he s outhern Berry. J . Ddche lette, d rawing a ttent ion t o Caesar 's r eference i n De Be l lo Ga ll i co ( Bk V II, 2 2) o f " large i ron work ings i n t he ir ( Bi tur iges) c ountry, a nd e very k ind o f m ine i s known a nd emp loyed", 4 s ought t o l oca l ise t heir p roduct ion i n t he Berry ( 1913a : 7 25-730). A . Duva l a nd 0 . Buchs enschutz, i n c ontras t, h ave i nterpreted t he s words a s Burgund ian i mports ( 1976:790). A t l east t wo p o ints n eed t o b e r eta ined when c ons ider ing t he p res ence o f Ha C i ron s words a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in. 5 One i s t he r e lat ive a bundance o f s uperf icia l i ron o re d epos i ts i n t he r eg ion ( Map 3 4); 6 t he o ther i s t he e v idence f or c lose c ontacts w i th t he n eighbour ing Burgund ian g roup o f Ha C t umu l i c emeter ies. I t i s d iff icu l t t o a scerta in whether t he s words w ere l oca l ly manufact ured f rom i nd igenous o res o r i mpor ted f rom Upper Burgundy unt i l d eta i led m eta l lurg ica l a na lyses a re c arr ied o ut. I n t he l a tter c ase, t he s words may a lso h ave b een p roduced f rom o res i mported f rom t he s outhe rn p er iphery o f t he Bas in a nd r ed is tr ibuted a s f in ished p roducts. The t ight l i nks b etween b oth r eg ions a re e v idenced by t he f unerary r i tes a nd g rave a ssemb lages. The i ron s word i n t he t wo r eg ions i s a ssociated w i th t he i ntroduct ion o f t he t umu lus i nhuma t ion r i te i n t he l a ter Ha C . S im i lar ly, t he a ssocia t ion o f t he i ron s word w i th Ha C b ronze r azors i n t he Berry, a t ' Chante loup ', Lundry, C . ( A. Buho t d e Kersers 1 887-88), a nd t o t he e ast, a t Corbe i l, a nd ' l es Grands Mara is ', Auber ive, H te-M. ( P. Ba l let 1 971 :26-28 n o. 2 3 ; L . L epage 1 980 :54 , 6 2), i s p ara l le led i n t he Burgund ian g roup. There c an b e l i tt le d oubt t hat t he i ron s word a long t he s outhern c onf ines o f t he Bas in, whether p roduced l oca l ly o r i mported , i s c onn ected t o r e lat ions w i th Upper Burgundy. The i ron s words f rom N eui l ly a nd Equ ihen, b oth o f ques t ionable Ha C d a te, a re m ore p roblemat ic. As a r iver f ind, t he Neu i l ly s word 2 3

i s p articu lar ly d iff icu lt t o p lace i n a ny c ontext. The s word f rom Equ ih en, a s s tated a bove, c an b e p rov is iona l ly l i nked t o g roups i n s outhern Belg ium a nd n ortheastern Champagne. The Ha C i ron s word, p artia l c ontemporary a nd s uccessor t o t he b ronze G t ind l ingen-type sword, h as a s imi lar d istr ibut ion a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, h igh l ight ing t he t wo t umu l i i nhumat ion g roups i n t he Berry a nd t he P lateau d e L angres. A t hird g roupi ng i s s een t o emerge a long t he n ortheas tern f r inges o f t he Champagne, r epresented by t umu l i c remat ion bur ia ls i n t he Argonne a nd s outhern Ardennes. The more wester ly f inds, l ocated i n r e lat ive i so lat ion, r ema in d oubtfu l. The i ron s word may b e s a id t o t ranscend t he v arious r eg iona l g roup ings a s a n ' i nternat iona l ly ' r ecogn ised p restige weapon wh i le t heir d istr ibut ion r ef lects l oca l p ower-bases.

NOTES 1 .

The numbers r efer t o r ivet-ho les i n t he f o l lowing o rder: p omme l-p iece:butt ( see J . D . Cowen 1 967 :378).

2 .

Not i ncluded i n t he d istr ibut ion a re t he f o l low ing : Fecamp ( 76) P as ly ( 02)

unprovenanced uncerta in a ttr ibut ion

P ontpo int,'Moru ' ( 60) uncerta in

t ang+

J . D . Cowen 1 967 :438 A . Duva l a nd 0 . Buchsens chutz 1 976: 7 92 E . P atte 1 975 :11

A r ecent p an-European d istr ibut ion o f Ha C bronze swords c an b e f ound i n W . K immig 1 976:391 Abb. 8 3 . 3 .

A r ecent p an-European d istr ibut ion o f Ha C i ron s words c an be f ound i n W . K immig 1 976:392 Abb. 8 4.

4 .

t ,. .apud e os ma _gnae s unt f errar iae a tque omne g enus cun icu lorum n otum a tque u s i tatum e st". L oeb C lass ica l L ibrary, 7 2, 1 970:4124 13. Trans lat ion by H . J . Edwards.

5 .

Ha C i ron swords a re a lso s parse ly d istr ibuted i n t he N ievre a nd Yonne, b r idg ing t he c lusters i n t he Berry a nd o n t he L angres P lateau.

6 .

S ee Chapter 1 5.2 ( p.200).

2 4

CHAPTER 2 DAGGERS

2 .1

Daggers a nd s hor t-swords ( L ists 7 -9)

The l ong b ronze a nd i ron s words o f t he Ha C a re r ep laced i n t he Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T . I by t he i ron d agger a nd s hor t-sword . E . M . J ope h as d ist ingu ished b etween t he ' dagger ', a s tabbing w eapon l ess t han 3 0 c m i n l ength, a nd t he ' shor t-sword ', a s lash ing weapon o ver 3 0 cm l ong ( 1961 :308). S uch a f unct iona l d iv is ion i s n ot u sed h ere, b oth b eing r eferred t o a s d aggers. Cer ta in t ypes o f ' shor t-swords ' h ave s uch s lender b lades t hat i t i s d iff icu lt t o d es ignate t hem a s s lashi ng weapons ( Forms F a nd G ). The s tudy o f t he b lade s ection wou ld s eem more p ert inent f or d eterm in ing t h is r o le. B lade w idth , t h ickness, w eight ( i .e. b a lance) a nd l eng th a re e qua l ly i mportant c r i ter ia f or e st ab l ish ing t he purpose t he w eapon was i ntended t o s erve. The f ragmentary c ond i t ion o f t he ma jor i ty o f i ron d aggers f ound i n t he Bas in d oes n ot a l low f or much d eta i led f unct iona l a na lyses. W i th f ew e xcept ions, t he d agger i s c onf ined t o t he Champagne where i t i s mos t ly f ound i n f l atinhuma t ion g raves o f t he l a te Ha D / L .T. I . The d aggers a re a l l made o f i ron a nd h ave e i ther s ing le s trapl oops r ivetted o n t o t he s heath b ack-p la te o r i ron a nd b ronze r ings f or s uspens ion t o t he b e lt. The g reat v ar iety o f d aggers a nd s hea ths h as n ecess i tated t he i nt roduct ion o f ' f orm '-groups ( L is t 7 ). These a re ma in ly d escr ipt ive i n n ature but r eta in a c erta in c hrono log ica l v a lue. F orm A Daggers i n t h is g roup d o n o t e xceed 3 0 cm i n l eng th. They a re d ist ingu ished by t he ir s hea ths made o f b ronze a nd i ron p la tes , o ne f o lded o ver t he o ther a long t he s ides. They h ave ' f ish-ta i l ' o r ' carp 'st ongue ' c hapes , s ome r ivetted. On ly o ne p omme l s urv ives f rom t h is g roup ( Bussy-le-Châ teau , M .). I t i s T -shaped a nd made o f i ron t ubing . A d agger o f F orm A was f ound i n t he c onstruct ion d ebr is o f t he w est e ntrance a t ' Mont L asso is ', V ix, C . -d t0 ., d ated t o t he e nd o f t he s ixth c entury ( R. J offroy 1 960a : 9 3). J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let h ave d ated t he d agger s l ight ly l a ter , t o t he Ha Ib ( 1977 : 1 0). F orm B I t i s a n amorphous g roup t hat i nc ludes d aggers w i th t r iangu lar b lades , l ess t han 3 0 cm l ong. The o n ly f ind known i n c ontext i s t he d agger f rom t he L .T. I c har iot-bur ia l a t Cuper ly, M . Ha D d aggers a re known t o c ome f rom L .T . Ic har io t-bur ia ls 1 ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 9 3) a l though s ome may b e c ut lasses ( "cou te las"), l ong s ing leb laded kn ives ( R. J offroy a nd D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 959 :26). Ha D ma ter ia l i s n ot uncommon i n L .T. I c har io t-bur ia ls, a s d emons trated by t he " f ibu le a b ossette" ( ?Paukenf ibe l) f rom t he bur ia l a t ' l a F osse Chape let ', Chassemy, A . ( ibid.:29). 2 5

F orm C The d aggers i n t his g roup h ave r ounded s hou lders a nd a re n ot more t han 3 5 cm i n l ength. Many h ave a ' button ' o r s we l l ing a t t he p omme l-end o f t he t ang. S heaths a re made f rom i ron o r b ronze p lates. S ome, t hose p resumab ly w ith wooden o r l eather s heaths, have b ronzew ire b ind ing a cross t he b lade. Two d aggers h ave s heaths o rnamented w i th i ron r ivets o r n odu les f ixed o n t o t he s ides o f t he s heath n ear t he t op. The ma jor i ty o f d aggers a re s heath less. The d agger i n Grave 9 5 a t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly, M ., was a ssoc iated w i th a Ha D Doppe lpaukenf ibe l ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:437, P l. 2 9 , 1 001). rJ ogass ian '-type g ob lets were f ound w ith t he d aggers i n Grave 8 7 i n t he s ame c emetery ( ib id.:436, P l. 2 5 , 9 76), a nd i n Graves 4 2 a nd 5 5 a t ' C6 tes-en-Marne, E cury-sur-Coo le, M . ( A. Thigrot 1 931: 4 9-50). A t T i l loy, M ., t he d agger f rom Grave 2 was a ssoc ia ted w ith t wo l arge L .T. I i ron f ibu lae ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :98). F orm C This s ub-group c ompr ises d aggers o f l ess t han 3 0 cm i n l ength a nd n ot more t han 4 cm w ide a t t he s hou lders wh ich a re r ounded. A lthough t he ir g rave-assoc iat ions a re unknown, t hese d aggers most l ike ly d ate t o t he e ar ly L .T. I . F orm D Daggers w i th a ng led o r s quare s hou lders, n ot e xceed ing 3 5 cm i n l ength, a re i nc luded i n t h is g roup. The s heaths a re made f rom i ron p lates, h or izonta l a t t he t op, w i th a t ransversa l i ron b and a cross t he l ower ha lf o f t he b lade. The p lates a re f o lded o n t he s ides ( ?rodc lamps). The f ew t hat a re known c ome most ly f rom t he A isne. One s heath less d agger i s a ssoc iated w ith a n e ar ly L .T. I i ron f ibu la a t C ierges, A . ( F. Moreau 1 877:P l. X I, 1 ). F orm E The d aggers h ave T -shaped b one p omme ls a nd h i lts. L ength o r b lade-form a re n ot c ons idered. S ince f ew h i lts s urv ive, i t c an b e a ss umed t hat more d aggers s hou ld b e i nc luded i n t his g roup, p art icu lar ly t hose o f F orm C / C1 . One s heath i s known f rom a g rave a t ' Vins d e Bruybre ', P rosnes, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 963:26). I t i s made f rom i ron p lates w i th a m id-r ib a nd h as a b one guard. A b ronze t ubu lar t ore i s s a id t o h ave b een f ound w ith t he d agger f rom ' Mont d e l a Neuv i l le ', Hauv ine , Ard. ( id. 1 971 : 9 2). Tubu lar t orcs a re d ated by J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let t o t he l a te Ha D/L.T. I ( 1977 : 1 0). F orm E1 Daggers a lso h ave T -shaped b one p omme ls a nd h i lts but w i th b one g uards t hat g ive t he who le a d istinct ive l y ing-down-H a ppearance. The b one i s s tamped w ith c irc les, ' dummy r ivet-heads ' a ccord ing t o E . M . J ope ( 1961:317). The s heaths a re made f rom b ronze p lates a nd h ave w ide W-shaped b ronze c hapes. The d agger f rom, ' Mont S ap ino is ', Heutreg iv i l le, M ., was a ssociated w i th a Ha D /L. T. I i ron c rescents haped r azor ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :93, 1 56). The d agger f rom V8 tese n-Marne ', Coo lus, M ., o n t he o ther h and, was f ound w ith a l ong L .T. I i ron s word ( E. S chm it 1 923a:38-43; 1 929 :160).

2 6

F orm F I t c ompr ises d aggers w i th s lender b lades o r s hort-swords, b etween 3 0 a nd 5 0 cm i n l ength, w i th t r iparti te ( wood, i ron a nd b ronze) s heaths. There a re t hree t ypes o f c hapes: a nchor ( or omega) c hapes w i th s tudd ed t ermina ls, o f ten w ith c ora l s ettings ( F ig . 5 1, 7 ), r eferred t o by E . M . J ope a s ' knobbed-anchor t ube-chapes ' ( 1961 :3 12); a nchor c hapes w ithout s tuds; a nd c rescent-moon c hapes. These d aggers a re a ssoc iat ed w i th Ha D mater ia l. Accord ing t o J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let, t hey a ppear e ar l ier t han d aggers o f F orm C , i n t he Ha Ib ( 1977 :1 0). The d agger f rom Grave 1 92 a t ' l es J ogasses ' i s a ssociated w i th a n i ron b racel et ( ibid. 1 976:445 , P l. 5 6, 1 216). O ther d aggers f rom t he Marne, f rom ' l e P lat S avart ', Marson ( A. N ica ise 1 884 :85:77-79), S t-Gibr ien ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :94), a nd ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy ( A. N ica ise 1 884 :29-50) c ome f rom l ate Ha D c ontexts. F orm G These a re s lender d aggers up t o 5 0 cm i n l ength w i th s heaths made f rom i ron p lates w i th i ron b ind ing. But f or t heir s heaths , t he f orm i s s imi lar t o d aggers o f F orm F . Two e xamp les c ome f rom t he Ha D c emet er ies a t ' l es J ogasses ' a nd ' Charva is i, Hei ltzl 'Evgque, M ., a nd o ne f rom Grave 5 i n t he t umu lus a t ' l e Mou l in Bru lg ', Cource l les-sur-Au jon, H te-M. F orm H The d aggers a re l ong, up t o 5 5 cm i n l ength, w ith a ng led s hou lders w ider t han t hose o f F orms F a nd G , a nd h ave i ron-p lated s heaths. The d agger f rom Grave 1 91 a t ' l es J ogasses ' was f ound w ith Ha D t r ia ngu lar i ron a rrow-heads ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:445, P l. 5 6 , 1 213-15). The d agger f rom Grave T28 a t ' l es Rou l iers ', Aure, Ard., was a ssociated w ith L .T. I mater ia l ( A. Quatrev i l le 1 973 :30). F orm J I t i nc ludes s hort d aggers, a bout 3 0 cm i n l ength, w i th i ron-p lated s heaths. They h ave a nchor c hapes w ith s tuds s im i lar t o t hose i n F orm F but w ith s tems c onnecting t he s tuds t o t he s heath-s ides, a v ar iation o f t he ' s tra iner-wires ' a s d escr ibed by E . M . J ope ( 1961: 3 12). The c ross-band t yp ica l o f ' l yre ' c hapes i s a bsent. On ly t he l a tera l s tems o f t he c hape r ema in o n t he s heath o f t he d agger f rom S ommepy-Tahure, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971:P l. 8 2, 3 ). The e xamp le f rom ' Charva is ' ( L. L epage 1 966a : 7 5-76) i s d ated t o t he Ha D . Daggers w i th v ar iat ions o f t h is t ype o f c hape a re s ub-d iv ided. F orm J 1 These a re d aggers, b etween 3 0 a nd 4 0 cm l ong , w i th w ide s hou lders ( 6 cm). The s heaths a re made f rom i ron o r b ronze p lates. The a nchor o f F orm J h as b ecome a U . Two e xamp les h ave s tuds ( Bergbresl es-Vertus a nd L a Cro ix-en-Champagne, M .), a nd a t h ird h as a b ronze t ube w ithout s tuds ( Bussy-le-Châ teau). Two d aggers h ave s hea ths o rnamented w i th a n i ncised motif a t t he t op. The g rave-assoc ia tions o f t hese d aggers a re n ot known.

2 7

F orm J 2 They h ave c hapes s im i lar t o F orm J /J1 b ut t hey b e long t o s lender d aggers ( 4 cm w ide a t t he s hou lders) o f a bout 4 0 cm i n l eng th. The d agger f rom Grave 2 3 a t ' Mont Trot', Manre, Ard., w as f ound w i th a Ha D Fusszierf ibe l ( J.-G. Rozoy e t a l . 1 970 :5). The c hape f rom Bussyle-Chä teau b e longs t o t he s ame t rad i t ion a l though t he d agger f orm i s n o t k nown ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :P l . 8 9 , 3 ). The a ntennaeh i lted d agger ( F ig. 5 0, 3 ) f rom Grave 5 a t ' l a Mo te l le Verboyon ', H auv ine , Ard., c an b e a dded t o t h is g roup. I t c an b e s upposed t ha t o ther s im i lar d aggers h ad a ntennae-h i lts. M isce l laneous I A number o f d aggers d o n ot f i t i nto a ny o f t he a bove f orm-groups. The d agger f rom ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy, M ., i s av ar iat ion o f F orm J . I t h as a p ar t b ronze s heath a t t he t op o rnamented w i th a n i ncised c urv il i near mot if , b ronze b ind ing a t t he m idd le, a nd a U -shaped c hape w i th s tuds b ut w ithout c onnect ing s tems. I t i s a n i so lated f ind i n aL .T. I f l at-inhumat ion c emetery ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 9 4). The d aggers f rom ' l a F osse Chape let ' ( Grave 7 ), Chassemy, a nd f rom ' Mont d e l a Neuv i l le ', Hauv ine , h ave l ong t angs a nd a ng led t r iangu lar b lades . The Chassemy d agger was a ssoc iated w i th p ottery a nd a n i ron kn ife o f t he l a te Ha D / L .T . I( H. Hubert 1 902: 1 84). The d agger f rom Tumu lus 1 a t ' Cor te l ', C ous t, C ., i s t oo f ragmentary f or i t t o b e p laced i n a ny s pec if ic g roup. I t h as f our r ivets i n t he f lat t ang, a f eature more c ommon o n kn ives t han o n d aggers. I t i s a ssoc iated w i th p ottery, a n i ron b race let a nd a l ong s word o f p oss ible Ha C d a te ( P. d e G oy 1 887-88). Two c as t b ronze c hapes o f unusua l d es ign may b e a dded t o t he l i s t. The f i rs t i s bu lb-shaped a nd o rnamented w i th ? inc ised c oncentr ic r ings. I t c omes f rom Grave 1 85 a t ' l es J ogasses ' where i t a ccompan ied a F usszierf ibe l w i th a duck-head f oot a nd b ronze a rm i l lae ( J .-J. Hat t a nd P . Roua let 1 976:445 , P l. 5 4 , 1 182, 1 185-86). The s econd i s s haped l i ke at runcated c one w i th t wo p a irs o f r ings a nd c omes f rom S omme-Tourbe, M . I t was f ound i n ad oub leinhuma t ion bur ia l c onta in ing Ha D ( iron f ibu la) a nd L .T T . I mater ia l ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 9 5) . M isce l laneous I Under t h is h ead ing a re l i sted i ron d aggers f or wh ich n o d eta i ls a re o bta inab le but t hat h ave b een f ound i n p robab le Ha D c ontexts. I t w i l l b e n o t iced t ha t a number o f d aggers may b e f i tted i nto m ore t han o ne f orm-group d epend ing o n t he c r i ter ia u sed: p omme l a nd h i lt d es ign, b lade morpho logy, s heath c onstruct ion o r c hape t ype. S evera l b one-h i lted d aggers, f or e xamp le, c ou ld b e i nc luded i n F orm C , a nd s ome o f t he l a tter c on jecture ly i nto F orm E . S im i lar ly, c erta in d aggers o f F orm A c an b e p laced i n F orm C b ased o n t he f orm o f t he b lade. The p urpose o f t he f orm-groups i s pure ly t o o rder a nd c lar ify t he mat er ia l f rom t he d isparate d escr ipt ive e v idence a va i lab le f rom pub l ished a nd o ther s ources. Daggers w i th ' lyre ' c hapes a re n ot t hought t o b e löng t o t he Ha D . These a re U - o r V -shaped c hapes w i th ' s tra iner-w ires ' o r s tems c onn ect ing t he t erm ina ls t o t he s hea th s ides where t he l a tera l s tems a re j o ined by a c ross-bar o r t ransversa l b and ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :96). No e xamp les h ave c ome f rom Ha D o r l a te Ha D /L.T. I g raves. A lthough

2 8

' l yre ' c hapes a re d irect ly r e lated t o t he Ha D c hape-sequence ( Form J ) t hey a lready h era ld t he c lass ic L .T . Is word-chapes . They r epresent at rans i t iona l s tage b etween, what E . M . J ope c a l ls , t he ' Ha D -L.T. I ' t ype a nd t he s tandard L .T. I c hape ( 1961 :327). There i s n o s pec if ic d is tr ibut ion p attern d iscern ib le f or a ny o f t he f orm-groups, w i th t he p oss ib le e xcept ion o f F orm D . A number o f d iff erent f orms o ccur , n o t s urpr is ing ly, i n t he s ame c emetery , n ame ly a t ' l es J ogasses ' a nd ' Charva is '. The g enera l d is tr ibut ion i s c onf ined b etween t he A isne a nd Marne o n t he c ha lk s o i ls o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, w i th a n o ut l ier i n t he Berry. 2 The g reat v ar iety o f d agger f orms a nd s heaths i n t he Champagne i s ar esu lt o f l oca l i nterna l e vo lut ion i ndependent f rom c ontemporary d eve lopments i n e i ther e as tern F rance ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :289-290), s outhern G ermany, Aus tr ia a nd Sw i tzer land ( A. R ieth 1 942 :39-54 ; W . Drack 1 972-73 :122-124), o r n or thern I ta ly ( V. B . P eron' 1 976:41-45). That d aggers s hare a c ommon o r ig in c an b e d iscerned i n c erta in s hared c haracter is t ics o ccurr ing i n t he e ar ly s tages o f d eve lopment. G . Kossack h as s hown t hat i n s outhern Bavar ia t he w ire-bound s hea ths o f t he Ha D1 ( "drahtumw icke l te S che ide") p recede t he g lobe-chapes o f t he Ha D2 ( "Kuge lortband") ( 1959 : 9 5). The f ormer h ave a n tennaeh i lts a nd c arp 's-tongue ( "Karpfenzunge") c hapes w i th mu lt ip le r ivets. These c an b e c ompared t o t he f i sh-ta i l c hapes o f F orm A , a lso a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Marn ian s equence. The g lobe-chapes a re t ota l ly a bsent f rom t he Champagne. The ' dummy-r ivet ' mo t if t ha t o rnament a number o f s outhern G erman g lobe-chaped d aggers 3 ( A. R ieth 1 942 :49 , Abb.34), h owever, c an b e t enta t ive ly c ompared t o s im i lar mo t ifs o n d aggers o f F orm E l . The T -shaped p omme ls f ound o n Marn ian d aggers may b e i nterpreted a s a s chema t ic r epresentat ion o f t he a troph ied a ntennae-h i lts o f s outhern G ermany ( ibid. : 49-50 , Abb. 3 4-35). But t hese c ompar isons a re f ew. The c ommon o r ig in o f d aggers h as b een a cknow ledged t o c ome f rom n orthern I ta ly dur ing t he E s te I phase i n t he e ighth a nd s eventh c entur ies ( ibid.:39 ; quoting H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , E . M . J ope 1 961 : 3 08 ; 0 .-H. F rey 1 969 :24 , 2 9). The d eve lopment o f d agger-knives i n n ortheastern I ta ly i n t he E s te I IC / D i s c lose ly p ara l le led t o s imi lar c hanges i n Austr ia a nd s outhern G ermany i n t he Ha D ( B. V . P eron i 1 976 :41-45 , Taf . 2 0-22, 6 3 D ). The Champagne i s , t herefore, a c ase o f ' par tia l ly ' i so la ted d eve lopment. I t s hou ld b e p o inted o ut t hat t he p resence i n d agger-grave a ssemblages o f wha t J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let c ons ider m er id iona l ly i nf luenced c eram ics ( 'Languedocian ' g ob lets a t ' l es J ogasses ' a nd ' E trusc an c anthar i ' a t t he ' Cötes-en-Marne ', E cury-sur-Coo le) d oes n ot n ec essar i ly e n ta i l as outhern i nf luence f or t he e vo lut ion o f t he Marn ian d agger 4 ( 1977 :10). A p roposed e vo lut ionary mode l o f t he Ha D /L.T. I c hape, f rom c rescent-moon a nd ' l yre ' t o L .T. I c hapes, h as b een i lus tra ted by E . M . J ope ( 1961 : 3 12, 3 14 f ig.. 5 ). S ince c rescent-moon c hapes a re f ound o uts ide t he Champagne i n t he e ar ly s tages o f t he Ha D ( Ha D1/ E ste I IC), i t c an b e a ssumed t ha t t hey b e long a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he s er ies. They ( Form F ) a re d a ted t o t he Ha Ib i n t he Champagne where t hey a re s l ight ly e ar l ier t han d aggers w i th w ider b lades ( Form C ) ( J. J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 977 : 1 0). The s equence o f E . M . J ope 's i ntermed iary s tages l ead ing up t o t he L .T. I ' l yre ' c hape i s more d iff ic u lt t o e s tabl ish. The d agger f rom Grave 5 8 a t ' Charva is ' w i th i ts 2 9

a nchor c hape w i th s tuds a nd c onnect ing s tems, c an b e d ated t o t he Ha Ib. The f latinhumat ion c emetery o f ' Charva is ' i s c ontemporary t o t he f i rs t c emetery a t ' l es J ogasses ' ( L. L epage 1 966a : 8 7). ' Lyre ' c hapes were n ot f ound i n e i ther c eme tery. A g reat many p rob lems a ttend t he i mpos i t ion o f a n e vo lut ionary mode l f or Champagne d aggers. One i s t he l ack o f c hrono log ica l p recis ion, e spec ia l ly a cute when d ea l ing w i th a l arge v ar iety o f t ypes o ccurr ing i n ar e lat ive ly s hor t p er iod o f t ime, a s pan o f a bout f i f ty y ears a ccord ing t o J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let ( Ha Ib-L .T. I a =5 00-450) ( 1977 :17). The c rescen tmoon a nd a nchor c hapes a re l arge ly c ontemporary a t ' l es J ogasses ' . F ew d aggers c ome f rom we l l-documented g raves . The d aggers f rom Vraux a nd S t-Jean-sur-Tourbe, 6 M ., u sed by E . M . J ope t o i lustra te t he s equence ( 1961 :314 f ig. 5 E, G ) f or e xamp le, c ome f rom unrecorded g raves ( E. S chm i t 1 924 :15-20 ; 1 929 :295 ; A . N ica ise 1 884 :45-47). There i s , i n a dd i t ion, t he e ver-present p rob lem o f h ow t o i nterpre t t he i so la ted Ha D f ind i n a L .T. I bur ia l. Compounded t o t hese p rob lems o f e s tab l ish ing a t ight c hrono log ica l e vo lut ionary s equence f or d aggers, a nd l i nked t o i t , i s t he e xp lana t ion o f t he c hanges t ha t t ake p lace. W i thout a c hrono log ica l a id, a l l s ugg es t ions r ema in hypothet ica l. E . M . J ope 's s equence r ef lects a u t i l it ar ian a pproach, t he s m i ths ' a ttempts t o s treng then t he s heath p o int c u lm ina t ing i n t he s ing le-p iece L . T. I s word-chape ( 1961: 3 27) . The n eed t o r eta in c erta in t rad i t iona l a tt i tudes c an b e o bserved i n t he t ransforma t ion o f o ld manufactur ing t echn iques i nto d ecora t ive mot ifs. S uch a p rocess c an b e o bserved i n t he i mpressed c irc le-and-dot mo t if i mi tat ing r ivets f ound i n F orm E l , a nd i n L .T. I d aggers a s t he e xa mp le f rom S t-Jean-sur-Tourbe ( A. N ica ise 1 883 :P l. 4 , 3 ); o r t he i nc ised t ransverse l i nes o n t he t op o f s hea ths i n F orm F i mi tat ing w ire-bind ing ( E. M . J ope 1 961 :3 16). Bo th mo t ifs a re f ound i n t he L .T. I d agger f rom Vraux ( P.-M. F avret 1 936 :56 f ig . 1 2). Cer ta in f ea tures f ound o n d aggers a re r e-used o n L .T. I s words. The t ref o i l c hape o n d aggers f rom Graves 2 1 a nd 2 5 a t ' l es G rdv ibres ', C iryS a lsogne, f or e xamp le, a ppears r eworked o n t he L .T . Is words f rom Marson a nd S omme-Bionne, M . ( P. J acobstha l 1 944 :P 1. 5 7, 9 3-4). The morpho log ica l e vo lut ion o f i ron d aggers i s n o t t he r esu l t o f c ross-borrowing b etween t wo d ifferent c u l tures but a c ontinuous i nt erna l p rocess b eg inn ing i n t he l a ter Ha D a nd g o ing i nto t he e ar ly phases o f t he L .T. I , ap er iod o f e xper imen ta t ion ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :107). E . M . J ope h as under l ined t h is c ontinu i ty by r eferr ing t o d aggers d er ived f rom F orm F a s t he ' Ha D -L.T. I t ype ' ( 1961:312). J . D6che lette, by p lac ing t he l a ter Ha D d agger i n t he L .T. I ( 1914 : 1 106), a nd P .-M. F avret, e xc lus ive ly i n t he Ha D ( 1936 : 4 9), h ave p layed d own t h is un interrupted l i ne o f d eve lopment. 2 .2

Antennae-h i lted d aggers a nd s hort-swords 7 ( L ists 1 0-11 , Map 3 )

Antennae-h i lted s hor t-swords a nd d aggers a re r are i n t he P ar is Bas in. 1 8 e xamp les h ave b een i dent if ied o f wh ich n o t wo a re s im i lar. The v ar iety o f a ntennae-h i lts, a nd t he f act t ha t t hey o ccur mos t ly o n d aggers, a rgue f avourab ly f or a l a te i ntroduct ion o f t h is t ype o f h i lt i n t he Bas in ( J . Deche lette 1 913a ; 7 31; A . R ieth . 1 942 :46). I nd eed, t he 1 2 e xamp les f rom known c ontexts w ere a ssoc iated w i th H a D/ L .T . I ma ter ia l. Two s hort-swords w i th b ronze h i lts d redged f rom r iver-beds may b e e ar l ier i n d ate. The s o l id b ronze h i lt f ragment ( "Vo l lgr iffschwert") f ound i n t he Mou lon ( F ig . 5 9 , 1 ) a t Bourges , C ., h as c rescent 3 0

s haped a ntennae t erm ina ted by s hort v ert ica l s tems w i th knobs a t t he e xtremi t ies ( A. d e l a Gubre 1 892-93a). I t h ad a n i ron b lade. The s hort-sword f ound i n t he Yonne n ear T I le-au-Loup ', Cannes-Ec luse, S .-et-M., h as a n e longated t r iangu lar i ron b lade w i th t races o f aw oode n s heath a nd a l ong s quare-sect ion t ang ( J.-P. Gu i l laume t 1 971-72:64). The t ang i s wrapped i n ab ronze s haf t f rom b o th e nds o f wh ich e xtend p a irs o f l a tera l S -shaped a ntennae w i th h o l low knob-term ina ls . Bronze a ntennae-h i lted s hort-swords w i th knobbed t ermina ls a re f ound i n l a te Ha C c ontexts. One o f t he e ar l ies t f inds i s t he s word f rom t he c har io t bur ia l a t S esto-Ca lende, L ago Magg iore, d a ted by O .H. F rey t o t he Ha C 2 , i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he s eventh c entury ( 1969 :4 9-52). S im i lar s words a re c ontemporary t o b ronze G l ind l ingent ype s words o f t he Ha C2 a t Ha l ls ta tt, S a lzkammergut ( ib id .:51 Abb. 2 7 ; R . P eron i 1 973 :37 f ig. 5 , 2 -3). I ron e xamp les o f t he S estoCa lende t ype s word h ave a lso b een f ound i n al a te Ha C c ontext. One i s known f rom Tumu lus 3 a t ' Champ d e l a F erme Rouge ', Court-StE t ienne, Brabant, a ssocia ted w i th Ha C h orse-gear ( M.-E. Mar i@n 1 958 : 1 08-128). Ano ther s word c omes f rom Tumu lus 4 a t ' Lem ire ', Mar igny, J . ( G. Wamser 1 975 :4 5 , Taf . 3 , 3 ). Bronze a ntennae-h i lted s hor ts words w i th knobbed t erm ina ls a re u sed we l l i nto t he Ha D a s a ttes ted by t he f inds a t S araz, D . ( ibid.:45 , T af . 8 , 2 ), a nd a t I ns , Berne ( W. Drack 1 972-73 :122-123 , 1 32, 1 36, 1 43 Abb. 1 3). A s ing le-edged i ron d agger w i th a s o l id b ronze a ntennae-h i lt s im i lar t o t he Bourges f ragment c omes f rom Wodendorf , Oberfranken, a nd i s d ated t o t he Ha D ( A. R ieth 1 942:44 Abb. 3 0, 3 ). The s hort-swords f rom Cannes-Ec luse a nd B ourges, a l though l acki ng d eta i led c ompar isons, c an b e d ated p rov is iona l ly t o t he l a ter Ha C o r e ar ly D . The i ron d agger ( F ig . 2 9 , 2 ) f rom t he Ha D f la t-inhuma t ion warr ior g rave a t ' l es L ongra is ', S oumont-St-Quent in, Ca lv., h as c rescents haped i ron a ntennae w i th knobbed t erm ina ls a nd a knob-r ive t a t t he p omme l ( B. Ede ine 1 961a :354). T races o f a wooden s heath a re v is ib le o n t he i ron b lade, a nd t he t ang i s b e l ieved t o h ave b een c overed by ab one h i l t. A d agger w i th a s omewha t s im i lar h i lt i s known f rom a t umu lus bur ia l a t ' l es Monto i l les ', E snoms-au-Va l, H te-M. ( L. L epage 1 980 : 9 2, P l. 5 9 , 4 ). 8 O thers b e long ing t o t h is g enera l t ype h ave b een f ound i n Ha D t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he C e i te-d 'Or, i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Murots B leus ', C reancey, a nd i n t he t umu lus a t ' Ramaget t, L arvon, S a l ives ( G. Wamser 1 975 :T af . 2 5 , 6 -7). The Burgund ian e xamp les d iffer by h av ing s pher ica l knobs i n t he m idd le o f t he ir t angs. A t l east 1 1 a ntennae-h i lted s hor t-swords a nd d aggers a re known 9 The i ron d agger f rom S t-Et ienne-au-Temp le, M ., h as a n e longated t r iangu lar b lade a nd a l ong f l a t i ron t ang wh ich w idens i nto t wo l a tera l s tems o r a ntennae a t t he p omme l-end w i th c ircu lar p ierced d iscs a t t he e xtrem i t ies ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971:94 , P l. 8 4 , 4 ). A p oss ib le t h ird a nd c entra l a ntenna s im i lar t o t he l a tera l s tems i s b roken. A lthough i t s p rec ise c ontext i s n ot g iven, i t c an b e a ssumed t hat t he d agger c omes f rom a f l at-inhuma t ion g rave o f t he Ha D o r e ar ly L .T . I . No p ara l le l t o t h is t ype o f d agger h as b een f ound.

f rom t he Champagne.

Another i ron d agger wh ich a ppears e qua l ly w i thout p ara l le l i s t he d agger uncovered i n t he c rema t ion bur ia l i n Tumu lus 7 3 a t ' Hau lzy ', V iennela-Vi l le, M . ( G. Goury 1 911). I t was f ound a ssoc iated w i th d ist inct ive L .T . I ma ter ia l, i nc lud ing a t w isted b ronze-w ire t ore w i th c upped d isc-term ina ls. Two o ther t umu l i , 7 4 a nd 7 6, a re s a id t o h ave

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c onta ined i dent ica l d aggers. The i ron a ntennae a re s haped i n a d oub lel ooped b ow. They a ppear a s ac rude i m i tat ion o f t he d oub lelooped a ntennae f ound i n s outhern Germany a nd a t Ha l ls ta tt ( A. R ieth 1 942 : 4 4 Abb. 3 0 , 7 -10), a n o p in ion s hared by b o th G . Goury a nd P .-M. F avret ( P. M. F avret 1 936: 5 1). These d aggers w i th b road t r iangu lar b lades a ppear a t Ha l ls ta tt i n t he Ha D2 ( 0.-H. F rey 1 969 :51 Abb. 2 7; R . P eron i 1 973 :51 f ig . 1 2, 1 ). The l a te c on text o f t he ' Hau lzy ' d agger may c onf irm t h is hypothes is. The i ron d agger ( F ig. 3 6 , 3 ) f rom Grave 5 a t ' l a Mote l le Verboyon ', Hauv ine " , Ard., h as s imp le i ron c rescent-shaped a ntennae a t t he p omme le nd o f t he h i lt ( L. S immonet 1 938 :4 f ig. 1 ). The e xtremit ies o f t he a ntennae, t urned i nward, m ight b e b roken ( the upper h a lf o f t he h i lt i s p resent ly m iss ing). S im i lar i ron i n-curv ing o r C -shaped a ntennae f ound i n s outhern Germany a nd Sw i tzer land h ave knobs a t t he ir e xtrem it ies ( A. R ieth 1 942:48 Abb. 3 3). The d agger h as a n i ron s hea th made o f t wo p lates w i th a s ing le s trap l oop a nd a n i ron U -shaped c hape. I t was f ound a ssociated w i th a s econd i ron d agger wh ich m ight a lso h ave h ad a n a ntennae-h i lt ( L. S imonnet 1 938 : 5 ). Apar t f rom t he a nt ennae, t he d agger r esemb les t he c urrent Ha D d agger-type i n t he Champagne. The i ron s hort-sword f rom ' Charva is ', H e i ltzl 'Eve `que, M ., c omes f rom G rave 2 6 ( L. L epage 1 966a : 7 6, 7 4 f ig. 2 , 1 ). I t h as i ron d oub les pira l o r s cro l led a ntennae a t t he p omme l-end o f t he t ang, a nd a s econd s et a t t he g uard. The t ang p rotrudes b etween t he s p ira ls a t t he p omm e l a nd t ermina tes i n ap o inted d ome-shaped knob. I ron s p ira l-an tenn ae a re r are. Bronze s p ira l-antennae a re c ommon o n L .B. A. s words o f t he " Vo l lgr iffschwer ter" s er ies , H . Mü l ler-Karpe 's Typus We ltenburg , d a ted t o t he Ha B3 , w i th a w idespread d is tr ibut ion i n wes t c entra l Europe ( 1961 :58-62, Taf . 9 8). One s uch w eapon was f ound a t Ha l ls tatt ( E. v on S acken 1 868 :Taf . 5 , 1 0). The f act t ha t t he ' Charva is ' s horts word i s c omp lete ly i n i ron r ema ins a s ingu lar f eature. The b ronze h i lt-fragment f rom t he ' Pont Var in ' h oard a t Comp ibgne, 0 ., i s s a id t o h ave s p ira l-antennae s im i lar t o t hose f ound a t Ha l ls ta tt ( C. S ch le icher 1 913 :206; J .-C. B lanchet 1 976b:43). The s ummary d escr ipt ion o f t he a ntennae-h i lt i nd icates a t ype a k in t o t he b ronze s o l id-h i lted s p ira l-antennae s word i lus trated by E . v on S acken, m ent i oned a bove. The p resence o f Armor ican s ocketed-axes da tes t he h oard t o t he Ha C a t t he l a test. The s urv iva l o f aL .B. A. s word , n o d oubt a v a lued i t em, i n a n e ar ly Ha C b ronze h oard s hou ld n o t b e v iewed w i th much s urpr ise. The l ack o f d escr ipt ion t ha t a ccompan ies t he r ema in ing a ntennaeh i lted s hort-swords a nd d aggers f ound i n t he P ar is Bas in d oes n o t a l low f or much d iscuss ion. The f inds f rom t he Ardennes, a t ' Cöte d es B ra ies ', Aussonce; f rom t he Marne, a t ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy, 1 0' Vins d e Bruybre ', P rosnes; a nd f rom t he Yonne, a t ' l es Grosei l l iers ', Cheny, c ome f rom Ha D f l a t-inhumat ion g raves. The d agger f rom G rave 1 ( 1928) a t P rosnes h as i ron a ntennae w i th l arge knobbed t ermi na ls ( D. B retz-Mah ler 1 963 :26). The c lus ter o f a ntennae-h i lted w eapons i n t he Champagne i s t o b e i nterpreted a s c omp lement ing t he d ense d istr ibut ion i n t he s ame a rea o f Ha D /L. T . Id aggers o f wh ich t hey f orm a n i ntegra l p art. The a ntennae-h i lted d aggers a ppear r e lat ive ly l a te i n t he Champagne, a t t he e nd o f t he Ha D , i nf luenced by s outhern G erman mode ls. They c an b e s een a s a n a ppendage t o t he more ' i nd igenous ' weapon-types . The d agger f rom Hauv ine , f or e xamp le, may r epresent a l oca l a ttempt 3 2

t o a ff ix a ntennae o nto t he p omme l o f a ' Marn ian ' d agger . S ince f ew p omme ls s urv ive o n Ha D /L.T. I d aggers, a ntennae-h i lts m ight a lso h ave b een t he r u le r ather t han t he e xcept ion. 1 1 The s outhwestern F rench a ntennae-h i lted s words ( J.-P. Mohen a nd A . Coffyn 1 970 : 1 16-119) wh ich a ppear i n t he Ha C ( J . B. Ward-Perk ins 1 940:45; 0 . a nd J . Taffane l 1 960:1-13; W . S chi l le 1 960;18-19) a re n ot f ound i n t he P ar is Bas in. Dense ly d is tr ibuted t hroughout t he S outhw es t ( P. L averdure a nd A . S outou 1 961 :387 P l. 7 5 f ig. 5 ), t he d is tr ibut i on t hins o ut g radua l ly t oward t he n or th t o t he c onf ines o f t he Bas in. One was f ound n ear P o it iers a t M igna loux-Beauvo ir, V . ( H. Breu i l 1 903: 5 6-58; J .P. P autreau 1 976a: 7 72), a nd a s econd, a t t he mouth o f t he L o ire, a t Crossac, L. At l .( G. Verron 1 976b: 8 03). T o t he w es t, a s outh F rench a ntennae-h i lted s word was r ecovered f rom t he t umu lus a t ' l a C ome ' , B la isy-Bas, C d 'O . ,a ssocia ted w i th a Ha C b ronze r azor ( G. Wamser 1 975 :69, T af . 1 8 , 4 ). The a bsence o f s outhwes t a nd s outh F rench t ypes f rom t he Bas in s eems t o c onf irm t he i ntroduct ion o f t h is w eapont ype a t al a ter d ate when d aggers w ere r ep lacing s words a s t he c ommon s ide-arm i n t he Ha D . The p redominant i nf luence i n t he d eve lopment o f a ntennae o n d aggers , a l though u lt imate ly o f s outhern o r ig in, a ppears t o c ome f rom t he e as t. Except ion c an b e made f or t he Cannes-Ec luse s hort-sword, a nd p oss ib ly t he Bourges h i lt f ragment. The a ntennae-h i lted s word i s J .-J . Ha tt 's ' type-foss i l ' f or t he Ha moyen ( 625-540) ( 1962 :662). Antennae-h i lts h owever c ont inue t o b e p laced on d aggers i nto t he e ar ly L .T . I when t he f ash ion d isappears, a " mod if ica t ion t out ä f a i t s econda ire" a ccord ing t o J . Ddche lette ( 1914 : 1 108).

NOTES 1 . L . T. I c har ibt-bur ia ls a t E cury-sur-Coo le ( 'Cötes-en-Marne', Grave 1 3), Epoye a nd Pu is ieu lx a re s a id t o c onta in Ha D d aggers ( D. BretzMah ler 1 971 :93). The Pu is ieu lx d agger i s e lsewhere r eferred t o a s a n i ron " coute las", a l ong s ing le-b laded kn ife ( R. J offroy a nd D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 959 :2 6). 2 . F or a r ecent p an-European d is tr ibut ion o f Ha D d aggers, s ee W . K imm ig 1 976:393 Abb. 8 5. 3 . Dagger-kn ives f rom t he Ha l lstatt c emetery ( Graves 5 47 a nd 6 11 f or e xamp le, K . K romer 1 959 :Taf . 1 04 a nd 1 20), d a ted t o t he Ha D1 ( R. P eron i 1 973 :45 f ig. 9 , 2 ), a re o rnamented w i th r ivets o n t he T -shaped p omme l , h i lt, g uard a nd w inged-chape. S im i lar d aggers a re f ound i n Sw i tzer land, a s a t Neuenegg , B erne ( W. Drack 1 9727 3 :136- 1 37 , 1 45 Abb . 1 5). Ha D2 d aggers w i th g lobe-chapes f rom s outhern Germany a re a lso d ecora ted w i th a r ivet-based mo tif under t he g uard but a pp l ied d ifferent ly ( see i lustra t ions i n A . R ieth 1 969: 1 7-58). 4 . J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 's i nterpretat ion r egard ing c eram ics i s g iven f u l l t rea tment i n Chapter 1 2 .3 .2 ( p. 1 53). 5 . Examp les o f c rescent-moon c hapes o n Ha D1 d aggers c an b e f ound a t S a lem, Kr . Uber l ingen ( P.-M. F avret 1 936:48 f ig. 6 , 5 ); a nd a t t he c emetery o f C asa d i Rocovero ( Grave 2 32), P adova , Veneto ( V. B . P eron i 1 976 :42- 4 3, Taf . 2 0 , 1 5°

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6 . E . M . L ope 's ' G ' ( 314 f ig. 5 ) c omes f rom S t-Jean-sur-Tourbe ( A. N ica ise 1 884 :P l. 4 , 3 ) a nd n ot f rom ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy, a s s tated i n t he c apt ion. 7 . Daggers w i th T-shaped p omme ls, a l though o f ten r eferred t o a s ' antennae-h i lted ', a re n ot t reated a s s uch a nd a re t herefore d isc ussed i n s ection 2 .1 . 8 . The d agger h as o f ten b een d es igna ted a s a n a nthropomorph ich i l ted weapon o f t he L .T. I ( P. Ba l let 1 971 :122; G . Wamser 1 975 : 1 25 n os. 2 32-235). I ts a ttr ibut ion t o t he l a ter Ha D , f avoured by L . L epage ( 1980 :9 2), i s f ar f rom c er ta in. 9 . These d o n ot i nc lude L .T. I d aggers w i th a ttenuated a ntennae, a s t he e xamp le f rom S te-Memm ie, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971:102, P l. 8 8, 5 ). 1 0. The a ntennae-h i lted s hort-sword i lustra ted by A . R ieth ( 1942:53 Abb. 3 7 , 5 ) d oes n ot c ome f rom t i es Var i l les ', Bouy, M ., n or f rom A la ise, D . ( ibid.:55), but f rom S araz, D . ( G. Wamser 1 975 : Taf . 8 , 2 ). 1 1.

The number o f a ntennae-h i lted d aggers c ons idered h ere p robab ly r epresent o n ly a f ract ion o f t he r ea l f igure. The p oss ibi l i ty e x is ts o f a ntennae made f rom b one, wood o r s ome o ther o rgan ic ma ter ia l , w i thout a meta l f rame wh ich may n o t h ave s urv ived. Daggers w i th ' buttons ' o n t he p omme l-end o f t he t ang, a c ommon f ea ture o n Ha D /L . T. I d aggers, a rgues a ga inst t hese h av ing a ntennae.

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CHAPTER 3 KNIVES

Kn ives ( L ist 1 2) Kn ives a re s ing le-b laded t oo ls a nd weapons w i th a t ang , u sua l ly f l at i n s ect ion w i th b ronze o r i ron r ivets. W i th t he e xcept ion o f t he b ronze k n ife f rom t he ' Mont-Sap ino is ' c emetery , H eutr e iv i l le, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :93), t hey a re a l l made o f i ron a nd h ad h orn, b one o r wood h i lts. L ength v ar ies f rom b etween 1 2 a nd 4 0 cm.' Kn ives a re d iff icu lt t o d ate when f ound i n i so la t ion ow ing t o t he ir b as ic a nd s imp le f orm t ha t c hanges l i tt le f rom t he Ha D t o t he L .T. I . Those f ound i n H a D c ontexts h ave s tra ight b acks w i th p ara l le l b lades c urv ing s l ight ly t oward t he p o int. The b lades n arrow a t t he j unct ion w i th t he t ang wh ich i s f la t i n s ect ion w i th r ivets a l igned l ong i tud ina l ly a t t he c entre. Many a re i n f ragmentary c ond i t ion. Such kn ives a re p resent a t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly , M ., i n Graves 5 a nd 8 3 ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:428 -429,436 , P l. 4 , A , 2 5 , 9 73); i n Grave 7 a t ' l a F osse Chape le t ', Chassemy „ A . ( H. Huber t 1 902 :184 f ig. 1 0 , 1 ) ; i n Grave 1 5 a t l 'Etau l, Vadenay, M . ( M. Chosseno t); a nd i n af la ti nhuma t ion g rave a t Varennes-sur-Se ine, S .-et-M. ( J.-P. Gu i l laumet 1 977-78 :51). They h ave a lso b een f ound o n s ett lements, n otab ly a t ' Sa info ins ', V i l leneuve-sur-Yonne, Y ., d a ted t o t he Ha D ( D. P ere tto). Kn ives w i th a p erpend icu lar p ro ject ion o r ' s top-gr ip ' a t t he t ang-end t o s tabi l ise t he g r ip a lso o ccur i n Ha D g raves . One c omes f rom Grave 7a t ' Charva is ', H e i ltz-PE V eque, M . ( L. L epage 1 966a: 7 5-76, f ig . 3 , 2 ), a nd a l ong s lender kn ife o r c ut lass w i th a s im i lar f eature c omes f rom Grave 6 i n t he s ame Ha D f lat-inhumat ion c emetery ( ibid.:76, 7 4 f ig . 2 , 2 ). Kn ives w i th ' s top-gr ip ' t angs a re a lso f ound i n Ha D /L.T. I bur ia ls but a re more f requent i n l a ter L .T. I c ontexts. 2 One was a ssocia ted w i th a H a D /L.T. I d agger , i ron a nd s ch ist b race lets , a nd a n i ron s ocketed j ave l in-head, i n Grave 2 5 a t ' l es G re-v ibres ', C iryS a lsogne, A . ( H. Hubert 1 902:197 f ig . 2 9 , 1 ). A t ' l es E coutrets ', P o ix, M ., a Ha D Fussz ierf ibe l was a ssoc ia ted w i th a s im i lar t ype o f kn ife i n G rave 1 ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :114 , P l. 9 7 , 6 ). I n Grave 2 , a t T i l loy-et-Be l lay , M ., a kn ife was f ound w i th a Ha D /L.T. I d agger , 3i ron s ocketed s pear-heads a nd a n e ar ly L .T. I f ibu la ( ibid .:114 , P l. 9 5, 2 ). An u n ident if ied t ype o f knife c omes f rom a ' marde l le i, i n al ayer a ttr ibuted t o t he Ha D , a t ' l e But igny-Bas ', Au ln izeux, M . ( Ga l l ia P re-h ., 1 3 , 1 970 :386). S even kn ives w ere f ound w i th Ha D / L. T. I d aggers, a n a ssoc ia t ion a lso o bserved i n s outhern Bavar ia , i n G . K ossack 's Kombinat ionsgruppe A III4, d a ted t o t he Ha Dl/D2 ( 1959 :24). The l arges t c lus ter o f kn ives i s l oca ted i n t he Champagne where t hey a re most ly f ound i n Ha D / L. T . I f l atinhumat ion g raves. The ir a ssoc ia t ion w i th d aggers o r s ocke ted s pear-heads i nd ica tes t ha t kn ives were p r imar i ly r eserved f or ma les, whether f or hunt ing o r f or u se i n warfare r ema ins d ebatab le. The ir u se a s d omes tic t oo ls i s s hown by t he f ew s ett lement f inds. There d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a ny t ypo log ica l d ifference b etween kn ives f ound i n c emeter ies a nd o n s ett lement s i tes. S tra igh t-backed kn ives w ith a 3 5

r ivetted f l at-sect ion t ang , w i th o r w i thout ' s top-gr ip ' t angs, h ave b een f ound o n ' Mont L asso is ', V ix, C .-d 'O. ( R. J offroy 1 960a:98 , P l. 3 1). Two i so lated f inds d eserve ment ion. The f irst i s a n i ron kn ife t hat c omes f rom a c ave i nhuma tion, i n Cav i ty 2 a t ' l a Roche No ire ', Mgr igny, I . ( G. C ord ier 1 978a: 1 99-220). I t h as a f l at-sect ion t ang w i th t hree r ive ts a nd a v ery c orroded b lade wh ich i n s ect ion a ppears s ing le-edged. A lthough n ot f ound w i th d at able a ssociat ions, ' l a Roche No ire ' c ave bur ia ls d a te t o t he e nd o f t he Ha D . The s econd c ons ists o f a s ma l l f ragment o f as ing le-edged i ron ' o bj ect. p oss ib ly a kn ife, f ound i n t he c entra l bur ia l i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Soup ise ', Vornay, C ., t ogether w ith a l ong Ha C i ron s word ( P. d e G oy 1 882). I ron kn ives h ave b een f ound a ssoc iated w i th Ha C s words n o tab ly a t Ha l ls tatt, S a lzkammergut, i n Graves 7 89 a nd 1 003 ( K. Kromer 1 959 : Taf . 1 61, 7 -8 , 1 91, 8 ; R . P eron i 1 973 :12-13). The kn ives h ave c urved ( convex) b acks, a nd h ave a w ide d a te-range f rom t he Ha C l t o D2 ( ibid.:35 f ig. 4 , 1 ). The kn ife f ragment f rom Soupise ' i s t oo i ncomp lete t o i dent ify. Ha C c urved-back kn ives, r em in iscent o f U rnf ie ld t ypes, a re known i n Sw i tzer land ( W. Drack 1 972-73 :126-127) a nd i n s outhern Germany ( A. R ieth 1 942: 3 1-33). I n t he Ha D , kn ives b ecome more mass ive, w i th s l ight ly c urved o r s tra ight b acks , d isp lay ing a v ar iety o f t ang f orms ( ibid. : 57-59; G . Kossack 1 959 :22). By i t s g enera l c haracter is t ics a nd g rave-assoc ia tions , t he Ha D kn ife c an b e c lose ly p ara l le led t o t hose f rom s outhern G ermany a nd t he Sw iss J ura a nd P lateau. E ar ly L .T. I kn ives f o l low t he s ame l i ne o f d eve lopment g radua l ly b ecom ing l ess mass ive a nd more s l ender, a nd e xh ibi t ing a g reater v ar iety o f t ang f orms: c urved, c y l indr ica l , t r ia ngu lar, o r s imp ly a s a n e xtens ion o f t he b lade 3 ( R. J offroy 1 960a : 9 8 , P l. 3 1 ; D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :113-117 , P l. 9 5-97).

NOTES

1 .

S lender kn ives o f 4 0 c m o r more i n l eng th a re r eferred t o i n t he l i tera ture a s " cou te las" ( cu tlasses). They o f ten a ccompany s pearh eads ( thereby r ep lac ing t he r o le o f t he d agger), a nd a re more c ommon i n t he e ar ly L .T. I ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971: 1 15).

2 .

' S top-gr ip ' t anged kn ives a re f ound i n o n ly L .T . Bavar ia ( G. Kossack 1 959 :2 2) .

3 .

They a re a lso more numerous , o ccurr ing i n b oth ma le a nd f ema le f l a ti nhumat ion g raves i n t he Champagne.

3 6

Ig raves i n s outhern

CHAPTER 4 S PEAR-HEADS

S pear-heads ( L is t 1 3) I ron s ocketed s pear a nd j ave l in-heads a re t he mos t c ommon w eapon t ype i n t he Ha D . A w ide r ange o f b lade f orms a nd l eng ths a re r ep resented. A . R ieth h as d iv ided s pear-heads i nto f our l oose c ategor ies ( 1942:62): t he f irs t i nc ludes s pear-heads w i th v ery l ong s lender b lades ( "bayonettart igen S pi tzen"), b etween 3 5 a nd 6 5 cm i n l eng th ( ib id.:60 Abb. 4 3 , 1 -6); t he s econd, s pear-heads w i th b roader l eaf-shaped b lades, b e tween 3 0 a nd 4 5 cm i n l eng th ( ibid.:Abb. 4 3, 7 -15); t he t h ird, s pear a nd j ave l in-heads w i th l ozenge-shaped b lades ( "rautenform ig en B latt"), b etween 2 0 a nd 4 5 cm i n l eng th ( ibid.:Abb. 4 3 , 2 5-28); a nd a f our th c ategory, j ave l in-heads o r d im inut ive s pear-heads , b etween 1 0 a nd 2 0 cm i n l eng th, d isp lay ing a v ar iety o f l eaf-shaped b lades ( ib id.: Abb. 4 3, 1 6-22). S ocket-depth i n r e lat ion t o t ota l l eng th, a nd t he p res ence o r a bsence o f m id-r ibs , a re n ot c ons idered a nd v ary i n e ach c a tegory. S pear a nd j ave l in-heads b e long ing t o a l l f our t ypes a re f ound i n t he Ha D c emeter ies i n t he Marne a t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly ( J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976) a nd Tharva is ', He i ltzl 'Eve 'que ( L. L epage 1 966a), a s we l l a s i n t he ma jor i ty o f Ha D /L.T. I f la t-inhumat ion c emeter ies i n t he Champagne a nd e lsewhere. They a re, h owever, r are i n t he t umu l i bur ia ls l ocated a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Bas in, i n n or thern Burgundy a nd t he B erry. A s im i lar s i tua t ion i s f ound i n t he r ich t umu l i c emeter ies o f Upper Burgundy ( G. Wamser 1 975 :73-81). The i ron s pear-head f ound i n a s econdary bur ia l i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a T ombe F ourda ine ', Equ ihen-P lage, P .-de-C. ( G. Gaucher a nd J .-P. Mohen 1 974: 7 5 f ig. 4 8) may p oss ib ly d ate t o t he Ha C . 1 An i ron s pearh ead i s a ssoc iated w i th l a te Ha C ma ter ia l, i nc lud ing a n a ntennae-h i lted d agger a nd h orse-gear, i n Tumu lus 3 a t t he ' Champ d e l a F erme Rouge ', Court-St-Etienne, Brabant ( M. E. Mar i n 1 958 :1 08-128) . A s econd t umu lus i n t he P as-de-Ca la is, a t ' l e Mouf lon ', Surques, c onta ined a n i ron s pear-head ( ? jave l in-head) ( R. R ingot 1 975 :164). L i tt le i s known a bout t he w eapon o r i ts c ontext. A f unct iona l d ist inct ion i s made h ere b etween s pear a nd j ave l in-heads. J . Dgche lette d ist ingu ished b etween s pear-heads , a s taff weapon ( "arme d 'hast"), a nd j ave l in-heads, a p ro ject i le weapon ( "arme d e j e t") ( 1914 : 1 143-1150), wh i le o thers h ave s imp ly i nterpreted t he j ave l in-head a s a d iminut ive v ers ion o f t he s pear-head a ttach ing l i tt le i mpor tance t o f unct iona l d ifferent iat ion ( R. J offroy 1 960a :96; D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 971:111). The r espect ive c ontexts o f t he t wo weapon-types i n Ha D g rave-assemb lages r evea l d ifferences h owever. A t ' l es J ogasses ', a nd t o al esser e xtent i n o ther c ontemporary c emeter ies i n t he Champagne, j ave l in-heads , b etween 1 0 a nd 2 5 cm i n l eng th, o ccur more f requent ly w i th d aggers t han d o s pear-heads ( L is t 1 3). S pear a nd j ave l in-heads a re n ear ly a lways mutua l ly e xc lus ive i n l a ter Ha D bur ia ls . A lso, wh i le o n ly o ne j ave l in-head was u sua l ly p laced i n t he g rave, s pear-heads w ere more 3 7

l ike ly t o b e d epos i ted i n p a irs o r more. 2 These d ifferences, e v ident i n t he l ater Ha D , b ecome l ess o bv ious i n t he e ar ly L .T. I ( ibid.). There i s l i tt le morpho log ica l c hange b etween Ha D a nd L .T. I s pearh eads. L .T. I s pear-heads a re s a id t o b e w ider a nd l onger t han i n t he Ha D ( ibid.:110), a nd a re f requent ly f ound i n p a irs o r more i n L .T. I g raves ( ibid.109 ; R . J offroy 1 960a :96). Th is i s n ot a h ard-and-fast r u le s ince a number o f Ha D g raves c onta in more t han o ne s pear-head , a s s ta ted a bove ( A. R ieth 1 942 : 5 9). I ron l eaf-shaped s ocketed s pear-heads a re known i n t he l a te Ha C a nd D1 i n t he Sw iss J ura a nd P la teau, a nd t he more s lender-b laded s pear a nd j ave l in-heads i n t he Ha D1 ( W. Drack 1 972-73 : 1 25). Ha C s pearh eads, s horter t han i n t he Ha D ( -30 cm) w i th m id-r ibs, a re c ommon i n t he e as tern Ha l lstatt p rov ince ( A. R ieth 1 942:34 a nd Abb. 2 2). I n s outhern Bavar ia, s lender-bladed s pear-heads ( -54 cm) a nd b road l eafs haped s pear-heads ( -34 cm) make t he ir a ppearance i n t he l a te Ha C ( G. Kossack 1 959 :96). I n t he Ha D , s pear-heads a re d is tr ibuted w ide ly a cross t he who le western Ha l lstatt p rov ince. Th is e xpans ion i s c ommens urate t o t he more a dvanced f org ing t echn iques t ak ing p lace i n t he s ixth c entury ( A. R ieth 1 942 : 5 9). S pear-heads f igure i n G . Kossack 's Kombinat ionsgruppe A IIII1-2, d ated t o t he Ha Cl/D2 ( 1959 :21-22, 2 4). The i ncrease i n t he number o f s pear-heads i n s outhern Bavar ia c orr esponds t o ad ecrease o f ' s lash ing weapons ' ( "H iebwaffen"). 9 1% o f Ha D w eapon-graves c onta in s pear-heads a s a ga ins t 7 % w i th d aggers a nd s pear-heads, a nd t he r ema inder w i th d aggers o r p ronged a rrowh eads ( ibid.:94). Graves c onta in ing d aggers a nd s pear-heads o r kn ives o r b oth b e long t o G . Kossack 's Komb inat ionsgruppe A III4 , d ated t o t he Ha Dl/D2 ( ibid. : 22-24). Th is a ssoc iat ion i s f requent ly o bserved i n t he Ha D /L.T. I g raves o f t he Champagne where t he ma jor i ty o f d aggerbur ia ls o ccur. The s pear a nd j ave l in-heads c ompr ise, mos t o f ten, t he o n ly w eapon i n t he Ha D warr iors a rsena l. 3

NOTES 1 .

A l ong i ron s word o f t he Ha C was a lso f ound i n t he s econdary bur ia l o f ' l a T ombe F ourda ine ' ( ?the s ame). I ron s ocketed s peara nd j ave l in-heads h ave b een known t o a ccompany Ha C i ron s words , a s i n Grave 6 00 a t Ha l lstatt, S a lzkammergut ( K. Kromer 1 959 :Taf . 1 12,5-6; R . P eron i 1 973 :1 2 ,14) . Ano ther e xamp le c omes f rom Garch ing , Hart a .d. A lz, Ldkr. A ltö tt ing, i n s outhern Bavar ia ( G. Kossack 1 959 :Taf . 1 15 , 4 -5).

2 .

The r everse i s t he c ase i n t he Ha D t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he F orst d e Haguenau ( C. F . A . S chaffer 1 930: 2 90).

3 .

Deta i led meta l lurg ica l a na lyses h ave b een c arr ied o ut o n a n i ron j ave l in-head f rom ' l e Mou l in ', Ver tla-Grave l le, M . ( see Chapter 1 5.2, p. 2 02).

3 8

CHAPTER 5 ARROW-HEADS

5 .1

Bronze ' Le Bourget '-type a rrow-heads ( L is t 1 4, Map 4 , T ab le 2 )

Tr iangu lar a rrow-heads i n s heet-bronze w i th o r w i thout b arbs, w i th a s tra ight o r c oncave b ase, a nd w i th t wo o r more h o les , a re r eferred t o a s L e Bourget type a rrow-heads a f ter t he e ponymous p a laf i tt ic s i tes i n t he S avo ie where t h is t ype i s p redom inant ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :238-239). A lthough e ssent ia l ly a Ha B a rrow-head , t he L e Bourget type h as b een i nc luded i n t h is s tudy f or s evera l r easons. E ight o f t he t en s i tes i n t he P ar is Bas in where i t i s p resent s how c ont inuous o ccupa t ion i nto t he Ha C , a nd l a ter ( Tab le 2 ). Th is, c ombined w i th t he f act t ha t i t o ccurs i n Ha D c ontexts o uts ide t he P ar is Bas in under l ines t he quest ion o f when t he t ype w ent o ut o f g enera l u se. I t s urv ived l ong e nough i n t he P ar is Bas in t o i nf luence t he i m ita t ions i n i ron ( Type A ) f ound i n l a te Ha D g raves i n t he Marne, a t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly, a nd ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy. The e ar l iest f ind i s ap a ir f rom a n e ar ly L .B. A. ( Bz D ) h oard a t P r e i lbert, Y . ( A. N ico las e t a l . 1 975 :165-166, 1 64 f ig . 1 0 , 6 0-61). The t wo s heet-bronze a rrow-heads —d iffer f rom t he L e Bourget type by h av ing at ang . I t i s t emp ting t o i nterpret t he P r e i lbert a rrow-heads a s a t ypo log ica l l i nk b etween t he c ommon b ronze t anged a rrow-heads o f t he M. B. A ./ L.B . A. a nd t he L e Bourget type a rrow-heads o f t he e nd o f t he L .B. A. I t s hou ld b e n o ted, h owever, t hat t anged L e Bourget type a rrow-heads h ave b een f ound a s l a te a s t he Ha C /D a t P ont-de-Chabes tan, H tes-A., i n Grave 1 1 i n Tumu lus 5 ( G. Wegner 1 978 :120 Abb. 8 , 1 1, 1 23). The e ar l iest e xamp les f rom o uts ide t he P ar is Bas in d a te t o t he Ha A2, a nd c ome f rom c ave s i tes i n s outhwes tern F rance, a t ' l a G rotte du Noyer ', E sc lauze ls, L . ( J. C lottes a nd M . L orb lanchet 1 969 :154 P l. 4 , 1 61), a nd ' l a Grotte d u Hasard ', Tharaux, G . ( J.-L. Roud i l a nd M . S ou l ier 1 976:179 , 1 82 f ig . 8 ). Apart f rom t he a rrow-heads f ound i n t he b ronze h oard a t A zayleR ideau, I .et-L. 1 ( G. Cord ier 1 976: 5 50 , 5 53 f ig. 5 , 5 ), a nd o n t he h i l lf ort a t ' St-P ierre-en-Chas tres ', V ieux Mou l in, 0 . ( W. K imm ig a nd R . L ou is 1 954 :232), b o th o f Ha B d a te, a l l o ther L e Bourget type a rrowh eads c ome f rom s i tes where o ccupat ion i s c ont inuous f rom t he Ha B t o C . One L e Bourget type a rrow-head was r ecent ly r ecovered f rom t he Ha C l ow land s ett lement a t ' l a Bouche d 'O ise ', Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 . ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a:33 , 3 4 f ig . 8 , 1 6). Another a rrowh ead was f ound o n t he p romontory-fort a t ' Fort-Harrouard ', S ore lMousse l, E .-et-L., i n l eve ls FH I I/IV, d ated t o t he Ha B /C ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :276). A s imi lar a rrow-head c omes f rom t he Ha C /D p romontory-fort a t ' Br i tzgyberg ', I l lfurth, H t-R. ( G. Wegner 1 978 :1 22 n o . 4 0).

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. 0 C D

Chrono log ica l s ummary

The t hree L e Bourget type a rrow-heads f rom t he Marne w ere f ound i n o pen l ow land s ett lements. A t t he ' Chem in d e Connantray ', E curyl e-Repos, a n a rrow-head was f ound w i th a f ragment o f ab ronze b race let w i th a s l ight ly e ver ted t erm ina l, a f l at-sect ion r ectangu lar i ron f ragm ent w i th a c entra l r ivet-ho le t hought t o b e a kn ife-h i lt, a nd Ha B / C p ottery ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 966:173 , 1 72 f ig . 2 , 1 , 6 , 1 3). The f inds f rom ' l a T empe 'te ', Normge ( ibid.:172 f ig. 2 , 2 ; 1 967:35), a nd ' l es P o intes Roger ', Euvy ( ibid.:19 , 2 4), w ere a ssociated w i th Ha B/ C p ottery wh ich i nc luded g raph i te-coated w ares. The a rrow-heads f rom ' l a P ierre Couverte ' a nd ' Vente d 'Issg , Courg enay, Y ., c ome f rom Ha B /C c rema t ion bur ia ls , t he l a tter e nc losed i n ac ircu lar d ry-stone wa l l c overed by a n e arthen t umu lus ( A. Hure 1 931 : 5 7-58). I nterpreted by A . Hure a s amu lets, t he d escr ipt ion ( "une p et ite amu lette t r iangu la ire d e c u ivre p ercee d e d eux t rous d e s uspens ion") a ccords w i th t ha t o f L e Bourget type a rrow-heads. The o r ig in o f L e Bourget type a rrow-heads i s s ub ject t o d iffer ing i nterpreta t ions. R . J . Mercer f avours a n e as tern Med i terranean o r ig in, i n MB Greece, where t hey w ere d er ived f rom f l int c oncave-based a rrow-heads. They were c ommon a nd w idespread i n t he LH a nd i n t he G reek ' Dark Age ', a nd e ntered Sw i tzer land a nd F rance f rom t he s outh i n t he c ourse o f t he e ighth c entury ( 1970: 1 95-196). The e ar ly a ppeara nce o f L e Bourget type a rrow-heads i n F rance, i n t he e ar ly L .B.A. ( Bz D ), d oes n ot s upport t h is i nterpretat ion ( G. W egner 1 978 :109). O thers h ave c ons idered t he a rrowhead a s d er iva t ive o f l oca l f l int a rrowh eads ( R. S tröbe l a s quo ted by G . Wegner). The d istr ibut ion o f L e Bourget type a rrow-heads i n c entra l a nd w estern Europe s hows a — c oncentrat ion i n t he L anguedoc r eg ion w i th i mpor tant c lusters a round t he L ac du Bourget a nd i n t he J ura ( ibid.:121 Abb. 9 ). The d istr ibut i on c lear ly r ef lects t he i mportance o f t he ma jor water-ways i n t he s pread o f t he L e Bourget type a rrow-head, most n o tab ly a long t he Rhöne-Saone c orr idor, t he S e ine a nd t he Rh ine. The e ar l iest L e Bourget type a rrow-heads, t he P rgg i lber t e v idence a part, a re f ound i n t he L anguedoc, i n t he Ha A2 , a nd a re i n u se t hroughout t he L . B. A. ( J.-L. Roud i l 1 972a :193). They o ccur i n t he Ha t umu l i i mhuma t ion c emeter ies o n t he Grands Causses, i n e as tern L anguedoc, but a re g enera l ly a bsent f rom t he L anguedoc ian u rnf ie lds t o t he w est, a nd f rom t he t umu l i c emeter ies i n t he w estern P yrgnees ( A. S outou 1 958 :711-714; 1 962 :184-190). Two a rrow-heads w ere a ssoc iated w i th a Ha D Fussz ierf ibe l i n Tumu lus 6 a t t he ' Rav in d es Arcs ' c emetery , Notre-Dame-de-Londres, Her. ( ibid. : 187-188; M . L ou is e t a l . 1 960 :29 , 3 2 f ig . 2 6). S even L e Bourget type a rrow-heads , a ssoc ia ted w i th s ix i ron c op ies , ab ronze ' bu l let-shaped ' a rrow-head a nd a qu iver, w ere f ound i n Tumu lus 1 2 a t K le inos the im, Ldkr. Aschaffenburg , Unterfranken ( G. W egner 1 978 : 1 00-117). The t umu lus a lso c onta ined a n i ron s ca lptor ium ' w i th a t w isted s tem, a f ind t ha t c an b e p ara l le led a t V ia la-du-Pas-deJ aux, Av., i n t he t umu lus a t ' Bayssas ' where a b ronze e xamp le was f ound w i th a b ronze L e Bourget type a rrow-head , a nd a b ronze t anged a nd b arbed a rrow-head ( A. S outou 1 962: 1 87). Ment ion c an b e made o f b ronze L e Bourget type a rrow-heads f ound a t Rutevac, i n s outhern S erbia , i n aL . B. A . c rema t ion g rave, a nd a t Herasträu, i n Roman ia ( G. Wegner 1 978 :109-110). The L e Bourget type a rrow-heads f rom t he P ar is Bas in, by t he ir w ide t ime r ange ( Bz D t o Ha D ) a nd by t he ir s ca ttered d istr ibut ion 4 1

a long t he ma jor r ivers, r ef lect o n a s ma l ler r eg iona l s ca le t he t wo b as ic e xterna l c haracter istics o f t h is a rrow-head t ype. I n i t s w ider European c ontext, t hese t wo f ea tures o f t he L e Bourget type a rrow-head, h ave r endered t he s earch f or i t s o r ig in, i f a s ing le s ource i s i ndeed t o b e s ought, t hat much more d iff icu lt. 5 .2

' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads ( L ist 1 5 , Map 4 )

A number o f t wo- a nd t hree-w inged b ronze a rrow-heads o f ' GraecoEuras ian ' t ype 2 h ave b een f ound i n t he P ar is Bas in. W i th o n ly t wo e xcept ions, t hey a re e i ther s tray f inds o r unprovenanced i n r eg iona l museums. One i s t he t wo-w inged ' boss-and-bard ' a rrow-head wh ich was f ound i n t he Ha l ow land s ett lement a t ' l a Bouche d 'O ise ', Cho isy-au- Bac, 0 . ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . D ecorme i l le 1 980a: 3 3 , 3 4 f ig. 8 , 1 7). Ano ther i s t he b icon ica l t r i loba te a rrow-head ( Fig. 1 5 , 1 6) f rom Chäte lGerard, Y . I t c omes f rom a t umu lus bur ia l a ssoc iated w i th Ha D mat er ia l , i nc lud ing a t ubu lar b ronze t ore a nd b race let, b ronze a rmi l lae, a nd a n u nusua l b ronze b e l t-buck le c ommon i n c entra l I ta ly i n t he Ha D ( 0. K leeman 1 953 :347-348; 1 954 :122-125 , 1 37 Abb. 2 e, 1 39 Abb. 4 g). Tr i lobate a rrow-heads , i t s hou ld b e n o ted, h ave b een f ound i n f a ir ly l arge numbers i n c entra l I ta ly ( id. 1 953 : 3 48). A s imi lar t ype o f a rrow-head, but i n i ron ( F ig . 1 5 , 1 2), was f ound a ssocia ted w i th Merov ing ian ma ter ia l i n Grave 6 60 a t ' l a V ignette ', Au ln izeux, M . ( id. 1 954 :115-116 n o te 5 , 1 41 Abb. 6 g). The f ind i s c omparab le t o t he t hree i ron t r i loba te a rrow-heads f rom t he F rank ish c h i ld-grave under t he c ho ir o f Kö ln Ca thedra l ( 0 . Doppe lfe ld 1 964 :167 Abb. 8 g , 1 68 n o . 1 8). The l a t ter a re o f Avar o r ig in b rough t t o t he Rh ine land by L angobards ( ib id. : 185-186). I ron t r i loba te a rrow-heads a lso o ccur o n Roman s i tes ( 0. K leeman 1 954:115). The a rrow-head f rom Grave 6 60 c an t herefore b e d a ted t o t he Merov ing ian P er iod . A c ur ious f ind, a nd l ess e as i ly e xp la ined, i s t he b ronze ' boss-andb arb ' a rrow-head ( F ig . 1 5 , 1 1) a ssociated w i th Merov ing ian ma ter ia l i n Grave 3 01 a t Au ln izeux ( ibid. ; 116 n ote 1 , 1 39 Abb. 4 f). Known i n Greece f rom t he Archa ic P er iod a nd l a ter ( A. S nodgrass 1 964:147), a nd i n F rance i n t he s ixth c entury ( F. Beno i t 1 956:17 n ote 3 ), i ts p resence i n a Merov ing ian c ontext i s puzz l ing . The a rrow-heads s tored i n t he museums a t R eims a nd Troyes , a s w e l l a s o ne i n t he F . Cherr ibre c o l lect ion i n R e ims , a re t hought by 0 . K leemann t o b e t he purchases o f t urn-of-the-century a nt iquar ians o n t he ir e astern t rave ls ( 1954 :118). The r ema ining unprovenanced a rrowh eads i n museums must a lso b e v iewed w i th s cept icism. The d istr ibut ion o f ' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads c lose ly f o l lows t he c ourse o f t he S e ine a nd i t s t r ibutar ies , p r incipa l ly t he Yonne, Marne, A isne a nd O ise. Th is r iver ine o r ienta t ion i s r ef lected t hroughout c ont inenta l Europe ( W. K immig a nd E . G ersbach 1 971 :53 Abb. 1 2). I n wes tern Europe, t here i s a n i mportant c lus ter i n t he P rovence, a t t he Rhöne e stuary, a nd n orthward a long t he Rh6ne-Saöne c orr idor, a nd wes tward a long t he L o ire. The t wo-w inged ' boss-and-barb ' a rrow-head, o f e as t Med i terranean o r ig in, r eached t he Aegean i n t he e ar ly s tages o f t he L .B. A., a nd i s l a ter a ssociated ( in t he f ourth c entury) w i th Crete ( A. S nodgrass 1 964 : 1 46-147). The t r i loba te f orm i s known i n Greece b etween t he s eventh a nd f i f th c entur ies ( ib id. : 150-151). Both t ypes o ccur i n western Europe i n t he Ha D . A ' boss-and-barb ' a rrow-head i s a ssocia ted w i th b ronze 4 2

p enannu lar b race lets i n at umu lus i nhumat ion g rave a t Refranche, D . ( M. P iroutet 1 918 :317-319). A t r i lobate a rrow-head c omes f rom t he Heuneburg , i n L eve l I I, d ated t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ha D2 ( W. K imm ig a nd E . Gersbach 1 971 :49). A number o f e xp lana t ions h ave b een s uggested t o a ccoun t f or ' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads i n western Europe. T . S u l im irsk i i nt erprets t he F rench f inds a s p oss ible e v idence o f S cyth ian ' i nroads ' ( 1945 :7 ; 1 961: 7 93-799). R . Ro l le h as p o inted o ut t ha t when d ea l ing w i th s tray f inds, a d ecis ion f or o r a ga ins t t he ' e thn ic i nterpretat ion ' i n t erms o f S cyth ian a ttacks i s n o t p oss ib le ( pers. c omm.). I n Urar tu, f or e xamp le, where a s im i lar s i tua t ion e x is ted, t here i s n ow a bundant p roof o f S cy th ian a ttacks ( R. Ro l le 1 977). Cer ta in o b ject ions c an b e pu t f orward, h owever, t o r efu te t he t heory o f aS cy th ian p resence i n w estern Europe. B . O 'Connor h as s hown t ha t t he p art icu lar ' bu l le t-shaped p rof i le ' o f S cy th ian t r i loba te a rrow-heads f ound o n t he Russ ian s teppes, i n Transy lvan ia a nd i n t he Carpa th ian Bas in, d iffer f rom wes tern e xamp les ( 1978 :478). Furthermore, t he d istr ibu t ion o f ' Graeco-Euras ian a rrow-heads i n c on t inen ta l Europe s hows t wo d is t inct e astern a nd wes tern z ones, s epara ted by a g ap e x tend ing f rom t he Bohem ian F orest t o t he Rh ine ' ( W. K immig a nd E . G ersbach 1 971 :52, 5 3 Abb . 1 2). A s econd, a nd more p laus ib le e xp lana t ion, i s t o i nterpret t hese a rrow-heads a s e v idence o f Greek t rade. 0 . K leemann h as e mphas ised t he ' Greek c haracter ' o f w estern a rrow-heads ( 1953 :3 45-350). Bo th t he ' boss-and-barb ' a nd t r ib loba te a rrow-head t ypes h ave a c omp l imentary d is tr ibut ion, a nd o n t wo s i tes o n t he L o ire, a t Nantes, L.-At l ., a nd Gensac, A l l., h ave b een f ound t ogether ( id. 1 954 : 1 20) . The L o ire r oute i s l i nked w i th t he t in t rade ( F. Beno i t 1 956:16). The d istr ibut ion o f ' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f Graeco-Massa l iote amphorae a nd P hocaean ware ( "poter ie g r ise") ( W. K imm ig a nd E . G ersbach 1 971 :42 Abb. 8 , 4 4 Abb. 9 ). The p resence o f t r i loba te a rrow-heads i n c entra l I ta ly s treng thens t he a rgument f or a G reek a gency i n t he d is tr ibut ion o f t hese a rrow-heads ( 0. K leemann 1 953 :346, 3 48). Two- a nd t hree-w inged a rrow-heads f rom t he P ar is Bas in c an b e i nterpreted a s o ne c a tegory o f Greek i mport t ha t made i t s way up t he Rhöne -Saöne c orr idor f rom Massa l ia i n wha t J .-J. Hatt c a l led t he ' per iod o f e xp lorat ion ' o f G reek c ommerce, d ated a pprox ima te ly t o 5 404 80 ( 1955 : 1 51) . 5 .3

M isce l laneous b ronze a rrow-heads

A v ar iety o f b ronze a rrow-heads h ave b een f ound i n a Ha C o r D c ontext i n t he P ar is Bas in. The c on ica l , ' bu l let-shaped ', s ocketed a rrow-head f rom Tumu lus 1 a t ' Chamberceau ', E snoms-au-Va l , H te-M. 3 ( R. Bou i l lerot 1 908 :75 , P l. I , 5 ), i s mentioned i n c onnect ion w i th Type C i ron a rrow-heads. I t h as a p o inted t ip u n l ike t he more c ommon r ounded t ips a s t he e xamp le f ound i n Tumu lus 1 2 a t K le inos theim, Ldkr. Aschaffenburg , Unterf ranken ( G. Wegner 1 978 : 1 04 Abb. 7 , 1 4). Th is a rrow-head t ype i s more c ommon ly f ound i n i ron. There a ppears t o b e ac lus ter o f t h is t ype c entred o n t he C8te-d 'Or ( 'Mont L asso is ', V ix, a nd ' l a Comme l le t, P ommard), a nd i n t he a rea t o t he n or th a nd wes t ( 'Charmey ', Monts augeon, a nd ' Chamberceau ', E snoms-au-Va l).

4 3

A p a ir o f b arbed s ocketed a rrow-heads c ome f rom t he t umu lus a t ' l a Mo tte ', A ttancour t, H te-M., d ated by a ssoc iat ion w ith l arge b ronze b race lets t o t he l a te Ha C ( L. L epage 1 974a). S ocketed a rrow-heads a re e ssent ia l ly a c entra l European weapon i n u se f rom Re inecke 's B z B t o Ha B ( R. J . Mercer 1 970 :173-185). R . J . Mercer c ons iders t hem a s " mere ly a n e xtens ion o f t he i dea o f , i f ar educt ion i n t he s ca le o f , t he s ocketed s pear-head", a nd l ess p referred t han t he t anged a nd o ther t ypes o f a rrow-heads ( ibid .:183). The p resence o f a s ocketed a rrow-head i n a Ha C a ssemb lage i s r are. The f act t hat A . N ica ise r ecovered t he ma ter ia l s eventeen y ears a f ter t he e xp lorat ion o f t he t umu lus, a nd t ha t n o r ecord was made dur ing i t s e xcavat ion ( L. L epage 1 974a), r equ ire c aut ion i n a ttr ibut ing t he A ttancourt a rrow-heads t o t he Ha C . Barbed s ocketed a rrow-heads h ave, h owever, b een f ound a t Ha l ls tatt, S a lzkammergut, i n Graves 9 a nd 3 93 , d a ted t o t he Ha C2 ( K. Kromer 1 959 :43 , 9 8-99 , Taf . 2 , 6 , 6 1 , 1 3 ; R . P eron i 1 973 :37 f ig. 5 , 7 ). A ' s top-r idge ' t ype o f a rrow-head was f ound o n t he p romontoryf ort a t ' l a Brbche a u D iab le ', S oumont-St-Quen tin, Ca Iv. ( B. Ede ine 1 961b:689 , 6 87 P l. 9 , 2 ). A s im i lar a rrow-head, w ith a f acetted t ang , c omes f rom t he o pp idum o f Cay la I , a nd f rom G rave 1 42 i n t he u rnf ie ld a t ' l e Mou l in ', Ma i lhac, Ad. ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 955 :87 f ig. 5 7, 5 : 1 958: 2 9-30, 2 9 f ig . 1 6, 1 7). Cay la I a nd ' l e Mou l in ' b e long t o t he v ery e nd o f t he L .B. A., d ated a pprox imate ly t o 8 50-700 a nd l a ter ( 0. a nd J . Taffane l 1 975 :26; J .-L. Roud i l a nd J . Gu i la ine 1 976:469). I t h as a lso b een f ound l ater, i n a Ha c ontext a s t he p resence o f a n i ron a ntennae-hi lted s word a ttests, i n t he u rnf ie ld a t Cama l lera, Gerona , i n n or theastern S pa in ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 958 :250-251, 2 52 f ig . 2 03, 3 ). Both N . K . S andars ( 1957 :322) a nd R . J . Mercer ( 1870 :196-197) a tt r ibute a n e as tern Med i terranean o r ig in t o t h is a rrow-head t ype. A ccordi ng t o t he l a tter , t he ' s top-r idge ' a rrow-head was a dopted by Mycenea ens i n LH I f rom t he e as t. I n t he w est, i t s d istr ibut ion i s r estr icted t o s outhwestern F rance ( ib id .). The a rrow-head f rom ' l a Breche a u D iab le ' c an b e p rov is iona l ly d a ted t o t he Ha B /C t rans i t ion. A b arbed a nd t anged a rrow-head, o f p oss ib ly t he s ame d ate, c omes f rom t he s ett lement a t ' l es Terres Grasses —Groupe A ', E curyle-Repos, M . ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 966:171-172 f ig . 2 , 4 ). A lthough o f Urnf ie ld t ype, i t was f ound i n p i t-s tructures c onta in ing t rans i t iona l Ha B /C p ottery ( id. 1 967:19). The t ype p ers is ts we l l i nto t he Ha D a s e xamp les were f ound o n t he ' Mont L asso is ', V ix, C . -d 'O., a nd i n L eve l C o n t he ' Camp du Châ teau ', S a l ins, J . ( R. J offroy 1 960a : 9 7 , P l. 3 0 , 1 8). A b arbed a rrow-head w i th a l ong t aper ing t ang was f ound i n t he ' l a F ont d es Corde l iers ' h oard, •Argenton-sur-Creuse, I . ( H. Breu i l 1 902: 2 4 f ig . 3 , 1 ), d ated t o t he Ha B /C. 5 .4

I ron a rrow-heads ( L ist 1 6, Map 5 )

F our t ypes o f i ron a rrow-heads a re r epresented i n t he P ar is Bas in i n t he Ha D . The f irst i s t r iangu lar i n p lan a nd f lat i n s ection ( Type A ). The s econd i s s imi lar t o t he f i rst but h as t wo l a tera l b arbs ( B). The t h ird i s bu l let-shaped, t hat i s , i t i s c on ica l w i th a d eep s ocket wh ich i s c ircu lar i n s ect ion a t t he b ase ( C). The f our th t ype c lose ly r esemb les a d iminut ive j ave l in h ead ( D). I t h as a s ocketed s tem, c ircu lar i n s ect ion , w i th a s lender l eaf o r l ozenge-shaped b lade o r p o int. A l l f our a rrow-head t ypes were f ound i n G rave 5 3 a t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly, M . ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976 :434 , P l. 1 6, 8 91-896, 8 98).

4 4

Confus ion h as a r isen a s t o t he i dent if icat ion o f a rrow-heads o f Types C a nd D . R . J offroy h as a rgued t ha t a rrow-heads o f Type C a re j ave l in-hee ls b ecause o f t he ir b lunt p o ints ( 1960a:96, P l. 2 8 , 9 -12), a n i nterpretat ion s hared by P . M . F avret ( 1936 :58). S evera l a rguments c an b e p roposed a ga inst t h is a ttr ibut ion. Type C a rrowh eads h ave no t b een f ound w i th j ave lin-heads, a c ur ious f act i f t hey a re i ndeed j ave l in-hee ls. A lso, t hese bu l let-shaped o b jects d o n ot h ave h ave t he p rerequ is i te p erforat ion a t t he b ase o f t he s ocket n orma l ly f ound on j ave l in a nd s pear-hee ls f or f ix ing a nd ma inta in ing t hem t o t he s taff o r s tave. They a re, h owever , a ssocia ted a t ' l es J ogasses ' w i th a rrow heads o f Types A , B a nd D ( Grave 5 3), a nd w i th qu ivers ( nos. 5 3 a nd 6 7) ( J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua le t 1 976 :434, 4 35, P l . 1 6, 8 98, 1 9 , 9 19). The ir l eng th ( Max. L = 8 cm) i s e qu iva lent t o t hat o f o ther a rrow-head t ypes. A b ronze p ro totype o f Type C ( "Kuge lform ige B ronzesp i tze") h as b een f ound i n Tumu lus 1 2 a t K le inosthe im, Ldkr. A schaffenburg, Un terfranken, a ssoc iated w i th t r iangu lar a rrow-heads i n s heet-bronze a nd i ron, a nd a qu iver, i n a Ha D1 c ontext ( G. Wegner 1 978 :111-113 , 1 04 Abb. 7 , 1 4). Type D a rrow-heads h ave o f ten b een c onfused f or j ave l in-heads p roper. On ly t he ir s ize ( Max. L = 8 cm) a nd w eight d is t ingu ish t hem f rom j ave l in-heads ( J. -J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976 :4 34) P . M . F avret d es ignated a rrow-heads o f Type D a s j ave l in-heads a t ' l es J ogasses ' ( 1936: 5 8). A . Noue l 's r eference t o t he a rrow-head f ound w i th t he c remat ion bur ia l c onta ined i n t he b ronze r ibbed p a i l i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a Butte Moreau ', Mard i, L o ir., a s aj ave l in-head i nd ica tes t hat t he a rrow-head i n ques t ion b e longs t o Type D ( 1957a :3 14). I t i s e lsewhere r eferred t o a s a n a rrow-head ( H. Coro t 1 901 : 5 49; B . Bou loum id 1 976:13 n o. 6 ). The ma in c lus ter o f i ron a rrow-heads i s l oca ted i n t he Champagne, w i th o ut l iers o n t he P la teau d e L angres, t he M idd le L o ire a nd i n t he B erry. Arrow-heads o f Type A a re i ron i m i ta t ions o f b ronze L e Bourget t ype a rrow-heads, a l though n o t a l l a re p erforated a t t he b ase. An e xamp le w i th t wo h o les n ear t he b ase i s as tray f ind f rom ' l es Grandes Chape l les ', Br ion, I . ( 0. Buchsenschutz e t a l . 1 979 :410, 4 11 f ig. 4 , 3 ). F our s im i lar i ron a rrow-heads c ome f rom t he ' Qudroy ' r ock-she lter a t Chazel les, Ch., i n al ayer d ated by C14 t o 7 80 B .C.; a nd a no ther t wo w ere f ound o n t he p romontory-fort a t ' Camp d e Myard ', V i tteaux, C. d 'O . ( ibid. :4 10). Type A h ave n ot b een f ound, h owever , o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ', V ix, C . -d 'O. Th is a bsence i s a ttr ibuted by R . J off roy t o t he o x id isa t ion o f t hese r e lat ive ly s ma l l weapons 4 ( 1960a :9 7). A s c onf irma t ion f or t he presence o f Types A a nd B a rrow-heads o n t he h i l lfort, R . J offroy p o ints t o t he f ind o f ac ircu lar b ronze qu iver l id o r t op o rnamented w i th embossed c oncentr ic c irc les a nd a c entra l r ivetted knob ( ibid .:97 , P l. 3 0 , 1 ). Th is a rtefact h as l i tt le i n c ommon w ith qu iver l i ds f ound a t ' l es J ogasses ', a nd i s more l ike ly t o b e ab ronze pha lera . Type A a rrow-heads were f ound i n a Ha D1 c ontext i n Tumu lus 1 2 a t K le inos theim ( G. Wegner 1 978 : 1 10, 1 04 Abb. 7 , 1 -6). These i ron v ar iants o f t he L e Bourget type h ave a lso b een f ound i n t he s outhern Carpath ians , a t F er ig i le i n t he Ha D Tumu lus 6 2, a t Curtea d e Arge a nd Vekerzug ( A. Vu lpe 1 967 :196, 6 6 f ig. 2 1). A number o f Type A a rrow-heads were f ound s t i l l h af ted i n t he ir w ooden s haf ts, a s t hose f rom ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy, M . ( A. N ica ise 1 884: 4 1), Tumu lus 8 a t G landon, V . ( R. Bo isseau a nd J . L amber t 1 975 :21, 1 8 f ig . 1 6 , 4 2) a nd K leinosthe im ( G. Wegner 1 978 :104). 4 5

Arrow-heads o f Type B a re r are o uts ide t he Champagne. F la ts ect ion barbed a rrow-heads, but w i th s l ight m id-r ibs a nd s hor t f l at s ect ion t angs , c ome f rom a Ha D t umu lus i nhuma t ion bur ia l a t Muss ig , n ear S e lestat, Bas-R. ( J.-J. Hatt 1 940-46 :162-163 , P l. I , 9 -18). The t en a rrow-heads, j o ined t ogether ( ? i n a qu iver), were a ssoc ia ted w ith t wo b ronze s erpent iform-bow f ibu lae w i th s top-d iscs, a g o ld e arr ing , a g lobu lar u rn w i th a n e verted n eck ( poss ib ly w i th a g raph i te-coated e xter ior), a nd a number o f o ther v esse ls , mos t ly h em ispher ica l b ow ls ( ibid.). Rema ins o f wooden s haf ts w ere a lso f ound. Type C a rrow-heads a re f a ir ly c ommon o u ts ide t he P ar is Bas in. I ron e xamp les o f t he Ha D c ome f rom b o th s ett lement s i tes, a s o n t he ' Mont L asso is ' a nd t he ' Camp d u Chateau ', S a l ins, J . ( R. J offroy 1 960a: 9 6 , P l. 2 8 , 9 -12) ; a nd f rom c emeter ies, a s a t P ommard, C . -d 'O. a t ' l a Comme l le ', i n Grave B i n Tumu lus 2 ( F. Henry 1 933:168), a t D t irrnbergb e i-Ha l le in, S a lzburg , i n Grave 1 16 wh ich a lso c onta ined a qu iver ( G. Wegner 1 978 :112 , 1 15), a nd a t U ff ing , Ldkr. W e i lhe im, i n Tumu lus 2 ( J. Naue 1 887 :Taf . 1 4 , 8 ; G . Kossack 1 959 :241). A b ronze e xamp le c omes f rom Tumu lus 1 a t ' Chamberceau ', E snoms-au-Va l, Hte-M., s ome 8 km n or thwes t o f Montsaugeon where t wo i ron a rrow-heads o f Type C were f ound i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Charmey '5 ( R. Bou i l lerot 1 908:75 , p l . I , 5 ). G . Wegner ment ions a b ronze a rrow-head o f Type C f rom Cas te lnau-Pegayro ls, Av . (1 978 : 1 11) . The o b ject i n q uest ion, f rom t he t umu lus ' du J ouc ', a lso h as a p erfora t ion a t t he b ase o f t he s ocket more r em in iscent o f j ave l in a nd s pear-hee ls ( A. S outou 1 958 : 7 11 , 7 13 f ig. 1 6, 2 f). Arrow-heads o f Type D , o f Ha D d ate, c ome f rom t he ' Mon t L asso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :97 , P l. 3 0, 1 1-12), a nd f rom Burgenra in-be i-S issach , Ba le ( Drack 1 972-73 :126, 1 58 Abb. 2 7, 5 ). There a re, n o d oubt many more s uch a rrow-heads but t hey r ema in o bscured b eh ind t he ' j ave l inh ead ' l abe l. Barbed i ron a rrow-heads , s ocketed a nd t anged, s o c ommon i n s outhern G ermany ( A. R ieth 1 942:63 Abb. 4 5) a nd i n Sw i tzer land ( W. Drack 1 972-73 :126 , 1 58 Abb. 2 7) i n t he Ha D , a re a bsen t f rom t he P ar is Bas in. The b arbed a nd t anged a rrow-head i s o ccas iona l ly f ound i n l arge numbers, a s a t J ec renstorf , Berne, i n Tumu lus 3 , where s ome 2 6 e xamp les w ere f ound i b id .:126, 1 58 Abb. 2 7 , 2 -4), a nd a t t he Heuneburg , Hunders ingen, i n t he wagon-grave ( no . 6 ) i n t he Hohm iche le t umu lus, where 5 1 a rrow-heads w i th f orked o r s purred t angs w ere f ound w i th t he ir qu iver ( G. R iek 1 962:93 , T a t ' . 1 0 , 1 61-211). 5 .5

Qu ivers

Qu ivers h ave b een f ound i n t he Marne a t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly, a nd a t ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy. A t ' l es J ogasses ', qu ivers a re known f rom Graves 5 3 a nd 6 7 ( P. M . F avret 1 936 :60-65 ; J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:434-435 , P l. 1 6, 8 87 , 8 97, 1 9 , 9 18, 9 20-922). On ly t he b ases a nd l ids s urv ive. The b ase wa l l o f t he qu iver f rom Grave 5 3 c ons is ts o f a n i ron c y l inder w i th a s ha l low c on ica l b ottom o rnamented w i th c oncentr ic r ibs ( 0 =8 .2 cm; H =6 .5 cm). The l id i s ac ircu lar b ronze d isc o rnamented w i th z ones o f c oncentr ic r ibbing w i th a c entra l v er t ica l s temh and le ( 0 =6 .5 cm). A t h in s tr ip i n b one w i th l ong i tud ina l p erforat ions i s p laced under t he r im o f t he l id a long i t s c ircumference. The b ase wa l l o f t he qu iver f rom Grave 6 7 a lso c ons is ts o f a n i ron c y l inder but w i th a b ronze c ircu lar d isc b o ttom o rnamented w i th a c entra l c ircu lar b oss ( 0 = 9 .8 cm; H =5 .3 cm). T races o f w ood were f ound o n t he

4 6

i ns ide. The l id i s ac ircu lar b ronze d isc w i th a c entra l v ert ica l s tem wh ich i s b ent a t r ight a ng les ( 0 =8 .2 cm). An embossed s tr ip o f s heet-bronze i s p laced under t he r im a long t he l id 's c ircumference. I t h as s evera l r ivet-ho les , t wo w i th i ron r ivets s t i l l i n p lace, f or a ttach ing a s econd s tr ip i n b one a long t he i ns ide. The b one s tr ip h as l ong i tud ina l p erforat ions s im i lar t o t hose o n t he s tr ip f rom Grave 5 3. The qu iver f rom ' l es Var i l les ' c omes f rom Grave 4 , e xcavated i n 1 882-83 ( A. N ica ise 1 884 :40-41). I t i s d escr ibed a s ac y l indr ica l b ox ( "pyx ide" : 0 = 6c m) w i th a n i ron wa l l a nd b ase. The l i d c ons is ts o f a f lat c ircu lar i ron d isc w i th a c entra l knob. I t h as a b one ' l in ing ' o rnamented w i th c oncentr ic c irc les a nd a c irc le-and-do t mot if . A lthough t he d escr ipt ion i s f ar f rom d eta i led, w i th n o i lustrat ions, t he qu iver d oes a ppear t o r esemb le t hose f ound a t ' l es J ogasses '. Type A a rrowh eads, a ssoc iated w i th t he qu iver f rom Grave 5 3 a t ' l es J ogasses ', w ere a lso f ound i n G rave 4 a t ' l es Var i l les '. This t ype o f q u iver h as n o p ara l le l o uts ide t he Champagne. Th in i ron c urved s tr ips w i th p erfora t ions w ere f ound w i th b arbed a nd s ocketed i ron a rrow-heads i n Tumu lus 2 2 a t ' Müh ltha l ', L eutstetten, Ldkr. S tarnb erg , i n Upper Bavar ia, a nd a re t hought t o b e t he f ragments o f a q u iver ( G. K ossack 1 959 :222, Taf . 8 9 , 2 5-27). J . Naue d escr ibes w ooden qu ivers f rom Upper Bavar ia w i th t h in i ron s tr ips p laced a t t he b ase, m idd le a nd t op o f t he qu iver. The qu ivers a re o rnamented w i th i ron s tuds a t t he b ase a nd h ave i ron s uspens ion r ings a t b o th e nds ( 1895 :55). A s ma l l i ron r ing was, i n f act, f ound i n Tumu lus 3 a t ' Müh l tha l l I n Tumu lus 1 2 a t K leinos the im, Ldkr. Aschaffenburg, Unterf ranken, t he qu iver r ema ins i nc lude a c ircu lar wood b ase w i th a c rown o f s ma l l b ronze s tuds o n t he under-s ide, a c ircu lar d isc i n s heetb ronze, a nd a f ragment o f t w ig w icker-work ( G. Wegner 1 978 :113-116, 1 03 Abb. 6 , 7 abc). The qu iver f rom Grave 6 i n t he Hohm iche le t umu lus h as t he s hape o f a n e longa ted p ocket made o f l eather s tap led w i th b ronze s tuds a t t he b ase a nd b e low t he p ocket-entrance ( G. R iek 1 962: 9 3 , T af . 1 0, 1 60). These Ha D qu ivers d iffer r ad ica l ly f rom t hose f ound i n t he Champagne. The l atter s hou ld t herefore b e v iewed a s a l im i ted l oca l t ype. NOTES 1 .

The o n ly a rrow-head t ha t a ppears i n t he pub l icat ion o f t he h oard i s ab ronze s ocke ted a rrow-head w i th a l eaf-shaped b lade ( G. Cord ier e t a l . 1 959 :62 P l. 4 , 3 9 , 6 3).

2 .

Descr ibed i nvar iab ly a s ' Greek ' ,' He l len ic ' a nd ' Scy th ian '. W . K imm ig a nd E . G ersbach ' st erm o f G raeco-Euras ian ' i s u sed b ecause i t h as t he d ist inct a dvantage o f n ot s pec ify ing p ar ticu lar ownersh ip wh i le a t t he s ame t ime d eno t ing t he r o le o f t he G reeks i n t he t ransmiss ion o f t hese a rrow-heads ( 1971 :49- 5 3).

3 .

The o b ject may w e l l b e aj ave l in-hee l w i th i t s p erfora t ion a t t he base ( L. L epage 1 980 :94 , P l. 4 9 , 7 ). Two s im i lar f inds i n i ron f rom Tumu lus 1 a t ' Charmey ', Montsaugeon, a re g iven t he s ame f unct ion ( ibid.:94, P l. 7 7 , 2 ).

4 .

The s ame r emark i s made by A . R ieth t o e xp la in b o th t he a bsence o f i ron a rrow-heads a t Ha l lsta tt, S a lzkammergut, where o n ly b ronze a rrow-heads a re f ound, a nd t he r e la t ive s carc ity o f i ron a rrow-heads g enera l ly ( 1942:63).

5 .

S ee n ote 3 . 4 7

CHAPTER 6 RAZORS

6 .1

Bronze r azors

( L ists 1 7-18, Map 6 )

Two b as ic t ypes o f Ha C b ronze r azors c an b e d istingu ished: r azors w i th o va l a nd c ircu lar b lades, d er ived f rom L .B. A. t ypes; a nd t hose w i th s emi-c ircu lar t rapezo ida l b lades. E ach o f t hese t ypes i nc ludes a g reat v ar iety o f f orms wh ich h ave b een s uccess ive ly c lass if ied by F . Henry ( 1933 :50-54), P . Abauz it ( 1963 :203, 2 14), a nd A . J ockenhöve l ( 1971: Taf . 8 2). P . Abauzi t 's s ub-d iv is ion o f s em i-circu lar e dged r azors w ith a n o pen-work motif , w i th o ne o r more l oop a ttachments, i s n o t c ons idered h ere s ince i t l eads t o unnecessary c onfus ion a nd a pp lies t o o n ly a f ew o f t he r azors f rom t he P ar is Bas in. S even r azors c ome f rom t umu l i bur ia ls. 1 Two, o r p oss ib ly t hree, w ere f ound w ith i nhumation bur ia ls c onta in ing Ha C i ron s words. Two r azors were f ound i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' l a F erme du Ch i ne ', Damp ierre, H teM ., w ith a l arge b race let i n s heet-bronze o f t he Ha C a nd a f ragment o f l ign i te ( G. Wamser 1 975 :123 n o. 2 07). 2 The r azor f rom Tumu lus 2 a t ' Bas du Chate let ( Fig. 6 , 2 ), V i tryläS-Nogent, H te-M., was a n i so la ted f ind i n t he s ing le i nhumat ion bur ia l ( P. Ba l let 1 971:333). The r azor f rom Tumu lus 6 0 a t ' Hau lzy ', V iennela-Vi l le, M ., was a ssocia ted w i th a t runca ted u rn w ith h igh r ounded s hou lders a nd a s l ight ly e verted c y l indr ica l n eck, G . Goury 's Type I , a nd t wo s ma l ler v esse ls ( G. Goury 1 911). The o n ly r azor f rom a s ett lement s i te c omes f rom ' l e Haut d e V i l leret ', Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M ., a ssociated w i th a b ronze f lat-headed p in a nd g raph i te-coated p ottery o f t he Ha B /C ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 966: 1 71). The r azor f rom Mgnades, Y ., was f ound i n a n i nhumation g rave ( ?under t umu lus), a nd i s s a id t o h ave a ccompan ied a number o f mass ive b ronze p cnannu lar knobbed b race lets ( J .P. M i l lotte 1 959 : 1 44, 1 43 P l . 1 5, 1 -2, 4 -6). Th is a ssocia tion i s uncerta in a l though t he p resence a t Mgnades o f a number o f Ha C f inds d oes f avour a Ha C c ontext f or t he r azor ( B. L acro ix 1 963a ; P . Abauz i t 1 963:212). A s emi-circu lar r azor w i th a n otched b ack i s known f rom t he H a B /C h oard a t ' l a F ont d es C orde l iers ', Argenton-sur-Creuse, I . ( H. Breu i l 1 902: 2 6) . The r ema ining t hree r azors a re s tray f inds, t wo o f wh ich w ere d redged f rom r ivers. The d istr ibution o f Ha C r azors i s c onf ined t o t he western a nd s outhe rn p er iphery o f t he Bas in, i n a reas o ccup ied by Ha C t umu l i c emeter ies ( Map 6 ). I t c omp lements t he d istribut ion o f Ha C i ron s words. The c losest p ara l le ls f or b oth r azor-types a nd g rave-associa tions c ome, i nev itab ly, f rom t he a d jo ining r eg ion o f t he Cöte-d 'Or.

4 8

The c ircu lar e dged r azor ( F ig . 6 0, 9 ) o f F . Henry 's Type A a nd A . J ockenhöve l 's Typ M inot t ha t a ccompan ied t he Ha C i ron s word i n t he t umu lus a t ' Chante loup ', Lungry, C . ( A. Buho t d e Kersers 1 887), i s i n n ear ly e very d eta i l s im i lar t o t he r azor f ound a d jo in ing Grave D i n Tumu lus 4 a t ' l es Banges ', M inot, C .-d 'O. ( G. Wamser 1 975 :142 n o. 5 50, Taf . 1 8, 7 ). The r azor f ragment o f t he s ame g enera l t ype f rom t he s ett lement a t ' le Haut d e V i l leret ', i s c omparab le t o o ne a ssoc iated w i th a Ha C i ron s word i n t he c entra l i nhumat ion bur ia l i n t he t umu lus ' de Bas i le ', Magny-Lamber t, C .-d 'O. ( ibid.:134 n o . 3 99 , Taf . 1 9 , 2 ). I n f act, a l l but o ne o f t he r azors b e long ing t o t h is t ype h ave b een f ound a ssocia ted w i th Ha C i ron s words i n Burgundy ( F. Henry 1 933: 5 4). A lthough c lus tered i n Burgundy a nd i n t he s urround ing r eg ion, t h is t ype o f r azor i s known a s f ar e ast a s Honstetten, Kr. S tockach, Baden Württemberg , i n Tumu lus 2 , where i t was a ssociated w i th a n i ron s word a nd ' Thraco-Cimmer ian ' h orse-gear ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :2 232 24; A . J ockenhöve l 1 971 :181 n o . 3 66). Two s em i-circu lar e dged r azors, w i th a n o pen-work mo t if o n t he b lade a nd w i th a s ing le c entra l l oop a ttachment a t t he b ack, f rom Tumu lus 6 0 a t ' Hau lzy ' a nd f rom WI-l ades a lso h ave p ara l le ls i n Upper Burgundy. A r azor o f a s imi lar t ype t o t he e xamp le f rom ' Hau lzy ' c omes f rom t he c entra l c remat ion g rave i n t he t umu lus ' de l a Come ', B la isy-Bas, C . -d 'O., where i t was a ssoc iated w i th a n i ron a ntennaeh i lted d agger ( G. Wamser 1 975 :114 n o. 8 4 , Taf . 1 9 , 8 ). Th is p art icul ar t ype o f r azor h as a lso b een f ound w i th Ha C i ron s words i n t he t umu lus ' des F ourches ', a nd i n t he t umu lus a t ' Monceau L aurent ' wh ich a lso c onta ined a b ronze r ibbed p a i l, b oth a t Magny-Lambert, C . -d 'O. ( ibid.:135 n os. 4 04 a nd 4 08 , Taf . 1 8 , 5 , 1 9 , 7 ). The t ype i s a lso known i n t he J ura , f rom t he t umu lus ' aux Bossus ' a t Domp ierrelesT i l leu ls, D ., a nd f rom t he t umu lus ' De lort ' a t Vauxles-St-Claude, J . ( ibid.:124 n o. 2 20 , 1 54 n o. 7 29 , Taf . 3 , 6 -7). Another r azor f rom t he J ura c omes f rom F ay-en-Montagne ( 3.-P. M i l lo tte 1 976a :726, 7 25 f ig. 1 , 6 ). Both r eg ions a re f a ir ly e qu id is tant f rom ' Hau lzy '. The r azor f rom I Vdnades r esemb les s omewha t t he r azor f rom t he ' Monceau L aurent ' t umu lus ( G. Wamser 1 975 :op.c i t.). I ts ' wavy ' b ack i s r em ini scent o f t he r azor f rom Tumu lus 1 a t Dampierre ( ibid. : Taf . 2 0, 8 ). S em i-circu lar a nd t rapezo ida l e dged r azors w i th t wo o r more l oop a ttachments a re l ess c ommon. A s em i-c ircu lar r azor w i th t wo l oop a ttachments n ot un l ike t he r azor f rom Tumu lus 2 a t V i tryles-Nogent, c omes f rom Tumu lus D a t ' l es Murots B leus ', Crdancey, C . -d 'O., p oss ib ly a ssociated w i th a Ha C i ron s word ( F. Henry 1 933 : 1 30-131). S ince t he r azor f rom V i trylbs-Nogent i s f ragmented a t t he b ack , a ny c ompar isons r ema in t enuous. The t rapezo ida l e dged r azor w i th t wo l oop a ttachments c onnected by a n h or izonta l b ar ( F ig. 6 , 3 ), wh ich was f ound w i th a Ha C i ron sword a t Corbe i l, M . ( L. More l 1 889), b e longs t o A . J ockenhöve l 's Typ End ingen. The t ype i s w idespread a cross w es tern Europe, a nd o ccurs i n Be lg ium a t B ern issar t, Ha inaut, a nd a t Bruybre-St-Job, Brabant, where i t was a ssoc ia ted w i th a Ha C b ronze Günd l ingen-type s word ( P. Abauz i t 1 963 :212 n o . 2 3 , 2 11 P l. 2 , 1 8 ; A . J ockenhöve l 1 971 :239); i n Eng land, a t R ichmond , S urrey, a nd o n s ett lements a t Ham H i l l, S omerset, a nd S tap le-Howe, Yorksh ire ( B. Cun l iffe 1 974 :140 , 1 38 f ig . 1 0:8 , 3 -4 ; A . J ockenhöve l 1 971 :238); i n s outhern Germany, i n a n u rn-crema t ion g rave a t End ingen, Kr. Emmend ingen, a nd i n a n i nhuma t ion g rave a t F e ldk irch-Harthe im, b oth i n Baden-Württemberg ( ibid.:238 n os. 5 72-573 , T af . 8 1 , C ); a nd i n s outhern F rance, i n a n u rn-crema t ion a t ' Lavbne ', Puygouzon, T .

4 9

( P. Abauz i t 1 963 :210 n o. 2 0 , 2 11 P l. 2 , 1 7). The d a tab le f inds b e long t o t he Ha C . The d is tr ibut ion o f t h is r azor t ype i s w idespread but s parse w i th n o e v ident c lus ters ( A. J ockenhäve l 1 971 :Taf . 5 1 , C ; 0 . a nd J . Taffane l 1 960:354). Examp les o f t he t rapezo ida l-edged r azor w i th t hree l oop a ttachments ( or a v er t ica l s tem i n l i eu o f t he c entra l l oop), A . J ockenhöve l 's Typ F lörsheim, h ave b een f ound i n t he S eine a t V i l leneuve-St-Georges, V . . d e-M. ( G. a nd A . d e Mort i l let 1 881:P l. 9 5 , 1 185), a nd i n t he O ise a t S t-Leu-d 'Esserent, 0 . ( J .-C. B lanchet e t a l . 1 978 :96 n o. 2 8). A s im i lar r azor i s known f rom t he h i l l-top f or t if ied e nc losure o f t he ' Camp d e Recoux ', S oyaux, Ch. ( P. Abauz i t 1 963:204 n o. 2 , 2 11 P l. 2 , 2 3). A f ind d a ted t o t he Ha C i s t he r azor f rom t he u rn-cremat ion g rave a t F lörshe im, Ma in-Taunus Kre is, Hessen ( A. J ockenhöve l 1 971 :239 n o . 5 74 , Taf . 8 1 , B ). There i s a n i mportant c luster o f t h is r azor t ype i n L ower S axony a nd i n t he J ut land p en insu la ( K. Tackenberg 1 971 : Karte 2 7). The t ype i s a bsent i n Burgundy. The t wo s em i-c ircu lar e dged r azors f rom Tumu lus 1 a t Damp ierre a re unusua l. One h as a n otched b ack w ith what a ppears t o b e t hree v ert ica l knobs o r s tubs o n t he b ack. The s econd r azor h as a ' wavy ' b ack c ons is t ing o f t hree n otches ( G. Wamser 1 975 :T af . 2 0 , 2 , 8 ). A l though b oth r azors h ave n o d eta i led p ara l le l , t he ir b lade f orm a tt aches t hem t o F . H enry 's Type C , a g roup c ompr is ing a l l s em ic ircu lar e dged r azors w i th n otched b acks. A t l east t wo Type C r azors h ave b een f ound i n al ate Ha C c ontext, o ne i n Tumu lus C a t G enay, a nd a s econd i n t he t umu lus a t P ra lon, b o th i n t he C8te-d 'Or ( F. Henry 1 933 :53 f ig . 1 7 , 3 , 1 2, 1 39 , 1 68). A t I gg , S .-et-L., a r azor o f Type C a ccompan ied a b ronze whee l-pendant, a n o va l b e lt-hook i n s heet b ronze w i th a r ing a ttachment, s even b ronze p enannu lar a nk le-r ings w i th a n embossed a nd i ncised o rnament, a b ronze w ire b race let a nd b eads, i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' S t-Germa in ', a l l d a tab le t o t he l a te Ha C ( G. Wamser 1 975 :129 n o . 2 95). Razors c lose t o Type C but w i th a w ider a nd d eeper n o tched b lade r esu lt ing i n ad ist inct ive c rescent ic f orm b e long t o A . J ockenhöve l 's Typ I ns ( 1971 :243-244). They a re f ound i n t he Ha C a nd D1 o n t he Sw iss P la teau a nd i n t he J ura, a s a t I ns, B erne, where a n e xamp le was f ound i n Tumu lus 6 ( ib id.:243 n o . 5 81 , T af . 5 1 , D : W . Drack 1 972-73 :127, 1 62, 1 64 Abb. 3 1); a nd i n t he l a te Ha C i n t he t umu l i c emeter ies o f t he Dauph in 4( J.-C. Cour to is 1 961:296 f ig. 1 10; 1 976: 7 11 f ig. 1 , F , 7 13 f ig. 2 , B4). I ron e xamp les o f t hese a re c ommon i n t he f lat-inhuma t ion g raves o f t he Ha D /L . T. I i n t he Champagne. Mention c an b e made h ere o f t he i ron c rescent-shaped r azor f ound a ssociated t o a Ha C i ron s word i n Tumu lus 3 a t V i trylä ss-Nogent ( P. Ba l let 1 971 :333). Two b ronze r azors o f t he Ha B /C d eserve s ome a ttent ion. A s em ic ircu lar e dged r azor w i th a n otched b ack a nd w i th o b l ique a ng led s ides b e long ing t o A . J ockenhöve l ' _s _ , g roup o f e inschneid ige Trapezras iermesser o hne Gr iff , c omes f rom t he h oard a t Argenton-sur-Creuse. The ma jor i ty o f t hese, a nd r e la ted t ypes , a re f ound o n t he p a laf i tt ic s ett lements o f t he l a te Ha B o n t he L ac d e N euchäte l a nd t he Bei ler S ee, i n p art icu lar, a nd o n t he L ac L 6man a nd Bodensee ( A . J ockenh öve l 1 971 :229-231 , 2 34-237 , Taf . 5 1 , A ). S im i lar r azors a re a lso known f rom s ett lements b order ing t he L ac d u Bourget, a t L e S aut, f or e xamp le ( N. K . S andars 1 957:238 f ig. 6 5 , 9 , 3 27). The d a te o f t he r azor f rom Argenton i s c ons istent w i th t he Ha B / C d ate o f t he h oard. 5 0

The s econd r azor ( Fig. 5 9 , 2 ), a s tray f ind f rom t he ' Pra ir ies d e S t-Su lpice ', Bourges, C ., h as a s emi-circu lar b lade w ith a d eep n otched b ack, w ith a hand le s et a t one e nd w i th a l oop t ermina l ( A. d e l a Gu re 1 892-93a :2 4-26). The r azor b e longs t o at ype c ommon i n t he V i l lanovan c u lture o f r egg io Emi l ia, a nd c an b e c ompared t o a n o rnamented e xamp le f rom t he S an V i ta le c emetery, d ated t o Bo logna I ( 800-700) ( L. Barf ie ld 1 971: 1 09 f ig. 6 0, c ). A f a ir number o f t hese r azors h ave b een f ound i n c entra l I ta ly ( 0. Monte l ius 1 912:203 n os. 5 68-584 , 2 04 n os. 5 85-603). A s im i lar t ype r azor, A . J ockenhöve l 's Typ Herrnbaumgarten, d ated t o t he l ater Ha B , i s f ound i n e ast c entra l Europe, a round L ake Ba laton i n western Hungary, a long t he Morava i n e astern C z echos lovak ia, a nd a long t he upper Oder i n s outhern P o land ( A. J ockenhöve l 1 971: 2 082 12, Taf . 4 9, A). Examp les i n western Europe a re f ew. One c omes f rom Che l in, Va la is ( ibid.:209 n o. 4 06), a nd a nother f rom t he Hardt f orest, H t-R.(H. Z ums tein 1 965 :11, 1 2 f ig. 4 4 n o. 2 85). The n earest f ind f rom Bourges i s t he r azor f rom a p resumed h oard a t ' S t-P ierredu-Lac ', Beaufort-en-Va l lde, M .-et-L., i n t he An jou ( G. Cord ier a nd M . Cruet 1 975:280, 2 73 f ig. 6 3). On t ypo log ica l g rounds, t he Bourges r azor c an b e d ated a t t he l atest t o t he Ha B / C . 6 .2

I ron r azors ( L ists 2 1-22)

Ha D i ron r azors a re s emi-circu lar w ith a s ing le b lade-edge a long t he o uter c ircumference w i th a d eep n o tched b ack wh ich g ives t he r azor i t s d istinctive c rescent-shape. The e nds a re e i ther r ounded o r c ome t o ap o int ( few e nds s urv ive i ntact). The r azor i s f lat i n s ect ion, w idest a t t he b ack a nd t aper ing t o ap o int a t t he b lade-edge. W i th f ew e xcept ions, i ron r azors a re c onf ined t o t he Champagne where t hey a re f ound i n f lat-inhumat ion g raves o f t he Ha D a nd Ha D/ L .T . I . A s l ight ly c urved r ectangu lar f ragment which may p oss ib ly b e a r azor was f ound a ssociated w ith a Ha C i ron s word i n Tumu lus 3 a t t he ' Bas du Chate let ', V i try-r es-Nogent, H te-M. ( P. Ba l let 1 971:333). I ron s emi-circu lar r azors o ccur i n Ha C c ontexts i n t he t umu l i bur ia ls o f t he Cöte-d 'Or, where t hey a re f requent ly a ssociated w i th Ha C i ron a nd b ronze r ibbon-brace lets, a s a t M inot ( Tumu lus 3 a t ' Banges '); I vry-en-Montagne ( Tumu lus 1 i n t he ' Bo is d e l a P drouse '); a nd B i l lyl 's-Chanceaus ( Tumu lus a t ' Champs Rouges ') ( G. Wamser 1 975 : 7 0 Tab. 7 , 7 2). S emi-circu lar r azors w i th n otched backs o f F . Henry 's Typ C , a ppearing i n Burgundy i n t he l a te Ha C , a re u sed i nto t he Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I ( 1933 :54; G . Wamser 1 975 :72). A l l o ther i ron r azors i n t he P ar is Bas in a re s ecure ly d ated t o t he Ha D a nd t o t he Ha D/L.T. I . A t ' l a P otence ', Breuvery-sur-Coo le, M ., a n i ron r azor i s a ssoc iat ed w i th t wo Ha D Fusszierf ibe ln, o ne i n b ronze a nd t he o ther i n i ron, i n Grave 4 5 i n Groupe B ( A. Th idrot 1 926:90-91). I ron r azors o ccur i n a number o f Ha D f lat-inhumation c emeter ies, a s a t ‚Charva is ', Hei ltzl 'Ev6que, M ., i n Grave 5 4 ( L. L epage 1 966a :75 f ig. 3 , 7 ). They a re o ccas iona l ly f ound i n p a irs, a t ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy, M ., f or e xamp le ( A. N i ca ise 1 884: 4 1), a nd a t P runay, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 1 56). Three were f ound w i th Ha D /L.T. I d aggers. Two r azors w ere a ccompanied by t he ir whetstones. A lthough t he ma jor i ty o f i ron r azors f rom t he Champagne c ome f rom Ha D /L.T. I c emeter ies, n one h ave b een f ound w i th a h omogeneous L .T. I g rave-assemb lage ( ibid. : 156-157).

5 1

An i ron c rescent-shaped r azor c omes f rom Tumu lus 5 0 a t ' Hau lzy ', V iennela-Vi l le, M ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a w ide b icon ica l b ow l w i th l indr ica l n eck, G . Goury t s Type V II, c onta in ing a n h o l low i ron s phero id p ierced a t b o th e nds a nd a n undetermined i ron o b ject, a nd a n i ron s ocketed s pear-head ( G. Goury 1 911). I ron c rescent-shaped r azors h ave b een f ound i n Ha D t umu l i i nhumat ion bur ia ls o n t he p er imeter o f t he Bas in. I n s outhern Burgundy, a n i ron r azor was a ssoc ia ted w ith Ha D t ubu lar b ronze b race lets i n Tumu lus 4 a t ' l a Meusse ', Ba igneuxles-Ju ifs, C . -d 'O. ( G. Wamser 1 975 : 1 13 , Taf . 2 0 , 7 ). Ha D b ronze a rm i l lae a ccompan ied t he i ron r azor i n t he t umu lus a t ' Ba ttau lt ', A ignayle-Duc, C . d 'O . ( ib id. : 108 ; R . J offroy 1 960a : 9 9). Crescent-shaped r azors h ave a lso b een f ound o n t he ' Mont L asso is ', V ix, C . -d 'O. ( ibid. :9 9 , P l. 3 1 , 8 -10) . The t umu lus a t ' l a Be l le-Etou le ', Mauv i l ly, C .-d 'O., c onta ined a n i ron c rescent-shaped r azor a ssoc iated w i th L .T. I ma ter ia l i nc lud ing t wo i ron f ibu lae, a b ronze-w ire b race let, b ronze b race lets a nd r ings , a nd o ne b lue g lass-pas te b ead ( ibid. :9 9 ; F . H enry 1 933 : 1 53). I ron r azors i n l a te Ha D c ontexts o ccur i n t he F oret d e Haguenau, Bas-R.: i n Tumu lus 1 4 a t Kön igsbrück, i n G rave 2 1 where t he r azor was a ssoc iated w i th a l a te Ha D i ron Bogenf ibe l , a nd i n Grave 9 ; a nd i n Grave 3 i n Tumu lus 9 4 a t Kurzge land ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 : 2 89). I n Braban t, a n i ron c rescent-shaped Ha D f inds wh ich i nc luded i ron t weezers b e lt-buck le ( usua l ly f ound i n b ronze) i n L ima l, n orth o f Court s tEt ienne ( M.-E.

r azor was a ssocia ted w i th t he a nd a f ragment o f a n i ron Tumu lus 2 a t ' Mor imo ine ', Mar i n 1 958 :2 22-226).

I ron c rescent-shaped r azors f i rst a ppear i n t he l a te Ha C i n t he c entra l Ha l lsta tt p rov ince ( A. R ieth 1 942:33). Razors a re f ound i n t he Sw iss J ura a nd o n t he P lateau i n t he l a te Ha C a nd D1 , t he s emic ircu lar i ron r azors d a t ing t o t he Ha C ( W. Drack 1 972-73 : 1 27 , 1 64 Abb. 3 1). A l a te Ha C d a te i s a lso a ttr ibu ted t o t he s em i-c ircu lar i ron r azor w i th a l a tera l c urved a ppendage o r h and le f ound i n Tumu lus 6 7 i n Group I I a t t he ' Grand Bo is ' c emetery, S t-Vincent, Luxembourg ( M.-E. Mar ien 1 964 :104 , 1 62). A lthough M .-E. Mar ien l ooked f or n orth European p ara l le ls f or t he c urved-hand led r azor, a n i ron c rescents haped r azor w i th wha t a ppears t o b e a n i nc ip ient l a tera l h and le was f ound i n a Ha D c ontext o n t he ' Mont L asso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :99 , P l. 3 1 , 1 0). I ron c rescent-shaped r azors a re f ound i n Ha D c ontexts i n s outhern Germany, a s i lus trated by t he r azor f rom t he t umu lus a t ' Rosshau ' a t He i l igkreurta l , Kr. S au lgau, Baden-Württemberg , a ssoc iated w i th a b ronze P aukenf ibe l a nd a b ronze Fusszierf ibe l , b oth o f Ha D2 d ate ( H. Z ürn 1 956 : D29 , 1 , 5 -6). I n t he Hunsrück-Eife l , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he Hochwa ld r eg ion, i ron r azors a ppear i n HEK I A 1 ( c. 6 00-510) a nd a re i n u se a s l a te a s t he HEK I A 1 ( c. 4 70-370) ( A. Haffner 1 976 :29 , 9 9 , Be i lagen 1 , 3 ). O f t he t wo t ypes p resent, c rescents haped r azors b etween 1 0 a nd 1 2 cm i n l eng th a nd 2 t o 4 cm i n w id th , a nd r azors w i th l a tera l h and les, t he f ormer a ppear f i rs t. An e xamp le was f ound w i th a f la t-tanged i ron kn ife i n Tumu lus 2 8 a t Kora th, K r. Bernkaste l ( ib id. : 236, Taf . 2 8 , 4 ). I ron r azors i n t he P ar is Bas in, a l though known i n t he l a te Ha C a s t he f ind f rom V i trylbs-Nogent i l lustra tes , a re more • f requent ly p resent i n t he f l atinhuma t ion warr ior-graves o f t he Ha D a nd Ha D/

5 2

L .T .

It rans i t ion, most n o tab ly i n t he Champagne .

The c rescent-

s haped r azor g oes o ut o f f avour i n t he e ar ly s tages o f t he L .T . I s ince i t i s n o l onger f ound i n h omogeneous L .T . Ig rave-assemb lages.

NOTES 1 .

The i nhuma t ion g rave f rom Corbe i l, M ., c an b e c ons idered a s a t umu lus bur ia l ( P. Abauz i t 1 963:209).

2 . P . Ba l let wr i tes t hat o n ly o ne r azor was f ound i n Tumu lus 1 ( 1971 : 1 08). F . H enry i lustrates y et a t h ird r azor f rom t he t umu lus a t Damp ierre ( 1933 :53 f ig. 1 7 , 1a nd n ote 1 ). I t i s a s em i-c ircu lar e dged r azor w i th a n o tched b ack.

5 3

CHAPTER 7 TORCS, BRACELETS AND ANKLE-RINGS

7 .1

Knobbed r ings 7 .1.1.

Brace lets a nd a nk le-r ings w i th h o l low h em ispher ica l k nobs

These a re C -sect ion b race lets a nd a nk le-r ings w i th l arge h em is pher ica l knobs o r b osses p ro trud ing f rom t he o uter c ircumference o f t he t ubu lar s tem. F ive f ragments b e long ing t o a t l eas t t wo s uch b racel e ts ( F ig. 1 6, 2 -3) w ere f ound i n ab ronze h oard w i th s ix l arge t ubul ar b ronze b race lets a t t he ' Pont d e G ournay ', Che l les, S .-et-M. ( A. Bu lard 1 977-78 : 4 6-47). A s im i lar b race let ( F ig . 1 6, 8 ), p oss ib ly a t ore wh ich may c ome f rom a t umu lus bur ia l, was f ound a t S t-Cyr-en-Va l, L o ir. ( A. N oue l 1 957a :316; J . Ask lund). Ano ther b race let o f t he s ame t ype ( F ig . 5 4 , 9 ) was r ecovered f rom a t umu lus c a irn-structure a t ' l a P dca tter ie ', L es T enots, Y . ( A. Hure 1 931 :68 , 6 7 f ig. 1 27). A s econd e xamp le f rom t he Yonne i s known f rom ' l a Mo tte du C iar ', S ens ( ibid.:68 , 6 9 f ig. 1 26). A b race let f ragment w i th s ma l l h emispher ica l k nobs was f ound a t ' Loche ', Verlbs-Chartres , E .-et-L. ( C. E lubre 1 972:108 n o. 1 37). None o f t hese f inds w ere a ssoc iated w i th c lose ly d a tab le ma ter ia l. Brace lets w i th l arge h em ispher ica l knobs a re known f rom l a te Ha D b ronze h oards i n t he P o itou, a t t he s ource o f t he D ive, S t-Jou in-deMarnes, D .-S., a nd a t Mond ion a nd Rossay, V . ( D. T auve l 1 974:4, 6 , 9 , 1 2-22). D . Tauve lh as s ugges ted t hat t hese b race lets d er ive f rom mass ive b ronze p ro totypes wh ich e ventua l ly b ecame t oo h eavy f or w ear ( ibid.:21). A t Rossay, where 2 5% o f t he h oard c ompr ise h o l low k nobbed b race lets, b oth t ypes a re r epresented. Brace lets w i th h o l low h em is pher ica l knobs h ave a lso b een f ound i n t he An jou, a t Anto igne " a nd i n t he S aumur r eg ion, M . et-L ( G. Cord ier a nd M . Gruet 1 975 :271 ,277). A Ha D d a te i s a lso g iven f or Breton b race lets w i th s ma l l h em is pher ica l knobs ( P.-R. G iot 1 976: 7 81-782). One e xamp le was f ound i n ab ronze h oard c onta in ing s ocketed Armor ican a xes a t S t-Bugan-enL ouddac, C .du-N., d ated b 3 7 C1 4 f rom a n a d jo in ing h earth t o 5 59 B . C . ( 2519 ± 1 30). ( J. Br iad 1 965 :275 , 2 74 f ig. 1 04 , 3 ). Another b racelet c omes f rom a Ha D t umu lus c remat ion bur ia l a t L e Rocher d e P lougoume len, Morb. ( ibid .; L . Ga l les 1 873 :2 40) . The o r ig in o f t hese b race lets h as b een s ought i n t he L aunac ian b ronze h oards o f w es tern L anguedoc. A t Carcassonne, Ad., f or e xamp le, a h oard was f ound t o c onta in b o th h o l low a nd mass ive b ronze knobbed b race lets a ssoc iated w i th ' t yp ica l L aunac ian ' a rtefacts, a s c ircu lar a nd s quare s ocketed a xes a nd c on ica l ' hee ls ' ( J. Gu i la ine 1 969 : 1 -27). The bur ia l o f ' Launac ian ' b ronze h oards o ccurred p r inc ipa l ly i n t he s eventh a nd s ixth c entur ies ( G. Barruo l 1 976 :678). R e lated t o h emispher ica l knobbed b race le ts a re b race lets w i th h o l low a ngu lar k nobs. A p a ir o f l arge b race lets w i th l arge a ngu lar knobs

5 4

( F ig . 3 8 , 3 ) was a ssoc iated w i th a p a ir o f mass ive b ronze ' cog-whee l ' b race lets i n at umu lus i nhuma t ion g rave a t t he ' Greves ', Droupt-StBas le, Au. ( L. L eClert 1 898 :87-89 , P l. 2 6 n o . 2 70). They c an b e c omp ared t o ab race let f rom t he b ronze h oard a t S t-Jou in-de-Marnes ( D. Tauvel 1 974 :8 f ig . X II, 5 ). A b race let w i th s ma l ler h o l low a ngu lar knobs ( F ig . 1 6 , 6 ) was f ound i n Tumu lus 9 a t 1S 4 lorges ', Baccon, L o ir. ( A. Noue l 1 953:631-633 , 6 40 f ig. 2 , 1 ). The d istr ibut ion o f t he f ew e xamp les i n t he Bas in, s i tua ted a long n or th-f lowing r ivers, d oes s ugges t a s ou thern o r ig in f or l arge h o l low knobbed b race lets. 7 .1.2

' Barre l '-brace lets a nd a nk le-r ings ( L ist 2 3 , Map 7 )

A number o f w ide b race lets, u sua l ly p enannu lar, h ave l arge h o l low t ransversa l o va l knobs o r b osses a long t he s tem. Th in v er t ica l r ibs o f ten s eparate o r o ut l ine t he b osses. They c ompr ise a v ar iety o f ' barre l '-brace lets ( "Me lonenarmr inge"), i nc lud ing G . Wamser 's burgundi schen Typs w i th v ert ica l o va l b osses s eparated by l ight r ibs ( 1975 : 7 3, 8 4-85 , 1 66). ' Barre l '-brace lets o f Burgund ian t ype h ave b een f ound i n t he P ar is Bas in i n t he r eg ions b order ing o n t he C8 te-d 'Or. A p a ir o f b race lets c ome f rom a t umu lus bur ia l a t Brage logne, Au . ( L. L eCler t 1 8 8 :5 8-59 , P l. 1 8 n o. 1 51). I n t he Haute-Marne, s im i lar b race lets h ave b een f ound i n t he t umu lus a t ' l a Grande Combe ', Auber ive, a nd i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' l a F erme du Ch@ne ', Damp ierre ( G. Wamser 1 975 :112-113 n o. 6 0 , 1 23 n o. 2 08). The t umu lus o f ' l a Motte ', A ttancourt, H te-M., c onta ined a t l east o ne s uch b race let, a s w e l l a s a number o f o ther ' barre l '-brace lets w i th l arge o va l b osses ( L. L epage 1 974a). I n Burgundy, t hese b race lets w ere f ound i n c ontexts d ated t o t he l a te Ha C a nd e ar ly D , i n t he t umu lus a t ' Bo is Boucho t ', Chamesson, a nd i n t he t umu lus a t ' Fonta ine-Naudo t Mont igny-sur-Aube, C . -d 'O. ( G. Wamser 1 975 :84-85 ; F . Henry 1 933 :127 , 1 64-165). Another s er ies o f w ide b race lets o r, a s s eems more l ike ly, a nk ler ings, h ave l arge o va l b osses s et i n a n a l terna t ing s equence o f v er t ica l a nd o bl ique s ett ings , u sua l ly i n g roups o f t hree. The ma jor i ty o f t he f inds c ome f rom t he e as tern p er iphery o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, a t A ttancourt a nd a t B lesmes a nd H ei ltz-rEve 'que, M . ( L. L epage 1 974a). A f ew e xamp les c ome f rom c entra l Champagne. S even t o e ight ( ?) a nk le-r ings ( F ig . 3 8 , 2 ) w ere f ound i n a n i nhuma t ion bur ia l a t DrouptS t-Bas le, Au., a ssocia ted w i th a n a rm-band i n s hee t-bronze o rnamented w ith a n i nc ised g eome tr ic mo t if ( L. L e C ler t 1 898 :87-89 , P l. 2 5 a nd 2 6, 2 61-267). F our a nk le-r ings o f t he s ame t ype c ome f rom t he f l a ti nhumat ion Grave 2 6 a t ' Mont Coutant i, F onta ine-sur-Coo le, M ., a ssoc iat ed w i th a b ronze t ubu lar t ore, a p a ir o f b race lets w i th l arge o va l b osses, p oss ib ly o f Burgund ian t ype, a nd a c lay ' barre l '-brace let ( A. N ica ise 1 883-84b: 1 07-108). The p resence o f a n a rm-band i n s heetb ronze w i th a n i nc ised g eometr ic mot if a nd a t ubu lar t ore d ate t h is p ar t icu lar t ype o f b race let o r a nk le-r ing t o t he l a ter Ha D . 1 They a ppear t o b e al oca l a daptat ion o f t he more c ommon ' barre l '-brace lets w i th l arge v ert ica l b osses, e xemp l if ied by t he Burgund ian-type. ' Barre l '-brace lets a nd a nk le-r ings w i th l arge o va l b osses w ere f ound i n f latinhumat ion g raves a t ' Haut d e l a Greve ', E curyle-Repos, M . ( A. Br isson 1 941). I n Grave B , ap a ir o f b ronze b race lets w i th l arge o va l b osses was a ssoc iated w i th a s im i lar p a ir i n i ron ( ibid.:54). A

5 5

b ronze p enannu lar ' barre l '-brace let w i th o va l b osses a rranged v er t ica l ly a round t he s tem, a p robable t umu lus f ind, i s known f rom E sseylesE aux, H te-M. ( J. Ddche lette 1 913a :835 f ig. 3 38 , 3 ). An unusua l ' barre l 'b race let w i th t h in v ertica l a nd a ngu lar b osses o r r ibs was f ound i n Grave 1 i n t he Ha D f latinhumat ion c emetery a t ' l a Dronn 1re ', I fs, Ca lv., a ssocia ted w ith t hree b race lets w i th h o l low s quare bosses, 2 a b ronze b racelet w i th s ma l l c ircu lar knobs, t hree b ronze r ings a nd a t w is ted b ronze t ore ( C. Varoqueaux 1 966:295-322, f ig. 6 , 1 ). Ano ther ' barre l '-brace let f rom t he Ca lvados c omes f rom a g rave a t S t-P ierres ur-Dives, a ssociated w ith s ix bronze p enannu lar bracelets ( L. C ou ti l 1 908 :643-644). I t i s a C -sect ion b race let w i th s ix z ones o f i ncised l ong i tud ina l h atched e longated t r iang les s eparated by v ert ica l o va l b osses o ut l ined w ith r ibbing ( ibid.:643 f ig. 2 ). A t h ird ' barre l 'b race let f rom L ower Normandy i s known f rom Bare, E ., a nd i s aC s ect ion b race let w ith t wo l ong i tud ina l r ows o f i nc ised c hevrons i n t r ip lep o int e nc losed i n d oub le l ines ( L. Cout i l a nd Barbier 1 917-35). I t was f ound w i th a t ubu lar b ronze n otched b race let. The o r ig in o r i nspirat ion f or t hese ' barre l '-brace lets a nd o ther r ings w i th l arge v ertica l h o l low b osses i s t o b e s ought i n s outhern G ermany a nd Upper Austr ia. I n Bavar ia, p enannu lar ' barre l '-brace lets o f t h is t ype a ppear i n t he l ate Ha C a nd e ar ly D ( G. Kossack 1 959 : 1 02, Taf . 1 4, 1 2). A ' barre l '-brace let, n ot un l ike t he e xamp le f rom I fs, was f ound i n Tumu lus 1 a t Kadeltshofen-Remme ltshofen, Ldkr. Neu U lm ( ibid.:28 , 1 82). Two o ther b race lets c ome f rom K le inkatz, Ldkr. Günzburg ( ibid.:155 , Taf . 3 7, 6 , 8 ). These ' barre l '-bracelets g enera l ly have t h in h o l low v ertica l bosses o r r ibs , a nd a re f ound a long t he upper Danube b etween t he I nn a nd I l ler c onf luences , w i th a s outhweste rn v ar iant f orm d istr ibuted f urther w est, i n Baden-Württemberg a nd Rhein land-Pfa lz ( ibid.:Taf . 1 56C). A t Ha l lstatt, S a lzkammergut, t hese b race lets a re d ated t o t he Ha C2, a s t he e xamp le f rom Grave 8 2 , a ss ociated w i th a n an av ice l la f ibu la a nd a b ronze p enannu lar knobbed b racelet ( R. P eroni 1 973 :23 , 3 9 f ig. 6 , 5 : K . Kromer 1 959:Taf . 2 , 2 6-30). 7 .1 .3 .

Knobbed t orcs, brace lets a nd a nk le-r ings

There e x ists s uch a w ide v ar iety o f mass ive b ronze knobbed r ings t hat i t i s n ot p oss ib le t o e i : merate t hem a l l a nd o n ly t he more g enera l t ypes a re c ons idered h ere. 3 enera l ly t he r ings, o va l t o c ircu lar i n p lan, h ave o va l, D-shaped c " s ub-rectangu lar s ect ions. They may b e p enannu lar o r c losed. The i , nobs v ary f rom t he h em ispher ica l t o t he ' d iamond '-shaped, a nd may b e s l ight o r p ronounced i n p rof i le. Most o f t he r ings h ave t ransversa l r ibs o r l i near i ncis ions b etween t he knobs. Knobbed r ings h ave a r e lat ive ly d ense d istr ibut ion i n t he s outhern a nd western p arts o f t he P ar is Bas in a nd o ccur l ess f requent ly i n t he Champagne. A c luster o f knobbed b race lets i s c entred i n t he Yonne a nd N f evre d epartments. F ive t o e ight p enannu lar knobbed b race lets were f ound i n a n i nhuma tion g rave a t Menades, Y ., a nd a ccord ing t o A . P iss ier, a ssociated w i th a Ha C bronze r azor w i th a s ing le s uspens ionloop o f F . Henry 's Type B ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 959 :144, 1 43 P l. 1 5 , 1 -2, 4 -6). An e xamp le w ith p a ired knobs s eparated by f ine t ransverse r ibs c omes f rom ' l a P ierre Couverte ', Courgenay, Y . ( A. Hure 1 931:65-66). Bronze b racelets w i th t ransverse l i near i ncis ions b etween t he knobs a re a lso known f rom t he Nf Avre, a t Cource l les , Cuncy-l s-Varzy, Châ teau-Ch inon a nd Ouagne, t o ment ion o n ly a f ew ( J.-P. M i l lotte 5 6

1 963b:681 , 2 98).

6 83 P l. 8 ,

9 :

A . Desforges 1 932 :93 ;

Dar let 1 876 :

2 93-

Bronze knobbed r ings a re a lso r e lat ive ly c ommon i n t he Ha D t umu l i c emeter ies o f t he Berry. A p a ir o f a ngu lar knobbed b race lets were f ound i n Tumu lus A a t ' l e Camp ', Bouza is , C . ( J. d e S t-Venant 1 891). A b race let w i th a ngu lar knobs ( F ig . 6 2, 2 ) was a ssoc iated w i th ab ronze t ore w i th a pp l ied d iscs a nd a d oub le-hook f astener a nd a Cs ect ion b ronze b race let w i th h o l low o va l b osses i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 1a t ' Creuzet ', C oust, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 884 ; 1 886-87). S even o va l p enannu lar b race lets w ith s ma l l p a ired knobs s eparated by t ransverse l i near i nc is ions ( F ig. 7 1 , 1 -2) w ere f ound i n at umu lus i nhumat ion g rave a t ' l e Champ d es F ragues t, S dgry, I . ( M. Bourges). S im i lar brace lets were r ecovered a t ' l es Grandes Chape l les ', Br ion, I . ( 0. Buchsenschutz e t a l . 1 979 :410). F our b race lets o r a nk le-r ings w i th s ma l l knobs s epara ted by t ransverse l i near i nc is ions ( F ig . 6 3 , 4 -6) were f ound w i th a b ronze t orc w i th a c as t ingjet a nd a s ma l l b ronze r ing i n Grave 3 i n t he t umu lus a t ' Gud i, Dun-sur-Auron , C . ( A. d e Grossouvre 1 914-16). Brace lets o r a nk le-r ings c omparab le t o t hose f rom Dun-sur-Auron, a nd o ther b ronze knobbed b race lets , w ere f ound i n t he l a te Ha D /L.T. If la t-inhumat ion c emeter ies a t A l izay a nd L es Damps, E . ( L. Cout i l 1 898-1921 :108 , 1 29-131 ; G . Verron 1 971 :84 , 9 6-99). Knobbed b racel ets, most ly p enannu lar, a re known f rom t he l a te Ha D f la tinhumat ion c emeter ies o f t he Bess in, Ca Iv., a t L a Cambe ( F ig. 2 8 , 4 -5 , 8 -9), L onguev i l le a nd S t-C ce ne-de-Fresne ( id . 1 976b : 8 05-806). A b ronze r ing w i th s ma l l knobs s eparated by t ransverse l i near i nc is ions, s imi lar t o t hose f rom t he Berry a nd Eure, c omes f rom S t-Remys ur-Bussy, Marne ( A. Thenot 1 976:832, 8 33 P l . 3 , 4 ). Bronze knobbed r ings a re c ommon a cross t he Westha l lstattkre is f rom t he l a te Ha C t o t he e ar ly L .T. I . I n t he J ura , s even p enannu lar b race lets w ith knobs s epara ted by t ransverse l i near i nc is ions w ere f ound a ssocia ted w i th t wo b ronze whee l-pendants, o ne b ronze ' ratt lec age '-pendant a nd t wo l ign i te r ings, i n at umu lus a t Chem i l la ( J.-P. M i l lotte a nd M . V ignard 1 962:16-17 , P l. 5 , 8 9-94). A b race let o r a nk ler ing w i th s ma l l knobs s eparated by t ransverse l i near i nc is ions f rom S t-Amour, J ., c an b e c ompared t o t he e xamp les f rom t he Eure, Marne a nd Berry 3 ( ibid.:19 , P l. 6 , 1 2). I t b e longs t o aw idespread t ype c ommon i n t he l a ter Ha D i n Burgundy, t he F ranche-Comtd. a nd J ura ( A. Bu lard 1 977 :67 n o. 1 ). I n t he Sw iss J ura a nd P la teau, where b ronze knobbed r ings a re known f rom t he Ha C , s im i lar b race lets o r a nk le-r ings a re a lso d ated t o t he l a ter Ha D ( W. Drack 1 970:-4 4-46, 6 2 Abb. 5 5 , 6 3 Abb. 5 8). The s ame t ype o f b race let i s d ated t o t he Ha D1 i n Bavar ia, a s t he e xamp le f rom Tumu lus 1 a t We ltenhausen, Ldkr. Krumbach ( G. Kossack 1 959 :162, Taf . 1 9 , 6 ). Brace lets w i th knobs s eparated by t ransverse r ibs a re a lso f ound i n Bavar ia f rom t he Ha D1 t o t he e ar ly L .T. I , a s t he e xamp le f rom Tumu lus 4 2 a t S te in-a.d.-Traun, Ldkr. T raunste in ( ibid.:230 , Taf . 1 14, 2 7). P enannu lar b race lets w i th knobs s eparated by t ransverse r ibs a re known f rom t he Hunsrt ick-E ife l where t hey a re d ated t o t he Ha D ( W. Dehn 1 941 :100 Abb. 6 2). A t Ha l lstatt, S a lzkammergut, b ronze k nobbed b race lets o ccur t hroughout t he Ha C a nd D ( R. P eroni 1 973 :21-23, 3 5 f ig. 4 , 7 , 4 1 f ig. 7 , 1 1). I n G rave 7 89 , a knobbed b race let a ccompan ied a Ha D

5 7

a ntennae-h i lted d agger ( K. Kromer 1 959 : Taf . 1 61 , 4 ). They a re u sua l ly p enannu lar a nd e xhib i t at ru ly a ston ish ing r ange o f d ifferent t ypes. J .P. M i l lotte h as s uggested t ha t knobs d er ive f rom t he f ine t ransv erse l i near i ncis ions t ha t o rnament r ings f rom t he b eg inn ing o f t he L ater Bronze Age. These w ere a ccentuated a nd b rought i nto r e lief t o f orm knobs a nd b osses (1 963a :1 71 ; 1 963b :6 74) . These L B . A .o va l p enannu lar b race lets w i th t ransverse l i near i nc is ions o r r ibs s epara ted by b osses i n s l ight r e l ief , J . D ichter 's Typ H omburg , h ave a w idespread d is tr ibut ion, f rom w es t c entra l G ermany t o t he Charente where e xamp les w ere f ound i n t he Ha B b ronze h oard a t Vena t, S t-Yr iex ( J. R ichter 1 970 : 1 55-159 ; J .-P. Mohen 1 977 : 1 61). I n t he P ar is Bas in, t hese L .B.A. ' prototypes ' h ave b een f ound i n b ronze h oards a t Bo issy-aux-Ca i l les , S .et-M. ( A. Noue l 1 957d 3 02 , 3 01 f ig . 9 1 , 9 -12), a nd Cho isyle-Ro i , V .-de-M. ( J.-P. Mohen 1 977 :155 , 1 61). The p resence o f t hese L .B .A . ' prototypes ' t ogether w i th t he g rea t v ar iation a nd o r ig ina l i ty o f s ty le a nd c ompos i t ion o f b ronze knobbed r ings i n t he Bas in a rgue f or l oca l i nsp irat ion a nd p roduct ion. 7 .1.4

S ummary

' Knobs ' r efer t o mou lded a ngu lar o r h em ispher ica l s ect ion o va l a nd c ircu lar p rotruberances o r b osses t ha t o rnament t he o uter c ircumference o f p enannu lar a nd c losed r ings. The knobs may b e mass ive o r h o l low, a nd may b e s eparated by t ransverse r ibs o r l i near i nc is ions. A ma jor p roblem o f t h is p art icu lar g roup o f r ings i s t ha t f ew h ave b een f ound a ssocia ted w i th c lose ly d atab le f inds. A l oca l r e lat ive t ypo log ica l s equence i s t herefore n ot p oss ib le a t t h is s tage. The g rea t v ar ia t ion i n s ty le a nd c ompos i t ion o f knobbed r ings f ound i n t he P ar is Bas in, wh i le d emonstrat ing i nd igenous o r ig ina l ity, a nd p robab ly l oca l p roduct ion, f urther c omp l ica tes a ny a ttempt a t e s tab l ish ing a t ypo log ic a l s equence. Two s tatements c an b e made w i th s ome a ssurance. One i s t hat knobbed b race lets d er ive u lt ima te ly f rom L a te Bronze Age p roto types, r ings o rnamented w i th t ransverse l i near i nc is ions a nd/or s l ight r ibs o r b osses. S uch p rototypes a re known f rom L. 8. A .b ronze h oards i n t he Bas in. A s econd a ssumpt ion i s t hat h o l low knobbed r ings d er ive f rom mass ive knobbed r ings. Bes ide t he t echno log ica l s oph is t ica t ion n eeded t o p roduce h o l low knobbed r ings , t hese o ccur c ons is tent ly i n l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T . Ic ontexts wh i le mass ive knobbed r ings a ppear i n t he Ha C . Both t ypes d isappear g radua l ly i n t he c ourse o f t he e ar ly L .T . I . 7 .2

Tubu lar r ings 7 .2.1

Tubu lar t orcs, b race lets a nd a nk le-r ings

Tubu lar b ronze o rnaments r efer t o a r tefacts made f rom o ne o r s evera l s heets o f b ronze wrapped a round a c ircu lar c ore, u sua l ly o f wood, c lay o r s and .4 Those t hat a re n o t p enannu lar c ommon ly h ave a ' p lugin-socket ' f as tener ( "Stäpse lversch luss"), s ome w i th a c ircu lar h o le i n t he s ocket-end i n wh ich a p in o r p eg i s i nserted t o s ecure t he j o in. A s econd t ype o f f as tener c ons is ts o f t ermina ls o f e qua l d iameter w i th a c ircu lar h o le a t e ach e nd wh ich w ere p robab ly j o ined by a c lamp o f meta l o r o rgan ic mater ia l ( "Nietversch luss"). Ornamentat ion f requent ly i nc luded s tamped o r i nc ised t ransverse l i near mot ifs a t t he t erm ina ls o r a long t he e nt ire l eng th o f t he s tem. There i s a lso e v idence 5 8

t hat s ome t ores w ere o r ig ina l ly b ound w i th l ea ther s traps, a s t he e xamp le f rom t he p r ince ly bur ia l a t V ix, C . d 'O. ( R. J offroy 1 958 : 8 8; C . F . A . S chaeffer 1 930- 3 1). Tubu lar b ronze r ings a re r e la t ive ly c ommon i n t he f latinhumat ion c emeter ies o f t he H a D a nd e ar ly L .T . Ii n t he Champagne. A t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly , M ., t ubu lar t orcs a re most o f ten a ssoc ia ted w i th b ronze a rm i l lae, F 2-type f ibu lae, a nd b ronze b e lt-buck les a nd s tuds ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976). A t ubu lar t ore i s a lso a ssoc iated w i th a n F 2-type f ibu la i n af latinhuma t ion g rave a t ' l es Hauts N emerys ', Av ize, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :3 4) . A t ' Charva is ', H ei ltzl 'Eve 'que M ., a t ubu lar t ore was f ound w i th a b ronze b e lt-buck le, b ronze a rmi ll ae, b ronze b race le ts a nd a nk le-r ings a nd a n i ron b race let i n Grave 3 2 ( Moug in 1 879 : 1 10-112). I n t he Haute-Marne, a t ubu lar t ore a ccomp an ied a p a ir o f t ubu lar a nk le-r ings i n Grave 1 a t ' Sbche-P ierre ', Chamou i l ley ( L. L epage 1 967 : 1 15) . Tubu lar r ings a re known i n Ha D c ontexts o uts ide t he Champagne. A t ubu lar t ore c omes f rom a Ha D t umu lus bur ia l a t ' l a F ore 't ', Bouhy, N . ( Ma l let 1 972). Tubu lar b race lets w ere f ound w i th b ronze a rm i l lae i n t he f l a tinhuma t ion c emetery a t Auxerre, Y . ( P. P arruzot 1 955a : 3 ). A t ubu lar t ore was a ssoc iated w i th l a te Ha D mater ia l i n a n i nhuma t ion bur ia l a t Varennes-sur-Se ine, S. -et-M. ( J. P. Gu i l laumet 1 977-78 : 5 05 1) A number o f t ubu lar b race lets a nd a nk le-r ings f rom t he Berry a re o rnamented w i th t ransverse l inear i nc is ions g rouped i n z ones o f t wot o-four a long t he s tem. They c ome f rom Ha D c ontexts, a s a t t he ' Fonder ie d es Canons ' ( F ig. 5 9 , 5 ) a nd t he ' Pyrotechn ie ' ( F ig. 5 9 , 1 2), b oth a t Bourges ( M. S. A. C., 3 , 1 869 :8 -10), a nd a t ' l a P gr isse ' Duns ur-Auron , C . ( M. Bourges). The motif i s f a ir ly w idespread a nd i s a lso f ound, f or e xamp le, o n ap a ir o f t ubu lar b race lets i n Grave 1 39 a t ' l es J ogasses t ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976 :441 , P l. 4 4 , 1 1151 116 ) . The d is tr ibut ion o f t ubu lar b ronze r ings i n t he P ar is Bas in i s c omp lementary t o t hat o f Ha D I L .T . Ic emeter ies g enera l ly. Tubu lar b ronze r ings a re r e la t ive ly c ommon i n t he Burgund ian t umu l i bur ia ls where t hey a re d ated t o t he l a ter Ha D ( G. Wamser 1 975 : 7 7-78). A t ubu lar t ore w i th a n i nc ised t ransverse l i near mot if was f ound w ith pa irs o f t ubu lar b race lets a nd a nk le-r ings, a nd a b e l t-p laque i n s heet-bronze o rnamented w i th a s tamped mot if i n Grave A i n Tumu lus 1 5 a t ' Banges ', M ino t, C .-WO ( F. H enry 1 933 : 1 63). A p a ir o f t ubu lar a nk le-r ings w ith a f ine ly i ncised o rnament a nd a t ubu lar t ore c ome f rom t he p r ince ly b ur ia l a t V ix, C -WO . ( R. J offroy 1 958 :8 6-88). Tubu lar b race lets , o rnamented a nd p la in, a re known f rom t he ' MontL asso is V ix ( id . 1 960a :6 6). I t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t ubu lar o rnaments i n Burgundy h ave a lso b een f ound i n e ar ly L .T . Ic ontexts, a s i n t he s econdary i nhumat ion Grave 1 2 i n t he t umu lus a t ' l a F erme d e C la ir-Bo is ', Magny-sur-Ti l le, C . -d 'O., where a t ubu lar b racelet w as a ssoc ia ted w i th a n e ar ly L .T. I f ibu la 5 ( G. Wamser 1 975 :82 , 1 36 n o. 4 35). A p a ir o f t ubu lar b race lets a re u sed by R . J offroy, h owever, t o c onf irm t he Ha D d ate o f t he t umu lus c ar t c rema t ion bur ia l a t ' Grandv i l lars ', Be lfort (1 958 : 5 4) . Tubu lar o rnaments a re f ound i n t he J ura, i n t he ' A la ise '-group i n p art icu lar , d ated t o t he l a te Ha D ( G. Wamser 1 975 :46, 6 3). A p a ir o f t ubu lar a nk le-r ings w ere f ound a ssoc iated w i th a s ma l l Doppe lpaukenf ibe l , a n i ron b e l t-p laque a nd t wo b ronze b racelets i n a s econdary i nhumat ion 5 9

g rave i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Mo idons - P aranco t ' , Mesnay, J . ( ibid.:139 n o . 4 92). A t ubu lar b race let a ccompan ied t wo D oppe lpaukenf ibe ln i n a n i nhumat ion g rave o n t he h i l lfor t o f t he ' Camp d u Cha teau ', S a l ins, J . ( M. Dayet 1 967 :84). A s im i lar d ate i n t he l a te Ha D i s g iven f or t ubu lar b ronze r ings f rom t he Sw iss J ura a nd P lateau ( W. Drack 1 970 : 4 6-47). These o rnaments a re l ess f requent i n e as tern F rance where t hey o ccur i n l a te Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I c ontexts ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930: 2 45). P a irs o f t ubu lar b race lets w ere f ound i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 4 a t Harthouse, Bas-R., a ssociated w i th a P 1-type f ibu la ;a nd i n Grave 4i n Tumu lus 1 , Group C , a t Maegs tub, Bas-R., a ssoc ia ted w i th a d Z3-type f ibu la ( ib id. : 106,

1 09 f ig .

9 6B,

1 42, 1 47 f ig .

1 30E).

I n Bavar ia , t ubu lar t orcs a ppear i n t he e ar ly Ha D , a s a t N iederr aunau , Ldkr. Krumbach, where o ne was f ound i n at umu lus w i th a Dragof ibe l a nd a Ha D d agger ( G. Kossack 1 959 :22 , 1 61, Taf . 1 8 , 1 2). Tubu lar t orcs w i th a ' p lugin-socket ' f astener a re d a ted i n Bavar ia t o t he l a ter Ha D ( ibid.:32). A t Ha l ls ta tt, S a lzkammergu t, t ubu lar b racel e ts o rnamented w i th a n i nc ised mot if , a s t hose f ound i n Graves 1 21 , 1 47 a nd 7 03 , a re i n u se t hroughout t he Ha D ( R. P eron i 1 973 :25, 4 9 f ig . 1 1 , 7 ). Tubu lar b ronze t orcs , b race lets a nd a nk le-r ings f orm a n i ntegra l p art o f t he j ewe l lery worn by p ersons o f b o th s exes 6 t hroughout t he Westha l lsta ttkre is i n t he Ha D a nd i n t he e ar ly s tages o f t he L .T. I . 7 .2 .2 .

L arge t ubu lar b race lets

L arge t ubu lar b ronze b race lets d iffer f rom o ther t ubu lar o rnaments by t he ir l arge s ize a nd by t he f act t hat t hey w ere p robab ly c ast f o ll ow ing t he c ire-perdue tt echn ique ( A. Bu lard 1 977-78: 4 5) . P enannu lar b racelets h ave b een f ound a t t wo a d jacent s i tes i n t he Eure. One i s a s ing le i so la ted f ind f rom Hues t ( F ig . 1 6, 5 ); t he o ther i s ah oard o f s ix b race lets f rom J ouy-sur-Eure ( F ig. 1 6, 4 ) ( L. Cout i l 1 921 :128-131). A s econd h oard o f s ix l arge t ubu lar b race lets ( Fig. 1 6 , 1 ) c omes f rom t he Marne c ana l a t t he ' Pont d e Gournay ', Che l les, S .-et-M., where t hey w ere a ssociated w i th f ragments o f b ronze b race lets w i th l arge h o l low knobs ( A. Bu lard 1 977-78 : 4 3-46) . The e xamp les f rom J ouy-surEure a nd Che l les a re o rnamented w i th z ones o f s tamped a nd i nc ised g eometr ic mot ifs s epara ted by t ransversa l g rooves c over ing a t h ird o f t he s tem-surface, wh i le t he b race let f rom Huest h as t hree z ones o f f our t ransversa l g rooves. The b race lets f rom Che l les a re c ompared by A . Bu lard t o e xamp les f rom c entra l Europe, n ame ly f rom Tha l l ing , i n Upper Austr ia , a nd f rom Tumu lus 1 907 a t ' Viereichen ', E bersberger F ors t, Ldkr. Ebersberg , i n Bavar ia ( ibid. : 45-46; R . P i tt ion i 1 954 :559 Abb. 3 89 ; H . Dannhe imer a nd W . T orbrügge 1 961 :140 n o. 1 10, Taf . 1 2 , 5 ). The l atter f ind i s d ated t o t he l a ter Ha C ( G. Kossack 1 959 : 1 93). A . Bu lard h as a lso l i kened t he b race lets f rom t he Eure t o o ne f ound a t Ba lf , S opron , i n w es tern Hungary ( 1977-78 :46; L . Märton 1 933 :115 , T af . 3 , 2 ). The l arge t ubu lar b ronze b race lets f rom t he P ar is Bas in c anno t b e d a ted w i th p rec is ion. The o n ly known a ssoc ia tion a re t he h o l low b ronze b race lets w i th l arge knobs f rom Che l les , t he e xact d ate o f wh ich i s a lso i n d oubt. A d ate s omewhere i n t he Ha D i s t entat ive ly s ugges ted when t ubu lar b ronze o rnaments w ere r e lat ive ly c ommon. Whether t he b race lets w ere made l oca l ly, o r i mpor ted f rom c entra l Europe, r ema ins u ncerta in. The f act t ha t t hey a ppear un ique wou ld i nd icate a l oca li sed p roduct ion. 6 0

7 .2.3.

Tubu lar t orcs w i th a ' Charva is '-type o rnament ( L is t 2 5 , Map 8 )

F or d escr ipt ive c onven ience, t he ' Charva is '-type o rnament r efers t o ac omp lex i ncised g eometr ic mo tif o f h atched t r iang les , s quares a nd l ozenges, a nd t ransverse a nd l ong i tud ina l p ara l le l l i nes , t ha t u sua l ly c overs t he e nt ire l eng th o f t he s tem o f t ubu lar b ronze t orcs . A f ew t orcs h ave, i n a dd i tion, a l ong i tud ina l ly a pp l ied c irc le-and-dot mot if . Torcs o rnamented w i th a Vharva is i-type mo t if a re f ound n ear ly e xc lus ive ly i n t he Champagne. A p oss ib le e xcepti c-, n m ay 1) c t he t ubu lar t ore f rom t he Ha D t umu lus a t 'Was ', T intury, N . ( A. D esforges 1 932: 9 7) . The e ar l ies t e xamp le, a l though i t s p recise c ontext i s n o t known, i s t he t l ibu l-,r t ore ( F ig. 5 1, 1 ) f rom t he Ha D f la t-inhuma t ion c emetery a t ‚Charva is ', i l e i l tzl 'Eveque, M . ( L. L epage 1 966a :79 , 7 8 f ig . 4 , 1 ). The o ther f inds d a te t o t he e ar ly L .T. I . A t Bussyle-Ch ' ä teau , M ., at ubu lar t ore w i th a ' Charva is '-type o rnament was f ound i n Grave 3 a ssociated w i th a l arge i ron L .T. I f ibu la ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :34 , 7 0). Ano ther t ubu lar t ore was f ound w i th L .T. I ma ter ia l i n G rave 1 0 a t PArgente l le ', Be ine-Nauroy, M . ( M.-L. Morgen a nd P . Roua let 1 975 : P l. 8 , 4 9 ; 1 976:17). R . J offroy r ight ly c ons iders s uch t orcs t o b e d er ived f rom Ha D t ubu lar t orcs i n g enera l ( 1965 : 1 6). The f act t ha t t orcs w i th a ‚Ch arva is 't ype o rnament c ome f rom L .T. I f latinhuma t ion c emeter ies wh ich number Ha D g raves s trengthens t he a rgument. Tubu lar t orcs w i th t h is p ar t icu lar o rnament a re n o t k nown o uts ide t he Champagne. Two t ubu lar t orcs f rom Ar lay, J ., whose i nc ised o rnament h as b een l ikened t o ' Launacian ' mot ifs o f t he L anguedoc, b ear ac erta in r esemb lance t o t he ' Charva is '-type o rnament ( J.-P. M i l lotte a nd M . V ignard 1 962 :17 n os. 1 02-103 , P l . 4 ). R . J offroy a lso c i tes e xamp les f rom Tumu lus 1 5 a t M ino t, C .-d 'O., a nd f rom Tumu lus D a t S a lem, i n s outhern Baden ( 1965 : 1 4). The i nc ised mo t if o n t he t ubu lar t ore f rom S a lem i s s imi lar t o t he ' Charva is '-type o rnament a l though i t i s c onf ined t o t he t erm ina ls. Tubu lar t orcs w i th a ' Charva is '-type o rnament may b e v iewed a s a l oca l ised L .T . Id evelopment i n t he Champagne r ef lect ing s trong Ha D t rad i t ions. 7 .3

Tores w i th a pp l ied d iscs ( Map 9 )

A number o f b ronze t orcs wh ich a re o therw ise d iss im i lar p resent a s er ies o f c ircu lar t o o va l b ronze d iscs, c onvex i n s ect ion, a ttached t o t he s tem. Three e xamp les c ome f rom t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he Berry, a nd a f ourth, whose c ontext i s n ot known, was f ound i n t he Y onne. Tumu lus 1 a t ' Creuzet i, Cous t, C ., c onta ined t wo s uch t orcs ( P. d e Goy 1 884). The t ore ( Fig . 6 2 , 1 ) f rom Grave 1 i s ab ronze f i l iform r ing w i th a d oub le-hook f as tener o rnamented w i th s ix a pp l ied d iscs , a nd w i th t hree b ronze r ings s uspended t o t he s tem. I t was a ssociated w i th t wo b ronze k nobbed b race lets ( F ig. 6 2, 2 -3) t hat c an b e d a ted t o t he Ha D . The s econd i s at ore f ragment ( F ig. 6 2, 5 ), f rom Grave 2 , c ons is ting o f ab ronze f i l iform s tem w i th t wo d iscs a pp l ied o n o ne s urface, a nd a b ronze s tr ip w i th a l ong i tud ina l r ow o f h o les a pp l ied t o t he unders ide. I t was f ound w ith a b ronze C -section knobbed b race let ( F ig . 6 2, 4 ), a lso c ons istent w i th a Ha D d a te, a nd b lack f abr ic p ottery s herds. A t I neu i l , C ., a t ore f ragment w i th f our a pp l ied d iscs ( F ig. 6 4, 2 ) i s s a id t o c ome f rom a t umu lus e xcava ted i n 1 884 ( id. 1 885). 6 1

A f ragment o f ab ronze t ore ( F ig . 5 5 , 6 ), w i th a t ubu lar s tem w i th f ive a pp l ied d iscs, was f ound a t Quesnes ( Quenne), Y ., s outheas t o f Auxerre ( M. Auxerre). Compar isons f or t h is p art icu lar t ype o f t ore a re d iff icu lt t o f ind . F ragments o f ab ronze t ore w i th a t w isted s tem o n wh ich a re a ttached c ircu lar b ronze d iscs, f la t i n s ect ion, w i th b ronze s temmed l oops w e lded t o t he unders ide, w ere f ound w i th a n u rn-crema t ion i n Tumu lus 9 a t Avezac-Prat, H tes-Pyr. 7 ( E. P iette a nd G . S acaze 1 879 :512-513 , P l . X II, 1 , 5 -6, 9 ). The ma ter ia l f rom t he Avezac-Prat c emetery, numberi ng f i f ty t umu l i u rn-crema t ions, c an b e p laced i n t he Ha D ( L. J ou l in 1 912 : 5 0). Unt i l f urther e v idence i s a va i lab le, t orcs w i th a pp l ied d iscs may b e i nterpreted a s p roducts o f i ndependent a nd l oca l ised f ash ion, b e i t i n t he S ou thwes t o r i n t he Berry, i n t he Ha D . The Quesnes t ore w ou ld b e a d irect i mport f rom t he Berry, o r a t t he v ery l eas t, i nf luenced b y modes c urrent i n t he n eighbour ing r eg ion. 7 .4

T orcs w i th l oop-a ttachments

T orcs w i th l oop-attachments a re mass ive b ronze r ings c as t i n o ne p iece w i th c ircu lar l oops s et a round t he o uter c ircumference. The l oops a re u sed f or s uspend ing a v ar iety o f r ings , p rec ious s tones a nd b ronze p endants. A t ore w i th t hree, p oss ibly f our, l oops p laced s ymmetr ica l ly r ound t he s tem ( F ig . 3 0, 1 ), was f ound w i th a n i ron f ibu la a nd a number o f b ronze r ings i n t he f ema le i nhuma t ion g rave a t ' l es L ongra is ', S oumontS t-Quent in, Ca lv. ( B. Edeine 1 961a :352, 3 55 f ig. 4 ). A s econd t ore, w i th s even l oops a round a p enannu lar r ing w i th a p ro ject ing r ectangu lar c ast ingjet a t o ne t erm ina l, w i th t ransverse l i near i ncis ions a t t he t erm ina ls, c omes f rom E snoms-au-Va l, H te-M. ( P . Bou i l lero t 1 908 :P l . 2 , 4 ). I ts c ontext i s n o t known. T orcs w i th l oop-attachments a re r e lat ive ly c ommon i n L ower A lsace. One was f ound w i th a p a ir o f P 2-type f ibu lae i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 6 a t Donauberg , Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :19-20 , 2 1 f ig. 1 5Q). A s im i lar t ore was a ssoc ia ted w i th a n F 4-type f ibu la i n Grave 3 i n Tumu lus 4 , Group C , a t Maegs tub, Bas-R. ( ibid. : 147-148, 1 41 f ig . 1 24D). I n t he m idd le Rh ine r eg ion, a t ore w i th l oop-attachments i s known f rom t he ' He idskopf ', Wo lferswe i ler, Kr. S ankt-Wende l, a nd i s d a ted b y A . Haffner t o t he Ha D ( 1976 : 9 , 3 57 , Taf . 9 5 , 1 3). A t ore f rom a n i nhuma t ion g rave a t ' Bauwa ld ', Des loch , Kr. K reuznach, h as b oth a p ro jecting r ectangu lar c ast ingjet a nd t hree l oop-a ttachments ( W. D ehn 1 941 : 9 8 , 9 2 Abb. 5 4, 1 ). A s im i lar t ore, w i th a p ro ject ing r ectangu lar c ast ingjet a nd t h irteen l oop-attachments , was f ound i n a n i nhuma t ion g rave i n Tumu lus 3 0 a t ' Im Vorderwa ld ', Muschenhe im, Kr. G iessen ( H . P o lenz 1 973 :T af . 4 4, 7 ). Those t orcs a re d a ted by H . P o lenz t o t he Ha D1/2 ( ibid.:Be i lage 1 n o. 4 3). A t ore w ith t wo l oop-a ttachmen ts o n wh ich a re s uspended b ronze b asket ' pendan ts i s known f rom Ka is ten, Aargau ( W. Drack 1 966-67 : 4 9 Abb . 2 0, 3 ). The b ronze c y l inders o n wh ich a re a ff ixed t hree l oops t ha t s l ide o n t o i ron t orcs, f ound a t Marson, M . a nd a t Barbu ise-Courtaven t, Au ., f or e xamp le, may b e as l igh t ly l a ter L .T . Id eve lopment r e la ted t o t he A lsac ian Ha D t orcs w i th l oop-a ttachments ( D. B retz-Mah ler 1 971:52, P l . 5 5, 7 ). 6 2

The t orcs f rom S oumont-St-Quent in a nd E snoms-au-Va l a ppear t o b e o f A lsacian i nsp irat ion a l though t hey d iffer f rom t he t orcs o f t he F or & d e Haguenau by h av ing t he l oops s ymmetr ica l ly p laced a round t he s tem a nd n o t a t e i ther o ne e nd o r g rouped i n t wos a nd t hrees a round t he s tem. The o vera l l d is tr ibut ion o f t orcs w i th l oop-a ttachments i s c entred o n t he s outhern S aar land , t he P fa lz a nd A lsace Lo thr ingen ( A. Haffner 1 976 : 9 ). 7 .5

Arm i l lae ( Map 1 0)

Bronze a rmi l lae a re c ircu lar b race lets w i th a n arrow r ectangu lar o r o va l s ect ion, a nd a re o f ten o rnamented e xterna l ly w i th z ones o f d ouble o r t r ip le t ransverse l i near i ncis ions. A lthough known o n s ett lements, t hey most f requent ly o ccur i n bur ia ls worn h i l arge numbers o n e ach a rm o r f orearm o f t he s ub ject. Bronze a rm i l lae a re d ated by J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let t o t he e ar l iest phase o f t he Ha D f latinhuma t ion c emetery a t ' l es J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M ., where t hey w ere a ssoc iated w i th F 2-type f ibu lae, t ubu lar b ronze a nd i ron t orcs, a nd b ronze b e lt-buck les a nd s tuds ( 1976 ; 1 977 : 1 0). S im i lar a ssoc ia t ions a re n oted i n o ther Ha D bur ia ls. I n Grave 3 2 a t ' Charva is ', H ei ltzl 'Ev Aue, M ., a rm i l lae w ere f ound w i th a b ronze b e lt-buck le, a n i ron b race let a nd a t ubu lar t ore ( Moug in 1 879 : 1 10-112). They were a ssoc ia ted w i th i ron t orcs a t ' l a Mo te l le ', Warm6r iv i l le, M . ( Bosteaux-Par is 1 894 :699-702). A g rave a t Tau Herbeau t ,Cuper ly, M ., c onta ined a rm i l lae, a t ubu lar b ronze t ore a nd b ronze b e lt-s tuds ( D. Chossenot e t a l . 1 977 :29-32). I n t he Haute-Marne, a rm i l lae h ave b een f ound w i th b ronze b e lt-buck les i n Grave D i n t he t umu lus a t ' l a Mottote ', N i jon, a nd i n Tumu lus C a t E sseyles-Eaux 8 ( L. L epage 1 980: 2 1-22, 7 2-73). Tubu lar b ronze t orcs a ccompan ied a rmi l lae i n t he f l a ti nhumat ion c emetery a t Auxerre, Y . ( P. P arruzo t 1 955a : 3 ) . Bronze a rm i l lae ( F ig. 5 9 , 7 -11) w ere f ound w i th i ron a nd l ign i te b racelets i n bur ia ls a t ' St-Ce les t in ', Bourges, C . ( A. d e L achaussee 1 873). Bronze a rm i l lae a lso c ome f rom Ha D s ett lements. I n t he Marne, t hey were f ound i n p i t-structures w i th Ha D p ottery wares, a t ' l a Vo ie M ienne ', Mourme lonle-Pet i t, where t wo b ase-sherds w i th a p a inted g eometr ic motif w ere a lso r ecovered ( M. J onot); a nd, o f s l ight ly l a ter d ate, i n P i t 1a t ' Mont ' eve ' ( Fig . 4 1, 1 ), P omade ( C. P ou la in 1 972). An a rm i l la , w i th a n unusua l o rnament i n s l ight r e l ief c ons is t ing o f o va ls s eparated by t ransverse r ibs , was f ound i n ap i t-s tructure a t ' Bo is d ' Ageux ' , Longeu i l-Ste-Mar ie, 0 ., wh ich a lso c onta ined Ha D s herds w i th a p a inted g eometr ic mot if ( M. J ouve 1 976 : 7 3). The d istr ibut ion o f b ronze a rm i l lae i s p art icu lar ly d ense i n t he Champagne w i th a m inor g rouping i n t he s outhern Yonne ( Map 1 0). I n F rance, o u ts ide t he P ar is Bas in, b ronze a rm i l lae a re known f rom b oth s ides o f t he Rhbne-Sa6ne a x is , i n t he L anguedoc t o t he west a nd i n t he A lps a nd t he J ura t o t he e as t. Bronze a rmi l lae w ere f ound i n Grave 1 5 i n t he u rnf ie ld a t Grand Bass in I , Ma i lhac, Ad., d ated t o t he m idd le o f t he s ixth a nd e ar ly f i f th c entur ies ( M. L ou is e t a l. 1 958 :68-69). I n t he s ma l l u rnf ie ld a t ' l a Berger ie Herme t ', Ca lv iss a, G ., t he b ase-sherd o f a n E truscan a mphora , d ated t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he s ixth t o f i f th c entur ies, a ccomp an ied b ronze a rm i l lae i n Grave 39 ( B. Dedet a nd M . P y 1 973 :55-56).

6 3

Bronze a rmi l lae a re r e lat ive ly ,c ommon i n t he F rench A lps. They c ome f rom Ha D c ontexts i n c emeter ies, n ame ly a t L a-Pa lud-d 'Ornon a nd L e-Mont-de-Lans , b oth i n t he I s 'bre ( J.-L. C ourto is 1 976:718, 7 17 f ig . 4 , 1 ); a nd f rom s ett lements, n otably a t S te-Co lombe, H tes-A., where o ne b ronze a rm i l la was f ound i n L eve l IB /C, d a ted t o c . 5 50-500 ( id . 1 975 :24 , 3 9 f ig. 3 1 , 8 ). Bronze a rmi l lae a re a lso known f rom t he J ura . A t umu lus bur ia l a t Corve issat, A in, c onta ined b ronze a rmi l lae a ssocia ted w i th a b e l t-p laque i n s heet-bronze a nd a t ubu lar b ronze r ing ( J.-P. M i l lo tte 1 963a :285 n o. 1 40). Bronze a rm i l lae a re e specia l ly f requent i n t he t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he F or k d es Mo idons, J ., a s i n t he s econdary i nhumat ion Grave D i n Tumu lus 9 a t ' Mo idons-ParancoV , Mesnay , a ssoc ia ted w i th a b e ltp laque i n s heet-bronze ( ibid .:186; G . Wamser 1 975 :140 no. 5 17 , Taf . 1 4, 5 ). I n t he Doubs, t hey h ave b een f ound a t Refranche, i n Tumu l i 2a nd 3 a t ' l e D essus d e Bacchus ', a nd a t Amondans, i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Au D ecret ' ( J .-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :333 n o . 3 84 , 2 58 n o. 1 3, P l. 5 5, 1 6, 5 7 , 1 1, 5 6, 8 ). I n t he Sw iss J ura a nd P lateau, i nd iv idua l b ronze a rm i l lae a re l ess c ommon t han s p ira l-arm i l lae i n t he l a ter Ha D ( W. Drack 1 970 :40 , 4 24 3 , 5 4 Abb. 4 1 , 5 5 Abb. 4 2). I n Grave 1 1/2 i n Tumu lus 1 a t t he ' Hohbi le l ', Woh len, Aargau, t wenty-e ight a rm i l lae were f ound w i th t wo b ronze p ins, o ne b e lt-p laque i n s heet-bronze, o ne S ch langenf ibe l , o ne P aukenf ibe l a nd a p ottery v esse l ( ibid.:40 , 5 7 Abb. 4 6). Bronze a rm i l lae a re a lso r are i n s ou thern Bavar ia. Where f ound , t hey a re a ssociated w i th Ha D ma ter ia l , a s i n at umu lus a t E ttenbeuren, Ldkr. G t inzburg , a nd i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Natternw iese ' , Traubing , Ldkr . S tarnberg ( G. Kossack 1 959 :155 , 2 23 , Taf . 3 6 , 1 0-17 , 9 1 , 7 -19). The b ronze a rm i l lae f rom t he P ar is Bas in may h ave o r ig inated i n t he s outh, e nter ing by way o f t he Yonne v a l ley. Arm i l lae f ound i n t he Canta l, a t S a int-Simon a nd i n at umu lus a t B ro ize-Aur iacombe, Marmanh ac, c omparab le t o e xamp les i n t he J ura , b r idge t he g ap b etween t he Bas in a nd t he more s outher ly f inds o f t he M id i ( J.-P. Daugas a nd F . Ma lacher 1 976 : 7 39) . 7 .6

' Cog-whee l ' b race lets ( L is t 2 4 , Map 9 )

' Cog-whee l ' b race lets a re mass ive b ronze f l a t-sect ion r ings w i th p ro ject ing s quare t eeth o r c ogs. These h ave a s l ight s we l l ing , c ircul ar i n s ect ion, a t t he t ips. S ix b race lets o f t h is t ype a re known i n t he P ar is Bas in. 1 0 The o n ly e xamp les f ound i n ac losed c ontext a re ap a ir ( F ig . 3 8 , 5 ) a ssocia ted w i th t wo l arge h o l low C -section b ronze b race lets w i th l arge a ngu lar knobs ( F ig. 3 8 , 3 ) f rom a t umu lus i nhuma t ion g rave a t t he ' Greves ', Droupt-St-Bas le, Au. ( L. L eClert 1 898 : 8 7-89). The l atter c an b e c ompared t o ab race let f rom t he h oard a t S t-Jou in-de-Marnes , V ., d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he Ha D ( D. Tauve l 1 974 : 9 , 8f ig. X II, 5 ). Except f or t he ' cog-whee l ' b race let ( F ig. 2 8 , 7 ) f rom a f l a tinhuma t ion g rave a t L a Cambe, C a lv., t he f inds a re s i tuat ed a long t he Yonne ( 3 X ) a nd S e ine ( 1 X ). J .-P. M i l lotte l ocates t he p roduct ion c entre f or t h is t ype o f b race let i n t he L orra ine, more p ar t icu lar ly i n t he Vosges where a n e xamp le c omes f rom Auza inv i l l iers a nd a p a ir f rom S auv i l le (1 965: 5 5-56 , 1 17 ; 1 976b: 8 42). They a lso o ccur i n t he Mose l le, i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Cadenb ronn ', b etween Grosbl ieders troff a nd Noussev i l lerles-Putte lange, a nd a t Veckersv i l ler ( id . 1 965 :81-82 , 1 06-107 , 1 24-125, P l. XVII n o. 1 2).

6 4

A lthough t he ir p recise c ontexts a re n ot r ecorded , i t c an b e a ssumed t hat t he ma jor i ty c ome f rom Ha D t umu l i g raves. A f ragment o f ab racel et " a d ents d 'engrenages" i s ment ioned f rom Tumu lus 9 a t t he ' Camp d e M ine ', Amancey, D ., wh ich c onta ined a number o f Ha D f inds, i nc lud ing f ragments o f as heet-bronze b e lt-buck le w i th a s tamped g eometr ic mot if Li ( id. 1 963a :2 58) . ' Cog-whee l ' b race lets a re known, o uts ide F rance, i n t he T ess in where t hey d a te t o t he e ar ly L .T. I , W . E . S te ick l i 's T ess in D ( 1975 : 1 3 Abb. 3 , 9 ). I n t he c emetery o f S o lduno, L ocarno, a ' cog-whee l ' b race let was a ssoc iated w i th f our i ron M idd le L .T. f ibu lae i n G rave C 13 ( ibid.:121 , Taf . 1 6 , C13 n o. 4 ). The l a te d at ing o f t hese b race lets p recludes t he T ess in a s ap oss ib le s ource f or t h is t ype o f b race let. I t i s t herefore e i ther t o t he L orra ine o r t o Upper Burgundy t ha t ap robab le o r ig in f rom wh ich ' cog-whee l ' b race lets were i n troduced i n to t he Bas in must b e f ound. The ir d is tr ibut ion a long t he Y onne a nd S e ine p o ints t entat ive ly t o Upper Burgundy. 7 .7

M isce l laneous b race lets

A lthough i t i s n ot p oss ib le t o i nc lude a l l t he v ar ied t ypes o f Ha b race lets , many r epresented by s ing le e xamp les, s evera l o f t he more i mpor tant but u nusua l f inds may b e b r ief ly ment ioned. A p a ir o f b ronze b race lets w ere f ound w i th t he Ha C b ronze s word o f P . S chauer 's Typ S te ink irchen a t E ronde l le, S om. ( J. D . Cowen 1 967 : 4 38 n o. 1 25 ; A . Opi tresco-Dodd e t a l . 1 978 :79-80). One i s h exagona l i n s ect ion a nd f ragmented ( F ig. 6 , 4 ), a nd t he s econd i s a n o va l-sect ion p enannu lar b race let w i th i nc ised p ara l le l o b l ique l i nes o n t he s tem a nd l ong i tud ina l h err ing-bone a t t he t erm ina ls ( F ig . 6 , 5 ). B . J . O 'Connor h as c orrect ly p o inted o ut t he s imi lar i ty o f t he l a tter t o e xamp les f rom Ha l lstatt, S a lzkammergut, wh ich d ate f rom t he Ha C1 t o D1 ( 1978 :497; R . P eron i 1 973 :22, 3 3 f ig , 3 , 1 7). Brace lets, a nd p oss ib ly e arr ings, i n s heet-bronze w i th t h in f la t s ect ions, t ermed ' r ibbon '-brace lets , o f ten o rnamented w i th a n i nc ised g eometr ic mot if , a re known f rom t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he Berry. One p a ir o f p enannu lar b race lets w i th d oub leloop f as teners ( F ig . 6 2 , 1 0-11) w ere f ound i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Creuzet ', Coust, C . ( P. d e G oy 1 884; 1 886-87); a nd a s econd p a ir, p robab ly e arr ings , w i th l oop-and-hook f as teners ( F ig. 6 3 , 2 -3), c ome f rom t he t umu lus a t ' Gue ', Dun-surAuron, C . ( A. d e Grossouvre 1 914-16). They c an b e c ompared t o s imi lar f inds f rom t he Sw iss J ura a nd P la teau, d a ted t o t he Ha D1 ( W. Drack 1 970 :27 , 2 9-31 Abb. 7 -9 , 3 9 , 5 0 Abb. 3 5). A more unusua l f ind a re t he b ronze b race lets o r a nk le-r ings w i th a ngu lar t r iangu lar knobs , a rranged i n t wo s ets o f t en s uper imposed r ings e ach, f rom ' l a B l iner ie ', S ouesmes, L .-et-C. ( B. Dube 1 971 :1421 47). The r ings a re j o ined by f our i ron r ods p assed t hrough h o les i n t he knobs. The p i l ing-up o f r ings, 1 2 a nd t he method emp loyed t o j o in t hem r eca l l L aunac ian e xamp les , a s t he o ne f ound i n t he b ronze h oard a t Carcassonne, Ad . ( J.-L. Roud i l a nd J . Gu i la ine 1 976:468 f ig. 6 , 1 8). S imi lar a nk le-r ings , p oss ibly a rm-bands , h ave b een f ound i n Ha B /C c ontexts i n t he Mass if Centra l, i n t he t umu lus a t ' Montfumat ', S t-Ybard , Cor ., a nd i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Mons ', S t-Georges , Can., a l though t hey a re known i n e ar l ier c ontexts , n otably i n t he ' Roucadour ' c ave, Themines, L ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze E rbenhe im-type s word o f l a ter Ha B d a te ( J.-P. Daugas 1 969 :180-182). The a ngu lar i ty o f t he knobs o f t he S ouesmes r ings, h owever, may i nd ica te a s l ight ly l a ter d a te ( ibid.:182). 6 5

S uper imposed b race lets, a l though n o t j o ined , a re known i n Ha D c ont exts i n t he Hunsrack-Eife l where t hey a re d ated t o A . Haffner 's HEK I A2 , r ough ly t o t he s ixth c entury, a s t he e xamp le f rom Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 5 a t Rasche id-Ge isfe ld, Kr. Tr ier ( 1976:13 , 3 86, T af . 1 19 , 5 ). Brace lets d isp lay ing n o p art icu lar f eature, n otab ly unornamented c y l indr ica l ( f i l iform) a nd o va l-sect ion b ronze r ings, a re c ommon i n t he Ha C a nd D , a s t hey a re i n p reced ing a nd l a ter p er iods. The ir d a t ing i s d ependent o n a ssoc ia ted ma ter ia l. Such, f or e xamp le, i s t he c ase f or t he b race let f rom ' Me z ibres ', P rd-St-Evrou lt, E .-et-L., d a ted p rov is iona l ly t o t he Ha D ( C. E lubre 1 972:106-107 n o . 1 35). 7 .8

Tores a nd b race lets w i th c as t ingjets a nd s o ldered j o ints

A number o f b ronze c y l indr ica l-sect ion t orcs a nd b race lets h ave c as tingjets, s ome worked w i th a d ecorat ive-funct iona l mot if , a nd s o ldered j o ints i n t he f orm o f a s we l l ing o r bu lge o n t he s tem. They a re f ound i n l ate Ha D c ontexts a cross t he P ar is Bas in. A t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly, M ., t orcs a nd b race lets w i th p ro ject ing r ectangu lar c ast ingjets were r ecovered f rom s evera l g raves, i nc lud ing G rave 1 68 where a t ore o f t h is t ype was a ssoc ia ted w i th a ' Jogass ian 't ype g ob let, a s ma l l h em ispher ica l b ow l a nd a n F 3-type f ibu la ( J.-J . Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:443 , P l. 5 1 , 1 154). A t ore w i th a c ast ingj e t i n t he s hape o f a n u p-turned Y was f ound w i th a b race le t w i th a r ectangu lar c ast ingjet, a n a mber b ead, a nd a n F 4-type f ibu la i n G rave 2 0 a t ' Charva is ', H ei ltzl 'Eveque, M . ( Moug in 1 879 :108 , P l. 4 , 1 5). A number o f b race lets w i th p ro ject ing r ectangu lar c as tingjets c ome f rom Ha D /L .T. I s econdary i nhuma t ion bur ia ls i n t he t umu lus a t ' l a Mo ttote ', N i jon, H te-M. ( Ga l l ia P reh., 1 5 , 1 972 :4 11). I n t he Yonne, a b race let ( ? torc) w i th t wo o pen ' t rapeze '-shaped c ast ingjets w ere f ound i n a s ma l l, p redominant ly L .T. I , f l a tinhumat ion c emetery a t l 'Homme Mort ', L a P os to l le ( A. Hure 1 931 :124 , 1 25 f ig . 2 27). A s im i lar c astingjet o rnaments a t ore f rom t he s econdary i nhuma t ion Grave C3 i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t t he ' Champ d e Couy ', S t-Den isd e-Pa l in, C . ‚ associa ted w i th a b ronze r ing , t wo i ron r ings , t wo l ign i te r ings, t wo b lue g lass-pas te b eads a nd a g o ld r ing ( J. F av idre e t a l . 1 964 :237-238 , 2 38 f ig. 3 2). I n t he s ame c ommune, a t Chdnes Mon tors ', at ore w i th a s l ight t r iangu lar s we l l ing ( F ig . 6 7 , 4 ) was f ound i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 2 w i th a n F 4-type f ibu la a nd f our b ronze b race lets, t wo o f wh ich h ave c ircu lar d iscs a t t he t erm ina ls a nd d oub leloop f as teners ( M. Bourges). A t ore w i th a n o va l s we l l ing ( F ig. 7 1 , 4 ) i s known f rom a n i nhumat ion g rave i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' l a P re ', S dgry, I ., a ssoc iated w i th a n i ron p enannu lar b race let ( Th i l 1 917-18). I n t he s ame d epartment, a t ore w i th a n o pen t r iangu lar c as t ingjet was f ound a t ' l es Grandes Chape l les ', Br ion ( 0. Buchsenschutz e t a l . 1 979 :418). A s imi lar t ore c omes f rom t he s econdary i nhuma t ion G rave 7 3 i n Tumu lus ZA a t ' l a P icard ie ', Gurgy , Y . ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980 : 3 9 , 4 9 , 4 0 f ig. 2 0). T ores a nd b race lets w i th c as t ingjets a nd s o ldered j o ints a lso f eature i n t he s ma l l Ha D f la tinhuma t ion c emetery a t ' l a Dronn ibre ', I fs, Ca lv. ( C. Varoqueaux 1 966 :f ig. 6 , 2 -3 , 7 , 9 , 8 , 1 ). T orcs a nd b race lets w i th worked c as tingjets a nd s o ldered j o ints a re f ound i n Ha D a nd L .T. I c ontexts o uts ide t he P ar is Bas in. T orcs w i th o pen t r iangu lar c as t ingjets w ere r ecovered o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ', V ix ( R. J offroy 1 960a :68), a nd i n t he t umu lus a t ' Bo is-Boucho t ', Chamesson, C .-d 'O. ( F . H enry 1 933 :127). 6 6

I n t he L orra ine, t orcs a nd b race lets w i th c as tingjets a nd s o ldered j o ints a re d ated by J .-P. M i l lo tte t o t he e ar ly L .T. I , a s t he r ing a ssociated w i th a p a ir o f b ronze p enannu lar b race lets w i th s ma l l g lobu lar t ermina ls f rom Tumu lus 2 a t ' Bo is d e Tou l ', V i l ley-St-Et ienne, M .-etM .; a nd t he r ing w i th a r ectangu lar p ro ject ion f rom V i tte l , Vos. ( 1965 : 1 26-127, P l. 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 6, 2 5). Torcs w i th c as t ingjets a nd s o ldered j o ints a re known i n L ower A lsace ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :216). A t ore w i th a d oub le-swe l l ing was f ound i n Grave 1 0 i n Tumu lus 3 a t Oh lungen, Bas-R. ( ib id.: 1 24 , 1 23 f ig. 1 09L). A t ore w i th a s ing le swe l l ing a ccompan ied a p a ir o f b race lets w ith p ro ject ing r ectangu lar c ast ingje ts i n Grave 1 6 i n t he s ame t umu lus, a ssoc ia ted w ith t h ir ty-three c ora l b eads, a b e l t-p laque i n s hee t-bronze w i th a s tamped g eome tr ic mo tif , ap a ir o f g o ld c rescen ts haped e arr ings, a p a ir o f b ronze a nk le-r ings a nd a b ronze bu tton ( ib id. : 126, 1 28 f ig . 1 12A/C). I n t he J ura , at ore w i th a n o va l s we l l ing was f ound w i th Ha D mater ia l i n Tumu lus 3 a t Au Dessus d e Bacchus ', Refranche, D . ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :333 , P l. 5 7 , 8 ; G . Wamser 1 975 :149 n o. 6 52). On t he Swiss P la teau, a p a ir o f t orcs w i th p ro ject ing r ectangu lar c as tingjets f rom a t umu lus i n t he ' Bo is d e Vermand ', L ausanne, Vaud, i s d ated t o t he Ha D /L.T. I ( W. Drack 1 970:49 , 7 9 f ig . 7 2, 1 -2). A r ing w i th a s ub-square c as t ingjet was f ound w i th a P 4-type f ibu la i n at umu lus a t ' Pr iva twa ld ', Köseh inger F orst, L dkr. I ngo ls tad t, i n s outhern Bavar ia ( G. Kossack 1 959 :207 , Taf . 1 45 , 4 -5). I n t he Hunsrück-Eife l, a t ore f ragment w i th a n o pen t r iangu lar c as tingjet c omes f rom Tumu lus 2 0 a t ' Medemstück ', Oberzerf-Irsch, Kr. S aarburg ( A. Haffner 1 976:340 , Taf . 7 9 , 1 4). A t ore w i th a s imi lar c astingj e t i s known f rom a n i nhuma t ion g rave i n Tumu lus A a t ' MänchbruchJ agen 2 8 ', Mörfe lden, Kr. Gross-Gerau, d a ted t o t he e ar ly Ha D ( H. P o lenz 1 973 : Taf . 4 3 , 7 , Bei lage 1 n o. 1 4). A t ore w i th a p ro ject ing r ectangu lar c as t ingjet was f ound i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 5 a t Rasche idGe isfe ld , Kr. Tr ier ( A. Haffner 1 976 :386, Taf . 1 19 , 9 ). T orcs w i th r ectangu lar a nd t r iangu lar c as t ingjets a re d ated by H . P o lenz t o t he Ha D1 ( 1973 :Be i lage 1 n o . 1 4), a nd by A . Haffner t o t he HEK I A2 a nd I N ( 1976 : 9 9 , Be i lage 1 ). They a re d istr ibuted a long t he m idd le Rh ine a nd t he Wetterau ( H. P o lenz 1 973:157 Abb. 2 ). Torcs w i th s we l l ing o n t he s tem h ave b een f ound a ssocia ted w i th t wo s erpent iform f ibu lae, w i th a s top-d isc a nd k nobbed f oot, i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 1 ( 1890) a t ' Hanauer Koberstad t ', L angen, Kr. O ffenbach; a nd w i th a P 3-type f ibu la i n a n i nhuma t ion g rave a t W intershe im, Kr. Ma inz ( ibid. : Taf . 4 7, 3 , 5 8 , 2 ). H . P o lenz h as d ated t hese t orcs l a ter, t o t he Ha D2 ( ibid. : Be i lage 1 n o. 4 2). Torcs w i th c as t ingjets a nd s o ldered j o ints a re r ough ly c ontempora ry i n t he Bas in. They a re u sed f or a r e lat ive ly s hort p er iod o f t ime s ince t hey a ppear t oward t he e nd o f t he Ha D o n ly t o d isappear i n t he e ar ly s tages o f t he L .T. I . 7 .9

M isce l laneous t ore a nd b race let f as teners

A number o f t ore a nd b race let f asteners make t he ir a ppearance i n t he Ha D . The t orcs a nd b race lets a re i n b ronze, u sua l ly w i th c ircu lar , l ozenge a nd c ross-shaped s ect ions. One i s t he ' double-hook ' f as tener wh ich c ons ists s imp ly o f ah ook a t e ach t erm ina l. Torcs w i th d ouble-hook f as teners a re f ound i n t he Ha D f l atinhuma t ion c emeter ies o f t he Marne, a s i n Grave 7 7 a t ' l es 6 7

J ogasses ', Chou i l ly, a ssoc ia ted w i th a n F 4-type f ibu la ( J.-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976 :436 , P l. 2 3, 9 57), a nd i n G raves 5 a nd 4 0 a t ' Charva is ' He i l tzl 'Evöque ( Moug in 1 879 :105-106 , 1 13 , P l . 3 , 1 3-14). S im i lar f ast eners a re a lso known f rom t he Ha D /L.T. I t umu l i c emeter ies i n t he Berry. They h ave b een f ound i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Fon t-James ( F ig. 6 0, 1 ), Che te t tuneuf-sur-Cher, C . ( M. Bourges); i n G rave 1 i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Creuzet t ( F ig . 6 2, 1 ), Coust, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 884); a nd i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' l a P ree ' ( F ig . 7 1, 4 ), S ery, I . ( Th i l 1 917-18). Torcs w i th d oub le-hook f asetners o ccur i n Ha D c ontexts o uts ide t he P ar is Bas in . One s uch t ore, a p robab le t umu lus f ind, c omes f rom G ev ingey, J . ( J . Deche lette 1 913a :839 f i g . 3 41 , 3 ). I n A lsace, e xamp les h ave b een f ound i n G rave 4 i n Tumu lus 7 a t Kurzgeländ, BasR ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a l ea ther b e lt a nd p laque i n s heet-bronze, a nd i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 2 6 , Group C , a t Maegstub, Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930:58 , 5 7 f ig . 5 1D, 1 68 , 1 61 f ig . 1 44E). A t w isted b ronze t ore w i th a d oub le-hook f astener c omes f rom Tumu lus 1 00 a t K irch lach, Bas-R. ( ib id. : 87-88, 8 9 f ig . 7 8F). These t orcs a re f a ir ly c ommon i n t he m idd le Rh ine r eg ion ( ib id. : 219-220). A c y l indr ica l-sect ion t ore w i th a d oub le-hook f astener was f ound i n G rave 1 i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Medemstück ', Oberzerf-Irsch, Kr. S aarburg ( A. Haffner 1 976 :339 , T af . 7 9 , 3 ). Examp les c an a lso b e c i ted f rom K irn a nd S chöneberg , Kr . Kreuznach ( W. Dehn 1 941:97 , 9 0 Abb. 5 2, 1 , 9 3 Abb. 5 5 , 7 ). These t orcs, d is tr ibuted i n t he S aar land, P fa lz a nd L othr ingen, a re d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he Ha D , A . Haffner 's HEK I B ( 1976 :10, B e i lage 1 ). A s im i lar d a te i s g iven f or t orcs w i th d oub le-hook f asteners i n s outhern Bavar ia , a s t he t w isted b ronze t ore f rom Tumu lus 1 7 , Groupe 2 Vb, a t W ie lenbach, Ldkr . We i lhe im ;a nd t he t ore f rom Tumu lus 1 2 , Group 2 , a t Hug lf ing , Ldkr. We i lhe im, a ssoc ia ted w ith a n an av ice l la f ibu la w i th l a tera l knobs o n t he b ow ( Zwe iknoff ibe l) ( G. K ossack 1 959 :244, Taf . 1 00, 1 1 .235 , Taf . 1 03 , 1 4). A s econd t ype o f f astener i s t he ' doub leloop ' wh ich r efers t o r ings w i th f la t-sect ion t erm ina ls, o f ten w i th a t r iangu lar t ip, i n e ach o f wh ich a c ircu lar h o le i s p ierced. A v ar ia t ion o f t h is i s t he ' l oopa nd-hook ' f as tener. The r ing h as o ne p erfora ted f l a t-sect ion t erm ina l , s im i lar t o t he a bove, w i th a c orrespond ing h ook o n t he o ther t erm ina l. One t ore w i th a d oub leloop f astener c omes f rom t he c entra l bur ia l o f t he t r ip le s uper imposed i nhuma t ion Grave 8 9 a t ' l es J ogasses ', ( J.-J . Hatt a nd P . Roua le t 1 976 :437 , P l. 2 7 , 9 84). I n t he B erry, t ore f ragments w i th l oop f as teners w ere f ound i n t umu l i bur ia ls a t I neu i l ( F ig . 6 4, 8 ) a nd a t ' l a F ont-au-Pa in ', S t-A ignan-des-Noyers ( F ig . 6 4 , 1 6), C . ( M. Bourges). A t ore w i th a d oub leloop f astener ( F ig. 2 9 , 5 ) c omes f rom t he Ha D warr ior-grave a t ' l es L ongra is ', S oumont-StQuent in, Ca Iv . ( B. Ede ine 1 961a :354, 3 56 f ig . 5 ). S im i lar f asteners a re known o uts ide t he B as in i n t he l a te Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I . A r ing w ith a l oop-and-hook f astener c omes f rom Tumu lus 3a t ' Au Dessus d e Bacchus ', Refranche, D . ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :333, P l. 5 7, 1 0). Tores a nd b race lets w i th d oub leloop f as teners a re r e lat ive ly c ommon i n t he l a ter Ha D i n t he Sw iss J ura a nd P lateau ( W. Drack 1 970 :48, 7 7 Abb. 7 1, 7 5 Abb. 7 0). I n L ower A lsace, d oub leloop a nd l oop-and-hook f as teners, u sua l ly o n b race lets, a re d a ted t o t he Ha D /L.T. I ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930: 2 42). A t ore w i th a d oub leloop f astener, w i th a b ronze p enannu lar r ing i n o ne l oop, was f ound w i th a c h i ld i nhuma t ion i n Tumu lus 3 a t F ischereck, Bas-R. ( ib id. : 12-13, 1 3 f ig. 8 ). A p a ir o f f i l iform b racel e ts w i th d oub leloop f asteners w ere a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze t ore w i th 6 8

g lobu lar t ermina ls w i th a c entra l c ircu lar d isc a nd a P 4-type f ibu la i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 2 a t We i tbruch, Bas-R. ( ib id .:101, 1 02 f ig. 9 0C). Brace lets w i th l oop-and-hook f asteners a re a lso known f rom t he t umu l i c emeter ies o f t he F or t d e Haguenau, n otab ly a t Maegstub, Bas-R., where a p a ir o f b race lets were f ound w i th a F 3-type f ibu la i n Grave 5 i n Tumu lus 2 0, G roup C ( ib id. : 162-163 , 1 54 1 38D). Another p a ir o f b race lets w i th l oop-and-hook f asteners c ome f rom Gr ies, Bas-R., p oss ib ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a d Z3-type f ibu la ( ib id.: 1 75-176 , 1 69 f ig . 1 50L). A t orc w i th a d oub leloop i7 s-t ener c omes f rom Marp ingen, Kr. S anktWende l, i n t he Hunsrück-Eife l, a l though i t s c ontext i s unknown ( A. Haffner 1 976 :350 , Taf . 8 9 , 1 ). Torcs a nd b race lets w i th ' t onguein-g love ' f as teners, t erm ina ls t ha t f asten by means o f a mort ise-and-tenon, a ppear i n t he Ha D . These f asteners h ave b een f ound a t ' l es J ogasses t, n ame ly t he b race let i n G rave 7 7, a nd t he t orc i n Grave 8 8 ( J.-J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976: 4 35 , 4 37 , P l. 2 1 , 9 32, 2 6 9 82). A s im i lar t ore ( F ig . 3 5 , 7 ) c omes f rom Grave 4 a t ' l a Mo te l le Verboyen ', Hauv ind , Ard. ( L. S imonnet 1 938 :4). A p a ir o f t orcs ( F ig . 6 8 , 1 -2) a re known f rom G rave 3 i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' ChAnes-Montors ', S t-Den is-de-Pa l in , C . ( M. Bourges). Torcs a nd b race lets w i th t onguein-g love f as teners a re r are i n L ower A lsace. B race lets w i th a mor t ise-and-tenon f as tener a re c loser t o t he ' p lug-in-socket ' t ype t han t he t onguein-g love f as tener, a s t he f i l iform b race lets f rom Grave 4 i n Tumu lus 3 8 i n t he We issensee-Oberfe ld g roup i n t he F o it t d e Haguenau, a nd f rom Tumu lus 1 , Group C , a t Maegstub ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :14 , 1 7 f ig . 1 2, 1 39 f ig . 1 22). They a re d a ted t o t he Ha D / L . T. I ( ib id . : 242). A t ore w ith a t ongueing love f astener f rom D i l l ingen-Pach ten, Kr ; S aar lou is, i n t he HunsrückE ife l, i s d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he Ha D , A . Haffner 's HEK I B ( 1976: 9 , 3 41, Taf . 8 2, 2 , Be i lage 1 ). Two b race le ts w i th a t onguein-g love f astener f rom Bü lach, Z ür ich, a re d a ted t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ha D ( W. Drack 1 970 :44, 5 9 Abb. 4 9, 3 4-35). A l l t hese t ypes o f f as teners b ecome more c ommon a nd w idespread i n t he c ourse o f t he e ar ly L .T. I o n ly t o d isappear s hort ly t hereaf ter ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :39-44 , P l . 2 7 , 3 0, 3 4-39). The ir o r ig in, h owe ver, i s t o b e s ought i n t he p reced ing Ha D phase. 7 .10

I ron t orcs a nd b race lets

The u se o f i ron t o p roduce t orcs a nd b race lets, a lbei t l ess p referr ed t han b ronze, i s a s w idespread i n t he P ar is Bas in a s e lsewhere i n t he Westha l lsta ttkre is i n t he Ha C a nd D ( A. R ieth 1 942:37-38, 7 0-73). I ron t orcs a nd b race lets a re r e la t ive ly c ommon i n t he Champagne i n t he l ater Ha D . One o f t he e ar l iest f inds c omes f rom Grave B a t ' Haut d e l a Greve ', E curyle-Repos, M ., t entat ive ly d a ted t o t he l a te Ha C o r e ar ly D , where a p a ir o f i ron p enannu lar knobbed b race lets w ere r ecovered s im i lar t o b ronze e xamp les f rom t he s ame f l a tinhuma t ion g rave ( A. Br isson 1 941 :5 4, 5 5 f ig . 4 ). Another i ron p enannu lar knobbed b race let ( F ig . 3 8, 6 ), w i th t ransverse l i near i nc is ions b etween t he knobs, c omes f rom J u l ly-sur-Sarce, Au. ( M. Troyes). I ron t orcs a nd b race lets, e spec ia l ly t he f ormer, a re known i n t he Ha D f la ti nhuma t ion c emetery a t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly , M ., where t hey w ere most o f ten a ssoc ia ted w i th b ronze a rm i l lae a nd b ronze b e lt-buck les a nd s tuds, a s i n Graves 1 17 , 1 21, 1 23 a nd 1 38 ( J .-J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976 :4 39-441). I ron b race lets were f ound w i th i ron a rrow-heads, a n i ron qu iver-base a nd a b ronze a nd i vory qu iverl id i n Grave 5 3 , a nd

6 9

w i th a n i ron d a22er w i th a b ronze c rescent-moon c hape i n Grave 1 92 ( ib id.:434, 4 45, P l . 1 6, 8 89, 5 6, 1 216). I n Grave 2 5 a t ' l es C iry-Sa lsogne, A ., a n i ron o va l p enannu lar b race let w i th t aper ing t erm ina ls was a ssoc iated w i th t wo H a D /L.T. I i ron d aggers, a n i ron kn ife, a n i ron j ave l in-head a nd a s ch ist b race let (H. Huber t 1 902:197-198, 1 97 f ig . 2 9 , 6 ). A t ' Charva is ', He i ltzl 'Ev &p le, M ., a n i ron p enannu lar b race let a ccompan ied a t ubu lar b ronze t ore, b ronze a rmi l lae a nd a b ronze b e lt-buck le i n Grave 3 2 ( Moug in 1 879 :110-112 , P l. 4 , 7 ). I ron t orcs were a ssoc iated w ith b ronze a rm i l lae i n t he f l ati nhuma t ion c emetery a t ' l a Mote I le ', Warm6r iv i l le, M ., i n Graves 5 , 1 0 a nd 2 3, t he l a tter a lso c onta in ing a p a ir o f i ron b race lets ( BosteauxP ar is 1 894 : 7 00-701). I n t he Haute-Marne, a n i ron b race let c omes f rom Grave A , d a ted t o t he l a te Ha C , i n t he t umu lus a t ' Combot tes ', Cusey ( G. Wamser 1 975 :74 , 1 23 n o. 2 02). A p a ir o f i ron b race lets were a lso f ound w i th b ronze a rm i l lae i n t he ma le i nhuma t ion bur ia l a t ' S t-Ce les t in ', B ourges, C . ( A. d e L ac haussee 1 873). Two i ron t orcs w i th g lobu lar t erm ina ls ( F ig . 6 2 , 7 -8), w ere a ssoc ia ted w i th a p a ir o f b ronze a ngu lar knobbed b race lets a nd ap a ir o f b ronze ' r ibbon '-brace lets i n a n i nhuma t ion g rave i n Tumu lus 2a t ' Creuzet ', C ous t, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 886-87). F ive i ron p enannu lar b race lets c ome f rom Grave 2 i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Touze l ' i n t he s ame c ommune ( Id. : 1888-89). The ma jor i ty o f t he b race lets f rom t he H a t umu lus a t ' l a Bonne ter ie ', V ie lmanay, N ., were i ron p enannu lar b race lets ( R . O ctobon 1 975 :6 -8) . Two f ragmen ts o f t w isted i ron t orcs were a lso f ound i n t he s ame t umu lus ( ib id.). The ma jor ity o f Ha i ron t orcs a nd b race lets a re d istr ibuted a long t he e as tern a nd s outhern f r inges o f t he P ar is Bas in 1 3 wh ich c orrespond t o t he c oncentra t ion o f t he l arge Ha C a nd D c eme ter ies. They a re t o b e i nterpreted i n c on junct ion w i th t he ir b ronze c ounterparts o f wh ich t hey a re mos t ly c op ies. I ron t orcs a nd b race lets, a s s uch, d o n ot e xh ibi t n ew f orms i n s ty le o r c ompos i t ion f rom t he ir b ronze p roto types. I ron b race lets a re known a s e ar ly a s t he Ha B i n Burgundy. An i ron b race let was f ound w i th a b ronze b race le t, a b ronze v ase-headed p in, f ive b ronze c ha inl inks a nd p ottery s herds i n t he i nhumat ion g rave i n Tumu lus B a t t he Chaumes d 'Auvenay, C .-d 'O. ( A. Ber trand 1 861: 7 -8, P l. B5). An i ron b race let w ith g lobu lar t erm ina ls was a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron Ha C s word i n Tumu lus 1 a t Buceyles-Gy, H te-S. ( J .-P. M i l lo tte 1 963a :276 n o. 9 1). A p a ir o f i ron b race lets w ere f ound w i th t hree b ronze knobbed a nk le-r ings a nd a b ronze ' r ibbon '-brace le t i n G rave F i n Tumu lus 2 a t G enay, C .-d 'O. ( F. Henry 1 933:138). I n L ower A lsace, i ron t orcs a nd b race le ts a re r are. I ron a nk ler ings h ave b een f ound i n c omb ina t ion w i th b ronze a nk le-r ings , n o tab ly i n G rave 4 i n Tumu lus 7 a t Kurzge länd, Bas-R. where o ne i ron a nd t wo b ronze a nk le-r ings ( a t e ach a nk le) w ere a ssocia ted w i th a l ea ther b e lt w i th p laques i n s heet-bronze, a b ronze t ore w i th d oub le-hook f as tener, s ix b ronze p ins w i th h o l low s pher ica l h eads a nd a p a ir o f c rescen t-shaped e arr ings i n s heet-bronze ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 : 2 50 , 5 8, 5 7 f ig . 5 1C). I n t he m idd le Rh ine r eg ion, i ron t orcs a nd b race lets a re d a ted t o t he Ha D , A . Haffner 's HEK I A2 ( 1976: 1 0, B e i lage 1 ). An i ron t ore a nd b race let w ere f ound w i th a b ronze t ore a nd t wo s ets o f f ive b ronze p enannu lar b race lets w i th t ransverse l i near i ncis ions i n Grave 2 i n 7 0

Tumu lus 5 a t Rascheid-Ge isfe ld, Kr. Tr ier ( ib id. : 386-387 , Taf . 1 18 , 8 -9). A s imi lar d a te i s g iven f or t he i ron t ore f ragment f rom Grave 3 i n Tumu lus 2 9 a t N iederwe is-Kaschenbach, Kr. B i tburg •( ib id. : 282 , Taf . 5 8 , 9 ). An i ron t ore w i th g lobu lar t ermina ls, d a ted t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ha D2, c omes f rom a n i nhuma t ion g rave a t ' F irmenge lände Asbach ', R t idesheim, Kr. Rheingau ( H. P o lenz 1 973 :Taf . 4 9 , 2 , Be i lage 1n o. 4 0). I ron b race lets w i th g lobu lar t erm ina ls a re known f rom t he Ha u rnf ie ld a t S ta tzendorf , i n L ower Aus tr ia, i n Graves 1 7, 1 8 a nd 2 3 ( A. Dunge l 1 908 :16 f ig . 5 9 , 1 , 1 7 f ig . 6 4, 2 , 1 9 f ig . 7 7 , 1 ). The i ron b race lets a nd t orcs f rom t he Bas in a re l oca l p roducts, i m i tations o f l oca l b ronze o rnaments. A s imi lar c ase c an b e a dvanced f or t he v ar ious r eg ions r ev iewed a bove. The u se o f i ron f or b race lets a nd t orcs, a nd o ther o b jects o f p ersona l a dornment s uch a s f ibu lae, d isappears i n t he e ar ly L .T. I when i ron g radua l ly l ooses i t s ' prest ige ' s tatus a s an ew me ta l. I t i s r eta ined o n ly where i t s p ropert ies a re more f u l ly e xp lo i ted: i n weaponry, c har iot-f i ttings a nd i n t he manuf acture o f v ar ious t oo ls.

NOTES 1 . Arm-bands i n s heet-bronze w i th a n i nc ised g eometr ic mot if a re r el at ive ly f requent i n t he J ura i n t he Ha D ( J.-P. M i l lo tte 1 963a : 1 94-195). The e xamp le f rom Droupt-St-Bas le b e longs t o t he s horter a nd s l immer v ar iety, W . Drack 's Gruppe B (1 965 : 1 9 , 2 0 Abb. 8 ). These h ave a w idespread d is tr ibut ion, a nd a re f ound o n t he Sw iss P lateau a nd J ura, a nd i n A lsace, a s i n Grave 6 i n Tumu lus 1 9 a t Kurzge länd, Bas-R., a ssociated w i th Ha D ma ter ia l ( ib id.:21 Karte 3 ; J .-P. M i l lo tte 1 963a :194 ; C . F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :67 f ig. 6 00, 2 47-248). I n Bavar ia , s im i lar a rm-bands a re a lso d a ted t o t he Ha D ( G. Kossack 1 959 :32, Taf . 1 4, 1 1). F or t ubu lar b ronze t orcs, s ee s ect ion 2 .1 . 2 . They c an b e c ompared w i th t he f ragment f rom ' l es Grandes Chape l les ', Br ion, I . ( 0. Buchsenschutz e t a l . 1 979 :418-419 , 4 13 f ig. 7 , 3 ). 3 . A l arge v ar iety o f b ronze knobbed b race lets a re known i n t he J ura t hroughout t he Ha C a nd D ( J.-P. M i l lo tte 1 963a :170-171 , 1 84-185). 4 . J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let h ave d a ted t ubu lar t orcs w i th a l arge d iameter, wood c ore a nd a " Stöpse lversch luss" f as tener, t o t he f i rst ' Jogass ian ' p hase, t he Ha Ia ( 530-500), a nd t ubu lar t orcs w i th a s ma l ler d iameter, l oess o r s and c ore a nd a " Nietversch luss" f as tener, t o t he s econd p hase, t he Ha lb ( 500-475) ( 1977 : 1 0). Tubu lar t ore s w i th a n i nc ised o rnament, s and c ore a nd a " Nietversch luss" f astener a re d a ted, by t he s ame a uthors, t o t he ir E ar ly L .T. I a ( 475-450) ( ibid.:11). 5 . A p a ir o f e ar ly L .T . If ibu lae a lso a ccompan ied b race let w i th a " Nietversch luss" f as tener, w i th i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Vonsgewann ', Oberzerf-Irsch, t he Hunsrt ick-Eife l ( A. Haffner 1 976:335 , Taf .

at ubu lar b ronze o ne r ivet s t i l l e xtant, Kr. S aarburg , i n 7 2, 8 ).

6 . Tubu lar o rnaments w ere n o t e xc lus ive ly r eserved f or women a s h as b een s tated o n o ccas ion. A t ubu lar a nk le-r ing was f ound a ssoc iat ed w i th a Ha D a ntennae-h i lted d agger a nd a b e lt-p laque i n s heetbronze w ith a s tamped g eometr ic mo t if i n a n i nhuma t ion g rave i n Tumu lus 2 a t t he ' Murots B leus ', Cröancey, C . -d 'O. ( G. Wamser 7 1

1 975 :123 n o. 2 00). Tubu lar t orcs a ccompan ied Ha D d aggers i n t he t umu lUs a t N iederraunau, Ldkr. Krumbach, i n Bavar ia , a nd i n G rave 7 03 a t Ha l ls ta tt, S a lzkammergut. 7 . A more d istant p ara l le l c an b e made w i th t he t ore f rom t he Ha D Tumu lus D5 a t ' Kön igsfe ld ', Rasche id, Kr. T r ier ( A. Haffner 1 976: 3 84, Taf . 1 16 , 5 ). I t h as a pp l ied c on ica l d iscs a nd l oop a ttachments o n t he s tem. 8 . C ircu lar-sect ion a rm i l lae p reda te quadrangu lar-sect ion a rm i l lae i n t he t umu l i bur ia ls o f t he upper Marne. The f ormer, l ess numerous i n g raves, i s p laced i n t he l a ter Ha C , t he l a tter i n t he l a ter H a D ( L. L epage 1 980 :82-83). 9 . The s ame a uthors ment ion s im i lar a rm i l lae f rom Grave 1 23 a t t he c emetery o f Agu l lana , Gerona , i n n ortheas tern S pa in, d a ted t o t he s econd phase o f t he c emetery, t o C . 6 50-550 ( B. D edet a nd M . P y 1 973 : 5 6). 1 0. One ' cog-whee l ' b race let whose p rovenance i s uncerta in i s d epos i ted i n t he Musde d e P icard ie a t Am iens, S om. ( A. Op i tresco-Dodd e t a l . 1 978 :42 n o. 1 54, 4 3 f ig . 2 3). 1 1. Brace lets ' r ä r oues d 'engrenages" a re known f rom t he Cöte-d 'Or . R . Bu lard f ound s evera l i n t he t umu lus a t Roche l imard, A isey-surS e ine, a nd i n t he t umu lus a t Tarperon, B eauno tte; a nd I vory f ound o ne i n t he t umu lus a t F ourcho ire, A ignayle-Duc ( E. F loues t 1 883 : 1 6-18). These f inds h ave n o t b een v er if ied . The t erm ' cogwhee l ' i n F rench h as b een u sed, o n o ccas ion, t o d eno te s ma l l mass ive b ronze knobs g enera l ly. I f i ndeed t hey a re ' cog-whee l ' b race lets , a s d ef ined a bove, t he f inds f rom t he Nr övre, Yonne a nd Aube may b e i nterpreted a s o r ig ina t ing i n t he C6 te-d 'Or , a s a rgued b e low. 1 2. Groups o f s ix t o s even b race lets w orn t ogether but n ot j o ined a re known i n t he B erry, n ame ly i n t he I ndre, a t ' l es Grandes Chape l les ', Br ion, a nd ' l a P rde ', S ery; a nd i n t he Cher, a t ' l a P dr isse t, Dun-sur-Auron, a nd S ennaQay ( 0. Buchsenschutz e t a l . 1 979 :410). 1 3 . Outs ide t he ma in c entres o f d is tr ibut ion , t he p a ir o f i ron p enannu lar b race lets w i th t aper ing t erm ina ls c an b e c i ted f rom Grave 4 , t he p a ir o f i ron t orcs f rom G rave 6 , a nd t he i ron b race let w i th a g reen g lass-paste b ead f rom Grave 8 , i n t he Ha D f la t-inhuma t ion c emetery a t ' l a Dronn iere ', I fs, Ca lv. ( C. Varoqueaux 1 966). The b race let f rom Grave 8 may h ave h ad knobs o r t ransversa l l i near i nc is ions.

7 2

CHAPTER 8 BELTS AND ACCESSORIES

8 .1

Be lt-buck les ( L ist 1 9 , Map 1 1)

Two t ypes o f s heet-bronze b e lt-buck les a re known i n t he P ar is Basin. The f i rs t g enera l ly c ons ists o f ar ectangu lar o r s quare ' hee l ' w i th l a tera l c lamps o r r ivets, w i th a t r iangu lar e xtens ion w i th a h ook a t i t s a pex. A number o f buck les i n t h is g roup a re r educed t o s imp le e longated t r iang les. The e xposed s urfaces a re o f ten o rnamented w i th a n i ncised o r embossed g eometr ic mo t if . S ix e xamp les o f t h is t ype were f ound a t ' l es J ogasses i, Chou i l ly, M ., i n Graves 3 5 , 1 16 , 1 21, 1 30 a nd 1 38 , mos t f requent ly a ssociated w i th F 2-type f ibu lae, b ronze a rmi l lae, t ubu lar b ronze a nd i ron t orcs, a nd b ronze b e lt-s tuds ( J.-J . Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:432, 4 39-441 , P l. 1 1 , 3 5 , 3 7 , 4 0-41 , 4 3). No t wo b e lt-buck les a t ' l es J ogasses ' a re s imi lar i n d eta i l, v ary ing f rom t he buck le w i th a l arge r ectangu lar ' hee l ' o rnamented w i th a n embossed l i near mot if w i th a s hort a nd n arrow t r iangu lar p ro ject ion, i n . Grave 1 16, t o t he s imp le unornamented e longated t r iangu lar buck le, a ssoc ia ted w i th t he r ightinhuma t ion i n Grave 1 30. A b e lt-buck le w i th a s hort r ectangu lar ' hee l ' w i th a t r iangu lar e xtens ion, w i th s tepped s ides, o rnamented w i th a n i ncised ' au t remo lo ' ( i .e. z ig-zag) a nd embossed mot if , was f ound i n Grave 3 2 a t ' Charva is ', H e i ltzl 'Eveque, M ., a ss ociated w i th Ha D ma ter ia l wh ich i nc luded a t ubu lar b ronze t ore, b ronze a rmi l lae a nd a n i ron b race let ( Moug in 1 879 :111 , P l . 4 , 8 ). A r ectangu lar b e lt-buck le w i th s erra ted e dges, w i th a s hort t r iangu lar e xtens ion, a nd w i th t hree i ron r ivets, c omes f rom Grave 1 a t ' Säche P ierre ', Chamou i l ley , H te-M., w i th a t ubu lar b ronze t ore a nd t ubu lar b ronze a nk le-r ings ( L. L epage 1 967 :111, 1 12 f ig . 3 , 4 ). Grave 2 , i n t he s ame f la tinhumat ion c emetery, c onta ined a n unornamented e longa ted t r iangu lar b e lt-buck le, a s w e l l a s b ronze a rmi l lae a nd a p a ir o f F 2-type f ibu lae w i th a ' t ab le-foo t ' ( ib id.:111, 1 12 f ig . 3 , 3 ). A t h ird b e ltbuck le f rom Chamou i l ley c ons ists o f t wo e longa ted t r iangu lar buck les , o ne o rnamented w i th s t ipp l ing a long t he s ides, j o ined a t t he ir a pex by a n i ron r ing ( ib id .:112, 1 12 f ig. 3 , 2 ). A b e lt-buck le w i th a r ectang u lar ' hee l ' w i th a t r iangu lar e xtens ion o rnamented w i th a n i ncised ' au t remo lo ' a nd embossed mo tif c omes f rom Tumu lus C a t E sseyles-Eaux, H te-M. ( J . Deche lette 1 913a :862 f ig . 3 59 , 2 -3). A s im i lar b e lt-buck le was f ound i n i nhuma t ion Grave D i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a Mo ttote ', N i jon , H te-M., w i th i t s b ronze s tudded l eather s trap, a nd b ronze a rmi l lael ( Ga l l ia P re-h ., 1 9 , 1 976:477 ; L . L epage 1 980:27-28 , P l. 1 3 , 9 ). A t r iangu lar b e lt-buck le c omes f rom Grave 3 7 i n Tumu lus 3 a t t he ' Bas du Chate let ', V i tryl&s-Nogent, H te-M. ( P. Ba l let 1 971-333 ; L . L epage 1 980 :72, P l . 8 6, 2 5). A s econd t ype o f b e l t-buck le, r epresented i n t he Bas in by a s ing le e xamp le, i s o va l o r ' t ongue '-shaped ( lanceo la te) w i th a h ook a t o ne e nd, a nd l atera l c lamps a t t he o ther e nd. The e xposed s urfaces a re o f ten o rnamented w i th a n i ncised l inear mot if . A b e lt-buck le o f t h is t ype was f ound i n t he c en tra l d oub leinhuma t ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t

7 3

' Sur l e Beauva is ', Ma i l lyle-Châ teau, Y ., a ssoc ia ted w i th Ha D ma ter ia l wh ich i nc luded f our b ronze ' whee l '-pendants, b ronze ' be l l '-pendants, b ronze b e lt-s tuds w i th a s tamped o rnament a nd a b ronze-w ire t ore w i th a d oub le-hook f as tener ( G. Wamser 1 975 :137 n o . 4 48). Be l t-buck les w i th a r ectangu lar ' hee l ' w i th a t r iangu lar e xtens ion a re i dent if ied w i th t he F ranche-Comt4 , Burgundy a nd t he Champagne ( R. J offroy 1 954a : 3 05 ; J .-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :190; G . Wamser 1 975 : Be i lage 1 0). An unornamented e xamp le was f ound i n t he s econdary i nhumat ion Grave M i n Tumu lus 1 a t t he ' Bo is d e P araneo t ', MesnaY , a ssocia ted w i th a p a ir o f b ronze ' barre l '-brace lets a nd b e lt-studs w i th s tamped c oncentr ic c irc les ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :316 n o . 2 95 , P l. 6 8 , I ). A f ine p a ir, w i th a n i ncised ' au t remo lo ' mo t if , c ome f rom Tumu lus 3 a t ' A R esseru i, Amancey, D . ( ib id. : 257 n o. 1 0 . P l . 6 0, 3 0-31). The r e lat ive ly h igh number o f s uch b e lt-buck les f rom t he t umu l i bur ia ls o f t he Doubs, a t Amancey ( no. 2 a t ' Chateau S arraz in '), Amondans ( no . 2a t ' Decret ') a nd R efranche ( no. 5 a t ' Com e Guerr iot '), a nd i n t he J ura , a t I vory ( no. 1 6 a t ' Mo idons '), h as l ed J .-P. M i l lotte t o s ugges t t hat t h is t ype h as i t s o r ig in i n t he F ranche-Comte ( ib id. : 190; R . J offroy 1 954a :308 , 3 09 f ig. 1 32, 5 -7). I ndeed, f ewer b e lt-buck les o f t h is t ype a re known f rom Burgundy. Examp les f rom t he C6 te-d 'Or h ave b een f ound i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' l a Meusse ', Ba igneuxles-Ju ifs, i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' l a Comme ', F onta ine-en-Duesmo is , a nd i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' l es Muro ts B leus ', Creancey ( G. Wamser 1 975 :113 n o. 6 8 , 1 27 n o . 2 68 , 1 23 n o. 2 00, Taf . 2 5 , 3 -4; R . J offroy 1 954a :307 , 3 09 f ig. 1 32, 1 2-13). An e xamp le w i th a n i ncised ' au t remo lo ' mot if , s im i lar t o t he e xamp le f rom F on ta inee n-Duesmo is , c omes f rom Chät i l lon-sur-Se ine, C . -d 'O. ( ib id. :3 053 06 f ig . 1 31). The c on texts o f t hese f inds a re n o t k nown . Ova l b e lt-buck les a re e spec ia l ly numerous i n t he J ura, p art icu lar ly i n t he a reas c overed by t he c antons o f Vaud a nd Neuchhte l, a nd o n t he Sw iss P la teau , w i th o ut l iers t o t he n orth, i n L ower A lsace, a nd t o t he wes t, i n Burgundy ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :190 ; G . Wamser 1 975 :166, B ei lage 1 0). The Sw iss f inds h ave b een d a ted t o t he e ar ly Ha D ( W. Drack 1 968-69 :13-17). One b e lt-buck le, f rom Grave 3 i n t he t umu lus a t a t ' l a Baraque ', Cress ier, Neuchate l , was f ound w i th b ronze b e lt-s tuds ( ibid, : 41 n o. 1 8). S uch a n a ssoc iat ion i s n ot uncommon i n t he F rench J ura , a s b e lt-studs o rnamented w i th s tamped c oncentr ic c irc les h ave b een f ound w i th o va l b e lt-buck les i n Tumu lus 1 a t L a C lfa te la ine, J ., a nd i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Mo idons ', I vory ( G. Wamser 1 975 :131 n o. 3 48 , 1 29 n o. 3 02). I n t he Doubs, b o th t ypes o f b e l t-buck les a re known f rom t he s ame t umu lus, a lbe i t n ot i n t he s ame g rave, n o tab ly i n Tumu lus 6 a t ' Aux Grands P o ir iers ', a nd i n Tumu lus 3 a t ' A Resseru ', Amancey, a nd i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Ddcre t ' ( ib id. : 111 n os. 4 2, 4 4 , 4 6). A p a ir o f o va l b e lt-buck les c ome f rom Tumu lus 1 a t 'Au Cassard ' ,F lagey, D ., wh ich a lso c on ta ined t wo b ronze 'whee l ' pendan ts ( ib id.:126 n o . 2 57 ). Bronze whee l ' pendan ts, a s we l l a s as emi-c ircu lar b ronze r azor , were f ound w i th a n o va l b e l t-buck le i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' St-Germa in ' , I gd, S .-et-L . ( ib id. : 129 n o . 2 95). I n t he C o te-d ' Or, o n ly t wo s uch buck les h ave b een f ound. One c omes f rom Tumu lus 1 0 a t t he B as d e C or nett & , F leury-sur-Ouche, a ssoc ia ted w i th a f ragmen t o f a b ronze ' be l l '-pendan t, a b ronze r ound-headed p in a nd i ron f ragments b e long ing t o e i ther a sword o r kn ife ( ib id. : 127 n o . 2 63). The s econd o va l b e l t-buck le was f ound i n Grave A i n Tumu lus 2 a t 'Banges ' , M inot w i th b e lt-s tuds o rnamented w i th s tamped c oncentr ic c irc les ( ibid.: 1 41-142 n o. 5 39).

7 4

There c an b e l i tt le d oubt t hat t he t wo t ypes o f b e lt-buck les f ound i n t he Bas in o r ig ina ted i n t he J ura a nd F ranche-Comtd, a nd were i ntrod uced v ia Burgundy s ometime i n t he Ha D . The ir d is tr ibut ion, a long t he e astern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, p o ints i n t ha t d irect ion. The v ar iety i n d eta i l , a s s hown, f or e xamp le, by t he b e lt-buck les f rom ' l es J ogasses ', c an b e i nterpreted a s a n a dapta tion t o h igh ly i nd iv idua l l oca l t astes. These b e l t-buck les may owe t he ir u lt ima te o r ig in t o L .B.A. mode ls ( F. Audouze 1 974 :232-246 ; I . K i l ian-D ir lme ier 1 975). Th is , h owever , r ema ins t o b e s een. 8 .2

Be lt-studs ( L ist 2 0, Map 1 1)

Be lt-s tuds a re c ircu lar d iscs, o f ten s tamped w i th a mo t if o f c oncent r ic c irc les, s ome t imes h em ispher ica l a nd unornamented, w i th l atera l c lamps o r ' c laws ' wh ich w ere i nser ted i n t he l eather, c loth o r b ark b e lt-strap. A t ' l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly , M ., unornamented b e lt-studs, a nd t hose w i th s tamped c oncentr ic c irc les, w ere f ound i n G raves 1 21 , 1 23 , 1 30 ( r ight i nhumat ion), 1 38 a nd 1 52 ( J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:4404 42, P I, 3 7-38 , 4 1 , 4 3, 4 7). They w ere most o f ten a ssoc ia ted w i th b ronze a rm i l lae, t ubu lar b ronze a nd i ron t orcs, F 2-type f ibu lae, a nd b e lt-buck les i n s heet-bronze. Bronze a rm i l lae, a t ubu lar b ronze t ore, a nd i ron a nd b ronze w ire f ragments, w ere a lso f ound w i th b e lt-s tuds w i th s tamped c oncentr ic c irc les i n a f la tinhumat ion g rave a t Tau H erbeau ', Cuper ly, M . ( D. Chossenot e t a l . 1 977 :29-32 , 3 1 f ig. Ti , 1 ). B e lt-studs were r ecovered f rom t he f la tinhuma t ion Grave 6 a t ' l es Var i l les ', Bouy, M . ( A. N ica ise 1 884: 3 5), a nd i n a nother g rave a t t he ' Cö les-en-Marne ', E cury-sur-Coo le, M . a ssoc iated w i th b ronze a rm i l lae ( A. Th idro t 1 931 :38-51). Outs ide t he Champagne, b e lt-s tuds w i th s tamped c oncentr ic c irc les were f ound a ttached t o al eather s trap a rranged i n s even l ong i tud ina l r ows, w i th o ne r ow o f h em ispher ica l s tuds a t t he t op, w i th a b e ltbuck le i n s heet-bronze, i n Grave D i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a Mottote ', N i jon, H te-M. ( L. L epage 1 980 :27-28 , P l. 1 3 , 9 ). Be lt-s tuds w i th l atera l c lamps were a lso r ecovered i n a s econdary i nhuma t ion bur ia l i n t he t umu lus a t Vharmo ise l les ', Ro lampont, H te-M. ( G. Dr ioux 1 941: 7 8) . Be lt-studs o rnamented w i th a s tamped mot if ( ?concentr ic c irc les) w ere a ssociated w i th t he o va l b e lt-buck le i n t he t umu lus a t ' Sur l e Beauva is ' , Ma i l lyle-Chä teau t ,Y . ( G. Wamser 1 975 :137 n o. 4 48). As h as b een s hown a bove, b e lt-studs, many o rnamented w i th s tamped c oncentr ic c irc les, h ave b een f ound w i th b e lt-buck les w i th r ectangu lar ' hee ls ' w i th t r iangu lar e xtens ions , a nd w i th o va l b e lt-buck les, i n b oth t he J ura a nd Burgundy. F . H enry, c i t ing t he b e lt-studs w i th s tamped c oncentr ic c irc les f rom Tumu l i 2a nd 7 a t ' Banges ', M inot, f rom P ra lon a nd t he t umu lus a t ' l es Roches ', F leurey-sur-Ouche, s aw t hem a s t he e ar l iest t ype o f b e lt o rnament i n t he Ha t umu l i bur ia ls o f t he C ö te-d 'Or ( 1833 :6 4 , 6 6). A t P ra lon, t he b e lt-studs w ere f ound w i th a b ronze s em ic ircu lar r azor, o f F . Henry 's Type C , a nd b ronze a rmi l lae, i n t he s econdary i nhuma t ion Grave 1 , d atab le t o t he l a te Ha C o r e ar ly D ( G. Wamser 1 975 :147 n o. 6 28). S ince t hese b e lt-s tuds mos t o f ten a ccompany b e lt-buck les a nd a re a bsent f rom bur ia ls w i th b e lt-p la tes i n s heet-bronze, t hey b e long t o a s pec if ic t ype o f b e lt c omposed o f t hree ma in e lements: as trap o f o rgan ic ma ter ia l ( l eather, c lo th o r b ark); b ronze s tuds; a nd a b ronze

7 5

buck le. The s tuds, o n o ccas ion, may h ave c overed t he e nt ire s urface, o r a t l east a c onsiderable p ort ion o f t he s trap. They s omet imes o ccur i n l arge numbers, a s t he 2 37 s tuds f rom a s econdary i nhumat ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t F leurey- s ur-Ouche ( ibid.:127 n o. 2 67). The b e lt-studs f rom t he Bas in, l ike t he b e lt-buck les i n s heetb ronze whose d istr ibut ion t hey c omp lement, may h ave c ome f rom t he J ura v ia Burgundy. 8 .3

Be lt-p la tes ( Map 1 1)

Be lt-p lates i n s heet-bronze h ave a n ear ly e xc lus ive d istr ibi t ion i n t he Haute-Marne. 2 Except f or t he f ind f rom N i jon, t hey c ome f rom t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he V ingeanne v a l ley a nd t he Auber ive F ores t, a long t he d epartment 's s outhern b oundary. An unusua l f ind i s t he unornamented r ectangu lar p laque i n s heetb ronze w i th a n i ron c on ica l button a t o ne e nd t o wh ich i s a ttached a l eng th o f t w is ted i ron w ire f rom t he c rema t ion Grave B i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a Mottote ', N i jon ( Ga l l ia P re 1 1., 1 9 , 1 976 :477 , 4 76 f ig. 3 1 : L . L epage 1 980 :27, P l. 1 3 , 1 0). I t was a ssocia ted w i th a l arge quant i ty o f b ronze w ire, b e l ieved t o h ave b een s ewn o r ig ina l ly o nto a l ea ther s trap l ong i tud ina l ly w i th a n i ron h ook a t o ne e nd, a nd t wo b ronze f i l iform b race lets. A s ma l l r ectangu lar f ragment o f as heet-bronze b e ltp late o rnamented w i th a n embossed mot if o f s t ipp led S t-Andrew 's c rosses i n t wo l ong i tud ina l b ands s epara ted by p ara l le l embossed l i nes o r r ibs c omes f rom ' l a Cro ix-St-Th ibau lt ', Mon tsaugeon ( I. K i l ianD ir lme ier 1 972:62 n o. 3 82, Taf . 3 7). A s l ight ly l onger but i dent ica l b e lt-p laque was f ound i n Tumu lus 1a t ' Charmey ', i n t he s ame c ommune ( G. Wamser 1 975 :145 n o. 6 06; C . Roger e t a l 1 888 :P 1. n o. 1 2). 3 F ragments o f ab e lt-p late w i th a n embossed o rnament c omes f rom t he t umu lus a t ' l e Mou l in Brü ld ', Cource l les-sur-Au jon ( P. Ba l let 1 971:100 n o. 1 48 ; I . K i l ian-Dir lme ier 1 972:78 n o . 5 01). An unornamented s heet-bronze b e lt-p late, s ome 1 30 cm l ong , w i th t wo v ert ica l ' as traga l 'l ike t ubes , h em ispher ica l i n s ect ion , o rnamented w i th t ransverse l i near i nc is ions, a ttached t o t he e nd a nd f urther a long t he p la te by t hree i ron r ivets e ach, was f ound i n a s econdary i nhuma t ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t Champberceau T , E snoms-au-Va l ( P . Bou i l lero t 1 908 :74-75, P l. 1 , 1 0 : I . K i l ian-Dir lme ier 1 972:81 n o. 5 30, Taf . 5 0). 4 The b e lt-p late f rom Grave B a t N i jon h as b een c ompared t o o ne f rom Grave 7 i n t he H ohm iche le t umu lus a t Hunders ingen, Kr. S au lgau, b e long ing t o I . K i l ian-Dir lmeier 's Typ Hoss ingen ( L. L epage 1 980 :27; I . K i l ian-Dir lme ier 1 972:14-16, 1 5 n o. 3 8 , T af . 4 ). The t ype i s f ound c lustered i n s outhern Württemberg , w i th o ut l iers i n A lsace, Sw i tzer land, Bavar ia a nd a t Ha l ls tatt. The b e lt-p late f ragment f rom ' l a Cro ix-St-Th ibau lt ', i s a ttr ibuted by I . K i l ian-Dir lme ier t o h er Typ Arbo is, d is tr ibuted i n F ranc l ie-Comtd a nd s outhern Württemberg ( 1972: 6 2-63). I ts s tipp led g eometr ic o rnament, I . K i l ian-Dir lme ier 's Dekorgruppe 3 , i nd icates a p oss ib le o r ig in i n t he F rench J ura a nd i n w estern Sw i tzer land ( ibid.:113 , T af . 1 14 n o. 3 82). S imi lar b e lt-p la tes a re r e lat ive ly r are i n Burgundy ( G. Wamser 1 975 : 7 8). They o ccur i n l ater Ha D c ontexts , a s t he e xamp le f rom Tumu lus 2 a t ' Murots B leus ', Crdancey, C . -d 'O., a ssociated w i th a n i ron a ntennae-h i lted d agger a nd a p a ir o f t ubu lar b ronze a nk le-r ings ( ibid .:78 , 1 23 n o. 2 00, Taf . 2 5 , 1 , 6 ). A b e lt-p la te w i th a n embossed o rnament, s im i lar t o t he s heet-bronze f ragment f rom Cource l les-surAu jon, c omes f rom t he ' Mont-Lasso is ', V ix, C . -d 'O. ( I. K i l ian-D ir lme ier 7 6

1 972 :78 n o . 5 06, T af . 4 8 n o. 5 06). The t wo o rnamented s heet-bronze b e lt-p la tes f rom t he Haute-Marne, a s w e l l a s t he Burgund ian e xamp les, may b e i nterpreted a s i mpor ts f rom o ne o f t he ma in c entres o f p roduct ion l ocated i n t he F ranche-Comte ' a nd w es tern Sw i tzer land , i n L ower A lsace a nd i n s outhern Wür ttemberg ( G. Wamser 1 975 :50-51 , 1 68-169 , Be i lage 1 4 ; W . Drack 1 968-69 :17-35 ; C . F . A . S chaeffer 1 930:2772 88). The unornamented s heet-bronze b e lt-p la te f rom E snoms-au-Va l b e longs t o I . K i l ian-Dir lme ier 's Typ G ero lf ing , more c ommon ly f ound i n s outhern Bavar ia , a nd p art icu lar ly i n t he c emetery a t Ha l ls tatt, S a lzkammergut (1 972: 8 0-82) . I . K i l ian-D ir le ier c ons iders t he E snoms-au-Va l b e lt-p late t o h ave b een u sed t o s uspend t he d agger wh ich i s s a id t o h ave b een f ound i n t he g rave ( ibid . : 82). 5 A lthough p erhaps o r ig ina t ing i n w es t c entra l Europe, t he b e lt-p la te f rom E snoms-au-Va l may h ave c ome v ia t he J ura a nd F ranche-Comtd where e xamp les n o t un l ike i t a re known, n ame ly f rom Tumu lus 3 a t ' Au Dessus d e Bacchus ', Refranche, D . ( G. Wamser 1 975 :149 n o . 6 50 , Taf . 1 2 , 2 ). The Upper Marn ian s heet-bronze b e lt-p la tes o ccupy a p er iphera l z one t o t he ma in c entres o f p roduct ion a nd d is tr ibut ion o f b e lt-p lates whose a ct iv i t ies e x tended t hroughout t he Ha D ( I . K i l ian-D ir lme ier 1 972: 2 -4). The ir p r imary d istr ibut ion c o incides w i th t he w est Ha l ls tatt z one o f Fürstengräber ( F. Ma ier 1 958 : 1 73). 8 .4

Be lt-buck le f rom Chäte l-Gerard, Yonne

An unusua l t wo-part b ronze b e lt-buck le, t he o n ly o ne o f i t s t ype known i n t he P ar is Bas in, c omes f rom a t umu lus bur ia l a t Chäte l-Gerard, Y . ( 0. K leemann 1 954 :122-124, 1 39 f ig. 4 , g ). I t c ons ists o f t wo o pen r ectang les, o ne w i th t wo s tems w i th h ook-term ina ls i n t he f orm o f s ty l ised a n ima ls p ro ject ing a t r ight a ng les f rom o ne o f t he r ectang les, t he o ther, w i th c orrespond ing s tems w i th l oop-term ina ls. S imi lar b e lt-buck les a re r e la t ive ly c ommon i n c entra l I ta ly where t hey were a ssociated w i th Ha D f ibu lae, n o tab ly i n a n i nhuma t ion g rave a t t he C irco lo d eg l i U l ivastr i , Vetu lonia , Grosseto, f ound w i th a s erpent i form f ibu la; a t S agrona, a lso a t Vetu lon ia , w i th a p a ir o f a s angu isuga f ibu lae; a nd i n a n u rn-cremat ion a t Ch ius i , S iena , w i th a n an av ice l la f ibu la ( 0. Monte l ius 1 895-1910:881-882 , P l . 1 95 , 9 , 9 77 , P l. 2 21 , 1 2 ; 1 912:83 f ig . 1 97 , 1 06 n o. 4 90). They h ave a lso b een f ound e as t o f t he Apenn ines a t Monte lparo , Macera ta , a nd i n t he c rema t ion G rave 1 2 a t Guerrucc ia , Vo lterra, L ivorno ( id. 1 895-1910 :766 , P l. 1 61 , 1 1, 8 01 , P l. 1 71, 1 9). F inds n orth o f t he A lps i nc lude t he b e l t-buck le f rom Moosburg, n ear München, i n L ower Bavar ia , a nd a n e xamp le f rom Rhe inh essen ( L. L indenschm i t 1 889 :Taf . 3 3 n os. 2 0-21). 0 . K leemann t enta t ive ly d ates t he Ch ke l-Gerard b e lt-buck le, a p roba b le I ta l ic i mpor t, t o t he e ar ly y ears o f t he s ixth c entury ( 1954 : 1 24). The p resence i n t he t umu l i bur ia ls a t Chäte l-Gerard o f l a ter Ha D mater ia l, s uch a s t ubu lar b ronze o rnaments , b ronze a rm i l lae, a nd a b ronze t r i lobate a rrow-head, may i nd ica te a s omewha t l a ter d ate f or t he b e lt-buck le. I t s hou ld b e n oted t hat b ronze t r i lobate a rrow-heads a lso o ccur i n f a ir ly l arge numbers i n c entra l I ta ly ( id. 1 953:348).

7 7

NOTES

1 .

The b e lt-buck les f rom Tumu lus C a t E sseyles-Eaux a nd Grave D a t N i jon, s im i lar t o e xamp les f rom t he Chä ti l lonna is a nd t he J ura , a re p laced a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he s er ies o f t r iangu lar buck les i n s heet-bronze, i n t he l a ter Ha C o r e ar ly D ( L. L epage 1 980 :7 3).

2 .

An o rnamented s heet-bronze f ragment f rom Bourges, C ., a n i sol a ted f ind, may b e t he c orner p iece o f ab e lt-p laque ( H. Breu i l a nd P . d e Goy 1 903).

3 .

They may i ndeed r efer t o o ne a nd t he s ame f ragment. On ly t he e xamp le f rom ' Charmey ' d isp lays t wo b ands o f s ix s tipp led S tAndrew 's c rosses wh i le t he ' St-Th ibau l t ' f ragment s hows t wo b ands o f o n ly f our s t ipp led c rosses. Th is a noma ly c annot b e e xp la ined by c hanges i n p reserva t ion o f a s ma l l f ragment s ince t he d raw ing o f t he s horter p iece ( c. 1 875) p reda tes t he l onger e xamp le ( c. 1 888).

4 .

Confus ion a r ises a s t o wh ich s econdary bur ia l i t b e longs, a nd c onsequent ly t he a ccompany ing g rave-assemb lage. A . F ouro t, t he e xcavator , ment ions o ne i ron h ook i n t he g rave a nd t wo o thers i n t he s po i l-heap. O ther a ssociat ions r ema in p rob lema tic: C . R oyer l i sts o ne i ron d agger w i th a l ong c y l indr ica l t ang , o ne b ronze c ircu lar-sect ion t ore, t wo t ubu lar b ronze a nk le-r ings a nd t wo t ubu lar b ronze b race lets; G . Dr ioux, o ne b ronze p enannu lar ' barre l '-brace let, b ronze a rm i l lae, t wo c rescent-shaped t ubu lar b ronze e arr ings, t wo l ign i te ' barre l '-brace lets; a nd P . Mouton , t wo l ign i te ' barre l '-brace lets, t wo b ronze p enannu lar b race lets w i th s erra ted e dges, f ive b ronze p enannu lar knobbed b race lets ( L. L epage 1 980 :6 9-70). G . Wamser a ttr ibutes t he b e l t-p late t o Grave 4 , a ssociated w i th a n i ron p seudo-anthropomorph ic d agger ( 1975 :125 n o. 2 35). The d agger i n ques t ion ( see Chapter 2 , n ote 8 ) i s a lso s a id t o c ome f rom a t umu lus bur ia l a t ' Monto i l les ', E snoms-au-Va l ( R. Bou i l lerot 1 908: 7 4). The b e lt-p late b e longed t o A . F ourot 's c o l lect ion, a nd was r ecovered un-recorded f rom t he I Chamberceau ' t umu lus t ogether w i th a l arge number o f o ther, most ly L .T. , a r tefacts. A lthough L . L epage f avours C . Royer 's a ccount, t he d agger e xc luded ( 1980 :70), t he c ontext o f t he b e ltp la te r ema ins i n d oubt.

5 .

S ee n ote 4 .

7 8

CHAPTER 9 F IBULAE'

9 .1 Bronze ' spectac le '-f ibu lae ( F: F ibu le h l unettes; G : Br i l lenf ibe l a nd V ierpassf ibe l, o r S p ira lp la ttenf ibe l) ( L is t 2 6) Two b ronze ' spectac le '-f ibu lae c ome f rom t he P ar is Bas in. Both a re i ncomp lete. One d oub le-sp ira l f ibu la ( F ig . 8 , 5 ) i s i nc luded i n t he Ha B/C h oard a t ' l a F ont-des-Corde l iers ', Argenton-sur-Creuse, I . ( H. Breu i l 1 902 :28-29). I t b e longs t o J . A lexander 's Type I b ( 1965 : 8 , 9i l. 2 ). I t c omb ines w i th Type I a , w i th a c entra l f igure-of-e ight, t o f orm P . Betz ler 's Typ Has lau-Rege lsbrunn ( 1974 :91-94, 1 29-130). Type I b h as a v ery w ide d a te-range, f rom b efore 1 000 t o 5 50 , a nd i s f ound i n c entra l Europe, Croa tia , a nd c entra l a nd s outhern Greece, w i th t he e ar l iest e xamp les a ppear ing i n Bohem ia a nd S i les ia , a nd t he l a test a t Ha l lsta tt, S a lzkammergut, a nd i n Bavar ia , d a ted t o t he Ha C ( J. A lexander 1 965 :8-11). P . Betz ler 's Typ Has lau-Rege lsbrunn i s d ated t o t he Ha B IC, a nd h as a ma in ly c entra l European d istr ibut ion, w i th e xamp les i n c entra l a nd s outhern Greece, a nd i n t he I ta l ian p en insu la ( 1974 :128-133 , T af . 8 2). The t ype i s e spec ia l ly we l l r epresented a t Ha l lstat t where o ver 3 00 e xamp les h ave b een f ound i n b o th c rema t ion a nd i nhuma t ion g raves i rrespect ive o f e i ther s ex o r a ge ( ib id. : 126-128). R . P eron i d ates t he d oub le-sp ira l f ibu la w i th t he c entra l f igure-ofe ight, a t Ha l lsta tt, t o t he Ha C2 a nd e ar ly D1 ( 1973 :17 , 4 1 f ig . 7 , 7 ). A . Duva l e t a l . p lace t he o n ly o ther F rench e xamp le, a s tray f ind f rom A l ise-Ste-Re ine, C . -d 'O., t o t he Ha B /C b ased o n t he e v idence f rom t he h oard o f Has lau-Rege lsbrunn, a t Bruck, N iederösterre ich, a nd f rom g raves a t Ha l lstatt ( 1974 : 7 ). The quadrup le-spira l f ibu la f rom Bavay ( F ig. 1 4 , 1 ), No., i s a n i so la ted f ind ( J .-P. Mohen 1 972 :463). I t b e longs t o J . A lexander 's Type I V ( 1965 : 1 5), r ough ly e qu iva lent t o P . B etz ler 's Typ Ma iersch o r t o r e lated t ypes ( 1974 : 1 43-145). Type I V i s d a ted f rom a bout 8 50 t o 5 00 ( J. A lexander 1 965 :8 i l. 1 ). I t h as a ma in ly s outh European d iffus ion, i n c entra l a nd s outhern I ta ly, a nd s ou thern Greece, but i s a lso f ound i n c entra l Europe i n t he Ha C a nd D ( ib id.: 1 5-17, 1 8 i l l . 1 0). Typ Ma iersch f ibu lae, wh ich d o n o t i nc lude t he I ta l ian quadrup le-sp ira l f ibu lae w i th c entra l o rnamented d iscs, a re c onf ined t o west c entra l Europe, most n otab ly a t Ha l lsta tt, where t hey a re d ated t o t he e ar ly Ha D ( P. Betz ler 1 974:145 , Taf . 8 4; R . P eron i 1 973 :17 , 4 5 f ig. 9 , 6 ). On ly t wo o ther quadrup le-sp ira l f ibu lae c ome f rom F rance. Both a re s tray f inds , o ne f rom t he Gard, a nd t he o ther f rom Marsa l , Mos. ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 : 7 ). They a re c omp lete, a nd r esemb le P . Betz ler 's i ta l ischen V ier—p assf ibe ln m i t Z ierb lechen, d ated i n I ta ly t o t he e ighth a nd s eventh c entur ies (1 974 : Taf . 6 7 ; J . Sundwa l l 1 943 : 5 4 , 2 72). The f ibu la f rom Bavay c an b e p laced a nywhere b etween t he n inth a nd s ixth c entur ies. I ts r e lat ive i so la t ion o n ly a dds t o t he g enera l v agueness s urround ing t he o b ject.

7 9

9 .2

Bronze c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a f i l iform b ow ( L is t 2 7 , Map 1 2)

Bronze f ibu lae w i th a s em i-circu lar f i l iform b ow, w i th a s ing le s p ira l s pr ing a nd s hort f oo t, a re t he e ar l ies t t ype o f c urved-bow f ibu lae i n I ta ly where t hey a ppear i n t he e leventh c entury ( J . S undwa l l 1 943 :2 9 ; H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :298-213 , Abb. 3 2-34, 4 5 , 4 7-49). They a lso o ccur i n Sw i tzer land, a nd i n t he S avo ie ( Lac du Bourget), f rom t he e leventh c entury o nward ( P. Betz ler 1 974 :65-73 , Taf . 8 0, A ). F ew o f t he F rench f inds c ome f rom known c ontexts , a nd o n ly o ne s uch f ind i s known f rom t he P ar is Bas in. I t i s t he f ibu la w i th a t w is ted b ow ( F ig. 8 , 7 ) f rom t he Ha B /C h oard a t ' l a F ont-des-Corde l iers ', Argenton-sur-C r euse , I . ( H. Breu i l 1 902: 2 7). A s im i lar t ype o f f ibu la c omes f rom t he Go lasecca I c emetery a t Moncucco , Como, d ated t o t he e ar l ier s tages o f t ha t phase ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943 :79 Abb. 7 6: L . Barf ie ld 1 971 : 1 29). As f rom t he e leventh c entury, t w isted-bow f ibu lae a re a lso f ound i n t he S avo ie, o n t he Sw iss P lateau , a nd i n Croa t ia ( P. Betz ler 1 974 :65-67 , Taf . 8 0 , A ). What a ppears t o b e al a ter d er ivat ive o f t he t wisted-bow, t he s p ira l-bow f ibu la , i s d ated a t Ha l ls tatt t o t he Ha C 2 ( R. P eron i 1 973 :17 , 3 7 f ig . 5 , 2 2). The d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing o f t he Argenton f ibu la wou ld p lace i t a t al a ter s tage o f d eve lopment t han t he i n it ia l s ing le-spr ing t w isted-bow f ibu la ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 : 9 ). The f ibu la w i th a s mooth un-ornamented b ow ( F ig . 1 4, 7 ), a s tray f ind f rom V i l leneuve-sur-Con ie, L o ir., i s d ated by A . Duva l e t a l . t o t he m idd le o f t he s eventh c entury b ecause i t s unusua l ly t h in b ow m ight h ave b een u sed t o s uspend ' decorat ive e lements ' s uch a s amber ( ibid .: 9 ). Th is s uppos i t ion r ema ins e nt ire ly hypo thet ica l. F ibu lae w i th s mooth unornamented b ows a re c ommon a nd w idespread i n I ta ly b etween t he e leventh a nd e ighth c entur ies ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943 :80-83 , 2 68-269). The s tray f ind f rom Bourges ( F ig. 8 , 2 ), C ., h as o ne h a lf o f i t s b ow o rnamented w i th a n i nc ised mot if s imu lat ing t w ist ing ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974:9). A s imi lar mot if i s f ound o n t he f ibu la f rom Mo l ino d e l la — Bad ia , Grammiche le, Catan ia, i n e as tern S ic i ly , d ated t o b etween t he e ighth a nd s eventh c entur ies ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943 :89 Abb. 9 2, 2 69). The Bourges f ibu la i s g rouped w i th t wis ted-bow f ibu lae p roper by A . Duva l e t a l ., o ne o f which c omes f rom t he Ha B p a laf i tt ic s ett lement a t Grei-i ne, L ac du Bourget, S ay. ( 1974:9). The f ibu la b ow-fragment w i th r ing-shaped p rotuberances ( F ig. 1 4 , 8 ) f rom t he Ha B f latinhumat ion c emetery a t t he ' Ferme d e l a C o lomb ine ', Champ lay, Y ., c an b e c ompared t o t he f ibu la f rom t he h oard a t ' l es G enettes ', L arnaud, J . ( ibid.:11, 8 f ig. 4 , 1 0; A . Hure 1 931 :10 f ig . 7 ). Another e xamp le c omes f rom t he c emetery a t Moncucco ( J . S undwa l l 1 943 :102 Abb. 1 12). The L arnaud f ibu la i s c ons idered by A . Duva l e t a l . t o b e ap rototype f or f ibu lae w i th mu lt ip le p rotuberances o n t he b ow, f requent ly f ound i n n or thern I ta ly a nd i n t he T icino b etween 8 00 a nd 6 00 ( 1974 : 1 1). They b e long t o D . V io l l ier 's Groupe I f ibu lae " a g randes c o les" 'a nd "'ä p et i tes c d tes" 'f rom t he T icino a nd w ere u sed o ver a c ons iderab le p er iod s ince t hey a re f ound b o th o n Ha B p a laf i ttic s ett lements , a nd a re a ssoc ia ted w i th a s angu isuga a nd l a Cer tosa f ibu lae ( 1908 :7 , 1 5 , f igs. 2 -5). The d istr ibu t ion o f f i l iform-bow f ibu lae i s r estr icted t o t he s outhern h a lf o f t he P ar is Bas in, a nd a ppears t o h ave b een a xed o n t he L o ire a nd i ts t r ibutar ies.

8 0

9 .3

Bronze c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s l ight ly s wo l len b ow ( L ist 2 8 , Map 1 2)

F ibu lae under t h is h ead ing i nc lude a l arge v ar iety o f t ypes whose o n ly s hared c haracter is t ic i s t he t h ickness o f t he b ow. Except f or t he t hree f ibu lae f rom t he Ha B /C h oard a t ' l a F ont d es Corde l iers ', Argen ton-sur-Creuse, I ., a l l t he e xamp les f rom t he P ar is Bas in a re s trays . The t hree f ibu lae f rom Argenton, o ne w i th a h igh a rched a nd r ibbed b ow w ith a n e longa ted h ead a nd a s hort f oot ( F ig . 8 , 6 ), a nd t wo w i th b ronze w ire wrapped a round t he f i l iform b ow ( F ig . 8 , 8 -9), h ave n o p ara l le l ( H. Breu i l 1 902 :27-29 ; A . Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :11,15). The a uthent ic i ty o f t he t wo c ompos i te-bow f ibu lae i s questioned by A . Duva l e t a l . wh ich l ends s upport t o J .-P. M i l lotte 's v iew t hat t he b ronzes i n f he— A rg en ton hoard may be f orger ies ( ib id.:15 ; M . W i l laume). The h igh a rched b ow f ibu la w i th t hree ' annu lar ' p rotuberances ( F ig. 1 4, 5 ), f rom t he Aube, c an b e c ompared t o a n e xamp le f rom S . Canz ia no, G iu l ia ( L. More l 1 898 :P 1. 4 2, 8 ; J . S undwa l l 1 943 :105 Abb. 1 21). Th is t ype o f f ibu la i s f ound i n t he E ste c u lture, a s i n Grave 7 3 a t B envenut i , d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he s eventh c entury ( ib id.:34 , 1 06). I t o ccurs f urther e ast, a t S anta Luc ia, I sonzo, a nd a d er iva t ive f orm, a n i ron f ibu la w i th b ronze p rotuberances o n t he b ow, c omes f rom a Ha C c remat ion g rave a t VaZe, S loven ia ( ib id.:34 , 1 06; A . R ei th 1 942 : 3 8, 3 6 Abb. 2 4 , 1 ). A . Duva l e t a l . i nterpret t he S . Canzano f ibu la a s a n i ntermed iary t ype b etween t he e ar l ier f i l iform-bow f ibu lae a nd t he Aube f ibu la , a nd l iken t he l a tter t o Sw iss e xamp les ( 1974 : 1 1). The f ibu la f rom V ieux-Port ( Fig . 9 , 1 0), E ., i s o ne o f s evera l d redged f rom t he S eine ( R. Doran lo 1 924-25 :107). I ts s mooth e longated b ow w i th s of t a ng les i s r em iscent o f f ibu lae f ound a t Bo logna , a t S an V i ta le a nd S avena , a nd a t E s te ( H. Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :Taf . 6 5 , B2 , 7 5 , K3, 9 2, A4). They a re d ated t o t he e ighth c entury Bo logna I a nd E ste I phases ( ib id. : 220-221 Abb. 5 7-58). The f ibu la f rom Bavay ( F ig . 1 4 , 2 ), No., w i th a r ibbed b ow a nd a s p ira l d isc c a tch-p la te, i s a lso a n i so lated f ind ( J .-P. Mohen 1 972: 4 63). I t b e longs t o at ype c ommon ly f ound i n t he T ern i I g raves a t T ern i , Umbr ia , d a ted t o t he n inth a nd e ighth c entur ies, a nd a lso o cc urs a t S an V i ta le, d a ted t o Bo logna I ( H. Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :2 12-213 Abb. 4 7-48, Taf . 4 2-46, 6 0; J . S undwa l l 1 943 :270). The t wo o ther e xamp les f rom F rance, o ne f rom Ga l largues, G ., t he o ther f rom S aturargues, H er ., a re b oth i so la ted f inds ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 : 1 3 , 1 4 f ig. 7 , 1 , 3 ). The f ibu la w i th a s mooth b ow o rnamented w i th a n i nc ised l i near mot if ( F ig . 1 4 , 6 ), a s tray f ind f rom t he Vend6mo is, r esemb les a f ibu la f rom t he e ighth c entury h oard a t Ra tzedoerf le-Brüs t le in, Mu lhouse, H t-R., wh ich a lso c onta ined e ight o ther ' I ta l ic ' f ibu lae ( M. Vendöme; J .-P. M i l lo tte 1 963a : 3 21 , P l. 5 1 , 1 9-32). I t b e longs t o at ype b oth c ommon a nd w ide ly d iffused i n I ta ly, i n t he n inth a nd e ighth c entur ies ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943 :29-30, 9 0-96, 2 69). 9 .4

B ronze a nd c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s wo l len b ow a nd a s hor t f oot ( I : a s angu isuga) ( List 2 9 , Map 1 3)

The d ist inct ion b etween a s angu isuga a nd a n av ice l la f ibu lae, b ased p r imar i ly o n whether t he unders ide o f t he b ow i s c losed ( the f ormer) 8 1

o r o pen ( the l a tter), i s n ot made by J . S undwa l l i n h is s tudy o f e ar ly I ta l ian f ibu lae. He d is tingu ishes t wo ma jor t ypes o f s wo l len-bow f i bu lae a ccord ing t o t he l ength o f t he f oot, o ne s hor t, t he o ther l ong ( 1943 : 5 4-59). H is e xamp le i s f o l lowed by A . Duva l e t a l. b ased o n e ar ly r esu lts o f r ad iograph ic a na lyses o f mass ive-bo w a - s angu isuga f ibu lae t ha t r evea l s ome t o b e h o l low w ith t he s ides o f t he b ow we lded t ogether a f ter t he r emova l o f t he c as t-mou ld c ore ( 1974 :2). Th is i s t he c ase w i th a n a s angu isuga f ibu la f rom t he r eg ion o f Am iens ( F ig . 1 2, 4 ), S om. ( ibid .:26 f ig . 1 5). The n omenc la ture o f ' a s angu isuga ' a nd ' a n av ice l la ' i s r eta ined h ere, t he f irst h av ing a s wo l len-bow a nd a s hor t f oot, a nd t he s econd, a s wo l len-bow a nd a l ong f oot, i n k eep ing w i th t he o r ig ina l i mage t hat t hese n ames e voke, t he ' l eech ' a nd t he ' boa t '. None o f t he a s angu isuga f ibu lae f rom t he P ar is Bas in were f ound w i th a ssoc iated ma ter ia l. The o n ly e xamp le t hat i s a ssociated w i th a s tructure i s t he f ibu la f rom t he p romontory-fort a t t he ' Camp d e C ora ', S t-More , Y . ( ibid.:58). One o f t he e ar l iest t ypes o f as angu isuga f ibu lae, a s ma l l s qua tb ow f ibu la w i th p ara l le l s ides, i s r epresented i n t he P ar is Bas in b y t wo e xamp les, s upposed ly f ound i n ac ave i n t he O r leana is, L o ir. ( M. S tP ere-sous-Vd ze lay). The t ype i s c urrent i n t he e ighth c entury c emet er ies a t Bo logna ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943:178 n o. 1 Abb. 2 85 ; H . Mü l lerKarpe 1 959 : Taf . 6 6A, 7 9F, 8 0A, 2 20 Abb. 5 7), a nd i n c ontemporary g raves a t E s te ( ib id.:Taf . 9 9A, 2 21 Abb. 5 8). Sma l l f ibu lae w i th a n unornamented b ow, o r o rnamented w i th a s imp le l i near mot if , a s t he e xamp les f rom G enets ( F ig . 9 , 5 ), Man., a nd o ne f rom Am iens ( F ig . 1 2, 1 ), a re c ommon i n n or thern I ta ly i n t he l a te n inth a nd e ighth c entur ies, a t Bo logna i n p ar t icu lar , a t S an V i ta le a nd S avena, but a lso a t E ste ( R. Doran lo 1 924-25 :107 ; J . S undwa l l 1 943 :55 , 1 77; A . Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :15). The ma jor i ty o f a s angu isuga f ibu lae f rom t he P ar is Bas in b e long t o at ype c ommon i n n orthern a nd c entra l I ta ly i n t he e ighth c entury. I n c entra l I ta ly, t hey a re f ound a t Tarqu in ia a nd Vetu lon ia, d a ted t o t he Rom-A lbanerberge I I a nd Tarqu in ia I , a nd i n t he n or th, a t Bo logna , a t S an V i ta le, d ated t o Phase I ( J . S undwa l l 1 943 :55 , 1 78-182 ; H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :Taf . 2 9 , 5 , 3 5 , 2 , 1 4 , 7 0M, 2 19 Abb. 5 6, 2 20 Abb. 5 7). I n F rance, a s angu isuga f ibu lae a re k nown f rom h oards. One was f ound i n t he e ighth c entury h oard c on ta in ing e ight o ther ' I ta l ic ' f ibu lae a t Ra tz edoerf le-Brüstle in, Mu lhouse, H t-R. ( J .-P. M i l lotte 1 963a : 1 37-138 , 3 21 , P l. 5 1, 1 9-32; A . Duva l e t a l . 1 974:17). Ano ther a s anguisuga f ibu la c omes f rom a h oard a t C arcassonne, Ad., wh ich a lso c onta ined a n a nav ice l la f ibu la w i th a l ozenge-shaped b ow w i th l a tera l p rotuberances, d ated t o c . 6 00 ( ibid.:17 , 3 0, 4 9). A . Duva l e t a l . p lace a s angu isuga f ibu lae- i n F rance i n t he e ighth a nd s eventh c entur ies , a nd i nterpret t he ir v ar iety i n f orm a nd o rnamentat ion a s r esu lt ing f rom l oca l ised manufacture r ather t han i mpor tat ion(ibid. : 18). An a s angu isuga f ibu la w i th a l arge s quat a nd unornamented b ow was f ound i n Tumu lus 1a t ' Au Cassard ', F lagey, D ., wh ich c onta ined mu lt ip le i nhuma t ion g raves, d a ted t o a round t he s eventh c entury ( J. -P. M i l lo tte 1 963a :2 942 95 ; A . Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :19 , 2 1, 1 9 f ig . 1 0 , 7 ). The a s angu isuga f ibu lae f rom ' Grand J ard in ' ( F ig . 9 , 9 ), L is ieux, Ca lv . ( L. Cout i l 1 902 :79), f rom Reims ( Fig . 1 3 , 2 ), M . ( A. Coffyn e t a l . 1 960:423), f rom t he Marne ( F ig . 1 3 , 3 ) ( M. Re ims), a nd o ne f rom t h e Yonne ( F ig . 1 4 , 9 ) ( A. Hure 1 931 :69-70), h ave b een g rouped under J . S undwa l l 's F I ß t ype b ecause t hey e i ther h ave a s l ight ly p ro ject ing

8 2

f oot, o r al arge s qua t b ow s l ight ly t i lted t o o ne s ide, o r b oth ( L ist 2 9) ( 1943 : 1 82-188). A lthough t he d istinct ion i s p ure ly o f d escr ipt ive v a lue, a s angu isuga f ibu lae w i th a p ro jecting f oot d o a ppear t o h ave l as ted l onger t han o ther t ypes , a s t hey a re f ound a t Ha l lstatt i n t he Ha C 1 , a nd a t E ste i n Phase I I B2, a d ate r ange o f c . 7 00-575 ( R. P eron i 1 973: 2 9 f ig. 1 . 1 4 , 5 5 f ig . 1 4 , 9 ). A s angu isuga f ibu lae a re s parse ly d istr ibuted i n t he P ar is Bas in. Apart f rom t he c lus ter a round t he Ba ie du Mont-St-M iche l, a nd t he f inds f rom t he S omme v a l ley, t he f ibu lae a re l oca ted a long t he S e ine a nd i ts ma jor t r ibutar ies, t he O ise, Marne a nd Yonne ( Map 1 3). 9 .5 Bronze c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s wo l len b ow a nd a l ong f oot ( I: an av ice l la) ( L is t 3 0, Map 1 3) A n av ice l la f ibu lae f rom t he P ar is Bas in, l i ke a s angu isuga f ibu lae, a re s tray f inds. The s imp lest t ype r esemb les a s angu isuga f ibu lae but h as a l onger f oot. Many a re o rnamented w i th i nc ised l atera l c hevrons o n t he b ow: af ibu la f rom t he A isne ( F ig . 1 2 , 6 ) ( A. N . Ro l las 1 975 : 2 3), o ne f rom ' 125 , Bou levard d e P or t-Roya l ' ( F ig . 1 0 , 5 ), P ar is ( V. Kruta), o ne f rom S t-Sen ier-sous-Avranches ( F ig . 9 , 8 ), Man. ( R. Doran lo 1 924-25 :107), a nd t wo f rom Am iens ( F ig. 1 2, 5 -6), S om. ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :24). I n I ta ly, f ibu lae w i th a s im i lar o rnament h ave b een f ound a t Nov i lara , n ear P esaro, a t Caracupa , i n t he c emetery o f L at ium, a nd i n s outhern I ta ly ( J. S undwa l l 1 943 :196 n o . 1 1 Abb. 3 17 , 2 03 n o. 5 9 Abb. 3 28 , 2 04 n o. 6 4 Abb. 3 29). A t Cumae, i n c entra l I ta ly, t hey a re d ated t o t he P rehe l len ic I , i n t he e ighth c entury ( H. Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :218 Abb. 5 5, 3 ). O ther f ibu lae b e long ing t o t he s imp lest f orm o f an av ice l la f ibu lae h ave a more c omp lex o rnament o n t he b ow t ha t may r ef lect l oca l t astes a nd manufacture s ince n o p ara ll e ls a re f ound i n I ta ly. These i nc lude t he f ibu la f rom Dr icourt ( F ig. 1 3, 4 ), Ard., o ne f rom P ontfaverger-Moronv i l l iers ( F ig . 1 3, 1 ), M ., t wo f rom Am iens ( F ig. 1 2 , 2 , 4 ) a nd t wo ( F ig. 1 1, 4 -5) f rom t he O ise ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :2 4). They a re d ated t o t he e ighth a nd s eventh c entur ies ( ibidt:26). An e xamp le f rom t he N i vre, s a id t o c ome f rom a t umu lus, may b e o f a s l ight ly l a ter d a te ( A. D esforges 1 932: 9 2). One f ibu la w i th a n unornamented b ow a nd a v ery l ong f oot ( F ig . 1 1 , 3 ) f rom t he F or k d e Comp iägne, 0 . ( B. L ambo t 1 975 :18 , 1 7 f ig. 1 , 5 ), c an b e c ompared t o a n e xamp le f rom Hybla H eraea , n ear Ragusa , i n s outhern S ici ly , a nd t o o ne f rom Cumae, t he l a tter d a ted t o t he e ighth c entury ( J. S undwa l l 1 943 :204 n o. 6 9 Abb. 3 30; H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 : 2 18 Abb. 5 5, 1 1). Th is s imp le t ype i s c ommon t hroughout c entra l a nd n orthern I ta ly i n t he s eventh c entury ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943 :56, 1 95-206). A t Ha l ls ta tt, i t a ppears i n t he Ha Cl a nd i s u sed i nto t he Ha D2 ( R. P eron i 1 973 : 2 9 f ig. 1 , 3 1 f ig . 2 , 3 3 f ig. 3 , 3 7 f ig. 5 , 4 5 f ig. 9 , 5 1 f ig. 1 2). I n F rance, t hose f ound i n ac losed c ontext c ome f rom t he e ast. I n A lsace, o ne e xamp le c omes f rom t he e ighth c entury h oard a t Ratzedoerf leBrüst le in, Mu lhouse, H t-R., a nd a nother i s a n i so la ted f ind i n Grave 5i n Tumu lus 7 a t Kurzege länd ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :321 , P l. 5 1 , 1 9-32; C . F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :58-59 , 5 9 f ig. 5 3 , 2 05). A f ibu la w i th a n uno rnamented b ow was f ound i n a L .B. A. h oard a t Ray-sur-Saöne, H teS . ( J.-P. M i l lo tte 1 963a:137-138 , 3 32, P l. 4 2). The a n av ice l la f ibu lae w i th a knob-term ina l o n t he f oot a re r ep resented i n t he P ar is Bas in by t wo e xamp les, o ne f rom S u ippes, M . ( J.-P. Gu i l laume t 1 975 :36 n o . 5 0), a nd t he s econd f rom t he O ise ( F ig . 1 1, 9 ), ( M. B eauva is). Th is t ype o f f ibu la i s c ommon i n n orthern

I ta ly, a t Bo logna a nd E s te f or i nstance, where i t i s d ated t o t he e nd o f t he s eventh c entury ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943:57 , 2 10-215). I n t he G o lasecca r eg ion a nd i n t he T icino , i t i s d ated t o t he s ixth a nd f i f th c entur ies ( ib id.: 5 7; D . V io l l ier 1 908:8-9 , f igs. 2 0-39 ; W . E . S t e ick l i 1 975 :1 1-18 , 1 3 Abb. 3 ,1-2 , 8 0 Abb. 7 4). A t Ha l lsta tt, t hey a ppear i n t he l a te Ha C1 a nd a re u sed i nto t he Ha D2 ( R. P eron i 1 973:31 f ig. 2 , 3 7 f ig . 5 , 4 5 f ig. 9 , 5 1 f ig. 1 2). One e xamp le c omes f rom Tumu lus 4 5 a t S taatswa ld-Müh lart, Ldkr. Fürstenfe ldbruck, i n s outhern Bavar ia , d a ted t o t he e ar ly Ha D ( G. Kossack 1 959 :25 , Taf . 6 5 , 1 -7). They h ave a lso b een f ound i n t he A lsacian t umu l i c emeter ies o f t he F or s& d e Haguenau, a t K e in igsbrück, i n Grave 3 i n Tumu lus 9 , a ssoc iated w i th a k ett ledrumb ow f ibu la o f G . Mansfe ld 's P 3-type a nd a b e lt i n s heet-bronze w i th a s tamped g eometr ic mot if , a nd a t Maegs tub, i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 8 o f Group C , where t wo w ere f ound ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930: 3 0-32 , 3 3 f ig. 2 7F, 1 52, 1 44 f ig . 1 27D). The f ibu la f rom t he O ise c an b e c omp ared t o o ne f rom Grave 3 a t Reba to, E s te, a nd t o D . V io l l ier 's G roupe V III f ibu lae f rom t he T icino ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943 :211 n o. 1 0 Abb. 3 38 : D . V io l l ier 1 908 :8-9 , f igs. 2 4-39). Many e xamp les h ave a r ing a round t he c a tch-p la te t o s ecure t he p in, l ike t he O ise f ibu la a nd, a l ess c ommon f ea ture, a s econd r ing a round t he h ead o f t he b ow. A number o f an av ice l la f ibu lae h ave a l ozenge-shaped b ow, a nd a re g enera l ly s ma l ler t han t he o ther t ypes. S ome a re unornamented o r h ave a s imp le t ransverse l ine o r r ib o n t he b ow j o in ing t he l a tera l a ng les, a s t he t wo f ibu lae f rom t he Avranch in(F ig. 9 , 4 ), a nd o ne f rom Notre-Dame-de-L ivoye ( F ig. 9 , 7 ), Man. ( R. Doran lo 1 924-25 :107), o ne f rom P a tay, L o ir. ( M. Or leans), a nd o ne f rom Bavay ( F ig. 1 4 , 3 ), No. ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :28). The f ibu la f rom t he ' rue Cu jas ' ( 1888) ( F ig . 1 0 , 4 ), P ar is ( V. Kruta), a nd o ne f rom P icard ie ( F ig . 1 1 , 1 1), h ave t he ir b ows o rnamented w i th i nc ised a nd s tamped mot ifs ( A. Duva l e t a l 1 974:28). These f ibu lae a re f ound t hroughout I ta ly i n t he e ighth c entury : i n ah oard a t Adernb, i n e as tern S ici ly ; a t Tarqu in ia ; a t E s te, a t Nord a nd Capodag l io; a nd a t Bo logna , a t Benacc i I ( J . S undwa l l 1 943 :216-217 ; H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :217 Abb. 5 4 , 2 20 Abb. 5 7, Taf . 8 , 1 02). They h ave b een f ound i n t he A lp ine v a l leys o f s outhern a nd e as tern Sw i tzer land, a nd o n t he Sw iss P la teau ( D. V io l l ier 1 908 :8 , 3 1, f igs. 1 3 , 6 2-63). L ozenge-bow f ibu lae a ppear i n t he e ast A lp ine r eg ion i n t he l a te Ha B ( H. Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :222 Abb. 5 9). They c ont inue i n u se i n t he e ar ly Ha D a t Ha l ls tatt a nd i n S lovakia ( R. P eron i 1 973 :19 , 4 5 f ig. 9 , 1 3; M . Dug ek 1 971 :439 Obr. 1 9 , 1 -4). The f ibu la f rom Notre-Dame-de-L ivoye, t hought t o c ome f rom a h oard , i s d ated by A . Duva l e t a l t o t he s eventh c entury ( 1974:28). A l a ter e xamp le , s im i lar t o t he f i tT u la f rom t he ' rue Cu jas ', c omes f rom G rave 5i n Tumu lus 1 4 o f Group C , a t Maegstub ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 : 1 58 , 1 53 f ig. 1 36 0 ). The l ozenge-bow f ibu la f rom P atay h as a f oot r em in iscent o f f ibu lae o f l a Certosa-type. The c ombina t ion s eems w i thout p ara l le l. S ix l ozenge-bow f ibu lae f rom t he P ar is Bas in h ave l atera l p ro tubera nces e xtend ing f rom t he a ng les o f t he l ozenge. O f t hese, f our h ave s imp le l ong c atch-p lates: o ne f rom t he ' rue Cu jas ' ( 1885) ( F ig . 1 0, 2 ), P ar is ( V. Kruta), t wo f rom t he F o At d e C ompi egne ( F ig. 1 1 , 1 -2) ( B. L ambot 1 975 :18 , 1 7 f igs. 1 , 2 -3), a nd o ne f rom t he O ise ( F ig. 1 1 , 6 ) ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :28 , 3 0). On ly t wo h ave knobs a t t he e nd o f t he f oot: o ne- f rom t he ' rue Cu jas ' ( 1885) ( F ig. 1 0, 3 ), P ar is ( V. Kruta), a nd a nother f rom L esmont, Au. ( A. Hure 1 931 :69). F ibu lae o f t h is t ype, w i th a s imp le e longa ted f oot, a re w idespread i n I ta ly f rom t he e ighth t o p oss ib ly a s l a te a s t he s ixth c entir ry ( J . S undwa l l 1 943 :58 ; H .

8 4

Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :2 19 Abb. 5 6). They a re f ound: i n t he s outh, a t F in .occh i to ( Syracusa); i n c entra l I ta ly, a t Tern i ( Accia ier ie), Tarqu in ia ( P. Ga l l inaro) a nd Cumae ( Greek c emetery); a nd i n t he n orth, a t Bo logna ( Arnoa ld i) a nd E ste ( Nord, Benvenut i) ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943 : 2 24-227 ; H . Mü l ler-Kerpe 1 959 :Taf . 9 5 , 1 01B). I n Sw i tzer land , t hey a re f ound i n t he A lp ine v a l leys ( D. V io l l ier 1 908 :8 , f igs. 1 4-15). One f ibu la, f rom Mart igny, Va la is, r esemb les t he e xamp le f rom t he F or a d e Comp iegne ( ibid .:f ig. 1 4). The O ise f ibu la i s s im i lar t o a n i so lated f ind i n t he Greek c emetery a t Cumae ( J . Sundwa l l 1 943 :226 n o. 2 2 Abb. 3 62). I n S lovak ia , t h is t ype a ppears t o b e c ontemporary t o l ozenge-bow f ibu lae w i thout l a tera l p rotuberances o n t he b ow ( M. Dud ek 1 971:441 Obr. 2 2, 2 ). A l ozenge-bow f ibu la w i th l a tera l p rotuberances was f ound a ssocia ted t o a n a s angu isuga f ibu la i n ah oard a t Carcass onne, Ad., d a ted t o c . 6 00 ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :30, 4 9). I n g enera l , t h is t ype i n F rance i s d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he s eventh a nd b eg inn ing o f t he s ixth c entur ies ( ibid .:30). F ibu lae w i th l a tera l p rotuberances o n t he b ow, w i th a l ong f oot, u sua l ly h ave a k nob-term ina l i n I ta ly ( J. Sundwa l l 1 943 :228-229). They h ave b een f ound a t Bo logna , a t Arnoa ld i a nd Benacci I , a nd a t E s te, a t Rebato a nd B envenut i , d a ted t o t he s eventh a nd s ixth c entur ies ( ibid.). A t Ha l ls tatt, t hey a re d ated t o t he Ha D1 ( R. P eron i 1 973 : 1 9 , 4 5 f ig. 9 , 1 5). The s ame d a te c an b e g iven t o t he f ibu la f rom Tumu lus 6 a t S te in a . d . Traun, Ldkr. Traunste in, i n s outhern Bavar ia ( G. Kossack 1 959 :25, Taf . 1 14 , 1 1-14). The b ow o n t h is t ype o f f ibu la h as a l ess p ronounced l ozenge-shape t han t ha t o f t he p reced ing g roup. Both t ypes, h owever, s hou ld b e s een a s c ontemporary. The d istr ibut ion i n t he P ar is Bas in o f an av ice l la f ibu lae i s c omp l imentary t o t ha t o f a s angu isuga f ibu lae. Both a re, f or a t ime c ontemp orary, w i th t he f ormer g radua l ly r ep lacing t he l a tter i n t he c ourse o f t he s ixth c entury. 9 .6

Mu l t icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae 9 .6.1

Bronze mu lt icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae 2 ( G: Dragof ibe l) ( L ist 3 1)

Dragof ibe ln f rom t he P ar is Bas in a re a l l s tray f inds. The f ibu la f rom t he Nord ( F ig. 1 4 , 4 ) i s t he o n ly e xamp le t o h ave a p a ir o f l a ter a l p ro ject ing h orns w i th c on ica l t ips o n t he b ow ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 : 3 8). I n F rance, t h is t ype o f f ibu la h as b een f ound i n t he Bas - h in, a t Donauberg ( Grave 5 i n Tumu lus 1 3) a nd Mackw i l ler ( Tumu lus 1 a t Nor let '), a nd i n t he under-water h oard ( over 1 7 f ibu lae) o ff Agde, Roche longue, Her., d epos i ted s omet ime i n t he c ourse o f t he s eventh a nd s ixth c entur ies ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930:25 , 2 3 f ig . 1 7L, 2 07-208 ; A . Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :38, 4 0 , 3 7 f ig. 2 2, 7 -8). I t b e longs t o at ype c ommon ly f ound i n n or thern I ta ly, p ar t icu lar ly i n t he Bo logna a nd E s te c emeter ies ( J. S undwa l l 1 943 :252-253 ; H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :Taf . 1 02 , 8 ; G . Mansfe ld 1 973 :175-176). The Dragof ibe l f rom Grave 5 08 a t Benacc i I , Bo logna , i s d a ted t o C . 6 75 ( J . S undwa l l 1 943 :61). The t ype a ppears a t E ste a nd Vadena -( Pfatten) dur ing t he l a ter s eventh a nd s ixth c entur ies ( R. P eron i 1 973:55 f ig. 1 4, 1 7 , 2 2-23, 6 3 f ig. 1 8, 2 1). I t i s u sed f or a c omparat ive ly l ong p er iod i n t he T ic ino s ince D . V io l l ier 's Groupe XVII f ibu lae, t o wh ich t he " f ibu les c ornues" b e long, a re f ound i n b oth L .B.A. a nd E .I. A. c ontexts ( 1908 :11 , 1 3 , f i gs . 5 7-58). The f inds a t Ha l lsta tt a re d ated t o t he Ha D1 ( G. Kossack 1 959 :41, 3 9 f ig . 8 , 2 2). A Dragof ibe l w i th a p a ir o f p ro ject ing h orns o n t he b ow c omes f rom t he H a D1 c emetery a t N ierranau, Ldkr. Krumb ach, i n s outhern Bavar ia ( ibid.:24 , T af . 1 8, 1 1). 8 5

Dragof ibe ln w i th mu lt ip le l a tera l p rotuberances f rom t he Cher ( F ig . 8 , 3 -4), o ne o f t hem f rom Bourges ( H. Breu i l a nd P . d e Goy 1 903), a nd o ne f rom Am iens ( Fig . 1 2, 1 0), S om., a re a lso i so lated f inds ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :36). Th is t ype o f f ibu la i s known i n S ici ly a nd c entra l I ta ly i n t he e ighth c entury ( H. Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :2 17 Abb. 5 4 , 2 19 Abb. 5 6). An e ar ly e xamp le c omes f rom t he warr ior-grave a t Tarqu in ia, d ated t o c . 7 00 ( J . S undwa l l 1 943 :61 , 2 39 n o. 5 ). A l ater f ibu la , d ated t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he e ighth a nd s eventh c entur ies, c omes f rom Grave 6 3 a t Marsiliania, Grosseto ( H. Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 : Taf . 3 5 , 8 1 0). None o f t he F rench e xamp les w ere f ound w i th a ssociated mater ia l , a nd A . Duva l e t a l. p ropose a s eventh c entury d ate f or t hem b ased o n t he I ta l ian e v idence ( 1974 :38). 9 .6 . 2 Bronze mu lt icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae ( G:

S ch langenf ibe l )( L is t 3 1)

The mos t c ommon a nd w idespread t ype o f mu lt icurv i l inear-bow f i bu la h as a l ooped o r wavy b ow, w i th o r w i thout a s top-d isc, a nd a l ong f oot, w i th o r w i thout a knob-term ina l . I t i s t he ' s erpent iform '-bow f ibu la p ar e xce l lence. They a re r are, h owever , i n t he P ar is Bas in. A p a ir o f b ronze f ibu lae w ere f ound i n Tumu lus 5 1 a t ' Hau lzy ', V iennelaV i l le, M ., s ome d is tance away f rom t he c entra l c remat ion wh ich was s ter i le but f or a b ronze d isc w i th a c entra l d imp le ( G. Goury 1 911 :P l . I , 1 ). Another t umu lus f ind c omes f rom t he N ibvre ( A. Desforges 1 932 : 9 2). Two b ronze f ibu lae w ere f ound i n t he O ise ( F ig . 1 1 , 7 -8) ( M. Beauva is), a nd a n i ron e xamp le i s i lus tra ted f rom t he f l at-inhumat i on c emetery a t ' l es Gr ' ev iö 'res ', C iry-Sa lsogne, A . ( F. Moreau 1 891 : P l. 1 27 , 7 ). The e ar l iest f inds a re f rom n orthern I ta ly , a s t he f ibu la f rom G rave 7 3 a t Benvenut i, E s te, d ated t o t he e nd o f t he s eventh c entury ( J . S undwa l l 1 943 :59 , 2 34 n o. 1 , Abb. 3 79). The e ar l ies t e xamp les d o n ot h ave a knob-term ina l o n t he c a tch-p la te, a d eve lopment t hat o n ly o ccurs i n t he s ixth c entury ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :38). S erpent iform-bow f ibu lae w i th knob-term ina ls a nd s top-d iscs a re d a ted a t E s te t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ixth a nd f i f th c entur ies ( R. P eron i 1 973:55 f ig . 1 4 , 2 4, 5 7 f ig. 1 5 , 6 ). Those f ibu lae w i th a s imp le c urved-bow w i th a s topd isc, s imi lar t o o ne f rom t he O ise, a re a l a ter d eve lopment. A t E s te, f or i nstance, s uch f ibu lae a ppear a t t he v ery e nd o f t he s ixth c entury ( ibid.:57 f ig. 1 5 , 2 ). A p ara l le l s equence i s o bserved a t Ha l lstatt , where s erpent iform-bow f ibu lae w i th knob-term ina ls ( Ha C2) a re f o l lowed by t hose w i th s top-d iscs ( Ha D1), a nd by s imp le c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th knob-term ina ls a nd s top-d iscs ( Ha D2) ( ib id. : 19-20, 3 7 f ig. 5 , 2 7 , 4 5 f ig. 9 , 2 0 , 5 1 f ig. 1 2 , 1 4-16). I n t he T icino , where s erpent iform-bow f ibu lae a re c ommon, D . V io l l ier 's Groupe XVI, t he e ar l ies t e xamp les h ave a s ing le s p ira l s pr ing wh ich i s r ep laced by mu lt icurv i l inear-bow f i bu lae w i th a s ma l l r ing o r p rotuberance a t t he h ead, t he p roto type o f t he s top-d isc o f l a ter m ode ls ( 1908 : 1 0-11). The N ibvre f ibu la b e longs t o t h is l atter t ype. A s im i lar f ibu la, i n i ron, c omes f rom Grave 5 a t Gorduno , T ic ino, a nd i s i dent ic a l t o t he C iry-Sa lsogne f ibu la ( ibid.:f ig. 5 1). The f o l low ing s tage s ees t he l engthen ing o f t he f oot a nd t he a dd i t ion o f a knob-term ina l , a nd l ater s ti l l, t he s ma l l r ing o n t he b ow i s r ep laced by a s top-d isc ( ibid.:11 , f igs. 5 2-55). The f ina l d eve lopment i s r epresented by t he s imp le c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a l ong f oot w i th a knob-termina l a nd s top-d isc, D . V io l l ier 's Groupe XVIII ( ibid .:f igs. 5 9-60). The s erpentif orm-bow f ibu lae f rom t he T ic ino a re d ated f rom t he L .B. A. t o a s l a te a s t he e ar ly L .T. I , W . E . S töck l i 's T ess in D ( ibid.: 1 3-14 ; W . E .

8 6

S tack l i 1 975 :11-18 , 1 3 Abb. 4 , 3 -4, 8 0 Abb. 7 4). The e vo lut ion o f t he s imp le c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a s top-d isc f rom t he mu lt icurv i l inearb ow f ibu lae i s a lso a pparent a t t he Heuneburg , where t he e ar l ier f orm, G . Mansfe ld 's S ch langenf ibe ln 4 , a ppears i n L eve l I Vc a nd e xtends i nto L eve l Ib ( Ha D1 a nd D2), w i th t he s imp le c urved-bow f ibu lae, S ch langenf ibe ln 1 , o ccurr ing i n L eve l Ib-a ( Ha D2) ( 1973 :74 Tab. 2 6). I n Bavar ia , s erpent iform-bow f ibu lae w i th s top-d iscs a re d ated t o t he e ar ly Ha D , a s t he e xamp le f rom t he s ett lement a t Kar lste in, Ldkr. Berchtesgaden, a nd o ne f rom Tumu lus 6 o f Gruppe We is, a t Traubing , Ldkr. S tarnberg , a ssocia ted w i th a s heet-bronze a rm-band o f t he Ha D1 ( G. Kossack 1 959 :25 , Taf . 9 3 , 4 -8 , 1 14, 2 2-24). I n F rance, s erpent iform-bow f ibu lae a re r e la t ive ly c ommon i n t he Ha C a nd D t umu l i g raves o f t he J ura a nd L ower A lsace . I n t he J ura, t hey a re f ound i n t he ' A la ise ' t umu l i-group, d a ted t o t he H a D1-D2 ( G. Wamser 1 975 :46, 5 5-56, 5 3 Tab. 4 , 6 2 , Taf . 9 , Be i lage 1 1). The l ater, s imp le c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th s top-d iscs h ave a lso b een f ound i n t he Ha D1 L eve l A2 o n t he h i l lfort o f t he ' Camp d u Châ teau ', S a l ins , J . ( ibid , :5 8 ; M . P iroutet a nd J . Ddche lette 1 909 : 1 96 f ig . 2 , 1 ) . Two e xam-p les w i th s top-d iscs, o ne w i th a mu lt icurv i l inear-bow, t he o ther w i th a s imp le c urved-bow, c ome f rom t he ' Mont-Lasso is ', V ix, C .-d 'O. ( R. J offroy 1 960a :76-77 , P l. 1 9 , 1 , 3 ). I n t he Bas-Rh in, t umu l i a t Harthouse a nd Oh lungen c onta ined s erpent iform-bow f ibu lae a ssoc ia ted w ith Ha D o rnamented s heet-bronze b e lts3 ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 : 1 10-111 , 1 05 f ig. 9 2F, G , 1 24-126, 1 23 f ig. 1 09D, 2 08). A s im i lar d ate i s s ugges ted f or t he t wo s erpent iform-bow f ibu lae f rom Tumu lus 5 1 a t ' Hau lzy '. The g enera l d is tr ibut ion o f G . Mansfe ld 's S ch langenf ibe ln 1 a nd 4 s hows t wo c lusters: o ne a round t he ' Caput Adr iae ', a nd t he s econd c entred i n n or thern Sw i tzer land , Baden-Württemberg , Bavar ia a nd e astern F rance ( 1973 : 1 1-12 , 1 4 , Karten 1 0, 1 2). The F rench e xamp les a ppear t o h ave o r ig inated f rom workshops o f t he w estern z one ( ibid.: 1 1-14). The e xamp les f rom t he P ar is Bas in c ome f rom t umu l i bur ia ls o n t he e astern a nd s outhern p er ipher ies o f t he Bas in ( 'Hau lzy ', N ibvre), a nd f rom p oss ible f l atinhuma t ion g raves o f t he w estern Champagne ( O ise, C iry-Sa lsogne). 9 .6.3

M isce l laneous b ronze mu lt icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae ( L ist 3 2)

A number o f d ifferent t ypes o f mu lt icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae c ome f rom t he P ar is Bas in. The l arge f ibu la w i th a d isc-foo t ( ca tch-p late) f rom t he Taubourg d e Maz ibres ' ( F ig. 8 , 1 ), Bourges, C ., i s o ne o f t wo e xamp les known t o h ave c ome f rom a c losed c ontext ( P. d e G oy 1 886-87). I t was f ound a ssociated w i th a s econd , s ma l ler but s im i lar f ibu la, a number o f mass ive b ronze b race lets, a nd a f ew i ron f ragments, i n a d oub le ( or t wo a d jo in ing) i nhumat ion g rave ( ibid.). They b e long t o a g enera l t ype o f f ibu la c ommon i n c entra l I ta ly i n t he n inth c entury ( H. Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :210 Abb. 4 4, 2 12 Abb. 4 7). J . S undwa l l d a tes t he Terni f ibu lae o f Type D I I ßf rom t he n inth a nd m idd le-e ighth c entur ies ( Grave 7 5 a t Accia ier ie) t o t he s eventh a nd s ixth c entur ies ( Grave 3 6 a t S . P ietro i n Campo) ( 1943 : 1 57-158 , 2 73). Examp les f rom Hungary a nd I l lyr ia d ate t o a s l ate a s t he m idd le o f t he e ighth c entury ( ibid. : 48). The l arge s o l id d isc-foot i s t he r esu lt o f h ammer ing f l at t he s ma l l s p ira l-d isc f oot w i th t he s ubsequent e n largement o f t he d isc-d iameter, ap rocess o ccurr ing i n I ta ly b etween t he n inth a nd e ighth c entur ies ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :31, 3 3). Three s p ira l-d isc f ooted f ibu lae a re 8 7

known f rom t he P ar is Bas in. Two a re unprovenanced a nd c ome f rom l oca l museums: o ne f rom t he O ise ( Sen l is) ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd B . L ambot 1 975 :65), a nd t he o ther f rom t he Y onne ( Sens) ( H. Coro t 1 907 : 1 13). The t h ird i s a n i so lated f ind f rom t he r eg ion o f S edan ( F ig . 1 3, 5 ), Ard. ( A . Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :31). Th is t ype o f f ibu la i s c ommon i n c en tra l I ta ly, a s i n t he u rn-bur ia ls a t A l lum iere, Roma, d a ted t o t he t enth a nd e ar ly n in th c entur ies ( J. S undwa l l 1 943 :47 , 1 44-145; H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :199 Abb. 3 3). I t u l t imate ly d er ives f rom t he v io l in-bow f ibu lae ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974:31). The t wo mu lt icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae w i th a n e longated f oot ( F ig . 1 2 , 8 -9) f rom Am iens , S om., b o th s tray f inds, b e long t o J . S undwa l l 's " s iz i l ische F orm" ( 1943 :46, 1 48-152). They a re f ound i n S ici ly i n t he t enth a nd n inth c entur ies, a nd b ecome w idespread o n t he I ta l ian p eni nsu la i n t he e ighth a nd s eventh c entur ies ( ibid. : 46; H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 :208 Abb. 4 3). I n t he Bo lognese c eme ter ies o f S an V i ta le a nd S avena, e xamp les a re d ated t o a s l a te a s t he b eg inn ing o f t he s ixth c entury ( J. S undwa l l 1 943 :46). The t ype i s a lso known f rom t he e as tern Med i terranean ( A. Duva l e t a l. 1 974:33). I n F rance, o u ts ide t he P ar is Bas in, s im i lar f ibu lae h ave b een f ound i n L .B . A. h oards , a t Notre-Dame-d 'Or, V ., a ssociated w i th C arp 's t ongue a nd ' pro toHa l ls tatt ' s words , a nd a t S t-Yr ieix, V4na t, Ch., a ssociated w i th H a B b ronzes, Ha C b race lets a nd i ron f ragments ( ibid .). Another e xamp le c omes f rom t he Ha B p a laf i tt ic s ett lement a t Gr i gi ine, o n t he L ac d u Bourget, S ay. ( ibid.). The f ibu la w i th mu lt ip le l oops a nd ' waves ' f rom t he Ha B / C h oard a t ' l a F ont d es Corde l iers ', Argenton-sur-Creuse, I ., a ppears w i thou t p ara l le l ( H. Breu i l 1 902:27-28). The m iss ing f oot makes a ny c ompar isons t ha t much more d iff icu lt. 9 .7 Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a n o rnamented f oot ( G: Fussz ierf ibe ln) ( L ist 3 3 , Map 1 4) Fussz ierf ibe ln 4 r efer t o c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a n o rnamented f oot w i th, i n t he Ha D , ab i latera l s pr ing w i th i nterna l c ord c omposed o f s eparate e lements, a nd i n t he e ar ly L .T., a b i latera l s pr ing o f s evera l l arge s p ira ls w i th e xterna l c ord made i n o ne p iece. They a re t he m os t c ommon t ype o f f ibu la i n t he l ater Ha D a nd i n t he Ha D /L.T. I i n t he P ar is Bas in. The most numerous t ype o f Fussz ierf ibe l , G . Mansfe ld 's F 4, h as a k ett ledrum-foot t urned t oward t he b ow. A l though f ound p redom inant ly i n t he l a te Ha D f lat-inhumat ion c emeter ies o f t he Champagne, F 4-type f ibu lae a re a lso known f rom t umu l i bur ia ls o n t he P la teau d e L angres a nd i n t he Berry ( Map 1 4). A t 1l es J ogasses ', Chou i l ly, M . aF 4-type f ibu la was a ssoc iated i n G rave 7 7 w i th a b ronze l ozenge-sect ion t ore w i th a d ouble-hook f as tener, a nd i n Grave 1 62 w i th a n o rnamented t ubu lar b ronze t ore ( J.-J. H a tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:436, 4 43 , P l. 2 3 , 5 0). Bo th t orcs a re d a ted t o J .-J . Hatt a nd P . Roua let 's Ha Ib, t o b etween 5 00 a nd 4 75 ( 1977 :10 , 1 7). A F 4-type f ibu la was f ound w i th a b ronze f i l iform t ore w i th a t r iangu lar c as t ingjet i n Grave 2 0 i n t he f l atinhuma t ion c emetery a t ' Charva is ', H ei ltzl 'Eveque, M . ( Moug in 1 879 : 1 08). Th is p ar ticu lar t ype o f Fussz ierf ibe l h as b een f ound i n t he t umu l i c emetery a t ' ChenesMontors ', S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C . One e xamp le ( F ig . 6 7 , 7 ) f rom G rave 1i n Tumu lus 2 , was a ssocia ted w i th a b ronze f i l iform t orc a nd a number o f b ronze b race lets w i th d oubleloop f as teners ( M. Bourges). The 8 8

c ontexts o f t he f ibu lae f rom t he Haute-Marne a re n ot known a l though t hey o ccur i n t umu l i c emeter ies o f t he Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I . F 4-type f ibu lae w i th a s imp le k ett ledrum o r d isc-foot a re p redomi nant ly o f F rench o r ig in ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :41). They a re r e lat ive ly c ommon o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ', V ix, C .-d 'O. ( R. J offroy 1 960a :78 , P l. 8 , 1 5). One f ibu la , w i th a n i ncised z ig-zag o rnament o n t he b ow, c an b e c ompared t o t he e xamp le f rom Grave 1 a t ' Charva is ' ( ibid.:P l. 1 9 , 1 6; L . L epage 1 966a :82 , 8 3 f ig. 6 , 8 ). I n Burgundy, F 4-type f ibu lae h ave a lso b een f ound i n t umu l i bur ia ls, a s i n a s econdary i nhumat ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t ' Monceau-Laurent ', Magny-Lambert, where o ne was a ssoc ia ted w i th a d P4-type f ibu la, f our e ar ly L .T. I f ibu lae a nd f our b ronze b race lets ( G. Wamser 1 975 :135 n o. 4 10, Taf . 2 3 , 8 ). They o ccur o n a number o f h i l lfor ts i n t he J ura , o n t he ' Camp du Cha teau ', S a l ins, i n L eve ls A a nd E , a nd o n t he ' Mont-Gudr in i, F rasnes , d ated t o t he l a te Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I ( M. P iroutet a nd J . Deche lette 1 909 :198, 2 02, 1 97 f ig. 3 , 4 -6; W . K imm ig a nd R . L ou is 1 954:27 , 2 6 f ig. 1 2). They a re a lso f ound i n t umu l i bur ia ls, a s i n t he t umu lus o f ' Gros Murger ', Amancey, D ., where t he F 4-type f ibu la h as a d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing ( G. Wamser 1 975 :111 n o. 4 3 , T af . 1 1 , 3 ). The t ype i s l ess c ommon i n A lsace. One e xamp le, a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze f i l iform t ore w i th f ive l oops c omes f rom Grave 3 i n Tumu lus 4 o f Group C a t Maegs tub, Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :147-148, 1 41 f ig. 1 24A). Torcs w i th l oop a ttachments, a c ommon t ype i n t he F ordl d e Haguenau, a re d a ted t o t he Ha D ( ibid. : 218-219 , 2 17 f ig. 1 64 ,12-17). F 4-type f ibu lae a re a lso d istr ibuted , a lbe i t s parse ly, o n t he Sw iss P lateau a nd i n Baden-Wür ttemberg ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :41). A t t he Heuneburg , t hey a re f ound i n t he upper-most l eve l , I a , d ated t o t he Ha D3 ( ibid.:74 T ab. 2 6). A number o f v ar iat ions t o t he k ett ledrum o r d isc-foot a ppear t oward t he e nd o f t he Ha D . One o f t hese h as t he k ett ledrum r ep laced by a b ird 's h ead, t he b i l l t urned t oward t he b ow ( Voge lkopff ibe l). Three s uch f ibu lae a re k nown f rom ' l es J ogasses ', i nc lud ing o ne w i th a c ren ated-bow i ncrusted w i th c ora l f rom Grave 1 06, a ssociated w i th b ronze a rm i l lae ( J .-J. Ha t t a nd P . Roua let 1 976:438 , P l. 3 1). Voge lkopff ibe ln , w i th a L .T. I s pr ing-cons truct ion, h ave b een f ound i n t he Marne, i n t he Ha D /L.T. I c emeter ies a t Auve, S omme-Tourbe, a nd W i trylbsRe ims ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :27-28 , P l. 2 , 1 , 5 , 1 5 , 8 ). I t i s t empt ing t o s ee t hese a s t he mode l f or t he s ty l ised v ers ions t ha t a ppear o n ' c lass ic ' L .T. I f ibu lae. Voge lkopf ibe ln w i th c ora l e ncrus ted c rena ted b ows a re a lso known f rom t he J ura. A number o f e xamp les h ave b een r ecovered f rom t he ' Camp d u Châ teau ' ( M. Dayet 1 967 : 1 01 , P l. 3 , 2 2 , 2 4). They h ave a lso b een f ound i n t umu l i bur ia ls , i n t he t umu lus i n t he ' Bo is d e P are i l lon ', F ay-en-Montagne, a nd a t Ch i l ly-sur-Sa l ins, where o ne was a ssociated w i th a c art-bur ia l i n Tumu lus 2 i n t he ' Fore 't d es Mo idons-Pap i l lard ' ( G. Wamser 1 975 :126 n o. 2 52 , 1 20 n o. 1 68). A s imi lar f ibu la t o t he o ne f rom Grave 1 06 a t ' l es J ogasses ' c omes f rom t he Ha D s ett lement a t S te-Co lombe, H tes-A. ( J.-C. Courto is 1 975 : 2 9 , 4 0 f ig . 3 2). S uch f ibu lae a re known f rom Baden-Wür ttemberg a nd Bavar ia ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :41). They a ppear a t t he Heuneburg i n L eve l I a , d ated t o t he Ha D3 ( ibid.:74 Tab. 2 6). G . Mansfe ld f avours a s outhern German o r ig in f or t h is F 4 v ar iant ( ibid.:41), wh i le J .-C. Courto is p laces t he c entre o f i ts p roduct ion i n t he J ura, i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ixth c entury ( 1974 : 3 1). The e xamp les f rom ' l es J ogasses ' a re p laced by J .-J . Hatt a nd P . Roua let i n t he Ha Ia , d ated t o b et ween 5 30 a nd 5 00 ( 1977:10, 1 7). The s l ight ly e ar l ier a ppearance o f

8 9

Voge lkopff ibe ln i n e astern F rance f avours J .-C. Courto is ' hypo thes is. I t d oes n ot e xc lude, h owever, a s econd c entre, e s tab l ished l a ter , i n s outhern G ermany. The Marn ian e xamp les w i th a L .T. I s pr ing c onst ruct ion s how t ha t t he v ar iant l as ted w e l l i nto t he Ha D /L.T. I t rans it ion. A s econd v ar iant o f t he F 4-type f ibu la h as t he e xtrem i ty o f t he f oot f la ttened a nd s haped i nto a l ozenge o r c ircu lar d isc t urned t oward t he b ow. Two g raves a t ' l es J ogasses ' c onta in t h is t ype o f f ibu lae. I n Grave 9 2, o ne was f ound w i th t wo mass ive b ronze c ross-sect ion p enannu lar b race lets, a nd i n Grave 1 83 , ap a ir w ere a ssoc iated w i th a l ign i te b race let a nd e ight c ora l b eads ( J.-J . Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976: 4 37 , 4 45 , P l. 2 8 , 5 4). Another f ibu la, w i th a d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing , c omes f rom a t umu lus i nhumat ion g rave a t Dommar ien, H te-M. ( P. Mouton 1 955 : 1 3 f ig . 1 , 4 20). I n F rance, t h is v ar ian t h as b een f ound o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' a nd o n t he ' Camp d 'Affr ique ', Messein, M .et-M. ( R. J offroy 1 960a :90 , P l. 2 6 , 5 , 7 -8). A s tray f ind c omes f rom Donzere, Dr. ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :253 Fund l is te 2 78 n o. 1 133). Th is v ar iant, a l though known i n s outhern G ermany, a ppears t o b e al oca l ( i .e. F rench) d eve lopment ( ibid.:41). Before l eav ing F 4-type f ibu lae, ment ion s hou ld b e made o f f i bu lae w i th a k ett ledrum-foot t urned t oward t he b ow w i th a L .T. I s pr ingc onstruct ion. They a ppear i n t he Champagne, i n t he f latinhuma t ion c emeter ies o f t he Ha D /L. T . Ia t Bethon, L a Cheppe, J uv igny a nd Vraux, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :30-31). B i latera l s ma l l s p ira l leds pr ings w i th a n e xterna l c ord, w i th a n a x ia l p in, a re known i n t he Cher, f rom a n i nhuma t ion bur ia l a t t he ' Fonda t ions d e l a F onder ie d e Canons ' ( F ig. 5 9 , 3 ), Bourges, a nd f rom G rave 1 i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Che 'nes-Montors ' ( F ig . 6 7 , 7 ), S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, a nd may r ef lect a l oca l d eve lopment. A number o f k ett ledrum-foot f ibu lae w i th a L .T . I s pr ing-construct ion c ome f rom p r imary i nhuma t ion g raves under t umu l i i n Burgundy, a s i n Tumu lus 2 a t Meu lson, C . -d 'O., where o ne i s a ssoc iated w i th a s econd f ibu la w i th a L .T. I s pr ing-cons truct ion, a nd i n t he t umu lus a t ' Bas d e Comet ', E ssaro is , C. -d 'O., where o ne e xamp le was f ound w i th a n o rnamented s heet-bronze b e lt-hook ( Ha D?) a nd a nd a f ivel ink b ronze c ha in ( G. Wamser 1 975 :141 n o . 5 38, 1 25 n o. 2 38, Taf . 2 3 , 1 0-11). The t wo e xamp les f rom t he Montsaugeonna is, p robably t umu l i f inds , s hou ld b e i nterpreted a s p ar t o f t he Burgund ian mater ia l ( P. Mouton 1 955 :13 f ig. 1 A -B). R . J offroy c onfesses r el uctant ly t ha t al i nk d oes e x ist b etween t hese f ibu lae a nd t hose w i th a Ha D s pr ing-construct ion ( 1960a : 1 71-172). The F 4-type f ibu lae w i th a L .T. I s pr ing-cons truct ion may b e c ons idered a s l a te Ha D f i bu lae. The n ew t echno logy o f s pr ing c onstruct ion h as b een u sed t o i mprove a nd s imp l ify what i s e ssent ia l ly a Ha D ' concept '. The s ame p r inc ip le s eems t o a pp ly t o F 2-type f ibu lae. Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a v ert ica l f oo t w i th a c ast o rnament a t t he e xtrem ity, G . Mansfe ld 's F 2-type, a l though p redominant ly f ound i n t he Champagne, h ave a more s cattered d is tr ibut ion i n t he P ar is Bas in t han F 4-type f ibu lae ( Map 1 4). Two , w i th a L .T. I s pr ing-cons truct ion, c ome f rom Graves 7 a nd 1 0 i n t he Ha D /L.T. I f latinhuma t ion c emetery a t ' l a Dronn iere ', I fs, Ca lv. ( C. Varoqueaux 1 966:295-322, 3 20 f ig. 8 , 5 , 1 3). I ron e xamp les a re known f rom t he L o ire r eg ion, i n at umu lus a t ' Thor igny ', Baccon, L o ir. ( R. A.L., 2 , 1 976:80), a nd a t t he ' Bo is d e Doma inv i l le ', Lumeau, E .-et-L. ( J.-M. Ca lvo 1 975 :40). A f i bu la, s im i lar t o t hose f rom I fs, was r ecovered f rom ' For t-Harrouard ', S ore lMousse !, E .-et-L. ( G. Verron 1 976b:805). A F 2type f ibu la w as a lso

9 0

f ound i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Prunet ' ( F ig . Md l iozes 1 882:P l. 1 , 2 ).

6 0 ,

1 3), Morthomiers, C .

( des

The ma jor i ty o f F 2-type f ibu lae c ome f rom l a te Ha D f lat-inhuma t ion c emeter ies o f t he Champagne, t o wh ich c an b e a dded t he f inds f rom t he A isne, t he Ardennes a nd t he Haute-Marne. They a re t he most numero us t ype o f f ibu la a t ' l es J ogasses ', where t hey a re f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th, i n o rder o f f requency, b ronze a rm i l lae, t ubu lar b ronze t orcs a nd b e lt-buck les i n s heet-bronze ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976). I n t he Ha D /L.T. I c emetery a t t he ' rue d e Be rnon E pernay, M ., a n i ron F 2t ype f ibu la ( F ig . 4 8, 3 ) was a ssoc iated w i th a f ibu la o f G . Mansfe ld 's F 3-type ( F ig. 4 8, 4 ) i n Grave 1 B ( N. F re id in 1 978 :16, P l. 3 A). J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let d a te F 2-type f ibu lae t o t he Ha Ia ( 1977:10 , 1 9 P l. I ). Those w i th a L .T. I s pr ing-cons truct ion s hou ld b e d ated l a ter, t o t he f i rs t h a lf o f t he f i f th c entury. One e xamp le, f rom S t-Remy-surBussy, M ., waä f ound w i th Ha D mater ia l ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :30 , P l. 2 1 , 7 ). Re lat ive ly f ew a re k nown o uts ide t he P ar is Bas in. F 2t ype f ibu lae h ave b een r ecovered f rom t he 'Mon t-Lasso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a : 8 9-90, P l. 2 6, 1 -3) a nd t he ' Camp du Chateau ' ( M. P iroutet a nd J . Ddche lette 1 909 :205, 1 99 f ig. 4 , 3 ; M . Dayet 1 967:101 , 1 04 P l. 2 , 2 02 1). A number o f t hem c ome f rom t umu l i g raves i n t he J ura. One e xamp le was f ound i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Decret t, Amondans, D ., a nd a s econd, i n Grave C i n Tumu lus 3 a t ' Grand Communa l ', L a R iv i reDrugeon, D. ( G. Wamser 1 975 :111 n o. 4 5 , 1 50-151 n o. 6 80, Taf . 1 1 , 9 , 1 1). They a re v irtua l ly a bsent f rom A lsace, w i th t he e xcept ion o f o ne f ind f rom Grave 3 i n Tumu lus 6 a t Donauberg , Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :2 2 , 2 3 f ig . 1 7Q). A l l t he a bove ment ioned F 2-type f ibu lae h ave o ne o r s evera l c as t knobs o r s tuds a t t he e xtremi ty o f t he v er t ica l f oot, a f ea ture wh ich h as i dent if ied t hem w i th l a Certosa t ype f ibu lae ( R. J offroy 1 960a :90 ; G . Verron 1 976b:805). Qu i te a d ifferent f orm o f F 2-type f ibu la i s o ne w i th a s quare d isc, o r ' t able ', o n t he e xtrem i ty o f t he b ow. The t op o f t he d isc a nd t he b ow u sua l ly h ave a g rooved o rnament e ncrus ted w i th c ora l. Two e xamp les c ome f rom ' l es J ogasses ': a n unornamented e xamp le f rom Grave 2 1 , a nd a nother, r ich ly o rnamented, f rom Grave 7 1, a ssoc iated w i th a b ronze t ubu lar t ore a nd b ronze a rm i l lae ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:431 , 4 35 , P l. 7 , 2 0). Two o rnamented f ibu lae o f t h is t ype were f ound i n Grave 2 i n t he f l at-inhumat ion c emetery a t 'Ache-P ierre ', Chamou i l ley, H te-M. a ssociated w i th b ronze a rm i l lae a nd a t r iangu lar b e lt-buck le i n s heet-bronze ( P. Bou i l lerot 1 913a : 7 3-77). Th is p ar t icu lar v ar iant o f F 2-type f ibu la i s known f rom t he ' Camp d u Chüteau ' where i t a ppears i n t he l a te Ha D L eve l C ( M. P iroutet a nd J . Ddche lette 1 909 :199 f ig. 4 , 1 ; M . Dayet 1 967 :101, 1 05 P l. 3 , 2 3 , 2 5). These f ibu lae h ave b een f ound s cattered f rom F rance t o S loven ia ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973: 4 1 , 2 45-246 Fund l is ten 2 57-259). F 2-type f ibu lae a ppear a t t he Heuneburg i n L eve l I ia , d ated t o t he Ha D2 ( ibid.:74 Tab. 2 6). The d istr ibut ion o f F 2-type f ibu lae w i th t he f oot t erm ina ted by o ne o r s evera l s uper imposed knobs , a s tud o r ac upu le, i s c entred o n t he Champagne, w i th i so lated f inds i n Sw i tzer land, Baden-Württemberg a nd Bavar ia ( ibid.:41 , Karte 1 1). F 3-type f ibu lae h ave t he f oot, o n wh ich i s r ivetted a c ast o rnament, t urned t oward t he b ow ( ibid.:37). W i th a s ing le e xcept ion, t he f ew e xamp les f rom t he P ar is Bas in c ome f rom f latinhuma t ion c emeter ies o f t he Ha D i n t he Champagne. A t ' l es J ogasses ', o ne c omes f rom Grave 1 68, a ssoc iated w i th a b ronze f i l iform t ore w i th a c ast ingjet a nd ' Jogass ian y-type g oblet, a nd t wo f rom Grave 1 88, w i th a b ronze p enannu lar 9 1

t ore w i th a n i nc ised o rnament o n t he s tem, t wo ' boat '-shaped e arr ings i n s heet b ronze a nd a b ronze f i l iform b race le t o n wh ich i s s uspended f ive amber b eads ( J .-J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976 :443, 4 45 , P l. 5 1, 5 5) , A t Epernay, a F 3-type f ibu la ( F ig . 4 8, 4 ) was f ound w i th a n i ron F 2-type f ibu la, a s ment ioned a bove, i n Grave 1 B ( N. F re id in 1 978 :16, P l. 3 A). Outs ide t he Champagne, a p a ir o f s i lver-p la ted b ronze F 3-type f i bu lae, o ne o f wh ich h as a d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing , was r ecent ly r ecovered f rom a n i so la ted c remat ion i n ab ronze r ibbed p a i l o f B . S t jernqu is t 's S er ie I , a t ' l a P icard ie ', Gurgy, Y . ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980 : 4 5-46, 4 2 f ig. 2 2). The l a te Ha D g rave-assemb lage i nc luded t wo s i lverp la ted dP4-type f ibu lae, a n unusua l i ron c urved-bow f ibu la w i th a d oub les p ira l s pr ing , ap a ir o f g o ld e arr ings , 2b ronze r ings w i th t ongue-ing love f asteners, amber , g lass a nd j e t b eads ( ib id .:43 , 4 5-46, 4 2 f ig. 2 2). J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let, d esp i te t he ir a ssoc iat ion a t Epernay , c ons ider F 3-type f ibu lae t o b e l ater t han F 2-type f ibu lae, a nd p lace t he f ormer i n t he Ha Ib ( 1976:10 , 2 0 P l. I). F 3-type f ibu lae a re r e la t ive ly c ommon o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :79-80 , P l. 2 0, 8 -11 , 2 1 , 1 -2). Three c ome f rom t he r ich c art-bur ia l i n t he t umu lus a t ' l a Garenne ', S te-Co lombe, C .-d 'O. ( F. Henry 1 933 :170 ; R . J offroy 1 958 :57-70). An i ron e xamp le f rom t he p r ince ly bur ia l a t V ix c an b e c ompared but f or i t s d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing t o t he f ibu la f rom S t-E t ienne-au-Temp le, M . ( ib id. : 84-114 ; 1 960a :88, 9 1, P l . 2 4, 7 , 2 6, 1 3). F 3-type f ibu lae a re a lso known f rom t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he F or k d e Haguenau, a s a t Maegstub, i n Grave 5 i n Tumu lus 2 0 o f Group C where o ne was a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze f i l iform t ore w i th a l oop-and-hook f as tener ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :162-163 , 1 54 f ig. 1 38C). F 3-type f ibu lae w i th a c upu le, a ' poppy-head ', o r s uper imposed k nobs r ivetted t o t he f oot, h ave a d is tr ibut ion c omp lementary t o t ha t o f F 2-type f ibu lae ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :41, Karte 1 1). Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a n h or izonta l f oot w i th a h o le a t t he e xtremi ty t hrough wh ich i s p assed a v ert ica l s tem, G . Mansfe ld 's F l-type, a re r are i n t he P ar is Bas in. A p a ir were f ound i n Grave 4 7 a t 'Charva is ' , a ssoc iated w i th a t ubu lar b ronze t ore a nd b ronze a rm i l lae ( Moug in 1 879 : 1 14 , P l. 4 , 1 2). Two e xamp les c ome f rom f la tinhuma t ion c emeter ies i n t he A isne, o ne a t l 'Hommee ', C ie ' rges , a nd a s econd a t i l es Gr ö v iöres ', C iry-Sa lsogne 6 ( F. Moreau 1 877 :P 1 . 1 5, 1 ; 1 893:P 1 . 1 54). The ' Charva is ' f ibu la b e longs t o ap art icu lar f orm o f F l-type f ibu la , w i th a s tud-term ina ted s tem, whose d is tr ibut ion i s c entred i n t he F ore ' t d e Haguenau. E xamp les h ave b een f ound i n t he t umu l i c emeter ies a t Kurzge länd a nd Uh lwi l ler, Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930:53-54 , 6 4 , 1 33-134). One F 2-type f ibu la was a ssociated w i th a number o f o ther f ibu lae, i nc lud ing G . Mansfe ld 's P 3 a nd d P4 t ypes ( ibid.:134 , 1 32 f ig. 1 15). They a re a lso known f rom t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :80, P l. 2 1 , 5 -6). E xa mp les o f t h is t ype a ppear a t t he Heuneburg i n L eva l Ia , d a ted t o t he Ha D2 ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :74 Tab. 2 6, Taf . 1 0 , 8 4). A f ibu la w i th a g rooved o rnament o n t he b ow i n la id w i th c ora l, s im i lar t o t he A isne f i nds , was r ecovered o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :81, P l. 2 1, 1 5). Such f ibu lae a re known f rom E ste, i n Grave 2 50 a t S . S tefano, a nd f rom t he Heuneburg ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :241 Fund l is te 2 43). A lthough G . Mansfe ld l ocates t he c entre o f p roduct ion o f F l-type f ibu lae i n t he m idd le Neckar r eg ion, t he f inds f rom t he P ar is Bas in a ppear t o r epresent p roducts f rom l oca l workshops, t he ' Charva is ' f ibu la f rom A lsace, a nd t he A isne e xamp les p oss ibly f rom n earer h ome ( ibid.:39 , 4 7 , Karte 1 0).

9 2

9 .8 Kett ledrum-bow f ibu lae ( G: P aukenf ibe ln; ( L is ts 3 4-35 , Maps 1 5-16)

Doppe lpaukenf ibe ln)

Kett ledrum-bow f ibu lae i n t he P ar is Bas in a re, w i th f ew e xcept ions, c onf ined t o t he Champagne where t hey a re f ound i n Ha D f la tinhuma t ion g raves. The o n ly t ype o f P aukenf ibe l f ound i n t he Champagne i s t he f ibu la w i th a f i l iform c urved-bow w i th a k ett ledrum-foo t t urned o ver t he b ow, J . Bergmann 's Typ V III ( 1958 :23 , 7 1 Abb. 3 ) a nd G . Mansfe ld 's P 4 ( 1973 :24). The o n ly o ther t ype o f P aukenf ibe l f rom t he P ar is Bas in h as a l arge k ett ledrum-bow a nd a s hor t h or izonta l f oot, J . Bergmann 's Typ IA ( 1958 :22 , 6 9 Abb. 1 ) a nd G . Mansfe ld 's P 1 ( 1973 :24), t wo o f wh ich c ome f rom t he t umu lus a t ' l a Bonneter ie ', V ie lmanay, N . ( R. O ctob on 1 973 :10). P 4-type f ibu lae a re a ssocia ted w i th ma ter ia l o f t he e nd o f t he Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I i n t he f la tinhuma t ion g raves o f t he Champagne. One p a ir, w i th t he pyram ida l k ett ledrum o rnamented w i th c oncentr ic c irc les , i s a ssoc iated w i th t wo b ronze p enannu lar b race lets w i th a n i nc ised o rnament i n Grave 3 9 a t ‚Charva is ', He i ltzl 'Ev6que, M . ( Moug in 1 879 :113 , P l. 4 ). A s im i lar f i bu la c omes f rom Grave 5 , a mu lt ip le bur ia l , a t ' l e J ard inet ', S t-Jean-sur-Tourbe, M . ( J . d e Baye 1 891 ;313-314 ; J . Bergmann 1 958 :27 , 7 7 Abb. 9 ). Outs ide t he Bas in, P 4-type f ibu lae h ave b een f ound b o th i n Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. Ic ontexts. S evera l c ome f rom l a te Ha D h i l lfor ts: t he ' MontL asso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :78 , P l . 1 9 , 1 0), a nd t he ' Camp du Châ teau ' ( M. P iroutet 1 931:7 , 2f ig . I , 2 9). I n Burgundy, a P 4-type f ibu la was f ound a ssociated w i th a dP4-type f ibu la a nd a b ronze f i l iform b race let i n Grave L i n Tumu lus 1 5 a t ' Banges ', 7 M inot, C .-d 'O. ( G. Wamser 1 975 :142 n o. 5 61). A p a ir o f P 4-type f ibu lae i s a ssociated w i th a f ragment o f a n i ron f ibu la w i th a n L .T. I s pr ing c onstruct ion i n as econdary i nhumat ion g rave i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' l a Chaume ', P ommard , C .-d 'O. ( ibid.: 1 47 no. 6 22). I n t he J ura , o ne P 4-type f ibu la was f ound w i th a n F 4-type f ibu la i n Grave d i n Tumu lus 3 a t ' l e Grand Communa l ', L a R iv ibre7Drugeon, D . ( ibid .:151 n o. 6 81). Another P 4-type f ibu la may h ave b een a ssociated w i th a F 4-type f ibu la , b ronze a rm i l lae a nd a number o f d iff erent b ronze b race lets i n Tumu lus 3 a t ' Au Dessus d e Bacchus ', Ref ranche, D . ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :333 , P l. 5 7 , 1 -15 , 6 0, 2 8). One e xamp le, w i th a d ouble-sp ira l s pr ing , s im i lar t o t he f ibu la f rom Av ize, M ., was f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th e ar ly L .T. I mater ia l i n Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 2 i n t he F or k d e W ei tbruch, Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :101 , 1 02 f ig. 9 0). P 4-type f ibu lae, o r Knopff ibe ln, w i th a b i latera l s pr ing a nd i nterna l c ord 7 are c ons idered t o r epresent o ne o f t he l a tes t d eve lopments o f t he Ha D f ibu lae t ypes. J . Bergman d ates t hem t o t he e ar ly L .T. I , a nd p laces t he t ype a t t he e nd o f h is P aukenf ibe ln s er ies ( 1958:27 , 7 8 Abb. . 1 0). They a ppear a t t he Heuneburg i n L eve l I a, t he l atest h or izon, d a ted t o t he Ha D3 ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :76, 7 4 Tab. 2 6). The g enera l d istr ibu t ion o f t h is f ibu la-type s hows c lusters i n t he Champagne, Burgundy a nd t he J ura, w i th i so la ted f inds i n Wür ttemberg, s ou thern Bavar ia a nd western Austr ia ( J. Bergmann 1 958 :58-60 , 9 0 Kar te 1 1; G . Mansfe ld 1 973:222-224 Fund l isten 1 89-194 ). The c en tre o f p roduc t ion o f P 4-type f ibu lae may h ave b een l oca ted i n t he u pper S e ine r eg ion ( ibi d. . :48 , Kar te 1 2). The t wo k ett ledrum-bow f ibu lae w i th a s hort h or izonta l f oo t f rom V ie lmanay w ere f ound i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a Bonneter ie ' wh ich c onta ins 8 2 bur ia ls t o d ate, r ang ing i n d ate f rom t he Ha C t o t he L .T. ( R. O ctobon 1 975; Ga l l ia P re 'h., 2 1 , 1 978:584). The p rec ise c ontext o f t he t wo P 1t ype f ibu lae i s n ot known. Th is f ibu la t ype c omes a t t he b eg inn i i igo f 9 3

t he P aukenf ibe ln s er ies, i ts c oncept ion s temm ing f rom a n av ice l la f ibu lae o n t he Sw iss P lateau i n t he Ha D ( J. Bergmann 1 958 :21-22, 2 4, 7 8 Abb. 1 0). I n F rance, P 1-type f ibu lae h ave b een f ound i n r e la tive ly l arge numbers i n t he t umu l i c emeteries o f t he F ors t d e Haguenau , w i th e xamp les i n t he J ura , but t hese h ave a s imp le b ent r od a nd a s top-d isc i ns tead o f t he b i la tera l s pr ing a nd i nterna l c ord o f t he V ie lmanay P aukenf ibe ln ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973:201-204 Fund l is ten 1 27-132). The l a tter a re r are i n F rance. One s uch f ibu la , w i th a knob-term ina l f oot, was f ound a ssociated w i th a n Ha D o rnamented s heet-bronze b e l t i n Tumu lus 2 8 i n t he F or & d e Bruma th, Bas-R. ( H. U lr ich 1 939-46:157, 1 54 P l. 2 , c ). A s im i lar f ibu la c omes f rom t he ' Camp d u Chg teau ' ( M. P iroutet 1 931 : 7 f ig. 4 , 4 ). The d is tr ibut ion o f P 1-type f ibu lae w i th a b i latera l s pr ing a nd i nterna l c ord i s c entred o n upper Bavar ia where t he t ype i s d ated t o t he Ha D 2 , a s t he t wo e xamp les i n Tumu lus 1 ( 1887) o f G ruppe 4 , a t Hug lf ing , L dkr. We i lheim, a ssoc ia ted w i th a n o rnamented s heet-bronze b e lt, a p a ir o f b ronze e arr ings, a number o f b ronze b race le ts a nd a rm i l lae, a nd a f ragm ent o f a n i ron kn ife ( J. Bergmann 1 958 :43-44 , 8 1 Karte 2 ; G . Kossack 1 959 :236, Taf . 1 05 , 5 ). P 1-type f ibu lae a ppear a t t he H euneburg i n L eve l I Ia ( w i th s top-d isc), d ated t o t he Ha D1 , a nd i n L eve l Ia ( w i th un i latera l s pr ing), d a ted t o t he Ha D2 ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :74 Tab. 2 6). The t wo V ie lmanay f ibu lae c an b e d ated t o t he l a te Ha D . Their l ong b i latera l s pr ing a nd h or izonta l f oot w i th a p ar t ia l ly c overed c a tch-p la te a re unusua l a nd may r ef lect a l oca l d evelopment. They a re, i n a ny c ase, i so lated f rom t he ma in c entres o f p roduct ion o f t h is p ar t icu lar f ibu la-type. Doppe lpaukenf ibe ln r efer t o k ett ledrum-bow f ibu lae w i th a n o rnamented f oot. F ibu lae w i th a v ertica l f oo t t erminated by a knob, J . Bergmann 's Typ I X l a/lb ( 1958 :23 , 7 2 Abb. 4 ), a nd G . Mansfe ld 's d P2 ( 1973 :31), a re c onf ined t o t he Champagne. I n t he f lat-inhuma t ion c emetery a t ' Charva is ' ap a ir o f d P2-type f ibu lae w i th a k ett ledrum o rnamented w i th i ncised c oncentr ic c irc les a nd a c entra l v ert ica l knob w ere a ssoc iated w i th a n i ron p enannu lar t orc i n Grave 2 8 , a nd a s econd p a ir o f d P2-type f ibu lae w ere f ound i n Grave 3 4 a ssociated w i th b ronze a rmi l lae ( Moug in 1 879 :109 , 1 12, P l. 4 ). A f ibu la i dent ica l t o t he p a ir f rom Grave 2 8 was f ound i n t he t umu lus a t ' l a Motte ', A ttancourt, H te-M. ( L. L epage 1 974a). Th is t ype o f f ibu la i s f ound e xc lus ive ly i n t he Champagne ( J. Bergmann 1 958 : 6 0; G . Mansfe ld 1 973 :35 , 2 28 Fund l is ten 2 05-206 Kar te 1 1). A v ar iant o f t he t ype h as b een f ound, h owever, i n s ou thern G ermany, o n t he Heuneburg i n L eve l Ia, d ated t o t he Ha D2 , a nd i n Tumu lus 4 9 a t S taatswa ld-M i l lhart, Ldkr. Fürs tenfe ldbruck ( ibid .:74 T ab. 2 6, 2 28 Fund l is te 2 05 n o. I V68, Taf . 1 2, 1 02: G . Kossack 1 959 :202, T af . 6 7 ,8). A more c ommon a nd w idespread Doppe lpaukenf ibe l h as a k ett ledrumf oot t urned t oward t he b ow, J . Bergmann 's Typ V I ( 1958 :23, 7 1 Abb. 3 ), a nd G . Mansfe ld 's d P4 ( 1973:31). They h ave b een f ound i n t he f l a ti nhumat ion g raves o f t he Champagne a nd i n t he t umu l i bur ia ls a long t he s outhern f r inges o f t he Bas in ( Map 1 6). Examp les r ecovered i n t umu l i bur ia ls i nc lude o ne ( F ig. 6 8, 1 6) f rom Grave 1 3 o r 1 4 i n Tumu lus 2 i n t he Ha D /L.T. Ic emetery a t ' Ch@nesMontors i, S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C . ( M. Bourges), a nd a nother f rom Grave 4i n t he t umu lus a t ' l e Mou l in Bru le ', Cource l les-sur-Au jon, H te-M., a ssociated w i th a b ronze knobbed b race let, a b aked c lay r ing a nd a n i ron h ook ( L. L epage 1 980 :90 , P l. 5 8, 3 ). An unusua l p a ir o f d P4-type f i bu lae, i n s i lver-p la ted b ronze, e ach w i th d oub le b i latera l s pr ings a t t he h ead a nd o ne a t t he f oot, w i th d ouble-sp ira l s pr ings, c omes f rom t he i so la ted c remat ion i n ab ronze r ibbed p a i l o f B . S t jernqu is t 's S er ie I a t ' l a P icard ie ', Gurgy, Y . ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980:46, 4 2 f ig . 2 2). 9 4

I n t he Champagne, t hree g raves a t ' l es J ogasses ' c on ta ined d P4t ype f ibu lae, o ne o f wh ich, n o . 1 08, h ad a p a ir a ssoc ia ted w i th b ronze a rm i l lae ( J.-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua le t 1 976 : 4 38-439, P l . 3 3). G rave 9 5 c on ta ined a dP4-type f ibu la w i th a n i ron s ocke ted j ave l in-head a nd o ne i ron d agger TiS id.:437-438, P l . 2 9). Th is t ype o f f ibu la , w ith a b il a tera l s pr ing a nd i n terna l c ord, i s f a ir ly c ommon i n Burgundy . I t i s f ound o n t he ' Mon t-Lasso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :77-79, 8 3, P l . 1 9, 4 -7, 2 0, 5 , 7 , 2 2, 3 ), a nd o ccurs i n l a te Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I c on texts i n t umu l i g raves, a s a t Magny-Lamber t, where o ne dP4-type f ibu la was a ssoc ia ted w i th a F 4-type f ibu la a nd f our e ar ly L .T. I f ibu lae i n a s econdary i nhuma t ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t ' Monceau-Lamber t ', a nd a t M ino t, where o ne was f ound w ith o ne P 4-type f ibu la i n G rave L i n Tumu lus 1 5 a t ' Banges '7 ( G. Wamser 1 975 :135 n o. 4 10, 1 42 n o. 5 61, Taf . 2 3, 3 , 5 ). d P4-type f ibu lae a re a lso known f rom t he J ura . On t he ' Camp du Châ teau ', t hey o ccur i n L eve ls C a nd E , d a ted t o t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L . T . I( M. P irou te t a nd J . Deche le tte 1 909 :198, 2 03, 1 97 f ig . 3 , 1 -3; M . Daye t 1 967 :100, 1 04 P l. 2 , 1 0-14). They h ave a lso b een f ound i n t umu l i g raves, a s a t A la ise, D ., i n as econda ry bur ia l i n t he t umu lus a t ' Combe Bernon ', where t wo w ere f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze r ibbon b race le t; a nd a t I vory, J ., i n G rave 1 6 i n Tumu lus 4 a t ' Mo idons-Sepo is ' ( G. Wamser 1 975 :108-109 n o . 1 4, 1 30 n o. 3 22, Taf . 1 1, 5 ). A t S araz, D ., a p a ir o f dP4-type f ibu lae w ere a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze f il iform t ore w ith l oop-term ina ls, t wo l ign ite b race lets a nd t wo t ubu lar b ronze a nk le-r ings i n G rave F i n t he t umu lus a t ' Cro ix d u Gros Murger ' ( ib id.: 1 52 n o . 7 02; J . B ergmann 1 958 :75 Abb. 7 C). One dP4-type f ibu la c omes f rom G rave 4 i n Tumu lus 1 5 i n t he F or k d e Uh lw i l ler, Bas-R ., a ssoc ia ted w i th F l a nd P 2-type f ibu lae ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :134, 1 32 f ig . 1 15). -dP4-type f ibu lae w ith a b i la tera l s pr ing a nd i n terna l c ord, d a ted g enera l ly t o t he l a te Ha D , a re d istr ibu ted i n e astern F rance, o n t he Sw iss P la teau, i n Baden-Wür ttemberg a nd i n Bavar ia ( J . B ergmann 1 958:54-58, 8 8-89 Kar ten 9 -10). The e astern F rench z one a ppears t o b e o ne o f t he ma in c en tres o f p roduc tion o f t h is f ibu la-type ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973:35, Kar te 1 0). A t t he Heuneburg , i t a ppears i n t he upper-most h or izons, i n L eve l Ib/a , d a ted t o t he Ha D2/3 ( ib id.:74 Tab. 2 6). A number o f t hese f ibu lae were e xpor ted s ou th ori l ie A lps. A p a ir o f d P4-type f ibu lae, o f F rench manufacture, was f ound i n G rave 3 71 a t C er tosa, Bo logna , a ssoc ia ted w i th a n A tt ic B lack F igure amphora o f c . 4 90, a nd a R ed F igure v esse l o f c . 4 50 ( ib id.:89). A d a te i n t he- f i rst h a lf o f t he f i f th c en tury i s e qua l ly s u i tab le f or t he F rench e v idence . J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua le t p lace t he t ype i n t he Ha Ib ( 1977 :10, 2 0 P l. I). One Doppe lpaukenf ibe l w i th a n h or izon ta l f oo t o n wh ich i s r ivetted av er t ica l s tem t erm ina ted b y ap oppy-head i s s a id t o c ome f rom t he ' Camp d e C ora ', S t-More, Y . ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :227 F und l iste 2 01 n o . 1 180). I t b e longs t o J . Bergmann 's Typ I X 2 a-6 ( 1958 :23, 7 2 Abb. 4 ) a nd G . Mansfe ld 's dP1 ( 1973:31). N o o ther e xamp le i s known f rom t he P ar is Bas in . The t ype i s f ound i n t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he J ura : i n Tumu lus 7 a t t he ' Camp d e M ine ', Amancey , D ., a nd i n t he t umu lus ' des Coudres ' ,C lucy , J .; a nd f rom t he ' Camp du Châ teau ' ( G. Wamser 1 975 :110 n o. 3 5, 1 21 n o. 1 80 ; M . P iroute t 1 933:P l. 3 , 2 2). I n Burgundy, a n e xamp le h as b een f ound o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :8 0-81, P l. 2 1, 9 ) . And i n A lsace, t hree dP1-type f ibu lae were f ound i n as econdary i nhuma t ion g rave i n Tumu lus 3 1 i n t he F oret d e B ruma th ( J .-J. Ha tt a nd H . U lr ich 1 947:43, 4 6 f ig . 4 , 3 -5).

9 5

The ma in d istr ibu t ion o f dP1-type f ibu lae i s c en tred o n n or the astern Bavar ia a nd Thur ing ia where t hey a re d ated t o t he e nd o f t he Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I ( J . Bergmann 1 958 :61-63, 9 2-93 Kar ten 1 3-14; G . Mansfe ld 1 973:47-48, Kar te 1 1). They a ppear a t t he Heuneburg i n L eve l I b, d a ted t o t he Ha D2-D3, s l igh t ly e ar l ier t han a t t he ' Camp du Châ teau ' where t hey o ccur i n L eve l E ( ib id.:74 Tab. 2 6, 8 4 Tab. 2 8). The f ibu la f rom t he ' Camp d e Cora ', l ike — t he o ne f rom V ix, may h ave b een i mpor ted f rom t he J ura where dP1-type f ibu lae w i th s ma l l k e tt ledrums a re c en tred ( ib id.:35, 2 26 -7 2 27 Fund l is te 2 01). They a re u l t ima te ly, h owever, o f German i nsp ira tion. 9 .9 Curved-bow f ibu lae w i th a n o rnamen ted b ow a nd f oot ( G: Doppe lz ierf ibe ln) ( L ist 3 6 , Map 1 7) Doppe lz i erf ibe ln r efer t o Fuss z i erf ibe ln w i th a n o rnamen t a ttached t o t he s ummi t o f t he b ow. Doppe lz ierf ibe ln w i th t he f oot t urned t oward t he b ow s uppor ting a r ivetted o rnament, G . I V ansfe ld 's dZ3 , h ave b een f ound i n l a te Ha D c ontexts i n f la tinhuma tion c eme ter ies o f t he Champ agne, a nd i n t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he Aube, I ndre a nd Yonne ( Map 1 7). A p a ir o f s i lver-p la ted b ronze dZ3-type f ibu lae, w i th l ong d oub les p ira led b i la tera l s pr ings, a nd t he T i» a —gmen t o f at h ird, were r ecovered f rom t he c rema t ion Grave 6 1 e nc losed i n ab ronze s i tu la o f B . Bou loumie 's Groupe C i n Tumu lus V a t ' l a P icard ie ' , Gurgy, Y ., wh ich a lso i nc luded ab ronze r ibbed p a i l o f B . S t jernqu ist 's S er ie I ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980: 3 2 , 3 3 f ig . 1 6). The f ragment o f a nother f ibu la, w i th a b ronze b ead r ivetted t o t he b ow, c omes f rom c rema tion Grave 1 8b c ont a ined i n ab ronze s i tu la o f B . Bou loumig 's G roupe A 3 , o r t ype ' t ess ino is ', p laced i n ap i t a t t he c entre o f t he quadrup le s quare Enc losure D i n t he s ame l oca l i ty ( ibid.:15 , 1 4 f ig . 5 ). Two i ron d iscs a nd a mber b eads c omp lete t he a ssemb lage. I n t he I ndre, a p a ir o f dZ3-type f ibu lae w i th ad isc o n t he b ow o rnamen ted w i th g o ldleaf a nd c ora l, w i th a d oub les p ira l s pr ing , were f ound i n t he c en tra l i nhuma tion g rave o f t he p r inc ipa l t umu lus a t ' Favr i l le' , L izeray, a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze t ore w i th i m i ta t ion t w ist ing a nd a r ivet-fastener, t hree b ronze a nk le-r ings w i th a n i nc ised o rnament a nd s ch is t b race le t f ragments ( Ga l l ia , 3 6 , 1 978:273 f ig . 1 1). A dZ3-type f ibu la was r ecovered f rom t he t umu lus a t ' F ie l' , P o l iso t, Au ., wh ich c on ta ined t wenty i nhuma tion a nd t wo c rema tion bur ia ls o f t he H a D a nd L .T. I ( L. C ou tant 1 858). I n t he Champagne, o ne e xamp le was f ound i n Grave 1 C ( 1880) a t Var i l les ' , Bouy, M ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze-w ire t ore o n wh ich a re s uspended c ora l, amber a nd c lay b eads, a s he l l, a w i ld b oar's t usk a nd a b ronze amu let, i n wha t a ppears t o b e a mu lt ip leinhuma tion bur ia l ( A. N ica ise 1 884 :33-34). Ano ther f ibu la was f ound a t Bouy ( F ig. 4 9 , 9 ), i n t he d i tch o f t he s quare Enc losure C , i n t he f la tinhuma tion c eme tery a t l e Chemin d e Vadenay ' ( D. Chosseno t e t a l . 1 979 :9, f ig . 2 , 5 ). An unusua l dZ3-type f ibu la w i th a quadrup le-sp ira l i n b ronze w ire r ive tted t o t he underside o f t he b ow a nd s ecured by t he s tem o f t he c upu le o n t he s ummi t o f t he b ow, c omes f rom a f la tinhuma t ion c eme tery a t Bouzy , M . ( R. J offroy 1 960a:82 , P l. 2 1, 1 6). Two i den tica l f ibu lae were f ound o n t he Mont-Lasso is V ix, C d' 0 ., i n ' Chan t ier I I' ( ib id. :8 1-82 , P 1. 2 1, 1 7). Another e xamp le c omes f rom Grave 4 i n Tumu lus 1 o f Group C a t Maegstub, Bas-R., a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze f i l iform t orc, t wo t ubu lar b ronze p enannu lar b race le ts, t wo b ronze a nk le-r ings, o ne b e l t i n s heet-bronze w i th a s tamped g eometr ic mo t if , t wo a mber b eads, a nd a s ma l l i ron f ibu la w i th a b i la tera l s pr ing ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930:142 , 1 47 , f ig . 1 30A-C).

9 6

dZ3-type f ibu lae, s evera l w i th a d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing , h ave b een f ound a t V ix, b oth o n t he h i l lfor t a nd i n t he p r ince ly bur ia l ( R. J offroy 1 960a: 7 9 , 8 4 , P l. 2 0, 1 2 , 2 2 , 7 -9). An i ron v ers ion o f t he t ype c omes f rom t he ' Camp du Chateau ' , S a lins, J . ( id . 1 956:131-132, 1 31 f ig. 5 0, 2 ). dZ3-type f ibu lae a re r e la tive ly c ommon i n t he t umu l i c emet er ies i n t he F or t d e Haguenau i n L ower A lsace. One e xamp le was a ssoc ia ted w i th t wo b ronze c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a b i la tera l s pr ing , t wo b ronze-w ire p enannu lar b race lets a nd a b ronze-r ibbon s p ira l r ing , i n Grave 2 i n Tumu lus 1 3 a t Donauberg , Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930: 2 4 , 2 3 f ig . 1 7C-E). The t ype h as a s ca ttered d istr ibu tion c entred i n A lsace a long t he upper Rh ine v a l ley ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973:45 , Kar te 1 0). Doppe lz ierf ibe ln w i th a v er tica l f oot, G . Mans f e ld ' s dZ 2 , a re r ep resented i n t he P ar is Bas in by a s o l i tary f ind. The f ibu la i n quest ion ( F ig. 5 1 , 4 ), s a id t o c ome f rom t he Champagne, h as a ' poppy-head ' t ermina l o n t he f oo t, a c ora l b ead a ttached by a b ron z e w ire t o t he s umm i t o f t he b ow wh ich i s o rnamented w i th i nc ised t ransverse l ines, a nd a n i rregu lar b i la tera l s pr ing w ith a n e xterna l c ord ( M. Cambr idge). I t a ppears, f or t he p resent, t o b e un ique. G . Mansfe ld m entions a Doppe lz ierf ibe l w i th a k e tt ledrum-bow a nd a n h or izonta l f oot t hrough wh ich i s p assed a v er tica l s tem, h is dZ1-type, a s c oming f rom l es J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M . ( 1973 :256 Fund l iste 2 84 n o. 1 125). H is r eference, h owever, i nd icates n ot a dZ1-type f ibu la but t he dP2-type f ibu la f rom Grave 1 34 ( P. M . F avre t 1 936 :90 f ig . 3 4 t op c entre). D R7 p-p e lz ierf ibe ln a re, i n f act, a bsent f rom l es J ogasses' . The d istr ibut ion o f dZ1-type f ibu lae i s c entred o n n or thern Bavar ia a nd Thur ing ia, w i th e xamp les i n Baden-Wür ttemberg a nd o n t he Sw iss P la teau ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :45 , Kar te 1 1). The n earest f ind t o t he P ar is Bas in c omes f rom t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 960a :80-81 , P l. 2 1, 9 ). 9 .10 F ibu lae w i th a ' c o i l-spr ing '-foot

( F: 1 f aux r essort) ( L ist 3 7 , Map 1 8)

A number o f c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th a L .T. I s pr ing-construc tion, t ha t i s af our-co i l b i la tera l s pr ing a nd e xterna l c ord made o f o ne p iece, h ave a n up-turned f oot t erm ina ted by a c o i l o r s pr ing . W i th t he e xception o f t he f inds f rom Mdr igny, I ., t hese f ibu lae c ome f rom t he Champagne, i n t he r eg ion o f Cheons-sur-Marne, M . The p rec ise c ontexts o f t he Marn ian f inds, o ther t han t he f act t ha t t hey p robab ly c ome f rom f la t-inhuma tion g raves, a re n ot known ( D. BretzMah ler 1 959 :450). The f ibu la f rom P o ix, M ., i s s a id t o h ave b een f ound i n af la t-inhuma tion g rave, wh ich h ad b een r obbed p r ior t o e xcava tion, a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze t orc a nd b race lets, a nd a n i ron t weezer ( ib id.: 4 51). Two b ronze f ibu lae o f t h is t ype, a nd p oss ib ly a t h ird e xamp le i n i ron, were f ound i n t he s epu lchra l c ave o f ' l a Roche No ire ' , a t Mdr igny, I . ( G. C ord er 1 978a:212-214 , f igs. 8 , 1 -2 , 9 , 3 ). The c ave c onta ined a h omogenous ma ter ia l d a tab le t o t he Ha D/L.T. I t rans i t ion, t o t he m idd le o f t he f i f th c entury ( ib id. : 215-220). S evera l f ibu lae w i th a ' c o i l-spr ing '-foot h ave b een f ound i n a Ha D c ontext. One b ronze f ibu la c omes f rom t he s ett lement a t Bragny-surS a8ne, S .-et-L. ( A. Gu i l lot 1 976 :118 f ig . 4 , 5 ). The s i te i s d a ted by t he p resence o f Massa l io te amphorae, s herds o f A ttic B lack-F igure ware, a nd f ibu lae c omparab le t o t hose f ound o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' , V ix, C .-d'O. ( ib id.:128). Another b ronze f ibu la c omes f rom Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 4 a t Harthouse, Bas-R., a ssoc ia ted w i th a mass ive b ronze f i l iform t ore, t wo

9 7

t ubu lae b ronze b race lets, t wo mass ive b ronze a nk le-r ings, a b ronze k ett ledrum-bow f ibu la o f G . Mansfe ld 's P 1-type, a f la t-sec tion b ronze h ook, c ora l b eads a nd a l ight g reen t rans lucent g lass-paste b ead ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930:106 , 1 09 f ig . 9 6C). One ' c o i l-spr ing '-footed f ibu la w as f ound i n L ayer C3 a t t he e ntrance o f t he f or tif ied s ett lement a t L e P bgue, Dr., d a ted t o t he Ha D/L.T. I t rans i t ion ( J.-J. Ha tt 1 977 :49 , 5 0 f ig . 4 0, 4 ). Th is p ar t icu lar t ype o f f ibu la , a l though e ssen tia l ly c onf ined t o t he Champagne, h as b een f ound a s f ar e ast a s Morav ia , a t Ma lom g ice-Brno ( J. F i l ip 1 956 :99 Obr. 3 0, 2 ). A t S tradon i &, i n Bohem ia, e xamp les o ccur i n L .T. I c ontexts ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 959 :452). The Champagne f ibu lae a re d a ted by D . B retz-Mah ler t o t he e ar ly L .T. I ( ib id. : 448-452; i d. 1 971:19-20). The f ibu lae f rom P o ix a nd S arry may b e l a ter, a nd d a te t o t he L .T. I b, t he f ormer b ecause o f i t s s ix-co i l b i la tera l s pr ing a nd i nterna l c ord, a nd t he l a tter b ecause i t c omes f rom ap redominant ly L .T. I b f la tinhuma t ion c eme tery ( id. : 1959 :451). A lthough t h is t ype o f f ibu la a ppears most f requent ly i n t he Champ agne, t he e ar l iest e xamp les c ome f rom o uts ide t h is c en tra l c luster. Further d iscover ies o f t h is f ibu la-type i n t he Champagne a re n eeded b efore a ny d ef in i te s ta temen t c an b e made r egard ing i t s o r ig in, a nd s ubsequen t d iffus ion . Un t i l t ha t t ime, t he t ype c an b e d a ted t o t he Ha D/L.T. It rans i t ion i n t he P ar is Bas in . 9 .11 O ther Ha D /L.T. I f ibu lae S evera l f ibu lae, a l though g enera l ly c ons idered t o d a te t o t he L .T. I may i n f act h ave o r ig ina ted i n t he Ha D . A b ronze f ibu la w i th a f oot i n t he s hape o f ar am's h ead t urned t ow ard t he b ow c omes f rom S u ippes, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971:28). A s im i lar f ibu la was f ound i n t he t umu lus a t ' Ferme d e Grand Bo is' , A ignayl e-Duc, C .-d 'O., wh ich a lso c onta ined t wo mass ive b ronze f i liform t orcs o r b race lets, a b ronze s erpentiform f ibu la w i th a s imp le c urved-bow a nd s top-d isc a nd a p edesta l led p ottery v esse l o rnamented w i th a n i nc ised a nd b arbo tine-pa inted g eome tr ic mo tif ( R. J offroy 1 953). Two b ronze r azors, o ne o f wh ich b e longs t o A . J ockenhöve l 's Typ M ino t, were a lso f ound i n t he t umu lus ( G. Wamser 1 975:108 n o. 3 ). The r ecovery o f b o th Ha C a nd l a te D ma ter ia l a rgues f or t he p resence o f more t han o ne b ur ia l. The r am's h ead-foo t f ibu la may b e long t o al a te Ha D g rave o r y e t t o a t h ird e ar ly L .T. I bur ia l. These f ibu lae a re f ound i n s outhern G ermany i n L .T. I c ontexts, a s i n t he t umu li c emetery a t Hochdorf , Wdrttemberg ( K. B i tte l 1 934 :9 n o. 1 6 , Taf . 1 , C3). E xamp les, p robab ly o f l a ter d a te, h ave b een f ound a t N ieder-Schenhausen, Kr. N ieder-Barn im, a nd a t Oberw i ttighausen, Baden ( P. J acobstha l 1 944 :193-194 , P l. 1 57 , n o. 3 08, 1 58 n o. 3 14). A b ronze Doppe lvoge lkopff ibe l, t ha t i s w i th t wo b ird 's-head f ee t t urned t oward t he b ody, w i th a d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing , w as f ound i n a f l a tinhuma tion g rave a t l a F osse M inore' , C aure l, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 958b:367-369). I t was a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze L .T. I f ibu la w i th t he f oo t t urned t oward t he c ora l-ornamen ted b ow ( ib id.:369). I n F rance, a no ther Doppe lvoge lkopff ibe l, a lso w i th a Ha D s pr ing-construc tion , was r ecovered f rom Grave 1 i n Tumu lus 1 0 a t S ch irrhe inerweg , Bas-R., a ssoc ia ted w i th a p redominant ly L .T. I g rave-assemb lage, but a lso i nc lud ing a Voge lkopff ibe l w i th a Ha D s pr ing-construc tion ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930 :82-83 , 8 3 f ig . 7 4F, 2 56). Th is t ype o f f ibu la, a l though 9 8

d er ived u ltima te ly f rom t he Voge lkopff ibe ln o f t he Ha D , d a te t o t he e ar ly L .T. I ( W. Dehn 1 966 :137-138). The d istr ibut ion o f Doppe lvoge lkopff ibe ln i s c entred i n t he m idd le Rhine r eg ion ( ib id:144 Abb. 7 ). I t i s i n terest ing t o n ote t hat b o th F rench e xamp les h ave a Ha D s pr ing c onstruct ion. Another Ha D /L.T. I t rans i t iona l f ibu la-type i s t he d isc-f ibu la t ha t h as t he c urved-bow r ep laced by a f la t-sect ion c ircu lar d isc w i th a f la ttened b ow h o ld ing t he s pr ing, p in a nd c a tch-p la te, r ivetted t o t he unders ide. D isc-f ibu lae a re r e la tive ly r are i n t he P ar is Bas in ( List 3 9 , Map 1 9). One p a ir c omes f rom a f l a t-inhuma t ion g rave a t L a V euve-Recy, M ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a n unusua l b ronze-w ire b ow c ons ist ing o f j o ined f igure-of-e ights, a n i ron sword, a s i tu la a nd t wo s kypho i ( J.-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 977 : 1 2; D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 971:30, P l. 2 0 , 7 ). The d isc-f ibu lae f rom L a Veuve a re c ompared t o f inds f rom t he e ar ly L .T. I r ich p r ince ly bur ia l f rom Re inhe im, Kr. I ngeber t, i n t he S aar land ( J. K e l ler 1 965:36-37 , Taf . 1 3). The s p ira l-bow f ibu la i s n ot un l ike t he e xamp le f rom Duchcov , C echy, i n n or thwestern Czechos lovakia ( J. F i l ip 1 956 :Tab. XXIII, 1 1). The c ont exts o f o ther d isc-f ibu lae f rom t he Marne, o ne f rom L a-Cro ix-en-Champ agne ( J.-P. Mohen a nd C . E lubre 1 970:188 Annexe I , 1 8) a nd a no ther f rom Warguemou l in-Hur lus ( L. More l 1 898:P l. 3 6 , 6 -7), a re n o t known. The Warguemou l in f ibu la , o rnamen ted w i th c ora l b eads, i s s imi lar t o t he d isc-f ibu la f rom t he t umu lus a t ' l a F r iche' , Mauv i l ly, C .-d'O. ( R. J offroy 1 960b:211 , 2 09 f ig. 7 7 , 4 ). Outs ide t he Champagne, a d isc-f ibu la f ragment i s known f rom t he t umu lus a t Barv i l le-en-Gä tina is, Lo ir. ( Mouff let a nd M . W i l laume-Ferd iere 1 975:26 , 2 7 f ig . 4 ); a nd a no ther, w i th a s err a ted e dge ( F ig. 6 1 , 1 0), was f ound o n t he s tone s lab c over ing t he c en tra l c rema tion bur ia l i n t he t umu lus a t ' Mes lou' , C oust, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 885). D isc-f ibu lae a re known a t Ha l lsta tt, i n Graves 8 3 , 8 5 a nd 9 63 , where t hey a ppear i n t he Ha Cl ( K. Kromer 1 959 :52 , 1 80 , Taf . 7 , 1 , 8 , 2 8, 1 89 , 6 ; R . P eron i 1 973 :17 , 2 9 f ig . 1 , 1 1). A f ibu la f rom S t ierberg , P egn i tz , i n Oberfranken, i s d a ted t o t he Ha D ( J.-P. Mohen a nd C . E lu ' ere 1 970 : 1 88 Annexe I , 9 ). The ma jor i ty o f d isc-f ibu lae o ccur i n Ha D IL.T. I a nd L .T. I c ontexts. The ir d istr ibution i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f G . Mansfe ld 's P 4-type f ibu lae ( J. Bergmann 's Type V III) w i th i mportant c lusters i n t he Champagne, Burgundy a nd t he J ura ( ib id.:186 f ig . 3 ). D isc-f ibu lae h ave a lso b een f ound i n s ou thwestern F rance, a t Ense-r une, I f är. ( R. J offroy 1 960b:211), a t Avezac-Prat, H tes-Pyr., a nd i n t he t umu l i o n t he Ger p la teau, Basses-Pyr. ( J.-P. Mohen a nd C . E luere 1 970 :185 , 1 83 f ig . 1 , 4 -6). D isc-f ibu lae h ave b een c onfused w i th c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th d iscs r ivetted t o t he b ow, a v ar ian t o f G . Mansfe ld 's dZ3-type f ibu lae, e xamp les o f wh ich c an b e c i ted f rom t he ' Mon t-Lasso is ' , V ix, C .-d 'O. ( R. J offroy 1 960a:91, P l. 2 6 , 1 7 ), a nd f rom Grave 4 i n Tumu lus 6 a t Ken igsbruck, Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930:28 f ig . 2 2). Apar t f rom e v iden t t echn ica l s imi lar i ties, dZ3-type a nd d isc-f ibu lae a re l arge ly c ontemporary a nd h ave ac omp lementary d istr ibu tion i n t he P ar is Bas in. 9 .12 M isce l laneous f ibu lae A b ronze c urved-bow f ibu la w i th a un i la tera l t wo-co i l s pr ing a nd a l ong h or izonta l f oo t t ermina ted by a s ty l ised b ird 's-head t urned t oward t he b ow ( F ig . 1 2 , 1 1), i s b e l ieved t o c ome f rom Amiens, S om. ( M. Oxford). I t b e longs t o F . L a S ch iavo 's Groupe XXV o f h er Gruppo L iburn icoJ apod ico, c entred i n n or thern Da lma tia , t he t ko ine a dr ia tica ' ( 1970:447-448). E xamp les h ave b een f ound a t Kompo l je, a nd o n t he i s land o f Krk ( ib id.: 4 48, P l. 2 2 , 2 , 3 2 , 1 0-11 , 1 4). These f ibu lae a re, a ccord ing t o R . P eron i,

9 9

ap re-Cer tosa t ype, d a tab le t o t he s ixth a nd f i f th c en tur ies ( 1973 :68 , f ig . 2 1, 5 ). The Amiens f ibu la , a n i so la ted f ind, i s t he o n ly f ibu la o f Adr ia tic o r ig in f rom t he P ar is Bas in. Th is f ac t r a ises d oubts a s t o t he a uthentic i ty o f t he f ind 9 .13

Summary ( Tab le 3 )

F ibu lae, known i n t he P ar is Bas in s ince t he L .B. A., a re u sed t hrougho u t t he Ha C a nd Ha D . A s harp c ontrast e x ists b etween f ibu lae o f t he Ha B /C a nd C , o n t he o ne h and, a nd t hose t ha t a ppear i n t he l a ter H a D a nd Ha D /L.T. I , o n t he o ther. The f ormer , f or t he most p ar t o f I ta l ic o r ig in a nd/or i nsp ira tion, h ave a more e ven ly s ca ttered d is tr ibu tion a long t he a xes o f t he ma jor r ivers, p r inc ipa l ly t he S e ine a nd t he L o ire a nd t he ir p r inc ipa l t r ibu tar ies. F ibu lae f rom t he l a ter Ha D , e i ther o f l oca l o r w est c en tra l European manufacture ( i .e. t he Sw iss P la teau a nd s ou thern G ermany), a re f ound c lustered i n t he Champagne, w i th i s o la ted f inds a long t he s ou thern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, i n n or thern Burgundy a nd t he Berry. The ma jor i ty o f Ha C f ibu lae h ave t he ir a ntecedents i n t he L .B.A. Curved-bow f ibu lae, made f rom a s ing le p iece, w i th a un i la tera l s pr ing c omposed o f o ne o r t wo c o i ls, a re u lt ima te ly o f I ta lic o r ig in. ' Spec tac le'f ibu lae, f rom c entra l a nd s ou thern Europe, a re u sed o ver a r e la t ive ly l ong p er iod s ince t hey a re known i n b o th L .B.A. a nd Ha D c on texts. A n av ice l la f ibu lae, wh ich i nc lude a v ar ie ty o f t ypes, h ave a n e qua l ly l ong l i fe. Dragof ibe ln a nd o ther mu lt icurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae a re k nown i n t he Ha C a nd D . The ma jor i ty o f Ha B/C a nd C f ibu lae a re i so la ted f inds. The r are e xamp les f rom known c on texts c ome f rom h oards ( Argen ton-sur-Creuse, No tre-Dame-de-L ivoye), b ur ia ls (' Faubourg d e Maz ieres' a t Bourges) a nd s ett lemen ts (Vamp d e Cora ' a t S t-More). The o n ly F rench r ivers i n wh ich Ha B / C a nd C f ibu lae h ave b een d redged a re t he R I1 ' one, S a ibne, D oubs a nd S e ine ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :43). Th is f ac t c omb ined w i th t he r e lat ive s carc i ty o f I ta l ic f ibu lae i n s outh-cen tra l a nd s ou thwestern F rance f avour t he ' Rh2 xne-Sa ne ' c orr idor a nd t he A lp ine p asses a s t he m a in r outes f or t he i n troduc tion o f t hese f ibu lae i nto t he P ar is Bas in a nd e as tern F rance ( ib id. : 43-45, f igs. 2 5-28). They s hou ld b e v iewed a s p ar t o f t he s outh-nor th o r ien ted t rade i n l uxury g oods. The g rea t v ar ie ty o f d ifferent t ypes o f Ha B /C a nd C f ibu lae a l so a rgues f or a c er ta in a moun t o f i nd igenous manufacture. A . Duva l e t a l. h ave d rawn a ttent ion t o t he Ha B c rested h e lme ts w i th p o in ted c aps f rom Ca lv., wh ich r epresen t al oca l a dapta tion o f aV i l lanov an t ype ( 1974 :46; H . H encken 1 971:9 , 6 6-72). F ibu lae may s im i lar ly n o t h ave b een i mmune t o c hanges wrought b y l oca l c raf tsmen. A l though e ssent ia l ly a f unct iona l a nd d ecora tive o b jec t, f ibu lae may h ave p layed a s econdary r o le a s ap re-monetary s tandard o f e xchange. Th is i s s uggested by R . P eron i i n h is s tudy o n t he Ardea h oard i n wh ich e igh ty-f ive f ibu lae w ere f ound, e ighty-three o f wh ich b e long t o as angu isuga-types ( 1966 : 1 75-197). Th is hypo thes is i s a rgued o n t he b as is o f as ystema tic a na lysis o f t he w e igh t o f t he f ibu lae ( ib id.:197). The r e la tive a bundance o f a s angu isuga f ibu lae may a dd s uppor t t o t h is a rgumen t. A who le n ew r ange o f f ibu lae-types a ppear i n t he Ha D , u lt ima te ly f rom t he Sw iss P la teau a nd s outhern Germany, o n ly t o d isappear i n t he e ar ly L .T. I . I n t h is r e la t ive ly s hor t s pan o f t ime, a l arge v ar ie ty o f c urved-bow f ibu lae w ere p roduced, b oth i n b ronze a nd i ron, many w i th

1 00

4 . 4

C T,

Tab le 3 F ibu lae :

1 01

C D • —

• —

• • •• •

Chrono log ica l s ummary

f iliform-bow

e lzierfibeln

FuBzierfibeln

aukenfibeln

S chlanFenfibeln

A n avicella

C urved

q uadruple-spiral

an ew s pr ing c onstruc tion made o f s evera l p ar ts c omposed o f al ong b il a tera l s pr ing w i th a n a xia l p in a nd a n i nterna l c ord. A number o f t hese s pr ings h ave, i n a dd i tion , ad oub le-sp ira l s pr ing ( "fausse c orde l b ouc lettes") f ixed t o t he e nds o f t he a xia l p in a nd wrapped a round t he o uts ide o f t he ma in s pr ing ( R. J offroy 1 955 :453-461), Th is " fausse c orde äb ouc lettes" h as a pure ly o rnamen ta l v a lue, a nd i s c onf ined t o t he l a ter Ha D . Chrono log ica l ly, t here i s l i tt le d ifference b etween t he v ar ious t ypes o f Ha D f ibu lae. The P aukenf ibe ln, d er ived f rom a n av ice l la f i bu lae, a ppear f irst, a nd t he Fussz ierf ibe ln l ast. The l a ter e xamp les h ave a b il a tera l f our-co i l s pr ing w i th a n e xterna l c ord t ha t c harac ter ises e ar ly L .T. I f ibu lae. Ha D a nd Ha D IL.T. I f ibu lae a re, w i th f ew e xcept ions, c onf ined t o t he f la tinhuma tion c eme ter ies o f t he Champagne a nd t o t he t umu l i c emet er ies a long t he s ou thern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Bas in, f rom t he Berry t o t he P la teau d e L angres. The r are s ett lemen t f inds c ome f rom h i l ltop s i tes. S ome o f t hese t ypes a re i nd igenous t o t he Champagne ( G. Mansfe ld 's dP2 a nd F 2); o thers o r ig ina te f rom n e ighbour ing r eg ions, n o tab ly t he upper S e ine v a l ley ( P4) a nd A lsace ( F1), a nd a f ew a re o f s ou th G erman o r ig in ( P1). No a c tua l ' workshops ' h ave s o f ar b een f ound i n t he Champagne. Th is i s p ar t ia l ly e xp la ined by t he d ear th o f Ha D s e tt lemen ts i n t he r eg ion g ene ra l ly. The r are Ha D f ibu lae f rom t he h i l lfor ts a t Tor t-Harrouard ' , S ore l-Mousse l, a nd t he ' Camp d e Cora ' , S t-More , a re i nsuff ic ient e v idence f or a ny manufac tur ing a c tiv i ty, un like t he ma ter ia l r ecovered o n t he MontL asso is ' , V ix ( R. J offroy 1 950:394-398), a nd o n t he ' Camp du Ch ' ä teau f , S a l ins ( M. P irou te t a nd J . Deche lette 1 909 :193-212; M . Daye t 1 967 :1001 06). Ha D Fussz ierf ibe ln w i th a L .T. I s pr ing-construc t ion, a nd a number o f ' t ransi t iona l ' t ypes, s uch a s f ibu lae w i th a ' c o i l-spr ing f foot a nd d iscf ibu lae, p o int t o ac ontinu i ty o f manufac tur ing t rad i t ion f rom t he Ha D i nto t he e ar ly L .T • I .

NOTES 1 .

S ec tion-head ings f or Ha B / C a nd C c urved-bow f ibu lae f o l low t he t erm ino logy a dopted by A . Duva l e t a l . b ased o n t he r e la tive t h ickness o f t he c urved b ow: i .e. f i l iform ( "s imp le"), s l igh t ly swo l len ( "peu r enf le"), a nd s wo l len ( "renn e t) ( 1974 :3 f ig . l b). The more d e ta i led d escr iptive d iv is ions u sed i n t he l i sts a re b ased o n J . S undwa l l 's w ork o n I ta l ian f ibu lae ( 1943). The t erm ino logy u sed f or Ha D f ibu lae f o l lows t he o ne e stab l ished by G . Mansfe ld i n h is w ork o n t he m a ter ia l f rom t he Heuneburg ( 1973). ( See t he g u ide t o t erm ino logy a t t he h ead o f L ists 3 3-36.)

2 .

A d istr ibu tion map o f mu lticurv i l inear-bow f ibu lae h as n ot b een d rawn s ince t he ma jor i ty o f f inds h ave o n ly l abe ls r eferr ing t o t he d epar tment o r r eg ion i n wh ich t hey w ere f ound.

3 .

I t i s i nteresting t o n o te t ha t s erpen t iform-bow f ibu lae h ave b een f ound i n t he J ura a lso a ssoc ia ted w i th b e lts i n s heet-bronze o rnamented w i th as tamped g eometr ic mot if : o ne s ma l l s erpen tiform-bow f ibu la w i th a knob-term ina l a nd s top-d isc c omes f rom a s econdary i nhuma tion g rave i n Tumu lus 4 a t No idons-Paranvot t,Mesnay, J ., a ssoc ia ted w i th b ronze-w ire a rmi l lae; a nd t wo sma l l s imp le c urved-bow f ibu lae w i th s top-d iscs c ome f rom a s econdary i nhuma t ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t ' Champs P eup in ' , I vory, J ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze Kahnpaukenf ibe l ( kett ledrum-bow f ibu la), b ronze c ha inl inks, i ron waggonf i ttings, a nd o rnamented p ottery ( G. Wamser 1 975 :129 n o . 2 99, 1 40 n o. 5 07 , Taf . 9 , 4 , 7 ). 1 02

4 .

Un less o therw ise s ta ted, f ibu lae i n t h is s ect ion h ave b i la tera l s pr ings w i th a n i nterna l c ord.

5 .

G . Mansfe ld c ons iders t he f ibu la f rom G rave 3 0 a t ' Mon t-Grave t' , V i l leneuve-Rennev i l le, M ., a s b e long ing t o t h is F 4 v ar ian t ( 1973 :253 Fund l iste 2 78 n o. 1 190). The f ibu la i s i lustra ted, h owever, a s h av ing a k e tt ledrum-foot ( D. Bretz-Mah ler a nd A . B r isson 1 958 :211 f ig . 6 3 t op).

6 .

The t wo f ibu lae f rom t he A isne, i den tica l i n e very d eta i l, may i n a c tua l f ac t r epresen t o ne a nd t he s ame f ibu la. Bo th a re i lustra ted by F . Moreau i n h is C aranda pub l ica tions, i n s epara te v o lumes u nder d iffere n t c ap tions. They d o n ot r eappear i n H . Huber t' s work o n t he F . Moreau C o l lec tion d eposi ted i n t he Mus e d es An tiqu i tes Na tiona les, a t S t-Germa in-en-Laye ( 1902; 1 906).

7 .

F . H enry's l i st o f g rave g oods f rom Grave L d iffers f rom t ha t o f G . Wamser. I t i nc ludes t ubu lar b ronze b race lets a nd a nk le-r ings a nd a p ottery v esse l, a nd makes n o men tion o f e i ther P 4 o r d P4-type f ibu lae ( 1933 :163). S he i lustra tes t hree P 4-type f ibu lae, a nd 1 d P4-type f ibu la, a s c om ing f rom Tumu lus 1 5 ( ibid.:67 f ig . 2 5 , 7 , 1 0-12). Bu t where t hese w ere f ound, a nd i n wha t c ontext, a re n o t made c lear .

1 03

CHAPTER 1 0 BRONZE VESSELS

1 0 .1

Cau ldrons w i th c ruc iform-hand le a ttachments ( L ist 4 1, M ap 2 0)

Three c au ldrons i n s hee t-bronzel w i th c ruc iform-hand le a ttachments c ome f rom t he P ar is Bas in . A c au ldron, b e long ing t o G . v on M erhar t i s Gruppe B 2 a, was f ound i n ab ronze f ounder ' sh oard a t t he C arrefour d es Arz i l l iers ', i n t he F or k d e Comp iägne, 0 ., w i th a b ronze i ngo t a nd f ragments o f c as ting j e t ( M . 1 6mery 1 937 ), The r ema in ing t wo c au ldrons, o f G , v on Merhar t l s Gruppe C , a re s tray f inds; They c ome f rom Buchäres , i n t he Troyes r eg ion , Au . ( L . b e C lert 1 898 : 2 48-249 n o . 8 89 , P l. 6 9 ), a nd f rom Cravan t, Y . ( G. G audron 1 956). Bo th c au ldrons o f Gruppe C a re l oca ted o n t he p er iphery o f t he Bas in, wh i le t he Gruppe B 2 a c au ldron i s l oca ted t o t he n or th . A l l t hree, h owever, a re s i ted o n t he S e ine a nd i t s t r ibutary, t he O ise ( Map 2 0). The w idespread o ccurrence o f b ronze c au ldrons w i th c ruc iformh and le a ttachments a cross c ont inenta l Europe h as i nc i ted a number o f t ypo log ists t o s ub-d iv ide t he t ype a ccord ing t o a v ar ie ty o f d ifferen t c r i ter ia . These e ffor ts n eed o n ly b e s ummar ised h ere . I n 1 939 , F . Ho lste d ist ingu ished t wo b as ic t ypes ( H. Mü l ler-Karpe 1 952a : 4 9-50 , 5 0 Kar te 2 ). The f irs t c ompr ises f l at-based c au ldrons, 2 d ated t o t he l ate Urnf ie ld, w i th i ts c en tre a long t he u pper T isza a nd i n t he Carpa th ian Bas in, w i th o ut l iers i n c en tra l a nd n or thern G ermany, a s f ar n or th a s Denmark. The s econd t ype c ons is ts o f r ound-based c au ldrons, d a ted f rom t he Ha C , w i th i ts c en tre i n t he e ast A lp ine r eg ion, i n n or theastern I ta ly a nd S loven ia , w i th a s ca ttered d istr ibu tion i n s outhern Germany, a nd t o t he west. H . Mü l ler-Karpe, i n 1 948, f ur ther s ub-d iv ided F . Ho lste ' s Urnf ie ld t ype a ccord ing t o whe ther e ach p a ir o f c ruc iform-hand le a ttachments were j o ined ( "Zwi l l ingsa ttaschen") o r s epara te ( "E inze la ttaschen") ( ib id.: 4 9-50, 5 0 Kar te 3 ). Cau ldrons w i th " tw in '-hand le a ttachments, c ons idered e ar l ier, a re c entred a long t he upper T isza . Those w i th s epara te-hand le a ttachmen ts, d a ted t o b et ween t he Ha B a nd D , h ave a w ider d istr ibu t ion w i th i mpor tant c lus ters i n t he Carpa th ian Bas in, a nd i n t he e ast A lp ine r eg ion, w i th e xamp les i n s outh a nd n orth G ermany, a nd t o t he w est. G . v on Merhar t h as i mproved o n F . Ho ls te 's t wo-fo ld d iv is ion ( 1952 : 3 -15 , 1 1 Kar te 1 ). The f lat-based s er ies i nc ludes c au ldrons w i th r ounded s hou lders ( Gruppe B 1 ), o f Urnf ie ld d a te, c entred a long t he upper T isza a nd i n t he C arpa th ian Bas in; c au ldrons w i th c ar ina ted s hou lders ( B 2 a) wh ich i nc ludes a n Urnf ie ld g roup c entred i n t he C arpa th ian B as in w i th e xamp les i n n orth G ermany a nd Denmark, a nd t he C omp iägne c au ldron, a nd a n Ha l lsta tt g roup w i th e xamp les i n n orth Germany a nd c entra l I ta ly; a nd c au ldrons made f rom s evera l p ieces o f s hee t-bronze w i th h igh c ar ina ted s hou lders ( B 2 b), o f Ha l lstatt d a te, w i th c lusters i n t he e ast A lp ine r eg ion, a nd i n s outhern S cand ina v ia . The r ound-based s er ies ( C), t he l a tes t g roup, wh ich i nc ludes 1 04

t he e xamp les f rom Buchäres a nd Cravant, a re c entred i n t he e ast A lp ine r eg ion, w i th a s ca ttered d istr ibut ion a long t he upper Danube, i n s outh Germany . The c au ldron f rom Comp i ene, p robab ly o f e astern European o r ig in, h as b een d a ted t o t he Ha B /C t rans i t ion by J .-C. B lanche t ( 1976b:43). I t i s wor th n o t ing t hat i t c lose ly r esemb les t he most wester ly Urnf ie ld e xamp les o f Gruppe B 2 a, n ame ly t hose f rom Radewe l l, S achsen, a nd B iesenbrow, Brandenburg 3 ( G. v on Merhar t 1 952 :63-6 4 , Taf . 3 , 3 , 9 ). O ther v ery s imi lar e xamp les h ave b een f ound a t S ffn tu GheorgheP ädi iren i, E rdöszentgyörgy, i n t he S outhern C arpa th ians, a nd a t Kun isowce, o n t he Dnestr ( ib id.:6 4 , Taf . 3 , 2 , 1 0). There i s l ess d oubt i n a ttr ibut ing Gruppe C c au ldrons f rom Buchäres a nd Cravant t o t he Ha C . A c au ldron s im i lar t o t he o ne f rom Buchäres was f ound i n Grave 6 96 a t Ha l ls ta tt, i n t he S a lzkammergut, a ssoc ia ted w i th a Ha C Kurd bucket ( K. Kromer 1 959 : 1 46 , Taf . 1 26, 2 ). Two o ther c au ldrons c ome f rom lg mar je ta t, a t S t-Margare then, Kärnten ( G. v on Merhar t 1 952 :6 5 , T af . 5 , 8a nd 6 , 1 0). The c au ldron f rom Cravant, w ith i t s o rnamented r im, i s c omparab le but f or t he d e ta i l o f t he h and le-a ttachmen ts t o t he o ne f ound i n Grave 6 00 a t Ha l lstatt, a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron s word o f t he Ha C a nd a c ont emporary Kurd b ucket ( K. Kromer 1 959 : 1 32-133, Taf .1 13 , 1 ). They h ave a lso b een f ound i n a n Ha C c ontext i n s outhern Bavar ia , i n Tumu lus 1 a t A is l ingen, Ldkr . D i l lingen, a nd i n Tumu lus 1 a t Untera ch ' R eh l ing , L dkr . A ichach ( G. Kossack 1 959 :141, 1 88, Taf . 3 8, 5 a nd 4 9 , 2 ). A c au ldron t ha t r esemb les t he Buch res v esse l by i ts t w isted b ronze h and les w i th d oub le-hooked t erm ina ls, a nd t he e xamp le f rom Cravant by i ts i nc ised r im o rnamen t, was r ecen t ly r ecovered f rom t he t umu lus a t ' Fro ide F onta ine ', P o iseu lla-V i l le, C .-d 'O. ( R . J offroy a nd R . P ar is 1 973). The s ing le c entra l i nhuma t ion g rave a lso c onta ined a n i ron s word, a f ragment o f a n i ron knobbed b race let, a nd a b ronze t rapezo ida lb laded r azor w i th t hree l oop a ttachments a nd a n o pen-work mo t if a long t he b ack, a l l d a tab le t o t he Ha C . 1 0 .2 R ibbed p a i ls ( F : C iste ä c ordons; c ordon i) ( L is t 4 2 , Map 2 1)

G :

R ippenz ist;

I :

C is te a

S ix r ibbed p a i ls i n s heet-bronze a re known f or c er ta in f rom t he P ar is Bas in . Three e xamp les c ome f rom t umu li bur ia ls i n t he s outhern h a lf o f t he Bas in . The p a i l f rom t he t umu lus o f ' la Butte Moreau ' ( 'Tumu lus d e Reu i l ly ' ) , Mard id , L o ir ., c onta ined t he r ema ins o f ac rema t ion bur ia l ( H. Coro t 1 901 :549 n o . 2 ). An i ron a rrow o r j ave l in-head, t wo i ron r ings, c loth f ragmen ts a nd t races o f b asket-work w ere e nc losed i n a ddi tion t o t he human a nd f auna l b one r ema ins ( B. Bou loum id 1 976:13 n o . 6 ). Ano ther p a i l was a ssoc ia ted w i th a c rema t ion i n Grave 6 1 i n Tumu lus V a t ' la P icard ie ', Gurgy, Y . ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P . De lor 1 980 : 3 2 , 3 3 f ig . 1 6). The g rave-assemb lage i nc luded a b ronze s i tu la o f B . Bou loum id ' s Groupe C e nc los ing t hree s i lver-p la ted b ronze d Z3-type f ibu lae ( ib id .:29 , 3 2 ). A s econd p a i l f rom ' la P icard ie ' a lso h e ld a c remat ion bur ia l w i th t wo s i lver-p lated F 3-type f ibu lae, t wo d P4-type f ibu lae i n t he s ame meta l, o ne i ron c urved-bow f ibu la, a p a ir o f g o ld e arr ings, a p a ir o f b ronze r ings w i th t ongue-in-g love f as teners, a 1 05

b ronze l eaf-shaped p endant, a nd a mber, g lass a nd j e t b eads ( ib id .: 4 3, 4 5-46, 4 2 f ig . 2 2 ). The t h ird r ibbed p a i l f rom t he i nhuma t ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t ' le Chaumoy ?, L e S ubdray, C ., c onta ined p o ttery s herds, no t r ecovered, a nd f auna l r ema ins ( Roger a nd P onroy 1 889-90 ). The f our r ibbed p a i ls b e long t o B . S t jernqu ist 's S er ie I t ha t i nc ludes p a i ls made f rom a s ing le b ronze s hee t w i th m ob i le h and les ( 1967 a :30 , 2 9 Abb. 1 ). They a re a l l o f a pproxima te ly t he s ame s ize ( L is t 4 2 ), w i th n ine c ordons a nd d oub leloop h and le-a ttachmen ts o f B . S t jernqu is t ' s AH 2 ( ib id. : 31 Abb. 2 ). The b ase-p lates a re e mbossed w i th c oncentr ic c irc les, B . S t jernqu is t' s PB l a t ype, e xcept f or t he p a i l f rom t he i sol ated c remat ion a t Gurgy wh ich a lso h as i nc ised r ad ia l l ines o f RB 1 t ype ( ib id. : 33 Abb. 3 ). The e xamp les f rom Mard id ( B. Bou loum id 1 976: 2 4) a nd Grave 6 1 a t Gurgy h ave i nterna l ly r o l led r ims w i th wood r e inf orcement, B . S t jernqu ist 's KM 1 , t he p a i ls f rom L e S udray a nd t he i so lated bur ia l a t Gurgy, e xterna l ly r o l led r ims o f KM 2 t ype, w i th l ead a nd i ron r e inforcemen ts r espect ive ly. The v esse ls f rom L e S ubray a nd Gurgy h ave h or izonta l r ows o f f ine s t ipp l ing ( "gräne t is") b etween t he c ordons o f B . S t jernqu is t 's D 2 ( 1967 a :3 5 Abb. 4 ). Bo th t he p a i ls f rom Mard id a nd L e Subdray h ave mob i le h and les o f t w isted b ronze . The Gurgy p a i l-hand les were a bsent; The t ab le b e low r esumes, a nd h ighl ight 's, t he s im i lar i t ies b etween t he f our r ibbed p a i ls ( see a lso L ist 4 2):

S er ies

R im

Re inforcement

Ornament Base Wa l l

Hand leA ttachments

Mard id

I

KM1

wood

PB1a

L e S ubdray

I

KM 2

l ead

PB1a

D 2

AH

2

Gurgy ( Gr . 6 1)

I

K I VU

wood

PB1a

D 2

AH

2

Gurgy ( Iso l.

I

KM2

i ron

RB1

D 2

Gr .)

9

The b ase f ragmen t o f ar ibbed p a i l was f ound i so la ted o n t he g rounds o f t he ' Châ teau d e Dames ' S t-E lo i-de-Gy, C . ( A. d el a Guäre 1 892-93b). B . S t jernqu ist p laces t he v esse l i n h er S er ie I I t hat c ompr ises p a i ls n o t a ttr ibutab le t o h er o ther t wo s er ies ( 1967a:75 n o . 1 42). B . Bonr l oum id , h owever, c ons iders t he v esse l t o b—e long t o t he g ro w ) o f p a i ls w i th f ixed h and les, B . S t jernqu ist ?s S er ie I , f or a number o f r easons ( 197 6:8). The d iame ter o f t he b o ttom f ragment o f t he p a i l f rom S tE lo i-de Gy e xceeds 3 0 cm, a f ea ture p ar t icu lar t o S er ie I . F ur thermore, t he p a i l h as t he b o ttom r ivetted t o t he s ides, a f eature o bserved o n t he t wo p a i ls f rom Ha l ls ta tt, S a lzkammergu t, a nd o n o ne f rom Va & , S loven ia, a l l t hree b e long ing t o S er ie I ( ib id .). The l atter a re a lso i nc luded i n B . S t jernqu ist ' s Ha l lsta tt Gruppe I ( "m i t f esten G r if f") ( 1967a : 5 8 Tab. 6 nos . 9 :1, 9 :2 , 1 3). The o mpha los b ase o f t he S tE lo i-de-Gy p a i l, B ; S t jernqu is t ' s OB t ype ( 1967a :3 3 Abb. 3 ), i s c ons istent w i th t he Ha l lstatt Gruppe I ( ib id. : 58 Tab. 6 ). One mob i le h and le o f t w isted b ronze b e long ing t o ar ibbed p a i l o f S er ie I was f ound i so lated i n Bourges, C . ( H. Coro t 1 901 :567-568). L i tt le e lse i s known a bout i t .

1 06

There a re a number o f more d oubtfu l f inds. B . Bou loum id, quo t ing H . Coro t, ment ions t he r ema ins o f ab ronze r ibbed p a i l f ound w i th a n i ron s word ( ? Ha C ) a nd a ' go ld-p la ted ' c ross-bow f ibu la i n t he i nhuma t ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t 1Tormancy ', Massang is, Y . ( 1976 :26 n o . 3 ). The p resence o f al ong i ron s word o f t he Ha C i s n o t u nusua l, t he a ssoc ia tion b e ing known i n t he t umu lus a t ' Monceau-Laurent ' ,Magny-Lamber t, C .d ' O., where o ne s word a ccompan ied a p a i l o f S er ie I ( ib id.: 2 -3 n o . 1 ). The f ibu la, i n i t ia l ly more puzz l ing , r eca l ls t he s i lver-p lated b ronze e xamp les f rom Gurp ,y . S tr ips o f s hee t-bronze f ound i n t he t umu lus o f ' l a Mo tte S t-Va lent in ', Cource l les-en-Montagne, H te-M., a nd a t ' Ing lemare ', Be lbeuf , 5 .-Mar i t. c an b e e l im ina ted o u tr ight a s r ibbed p a i l f ragments ( ib id.: 2 7 -30 n os. 4 -5). G . Verron men tions a b ronze r ibbed p a i l, a s tray f ind, f rom Coutances, Man. ( 19Tb:806). W i th t he a nd Mard id, o f t he P ar is Berry ( Map

e xcept ion o f t he f inds f rom Coutances, i n L ower Normandy, o n t he L o ire, r ibbed p a i ls a re c onf ined t o t he s outhern e dge Bas in, w i th a n i mpor tant c luster a round Bourges, i n t he 2 1).

A number o f f acts p o int t o ac entra l European o r ig in f or t he r ibbed p a i ls f rom t he P ar is Bas in . A lready ment ioned i s t he l ikeness o f t he p a i l o f S er ie I f rom S t-E lo i-de-Gy t o B . S t jernqu ist 's Ha l ls tatt Gruppe I p a i ls. Re inforcements i n l ead a nd wood a re n o t known o n I ta lian r ibbed p a i ls, t he f ormer b e ing u sed o n ly i n J ugos lav ia a nd Austr ia ( 11 e xamp les), a nd t he l atter i n L ower S axony a nd S loven ia ( 4 e xamp les) ( B. Bou loum id 1 976 :20 Tab leau 4 , 2 4). B. Bou loum id h as c ompared t he p a i l f rom L e Subdray, t o wh ich t he v esse l f rom t he i so lated c rema t ion bur ia l a t Gurgy c an b e a dded ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980 :47), t o o ne f rom Magyark eresz tes, S zomba the ly, i n western Hungary; a nd t he p a i l f rom Mard id t o t he f ind f rom S veta Luc i ja n o . 9 , S loven ia ( B. Bou loum id 1 976 :24 ; B . S t jernqu ist 1 96 7 a I :44 n o . 7 5, 5 0 n o . 8 4 :9). The d istr ibut ion o f B . S t jernqu is t 's S tandardgruppe KM I ( 'Ha l lstatt v ar iant ' ) i s c en tred o n S loven ia a nd wes tern Hungary, w i th t wo e xamp les f rom t he Ha l ls ta tt c eme tery ( Graves 7 69 a nd 9 10) ( ib id. : 101 Abb.1 2 ) . One e xamp le o f t h is g roup c omes f rom Gommdv i l le ( ? f rom a t umu lus c remat ion g rave), C .-d ' O., a nd t he mos t wester ly e xamp le f rom t he Brookl ands ', Weybr idge, S urrey ( ib id .: 7 1 Tab. 1 3 n os . 4 4 , 4 7 ). S tandardg ruppe KM 2t ype p a i ls h ave a w ider d istr ibut ion c en tred a lso o n c entra l Europe, w i th i mpor tant c lusters i n S loven ia , n or th I ta ly, s outh a nd c entra l P o land, a nd Sweden ( ibid . : 101 Abb. 1 2 ). The f ind f rom L e S ubdray i s t he most w es ter ly 7 j 5 I o f t h is t ype. P a i ls o f Ha l ls ta tt Gruppe I , t o wh ich may b e a dded t he p a i l f rom S tE lo i-de-Gy, a re d istr ibuted i n c entra l E urope, w i th c lusters i n S loven ia a nd a t Ha l lstatt ( Grave 2 7 1), a nd i n c entra l P o land ( ib id.: 1 01 Abb. 1 1). B . S t jernqu ist h as d a ted t he t wo t ypes o f S er ie I , KM 1 a nd 2 , t o t he Ha C2/D3 ( ib id.: 1 04 Abb. 1 4). S he d a tes t he Ha l ls ta tt Gru pe I o f S er ie I s l ight ly l ater , t o t he Ha D1/3 ( ib id . : 98 Abb. 9 ). R . P eron i, f or t he mater ia l a t Ha l lsta tt, f avours a n e ar lier d ate f or r ibbed p a i ls, a nd p laces t hem i n h is Ha C1/2 ( 19 7 3 :31 f ig . 2 , 2 5). B ; Bou loum id i s c aut ious, due t o t he f ew d a tab le a ssoc ia t ions o f F rench p a i ls, a nd p laces p a i ls w i th n ine c ordons o f S er ie I b etween t he s eventh a nd f our th c entur ies, a nd t he p a i l o f S er ie I f rom S t-E lo i-de-Gy, p rov is iona l ly, i n t he f irs t h a lf o f t he f i f th c entury ( 1976:10 , 2 3). The t hree s i lver-p la ted b ronze dZ3 f ibu lae f rom Grave 6 1, a nd p a irs o f F 3 a nd dP4-type f ibu lae, i n t he s ame me ta l, f rom t he i so lated c rema t ion bur ia l, d ate t he t wo Gurgy p a i ls t o t he l ater Ha D ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980 :46). 1 07

The p resence o f al ong i ron s word, a nd a b ronze r azor o f F . H enry ' s Type B , b o th o f Ha C d a te, w i th t he r ibbed p a i l o f S er ie I i n t he t umu lus f rom Magny-Lamber t, a rgues f or a n e ar l ier d a te t han B . Bou loum id s ugg ests f or t he i ntroduct ion i n to F rance o f t hese v esse ls . The r e lat ive ly l arge number o f b ronze r ibbed p a i ls i n Burgundy ( 1 o f S er ie I ; 4o f S er ie I) 4 a rgues f or a Ha C d a te f or t heir a ppearance . 1 0 .3

S i tu lae ( L ist 4 3, Map 2 2)

Compara t ive ly f ew s i tu lae i n s heet-bronze c ome f rom t he P ar is B as in s ince o n ly s even e xamp les a re known . O f t hese, f ive a re a ssoc ia ted w i th c rema t ion b ur ia ls, o ne w i th a p robab le i nhuma t ion, a nd o ne i s as tray f ind . S i tu lae u sed a s c rema t ion u rns a re c onf ined t o t he s outhern h a lf o f t he Bas in, t o t he Berry a nd m idd le Yonne v a l ley. One s i tu la o f B . B ou loum id 's Groupe C f rom il es F onds Ga idons ', Bourges, C ., c onta ini ng t wo b ronze r ings w i th t he c a lc ina ted b one r ema ins, w as f ound w i th ab ronze p a ir o f h and les b e long ing t o as econd s i tu la w i th a n arrower r im d iame ter ( B. Bou loum id 1 977 :4,33 f ig . 1 1). Ano ther s i tu la w i th a b ronze p a ir o f h and les o f Groupe C f rom Bourges c omes f rom t he ' rue d e Dun ' ( H. Breu i l a nd P . d e Goy 1 903). I t h e ld c a lc ina ted b one r ema ins a nd a sh, a nd a ccompan ied a number o f b ronze o b jects i nc lud ing a n o en ochoe ( Schnabe lkanne), a t ore, a b race let a nd p endan ts. A Groupe C s i tu la w i th d oub le h and les a nd l id, e nc los ing c a lc ina ted b one f ragmen ts a nd t hree s i lver-p lated b ronze dZ3-type f ibu lae , a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze r ibbed p a i l o f B . S t jernqu ist 's S er ie I , was r ecent ly r ecovered f rom Grave 6 1 i n t he c entra l z one o f Tumu lus V a t ' la P icard ie ' , Gurgy, Y . ( C. P e l le t a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980 :29 , 3 2 , 3 1 f ig . 1 5). Ano ther c rema t ion a t ' la P icard ie ' was c onta ined i n ab ronze s i tu la o f B . Bou loum id 's Groupe A 3 , w i th o ne b ronze f ibu la, p oss ib ly o f d Z3-type, t wo i ron d iscs a nd a mber b eads, i n p it Grave 1 8b i ns ide quadrup le s quare Enc losure D ( ib id.:15 , 1 6 f ig . 7 ). The s ame t ype o f s i tu la, h o ld ing a c rema t ion, w as f ound i n t he s econdary s tone-c ist Grave C4 i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t t he ' Champs d e Couy ', S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C ., w i th a g lobu lar p edes ta l led c eram ic v esse l wh ich a lso c on ta ined c a lc ina ted b one ( J . F av i re e t a l . 1 96 4 :238-243). An e n igmat ic r ectangu lar p laque i n s heet-bronze w i th i ron r ive ts a t t he c orners c omp le tes t he g rave-assemb lage. 6 A t P ernant, A ., a s i tu la o f Groupe A 3 was f ound w i th a s ha l low b as in a nd c o lander, b o th i n s hee t-bronze, a nd i ron c har io t-f i tt ings, i n what was mos t l ike ly a t umu lus i nhuma t ion g rave ( R. J offroy 1 96 3 ). The Groupe A 3 s i tu la f rom ' Nos lon ' , Cuy, Y ., i s as tray f ind ( H. Coro t 1 907 :110)a lthough A . Hure h as c la imed t ha t a number o f e ar ly L .T. I t orcs were f ound w i th i t ( 1931 :92-94 ). Th is i s n o t, h owever, s ubstant ia ted by o ther s ources i nc lud ing h er o wn . W i th t he e xcept ion o f t he P ernant f ind, b ronze s i tu lae, p ar t icu lar ly t hose o f Groupe C , a re c onf ined t o t he s ou thern p ar t o f t he Bas in ( Map 2 2). The s i tu lae f rom Grave 1 8b a t Gurgy a nd P ernant, b o th i nc luded i n B . Bou loum id 's Var iante 2 ( Lis t 4 3), a re d a ted b y t he ir g rave c ontexts t o t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I r espect ive ly. The Groupe C s i tu la f rom Grave 6 1 a t Gurgy i s s im i lar ly d a ted t o t he l ater Ha D ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980 :48). The p rec ise c hrono logy o f t he o ther s i tu lae i s l ess c er ta in . The b ronze S chnabe lkanne f rom t he ' rue d e Dun ' c anno t b e d a ted a ccura te ly s ince i tl acks i t s h and le, a nd c an l i e a nywhere b e tween t he e nd o f t he s ixth t o t he e nd o f t he f i f th c entur ies, t he t ime-span i n

1 08

wh ich F rench o enochoe o f t h is t ype a re p laced ( B. Bou loum id 1 973a :12 ; 1 977 :31-32). The p edesta l led v esse l f rom Grave C4 a t S t-Den is-de-Pa l in h as b een v ar iab ly d a ted by J . F av Mre e t a l . t o t he l ater Ha D ( 196 4 :247 ), a nd by W . K imm ig t o t he L .T. I ( 1962-6 1 -6 1 ). Re lat ive d a t ing e v idence f or t hese s i tu lae c an b e s ought f rom o uts ide t he P ar is Bas in, a nd r ests l arge ly o n t ypo log ica l c ompar isons. The s i tu lae f rom S t-Den is-de-Pa l in a nd Cuy b e long t o B . Bou loum id 's Var iante 1o f Groupe A 3 , t ha t i s t he ' Rhe in ische ' Typus a s d ef ined by W . K immig ( ib id. : 39-50). These a re f ound i n western Europe c oncen tra ted on t he P a latina t ( Pfa lz), i n t he z one b ordered by t he S aar , t he Mose l le a nd t he Rh ine, w i th m inor c lus ters o n t he Sw iss P la teau, i n Oberschwaben a nd i n N iedersachsen ( ib id. : 53 Kar te 1 ). W i th t he e xcept ion o f t he s i tu la f rom t he t umu l i c eme tery a t Br iede ler Heck, Kr . Z e l l-Mose l, d a ted t o t he Ha D , Rhen ish s i tu lae a re p redom inant ly o f L .T. I d ate ( ib id . : 45 Tabe l le 3 ). Rhen ish s i tu lae u sed a s u rns i n c rema t ion g raves a re a marg ina l phenome non, o ccurr ing o uts ide t he ma in c entres o f d is tr ibut ion, i n t he e xtreme west a nd n orth o f c ontinenta l Europe ( ib id . : 97Kar te 2 ). Bes ide S t-Den is d e-Pa lin, ment ion c an a lso b e made o f tU— 's i tu la-urn ' f rom ' l e Rocher ' , P lougoume len, Morb. ( ib id. : 51 . B . Bou loumid 1 97 :5-6). A c o lander i n s heet-bronze, i t c an b e n o ted, was f ound w i th t he s i tu la f rom t he t umu lus i nhuma t ion bur ia l a t Hoppstadten, Kr ; B irkenfe ld, a n a ssoc ia t ion a lso o bserved a t P ernant 7 ( W. K imm ig 1 96 2 -6 3 :3 4 n o . 4 , 60 ) . The mos t c onv inc ing a na log ies a re t o b e made b etween t he s i tu lae t hems e lves. The s ing leloop h and le-a ttachment w i th e longa ted l atera l b ranches r ivetted t o t he s i tu la b e low t he r im by f our r ivets, t ha t i s f ound o n t he f our F rench e xamp les, 8 i s a lso t he s tandard t ype o f h and le-a ttachment o n Rhen ish s i tu lae, u sua l ly i n b ronze ( ib id.:39 Tab. 1 , 8 1-82, 8 3 Tab . 1 1). The i nc ised h a tched t r iang les t ha t o rnamen t t he h and le-a ttachmen ts o f t he P ernan t s i tu la c an b e c ompared t o as im i lar mo t if o n t he s i tu la f rom Me lsbach, K r . Neuw ied ( ib id.: 3 7 n o . 1 1, 6 0 Taf . 2 5, 1 ). F or W . K imm ig , t he s i tu lae f rom Cuy, S t-Den is-de-Pa l in a nd P ernan t, t o wh ich c an b e a dded t he e xamp le f rom Grave 1 8b a t Gurgy a s w e l l a s t he f ind f rom P lougoume len, a re by a na logy w i th t he Rhen ish mater ia l o f u nd oubted L .T. I d a te ( ib id.:59-6 3 ). B . Bou loum id , c ontrary t o W ; K immig , f avours a Ha D d a te f or t he c rema t ion bur ia ls a t S t-Den is-de-Pa l in a nd P lougoume len ( 19 7 :18 , 2 0). The p edesta l led u rn f rom S t-Den is-de-Pa lin 9 i s c ompared t o s im i lar v esse ls a t ' V la i lhac ( ? Ma i lhac I), Ad.; a nd t he b ronze b as in t hat a ccompan ied t he s i tu la f rom P lougoume len, t o t wo b as ins f rom t he Ha D Tumu lus 1 a t ' Bosquet ', S erres, H tes-A. ( ib id .). The Cuy s i tu la i s a lso d a ted t o t he Ha D b ecause o f i t s s imi lar i ty t o e xamp les f rom S t-Den is-de-Pa l in a nd P lougoume len, a l l t hree b e long ing t o B . Bou loum id 's Type I V ( ib id .:22 ). A more f undamenta l d ifference b etween W . K imm ig a nd B . Bou loum id i s t he ir r espect ive i n terpreta t ion o f t he o r ig in o f t he ' Rhen ish ' type s i tu la . The ir qu i te s epara te a pproach t o t he ques t ion t hrows s ome l ight o n t he F rench ma ter ia l, a nd i s t herefore d ea lt w i th i n s ome d e ta i l b e low. W . K imm ig c ons iders h is ' Rhe in ische ' Typus t o o r ig ina te i n t he Go lasecca c u lture ( i .e . Go lasecca 1). 1 0 A number o f c onv inc ing a rgumen ts a re put f orward ( 1962-63 :69-76). There i s ag rea t s im i lar i ty o f d eta i l b e tween t he s i tu lae o f b o th r eg ions. Us ing t he s i tu lae f rom Graves 7 3 a nd 7 6 a t Mo l inazzo d ' Arbedo , T ic ino, a s t he " k lass ischen" Typus ' o f t he Go laseccat ype s i tu la, numerous c ompar isons c an b e made. Bes ide s har ing e v ident d e ta i ls o f c ons truct ion w i th t he Rhen ish s i tu lae, t hey a lso h ave t he s ame t ype o f h and le-a ttachment ( as d o t he S loven ian s i tu lae), a nd a s im i lar

1 09

r ange o f i nc ised mo t ifs. The h a tched t r iang les o n t he h and le-a ttachment f rom Grave 7 6, a c ommon mo tif i n t he T ic ino , c an b e c ompared t o t he s i tu lae f rom Me lsbach a nd P ernant ( ib id .:71). The Rhen ish ' type s i tu lae f rom bur ia ls i n t he i ntermed iary r eg ion o f t he Sw iss P lateau a nd Oberschwaben f a l l b etween t he Ha D1 a nd D2 , a s i nd ica ted by a ssoc ia ted f inds, n o tab ly b ronze f ibu lae, f ound w i th s i tu lae i n Tumu lus I /11 a t Woh len-Hohbüe l, Aargau, a nd a t Russ ikon-Eggbüh l, Z ür ich ( ib id . : 51-52 , 5 5 Tab . 6 ). A f ur ther l ink, a par t f rom s i tu lae , b etween t he Rhe in land-Pfa lz a nd t he Go lasecca r eg ion, i s t he " Stra luc ido-G lättmus ter techn ik" ( i .e . p a tternburn ished d es igns) u sed o n p o ttery o f t he Hochwa ld-Nahe g roup, d a ted t o HEK I , a nd o n wares o f t he Go lasecca r eg ion i n i ts s econd phase ( ib id .:7 4- 7 6) . I n c onc lus ion, W . K imm ig s ta tes t hat Rhen ish s i tu lae were manufac tured i n t he T ic ino , i n t he Ha D , a nd d istr ibuted t o t he Sw iss P lateau a nd t o s outhwest G ermany . L ater , i n t he e ar ly L .T. I , t hese s i tu lae , t oge ther w i th E truscan v esse ls i n s hee t-bronze a nd S chnabe lkannen w ere e xpor ted t o t he wes t a nd n orth ( ib id .:102 ). A S chnabe lkanne h as i ndeed b een f ound a ssoc ia ted t o a' Rhen ish '-type s i tu la i n t he f latinhuma t ion c har io tg rave a t Kär lich ( 1906), Kr . Kob lenz ( i b id . : 35 n o . 8 ). B . Bou lou r n id, o n t he o ther h and, h as s ought a c entra l European o r ig in f or t he ' Rhen ish '-type s i tu la, h is Groupe A 3 V ar iante 1 wh ich i nc ludes t he s i tu lae f rom Cuy, S t-Den is-de-Pa lin a nd P lougoume len, but wh ich e xc ludes t hose f rom P ernant a nd Grave 1 8b a t Gurgy ( 19 77 :16, 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 2) . H is i nterpretat ion r ests o n as ub-d iv is ion o f t he t ype b ased o n t he c orre la t ion b etween t he a ngu lar i ty o f t he s hou lder ( sharp o r r ounded) a nd t he t h ickness o f t he r im ( 'norma l ' o r t h ick) ( Types I t o I V), c r i ter ia wh ich h e h imse lf a dmi ts a re l i ab le t o s ub ject iv i ty ( ib id.:16). Whi le a l l p oss ib le c omb ina t ions a re f ound i n Germany ,1 1 o n l it u lae w i th t h ickened ' r ims o ccur o uts ide Germany ( ib id .:16 Tab leau 1 ). A G erman o r ig in, t herefore, c anno t b e e xc luded f or t he ' Rhen ish '-type s i tu la ( ib id .:18 ). I n s upport o f t h is c la im, B . Bou loum id h as r ev ised t he d at ing e v idence f or t he Sw iss ma ter ia l. E ight ' Rhenish 'type s i tu lae, s ix f rom t he T ic ino a nd t wo f rom t he Gr ison, c ome f rom e ar ly L .T. Ic ontexts, wh i le b e ing v ir tua l ly a bsent f rom t he I ta lian p en insu la ( ib id .:18). Type I V, t o wh ich t he t hree F rench e xamp les b e long , a re f ound b o th o n Sw iss a nd German s i tes . The s i tu lae f rom S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, Cuy a nd P lougoume len, a re c onsequent ly Ha D i mpor ts f rom w est c entra l E urope ( ib id .:22 ). The b as in i n s heet-bronze f rom t he Breton s i te, o f Med i terranean o r ig in, i s d ism issed a s e v idence f or a more s outher ly o r ig in o f t he a ccompanying s i tu la . The i mpor ta t ion o f o ther b ronze v esse ls f rom t he e as t i n t he H a D , n ame ly r ibbed p a i ls, i s e voked a s ap receden t ( ib id.). The T ic ino o r ig in o f t he s i tu lae f rom P ernant a nd Grave 1 8b a t Gurgy, b e long ing t o Var iante 2 , i s n o t d oubted ( ib id .:23). Th is 'v ar iant ' , o r t ype 't ess ino is ' ,i s n o t d is t ingu ished by W . K imm ig , a nd i ndeed s uch a t wo-fo ld d iv is ion o f t he Rhenish 'type i s o pen t o ques t ion. The i nsp irat ion f or t he c oncave p rof i le t hat c haracter ises s i tu lae o f Var iante 2 , a ccord ing t o B . Bou loumid , c an b e f ound i n t he s i tu lae w i th c ordonned s hou lders, S chu lterr ippen-s i tu len, wh ich a rgues f or a n u ltima te e as tern o r ig in f or t he ' Tess in ' t ype s i tu lae ( ib id .:25). G . v on Merhar t 's d ist r ibut ion map o f S chu lterr ippen wares, h owever , c lear ly i nd icates a c oncentra tion o f t h is t ype i n t he Go lasecca r eg ion ( 1952 :35-38, 37Kar te 7 ). The t ype ' tess ino is ' i s f ound b o th i n Ha D a nd L .T. I c ontexts i n Sw i tzer land ( R. J offroy 1 963:3; B . B ou lown id 1 977 :2 6) 1 10

Variante 1 situlae, if B. Bouloumie is to be understood, are Ha D im­ ports from Germany, possibly the Rheinland-Pfalz, whereas the situla of Variante 2 is a later import of the L. T. I from the Golasecca region but ultimately from further east. These conclusions need not be refuted point by point, the material evidence presented above is sufficient proof against them. Both W. Kimmig and B. Bouloumie are influenced by certain 'prejudices'. The first is motivated by the 'tradition' of imported Etruscan wares, and is therefore strongly biased to the south. The second is influenced by the origin and diffusion of bronze ribbed pails, and consequently leans toward the east. The Golasecca culture, it should be remembered, occupied a pivotal region, open to both directions (L. Barfield 1 971: 132-134). The date of importation of bronze situlae cannot be accurately ascer­ tained on the basis of associated grave-goods. The possibility exists of a certain time-lapse between importation and burial. It is suggested that the three 'Rhenish' -type situlae from the Paris Basin were imported in the Ha D or early L. T. I from the Ticino workshops, either directly via the northwestern Alpine passes, or by way of the Swiss Plateau or south­ west Germany. The fact that one situla, and possibly two others (W. Kimmig 196 2-63: 45 Tab. 3), from the Rheinland-Pfalz are of Ha D date suggests that the 'marketing' of these vessels had begun very soon after their initial manufacture in the Ticino. There is reason to assume that at least some of the French situlae, most notably those from St-Denis-de­ Palin, Cuy and Plougoumelen, are also of Ha D date. The situla from Grave 18b at Gurgy and Pernant are evidence of a similar process begun in the later Ha D and extending into the early stages of the L. T. I. The situla with a bronze pair of handles from the 'rue de Dun', of Groupe C, can be compared to examples found in Etruria, from the middle of the sixth century but more common in the fifth century (B. Bouloumie 1977: 31). Vessels of this type were used for a relatively long period of time, since they have been found at Spina, for example, in Grave 1 28 dated to the second half of the fifth century, and in Grave 136A dated to the early fourth century (ibid.). A twin-loop handle-attachment similar to the one from the 'rue de Dun' comes from a hoard at Arbedo, Ticino, dated to the first half of the fifth century (ibid. : 31 note 87). A "situle a kalathos" of Groupe D, from the late fifth century Grave 114, at Cerinasca d'Arbedo, Ticino, has the same type of handle-attachments (ibid.: 3 2, 33 fig. 11). The Groupe C situla from Grave 61 at Gurgy, similar to the vessel from the 'rue de Dun', is securely dated to between 500 and 475 by the ribbed pail of B. Stjernquist's Serie II which was found in the same pit (C. Pellet and J.-P. Delor 1980: 48). The "situle-stamnoide" from 'les Fonds Gaidons' lacks both handles and handle-attachments� The vessel has more in common with a 'stamnos' than with a situla, and has been included in this section because it was associated with a bronze pair of handles of a Groupe C situla. The bronze vessels from Bourges, although of certain Italic origin, cannot be precisely dated with any certainty. 10.4 Oenochoes (G:

Schnabelkannen) (List 44, Map 23)

The Schnabelkanne, to use the specific German term, is a bronze beaked wine-fla5on with a trefoil mouth. It has a single handle with curved lateral bars at the top, with a tenon at each end inserted into the corresponding mortise on the rim. The lower extremity of the handle, or 111

b ase, i s u sua l ly o rnamented i n av ar ie ty o f ' c lass ica l ' mo t ifs. The f l agons were manufactured i n E trur ia i n t he c ourse o f t he s ixth a nd f i f th c entur ies, a nd were w ide ly d istr ibuted b o th i n t he I ta l ian p en insu la a nd i n c on t inen ta l Europe. A lthough t he ma jor i ty a re o f e ar ly L .T. I d a te, a nd t herefore o uts ide t he s tr ict c hrono log ica l l im i ts o f t h is work, t he f act t hat a l im i ted number o f S chnabe lkannen h ave c ome f rom l a te Ha D c ontexts i n F rance a nd s outhern Germany, j ust if ies t he ir i nc lus ion . E ight S chnabe lkannen h ave b een f ound i n t he P ar is B as in. 12 O f t hese, o n ly t wo may b e o f Ha D d a te. 1 3 The f irst c omes f rom a c rema t ion g rave i n as tone c ist o n t he ' rue d e Dun ', Bourges, C ., a ssoc ia ted w i th ab ronze s i tu late v esse l, a lso o f E truscan o r ig in ( H. Breu i l a nd P . d e Goy 1 903). The a bsence o f t he h and le o f t he o enochoe d oes n o t p ermi t ac lose d a ting. The a ccompany ing s i tu la was i n u se t hroughout t he f i f th c entury i n E trur ia a nd n or thern I ta ly ( B. Bou loum id 1 977 :31). A c ons erva t ive e st ima te wou ld p lace t he g rave i n t he m idd le o f t he f i f th c entury, d ur ing t he Ha D /L.T. It rans i tion. A s ma l l b ronze a n ima l f igur ine, p ar t o f t he u pper h and le-a ttachmen t o f aS chnabe lkanne, was f ound i n Grave L i n t he t umu lus o f ' la Motto te ', N i jon, H te-M., a ssoc ia ted w i th i ron c ar t-f i tt ings a nd p seudo-"bucchero n ero" p o ttery s herds ( L. L epage 1 980 :23, 4 3, P l. 1 2 , 9 ). The c omb ina t ion o f S chnabe lkannen a nd c ar t-f i tt ings i s n ot i nfrequent s ince i t h as a lso b een o bserved a t V ix, C .-d ' O., a t Mercy-sur-Saöne, H te-S. ( B. Bou loumid 1 97 3a :4 no . 1 2 , 5n o . 1 ' b, a nd a t Ha tten, Bas-R. ( 0.-H. F rey 1 957 :229-246), a l l t hree bur ia ls b e ing p laced i n t he l ater Ha D. The w ine-f lagon f rom t he t umu lus i nhuma tion g rave a t ' Prunet ', Morthomiers, C ., was f ound w i th a b ronze r ing a nd i ron f ragments ( H . Coro t 1 901 :569-70 ; P . J acobstha l a nd A . L angsdorff 1 929 :36). I t b e longs t o B . Bou loum id 's Type ä v o lutes whose t erm inus p ost quem i s c . 4 50 ( 1973b :312 ) A lthough a t l east o ne o f t he t hree t umu l i a t ' Prun—e t ' c ont a ins Ha D b ur ia ls ( des Md l iozes 1 882 ), t he o enochoe must b e p laced o n t ypo log ica l g rounds t o t he L .T. I . The S chnabe lkanne f rom P ouanles-Va l ldes , Au., a s tray f ind, mus t b e d a ted t o t he L .T. I f or t he s ame t ypo log ica l r eason ( P. J acobstha l a nd A . L angsdorff 1 929 :35-36), a s i s a lso t he c ase f or t he v esse l f rom Bourges 1 4 ( H. Corot 1 901 :567-568 n o . 2 3; M . d es Md l iozes 1 897-98). The t hree o enochoes f rom t he Champagne c ome f rom t umu l i c har iotbur ia ls o f t he L .T. I ( B. Bou loumid 1 97 3a :4 , 6 , n os . 9 , 1 0 a nd 2 0). The S chnabe lkanne f rom S ept-Sau lx, M ., b e longs t o B . Bou loum id 's Type a ux s erpents , w i th a p a lme tte c omposed o f e leven l eaves, s im i lar t o e xamp les f rom Mercey-sur-Saöne a nd t he F or & d e Haguenau, B as-R. ( 1973b :236-237). The e ar l ies t f ind o f t h is t ype c omes f rom Grave 1 37a t Vu lc i-Herc le , E trur ia , d ated by a n A tt ic B lack-F igure h ydr ia t o 5 30-520 ( ib id.:305). A t Mercey-sur-Saöne, t he o enochoe was a ssoc ia ted i n t he c ar t-bur ia l w i th a b ronze r ibbed p a i l o f t he H a D , a nd a t ore a nd b racel et i n g o ldleaf ( P. J acobstha l a nd A . L angsdorff 1 929 :35 ; B . Bou loum id 1 97 6:11 n o . 2 ). The c har io t-bur ia l a t S ept-Sau lx, however, c onta ins b ronze h orse g ear o f t he L .T. I ( B. Bou loum id 1 973a :6 n o . 2 0). The o enochoe f rom t he c har io t-bur ia l o f ' la Gorge-Me i l let ' ,S ommeTourbe, M ., b e longs t o B . Bou loumid 's Type e n a ncre, w i th a p a lmet te c omposed o f n ine l eaves, s imi lar t o t he S chnabe lkanne f rom t he c artbur ia l a t Hatten ( B. Bou loum id 1 973b: 2 31). The t ype d ates p redominant ly t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ixth c entury ( ib id .:303). A t Hatten, t he

1 12

S chnabe lkanne was f ound a t t he c entre o f t he t umu lus, a ssoc ia ted w i th a number o f o ther b ronze v esse ls i nc lud ing a n o enochoe o f t he " p lumpe Kanne" t ype, o f E truscan o r ig in ( the o n ly e xamp le f ound n or th o f t he A lps), a f lat a nd s ha l low b as in, a nd a c au ldron w i th i ron r ing-hand les, a s we l l a s ar ing i n g o ld ' leaf ( 0.-H. F rey 1 957 :231-232). 0 .-H. F rey p laces t he bur ia l i n t he l ate Ha D ( ib id.: 2 38-249). A s imi lar t ype o f S chnabe lkanne, but w i th a p a l rne tte c omposed o f t h ir teen l eaves, c omes f rom t he c art-bur ia l a t V ix, d a ted by a n A tt ic B lack-F igure c up t o 5 305 20 ( B. Bou loumid 1 97 3a :5 n o . 1 7). I n f act, t he l atest c on text f or t h is t ype o f o enochoe i s t he c har io t-bur ia l a t ' la Gorge' V le ilet ' , where a S chnabe lkanne was f ound w i th f ibu lae, a n i ron s word a nd a b ronze h e lme t o f t he L .T. I ( id .1973b:303).' J .-J . Hatt a nd P . Roua let h ave p o inted o ut, a nd r ight ly, t hat a number o f Marn ian " Fürstengräber" a re t he p roducts o f n ine teenth c entury e xcava tors more i ntent o n p leas ing t he ir d emand ing c l ients t han i n h ones t s c ientif ic e ndeavour, w i th t he r esu lt t hat a number o f bur ia ls w ere l ' panacher" o r r earranged t o o rder ( 1977 :8-9). The e xamp le t aken i s t he p r ince ly c har io t-bur ia l a t S omme-Bionne where, among o ther i mpor ted o b jects, a S chnabe lkanne o f B . Bou loum id Type ä v o lutes w as f ound ( ib id.:8; B . Bou loumid 1 973a :4 n o . 2 0). The L .T. I i s t he e ar l ies t p oss ib le d a te f or t h is t ype o f o enochoe. The d istr ibution o f S chnabe lkannen i n t he P ar is Bas in i s c onf ined t o t wo we l l-def ined z ones: t he Berry, c entred i n t he Bourges a rea, a z one e qua l ly we l l r epresented i n b ronze r ibbed p a i ls a nd s i tu lae, a nd t he Champagne P ou i l leuse ( Map 2 3). I n F rance, a par t f rom t he Cors ican f inds, S chnabe lkannen a re f ound c oncentra ted i n t hree z ones: t he C entre ( Berry), t he C entre-Eas t ( Champagne, Bourgogne a nd F rance-Comtd) a nd t he E ast ( A lsace) ( ib id .: 1 4 ). The a bsence o f S chnabe lkannen i n t he M id i , a nd t he r ar i ty o f Graeco-Etruscan mater ia l i n Sw i tzer land b efore 4 50, i nd ica te a s B . Bou loumid s ugges ts, a n A lp ine r oute f or t he i ntroduct ion o f t hese o en ochoes i n to F rance ( ib id . : 14-15). The t wo ' p ivo ts ' f or t he d iffus ion o f t he S chnabe lkannen wou ld t hen b e, i n s equence, t he F ranche-Comtd a nd Burgundy ( ib id.). The c ont inen ta l d istr ibut ion 15 o f S chnabe lkannen h igh lights t wo a reas, t he upper T icino a nd t he m idd le Rh ine. The mos t e as ter ly f ind i s f rom at umu lus c rema t ion a t Hrad iske, n ear P isek, i n Bohem ia ; t he mos t wester ly f inds, f rom t he Berry; a nd t he f urthest f ind t o t he n orth, f rom Eygenb i lsen, L imburg ( P. J acobstha l a nd A . L angsdorff 1 929 : Kar te o pp. 1 04 ). I n t he m idd le Rh ine r eg ion, S chnabe lkannen a re more f requent ly f ound i n t he ' Hochwa ld-Nahe-Gruppe ' wh i le b ronze s i tu lae a re more c ommon i n t he ' Rhe in-Mose lGruppe ' ( J . Dr iehaus 1 966:30 , 2 8 f ig . 1 ). A s imi lar s i tuat ion c an b e o bserved i n t he Champagne where S chnabe lkannen a re r epresented t o t he e xc lus ion o f s i tu lae . I nteres t ing ly, 1M arn ian ' p ottery i s f ound i n r e lat ive a bundance i n t he ' Hochwa ld-NaheGruppe ' wh i le i t i s a bsent f rom t he Rhe in-Mose lGruppe ' ( ib id .: 2 9 f ig . 2 ). The r ecent u nstrat if ied f ind o f t he f ragment o f ac ast ing mou ld f or a n E truscan b ronze w ine-f lagon o n t he Heuneburg , d a ted t o 4 80-460 , r ev ea ls t hat p roduct ion qu ick ly f o l lowed t he i n i tia l i mpor ta tion o f t hese v esse ls ( W. K immig a nd 0 .-W. v . Vacano 1 973 :72-85).

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1 0 .5

M isce l laneous v esse ls

1 0 .5 .1

Hammered s heet-bronze b ow ls

Sma l l h ammered b ow ls i n s heet-bronze h ave b een f ound i n ab ronze h oard a t S t-Mart in-surle-Prd, M ., a nd i n a n i nhuma tion bur ia l i n T ertre f undra ire n o 2 ' a t Vornay, C . The h oard f rom S t-Mar tin c ompr ised e ight p enannu lar b ronze r ings c on ta ined i n as ma l l s heet-bronze v esse l, c overed by a s econd, a nd d epos i ted i n at h ird b ronze v esse l ( La l lemant 1 924-26). The l arger c ont a iner-vesse l i n s hee t-bronze h as a t runcated p rof i le w i th h igh r ounded s hou lders a nd a v er tica l n eck, a r a ised h and le r ivetted t o t he b ody, a nd an arrow f lar ing f oo t-r ing . I t i s o rnamented w i th a n i nc ised r a tchedwhee l ' mo tif a t t he n eck, a nd l ines a nd c irc les o n t he f oot-r ing a nd h and le, t he l a tter a lso w i th b osses i n r epoussd . The s ma l l v esse l i s s imil ar but l acks t he f oot-r ing . The l id-vesse l i s h emispher ica l i n p rof i le w i th a f lar ing a nd e xterna l ly r o l led r im, a nd i s o rnamented w i th t wo h or izonta l r ows o f b osses i n r epoussd a l ternat ing w i th t hree r ows o f s t ipp l ing ( ib id .; P . M . F avret 1 928 : 2 7f ig . 4 ). The l arge c onta iner-vesse l, a nd i ts s ma l ler c opy, b e long t o G . v . . V I erhart ' sS t i l lfr ied-Hos tom ice t ype o f s heet-bronze c ups ( 1952 :19-22 , 6 7 , T af . 1 2 , 5 , 9 ). Dated t o t he l a test Urnf ie ld p hase, t hey h ave a s parse b ut w ide d istr ibut ion i n C entra l Europe ( ib id .:22 , 2 0 Kar te 3 ). The e xamp les f rom S t-Mart in a re t he most wester ly f inds o f t h is t ype o f c up. The c entra l I ta lian v ar iant o f t h is f orm, w i th a r a ised t runcated f oo t-r ing , i s d a ted t o t he e ighth c entury, H . Mü l ler-Karpe ' s Tarqu in ia I p hase ( 1959 :241, Taf . 3 1-33, 2 19 Abb. 5 6, 1 4 ). The h em ispher ica l b ow l c lose ly r esemb les Vesse l no . 2 3 f ound i n a hoard a t F resnes, L . et-C., a ssoc iated w i th a t l east e ighteen b ronze h emispher ica l buttons, t wo mass ive b ronze p enannu lar b race lets , a nd t wo o ther h ammered s heet-bronze v esse ls o rnamented i n r epouss616 ( J . Despr ide 1 978 :12, 1 3 f ig . 4 ). Vesse l n o . 2 3 i s av ar iant b etween t he Fuchsstadt a nd K irkendrup t ypes, d ated t o H . Mü l ler-Karpe t s Ha A1/2 , whose d istr ibut ion i s c entred a round Dresden ( ib id.:12 , 2 1). The t wo a ccompany ing v esse ls, w i th wh ich t he S t-Mar t in b ow l o r c up s hares t he o rnamen ta l mo t if , b e long t o t he J en isov ice-Kirkendrup t ype, d a ted t o H . Mü l ler-Karpe 's Ha Al, w i th a d istr ibution s im i lar t o S t i l lfr ied-Hos tomice c ups ( ib id .:9 , 1 2 , 2 1 f ig . 1 0 ; G . v . I Verhart 1 959 :19 ). The e ight p enannu lar r ings f rom S t-Mar t in a re made f rom a c ore i n a ' porous mater ia l ', p robab ly c lay, t r iangu lar i n s ection, c overed w i th t hree b ronze s tr ips f orming l ong i tud ina l r ibs a nd g rooves, t he who le wrapped i n g o ldleaf ( P . M . F avret 1 928 :17-18). S uch r ings h ave b een f ound i n b ronze h oards w i th s trong A t lant ic i nf luences o f t he e nd o f t he L .B. A ., a t Vena t ', S t-Yr ie ix, Ch., a nd Choussy, L .-et-C. ( ib id.: 2 32 6). I ndeed, t hese r ings h ave b een f ound i n t he Br i t ish I s les, w i th c lusters i n Nor thumber land a nd t he Eng lish S outhwest, a nd i n c ount ies Cork a nd C la ire, E ire ( ib id .: 1 9-22 , 2 0 f ig . 2 ) . The S t-Mart in h oard, a ' m ixed ' h oard c ombin ing b o th e as tern a nd A t lant ic b ronzes, may b e d ated p rov is iona l ly t o t he Ha B /C t rans i t ion , ap er iod t ha t w i tnessed b o th s trong Br it ish-Cont inenta l c onnect ions a nd p roduct ion o n ar e lat ive ly l arge s ca le o f av ar iety o f b ronze v esse ls i n c en tra l a nd e astern E urope . Sma l l h ammered b ow ls a re known, h owever , i n ' pure ' Ha C c ontexts . A s ha l low b icon ica l b ow l i n s heet-bronze w i th a n e verted n eck, a nd a n

1 14

ompha los b ase o u t lined by t wo p a irs o f i nc ised c oncentr ic c irc les ( F ig . 7 0, 5 ), was f ound w i th a n i ron s word o f t he Ha C i n Tertre f undra ire n o . 2 ' a t Vornay, C . ( M. Bourges). A s ma l l h em ispher ica l b ow l w i th a n e ver ted r im, a nd a n ompha los b ase, c omes f rom a t umu lus bur ia l a t Chav in ieres, AvanQon, H tes-A. a ccompan ied by a b icon ica l p i tcher i n s heet-bronze w i th a h igh a rched h and le ( J .-C. Cour to is 1 976 :709, 7 11 f ig . 1 , J -K). The l atter , i nc luded i n G .v . I Verhar t 's Kännchen m it Hebe lgr iff , h as b een f ound a t Ha l lsta tt, i n Grave 2 98, d ated t o t he e ar ly Ha C ( G. v . Merhar t 1 952 :26, 6 8, Taf . 1 5 , 7 -11; R . P eron i 1 973 :29 f ig . 1 , 3 0). Another s ma l l b ow l i n s heet-bronze i s known f rom a n i nhuma t ion g rave a t S a int-Sa turn inles-Apt, Vauc., a ssoc ia ted w i th r ich ly o rnamented p o ttery, d a ted t o t he Ha C ( J.-C. Cour to is 1 976 :109). A v ar iety o f s heet-bronze v esse ls a ppear i n t umu li b ur ia ls i n t he C ausses a ssoc ia ted w i th Ha C i ron s words, a s i n t he t umu lus a t Aven Armand, L oz . ( J . Despr ide 1 978 :19 ,26 no te 1 0). The s ma l l b ow l f rom Vornay i s d ist inct ive e nough t o b e i n terpre ted a s al oca l ly made p roduct. 1 0 .5 .2

S tamno i ( Map 2 3)

Made f rom a s ing le s heet o f b ronze, t he s tamnos i s al arge v esse l, a verag ing 4 0 cm i n h e ight, w i th a t runca ted b ody , h igh r ounded s hou lders, a nd a s hor t v er t ica l n eck w i th a n e xterna l ly r o l led r im. I t h as a p a ir o f e scu tcheon-shaped p laques o r h and le-a ttachmen ts, o rnamen ted w i th a d eep ly i nc ised mo t if , a ttached t o t he s ides o f t he v esse l b e low t he s hou ld ers ( B. B ou loum id 1 978 :7). I n t he P ar is B as in, t hey h ave b een f ound u sed a s c remat ion u rns i n t he c entra l bur ia l, a s we l l a s i n as econdary g rave, i n t he t umu lus a t ' la Ronce ? , S te-Genev ieve-des-Bo is, L o ir . ( M. Dauvo is 1 960), a nd i n t he c entra l bur ia l i n t he t umu lus o f ' la Motte S t-Va lent in ', Cource l les-enMontagne, H te-M. 1 7 ( J. Ddche lette 1 913d :115-140). The s tamno i f rom Cource l les a nd f rom t he s econdary bur ia l a t S te-Genev ieve b e long t o B . Bou loumid 's g roup o f s tamno i w i th v ert ica l h and les whose h and le-a ttachments a re o rnamented w i th a mo t if r eca l ling ' prophy lact ic e yes ' ( B. Bou loumid 1 97 8 :13 , 1 7-18). They r esemb le t he s tamnos f rom P opu lon ia , b e lieved t o c ome f rom t he s ame workshop ( ib id.:18 , 2 1). The A ttic c antharus o f J . D . B eaz ley 's " St-Va lent in ' t— sT r ies, a nd t he L .T. I i ron s word, f ound w i th t he Cource l les s tamnos, d ate t hese v esse ls t o t he m idd le o f t he f i f th c entury ( ib id. : 18-21). The s tamnos f rom t he c entra l bur ia l a t S te-Genev ieve h as n o h and les a nd i s s ma l ler, measur ing 2 6.9 cm i n h e ight, t han most s tamno i . The ' ovo lo ' mo t if o n t he r im, h owever, a ttaches i t t o t he s er ies o f I ta loE truscan s tamno i ( ib id.:8 n o te 1 0 , 2 3). Th is d e ta i l a par t, i t h as more i n c ommon w i th t he " s i tu les-stamnofdes" o f B . Bou loumid t s Groupe C s i tu lae, e xamp les o f wh ich h ave b een f ound a t Bourges, C ., a t t he ' rue d e Dun ' ( H. Breu i l a nd P . d e Goy 1 903) a nd I les F onds Ga idons ' ( B. Bou loum id 1 977:4 , 3 1-32 ), a nd i n Grave 6 1 i n Tumu lus V a t ' la P icard ie ', Gurgy, Y . ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980 :29-32 ). They w ere u sed i n a l l t hree c ases a s c remat ion u rns . 1 8 S tamno i, north o f t he A lps, h ave a d istr ibution c omp lementary t o b ronze S chnabe lkannen, a nd a re o f ten f ound a ssoc ia ted, a s i n t he t umu li b ur ia ls a t B asse-Yutz ( Mos .), Bad-Dürkhe im ( Rhe in land-Pfa lz), We isk irchen ( Saar land), K le in-Asperg le ( Baden-Württemberg), a nd t he bur ia l a t t he ' rue d e Dun ' t o n ame o n ly a f ew ( U. S chaaf 1 969 :192 Abb. 4 , 1 94 Abb. 4 , 2 00-201). I n I ta ly s tamno i a re f ound ma in ly i n t he n or th, i n

1 15

' Padovan ' a nd n orthern E trur ia, i n t he c eme ter ies o f Bo logna, S p ina a nd t he P icenum ( B. Bou loumid 1 97 8 :8). The o ver-a l l number o f s tamno i a re f ew. S ome f i f ty a re known i n I ta ly, a nd t en nor th o f t he A lps, a r ar i ty p erhaps e xp la ined b y t he t echn ica l s oph ist icat ion r equ ired t o p roduce t hem ( ib id .: ' D . W i th t he p oss ib le e xc ept ion o f t he e xamp le f rom t he c entra l bur ia l a t S te-Genev ieve, b ronze s tamno i n or th o f t he A lps a re d a ted t o t he L .T. I . An a bso lute d endroc hrono log ica l d a te i s g iven f or t he s tamnos w i th v ert ica l h and les u sed a s ac rema t ion u rn i n at umu lus g rave a t A ltr ier , L uxembourg, t o b etween 4 61 a nd 4 73 B . C.(ib id.:6-7 ). The f ragment o f ab ronze h and le-a ttachmen t w i th a c ast mo t if o f v o lutes a nd p a lmettes w as f ound a t Meu lan, Yves . ( P. J acobstha l 1 944 :140). P . J acobstha l i dent if ied t he f ragment a s t he h and le-a ttachment o f a' stamnoss i tu la ' ( ib id .). B . Bou loum id h as s hown more c onv inc ing ly t hat i t b e longs t o t he b ase p ar t o f aS chnabe lkanne . The f ragment i s s a id t o r epresent ah igh ly s ty l ised r eproduct ion o f t he s a tyr-f igure t hat i s known t o o rnament t he b ase o f t he h and le o f a number o f S chnabe lkannen. Th is s ty l isat ion, a nd t he g enera l i nfer ior qua lity o f t he w orkmansh ip, f avours a l oca l, t hat i s Ce lt ic, manufacture ( B. Bou loumid 1 978 :11-1 2 , P l. 3 , 5 ). 1 0 .5 .3

Bas ins ( Map 2 3)

Two s ha l low c ircu lar b as ins i n s heet-bronze, w i th a f l at b ase a nd v er t ica l r im, a re known f rom t he P ar is Bas in. One, unornamented w i th a n e xterna l ly r o l led r im, c omes f rom a L . T . 1c har io t-bur ia l a t P ernant, A ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze s i tu la, a b ronze c o lander, a s ma l l g o ld r ing , a nd i ron c har io t f i tt ings ( R. J offroy 1 963 :5). The s econd b as in, w i th a n o mpha los-base, o rnamen ted w i th a n o vo lo ' mo t if a nd a r ow o f i nc ised d oub le-sp ira ls u nder l ined by a p a ir o f l ines, w as f ound a t t he ' Ahan d u D iab le ', Bussyle-Châ teau, M ., s upposed ly f rom a c har iot-bur ia l ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :213 , P l. 1 69 , 1 -2 ). A p a ir o f s imi lar b as ins, but w i th v er t ica l h and les w i th ' hear t '-shaped a ttachments, was r ecovered i n t he c ar t-bur ia l a t V ix, C .-d ' 0.( R . J offroy 1 954b : 3 5-36, P l. 2 8 , 1 -2 ) . These b as ins b e long t o aw el-def ined s er ies o f t wo t ypes d ependant o n whether o r n o t t hey h ave " Herza ttaschen". M any a re o rnamented, a s t he Bussy e xamp le , w i th i nc ised " Laufendem Hund" b e low t he r im ( U. S chaaf 1 96 9 :188-190 ; A . Haffner 1 976:45). They were made by E truscan c raf tsmen i n t he f i f th c entury ( U. S chaaf 1 969 :190-191). Bas ins w i thout h and les a re w ide ly d istr ibuted n orth a nd wes t o f t he A lps, w i th t wo ma in c lusters; o ne i n n or thwes t C zechos lovak ia , a long t he E lbe-Vl tava a nd t he ir t r ibu tar ies; a nd t he s econd, b e tween t he Mose l a nd Rh ine i n t he Hunsrück-E ife l r eg ion ( ib id. : 192 Abb. 3 , 1 98-200). A w ide a nd s ha l low h em ispher ica l b as in w i th s ub-ver t ica l wa l ls a nd a n e xterna l ly r o l led a nd f la ttened r im was d redged f rom t he L o ire a t L angea is, I .-e t-L. ( Ga l lia , 3 4 , 1 976:320-321, f igs . 1 4-15 ). Resemb l ing i n p rof i le t he P ernant a nd Bussy b as ins, i t d if fers by h av ing a p a ir o f s uspens ionloops a ttached t o o rnamented b ronze c arr iers f astened t o t he b as in by t wo r ivets. The c arr iers, made o f as ing le p iece, c ons ist o f a r ectangu lar p laque, r ivetted t o t he r im o f t he b as in, w i th a l oop a t i ts c entre t erm ina ting b e low i n ac ircu lar d isc. A lthough t he b as in 's p rof i le i s r em in iscent o f Ha D f orms, t he l oop-a ttachmen ts, c omparab le t o t hose o n Kurd t ype b uckets f or e xamp le , a re more a kin t o Ha C f orms ( G. v . Merhart 1 952 :Taf . 1 6-19 ).

1 16

1 0 . 5 .4 M isce l laneous v esse ls What h as b een i n terpreted a s as ma l l p or tab le b ronze s tove w as d redged f rom t he Yonne a t S ens, Y . ( A. Hure 1 931 :70-71, 7 0 f ig . 1 31) ( Map 2 5). I t c ons ists o f ah emispher ica l c au ldron, w i th a c entra l c ircu lar h o le i n t he b ottom, o n ac y l indr ica l b ase w i th c ircu lar h o les i n t he w a l ls . R ive tted t o t he s ides a re t hree human h eads t ermina ted by what a ppears t o b e h igh ly s ty l ised w a ter-birds w i th e longated n ecks . The l egs a re s erpentif orm a nd c onsti tu te t he t r ipod o n wh ich t he v esse l s tands. A lthough n o p ara l le ls t o t h is s tove h ave b een f ound, t r ipods r ivetted t o c au ldrons a re known f rom E trur ia i n t he s eventh c entury ( A. Hus 1 975 : 3 3, P l. 1 ). A ff ix ing b ronze f igures t o t he p er iphery o f c au ldrons o n t r ipods was a f a ir ly c ommon p ract ice a mong E truscan s mi ths, p robab ly i nsp ired by o r ienta l a nd Greek mode ls, a s t he Gr iefenkesse l ( ib id.; U . J antzen 1 955). I t i s wor th n o t ing t hat a b ronze g r if fon-head o f p oss ib le E truscan o r ig in w as a lso f ound a t S ens, o n t he ' Promenade S t-D id ier ' ( H. Coro t 1 907 :109-110 , 1 08 P l. I ),I9 O thers may b e c i ted f rom t he Tomba B ernard in i ' a t P raenes te, d a ted t o t he Or ien ta l is ing p er iod o f E truscan a r t, f rom t he b eg inn ing o f t he s eventh t o t he e ar ly s ixth c ent ur ies, a nd f rom Ch ius i, d a ted t o t he Archa ic p er iod , f rom t he b eg inn ing t o t he m idd le o f t he s ixth c entury ( A. Hus 1 97 5 :67 , P l. 7 , 1 , 9 2 , P l. 3 2 , 1 -2). The s ty lisa t ion o f t he f igures o n t he S ens c au ldron r eca l ls t he a r t o f d iss imu lat ion p ract ised b y t he l a ter a r t ists o f t he L .T. I . G . V erron men t ions a b ronze c au ldron f rom Coutances, Man. ( 1976b: 8 06). I t i s n o t made c lear , h owever, i f t he v esse l b e longs t o t he " At lant ic" c au ldron s er ies o f t he s eventh c entury whose d istr ibut ion i s w idespread i n E ire, s ou th Wa les, t he Thames e stuary, w i th o ne F rench e xamp le f rom t he ' Pra ir ie d e Mauves ' , Nantes, L .-At l., o r t o t he l ater west c entra l European " Ha D " c au ldron s er ies, a n e xamp le o f wh ich c omes f rom t he Thames a t L ondon ( C. F . C . Hawkes a nd M . A . Smi th 1 957 :176-198, 1 82 f ig . 1 0 , 1 94 f ig . 1 2 ). The f ind o f ab ronze r ibbed p a i l a t Coutances wou ld f avour t he s econd s er ies ( G. Verron 1 976b:806). I n t he L o iret, s ix f o lded f ragmen ts o f s heet-bronze, i ron h oops a nd a mobi le h and le , f ound i n at umu lus a t Barv i l le-en-Gä t ina is, a re b e lieved t o r epresen t t he r emnants o f a wooden bucket ( A . Noue l 1 957a:308). A s heet-bronze v esse l, whose d eta i led d escr ipt ion i s n o t g iven, w i th t wo h o les i n t he wa l ls f or a ff ix ing h and les, was f ound i n t he t umu lus o f t he ' Butte d es E lus l, Mdz ik iesläz-C ldry, i n t he s ame d epar tmen t ( id. 1 947 :197 ). Ne i ther o f t hese f inds c ome f rom d a tab le c ontexts . — 1 0 .6

S ummary ( Tab le 4 ).

S heet-bronze v esse ls a re, w i th f ew e xcept ions, i mported a r tefacts . They a re i t ems o f l uxury a nd p res t ige a nd may b e c ons idered a s at ang ib le i nd ica t ion o f h igh s oc ia l r ank ( P . S . We l ls 1 980 :47 -50). The ir d istr ibut ion i n t ime a nd s pace t herefore r ef lects c hanges i n ma jor c entres o f wea lth a nd p ower . The i mpor ta t ion o f s hee t-bronze v esse ls i n t he l ater Ha B i nc ludes b o th S ti l lfr ied-Hos tomice c ups f rom t he ' m ixed ' h oard a t S t-Mar tin-surl e-Prd , a nd t he Gruppe B2a c au ldron f rom t he h oard a t t he ' Carrefour d es Arz iliers ' i n t he F or k d e Comp i gne . They a re b o th p roducts o f t he L ate Urnf ie ld manufactur ing c entres o f c entra l a nd e astern E urope . The f act t ha t b o th f inds c ome f rom h oards i s s ymptoma t ic o f t he ir L .B. A. d a te.

1 17

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P O D

Chrono log ica l s ummary

The Buch k ies a nd Cravant c au ldrons o f Gruppe C were i mported a t a s l ight ly l ater but n ot f ar r emoved d a te i n t he e ar ly Ha C f rom t he Adr iat i c. 20 F rom t he i so lated r iver ine d iffus ion t hat c haracter ises i mported b ronze v esse ls up t o a nd i nc lud ing t he e ar ly Ha C ( Map 2 0), a c lear s h if t i n t rade p atterns e merges i n t he l ater Ha C a nd e ar ly D w i th ' c luster 'type d ist r ibut ions. The c hange f irs t b ecomes a pparent i n t he Bourges r eg ion w i th t he i mporta tion o f r ibbed p a i ls ( Map 2 1) f rom c entra l Europe i n t he l ater Ha C a nd D , f o l lowed by s i tu lae ( Map 2 2 ) p robab ly f rom t he Go lasecca r eg ion i n t he l ater Ha D . The i mportance o f t he r eg ion may h ave b een due i n i tia l ly t o i ts r e lat ive p roxim i ty t o Upper Burgundy, a nd t o i t s e as i ly a ccess ib le i ron o re d epos i ts. The Yonne v a l ley a ppears t o h ave p layed a n i mpor tant i ntermed iary r o le i n t he e ar lier s tages o f t h is p rocess, a s a lso w i tnessed b y t he d istr ibut ion o f o ther m iscelaneous s ou th European i mpor ts ( Map 2 5). The p r imacy o f t he Bourges r eg ion a s at erminus i n t he t rade o f b ronze v esse ls c on t inues i nto t he l a ter Ha D /L.T. I w i th t he i mpor ta t ion o f E trur ian S chnabe lkannen ( Map 2 3).21 A n ew c entre e merges a t t h is t ime i n t he Champagne P ou i l leuse where f our S chnabe lkannen a nd t wo E truscan b as ins a re known ( Map 2 3), undoubted ly l inked t o t he i ncrease i n c har io t-bur ia ls i n t he e ar ly L .T. I . Luxury b ronze v esse ls i mpor ted f rom E trur ian workshops, a l though numer ica l ly more i mportant i n t he L .T. I , b e long t o a more l imi ted a nd s tandard ised r ange ( ib id .:119 ). The Ha D /L.T. l ower Yonne v a l ley c on tex t o f t he t wo t he Berry a nd t he

Iv esse ls f rom t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, t he m idd le a nd a nd t he P la teau d e L angres, s hou ld b e v iewed i n t he a l terna ting ' power '-cen tres, r espec t ive ly l oca ted i n Marne.

NOTES

1 .

R . J offroy s ta tes t hat t he c au ldron f rom Buch k ies i s c as t r a ther t han h ammered s hee t-bronze ( R . J offroy a nd R . P ar is 1 973 :222 ). Hav ing e xamined t he c au ldron a t t he Musde d es Beaux-Ar ts, i n T royes, t h is i ndeed s eems t o b e t he c ase.

2 .

A lthough t he p rof i le o f t he c au ldron-base i s t he e ssent ia l c r i ter ion f or F . Ho is t& st wo-fo ld d iv is ion, h e d oes e numera te a number o f o ther i mportant d ifferences. F or a s ummary o f h is t ypo logy, s ee : H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 952a :49-50; G . Gaudron 1 956 .

3 .

M . Hdmery 's d rawing o f t he Comp i ene c au ldron ( 1937 :156), r ep r inted by G . v on Merhar t ( 1952 :Taf . 3 , 6 ), e mphas ises a c ar ina tion w i th a v er t ica l r im. C auchemd 's d raw ing h as b een u sed wh ich, w i th i ts s of t s hou lder a nd s l ight ly i n-turned r im, i s c loser t o t he s tandard t ype o f Gruppe B 2 a ( draw ing r ece ived f rom J .-C. B lanche t).

4 .

E xcept f or t he p a i l f rom Magny-Lambert, f ew p a i ls i n Burgundy h ave i ndependent ly d a tab le a ssoc ia t ions; The p a i l f rom Mercey-sur-Saöne, H te-S. f ound i n Tumu lus 2 , i s a ssoc iated w i th a b ronze S chnabe lkanne, ag o ld t ore a nd a g o ld b race let ( B. Bou loumid 1 976:11 n o . 2 ). The e v idence f rom S ivryles-Arnay, C .-d lO ., i s u nre l iab le a nd i s d iscuss ed e lsewhere ( see Append ix). The p a i l f rom Mercey i s v ery l ate

1 19

( Ha D /L.T. I ) a nd n o d oubt r epresents l onger l oca l u se r ather t han t he d ate o f i ts i mpor ta tion . I t b e longs t o S er ie I . 5 .

The v esse l i s a ctua l ly c loser t o a s tamnos ', a nd i s t rea ted more f u l ly i n s ect ion 5 .2 ( p. 1 15).

6 . I t may b e ab ronze ' pa tch ' i n c ase t he s i tu la n eeded r epa ir ing s ince n o t races o f mend ing h ave b een f ound o n t he v esse l ( B. Bou loum id 1 977 :18 n ote 37 ). S uch ' pa tches ' a re known, a s a t Hora th, Kr . B ernk aste l, where a r ectangu lar p laque i s s ewn o n t o t he s i tu la f rom Tumu lus 1 2 ( W. K immig 1 96 2 -63 :Taf . 3 6, 1 ). 7 . The P ernant s i tu la i s i nc luded i n W . K imm ig 's ' Rhe in ische ' Typus ( 196 2 -63:60). B ; Bou loum iö a ttaches i t t o h is t ype ' tess ino is t ( 1977 :23, 2 5-26). F or t he ir d ifferences o f o p in ion, s ee b e low. 8 .

The f our r e levant F rench s i tu lae d isp lay t he f o l low ing : Hand le S t-Den is-de-Pa lin Cuy P ernant Gurgy ( Grave 1 8b)

9 .

i ron i ron b ronze ?

H .-a ttachments Type ( W. K immig 1 9626 3 :83 T abe l le 1 1) b ronze 3 b ronze 3 b ronze 3 b ronze 3

S ee Chapter 1 2 .3 .1 ( p .

1 0 . Dated t o b etween 6 00 a nd 4 50 ( L. Barf ie ld 1 971 :128). 1 1. B . Bou loum id makes n o d ist inct ion b etween t he f inds f rom t he Rhe inl and-Pfa lz a nd Baden-Wür ttemberg . Ne i ther i s o ne made b e tween t he T ic ino-Gr ison a nd Sw iss P lateau g rave-groups . 1 2 . A f ragment p oss ib ly b e long ing t o aS chnabe lkanne was a lso f ound a t Meu lan, Yves . ( P . J acobstha l 1 944 :140 ; U . S chaaf 1 969 :201 n o . 9 ) ( see s ect ion 5 .2 , p .116). 1 3 .

These t wo o enochoes, a nd t he o ne f rom ' Prunet ', N lorthomiers, C ., a re i nc luded i n t he g azetteer . The o thers, f rom c erta in L .T. I c ont exts, a re e xc luded .

1 4 .

Confus ion a r ises a s t o t he l ocat ion o f t he f ind . Des Md liozes c la ims t hat i t c omes f rom t he r eg ion o f Dun-sur-Auron, s ome 2 5 km s ou the ast o f Bourges ( 1897-98), wh i le B . Bou loum id a ttr ibutes t he o enochoe t o t he Bourges a rea ( 1973a :no. 6 ). A c ase c an b e made f or b o th l ocat ions . A number o f i mported l uxury b ronze v esse ls, i nc lud ing as econd S chnabe lkanne o f t he Ha D /L.T. I , a re known t o c ome f rom Bourges There i s, o n t he o ther h and, a l arge number o f t umu li c emeter ies, d a ting f rom t he Ha C t o t he L .T. I , i n t he r eg ion o f Duns ur-Auron ( see t he g azetteer). E i ther w ay, t he v esse l i n ques t ion i s as tray f ind .

1 5 .

I n t he I ta lian p en insu la, S chnabe lkannen a re, o f c ourse, f ound c lust ered i n E trur ia ( Vu lc i/Tarqu in ia), w i th l esser g roups i n Umbr ia, Marche, a nd i n t he r eg ion o f Bo logna ( B. Bou loum id 1 973b:Carte o pp. 3 54).

1 6. The b ronze h oard f rom F resnes, L .-e t-C., a nd t he t umu lus o f ' l a Mo tte S t-Va lent in ' , Cource l les-en-Montagne, H te-M. d o n o t f ea ture i n t he g azetteer s ince t hey l i e o uts ide t he c hrono log ica l l imi ts o f t h is s tudy. 1 7 .

S ee n ote 1 6.

1 20

1 8 .

S ee s ect ion 1 0 .3 ( p.108).

1 9 .

S ee Chapter 1 1 .2 ( p.124).

2 0 .

Caution i s c a l led f or when d at ing t he f inds f rom Buchäres a nd Cravant. A c au ldron o f Gruppe C f rom I hr ingen, Baden, was f ound a ssocia ted t o at ore a nd a f ibu la o f t he L .T. I ( G. v on Merhart 1 95 2 : 64 ; R . J offroy a nd R . P ar is 1 973 : 2 23) . The e kamp les f rom t he Bas in h ave b een p laced i n t he e ar l ies t p oss ib le c ontext. R . P eron i d a tes t he c au ldrons f ound a t Ha l lstatt t o t he Ha C 2 /D 2 . ( 1973 :43 f ig . 8 , 1 0 .)

2 1 . A r eg ion, i n f act, n o t un l ike t he Rhe in land-Pfa lz ( Pa la tina t), o n t he m idd le Rh ine, where t here i s a n i mportant c luster o f i mported l uxury v esse ls ( s i tu lae, S chnabe lkannen, e tc. .) o f t he Ha D /L.T. I . ( J . Dr iehaus 1 96 6 : 2 8-29 f igs . 1 -2).

1 21

CHAPTER 1 1 M ISCELLANEOUS MEDITERRANEAN I MPORTS

1 1.1

S eventh Century ( Map

2 4)

A number o f what may b e t ermed ' luxury ' a r tefacts i mpor ted f rom I ta ly p r ior t o t he e s tab lishment o f Massa lia b y t he P hocaeans i n c . 6 00 d eserve s ome a ttent ion. One c a tegory o f t hese i mports c ompr ises s ma l l b ronze ' warr ior ' f igur ines n o t e xceed ing 1 0 cm i n h e ight. They r epresent nude ma les, i n af ronta l p os i tion, h o ld ing a s pear ( usua l ly m iss ing) i n t he o uts tretched r ight h and , w i th t he l ef t h and p o ised o n t he h ip. The f igures a re r ig id a nd s chema t ised . These ' warr ior ' s ta tuettes , a l l s tray f inds, were r ecovered a long t he Yonne v a l ley, a t Chä teau-Chinon, N ., a nd V dze lay, Y .; t he S e ine, a t Montau l in, Au.; a nd i n t he e ast o f t he P ar is Bas in, a t Thor ignd-en-Charn ie, May. ( S. Boucher 1 970 : 1 94 , 1 96) ( Map 2 4 ). The ' warr ior ' f rom Thor ignd was a ccompanied by t wo s ma l l f ema le f igur ines a nd t wo b ronze s ta tuettes o f o xen ( P. Terouanne a nd R . Bo isse l 1 966). A ' warr ior ' f igur ine, a l though unprov enanced, c omes f rom t he museum a t Re ims, M . ( S. Boucher 1 976 : 1 8 n o te 5 3). The b ronze ' warr ior ' f igur ines a re b e l ieved t o b e t he p roducts o f Tuscan workshops a t Vo lterra a nd Arezzo o pera t ing i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he s eventh c entury ( id . 1 970 : 1 94 ). The f ema le f igur ines f rom Thor ignd, o ne o f t he r are F rench f inds ‚ I - a nd t he o xen, a re s ty l istica l ly o f t he s ame o r ig in a nd d a te ( ib id .: 1 96). The ir o vera l l d istr ibut ion i n F rance f orms a n a rc s tretch ing f rom t he Haute-Savo ie ( Menthon) t o Br i ttany ( Chä ti l lon-sur-Se iche, 1 .-et-V., a nd t he Aber-Ildu t e s tuary, F in .), v ia t he J ura ( Lonsle-Saunier, L arnaud), F ranche-Comtd ( Besancon, D .), Burgundy, N iverna is, Champagne a nd Mayenne, w i th ac luster i n t he Mass if Centra l ( C lermont-Ferrand, P .-de-D., Ndr isl es-Ba ins, A l l.) ( id . 1 976: 1 8, 3 46-347 Car te I ) . Apart f rom a b ronze o x f igur ine f rom S limes, G ., t hese I ta lo-Etruscan b ronzes a re a bsent f rom t he M id i a nd t he Rhone v a l ley. The d istr ibut ion s ugges ts t hat t he f igur ines r eached F rance f rom a cross t he A lp ine p asses. The b ronzes t race t he r oute t oward t he p r inc ipa l s ources o f t in o re, a t t he mouth o f t he L o ire a nd i n t he Armor ican p en insu la ( id . 1 970 : 2 02 ; J . M . Co les a nd A . F . Hard ing 1 979 :9 f ig . 3 ). Another I ta lian i mport o f t he s eventh c entury i s t he s ma l l b ronze wa ter-b ird f igur ine f rom ' Be l levue ' , Chdd igny, I .-et-L. ( G. C ord ier 1 966: 7 9-81). The i so lated f ind i s at hree-d imens iona l f igure w i th a c y l indr ica l t enon p rotrud ing f rom i ts b e l ly. S imi lar ' duck ' f igur ines i n b ronze h ave b een f ound a t Angers, M .e t-L., a nd a t P o i tiers, V ; ( ib id .:82 ). There e x is ts a s econd c luster o f t hese b ronze wa ter-b irds i n t he Mass if C entra l ( ib id. : 84-85). The Chdd igny ' duck ' h as b een c ompared t o t he b ronze d uck f igur ines p erched o n t he f rame o f t he c u lt wagon f rom a d oub le-inhuma t ion g rave o f t he e ighth c entury a t Ve j i , Roma , i n s ou thern E trur ia ( ibid .: 1 22

8 2 ; R . Garrucc i 1 86 7 :196-197, P l. 4 , 2 ). Bronze water-b ird f iguri nes a re w idespread i n c entra l Europe a nd t he I ta l ian p en insu la t hrougho ut t he Urnf ie ld a nd Ha l lstatt p er iods ( G. Kossack 1 954b:100-11 2 , P l. 2 0-21). A p rec ise d a te f or t he Chdd igny b ird i s n o t p oss ib le s ince i t s c on tex t i s n o t known, a s i s t he c ase f or s im i lar f inds i n F rance . I t c an b e s upposed, h owever, t ha t t hese s ma l l wa ter-b ird b ronzes were l inked t o t he t rade o f I ta lo-Etruscan f igur ines f rom n or thern I ta ly i n t he s even th c en tury whose d istr ibu t ion t hey c omp lemen t ( N. F re id in 1 980). They may r epresen t a n e arl ier, more t en ta t ive, e xp lora t ion o f t he t rans-A lp ine t in r ou te ( S. Boucher 1 976 :14). 1 1.2

S ixth C en tury ( Map 2 5 )

Med i terranean ' luxury ' i mports o f t he s ixth c entury a re a lso p resent i n t he P ar is Bas in. One s uch i tem i s t he b ronze t r ipod f ound i n t he Auxerro is, Y . ( C. Ro l ley 1 962 :476-491). I ts ma in f ea tures a re h oofed f eet, ducks ' h eads s urmount ing v ert ica l r ods l ead ing f rom t he f eet, a nd a s heet-bronze c y l inder o r c rown o rnamented w i th t wo l ong itud ina l a nd p ara l le l r ibs i n r epoussd a t t he t op. The t r ipod c onst ruct ion b e longs t o P . J . R i is ' ' rod-tr ipod ' t ype wh ich c ons ists o f s lender a rched c ircu lar-sect ion meta l b ars which j o in t he f eet n ear t he b ase a nd t oward t he t op o f t he t r ipod ( 1939 : 1 ). The b ronze t r ipod f rom t he Auxerro is may b e i nc luded i n P . J . R i is ' F i ttings Group wh ich embraces t r ipods a ssemb led by t ubu lar f i tt ings a nd c onverg ing b ars ( ibid . : 18-22 ). The t r ipod h as b een c ompared t o e xamp les o f t he F itt ings Group f rom c entra l I ta ly : o ne f rom t he ' tomba d e l Tr ipode ' ( Tumu lo C ) a t Cervetr i , Roma, d a ted t o t he f irs t h a lf o f t he s eventh c en tury ; a nd a nother f rom Orv ieto ( C. Ro l ley 1 96 2 :4 84-48 7 , 4 90-491). A t r ipod o f t he F i ttings Group was f ound i n t he p r ince ly t umu lus c ar t-bur ia l a t ' la Garenne ', S te-Co lombe, C .-d ?O ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a s heet-bronze c au ldron w i th f our b ronze g r iffon-heads r ivetted t o t he s ide, a nd p oss ib ly, l ate Ha D f ibu lae z ( R. J offroy 1 958 : 62 , 6 4 , 66 ). I t d iffers f rom t he Auxerro is e xamp le i n b e ing made o f i ron w i th b ronze l i on p aws. S im i lar b ronze p aws b e long ing t o a ' rod-tr ipod ' c omes f rom t he p r ince ly t umu lus c hamber-bur ia l a t t he ' Grafenbüh l ' , Asperg , Kr . Ludw igsburg ( H. Z ürn a nd H .-V. Herrmann 1 966:92-96). Comp ared t o e xamp les f rom O lymp ia a nd De lph i, t he Asperg t r ipod i s d ated t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ixth c entury ( ib id .:95). A s im i lar d ate i s g iven f or t he i ron t r ipods f rom Graves 1 , 4a nd 5 , a t Treb en ig te, i n Yugos lav Macedon ia , wh ich b e long t o P . J . R i is ' E ar ly Greek Group a s d o t he t r ipods f rom O lymp ia a nd De lphi ( B. D . F i low 1 927: 9 1 n o . 1 33 ; P . J . R i is 1 939 : 1 0-12 ). The t r ipod f rom S te-Co lombe c lose ly r esemb les , a ccord ing t o R . J offroy, t he t r ipods f rom Treben ig te ( 1958 : 64 ). The Auxerro is t r ipod c an b e d a ted, w i th s ome a ssurance, t o a bout t he m idd le o f t he s ixth c entury, a l ower d a te t han p roposed b y C . Ro l ley but more i n k eep ing w i th b o th R i is ' d ate f or t he F i tt ings Group t r ipods a nd w i th t he o ther ' rod-tr ipod ' f inds n orth o f t he A lps . Quest ions a s t o whether t he t r ipods were manufactured i n Greece o r E trur ia , a nd whether t hey were i mpor ted d irect ly f rom Greece o r v ia E truscan m idd le-men, a sked i n c onnect ion w i th t he S te-Co lombe a nd Asperg f inds, d o n o t a r ise f or t he t r ipod f rom t he Auxerro is. S uff ic ient e v idence e x ists t o s how t ha t t he t r ipod was made i n c entra l I ta ly, p robab ly i nsp ired b y Greek mode ls, a nd e xported f rom E trur ia t o L ower Burgundy . 1 23

More p rob lemat ic i s t he s ma l l b ronze h orned g r iffon-head f ound o n t he ' Promenade S t-D id ier ', S ens, Y . ( H. Corot 1 907:109-110 , 1 08 P l. I ). S im i lar g r iffon-heads w ere r ivetted o n t o t he s ides o f s heetb ronze c au ldrons, Gr iefenkesse l, f our o r s ix t o e ach v esse l. B ronze g r iffon-heads, a l though d iffer ing s l ight ly, a re known f rom S te-Gemmess ur-Lo ire, M .-et-L., where o ne was d redged f rom t he L o ire ( G. Cord ier a nd M . Gruet 1 975 :275-276); a nd f rom t he t umu lus a t S teC o lombe where f our o rnamen t t he s heet-bronze c au ldron s upported by t he i ron t r ipod ( R. J offroy 1 958 : 60 -6 2 ). The Greek o r ig in o f t hese g r iffon-heads, d istr ibuted i n E trur ia a nd w estern E urope, i s n o t d isp uted . They h ave b een f ound i n l arge numbers a t O lymp ia a nd o n S amos where t he ir p roduction i s d ated f rom t he s eventh c entury o nw ards ( ib id .: 6 1; U . J ant z en 1 955 :8 4-86) . The g r iffon-heads f rom S te-Gemmes a nd S te-Co lombe b e long t o U . J antzen 's Kyme Gruppe a f ter t he Greek c o lony i n C ampania ( ib id .: 2 7-28 n os . 1 83-189 , 8 1-8 2 ). They may h ave b een manufactured i n a Greek c o lony o f Magna G raeca r a ther t han Greece i t se lf 3 ( ib id .:83). The s l ight d ifferences o f t he S ens g r iffon-head f rom Greek mode ls c ou ld b e e xp la ined, t enta t ive ly, by i nterpreting i t a s a n E truscan c opy a l though n o s im i lar p iece i s y et known f rom E trur ia . A b ronze c au ldron s im i lar t o t he S te-Co lombe f ind , w i th r ivet h o les f or a ttach ing g r iffon-heads, was f ound i n a moor d epos i t w i th t wo b ronze M inde lhe im-type s words a t Hass le, G lanshammars s n, N ärke, i n c entra l Sweden ( R. J offroy 1 958 :6 2 ; J . D . Cowen 1 967 :288-289 , 4 27 n os . 2 5-26). Th is, c omb ined w i th t he c ontext o f t he S te-Co lombe f ind, p laces t he g r iffon-head f rom S ens i n t he s ixth c entury. A s im i lar d ate i s g iven f or t he g r iffon-head f rom S te-Gemmes ( G. C ord ier a nd M . Gruet 1 975 :280). I n t he s ame c ategory o f i mports c an b e a ss igned t he s ma l l f u l lb od ied b ronze g r iffon f ound a t I ssoudun, I . ( Ga l lia, 3 4, 1 976 :316 f ig . 8 ). A lthough n o b ronze c ompar ison c an b e f ound, i t r esemb les s ty l is tica l ly c er ta in a rcha ic E truscan s tone s cu lpture, no tab ly a s ta tue f rom Vu lc i, i n E trur ia , d a ted t o t he m idd le o f t he s ixth c entury ( A. Hus 1 961:181, P l. 5 , 1 1). A p a ir o f i vory s ph inx o r g r iffons o f Greek o r ig in, i t c an b e n o ted , w ere f ound a t t he Grafenbüh l ' ,A sperg , d ated t o t he l ate s even th c entury ( H. Z ürn a nd H .-V. Herrmann 1 96 6 : 8 3-92 , 1 01-102 ). An e n igmat ic s ma l l b ronze a mu let, a n i thypha l lic r epresenta t ion i n t he f orm o f ah igh ly s chema t ised ma le w i th a n o vers ized h ead a nd p egl ike l egs, c omes f rom Cha la is, I . ( E. P atte 1 952 :6 4 -6 7 ) . The i so4 l ated f ind c ompares, a l though o n ly v ague ly, w i th a b ronze f igure f rom F grö, i n n or thern Go t land, Sweden, w i thout e luc idat ing o n t he d a te o f t he o b ject ( M. Hoernes 1 915 :537, 5 35 f ig . 2 85 , 6 ). The Cha la is a mu let i s c i ted by F . Beno i t a s a n I ta lo-Etruscan i mport, a p o int o n wh ich S . Boucher i s i n d isagreement ( S. Boucher 1 976: 2 0 n o te 6 8). 1 1.3

F if th Century ( Map

2 4)

The f i f th c entury s aw t he i mportat ion i nto F rance o f ar e la t ive ly l arge number o f s ma l l E truscan b ronze f igur ines ( id. 1 976:22-23). Three e xamp les a re known f rom t he P ar is B as in: a d iscobo lus f rom ' Louv ign iesles-BavaP, Bavay, No ., d ated t o t he e ar ly f i f th c entury; a n e phebe d redged f rom t he S e ine; a nd a n h e-goat f rom L e V ie i l Evreux, E . ( ib id . : 22-23, P l. 4 n os . 1 9 a nd 2 1, 5 n o . 2 5 ; 1 973 :82 ).

1 24

The o vera l l d istr ibution o f t hese E truscan f igur ines i n F rance i s c entred i n t he Mass if Centra l a nd i n t he wes tern A lp ine r eg ion w i th a notab le a bsence i n t he M id i ( ib id .:23, 3 48-349 C arte I). The f inds f rom L e V ie i l E vreux a nd Bavay, t ogether w i th t he b ronze h e-goa t f rom N i jmegen, G e lder land, Ho l land, h igh light t he Channe l a s an ew d irec tion f or E truscan e xpor ts ( ibid .:23). These b ronzes, unti l o ne i s f ound i n ac losed c ontext, c an b e d a ted t o t he Ha D /L.T. I t rans it ion.

NOTES

1 .

A f ema le f igur ine h as r ecent ly b een f ound a t Mon trevau lt, M . -etL . ( P.-R. G iot 1 976 :781).

2 .

The s ta ted a ssoc iat ion o f F 3-type f ibu lae a nd a f ragmen t o f a d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing, o f l ate Ha D d a te, w i th t he i ron t r ipod i n t he t umu lus a t ' la Garenne ' s hou ld b e v iewed w i th c aut ion . The a ccount o f t he e xcava t ion i s f ar f rom c lear ( R. J offroy 1 958 : 5 75 8). Fussz ier- a nd Doppe lpaukenf ibe ln, s ome w i th d oub le-sp ira l s pr ings, w ere f ound o n ly i n s econdary i nhumat ion bur ia ls i n t he t umu lus a t t he ' Grafenbüh l ' , Asperg , whose c entra l b ur ia l-chamber c on ta ined f ragments o f a ' rod-tr ipod ' ( H. Z ürn a nd H .-V . Herrmann 1 966:76, T af . 1 1. 2 -9).

3 .

S . Boucher f avours E truscan m idd le-men i n t he i mpor ta tion o f b ronze g r iffon-heads i nto F rance ( 1976: 2 0) .

1 25

CHAPTER 1 2 POTTERY

1 2 .1

I ntroduct ion

P ottery c onst i tutes by f ar t he ma jor p or t ion o f t he ma ter ia l e v id ence f or t he Ha o ccupa tion i n t he P ar is Bas in. The i ntr ins ic n a ture o f p o ttery f avours g reat v ar iab i l i ty i n t ype a nd o rnamentat ion i n wh ich ac erta in d egree o f r eg iona l d ifferent ia t ion i s d iscern ib le . 1 A d istinct ion i s made a t t he o utset b etween c oarse-tempered ' domest ic ' v esse ls a nd t he f iner ' serv ice ' wares . The f irst c a tegory i s d ea lt w i th p erf unctor i ly. I t c ompr ises c eramic t ypes mode l led f or s pec if ic f unct ions ( s torage, c ook ing , e tc.) t hat a re b oth ' un iversa l ' a nd f a ir ly s ta t ic t hrough t ime . Var ious l arge s toragejars a nd s ca l lop '-r immed b ow ls f i t i nto t h is c a tegory. F ine-tempered wares , a l though e qua l ly f unct i ona l, a re more e xpress ive o f l oca l t astes a nd more s ens i tive t o c hangi ng f ash ions. They f orm t he bu lk o f t h is b r ief s urvey. Two p rocedures h ave b een a dopted i n o rder t o s ketch a n o u t l ine o f t he c eramic d eve lopment i n t h is l arge a rea . The f irs t i s t o a rrange t he ma ter ia l, p ar ticu lar ly up t o t he e ar ly Ha U when t here i s g rea ter r eg iona l v ar iab i l i ty, i nto l oose c eram ic ' groups ' i dent if ied w i th d is tinct g eograph ica l z ones . The ' group ' i s d ef ined a s ac o l lection o f w ares t hat s hare a c ommon s et o f t ypes a nd o rnamentat ion, s ub ject t o s imil ar c eramic t rad i tions a nd i nf luences a t ag iven t ime. Cr i ter ia f or d ist ingu ish ing b e tween t hese ' groups ' v ary. The ' O ise ' g roup , f or i nstance, i s d ef ined more by i ts d ifferences w i th t he n e ighbour ing ' Se ine-Marne ' g roup t han by i nterna l un iform i ty. The o ppos i te i s t he c ase f or t he ' Se ine-Marne ' g roup. There i s a d ispropor tion b e tween ' groups ' i n t he q uant i ty(and qua li ty) o f t he c eram ic e v idence b y wh ich t hey a re i dent if ied . An e xamp le i s t he w ide d ispar i ty e v ident b etween t he r ich ly r epresented ' Se ine-Marne ' g roup a nd t he ' Lo ire ' g roup, known f rom o n ly a h andfu l o f s i tes . The c ontext f rom wh ich t he d ata i s d rawn a lso v ar ies . C erta in ' groups ' a re s o le ly i den t if ied by f unerary wares ( e.g . t he ' Hau lz y t g roup), o thers by o n ly s ett lement f inds ( e.g . t he ' Lo ire ' g roup), f ew b y b oth ( e.g. t he ' Se ineMarne ' g roup). I t i s n o t p oss ib le t o d istingu ish ' groups ' i n s evera l r eg ions o f t he Bas in d ue t o t he g enera l p auc i ty o f t he c eram ic mater ia l. Th is i s p art icu lar ly a pparent f or v ir tua l ly t he who le o f Normandy a nd p arts o f t he upper Yonne v a l ley where t he p ottery i s e i ther t oo f ragmentary o r p ract ica l ly n on-ex istent t o b e a dequate ly s tud ied f or t h is p urpose. The s ame h o lds t rue f or t he s ou thern p er iphery o f t he Bas in a l though t here d oes e x ist a c ommon s et o f c eramic t ra i ts d er ived f rom s hared i nf luences i n t he Ha B /C. Greater un iformi ty o r s tandard isat ion o f p o ttery t ypes a nd o rnamenta tion i n t he l ater Ha D a l lows f or a more g enera lised d iscuss ion c over ing t he Bas in a s a who le.

1 26

I n o rder t o r ev iew t he na ture a nd e xtent o f e xterna l i nf luences o n c eramic d eve lopment, t he more d ist inc t ive p o ttery t ypes ( e .g . ' Jogass ian '-type g ob lets, Ha D p edesta l led v esse ls) a nd o rnamenta l t echn iques a nd mo t ifs ( e.g . e xc is ion) h ave b een ' iso lated ' a nd t rea ted s epara te ly f rom t he ir c on texts . The v a l id i ty o f d ivorc ing o rnamentat ion f rom i ts s ett ing i s a ssumed . A lthough a v esse l ' s morpho logy t o s ome d egree d etermines t he o rnamenta t ion, a s pec if ic d ecora t ive t echn ique o r mo tif i s n ot r eserved f or p art icu lar t ypes o f v esse ls . I n i tia l ly i ntroduced o n i mported wares o r by i t inerant p otters, t he o rnamenta l t echn ique o r mo tif i s s oon a dapted t o l oca l c eramic f orms . Ornamen tat ion t hen b ecomes a n i ndependent ' agent ' s evered f rom i ts ' carr ier ' wh i le r eta in ing i ts o r ig ina l c haracter . Because o f t he f ragmentary n ature o f much o f t he e v idence, t he t rea tment o f o rnamentat ion i n t h is way a l lows more mater ia l t o b e d rawn i nto g enera l c ons ide ration . A r ecurrent p rob lem i s t he d a t ing o f Ha B /C p o ttery a ssemb lages d ue t o t he r ar i ty o f meta l f inds o n s ett lemen ts a nd i n t he ma jor i ty o f bur ia ls. A v ery l oose a nd f l exib le s ystem o f c hrono log ica l a ttr ibution i s c onsequent ly e mp loyed . Ha B /C wares r efer t o p ottery o f Ha B t rad i t ion t hat c ontinue t o b e p roduced i n t he Ha C ; Ha C wares, t o r ead i ly i dent if iab le t ypes made i n t he Ha C but wh ich c an b e a ssumed t o e xtend i nto t he e ar ly Ha D . Ha D p o ttery, b e long ing t o t he l ater p art o f t he phase, i s more e as i ly d ist ingu ishab le a nd i ts r e lative s equence b etter c har tered a s ar esu lt o f c lose ly d a tab le g rave-assoc iat ions . Many o f t he t ypes a nd d ecorative t echniques a nd mo t ifs o n l a ter Ha D wares a re f ound i n t he e ar ly phases o f t he L .T . I , e i ther unchanged o r, a s i s more o f ten t he c ase, i n a d er iva t ive f orm. E xcept f or t he o dd C14 d a te, 2 i t i s n o t p oss ib le t o a ss ign a bso lute d a tes t o a ny o f t he e ar l ier phases . A g lance a t C . Renfrew ' ss ummary o f t he f ive b as ic p ropert ies o f c eram ics a nd t he p oss ib le l ines o f i nvest igat ion t hat c an b e d rawn f rom t hem under l ines t he e lemen tary a pproach t aken h ere ( 1977 : 3 -7) . , The p resenta tion o f a v ast a mount o f p o ttery f rom s uch a w ide a rea a s t he Bas in n ecess i tates a bandon ing d eta i led a na lyses i n t he i nterest o f b rev i ty. The g enera l purpose i s pure ly d escr ipt ive, a nd d oes n ot c la im o r ig ina li ty. Deta i led r esearch o n c eram ics i s f eas ib le o n al im i ted r eg iona l b as is but n o s uch work h as b een a ttempted t o d ate i n t he Bas in .3 A number o f g enera li ties r egard ing t he Ha C a nd D c eram ic d eve lopment i n t he Bas in a re f eas ib le . A c erta in d egree o f un iform ity i s a pparen t i n t he Ha B /C a s t he r esu lt o f w idespread L ate Urnf ie ld i nf luences f rom s outhern Germany a nd t he Rhine land t hat w ere a lready p resent i n t he H a B . These i nf luences a re marked i n t he Champagne, t he Bassde a nd a long t he m idd le O ise v a l ley. ' Rhen ish-Sw iss ' Urnf ie ld t rad i t ions a re, h owever, a bsent f rom t he ' O ise ' g roup. These i nf lue nces a lso r eached t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion i n a more a ttenuated f orm, p robab ly v ia t he Champagne a nd Bassde. The s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in i s c haracter ised a t t h is t ime by c lose c ontact w i th t he ' Rhen ish-Sw iss ' G roup, p art icu lar ly w i th t he S avo ie, a nd by mer id iona l i nf luences, no tab ly f rom t he L anguedoc. The l atter a lso f i lter t hrough i nto t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion . The Ha C a nd e ar ly D s ees a more i ntense p rocess o f ' reg iona lism ' , w i th d ist inctive l oca l g roups g radua l ly a ppear ing i n t he Champagne a nd t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion . The p er iphera l ' Hau lz y ' g roup i s a lso i n e v idence . The a bsence o f a dequa te d ata f rom o ther a reas d oes n ot 1 27

p erm i t t oo w ide a g enera lisat ion. Rates o f c hange v ary r eg iona l ly, b e ing b are ly p ercept ib le i n a reas where Ha B t rad i t ions r ema in s trong a nd l inger i nto t he e ar ly H a D , a s i n t he n orthwes tern quarter o f t he Bas in . A r e lative ly r ad ica l t ransformat ion o ccurs i n t he l a ter Ha D c aused by c loser l inks w i th t he s outh, a nd i n i tiated b y t he i nf lux o f ' V ix ian '-type wares . The r esu lt i s ar eturn t o a g rea ter u n iform i ty o f c eramic t ypes . Two p r inc ipa l z ones c an b e d is t ingu ished u s ing t he S e ine a s ac onven ient d iv ide: t o t he s outh, a n a rea m arked b y d irect ' V ix ian ' c ontacts ; a nd t o t he n orth, a ' Jogass ian ' ‘ z one c overi ng t he Champagne, t he A isne a nd m idd le O ise v a l leys, d ef ined b y t he p resence o f ' Jogass ian '-type g ob lets ( Map 2 6). I t a ppears t o b e al oca lised a nd o r ig ina l r esponse t o t he p enetrat ion o f mer id iona l i nf luences . The s outhern a nd w estern f r inges o f t he B as in w i tness a b r ief a nd l im i ted , i f i nd irect, c ontact w i th t he F rench S outhwest, r epresen ted by a d ist inctive t ype o f p edesta l led v esse l. Reg iona l r eact ion t o t hese g enera l p rocesses a re d iff icu lt t o g auge . The c eramic mater ia l i s n ot s uff ic ient ly ' sens i t ive ' a t p resent t o d e tect a nd measure t he d iffer ing r a tes o f c hange a nd t he n a ture o f i t s e f fects . I t i s n oteworthy t hat wh i le Ha B /C w ares o f ' interna t iona l s tandard ' were e xchanged b etween r eg ions, l oca l ly d er ived p roducts were r are ly e xported , a t l east p ercept ib ly. Th is p attern i s b roken i n t he l ater Ha D w i th t he w idespread a dopt ion o f ' Jogass ian t-type g ob lets a nd a ssoc ia ted wares n or th o f t he S e ine. The g enera l i mpress ion g iven b y t he c eramic e v idence i s o f s ma l l c ommun i ties o pen t o l im i ted e xterna l c ontacts a nd i nf luences , w i th s trong r eg iona l t rad i t ions, p roduc ing wares f or l oca l a nd i mmed ia te n ecess i ties. The p icture c hanges i n t he l ater Ha D w i th t he u se o f more e xtens ive p ottery t ypes wh ich may h ave b een f orc ib ly i mposed o r p eacefu l ly a ccepted but wh ich e i ther way r ef lects t he p resence o f o ne o r more i nf luent ia l c entres . 1 2 .2 Reg iona l s tudy 1 2.2.1

' Oise ' g roup

The h eterogeneous c eram ic ma ter ia l t hat c haracter ises t he ' O ise ' g roup, d rawn mos t ly f rom s ett lements a nd u rnf ie lds i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley, i s d om inated by L .B. A. f orms l inked t o d eve lopmen ts i n t he m idd le a nd upper Rh ine r eg ions. The c eram ic e vo lut ion i s h ard ly p erceptib le t hroughout t he E .I. A., b eing l arge ly l im i ted t o t he p rod uction o f c oarse-tempered d omes tic wares ( J .-C. B lanchet e t a l . 1 978 : 2 83). Recent e xcava tions o n t he l ow land s ett lement a t ' la Bouche d 'O ise t , Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 ., w i th f our Ha B /C a nd C o ccupa t ion l eve ls, h as made p oss ib le t he e stab lishment o f al oca l c eramic s equence, s tages o f wh ich c an b e p ara l le led o n o ther r eg iona l s i tes ( J .-C. B lanche t a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a). F ew d istinct ive c eramic t ypes f rom Cho isy a re f ound o n o ther s i tes . They i nc lude t he s ma l l b icon ica l g ob lets o r c ups w i th e ver ted r ims f rom Phase I I ( F ig . 1 9 , 8 -9), a lso r ecovered i n Grave 7 ( F ig . 2 0 , 5 ) i n t he u rnf ie ld a t ' l e P r ieurd ', L a Cro ix-St-Ouen, 0 . ( J .-C. B lanchet 1 976b: 4 3, 4 5 ) ,a nd i n t he u rnf ie ld a t I Voru ' ,P ontpo in t, 0 . ( J.-C. . B lanchet a nd P . F i tte 1 978 :22 f ig . 2 3, 4 ); a nd t he d oub leh and led j ug f rom P hase II ( F ig . 1 9 , 1 ), a nother e xamp le o f wh ich i s known f rom Grave 2 0 ( F ig . 2 1 , 4 ). 1 28

O ther c ommon wares b e long t o g enera l a nd e lementary p ottery f orms d er ived f rom t he L .B. A., a nd i nc lude s ma l l h em ispher ica l ompha los-based c ups , f ound i n P hase I ( F ig . 1 7 , 5 ) a t Cho isy, a nd i n Grave 1 2 ( F ig . 2 1 , 3 ) a t L a Cro ix-St-Ouen; a nd a v ar iety o f t runcated c ups o r g ob lets , known f rom Phase I ( F ig . 1 7 , 6 ) a t Cho isy, Grave 7 ( F ig . 2 0 , 4 , 5 ) a t L a Cro ix-St-Ouen, a nd t he l ow land s ett lement a t ' la Made le ine-au-La it ', Am iens, S om. ( J.-C. B lanchet e t a l . 1 978 :280 , 2 81 f ig . 3 , 2 -3). W ide t runcated d ishes w i th b eve l led F fms, a s t hose f rom Phase I ( F ig . 1 7 , 4 ) a t Cho isy a nd P ontpo int ( J .-C. B lanchet), e nter i nto t h is c ategory. P o ttery f rom t he e ar lies t p hase a t Cho isy may b e c ompared t o t he Ha B /C c eramic a ssemb lages f rom t he p romontory-fort a t ' la P rdvotde ' , S t-Sauveur, 0 . ( J.-C. B lanchet) a nd P i ts 1 a nd 2 o n t he l ow land s ett lement a t ' le Bu isson Camp in ' ( F ig . 2 ' D, Verber ie, 0 . ( Ga l lia , 3 5 , 1 977 :311-312 ). L arge c oarse-tempered d omes tic wares wh ich c ompr ise t he l argest p or t ion o f t he c eramic e v idence a re u sua l ly o rnamented w i th a pp l ied f inger-t ip i mpressed a nd i nc ised c ordons wh i le r i ling a nd f urr owing a re f avoured f or t he f iner-tempered p o ttery. A g reater v ar iety o f c eram ic t ypes a nd o rnamentat ion c haracter ise t he Ha C a ssemb lages f rom Phases I a nd I I ( F ig . 1 7-18 ; 1 9 , 1 -11) a t Cho isy, r ef lect ing s imi lar d eve lopments a t P ontpo int ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd P . F i tte 1 978 : 2 0-23), L a Cro ix-St-Ouen ( F ig . 2 0-21), t he e ar lies t phase o f t he l ow land s ett lement a t ' les Carr iäres ' , Th iverny, 0 . ( J.-L. Brunaux), a nd a t ' la Made le ine-au-La i t? ( J.-C. B lanchet e t a l . 1 978 : 2 83). A n o tab le i ncrease o f c ar inated f orms a nd f inger-t ip i mpressed mot ifs, w i th a c orrespond ing d ecrease o f c ordons, d is tingu ishes P hase I V ( F ig . 1 9 , 1 3-15) f rom p reced ing o ccupat ion l eve ls ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :3 2). The a ppearance o f i mported s ixth c entury g rey monochrome wares ( F ig . 1 9 , 1 2 ), o f p seudo-Phoceaen ' i nsp irat ion, i s a lso i n e v idence . Domest ic wares f rom t h is p hase a re known f rom t he s ett lemen t a t ' le Hu leux ' , Ndry, 0 ., wh ich a lso p roduced s ha l low c ar inated b ow ls ( F. Audouze e t a l . 1 975 :14 f ig . 5 , 2 -3). S tat ist ica l a na lyses o f d ecorated wares f rom E .I. A. s i tes i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley h ave r evea led a s equence i n wh ich t hree phases c an b e d ifferent ia ted ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980b). The f irst, c ontemporary t o P hases I a nd I I a t Cho isy, i s marked by t he p redom inance o f f inger-t ip i mpressed c ordons. The s econd, i dentif ied w i th Phase I V a t Cho isy a nd t he l ow land s ett lement a t ' la Garenne ' , Longue i l-Ste-Mar ie, 0 ., t he l atter a s y et unpub lished , i s a ssoc ia ted w i th i nc ised c ordons, a nd r iled a nd c hanne l led wares . The t wo g roups a re p laced i n t he Ha B /C a nd C r espect ive ly. A t h ird p hase, d a ted t o t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I , i s d ist ingu ished by s moo th c ordons a nd c ombed mo t ifs , a nd i s r epresented o n s ett lements a t ' Bo is d ' Ageux ', L ongeui l-Ste-Mar ie ( M. J ouve 1 976), Th iverny ( P. Durv in 1 964 ) a nd ' les Mou lins ', Verber ie ( P. Marqu is a nd J .-L. Brunaux 1 975). The p ottery o f t he ' O ise ' g roup may b e c lose ly p ara l le led t o c eram ic d eve lopments a long t he upper a nd m idd le Rh ine i n t he Ha B a nd C . Doub le-hand led j ugs, s imi lar t o t hose f rom Cho isy a nd L a Cro ix-St-Ouen, a re r e lat ive ly c ommon i n t he Ha B /C ' Northwest Urnf ie ld ' Group o n t he l ower Rh ine ( M. Des i terre 1 968 :45 , 1 30 f ig. X ). One s uch j ug w as f ound w i th a s ma l l w ide s hou ldered b icon ica l v esse l, c omparab le t o o ne f rom Cho isy ( F ig. 1 7 , 3 ), i n Grave 1 9 a t

1 29

Aa lter-Oostergem, Oos t-V laanderen ( ib id .:138, 1 00 f ig . 8 4 , 1 -2 ). Ano ther d oub le-hand led j ug c omes f rom t he H a B f la t-crema t ion Grave 1 ( 1913) a t C our t-St-Et ienne, Brabant ( M.-E. Mar iön 1 958 :148-158). A r ecent f ind i s known f rom P i t 7( F ig . 4 9 , 4 ) a t ' les Monteux t , J uv igny, M . ( M. a nd D . Chosseno t). The j ugs f rom t he ' Lower Ma inSwab ian ' Group, d a ted t o t he Ha A , d iffer b y h av ing more a ngu lar s hou lders ( W. K imm ig 1 940 : 7 0 , Taf . 5 0). The s ma l l b icon ica l j ars f rom Grave 1 2 a t L a Phase I V ( F ig . 1 9 , 1 3) a t Cho isy r esemb le f inds Oost-V laanderen ( M. Des i terre 1 96 8 :142-143, 1 12 l arge g lobu lar j ars f rom L a C ro ix-St-Ouen ( F ig . i n t he Ha B ' Nor thwest Urnf ie ld ' Group ( ib id .:1 f i g . V III, a l).

Cro ix-St-Ouen a nd f rom Temse-Ve l le, f ig . 9 6, 2 -3). The 2 1, 5 ) i s a lso f ound 2 6 f ig . V I, a 2 , 1 28

The l arge g lobu lar u rns f rom P on tpo in t a re s im i lar t o t he l ower Rhen ish S chrägrandurnen, p art icu lar ly t hose f rom t he Ha C u rnf ie lds a t Merken-be i-Düren, Hennef-Ge istingen, S ieburg a nd Hange lar, S iegkre is ( R. v . Us lar 1 950 :31 Abb. 3 , 1 2 , 4 3 Abb. 8 , 4 ; A . Marscha l l e t a l . 1 954 :212 Abb. 4 5, 1 , 2 14 Abb. 4 5, 3 , 2 21 Abb. 5 5 , 4 ). The i nc ised o ndu lated mot if o n al arge p edesta l led b icon ica l u rn w i th a n e ver ted r im f rom P ontpo in t, a lso e ncountered a t ' Au-dessus du Monto ir d e F ontenay ' ,L ouvres, V .-d ' O. ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 2 2 , 1 97 9 : 4 69 f ig . 3 2 , 4 ), r eca l ls t he o rnamen t o n av esse l f rom t he Ha B /C u rnf ie ld a t B irge len, Kr . Ge i lenk irchen-He insberg, i n t he ' Nor thwes t U rnf ie ld ' Group ( M. Des i terre 1 968 :101, 4 4 f ig . 2 8 , 5 ). The m otif h as a lso b een f ound o n a n u rn f rom Tumu lus 3 a t ' la F erme R ouge ' , Cour t-St-Et ienne, a ssoc ia ted w i th l a te Ha C ma ter ia l ( M.-E. I V ar iön 1 958 :112-113, 1 09 f ig . 1 7 , 1 5). M idd le Rhen ish i nf luences a re e qua l ly p ercept ib le, e spec ia l ly i n t he e ar l ier Ha B a nd B /C, a s a ttested by t he c eramic a ssemb lage f rom S t-Sauveur wh ich h as c lose a ff in i t ies t o t he ' Neuw ied ' G roup. The e v idence i nc ludes S chu lterbecher, c omparab le t o av esse l f rom t he u rnf ie ld a t He imach, Kr . Neuw ied, a nd ' Neuw ied 'type g ob le ts, s im il ar t o t he f ind f rom Grave 1 6 i n t he u rnf ie ld a t Ger ing-Kehr ig , Kr. Mayen ( M. Des i terre 1 968 :25 f ig . 9 , 4 , 2 1 f ig . 5 , 7 ). S chu lterbecher a re p ar t icu lar ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he Ha A /B ' Lower Ma in-Swab ian ' Group ( W. K imm ig 1 940 :76, Taf . 5 1). Bo th v esse l t ypes a re k nown f rom t he Ha B s ett lemen t i n t he 'Gro tte d e Han ', Han-sur-Lesse, Namur ( M.-E . Mar iön 1 973 : 2 72 -275). H igh c y l indr ica l n ecked u rns, a p r inc ipa l c omponent i n t he a ssemb lage a t S t-Sauveur, d er ive f rom e ar l ier U rnf ie ld t ypes. Examp les c an b e ment ioned f rom t he Ha B Grave 6 a t P orz , L e idenhausen, Rhe in ishBerg ischer Kre is ( M. Des i terre 1 968 :99 , 4 2 f ig . 2 6, 5 ), a nd f rom Temse-Ve ldmo lenw i jk, Oost-V laanderen ( S. J . d e L aet e t a l . 1 958 :8 4 , 8 3 f ig . 8 3). 4 Trunca ted b ow ls w i th i nver ted r ims, f rom P hase I I ( F ig . 1 9 , 1 1) a t Cho isy, L a C ro ix-St-Ouen ( F ig . 2 1, 6 -'D a nd S t-Sauveur, b e long t o aw idespread Ha B /C t ype, f ound i n c on temporary s e tt lemen ts: i n P i t 1a t ' le P rd Mout i l leux ' ( F ig . 5 0 , 6 -7), O iry, M . ( A. Va les; Ga l l ia P rdh ., 1 7, 1 974 :527-530); a nd i n t he S e ine-et-Marne, i n P it 4 a t ' les S ab lons ', F resnes-sur-Marne ( P. E berhar t; B . G. A .S.M., 6 , 1 96 5 :179-181), a nd a t ' A joues d e l a Grdsy ' P rdcy-sur-Marne ( A. Bu lard). The h igh a ngu lar s hou lders g ive way t o a more r ounded p rof i le i n t he l ater Ha D . The t r ipod v esse l f rom P hase I I ( F ig . 1 9 , 2 ) a t Cho isy c an be c ompared t o t he e xamp le f rom t he t umu l i c rema t ion c eme tery a t ' Wedau ' , 1 30

Du isberg , o n t he u pper Rh ine, whose c eram ic mater ia l c lose ly r esemb les t he 'O ise ' g roup a ssemb lages ( A . Marscha l l e t a l . 1 954 :37, 2 00 Abb. 2 7, 9 ). Mu lt i-foo ted v esse ls a re r e la t ive ly r are i n t he Ha C . The f ind, a ssoc ia ted w i th a l ong i ron s word i n t he t umu lus a t ' Boucho t-Bouchard ' , Chamesson, C .-d 'O., may b e men t ioned ( G. Wamser 1 975 :117no . 1 12 , Taf . 1 7 , 2 ). E ar l ier e xamp les a re known f rom t he M .B. A. P yrenean " ,v ases p o lypodes" c u lture ( J. Gu i la ine 1 976c:524 , 5 25 f ig . 2 ); a nd f rom a L .T. I c on text, i n Grave 1 a t ' Champ d es Aga ises t, C ip ly, i n t he s ou thern B e lg ian ' Ha ine ' g roup ( M .-E. Mar iön 1 961 :8 7 -88, 8 6 f ig . 4 0 , C455). The c ar ina ted b ow ls f rom Ndry h ave b een l inked t o t he Ha C West Har l ing-Stap le Howe c eramic g roup i n e astern E ng land ( F. Audouze e t a l . 1 975 :13 ; B . Cun l iffe 1 974 :33-34 , 3 19 A :4 , 1 4 , 1 7-18). The ' O ise ' g roup, more a n a ssoc ia t ion o f c onven ience t han a n i ntegra ted a nd h omogeneous e n ti ty, i s d ifferen tia ted f rom n e ighbour ing Ha B /C g roups, n o tab ly t he ' Se ine-Marne ' g roup, by t he l i tt le i nf lue nce p layed by ' Rhen ish-Sw iss ' c eram ic p roduct ion . Th is i s mos t c lear ly i nd icated b y t he a bsence, a par t f rom a number o f Ha B f inds f rom t he 'C amp d e C atenoy ' ,0 . ( N. K . S andars 1 957: 2 79 ), o f Kerbschn i tt 5 a s w e l l a s g raph i te-ornamented a nd p a in ted wares . Ornamenta t ion o n f inertempered p o ttery i s i ndeed r are, b e ing l im i ted t o r ul ing , c hanne l l ing a nd l inear i nc is ions. The ' O ise ' g roup i s d isting u ished b y e spec ia l ly t ight l inks w i th t he c eram ic d eve lopment a long t he m idd le a nd l ower Rh ine t hroughou t t he Ha B a nd C , a nd by a c omp ara t ive ly s low e vo lut ion o f c eram ic f orms up t o t he l ater Ha D . 1 2.2 .2

' Se ine-Marne ' g roup

1 2 . 2 .2 .1 S ett lemen t p o ttery: The e ar l iest Ha B /C s ett lements i n t h is g roup wh ich c overs t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, t he l ower Marne a nd m idd le S e ine ( Bassde) v a l leys, p roduced wares w i th s trong Ha B a ff in i t ies. Th is i s p ar t icu lar ly a pparent o n t he l ower Marne a nd Bassde s i tes . Ha B p o ttery t ypes i nc lude: w ide t runca ted d ishes, u sua l ly w i th a r a ised b ase, w i th a b eve l led o r f l at e ver ted r im, f ound a t ' Varennes ' , J ab l ines ( F ig . 3 4 , 9 ) ( A. Bu lard), ' les Gours-aux-L ions ', Maro l less ur-Se ine ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1 970 :91 f ig . 4 0 , 3 ), ' le T emps P erdu ' , Char trettes ( J .-C. Bo ichd e t a l . 1 980 :32 , 3 6, 4 0, 3 5 f ig . 8 , 1 -6, 4 1 f ig . 1 -6) , S. -e t-M ., a nd ' la n nta ine-au-Ladre ', P assy-sur-Marne, A . ( J. H inout 1 96 2 :7 78 f ig . 1 , 1 ) ; s ma l l b icon ica l b ow ls w i th e ver ted r ims, a t ' l es Ma i l le t i ,G erm igny-l 'Eveque ( J. Tarrö te 1 979 : 1 6 9f ig . 2 4 ) , ' les Refuges ', i V l isy-sur-Yonne ( C. Mordant e t a l 1 977 : 4 60 f ig . 3 6, 8 ) a nd I les Gr ves ', H era ld ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1T7 7-78 : f igs . 2 , 2a nd 3 , 8 ), S .-e t-M.; a nd a v ar ie ty o f v esse ls w i th f aceted a nd b eve l led r ims, f ound o n t he ma jor i ty o f s ett lements. H a B t rad i t ions a re a lso p resent i n o rnamen ta t ion wh ich i nc ludes: h or izon ta l l inear i nc is ions c oup led w i th a r ow o f v er t ica l o r o b lique i nc is ions, r ecovered a t ' les S ab lons ', F resnes-sur-Marne ( F ig . 3 4 , 5 ) ( P . E berhar t; B . G. A .S . M. , 6 . 1 965 :179-181), ' l es Hautes F osses ', S t-Sauveur-les-Bray ( C. Mordant 1 976:44 f ig . 1 ), a nd M isy-sur-Yonne ( C. Mordant e t a l . 1 977: 4 60 f ig . 3 6, 9 ) , S.e t-M .; i nterna l r if l ing, a t Maro l les-sur-Se ine ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1 970 :91 f ig . 4 0 , 3 ), Hermd ( id. 1 977-78 :f ig . 2 , 3 ), ' le Temps P erdu ' , Char tre ttes ( J .-C. Bo ichd e t a l . 1 980 :35 f ig . 8 , 1 -2 ), a nd J ab l ines ( F ig . 3 4 , 1 2 ); a nd r ed-s l ipped- a nd m isce l laneo us p a inted wares , a t F resnes-sur-Marne ( F ig . 3 4 , 7 ), J ab l ines ( F ig . 3 4 , 1 1), 'le T emps P erdu ' ( ib id .:33, 3 6, 3 5 f ig . 8 , 5 ), a nd ' A joues

1 31

d e l a Grdsy ' ,P rdcy-sur-Marne ( F ig . 1 973).

3 4 ,

1 6), S .-e t-M.

( A .

Bu lard

Many o f t he p o ttery t ypes, a nd l inear i nc ised mo t ifs, f rom t he l ower Marne a nd Bassde s ett lements c an b e f ound i n n e ighbour ing l ate Ha B s ett lements a t Cho isyle-Ro i a nd V i l leneuve-St-Georges, V .d e-M ., a nd a t Drave i l a nd V ide l les, E ss . ( J .P . I Vohen 1 977 : 1 61-162, 1 81-183 f igs . 67 1-6 9 5). They c an a lso b e c ompared w i th more ' rep resenta t ive ' Ha B s i tes, n o tab ly t he s ett lement a t ' Vauvre t in ', Epervans, S .-e t-L. ( L. Bonnamour 1 973) . The p o ttery a ssemb lages f rom i V l arn ian a nd m idd le S e ine s i tes a re r e la t ive ly p oor, l acking t he w ider r ange o f o rnamenta t ion e v ident, f or i ns tance, i n c on temporary e astern F rench s ett lements a s a t Gundo lshe im, H t-R . ( C. Bonne t a nd M . J eh l 1 960 :27-34). A d ifferent r a te o f c eramic c hange c an b e o bserved i n t he p o ttery a ssemb lages o f t he m idd le S e ine v a l ley o n t he o ne h and, a nd t he S tGond r eg ion o f t he Champagne o n t he o ther . Hor izon ta l l inear i nc is ions c omb ined w i th v er t ica l o r o b l ique i nc is ions d isappear i n t he l a te Ha B i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. H a tt 1 966:194 f ig . 2 0 , 1 1) wh i le s ti l l p resent o n m idd le S e ine s i tes, a nd a re e ven f ound i n a d evo lved f orm a t ' 1 ' Enfer t , Char tre ttes, d a ted by C 1 11 t o c . 6 20 B .C. ( J . Degros e t a l ; 1 976:68 f ig . 1 1, 1 1). The g lobu lar g ob let w i th a f lar ing n eck f rom Maro l les-sur-Se ine ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1 970 :94 f ig . 4 1, 7 ), a nd s im i lar v esse ls f rom ' l e Temps P erdu ' ( J.-C. Bo ichd e t a l . 1 980 :36-37, 3 5 f ig . 8 , 1 1-13), a re c urrent i n l ate Ha B c ontexts i n t he S t-Gond c eme ter ies ( B. Cher t ier 1 976a :127-128 , 1 241 26 f igs . 2 4-26). C eram ic i nf luences f rom t he S t-Gond r eg ion s tar t b e ing f e lt i n t he m idd le S e ine v a l ley i n t he Ha C . L arge g lobu lar j ars w i th w ide f l ar ing n ecks, unornamen ted o r w i th r i l l ing a bove t he s hou lders, a re f ound a t Au-dessus du Monto ir d e F ontenay ', L ouvres, V .-d ' O. ( Ga l l ia P rdh ., 2 2, 1 979 :469 f ig . 3 2, 1 ), I Varo l les-sur-Se ine ( C. a nd D . Mordan t 1 070 :91 f ig . 4 0 , 1 -2 , 5 -6), ' P Enfer ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 976:74 f ig . 1 4 , 1 -3, 7 8 f ig . 1 6, 1 3-15), ' le P arad is ' No isy-sur-Ec j e ( J. Tarrd te 1 973 :43 f ig . 1 4 , K ), S .-e t-M., a nd ' l es P o in tes Roger ' , Euvy, M . ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 96 7 :26 f ig . 3 6, 1 -2 , 1 3-14 );sma l l b arre ls haped g ob lets w i th e ver ted r ims, o f Ha B t rad i tion, a t Maro l les-surS e ine ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1 970 :94 f ig . 4 1, 8 -9); Euvy a nd ' la C ö teP e lde ' , Bussy-Lettrde ( F ig . 4 4 , 8 -9), M . ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. H att 1 967 : 2 6 f ig . 3 6, 9 ); w ide t runca ted d ishes w i th a c urv i l inear p rof i le a nd w ide s quat g lobu lar a nd h em ispher ica l b ow ls w i th a n arrow r a ised b ase a nd v er t ica l r im, a t No isy-sur-Eco le ( J. Tarröte 1 973 : 4 3 f ig . 1 4 , H ), f l 'Enfer ' ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 976:60 f ig . 6 , 1 , 4 ), a nd f a ir ly w idespread i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( F ig . 4 2 , 5 , 7 ) ( A. B r isson a nd J .-J . Ha tt 1 96 7 :9 f ig . 2 5 , 1 , 7 , 1 0). S imi lar i ties i n o rnamenta t ion a re a lso i n e v idence, p ar t icu lar ly i n t he p redom inance o f r i l l ing , r ed p a int o r s l ip a nd g raph i te, f ound a t ' PEnfer ? ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 976:89-90), No isy-sur-Eco le ( J. Tarrd te 1 973 :46, 5 0) a nd i n t he -§ t-Gond r eg ion ( A. B r isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 96 7 : 7 -11). The Ha B /C a nd C s ett lements i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion p roduced a r icher a ssor tmen t o f c eram ic t ypes a nd d ecora t ive mo t ifs t han i s f ound o n t he m idd le S e ine s i tes. The l atter r eg ion may b e v iewed, h owever, a s a n e xtens ion o r f r inge o f t he Champagne c eramic p roduction c en tred i n t he r eg ion o f S t-Gond .

1 32

Many o f t he p o ttery t ypes f rom t he Ha C S t-Gond s e tt lemen ts d er ive f rom l a te Urnf ie ld mode ls f ound i n n e ighbour ing c emeter ies: a t ' Aud essus d u Chem in d es Bre tons ', Au lnay-aux-P lanches ( A . Br isson a nd J .-J . H att 1 953 ; N . K . S andars 1 957: 2 18-225) a nd i n t he v ar ious c emet er ies a t Broussyle-Grand ( B. Cher t ier 1 976a :99-138). These i nc lude t he s o-ca l led ' meta l lic ' b ow ls ( F ig . 4 2 , 8 -10), t he w ide t runca ted c urv i l inear-prof i led d ishes ( F ig . 4 2 , 6 -7 ), a nd a v ar ie ty o f b ow ls ( F ig . 4 3, 4 -6), a l l c ommon L a te U rnf ie ld t ypes. There a ppears i n t he Champagne, i n t he e ar ly s tages o f t he Ha C , d ifferen t t ypes o f s qua t b icon ica l b ow ls wh ich i nc lude l ow-car ina ted v esse ls w i th h or izon ta l f urrow ing a bove t he s hou lders ( F ig . 4 4 , 1 -3) a nd r ound-shou ldered v esse ls w i th h or izon ta l r ul ing a bove t he s hou lders ( F ig . 4 2 , 2 -3)(A . B r isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 96 7 :7f ig . 2 3 , 1 -2 , 8f ig . 2 4 , 3 -4 ). They a re n o t l im i ted t o t he S t-Gond r eg ion, h av ing b een f ound a t ' le Mon t d e l a N euv i l le ' Hauv ind , Ard . ( F ig . 3 7, 6 ) ( P . Roua let), ' la G rande P i ke ', L a Chausde-sur-Marne, M . ( F ig . 4 6, 9 ) ( A. V i l les), a nd Brdv iandes, Au. ( J. Bauer 1 954 :P l. I V, 4 ). They r epresen t al oca l ised d eve lopmen t, l im i ted t o t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, p oss ib ly d er iv ing f rom l a te Ha B s quat b icon ica l u rns, a s t he f ind f rom Grave B7 i n t he s econd c eme tery a t Au-dessus du Chemin d es Bre tons ' ( A . B r isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 953 :211, 2 10 f ig . 4 8, 1 2), but f ound f ar ther a f ie ld, i n t he u rnf ie ld a t Temse-Ve l le, Oos t-V laanderen, f or e xamp le ( S. J . d e L ae t e t a l . 1 958 :56-5 7 , 5 5 f ig . 5 2 ). A s quat b icon ica l v esse l w i th r ul ing a bove t he s hou lders ( ? a p ro to type) c omes f rom ' l es Tu i ler ies ' , Egu ishe im, H t-R. ( H. Z umste in 1 96 4 :196, 1 97 f ig . 3 2 , 1 61). T o t h is s er ies c an b e a dded t he v ar ious s quat l ows hou ldered b ow ls f rom ' l e Haut d e V i l leret ', Au lnay-aux-P lanches ( F ig . 4 3, 8 ), Bussy-Le ttrde ( F ig . 4 4 , 6 ), L a Chaussde-sur-Marne ( F ig . 4 7, 2 3), a nd ' Fa ign ibres ', C lamanges, M . ( A . Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 96 7 :14 f ig . 2 7, 7 -8). O ther v esse ls b e long t o more g enera l Ha C t ypes. The w ide c urv i l inear-prof i led d ishes a nd t he w ide h em ispher ica l b ow ls w i th a narrow r a ised b ase, f or i nstance, a re known f rom t he p romontoryf ort o f ' Br i tzgyberg ' ,I l lfur th, H t-R . ( Ga l l ia P rdh ., 1 3, 1 970 :404-405 f igs. 1 6-17); f rom t he s tone-c ist i nhuma t ion c eme tery a t ' R ied-West ' , Ldkr . B e i lngr ies, i n t he Oberpfa lz ( W. Torbrügge 1 96 5 : 6 8-90, Taf . 3 3-52); a nd i n s ou thern Bavar ia i n t he Ha C , w i th t he h emispher ica l b ow ls l as ting i nto t he Ha D ( G. Kossack 1 959 :Taf . 1 5, 1 , 3 , 8 , 1 7, 2 , 4 ). The b as ic t ypes d er ive f rom L a te U rnf ie ld mode ls, e v idence o f wh ich c omes f rom t he Ha B u rnf ie ld a t Ke lhe im, Ldkr . Ke lhe im, wh ich a lso numbers s evera l Ha C bur ia ls ( ib id .:78; H . Mü l ler-Karpe 1 952b). The u se o f g raph i te t o c over e nt ire p o t-surfaces a nd t o d raw g eome tr ic mo tifs o n d ark burn ished b ackgrounds, a c ommon f eature i n t he Ha C S t-Gond s e tt lements, c an b e p ara l le led i n t he Oberpfa lz a nd s ou thern Bavar ia , a s we l l a s i n Baden, a t ' B ivang t , J estetten ( E. Gersbach 1 968-6 9 :146, Taf . 1 10 , 6 , 1 1-12 ); a nd i n t he Ma in a nd F ränk ischer S aa le, i n t he t umu l i c remat ion c eme tery a t Bas the im, Ldkr . Me l lr ichs tadt, a nd i n t he f la t i nhumat ion c eme tery a t Grosse ibs tad t, Ldkr . Kön igshofen ( G. Kossack 1 970 :13-28, 4 4-97 , T af . 5 -9, 1 2-14 , 5 5-58, 6 5-6 7 , 7 4- 7 6 , 82 -83). Geometr ic mo tifs i n g raph i te a re a lso f ound i n n or thern Sw i tzer land, i n Tumu lus 2 0 a t Unter lunkh ofen, Aargau ( U . Ruoff 1 974 :10 Abb. 6 , 6 , 8 ); i n t he m idd le Rh ine, i n t he s ett lement a t ' Binger S trasse ' , Bre tzenhe im, Kr. Kreuznach ( W. Dehn 1 941 :73 , 7 0 Abb. 3 8, 1 -2 ); a nd i n t he upper Rh ine, i n Grave 4 i n t he u rnf ie ld a t H ennef-Ge istingen, S iegkre is ( R. v . U s lar 1 950 :42 , Abb. 8 , 8 ). 1 33

Graph i te c omb ined w i th Kerbschn i tt i s a lso known i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion, a t ' le Haut d e V i l lere t ' ( F ig . 4 3, 8 ) a nd E curyle-Repos ( N. K . S andars 1 957:223, 2 24 f ig . 5 9 , 1 -3), a s i s Kerbschn i tt o n i t s o wn, a t Euvy ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 96 7 : 2 2 f ig . 3 3, 8 ). The u se o f g raph i te o n r ed, f ound i n t he l ater Ha B o n t he upper Rh ine ( N. K . S andars 1 957: 2 07), t he m idd le Rh ine ( W. Dehn 1 941:74), a nd i n t he ' Rhen ish-Sw iss ' Group ( W. K imm ig 1 940 :38-39) i s r are i n t he Champ agne . I t i s f ound a t Euvy ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 96 7 :1 0 , 2 2 f ig . 3 3, 7 ) , a nd a v esse l w i th g raph i te o n a ' p ink ish s l ip ' wh ich m ay b e h aema ti te c omes f rom ' la T empöte ', Normde, M . ( N. K . S andars 1 957: 2 23, 2 24 f ig . 5 9 , 9 ). P la in r ed-s l ipped wares, o f L ate U rnf ie ld t rad i t ion, a re r e la t ive ly f requent, a ttested b y t he e xamp les f rom Bussy-Lettrde ( F ig . 4 4 , 1 , 6 ), L a Chaussde-sur-Marne ( F ig . 4 6, 9 ) a nd ' les T erres Grasses--Groupe A ' ,E curyle-Repos, M . ( A. B r isson a nd J .-J. H att 1 967 :10, 8 f ig . 2 4 , 3 ). A number o f w ide t runca ted d ishes a re o rnamen ted w i th d eep ly i nc ised g eome tr ic mo t ifs o n t he i nner s urface , o r ig ina l ly w i th wh ite e ncrusta t ions i n t he g rooves, a s t he d ish f rom E cury-le-Repos ( ib id.: 1 1 , 8f ig . 2 4 , 1 ). They d er ive u lt ima te ly f rom t runca ted d ishes, w i th c ombed o r i nc ised s em i-c ircu lar mo t ifs o n t he i nner s urface, f ound i n t he Rh ine land b etween t he N eckar a nd Mose l , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he Neuw ied B as in, but a lso p resent i n t he c eme ter ies a t Au-dessus d u Chem in d es Bretons ' ( B. Cher tier 1 976a :110-114 ; M . Des i terre 1 968 : 2 4 f ig . 8 , 1 1, 3 3 f ig . 1 7 , 2 ). I n g enera l, t he mo t ifs a nd v ar ious o rnamen ta l c omb ina t ions ma tch t he e xhuberance o f t he A lb Hegau w ares, d a ted f rom t he Ha B ( J . Ke l ler 1 939 : 2 8-33 ; H ; Z ürn 1 957: 2 24- 2 29) . A ttent ion c an b e d rawn i n t h is c on text t o t he l ater Ha D t runcated d ish w i th a s ha l low f oo tr ing a nd f l a t r im o rnamented w i th a n i nc ised a nd p o lychrome g eome tr ic d es ign o n t he i nner s urface f rom P ernant, A . ( F ig . 3 1, 7 ) ( G. L ob jo is 1 96 7 :1 45). Apar t f rom s herds f rom ' les Remises ', Mora ins, M . ( A. B r isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 967:11, 1 3 f ig . 2 6), a nd ' les Grandes L ign iäres ', Rou i l ly-St-Loup, Au. ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 9 , 1 96 6 :495 f ig . s tamped mo t ifs a re a bsen t f rom t he Champagne . An u nusua l p o ttery a ssemb lage i s known f rom t he s e tt lemen t a t ' le Haut d es V ignes ', L aneuv i l le-au-Pont, H te-M. ( F ig . 5 3), o n t he p er iphery o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse ( L. L epage 1 980 :56, P l. 3 53 6). The p resence o f g raph i te a nd Kerbschn i tt wares ( F ig . 5 3 , 5 , 2 1), a nd a l arge s quat g lobu lar j ar w i th r ul ing a bove t he s hou lders ( F ig . 5 3 , 1 5), d a te t he s i te t o t he Ha B /C. 1 2 . 2 .2 .2 F unerary p o ttery: The c eme tery e v idence f or t he H a B /C, l im i ted t o t he Bassde a nd t he S t-Gond r eg ion, i s p oor . The p o ttery, a s we l l a s a number o f c rema t ion r i tes, r evea l c on t inu i ty w i th Ha B f orms a nd p ract ices. An a typ ica l l arge g lobu lar u rn w i th a s ha l low f oo t-r ing a nd w ide f l ar ing n eck was f ound i n t he p i t-crema t ion i n Enc losure B a t Gravon, S .-e t-M. ( D. Mordant 1 96 6 :54 , 5 5 f ig . 4 ). A g ob le t o r s ma l l u rn w i th a s imi lar p rof i le, w i th l inear i nc is ions a nd c irc le-and-do t i mpress ions a bove t he s hou lders, c omes f rom p i t-crema t ion Grave 2 7a t ' l es Gob i l lons ', Chä tenay-sur-Se ine, S .-et-M. ( J . Bont i l lot e t a l . 1 975 : 4 39 , 4 40 f ig . 1 9 ). The c irc le-and-do t mo t if a ppears o n l arge g lobu lar u rns i n t umu l i a t Charmo ise l les ' , Ro lampon t, H te-M., a ssoc ia ted w i th a Mör igen-type s word ( L. L epage 1 974d: 2 4 f ig . 3 , 1 ), a nd a t V ix, C .-d ' O. ( R. J offroy 1 95 7 :584-585, 5 83 f ig . 3 , 9 -10). I t i s c ommon

1 34

o n u rns f rom S ingen, Kr . Konstanz ( W. K imm ig 1 949-50 :305 , 2 93 Abb. 3 , 6 -10). A f ragment o f a g lobu lar u rn, w i th i nc ised ' c lass ica l ' meanders, was r ecovered f rom c rema t ion Grave a l0 a t ' Au-dessus d u Chemin d es Bretons ', wrong ly a ttr ibuted t o t he Ha D ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 953 : 2 09, 2 08 f ig . 4 9 , 9 ). A s im i lar u rn w i th i nc ised meanders i s known f rom t he t umu lus i n t he ' Bo is d e L angres ', P rus lys ur-Ource, C .-d ' O., a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron Ha C s word ( G. Wamser 1 975 :147no . 6 31, Taf . 1 7, 3 ). G lobu lar u rns w i th w ide f l ar ing n ecks b e long t o aw idespread Ha B a nd e ar ly C t ype i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion a nd i n Burgundy ( ib id .:83, Taf . 1 7, 3 -4 , 7 ; B . Cher t ier 1 976a :136-137). They a re r e lated t o t he Günd l ingen-Ihr ingen-type u rns o f t he Ha B ' Rhen ish-Sw iss ' Group ( N. K . S andars 1 957:219 , 2 21 ; W . K imm ig 1 940 :5 , Taf . 4 6). An h em ispher ica l v esse l w i th r i l l ing b e low t he r im was a ssoc ia ted w i th a r ed-s l ipped v esse l w i th a s pou t c onta in ing a n i ron p in i n Grave 5 a t Chä tenay-sur-Se ine ( J . Bont i l lo t e t a l . 1 975 :428-429 f ig . 1 0). The r i led v esse l r eca l ls t he more a ngu lar-shou ldered b icon ica l Doppe lkonus, d a ted t o t he Ha B , a nd w ide ly d istr ibuted o n t he l ower Rh ine a nd i n s ou thern Germany ( ib id .:6 9 , 1 84-185 L iste 1 2 ; B . Cher t ier 1 976a :128-130). I n t he S t-Gond r eg ion, a n e xamp le o f Ha B d a te c omes f rom Grave 1 a t ' le B lanc F ossd ', Bannes, M . ( ibid .:128 , 1 22 f ig . 2 3, 7 ). A s im i lar v esse l i s known f rom O livet, L o ir . ( M. F erd iäre a nd G . R ichard 1 974 : 1 57, 1 58 f ig . 1 ). Bo th v esse ls a re r iled . O ther Doppe lkonus re la ted v esse ls w i th r ounded p rof i les f rom Chä tenay-sur-Se ine were f ound i n Graves 9 a nd 1 0 , t he f ormer w i th r u ling a nd a r ed-s l ipped c over o ver t he upper h a lf o f t he v esse l ( J. Bonti l lo t e t a l . 1 975 : 4 30 , 4 29 f ig . 1 0). A t al a ter s tage i n t he Ha C , t he d ist inct ion b etween f unerary a nd s ett lement wares l ooses v a l id i ty . The w ide h emispher ica l v esse l w i th a n arrow r a ised b ase f rom t he f la t c rema t ion Grave P 3 a t Aud essus d u Chemin d es Bre tons ' ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 953 : 2 17, 2 15 f ig . 5 1, 1 0) i s i dentica l t o t he b ow l f rom ' l e Haut d e V i l lere t ' , Au lnay-aux-P lanches ( id . 1 96 7 :25 f ig . 3 5, 1 1). The s qua t b icon ica l b ow l w i th f urrow ing a bove t he s hou lders f rom Grave B l2 , a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron p enannu lar b race let ( id. 1 953 :211 f ig . 4 9 , 1 3), t he b ic on ica l u rn w i th a n e ver ted r im w i th r i l ing a bove t he s hou lders, f rom t he f lat c rema t ion Grave b2 ( ib id .:215 f ig . 5 1, 4 ), a nd t he h em ispher ic a l b ow ls w i th h igh s l ight ly i n-turned s hou lders a nd v er tica l r ims, w i th c omp lex g eome tr ic mo t ifs i n g raph i te o n t he i nner s urfaces, f rom c rema t ion Tumu l i H a nd S ( ib id.:223, 2 27 f ig . 5 9 , 2 -3), a re a lso f ound o n s ett lements i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( F ig . 4 3, ' D . Wares o rnamen ted w i th g raph i te a nd Kerbschn i tt a re known f rom ac rema t ion g rave a t t he t us ine I sore l ' , Chamou i l ley, H te-M. ( F ig . 5 2 , 8 -9 , 1 1-13) ( L. L epage 1 980 :56, P l. 3 4 , 2 -23). The Ha B /C a nd C p o ttery s equence f or t he ' Se ine-Marne ' g roup i s d iff icu lt t o e stab l ish due t o t he r ar i ty o f n on-ceram ic c hrono log ica l ' pegs ' ,t he a bsence o f s tra t igraphy a nd c losed c on texts, p art icu lar ly i n t he c ruc ia l S t-Gond s ett lements, a nd t he w ide d a te-range o f t he more c ommon v esse l-types . D iscount ing s uch f inds a s t he b ronze r o l l-headed p in f rom P i t 2 a t ' les S ab lons ' ,F resnes-sur-Marne, t he i ron p in f rom Grave 5 a t Chä tenay-sur-Se ine a nd t he i ron b race let f rom Grave B12 a t Aud essus d u Chemin d es Bretons ', t he o n ly s ecure ly d a tab le o b ject i s t he b ronze Ha C r azor o f F . Henry's Type A ( J. J ockenhöve l 's Typ 1 35

M ino t) f rom ' le Haut d e V i l leret t , Au lnay-aux-P lanches, a ssoc ia ted w i th af la t-headed b ronze p in ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 966: 17 1, 1 72 f ig . 2 , 9 , 1 1). I ts p rec ise c ontext, h owever, i s n o t known . The S t-Gond s ett lement p o ttery c ome f rom p i t-structures mos t o f wh ich were c ut i n s uccess ive phases but may h ave h ad o n ly o ne f i l l. The ma jor i ty o f t he p i t-structures f rom t he l ower Marne a nd m idd le S e ine v a l leys, a nd t hose r ecen t ly e xcava ted i n t he Marne, a t L a Chaussees ur -Marne a nd ' l e P rd Mout i l leux ' ,O iry ( A . V i l les; Ga l lia P rdh ., 1 7, 1 97 4 :5 27 . 530), h ad h omogeneous f i l ls . The p oorer p o ttery a ssemb lages, p ar t icu lar ly t hose f rom t he l ower Marne s e tt lements, i nc lude wares whose u sage c overs a w ide t ime-span t ha t d ef ies c lose d a t ing . The h em ispher ica l b ow l w i th h igh a ngu lar s hou lders a nd i nver ted r im, w i th a r ed-s l ipped i nner s urface ( F ig . 3 4 , 7 ), f rom P i t 4a t F resness ur-Marne i s s ti l l p roduced i n t he l ater Ha D a s e v idenced by t he f inds f rom t he Mon t-Lasso is , V ix, C .d '0 ( R. J offroy 1 96 O a :1 09 , P l. 4 5, 3 ). Added t o t hese p rob lems i s t he p robab i l i ty o f al ong p er iod o f o ccupa t ion o n c er ta in s i tes . A t O iry, t he p o ttery f rom P i ts 1 ( F ig . 5 0 , 4 -8) a nd 1 0b is ( F ig . 5 0 , 9 -16) a re e v idence o f o ccupa t ion i n t he Ha B /C a nd e ar ly Ha D r espec tive ly. A s im i lar l engthy o ccupa t ion i s o bserved a t ' les Monteux ', J uv igny, M ., where P i ts 3 a nd 7 ( F ig . 4 9 , 1 -5) p roduced Ha B /C p o ttery a nd P i t 5l a te Ha D J ogass ian 'type wares ( D. Chosseno t e t a l . 1 979 : 8 ). A . Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt h ave s ummar ised t he c eram ic s equence i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion i n t hree phases: t he ir Ha a nc ien, marked b y s trong U rnf ie ld t rad i t ions c omb ined w i th a d egree o f l oca l e vo lut ion, s een n o tab ly i n t he s er ies o f s quat f urrowed a nd r i led b icon ica l b ow ls; t he ir Ha moyen I , f ea tur ing e xterna l i nf luences f rom t he upper a nd m idd le Rh ine; a nd t he ir Ha moyen I, d om ina ted by c on tacts w i th t he l ower Rh ine, a nd t he Mose l a nd Nahe v a l leys ( 196 7 : 12 ). M idd le Rhen ish a nd s outh German i nf luences s hou ld b e s een a s c ont inuous t hroughout t h is p er iod, h av ing a lready b egun a s e ar ly a s t he Ha A i n t he S tGond c eme ter ies ( B. Cher t ier 1 91a : 1 60 ). L ower Rhen ish l inks a re a lso i n e v idence, a s c onf irmed b y t he d oub le-hand led j ug f rom P i t 7 a t ges Monteux ' ,J uv igny ( F ig . 4 9 , 4 ) ( M. a nd D . Chosseno t). A t l east t wo b road p hases c an b e d ist ingu ished . The f irs t, d a ted t o t he Ha B /C, i s d om ina ted by Ha B t ypes ( F ig . 4 4 , 8 -9) but a lso s ees t he e mergence o f s quat f urrowed a nd r i led b icon ica l b ow ls ( F ig . 4 4 , 1 -3), a nd t he w ide h emispher ica l b ow ls w i th a n arrow r a ised b ase, s l ight ly i nturned s hou lders a nd v er t ica l r im, w i th r i l ing b e low t he r im. Red-s l ipped wares a re f requent. Squat f urrowed b icon ica l b ow ls ( F ig . 4 6, 9 ), s qua t r i led v esse ls, but w i th more r ounded s hou lders ( F ig . 4 2 , 2 -3), a nd h emispher ica l r i led b ow ls ( F ig . 4 2 , 5 ), l ast i nto t he s econd phase, o f Ha C d a te, wh ich a lso f ea tures t he w ide c urv i l inearp rof i led t runca ted d ishes ( F ig . 4 2 , 7 ). The u se o f g raph i te i s g ene ra l ( F ig . 4 2 , 5 -6, 8 -11 ; 4 3, 7 -8). I t i s l i ke ly t hat t h is phase e xt ended i nto t he e ar ly Ha D , a s s uggested b y t he f inds f rom P i t 1 0bis a t O iry ( F ig . 5 0, 9 -16). The l ower Marne a nd Bassde s i tes c an a lso b e d rawn i nto t h is g enera l s cheme i nsp i te o f t he f act t hat Ha B t rad i t ions were ma in ta ined f or a l onger p er iod o f t ime t han i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion. The t wo phases a re r ef lected i n t he r espect ive c eram ic a ssemb lages a t ' le T emps P erdu ' a nd ' 1 ' E nfer ' a t Chartre ttes ( J. -C. Bo ichd e t a l. 1 980 : 4 ' 7 -48). Ha B p o ttery t ypes a nd o rnamenta t ion, n ame ly w ide t runca ted d ishes w i th b eve l led r ims a nd s ma l l g lobu lar g ob le ts w i th e ver ted r ims, a nd

t he more e xtens ive u se o f f ine h or izon ta l r i l l ing , p lace t he f ormer s i te a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he e ar l ier phase, wh i le t he ma ter ia l f rom ' 1 ' Enfer l , where w ide h emispher ica l b ow ls w i th v er t ica l o r s l ight ly i nver ted r ims a re we l l r epresen ted, a s we l l a s t he u se o f g raph i te, b e longs t o t he s econd p hase. C 14 d a tes f rom b oth s i tes c onf irm t he s equence ( ib id .:30 , 3 2 ; J . Degros e t a l . 1 976 :91). The c lose L a te U rnf ie ld a ff in i t ies t hat mark t he p o ttery f rom ' l e Temps P erdu ' a re r ef lected o n o ther s i tes, n o tab ly i n P i t 2a t Maro l les-sur-Se ine a nd o n t he l ower Marn ian s ett lements . C ontacts w i th t he Champagne a re l im i ted a t t h is s tage t o g enera l Ha B t ypes, t he more l oca lised S t-Gond wares b e ing a bsent. A s imi lar r e la t ionsh ip e x is ts i n t he s econd p hase when g enera l Ha C t ypes r each t he m idd le S e ine s i tes, p ar t icu lar ly e v ident a t tl 'Enfer ' a nd No isy-sur-Eco le, wh i le t he more r eg iona l Champagne wares r ema in u nrepresented. I t c an b e c onc luded, p rov is iona l ly, t ha t a l though Marn ian a nd m idd le S e ine s ett lements b e longed t o t he z one a s t he Champagne, e ffected by t he s ame g enera l f luences f rom t he Rh ine land a nd s outhern Germany i n t hey r ema ined a loof f rom r eg iona l d eve lopments i n t he P ou i l leuse. 1 2 . 2 .3

Hau lz y

t he l ower s ame ' cu ltura l ' c eramic i nb o th phases, Champagne

g roup

A p er iphera l g roup o f t he Ha C , l oca ted a long t he e astern a nd n or thern f r inges o f t he P ar is Bas in, i s c haracter ised by t he t umu lus c rema t ion r i te, t he l ong i ron s word a nd p o ttery . The most c omp le te e v idence c omes f rom t he c eme tery a t ' Hau lzy ' , V iennela-V i l le, M . ( G. Goury 1 911). S ince i t s pub lica t ion r ema ins r e la tive ly i naccess ib le, i t may b e u sefu l t o s ummar ise t he more r epres enta t ive c eram ic t ypes . The v esse ls a re i n a quartz-tempered b lack f abr ic w i th burn ished s urfaces, a nd i nc lude: g lobu lar b icon ica l u rns w i th i n-turned s hou lders a nd s l ight ly e ver ted c y l indr ica l n ecks, G . Goury 's Type I ( 21 e xamp les), a ssoc ia ted i n Tumu lus 3 0 w i th a n i ron s word; t runca ted u rns w i th h igh r ounded s hou lders a nd s l ight ly e ver ted c y l indr ica l n ecks, Type I ( 11 e xamp les), a ssoc ia ted i n Tumu lus 2 1 w i th a n i ron s word, a nd i n Tumu lus 6 0 w i th a b ronze r azor o f F . Henry ' s Type B ; t r icon ica l v esse ls w i th a n ompha losb ase, r ounded s hou lders a nd h igh f lar ing n ecks, Type I I ( 8 e xamp les) f ound i n Tumu l i 3 0 a nd 6 0 ; w ide b icon ica l b ow ls w i th c y l indr ica l n ecks, Type V II ( 3 e xamp les), a ssoc ia ted i n Tumu lus 5 0 w i th a n i ron c rescent-shaped r azor; w ide t runcated d ishes w i th a p a ir o f h o les b e low t he r im, Type V III ( 3 e xamp les), f ound i n Tumu lus 3 0 ; a nd a s imi lar d ish w i th a p inched p erfora ted h and le, Type I X ( 1 e xamp le). The l atter h as a lso b een r ecovered o n t he a d jo in ing p la teau-edge f ort. An u rn o f G . Goury 's Type I o r V II was f ound i n t he t umu lus o f ' la Tombe F ourda ine ' , Equ ihen-P lage, P .-de-C., wh ich a lso c ont a ined c rema t ions a nd a l ong i ron s word ( G. Gaucher a nd J .-P. Mohen 1 974 :76, 7 5 f ig . 4 8). The a ssoc iat ion o f t he u rn w i th a l ong i ron sword i n ac rema t ion bur ia l r ema ins h ypo thet ica l, h owever . The g lobu lar b icon ica l u rns w i th e ver ted n ecks ( F ig . 7 , 3 -4) f rom Enc los ure I V/B a t ' le F ond d e Berno is ' S au lces-Champeno ises, Ard., may a lso b e c ompared t o e xamp les f rom t he 1Hau lzy t t umu lus c eme tery ( J. L. F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 979 : 1 2 , 1 4 ). The g eograph ica l

1 37

c ontext, t he f unera l r i te a nd t he p resence o f a n i ron s word, p lace t he bur ia l i n Enc losure I V/B w i th in t he g enera l f ramework o f t h is g roup . The s ame c an b e s a id, but w i th l ess a ssurance, f or t he s word f ind f rom t he c rema t ion bur ia l a t Châ teau-Porc ien, Ard . ( A. L arm igny 1 932 :3 8-40) . The ' Hau lzy ' g roup p o ttery f inds i t s c losest p ara l le ls i n t he t umu l i c rema t ion c eme ter ies o f n e ighbour ing L orra ine . Urns o f Type Ia nd I a re known f rom t he Meuse c emeter ies a t ' Lambdchamp ' , Mon tz éV ile, 'Cro ix d e P ierre ', N euv i l ly-en-Argonne, a nd Verr iärese n-Hesse, Rdc icourt ( J.-P . M i l lo tte 1 965 :103 n o . 1 76, 1 05-106 n o . 1 85, 1 11-112 n o . 2 10 , P l. X III, 2 -3 , 9 , 1 2 , X IV, 1 ). An i ron s word, r i tua l ly b ent i nto a n S a s t he e xamp les f rom ' Hau lz y l a nd Chä teauP orc ien, c omes f rom a t umu lus c rema t ion i n t he c eme tery a t R oseb o is ' , Monce l-sur-Se i l le, M .-e t-M. ( ib id . : 101-102 n o . 1 69 ). C lose c onnect ions a re e v iden t b e tween t he ' Hau lzy ' wares a nd t he p o ttery f rom t he e ar l iest p hase o f t he t umu lus c remat ion c eme tery a t Grand Bo is ' ,S t-V incent, Luxembourg ( M. -E. Mar iön 1 96 4 ). G . Goury ' s Type I I, i n p ar t icu lar, i s p resent a t S t-V incent, d ef in ing i t s ' Groupe I ', d a ted t o t he e ar ly Ha C ( ib id.: 1 59 ). Type I i s f ound i n ' Groupe o f t he s ame d a te, a nd a d ish o f Type V III c omes f rom Tumu lus 6 3 a ssoc ia ted w i th a Type I I v esse l ( ib id.: 9 9-102 , 1 43, 1 47 ). A h emispher ica l b ow l w i th a c oncave b ase a nd i nver ted r im, f rom Tumu lus 7 9, has a p inched p erfora ted h and le s im i lar t o Type I X ( ib id. : 116-117 , 1 49). P inched h and les a t S t-V incen t, un l ike t hose f rom ' Hau lzy ' ,u sua l ly h ave d oub le v er t ica l p erfora t ions . The t runc a ted d ish w i th a c oncave e ver ted r im, s im i lar t o t he v esse l f rom Châ teau-Porc ien, f rom Tumu lus 8 1 c an a lso b e mentioned ( ib id .: 1 181 21, 1 47). I t c an b e n oted t ha t meta l a r tefacts were r are a t S tV incent, a nd t ha t l ong i ron s words w ere a bsen t. Deta i ls i n t he c rema t ion r i te a lso d iffer b etween t he t wo s i tes ( ib id.: 1 67 ). F ewer c ompar isons c an b e made w i th t he v ar ious t umu li c rema t ion c eme ter ies a t Cour t-St-Etienne, Brabant ( id. 1 958). A r i tua l ly b ent i ron sword a ccompan ied a v ar iant o f a Type I u rn, a b ronze c lasp a nd a p a ir o f b ronze c heek-p ieces, i n Tumu lus A ( 1861) ( ib id .: 2 63 6, 2 5 f ig . 3 , 1 8, 2 01). A s imi lar g rave-assemb lage, a Type I u rn a nd a b ent i ron s word, was f ound i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' la F erme Rouge ' ( ib id.: 1 00-105). A Type V III d ish f rom Tumu lus 5 , i n t he s ame c eme tery, was a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze r azor o f F . Henry 's Type A ( ib id. : 137-141). These v ar ious a ssemb lages a re d a ted t o t he e ar l ier Ha C ( ib id. : 197). Horse-gear, a ttested by numerous f inds a t Cour t-St-Et ienne , i s a lso known f rom Enc losure I V/B a t S au lces-Champeno ises ( J.-L. F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 979 :14 , 1 3 f ig . 5 ). I t i s af ea ture p ar t ic u lar t o t he Brabant t umu l i c rema t ion c eme ter ies, a nd i s f ound, f or e xamp le, i n t he t umu lus a t ' Mor imo ine t ,L ima l, Brabant, a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron s word ( M .E . Mar iön 1 958 : 2 16-222 ). L inks, e spec ia l ly c eram ic, c an b e e stab lished w i th t he t umu l i c rema t ion c eme ter ies f rom t he Namur a nd Ha inaut ( id. 1 96 4 :1 63). I ron swords, i n t wo c ases r i tua l ly b ent, were f ound i n Tumu li 2 , 1 3 a nd 1 4 , a t 1Chevaudos ' , Ged inne, Namur ( id. 1 958 : 2 32-233). B ent b ronze a nd i ron swords a re a lso known f rom t he t umu li c eme ter ies a t Havrd a nd Harch ies, Ha inaut ( ib id. : 233-234). Types I a nd V II / IX a re w idespread p o ttery t ypes. Type I b e longs t o t he S chrägrandurnen s er ies c ommon ly f ound o n t he l ower a nd

1 38

m idd le Rh ine i n t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D ( id. 1 96 4 :143). F rom t he l ower Rh ine, t he v esse l f rom t he c rema t ion Tumu lus 2 1 i n t he s ou the rn c eme tery a t L omme l-Ka ttenbosch, L imburg, d a ted t o t he Ha C c an b e c i ted ( S. J . d e L ae t a nd M . E . Mar iön 1 950 :324 , 3 23 f ig . 7 , 2 1). I n t he m idd le Rh ine, s imi lar f inds a re known f rom t he Ha C u rnf ie ld a t Ro tenfe ls ', Tra isen, Kr . Kreuznach ( W. Dehn 1 941 : 7 4 , 7 6 Abb. 4 3, 2 , 5 , 7 7 Abb. 4 4, 2 ). W ide t runca ted d ishes, Types V III a nd I X, a re a c ommon f ea ture o f t he Ha B ' Rhen ish-Sw iss ' Group, e xamp les o f wh ich c ome f rom Tumu lus A a t Günd l ingen, a nd Tumu lus C a t I hr ingen, Kr . F re iburg Mar iön 1 964 :147 ; W . K imm ig 1 940 :139 , 1 41, Taf . 2 6, 2 8 a nd 2 8, A ). The t ype i s r e la t ive ly w idespread i n t he Ha B , a s e v idenced by t he f ind f rom t he s e tt lement a t ' Se i tzwerke ' , Kreuznach, Kr . Kreuznach ( W. D ehn 1 941 :6 8, 6 6 Abb. 3 5, 2 ) . Doub le p erfora tions, s im i lar t o t hose o f Type V III, a re known s ince t he Ha A . They h ave b een f ound o n v esse ls i n c rema tion Grave 2 i n Tumu lus 9 4 a t Kurzgel änd, Bas-R. ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 926:98, 9 1 f ig . 4 2 , Z 2 ); i n af l at c rema tion g rave a t Mannhe im Wa l lstadt, Kr . Mannhe im ( W. K imm ig 1 940 : 5 8, 1 53, Taf . 1 6, B 5) ; a nd o n t he s ett lement o f ' Mar tinsberg ' , Kreuznach ( W. Dehn 1 941:53 Abb. 2 7 , 3 ). The o r ig in f or t he ' Hau lzy ? g roup r ema ins p rob lema t ic ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 965 :3 2 ). A lthough i t s v ar ious c omponen ts, t he p o ttery, t he r i tua l ly b ent i ron s word a nd t he t umu lus c rema t ion r i te, a re e as i ly p ara l le led e lsewhere, t he c omb ina t ion i s l ess c ommon . F or t he p resen t, t he ' Hau lzy ' g roup c an b e p laced i n t he w ider c on text o f t he Ha C Argonne-southern B e lg ian t umu l i z one. 1 2 . 2 .4

S ore l-Mousse l a nd Taverny

The p romontory-for ts o f ' For t-Harrouard ' ,S ore l-Mousse l, E .-etL . ( J. P h i l ippe 1 936; 1 937 ) a nd t he ' Camp d e Cesar ' , Taverny, V . d ' O. ( G. Ducoeur 1 973-1976; 1 974 ; 1 974-75 ; 1 976) b o th p roduced l a te Ha B /C wares . The p o ttery f rom ' For t-Harrouard ' h as b een s uff ic ien t ly d escr ibed a nd i nterpreted by N . K . S andars n o t t o b e d et a i led h ere ( 1957 : 2 68-279). What c an b e r e ta ined i s t he p resence o f l a te i nc ised ' step '-meander o rnamented p o ttery wh ich r evea ls mer id io na l c ontacts ( ib id .:272 f ig . 7 6, 8 ), a nd Kerbschn i tt mo tifs wh ich r ec a l ls Ha B /C e xamp les f rom t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne ( ib id.:270 f ig . 7 4, 3 -4 , 2 71 f ig . 7 5, 2 , 2 76 f ig . 7 9 , 1 1). N . K . S andars b e l ieves t ha t s ett lement o n ' For t-Harrouard ? c ont inued t hrougho u t t he H a C t aken t he s low r a te o f d eve lopment i n p reced ing phases a nd a t rad i t ion o f ' conserva t ism ' ( ib id.:279 ). I t may b e o f s ome s ign if icance t ha t a F 2-type f ibu la was f ound o n t he p romontory-for t ( G. V erron 1 976b:805). The w ares f rom Taverny, w i thout t he w ide r ange o f t ypes a nd o rnamenta t ion, a re s imi lar t o t hose f rom ' For t-Harrouard ? . One v esse l i n p ar ticu lar , 1 ab arre l-shaped j ar w i th a n e ver ted n eck, w i th f urrowi ng a nd a n h or izon ta l r ow o f n a i l-t ip i mpress ions b e low t he c o l lar ( F ig . 3 2 , 2 ), h as b een c ompared t o t he v esse l f rom ' l e P ont a u D iab le ', An iane, Her . ( G. Ducoeur 1 974 :18 , 1 7f ig . 7 ; J . B oudou e t a l . 1 961 : 2 04 f ig . 4 ). Ano ther j ar o f t h is t ype i s known f rom Grave 6 i n t he u rnf ie ld a t F au i l let, L .-e t-G. ( A. C offyn 1 976 :541, 5 39 f ig . 4 , 9 ). The c omb ina t ion o f o b l ique i nc is ions w i th r i l l ing a nd f urrow ing i s a f a ir ly w idespread H a B /C o rnamenta l mo tif . The l eng th o f o ccupa t ion a ttested by t he c eramic e v idence i s d iff i cu lt t o d e term ine . More s ubstant ia l, a s we l l a s more c haracter istic, 1 39

Ha C ma ter ia l wou ld b e e xpected i f t he s e tt lements w ere c ont inuous ly o ccup ied i nto t he Ha D . I ts a bsence i nd ica tes t ha t t he Ha B s ett lements may h ave l asted i nto t he e ar ly s tages o f t he Ha C but n ot b ey ond . The r are Ha D f inds may p o int t o s ubsequent s porad ic r eocc upa t ion o f t he s i tes. L itt le more c an b e s a id o n t hese p o in ts u nt i l t he ma ter ia l f rom ' For t-Harrouard ' i s p roper ly s if ted a nd f u l ly pub l ished, a nd n ot b ef ore f ur ther e xcava t ions a re c arr ied o u t o n t he ' Camp d e Cesar '. 12 .2 . 5 'L o ire '

g roup

The r epresenta t ive p o ttery t ypes o f t h is g roup, known o n ly b y ah andfu l o f s ett lements i n t he F or & d ' Or leans, L o ir ., a re l im i ted. P o ttery f rom o n ly t wo s i tes. F leuryles-Aubra is ( A. Noue l 1 96 9 :4 094 13) a nd C erco ttes ( M. W ilaume-Ferd iäre e t a l . 1 975 : 17 -1 9 ), h ave b een pub l ished t o d a te. Apar t f rom c oarse-tempered d omestic wares, t he ma in t ypes i nc lude a v ar iety o f h em ispher ica l, b icon ica l a nd t runca ted b ow ls, t he l a tter w i th f lat o r i nver ted r ims, a nd sma l l g lobu lar b icon ica l g ob le ts w i th h igh s ub-cy l indr ica l n ecks o rnamented w i th r i l ing a bove t he s hou lders ( ib id .:19 f ig . 3 , 1 ; A . Noue l 1 96 9 : 4 12 f ig . 12 ) . Ornamenta t ion c ons is ts c h ief ly o f r i l ing a nd t he a pp l icat ion o f r ed-s l ips . The c eramic ma ter ia l f rom ' Garage ' ( M. W i l laume), t he k i ln-s i te a t ' le Ravo ir ' ( A. Noue l 1 952 :338-340), L es Bordes, a nd f les Carr iäres d e L oury ' ,L oury ( J .F. Bara t in 1 96 6:1 - 11 ) may b e p laced p rov is iona l ly i n t h is g roup. S imi lar i t ies a re a lso a pparent w i th t he wares f rom t he s ett lement a t Bucyle-Ro i ( F ig . 5 8 , 1 -4), o n t he c onf ines o f t he F ord t d ' Or leans ( Anonymous 1 97 3 :8-9 ). Dat ing o f t h is g roup i s h ampered by t he a bsence o f a ssoc ia ted meta l a rtefacts, e xcept f or t he f ragment o f ab ronze b race let a t Bucyl e-Ro i wh ich J .-M. Ca lvo d ates t o t he Ha D ( Gal ia , 3 2 , 1 97 4:301), a nd by t he g enera l ly unexcept iona l p o ttery t ypes. The more unusua l wares, n otab ly t he p o ly-footed t runcated v esse l f rom C erco ttes ( M. W i l laume-Ferd iäre e t a l . 1 97 5:19 f ig . 3 , 5 ) a nd t he w ide g lobu lar b ic on ica l j ar w i th a c y li ndr ica l n eck f rom F leuryles-Aubra is ( A. Noue l 1 96 9 :411 f ig . 1 1), a re p erhaps t oo unrepresentat ive t o s erve a s c hrono log ica l i nd icators. The l a tter, h owever, i s f ound i n t he l ate Ha D s e tt lement a t l es J ones ', Tournus, S.et-L . ( M. P err in 1 97 4 :4 2 ,4 4 , 4 7 , 4 3 P l . 7 , 2 , 1 0). The unornamented h em ispher ica l b ow l w i th s l ight ly i n-turned s hou lders a nd a v ert ica l r im f rom C ercottes ( M. W i l laume-Ferd iäre e t a l . 1 975 : 1 9 f ig . 3 , 4 ) a ppears t o b e ad evo lved o r s imp l if ied v ers ion o f t he w ide h emispher ica l b ow ls w i th a n arrow s l ight ly r a ised b ase, w i th r ul ing b e low t he r im, f ound i n t he Ha C s ett lements o f t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 967 :8 f ig . 2 4, 6 , 9f ig . 2 5, 1 ) a nd known i n t he S e ine v a l ley, a t Chartrettes ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 97 6:6 8 f ig . 1 1 . 1 4). They h ave a lso b een f ound i n t he s ett lement a t ' l e P arterre-Est ' ,F ero l les, L o ir . ( G. Cord ier 1 97 7 : 1 3 f ig . 4 , 1 -2, 4 ). Wh i le t hese a na log ies p o int t o ad ate i n t he Ha C , o r e ven t he e ar ly D , t he p ro tuberance o n t he C ercottes g ob let, a f eature o bserved o n p ottery f rom o ther s i tes i n t he L o ire ' g roup ( M. W i l laume-Ferd iäre e t a l . 1 975 : 1 8), r eca l l L a te U rnf ie ld p ract ices a s f ound, f or e xamp le, i n t he u rnf ie ld a t Ch issaye n-Toura ine , L .-et-C. ( G. Cord ier 1 91:554 , 5 55 f ig . 6 , 1 ). Hor iz onta l r i l l ing a nd t he u se o f r ed-s l ips a re w idespread t echn iques, p art icu lar ly d er ived f rom t he l ater Ha B . Awa i t ing t he pub l icat ion o f more p o ttery a ssemb lages, t he ' Lo ire ' g roup may b e s afe ly p laced w i th in t he Ha p er iod, p robab ly i n t he

1 40

l a ter phase . I t i s al oca l ised c eram ic g roup w ith a r eg iona l L a te Urnf i e ld b ase b orrow ing f rom w idespread Ha C p o ttery t ypes . 1 2. 2 .6

The m idd le L o ire r eg ion

The p o ttery f rom F dro l les , b eside t he Ha C r uled b ow ls, i nc ludes as herd w i th a ( ? p a inted) g eometr ic mot if o f l i nes a nd c hevrons, a nd ag lobu lar b icon ica l v esse l w i th a w ide f l ar ing n eck w i th i nc ised ' c lass ica l '-( ' Greek-key ' ) ‚m eanders a bove t he s hou lders ( G. C ord ier 1 97 7 :14, 1 3 f ig . 4 , 3 , 6 ). The p rof i le a nd i nc ised mo t if o f t he g lobu lar v esse l c an b e c ompared t o t he u rn f rom t he t umu lus i n t he ' Bo is d e L angres ' ,P rus ly-sur-Ource, C .-d '0 . ( G. Wamser 1 97 5 :147 n o . 63 1, Taf . 1 7 , 3 ), a nd r eca l ls l a te Ha B w ares f rom t he p a laf i tt ic s ett lements o n t he L ac du Bourget, S ay. ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :232; L . C out i l 1 915 :P l. I ). I nc ised meanders a lso o rnament a s qua t b icon ica l d ish ( F ig . 5 8 , 6 ) f rom t he s ett lement a t I ngrd, L o ir ., wh ich a lso p roduced r uled s herds a nd a v ert ica l r im-sherd w i th a r ow o f v ert ica l i nc is ions ( F ig . 5 8 , 7 -9) ( J.-F . Barat in). Var ious t runca ted b ow ls, r if led s herds a nd t he u se o f r ed-s l ips, f rom t he s ett lement a t ' les G rands Röages d e Dugny ' ,S dr is , L .-etC ., b r ing t o m ind t he ' Lo ire ' g roup p ottery ( J. Despr ide a nd J . L hermite 1 97 2 :122 f ig . 6 , 1 , 4 , 8 ; F . Quatrehomme a nd J . Lherm ite 1 96 8 :2 08 f ig . 2 , 7 8 ). The l ow-shou ldered b icon ica l g ob let w i th a f l ar ing n eck f rom S dr is d iffers, h owever, f rom t he ' Lo ire ' g roup g ob lets, a nd may b e t he p roduct o f c ontacts w i th s outhern F rance, a s i nd icated by t he i nc ised ' step '-meander o rnamented s herds ( ib id .:211, 2 08 f ig . 2 , 9 , 1 1 , 2 10 f ig . 3 , 1 6; J . Despr ide a nd J . Lhermi te 1 97 2 : 1 22 f ig . 6 , 2 -3) .° The f ew b ronze f inds f rom t he s econd s truct ure a t S dr is, wh ich i nc lude a f ragment o f af i l iform b race let w i th t ransverse i nc is ions, a s ma l l p enannu lar r ing a nd a p o int w i th a h o le a t t he b ase, c anno t b e d ated w ith a ny p rec is ion ( ib id .:122 f ig . 6 , 9 ). What a ppears t o b e al oca l ised p o ttery t ype, c entred o n t he m idd le L o ire, a re t he h em ispher ica l a nd t runcated b ow ls w i th f inger-t ip i mp ressed r ims. C oarse d omest ic b ow ls o f t h is k ind, w ith a n h or izonta l r ow o f f inger-t ip i mpress ions b e low t he r im, h ave b een f ound a t F leuryl es-Aubra is ( A. Noue l 1 96 9 :411 f ig . 1) a nd ' Vernon ' , Beaugency, L o ire . ( F ig . 5 7 , 5 ) ( L. Ga i l lard). O ther b ow ls a re known f rom 'Carr iäres d e L oury ' L oury ( J.-F. Bara t in 1 96 6 :1-4) 1 a nd Meung-surL o ire ( F. Qua trehomme 1 96 0 :312 f ig . 1 1, 7 ) , L o ir .7 Ha B /C f unerary p o ttery i s r are . A r ed-s l ipped u rn f rom t he t umu lus c remat ion a t ' la Butte Mongro l le ', Chi l leurs-aux-Bo is, L o ir . h as b een c ompared t o a n e xamp le f rom C erco ttes ( J.-F. Barat in; R . A.L., 2 , 1 9M:81). A Doppe lkonus type u rn w i th a t runcated b ow l w i th a f l at e verted r im f or a l id was f ound i n t he f l a t u rn-crema t ion g rave a t O l ivet, L o ir . ( M. F erdMre a nd G . R ichard 1 97 4 : 1 58 f ig . 1 ). Doppe lkonus type u rns a re i dent if ied w i th t he Ha B u rnf ie lds o n t he m idd le a nd l ower Rh ine ( W. K immig 1 940 :6 9 , 1 84-185 L iste 1 2 ; B . Cher t ier 1 9 ' 7 6a :1 28-130). I ntermed iate e xamp les a re k nown f rom t he f l at u rn-cremat ions a t ' les Gob i l lons ' Chä tenay-sur-Seine, S .-et-M . ( J. Bont i l lot e t a l . 1 97 5 :428-430). — — A l arge g lobu lar b icon ica l u rn w i th a w ide f l ar ing n eck o rnamented w i th r if l ing a t t he c o l lar w as d redged f rom t he L o ire a t Bau le, L o ir . ( G. Cord ier 1 97 7 :30 f ig . 1 8 , 3 ). A lthough d ated by G . Cord ier t o t he l a ter Ha B ( ib id .:36), t he u rn r esemb les t he S chrägrandurnen o f t he Ha C u rnf ie lds a nd s ett lements o n t he m idd le a nd l ower Rh ine ( W. Dehn

14 1

1 941 :77Abb. 4 4, 2 , 8 0 Abb . 7 , 9 , 4 4 Abb. 9 , 2 ).

4 7 ,

3 ;

R . v . U s lar 1 950 :43 Abb.

8 , 4 ,

L inks b etween t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, o n t he o ne h and, a nd t he m idd le S e ine v a l ley a nd t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne, o n t he o ther, were a lready we l l e stab l ished i n t he H a B a s e v idenced b y t he c eram ic ma ter ia l f rom t he u rnf ie ld a t ' Bo is d es Hauts ' ,T igy, L o ir . ( G. Cord ier 1 97 7 :14-17 , 3 6). The Doppe lkonustype u rn f rom O l ivet a nd t he w ide h emispher ica l r uled b ow ls f rom F ero l les d emonstra te t hat t hese c ontacts were ma inta ined dur ing t he H a B /C. C er ta in o rnamenta l t echn iques, n otab ly t he u se o f g raph i te a nd K erbschn i tt, were n o t a dopted h owever . The Bau le u rn may b e t he r esu lt o f w ider d irect l i nks w ith t he m idd le O ise v a l ley o r t he Rh ine land . I nc ised ' c lass ica l ' a nd s tep ' meander mot ifs p o int t o c ontacts w i th t he s outhern p er ip hery o f t he P ar is Bas in, a nd u lt ima te ly w i th t he S avo ie a nd t he L anguedoc r espect ive ly. A d egree o f l oca l e vo lut ion i s p ercept ib le i n t he ' Lo ire ' g roup c eram ic a ssemb lages whose p roduct ion c an b e t entat ive ly p laced i n t he l ater s tages o f t he Ha P er iod . 1 2.2 .7

The Yonne v a l ley

The bu lk o f t he p ottery f rom s ett lements a long t he Yonne v a l ley c ons ists o f c oarse-tempered c ordonned a nd f inger-t ip i mpressed d omest i c s herds, a s a t S t-C lement ( A. Hure 1 921 :243 f ig . 8 4; 1 931 :7 2-7 3) a nd 'P ien ' ,S ougäres-sur-Sinotte ( J. N ico l le 1 96 2 :1 99-200) . The e ar l iest Ha B /C phase i s r epresented by t he f ew s ett lements w i th Kerbschn itt ornamented wares, n o tab ly a t V i l leneuvela-Guyard ( ib id .:202 , 2 03 P l. 1 )8 a nd t he c ave-she lter a t t he ' Gro tte d e N ermö nT‚ , S t-More ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 2 26). The v ar ious r ed-s l ipped p ottery, h em ispher ica l b ow ls w i th v ert ica l a nd i nverted r ims, a nd b ic on ica l b ow ls w ith e verted r ims, f rom ' Granchette t ,S t-C lement ( J . N ico l le 1 96 2 :202 , 2 04 , 2 05 P l. I I, 1 8-26) a nd t he p romontory-for t o n ' Mont-Avro l lot ' ,S t-F lorent in ( A. Duva l a nd 0 . Buchsenschutz 1 91: 7 92; A . Duva l), c an b e d a ted t o t he l ater H a C o r e ar ly D . P a in ted s herds a re a ttested i n t he Ha D a t f les Cha i l lo ts ' ,S ens ( Ga l l ia , 2 0 , 1 962:47 1-47 2). The p resence, i n t he l ater Ha D , o f b arbo t ine-pa inted wares , a t I les S a info ins ' ,V i l leneuve-sur-Yonne ( F ig . 5 4 , 5 -7 ) ( D. P eretto), t he Gro tte d e Nermont ' ( J. N ico l le 1 958 :P 1 . X , 7 -9 ), a nd ' le , V i l leneuvela-Guyard ( ib id .:P l. X , 1 -6), a re e v idence t hat t he Y onne v a l ley was a p r inc ipa l r oute f or t he t ransm iss ion o f c eramic i nf luences f rom t he Mont-Lasso is ' ,V ix, C d ' 0 ., i nto t he Bas in, p art icu lar ly t o t he Champagne . 1 2 . 2 . 8 The s outhern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Basin P o ttery f rom b o th s ett lements a nd t umu l i c emeter ies, a nd t he o dd f la t u rn-crema t ion, i s p oor ly d ocumented i n t h is r eg ion wh ich e xtends f rom t he Berry westward t o t he N iverna is a nd t he P lateau d e L angres . The c ordonned b arre l-shaped j ar wh ich c on ta ined t he Ha B /C b ronze h oard a t ' la F ont d es Corde l iers ' Argenton-sur-Creuse , I ., b e longs t o t he o rd inary d omest ic t ype o f c oarse-tempered wares ( H. B reu i l 1 902 :23 f ig . l a). The u se o f d omes t ic j ars t o h o ld b ronze h oards i s ar e la tive ly c ommon o ccurrence, known f or e xamp le a t ' Ma lass is ' , Chery, C ., where a f inger-t ip i mpressed j ar c onta ined a M .B. A. h oard ( J. Br iard e t a l . 1 96 9 :40, 4 1 f ig . 3 , 4 ). The s quat p o lychrome l id w i th a n i nc ised— Ma ltese-cross mo t if wh ich c overed t he Argenton

1 42

h oard may b e c ompared t o d ishes f rom t he Ha B /C p a laf i tt ic s ett lements o n t he L ac d u Bourget, S ay . ( H. Breu i l 1 902 : 2 3 f ig . l b; L . C out i l 1 915 :402, P l. X ; N . K . S andars 1 957 :235). S ett lement p ottery i s r are, 9 u sua l ly l im i ted t o c oarse-tempered d omest ic s herds, a s a t ' la Chaume V ie i l le ' ,S t-Par izele-Chäte l, N . ( H. Coqb l in 1 97 4 :403 ), a nd t he p romon tory-for t o f t he ' Camp d e Cora ', S t-More, Y . ( A. P ara t 1 906:72-7 3 ; N . K . S andars 1 957 :27 3). The unusua l s quat f la t d ish w ith a n e ver ted r im p ierced by t wo h o les, w i th ar ad ia l i nc ised mo tif o f p ara l le l l ines o n t he b o ttom o f t he o uter s urf ace a nd l ight f inger-t ip i mpress ions a long t he j unct ion o f t he r im a nd b o ttom o f t he i nner s urface ( F ig . 6 6, 1 2), f rom ' Doma ine d es Bu l lesOuest ', Marmagne , C ., c an b e d a ted t o t he Ha C o n t he a vowed ly s haky g rounds o f t he a ssoc ia ted g lobu lar s toragejar ( F ig . 6 6, 1 1) ( J.-C. P icard 1 965). The ma jor i ty o f c eramic f inds c ome f rom t umu l i . P rominen t a mong t hese i s t he r ich ly o rnamented u rn f rom t he ' Pet i t Tumu lus ' ( no. 1 ) a t ' les Danges ' ,S ub la ines, I.et-L. ( G. Cord ier 1 97 5 :4 62 , P l . 1 ) .1 0 The u rn b e longs t o t he Günd l ingen-Ihr ingen-type o f g lobu lar u rn w i th an arrow b ase a nd w ide f lar ing n eck, o f l a te Ha B d a te i n t he Rhen ishSw iss ' Group ( W. K imm ig 1 940 :7 4- Z). The t inin lay o rnament o n t he u rn i nd ica tes a s trong l ink b etween S ub la ines a nd t he p a laf i tt ic s ett lements o n t he L ac d u Bourget ( L. C out i l 1 915 :398). The f igura t ive a nd s ymbo l ic mo tifs o n t he s ame v esse l, a nd o n s herds f rom t umu l i a t t V i l lement ' ,S t-Aous tr i l le, I . ( F ig . 6 9 , 2 -7 ) ( A. d es Md l iozes 1 889-90 ), r evea l i nf luences f rom t he M id i , n o tab ly t he L anguedoc ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :3 16-317 ). A s herd w i th a n i nc ised f igura t ive mot if f rom t he ' Camp d e C ora ' may a lso b e o f L anguedoc ian o r ig in ( ib id.:202 f ig . 5 0 , 1 ; M . L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 : 1 35 f ig . 9 7 , 1 6-18). An u rn w i th a s im i lar p rof i le t o t he S ub la ines v esse l, w i th a n i nc ised meander-re la ted mot if a bove t he s hou lders, c omes f rom a f la t u rn-crema t ion a t ' Bec-desDeux-Eaux ' ,C e l le-St-Avant, I.et-L. ( G. C ord ier 1 96 5 :2 39 f igs. 3 4 ). A more a ngu lar-shou ldered u rn i s known f rom t he f la t u rnc rema t ion a t ' le G rand Bret igny ' ,S te-Thore tte, C . ( F ig . 6 9 , 1 ) ( R. A. C., 1 4, 1 975 :345). The mound o f t he ' Grand Tumu lus ' ( no. 2 ) a t ' les Danges ' c on ta ined most ly c oarse-tempered d omest ic wares i nc lud ing a t runca ted j ar w i th a n e ver ted r im whose p rof i le r eca l ls t he ' urn ' f rom S t-Genou, I . ( G. C ord ier 1 97 5 :593 f ig . 2 2 , 2 ; J .-C. Yvard 1 96 7 ). L i tt le o f t he p o ttery f rom t umu l i i n t he B erry h as b een a dequa te ly r ecorded, d escr ibed o r i lustra ted . The s qua t b ow ls w ith w ide e ver ted r ims f rom Tumu lus 2 a t ' Chenev iäres ' ,S av igny-en-Septa ine ( F ig . 6 4 , 1 8 ) ( P. d e Goy 1 887 -88), a nd t he ' Ter tre f undra ire n o. 2 ' a t Vornay ( F ig . 7 0 , 6 ) ( M. B ourges), C ., r esemb le me ta l p rototypes, o ne o f wh ich was f ound i n t he l a tter t umu lus ( F ig . 7 0 , 5 ). Sherds o rnamen ted w ith Kerbschn itt, r i l l ing a nd s tabbed mot ifs were a ssoc ia ted w i th i nhuma t ion bur ia ls i n Tumu lus 1 a t Chenev iäres ', wh i le c oarser d ome st ic s herds were s ca ttered i n t he mound. S herds w i th l inear i nc is ions ( F ig . 6 1, 7 -9) a re known f rom Tumu lus 3 a t ' Cor te l ', C oust, C . ( ib id.). Most o f t hese s herds a re t oo f ragmentary t o a l low f or p os i t ive i dentif ica t ion a nd c ompar ison. Know ledge o f t he N iverna is t umu l i p o ttery d oes n o t f a ir b e tter . The i nforma t ion i s u sua l ly t oo s cant t o b e a t a l l u sefu l, a s t he d esc r ipt ion o f t he c eramic ma ter ia l f rom Tumu lus 1 a t S auv ignyles-Bo is, N . ( H. J acqu inot 1 886:90). An e xcept ion i s t he p ottery f rom t he r ecent ly e xcava ted t umu lus a t ' la Bonneter ie l ,V ie lmanay, N . ( R .

1 43

Octobon 1 973'5). But e ven h ere, t he c ontext o f t he p ottery i n t he t umu lus wh ich c on ta ined s ome 8 2 bur ia ls i s n ot known . The p o ttery i nc ludes a b icon ica l v esse l w i th a n e ver ted r im o rnamented w i th h or iz onta l b ands o f l inear i nc is ions, r eca l l ing t he s herds f rom Tumu lus 3 a t ' Coust ' ,a nd s herds w i th i nc ised ' step ' m eanders, a nd a f urrowed s herd. A lthough l oca l c ompar isons a re wan t ing , t he p rof i les a nd i nc ised mot ifs d er ive f rom g enera l Ha B t rad it ions ( L . Bonnamour e t a l . 1 97 6:615). The ' s tep ' -meanders may p oss ib ly b e o f L angued oc-T an o r ig in ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 960 :136 f ig . 9 8 , 6 -8). 1 1 L i tt le i s known a bout t he p ottery f rom t he P la teau d e L angres . The o n ly p ottery v esse l f ound w ith s ecure ly d atab le a ssoc ia t ions i s t he g raph i te-coa ted h em ispher ica l b ow l w i th a n e verted r im o rnamen ted w ith h or izonta l r ul ing ( F ig . 6 , 1 ) f rom Grave 1 i n t he t umu lus a t t he ' Champ d e PH ', S emout iers, H te-M., f ound w i th a b ronze Günd l ingen-type s word a nd i ts c hape ( P . Bou i l lerot 1 913b:88-91). A r uled b ow l w i th a s im i lar p rof i le c omes f rom t he p romontory-for t a t ' la Vergent ik ie ' , C ohons, H te-M. ( L. L epage). Over 1 0 ,000 s herds r epresent ing b o th c oarse a nd f ine-tempered wares, t he ma jor ity i n af ragmentary c ond it i on, were r ecovered f rom t he t umu lus o f ' la Mottote ', N i jon, H te-M . ( id. 1 980 :3 4-43). The c oarse-tempered wares, most ly o f Ha B /C a nd Ha C d a te, i nc lude d omest ic j ars w i th e i ther a pp l ied t w isted a nd f inger-t ip i mpressed c ordons, o r ' pseudo ' cordons, s ome s moo th, o thers w ith o b l ique i nc is ions o r f inger-t ip i mpress ions, l ocated o n t he c o l lar o r i mmed iate ly b e low t he r im ( ib id. : 35-36, P l . 1 4-15). The f iner p ottery c ompr ises a v ar iety o f T öF f n s,i nc lud ing h emispher ica l a nd t runca ted b ow ls, g lobu lar a nd b icon ica l v esse ls w i th e ver ted r ims, a nd w ide t runca ted d ishes w ith b eve l led r ims ( ib id. : 36-39 , P l . 1 7 -22 ). Ornamenta t ion i s l arge ly r estr icted t o h or izon ta l: Ti l l ing a nd c hanne l l ing , Kerbschn itt a nd g raph ite mot ifs ( ib id.:40- n). One c omp lete b icon ica l v esse l w i th a n arrow f la t b ase a nd v ert ica l n eck f rom Grave E h as b een c ompared t o t he u rn f rom Grave 5 i n t he u rnf ie ld a t Gode lhe im, Kr . Höxter ( ibid. :3 7 , P l. 1 6, 1 ; W . R . L ange 1 959 :2 7 6 Abb .4 , 6 ). The i nd igenous E .I. A. p o ttery f rom N i jon i s f a ir ly h omogeneous a nd b e longs t o t he p er iod p reced ing t he c onstruct ion o f t he t umu lus, a nd c ontemporary t o t he e ar l iest bur ia l, i n t he Ha B /C a nd C ( ib id. : 414 2 ). The s parse c eram ic e v idence f rom t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Basin p o ints t o i nf luences f rom t wo d ivergent r eg ions i n t he Ha B / C. The more d om inant o f t hese i s t he L a te Urnf ie ld ' Rhen ish-Swiss ' Group ( W. K imm ig 1 940 : 1 20-121), p art icu lar ly f rom t he p a laf i tt ic s ett lemen ts o f t he S avo ie. The Günd l ingen-Ihr ingen-type u rns, a nd a number o f d ecora t ive t echn iques, n otab ly g raph i te, K erbschn itt a nd t in i n lay, a re t he more t ang ib le r esu lts o f t hese c on tacts. C ert a in p o ttery t ypes a nd o rnamen ta l mo t ifs f ound i n t he Haute-Marne, p r inc ipa l ly a t N i jon, a ttes t t o r e la tions w i th t he Champagne, t he S tGond r eg ion i n p ar t icu lar . The u se o f g raph i te, i n i t ia l ly b orrowed f rom s ou thern Germany a nd t he Rh ine land i n t he Ha B /C, a s s uggested by t he p ottery a ssemb lage f rom t he t umu lus a t ' Charmo ise l les ' , Ro lampon t, H te-M. ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :217 , 2 16 f ig . 5 5, 2 ), owes more i n t he l a ter Ha C t o c eram ic p roduct ion i n t he Champagne wh ich may h ave p layed a n i ncreas ing ly i mpor tan t i ntermed iary r o le i n t he t ransmiss ion o f c eramic i deas b etween t he t wo r eg ions. S outhern F rench, e spec ia l ly L anguedoc ian, c ontacts a re a lso n ot iceab le i n a number o f o rnamen ta l mot ifs wh ich i nc lude i nc ised f igura t ive a nd s tep ' -meander mot ifs . The e v idence r ema ins, h owever, t oo l im i ted a nd s parse t o b e a b le t o d etect l oca l c eramic t ypes o r r eg iona l g roups .

1 44

1 2 .2 .9 L ower Normandy The c eram ic e v idence f or L ower Normandy i s l im i ted . F or t he Ha B /C, t he o n ly ma ter ia l c omes f rom t he s a lt-works s i te a t ' Breche du H aut-L ion ' L ion-sur-Mer, Ca lv . ( B. Ede ine 1 96 2 :9 2-97 ) . The p ottery i nc ludes a c ar ina ted b ow l w i th a n e ver ted r im ( F ig , 2 8, 1 ) a nd a r ims herd o f a n h emispher ica l v esse l w i th a v er t ica l r im ( ibid .:95 f igs : 4 -5). The a bsence o f c ompara t ive l oca l p ottery f or t l ir s— p er iod r enders d a t ing d iff icu lt. Ha D p o ttery i s known o n ly f rom f la t-inhuma tion c eme ter ies. The p edesta l led b icon ica l v esse l f rom t he warr ior-grave a t ' les L ongra is i S oumont-St-Quent in ( F ig . 2 9, 1 ), Ca lv . ( B. Ede ine 1 96 l a :357 ), b e longs t o at ype c ommon i n s outhwestern a nd west c entra l F rance .1 2 C eram ic f inds were f ew i n t he l a te Ha D f l atinhuma tion c emetery a t ' la D ronn ik .e ' I fs, Ca lv . ( C. Varoqueaux 1 96 6;2 95-322) . Sherds o f a b icon ica l v esse l w i th a s l ight ly e ver ted r im w ere f ound i n ac ircu lar p i t n ear Grave 1 ( ib id .:321 f ig . 1 0 ). C ; Varoqueaux h as c ompared t he f ind t o t he p edes ta l led v esse l f rom S oumont-St-Quent in a nd t o t he u rn f rom Tumu lus 2 a t Rustroff , Mos. ( Ga l l ia , 2 2, 1 96 4 :339 ). The s herds a re t oo f ragmen tary h owever, f or a p os i t ive i dent if ica t ion . The r ema in ing c eram ic ma ter ia l f rom I fs i s l im i ted t o a number o f i nd eterm ina te r im-sherds. A l ow r ound-shou ldered g ob le t w i th a s l ight ly f l ar ing n eck ( F ig . 2 8 , 2 ) f rom t he c eme tery a t I le Champ F ourou T , Mondev i l le, Ca lv ., may b e o f l a te Ha D d a te ( E. d e Beaurepa ire 1 882). 1 3 1 2. 2 . 1 0

Ha D p o ttery

1 2. 2 .1 0 . 1 S ett lement p ottery: 1 2. 2 .1 0 . 1 .1 G enera l. There d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave b een ar ad ica l b reak i n t he c eramic t rad i t ion f rom t he Ha C t o e ar ly D i n t he Champagne . The e v idence c omes f rom t wo r ecen t ly e xcava ted s ett lemen ts i n t he Marne a t ' la Grande P i ce ' ,L a Chaussee-sur-Marne ( A. V i l les), a nd ' le P re Mout i l leux ' O iry ( A. V i l les; Ga l l ia P reh. 1 7 , 1 97 4:527 -530). The p ottery f rom L a Chaussee i s s t i l l i n t he Ha B /C t rad i t ion t ha t i nc ludes t he s qua t r ed-s l ipped b icon ica l b ow l w i th f urrowi ng a bove t he s hou lders ( F ig . 4 6, 9 ) a nd t he t runca ted d ish w i th a b eve l led r im w i th a n i nc ised mot if o n t he i nner s urface ( F ig . 4 7 , 1 0 ), b oth t ypes f ound i n Ha B /C s ett lements i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( F ig . 4 4 , 1 -3) ( A . Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 967 :7 f ig . 2 3 , 1 , 4 , 8f ig . 2 4, 1 ). These a re, h owever, a ssoc ia ted t o p ottery t ypes t ha t b ecome i ncreas ing ly c ommon i n t he Ha D , n ame ly w ide h em ispher ica l b ow ls w ith v er t ica l a nd i nver ted r ims ( F ig . 4 6, 1 -6; 4 7 , 1 -2, 4 ), s ha l low c ar inat ed b ow ls ( F ig . 4 7 , 1 9), a nd c oarser t h ick-wa l led d omest ic v esse ls, s ma l l barre l-shaped j ars w ith i mpressed r ims ( F ig . 4 7 , 1 3) a nd t runca ted j ars ( F ig . 4 7 , 3 ). The s ame t ypes a re p resen t a t O iry ( F ig . 5 0 , 3 , 1 0 , 1 5-20, 2 2) t ogether w i th s qua t v esse ls e vo lved f rom Ha C mode ls wh ich i nc lude l ow-shou lderd b icon ica l j ars w i th h or izonta l r i l l ing a nd f inger-t ip i mpress ions ( F ig . 5 0 , 1 2, 1 4) a nd a s ma l l g lobu lar b ow l w ith a n e ver ted r im w ith r ul ing a bove t he s hou lders ( F ig . 5 0 , 2 1). The p rototype o f t he r uled j ar c an b e t raced, f or e xamp le, t o ab ow l f rom t he Ha C s ett lement a t ' les Hau ts d es B ids Ge lds ' , Bannes, M . ( F ig . 4 2, 3 ) ( ib id .:29 , 3 5). Th is c on tinu i ty c an b e a ssumed t o h ave l asted i n to t he l a ter Ha D when i t i s b roken by wha t may b e t ermed t he ? Jogass ian ' i n trus ion . The e v idence f or c ont inu i ty o f Ha B/C c eram ic p roduct ion i nto t he Ha D f or t he o ther r eg ions o f t he P ar is Bas in i s s parse i f n on-ex istent. 1 45

There i s av er i tab le g ap ' i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley b etween, f or e xamp le, t he Ha C p ottery f rom ' la Bouche d 'O ise ' , Cho isy-au-Bac ( F igs. 1 7 -19) ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd C . Toupe t 1 980 :44-45; J .-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :29-32), a nd t he l a te Ha D w ares f rom Bo is d ' Ageux ? ,L ongeu i l-Ste-Mar ie ( M. J ouve 1 9M : 57 -80). I n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, t he ' Lo ire ' g roup may we l l h ave c ont inued i nto t he Ha D a s e v idenced by t he p resence o f c eram ic f orms e vo lved f rom Ha C t ypes, n ame ly t he h em ispher ica l b ow l w i th s l ight ly i n-turned s hou lders a nd v er t ica l r im f rom C ercottes, L o ir . ( M. W i l laume-Ferd iere e t a l . 1 9 '5:19 f ig . 3 , 4 ). The l ow r ound-shou ldered b icon ica l g ob let w ith a f lar ing n eck f rom ' Grand R iage d e Dugny ', S dr is, L .-e t-C., a lso i nd ica tes a d a te i n t he Ha D ( F . Qua trehomme a nd L . Lherm i te 1 96 8 :210 f ig . 3 , 1 6). There i s as harp c ontras t, a par t f rom c er ta in g enera l c oarse d omest ic w ares, b e tween t hese v ar ious a ssemb lages a nd t he l a ter Ha D p ot tery f rom ' Vernon ' ,B eaug ency ( F igs. 5 6-57 ), L o ir . ( L . Ga i l lard). The p rob lem o f d e tec t ing c on t inu ity i s, o f c ourse, b as ica l ly o ne o f r ecogn is ing c hange. S ince Ha B I C s ett lemen ts r are ly p roduce b ronzes, d a t ing r ests n ear ly e xc lus ive ly o n c eram ic t ypo log ies . I f Ha B / C t rad it ions r ema ined d om inan t t hroughou t t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D a cross t he Bas in, wh ich a ppears t o b e t he c ase f rom t he l im i ted e v idence a va i lab le, i t wou ld b e d iff icu lt t o a ss ign p rec ise d a tes t o s e tt lements w i th in t h is p er iod, a nd wou ld g o s ome way i n e xp la in ing t he g ap ' b etween Ha C a nd l a ter Ha D p ottery . A d ef in ite b reak i n t he c eram ic t rad i t ion d oes o ccur i n t he l a ter Ha D . Th is n ew phase, marked by a g rea ter d egree o f t ypo log ica l un iform i ty a cross t he Bas in, i s c h ief ly r epresented by s ett lemen ts w i th b arbot ine-pa inted wares bu t a lso i nc ludes a n umber o f s i tes w i thout p a inted s herds, a s a t ' Vernon ' , Beaugency ( L . Ga i l lard), a nd i n t he Marne, a t l es Monteux ' a nd ' les Argenno ls ' ,J uv igny ( D. Chossenot e t a l . 1 97 9 :7 -11). P la in unornamented s ett lement p ottery t ypes, d er iv ing f rom H a B /C f orms, a re c ommon. These i nc lude: w ide h em ispher ica l a nd t runca ted b ow ls w i th v er t ica l a nd i nver ted r ims f rom ' la Vo le M ienne ' , Mourme lonl e-Pet it ( F ig . 4 5, 5 ), M ., ' les Gours-aux-L ions ' , Maro l les-sur-Se ine, S .-et-M. ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1 97 0 :90 f ig . 3 9 , 5 ), ' les Carr ieres ' , Th iverny ( F ig . 2 3 , 8 ; 2 4, 1 0 ), 0 ., ' les S a info ins ' ,V i l leneuve-surYonne ( F ig . 5 4, 2 -3), Y ., B eaugency ( F ig . 5 6, 4 ; 5 7 , 1 ), a nd ' Carr iere P inoteau ' , Marmagne ( F ig . 6 5, 8 -9 ), C .; a nd c oarse t h ickwa l led ' m icro '-vesse ls f rom ' le P rd Ad it ' ,L e F resne ( D. Chosseno t e t a l . 1 978 :11 f ig . 4 , 2 ) a nd ' l es Mon teux ', J uv igny ( id. 1 979 :10 f ig . 3 , -3 ), M ., t he l a tter a ssoc ia ted w i th a F 2-type d 'Ageux ', L ongeu i l-Ste-Mar ie ( M. J ouve 1 976 :64 f ig . 1 0, G 10, H 11), B eaugency ( F ig . 5 7, 2 ) a nd 2 les S a info ins ' ( F ig . 5 4, 8 ). Wha t d ist ingu ishes t h is l a te Ha D phase i s t he a rr iva l o f n ew f inet empered wares, o f ten o rnamented w i th b arbo t ine-pa inted g eometr ic motifs, t ha t a ppear n ot t o h ave l oca l a ntecedents . F ew o f t hese v esse ls a re c omp lete a nd much o f t he e v idence i s b ased o n r im-sherds. These i nc lude : s ub-vert ica l a nd f l ar ing r ims f rom Th iverny ( F ig . 2 6, 6 ), L ongeu i l-Ste-Mar ie ( M. J ouve 1 97 6: 69 f ig . 1 4, 5 17 0 ) , Derr iere l e Grassd ' ,V i l l iers-aux-Bo is, H te-M. ( L. L epage 1 97 6:457 f ig . 2 , 4 ), ' l es S a info ins ' ' ( F ig . 5 4 , 5 , 7 ) , a nd ' Carr iere P ino teau ‚ ( F ig . 6 5, 2 ); v er t ica l r ims o f s qua t w ide c ar inated b ow ls f rom Th iverny ( F ig . 2 6, 3 ) a nd ' Carr iäre P inoteau t ( F ig . 6 5, 5 ); a nd v er t ica l r ims o f v esse ls w i th i n-turned s hou lders f rom ' les S a info ins ' ( F ig . 5 4, 6 ) a nd V i l leneuve-

1 46

l a-Guyard, Y . ( J. N ico l le 1 958 :P l. X , 1 , 5 , 7 ) . F ew o f t he v esse ls t o wh ich t hese r im-sherds b e long a re r ead i ly i dent if iab le. The f l ar ing r im-sherd f rom Th iverny ( F ig . 2 6, 6 ) i s p robab ly a f ragment o f a ?J ogass ian t-type g ob let wh ich c an b e c ompared t o e xamp les f rom ' le Bas du Mont d e F resne ' ,P omade ( F ig . 4 0 , 1 ) ( C. P ou la in 1 97 3a), a nd ' l e Mou l in ' , Ver tla-Grave l le ( A. Br isson e t a l . 1 956:31 f ig . 4 ) ,M . A number o f r im-sherds r esemb le t hose o n b arbo t ine-pa inted v esse ls f rom t he 'Mont-Lasso is t ,V ix, C . 0 ., n ame ly g lobu lar b icon ica l j ars w i th s l ight ly f l ar ing n ecks, t runca ted v esse ls w i th h igh i n-turned s hou lders a nd s hort v ert ica l n ecks, a nd p edesta l led c ar ina ted b ow ls w i th f l ar ing r ims ( R . J offroy 1 96 0 a :109-110 , P l . 4 5, 6 -9 , 4 6, 4 , 7 , 4 9, 6 -9). S imi lar i t ies w ith V ix ian wares a re c onf irmed by t he r are c omp lete b arbot ine-pa inted v esse ls, a s t he t runca ted v esse ls w i th a s p layed b ase a nd i nverted r im f rom L e F resne ( D. Chossenot e t a l . 1 97 8 :10 f ig . 3 ) a nd L ongeu i l-Ste-Mar ie ( M. J ouve 1 976:6 9 f ig . 1 4, X2) wh ich a re r e la t ive ly c ommon o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' ( R. J offroy 1 96 O a i 1 09 , P l. 4 5, 4 ). C omparab le t ypes a re a lso f ound i n Graves 5 2 a nd 8 8 i n t he f l atinhuma t ion c eme tery a t ' les J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M . ( J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . R oua let 1 97 6:P 1 . 1 5, 8 86, 2 6, 9 81). The h igh r ound-shou ldered v esse l w ith a s hort v er t ica l n eck f rom ' les S a info ins ' ( F ig . 5 4, 1 ) i s s im i lar t o t he p edesta l led j ar f rom t he c ar t-bur ia l, G rave 1 6, a t ' les J ogasses ' ( ib id.:P l. 6 , 8 04). D ifferences a re p ercept ib le b etween t he p o ttery a ssemb lages o f t he n orthern a nd s outhern h a lves o f t he Bas in, b e tween a l ine t hat c an c onven ien t ly b e d rawn a long t he S e ine. The most o bv ious o f t hese i s t he a bsence o f 'J ogass ian ' type g ob lets i n t he s outh. C onv erse ly, a number o f p ottery t ypes f rom t he s outh a re n ot f ound n orth o f t he S e ine . They i nc lude t he l arge b arbot ine-pa inted s herd f rom ' Carr i re P inoteau ' ( F ig . 6 5, 1 ), c omparab le t o t he unornamented s herd f rom t he ' Grand t umu lus ' a t ' les Danges ' ,S ub la ines, I .-et-L. ( G. C ord ier 1 975:596 f ig . 2 3 , 1 1), t ha t b e long t o l arge g lobu lar v esse ls, p oss ib ly o f V ix ian o r ig in ( R. J offroy 1 96 0 a : 1 09 , P l . 4 5 , 9 ); a nd c erta in c oarse d omest ic v esse l-types, a s t he b ow l w i th a f ingert ip i mpressed r im f rom Beaugency ( F ig . 5 7 , 5 ) wh ich b e longs t o a t ype r estr icted t o t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion . A lthough t he e v idence r ema ins s l ight, V ix ian i nf luences o n t he p roduct ion o f f ine b arbot ine-pa inted wares a ppear t o h ave b een more d om inant s outh o f t he S e ine . The p ottery f rom B eaugency ( F igs . 5 65 7 ), wh i le i nc lud ing w idespread l a te Ha D t ypes, owes more t o l oca l t rad i t ions. 1 2. 2 .1 0 .1 . 2 The 'J ogas s lan t g roup. W i th in t he g enera l c ont ext o f l a te Ha D p ottery, a g roup o f s ett lements l ocated i n t he Champagne a nd i n t he A isne a nd O ise v a l leys, e xtend ing i n to P icardy a nd Arto is, a re d ist ingu ished by t he p resence o f ' Jogass ian ' type g ob lets ( Map 2 6).14 A p r inc ipa l f eature o f t he s ett lement p ottery f rom t h is g roup i s i t s d ivers ity . S ome o f t he more r epresenta t ive t ypes, a par t f rom ? Jogass ian i-type g ob lets, i nc lude : t he s i tu la f rom Th iverny ( F ig . 2 4, 1); s qua t c ar ina ted d ishes w i th v er t ica l b eaded r ims f rom Th iverny, L ongeu i l-Ste-Mar ie ( M. J ouve 1 97 6 : 6 7f ig . 1 2, 2 893) , V ieux-Tordo ir ' B erry-au-Bac, A . ( J. Terr isse 1 96 5 :125 f ig . 7 , 4 ) a nd V i l l iers-auxBo is ( L; L epage 1 97 6:458 f ig . 3 , 1 ); s l ight ly t runcated a nd c y l indr ica l v esse ls f rom Th iverny ( F ig . 2 4, 6 ; 2 6, 1 ), L ongeu i l-Ste-Mar ie ( M. J ouve 1 97 6:6 7f ig . 1 2, 1 41) a nd L e F resne ( D. Chossenot e t a l 1 97 8 : 1 f ig . 4 , 4 ); a nd a v ar iety o f t runca ted v esse ls w i th h igh -F ounded 1 47

s hou lders a nd v er t ica l o r e verted r ims . O f t he more f unct iona l d omest ic wares, men t ion c an b e made o f t he w ide t runca ted c o landers f rom ' le Bas du Mont d e F resne ? ( F ig . 4 0, 1 2), Th iverny ( F ig . 2 4, 4 ) a nd F amechon, S om. ( D. a nd E . Vermeersch 1 9 '5: 4 3 f ig . 5 , 4 ) ; a nd, p resent o n t he ma jor ity o f s ett lements, ' sca l lop 'r immed b ow ls ( F ig . 2 4, 3 ; 4 1, 6 ) ( Map 2 7 ). A number o f t he s i tes under c ons idera t ion, n otab ly Th iverny, F amechon, ' V ieux Tordo ir ? a nd ' le Bas du Mont d e F resne l ,a re u sua l ly d a ted t o t he ' trans i t iona l ' Ha D/L .T. I phase ( A. Duva l a nd J .-C. B lanchet 1 97 6:48). There a re i ndeed a number o f p ottery t ypes, a s t he a ngu lar t r icon ic v esse ls f rom Th iverny ( F ig . 2 3, 5 -6), a nd p a inted mo t ifs, a s a t ' le Bas du Mont d e F resne ' ( F ig . 3 9 , 1 5-16; 4 0, 1 -2), t ha t a re more a t h ome i n e ar ly L .T. I c ontexts ( D. Bre tzMah ler 1 97 1 :129 , 1 46-147 , P l. 1 01, 3 , 1 27 , 2 4, 1 29 , 68 ). A lthough n ew t ypes a ppear i n t he e ar ly L .T . I , i n t he s o-ca l led ' Marn ian ' phase, 1 5 wh ich a lso s ees a n a ccen tua t ion i n t he a ngu lar ity o f p rof i les g enera l ly a nd a g rea ter v ar ie ty i n r im a nd b ase-types ( sp layed, r a ised a nd p edesta l led) a nd o rnamen ta t ion, i t i s i mportant t o s tress t he e ssent ia l c ont inu i ty o f b as ic p ottery t ypes . There i s n o r ea l p ercept ib le b reak b etween t he l a te Ha D ' Jogass ian t s ett lement p ottery a ssemb lages a nd t hose o f e ar ly L .T. I d a te a t, f or e xamp le, ' le S au le Ba i l lo t ', Chassemy, A . ( R. M . Row lett e t a l 1 96 9 :111-121), ' les Mou l ins ', Verber ie, 0 . ( P. Marqu is a nd J .7 -L . Brunaux 1 97 6 : 1 1-17 ) , a nd Gurgy, Y . ( R. Kapps 1 963b:858-861). An a typ ica l p ottery a ssemb lage c omes f rom I le R iez-De la ttre ', Neuv i l le-sur-Escaut, No . ( Ga l l ia , 3 5, 1 97 7 :2 85-287 ) . Two s i tu l iform v esse ls, o ne o f wh ich i s ac oarse d omest ic j ar w i th a n otched r im, a nd a n h em ispher ica l ' m icro ' v esse l, c an b e p laced i n t he l a te Ha D o r e ar ly L .T. I ( ib id. : 287 f igs. 1 0 , 1 2). A w ide t runca ted d ish w ith a r ect i l inear p rof i le i s more unusua l. The r e la t ive i so la t ion a nd d ist ance o f Neuv i l le-sur-Escaut f rom t he more t yp ica l l a te Ha D s ett lements i n t he O ise a nd A isne v a l leys may a ccount f or a c erta in d egree o f l oca l d eve lopment. 1 2. 2 .1 0 .2 Funerary p ottery : The e v idence f or Ha D f unerary p ottery i n t he Basin i s uneven ly b a lanced i n f avour o f t he I Jogass ian t z one. Apar t f rom s uch d ist inct ive g roups a s t he l a te Ha D c eme ter ies w i th p edesta l led b icon ica l v esse ls f rom t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in a nd L ower Normandy, f unerary p o ttery o uts ide t he ‚J ogass ian ' z one i s e i ther l im i ted t o i ndetermina te s herds , a s i n t he f la tinhuma t ion c emetery a t ' la Dronn Mre ' ,I fs, Ca lv . ( C. Varoqueaux 1 96 6 :321 f ig . 1 0 ) a nd t he t umu l i c eme tery a t ' Chenev ik .es ' S av igny-en-Septa ine, C . ( P . d e Goy 1 887-88); o r a s i s more o f ten t he c ase, n ot a dequa te ly d escr ibed n or i lustra ted, a s t he wares f rom t he f la tinhuma tion c emetery a t l es Grose i l l iers ', Cheny, Y . ( P. P arruzot 1 955a: 3 ). The most c omp lete f unerary p ottery a ssemb lages f rom t he I Jogass ian t z one c entred i n t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, c ome f rom t he l a te Ha D f la t-inhuma t ion c eme tery a t I les J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M . ( J.-J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 97 6). The t wo d ominant p o ttery t ypes a re p edesta l led a nd l ow-car ina ted v esse ls. The f irst i nc ludes h igh r ound-shou ldered v esse ls w ith s hort v ert ica l r ims ( Grave 1 6), w ide a ngu lar-shou ldered b icon ica l v esse ls w i th s l ight ly f lar ing n ecks ( no . 2 5), a v ar iety o f b icon ica l a nd t r icon ica l v esse ls w i th i n-turned s hou lders a nd f l ar ing n ecks ( nos . 1 9 , 3 7 , 6 9 , 8 2), a nd s ma l l t runca ted v esse ls ( nos . 3 4, 8 2); a nd t he s econd, b icon ica l v esse ls w i th s ub-cy l indr ica l n ecks

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( nos. 3 3 , 6 0) a nd t r icon ica l v esse ls w i th f lar ing n ecks, o f ten w i th a n ompha los-base ( nos . 1 0 , 8 7 , 1 68 ). O ther t ypes f rom ' les J ogasses ' i nc lude: s imp le t runca ted b ow ls ( nos . 4 , 3 3 , 5 2, 1 48), c y l indr ica l v esse ls ( nos. 5 0 , 1 15), w ide h em ispher ica l b ow ls w i th i nver ted r ims ( nos . 8 8 , 1 29 , 1 54), s ma l l ' sku l l-cap ' b ow ls ( no . 9 0), b arre l-shaped j ars ( no . 8 9), s i tu lae ( nos. 5 1, 7 6, 1 88), s qua t g lobu lar r ounds hou ldered v esse ls w i th e ver ted r ims ( nos. 1 15, 1 7 3), a nd w ide t runca ted d ishes ( no , . 1 15). Ornamen ta t ion i s l im i ted t o b arbot ine-pa inted g eome tr ic motifs a nd r ed-s l ips ( nos. 1 6, 1 9 , 2 5, 6 7 , 1 7 3), l i near i nc is ions ( no. 1 15), h or izonta l r ul ing ( no . 1 02) a nd n a i l-t ip i mpress ions ( no . 9 9). The s parse e v idence a va i lab le f rom o ther Ha D c eme ter ies w i th in t he z one s ugges ts a c er ta in un iform i ty o f c eram ic t ypes t ha t i s more c omprehens ive t han j ust t he p resence o f ' Jogass ian '-type g ob lets . A s ma l ler v ers ion o f t he s qua t g lobu lar v esse l f rom G raves 1 15 a nd 1 73 a t I les J ogasses ' c omes f rom t he ' Chem in d e Vadenay ' ,B ouy, M . ( F ig . 4 5, 2 ) ( M. J onot; Ga l l ia , 3 5, 1 97 7 : 4 05-406) , a nd f rom a f l a tinhuma tion c emetery a t Su ippes, M . ( J.-P . Gu i l laume t 1 97 5 :56 n o . 1 7 6). They h ave a lso b een f ound i n e ar ly L .T . Ic on texts a t L es G randes L oges a nd ges P et i ts Cr is ' ,B e ine-Nauroy, M . ( M.-L. Morgan a nd P . Roua let 1 97 6:41 f ig . 9 , 2 -3). A c ar ina ted g ob let f rom t he ' Chem in d e Vadenay ' ( F ig . 4 5, 1 ) c an a lso b e c ompared t o e xamp les f rom G raves 6 4 a nd 1 41 a t ' les J ogasses '. The p edesta l led b icon ica l v esse l f rom G rave 2 8 a t Charva is ' ,H e i l tz-P Evd 'que, M . i s s im i lar t o o ne f rom Grave 6 9 a t ' les J ogasses ' ( Moug in 1 87 9 :109 , P l. I V, 1 3 ; L . L epage 1 980 :97). ' Jogass ian t-type g ob lets a re, h owever, a bsen t f rom b o th t hese c emet er ies. A t ' la Mo te l le Verboyon ' , Hauv ind, Ard ., where a f ragment o f a I Jogass ian '-type g ob let i s known ( F ig . 3 5, 9 ), t he s i tu la f rom G rave 5 ( F ig . 3 6, 1 ) a nd t he s ma l l p edesta l led t runca ted v esse l f rom Grave 4 ( F ig . 3 5 , 8 ) b e long t o t ypes c ommon ly f ound a t ' les J ogasses ' ( L. S imonne t 1 938 :3 -7 ). The ma jor ity o f p ottery t ypes f rom 'l es J ogasses ' a re a lso f ound o n c ontemporary s e tt lemen ts. These i nc lude t he t runca ted b ow l w ith a n i nver ted r im f rom ' le P rd Ad i t ' ,L e F resne ( D. Chosseno t e t a l . 1 97 8 :9 f ig . 3 ), a l a te Ha D t ype n ot l im i ted t o t he ' Jogass ian t z one, a nd t he b icon ica l v esse l w i th i n-turned s hou lders a nd a f l ar ing n eck, a nd p robab ly p edes ta l led, f rom ' l es Mon teux ', J uv igny, M . ( id . 1 979:10 f ig . 3 , 1 ), a s pec if ica l ly Vogass ian ' t ype, c omparab le t o a n e xamp le f rom Grave 8 0 a t ' l es J ogasses '. Coarse-tempered, pure ly d omest ic, wares a re a ttested i n t he f la ti nhuma t ion g raves o f t he ' Jogass ian t z one . A s ma l l h em ispher ica l d ish w i th a n h or izon ta l r ow o f n a i l-t ip i mpress ions b e low t he r im c omes f rom Grave 9 9 a t ' l es J ogasses ' ( J.-J. Ha tt a nd P . R oua let 1 9M:438 , P l . 3 0, 1 009). E ver ted r im-sherds b e long ing t o b icon ica l j ars w ere a lso f ound i n t he f i l l o f Grave 4 a t ' la Mote l le Verboyon ' ( F ig . 3 5,45 ) ( L. S imonnet 1 938 :3' 7 ). The m ore b as ic Ha D t ypes f rom t he Bas in a re t oo w idespread b oth i n t ime a nd s pace t o s erve a s c hrono log ica l i nd ica tors o r t o d e termine p o ints o f o r ig in . These i nc lude t he w ide h em ispher ica l b ow ls w i th v er t ica l a nd i nver ted r ims, f ound f or e xamp le i n t he m idd le Rhen ish s ett lements a t ' Obere F lotz ' , Kreuznach, Kr . K reuznach ( W. Dehn 1 941:107 Abb. 6 5 , 1 ) a nd ' Im Worsch ' , Thür, K r . Mayen ( E. N euffer 1 938 :12 Abb. 8 ); a nd t he s er ies o f ' micro ' vesse ls, a lso known o n t he upper Rh ine, i n t he u rnf ie ld a nd s e tt lement a t Haps, Noord Brabant ( G. J . V erwers 1 972 :47 Abb. 2 6, 2 02, 1 7 8 , 3 10 , 9 8 Abb. 61 ),

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o n t he m idd le Rh ine, i n t he s ett lement a t ' M itt ' a uf S toffe l ' , Ne idermend ig, Kr. Mayen ( E. Neuffer 1 938:15 Abb. 1 0, 1 1-12), a nd i n t he S aäne-et-Lo ire, a t l es J ones ' , Tournus ( M. P err in 1 97 4a: 5 4, 5 6 P l. 9 , 1 5-22), t o g ive but a f ew e xamp les. Both t ypes o ccur f requent ly o n e ar ly L . T. I s ett lements. The s imi lar it ies o f t he v ar ious b arbo tine-pa inted r im-sherds w i th t he c eram ic mater ia l f rom t he Mon t-Lasso is ' h ave b een mentioned. An o r ig ina l a nd more r eg iona l s et o f wares i s t he ' Jogass ian ' g roup p o ttery p roduced i n t he l a ter Ha D i n t he Champagne P ou i l leuse a nd a d jo in ing r eg ions. The g roup i s t he r esu lting s ynthes is o f a n a ma lgam o f d iverse i nf luences. The f irst o f t hese i s t he Urnf ie ld b ase t ha t under l ies much o f Ha p o ttery p roduct ion . The i mpor tance o f t h is c on tr ibut ion has a lready b een emphas ised by W . Dehn ( 1950 : , 3 5) a nd B . Chert ier ( 197 3 :5 66 ). The J ogass ian ' type g ob let may b e o f Urnf ie ld o r ig in. 1 6 B icon ica l v esse ls w ith p ronounced i nturned s hou lders a nd s l ight ly f lar ing n ecks, f ound a t ges Monteux ' J uv igny ( D. Chossenot e t a l . 1 97 9 : 1 0 f ig . 3 , 1 ) a nd i n Grave 8 0 a t ' les J ogasses ' ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 97 6:P l. 2 4, 9 64 ), a l though more l ike ly o f s outhern o r ig in, r eca l l n everthe less t he w ide S chu lterbecher o f t he Ha A/B ' Lower Ma in-Swabian ' a nd ' Rhen ish-Sw iss ' Groups ( W. K imm ig 1 940 :7 6-7 7 , Taf . 3 2, C2) a nd i ts Ha D d er iva t ive i n s outhern Bavar ia ( G. Kossack 1 959 :Taf . 1 7 , 1 6). W ide S chu lterbecher a re known f rom t he Ha A/B S t-Gond c emeter ies a t Au lnay-aux-P lanches, Bannes a nd Broussy-le-Grand ( B. Chert ier 1 9 a : 1 21). J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let c ons ider t hese b icon ica l v esse ls w i th p ronounced s hou lders, u sua l ly w i th a p edesta l led base, t o have b een i nsp ired by ' pseudo-Ion ian ' t ypes o f Rhod ian o r ig in ( 197 7 :10 , 2 0 P l. I, 1 5). The a dd it ion o f p edesta l led b ases f avours, i f n ot J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let ' sp rec ise o r ig in, a mer id iona l i nf luence a t l east. P edesta l led b icon ica l v esse ls a re p art icu lar ly a ssoc iated w ith t he 'Th ird P er iod ' i n t he L anguedoc ( O. a nd J . Taffane l 1 96 2 :28). A number o f p edesta l led v esse l-types f rom t he p r ince ly Graves 6 8 a nd 9 9 a t ' ' Grand Bass in I ' , Ma i lhac, Ad., wh ich i nc lude w ide t runcated c ups a nd b icon ica l v esse ls w i th e verted r ims ( ibid .:7 f ig . 4 , 5 , 2 0 f ig . 1 8, 3 8), c an b e c ompared t o f inds f rom ' les J ogasses ' . The 'MontL asso is ' may b e c ons idered a s a s tag ing-post i n t he t ransm iss ion o f t hese var ious p edesta l led t ypes. P edesta l led b icon ica l b ow ls w i th s l ight ly i n-turned s hou lders a nd f lar ing n ecks a re r e la t ive ly c ommon o n t he h i l lfor t ( R. J offroy 1 96 O a : 1 10 , P l. 4 9 ,6 -9). The p edesta ls f rom t he ' Jogasses ' g roup a re h owever s ha l low un l ike t he ir h igh t runca ted c ounterpar ts f rom t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' a nd t he L anguedoc. P edesta l led b icon ica l v esse ls w i th s l ight ly f l ar ing n ecks a re f a ir ly w idespread i n t he l ater Ha D . An e xamp le c omes f rom t he h i l ltop s ett lement a t Montmorot, J . ( J. P. M i l lotte 1 97 6a :7 28, 7 29 f ig . 3 , 1 0 ). I n A lsace, t hey h ave b een f ound o n t he s ett lement a t Mundo lshe imHausbergen, Bas-R. ( R. F orrer 1 922-26:104 , 9 8 f igs; 8 9-91), a nd i n Grave 2 i n Tumu lus 6 a t Donauberg, i n t he F oröt d e Haguenau, a ssoc ia ted w ith a p a ir o f dP4-type f ibu lae ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 930: 2 2, 2 1 f ig . 1 5, E ). A p edesta l led b icon ica l v esse l i s a lso known f rom Tauber ischofshe im, Baden ( E. Wagner 1 911:453 f ig. 3 47 , C ). These f inds h ave b een i nterpreted a s i mi ta t ions o f Rhod ian t ypes ( B. N ormand 1 97 3: 1 8). P edesta l led v esse ls f rom l es J ogasses ' a re d a ted t o t he s econd a nd l a test phase o f t he Ha D c emetery, t o t he Ha Ib, when V ix ian

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i nf luences wh ich a lso i nc lude t he b arbot ine-pa in ted t echn ique were a t t he ir h e igh t ( J. J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 97 7 :1 1). The f i rst phase, t he Ha Ia, i s marked by more l oca l ised p o ttery t ypes, t he s qua t g lobu lar v esse ls w i th e ver ted r ims ( F ig . 4 5, 2 ) f or e xamp le. M idd le Rhen ish i nf luences, a lready p resent i n t he Ha C , a re a lso e v iden t. The w ide t runca ted d ish w i th a n i nc ised mo t if o n t he i nner s urface f rom Grave 1 15 a t ' les J ogasses ' ( J.-J . Ha tt a nd P . R oua le t 1 97 6 : P l . 3 4 , 1 041) i s r em in iscent o f e ar l ier Ha B t ypes f rom t he m idd le Rh ine, a nd a re f ound i n Ha B /C s ett lemen ts i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( A. B r isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 96 7 :1 1). The s l ight ly c ar ina ted g ob lets o f t h is phase ( F ig . 6 1, 1 ) a re known f rom t he Ha D HünsruckE ife l c u l ture, n otab ly i n Tumu lus 7 a t K iese lkau l l, Osburg , Kr . Tr ier ( A . Haffner 1 976:40 , 3 78, Taf . 1 09 , 1 4). The s ma l l b icon ica l b ow ls w i th e ver ted r ims, o f t he t ype f ound i n Grave 1 79 a t ' les J ogasses ' ( J .J. Ha tt a nd P . R oua let 1 976 : P l . 5 3 , 1 16 5 ) a re r e la t ive ly c ommon o n Ha D m idd le Rhen ish s ett lements, a t ' M i tt ' a uf S toffe l ' ( E. Neuffer 1 938 : 1 6 Abb. 1 1, 1 ) a nd i n a n e ar l ier Ha C c on text, a t S ch lapsheck ' , K reuznach ( W. Dehn 1 941: 7 8 Abb. 4 5, 3 ). An e xamp le c omes f rom t he l a te Ha D Grave 2 i n Tumu lus 3 6b a t Unterst F örs tchen ' , Be i li ngen, Kr . B i tburg ( A. Haffner 1 976:27 7 , Taf . 5 6, 1 5). The t ype b e longs t o ab as ic f orm a nd may t herefore h ave d eve loped l oca l ly. The l arge h igh r ound-shou ldered s toragejar w i th a s hor t v er t ica l n eck a nd r im f rom ' le P rd Ad i t ' ,L e F resne ( D. Chosseno t e t a l . 1 978:11 F ig . 4 , 3 ) r esemb les t he s ma l ler Ha D j ars f rom s outhern Bavar ia, n o tab ly a j ar f rom Tumu lus 1 B a t ' Ste inbruch ' , Burgmagerbe in, Ldkr . D i l l ingen ( G. Kossack 1 959 :143, Taf . 3 7 , 2 3). C eram ic s i tu lae a ppear i n t he l a test Ha D i n t he ' Jogass ian ' z one . The e xamp les w i th b eaded r ims ( F ig . 2 4, 1 1) a re s uggest ive o f meta l p ro totypes w i th e xterna l ly r o l led r ims, a n e xamp le o f wh ich was f ound a t P ernant, A . ( R . J offroy 1 96 3 ). They b ecome a c ommon a nd w ides pread t ype i n t he e ar l ier L .T . I , o r p erhaps e ven a s e ar ly a s t he l a ter Ha D , t hroughout t he ' Marn ian l z one, i n t he m idd le ( A . Haffner 1 976:39-40) a nd upper Rh ine ( G. J . Verwers 1 972:80 Abb. 5 1, 9 85; W . Dehn 1 950:35 Abb. 1 , Abb. 3 , 1 7 ). W ithout r ecourse t o i nvas ion ist t heor ies ( J.-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 980 :32), t he c eram ic e v idence f rom t he J ogass ian ' g roup i nd ica tes a n Urnf ie ld b ased c u lture i n i t ia l ly s ub ject t o t he s ame m idd le Rhen ish i nf luences a s i n t he p reced ing Ha B /C phase bu t g radua l ly t urn ing t oward t he c eram ic o u tpu t o f s uch c entres a s t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' f or i nsp ira t ion. The i nf luence o f V ix ian p ottery, i t se lf t he p roduct o f c ontacts w i th t he s outh, s pread we l l b eyond t he J ogass ian ' z one . Wha t makes t he f Jogass ian t g roup un ique, h owever, i s t he way i ts p o tters s ought t o c omb ine d iverse e lements i nto a n o r ig ina l c omp lex. A d epar ture f rom t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D c eram ic d eve lopment i s p ercept ib le . The d egree o f t h is b reak a nd i t s i mp l ica t ions a re s t i l l n o t c lear . The c hanges t ha t t ook p lace i n t he l a ter Ha D J ogassian phase d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een a s a brupt a s h as l ong b een t hough t.

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1 2 .3

P ottery t ypes 1 2 .3 . 1 Ha D p edesta l led-vesse ls

L a te Ha D c emeter ies w i th p edesta l led b icon ica l v esse ls a re r are i n t he P ar is Bas in, b e ing r epresented by o n ly t hree s i tes. 1 7 P edesta l led b icon ica l v esse ls a re t he d om inant p o ttery-type i n t he c ave-inhuma t ion c emetery a t ? la Roche No ire ?, Mdr igny, I . ( G. Cord ier 1 978a : 1 99-219). The p rof i les v ary f rom c ar ina ted b ow ls w i th s hor t v ert ica l r ims t o l arge g lobu lar v esse ls w i th e ver ted n ecks ( ib id .:206, 2 07 f ig . 4 , 2 08 f ig . 5 , 1 ). The t runca ted p edesta ls a lso v aT yin h e igh t. The v esse ls a re made i n af ine-tempered f abr ic w i th b rown a nd b lack burn ished s urfaces. One h em ispher ica l b ow l w ith a s hort v er t ica l r im i s o rnamented a bove t he s hou lders w i th h or izonta l l inear i nc is ions under l ined by a r ow o f z igzags ( ib id.:207 f ig . 4 , 4 ). A g lobu lar p edesta l led v esse l w i th a s l igh t ly e verted n eck, i n a f ine-tempered f abr ic w i th b lack burn ished s urfaces, was f ound w i th a b ronze s i tu la o f B . Bou loum id t s Groupe A3 i n t he s econdary c rema t ion Grave C4 i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t t he ' Champs d e C ouy ', S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C . ( J . F av iäre e t a l . 1 96 4 :243, 2 41 f ig . 3 5). I t r esemb les t he ' vaseb a l lon ' f rom MdFi gny ( G. C ord ier 1 978a:207 f ig . 4 , 2 ). A p edesta l led b icon ica l v esse l w ith l ow a ngu lar s hou lders, a h igh c y l indr ica l n eck a nd e verted r im, i n a f ine-tempered f abr ic w i th b lack burn ished s urfaces ( F ig . 2 9, 1 ), c omes f rom t he f la tinhuma t ion warr ior g rave a t ' les L ongra is ? ,S oumont-St-Quent in, Ca lv. ( B. Ede ine 1 96 l a :3 57 ). I t a ccompan ied a n i ron a ntennae-h i l ted s word, a n i ron s ocketed s pear-head, a b ronze t orc w i th a d oub leloop f astener a nd ab ronze p enannu lar b race le t w i th c rossed t erm ina ls ( F ig . 2 9 , 2 -5). P edesta l led b icon ica l v esse ls, p resent ing a w ide r ange o f t ypes, a re a c haracter ist ic f ea ture o f Ha C a nd l a ter D u rnf ie lds, t umu l i c rema t ion c eme ter ies a nd s ett lements o f s outhwestern F rance . I n t he P yrdndes, t hese v esse ls a re f ound i n Ha C c ontexts i n t he t umu l i c emetery a t Ossun, H tes-Pyr., a nd i n t he Ha D , i n t he t umu l i c emet er ies o n t he P la teau d e G er, Pyr.-At l. ( J.-P . Mohen 1 976a :754 f ig . . 1 , 5 ; J . Ddche lette 1 913a :816 f ig . 3 29 , 2 , 9 -10 ; M . L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 :1 57-16 3 ). They a ppear i n t he L anguedoc ian u rnf ie lds a nd t umu l i c emeter ies o f t he ' th ird p er iod ? ( ib id .:127 , 1 25 f ig . 8 9 , l a-b, 1 30, 1 31 f ig . 9 4 , 2 ). J .-P. Mohen a nd A . — eöffyn ? s Type I v esse ls, p rom inent i n t he u rnf ie ld a t t he 'Truc du Bourd iou ' M ios, G ir ., a re d a ted t o t he Ha C ( 1970 :105-106, P l. V -VII). A l a ter t ype o f p edesta l led b ic on ica l v esse l i s known i n Aqu ita ine, a s t he e xamp le f rom a n u rnc rema t ion a t ?C er tes ? , Audenge, G ir ., d a ted t o t he Ha D ( ib id .:13). The l a te Ha D s ett lement a t I les Grandes V ignes ? ,S t-Pey-de-Cas te ts, G ir ., a lso p roduced g lobu lar p edesta l led v esse ls ( M. S ire ix a nd J .-P . Mohen 1 971 :452, 4 53 f ig . 2 , 2 9 , 64 ). A v esse l c omparab le t o t he ' vase-ba l lon ? f rom Mdr igny a nd S t-Den is-de-Pa l in i s known f rom t he t umu l i c rema t ion c emetery a t ' Frau ', Caza ls, T .-et-G., i n t he l a te Ha D Tumu lus 6 ( B. P a jot 1 975:154 f ig . 5 , 1 ). To t he n or th, t he t umu l i c rema t ion c emeter ies o f t he L imous in, a nd p art icu lar ly t he Rochechouart r eg ion, c onta ined p edesta l led b icon ica l v esse ls, many o rnamented w i th a p a inted o r g raph ite mo t if ( J .-P. Daugas e t a l . 1 976:437-456). The g roup o f t umu l i a t G landon, H te-V., s tands o ut a mong t hem ( R . Bo isseau a nd J . L ambert 1 975). S im i lar v esse ls, o rnamented w i th mot ifs i n g raph i te, a re known f rom t he Ha D s ett lement o n t he p romontory-for t o f ' Camp A l lar ic ', A s lonnes, V . 1 52

( J.-P . P autreau 1 976b:420 f ig . 1 4 , 4 23 f ig . 1 6, 2 ). Ment ion c an a lso b e made o f a v ase-ba l lon ' f rom t he Puy-de- Woe ( J .-P. Daugas a nd F . Ma lacher 1 976:738 f ig . 2 , 1 ). There c an b e l i tt le d oubt t ha t t he p edesta l led v esse ls f rom Mer igny a nd S t-Den is-de-Pa l in r epresent a n orthern e x tens ion o f ap o ttery-type w idespread i n w es t c entra l a nd s ou thwestern F rance. The g raph iteo rnamented s i tu l iform v esse l f rom S t-Den is-de-Pa l in c onf irms t h is l ink. 1 8 To p lace t he f ind f rom S oumont-St-Quent in i n i ts p roper c ontext, i t i s n ecessary t o v iew b r ief ly t he e v idence f rom t he Armor ican p en ins u la . I n Br i ttany, g lobu lar b icon ica l u rns w ith e verted n ecks a nd h igh t runca ted p edesta ls a re t he p r inc ipa l v esse l-type o f F . S chwapp ach ? s ' la te Ha l lsta tt ' Gruppe I a nd ' trans i t iona l ' Gruppe I wares ( 196 9 :216-225, 2 28 Abb. 7 , 1 5a, 2 29 Abb. 8 , 3 1g ; P .-R . G io t 1 971 : 8 2, 8 4). The G ruppe I c inerary u rn c an b e c i ted f rom t he c eme tery a t ' Baga te l le ' ,S t-Mart in-des-Champs, F in., a nd t he Gruppe I u rn f rom ' Roz-an-Tremen t ,P lomeur, F in. ( P .-R. G iot 1 976:782 f ig . 1 , 9 , 7 85 f ig . 3 , 1 ). Apart f rom s tamped mot ifs, t hese v esse ls c an b e c omp ared w i th e xamp les f rom s outhwestern F rance, n ame ly t he u rn f rom Audenge, a nd o ne f rom ' L iv iers ' ,J um i l lac-de-Grand, Dord . ( M . Whee ler a nd K . M . R ichardson 1 957: 9 0-91 ; J . D6che le tte 1 913a :8 17 f ig . 3 30 ; J .-P . Mohen a nd A . Coffyn 1 970 :108). Desp i te t he d ifferences b etween t he Breton a nd S oumont-St-Quent in p edesta l led wares, t he l a tter ' sp resence i n L ower Normandy c an b e e xp la ined o n ly i n t he g enera l c ontext o f s outhern c eram ic i nf luences t hat e ffected Armor ica a nd s p i l led o ver i nto n e ighbour ing r eg ions. The r e la t ive i so la tion o f t he S oumont-St-Quent in v esse l may i n p art e xp la in i t s more u nusua l f orm. I t c an, h owever, b e c ompared t o t umu l i f inds f rom t he P la teau d e Ger a nd f rom G landon ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 :161 f ig . 1 11, L n o. 5 ; R . Bo isseau a nd J . L ambert 1 975 E 2 2 f ig . 1 8 , 4 8). 1 9 The f ew c eme tery s i tes w i th p edesta l led b icon ica l v esse ls, a l though e v idence o f t he e xtent o f a d ist inct ive c eram ic i nf luence f rom s outhw estern F rance i n t he l ater Ha D , a re a pure ly marg ina l phenomenon t ha t had o n ly a l im i ted h o ld i n t he g enera l c ontext o f t he Ha D i n t he Bas in. 1 2. 3 .2

J ogass ian ' type g ob lets ( Map 2 6)

The J ogass ian ' type g ob let i s a s ma l l t r icon ic v esse l w i th l ow c ar ina ted i n-turned s hou lders a nd f lar ing n eck, u sua l ly w i th a r ounded ompha los b ase. The g ob lets a re g enera l ly made i n ah ard-f ired f inet empered f abr ic w i th d ark b rown t o b lack burn ished s urfaces. J .-J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let h ave d ist ingu ished b etween g ob lets w i th s lender p rof i les, t he ir " forme l anguedoc ienne", a nd w ider s qua t v esse ls, b el i eved t o d er ive f rom E trusdan c anthar i ( 1977 :10 , 2 0 P l. I, 1 8 , 2 7). Th is d ist inct ion i s n ot made h ere. J ogass ian t-type g ob lets a ppear i n t he Champagne i n t he l a ter Ha D . A g ob le t, c overed i n ar ed-s l ip, was f ound w i th a b ronze f l-type f ibu la i n Grave 1 68 a t ' l es J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M . ( J .-J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976: 4 43 , P l. 5 1, 1 155, 1 157). Ano ther g ob le t was a ssoc iat ed w i th a b ronze F 3-type f ibu la a nd a n i ron F 2-type f ibu la i n Grave 1 B i n t he f la tinhuma t ion c eme tery a t t he ' rue d e Bernon ', E pernay ( F ig . 4 8, 1 ) ( N. F re id in 1 9 ' 78 :16). They a re a lso f ound o n c ontempora ry s ett lements a s i n P i t 1a t t he 'Bas du Mont d e F resne ' ,P omad e

1 53

( F igs. 3 9 , 9 -12 ; 4 0 , 1 -2) ( C. P ou la in 1 973a ). The ir p roduct ion i n t he Champagne c ont inued i nto t he e ar ly L .T . Ia s e v idenced, f or e xamp le, by t he f ind f rom Grave 4 a t ' P Argente l le ' ,B e ine-Nauroy, a ssoc iated t o a n a ngu lar t r icon ic v esse l o f t he e ar ly L .T. I ( M .-L . Morgen a nd P . Roua let 1 975 :P 1 . I I, 1 8-19 ; 1 976: 1 4 , 3 8). 'J ogass ian ' t ype g ob lets a re a lso known f rom t he s ame f l atinhuma t ion c emetery i n l a ter Ha D c ontexts, n o tab ly i n Graves 2 9 a nd 3 3 ( ib id. : 22-23 , 2 8). Outs ide t he Champagne, J ogass ian ' type g ob lets o ccur i n b o th l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I c ontexts . One g ob let was f ound w i th a b ronze t ore, b race lets a nd e arr ings o f t he e ar ly L .T . Ii n Grave 4 0 a t S ab lonn i res ' ,F äre-en-Tardeno is, A . ( H . Hubert 1 906: 3 50 , 3 51 f ig . 5 0). S ett lement f inds f rom t he A isne a re a lso d a ted t o t he e ar ly L .T. I , a s t he g ob le t f rom House 9 a t ' le S au le Ba i l lot ' , Chassemy ( R . I V ! . Row lett e t a l . 1 96 9 :125, 1 11 f ig . 2 9 , 5 ), a nd o ne f rom t he s e tt lement a t t he— tV r ieux Tordo ir ! , Berry-au-Bac ( J. T err isse 1 965 : 1 24, 1 25 f ig . 7 , 6 ). I n t he O ise a nd n or thwes tern F rance, ' Jogass ian 't ype g ob lets a re f ound i n s ett lements o f t he l a ter Ha D a nd Ha D / L .T . I , a t t he Bo is d ' Ageux ' ,L ongeu i l-Ste-Mar ie ( M. J ouve 1 976: 6 5, 6 7 f ig . 1 2, 4 35), ' les Carr iäres ' , Th iverny ( P. Durv in 1 96 4 :31 f ig . 1 , 1 3), 0 ., a nd a t F amechon, S om. ( D. a nd E . Vermeersch 1 975 : 4 3 f ig . 5 , 1 ). The most n or ther ly f ind, d ated t o t he l a ter Ha D , c omes f rom t he s ett lement a t Il es Ew iches ' ,T i l loyles-Cambra i, N o . ( P. Demo lon a nd J . Hurtre l le 1 973 :8-10). The d istr ibut ion o f J ogass ian '-type g ob le ts i s c entred o n t he Champagne, w i th e xamp les a long t he A isne a nd O ise v a l leys a nd i sol a ted f inds i n t he S omme a nd Nord ( Map 2 6). J ogass ian ' type g ob le ts a ppear o uts ide t he P ar is Bas in ' i n t he ' Marnekeram ik ' r eg ions o f t he m idd le a nd l ower Rh ine ( W. Dehn 1 950 :35 Abb. 1 ). I n s outhern Ho l land, " Marnekeram ik" i s d ated t o t he ' M idd le I ron Age ' ,b eg inn ing i n t he l a ter Ha D ( G. J . Verwers 1 972 : 1 23 , 1 34-136). The g ob le t f rom t he u rnf ie ld a t Haps, NoordBraban t, c an b e c i ted ( ib id.:50, 5 3, 4 5 Abb . 2 5, 8 4). Ano ther g ob le t i s known f rom t he s e ttlemen t, d a ted by C 14 t o 4 80±85 BC, a t Rosmeer, L imburg ( G. d e Boe a nd L . v an I mpe 1 979 :23, 2 5, P l. I I, 4 2). J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let, a s ment ioned a bove, f avour a L angued oc ian o r ig in f or t he J ogass ian ' type g ob le ts ( 1977 : 1 0). L ow c ar ina ted g ob lets, w i th a r ounded ompha los-base a nd f lar ing n eck, a re i ndeed f ound i n t he L anguedoc ian u rnf ie lds o f t he ' second p er iod ' , r ough ly d a ted t o t he Ha B /C ( M . L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 :393). 2 0 They h ave b een f ound i n Graves 7a nd 4 2 a t G r ad Bass in I ' a nd a t ' En Bonnes ', Ad., a nd i n Grave 3 9 a t ' M i l las ', P yr .-Or . ( M. L ou is e t a l. 1 958 :49 f ig . 3 4, 4 , 5 0 f ig . 3 5, 3 , 1 33 f ig . 12 , 5 , 1 44 f ig . 1 21, S im i lar g ob lets, o f J .-P. Mohen a nd A . C offyn ' s Type X , a re k nown i n Aqu i ta ine a nd i n t he Pyrdndes ( 1970 : 1 09 , P l . XVII). I n t he T arne tGaronne, a n e xamp le i s known f rom Tumu lus 4 a t ' Frau ' ,C aza ls ( B. P a jot 1 975:153 f ig. 4 , 2 ). The p rob lem o f d er iv ing ' Jogass ian ttype g ob lets f rom L angued oc ian mode ls l i es p r imar i ly i n t he a bsence o f i ntermed iary f inds b etween t he t wo r eg ions. A l ow-car ina ted t r icon ic g ob let f rom V arenness ur-A l l ier, A l l., d a ted t o t he Ha B I C, i s t he o n ly known e xamp le f rom t he Mass if C entra l ( J .-P. M i l lo tte 1 963b : 6 76, 6 79 f ig . 7 , 1 1). There i s a lso a n unaccounted d ispar i ty i n d a tes b etween t he l a ter Ha D ' Jogass ian ' type g ob le ts a nd t he ir s upposed Ha B /C p ro to types. I n t h is c ontext, i t i s r e levant t o n o te t he l a ter, s ix th c entury, whee l-turned

1 54

g rey-ware g ob lets f rom t he L anguedoc ian l i ttora l t ha t l oose ly r esemb le J ogass ian ' type g ob le ts ( J. G iry e t a l . 1 96 7 ). Another p erspect ive wou ld b e t o s ee J ogass ian ' type g ob lets a s c op ies o f i mpor ted Med i terranean v esse ls . J .J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua le t i nterpret w ider-bod ied J ogass ian ' type g ob lets a s d er ived f rom E trusc an c anthar i ( 1977 : 1 0). The o n ly i mported c antharus i n t he Bas in i s t he A tt ic c up, d a ted t o t he m id-f if th c entury, f rom t he t umu lus o f l a Motte S t-Va len t in ' , Cource l les-en-Montagne, H te-M. ( J . Ddche lette 1 913d : 1 05, 1 26, P l . XXXI). I t l acks t he more a ngu lar p rof i le o f E truscan " bucchero" c an thar i . " Bucchero n ero" wares, wh ich i nc lude amphorae, o enochoes a nd c anthar i, a re w ide ly d istr ibuted i n t he s ixth c entury a long t he F rench Med iterranean c oas t a nd t he Rhöne v a l ley ( F. Beno i t 1 96 5 :51 , 3 3 f ig . 3 ). 2 1 I t i s p oss ib le, a l though e xceed ing ly h ard t o p rove, t ha t E truscan c eram ic f orms i nf luenced, a lbe i t i nd irect ly, t he p o tters o f t he Champagne. A f ac tor t ha t d oes n ot f avour a s outhern o r ig in f or t he J ogass ian ' t ype g ob le t i s t he a bsence o f b o th L anguedoc ian-type g ob le ts a nd i mp orted c anthar i o n t he Mont-Lasso is ' ,V ix, C .d ' 0 . ( R. J offroy 1 96 O a : 1 19-123). The b arbo t ine p a inted ' beaker ' type g ob let f rom MontL asso is ' , wh ich i s c ontemporary, c anno t b e c ons idered a mode l but av ar iant o f t he J ogass ian ' type g ob let ( ib id. :1 09 , P l. 4 7 , 3 ). A s im i lar v esse l may c ome f rom Derr iere l e Grassd ' ,V i l l iers-aux-Bo is, H te-M. ( L. L epage 1 976 : 455 , 4 57 f ig . 2 , 4 ). 2 2 Th is i s p ar t icu lar ly ; s urpr is ing s ince V ix ian wares a ppear t o h ave p rofound ly i nf luenced o ther p o ttery t ypes a ssoc ia ted w i th t he J ogass ian t c omp lex. An a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion f or t he o r ig in o f t he J ogass ian ' type g ob lets i s p oss ib le . The u lt ima te p roto type wou ld b e t he s ma l l r ound b ased t r icon ic g ob le ts f rom t he p a laf itt ic s ett lements o n t he L ac d e Neuchä te l a nd L ac L dman, E . Vog t ' s Re ihe Ic/d, d a ted t o t he Ha A / B ( 1930 : 3 8 T af . I , 7 1-79). They a re r e la t ive ly c ommon i n t he L a te Urnf ie ld P er iod a nd a re f ound, f or e xamp le, i n t he Ha B f l a t-crema t ion g raves a t C our t-St-Et ienne, Brabant ( M. E. Mar iön 1 958 :1 6 4f ig . 2 9 , 4 9-50 , 5 5-56). These g ob lets a ppear i n a n e vo lved f orm i n t he Ha C t umu l i c remat ion c emeter ies a t 'Grand Bo is ' ,S t-V incent, Luxembourg ( id. 1 964 : 1 42-143 ) ,a nd a t ' Hau lzy ', V ienne-la-V i l le, M ., G . G oury 's Type I I ( 1911). A lthough t he l a ter Ha C g ob let h as n o t y et b een f ound i n t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, a n e ar l ier Ha A / B p a laf i tt ic g ob let i s known f rom ac rema t ion g rave a t ' le Chem in d e F ond Th ierry ' ,B dthen iv i l le, M . ( B. Cher t ier 1 973 : 5 67 -56 8 ). I n s p i te o f t he f act t ha t P . Roua let h as d iscounted a p oss ib le c onnect ion b etween t h is f ind a nd l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T . Ig ob lets o n t he g rounds o f t he w ide t ime-gap t ha t s epara tes t hem, t he p resence o f t hese Urnf ie ld a nd Ha C g ob lets i n a nd a round t he Champagne c annot b e i gnored ( M .L. Morgen a nd P . Roua let 1 976 : 37-38). S ince t he Champagne was i n t he ' orb i t ' o f g enera l Urnf ie ld c eram ic i nf luences f rom t he 'Rhen ish-Sw iss ' Group i n t he Ha B /C, i t i s c once ivab le t ha t t he 'i dea ' o f t hese g ob le ts was e stab l ished. Wha tever may h ave b een t he o r ig ina l mode l b eh ind t he 'J ogass ian t t ype g ob let, t he v esse l i tse lf was t he r esu lt o f pure ly l oca l i n it ia t ive a nd a dapta t ion, a c rea t ion t ha t t ook p lace i n t he l a ter Ha D i n t he Champagne. I ts d is tr ibut ion may t herefore b e i nterpreted a s mark ing t he e xtent o f J ogass ian ' c u ltura l i nf luences.

1 55

The ' Jogass ian t-type g ob let h ad a r e lat ive ly s hor t e xistence s ince i t d isappears g radua l ly i n t he e ar ly L .T. I g iv ing way t o i ts s uccessor, t he a ngu lar t r icon ic g ob let w i th a r a ised o r p edesta l led b ase ( B. Cher t ier 1 973 :553-558 ; M .-L. Morgen a nd P . R oua le t 1 976:37-38). Bo th t ypes were c ontemporary f or a s hor t t ime i n t he e ar ly L .T . I , a s t he e v idence f rom t he f la tinhuma t ion c emeter ies a t ' les V ins d e Bruyäre t, P rosnes, a nd TArgen te l le ', B e ine-Nauroy, M ., s uggest ( ib id.:38, 3 9 f ig. 8 , 1 -2). A d ifferent t ype o f g ob let, w ith l ow r ounded s hou lders a nd a s l ight ly f lar ing n eck, i s known f rom t he Ha D /L.T. I f l a tinhuma t ion c emetery a t ' le Champ F ourou T , Mondev i l le, Ca lv. ( F ig . 2 8 , 2 ) ( E. d e Beaurep a ire 1 882:505-529). I t c an b e c ompared t o t he f ind f rom t he s ett lement a t t he ' Grand R iage d e Dugny ' ,S dr is, L .-et-C. ( F. Qua trehomme a nd J . Lherm i te 1 96 8 :2 11, 2 10 f ig . 3 , 1 6). The s ame c ho ice a r ises b e tween s eek ing a l oca l o r ig in i n t he U rnf ie ld c eram ic t rad it ion o r l ook ing f urther a f ie ld f or c ompara t ive c ontemporary ma ter ia l. A g ob let, n o t un l ike t he e xamp le f rom S dr is, c omes f rom t he n o t t oo d is tant s ett lement a t Bournev i l le ' , Gu i l lonv i l le, E .-et-L ., d a ted t o W . K imm ig ' s C .U. I/III ( G. Cord ier 1 977 :33 , 2 2 f ig . 1 1 , 5 ). On t he o ther h and, i n t he c ontext o f t he mer id iona l c eram ic i nf luences known t o h ave p enet ra ted t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in a nd t he C a lvados, 2 3 t he g ob lets a lso r esemb le a v esse l, w i th s l ight ly more p ronounced s hou lders, f rom t he t umu lus i n t he ' Bo is d e Re i l lan ' , Montdard ier, G . ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 :71, 7 0 f ig . 6 3, 6 ). I t may a lso b e n oted t ha t ag ob let, s i mT i ar t o t he S dr is a nd Mondev i l le f inds, was f ound i n Grave 4 7 a t ' les J ogasses ' ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:433, P l . 1 4 , 8 79). 1 2. 3 .3

'S ca l lop ' r immed b ow ls ( F : f estonnd, c oupe e n p araso l; Map 2 7 )

j a tte ä b ords o ur lds ä b ord G : L appenscha le) ( L ist 4 5,

A s ca l lop ' r immed b ow l r efers t o ac oarse , o f ten g rog-tempered , t h ick-wa l led v esse l w i th w ide s em i-c ircu lar d epress ions a long t he r im, t he ma jor i ty w i th p rom inent o ver-hang ing i nner a nd o uter l i ps ( L ist 4 5). F rom t he t wo c omp lete p rof i les known, o ne f rom t he 'Caverne du Mou l inde d e l a Roche ', Eprave, Namur ‚ 24 i s at runca ted r ec tangu lar v esse l w i th a r a ised b ase, w i th a p ronounced l a tera l p ro ject ion o r bu lge. The s econd, f rom Vosse laar, Antwerpen, i s as qua t v esse l w i th a w ide f l a t b ase, w i th o n ly a s l ight l a tera l p ro ject ion ( M. E. Mar iön 1 970 : 1 09 , 1 11 f ig . 4 0, 7 , 9 ). The f unct ion o f s ca l lop ' r immed b ow ls i s n ot c er ta in. The f act t ha t s uch v esse ls c ome e xc lus ive ly f rom s ett lement s i tes i nd ica tes a d omest ic purpose. G . L eman-De ler ive l ss ugges t ion t ha t t hey may h ave b een u sed t o s k im o ff m i lk i n c heese-mak ing h as b een g enera l ly d ism issed ( 1973 :4 25). I t h as b een s hown t ha t t he s ca l lop ' r immed b ow l i s p ropor t iona te ly t oo d eep a nd t he mouth t oo n arrow when c ompared t o Arto is " t Mes" t o h ave s erved t h is f unct ion ( J. Hurtre l le 1 978 :1). The number o f d epress ions o n t he r im, t he ir d epth a nd w id th, a nd t he ir c lose p rox im ity t o o ne a nother, f ur ther a rgues a ga inst t h is i nt erpretat ion ( ib id .:1-2). The p resence o f v esse ls w i th o ne o r more n otches o n t he r im, b etter s u ited t o s k im o ff s urface l iqu id , a re known i n Ha D a nd L .T . Ic ontexts, a nd o ne n o tched-r im s herd was f ound w i th a ' sc a l lop ' r im s herd i n ap i t-structure a t Ba i l leu l-Sire-Ber thou lt, P .-de-C. ( ibid.:2). 2 5 A more p laus ib le e xp lana t ion r egard ing t he u se o f t hese v esse ls i s t ha t o f b raz ier , s im i lar t o t he " ca le l les" f rom t he Charente where t hey a re u sed a s l amps ( M .-E. Mar iön 1 970 :112).

1 56

The wh it ish c o lour c over ing t he i nner s urface o f s ome s ca l lop tr immed b ow ls up t o t he r im may h ave b een c aused by c ontact w i th h ot c oa ls ( J. Hurtre l le 1 978 :3). One o f t he e ar l iest f inds i n t he P ar is Bas in o f 's ca l lop t-r immed b ow ls i s t he r im-sherd f rom a p i t-s tructure a t t les Hautes F osses ' , S t-Sauveurles-Bray, S .-et-M. ( C. Mordant 1 976:40, 4 4 f ig . 2 , 5 ).26 I t was a ssoc ia ted w ith r eg iona l Ha C p ottery t ypes, a s f ound a t ' 1 ' Enfer ' , Chartrettes ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 976 :60 -87 ) ,a nd a t l e P arad is t , No isy-sur-Eco le ( J . Tarreie- 1 973 :3 9-51), b oth i n t he S e inee t-Marne . The p i t-f i l l a t ' PEnfer t i s d a ted by C 14 t o.c. 6 20 B . C. ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 976: 9 1). S uch a n e ar ly c ontext i s r are f or t h is t ype o f v esse l.— I t c an b e c ompared t o as im i lar f ind f rom P i t 2 , a p o ttery k i ln r e-used a s ar efuse-p i t ( Leve ls V I/V), a t ' Ste Aga the ' F lorange, Mos., d a ted t o t he l a ter Ha C ( P. P dtrequ in e t a l . 1 973 : 2 82, 2 83 f ig . 2 4). The ' sca l lop ' r im s herd f rom ' la Made l ane-auL a i t t , Am iens, S om., was a lso f ound i n a Ha C c ontext ( J .-C. B lanche t e t a l . 1 978 :280 , 2 81 f ig . 3 , 1 ). The ma jor i ty o f s ca l lop ' r immed b ow ls, h owever, c ome f rom Ha D a nd L .T . Is i tes. S herds f rom P i t A a t t he 'Bo is d t Ageux t ,L ongeu i lS te-Mar ie, 0 ., w ere a ssoc iated w i th Ha D mater ia l i nc lud ing a b ronze a rm i l la a nd J ogass ian ' type g ob lets ( M. J ouve 1 976 :65, 6 6 f ig . 1 1, 5 843). A b ronze a rm i l la was a lso f ound w ith a ' sca l lop ' r im s herd i n P i t 1a t ' Montäve t ( F ig . 4 1, 6 ), P omad e, M . ( C. P ou la in 1 972). The r im-sherd f rom Breb iäres, P .-de-C., i s d a ted t o t he Ha D ( J . Hurtre l le 1 978 : 1, 2 f ig . 1 , 2 ). S ca l lop ' r im s herds w ere a ssoc ia ted w i th Ha D/ L .T . Ip o ttery t ypes, i nc lud ing J ogass ian ' type g ob lets, a t F amec hon, S om. ( D. a nd E . Vermeersch 1 975 :42, 4 3 f ig . 5 , 5 -6), a nd a t tl es Carr ibres t ( F ig . 2 4, 3 ), Th iverny, 0 . ( P. Duv in 1 96 4 :34 , 3 6, 3 1 P l. I , 1 7 ). The r ema in ing s ca l lop ' r immed b ow ls b e long t o t he e ar ly L .T. I , a s t he e xamp le, w rong ly i nterpreted a s a n a nd iron, f ound i n t he 'Top H ear th ' o f House 9 a t ' le S au le Ba i l lo t ' , Chassemy, A . ( R. M . Row lett e t a l . 1 96 9 :121, 1 22 f ig . 3 6, 6 ). The d istr ibut ion o f ' sc a l lop ' r immed b ow ls i s c onf ined t o t he n orthern h a lf o f t he Bas in ( Map 2 7 ). W i th t he e xcept ion o f t he f inds f rom t he n orthwest c orner o f t he Bas in, t hese v esse ls c ome f rom s e tt lements o n o r n ear t he S e ine , O ise, A isne a nd S omme. The d ist r ibut ion e xtends n orthward i nto Be lg ium where t he ma jor i ty o f s ca ll op ' r immed v esse ls h ave b een f ound, e spec ia l ly o n o r n ear t he S che lde ( Escaut) a nd Maas ( Meuse) r ivers a nd i n t he z one b etween t hem ( P. P . Bonenfant 1 975 :6 7f ig . 4 ). The r e lat ive ly l arge number o f t hese v esse ls i n Be lg ium r a ises t he q uest ion o f t he o r ig in o f ' sca l lop ' r immed b ow ls. The Be lg ian f inds, a l l f rom o pen s ett lements o r r ock-she lters, a re d a ted f rom t he Ha D t o t he L .T . I I ( G. L eman-De ler ive 1 973 :4 24). M .E. Mar iön h as d ist ingu ished b etween v esse ls w i th p rom inent o ver-hang ing l ips, wh ich h e d a tes t o t he e nd o f t he L .T., a nd t he ir Ha D p rototypes w i thou t l i ps, t he German L appenscha len ( 1970 : 1 12). The d istr ibut ion o f t he l a tter c orresponds t o t he N iederrhe in ische Grabhüge lku ltur z one a nd a re f ound i n North Brabant a nd Dutch L imburg ( ib id.). A number o f t hese a re o rnamented w i th t he Ka lenderberg type mot if c ons ist ing o f p inched p ara l le l c urved o r r ect i l inear ' furrows ' o n t he o uter s urf ace. L a te Ha D Ka lenderbergware i s w ide ly d istr ibu ted i n L ower Austr ia , i n c entra l G ermany f rom t he E lbe t o t he E ife l, a nd a long t he m idd le a nd l ower Rh ine ( W. Kersten 1 948 :46-49, 4 7 Abb. 1 2). 1 57

A l though 's ba l lop ''r ims w ith o ver-hang ing l i ps a ppear l ong b efore t he L .T . I I, a nd a re l arge ly c ontemporary t o t he L appenscha len, a n o r ig in f or t h is g enera l v esse l-type i n t he N iederrhe in ische Grabhüge lku ltur i s p oss ib le. The p ottery f rom S te -Aga the ' ,F lorange, h as b een c ompared t o Ha C /D1 wares f rom B e lg ium, Ho l land a nd t he l ower Rh ine ( P . P dtrequ in e t a l . 1 978 :289-290), a nd a s herd w i th a Ka lenderbergt ype o rnament c omes f rom F amechon ( D. a nd E . Vermeersch 1 975 :43 f ig . 5 , 1 7 ). An a rgument a ga ins t an or th o r ig in f or t hese v esse ls i s t he e ar ly c ontext o f c erta in f inds , n o tab ly t he s herd f rom S t-SauveurlesBray, d a ted t o t he Ha C . G . L eman-De ler ive h as s uggested t ha t t he L appenscha len c ome f rom t he l ower Rh ine wh i le v esse ls w i th o verh an eng l ips may b e o f ' Marn ian ' o r V ix ian ' o r ig in ( 1973 :425). The d ist inct ion b etween b oth t ypes i s o f ten t oo s ub ject ive. Vesse ls w i th s mooth w ide s em i-c ircu lar d epress ions a long t he r im w i th n o o verh ang ing l ip, a s t he L appenscha le f rom Ha ldern, Kr. R ees, a re n o t known i n t he Bas in ( W. K ersten 1 948 :49 Abb. 1 3). A l l t he v esse ls f rom t he Bas in h ave, t o v ary ing d egrees, a p ro trud ing r im. There a re, a t t he moment, o n ly t wo s ca l lop ' r immed b ow ls f rom t he Champ agne, a n i nsuff ic ient number t o warrant a ' Marn ian t o r ig in. The d istr ibution o f t hese v esse ls c lear ly i nd ica tes a c onnect ion w i th t he n or th. The d irection o f i nf luence, h owever , r ema ins unc lear . A v esse l made f or a s pec if ic f unct ion, a s h as b een s ta ted, d oes n o t c hange w i th t ime ( J . Hur tre l le 1 978 :2-3). I t e xp la ins, i n p ar t, t he l ong l i fe o f t he ' sca l lop'-r immed b ow ls a nd t he d iff icu lty i n s pec ify ing t he ir o r ig in. 1 2. 3 . 4 Domest ic s toragejars A c ommon f ea ture i n t he ma jor i ty o f Ha C a nd D s e tt lemen ts i n t he P ar is Bas in, a nd o ccas iona l ly f ound i n c eme ter ies, i s t he p resence o f l arge c oarse-tempered s toragejars. A lthough t here e xists a mu lt ip l ic ity o f t ypes w i th l i tt le d ifferent ia tion i n t ime a nd s pace, a n umber o f l oose g enera l isa t ions a re p oss ib le. Ha B /C s toragejars t end t o b e c urv i l inear i n p rof i le, v ary ing f rom g lobu lar b icon ica l v esse ls w i th w ide f lar ing n ecks, w i th a n S p rof i le, t o b arre l-shaped j ars w i th s hort v ert ica l o r e verted r ims . Ornamenta t ion, s i tua ted a t t he c o l lar a nd o n t he r im, u sua l ly c ons ists o f h or izonta l r ows o f f inger o r n a i l-t ip i mpress ions a nd i mpressed o r t w isted, u sua l ly a pp l ied, c ordons. To c i te but a f ew e xamp les a t r andom f rom a cross t he Bas in, l arge c urv i l inear j ars a re known f rom Tumu lus 2 a t ' les Danges ' ,S ub la ines, I .et-L. ( G. C ord ier 1 975 :5 93 f ig . 2 2, 1 ) ' le P ar terre E st ' ,F dro l les, L o ir . ( id . 1 977 : 1 3 f ig . 4 , 1 0) ; P i t 3a t ' Varennes ' ,J ab l ines ( F ig . 3 4 , 1 4) ( A . Bu lard), a nd ' 1 ' Enfer ' , Char trettes ( J . Degros e t a l . 1 976:72 f ig . 1 3 , 3 , 7 4 f ig . 1 4 , 4 ), S .e t-M.; ' l a TempAte ', Nor r e, M . ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J . Ha tt 1 967: 3 4 f ig. 4 3, 1 ); IM oru t ,P ontpo int ( J .-C. B lanche t a nd P . F i tte 1 978 : 2 2 f ig . 2 3, 2 -3 , 2 3 f ig . 2 4, 1 -3), a nd i n P hases I a nd I I ( F ig . 1 7 , 2 ; 1 8, 1 -2, 4 ) a t ' l a Bouche d ' O ise ' , Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 . ( J .-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :3 0 f ig . 6 ). They a re a lso f ound i n Ha D c ontexts, a s a ttested by t he f ind f rom P i t 1a t ' le P rd Ada ' , L e F resne, M . ( D. Chossenot e t a l . 1 978 :11 f ig . 4 , 5 ). Vert ica l n eck-sherds, p robab ly b e long ing t o c y l indr ica l j ars, a re a lso r e la t ive ly c ommon. They h ave b een f ound , f or e xamp le, a t Cho isy-au-Bac ( F ig . 1 7 , 1 ) i n P hase I ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A .

1 58

Decorme i l le 1 980a :3 0 f ig . 6 , 1 ) ; l a Grande p i ke ', L a Chaussee-surl Varne ( F ig . 4 7 , 2 4), M . ( A. V i l les); ' Us ine I sore l ' , Chamou i l ley ( F ig . 5 2, 3 ), a nd ' le Haut d es V ignes t ,L aneuv i l le-au-Pont ( F ig . 5 3, 1 21 3), H te-M. ( L . L epage 1 980 :56, P l . 3 4-36); t he ' Chem in d e P ope l in ä Granche tte ' ,S t-C lement, Y . ( J. N ico l le 1 96 2 :205 P l. I I, 2 4); t he ' Grand R iage d e Dugny ' S er is, L .-e t-C. ( F . Qua trehomme a nd J . Lherm i te 1 96 8 :208 f ig . 2 , 1 ); a nd a t F leuryles-Aubra is, L o ir. ( A. Noue l 1 96 9 :412 f ig . 1 2). Trunca ted t o b arre l-shaped j ars w i th v er t ica l o r i nverted n ecks, u sua l ly o rnamented w i th a pp l ied i mpressed c ordons, a ppear t o b e more l oca l ised i n t he s outhern h a lf o f t he Bas in. E xamp les a re known f rom Il es Grandes R dages d e Dugny ' ,S dr is Despr ide a nd J . L herm ite 1 972:116 f ig . 2 ), a nd I ngrd ( F ig . 5 8 , 5 ), L o ir . ( J .-F . Bara t in); a nd i n Ha D c ontexts, a t l es S a info ins ' ,V i l leneuve-sur-Yonne ( F ig . 5 4, 4 ), Y . ( D. P eretto); ' Vernon ', Beaugency ( F ig . 5 7 , 7 ) , L o ir . ( L . Ga i l lard) ; a nd ' la Roche No ire ' , Mdr igny, I . ( G. Cord ier 1 978a : 2 10 f ig . 6 , 1 , 2 11 f ig . 7 , 1 -2). The s herds f rom t he c ave i nhuma t ions a t Mer igny a re o rnamented w i th d oub le a nd o b l ique c ordons r em in iscent o f E .B. A . d ecora t ion f rom t he Pyrenees a nd Aqu i ta ine ( J. Gu i la ine 1 976c:523 f ig . 1 , 8 -9 ; A . C offyn 1 976:533 f ig . 1 , 1 0 , 5 35 f ig . 2 , 1 2). S itu l iform j ars w i th h igh a ngu lar i n-turned s hou lders, u sua l ly o rnamented w i th f inger-t ip i mpress ions a t t he s hou lders, a re more c ommon i n t he l a ter Ha D , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he n orthern h a lf o f t he Bas in. P oss ib le p rototypes a ppear i n t he Ha C , a s e v idenced by f inds i n t he O ise, a t ' l e Hu leux ', W ry ( F. Audouze e t a l . 1 975 :14 f ig . 5 , 1 ); ' les Carr iäres ' , Th iverny ( F ig . 2 3, 2 -3) ( J 7I4 7 Brunaux); a nd a t Cho isy-au-Bac ( F ig . 1 8 , 3 ) i n P hase I I ( J .-L. Brunaux a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :2 9). L a ter Ha D f inds o ccur a t 'Bo is d ' Ageux ' , L on g eu i l- S te-Mar ie , O . ( M. J ouve 1 976 :64 f ig . 9 ) ,a nd Th iverny (F ig . 2 4 , 1 ; ( J.-L. Brunaux; P . Durv in 1 96 4 :33 f ig . 2 , 1 ). S i tu l iform j ars a re i n u se w e l l i nto t he e ar ly L.T . I , a s s uggested by t he s herds f rom l e S au le Ba i l lot ' , Chassemy, A . ( R. M . Row le tt e t a l . 1 96 9 :1 15 f ig . 3 3, 1 2). P re l im inary a pp l ica t ion o f s er ia t ion t echn iques o n t he d ecora ted wares f rom Cho isy-au-Bac s how a g radua l r ep lacement o f f inger-t ip i mpressed c ordons by i nc ised a nd s moo th c ordons, w i th a pp l ied c ordons i n g enera l d ecreas ing i n p opu lar ity i n P hase I V ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :32; 1 980b). Whether t h is t rend i s r ef lected o n o ther s i tes a cross t he Bas in r ema ins t o b e t ested. S toragejars w ere pure ly f unct iona l v esse ls u sed i n ad omes t ic c ontext. The ir l arge s ize, a nd t he p orousness o f t he ir f abr ic, i nd ica te t he ir p r inc ipa l f unct ion t o h ave b een t he s torage o f s o l id f ood-stuffs, g ra in f or e xamp le, r a ther t han i ts t ransporta t ion ( i .e. amphorae). Th is c an b e d educed f rom t he r are f inds i n s i tu f rom t he S e ine-etMarne, a t ' A joues d e l a Gresy ' ,P recy-sur-Marne ( A. Bu lard), ' Pre d es S echerons ' , Chä tenay-sur-Se ine ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 4 , 1 97 1 :314 f ig . 6 ), a nd t les S ab lons ' F resnes-sur-Marne ( B.G. A.S. M., 6 , 1 965 . 1 79-181), where j ars were f ound upr ight e ncased i n e arth. C ordons , a part f rom t he ir d ecora t ive v a lue, may h ave h ad a more f unct iona l r o le, s uch a s r e inforc ing t he c o l lar a nd g r ipp ing o r s tab i l is ing t he v esse l i n t he g round. I mpressed r ims may l ikew ise h ave b een f unct iona l ly d es igned, n ame ly t o b etter c ontro l p our ing . A d eta i led t ypo logy o f s toragejars, i nc lud ing m icro-ana lyses o f t he i nner wa l ls, a nd t he ir r espect ive d is tr ibut ions w i th in s tructures a nd s e tt lements a nd i n aw ider g eograph ica l c ontext, may r evea l f unct iona l a nd r eg iona l d ifferences. 1 59

1 2 .4

P ottery o rnamenta tion 1 2. 4 . 1 Exc ised-ornamented wares ( G: Map 2 8)

K erbschn i tt)

( L ist 4 6,

Exc ised p o ttery i s known f rom t he P ar is Bas in i n t he Ha B / C a nd C . Bo th s tamp ing w i th a d ie a nd s coop ing ' were emp loyed t o d raw al im i ted r ange o f mo t ifs. The l atter were u sed f or z ig zags, wh i le t r iangu lar a nd s quare d ies were u sed i n h or izonta l a nd t r iangu lar a rrangements . The e xc ised o rnament may c over t he e nt ire p ot-surface, a s t he b ow l f rom ' le Haut d es V ignes ' ,L aneuv i l le-au-Pont, H te-M . ( F ig . 5 3 , 5 ), o r a s i s more o f ten t he c ase, b e r es tr icted t o t he u pper p or t ion o f t he v esse l, a s t he b ow l f rom I le Haut d e V i l leret ' , Au lnaya ux-P lanches, M . ( F ig . 4 3 , 8 ). I n many c ases, t he wares f rom t he S t-Gond r eg ion a nd a long t he e dges o f t he Champagne h ave wh i te p aste f i l ls i n t he e xc ised a reas, a t echn ique a lso emp loyed o n t he ' Mon t-Lasso is ', V ix, C .-d 'O. ( L . L epage 1 980 :41). There i s t he g enera l ly a ccepted v iew t ha t e xc is ion was u sed i n h or izonta l a rrangements c ompr is ing a s ing le mo t if i n t he l ater Ha B , w i th more v ar ied a nd b roken a rrangements o ver l arger s urfaces, t he " Fe lderst i l" ( 'pane l-s ty le '), o ccurr ing i n t he Ha C ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 2 58). I t i s n o t unusua l, h owever, t o f ind b o th s ty les o n t he s ame s i te, a s o n t he p romontory-fort o f ' For t-Harrouard ' ,S ore l-Mousse l, E .-et-L ., a nd a t E curyle-Repos, M . ( ib id.: 2 70 f ig . 7 4 , 3 -4, 2 71 f ig . 7 5, 2 , 2 24 f ig . 5 9 , 1 -3, 6 ). Hor izonta l a rrangements c ompr is ing a s ing le mot if a re a lso f ound i n Ha C c ontexts, n o tab ly a t ' le Haut d e V i l leret ' , Au lnay-aux-P lanches ( F ig . 4 3, 8 ), d a ted by a b ronze r azor o f A . J ockenhöve l ' s Typ M inot ( F. Henry 's Type A ) ( ib id.: 2 22 f ig . 5 8 , 1 ). E xo 4s ion was a lso emp loyed f or l ess c ommon mot ifs, a s h or izonta l l ines a t ' Enfer ' Chartrettes, S .-e t-M. ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 976 :83 , 9 0-91), a nd i n t he t umu lus o f ' 1ä . Mottote t ,N i jon, H te-M7 ( L. L epage 1 980 :40 , P l. 1 6, 2 , 2 2, 1 2), a nd a c hequer-pa ttern a t t he ' us ine I sore l ' , Chamou i l ley ( F ig . 5 2 , 9 ), H te-M. ( ib id .: 5 6, P l. 3 4 , 2 3 ; Ga l l ia PH ., 1 5 , 1 972 :410-411). The e ar l iest s i tes t o p roduce t he l a test K erbschn i tt s ty les a re d a ted t o t he l a ter Ha B . A l arger g lobu lar u rn w ith a n e verted n eck , ac ommon l a te Ha B t ype, w i th a n h or izonta l r ow o f e xc ised z igz ags a bove t he s hou lders, c omes f rom t he d itch o f c ircu lar Enc losure 1a t ' le B Hs i l ' , Ha l l ign icourt, H te-M. ( L . L epage 1 975 :12, 9 f ig . 7 , 1 ). A t t he o ther e nd o f t he c hrono log ica l s ca le, t here a re t he v ar ious e xc ised wares f rom t he Ha C s ett lement a t ' le Haut d e V i l leret, Au lnaya ux-P lanches ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 967 : 2 4). There i s n o e v id ence f or a l a ter u se o f e xc is ion. The ma jor i ty o f Ha B / C a nd C s i tes w i th e xc ised p ottery a lso p roduced g raph i te-ornamented wares. These a re most ly c onf ined t o t he c entra l a nd e astern Champagne ( Map 2 8). S ites w i th e xc ised wares h ave a s parse but w idespread d istr ibu t ion a cross t he Bas in, g enera l ly f o l low ing t he c ourse o f t he Marne a nd t he S e ine a nd h er t r ibutar ies, t he Yonne a nd O ise. A l though t he u se o f K erbschn i tt i s w idespread i n t he L ater U rnf i e ld P er iod, t wo i mportant I centres i o f t he l a ter Bronze a nd e ar ly I ron Ages d eserve a ttent ion. The f irst i s l oca ted i n western Swi tzer land a nd t he S avo ie, i n t he r eg ions o ccup ied by t he Ha B p a laf itt ic s e tt lements ( W. K imm ig 1 940 :35; L . Cout i l 1 915 :396, P l. V III). " Stempe lk erb s chn i tt", u s ing s quare, t r iangu lar a nd a v ar ie ty o f c ircu lar d ies, 1 60

was p referred ( V . Gessner 1 946 :1 2-20). The s econd 'c entre ' i n t he L anguedoc, p roduced a w ider r ange o f mot ifs emp loy ing b oth s tamped a nd s cooped ' t echn iques i n t he Ha B /C a nd C ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 : 1 38-140, 3 82, 3 85). S tamped t r iang les a nd s cooped ' z igzags, t he most c ommon e xc ised mot ifs i n t he Bas in, a re t oo w ide ly d istr ibuted i n b o th t ime a nd s pace t o s erve a s c hrono log ica l i nd ica tors by t hemse lves ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :2 59). Exc ised z igzags, f or e xamp le, a re f ound i n al a te Ha A c ontext i n ac rema tion bur ia l a t Re ichenau, Kr . K onstanz, a nd i n t he Ha C , a ssoc ia ted w i th g raph ite-ornamented a nd p a inted wares o n t he h i l lfort a t Montmorot, J . ( W. K imm ig 1 940 :36, Taf . 3 4 , l a; J .-P. M i l lotte 1 976a :728 , 7 29 f ig . 3 , 8 ). Kerbschn i tt ornamented p ottery f rom t he Bas in i s s ty l ist ica l ly a k in t o s outhwest German a nd western Sw iss wares ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 2 60 ). The e xc ised mot ifs h ave n one o f t he e xhuberance, t he v ar iety o f c omb inat ions, t ha t o rnament t he L anguedoc ian wares ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 :1 38-140 ) o r t he Ha C p o lychrome A lb-Hegau p o ttery o f t he upper Danube ( J . Ke l ler 1 939 :28-33, 1 00-102). The d istr ibut ion o f Kerbschn i tt ornamented p ottery i n t he Bas in c onf irms t he l ink w i th western Sw i tzer land a nd t he S avo ie. 1 2.4 . 2 Graph i te-ornamented wares ( Map 2 9) Graph i te i s f ound u sed i n t wo ways i n t he P ar is Bas in. I t i s a pp l ied o ver l arge p ort ions o r o ver t he e nt ire s urface o f av esse l g iv ing i t a meta l l ic g rey l ustre, a s f ound f or e xamp le a t T ies Hauts d es B lös G e lds ' , Bannes, M . ( F ig . 4 2, 5 -6, 8 -11). Whe ther t he g raph ite was a pp l ied by burn ish ing ( favoured by t he p resent a uthor) o r a s a n a r tif ic ia l c o loured s l ip h as n o t b een d eterm ined c onc lus ive ly . I t i s a lso emp loyed t o d raw l inear g eometr ic d es igns, u sua l ly o n d ark b rown o r b lack s mooth ly burn ished s urfaces, a s a t ' le Haut d e V i l lere t ' Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M. ( F ig . 4 3 , 7 -8) . The e ar l iest s ecure ly d a ted f ind c omes f rom t he c entra l c rema t ion bur ia l i n t he t umu lus a t Charmo ise l les ' Ro lampont, H te-V I. ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :217 , 2 16 f ig . 5 5, 2 ). A s ma l l g raph i te-coa ted g lobu lar v esse l w i th a n e verted r im, w i th f urrow ing a bove t he s hou lders was f ound w i th a l arger u rn, s imi lar i n p rof i le, c overed i n ar ed s l ip ( ? h aema ti te), w i th f urrow ing a nd h or izonta l r ows o f c irc le-and-do t i mp ress ions, a nd a t runca ted b ow l w i th a b eve l led r im. A Mör i e n-type s word, c ons idered p art o f t he c rema t ion a ssemb lage, was f ound n earby ( L. L epage 1 974d:21-24). A lso i n t he Haute-Marne, a s ma l l g raph i te c oa ted h em ispher ica l b ow l w i th a n e verted r im, w i th r u l ing a bove t he s hou lders ( F ig. 6 , 1 ), c onta in ing a t iningo t, was a ssoc iated w ith a b ronze Günd l ingen-type s word a nd i t s w inged c hape i n t he p r imary i nhuma t ion g rave i n t he t umu lus a t t he Champ d e P rd ' S emout iers ( P. Bou i l lero t 1 913b: 8 8-91). I n t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he c entra l Champagne, where t he ma jor c luster o f g raph i te-ornamented wares i n t he Bas in i s l oca ted, a b ronze r azor o f A . J öckenhöve l ' s Type M inot ( F . Henry ' s . Type A ) was a ssoc ia ted w i th a number o f g raph i te-coa ted a nd o rnamented wares i n t he s ett lement a t 'l e Haut d e V i l leret ' Au lnay-aux-P lanches ( A . Br isson a nd J .J. Hatt 1 966:171, 1 72 f ig . 2 , 1 1). A t t he o ther e nd o f t he c hrono log ica l s ca le, g raph ite-ornamented p o ttery h as c ome f rom l a te Ha D c ontexts . A g raph i te-coa ted s herd was f ound w ith a b arbot ine-pa inted J ogass ian 'type g ob let a nd a n i ron s ocketed s pear-head i n t he i nhuma t ion bur ia l i n Enc losure C a t 1 61

' le Mou l in ' , Ver tla-Grave l le, M . ( A. Br isson e t a l . 1 956:30). 2 7 A t runca ted v esse l w i th h igh a ngu lar i n-turned s ho li fders a nd f lar ing n eck w i th a c omp lex g eometr ic mot if i n g raph i te c omes f rom t he m ounds urface o f Tumu lus 1 8 a t t he Champs d e CouY ' S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C . ( J . F av iäre e t a l . 1 96 4 :2 43 f ig . 3 9). The d istr ibut ion o f g raph ite-ornamented w ares i n t he Bas in r evea ls t wo ma in c lusters o n t he P la teau d e L angres a nd i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne ( Map 2 9 ). I n b oth z ones g raph i te-ornamented p o ttery a ppears i n t he l a ter Ha B . The e xamp le f rom Ro lampont o n t he P la teau d e L angres i s c i ted a bove. The c eram ic ma ter ia l, b oth i n p rof i le a nd d ecora t ive mot ifs, i s c omparab le t o f inds f rom a t umu lus c rema t ion a t V ix, C d ' 0 ., wh ich a lso c onta ined a quadrangu lar d ish o rnamented o n t he i nner s urface w i th a l terna ting l ong itud ina l r ed-pa inted a nd g raph i te b ands, a nd a b ronze g lobe-headed p in ( R. J offroy 1 957 :579-587 ). 2 8 I n t he S t-Gond r eg ion, g raph i te-coa ted s herds were f ound i n t he d i tches o f c ircu lar E nc losures E a nd C a t ' le P ra lat ' , Broussyle-Grand, d a ted t o t he l a ter Ha B ( B. Cher t ier 1 976a :71, 9 4). I n t he n earby c rema t ion c emet ery a t 'Au-dessus d u Chem in d es Bretons ' ,i n u se f rom t he Ha A , g raph i te a ppears i n t he e ar ly Ha C i n Tumu l i H a nd S ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 953 :223). The most w ester ly s e tt lement t o c onta in g raph i te-ornamented s herds, Enfer ' , Chartrettes, S .-et-M., h as b een d a ted by C14 t o 6 20 B .C. ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 976:91). Graph i te-ornamented w ares a re r e lat ive ly c ommon i n t he Ha B / C a long t he upper a nd m idd le Rh ine r eg ions ( W. Dehn 1 941 :74 , 7 3 Abb . 4 1, 1 42-146 L iste 6 ). I n Baden, g raph ite was most o f ten u sed o n r edp a inted o r s l ipped wares ( W. K imm ig 1 940 :3 8-39 ). P la in g raph i te w as f requent ly emp loyed i n n orthern Württemberg a nd Bavar ia i n t he Ha B ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :207 ). I t s hou ld b e e mphas ised t ha t t here e xisted i n t he Ha B , s trong c eram ic l inks b etween t he 'g raph i te-reg ions ' o f t he Bas in a nd s outhwestern Germany a nd t he Rh ine land. The p o ttery f rom Charmo ise l les ' b o th i n f orm a nd d ecora t ion, h as b een c ompared t o f inds f rom a c re ma t ion bur ia l a t S ingen, Baden ( ib id.: 2 17 ; W . K imm ig 1 949-50 : 2 93 Abb. 3 , 9 ). The t ypo log ica l s im i lar i ty o f wares f rom t he S t-Gond r eg ion a nd t hose f rom t he Ma in-Rhe in-Mose l r eg ion h as l ong b een e stabl ished ( A. B r isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 953 : 2 30 ; B . Cher t ier 1 976a : 1 60). The u se o f g raph i te o n p ottery, i t may b e a ssumed, was i ntroduced i n t he l a ter Ha B t o t he p otters o f t he P la teau d e L angres a nd t he S tGond r eg ion f rom t he Rh ine land. I ts u se c ont inued we l l i nto t he H a C , r each ing a s f ar west a s Char trettes o n t he S e ine . I t may e ven h ave l asted i nto t he l a ter Ha D , i f t he e v idence f rom Vertla-Grave l le i s t o b e t rusted. The g raph i te-ornamented v esse l f rom Tumu lus 1 8 a t t he Champs d e Couy ' must b e v iewed s epara te ly f rom t he d eve lopment s ketched a bove. I t i s av ar iant s i tu l iform v esse l c omparab le t o o ne f rom t he Mont-Lasso is ' ,V ix ( R. J offroy 1 96 O a : 1 10 , P l. 4 8 , 8 ). The n earest s i tes t o p roduce g raph ite-ornamented v esse ls a re l oca ted i n t he V ienne. A r ound-based g lobu lar b icon ica l v esse l w i th a s hor t e verted r im o rnamented w i th a l i near g eometr ic mo t if i n g raph ite was f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th t he Ha D c ar t-bur ia l i n t he t umu lus a t ' Gros-Gu ignon ' ,S av ign6

1 62

( R. J offroy 1 958 :142-143, 1 37 f ig. 3 5, 3 ). Graph i te-ornamented f inet empered wares f rom t he p romontory- f or t o f t he ' Camp A l lar ic ' , As lonnes, a re a lso d a ted t o t he Ha D ( J.-P. P autreau 1 976b:404-405, 4 19-420, 4 24 f ig . 1 7 ). Further s outh, g raph i te-ornamented v esse ls c ome f rom Ha D c on texts i n t he t umu l i c rema t ion bur ia ls o f t he L imous in ( J.-P. Daugas e t a l . 1 976 :4 37 -454). 2 9 The u se o f g raph i te i s a ttested i n t he Mass if C atir a l s ince t he e nd o f t he Ha B ( ib id .:454). The v esse l f rom Tumu lus 1 8 may b e i nterpreted a s t he most n orther ly r epresenta t ive, t o d a te, o f t he P o i tou-L imous in p roduct ion o f g raph i te-decorated wares. Whether a c onnect ion e x ists b etween t he u se o f g raph ite o n p ot tery a nd t he t echn ique o f t in i n lay h as n ot b een d eterm ined ( A. d e Mort i l let 1 926:52-54). Bo th d ecora t ive t echn iques w ere c ontemporary i n t he l a ter Ha B but wh i le t he l a tter was s hor tl ived, 3 0 t he f ormer c ont inued i n u se t hroughou t t he Ha C a nd D . F or t echn ica l r easons, t inin lay was o n ly a pp l ied t o e nhance s pec if ic o rnamenta l mot ifs. Graph i te h ad, a s n o ted a bove, a more v ar iega ted u se. Wha t c an b e p resumed i s t he h igh e st ima t ion g iven t o meta l v esse ls t hat g raph i te-coa ted wares were i ntended t o i m ita te ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 2 06) .3 1 1 2.4 .3

P ottery o rnamented w i th i nc ised meanders ( Map 3 0)

I nc ised meanders, u sua l ly e ngraved i n ' doub le-po in t ' p r ior t o f ir ing, a re r e lat ive ly r are i n t he P ar is Bas in. Three g enera l t ypes a re p resent. One i s t he s tep ' meander, c ons ist ing o f h or izonta l l ines w i th v ert ica l l ines s et a t r ight a ng les i n a n e sca la t ing o rder. S herds w i th i nc ised ' s tep '-meanders, i nc lud ing a l arge g lobu lar b icon ica l u rn w i th a s hort e ver ted n eck, were f ound i n t he t umu lus a t ' la Bonneter ie l , V ie lmanay, N . ( R. Octobon 1 976:8 f ig . 5 ). Round s hou ldered s herds w i th a s im i lar mo t if were r ecovered o n t he p romontory-fort o f ' For t-Harrouard ' S ore l-Mousse l, E .-et-L. ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :272 f ig . 7 6, 8 , 2 74 f ig . 7 8 , 9 ). Another s herd was d redged f rom t he L o ire a t Bau le, L o ir. ( F . Qua trehomme 1 96 5 b: XXXVI n o . 5 ). S herds w i th i nc ised ' step 'meanders i n ' tr ip le-po in t ' c ome f rom t he s ett lement a t t ies Grands R dages d e Dugny ', S dr is, L .-et-C. ( F. Qua trehomme a nd J . L hermi te 1 96 8 :208 f ig . 2 , 9 , 1 1 ; J . Despr iöe a nd J . Lherm i te 1 972 :122 f ig. 6 , 2 -3). A v ar iant o f t he ' step ' meander, w i th r ows o f l ong h or izonta l l ines j o ined by s hor t o b l ique l ines, o rnament t wo s ma l l r ound-shou ldered b ow ls w i th e verted r ims f rom t he Ha B s ett lement a t ' Au-Dessus du P ont ' ,E curyle-Repos, M . ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 96 6 :196 f ig . 2 2, 7 , 1 0). The s econd t ype may b e t ermed t he c lass ica l ' Meander , av ar iat ion o f t he ' Greek-key ' pa ttern o r f re tt ing , c ons ist ing o f l y ing-down Hs. I t h as b een f ound o n t he l arge r ound-shou ldered s herd o f a g lobu lar b icon ica l u rn i n a Ha B / C c ontext a t P arterre-Est ' F dro l les, L o ir. ( G. Cord ier 1 977:14, 3 6, 1 3 f ig . 4 , 6 ), a nd o n s herds f rom a t umu lus bur ia l a t t V ilement ' ,S t-Aoustr i l le ( F ig . 6 9 , 3 , 5 ), I . ( A. d es Md l iozes 1 889-90). Of s im i lar Ha B /C d a te a re t he f inds f rom t he Marne, s herds f rom t he s ett lement a t ' la Noue Abdon ? , BergäreslesVertus, a nd f ragments f rom a l arge g lobu lar b icon ica l u rn f rom t he c rema t ion bur ia l a l0 a t 'Au-dessus du Chem in d es Bretons ' , Au lnaya ux-P lanches ( A. B r isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 96 6 :195 f ig . 2 1, 1 ; 1 953 : 2 09 , 2 08 f ig . 4 6, 8 -9 ). The a uthors p lace t he l a tter i n t he Ha D a l though a c remat ion bur ia l a t t h is l a te s tage i s un l ike ly ( B. Chert ier 1 976a :31-32).

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The t h ird t ype o f meander i s a f a lse ' meander i n t hat i t c ompr ises s epara te e longa ted r ectang les, o f ten w i th r ounded c orners, s et h or iz onta l ly s ide by s ide a nd o f ten s uper imposed . One e xamp le o rnaments ag lobu lar b icon ica l v esse l w i th a s hor t e ver ted f aceted r im f rom V err äres ( F ig . 3 8 , 1 ), Au., d a ted o n s ty l ist ic g rounds t o t he Ha B /C ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 1 99 , 2 00 f ig . 4 8, 5 ). I t i s a lso f ound a t ' Fort Harrouard ' ( ib id.: 2 76 f ig . 7 9 , 2 ). A number o f i nc ised meanders d o n ot f i t i nto a ny o f t he a bove t hree c a tegor ies. A s qua t d ish w i th l ow c ar ina ted s hou lders f rom t he s e tt lement a t I ngre ( F ig . 5 8, 6 ), L a ir ., i s o rnamented w ith a n a ma teur ish ' e f fort t o c ombine t he f a lse ' meander w i th a no ther s ymme tr ica l mo t if c ons ist ing s imp ly o f h or izonta l l i nes j o ined a t i nterva ls by v ert ica l l ines f orm ing a l adder o n i ts s ide ( J.-F. Bara t in). The s ame s ymmetr ica l mo tif o f h or izonta l a nd v er t ica l l ines, i n ' tr ip lep o int ' ,o rnaments a l arge g lobu lar b icon ica l u rn w i th a n arrow b ase a nd s ha l low f oo t-r ing , w i th a s hor t v ert ica l c o l lar a nd w ide e verted n eck, f rom t he u rn-crema t ion a t ' Bec d es D eux-Eaux ', Ce l le-St-Avan t, I .-et-L. ( G. Cord ier 1 965:239 f ig . 3 ). I nc ised s ymmetr ica l meanders a re w idespread f rom t he e ar ly Ha B o nwards ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 1 90 , 1 98, 3 16). 3 2 S ymmetr ica l meanders, p ar t icu lar ly c lass ica l ' -meanders, f l our ished i n t he Ha B p a laf i tt ic s e tt lements o f western Sw i tzer land a nd t he S avo ie ( V. Gessner 1 946: 62 -6 8 , Taf . I , 5 2-57 ; L . Cout i l 1 915). The ir o r ig in r ema ins uncert a in a l though n or thern I ta ly h as b een s uggested a s ap oss ib le s ource ( V. Gessner 1 946:6 8 -72; M . L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 :255). S tep ' meanders a re n ot known i n wes tern Sw i tzer land bu t a ppear a s ap rom inent mot if i n t he L anguedoc i n t he Ha B /C t ogether w i th o ther t ypes o f meanders ( ib id .:136 f ig . 9 8 , 6 -8). They a re e spec ia l ly we l l r epresented i n w est c entra l F rance, n o tab ly i n t he P o i tou , o n t he Ha B /C s ett lement a t ' Sous-Clan ' ,J aunay-C lan, V . ( M. Ta i l le t 1 957 : 8 95-913), a nd i n t he c ave-she lter a t Rancogne, Ch. ( Ga l l ia P reh., 1 1, 1 96 8 :3 20 f ig . 1 4, 9 ). Both s i tes a lso h ad c lass ica l ' -meander i nc ised wares. The v ar iant s tep ' meander, o f t he t ype f rom Au-dessus d u P ont ' ,f ound a t Rancogne, i s a lso known f rom t he m idd le Rhen ish u rn f i e lds, a s i n Grave 1 7 a t Mü lhe im, Kr. Kob lenz, a ssoc iated w i th ' f a lsemeander o rnamented b ow ls ( M. Des i terre 1 96 8 :28 f ig . 1 2, 3 -4, 9 ). O ther e xamp les c ome f rom Baden, f rom t he Ha B s ett lement a t ' B ivang ' J estetten, f or e xamp le ( W. K imm ig 1 940 : 3 8 ; E . Gersbach 1 96 8 -6 9 :1 45, Taf . 1 05, 7 , 1 0). ' C lass ica l ' -meanders a re a lso w idespread , a nd o ccur i n b o th Ha B a nd C c ontexts. They h ave b een f ound o n wares a ssoc ia ted w i th i ron Ha C s words a nd b ronze r azors i n t umu l i b ur ia ls i n t he ' Bo is d e L angres ' , P rus ly-sur-Ource, C .-d 'O. ( G. Wamser 1 975 :147 n o . 63 1, Taf . 1 7 , 3 ), a nd a t D iarv i l le, M .-et-M. ( L. More l 1 890 :241 f ig . 1 2). D isconnected l y ing d own Hs, o f t he t ype f rom Grave a l0 a t Au-dessus d u Chem in d es Bretons!,' , a re known f rom a Ha B t umu lus c rema t ion a t E ns ishe im, H t-R. ( H. Z umste in 1 976:6 3 5 P l . I I, 2 16). The mo t if i s a lso f ound i n t he L anguedoc i n t he Ha B /C ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 :1 37 f ig . 9 9 , 1 1-13), a nd i n western Sw izter land ( V. G essner- 1 946:6 4 , Taf . I , 5 4). The f a lse ' meander i s e qua l ly w idespread a nd r e la t ive ly c ommon o n t he L ac du Bourget s ett lements ( L. Cou ti l 1 915). I t i s known i n Ha B c ontexts i n Tumu lus Al a t L amarque-Pon taque, H tes-Pyr . ( J. Gu i la ine 1 976c:529 f ig . 6 , 1 ), i n t he ' Gro tte d e N ermonV, S t-More, Y . ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :201 f ig . 4 9, 1 2), a nd a t Au-dessus d u P ont '

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( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. I t h as a lso b een f ound t ory f ort o f t he 'C amp 4 01, 4 04 , 4 15 f ig . 1,

Ha tt 1 96 6 :193 f ig . 1 9 , 8 ), t o n ame but a f ew. i n t he ma in Ha B / C s ett lement o n t he p romonA l lar ic ' , As lonnes, V . ( J.-P. P autreau 1 976b: 4 ).

A meander m ot if , n o t un l ike t he o ne o n t he d ish f rom I ngrd, o rnamented a s herd f rom upper L eve l D , d a ted t o t he Ha B /C, i n t he s he lter a t Roque-St Chr is tophe, Dord. ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :250, 2 52 f ig . 6 9 , 7 ) . The s imp le meander mot if o n t he Ce l le-St-Avant u rn i s known i n western Sw i tzer land i n t he Ha B ( V. Gessner 1 946:6 5 , Taf . I , 5 7 ). The d is tr ibut ion o f Ha B /C meander-ornamented wares i n t he Bas in, by n o means b ased o n a n e xhaust ive l i st s ince o n ly t he more p rom inent ly i lustra ted f inds a re i nc luded, r evea ls c erta in p a tterns ( Map 3 0). There i s ac luster o f i nc ised meander-ornamented p ottery i n t he s outhern h a lf o f t he Bas in, p art icu lar ly a long t he L o ire. Apar t f rom t he E curyle-Repos v ar iant, wh ich may h ave o r ig ina ted i n t he m idd le Rh ine, wares w i th s tep '-meanders a re r estr icted t o t he wes te rn a nd s outhern p ar ts o f t he Bas in, a long t he Eure a nd L o ire . Th is i s i n c ontrast t o t he w ider d istr ibution o f ' c lass ica l ' -meander o rnamented p o ttery wh ich a lso c overs t he Champagne. I t i s t empting t o t enta t ive ly i nterpret t h is d istr ibut ion a s f ur ther e v idence f or t he d ifferent o r ig ins o f s tep ' a nd ' c lass ica l ' meanders, t he f ormer a rr iv ing f rom t he L anguedoc v ia t he P o itou , t he l a tter f rom w estern Sw i tzer land a nd t he S avo ie, b oth i n t he c ourse o f t he Ha B . A g reat many more d iscover ies h ave t o b e made, h owever, b efore s uch a hypothes is c an b e e i ther c onf irmed o r d ispe l led. The v ar ious m eander mot ifs i n t he Bas in i n t he Ha B /C w ere t o p ers ist l ong e nough t o e nter t he g enera l r eper to ire o f i nc ised a nd p a inted mo t ifs o f t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I . The b arbot inep a inted mo t ifs f rom ' les Carr iäres ' , Th iverny ( F ig . 2 6, 6 ), 0 . a nd f rom ' le Bas du Mon t d e F resne ' ,P omade ( F ig . 4 0 , 1 -2), M ., c an b e c ited a s e xamp les . 1 2. 4 .4 F igura t ive r epresenta t ion o n p o ttery On ly t wo s i tes i n t he P ar is Bas in, b o th t umu l i f inds s outh o f t he L o ire, h ave p roduced p ottery o rnamented w i th f igura t ive mot ifs. 3 3 One i s t he f ine-tempered h ard-f ired g rey f abr ic g lobu lar u rn w i th a r a ised a nd s l ight ly c oncave b ase w i th a n e verted n eck f rom t he c entra l ( ? c rema t ion) bur ia l i n t he ' Pet i t Tumu lus ' a t ' les Danges ' ,S ub la ines, I .-et-L. ( G. Cord ier 1 975 : 4 62 -471). The u rn 's o uter s urface h as a c omp lex p a inted a nd i nc ised o rnament d isposed i n f ive a l ternat ing r ed a nd b rown h or izon ta l b ands o ne o f wh ich i s f i l led w ith d iverse g eometr ic mo t ifs a nd a s chema t ised p lan o f af our-whee led c ar t d rawn by t wo h orses i n t inin lay a pp l ied i n t h in s tr ips o n ad ark b rown p a inted b ackground. The i nner s urface, c overed i n ab rown-to-b lack s l ip, h as r i l l ing a rou la l t he r im w i th p erpend icu lar l inear i nc is ions r unn ing d own t he n eck. ' The s econd i s as herd , o rnamented w ith i nc ised ' ma tch-st ick ' a n thropomorph ic f igures s et i n t wo s uper imposed r ows i n ar ectangu lar f rame ( F ig . 6 9 , 4 ), f rom a t umu lus b ur ia l a t ' V i l lement ' ,S t-Aoustr i l le, I . ( A. d es Md l iozes 1 889-90). The s herd was a ccompan ied by o ther p o ttery f ragments o rnamented w i th a v ar iety o f i nc ised g eometr ic mo t ifs i n l ines a nd d o ts ( F ig . 6 9 , 2 -3, 5 -7 ).

1 65

The Sub la ines u rn d isp lays t wo p ar t icu lar i t ies : t he t echn ique o f t inin lay a nd t he c ar t-mot if . The t echn ique o f t in-in lay o n p o ttery i s r are i n t he Bas in. A l arge t runca ted d ish o f t he l a ter Ha B w i th at inin lay mot if o n t he i nner s urface i s known f rom a c ircu lar d i tched e nc losure a t Gr&ves ' V i l leneuve-au-Chä te lot, Au . ( G. Cord ier 1 975 :471). A b icon ica l u rn, s im i lar i n p rof i le t o t he S ub la ines v esse l, o rnamented w i th a c hequer-board p a ttern o f a l terna ting r ectang les o f i mpressed c irc le-and-do t mot ifs a nd t in s tr ips , c omes f rom t he c entra l c rema t ion bur ia l i n Tumu lus 2 a t P ommard , C .-d 'O., a ssoc iated w i th ab ronze v ase-headed p in ( F. Henry 1 933 :31, 1 68 ; G . Wamser 1 975 : 1 47 n o. 62 4 , Taf . 1 6, 3 ). A s im i lar a ssocia t ion was o bserved i n t he ' P iroutet ' Tumu lus 4 a t Ch i l ly-sur-Sa l ins, J . ( ibid.:120 n o. 1 57 , Taf . 1 , 9 ; N . K . S andars 1 957 :212). There i s g enera l a greement t hat t he t echn ique o f t inin lay d eve loped a nd s pread f rom t he p a laf i tt ic s e tt lements o n t he L ac d e Neuchä te l a nd t he L ac d u Bourget ( V. Gessner 1 946:22-23, 1 28 ; N . K . S andars 1 957 :2 35, 3 30-331; G . Cord ier 1 975 :4 74) . T inin lay d ecora ted p ottery i s e spec ia l ly w e l l r epresented a t Gres ine, S ay ., a nd Chä t i l lon, H teSa v.( L. Cout i l 1 915 :3 98-399 , P l . 9 ). One g lobu lar b icon ica l u rn w i th ar a ised b ase a nd e verted n eck, v ery s im i lar t o t he S ub la ines u rn, d eserves s pec ia l ment ion ( ib id .:398 , P l. 9 A ). 35 Be low a band o f h or izonta l r ul ing a t t he c o l lar i s a n h or izonta l b and f i l led w i th g eometr ic mot ifs, many c omparab le t o t he S ub la ines u rn, a nd s chema t ised h uman f igures, s imi lar i n s ty le t o t he S t-Aoustr i l le s herd, i n t in-in lay. T inin lay o rnamented p ottery i s a lso known f rom s outhern F rance, a s i n t he ' Grotte d e L ouo i l , Deroc, Arde ., where a h oard c onta in ing b ronzes c onnected t o L e Bourget t ypes h ad p rev ious ly b een f ound ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :295, 2 89 f ig. 8 5, 5 ). A l a ter f ind i s t he l arge d ish w i th a p edesta l f oo t, w i th a n e xc ised a nd t inin lay o rnament, a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron a rrow-head, i n t he t umu lus a t ' Serre d es F onta ines ' ,Ma lgo iräs, G . ( ibid.: 3 26). I t c an b e n oted t hat t he d ist r ibut ion o f t in-in lay a nd f igure-mot ifs o n p o ttery o ver lap t o s ome e xten t ( ibid.:331, 3 73 Map 1 3). G . Cord ier h as d rawn a f a ir ly e xhaust ive l i st o f c art a nd c har io t mot ifs o n p ottery a nd s tone i n h is s tudy o f t he Sub la ines u rn ( 1975 : 4 75-480). The Sub la ines c art-mot if i s un ique i n i ts a pp l ica tion o f t ini n lay, a l l o ther e xamp les b e ing i nc ised o r e ngraved ( ib id .:475). Dep ict ion o f whee led v eh ic les i s r e la t ive ly r are i n p ro tofi sT or ic Europe. Of t he t hree s i tes i n F rance known t o h ave s uch mo t ifs s cra tched o n p ottery, a l l l oca ted i n t he M id i , t he most i nteresting i s t he l a te Ha B s ett lement a t Moras-en-Va l lo ire, Dr . ( A. N ico las 1 972 :85-93; A . N ico las a nd B . Mar t in 1 972 :35-38). One l arge t runca ted d ish f rom t he s i te i s o rnamented o n t he i nner s urface w i th f ive c ircu lar c oncentr ic b ands, t hree o f wh ich a re f i l led w i th i nc ised s chema t ic h orses, r ows o f human f igures a nd ' p ictograph ic ' mo t ifs t ha t i nc lude c rosses, s wast ikas, z igzags, s quares, c hevrons , d ots a nd t he l ike ( ib id.:36 f ig . 3 ). The human f igures a nd ' p ictographs ' c an b e c omp ared t o t he f inds f rom S t-Aoustr i l le. An i nc ised t wo-whee led wagon a ppears o n a s epara te s herd b e long ing t o al arge s qua t d ish w i th a n e verted r im ( ib id.:37 f ig . 4 ). A f our-whee led c art w as f ound i nc ised o n ac ar ina ted v esse l a t t he 'Camp R edo & a t L ansarg rues, Her ., i n a n o ccupat ion l eve l d a ted t o Ma i lhac I , i n t he Ha B /C ( J .-L. Roud i l 1 972b:40 , 3 9 f ig . 7 , 3 ). A f our-whee led c ar t i ncised o n p ottery was a lso f ound o n t he o pp idum o f S extant io ' ,C as te lnaule-Lez, H er. ( G. Cord ier 1 975 : 4 76 , 4 77 f ig . 1 4 , 8 ). Except f or t he l a tter, t he F rench v eh ic les a re p ortrayed i n p lan, d r iv ing t oward t he r ight. They h ave 1 66

b een c ompared t o f our-whee led c arts i nc ised o n p o ttery f rom c entra l Europe, n otab ly t he t wo e xamp les f rom t umu l i bur ia ls a t S opron ( Oedenburg), i n western Hungary ( ib id.:475, 4 81; J . Comb ier 1 972a :38 , 3 9 f ig . 7 , 1 ; A . N ico las 1 972 : 8 5-93) . Compar ison w i th t he many BI C may b e r e levant, n otab ly ( G. Chapo ta t 1 96 2 :33-78; N . t ype bucket i n much t he s ame v esse ls ( G. Cord ier 19 75 :477

t ypes o f c u lt-wagons c urrent i n t he Ha t he wagon f rom L a Cöte-St-Andrä, I s. F re id in 1 980). I t t ransported a Kurd manner a s d ep icted o n t he S opron f ig . 1 3 , 4 -5).

I t s hou ld b e m ent ioned i n p ass ing t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f c ar t a nd c har iot r epresenta t ions o ccur a s p etrog lyphs a cross n or thern a nd western Europe. A lthough n ot p oss ib le t o d a te a ccurate ly, t hey a re c ons idered t o b e l arge ly p rotoh is tor ic ( ib id. : 476-477 ; J . C omb ier 1 972a : 3 8). A s ing le o r ig in f or d ep ict ing c u lt-wagons o n p ottery i s un l ike ly. The mot if s hou ld b e s een i n t he c ontext o f t he p ro l ifera t ion o f d im inut ive v eh ic les f or r i tua l purposes g enera l ly a t t he e nd o f t he B ronze a nd e ar ly I ron Ages. The S ub la ines u rn, w i th i t s g lobu lar p rof i le a nd e verted n eck o f Günd l ingen-Ihr ingen-type, a nd i t s ' pane l-decora t ion ' ( "Fe lderst i l") o n t he s hou lders , w i th p ara l le ls i n t he l ate Ha B t umu l i f rom Burgundy a nd t he J ura , c an b e d a ted t o t he l a test Ha B o r e ar ly Ha C ( G. Cord ier 1 975: 4 80-481 ; N . K . S andars 1 957 : 2 07 ). The u se o f t inin lay a nd t he mot ifs d ep icted c onf irm t h is l oose d a t ing. S chema t ised a nthropmorph ic f igures, v ary ing i n d eta i l, i nc ised o n p o ttery, o f wh ich t he S t-Aoustr i l le s herd i s t he most n orthwes ter ly f ind, a re r e la t ive ly c ommon i n F rance, e spec ia l ly i n t he L anguedoc ( ib id. : 316-320, 3 73 Map 1 3 ; J . Comb ier 1 972b:41-44). These mot ifs, wh ich i nc lude ' ma tch-st ick ' f igures a nd f igures i n ' doub le-po int ' , a ppear i n t he f irst s ett lement a t ' Cay la ' , Ma lhac, a nd i ts c orrespondi ng u rnf ie ld, l e Moulin' (M. Louis e t a l . 1 96 0 :1 35-136 , 3 54, 3 65 -36 6 ). They h ave a lso b een f ound i n o ther u rnf ie lds i n t he Aude, a t ' las F ados t P dp ieux, " En Bonnes ' , .Fan jeaux; a nd i n t he Hdrau lt, i n t he u rnf ie ld a t Vendres , a nd o n h i l ltop s ett lements a t S extant io ' ,a nd ' Cessero t a t S t-Th ibdry ( J. Comb ier 1 972b:42 f ig. 1 1; P . Abauz i t 1 96 1 :1 51-16 2 ) . I nc ised human f igures o n p ottery a re known a long t he Rhöne v a l ley, i n ar ock-she lter a t V idauque-Basse ' , Cheva lB lanc, Vauc., a nd o n o pen s ett lements a t ' Pa in-de-Sucre ' S drdz ind u-Rhone, Rh., a nd a t Moras-en-Va l lo ire ( ib id .). To t he n or th, t he mot if a ppears i n t he p a laf i tt ic s ett lements o n t he L ac d u B ourge t, a s t he p rev ious ly c i ted e xamp le f rom Chä t i l lon ( L. Couti l 1 915 :398 f ig . 2 ). Recent e xcava t ions h ave r educed t he c omparat ive i so la t ion o f t he S t-Aoustr i l le f ind . A v esse l w i th i nc ised f igures c omes f rom t he h i l lt op s ett lement o f t he 'Camp A l lar ic l , As lonnes, V . ( J.-P. P au treau 1 972 :218-224 ; 1 976b:403 f ig . 8 , 1 -2). Another e xamp le , wh ich a lso f ea tures h orses i n t he s ty le o f Moras-en-Va l lo ire, was f ound i n t he r ock-she lter a t ' le Qudroy ' Chaze l les, Ch. ( J.-P. P au treau 1 976a : 7 70 , 7 71 f ig . 1 , 1 ). Both v esse ls were r ecovered i n Ha C c ontexts . These n ew d iscover ies s treng then t he p rev ious ly weak l ink b etween S t-Aoustr i l le a nd t he L anguedoc ( J .-J . J u l ly 1 96 8 :56-57 , 5 9 f ig . 2 ). I nc ised human f igures a re a lso known f rom t he Mass if C entra l, i n t he h oard a t L a F er td-Hauter ive, A l l., where f igures were i nc ised o n al arge h o l low b ronze s phere , a nd o n t he s ett lement a t t he ' Camp 1 67

d es Ouches ', P o l ignac, H te-L., where t he i nc ised r im-sherd was f ound i n p rox im i ty t o ab ronze Günd l ingen-type s word a nd a ' Launac ian ' b race let ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 3 16 ; J .-P. Daugas 1 976 :5 16 , 5 15 f ig . 4 , 1 3). I t w i l l b e r emembered t ha t a t l east t hree Gend l ingen-type s words were f ound a t S t-Aoustr i l le ( J. D . C owen 1 967 :437 n os. 1 121 14). The o r ig in f or t hese h igh ly s chema t ised f igures r ema ins unc lear . They a re known a cross t he European Med iterranean f rom a s e ar ly a s t he M idd le He l lad ic ( J. Comb ier 1 972b: 4 2). An e xamp le f rom P raesos, Crete, d a ted t o 7 50-700 , i s c i ted by N . K . S andars ( 1957 : 3 17 , 3 19 f ig . 9 5, 3 ). She h as c ompared t he s ty le a nd t echn ique o f f igures i nc ised i n ' tr ip le-po int ' ' o n a n u rn f rom t he p re-He l len ic c emetery a t Cumae, Campan ia, d ated t o b efore 7 56, t o e xamp les i n ' doub le-po int ' f rom t he ' Cay la ' a nd ' le Mou l in ' a nd ' las F ados ' ( ib id.:317 , 3 18 f ig . 9 4). I t c an b e n oted t ha t al id o f a ' two-stor ied ' c inerary u rn f rom C orneto , o f t he t ype f rom Cumae c i ted a bove, i s o rnamented o n t he o u ter s urf ace w i th t h in s tr ips o f t in ( L. Cout i l 1 915 : 3 99 f ig . 3 ). The d istr ibut ion o f p re-Massa l ia Greek p o ttery a long t he F rench Med i terranean l i ttora l i s c omp lemen tary t o t ha t o f i nc ised f igure d ecorat ion o n p ottery, l end ing s upport t o ap oss ib le c onnect ion b etween f igured d ecora t ion a nd e ast Med i terranean i nf luences ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :320 , 3 73 Map 1 3). These may n ot h ave b een d irect h owever . The Chä ti l lon u rn f igures, w i th l ozenge-shaped h eads, a re n o t un l ike t he p etrog lyphs f ound n earby a t S c iez, H te-Say., f or e xamp le ( J. Comb ier 1 972b:43 f ig . 1 2). The o ther s herds f rom S t-Aoustr i l le, w i th c omp lex i nc ised l i near mo tifs, a re s im i lar t o t he ' p ictographs ' f rom Moras-en-Va l lo ire a nd t he p a inted mot ifs f rom Chä t i l lon ( A. N ico las a nd B . Mar tin 1 972 : 3 53 8 ; L . Cout i l 1 915 :396-397 , P l . 1 1). A s herd w ith i nc ised c hevrons e nc losed i n r ectangular f rames, c omparab le t o as herd f rom S tAoustr i l le ( F ig . 9 2, 7 ) , was d redged f rom t he L o ire a t Bau le, L o ir . ( F . Qua trehomme 1 965b: XXXVI n o . 6 ). Both S ub la ines a nd S t-Aoustr ile w ere o pen t o i nf luences f rom b o th t he S avo ie a nd t he L anguedoc i n t he Ha B /C wh ich e ffected t he s ubj ect ma tter a nd s ty le o f t he ir f igura t ive r epresenta tions a nd t he t echn iques f or a pp ly ing t hem o n t o p ottery s urfaces. Any r i tua l s ign if ic ance t ha t m ight b e d rawn f rom t hese v ar ious f igura t ive a nd ' p ictog raph ic ' s igns must r ema in hypothet ica l. 1 2.4 .5

Ha D b arbo tine-pa inted wares

( L is t 4 7 , Map 3 1)

P o ttery o rnamented w i th a p a inted l inear mo t if i n b arbo t ine, r eferr ed t o i n t he l i tera ture i nvar iab ly a s t V ix ian ' ,i s f a ir ly w idespread o n b o th s et tlements a nd i n c eme ter ies o f t he l a ter Ha D i n t he P ar is Bas in. The motifs, b orrowed l arge ly f rom t he Ha B r eperto ire ‚ 36 o ut l ined i n p a le(wh i te t o y e l low) a nd d ark ( b lack) b arbot ine, c ompr ise h or izonta l, o b l ique a nd v ert ica l l ines, h a tched t r iang les, c rosses, l a tt ices, c hevrons, s quares a nd r ectang les, i n v ar ious c omb ina t ions. These l inear mot ifs a re i n many i nstances d rawn o n ap a inted b ackg round, e i ther d isposed i n h or izonta l b ands o r c over ing t he e nt ire o uter p o t-surface, v ary ing f rom b rown t o b rown-red t o o range . The b arbot ine-app l ied o rnament, t hough n ot c onf ined t o a n e xc lus ive s et o f p ottery t ypes, u sua l ly d ecora tes t he f iner wares w i th hard-f ired f abr ics a nd s mooth ly burn ished s urfaces.

1 68

A lthough b arbo t ine-pa inted p ottery i s e ssent ia l ly c onf ined t o s ett lements, t he d a t ing e v idence c omes f rom t he f ew g rave f inds i n t he Champagne. A p edesta l led v esse l w ith h igh r ounded s hou lders a nd as hor t v ert ica l n eck, o rnamented w i th h a tched-tr iang les i n d ark b arbotine b e low t he r im, was f ound i n Grave 1 6 a t ' les J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M ., a ssoc ia ted w i th i ron c art-f i tt ings ( J. J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:429-430, P l. 6 , 8 04). A s im i lar v esse l c omes f rom t he s ett lement a t 'l es S a info ins ' V i l leneuve-sur-Yonne, Y . ( F ig . 5 4, 1 ) ( D. P ere tto). A p edesta l led t r icon ic v esse l w i th i n-turned s hou lders a nd a f lar ing n eck, o rnamented o n t he o u ter s urface w i th t wo h or izont a l b ands o f l arge c hevrons a nd h a tched t r iang les i n d ark b arbo t ine o ver a p a inted b ackground, was f ound w i th b ronze a rm i l lae a nd a F 2-type f ibu la i n G rave 1 9 a t ' les J ogasses ' ( J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . n oua le t 1 976 :4 30-431, P l. 7 , 8 28). The s ame t ype o f v esse l, w i th a s l ight ly mod if ied b arbot ine-pa inted mot if , c omes f rom a n i nhumat ion g rave i n t he c ircu lar d i tched Enc losure C a t ' le Mou l in ' V er tlaG rave l le, M ., a ssoc ia ted w i th a n i ron s ocketed s pear-head a nd, p oss ib ly, a g raph ite-coa ted s herd ( A. Br isson e t a l . 1 956:30, 3 1 f ig . 4 ). F ew o f t he b arbot ine-pa inted v esse ls f rom s ett lements, r epresented most ly by r im-sherds, c an b e p os i t ive ly i dent if ied. 3 7 A number o f f l ar ing n eck- a nd r im-sherds, a s t he e xamp le f rom ' les Carr iäres ' , Th iverny ( F ig . 2 6, 6 ), 0 ., may b e long t o ‚J ogass ian t-type g ob le ts. The f ew c omp lete b arbot ine-pa inted v esse ls, t he t runca ted b ow ls w i th i nverted r ims f rom 'Bo is d ' Ageux ' ,L ongeu i l-Ste-Mar ie, 0 . ( M. J ouve 1 976: 69 f ig . 1 4 , X2), a nd l e P rd Ad i t ' ,L e F resne, M . ( D. Chosseno t e t a l . 1 978 : 1 0 f ig . 3 ), a re c omparab le t o f inds f rom t he Mont-Lasso is ' , V ix, C .-d ' O. ( R. J offroy 1 96 0 a :109, 1 11-113, P l . 4 5, 4 ). The l arge s herd o f ag lobu lar b icon ica l j ar ( F ig . 6 5 , 1 ) a nd t he i nverted r ims herd o f ah emispher ica l b ow l ( F ig . 6 5, 4 ), f rom ' Carr iäre P inoteau ' , Marmagne , C ., a re a lso f ound o n t he ' Mon t-Lasso is ' ( ib id .:109, P l . 4 4, 1 2, 4 5, 9 ). Barbot ine-pa inted mot ifs were a pp l ied, i n t he ma jor ity o f c ases, o n w ares t ha t d er ive f rom e i ther ? V ix ian t o r ?J ogass ian ' t ypes. The d istr ibut ion o f barbo t ine-pa inted p ottery f o l lows t he c ourse o f t he Yonne a nd t he S e ine a nd h er t r ibutar ies, t he Marne a nd t he O ise ( Map 3 1). There i s ac luster i n t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, o n b oth b anks o f t he Marne. There c an b e l i tt le d oubt t ha t t he b arbo t ine t echn ique s pread i nto t he Bas in f rom t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' . The v ery l arge number o f barbot ine-pa inted v esse ls o n t he h i l lfor t, s ome 4 0 ,000 s herds, t he ir t ypol og ica l v ar iety, a nd t he p resence o f ' wasters ' i nd ica te a f a ir ly l arge s ca le p roduct ion o f t hese wares ( ib id. : 116-118, P l . 4 3-51). Barbot ineo rnamented p ottery i s r are, h owever, i n t he t umu l i bur ia ls o f t he s urr ound ing Chä t i l lonna is. The p edes ta l led b icon ica l v esse l w i th a c omp lex i nc ised a nd b arbot ine-pa inted mot if f rom t he t umu lus a t ' la F erme d u Grand Bo is ' ,A ignayle-Duc, C .-d ' O., i s e xcept iona l ( R. J offroy 1 953 : 3 21 , 3 20 f ig . A , B ). Th is r e la tive s carc i ty may b e p art ia l ly e xp la ined by t he f act t ha t s uch v esse ls a re p redom inant ly s ett lement wares a nd o ccur o n ly r are ly i n b ur ia ls. The o r ig in o f b arbo t ine-pa inted p o ttery r ema ins o bscure. P a inted p ottery, o f c ourse, i s known s ince t he Ha B ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 2 062 07 ). A more r ecent a ntecedent s hou ld b e s ought f or t he p art icu lar t echn ique. The " Ro twe isse" o r " we issgrund ige" wares o f s ou thwestern Germany a nd t he m idd le Rh ine, d a ted t o t he e ar l ier Ha D , d iffer b oth i n t echn ique a nd o rnamenta l mot if f rom t he b arbot ine-pa inted v esse ls o f t he Bas in, a s d o t he l a ter Ha D " Rotpo l ierte" wares w i th d ark p a inted 1 69

mot ifs f ound o n t he Heuneburg ( W. Dehn 1 941 :110 , W . K imm ig a nd E . Gersbach 1 971 :25-40).

1 09 Abb.

6 7 ;

On d istr ibut ion maps o f p a inted Ha D p o ttery i n w estern E urope , b arbot ine-pa inted wares a re r epresented a s as epara te a nd d ist inct g roup o ccupy ing n ortheastern F rance a longs ide a number o f o ther g roups wh ich i nc lude : a Pwe issgrund ige Ware" g roup t o t he e ast, i n s outhwes tern Germany, w i th t o t he s ou th, a " groupe r hodan ien" p roduc ing i m i ta t ion I on ian s ub-geometr ic ' p ottery c entred o n L e I ' gue, Dr., a nd t he Rhöne e stuary, a nd a n " Iber ian" g roup l oca ted a long t he L anguedoc ian l i ttora l ( ibid. :2 6 Abb. 2 ; F . Beno i t 1 96 5 :1 71-173 , 1 15 f ig . 9 ). A r ecent r eappra isa l o f Ha D b arbo t ine-pa inted p o ttery p o ints t o a w ider, l ess c onf ined d istr ibut ion i n F rance. E xamp les a re known a long t he Med i terranean c oast, f rom t he ' Cay la ' a t Ma i lhac, Ad., t o Antibes , A .-Mar i t., a nd a long t he Rhöne-Saöne a x is, o n s uch s i tes a s Roque maure, G ., S te-Co lombe, H tes-A ., ' l es J ones ', Tournus, S. -et-L ., t he ' S 'ab l iäres d es S apins ' ,J ., t o ment ion o n ly a f ew ( J.-L. Courto is 1 975 :6 6 , 68 ). The s ett lement a t S te-Co lombe h ad a c omparat ive ly a bundant p roduct ion o f p a le b arbot ine-pa inted wares, most o f ten i nvo lv ing p ara l le l c hevrons o n c ar ina ted b ow ls a nd d ishes, a ppear ing i n L eve l I I ( c. 65 0-6 0 0), a t i ts h e ight i n L eve l I ( c. 60 0-550), a nd c ont inu ing s porad ic a l ly i n L eve ls I C/B ( c. 5 50-500) ( ib id .:6 2 , 7 8 , 4 7 -49 f igs. 3 7-39). The o vera l l d istr ibut ion o f b arbot ine p a in ted p ottery i nd ica tes a n orth-south p a ttern a xed o n t he Rhöne-Säone c orr idor b ranch ing w es tward a long t he S e ine a nd Yonne, a nd e astward a long t he Doubs. Barbot ine-pa inted mot ifs a pp l ied o n i nd igenous p ottery t ypes, may b e i nterpreted a s l oca l c opies o f i mported p o lychrome p a inted wares t ha t were i ntroduced i n t he M id i f o l low ing t he f oundat ion o f Massa l ia i n c . 60 0 . B egun i n t he Marse i l le h inter land, t he t echn ique t hen s pread n or th—ward i n t he c ourse o f t he Ha D . The b arbot ine-pa inted w ares o f t he Bas in a ppear t o h ave b een i nf luenced i nd irect ly by i ntermed ia te p roduct ion c entres, n otab ly t he Mont-Lasso is ' ,r a ther t han i nsp ired d irect ly f rom i mported p ro tot ypes. A lthough p o lychrome p ottery i mported f rom t he Med i terranean a re n ot known f rom t he Bas in i n t he Ha D ,3 8 i t i s worth n ot ing t he r ecent f ind o f a" bucchero n ero" p edes ta l led v ase f rom t he t umu lus o f ' la Motto te ' ,N it on, H te-M., d ated t o t he e ar ly s ixth c entury ( L . L epage 1 974b:353-355). J9 These E truscan v esse ls a re r e la t ive ly c ommon a long t he l ower Rhöne a nd a long t he Med iterranean l i ttora l e ast a nd w est o f t he Rhöne e stuary ( F . Beno i t 1 96 5 :51-56, 3 3 f ig . 3 ). A " bucchero n ero" E truscan c antharus s herd was f ound w ith b arbo t ine-pa inted p ottery i n L eve l I C a t S te-Co lombe ( J .-L . Cour to is 1 975 :71-72, 5 4 f ig. 4 4). The p oss ib i l i ty d oes e x ist, o f c ourse, o f f urther d iscover ies o f i mpor ted Med i terranean p o ttery, but t hey a re un l ike ly t o d rama t ica l ly c hange t he p icture wh ich s hows a s trong l ink b etween t he b arbo t ine-pa inted p o ttery o f t he Bas in a nd t he p roduct ion-centre o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' .

1 70

NOTES

1 .

Ceram ic p roduction, n o tab ly t he e v idence f or k i lns, i s d ea lt w i th i n more d eta i l i n Chapter 1 5.3 ( p.204).

2 .

These i nc lude s amp les f rom t he f o l low ing Ha C s ett lements : 11 ' Enfer ' ( J . D egros e t a l . 1 976:91) a nd " le Temps P erdu ' ( J.-C. Bo ichd e t a l . 1 980 :30 , 3 2), Char trettes, S .-et-M.; a nd Au-dessus du Mont-6 117 -d e F ontenay ' ,L ouvres, V .-d ' 0 . ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 2 2, 1 979 : 4 70).

3 .

An e xcept ion i s t he s ta t ist ica l a na lyses o n d ecorated s ett lement p ottery f rom t he m idd le O ise v a l ley t o a ppear s hor tly ( J.-C. B lanche t a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980b).

4 .

H igh c y l indr ica l n ecked j ars a re known i n l a te Ha D c ontex ts o n t he m idd le Rh ine, i n A . Haffner ' s HEK I B, a s t he e xamp le f rom Grave 1i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Medemstück ' , .0berzerf-Irsch, Kr . S aarburg ( 1976:339 , Taf . 7 9, 1 ).

5 .

The a bsence o f K erbschn i tt i s a lso n oted i n e astern F landers ( S. J . d e L ae t e t a l . 1 958 :16 6 ).

6 .

S ee s ect ion 4 .3 ( p.163).

7 .

Hem ispher ica l b ow ls w i th f inger-t ip i mpressed r ims a re n everthe less ar e la t ive ly c ommon o ccurrence o n s ett lement s i tes. Examp les may b e c i ted f rom 'Rumpfs Mühle ' ,Laubenhe im, o n t he m idd le Rh ine, d ated t o t he Ha D ( W. Dehn 1 941 : 1 08 Abb. 6 6, 3 5-38). Ha C f inds c an b e ment ioned f rom 11 ' Enfer ' , Char tre ttes, S .-et-M. ( J. Degros e t a l . 1 976:70 f ig . 1 2, 1 5-16), a nd ' Au-dessus d u Mon to ir d e F ont enay 1 ,L ouvres , V. -d ? 0.( Ga l l ia P rdh , 2 2, 1 979 : 4 69f ig . 3 2, 5 ).

8 .

A lthough t he p o ttery f rom V i l leneuvela-Guyard was f ound i n t he d itch o f ac ircu lar e nc losure, t he c oarse-tempered c ordonned a nd f inger-t ip i mpressed s herds i nd ica te a s e tt lement o r ig in.

9 .

Tha t i s i f o ne i s t o e xc lude t he l arge a mount o f c oarse d omest ic s herds f ound i n t umu l i mounds t hat undoubted ly c ome f rom n e ighb our ing s e tt lements whose t races r ema in t o b e f ound.

1 0 .

S ee s ect ion 4 .4 ( p.165).

1 1 .

S ee s ect ion 4 .3 ( p. 1 64).

1 2.

S ee s ect ion 3 .1 ( p.152).

1 3 .

S ee s ect ion 3 .2 ( p.156).

1 4 .

S ee s ect ion 3 .2 ( p.153).

1 5 .

The t erm ' Marn ian ' h as l ost much o f i t s g eograph ica l v a l id i ty s ince r ecent e xcava t ions h ave e xtended t he l im i ts o f t his c ' u lture ' we l l b eyond t he Marne i nto t he A isne a nd O ise v a l leys, P icardy a nd Arto is . These e xcava t ions a nd v ar ious r eappra isa ls o f t he ma ter ia l e v idence h ave l ed t o a more c ompos i te p icture o f r eg iona l g roups a nd s ubg roups w i th c omp lex e xchange p a tterns i n which t he ' Marne ' i s o n ly o ne o f s evera l d ist inct ive c omponents ( A. Duva l a nd J .-C. B lanchet 1 97 6:48).

1 6. S ee n ote 1 7 .

1 1.

The p edesta l led v esse ls f rom ' les J ogasses ' ,Chou i l ly, M ., a nd f rom o ther s i tes w i th in t he ' Jbgass ian ' z one b e long t o as epara te a nd d istinc t ive g roup t rea ted i n s ection 2 .10 .1 .2 ( p.147). 1 71

1 8 .

S ee s ect ion 4 .2

( p .162 ) .

1 9 . F ragments o f ab icon ica l v esse l f rom a c ircular p i t-structure n ear Grave 1 i n t he Ha D f la tinhumat ion c emetery a t ' la Dronn iäre ' ,I fs, Ca Iv., h as b een c ompared t o t he p edesta l led v esse l f rom S oumontS t-Quent in ( C. Varoqueaux 1 96 6 :321 f ig. 1 0). 2 0 . M ; L ou is e t a l . h ave s ought a l oca l o r ig in f or t hese g ob lets, n o t ing t he d iscovery o f al ow-car ina ted g ob let w i th a f lar ing r im a ssoc ia ted w i th a f l anged-axe o f t he E .B. A. i n t he c ave o f ' la Rouquette ' , S t-Hi la ire-de-Brethmas, G . ( 196 0 :3 63 ; J . S a l les e t a l . 1 950 : 1 12 , 1 11 P l. I , 4 ). 2 1 . There i s a lso t he " bucchero n ero" v ase f rom t he t umu lus o f ' la Mottote ', N i jon, H te-M., d a ted t o t he e ar ly s ixth c entury ( L. L epage 1 974b: 3 53-355) . 2 2.

S ince o n ly t he b arbot ine-pa inted f lar ing n eck a nd r im a re e xtan t, t he v esse l may j ust a s we l l h ave b e longed t o a' Jog rass ian ' type g ob let. The p resence, h owever, o f o ther V ix ian p ottery t ypes, n otab ly a b icon ica l j ar w i th i n-turned s hou lders a nd f lar ing n eck, d oes n ot e xc lude t he p oss ib i l i ty o f a' beaker ' type g oblet o f t he k ind f ound o n t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' ( L. L epage 1 976:459 , 4 58 f ig . 3 , 3 ; R . J offroy 1 96 O a :P l. 4 8 , 4 ).

2 3 .

The i nc ised ' step ' -meander o rnamented s herds f rom S dr is ( F . Qua trehomme a nd J . Lherm ite 1 96 8 :211 , 2 08 f ig . 2 , 9 , 1 1; J . Despr ide a nd J . Lherm i te 1 972 : 1 22 f ig . 6 , 2 -3) a nd t he p edes ta l led b icon ica l v esse l f rom t he warr ior f l a tinhuma t ion g rave a t ' les L ongra is t , S oumont-St-Quentin, Ca lv . ( B. Ede ine 1 96 l a :3 57 f ig . 6 ) a re b oth e v idence o f c onnect ions w ith t he s ou th.

2 4 . I ts p rovenance i s uncerta in ( M.-E. Mar iön 1 970 :109). 2 5 . Bow ls w i th n o tched r ims ( "Randausschn i tten") a re known f rom t he m idd le Rh ine r eg ion where t hey a re d a ted f rom t he Ha A t o D ( W. Dehn 1 941 :81 Abb. 4 8, 1 46-147 L iste 7 ) . The e xamp les f rom t he Bas in, b o th i n t he Marne, a t B ergäresles-Vertus a nd E cury-sur-Coo le, a re d a ted t o t he Ha B . 2 6. The s ca l lop ' r immed s herd ( F ig . 3 3, 6 ) f rom L dche l le, S .-et-M., may b e o f t he s ame d ate ( B.G. A.S. M., 8 , 1 968 :147 -148). 2 7 .

The s herd, f ound i n t he t op-so i l, may h ave c ome f rom t he c ircu lar d i tched e nc losure o r f rom a d isp laced c rema t ion bur ia l. I f t h is i s t he c ase, t he s herd s hould b e p laced i n t he l a ter Ha B /C. A b ow l w i th a g raphite-ornamented i nner s urface, o f Ha B /C d a te , a ccompan ied t he c entra l c rema t ion i n Enc losure B a t ' le Mou l in ' ( A. Br isson e t a l . 1 956: 3 0). S herds f rom d i tches o f c ircu lar e nc losures a re a lso known, f or e xamp le, f rom ' le P ra la t ' , Broussyl e-Grand, M . ( B. Chert ier 1 976a :71,94).

2 8 .

I t i s wor th n ot ing t ha t t he u se o f g raph ite i s n o t known o n t he Mont-Lasso is t ,V ix ( R. J offroy 1 96 O a : 11-113) .

2 9 . Appended t o t he r eference i s o ne o f t he r are l aboratory a na lyses o f g raph i te-ornamented p ottery by J . Gaut ier ( J .-P. Daugas e t a l . 1 976:454-455). Tests were made t o d eterm ine i f t he g raphi ter •o n s herds f rom t he Mass if Centra l was i ndeed g raph i te a nd n ot p a int o r l ead. The r esults were p os i t ive. Unfortunate ly, t he method o f a pp l ica t ion was n ot e xam ined. 3 0 .

S ee s ect ion 4 .4 ( p.166).

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3 1. A s tudy o f t he l oca l s ources f or g raph i te r ema ins t o b e undertaken. 3 2 . F or a c omp lete l i st ing o f s i tes w ith s ymmetr ica l meander-inc ised p ottery i n t he s outh o f F rance s ee, J . Boudou e t a l . 1 96 1 :2 122 15. 3 3 . A v ar iant o f t he a nthropomorph ic f igure mo t if , c ons ist ing o f a v ert ica l h err ing . bone b etween t wo p ara l le l l ines, i nc ised i n 'd oub lep o int ' ,a lso c omes f rom t he p romontory-for t o f t he ' Camp d e Cora ' , S t-More, Y . ( N. K . S andars 1 957 : 2 02 f ig . 5 0 , 1 ). I t i s s imi lar t o i nc ised mo t ifs f rom t he L anguedoc, d a ted t o t he'second p er iod ' i n t he Ha B /C ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 96 0 :135 f ig. 9 7 , 1 6-18). — 3 4 . G . Cord ier a lso i lustra tes t wo s herds f rom t he t umu lus mound o rnamented w i th d eep ly i nc ised c hevrons i n ' doub le-po int ' wh ich h e t h inks may r epresent t he l ower l imbs o f a nthropomorph ic f igures a s f ound i n t he L anguedoc ( 1975 :46 2 , 4 61f ig . 5 , 3 -4). 3 5 .

The u rn f rom Chä t i l lon i s s a id t o c ome f rom ' Grds ine ' ,B r isonS t-Innocent, S ay., by J . Comb ier, b ased o n t he i nventory o f Chambdry museum e stab l ished by J . Da isy i n 1 896, a nd t he a lbum by d e Costa d e B eauregard a nd P err in i n 1 87 1 ( 1972b:43-44). I n t he c ontext o f t he p resent d iscuss ion, t he e xact a ttr ibut ion i s i rre levant a s l ong a s t he u rn i s s a id t o c ome f rom t he p a laf i tt ic s ett lements o n t he L ac du Bourge t.

3 6. S ee f or e xamp le t he Ha B o rnamenta l mot ifs o n p o ttery f rom t he p a laf i tt ic s ett lements o f w estern Sw itzer land a nd t he S avo ie ( V. Gessner 1 946; L . Cout i l 1 915). 3 7 .

F or a more d eta i led t rea tment s ee s ect ion 2 .10 ( p.146).

3 8 . The p o lychrome s kyphos f rom I nchev ile, S .-Mar i t., wh ich may e ven b e t he r esu lt o f a n a cqu is i t ion by a n a n t iquar ian o f t he l ast c entury , c an b e d ism issed i n t he c ontext o f t h is d iscuss ion s ince i t l i es w e l l o uts ide t he z one o f b arbo t ine-pa inted wares ( G. Verron 1 971 : 3 9 , 8 0-81). 3 9 . Another r e la ted f ind i s t he l arge g lobu lar v esse l w i th a n e verted c o l lar, w i th a g rey monochrome o uter s urface w i th a wavy c ombed motif o n t he s hou lders ( F ig. 1 9 , 1 2), f rom Phase I V a t ' la Bouche d ' O ise ' , Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 . ( J.-C. B lanche t a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :3 2) . I t i s t hought o f 'p seudo-Phoceaen y manufacture, s im i lar t o f inds f rom Tournus, S .-et-L., a nd t he F ranche-Comtd: i n t he J ura , o n t he ' Camp d u Châ teau ' , Château-sur-Sa l ins, a nd o n t he h i l ltop s et tlement a t Montmoröt; a nd i n t he A in, a t ' P ierre Chäte l ' , V ir ign in, a nd i n t he r ock-she lter o f t he ' Gro tte d u Gardon ' , A rnbdr ieu-en-Bugey ( ib id.; J .-P. M i l lotte 1 96 3 a : 2 15 , 2 58 , 3 19 , 3 36-337 , 3 51).

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S ect ion I EXCHANGE AND TRADE

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CHAPTER 1 3 EXCHANGE AND TRADE

Exchange c an b e v iewed a t t wo d ifferent l eve ls . The f irst may b e t ermed ' interna l ' a nd i nvo lves b oth d irect a nd i nd irect, s hort a nd l ong d istance c ontacts b etween r eg ions w i th in t he P ar is Bas in a nd w i th z ones i n t he s ame ' cu ltura l ' s phere wh ich i ncorpora te p er iphera l a reas a s w e l l a s more d istant r eg ions o f t he Westha l lsta ttkre is , n otab ly t he Rh ine land, s outhern Germany a nd n orthwestern Sw itzer land . The s ha l low c ar inated b ow ls f rom ' le Hu leux ' , W ry, 0 . ( F . Audouze e t a l . 1 975:13), a nd p oss ib ly Günd l ingen-type s words, m ight a lso i nd ica te l i nks w i th s outhern Br i ta in. A ma jor d iff icu lty i n t he s tudy o f i nterna l t rade i s r ecogn is ing i mp or ted a rtefacts f rom l oca l i m ita t ions. Th is i s g enera l ly t he c ase w ith c eram ics where p e tro log ica l e xam ina t ion i s a bsen t, but a lso e ncompasses meta l f inds. I t i s n ot known, f or i nstance, i f Ha C i ron s words i n t he Bas in w ere t he p roducts o f l oca l s m i ths o r i mported . Desp i te t he a ssert ion by A . Duva l a nd 0 . Buchsenschutz t ha t t he i ron s words f rom t he Berry a re Upper Burgund ian i mports ( 1976:7 90), t he c luster ing o f t hese s words i n a reas w i th p lent ifu l s urface i ron o re d epos i ts, i n t he Berry a nd o n t he L angres P la teau, c ou ld l i kew ise s uggest i nd igenous manufacture. S im i lar ly, b ronze Armor ican a xes may h ave b een p roduced a nd d iffused f rom t he S omme v a l ley , o uts ide t he p r inc ipa l c entres i n Br i ttany a nd L ower Normandy ( J. Br iard 1 965 :277 ). D ist ingu ish ing b etween i mported a nd l oca l ly manufactured a rtefacts i s e qua l ly c on ject ura l f or a w ide r ange o f t orcs, b race lets a nd f ibu lae b e long ing t o g ene ra l t ypes. Where i nd igenous p roduct ion c an b e s urm ised, workshops h ave y e t t o b e l ocated t o s ubstant ia te t he hypothes is. Th is i s t he c ase f or l a te Ha D dP2- ( J. Bergmann 1 958 :6 0 ; G . Mansfe ld 1 973 :35) a nd F 2-type f ibu la-e —r ib id .:41) whose c entres o f p roduct ion a re t hought t o b e T n- t he Champagne . A lthough c erta in a rtefacts c an b e s hown t o h ave b een i mported f rom d ef in ite l oca l it ies, a s t he Ha C b ronze r azor o f A . J ockenhöve l ' s Typ M ino t f rom Upper Burgundy ( 1971 :181; F . Henry 1 933 :54) a nd t he p a ir o f Ha D F l-type f ibu lae i n Grave 4 7a t 1 Charva is ' ,He i ltzl 'EvAque, M ., f rom L ower A lsace ( C.F .A S chaeffer 1 930 :255 f ig . 1 80 , 1 6), o thers h ave p roven more p rob lemat ic. Whether t he b ronze Günd l ingen-type s word o r ig ina ted i n s outhern Germany a nd Bohem ia a nd s pread westward a nd n orthward ( J . D . C owen 19 67 :416-422) o r whether i t r epresents a d evo lved v ers ion o f t he Thames type s word w i th a n o ppos i te d iffus ion ( P. S chauer 1 971 :213-215 ; 1 972) r ema ins o pen t o q uestion. The p robl em o f o r ig in a pp l ies p art icu lar ly t o a r tefacts w i th s parse but w idespread d istr ibut ion p a tterns. Once t hese ques t ions a re r eso lved, t here i s t he a dded d iff icu lty o f d eterm in ing i f t he i mported o b ject i s t he c onsequence o f d irect o r i nd irect e xchange w i th t he p roduct ion a rea . Artefacts f rom r eg ions a d jo in ing t he Bas in, a s t he b ronze b arre l ' brace lets o f G . Wamser 's Burgund ischen Typs ( 1975 :73 , 8 3-84, 1 66 ), c an b e r egarded w ith s ome a ssurance a s

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d irect i mports. A n umber o f a rtefacts i n t his c a tegory a ppear un ique, d iffer ing i n d eta i l f rom t hose f ound i n t he p r inc ipa l p roduction a reas, g iv ing r ise t o f ur ther quest ions o n d iffus ion mechan isms . The p a ir o f s i lver-p la ted b ronze dP4-type f ibu lae, w i th a n a dded d oub le-sp ira l s pr ing a t t he f oo t, f rom t he i so la tedbronze r ibbed p a i l c remat ion a t ' la P icard ie ' , Gurgy, Y . ( C. P e l le t a nd J .-P . De lor 1 980 :46, 4 8), c an b e ment ioned i n t h is r espect. The ir u nusua l s pr ing c onstruct ion may b e t he r esu lt o f a dapta t ion t o l oca l t astes by i nd igenous c raf tsmen, o r t he work o f t he i n i t ia l f ibu lae manufacturers i n Upper Burgundy d eferi ng t o c onsumer d emands. The b es t e v idence o f e xchange w i th in t he Bas in r ema ins t he c eram ic ma ter ia l i n s p i te o f t he l im ita t ions r a ised a bove . P ottery b e long ing t o L a te Urnf ie ld f orms , a nd v ar iant t ypes, f rom t he Rh ine land a nd s outhern G ermany a re f ound i n t he Champagne a nd i n t he ma jor r iver v a l leys t ha t i nc lude t he m idd le O ise, t he m idd le S e ine a nd t he L o ire. Wh i le underl y ing t he e ssent ia l u n iformi ty o f t he Ha C c u l tura l b ase, t he d istr ibut ion o f t hese w ares r evea ls a d iffus ion p a ttern c entred o n t he Champagne, e manating t owards t he Basde a nd t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion . The c eram ic l i nks b etween t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne a nd t he m idd le S e ine were p ar t icu lar ly c lose. The p ottery a ssemb lage f rom ' le P ar terre E st ' ,F dro l les, L o ir . ( G. C ord ier 1 977 :14, 1 3 f ig . 4 ) h as c lose p ara l le ls w i th b oth t he Basde a nd t he S t-Gond r eg ion. F urther west, t he Kerbs chn itt mo t ifs o n t he Ha B /C wares f rom F ort-Harrouard ' ,S ore lI V ousse l, E .-et-L ., i nd ica te t he e xtent o f t he i nf luences e xer ted by t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :269). Whether t hese i nf luences r eached a s f ar a s s outhern Br i ta in, a s h as b een s uggested ( ib id .:225), n eeds t o b e a na lysed . The a bsence o f p ert inent f inds i n t he r i t ermed ia te z one r enders s uch c ontacts t enuous . The Ha B /C p ottery f rom t he m idd le O ise v a l ley s i tes r ef lects a c ert a in d egree o f i so la t ion f rom d eve lopments i n t he Champagne a l though s ome c ontact i s e v ident. The ir p roduction owes more t o d irect l inks w i th t he m idd le a nd u pper Rh ine . Ha B /C wares o f ' Rhen ish-Sw iss ' a ff in i ty, c onsp icuous ly a bsen t f rom t he m idd le O ise, a re we l l r epresented a long t he s outhern f r inge o f t he Bas in, a nd may h ave b een i nspired b y d irect c ontacts r a ther t han t ransm i tted i nd irect ly f rom t he Champagne . They may a lso i nd ica te c ontacts w i th Upper Burgundy . I t i s n o teworthy t ha t t hose c eram ic t ypes t ha t d id s pread a cross t he Bas in b e long t o ' c lass ic ' L a te Urnf ie ld f orms . L oca l ised t ypes d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een u sed i n i nter-reg iona l e xchange. Th is may b e due s imp ly t o t he i nadequacy o f p resent i nforma tion t hat wou ld a l low r eg iona l c eram ic t ypes t o b e d istingu ished a nd a ccura te ly d ef ined . I n t he l a ter Ha D , t he d istr ibut ion o f ' Jogass ian t type g ob lets, r ep resenting a n o r ig ina l i nterna l d eve lopment i n t he Marne, i s ac learer i nd ica t ion o f t he z one under d irect i nf luence o f d eve lopments i n t he Champagne ( Map 2 6). Restr icted t o t he n or thern h a lf o f t he Bas in, t he g ob lets h ave a r iver ine d istr ibut ion o uts ide t he Marne, a long t he A isne a nd O ise, w ith e xamp les i n t he S omme a nd Nord d epar tments . The c lustered d istr ibu t ion o f ' Jogass ian ' type g ob lets w i th l im ited e xamp les a long o ut ly ing r ivers r ef lects t he g enera l p a ttern o f d iffus ion i n t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T . I . More c onv inc ing e v idence o f i nterna l e xchange p atterns c omes f rom e xam in ing t he p roducts o f 'e xterna l ' t rade. A s econd l eve l o f t rade c oncerns g oods i mported, d irect ly o r i nd irect ly, f rom a reas o uts ide t he ' cu ltura l ' s phere o f t he Bas in, s pec if ica l ly f rom

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t he Med i terranean wor ld a nd f rom c entra l a nd e astern E urope. These g oods a re r ead i ly i dent if iab le, a nd mos t ly i nvo lve l uxury i tems, s uch a s b ronze f igur ines a nd v esse ls, r are c eram ic w ares, 1 c ora l a nd a mber , but a lso i nc lude weaponry s uch a s b ronze a nd i ron ' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads . Apart f rom e stab l ished p o ttery i m i ta t ions o f b ronze v esse ls ( W. Trachs ler 1 966), a number o f Med i terranean i mpor ts may h ave p rompted i nd igenous c op ies a nd l ed t o ac erta in amount o f l oca l t ypo log ica l e vo lut ion i ndependent o f t he i n i t ia l p roduct ion a rea ( P . S . We l ls 1 980 :57-58). Th is i s s uggested f or a number o f I ta l ic a s angu isug ,a a nd a n av ice l la f ibu lae ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :43), a nd h as b een d emonstrated f or t he Ha B b ronze c rested h e lmets w ith p o inted c aps f rom Bern i res-d ' A i l ly , Ca Iv . ( ib id .:46; H ; Hencken 1 971 :9 , 6 6-72), a nd t he l a ter Ha C b ronze x is ' f rom Tumu lus 1 i n t he F or k d e Kastenwa ld, Appenw ihr , H t-R. ( M. J eh l a nd C . Bonnet 1 957 :28), f or e xamp le ( N. F re id in 1 980). L oca l p roduction o f Med i terranean l uxury g oods i s f urther a ttes ted b y t he f ind o f ac ast ing mou ld f or a Ha D E truscan b ronze w ine-f lagon o n t he Heuneburg, Hunders ingen ( W. K imm ig 1 975 :63 , 5 8 P l . X I, c ). 2 I n g enera l, h owever, t he i ntr ins ic f ore igness ' o f e xterna l l uxury i mports a ga inst l oca l p roducts makes i t p oss ib le t o d ist ingu ish t hem a nd t o c har t t rade p atterns. An i mmed ia te ly p ercept ib le d ist inct ion a r ises b etween t he p attern i n t he Ha B /C o n t he o ne h and a nd t hose o f t he l a ter Ha / L .T. I o n t he o ther. 1 3 .1

Ha B /C ( Maps 2 0 , 2 4-25)

The e ar l iest l uxury g oods f rom t he Med iterranean wor ld a re l i nked w ith t he t in r outes t o t he L o ire e stuary, t he A rmor ican p en insu la a nd Cornwa l l ( F . V i l lard 1 960 :131-161). Th is i s a ttested by t he d istr ibu t ion o f s eventh c entury I ta lo-Etruscan b ronze f igur ines ( S. Boucher 1 970 : 2 02), t o wh ich c an b e a dded t he b ronze duck f igur ine f rom ' Be l levue ' Chdd igny, I .-et-L . ( G. Cord ier 1 966:79-81). B o th t ypes h ave a c omp lementary d istr ibut ion c entred o n t he L o ire a nd h er t r ibutar ies i n t he Mass if Centra l a nd t he P o i tou ( N. F re id in 1 980 ). The a bsence o f I ta loE truscan f igur ines f rom t he M id i, a nd f inds f rom t he J ura a nd a long t he l ower Yonne, p o int t o at rans-A lp ine c ross ing ( B. Boucher 1 976:17 ). An a l terna t ive t in r oute, f rom t he Go lfe du L ion up t he Garonne v a l ley t o t he Gascogne c oast ( J.-J. J u l ly 1 968 :55, 5 7 , 5 9 f ig . 2 ; F . V i l lard 1 960 :151), wou ld e xp la in t he p resence o f L anguedoc ian i nc ised mo t ifs o n p ottery f rom t he s outhern p re iphery o f t he Bas in, n o tab ly s chema t ised a nthropomorph ic f igures ( F ig . 6 9 , 4 ) ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :316-320 , 3 73 Map 1 3) a nd s tep '-meanders ( M. L ou is e t a l . 1 960 :136 f ig . 9 8 , 6 -8). The l and-route ment ioned by S trabo, p robab ly d rawn f rom P os idon ius , f rom t he Rhöne e stuary up t he Rhöne-Saöne ' corr idor ' t hen c u tt ing w es tward up t he S e ine v a l ley t o t he Channe l ( F. V i l lard 1 960 :147 ), 3 d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave p layed a n i mportant r o le a t t h is s tage . Ev idence a t t h is t ime o f c ontacts w i th c entra l a nd e astern E urope i n t he e astern h a lf o f t he Bas in c an b e f ound i n t he b ronze c ups o f G . v on Merhart ' sS t i l lfr ied-Hostom ice-type f rom t he h oard a t S t-Mart in-surleP rd , Marne, a nd G . v on Merhar t 's Gruppe B2a b ronze c au ldron w i th c ruciform-hand le a ttachments f rom a nother h oard a t t he ' Carrefour d es Arz i l l iers ' , Comp iägne, 0 . The ir r e la t ive l oca t ion, i n t he m idd le Marne v a l ley a nd i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley b e low i t s c onf luence w i th t he A isne r espect ive ly, f avours t he ir i ntroduct ion t hrough t he Tou l g ap.

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Of s l ight ly l a ter d a te a re t he Gruppe C c au ldrons f rom Buchäres, Au. a nd C ravant, Y ., whose p roduct ion c entre i s l ocated a t t he h ead o f t he Adr iat ic. They c an b e g rouped w i th t he f ind f rom t he t umu lus a t F ro ide-Fonta ine ' ,P o iseu lla-V i l le, C . -d ' 0 . ( R. J offroy e t R . P ar is 1 973). S im i lar ly, t he s ixth c entury E trur ian b ronze t r ipod f rom t he Auxerro is o f P . J . R i is ' F itt ings Group c an b e c ompared t o a n e xamp le i n i ron f rom t he t umu lus c ar t-bur ia l a t ' la Garenne ', S te-Co lombe, C. -d t O . ( R. J offroy 1 958 :62, 6 4 , 6 6). The t r ipod f rom ' la Garenne ' s upported a c au ldron o rnamented w ith f our b ronze g r iffon-heads o f U . J antzen t s Kyme G ruppe, a n e xamp le o f wh ich i s known f rom t he l ower L o ire ( G. Cord ier a nd M . Gruet 1 975:275-276), a nd a v ar iant f rom S ens, Y . The d istr ibut ion o f t hese l uxury i mports i n t he Bas in r evea ls a s parse a nd e xc lus ive ly r iver ine d istr ibut ion w ith n o e v ident c lusters ( Maps 2 0, 2 4-25). Th is s uggests ' trans i t ' z ones c ontro l l ing t he p assage o f g oods a nd g enera l f low o f t rade. Contrary t o J .-P. M i l lotte 's v iew ( 1959 :153), t he L o ire r ema ined a n i mpor tant a rtery t o t he western s ources o f t in o re. I n t he c ourse o f t he Ha C , t he L o ire, a s we l l a s t he Yonne, a nd t o al esser d egree, t he Aube a nd S e ine, a ppear t o h ave p layed i ncreasi ng ly v i ta l r o les a s o ut let-routes f rom Upper Burgundy . Ha B /C I ta l ic f ibu lae , w ith a more w idespread d is tr ibut ion but a lso c entred o n t he ma jor r iver ine a r ter ies, may a lso b e c ons idered a s l uxury i mports f rom t he Med iterranean . The ir o ver-a l l d istr ibut ion s hows t ha t t hey were t ransported b o th t hrough t he A lp ine p asses a nd up t he RhöneS aöne ' corr idor ' ( A . Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :43-45). 1 3 .2

Ha D /L.T. I ( Maps 2 1-23)

Cont inuous c ontact w i th c entra l Europe i n t he l a ter Ha C a nd e ar ly D i s e xemp l if ied by t he i mporta t ion o f b ronze r ibbed p a i ls o f B . S t jernqu ist 's Ha l lstatt G ruppe I a nd S tandardgruppe KM1 a nd KM2. These a re f ound c lustered i n t he Berry, w ith s cattered e xamp les a long t he m idd le L o ire a nd Yonne v a l leys ( Map 2 1). They were p robab ly t ransm i tted f rom Upper Burgundy where s ome f ive e xamp les a re known ( B. B ou loumid 1 976). Bronze s i tu lae, t he ma jor i ty o f wh ich c an b e s hown t o o r ig ina te f rom t he Go lasecca r eg ion ( W. K immig 1 962-63:69-76), b e long t o t he l a ter H a D a nd e ar ly L .T. I a nd a re a lso c lustered i n t he Berry w i th f inds f rom t he Yonne a t Cuy a nd Gurgy, a nd t he A isne a t P ernant ( Map 2 2). They a re a bsent, h owever , f rom t he Upper Burgund ian t umu l i bur ia ls. C ontemporary a nd s l ight ly l a ter E truscan S chnabe lkannen, i mported v ia t he A lp ine r oute ( B. Bou loum id 1 973a :14-15), a re we l l r epresented i n t he Berry but a lso a ppear c lustered i n n ortheastern Champagne ( Map 2 3). Bronze s tamno i o f n orth I ta l ian o r ig in, t wo o f wh ich c ome f rom t he t umu lus o f ' la Ronce ' ,S te-Genev i ve-des-Bo is, L o ir ., a nd o ne f rom t he t umu lus a t S t-Va lent in ' , Cource l les-en-Montagne, H te-M . ( Map 2 3), h ave a European-w ide d istr ibu t ion s im i lar t o S chnabe lkannen ( U. S chaaf 1 969 :200-201, 1 92 Abb. 4 , 1 94 Abb. 4 ; B . Bou loum id 1 978 :8). F if th c entury E truscan b ronze f igur ines ( Map 2 4), w i th t hree e xamp les i n t he Bas in, p o int t o t he Channe l a s an ew d irection f or E truscan t rade ( S. Boucher 1 976:23). I n c ontrast t o t he p reced ing phase, Ha D/L.T. I l uxury i mpor ts h ave ac lustered d istr ibut ion i n t he Bourges r eg ion, C ., w i th a l a ter g roup ing

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i n n ortheastern Champagne. The p er iphera l f inds a re most ly l oca ted a long t he ma jor r iver v a l leys b e tween t he t wo c entres . The c oncentrat ion o f I ta lo-Etruscan a r tefacts i n r estr icted a nd we l l d ef ined r eg ions i nd icate ' power-centres ' r a ther t han t rans i t z ones . 1 3 .3

Trade p a tterns

Before a ttempt ing t o d raw a hypothet ica l mode l, a word mus t b e s a id r egard ing t he p oss ib le 'f unct iona l ' a ttr ibutes t ha t a re d isgu ised b eh ind t he t erm ' luxury '. One o f t hese may b e t ha t o f ap re-monetary c urrency , a hypo thes is put f orward f or b oth a s angu isuga f ibu lae ( R. P eron i 1 966) a nd A rmor ican s ocketed a xes ( J. Br iard 1 965 :270-271). The ir r e la t ive ly l arge n umber a nd w idespread d istr ibut ion wou ld f avour s uch a r o le . The c ons iderab ly l ess numerous t ypes o f l uxury i mports, t he ir s carc i ty i n f act, s upposes a d ifferent e xp lana t ion. The ma jor i ty o f t hese l uxury g oods a re v esse ls, a nd r e lated o b jects, n otab ly t r ipod s upports a nd g r iffon-heads, wh ich s uggest t hat t hey w ere i ntended f or a l im i ted u se by a r estr icted c l ientage. I n t h is l ight, t he c oncept o f a' po l i t ica l ' g if t ( P. S . We l ls 1 97 7 :192-193) o r ' prest ige ' good ( S. F rankens te in a nd M . J . Row lands 1 978 :76-81), i s a n a ttract ive o ne . The i nadequa te d a ta r e la t ing t o i nterna l s tructures i n t he B as in, p art i cu lar ly t he s ett lement e v idence, under l ines t he n eed f or c aut ion i n f ormu la t ing a mode l o f t he e xchange mechan isms a t work f rom t he Ha B /C t o t he Ha D/L.T. I . The n eed f or p roduct ion a reas t o e nsure a nd ma inta in a ccess t o r aw ma ter ia ls, a nd t he i ncreas ing c ontro l o f market a reas o ver t hese, a re c onstant f actors b eh ind e xchange. A s ystem o f i nterlock ing r eg iona l e xchange n etworks, where g oods were t raded i nterna l ly ( M. J . R ow lands 1 973:596-59 ' 7 ) a nd where t he p roduct ion a rea c onducted i nd irect t rade w i th i ts s upp ly z ones ( B. S t jernqu ist 1 967 :30 , 2 9 f ig . 6 ), c an b e a ssumed f or t he Ha B t o e ar ly D . The i n it ia l d istr ibut ion o f i mpor ted l uxury i t ems a ppears ' haphazard ' ,s trung a long t he ma jor r iver-ways i n al inear d iffus ion. The c au ldrons o f Gruppe C o n t he Yonne a nd Aube, b o th n a tura l o ut let-routes f rom Upper Burgundy, may i nd ica te t he l a tter ' s i nterest i n e stab l ish ing s ome k ind o f c ontro l o ver t hese water-ways a s a n i ntermed iary b etween t he Med i terranean p roduct ion a rea a nd t he s ource o f r aw ma ter ia ls. Upper Burgund ian i nf luence i s s treng thened i n t he l a ter Ha C a nd e ar ly D , e spec ia l ly i n t he Berry wh ich s hares s im i lar bur ia l c ustoms a nd g rave-assemb lages . The c luster o f H a C i ron s words i n t he Berry a nd o n t he P lateau d e L angres, a nd a long t he Yonne v a l ley ( Map 1 ), may r ef lect t he e xtent o f t hese i nf luences . The c luster ing o f Burgund ian-type ma ter ia l o f ten a ssoc ia ted w i th i ron s words, a nd p art icu lar ly t he p resence o f r ibbed p a i ls i n t he B erry, wou ld s ugg est a n ew t ype o f r e la t ionsh ip, p erhaps o ne o f 'c l ient ' z ones . A c hange i n t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I f o l lows when t he Med i terr anean wor ld s eeks t o e stab l ish d irect c ontact w ith t he ir s upp ly a reas, B . S t jernqu ist ' sd irect l ong d istance t rade mode l ( 1967 :30, 2 9 f ig . 6 ). I mproved o rgan isa t iona l a nd t echno log ica l s k i l ls a l lowed f or i ncreased c entra l isa t ion o f t he s ett lement p a ttern a nd more e ffective c ontro l o ver l oca l r esources a nd p roduct ion ( M. J . Row lands 1 973 :597 ). A c onsequence o f t h is c hange i s f ound i n t he Berry where I ta lo-Etruscan s i tu lae a nd S chnabe lkannen, r are i n Upper Burgundy, a ppear t o h ave b een i mpor ted d irect ly f rom t he ir p roduct ion c entres. A p ara l le l s i tua t ion i s f ound o n

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t he m idd le Rh ine , i n t he Rhe in land-Pfa lz, where b ronze s i tu lae, S chnabe lkannen a nd o ther c ontemporary i mpor ted v esse ls a re a lso c lustered ( J. Dr iehaus 1 966:28-29 f igs . 1 -2). A s econd ma jor c entre i n t he Bas in emerges i n n ortheastern Champ agne a s t he t erm inus f or Med i terranean l uxury i mports r epresented p r inc ipa l ly by S chnabe lkannen but t o wh ich c an b e a dded t wo E truscan b ronze b as ins f rom P ernant, A ., a nd Ahan d u D iab le ' , BussyleChäteau, M . ( Map 2 3). The S chnabe lkannen f rom P ouanles-Va l l6es, Au., a nd ' la Motto te ', N i jon, H te-M., may b e l inked t o t he Marn ian f inds . There i s l i tt le d oubt t ha t t he emergence o f t h is n ew c entre i s a ssoc ia ted w ith t he n o tab le i ncrease o f c har io t-bur ia ls i n wh ich t he ma jor ity o f t he l uxury v esse ls w ere f ound. The ma jor i ty o f I ta lo-Etruscan b ronze v esse ls i mported i nto t he Bas in w ere t ransported a cross t he A lp ine p asses d irect ly f rom t he p roduct ion c entres . Goods i mported f rom Massa l ia , by way o f t he Rhöne-Saöne ' corr idor ' a re r are , a nd i nc lude t he i m ita t ion E truscan " bucchero n ero" v esse l f rom N i jon ( F. Beno i t 1 965:51, 5 3 , 3 3 f ig . 3 ; L . L epage 1 980 :42 , P l. 2 4) a nd ' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads d istr ibuted a long t he S e ine a x is ( W. K imm ig a nd E . G ersbach 1 971 :53 Abb. 1 2). 4 Massa l ia ' sr o le a s a n empor ium l i nk ing t he Med i terranean wor ld w i th t he 'Ce lt ic 'h inter land ' by t he Rhöne-Saöne ' corr idor ' h as b een t he s ubj ect o f c ons iderab le d eba te ( P. S . We l ls 1 980 :61-70). Wh i le t here e x ists ac onsensus o f o p in ion t ha t t he p eak o f Massa l ia ' st rad ing a ct iv i t ies w ith t he n orth o ccurred u pon a nd s hort ly a f ter i t s f ounda t ion i n c . 6 00 ( J .-J. Ha tt 1 955:151 ; F . B eno i t 1 956:10 ; R ; Cheva l l ier 1 976:151), t he n ature a nd e xtent o f t hese a re c ontested. The c ontroversy i s h igh l ighted b y t he quest ion o f t he d iffus ion o f Greek c eram ic wares ( A. B lanc 1 958). P os it ions v ary f rom R . J offroy ' sm in im isa t ion o f Massa l ia ' si mpor tance b y mak ing t he E truscans t he ma in i ntermed iar ies b etween t he Greeks a nd C e lts, r espons ib le f or b r ing ing t he A tt ic B lack-F igure wares t o t he ' Mont L asso is ' ,V ix, C .-d ' O . ( 1960a :145 , 1 51), t o t he d iametr ica l ly o pposed v iew o f Massa l ia ' ss usta ined p ivo ta l r o le up t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i f th c entury h e ld by F . V i l lard ( 1960 :125-134) a nd F . Beno i t ( 1965 :218-219). The A lp ine a nd Rhöne-Saöne r outes s hou ld n ot b e s een, h owever, a s mutua l ly e xc lus ive ( C. P icard 1 96 0 :428). An i mportant c onsequence o f t he e stab l ishment o f Massa l ia was t he l oca l i m ita t ion o f t he n ew ly i mported p o lychrome-pa inted p o ttery, a t echn ique a nd s ty le t ha t s pread r ap id ly n orthward. The b arbo t inep a inted wares i n t he P ar is Bas in ( Map 3 1) may h ave b een i nd irect ly i nsp ired by t hese i nd igenous c opies t hrough t he l arge p roduct ion c entre o f t h is t ype o f p ottery o n t he ' Mont L asso is ' . The n a ture o f c ontacts b e tween t he ' Mont L asso is ' ,s tra teg ica l ly l ocated a t t he h ead o f t he S e ine o n a ma in r oute b r ing ing C orn ish t in o re t o t he Med i terranean ( R. J offroy 1 96 0 a :17 , 1 45), a nd t he Bas in i s d iff i cu lt t o d ef ine. ' V ix ian ' i nf luence i n t he Bas in i s p r imar i ly c eramic. I t mus t b e r emembered t ha t wha t a re t rad i tiona l ly c ons idered V ix ian ' c eram ic t ra i ts i n t he Bas in, n otab ly p edesta l led f orms a nd b arbo t ine-pa inted mo t ifs t hat make t he ir a ppearance i n t he l a ter Ha D , b e long t o w ider mer id iona l t rad it ions . They a re t herefore n ot n ecessar i ly e v idence f or d irect l inks w i th t he h i l l-fort. R . J offroy h as u sed t he b arbot ine-pa inted wares f rom f les Carr iäres ' , Th iverny, 0 ., t o e xp la in V ix ian p resence a long t he t in r oute ( ib id.:145).

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The Th iverny p ottery a ssemb lage, h owever , i s t ypo log ica l ly more a k in t o t he p roduct ion o f t he ' Jogass ian ' z one. The l a tter , b ased o n t he d istr ibution o f J ogass ian ' type g ob lets wh ich h ave n o t b een f ound o n t he ' Mont L asso is ' ( Map 2 6), a ppear t o h ave d om ina ted c eram ic s ty les n orth o f t he S e ine. The r e la t ive ' independence ' o f t he J ogass ian ' c omp lex i s f ur ther r ef lected i n t he l oca l p roduct ion o f c erta in f ibu lat ypes, n ame ly G . Mansfe ld ' sF 2- a nd dP2-type f ibu lae . The e x ten t o f ' V ix ian ' i nf luences i s f ur ther undermf ir ei l by t he a bsence o f ' GraecoEuras ian ' a rrow-heads o n t he ' Mont L asso is ' ,a t ype t ha t s tradd les S trabo 's l and r oute t o t he Corn ish t in m ines f rom t h Rhöne e stuary t o t he mouth o f t he S e ine ( Map 4 ) ( F. Beno i t 1 956:16). A lthough t he ' Mont L asso is ' e xerted a n undoubted i nf luence i n t he Bas in, e spec ia l ly c eram ic, w ith t he Yonne a s a n i mpor tan t t horoughfare ( Map 3 1), i t n eeds t o b e q ua l if ied . The under ly ing s im i lar it ies o f b oth t he ' Jogass ian ' a nd ' V ix ian ' c omp lexes s hou ld n ever the less b e s tressed i n d ef in ing t he n a ture o f t he ir r e la tionsh ip. The t ypes o f g oods e xported f rom t he Bas in i s l arge ly a ma tter o f g uess-work, a nd i nc lude : m inera ls, a s t he i ron o re f rom t he B erry wh ich may p art ia l ly a ccount f or t he r eg ion ' sp rosper i ty a nd r ap id s oc iop o l i t ica l e vo lut ion; a nd wha t may b e t ermed ' inv is ib le ' e xports, n ame ly f ood-stuffs, c erea ls f or e xamp le, l ivestock a nd a n ima l by-products, a nd manpower, p art icu lar ly s laves. These c ommod it ies n eed n o t h ave b een l oca ted i n t he marke t a reas but w i th in t he ir s phere o f i nf luence, e i ther by t he ir s trateg ic p os it ion o n t rade r outes, t rans it ' z ones, o r by e stab l ish ing p o l it ica l c ontro l o ver t he r esources i nd irect ly t hrough ' c l ient ' r e la t ionsh ips o r d irect ly . The d ifferences o bserved b etween Ha B /C a nd Ha D /L . T. I e xchange n e tworks c annot b e d ivorced f rom c ontemporary c hanges i n s ett lement a nd bur ia l p a tterns. The a ppearance o f l uxury i mports i n l ater Ha C a nd D g raves i s a ccompan ied by a g rea ter i ntens ity i n t he c ircu la t ion o f ma ter ia ls, n otab ly c ora l a nd amber, a t at ime when s e tt lement b ecomes i ncreas ing ly c entra l ised a nd d ifferences i n g rave-wea l th more a ccentuat ed ( P . S . We l ls 1 980 :46-47 , 8 1-86). A lthough t he l ike l ihood o f e ver f ind ing a ma jor s ett lement c omp lex i n t he Bas in, s im i lar t o t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' o r t he H euneburg , i s r emo te, t he bur ia l e v idence p o ints t o c omparab le p ressures f or c hange t ha t e ffected d eve lopments i n t he Westha l lsta ttkre is. The c oncentra t ion o f bur ia ls c onta in ing s igns o f unprecedented wea lth i n t he B erry i n t he l a ter Ha C a nd D c o inc ides w i th t he a rr iva l o f b ronze r ibbed p a i ls, f o l lowed by b ronze s i tu lae . The c ompara t ive ly s ma l l number o f t hese g raves s hou ld b e s tressed. The s izeab le i ncrease i n bur ia ls w i th i mp orted l uxury g oods i n t he B erry a nd e spec ia l ly i n n ortheastern Champagne i n t he Ha D/L .T. Ia nd L .T . Io ccurs w i th t he i ntroduct ion o f E truscan b ronze S chnabe lkannen ( Map 2 3). There i s l ess d ifferent ia t ion i n wea lth among t h is n ew c lass o f g raves a s l uxury i mports b ecome more s tandard ised ( ib id.:119). The e xtent t o wh ich t he v ar ious ' prest ige ' g oods a ffected t he i nterna l s oc io-econom ic a nd p o l i t ica l s tructures i n t he B as in r ema ins t o b e a na lysed. A t p resent t here i s i nsuff ic ient e v idence, p ar t icu lar ly r e lat ing t o s ett lements, t o f ormu late mode ls o n t he l i nes d rawn f or s ou thwestern Germany by S . F rankenste in a nd M . J . Row lands ( 1978) a nd P . S . We l ls ( 1980 :97 -103).

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NOTES

1 . Except f or t he ' pseudo-Phoceaen ' j ar ( F ig . 1 9 , 1 2) f rom ' la Bouche d ' O ise ', Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 . ( J.-C. B lanche t a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :32). a nd t he " bucchero n ero" v esse l f rom ' la Mo ttote ? ,N i jon, H te-M. ( L. L epage 1 974b; 1 980 :42, P l. 2 4), b oth c ons idered i m itat ions, Med i terranean c eram ic wares a re a bsent f rom t he Bas in p r ior t o t he L .T . I . The s kypho i f rom I nchev i l le, S .I V Iar i t. ( G. Verron 1 971 :39 , 8 0-81), a nd t he Yonne ( B. Bou loum id 1 973b:289-290), a re s tray f inds. 2 . A b ronze h and le-a ttachment o f as tamnos o r S chnabe lkanne f rom Meu lan, Yves ., i s t hought t o b e t he p roduct o f al oca l workshop ( B. Bou loum id 1 978 :11-12). 3 . S trabo , Geography (r Ea rypog gc x), I V, 1 , 1 4 . The g rey monochrome v esse l ( F ig. 1 9 , 1 2) f rom Phase I V a t ' la Bouche d ' O ise ' , Cho isya u-Bac, 0 ., o f p seudo-Phoceaen ' i nspira t ion , i nd ica tes t ha t t h is r oute was u sed i n t he c ourse o f t he s ixth c entury ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :32). 4 . 0 . K leemann f avours a t rans-A lp ine r oute f or ' Graeco-Euras ian ' a rrow-heads ( 1955:14 ' 7 ).

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S ect ion I I S ETTLEMENTS AND BURIALS

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CHAPTER 1 4 S ETTLEMENTS

1 4 .1

S ett lement s tructures

1 4 .1 .1

P ost-structures

The meagre e v idence f or Ha C a nd D p ost-structures, p r inc ipa l ly f rom t he l ow land Champagne, t he A isne a nd O ise v a l leys, p o ints t o a p redom inance o f r e la tive ly s ma l l r ectangu lar o r t rapezo ida l s tructures a nd dwe l l ings. The most c omp lete s tructura l i nforma t ion c omes f rom t he Ha C s i te s i tua ted o n t he s umm i t o f t he n or thwes t f ace o f a kno l l o f T ert iary s and, ' Mont Cornon ', a t ' le Hu leux ', Ndry, 0 . ( F. Audouze e t a l . 1 975). E xcava t ions uncovered t hree s ides o f a quadrangu lar dwe l ling , a pproxi ma te ly 5 x 4 .50 m , w i th a n i nterna l p ost-ho le a l ignment a nd l imestonemeta l led f loor, a n a d jo in ing z one o f burn t s tones o uts ide t he e ntrance o n t he l ong s ide o f t he s tructure, i nterpreted a s ah ear th, a nd t wo p i ts 2 0 m t o t he n orth ( ib id.:12 f ig . 2 ). The a rtefactua l d istr ibution i s o f p ar t icu lar i nteres t gf r c e i t h ints a t t he a l loca t ion o f s pec if ic f unct iona l z ones. Wh i le t he ma jor i ty o f t he worked f l ints, t wo b one aw ls a nd f i net empered wares a re c onf ined t o t he i nter ior o f t he dwe l l ing , c oarset empered p ottery i s f ound e xc lus ive ly i n t he h ear th a rea ( ib id .:12). The l arge f auna l r ema ins a re f ound o uts ide t he dwe l l ing a nd a long t he wa l ls t raced by t he p ost-ho le a l ignments. The t h in o ccupa tiona l l ayer a nd t he l ow d ens i ty o f a rtefacts a re pu t f orward a s e v idence f or a b r ief o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te ( ib id .:13). The dwe l l ings f rom Phase I a t ' la Bouche d 'O ise ' , Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 ., a re c haracter ised by f ounda t ion t renches c u t i n t he s i lt c onta in ing watt le-and-daub f ragments, p ottery s herds a nd f auna l r ema ins ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :24). L oca ted i ns ide a n e arthen d ump r ampar t w i th a n o uter d i tch, r unn ing n or th-sou th, t hey a re g enera l ly r ectangu lar i n p lan a nd o r iented n or thwest by s outheast. The most c omp lete s tructure i s r ectangu lar i n p lan, s ome 8 x 5 m , w ith i nterna l p ar t it ions t ha t i nc lude o ne l arge r oom, o ccupy ing n ear ly h a lf o f t he e nc losed a rea , a nd t wo s ma l ler c ompartments . A s ma l l p ost-bu i lt l eant o s tructure i s s et t o t he s outheast. The h ear th i s s i tua ted 4 m f rom t he dwe l l ing . L a ter dwe l l ings, f rom Phase I I, a re s im i lar i n p lan a nd s ize but h ave l imestone r ubb le wa l ls a nd a re o r iented n orth-south ( ib id.:25). The more e xtens ive e xcava t ions i n t he A isne v a l ley, a t ' les - Fon t ine ttes r Cu iryläs-Chaudardes, A ., uncovered f ive Ha C r ectangu lar p ostdwe l l ings, e nc losed w ith in a 3 0 m w ide s tr ip a nd s et i n a n e ast-west a x is by p a l isades d oub led a t t he s outh ( A isne 1 974 :21-40). One o f t hese s tructures ( St. 1 55), a pprox ima te ly 7x 4 .50 m , h as a n i nterna l c entra l l ong i tud ina l p ost-ho le a l ignment, a nd a n e ntrance i n o ne o f i ts l ong s ides ( G. Ba i l loud 1 976a :13 f ig . 1 4). I t i s b acked, a t r ight a ng les, by t he n or thern p a l isade t rench ( St. 1 38). The r e la t ionsh ip b etween t he r ectangu lar dwe l l ings i s n ot c lear . Comparab le p a l isade t renches

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a re known f rom l e Champ Tortu ' Cu iry-l s-Chaudardes, a l though r ectangu lar dwe l l ings h ave n ot b een f ound ( A isne 1 974 :41-55). Ha B /C r ectangu lar a nd t rapezo ida l p ost-structures a re a lso known f rom ' Pre d es S echerons t , Chä tenay-sur-Se ine, S .-e t-M. ( Ga l l ia P reh . 1 4 , 1 971:313-314), a nd ' les G revera ts-Ouest ' ,P er thes, H te-M. ( ib id .: 1 9 , 1 976:477 ; L . L epage 1 980 :6 5 ); a nd o f Ha C d a te, a t ' la Grande 1 3f ice ' ,L a Chaussee-sur-Marne ( Ga l l ia , 3 7 , 1 979 :421 f ig . 1 5), a nd S tGerma inla-V i l le, b o th i n t he Marne ( A. V i l les). They a re g enera l ly s ma l l, a pprox ima te ly 4 x 3 m t o 8x 4 m , a nd a re u sua l ly f ound i n c lusters o f t wo o r more, a ssoc ia ted w i th p i ts a nd o n ly o ccas iona l ly w i th l inear d i tches. Ha D p ost-structures a re l ess w e l l known . A l ignments o f f our a nd s ix p ost-s tructures, f orm ing s quares 2 .5 t o 3 .5 m a cross, were e xcava ted w i th in f unerary Enc losures A a nd C a t ' le F ond d e Berno is ' S au lcesChampeno ises, Ard . ( Ga l l ia , 3 5, 1 977 :396; J .-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 979 :11, 9 f ig . 3 ). Two l arge t we lve-post s tructures, measur ing 6 a nd 7m 2 r espect ive ly , w ere a lso uncovered a t S au lces-Champeno ises . S et 4 00 m a par t, t hey a re l oca ted i n p rox im i ty t o Ha C c ircu lar d i tched e nc losures , a nd may b e c ontemporary t o t hem. The l a tter, w i th c lose p ara l le ls i n t he l a ter L .T. I I a t Men i l-Anne l les, Ard ., may h ave h ad a f unerary f unct ion a s mortuary h ouses o r t emp les ( ib id.: 1 1). The s ma l ler f our a nd s ix p ost-structures, o n t he o ther h and, may h ave s upp orted pyra l p la tforms o r may c onverse ly r epresent g ranar ies f or a s ett lement t ha t h as l ong s ince d isappeared . S im i lar s tructures may c ome f rom t he Ha D/L .T. I s ett lement a t ' la Ra t iäre ' P omade, M . ( C. P oua l in 1 973b). Rectangu lar p ost-structures f igure o n J . S capu la ' s p lan o f t he p romontory-fort i nter ior a t ' la Butte ' ,I s le-Aumont, Au. ( 1965 :5 f ig . 1 ). A lthough a p i t i ns ide o ne c orner o f o ne o f t hese r ecta ngu lar s tructures, e nc los ing a n a rea o f 3 0 m2 ,c onta ins Ha D b arbo t inep a inted s herds, t he ir d a te r ema ins uncerta in. P ost-ho les s urround ing c ircu lar a nd e l l ipt ica l p it-structures a re more d iff icu lt t o i nterpret. They h ave b een f ound i n Ha B /C c ontexts a t ' Pre d es S echerons ' ,I les Greva ts-Ouest ? ,' la TempAte ' ,Normee ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J . Ha tt 1 96 7 :35-37 ), a nd ' Fa ign i res ' ,C lamanges ( Ga l l ia , 4 , 1 946:304 f ig . 2 ), M ., a nd o f p erhaps s im i lar d a te a t ' la F ourche ' , Mennev i l le , A . ( ib id ., 3 1, 1 973:325); a nd f rom Ha D /L . T. I c ontexts, a t ' le Mont P arrer 7Sem ide, Ard . ( ib id ., 3 3, 1 975 :391, A . Qua trev i l le 1 974b). The a xes o f t he p ost o r s take-ho les a t Normee a re s a id t o b e i nc l ined t oward t he p i ts. I t i s r e levant t o ment ion i n t h is c ontext t he e ar ly L .T. I r ectangu lar i nhuma t ion p i ts a ssoc ia ted w i th p ost-ho les, n otab ly Grave 2 6 a t P ernant, 2 .35 x . 80 m , wh ich a lso h as ap a l isade e nc losure ( G. L ob jo is 1 96 2 :403-407 ), a nd G rave 8 0 a t Bucyl e-Long , b oth i n t he A isne v a l ley, t ha t h ave b een c ompared t o c ontemp orary s ett lement s tructures i n t he Marne, a t S u ippes, S t-Germa in-la V i l le a nd J uv igny ( G. L ob jo is a nd A . V i l les 1 980 :92). The f our-post s tructure c onta ined w i th in a s quare d i tched e nc losure i n t he L .T. I/III c emetery a t ' le Montant d e 1 ' Ob i t ' , Men i l-Anne l les ( J.-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 977 :6 4 -6 5 ), t o wh ich c an b e a dded a s im i lar s tructure, a ssoc ia ted w i th Ha D s herds, f rom ' la Creo le ' ,S erbonnes, Y . ( Ga l l ia , 2 0 , 1 962:479 f ig . 7 0), h as a lso b een c ompared t o s ett lement f eatures i n t he Marne ( G. L ob jo is a nd A . V i l les 1 980 :92 n ote 1 2). An i nhuma t ion g rave w ith a s ing le p ost-ho le s et i n e ach c orner f rom ' les Carpes ' , Champ lay, Y ., i s d a ted e ar l ier by t he p resence o f a n Ha C i ron s word ( Ga l l ia , 1 8 , 1 960 :361). The p ara l le l b etween f unerary a nd s ett lement s tructures i s o bserved e lsewhere, n o tab ly i n s outhern Bavar ia ( G. Kossack 1 959 :85-86). A r ectangu lar p i t, 2 x 1 m , w i th a p ost-ho le s et 1 87

a t e ach e nd, d a ted t o t he e ar ly L .T. I , f rom R oshe im, Bas-R ., may a lso h ave had a f unerary r a ther t han s ett lement f unct ion ( A. Thdven in 1 971:121-122, 1 21 f ig . 1 ). The l im ited e v idence a va i lab le f rom t he Bas in s uggests t ha t a number o f l ow land s ett lements were e nc losed. R ecent e xcava t ions a t Cho isy, s i ted o n al ow land p romontory, p o inted west, f ormed by t he A isne-O ise c onf luence, h ave uncovered s uccess ive s tages o f f ort if ica t ion d a t ing t o t he Ha B /C a nd C ( J .-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a :24-25). An e ar then d ump r ampar t, f ronted by a d i tch, o ver 4 0 m l ong i n an or ths outh a x is a nd a t l east 1 .40 m w ide, e nc los ing t he p romontory s ett lement t o t he E , was bu i lt i n Phase I o f o ccupa t ion. I t was e n larged i n Phase I I t o aw id th o f b etween 3 .7 0 a nd 5 m , c ontemporary t o t he c onstruct ion o f a n i ron s me lt ing f urnace, a nd a bandonned i n Phase I V t o b e r ep laced by a p a l isade-trench, o r iented n orthwest by s outheast a nd c urv ing i nward i n t he s outh. The d i tch o f t he p reced ing phase i s a lso f i l led i n d ur ing t h is l ast o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te. I n a dd it ion t o t he p a l isade-trenches f rom Cu iry, ment ioned a bove, o ther e v idence p o ints t o l ow land s ett lement e nc losures: a l inear d i tch a t ' les C i rdvera ts-Ouest ' ; a n a l ignment o f p os t o r s take-ho les p receded by a V -sect ion d itch a t ' le Champ d ' Argent ' ,Auve, M . ( M. Chosseno t; A . V i l les); a p ost-ho le a l ignment, w i th s evera l w ooden p osts i n s i tu, a t F amechon, S om. ( D. a nd E . Vermeersch 1 975 :42; Ga l l ia, 3 5 , 1 977 : 3 15-316); a nd a V -sect ion d i tch e nc los ing t he 2 h a s i te a t ' les Carr iäres ' Th iverny, 0 . ( P. Durv in 1 96 5 a :539). A p a l isade t rench was a lso f ound o n t he L .T . Is ett lement a t S u ippes, M ., wh ich a lso i nc luded a v ar ie ty o f p ost-fea tures ( A . V i l les). These n eed n ot h ave b een n ecessar i ly d efens ive i n n a ture, a nd may h ave b een u sed f or t he c on ta inment o f l ivestock, o r a s a t Th iverny, f or d ra in ing t he marsh land s i te. Sma l l r ectangu lar p ost-dwe l l ings a re a r e la t ive ly c ommon Ha B /C h ouset ype . I t i s t he p r inc ip le f ea ture, p ar t icu lar ly i n t he s econd phase, o f t he Ha B v i l lage a t Damp ierre-surle-Doubs, D . ( P. P dtrequ in e t a l . 1 969 :28). 7 0% o f t he known s tructures o n t he s i te a re r ectangu lar p os tdwe l l ings, a verag ing 7 /10 x 4 /4 m , u sua l ly w i th e xterna l h earths p laced a t t he f ron t i n t he s econd phase ( ib id .:32, 3 1 f ig . 2 7 ). A s im i lar r ectangu lar p ost-dwe l l ing, 8 .50 x 5 m , w ith a n e ntrance i n o ne o f t he s hor t s ides, a nd w ith a n i nterna l p ar t i t ion, w i th a p i t-oven i n t he ' back ' r oom a nd a h earth f ac ing t he e ntrance, a nd wa tt le-and-daub wa l ls, c omes f rom t he Ha C s i te a t End ingen, n ear Tüb ingen, i n Baden-Wür ttemberg ( H. R e iner th 1 925 :189 Abb. 2 ). Undoubted ly t he b est known r ectangu lar p ost-dwe l l ing i n t he Bas in i s House 9 a t ' le S au le Ba i l lot ' , Chassemy, A ., d a ted t o t he e ar ly L .T . I ( R. M . Row lett 1 96 9 ). The s tructure, a pprox ima te ly 9 .7 5 x 6 .20 m , h as ad oub le i nterna l l ong itud ina l p ost-ho le a l ignment a nd a l arge c entra l c ircu lar h earth ( ibid . : 109-110, 1 08 f ig . 2 8). 1 I t h as b een s uggested, o n e thnograph ic p ara l le ls, t ha t t he number o f i nhab itants i n a dwe l l ing c an b e c a lcu la ted o n t he b as is o f o ne i nd iv idua l p er 1 /10 o f t he f l oor a rea i n s quare metres ( ib id. : 133-134). On t he bas is o f t h is a ssumpt ion, t he v ar ious r ectangu lar p ost-dwe l l ings f rom Ndry a nd Cu iryläs-Chaudardes c ou ld h ouse a s ma l l nuc lear f am i ly o f a bout t hree i nd iv idua ls. A lthough t he e v idence a ppears t o i nd ica te p ost-dwe l l ings a s b e ing e xc lus ive ly r ectangu lar, t he e x istence o f c ircu lar p ost-struc tures c anno t b e e xc luded . The l ong a nd s l ight ly i rre levant a rgument o f r ectangu larv ersus-c ircu lar ', n eed n o t b e d e ta i led h ere ( D. Hard ing 1 973 ; W . R odwel l

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1 978). S uff ice i t t o s ay t ha t t ypo log ica l d ivers ity o f h ouse s tructures i n b o th t ime a nd s pace i s n ow wel l e stab l ished. P ost-bu i lt c ircu lar a nd o va l huts a re known f rom t he e ar ly L . B. A. s i te a t Cannes-Ec luse , S .-et-M. ( G. Gauches a nd Y . Robert 1 96 7 :170-172). Traces o f ac ircu lar s tructure, s ome 2 .50 m i n d iameter, w ith s ca ttered burnt t w igimpressed c lay l umps a nd a n i nterna l h ear th, f rom ' la Chaume V ie i l le ' ,S t-Par izele-Chäte l, N ., may h ave b een a p ost-dwe l l ing ( H. Coq l in 1 974 :391, 3 97 , 3 93 f ig . 4 ). The a bsence o f p ost-ho les c an b e e xp la ined by t he f act t ha t s ha l low f ea tures r are ly s urv ive o n l ow land s i tes. The hut f rom ' la Chaume V ie i l le ' i s o f uncerta in d a te bu t ap i t n ext t o t he e ntrance c onta ined Ha B a nd C s herds ( ib id.:397 ). Recent e xcavat ions h ave u ncovered a Ha C c ircu lar p ost-dwe l l ing , a ssoc ia ted w i th a p ottery k i ln, a t ' St-Pau l ', Besançon, D . ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 6, 1 973 : 4 63 , 4 64 f ig . 2 ). I t c an r easonab ly b e s upposed t ha t a number o f c ircu lar huts w i th s unken f l oors h ad p osts t o c arry t he w ickerwork f rame f or wa tt le-and-daub p laster ing a nd t o s uppor t t he r oof ing . I f t hese were s ha l low, o r p laced i ns ide t he dwe l l ings, t hen t he ir a bsence wou ld b e e xpected. 1 4. 1 .2 P it-structures P it-structures a re by f ar t he most c ommon a nd w idespread t ype o f s ett lement s tructure i n t he Ha C a nd D . F ew h ave s urv ived i n tact d ue t o n a tura l e ros ion a nd man ' ss ubsequent a ct iv i ty o n t he l and . The s econdary u se o f many o f t hese s tructures a s r efuse d umps i s a lso a n i mportan t f actor. Two b as ic t ypes c an b e d ist ingu ished . The f i rs t, d eeper t han i t i s w ide ( over a 2 :1 r a t io), may b e i nterpreted a s s torage-p i ts . The s econd, w ider t han i t i s d eep ( over a 2 :1 r a t io), i s t he g ener ic " fond d e c abane" o f F rench a rchaeo log ists. 1 4.1 .2.1 S torage-p i ts: S torage-p i ts v ary g rea t ly i n morpho logy a nd s ize . U sua l ly c ircu lar i n p lan, t hey may b e c y l indr ica l i n p rof i le w i th s ub-ver t ica l wa l ls, a s P it 3 a t ' Varennes ' ,J ab l ines, S .-et-M. ( A. Bu lard), o r b e l l o r b eeh ive-shaped i n s ect ion, a s a t P ien ' ,S ougäres-surS inotte, Y . ( J . N ico l le 1 962 :198 , 2 01 P l. I , F -G), P its 1 a nd 2 a t l e Temps P erdu ' ( J .-C. B o ichd e t a l . 1 980:29-32, 4 5-46, 3 0 f ig . 3 ) a nd o ne a t ' 1 1E nfer ' ( J. Degros e t a r 1 976), Chartrettes, S .-et-M. Very l i tt le r esearch h as b een d one r egard ing t he i n it ia l c utt ing, l in ing, f i l l a nd s ea l ing o f t hese s tructures. The e v idence f or p i tl in ings i s meagre. A c layl ined p it w i th a s ub-cy l indr ica l p rof i le i s known f rom t he e ar ly L .T. I s i te a t ' la F aussarde ' ,P erthes, Ard. ( R . E r t ld 1 96 2 b; 1 96 4 ). The f requen t ment ion o f burnt t w igimpressed c lay l umps, a nd v ar ious c lay p laques a nd f ragments i n t he f i l l o f many o f t hese p i ts may r efer t o r emnants o f p i tl in ings a s w e l l a s t o d umped h ear ths a nd m isc e l laneous s ett lement d ebr is . z Apar t f rom t he s upposed s torage o f g ra in a nd o ther f ood s tuffs, t here i s l i tt le t hat c an b e s a id a bout t he i n it ia l f unct ion o f t hese p i ts s ince n o e nv ironmenta l a na lyses h ave a ccompan ied t he ir e xcava t ion. On ly r ecent ly h as t he p rocess o f p i t-degrada t ion a nd f i l l o n c ha lk l ands b een s tud ied ( M . J ono t a nd A . V i l les 1 976). S econdary f i l l c an b e t he r esu lt o f n a tura l p rocesses o r a r tif ic ia l, t he dump ing o f r efuse, o r ac omb ina t ion o f b o th. I t c an b e h omogeneous o r i n s evera l s tages . There i s n o e v idence i n t he Ha C a nd D f or t he s econdary u se o f s torage-p i ts a s bur ia ls o r t he ir r ef i tt ing a s s econdary s torage-p i ts o r h ear ths . P rec ise a nd d eta i led o bserva t ion h as n o t, h owever, b een n o ted i n e xcava t ing a g rea t number o f t hese s tructures .

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1 4 .1 .2 .2 Hut-f loors a nd h ear ths: The t erm " fond d e c abane" h as b een i nvar iab ly u sed i n t he p ast t o d enote a l l p i t-structures r egard less o f t he ir s ize, p lan, p rof i le o r c ontents. I ts f requent a ppearance i n t he l i terature s hou ld t herefore b e i nterpreted w ith c aut ion. A l im i ted number o f s ha l low c ircu lar, e l l ipt ica l a nd r ectangu lar p i ts, e stab l ished b o th i n l imestone a nd c lay s o i ls, c an b e r ecogn ised a s hu tf l oors, s pec if ic f unct iona l s tructures a nd h ear ths. Apar t f rom t he g enera l p lan a nd p rof i le, l i tt le i s known o f t he s urface s tructures ( wa l ls a nd r oof ing) a nd i nterna l a rrangement o f s unken h u tf loors. Rare f ragments o f wa tt le-and-daub ( tw igimpressed c lay l umps) a nd c lay p laques u sed i n r evetment o f wa l ls a re f ound . The n o tab le a bsence o f p ost o r s take-ho les a ssoc iated w i th s unken hut-f loors c an b e e xp la ined by t he f act t ha t s ha l low s urface f ea tures r are ly s urv ive . The l ack o f e xcava t ion a round p i t-structures i s undoubted ly a lso a c on tr ibut ing f actor. The s econdary u se o f hut f loors a s r efuse-p i ts h as l ed t o c ons iderab le c onfus ion i n d e term in ing t he i n terna l p lan o f s unken dwe l l ings. Th is i s e v ident i n t he i dent if ica t ion o f h ear ths a s ap r imary f ea ture o f t he dwe l l ing o r a s s econdary, d umped i nto t he p i t a f ter t he a bandonment o f t he s tructure. C ircu lar s unken hut-f loors w ith e xterna l h earths a re ment ioned f rom t he Ha D p la teau-edge f or t a t ' Hau lzy i ,V iennela-V i l le, M . ( G. Goury 1 911). Of s l ight ly l a ter d ate, i n t he e ar ly L .T . I , c ircu lar hu t-f loors h ave b een f ound i n t he A isne v a l ley a t ' la P echer ie ' ,P ontavert, a nd V ieux-Tordo ir ' , Beryy-au-Bac, A . ( R. E r t ld 1 974 :188-193). The ir d iameter v ar ies f rom b etween 2 .50 a nd 5 m . Rectangu lar p it-dwe l l ings h ave a lso b een r ecogn ised a t Berry-auBac, o ne s uch s tructure, P i t C , d a t ing t o t he H a D /L .T. I ( ib id .:188 , 1 92 P l. I, 2 ). Rectangu lar p i t-structures t ha t may p oss ib ly h ave b een hut-f loors c ome f rom t he Ha B /C s ett lement o n t he p romontory-for t o f F or t-Harrouard ? ,S ore l-Mousse l, E .-et-L. ( J . P h i l ippe 1 936). Three a re 1 .80 x 1 .50 m , a nd a f our th, 1 0 .20 x 3 .6 0 m . Th is l a tter s tructure ' s d epth, 4 .25 m , s eems t o e xc lude a dwe l l ing . The p resence o f l arge numbers o f c ast ing-mou lds l ed J . Ph i l ippe t o d es igna te t he s tructure a s ab ronze f ounder 's workshop ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :26 8 -26 9 ). Apar t f rom v ar ious c ircu lar b aked c lay h ear ths a t ' Fort-Harrouard ' ,l i tt le i s known o f t he h ouse-types o f t h is p er iod. A p it, e l l ipt ica l i n p lan w i th a s em i-c ircu lar e xtens ion a t o ne e nd, 3 .50 x 2 .20 m , f rom ' Grand R iage d e Dugny ' ,S dr is, L .-et-C., i s i nterpreted a s a hut-f loor ( F. Qua trehomme a nd J . Lherm i te 1 968 :2062 08 , 2 07 f ig . 1 ). The n arrow e nd o f t he s tructure h as a s ha l low f l a t b ottom, t he l arger h a lf a w ide V -sect ion d epress ion. One h a lf o f t he d epress ion h as a burnt b r ick-hard b o ttom f ramed by burnt s tones . The s econd ha lf , a lso s urrounded by s tones, c onta ins a c ompact a sh d epos i t. A b lack s o i l s trewn w i th burnt s tones c overs t he r ema in ing p i t-surface . The i nterpreta t ion o f t he s tructure a s a hut-f loor w ith a c orner h ear th a nd i t s a d jo in ing dump i s o pen t o question. Apar t f rom t he d isproport iona te s pace o ccup ied by t he h ear th, i t i s un l ike ly t ha t a quar ter o f t he p i t-surface wou ld b e u sed a s ad ump i n wha t w ou ld o therw ise b e v a luab le l iv ing s pace. I f d ifferent ia l e ros ion a nd s econdary f i l l ing c an b e e xc luded, t he e v idence p o ints t o a more l im i ted f unct ion i n wh ich c ombust ion p layed a n e ssent ia l r o le. The f inds, most ly c eram ic a nd a f ew f l ints, f a i l t o i nd ica te t h is f unction . The numerous s ett lement s tructures e xcava ted by A . Br isson i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne c ons ist o f c omp lex g roups o f i nterwoven

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p its t ha t h ave b een i nterpreted a s h ouses w ith ' rooms ' a l lotted s pec if ic f unctions: b ed-room, k i tchen, l arder, e tc . .. ( A . Br isson a nd J .-J . Ha tt 1 96 7 :35-41). Th is i nterpreta t ion i s n ow c ons idered r a ther f anc ifu l . The i rregu lar ity o f c erta in p i t-groups wh ich c oun t d ozens o f s ha l low p i ts o f d ifferent s izes , n ame ly a t l es P o intes Roger ' , Euvy, a nd ' les Terres Grasses —Groupe C ' ,E curyle-Repos, i nd icate e xtract ion h o l lows f or r aw-ma ter ia ls, p oss ib ly c lay p iped i n c ha lk ( ibid.:39 , 4 3 f ig . 4 8 , 4 5 f ig . 5 0). O thers may b e a d jo in ing s torage-pr t-s —w hose wa l ls h ave c o l lapsed l eav ing a l arge i rregu lar c av i ty, o r as ing le s torage-p i t s uccess ive ly r e-f itted , a s a t ' les Terres Grasses--Groupe B ', E curyle-Repos ( ib id.: 4 1, 4 7 f ig . 5 2; M . J ono t a nd A . V i l les 1 976:38 n o te 2 2). The p oss ib i l ity t ha t s ome o f t hese s tructures may b e s unken f loors o f c ircu lar huts c annot b e e xc luded. The r egu lar o ccurrence o f o va l-sect ion p i ts, a bout 2m l ong, w i th a d jo in ing c av i t ies, a t I les T erres Grasses —Groupe A ' a nd Chem in d e Connantray ' ,E curyle-Repos, f or e xamp le, p o ints t o p erh aps a s pec ia l f unct ion o ther t han s torage . 3 The f act t ha t a l l p i ts w ere f i l led w i th s e tt lemen t d ebr is, i nc lud ing r ema ins o f h ear ths, d oes f avour s ome k ind o f habi ta t ion i n t he v ic in ity i f n ot a lways w i th in t hem. The dwe l l ings may have b een s ha l low p ost-structures whose t races h ave b een o b l i terated by d eep p lough ing . H earths f ound i n s i tu a re r are. A r ectangu lar p i t, 2 .7 0 x 1 .6 0 m , w ith a c entra l p avement o f burnt l imestone s labs, f rom ' les Grands R dages d e Dugny ' ,S dr is , i s d escr ibed a s t he h ear th o f al arge s urface s tructure ( J. Despr ide a nd J . L herm ite 1 972). The f l oor s lopes d ownward t oward o ne e nd o f t he p i t where i t f orms a d epress ion c on ta in ing a sh, c harcoa l f ragments, f auna l r ema ins a nd p ottery . R eferred t o a s ar ubb ish p i t, t he d epress ion may a lso b e t he r esu lt o f e ros ion w i th s ubsequent s l id ing o f t he l oose a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l. P aved h earths w ere a lso f ound i n t he r ectangu lar dwe l l ings w i th s tone-meta l led f l oors i n t he Ha D /L .T. Iv i l lage a t ' les Carr iäres ' , Th iverny, 0 . Durv in 1 965a ; 5 40). The ma jor i ty o f t he h ear ths a t Th iverny were j oca ted o uts ide t he huts, a nd c ons isted o f r a ised s tone p la tforms l i ned w i th l arger b locks o ver 1 m i n d iameter . S tone l i ned h earths, 1 .60 x 1 .10 m , a re known f rom t he Ha B /C p romontory-fort a t ' Camp d e C dsar t , Taverny, V .-d ? O . ( G. Ducoeur 1 974 :15). Burnt s tones, c lay p laques a nd c harcoa l f ragments a re u sua l ly t he c onsti tuent e lements o f h earths f ound dumped i n r efuse-p i ts, a s i n P it 1 a t ' les Gours-aux-L ions ' , Maro l les-sur-Se ine ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1 970 :89), a nd P i t 3a t ' les Varennes ' ,J ab l ines ( A. Bu lard), S .-et-M.

XP .

I t i s n o t known whe ther t he s tone-paved hut-f loors a t Th iverny a nd o n t he Ha D p romontory-fort a t ' Mont-Avro l lo t ', S t-F lorent in, Y . ( A. Duva l a nd 0 . Buchsenschutz 1 976:792), were s unken o r s urface s tructures. A t ype o f p it p ar t icu lar t o t he Champagne i s t he " marde l le", l arge r e lat ive ly s ha l low p its t ha t may h ave a n a tura l o r ig in. One " marde l le", a pprox ima te ly 2 5 m i n d iameter a nd 2 .50 m d eep, a t ' le But igny Bas ' , Au ln izeux, M ., h as b een e xcava ted ( Ga l l ia P rdh ., 1 3 , 1 970 :386-387 ). E i ther n atura l o r man-made i n o r ig in ( the e xtract ion o f r aw ma ter ia ls), t he " marde l le" c o l lected wa ter l eav ing a d epos it o f mar l a nd was s ubsequent ly u sed a s ar ubb ish-p i t. I ts f orma t ion i s d a ted t o t he U rnf ie ld P er iod, a nd i ts u se a s ar ubb ish-p i t t o t he Ha C a nd D a nd e ar ly Ga l lo-Roman p er iod r espect ive ly. On ly a f ew o f t he w ide ly a ttested e xamp les o f I .A. s unken-f loor huts n eed b e ment ioned. Hu t 2a t Baous d e l a S a l le ' ,B ize, Ad., d a ted t o t he Ha B /C, i s a n o va l p i t, 9 .70 x 8 m , w i th wa tt le-and-daubed wa l ls,

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w i th a n i nterna l h ear th ( L. L aur io l 1 958 :18-20 , 3 7 f ig . 8 ). Rectangu lar p it-huts, 2 /4 x 2 /3 m , many w i th h earths, a re t he d om inant h ouse t ype i n t he Ha D /L . T. I v i l lage a t Kornwesthe im, K r. Ludw igsburg ( W. J oach im 1 977 :176-178). Deep s unken r ectangu lar huts were a lso f ound o n t he p la teau-edge f ort a t 'Camp d ' A ffr ique ' ,Messe in, M .-et-M. ( J.-P . M i l lotte 1 976b:844). O f much l a ter d a te a re t he c ircu lar hu tf l oors, b etween 1 .7 0 a nd 2 m i n d iameter, f rom t he L .T. I/III s i te a t Au lna t, P .-de-D., w i th e v idence f or watt le-and-daub wa l ls a nd i nterna l s ma l l d ry-stone wa l led p ar t it ions ( R. P ör ichon 1 975 :90). P it-hu ts t ha t may h ave h ad a s pec if ic n on-dwe l l ing f unct ion c ome f rom t he e ar ly L .T. I s i te a t Ochtendung, Kr . Mayen ( F . T isch ler 1 951 :54-61). They a re r ectangu lar, a pprox imate ly 4 x 3 .20 m , w i th i nterna l p ost-ho les a long t he wa l ls a nd a s ma l l s ha l low p i t p laced a t o ne e nd. F ina l ly a s a p o int o f c ompar ison, t he t wo, f our a nd s ix-poster r ectangu lar Grubenh aüser o f Merov ing ian F rance ( P . Demo lon 1 972:23-26) a nd Germany ( W. Rad ig 1 958 :58-59), a nd Ang lo-Saxon Eng land ( P . Rahtz 1 976:70-81) c ome t o m ind. 1 4 .2

H i l l-sett lements ( L ist 4 8 , Map 3 2)

I t must b e emphas ised a t t he o utset t hat h i l l-sett lement i n t he P ar is Bas in i n t he Ha C a nd D i s a marg ina l phenomenon, r epresent ing a f ract ion o f known s ett lements o f t he p er iod t ha t f avoured o pen l ow land l ocat ions. S ome t h irteen a re known t o h ave b een o ccup ied s ome t ime b etween t he Ha B a nd L .T. I ( L ist 4 8). O f t he t hree g enera l t opograph ica l c ategor ies o f d efended h i l l-sett lements , a s d ef ined by J .-P . M i l lo tte ( J.-P. N ico lardo t 1 975 :89), 4 o n ly t he ' p la teau-edge ' a nd 'p romontory ' t ypes were s ett led i n t he Ha C a nd D . The p romontory-fort, w ith a c ross r ampart a nd d itch a t t he n eck e nc losing a n a rea o f b etween 1 .5 a nd 8 h a , i s by f ar t he most c ommon. The s tudy o f h i l l-top s ett lements i s p resented w ith a who le r ange o f d iff icu lt ies wh ich c an b e s ummar ised u nder t wo h ead ings: c hrono logy, a nd s ett lemen t morpho logy a nd f unct ion. 1 4 .2.1

Genera l c hrono logy

The most f undamenta l p rob lem i s d eterm in ing t he t ime a nd l ength o f o ccupa t ion o f t hese s i tes. I n t he ma jor i ty o f c ases, a ttr ibut ion t o t he Ha C i s a ma tter o f i nference wh ich s upposes a d egree o f c ont inu ity f rom t he l a te Ha B when o ccupa t ion o f h i l l-tops was w idespread. The e v idence i s most ly c eram ic. The p romontory-for ts a t ' Camp d e C esar ' , Taverny, 0 . ( G. Ducoeur 1 974 ; 1 974-75; 1 976), F ort-Harrouard ' S ore l-Mousse l, E .-et-L. ( J. P h i l ippe 1 936; 1 937 ), a nd ' Camp d e C ora ' , S t-More, Y . ( A. P ara t 1 906; N . K . S andars 1 957 :202), p roduced l a te Ha B wares wh ich h ave b een d a ted t o a s l a te a s t he e ar ly Ha C ( ib id .: 2 79 ; A ; Duva l a nd 0 . Buchsenschutz 1 976:792). The f ind o f a Ha C a s angu isuga f ibu la o n t he ' Camp d e C ora ' may c onf irm t h is c ont inu ity o f o ccupa t ion ( A. Duva l e t a l . 1 974 :58). E ar ly Ha C o ccupa t ion f rom t he Ha B h as a lso b een o bserved a t t he r e lat ive ly l arge c . 1 4 h a p romontory f ort a t ' la Vergent iäre ' ,C ohons , H te-M . ( L. L epaie; A . V ines; Ga l l ia P rdh ., 2 1, 1 978 :535-539), a nd a t ' Camp d e C esar ' ,L a Groutte, C . ( E. Hugon iot a nd B . Vann ier 1 971: 2 2-23). Ev idence f or l a te Ha C o ccupa t ion i s e qua l ly s l ight. The p lateaue dge f ort a t ' Hau lzy t ,V iennela-V i l le, M ., o f Ha D d ate, may h ave b een s ett led i n t he l a ter Ha C a s i s s ugges ted by t he w ide t runca ted 1 92

d ish o f G . Goury 's Type I X f ound o n t he s i te, a s w e l l a s o ther c eram ic t ypes, a lso r ecovered f rom t he n e ighbour ing t umu l i c rema tion c emetery, wh ich c an b e d a ted t o t he l a ter Ha C a nd e ar ly D ( G. Goury 1 911). P o ttery o f Ha C ' trad it ion ' a lso c omes f rom t he p romontory-for t a t ' Mont-Avro l let ' ,S t-F lorent in, Y . ( A. Duva l). E xcept f or ' Hau lzy ' ,' Mont-Avro l let ' ( A. Duva l a nd 0 . Buchsenschutz 1 976:792), a nd t he p romontory-fort a t ' la Butte ' ,I s le-Aumont, Au. ( J. S capu la 1 96 5 :2), e v idence f or Ha D o ccupa t ion i s r educed t o s ing le i so la ted f inds wh ich d o n ot n ecessar i ly i nd ica te s ett lement. S uch p robl ema t ic f inds i nc lude a Doppe lpaukenf ibe l f rom t he ' Camp d e C ora ' ( G. Mansfe ld 1 973 :227 F und l iste 2 01) a nd t he Ha D /L .T . I Fussz ierf ibe l f rom ' Fort-Harrouard ' ( M. Whee ler a nd K . M . R ichardson 1 957 :88 , 8 9 f ig . 2 5, 7 ). 5 The e ar ly L .T. I s aw a l im i ted ' reoccupa t ion ' o f p romontory-forts, a movement t hat may h ave b egun i n t he l a ter Ha D . One c onstruct ion phase o f t he d ry-stone r ampar t a t L a Groutte i s d a ted t o t h is t rans i t iona l phase ( E. Hugon io t a nd B . Vann ier 1 971 :22-23). The c omp lex d oub lef or t if ica t ions d efend ing t he p romontory-fort a t F ou d e Verdun ' , L avau ltle-Frdtoy ' , .N. ( L . O l iv ier e t a l . 1 970 :16 3 -16 4 ), h ave b een d a ted t o t he l a ter Ha D o n t he r ather s ub jective b as is o f i t s ' archac ism ? i n r e lat ion t o t he l a ter L .T. I I murus g a l l icus l a t B ibracte Mont Beuvrey ' ) , S t-Ldger-sous-Beuvray, S .-et-L . The o n ly a rtefact f rom F ou d e Verdun ' ,a n i ron s tra ight-backed kn ife f ound i n t he d itch o f t he o uter r ampar t ( R2), b e longs t o at oo i ndeterm ina te t ype t o b e c lose ly d a ted. Ha o ccupa t ion i s ment ioned o n t he p romontory-forts a t ' Mont Noyon ' , Chev incourt, O . ( C. J orrand 1 976:6 1 ), a nd ' la Bräche au-D iab le ', S oumont-St-Quent in, Ca lv . ( B. Ede ine 1 966:247 ), a l though i t i s n ot s ta ted o n wha t g rounds . The p romontory-fort a t S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C . ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 : 2 22, 2 24), wh ich h as n ot b een s ystema t ica l ly s urveyed , may p oss ib ly d a te t o t he Ha D/L .T. I ow ing t o i t s p rox im i ty t o t he t umu l i c emeter ies a t 'Champs d e Couy ' a nd ' Chä 'nes-Montors ' ,a d ispos i t ion t ha t r eca l ls t he r e la t ionsh ip a t ' Hau lzy ' .6 1 4 .2.2

S i te c hrono logy a nd s ett lement t ype

A ma jor p rob lem w i th in s i tes i s e stab l ish ing c ontemporane ity b e tween r ampar ts a nd t he s ett lements t hey e nc lose, a nd t he a l l ied q uest ion o f s ett lement t ype o r f unct ion. The d iff icu l ty a r ises f rom t he g enera l r ar i ty o f d a tab le f inds f rom r ampart t rench ing a nd f rom t he a bsence o f e xtens ive e xcava tions w i th in d efended s i tes . The l a tter t end t o c onc entrate a long t he r ampar t a nd s pur e dges g iv ing a n i ncomp le te a nd i naccurate p icture o f t he i nterna l s ett lement p lan. The p rob lem o f whe ther a s ett lement was o pen o r d efended i s c ommon t o many s i tes. A t Taverny, t he l arge s l ight i n-curv ing 'd ump ' r ampar t a nd s tonel ined d i tch f ronted by a s ma l ler r ect i l inear r ampart a nd s tonel i ned d itch, e nc los ing 8 .75 h a o f t he 'Camp d e C dsar ' ,a re b oth unda ted ( G. Ducoeur 1 974 :14). The d oub le-fort if ica t ions, a l though p robab ly n o t c ontemporary, may b e long t o t he L .T . I/III o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te. The o n ly Ha B /C f ea tures uncovered t o d a te a re s tone-de l inea ted o b long h earths a nd p its i nterpreted a s c rema t ion bur ia ls ( G. Ducoeur). The e v idence f rom F ort-Harrouard ' i s more c onc lus ive. The c ross 'd ump ' r ampar t a nd d i tch, f ronted by a g lac is , w i th a c auseway e ntrance

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west-of-centre, e nc los ing t he 7h a s i te, i s d ated t o t he s econd L a te Neo l ith ic o ccupa t ion ( J . Ph i l ippe 1 936:257 -301, 5 41-612, P l. I ; G . Ba i l loud 1 976b:384). The b ank was r a ised by a dd ing a b lack s o i l c ont a in ing Ha B s herds ( ? s ett lement d ebr is) p resumab ly a t s ome t ime a f ter t he i n i t ia l Ha B o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te. A s ect ion o f ac ha lk r amp art, d a ted by M . Whee ler a nd K . M . R ichardson t o t he L . B. A . ( ?), was f ound i n t he e xcavated s outheast c orner, t he s pur e dge, o f t he p romontory ( 1957 :121 n o. 64 ). J . Ph i l ippe' s e xcava t ions, l im i ted t o t he s ou thern a nd e astern e dges o f t he p romontory , u ncovered a r e la t ive ly d ense d istr ibut ion o f h earths, o vens, r ubb ish a nd s torage p i ts, i nc lud ing a r ectangu lar p it, 1 0 .20 x 3 .60 m , 4 .25 m d eep, c onta in ing a l arge number o f c ast ing-mou lds, wh ich may h ave b een a b ronze f ounder 's workshop ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :26 8 -269). These l im i ted e xcava t ions p o int t o as edentary a nd p roductive c ommun i ty . The l i tt le t ha t c an b e s urm ised f rom t he r ampart i nvest iga t ions, a nd f rom t he n otab le i ncrease o f b ronze w eaponry o n t he s i te i n t he l a te Ha B , p o ints t o ad efended s ett lement. S t i l l l ess i s known o f t he Ha D d efences, i f a ny t here were, o n ' la Butte ' . A L .T. c ross d i tch a nd a l a ter b ank e nc los ing t wo s ides o f t he s ett lement h ave o bscured a ny e ar l ier t races o f f ort if ica t ion. Apar t f rom t he l arge p it c onta in ing Ha D b arbot ine-pa inted s herds a t t he c entre o f t he e nc losed a rea , t he s i te p lan i nd ica tes h ear ths, p i ts, r ectangu lar p ost-structures a nd m isce l laneous p ost-ho les ( J . S capu la 1 975 :16 f ig . 8 ). The ir c hrono log ica l r e lat ionsh ip, h owever , h as n ot b een e stab l ished, t he ma jor i ty o f t he s tructures b e long ing t o t he l a ter L .T. The d ump ' r ampart a nd d i tch a long t wo s ides o f t he p la teau-edge f ort a t ' Hau lzy ' d oub led i n f ront o f t he ma in n orthwestern e ntrance, i s c ons idered c ontemporary t o t he l a te Ha C a nd D s ett lement ( G. Goury 1 911). C ircu lar h ut-f loors w i th e xterna l h earths a nd s ett lement d ebr is were f ound a long t he r ampar t a nd i n t he n or theastern c orner where n arrow a ccess r outes t o as pr ing a nd t he A isne v a l ley a re d efended by ap icket-fence o r p a l isade a nd b ank. E xcept f or t he ment ion o f Ha D s tone-paved h ut-f loors i ns ide t he d rys tone r ampart, p receded by a d i tch, a t ' Mont Avro l lo t ' ( A. Duva l a nd 0 . Buchsenschutz 1 976 :792 ; Ga l l ia , 3 7 , 1 979 :465), l i tt le i s known o f p romontory-fort i nter iors a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in where e xcava t ions h ave c oncentrated e xc lus ive ly o n r amparts. These i nc lude t he c a lc ina ted d ry-stone r ampart w i th i nterna l r evetment, bu i l t o ver a Neo l ith ic ' dump ' r ampart, w i th a s tone-revetted p assage-way n ear t he c entre, o f Ha B /C d a te w ith a dd it ions i n t he l a ter Ha D/L .T. I a nd l a te L .T., a t ' Camp d e C dsar ' ,L a Groutte ( Ga l l ia P r6h . ,, 1 3 , 1 970 : 3 58-362 ; 1 5, 1 972 :36 7 -368 ; E . Hugon iot a nd B . Vann ier 1 971:22-23); a nd t he d oub le f ort if ica t ions a t F ou d e Verdun ' ,c ons ist ing o f ac ross 'd ump ' r ampar t w i th a n e xterna l s tone r evetment f ronted by a d i tch a nd, o f p robab ly l a ter d a te, a d ry-stone t imberlaced buttressed r ampar t ( ' murus d up lex ' a nd i nf i l l) f ron ted by a d i tch a nd s taked g lac is e nc los ing t he o va l e xtens ion o f t he p romon tory ( L . O l iv ier e t a l . 1 970 :1331 57 ). The most n o t iceab le a spect o f h i l l-sett lemen t i s t he w idespread, a lmost e xc lus ive, c ho ice o f p romontory l oca t ions, o ffer ing t he b est a dvantages i n t erms o f n a tura l d efences a nd t herefore t he m ost e conom ica l t o f or t ify . The f or ts a re w e l l s i ted, e nc los ing o r w i th in e asy a ccess t o s pr ings, a nd a t S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, i nc lud ing a r ich i ron d epos i t ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 : 2 24) .

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The s ett lements a re u sua l ly s ma l l, a verag ing b e tween 3 t o 4h a . The l arger 7t o 8h a p romontory-for ts, a nd t he unusua l ly l arge 1 4 h a f or t a t ' la Vergent i re ' ,a l l w i th i mportant Ha B /C o ccupa t ion, a re e xceptiona l S edentary o ccupat ion i s e stab l ished f or F ort-Harrouard ' a nd f a ir ly c er ta in f or ' Hau lzy ' but r ema ins hypothe tica l f or o ther p romontory s i tes. F ou d e Verdun ' i s c ons idered a r efuge-fort by L . O l iv ier e t a l . a l though t here i s l i tt le t o s ubstant ia te t h is ( 1970 :159 ). The u se o f t he v ar ious p romontory-for ts a s t emporary r efuge s i tes c annot, h owever , b e d isc arded. None o f t he h i l l-sett lements meet t he f our c r i ter ia o f " Fürstens i tze" a s o ut l ined by W . K imm ig a nd s ystemat ised by H . Härke ( 1979 :111-112, 1 19 Tab le 4 ). The a pparent d ist inct ion b etween t he 'd ump ' r ampar ts i n t he Eure a nd O ise v a l leys, a nd o f ' Hau lzy ' i n t he Argonne, a nd t he d ry-stone r evetted r ampar ts i n Normandy a nd t he s outh o f t he Bas in, c an b e e xp la ined a s r esu lt ing f rom t he a va i lab i l i ty o f l oca l b ui ld ing ma ter ia ls, a s f rom l oca l ised t opo;raphica l, e conom ic a nd s oc ia l c ond i t ions . A lthough i t i s t empt ing t o p ara l le l i nd iv idua l s i tes t o e xamp les o u ts ide t he Bas in, i nsuff ic ient e v idence o f t he i nfras tructure o f h i l l-sett lements i n t he Bas in p rec ludes a ny s uch c ompar isons. S im i lar it ies i n t he g enera l c hrono logica l p a ttern o f h i l l-sett lement c an, h owever, b e d rawn. 1 4 .2 .3 S ett lement p attern P romontory s i tes i n t he Bas in a re f irst s ett led i n t he Neo l i th ic, p art i cu lar ly i n t he Chassey c u ltura l phase ( G. Ba i l loud 1 976b:380 , 3 82), a l though t here i s l i tt le i nd ica t ion t ha t t hey were d efended a t t ha t t ime ( id . 1 974:78-79 ; J .-P . N ico lardo t 1 974 :4 0). A number o f f or ts, 'F ortHarrouard ? a nd L a Groutte f or e xamp le, d o h ave Neo l i th ic f or t if ica tions . A c oncerted a nd w idespread movemen t t o o ccupy a nd d efend h i l ltop s i tes, e specia l ly p romontor ies, o ccurs i n t he l a ter Ha B . Ment ion c an b e made o f t he r ecent ly e xcavated 1 .5 h a p romontory-fort a t Camp d e B ierre ' , Merr i, Or., whose d ry-stone e xterna l ly r evetted r ampart i s d a ted by a rtefacts a nd C14 s amp les f rom L eve l I V a t t he b ase o f t he r ampar t t o e . 8 50 B .C. ( B. Ede ine 1 965; Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 4 , 1 971 :336; 1 6, 1 973 : 3.8 8-390). A s im i lar d a te i s g iven f or t he s tone r ubb le a nd f i red c lay-core r ampar t w i th a n e xterna l s tone r evetment, p oss ib ly w i th a p la tform a nd i nterna l r amp, e nc los ing t he 4 h a p romontory-for t a t ' la Br khe-auD iab le ' ( B.Ede ine 1 966:258-260). The l a te Ha B o ccupa t ion o f Norman p romontory-forts i s ma tched i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley ( C. J orrand 1 976: 6 1), a t 'Camp d e Ca tenoy ', Ca tenoy, 0 . ( M. Whee ler a nd K . M . R ichardson 1 957 :128 n o. 8 2; N . K . S andars 1 957 :279-280), a nd a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in ( G. Cord ier 1 976:558). The Ha B /C phases o ut l ined a bove s hou ld b e v iewed a s ac ont inua t ion o f t h is p rocess, a s t he l im i ted L .T. I h i l l-sett lements o f o ne b egun i n t he l a ter Ha D . I t i s o n ly i n t he L .T. I I t ha t ar enewed e ffort t o o ccupy h i l ltop l oca t ions, e ven more e xtens ive t han i n t he l a ter Ha B , t akes p lace. E xcept p erhaps f or ' Hau lzy ' a nd Mont-Avro l lot ' t he e v idence f or o ccupa t ion o f t hese s i tes b eg inn ing i n t he Ha C i s s l ight. The d is tr ibut ion o f t hese p la teau-edge a nd p romontory s ett lements i n t he Bas in, u sua l ly o ver look ing ma jor r iver v a l leys, i s t oo d iffuse t o d etect a p a ttern o r t o s erve a s t he b as is f or a ny g enera l i nterpreta t ion, a nd i n a l l p robab i l i ty r epresents o n ly a l im i ted p icture o fh i l l-sett lement i n t he Ha C a nd D ( Map 3 2). E xcept f or t he Ha B / C p romontory-fort a t ' la P rdvo tde ' ,S t-Sauveur, 0 ., w ith a 'd ump ' r ampart a nd d itch

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e nc los ing 4 h a ( J.-C. B lanchet), a nd t he ' Camp d e Cora ' i n i ts Ha D phase o f o ccupa t ion, h i l l-sett lements a ppear t o b e l oca ted away f rom c ontemporary l ow land s ett lements . The d istr ibu t ion o f h i l l-sett lements a long t he e astern a nd s outhern f r inges o f t he Bas in i s c omp lementary t o t ha t o f c ontemporary t umu l i c emeter ies. But f or ' Hau lzy ' ,a nd p oss ib ly S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, t he n a ture o f t he r e la t ionsh ip b etween h i l l-sett lement a nd c emetery o r c emeter ies h as n o t b een e stab l ished . The c hrono log ica l s equence o f h i l ltop o ccupa t ion i n t he Bas in i s s im i lar i n g enera l t erms t o t ha t o bserved i n n e ighbour ing r egions a nd i n t he Westha l lsta ttkre is a s a who le. There i s t he s ame w idespread o ccupat ion o f h i l l-sett lements, p romontor ies i n p art icu lar, i n t he Ha B , i n t he P o i tou ( G. Cord ier 1 976:558), i n Burgundy ( J.-P . N ico lardot 1 975 :89), i n e astern F rance, n or theastern Sw itzer land a nd s outhwestern Germany ( H. Härke 1 979 :36-37 ). A lthough a number o f t hese s ett lements s how c ont inu i ty o f o ccupa t ion i nto t he Ha C , t he r ecent ly e xcava ted c . 2h a p romontory-fort a t ' Camp A l lar ic ' , As lonnes, V . ( J.-P. P autre— a u 1 976b: 4 01, 4 04), f or e xamp le, t here i s ag enera l h ia tus i n t h is phase o n Ha h i l l-for ts i n t hese a reas ( H. Härke 1 979 :36-37 ). Un less i t i s a ssumed t ha t l a te Ha B o ccupa t ion e xtended i nto t he e ar ly Ha C , a s i t i s h ere, t here i s w idespread d iscont inu i ty i n h i l ltop s ett lement b etween t he Ha B a nd D ( ib id .:171, 1 73, 1 70 f ig . 4 7 ). A c learer p icture emerges i n t he Ha D when o ccupa t ion o f h i l ltop s i tes i s n ot o n ly w idespread but a lso s ub ject t o t ypo log ica l a nd s pa t ia l d ifferent ia t ion i n wh ich f unct iona l a nd s oc ia l ( h ierarch ica l) c a tegor ies c an b e d ist ingu ished ( ib id. : 67 -75). A c ons iderab le p ort ion o f t hese s i tes h ave i mmed ia te l a te Ha C o r ig ins ( ib id .:173, 1 72 f ig . 4 8). Cont inu i ty o f h i l l-fort o ccupa t ion f rom t he Ha D i nto t he e ar ly L .T. I i s u sua l ( ib id .:149-153). 1 4 .2 . 4 Conc lus ion The s ystema t ic i nvest iga t ion o f h i l l-sett lements i n t he Bas in i s s t i l l i n i t s i nfancy. The e v idence f or Ha o ccupa t ion o f t hese s i tes i s uneven, a nd n o s i te h as b een e xhaust ive ly s tud ied t o e s tab l ish a c omprehens ive i nterna l s ett lement p lan o r t o r e la te t he s ett lement t o c onstruct ion phases o f t he f ort if ica t ions. The s ma l l number o f t hese s i tes d oes n ot a l low a ny u sefu l i nforma t ion t o b e d rawn f rom t he ir s pa tia l d istr ibu t ion, n or i s t here s uff ic ient e v idence t o e xtract i nforma t ion o n t he ir r e la t ionship t o l oca l s ett lement p a tterns. The e v idence d oes p ermi t c er ta in c onc lus ions t o b e d rawn r egard ing t he c hrono log ica l s equence o f h i l ltop s ett lement. A s im i lar s equence emerges t o t hat f ound i n n e ighbour ing r egions a nd i n t he Westha l lsta ttkre is. The Bas in r ema ins n everthe less o uts ide t he ma in z one o f Ha D h i l l-fort d eve lopment but f or t he p er iphera l a reas wh ich i nc lude Hau lzy ' ,r e la ted t o d eve lopments i n t he L orra ine ( cf . 'Camp d ' Affr ique ? ,Messe in, M .-et-M.), a nd I ' Mon t-Avro l lo t t, ' ' Camp d e C ora ', ' Fou d e Verdun ', a nd L a Groutte, t o t hose i n Burgundy. Th is marg ina l r o le i s c onf irmed by t he a bsence o f " Fürstens i tze", o r o ther i mpor tan t s ett lement c omp lexes t ha t a re f ound t o t he s outh ( ' Mont-Lasso is ' ,V ix, C. -d ' O . )a nd n or th ( ' Kemme lberg ' , Kemme l, West-V laanderen). NOTES 1 . The t rad i t ion o f r ectangu lar p ost-bu i lt dwe l l ings p ers ists l oca l ly a s a ttested by t he r ecent ly e xcava ted L .T. I I s tructure, 2 2 x 1 2 .50 m , a t ' le Bu isson Camp in ' ,Verber ie, 0 . ( R. Agache a nd J .-C. B lanche t 1 980 :36-37 ).

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2 . There i s a lso e v idence t ha t s toragejars were i mbedded upr ight i n p its, a s a t 'A joues d e l a Grdsy ', P rdcy-sur-Marne ( A. Bu lard) a nd P rd d es S dcherons ' ,Chä tenay-sur-Se ine ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 4 , 1 971 : 3 14 f ig . 6 ). 3 . S ee Chapter 1 5 .3 ( p.204). 4 . The t hree c a tegor ies a re : a ) t he p romontory ( "dperon b arrd"); b ) t he ' p la teau-edge ' ( "rebord d e p la teau"); a nd c ) t he h i l ltop ( "sommet d e c o l l ine"). 5 . M . Whee ler a nd K . M . R ichardson d a te s i tu la te v esse ls w i th f ingert ip i mpressed c ordons f rom t he s ma l l p romontory-fort a t ' Crocheme l ier i Or ., t o t he Ha D a l though t hey a re more l ike ly t o b e o f e ar ly L .T. I d a te ( 1957 :138 , 1 20 n o. 5 9). The s i te, f or t h is r eason, d oes n ot a ppear i n t he g azetteer . 6 . The i nference i s p ure ly c on jectura l. As H . Härke h as p o inted o ut, Ha D h i l l-forts i n Germany a nd Sw i tzer land a re v ery o f ten f ound a midst c lusters o f Ha C t umu l i w i thout t here b e ing a ny d irect c onn ect ion b etween t he e ar l ier bur ia ls a nd t he l a ter s ett lements ( pers. c omm.).

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CHAPTER 1 5 I NDUSTRY

1 5.1

S a ltworks ( L ist 4 9 , Map 3 3)

The t wo s ources o f s a lt i n t he P ar is Bas in a re s ea-wa ter a nd t he b r inze s pr ings o f t he i nter ior, l oca ted a long i t s s outhern a nd e as tern f r inges ( Map 3 3). o n ly s ea-sa lt was e xp lo i ted i n t he Ha C a nd D .1 Br iquetage e lements i n Ha c ontexts c ome f rom t wo c oasta l s i tes . The s i te o f ' Be l-A ir ' ,E tap les, P .-de-C., s i tua ted o n al arge f la t l owly ing a nchored d une i n t he Canche e stuary, c ons ists o f a number o f c y l indr ica l s ect ion p i ts, 1 t o 1 .20 m i n d iameter a nd . 60 t o . 80 m i n d epth, g rouped a round c ircu lar h earths, o f s im i lar d iameter , w ith p ebb le-f l int s urfaces c emented w i th a m ixture o f c lay a nd c ha lk, s ome o n ly c overed w i th c ha lk ( H. Mar iette 1 969 :285). There i s e v idence t ha t t he p its, i n i t ia l ly c ut f or e xtract ing c lay, were u sed f or d ry ing a nd s tor ing s a lt ( ib id .: 2 90). The b r iquetage, f ound i n t he b lack hum ic s o i l wh ich c overs t he s i te, a nd i n a number o f p its, w ith a d enser d istr ibu t ion i n t hose n earest t he h earths, i nc lude: ' trumpet ' p edesta ls, v ar ious t rapezo ida l-sect ion t roughs, ' c l ips ' u sed t o s tab l ise t he t rough-edges d ur ing t he b ak ing p rocess, a nd m isce l laneous f ragments i nc lud ing t h ick-wa l led 't ab le ts ' w i th a s p layed e dge, p oss ib ly h ear th wa l ls ( ib id . : 285-289). A lthough t he s ummary d escr ipt ion o f t he a ssoc ia ted a rtarkts, wh ich i nc lude b ronze p ins, f ine c eram ic wares w i th h or izonta l l inear i nc is ions under l ined by a r ow o f o b l ique i nc is ions a nd g lobu lar d omestic s toragejars w i th e ver ted n ecks, i nd ica te a Ha B /C d ate, H . Mar iette p laces t he s a l tworks i n t he l a ter Ha D ( ibid .:285, 2 90). Apar t f rom c harcoa l f ragments, n o s tructures were f ound o n t he s a ltworks s i te a t Breche du Haut-L ion ' L ion-sur-Mer, Ca lv ., s i tuat ed i n a n e xposed ( denuded) s ect ion o f t he c oasta l c l iff f ac ing t he Ba le d e l a S e ine ( B. Ede ine 1 962: 9 4). Th is a bsence i s t o b e e xpected o n l ow l i ttora l s i tes wh ich a re p art icu lar ly s uscept ib le t o c l iff e ros ion a nd dune-forma tion ( P.-L . Gou letquer 1 970 :17 ). The b r iquetage e lements f rom L ion-sur-Mer c ompr ise a v ar iety o f t rapezo ida l, s em ic ircu lar, s quare a nd r ectangu lar-sect ion t roughs, a nd wha t a re d escr ibed a s l ong quadrangu lar o r s l ight ly p yram ida l 'l a r icks ' t ha t may b e f i re-bars ( B. Ede ine 1 962:94). The f ew c eram ic f inds ( F ig . 2 8 , 1 ) c an b e d a ted p rov is iona l ly t o t he Ha B /C ( ib id.: 9 6). Bo th s i tes a re l oca ted i n a reas where l a ter , L. T. I I a nd Ga l loRoman, s a ltworks were e stab l ished . West o f L ion-sur-Mer i s t he s i te o f ' la Va le tte ' Graye-sur-Mer, a nd e ast o f t he Canche e stuary, P er iers-en-Auge a nd V i l lers-sur-Mer ( id. 1 975 :4 -5; G . Verron 1 976b: 8 11, 8 09 f ig . 4 , 1 ). The L .T. I I s a ltworks a t Cam iers i s l oca ted j ust n orth o f E tap les ( H. Mar iette 1 966:810-811). The s a ltwork c omp lex o n t he F ranco-Be lg ian b order, a t De P anne , West-V laanderen, a nd t he a d jo in ing s i tes i n t he Nord , Bray-Dunes a nd Z uydcoo te, c an a lso b e ment ioned ( J. Nenqu in 1 961:93-95 ; H . Thoen 1 974 :5-10).

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The t echn ique o f s a lt e xtract ion f rom s ea-wa ter h as b een much d iscussed a nd n eed o n ly b e s ummar ised h ere ( J. Nenqu in 1 961 :1221 26; K . R iehm 1 961; 1 962; 1 969 ; B . Ede ine 1 970 ; P .-L. Gou letquer 1 970 :1 26-133) . The e xtract ion o f s a lt f rom t he s ea was a s easona l o ccupa t ion d ep endent o n t he c onvergence o f a number o f f avourab le c ond i t ions t ha t o ccur i n t he s ummer months: " a p er iod o f h igh wa ter f o l lowed by a s er ies o f n eap t ides; a n o pt imum s ea a nd a ir t emperature; p ro longed s unsh ine a nd l im i ted r a infa l l" ( R. Brad ley 1 974 :2 1 , 2 2 f ig . 1 0). The p rocess i nvo lved t hree b as ic s tages: t he g a ther ing o f t he ' raw ma ter ia l ' i nto a c oncentra ted s o lut ion, c lean ing a nd s if t ing t o r emove i mpur it ies ( fore ign ma tter), a nd d ry ing ( P. L. G ou letquer 1 970 :1 33). The b r iquetage e lements f rom L ion-sur-Mer a nd E tap les r epresent t he f ina l s tage i n t he p rocess, t he d ry ing o f t he b r ine i n t roughs o r mou lds o ver a l ow f i re t o f orm t he s a lt ' loaves ' t ha t a re t he e ndp roduct o f t he i ndustry. The d ry ing a ppara tus f rom L ion-sur-Mer a nd E tap les d iffer i n c ert a in r espects. The p r inc ip le f eature o f t he E tap les o vens a re t he p edesta ls t ha t s upported t he t roughs i n t he d ry ing h earths . P edest a l led b r iquetage i s r e lat ive ly w idespread a s i t i s f ound o n t he ma jor ity o f s a lt-process ing s i tes f rom Ha l le o n t he S aa le ( K. R iehm 1 960 :199-204) t o t he Red H i l ls o f E ssex ( K. d e Br isay 1 974 :5-10 ; P .-L. Gou letquer 1 970 :P l. 1 2). Trumpet ' p edesta ls h ave a more l im i ted d istr ibu tion, a nd a re f ound o n c oasta l b r iquetage s i tes d a ted t o b etween t he l a te Ha B a nd L .T . I I: o n t he n orth Armor ican c oast, a t Curn ic ' , Gu issdny, F in.; s outh o f t he L o ire e stuary, a t ' le Boucaud ' a nd ' 1 ' Ep ine tte ' P rdfa i l les, L .-At l.; a nd i n t he S a intonge marsh lands, a t S t-August in a nd P or t-Coutard ( ib id . : 47 -49 , P l. 6 ). S im i lar p edest a ls a re a lso known f rom c entra l Germany ( W. Ma tth ias 1 961 : 1 56 , 1 57 Abb. 1 3, a -c). The f inds f rom L ion-surI V Ier a re s a id t o p o int t o g rate ' o r 'g r id ' o vens c ons ist ing o f s hort 'h andbr icks ' o r s tumps s upport ing a g r id o f r ectangu lar a nd c y l indr ica l-sect ion b ars o n wh ich a re p laced t runcated t roughs o r mou lds ( P. L. Gou letquer 1 970 : 1 36). The ' handb r icks ' , wh ich a re t he p r inc ipa l c omponent o f 'g r id ' b r iquetage , a re h owever a bsent f rom L ion-sur-Mer a nd i t s i nc lus ion i n t h is c a tegory r ema ins t herefore uncerta in ( ib id . : 119 , 1 20 , 1 36, P l. 2 5). Gr id ' b r iquetage i s f ound i n t he L orra ine, i n t he S e i l le v a l ley ( K. R iehm 1 960 : 1 82-185) ; a long t he s outhern a nd n orthern Armor ican c oast a nd t he Channe l I s lands ( P .L. Gou letquer 1 9M : 1 24-125) ; o n t he Dorset c oast ( R . A . H . F arrar 1 974 : 1 4-20) ; a nd i n t he Red Mounds o f L inco lnsh ire ( K. R iehm 1 961 :186-188 ; F . T . Baker 1 974 :31-32 ; B . B . S immons 1 974 :3 3-36) . Quadrangu lar-sect ion t roughs o r mou lds, r ep lac ing c y l indr ica la nd g lobu lar c onta iners i n t he l a ter Ha B , a re c ommon o n i nterna l a nd c oasta l b r iquetage s i tes, p art icu lar ly o n t he F rench A t lant ic l i ttora l f rom t he Garonne e s tuary t o t he t ip o f t he Armor ican p en insu la ( P .-L. Gou letquer 1 . 970 :79). A lthough a s ynthet ic s tudy o f t roughmorpho logy o n a r eg iona l l eve l, p art icu lar ly i n r e la t ion t o h o ld ing c apac ity, h as n o t y et a ppeared, i t i s t empt ing t o i nterpret t he g enera l un iformi ty o f t ypes a s e v idence o f a ccepted s tandards o f e xchange o ver w ide a reas. The ma in s a lt-produc ing c entres i n p rotoh istor ic Europe a re l oca ted i n t he m idd le S aa le v a l ley ( Ha l le-Gieb ichenste in), t he upper S e i l le

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v a l ley i n t he L orra ine, t he s outhern Armor ican c oast, a nd t he Channe l a nd North S ea c oasts wh ich i nc lude t he F ranco-Be lg ian l i ttora l a s w e l l a s t he Red H i l ls a nd Mounds o f E ssex a nd L inco lnsh ire ( K. R iehm 1 969 :101-103, 1 01 Abb. 1 ). The b r ine-spr ings o f t he Dammwe ise, n ear Ha l ls ta tt, a nd t he s a lt-mines a t Ha l lsta tt i t se lf ( the S a lzberg ' ) a nd Ha l le in-Dürrnberg c an a lso b e ment ioned ( J. Nenqu in 1 961 : 4 2-43 , 4 9-6 0 ). P .-L. Gou letquer h as s ought t o d ifferent ia te b etween ' pedesta l led ' b r ique tage s i tes ( Etap les), o r ig ina t ing i n t he S aa le v a l ley a nd d ist r ibuted a long t he n orthern Channe l a nd Nor th S ea l i ttora l a nd t he F rench A t lant ic c oast, a nd s i tes w i th 'g r id ' b r iquetage ( L ion-sur-Mer), a ppear ing l a ter i n t he S e i l le v a l ley a nd f ound a long t he Norman a nd Armor ican c oasts ( 1970 :1 53-154) . Quadrangu lar-sect ion t roughs a re c ommon t o b oth. A ma jor p rob lem i n a ttempt ing t o e va lua te t he r e la t ionsh ips b etween t he v ar ious b r iquetage s i tes i s c hrono log ica l. Apart f rom t he f act t ha t f ew o f t he s i tes h ave s ecure ly d atab le a ssoc ia ted f inds o r C14 d ates , t he l ength o f u t i l isa t ion o f as a ltworks may e xtend o ver s evera l c ent ur ies w i thout t here b e ing a ny p ercept ib le c hange i n t he b r iquetage ma ter ia l. Added t o t h is i s t he un iform i ty o f b r iquetage e lements a cross Europe w i th l i tt le d ifference b etween t he c ont inenta l b r ines pr ings a nd c oasta l s i tes. H istor ica l a nd e thnograph ic p ara l le ls o f s a lt-product ion a nd d istr ibut ion h ave b een f u l ly t rea ted e lsewhere ( J. N enqu in 1 96 1 :1 00-117 ; K . R iehm 1 96 1 :191; B . Ede ine 1 970 ; 1 975). The i mportance o f s a lt i n t he d iet, a s ap reserv ing a gent, a s a s upp lement t o l ivestock f odder, i n v ar ious c raf t i ndustr ies, a s av a lued t rade c ommod i ty, a nd e ven p erhaps a s ap re-monetary s tandard, i n t he Ha C a nd D c annot b e o ver-emphas ised . The a bsence o f b r iquetage e lements o n c ontemporary s ett lements a nd t he a bundance o f t rough o r mou ld f ragments o n s a ltwork s i tes s uggest t ha t s a lt ' loaves ' w ere t ranspor ted a nd t raded wrapped i n s ome o rgan ic ma ter ia l a nd n ot i n t he ir c lay mant les ' a s has b een wr itten ( K. R iehm 1 961 :184-185). There i s c onsequen t ly l i tt le a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or s a lt a par t f rom i t s p roduct ion. The i mportance o f s a lt, a nd i ts d is tr ibut ion, a re l arge ly ma tters o f i nference f rom h ist or ica l, e thnograph ica l a nd ph i lo log ica l s ources. S ince s a ltworks a re s easona l a nd e xc lus ive ly i ndus tr ia l s i tes, t hey a re un l ike ly t o y ie ld e v idence o f a ny o pu lence r esu lt ing f rom t he s a ltt rade. Amber a nd g lass b eads, a nd b ronze p ins, f rom E tap les a re s a id t o i nd ica te t he p r iv i leged s ta tus o f as a ltworks s i te a l though t hese i t ems a re r e la t ive ly c ommon o n c ontemporary s e tt lements a nd i n c eme ter ies ( M . Mar ie tte 1 969 :290). I t c an b e s upposed t ha t t here were many more s a ltworks o pera t ing i n t he Ha C a nd D , b o th o n t he Channe l c oast a nd i n t he i nter ior o f t he P ar is Bas in. E ros ion o f c oasta l s i tes, o b l i tera t ion o f e ar l ier o ccupat ion by Ga l lo-Roman a nd Med ieva l s a lt-producers, a nd t he g enera l r ar i ty o f d a tab le f inds o n b r iquetage s i tes, a re ma in f actors c ontr ibut ing t o t he l im i tat ion o f o ur know ledge o f Ha s a l t works. 1 5 .3

I ron p roduct ion ( Map 3 4)

I t c an b e s upposed o n g eo log ica l g roundsh t hat i ron o res, un l ike n on-ferrous o res, were f a ir ly w idespread i n t he P ar is Bas in i n t he Ha C a nd D . I t i s d if f icu lt t o o bta in a n a ccurate d istr ibut ion o f t he

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more i mportant s uperf ic ia l i ron o re d epos i ts s ince many o f t hese may h ave b een e xhausted by t he t ime o f t he Roman c onquest when t he f i rst r ecords o f Gau l ish i ron p roduction a ppear .3 F rom a v ar ie ty o f d a ta b ased on p re-n ineteenth c en tury ( i .e . t he I ndustr ia l R evo lu t ion) s ources, 4 i mpor tan t d epos i ts o ccur i n t he Berry, o n t he e dges o f t he Gä t ina is, i n t he F or k d ' Othe, i n c entra l Champagne P ou i l leuse, a nd i n L ower Normandy , p ar ticu lar ly i n t he Co l l ines d e Normand ie a nd t he P ays d ' Ouche ( Map 3 4). R ich d epos its a lso o ccur a long t he e astern a nd s outhern f r inges o f t he Haute-Marne ( L . L epage 1 980 :192); a nd numerous s lag h eaps a re ment ioned f rom t he Mayenne ( A . Daubrde 1 868: 3 07 -308). The d istr ibut ion o f s uperf ic ia l i ron d epos i ts, a l though by n o means a l l e xp lo i ted i n p rotoh istor ic t imes, d oes i nd icate t he w idespread a va i lab i l ity o f t he o re t o Ha s m i ths. These d epos i ts w ere l oca ted i n o r n ear h eav i ly f orested a reas wh ich p rov ided t he c harcoa l f ue l f or s me lt ing a nd f org ing ( D. Bre tz-Mah ler 1 971:154), a nd i n p rox im i ty t o s ources o f wa ter n ecessary i n t he f org ing p rocess . Ev idence f or i ron p roduct ion h as r ecent ly b een uncovered i n t he l ow land s e tt lement a t l a Bouche d ' O ise ' , Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 . ( J.-C. B lanche t a nd C . Toupet 1 980: 4 4-45; J .C. B lanche t a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a:25). Be long ing t o Phase I I, d a ted t o t he e ar ly Ha C , t he f orge c ons ists o f a 4 /5 x 1 0 m z one o f s cattered s lag a nd s lag-debr is w ith a gg lomera ted t ap-s lag , 2t o 3m l ong , a t t he c entre . L imestone b locks, many r ubef ied, t hat may h ave b e longed t o t he d estruct ion p hase o f t he f urnaces were f ound i n p laces . Lumps o f r efractory s o i l, 1 0 cm t h ick, t hat l ined t he f urnaces o r h ear ths were r ecovered a t t he b o ttom o f t he e xp lorat ion t renches. The s lag-heaps p o int t o s ix f urnaces s et a long a n a x is a t 1 .50 m i nterva ls . One f urnace f rom t he e ar l iest o ccupat ion l eve l o f P hase I I p resents a f la t s ub-c ircu lar z one o f c omp acted r iver g rave ls , 1 .50 m i n d iameter, w i th a c entra l a rea o f burnt g rave ls, s ome 8 0 c m i n d iameter, c overed by 2 cm o f r ust-co loured l imon ite, wh ich s hou ld c orrespond t o t he b ase o f t he f urnace . A t ongue o f burnt c lay , s ome 2 m l ong , e xtends f rom t he b ase o f t he f urnace t oward t he e ast. Heaps o f s lag a nd burnt s tones w ere f ound 6 m f urther t o t he e ast, a t t he b ase o f t he r ampar t. A p re l iminary meta l lurg ica l a na lys is o f t he s lag d ebr is r evea led t he p resence o f s i l icon, c a lc ium a nd i ron o res ( 15% ), w i th t races o f a lum in ium a nd n icke l, a nd t he a bsence o f c opper o res . The e v idence f rom Cho isy i nd ica tes t he u se o f n on-s lag t app ing f urnaces, o f H . F . C leere ' s Group A ( 1972 :21). Whe ther t hey h ad as uperstructure i n t he s hape o f ac y l indr ica l o r t runca ted c one o r were s imp le ' bow l ' f urnaces i s n ot known. I n e i ther c ase, t he Cho isy f urnaces b e long t o a n e ar ly a nd s imp le t ype c apab le o f p roduc ing o n ar e la t ive ly sma l l s ca le ( ib id .:11). A c omparab le s i te t o Cho isy i s t he E . I.A . i ron-works s ett lement a t 'Brook lands ' , Weybr idge , S urrey, where b oth sme lt ing ( western s i te) a nd f org ing ( eastern s i te) a ct iv i t ies a re r ecorded ( R. Hanworth a nd D . J . Toma l in 1 977 :15-19). The f urnaces were o f H . F . C leere 's Group A2, w ith a c y l indr ica l o r t runcated s uperstructure ( ib id. : 19-20). O ther I .A . i ron-sme lt ing f urnaces i n t he Bas in d a te t o t he L .T ., n o tab ly t he t wo p it-hear ths ( "fourneaux c ata lans") f ound a t Cu is, M ., n ear a L .T. I f la tinhuma t ion c emetery a nd a L .T. I I h i l lfort ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :154). The p r im it ive p rocess o f i ron-sme lt ing h as b een r epeated ly d escr ibed e lsewhere a nd n eed n ot b e s ummar ised h ere ( H. C . R ichardson 1 934 : 5 73-582; E . S a l in a nd A . F rance-Lanord 1 943 :54-70 ; R . F . Ty leco te

2 01

1 96 2: 183-192; H . Hodges 1 964 :8 2-83) . Deta i ls o f t he f org ing p rocess a re l ess we l l d ocumented . F org ing a ct iv i ty i s u sua l ly s urm ised by t he s crap e v idence, t he a ctua l f org ing t oo ls ( tongs, h ammers a nd a nv i ls) b e ing c ommon ly a bsent ( R. Hanwor th a nd D . J . Toma l in 1 977 :19-22). The d eta i led meta l lurg ica l a na lys is o f a n Ha D j ave l in-head, f rom t he c entra l i nhuma t ion g rave i n t he c ircu lar d i tched Enc losure C a t ' le Mou l in ' , Ver tla-Grave l le, M . ( A. Br isson e t a l . 1 956:30 , 3 1 f ig . 4 ), d oes o ffer s ome i ns ight o n t he t echn iques a nd— qua l i ty o f p roduct ion o f Ha D s m iths ( L. L epage 1 96 6 b: 7 -11). The j ave l in-head i s made o f r e lat ive ly pure i ron ( absence o f Mn, s ma l l% o f P a nd S ) t ha t i s n o t o f meteor ic o r ig in ( absence o f N i). The s ource o f t he meta l i s n o t l oca l s ince r eg iona l o res c onta in a ppreciab le amounts o f P a nd S a nd o ther i mpur i t ies . Macro- a nd m icrograph ic e xam ina t ion s howed t he weapon t o b e s tructura l ly h eterogeneous. Due t o t he p ur i ty o f t he i ron, t he j ave l in-head c ame o ut p oor ly i n t he h ardness t est, r eg ister ing 9 6 t o 1 27 HV ( V icker ' ss ca le t aken under 1 0 kg p ressure). On ly i t s s ma l l s ize a nd s lender p rof i le makes t h is j ave l in-head a v iab le weapon ( ib id.). The p rocess o f c arbur isat ion d oes n o t a ppear t o h ave b een known by t he Vertla-Grave l le s m i th ( ib id .:11). The r e la t ive ly h igh C c ontent i n s ome Ha i ron a r tefacts may h ave b een un intent iona l, r ef lect ing more t he ' inde term ina te t echn ique ' o f p r im i t ive s m i ths t han know ledge o f t he e ffects o f c arbur isat ion ( H. C . R ichardson 1 934 :582). Ha w eapons t end t o h ave a purer i ron c ontent t han t hose o f t he L .T. Th is i s p robab ly d ue t o t he c ompara t ive ly l ow t empera ture o f r educt ion a tta intab le i n t he more p r im i t ive f urnaces a nd t he f act t ha t t he i ron r ema ins i n as o l id s ta te ( R . F . Ty lecote 1 96 2 :191). Further a nd more e xtens ive t ests mus t b e made o n ac ross-sect ion o f r e l iab ly d a ted a r tefacts f rom a r estr icted a rea b efore a ny c onc lus ions c an b e d rawn o n t he e vo lut ion o f i ron t echno logy w i th in t he E .I. A . A d ecreas ing i rregu lar i ty i n t he c hem ica l v ar ia t ion o f i ron a rtefacts due t o more c ontro l led sme lt ing c ond i t ions a nd f org ing t echn iques f rom t he E ar l ier t o t he L a ter I .A. i s t o b e e xpected. There i s l i tt le i nforma t ion o n t he t rade i n i ron i n t he Bas in i n t he Ha C a nd D . B ipyram ida l i ron i ngots w i th l ong l a tera l t aper ing t ermi na ls, t he G erman S p itzbarren o r Doppe lpyram idenbarren, a re l im i ted t o af ew c oasta l f inds l oca ted a t t he mouth o f ma jor r ivers, t he S omme, S e ine a nd Orne ( Map 3 4). 6 These a re h ard t o d a te o ut o f c ontex t. The ma jor i ty o f S p itzbarren, l oca ted o n t he u pper Danube, t he Sw iss P la teau a nd t he m idd le Rh ine, w i th in t he Roman l imes, a re d a ted t o t he s econd a nd t h ird c en tur ies A . D., a nd r ef lect t he l arge s ca le Roman d emand f or n a t ive i ron o re ( J. Br iard 1 976:240 f ig . 2 ; J . G . D C lark 1 952 :2 03 ; P .-R. G iot 1 964 :57-58). The more e ccentr ic f inds a re t he e ar l iest. These i nc lude S p itzbarren i n Ha D c ontexts, f ound a t B iskup in i n P o l ish P omeran ia, i n Morav ia, a t L e ipz ig , a nd a t Armshe im i n Rhe inhessen; a nd t hose d a ted t o t he L .T., i n t he Tyro l, i n t he Rhe in land-Pfa lz a nd i n Br ittany ( ibid.:58). A h igh pur ity i ron S p i tzb arre was a lso f ound i n t he l ast o ccupa t ion l eve l ( Per iod I ) o n t he Heuneburg , Hunders ingen, d a ted t o t he e ar ly L .T . I( W. K imm ig a nd E . Gersbach 1 971 :54-54, Taf . 7 ) . Whether t he S p itzbarren f rom t he Bas in w ere l oca l ly p roduced, o r i mpor ted f rom t he Rh ine land a nd s outhern G ermany o r f rom Br i ttany i s d iff icu lt t o e stab l ish, p ar t icu lar ly w i th t he a bsence o f meta l lurg ica l a na lyses o n t he i ngo ts i n quest ion . S ome o f t he Breton h oards c ont a ined r e la t ive ly l arge numbers o f S p itzbarren, a s t he o ne a t

2 02

Kercaradec ', Moö lan-sur-Mer, F in., w i th 3 8 i ngo ts, a nd t he h oard f rom 'Carhouöt ' o r ' l a Be l leEto i le ', S t- C onnan , C . -du-N ., w i th 3 0 t o 5 0 p ieces we igh ing s ome 3 00 kg ( P .-R . G io t 1 964 :52,54). The l a tter i s d a ted by c eram ic f inds t o t he L . T. I /II ( ib id.:56). The Breton S p i tzbarren a re undoubted ly t he p roducts o f a n i nd igenous a nd a utonomous i ndustry ( ib id.:59). B ipyram ida l i ngots w i th l ong t aper ing e nds, c erta in ly t he most c ommon a nd w idespread t ype o f i ron i ngo t i n t he l a ter Ha D a nd L .T., were n o t a n e xc lus ive t ype ( J. Br iard 1 976:241). The i ngo ts f rom t he Mont-Lasso is t ,V ix, C . -d ' 0 ., f ound w ith i ron s lag i ns ide t he r ampar t, a re e i ther s ma l l t runca ted p yram ids, t he most c ommon t ype o n t he s i te, o r l arger t runca ted b ipyram ids w i thout t he l a tera l e xt ens ions o f t he S p i tzbarren ( R. J offroy 1 960a :101-102 , P l. 3 3 , 1 9-20). I f i ron i ngots were e xchanged i n t he Bas in i n t he c ourse o f t he Ha C a nd D , i t i s p oss ib le t ha t t hey may h ave t aken a v ar ie ty o f s hapes a s y et unrecogn ised a s i ngo ts. I ron may a lso h ave b een t raded i n t he f orm o f a f in ished p roduct. There i s i nsuff ic ient e v idence w i th wh ich t o f ormu la te a d eta i led hypothe t ica l mode l o n t he i mpact o f t he n ew meta l o n Ha C s oc ie ty i n t he Bas in o r i t s s ubsequent r o le i n s oc ia l a nd e conom ic c hanges i n t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L . T. I . C erta in g enera l l ines o f d eve lopment c an b e d rawn h owever . The i ntroduct ion o f i ron was g radua l a nd may h ave l ed i n i t ia l ly t o a d egree o f 'd emocra t isa t ion ' a s h as b een s uggested ( B. J . 0 ' Connor 1 978 :588). Th is w as d ue t o t he w idespread a va i lab i l ity o f t he n ew o re a nd i t s p roduct ion o n ar e la tive ly s ma l l s ca le, e i ther f or t he n eeds o f i nd iv idua l h ouseho lds o r sma l l v i l lage c ommun it ies. The f orges a t Cho isy, l ike t hose a t ' Brook lands ' ( R . Hanwor th a nd D . J . Toma l in 1 977 : 2 2), may h ave s erved t he l a tter b ased o n t he number o f f urnaces a nd t he ir e st imated p roduct ion c apac ity ( g iven t ha t t hey w ere worked a t o ne g iven t ime). B ecause o f t he w idespread o ccurrences o f t he n ew o re a nd i ts s t i l l l im ited u se, t rade a nd e xchange i n i ngo t-form wou ld n o t h ave b een n ecessary . On ly when t he d emand f or i ron i ncreased, when more a nd n ew c a tegor ies o f t oo ls, weapons, o rnaments a nd m isce l laneous f i ttings, e ntered t he r ange o f i ron-made p roducts, was p roduct ion c entra l ised i n t he a reas where t he o re was p lent ifu l a nd e as i ly a ccess ib le ( J. G . D . C larke 1 952 :203). The g row ing n eed f or i ron o re l ed i nvar iab ly t o s pec ia l isa tion a nd a t ighter c on tro l o ver t he i ndustry b o th i n t he p roduct ion a nd d istr ibu t ion o f t he r aw ma ter ia l . S uch c ontro l i s r ef lected, f or e xamp le, i n t he s tandard isa t ion o f i ngo tt ypes, n o tab ly t he Doppe lpyram idenbarren . An e ar ly i nd ica t ion o f t he s oc ia l c hanges b rough t a bou t by t he i ncreased d emand f or i ron o re i s t he a ppearance o f Ha C i ron s words whose d istr ibut ion i s r estr icted t o a reas w i th r ich i ron d epos i ts s uch a s t he P la teau d e L angres a nd t he Berry, a nd t o wh ich o ne c an a dd t he n e ighbour ing C öte-d ' Or . The e conom ic b ase o f t he wea lthy e l ite w i th l ong-d istance t rade c onnect ions bur ied i n t he Ha D /L.T. I t umu l i c emeter ies o f t he B erry may we l l h ave b een t he r ich l oca l s uperf ic ia l i ron o re d epos i ts. The r e la t ive ly l arge number o f i ron o rnaments, t orcs a nd b race lets i n p ar t icu lar, i n t hese t umu l i bur ia ls a ttest t o t he r eg iona l i mpor tance, b o th e conom ic a nd s oc ia l, o f t h is r aw ma ter ia l. A more d eta i led i ron p roduct ion a nd d is tr ibut ion mode l, e labora ted f or t he i ron e conomy i n V ik ing Age Sweden ( A . Hyenstrand 1 979 : 1 451 53), i s n o t p oss ib le f or t he Bas in g iven t he s carc ity o f t he e v idence . A lthough t he d eve lopmenta l p rocess i n Sweden i s s im i lar i n g enera l 2 03

t erms, f rom s ma l l h ouseho ldleve l t o c entra l ised r eg iona l p roduct ion r esu lt ing i n s pec ia l isa t ion a nd s oc ia l s tra t if ica t ion, t he i ron o re d epos i ts, t he p roduct ion a nd manufactur ing c entres, markets a nd s ett lements i n t he Bas in a ppear t o h ave b een l oca ted i n t he s ame z one, un l ike Sweden where t he i ron d epos its ( bog-ore) were marg ina l ly s i tua ted i n r e la t ion t o s ubsequent i ron-re la ted a ct iv it ies. 1 5.3

P ottery p roduct ion ( k i lns)

K i lns F ew s tructures i n t he P ar is Bas in h ave b een i dentif ied a s p o ttery k i lns . Th is i s b ecause i t i s o f ten d iff icu lt t o d ifferent iate b etween d omest ic h ear ths a nd k i lns. A c ircu lar p i t-structure, s ome 2 m i n d iameter, w i th a c entra l c irc le o f burnt s tones e nc los ing a t h ick a sh d epos i t, a d jo in ing a s ha l low s ub-rectangu lar p i t f orm ing a l a tera l ' she lf ' w i th a n h or izonta l b ase i n s ect ion, a t ' 1es Terres GrassesG roupe A ', E curyle-Repos, M ., may b e t he r ema ins o f ak i ln h ear th ( A. B r isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 967:37, 3 9 , 4 2 f ig . 4 7). The b ase f ragment o f al arge s toragejar w i th t races o f f i r ing o n t he i ns ide f rom t he b lack s o i l f i l l i s t hought t o b e t he k i ln d ome a l though t h is i s d eba tab le ( ib id . :3 9). Ano ther p i t-structure f rom E cury a t 'l es T erres G rasses--Groupe B ' ,o f e ar l ier Ha B d a te, i s d escr ibed a s ap robab le k i ln ( P. P dtrequ in e t a l . 1 973 : 2 87) but n o t races o f burn ing a re r ecorded f rom t he s tructure ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J . Ha tt 19 67 : 4 1) . The p it c omp lex a t ' le Chem in d e Connantray ' ,a lso a t E cury, w i th a b lack s o i l f i l l, r esemb les t he s tructure a t ' les Terres Grasses-Groupe A ' but t he h ear th a nd burnt s herds a re a bsent ( ib id . : 39 , 4 1, 4 6 f ig . 5 1). More p os i t ive i dent if ica t ion o f p ottery k i lns c ome f rom tWarrenghem ' , Norrent-Fontes, P .-de-C. , where l arge quant i t ies o f s herds, i nc lud ing wasters, were f ound w ith a h ard b aked k i ln f ounda t ion o r h earth a dj o in ing a p it-furnace ( Ga l l ia , 3 5, 1 977 : 2 93 ; G . L eman-De ler ive 1 977 : 1 08) ; a nd f rom ' le Ra W , L es Bordes, L o ir ., where numerous s herds were r ecovered a ssoc ia ted w ith t h ick-wa l led c oarse b aked c lay k i ln f ragments s ome o f wh ich were p erfora ted ( ? s o le o r f ire-bar) ( A. Noue l 1 952:388-340). O ther p it-structures, a s t he c ircu lar p i t w i th a b e l l-shaped p rof i le ( 1965) f rom 'l es S ab lons t ,F resnes-sur-Marne, S .-et-M., w ith t h in h or izonta l burnt c lay l ayers, r eferred t o a s " da l lages" ( B. G .A . S. M ., 6 , 1 965:179-181), may b e k i lns . A s im i lar p it, 6 x 4 .50 m , a t l a Co l lerette ' , Maro l les-sur-Se ine, S .-et-M., c onta ined f ragments o f a s o le a nd may h ave b een u sed a s ak i ln a t o ne s tage ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 2 2, 1 979 :4 57). The v ery b as ic r equ irements n eeded t o p roduce s uff ic ient h eat i n wh ich t o b ake p ottery a re s imp le a nd may l eave l i tt le t race. A p it-k i ln, s im i lar i n p lan a nd s ect ion t o t he p it f rom F resnes, c omes f rom 'S te Aga the ' ,F lorange, Mos . ( P. P dtrequ in e t a l . 1 973 : 2 72-276, 2 85). Da ted t o t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D , t he p i t ( F1) h as a r e la t ive ly c omp lex s tra t igraphy s how ing t hree s uccess ive phases o f u t i l isat ion w i th h ear ths p laced a t t he c entre : t he f i rst i s h or izonta l i n p rof i le o n t he p it-bottom, t he s econd c onvex a nd t he t h ird d epress ed. I n t he l a ter phases, t he p i t was r el ined w i th a t h in l ayer o f c lay a f ter e ach s uccess ive f ir ing . The ma ter ia l e v idence, i nc lud ing c lay s upports, i nd ica tes t ha t t he v esse ls w ere p laced o n t he p er iphery o f t he h ear ths. Traces o f burn ing a re e xtens ive a long t he wa l ls, p ar t ia l ly v i tr if ied a long t he l ower t wo-th irds o f t h p i t, o n s uccess ive f l oors a nd on t he m isce l laneous f inds wh ich i nc lude c lay l umps a nd

2 04

' br icks ' , sma l l s tone s labs a nd l arge quanti t ies o f wasters. The b e l l-shaped p rof i le o f t he p it may h ave p rov ided a c erta in amount o f h eat r ef lect ion, t he s andstone a nd l imestone s labs o ver t he h ear ths e nsur ing a n e ven d istr ibut ion o f t he h ea t ( ib id. : 285). Crea t ing a n a dequate d raugh t a ppears t o h ave b een a ma jor p rob lem a nd t he s ucc ess ive s tages a re i nterpreted a s a ttempts t o r each a n o pt imum r a t io b etween f ir ing a nd d raught ( ib id.). A v ar iety o f b e l l-sect ion p i t-k i lns a re known f rom A lsace but t he i nterpreta t ion o f t he ir f unct ion v ar ies w ide ly . The Ha B o va l p its tructure f rom A chenhe im, Bas-R., i s s een a s t he h ear th o f a s imp le up-draught k i ln s l ight ly r ecessed but most ly a bove g round ( J .-J . Hatt 1 952 :52-53, 5 1 f ig . 4 ). A f ragment o f t he c entra l c h imney s ta lk was f ound o n t he s i te ( ib id . : 52 f ig . 5 , 1 ). A qu ite d ifferent p i tk i ln, a b e l l-sect ion p it w i th a n o b l ique s haf t o pen ing o n o ne s ide, w idening i nto a s ub-trapezo ida l-sect ion p i t, was f ound a t 'Cronenbourg ' S trasbourg, Bas-R . ( J.-J . Hatt a nd H . Z umste in 1 960 :17, 1 9 f ig . 2 ). An e ar ly Ha D r ectangu lar p i t w i th r ounded c orners, t rapezo ida l i n s ect ion, w ith a r a ised h ear th s im i lar t o F l a t F lorange, c omes f rom Neew i l ler, Bas-R . ( C. F . A . S chaeffer 1 923 :76-78 , 7 9 f ig . 6 7D). I t may h ave b een c overed a s e v idenced by t wig-impressed f i re h ardened c lay f ragments. The p it-k i ln f rom l es T erres Grasses--Groupe A ' may b e t entat ive ly c ompared t o t he s econd ( F2) p it-k i ln a t F lorange ( P . P dtrequ in e t a l . 1 973 :2 79-280, 2 85-286). I t i s a n i rregu lar e longa ted o va l p i t w i th a s tepped p rof i le, c ons ist ing o f t hree s uper imposed p i ts. The s econd p it, e nc losed w i th in a r ectangu lar p ost-structure, w i th a burnt l ayer c onta in ing v i tr if ied o r c a lc ina ted s herds, was u sed a s ap o ttery k i ln . I t was s ubsequent ly r e-used t o d ump burnt c lay, p ebb les a nd s herds f rom F l, a nd f ina l ly, a s t he f ina l phase o f F l, a s ad omes tic h earth o r r ubb ish-p it. The Achenhe im k i ln, i t c an b e n o ted, was a lso a ssoc ia ted w i th a p ost-structure ( J.-J. Ha tt 1 952 :49 f ig . 1 ). An a lternat ive t ype o f p i t-k i ln was r ecent ly e xcava ted a t 'S t-Pau l ' , B esancon, D . ( Ga l l ia, 1 6, 1 973:46 3 , 4 64 f igs. 3 -4). Dated t o t he Ha C , t he c ircu lar p i t h as a l a tera l ' she lf ' s et n ear t he g round s urface w i th a t h in d iv id ing wa l l i n wh ich a v ent was b ored t hrough . The p erforated c lay f ragments f rom L es Bordes r a ises t he quest ion o f up-draught k i lns, d ome-shaped o vens w i th p erfora ted f l oors a bove af ire-p it, w ith a v ent o r c h imney a t t he s umm it o f t he d ome ( H. Hodges 1 964:36, 3 8 , 3 7 f ig . 3 , 2 ). F or P . P dtrequ in e t a l . t he ir d ev e lopment i s n ot g enera l ised unt i l t he L .T. ( 1973 : 2 87):— — Ev idence f or s imp le up-draught k i lns c omes, h owever, f rom a s e ar ly a s t he Ha B , n ame ly f rom t he p a laf itt ic s ett lements o n t he s hores o f t he L ac d ' Annecy, a t Cret-de-Chät i l lon ' ,S dvr ier, H te-Say. ( A . Bocquet a nd J .-P. C ouren 1 974 : 2 -3). I t i s ac ompact c lay d omed s tructure w i th a p erforated f l oor a nd s hort v ert ica l c h imney s ta lk o r v ent a t t he s umm i t, i ngen ious ly c onstructed i n t wo e qua l p ar ts t o a l low t he r emova l o f t he upper h a lf o f t he d ome a f ter e ach f i r ing ( ib id.: 3 f ig . 5 ). F ound i n t he l ake b ed, i t i s n o t known whether i t was a p ar t ia l ly bur ied o r s urface k i ln . A p ar t ia l ly s ubterranean upd raught k i ln, a nd f ragments o f t he p erforated f loor, d a ted t o t he e ar ly Ha D , were f ound a t Mar lenhe im-Fessenhe im, Bas-R. ( R. F orrer 1 913-17:506 f ig . 9 8 , 5 07 f ig . 9 9). Up-draught k i lns o f v ar ious t ypes a re t he d ominant k i ln-type i n t he Ga l lo-Roman p er iod ( P. Duhame l 1 974 :58-66).

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I t wou ld s eem t ha t av ar iety o f p i t-k i lns w ere i n g enera l u se i n t he Bas in i n t he Ha C a nd D b ased o n t he n ega t ive a ssumpt ion t ha t a w idespread u se o f up-draugh t k i lns w ou ld l eave more s ubstant ia l ma ter ia l t races. The ir i ntroduct ion, o n t he e v idence o f L es Bordes, may b e p laced s omewhere i n t he Ha D . P i t-k i lns, a s we l l a s b onf ires, c ont inue t o b e u sed i n t he L .T. ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :128), a s e v idenced by a t rapezo ida l-sect ion p i t-k i ln w ith a c ircu lar r a ised c lay p la tform a t t he b o ttom , a nd a c entra l d epressed h ear th, f rom t he Marne, d a ted t o t he L .T. I ( M. P err in 1 974b:120 n o . 6 ). S ince d eta i led l abora tory a na lyses o n Ha p o ttery i n t he Bas in a re l ack ing, i t i s n ot p oss ib le t o i nfer w i th a ny a ssurance o n t he mos t l i ke ly u t i l ised s ources o f c lay , a nd o n t he d ifferen t ways i n wh ich t he c lays were p repared a nd mode l led, a nd i n wh ich c ond it ions, o ther t han i n ar educ ing a tmosphere, t he p ottery was f ired. Ne ither h ave t here b een a ny s tud ies r egard ing t he s ubsequent t echn iques o f s urf ace t reatment. I t f o l lows f rom what h as b een s a id a bove t hat t he i nforma t ion p resent ly a va i lab le p revents a ny f ormu lat ion o f hypo thet ica l mode ls on t he s oc ia l a nd e conom ic a spects o f p roduct ion. These must awa i t f urther i nvest iga t ion i nto t he t echno logica l, m orpho log ica l a nd s ty l ist ic f i e lds o f p ottery manufacture.

NOTES 1 . Br ine-spr ings i n t he Bas in w ere e xp lo i ted i n t he L .B. A. a nd G a l loR oman P er iod ( J . Nenqu in 1 961 : 3 0-32, 3 6-39). F or d eta i ls o f o ne o f t he b etter p reserved L .B. A. s i tes, ' les F onta ines S a ldes ' ,F o issyl äs-Vdze lay, Y ., s ee B . L acro ix 1 966. 2 . S ee, J . R . Marecha l 1 963 :115-116, H . Hodges 1 964 :80-81, R . F . Ty lecote 1 962 : 1 75-179 . 3 . I n p art icu lar , J . Caesar 's r eferences i n D e Be l lo Ga l l ico, Books II, 1 3/21; V II, 2 2 ( E. Des jard ins 1 876:410). 4 . The ma in s ources i nc lude : a ) s i tes where i ron s lag-heaps h ave b een f ound, most ly t he by-product o f Ga l lo-Roman a nd Med ieva l s m ith ies ( A . Daubree 1 868 :307-309 ; 1 881 :343-344 ; E ; Des jard ins 1 876:411-413); b ) t he r are e v idence o f i ron d epos i ts worked i n t he L .T . i n t he Champagne ( D. B retz-Mah ler 1 971 : 1 54) ; a nd c ) d epos its i n L ower Normandy e xp lo ited i n t he e ighteenth c entury ( At las d e N ormand ie, Assoc iat ion p our 1 'A t las d e Normand ie, I nst itu t d e G eo log ie , Un ivers i te d e Caen , 1 966:E3). 5 . A s c ompared t o 6 5 HV 1 84 HV = M erov ing ian 6 5f ( L. L epage 1 966b: ( V.P.N.) ( H. Hodges

= pure i ron; 1 35-185 HV = L . T. s words; s pear-head; 2 56 HV = modern s tee l XC 1 0). HV i s V icker ' s Pyram id Number 1 964 :178-179 ; R . F . Ty leco te 1 962 :314).

6 . The i ngot f rom t he Avranches r eg ion, Man ., may a ctua l ly h ave b een p art o f t he h oard o f 1 1 S p i tzbarren f rom ' la V i l le Huber t ' , P lebou l le, C .-du-N., wh ich f ound i t s way i nto t he Avranches museum ( P.-R . G iot 1 964 :52 n o te 3 ).

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CHAPTER 1 6 BURIALS

1 6.1

F lat-bur ia ls

1 6.1.1

Crema t ions

1 6 . 1 .1.1 Ha B /C a nd C ( Map 3 5): The p ract ice o f c rema t ion i n f l a t-graves, where t he c rema ted r ema ins a re e i ther c onta ined i n a n u rn o r p laced d irect ly i n t he p i t, p ers ists i nto t he Ha C a nd may e x tend i nto t he e ar ly D i n a reas marked by s trong Ha B Urnf ie ld t rad i t ions b oth i n f unerary r i tes a nd c eram ic s ty les. F la t-crema t ion b ur ia ls a re t he o n ly known f unerary s tructure o f t he Ha B /C a nd C i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley. U rnf ie lds h ave b een f ound a t l e P r ieurd ? ,L a Cro ix-St-Ouen, where t he c rema ted r ema ins a nd a shes were p laced i n l arge c ircu lar p i ts a ccompan ied by a number o f c eram ic v esse ls ( J.-C. B lanche t 1 976b: 4 3-45) , a nd a t Moru ' ,P o intpo int, where u rn-crema t ions h ave b een n oted ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd P . F i tte 1 978 :20). I t i s n o t known whether t he u rn-crema t ion f rom Vers igny, A ., b e longs i n t he Ha B /C o r l ater i n t he Ha D ( G. L ob jo is 1 974a : Map 1 ). Ha B / C f la t-crema t ion g raves a d jo in c ontemporary t umu l i c remat ions i n t he Champagne a nd Bassde . U rn-crema t ions i n c ircu lar p its a t ges Gob i l lons l , Chä tenay-sur-Se ine, S .-et-M., G raves 9 a nd 1 0 , c ont a in a v ar iant o f t he Doppe lkonus type v esse l t ha t i s a lso f ound i n Grave 5 a t t he c entre o f t he p enannu lar d itched E nc losure E 7 wh ich i s a ssumed t o h ave e nc losed a t umu lus s tructure ( J. B ont i l lot e t a l 1 975 : 4 18-420 , 4 28-430). Grave 2 7 , a no ther p i t u rn-crema t ion a t ' Y es— Gob i l lons i ,c an a lso b e d a ted t o t he Ha B /C ( ib id . : 439). A s im i lar a ssoc iat ion i s n o ted i n Cemetery I I a t Au-dessus du Chemin d es Bretons ' , Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M ., where a s ma l l c luster o f f la t p i tc rema t ion g raves, wh ich i nc ludes t he Ha C G rave P 3, w ere l oca ted i n p rox im i ty t o a g roup o f p enannu lar d i tched e nc losures o f wh ich t he c entra l c rema t ion b ur ia ls o f Tumu l i H a nd S c an b e d a ted t o t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 953 :217, 2 23, 2 19 f ig . 5 3). An i so lated f l at c rema t ion g rave, Grave b 2, may a lso b e p laced i n t he Ha C ( ib id.:217 ). I n Cemetery I a t 'Chem in d es B retons ' ,t he f la t c remat ion Grave a l0 b e longs t o t he Ha B /C, a nd Grave B10 t o t he Ha C ( ib id.:209 , 2 11). A l l t he f l a t-crema t ion g raves a t Chem in d es Bre tons ' a re urn-cremations. A Ha C c remat ion bur ia l wh ich may h ave b een f la t c omes f rom t he ' us ine I sore l ' , Chamou i l ley, H te-M., o n t he c onf ines o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 5, 1 972 :410-411 ; L .

L epage 1 980 :62).

I n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, w ith in t he o rb i t o f l a te Urnf ie ld i nf lue nces ( G. Cord ier 1 977 :36-37 ), t he f la t u rn-crema t ion a t O l ivet, L o ir., c an b e p rov is iona l ly d a ted t o t he Ha B /C ( M. F erd iäre a nd G . R ichard 1 974 :157 ). Contemporary f l a t-crema t ion g raves, a lbe it r are, h ave b een f ound o n t he b anks o f t he L o ire ' s ma jor s outhern t r ibutar ies: t he

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Creuse, a t r ibutary o f t he V ienne, a t ' Bee d es Deux-Eaux ', l a C e l le S t-Avant, I. et-L . ( G. Cord ier 1 965) ; t he I ndre, a t S t-Genou, I . ( J.-C. Yvard 1 96 7 ) ; a nd t he Cher, a t ' le Grand Bret igny ' ( F ig . 6 9 , 1 ), Thor igny , C . ( P. Ba i l ly 1 975). A f la t-crema t ion g rave a t S ubl a ines, I .-et-L., was f ound n ear Tumu lus 1 a t ' les Danges ' wh ich c overed a p r imary Ha B /C u rn-crema t ion ( G. C ord ier 19 75 :612). 1 6 .1 .1 . 2 Ha D : Crema t ion f la t-graves, a l though e xcept iona l, p ers ist s porad ica l ly i nto t he l a te Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I . They a re f ound i n a reas where t he c rema t ion r i te l asted we l l i nto t he Ha C a nd e ar ly Ha D , n otab ly i n t he n orthwestern p art o f t he P ar is B as in a nd i n t he Champagne . An i so la ted u rn-crema t ion i n a s ha l low p it a t ' le B lanc P ave ' , E tap les, P .-de-C., i s d a ted t o t he Ha D ( J . C oupé e t a l . 1 973). The c eram ic e vidence f rom t he u rnf ie ld a t ' le P r ieur6 ' ,L a-Cro ixS t-Ouen, O ., p o ints t o i t s c ont inued u se i n to t he Ha D ( J.-C. B lanchet a nd A . Decorme i l le 1 980a : 3 6). The Ha u rn-crema t ion f rom Vers igny, A ., may b e o f s im i lar d a te ( J.-C. B lanche t 1 976b : 47 f ig . 4 1 n o . 3 ). I n t he Champagne, p it-crema t ions a re l oca ted w ith in Ha D / L. T . I f l a tinhuma t ion c emeter ies. A s ma l l g roup o f t wo u rn-crema t ions i n c ircu lar p i ts, Graves 1 73 a nd 1 87 , were f ound a t t he c entre o f t he Ha D f l a tinhuma t ion c emetery a t ' les J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M . ( P. M . F avret 1 936:41; J .-J. Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976 :4 44-445). The s qua t b icon ica l r ed-s l ipped u rn f rom Grave 1 73 i s s im i lar t o o ne f rom t he i nhuma tion Grave 1 15 i n t he s ame c eme tery ( ibid .:P l. 3 4 , 1 043 , 5 2, 1 16 2 ). Bronze a rm i l lae were f ound i n t he c rema t ion Grave 7 2 i n t he f la t-inhuma t ion c emetery a t ' les Pu isy ' ,W i try-läs-Re ims, M . ( P. M . F avret 1 936:83). C remat ion bur ia ls o f t he L .T . I , u sua l ly c onta in e ar ly 't rans i t iona l ' a r tefacts, a s t hose f rom t he f l a t-inhuma t ion c emetery a t ' rue d e Comper tr ix ', Chä lons-sur-Marne, M ., a nd i n t he Champagne a re c lustered i n t he n or theastern c orner o n t he l ef t b ank o f t he Marne ( D. Bre tz-Mah ler 1 971:185-186). A s im i lar ly e ar ly L .T. I c rema t ion bur ia l f rom Mon6teau, Y ., c onta ined a l idded p a inted b arre l-shaped u rn ( R. Kapps a nd G . Ba i l loud 1 961). 1 6 .1.2

I nhumat ions ( Map 3 6)

I nhuma t ion i n af la t p i t-grave b ecomes t he d om inant bur ia l p ract ice i n t he l a ter Ha D i n t he Champagne P ou i l leuse, t he A isne, S e ine a nd Yonne v a l leys, a nd i n L ower Normandy, p art icu lar ly i n t he B ess in a nd t he P la ine d e Caen. 'P ure ' Ha D c eme ter ies a re r are, t he v ast ma jor ity o f Ha D f la tinhuma t ion g raves b e ing a t t he i ncept ion o f t he ma jor L .T . Ic emeter ies i n t he Champagne ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 2 00 , P l. 1 42), t he A isne v a l ley ( A. Duva l a nd J .C. B lanchet 1 976 :4 8) a nd i n L ower Normandy ( G. Verron 1 976b: 8 09). 1 6 .1 .2 .1 P lan : Ha D c emeter ies v ary c ons iderab ly i n s ize. S ince f ew a re f ound i n t he ir e nt irety, t he t ota l n umber o f e xcava ted g raves c an o n ly g ive a n a pprox ima te e st ima te o f t he o r ig ina l s ize. The number o f g raves r ange f rom s ome 2 03 a t ' les J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M ., c lustered f or t he most p ar t i n ar ectangu lar a rea o f 1 20 x 5 0 m (P . M . F avret 1 936: 3 8) , a nd 7 3 a t 'Charva is ' , He i ltz-P EvAque, M ., o f wh ich 6 8 a re c ircumscr ibed i n a 5 0 x 2 8 m z one ( L. L epage 1 966a : 7 1), t o l ess t han 3 0 a t ' la Dronn iäre ' ,I fs, Ca lv ., 1 1 o f wh ich w ere

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e xcava ted i n a 1 0 x 9m a rea ( C. Varoqueaux 1 96 6: f ig . 2 ), t o as ing le f am i ly g roup o f t hree g raves a t l es L ongra is ' ,S oumont-St-Quent in, Ca lv. ( B. Ede ine 1 961a : 3 58). Th is r e la t ive ly d ense c luster ing o f g raves c ontrasts w ith t he more s praw led d istr ibut ion i n e ar ly L .T. I c emet er ies i n t he Champagne ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 1 70). The s ma l l f am i ly un i ts o f t wo t o f our g raves, f requent ly d iscern ib le i n t he e ar ly L .T . Ic emeter ies o f t he Marne ( ib id . :1 70-171), a re n o t e v ident i n t he l arger Ha D c emeter ies. These d o n ot i nc lude d oub le a nd t r ip le , a d jo in ing o r s uper imposed, i nhuma t ion g raves, a c ommon f ea ture i n b o th t he Ha D a nd L .T . I( Map 3 7 ). A marked d ifference b etween Ha D a nd L .T . I bur ia ls a re t he ir o r ienta tion. Wh i le t he ma jor ity o f L .T . If l a t-inhuma t ion g raves i n t he Champagne a re o r iented w i th t he h ead p o inted westward ( 45% t o t he NW; 3 1% t o t he W ; 1 5% t o t he SW) ( H. L orenz 1 978 : 6 5 Abb. 28 ), Ha D bur ia ls f o l low a l ess r ig id p a ttern . A t ' les J ogasses ' , where t he i nforma t ion i s more c omp lete, t he g raves a re o r iented w i th t he h ead p o inted SW ( 41% ), W ( 30% ), NE ( 10% ), NW ( 8 .5%), NNE ( 2% ) a nd S E ( 1 .5 % )1 ( M. Babes 1 974 : 1 0-11, 1 0 Abb. 1 ). A s im i lar p a ttern i s f ound a t 'Charva is ' ( L. L epage 1 966a :7 2). Ha D g raves i n e ar ly L .T . Ic emeter ies i n t he Marne, a s a t E toges ( 'l es P et i ts Noyers ' ) Ma iry-sur-Marne a nd P rosnes ( 'l e Bu isson Mouton ' a nd ' V m s d e Bruyäre t ) , h ave t he h ead most o f ten p o inted t oward t he n or th ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :171) . I n t he S e ine v a l ley b e low P ar is, s even o f t he t h irteen bur ia ls a t Conf lans-Ste-Honor ine, Yves ., were o r iented SW-NE ( G. F abre 1 936). A s im i lar SW-NE o r ienta t ion was o bserved f or t he ma jor ity o f t he bur ia ls a t I fs ( C. Varoqueaux 1 96 6: f ig . 2 ). A t L a Cambe, Ca lv ., t h irty-one o f t he t h ir ty-three g raves were o r iented w i th t he h ead p o inted n or th ( A. Charma a nd G . Mance l 1 852). The r egu lar ity o f o r ienta t ion o f Ha D c emeter ies o uts ide t he Champagne a nd o f Ha D/L .T . Ic emeter ies i n g enera l c ontrasts w ith t he i rregu lar p a ttern f ound i n Ha D c emeter ies i n t he Champagne a t ' les J ogasses ' a nd Charva is ' . The r egu lar i ty o f o r ienta t ion, f ound i n many o f t he e ar ly L .T . I c emeter ies, i s p art ia l ly t he r esu lt o f t he s i te t opography, a s i n t he Ha D / L. T . Ic emetery a t 'Mon t G ravet ' ,V i l leneuve-Rennev i l le, M ., where t he g raves f o l low t he S SE-NNW s lope o f t he h i l l ( D. B retzMah ler a nd A . Br isson 1 958 :202, 2 03 f ig . 5 9 ; D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 1 71-172). I n o ther Ha D / L . T.Ic eme ter ies, a t S arry, M ., f or e xamp le, t he g raves d efy t he t opography a nd a re c ut p erpend icu lar t o t he s loping g round ( ib id . :1 72). A s im i lar o bserva t ion i s n oted a t t he r ue d e B ernon ' ,E pernay, M . ( N. F re id in 1 978 :19 , P l. I). R itua l a ppears t o h ave p layed a more i mportant r o le t han t opog raph ica l c ons idera t ions i n t he o r ientat ing o f Ha D /L. T . I bur ia ls. Th is i s s een a t ' la Mo te l le ' , Warmdr iv i l le , M ., where t wenty o f t he f orty o r s o g raves, w i th f ew o r n o g rave-goods, were o r iented w i th t he h ead p o inted t oward t he t umu lus a t t he s outhern e xtrem ity o f t he c emetery, wh i le t he r ema inder , c onta in ing t he bu lk o f t he a rtefacts, w ere o r iented W-E ( Bosteaux-Par is 1 894 : 69 9). The N -S o r ienta t ion o f Ha D g raves i n L .T . Ic emeter ies wh ich d ifferent ia tes t hem f rom t he E -W o r ienta t ion o f t he L .T. I g raves s eems a lso t o h ave b een r i tua l ly i nsp ired. 1 6 .1 .2 . 2 Bur ia l s tructures : E xcept f or t he g rave-p i t, t he s truct ure o f Ha D f la tinhuma t ion bur ia ls d iffers l i tt le f rom t he t umu l i i nhumat ions a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Bas in.

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A t ' les J ogasses ' ,t he i nhuma t ion was u sua l ly p laced i n a n e xtended p os i t ion o n i t s b ack i n ar e la t ive ly s hort a nd n arrow r ectangu lar p i t w ith r ounded c orners ( 1.7 0 x . 40 m , w ith a mean d epth o f b etween . 75 a nd .8 0 m ) c ut i n t he c ha lk, a nd c overed w i th t he d ebr is e x tracted f rom t he p i t e xcava t ion a nd s ea led w i th a l ayer o f c oarse l imestone r ubb le ( P. M . F avret 1 936 :3 8-40). S ome o f t he s tone b locks were l arge, we igh ing up t o 8 0 kg ( ib id .: 4 0). S ea l ing t he g rave w ith s tones i s ap ar ticu lar f eature o f Ha D bur ia ls i n t he Marne, a nd i s a lso f ound a t P rosnes ( V ins d e B ruyäre ' ) , E toges ( T ies P et i ts Noyers ' ) , Dormans (' Varennes ' ), a nd B ergäresläs-Vertus ( 'l es Crons ' )( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 963 :22). F our l arge s tones s ea led Grave 1 a t Epernay ( N. F re id in 1 978 : 1 6), a nd t he g raves a t ' la P ierre P o iret ' ,P ontfaverger-Moronv i ll i ers, M ., were c overed w ith s tone s labs ( Bosteaux-Par is 1 899 : 5 41-542). The p ract ice was n ot g enera l ised, a s i t i s a bsent f rom t he Ha D g rave a t ' Vau Herbeau ' , Cuper ly, M ., wh ich h ad a b rown s o i l f i l l c onta in ing c ha lk p art ic les ( D. Chosseno t e t a l . 1 977 : 2 9 ). I n s ome c ases a t ges J ogasses ' ,t he g raves were t oo s ma l l t o a ccommodate t he i nhuma t ion a nd t he h ead o r f eet h ad t o b e r a ised, a s i n Graves 1 47 , 1 62 a nd 1 78 ( P. M . F avret 1 936:38). The p os i tion o f s evera l i nhuma t ions d iffered f rom o thers: t wo were p laced f aced ownwards ( Graves 1 07 a nd 1 09) ; t wo w ere l y ing o n t he ir l ef t s ide ( Nos. 1 24 a nd 1 26) ; o ne h ad i ts a rms c rossed o n t he c hest ( No. 1 39); a nd o ne s ub ject was d ecap i ta ted ( No . 5 3) ( ib id.:39). The g raves a t Charva is ' ,c ut i n t he g rave l, w ere l arger ( 1 . 9 5 x .6 2 x . 66 m , w i th t he d epth v ary ing b etween .3 0 a nd 1 .20 m), c onform ing t o t he more u sua l s tandards ( L. L epage 1 966a :71-72). The 'Charva is ' b ur ia ls were o therw ise s im i lar t o t hose f ound a t ' les J ogasses ' ,w i th m inor d ifferences i n t he p os i t ion o f t he l imbs . The " terre n o ire", 2 c ommon i n Ha D / L .T . Ig raves , i s a bsent f rom b o th ges J ogasses ' ( P . M . F avret 1 936 :4 0) a nd Charva is ' ( L. L epage 1 966a :7 2). I t i s f ound , h owever, a t Warm6r iv i l le, where t he Ha D /L.T. Ii nhuma t ions were c overed by 1 0 cm o f " terre n o ire", a nd s ea led b y a s andy g rave l ly s o i l w i th c ha lk p art ic les ( Bosteaux-Par is 1 894 : 6 99 ). I t i s a lso o bserved a t ' V ins d e Bruyäre ' ( D. B retz-Mah ler 1 963:22). The " terre n o ire" f i l l i s more a f ea ture o f e ar ly L .T . I bur ia ls. A number o f Ha D i nhumat ions o uts ide t he Champagne were f ound i n s tone c as ings. I n t he S e ine v a l ley, t he b ur ia l a t Varennes-surS e ine, S. -et-M. ( J.-P. Gu i l laumet 1 977 -78), a nd t hose i n t he c emetery a t Conf lans-Ste-Honor ine ( G. F abre 1 936), w ere e ncased w ith s tone r ubb le a nd s labs . The g raves a t ' les L ongra is ' were a lso i n s tone c as ings o f s andstone s labs ( B. Ede ine 1 961a : 3 50). 1 6. 1 .2 .3 Doub le-inhuma t ion bur ia ls ( Map 3 7 ) : Doub le, a nd l ess f requent ly t r ip le, i nhuma t ion bur ia ls i n f la t-graves a re f ound i n a l arge number o f Ha D a nd Ha D /L. T . If latinhuma t ion c emeter ies ( Map 3 7 ) . Twe lve g raves a t ' les J ogasses ' c onta ined d oub le i nhumat ions: t wo w ere s uccess ive ( Graves 3 3 a nd 1 29) ; t hree w ere j uxtaposed , o f wh ich t wo w ere s imu ltaneous ( Nos. 6 0 , 1 30 a nd 1 92) ; a nd s ix were s uperi mposed ( Nos . 9 0, 9 3, 1 06, 1 08 , 1 33 a nd 1 72) ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976 :4 31-432, 4 34 , 4 37 -441, 4 44). The s uper imposed i nhumat ions w ere s epara ted by a l ayer o f s o i l o r r ubb le . The c ar t-bur ia l, Grave 1 6, a lso c onta ined a d oub le i nhuma t ion b ur ia l ( ib id.: 4 29-430). On ly t wo t r ip le i nhuma t ion b ur ia ls a re known f rom ' les J ogasses ' , Graves 8 7 a nd 8 9 , t he l a tter c ons ist ing o f t hree s uper imposed c h i ld

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i nhumat ions wh ich w ere p robab ly s imu ltaneous ( ibid .: 4 36-437 ). One d oub le i nhuma tion g rave, Grave 2 9 , was f ound a F rCharva is ' ,a nd h as t he p articu lar ity, n o ted i n Grave 9 3 a t ' les J ogasses ' ,o f s uper impos ing i nhumat ions o r iented i n o ppos ing d irect ions ( L. L epage 1 966a :72). I n many c ases t he d oub le a d jo in ing i nhuma t ion c an b e i nterpreted a s a ' man-and-w ife ' bur ia l, n otab le i n Grave 1 30 a t ' les J ogasses ' where t he c oup le were j o ined a t t he a rms ( P. M . F avret 1 936:40). More c onc lus ive e v idence c omes f rom e ar ly L .T. I g raves i n t he Marne: a t Bergeresles-Ver tus , t he c oup le w ere j o ined a t t he wr ist by a s ing le b race let; a t Marson , t hey were h o ld ing h ands; a t S ogny-aux-Mou l ins, t hey were a rm-in-arm; a nd a t Thu isy , t he ma le was p laced o ver t he f ema le ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :182). No t a l l d oub le j uxtaposed i nhumat i ons were c oup les . AT ' la I Vote l le Verboyen ' Hauv in6, Ard ., Grave 5c onta ined t wo a d jo in ing i nhuma t ions : t he r ight bur ia l a ssoc ia ted w ith a n i ron a ntennae-h i lted s word a nd a n i ron a n tennae(?)-h i l ted d agger, t he l ef t w ithout g rave-goods ( L . S imonnet 1 938 :5). The r ar i ty o f t wo s uch w eapons i n t he s ame g rave, a nd t he e v idence t ha t t he bur ia l h ad b een d isturbed, 3 p o int t o t he l a tter w eapon h av ing b e longed t o t he l ef t s ub ject. Adu lt f ema le a nd a d jo in ing c h i ld g raves , t he l a tter u sua l ly s et a t ah igher l eve l, a re known f rom t he C a lvados, a t I fs, i n Graves 1 , 3a nd 7 ( C. Varoqueaux 1 966), S oumont-StQuentin ( B. Ede ine 1 961a :350, 3 52), a nd ' le Tr6vent ' ,L a Cambe ( A. Charma a nd G . Mance l 1 852). One o f t he e ar l ies t d oub le i nhuma t ion g raves i n t he Champagne c omes f rom ' Haut d e l a Greve ' , ‘E curyle-Repos, M . where t wo a d jo in ing i nhuma t ions, over wh ich a t h ird was l a ter i ntroduced , c an b e d a ted t o t he l a te Ha C a nd e ar ly D ( A. Br isson 1 941 :50-54). Tr ip le i nhuma t ions a re f ar l ess c ommon t han d oub le i nhuma tion bur ia ls. Apar t f rom t he t wo g raves a t ' les J ogasses ' , a Ha D e xamp le c an b e c i ted f rom ' PEtau ' , Vadenay, M ., where Grave 2 4 c onta ined t hree s uccess ive i nhuma t ions ( M. Chossenot). Mu ltip le i nhuma tion bur ia ls, c onta in ing more t han t hree i nhuma tions, a re s t i l l f ewer a nd u sua l ly r epresent c onsecut ive bur ia ls o ver a p er iod o f t ime, a s a t ' le J ard ine 0 ,S t-Jean-sur-Tourbe, M ., where f ive i nhuma t ions w ere f ound a t t wo s epara te l eve ls i n as ing le g rave ( J. d e Baye 1 891). I nhumat i ons o f d ifferent d a te a lso o ccur i n d oub le i nhuma t ion bur ia ls 4 a s a t ' le P la t S avar t ' , Marson, M ., where a L .T. I i nhuma t ion was p laced o ver a Ha D g rave i n Grave 5 ( A. N ica ise 1 884-85 :77 -79 ). A c o l lect ive b ur ia l o f Ha D /L.T. I d a te i s ment ioned f rom ' le Mou l in d e L ivet ' ,S tGe rm a inle-Vasson Ca lv . ( Gerva is 1 864 :2 3-24) . Tr ip le i nhuma t ion b ur ia ls a re e qua l ly r are i n t he e ar ly L .T. I i n t he Champagne when t hey a re i nterpreted a s f am i ly g raves, i ncorpora ting a n a du l t c ouple a nd c h i ld ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 1 83). 1 6 .1 .3

R i tua l h earths

R itua l h earths a re o f ten d iff icu lt t o d ifferent ia te f rom p i t-crema t ion b ur ia ls . A t ' les J ogasses ' , Grave 8 1 i s ar ectangu lar p i t w i th a c oarse l imestone r ubb le f i l l w h ich n arrows i nto a c ircu lar p i t, o va l i n s ect ion, w i th a n a sh a nd c ha lk f i l l ( J .-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976: 4 36). G rave 1 81 i s ac ircu lar p i t, . 40 m i n d iameter a nd . 2 ) m d eep, w i th a n a sh a nd c ha lk f i l l s ea led by a s tone ( ibid.:444). A lthough n e i ther s tructure c onta ined c a lc ina ted b ones o r a r tefacts, P . M . F avre t h as n everthe less d es ignated t hem a s c rema t ion g raves ( 1936: 4 1). They w ere l oca ted, w ith c er ta in p i t-crema t ion bur ia ls, Graves 1 73 a nd 1 87 , i n af a ir ly r estr icted z one n orth a nd n orthwest o f t he c art-bur ia l

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Grave 1 6 ( J .-J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:f ig . 2 ). Hearths a re known f rom a number o f Ha D / L. T. I f la tinhuma t ion c emeter ies i n t he Champagne but may b e long t o t he l ater p hases o f o ccupat ion, n ame ly a t P rosnes ( 'V m s d e Bruyäre t ) , B ergäres-läs-Vertus , Ma iry-sur-Marne a nd a t Aussonce, Ard . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 1 87 ). The u se o f f ire i n t he Ha D bur ia l r i tua l i s a ttested i n t he Ca lvados. A t S oumont-St-Quent in, t he i nhuma t ions s how t races o f p art ia l c remat ion, a nd c harcoa l f ragments a nd c a lc ina ted b ones were s trewn o ver t he s i te ( B. Ede ine 1 961a :3 50). A c av ity l ocated 5 0 cm s outh o f Grave 1 a t I fs, . 50 m i n d iame ter a nd . 20 m d eep, may h ave b een a h ear th ( C. Varoqueaux 1 966). Sherds, c a lc ina ted b ones a nd c harcoa l f ragments, were a lso f ound s ca ttered o ver G rave 1 , a nd i n t he f i l l o f Graves 6 -8 a nd 1 0 ( ib id.). 1 6.2

Tumu l i ( Map 3 8)

Tumu l i c an b e a ssumed t o h ave b een w ide ly d istr ibuted a cross t he P ar is Bas in i n t he Ha B / C t o e ar ly D . The r e la t ive ly sma l l number o f e x ist ing t umu l i i n t he n orthern h a lf o f t he Bas in c an b e p art ia l ly a ccounted f or by t he s ubsequent e xtens ive l and c learance, p art icu lar ly i n t he n or thwesI , j4 ti t te Arto is a nd P icardy, a nd i n t he Beauce, B r ie a nd Champagn .e . . ' . Mt , •contrasts w i th t he s t i l l l arge ly f orested z ones a long t he s büthe ie . ,4er iphery o f t he Bas in wh ich f avours t he s urv iva l o f t umu l i " 's tr i t ctui4e, a nd where c onsequent ly t he ma jor i ty a re f ound .5 The w ide s pread o ccurrence o f r ing d i tches i n t he n or th, f requent i n t he ma joi ; ' a l luv ia l v a l leys, a ttests t o t he ir p resence . The c ont inued p ract iCe o f t umu lus b ur ia l i n t he s outhern h a lf o f t he Bas in i n t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T . I , g radua l ly phas ing o u t i n t he n or th i n f avour o f f la t p i t-graves, may a lso e xp la in t he numer ica l d iscrepancy b etween t umul i f ound i n t he n orth a nd s ou th . I n o ther a reas where t umu l i a re known t o e x ist, n otab ly i n t he Gä t ina is a nd S o logne, e i ther e xcavat ions a nd f i e ld-work have b een l im ited o r t he s tructures have b een b arren ( A. Noue l 1 966 :8 5). That a number o f t hese b e long t o t he Ha C o r D i s s urm ised . As l i tt le c an b e c on jectured f rom t he e xcava ted t umu l i i n t he n orthwestern quarter o f t he Bas in, p ar t icu lar ly c lustered i n t he Bou lonna is, whose d a te r anges f rom t he e nd o f t he Neo l i thic t o t he Ga l lo-Roman P er iod ( G. Gaucher a nd J .-P. Mohen 1 974 :73-78). 1 6 .2 .1 G enera l 1 6.2.1.1 D istr ibut ion ( Map 3 8): I n t he s outhern h a lf o f t he B as in, a par t f rom t he ma jor r iver v a l leys, t umu l i a re g rouped i n we l l d ef ined r eg ions. I n t he Haute-Marne, t he ma jor i ty a re l oca ted i n t he L angres r eg ion, o n t he h igh p la teaux o f t he upper Marne, i n t he F or k d t Auber ive a nd i n t he V ingeanne v a l ley ( C. Dr ioux 1 941 :7 8-80; L . L epage 1 980 :P l. 1 39-140). I n n orthern Burgundy, c lusters o ccur i n t he Ava l lonna is, i n t he Cure a nd Cous in v a l leys, a nd o n t he e dges o f t he Cö tes ( Co l l ines) du N iverna is, i n t he u pper Yonne v a l ley a round C lamecy a nd C orb igny t o t he e ast, a nd i n t he Bas-N iverna is, f ac ing t he L o ire v a l ley t o t he west. A l arge number o f t umu l i i n t he B erry a re s i tua ted i n t he Champagne b err ichonne, e spec ia l ly a round Duns ur-Auron a nd I ssoudun. Three d ist inct g roups a re d iscern ib le i n t he m idd le L o ire v a l ley , i n t he S o logne, t he F or k d ' Or ldans a nd t he Beauce. A s ma l l c luster o f t umu l i i s f ound i n t he I ndre-et-Lo ire, s outhwes t o f t he V ienne-Lo ire c onf luence.

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I n t he n orthern ha lf o f t he Bas in, t umu l i most ly o ccur i n o r n ear ma jor r iver v a l leys, n ame ly t hose o f t he S e ine, Marne a nd A isne. A n otab le e xcept ion i s t he g roup s i tua ted a round t he S t-Gond marshes i n t he Champagne. 1 6 .2 .1 .2 P lan o f t umu l i c emeter ies : F ew p lans o f t umu l i c emet er ies were d rawn o r s urv ive.The number o f t umu l i i n ac emetery a nd t he ir p lan v ary c ons iderab ly. A t ' Hau lzy l ,V iennela-V i l le, M ., t he e xcept iona l ly l arge c emetery, c over ing s evera l h ectares, numbers o ver o ne hundred t umu l i ( G. Goury 1 911). Th is l arge number i s e xp la ined by t he l ong t ime-span o f t he c emetery, d a ted b etween t he Ha C a nd L .T . I , w i th t he l atest L .T . It umu l i l oca ted a t t he s outhern e xtremi ty o f t he c emetery. A lthough n o o ver-a l l p lan i s e v ident, a nd i t s g rowth a ppears haphazard, c lusters o f s ma l l mounds c ongrega te a round l arger mounds ( ib id.:f ig . 8 ). The f inds f rom t he l arger t umu l i , h owever, d o n ot d ifferen t ia te t hem f rom t he ir s a te l l i tes. On t he c ontrary, s evera l o f t he s ma l ler t umu l i w ere f ound t o c on ta in t rad it iona l ' prest ige ' a r tefacts, a s Tumu l i 2 1 a nd 3 0 w i th t he ir i ron Ha C s words. The a verage n umber o f t umu l i i n ac eme tery i s c ons iderab ly l ess t han o ne hundred . C emetery I I a t ' Au-dessus d u Chem in d es Bre tons ' , Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M ., where t he t umu l i d a te f rom t he Ha B t o e ar ly D , c ounts e ighteen r ing d itches ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 953 : 2 17 , 2 19 f ig . 5 3). But f or a n uncer ta in a l ignment o f s even r ing d i tches, t he s tructures w ere n ot d isposed i n a n o rder ly p lan. A c omparab le number o f t umu l i , s eventeen, were t ight ly p acked a t ' ChAnes-Montors ' , S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C . ( J. F av i re e t a l . 1 964 : 2 22). E igh t t umu l i, t wo o f wh ich w ere c lustered a round a l arge Ha D t umu lus, w ere f ound a t L izeray , I . ( Ga l l ia , 3 6, 1 978 : 2 73). A s im i lar f igure i s known f rom t he Ha B /C c emetery a t ' V i l lement ? ,S t-Aoustr i l le , I . ( A. d es Md lo izes 1 889-90). F our t umu l i w ere a rranged i n al ozenge, w i th a f i f th o ne ( no . 1 8) s et a t ad istance , a t ' Champs d e Couy ' S t-Den isd e-Pa l in ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 : 2 22). T en t o t wenty o va l t umu l i a re ment ioned f rom R igny-Ussd, I .-et-L. ( G. Cord ier 1 975 :6 20) . Sma l l g roups o f t wo t o t hree t umu l i , uneven ly s paced, a re more f requent ly c i ted : t wo g roups o f t wo a nd t hree t umu l i r espect ive ly a t ' la P r ide ' ,S dgry , I . ( Th i l 1 917-18; 1 923); g roups o f t wo t o t hree t umu l i a t t he v ar ious s i tes a t Coust, C . ( P . d e Goy 1 886-87 ; 1 887 -88 ; 1 888-89); t hree a t Gud ? Dun-sur-Auron, C . ( A. d e Grossouvre 1 914-16), t hree a t ' Chenev iäres ' ,S av igny-en-Septa ine, C . ( P. d e G oy 1 887 -88); t wo a t 'Charmey ' , Montsaugeon, H te-M. ( C. Royer e t a l . 1 888), t o l i st b ut a f ew. I so la ted t umu l i a re a lso known a l though s ome may h ave b een p ar t o f al arger g roup s ince l eve l led, o n ly t he l arger mounds r ema in ing e xtant. S ing le mounds h ave b een e xcava ted a t ' la Bonneter ie ' ,V ie lmanay, N . ( R. O ctobon 1 973-75), a nd N i jon ( L . L epage 1 980 :7 , 8 f ig . 2 ), f or e xamp le . There i s , i n a dd i t ion, t he Ha B /C Tumu lus 1 a t 'l es Danges ' , Sub la ines, I .et-L. ( G. C ord ier 1 _ 975 : 4 57 ). A t 'l a Mote l le ' , Warmdr iv i l le, M ., a s ing le t umu lus a ppears t o h ave b een t he f oca l p o int f or t he Ha D /L .T . If l a tinhuma t ion c eme tery (BosteauxP ar is 1 894 :6 98-702) .6 The l im i ted e v idence s hows g rea t v ar iety i n t he number a nd p lan o f t umu l i c emeter ies . Apart f rom t he r ecurr ing a ttract ion o f l arge t umu l i, e i ther f or s ma l ler t umu l i o r f or t he e s tab l ishment o f c emeter ies, t here i s n o c lear p a ttern d iscern ib le .

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1 6.2.2

Cremat ions

1 6.2.2.1 Argonne, Champagne, Ba ssöe ( Ha B /C t o e ar ly D ): The p ractice o f t umu lus c rema t ion i nto t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D d ist ingu ishes t h is z one f rom t he c ontemporary t umu li i nhuma tion bur ia ls o f t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Bas in. Th is d ifference i s c lear ly i lustra ted by t he d istr ibution o f Ha C i ron s words f rom t umu l i bur ia ls where t he f unerary r i te i s known ( L ist 5 0, Map 3 9). The o n ly b ronze Günd l ingen-type sword f rom a known f unerary c ontext i n t he Bas in a ccompan ied t he c entra l i nhumat ion bur ia l, Grave 1 , i n t he t umu lus a t 'Champ d e P rö ' ,S emout iers, H te-M. ( P. Bou i l lerot 1 913b: 8 8-93). The most d eta i led i nformat ion o f a Ha C a nd D t umu l i c rema tion c emetery c omes f rom t he l arge c emetery, number ing c lose t o o ne hundred t umu li s tretch ing o ver s evera l h ectares, a t 'Hau lzy ' ,V iennela-Vi l le, M ., i n t he Argonne ( G. Goury 1 911). E ach t umu lus c overed a s ing le u rn-crema tion under a mound o f s andy f orest s o i l . Funera l pyres, a ttested by e xposed z ones o f a sh a nd burn t s o i l, were l oca ted o uts ide t he t umu lus. The p art ia l ly c remated r ema ins were d epos ited i n a n u rn, u sua l ly p laced o n t he n atura l g round s urface, a nd c overed by a sh a nd t he e arthen mound. I n f our Ha C t umu l i, n os. 1 , 9 , 4 0 a nd 5 0, t he u rns were p laced i n s ha l low c ircu lar p its. The l a ter t umu l i, n os. 7 0 t o 7 8, d a ted t o t he L .T. I a nd l ocated a t t he s outhern e xtremi ty o f t he c emetery, h ad r ectangu lar p i ts t o r ece ive i nhuma t ions but ma inta ined t he c rema tion r i te. Two Ha C t umu l i , n os. 3 a nd 5 , were e nc losed w ith in r ing d itches ( M.-E. Mar iön 1 964 :140 , 1 67 ). A d isturbed c rema t ion bur ia l, a ssoc iated w ith a Ha C i ron s word f ragment a nd b ronze h orse-gear, was f ound o n t he n a tura l g round s urface a t t he c entre o f t he p enannu lar d i tched Enc losure I V/B a t ' le F ond Berno is ' ,S au lces-Champeno ises, Ard. ( I. M . S tead 1 978; J .-L. F louest a nd I . N I . S tead 1 979 : 1 1-14). Un l ike 'Hau lzy ' ,t he w idespread t races o f f ire a t S au lces p o ints t o t he c rema tion h av ing b een p laced d irect ly o n t he pyre. A g roup o f e ighteen t umu l i e nc losed i n p enannu lar d itches a re t he p r inc ipa l f eature o f Cemetery I I a t Au-dessus du Chem in d es Bretons ' , Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M ., d a ted f rom t he Ha B /C t o e ar ly D ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 953 :217 -228). They c onta in p r imary c entra l u rn-crema t ions, s ome p laced i n c ircu lar p i ts, a s i n Tumu lus H , o thers o n t he na tura l g round s urface, a s i n Tumu lus S , c overed by a mound o f b lack s o i l f rom t he n e ighbour ing marshes. Bo th Tumu l i H a nd S b e long t o t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D . The p resence o f s tone b locks may i nd icate t hat a number o f u rn-cremat ions were p ro tected i n s tone c ists ( ib id. : 228). An u rn-crema tion i n a s ha l low c ircu lar p it a t t he c entre o f t he w ide p enannu lar d itched Enc losure E 7 , Grave 5 , a t 'l es Gob i l lons ' , Chätenays ur-Se ine, S .-et-M., c an b e d ated t o t he Ha B /C ( J. Bont i l lo t e t a l . 1 975:418-420, 4 28-429). A r ing d itched e nc losure a t Gravon, M . , Enc losure B , c onta ined t he d isturbed r ema ins o f a Ha B /C c remat ion, d isp laced by a L .T . Ii nhuma tion bur ia l wh ich o ccup ies t he c entre o f t he e nc losure ( D. Mordant 1 966:50-56). The c rema tion may h ave t aken p lace i n s i tu a l though t h is i s n ot c erta in ( ib id.:55). 1 6.2.2.2 M idd le L o ire, Yonne va l ley, Berry: S ecure ly d ated Ha B /C t umu l i c remat ion bur ia ls a re f ew. A r are e xamp le i s t he u rnc remat ion c onsti tut ing t he p r imary bur ia l i n t he sma l ler o f t wo t umu l i, n o. 1 , a t ' les Danges ' , Sub la ines, I .-et-L. ( G. Cord ier 1 975). I t

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was p laced 1 m f rom t he c entre wh ich was o ccup ied by a p i le o f l imestone b locks , 1 .20 m h igh a nd 1 .50 m i n d iameter a nd c overed by a mound o f c ompact b lack s o i l f rom t he marshes l oca ted 1 km a way ( ib id.: 4 57 , 4 59-460). A z one o f c harcoa l f ragments, f ound a t t he c entre o f Tumu lus 1 a t V i l lement ' ,S t-Aoustr ile, I ., may b e t he r ema ins o f a p r imary c rema t ion o r o f a r i tua l h ear th f or t he i nhuma t ion g rave s i tuated a bove ( A . d es Md l iozes 1 889-90). A l though n o a r tefacts were f ound o n t h is burnt z one, Ha B /C p o ttery ( F ig . 6 9 , 2 -7 ) i s known f rom t he t umu l i c emetery a t S t-Aoustr i l le . O ther p r imary t umu l i c rema t ion bur ia ls w i th n o g rave-goods i n t he Berry, a s t hose f rom ' Gud i , Dun-sur-Auron ( A. d e G rossouvre 1 9141 6), a nd ' le Co lomb ier ' ,S t-Just ( P. d e Goy 1 884), b o th i n t he Cher, a re d iff icu lt t o d a te. The bur ia ls, p laced d irect ly o n t he c rema t ion pyre, may b e e ar l ier t han a ccompany ing s econdary Ha D i nhuma t ion g raves d espi te t he f act t ha t t he c rema t ion r i te r eturns t o t he Berry a t t hat t ime. I f s o, t hese p r imary c rema t ions s hou ld b e long t o t he Ha B o r B/ C b efore t he i nhuma t ion r i te i s i ntroduced i n t he l a ter Ha C . A s im i lar p rob lem a r ises i n t he Yonne v a l ley where p r imary t umu l i c remat ion bur ia ls w ere r are ly a ssoc ia ted w ith g rave-goods, a s i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Beau l ieu ' ,C lamecy, N ., wh ich c overed a c entra l c rema t ion p laced d irect ly o n t he p yre ( Dar let 1 876). Ev idence f rom t he t umu lus a t V ente d ' I ssd ' ,C ourgenay, Y ., where a b ronze L e Bourget type a rrow-head was f ound ( A. Hure 1 931 :57 ), d oes p o int t o ad a te i n t he l a te Ha B o r B /C f or t hese p r imary t umu l i c rema t ion bur ia ls , a lso p r ior t o t he r eturn o f t he i nhuma t ion r i te i n t he Ha C . I n c ontrast t o t he a reas a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Bas in, t he c rema t ion r i te a ppears t o h ave c ont inued i nto t he Ha C i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion. The r e la t ive f requency o f t umu l i c rema t ions , a nd t he l a te a ppearance o f t he i nhuma t ion r i te i n t he Ha D , l end c redence t o t h is a ssumpt ion. F ew c rema t ion bur ia ls h ave y ie lded a r tef acts, t he r are f inds b e ing l im i ted t o p ottery t ha t h as e i ther s ubsequent ly d isappeared o r i s unda tab le. A c ase i n p o int i s t he l argest o f f our o r f ive t umu l i a t ' la P lanche ' ,S t-Cyr-en-Va l, L o ir., wh ich c overed a 2 m 2 z one o f c harcoa l f ragments, t he p robab le r ema ins o f a c remat ion pyre, a ssoc iated w i th a number o f v esse ls ( M . J o l lo is 1 836: 1 16; J . Ask lund). The t umu lus a lso c onta ined a s econdary u rnc rema tion. A c rema tion p laced d irect ly i n t he s o i l i n at umu lus a t Thor igny ', Baccon, L o ir ., a l though a s econdary b ur ia l, was f ound d isturbed by a Ha D i nhuma t ion ( R. A.L ., 4 , 1 978 :73). Th is d oes n o t, h owever, e stab l ish t he p recedence o f t he c rema t ion r i te s ince b oth p ract ices c o-ex isted f or a t ime i n t he Ha D a nd Ha D /L . T. I , a nd t he i nhumat ion bur ia l may h ave b een l a te. The f ac t t ha t t he c rema t ion i s as econdary bur ia l f avours a Ha D d a te. The c ont inued p ract ice o f t he c rema t ion r i te i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, a nd i t s r e-emergence i n t he Berry a nd Yonne v a l ley, i n t he Ha D a nd Ha D/L . T. I i s a ttested by a l im i ted number o f t umu l i c rema t ions c onta ined i n i mpor ted b ronze v esse ls ( Map 4 0). There i s l i tt le i nforma t ion o n t he s tructure o f t he t umu lus o f ' l a Butte Moreau ' ,i V Iard id, L o ir ., e xcava ted i n 1 885, wh ich c onta ined a c rema t ion i n a Ha D b ronze r ibbed p a i l, o f B . S t jernqu ist ' sS er ie I, wrapped i n b irchwood b ark a nd e nc losed i n a wooden c hest ( A. Noue l 1 947 : 1 96-197 ). A r em inder t ha t t he i nhuma t ion r i te i s s t i l l p reva lent i n t he Berry i s s hown by t he pa i l, a lso o f S er ie I, wh ich a ccompan ied

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t he p r imary i nhuma t ion bur ia l i n at umu lus a t ' le Chaumoy ' ,L e S ubdray, C . ( Roger a nd P onroy 1 889-90 ). One o f t he more e labora te l a te Ha D t umu l i c rema t ions i s t he b ur ia l c onta ined i n ab ronze s tamnos , av ar iant o f B . Bou loum id ' s Groupe C " s itu les-stamnoides", a t t he c entre o f t he t umu lus o f ' la Ronce ', S teGenev ikve-des-Bo is, L o ir . ( M. Dauvo is 1 960 :1 77 -182) . The v esse l , wrapped i n f lax, was p laced i n as ma l l c orbe l led s tone c ist a t t he b ottom o f ac ircu lar s tonel ined p i t, t rapezo ida l i n s ect ion, a t t he c entre o f as ha l low c ircu lar p i t wh ich was a lso l ined w i th s tones, a nd c overed by a mound o f l imestone b locks o r ' ga lga l ' w i th a c entra l d epress ion a t t he s umm it. The ' ga lga l ' was c oa ted w ith a l ayer o f p ebb les a nd c lay, a nd a t h in l ayer o f r ed f errug inous s o i l, a nd c overed w i th s uccess ive l ayers o f s o i l s epara ted by t h in a sh l ayers. A s econdary L .T . Ic rema t ion i n ab ronze s tamnos, c on ta ined i n a wooden c hest a nd e nc losed i n a s tone c irc le, was i ntroduced i n t he g rey s o i l h or izon i mmed iate ly a bove t he ' ga lga l ' a nd i n c ontact w i th i t . The c rema t ion i n ab ronze s i tu la , o f B . B ou loumi6 ' s Groupe A3 , f rom Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Champs d e Couy ', S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C ., i s a s econdary bur ia l, Grave C4 , i n as tone c ist p laced o n s tone s labs ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 : 3 28). A z one o f a sh a nd p art ia l ly c rema ted b ones, f ound i n p rox im i ty, may i nd ica te t he f unera l pyre ( ib id.: 2 45) . S ince Tumu lus 1 8 , o ne o f f ive a t ' Champs d e Couy ' but r emoved f rom t he o ther f our, i s o ne o f t he r are t umu l i whose d eta i led a nd c omp lex s tructure i s known a s t he r esu lt o f modern e xcavat ions, a s ummary o f i t s ma in f ea tures i s n o t o ut o f p lace . The t umu lus, b etween 2 3 a nd 2 5 m i n d iameter , c overed a c entra l p r imary c rema t ion, Grave E , c ons ist ing o f a z one, 1 x . 30 m , o f burnt s o i l a nd s ca ttered b one s p l inters under a b ed o f s tone s labs o ver wh ich a s ma l l e arthen m ound s ea led w ith i mbr ica ted s labs was r a ised ( ib id. : 243). The t umu lus , e nc losed w i th in a w ide f la t-bottomed d i tch c ut i n t he l imestone, w i th a v er t ica l i nner f ace a nd a s tepped o uter f ace, was bu i lt o n ab ase o f s tone r ubb le a nd e ar th ( ib id.:226, 2 28). The i nterna l s tructures i nc lude a r ing o f upr ight s labs a nd b locks a long t he i nner e dge o f t he d i tch , a nd e leven r ad ia l wa l ls o r p art i t ions, bu i lt w i th wedged upr ight s labs o r i n d ry-stone c onstruct ion , t hat j o in a d ry-stone r ing wa l l t oward t he c entre ( ib id. : 228). The s tone r ubb le b ed was c overed s uccess ive ly by a c ompact s o i l s ea led by a l ayer o f i rregu lar ly p os i t ioned s labs i n a nd o n wh ich were f ound Ha D a nd L .T. I s econdary i nhuma t ion bur ia ls, most o f t hem i n s tone c as ings o r o n s labs, a nd Grave C 4 ; a nd by a b rown s o i l l ayer, c onta in ing s evera l h earths a nd h eaps o f c rema ted b ones, c overed by a l ayer o f i mbr ica ted s labs o f wh ich t he o uter r ing may b e ap art. P ottery s herds w ere s trewn o ver t he s tone r ubb le b ase a nd i n t he b rown s o i l l ayer . A long o ne t h ird o f t he t umu lus c ircumference, where n o s tructures w ere e ncountered , t he f i l l was a h omogeneous c layey s o i l. The s econdary g raves were i ntroduced w i thout a pparent o rder, a nd t wo o f t hem, G rave A2 a nd t he d oub leinhuma t ion B2, p r ior t o t he c onstruct ion o f t he r ad ia l p art i t ions. The ir p os i t ion i n r e lat ion t o t he i nterna l s tone s tructures d oes n o t i nd icate a c onnect ion. The bu i ld ing ma ter ia ls, i t c an b e n oted, c ame f rom t he d i tch e xcava t ion ( ib id .: 2 44). S evera l c rema t ions i n b ronze v esse ls w ere r ecent ly e xcava ted a t ' la P icard ie ' , Gurgy, Y . ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980). They o ccupy s econdary p os it ions, a s i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Champs d e C ouy '. The b ronze s i tu la o f B . Bou loum id t sG roupe A 3 f rom Grave 1 8b w as p laced i n as quare p i t, c onta in ing mu lt ip le c remat ions, a t t he c entre 2 16

o f quadrup le s quare d i tched Enc losure D ( ib id. : 13-15). The c rema t ion i n t he b ronze " s i tu le-stamnorde" o f B . Bou loum id t s Groupe C , a ssoc ia ted w i th a b ronze r ibbed p a i l o f B . S t jernqu ist ' sS er ie I , was p laced n ear t he c entre o f Tumu lus V wh ich c overed a c entra l p r imary i nhumat ion bur ia l ( ib id.: 2 8-32). The t umu lus i s a n e ar then mound, w i th a t o ta l d iameter o f 3 2.50 m , c onstructed o ver a s er ies o f s ix U - a nd V-sect ion d i tches, s evera l o f wh ich may h ave b een p a l isade-trenches. A p r imary c rema t ion bur ia l, Grave 7 0, c ontemporary t o Grave 1 8b, but n ot e nc losed i n ab ronze v esse l, was f ound i n Tumu lus ZA ( ib id .: 3 ' 7 ). The t umu lus i s s im i lar i n c onstruct ion t o Tumu lus V but s ma l ler , 1 1 m i n d iameter , a nd c overs t wo a d jo in ing c ircu lar d i tches. The s equence a t Gurgy l eaves l i tt le d oubt t ha t t he c rema t ion r i te, p ar t icul ar ly but n ot e xc lus ive ly i n b ronze v esse ls, t emporar i ly r ep laces i nhuma t ion, f ound i n p r imary bur ia ls i n Tumu l i V a nd Z , i n t he Ha D/ L. T . I( ibid. :5 2). A s econd c rema t ion i n ar ibbed p a i l o f B . S t jernqu ist rg— S er ie I was r ecorded f rom Gurgy but r ecovered o ut o f c ontext ( ib id. : 4 3-46). The p rocedure f o l lowed i n Grave E i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Champ d e Couy ' , where t he c rema t ion i s p laced d irect ly o n t he pyre a nd c overed w i th s tone s labs, a lso o ccurs i n t he t umu lus a t ' Mes lou ' , Coust, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 885). I t c onta ined a c entra l burnt z one, 1 .30 x . 7 8 m , b ordered by burnt s tones a nd c overed by s tone s labs under a g a lga l ' . Th is p r imary bur ia l was a ssoc iated w i th burn t a nd f ragmented b ronze a r tefacts ( F ig . 6 1, 1 1-14), a nd a Ha D b ronze d isc-f ibu la ( F ig . 6 1 , 1 0) was p laced o n o ne o f t he s labs. Crema t ions p laced d irect ly i n t he s o i l , whether o r n ot o n t he pyre r ema ins i s n ot known, a re f ound i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion. A bur ia l o f t h is t ype, i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Thor igny ' ,e nc losed i n ap enannu lar d ry-stone r ing wa l l c rowned by a s econd wa l l, was f ound w i th a l a te Ha D i ron Fusszierf ibe ln ( R .A . L., 3 , 1 977 : 5 ) . Tumu l i u rn-crema t ions a re r e la t ive ly c ommon i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion. A p r imary u rn-crema t ion i n ar ed-s l ipped v esse l c omes f rom t he t umu lus o f ' la Butte Mongro l le ' , Ch i l leurs-aux-Bo is, L o ir . ( R. A.L ., 2 , 1 976 :8 1). The s econdary u rn-crema t ion i n t he t umu lus a t 'l a P lanche ' h as b een ment ioned , a nd a nother o ne was f ound n ear t he s umm it o f Tumu lus 1 4 a t ' Thor igny ' ( R . A.L ., 2 , 1 976:18). Tumu l i c rema t ion bur ia ls a re c i ted a t Bray-en-Va l a nd Montereau, L o ir., w ithout a ny d eta i ls b e ing s upp l ied ( J. Derba l 1 974). The t umu l i a t R igny-Ussd, I .-et-L., a l l c onta ined p er iphera l s tone c ist c rema t ions ( G. Cord ier 1 975 :6 2 0). I n t he N iävre, p art ia l ly c remated Ha D i nhuma t ions w ere f ound i n at umu lus a t Ouagne ( Dar let 1 876). A number o f Ha B /C a nd C t umu l i c rema t ions a re r ecorded i n t he s outhern Haute-Marne d espi te t he p redom inance o f t he i nhuma t ion r i te. They i nc lude G raves A , B a nd C a t N i jon, a nd bur ia ls a t P errogney a nd i n t he t umu lus a t Champberceau ', E snoms-au-Va l ( L. L epage 1 980 :21, 4 7 , 6 2, 1 05). Grave B i s s ecure ly d a ted by t he p resence o f ab ronze b e lt-p lace o f I . K il ian-Dir lme ier 's Typ H oss ingen t o t he l ater Ha C a nd e ar ly D ( ib id . : 21 , 2 7 , P l. 1 3, 1 0). 1 6 .2 .3

I nhuma t ions

1 6.2.3.1 Ha C : Tumu l i i nhuma t ions a ppear i n t he Ha C a nd a re r estr icted t o t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Bas in, f rom t he P lateau d e L angres t o t he Berry. Unfortunate ly t he ma jor i ty o f

2 17

t hese were e xcava ted a t at ime when l i tt le a ttent ion was p a id t o s truct ura l d eta i ls s o t ha t o n ly a v ery s uperf ic ia l k now ledge o f t he ir c onst ruct ion i s a ccess ib le. Ha C t umu l i g enera l ly c onta in s ing le c entra l i nhuma t ions d epos i ted o n t he n a tura l g round s urface, o f ten p laced o n s tone s labs o re nc losed i n as tone c as ing , a nd c overed by a s tone r ubb le mound, t he ?g a lga l e a nd tmeurger t 7o f t he l i tera ture. E xamp les c onforming t o t h is b as ic t ype a re f ound i n t he Cher, i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Cor te l ', Coust ( P . d e Goy 1 887 -88), a nd ' Chante loup ' Lundry ( A. Buhot d e K ersers 1 887 8 8) ; a nd i n t he Haute-Marne ( L. L epage 1 980 :5 9-62), i n Tumu lus 3 a t ' Bas du Chä te let ' ,V i tryläs-Nogent ( P. B a l let 1 971 :333). The l a tter i s a n o va l t umu lus wrapped i n al ayer o f i mbr icated s tone s labs. A c erta in d egree o f i nd iv idua l s tructura l v ar ia t ion i s a pparent where more d eta i led i nforma t ion i s a va i lab le. I n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Soup ise ? , Vornay, C ., t he c entra l i nhuma t ion bur ia l i n as tone-cas ing was n o t p laced d irect ly o n t he c ompact r ed s andy b ase but o n at h in l ayer o f g rey s o i l b efore b e ing c overed by t he s tone r ubb le mound ( P. d e Goy 1 882). The c entra l i nhuma t ion, Grave 1 , i n t he t umu lus a t ' Champ d e P rd ' ,S emout iers, H te-M., p laced o n t wo s tone s labs w i th a t h ird d epos ited o n t he c ran ium, was s ea led i n a wh i te c lay l ayer, w i th i ron s lag s ca ttered a round t he bur ia l ( P. Bou i l lero t 1 913b: 8 8 ). A t Champ R ougeaux ', Cource l les-en-Montagne, H te-M., t he c entra l i nhuma t ion was p laced d irect ly o n t he n atura l g round s urface w i thout a s tone b ed o r c as ing ( J. Ddche lette 1 913c). More f undamenta l s tructura l d ifferences a re a lso i n e v idence . R ecent e xcava t ions a t ' les Carpes ' , Champ lay , Y ., u ncovered a n i nhuma t ion g rave, a ssoc ia ted w i th a Ha C i ron s word, p laced i n a quadrangu lar d i tched e nc losure ( Ga l l ia , 1 8 , 1 960 : 3 61). A p ost-ho le a t e ach c orner o f t he bur ia l s upposes s ome k ind o f chamber . Certa in i nterna l d rys tone f ea tures may d a te t o t he Ha C , a s t he r ing wa l l i n t he t umu lus a t ' la Bonneter ie t ,V ie lmanay, Y . ( R. Octobon 1 973-75). ' Conta iner ' wa l ls t o h o ld b ack t he s tone r ubb le mound, u sua l ly c ons ist ing o f a p er iphera l r ing wa l l o f upr ight s tone s labs, c an b e c ons idered a n e ssent ia l ly f unct iona l s tructure wh ich must h ave f ea tured i n many ' ga lga l ' o f t he Ha C a l though t hey a re n o t a lways s pec if ica l ly ment ioned . They o ccur i n Ha B /C t umu l i , a s a t V ente d ' I ssd ' ,C ourgenay , Y . ( A. Hure 1 931:57 ), a nd a re a lso f ound i n t he Ha D . The m ore c omp lex i nterna l s tone s tructures, h owever , b e long t o t he Ha D . The d oub le-inhuma t ion bur ia l, a l though more f requent i n t he Ha D , a ppears i n t he Ha C . A p r imary d oub le-inhuma t ion bur ia l i n as tone c as ing was f ound i n at umu lus a t ' Sur l e B eauva is ' , Ma i l lyle-Châ teau, Y . ( G. Wamser 1 975 : 1 37 n o . 4 48). Another , p erhaps s l ight ly e ar l ier g rave, i s t he d oub leinhuma t ion bur ia l, p laced i n ap i t, • i n t he F aub ourg d e Maz iäres ', Bourges, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 886-87 ). I t i s u ncert a in whether t he bur ia l was c overed by a t umu lus. The t umu lus a t ' Combottes ', Cusey, H te-M., c overed t wo p r imary a d jo in ing i nhuma tion g raves o f t he l a te Ha C o r e ar ly D , a s we l l a s a s econdary Ha D d oub leinhuma t ion bur ia l ( G. Wamser 1 975 : 1 23 n os. 2 02-203). The t umu lus a t ' la Mo ttote ' ,N i jon, H te-M., wh ich i n it ia l ly c overed a Ha B c rema t ion, i s unusua l i n t ha t t he e ar then mound was e n larged i n t he Ha C when b oth i nhuma t ion a nd c rema t ion bur ia ls w ere i ntroduced ( L. L epage 1 980 : 1 6-24 , 4 7 ). S econdary bur ia ls o f t he Ha C a re v ir tua l ly unknown f ur ther s outh, o n t he P lateau d e L angres , a nd a long t he s ou thern p er iphery o f t he Bas in.

2 18

1 6.2.3 .2 Ha D a nd Ha D/L. T. I : Ha D a nd Ha D /L.T. I t umu l i i nhuma t ions , b oth a s p r imary a nd s econdary bur ia ls, c onst i tu te t he ma jor p ercentage o f t umu l i bur ia ls a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Bas in, a nd i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion where t he i nhuma t ion r i te i s i ntroduced . S econdry Ha D i nhuma t ion bur ia ls a lso o ccur i n Ha B / C t umu l i i n t he Champagne a nd t he Bassde, a s w e l l a s i n t he Haute-Marne ( L. L epage 1 980 : 1 04). I n g enera l, Ha D t umu l i d iffer l i tt le f rom t he ir Ha C p redecessors. Covered by a mound o f s tone r ubb le, o f ten a l terna t ing w i th s o i l l ayers, t he c entra l i nhumat ion may b e e nc losed i n as tone c as ing, a s i n Tumu lus 1 .a t ' Creuset ' , Coust, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 887 -87 ), o r p laced d irect ly o n t he n a tura l g round s urface, a s i n t he t hree t umu l i a t ' la P rde ' ,S dgry, I . ( Th i l 1 917-18 ; 1 923). A number o f t umu l i w ere c overed, a s b efore, by i mbr ica ted s tone s labs : Tumu lus 1 a t ' Charmey ' , Mont s augeon, H te-M . ( P . Ba l let 1 971: 2 16) ; a nd i n t he Cher, Tumu lus 1 8 a t 'Champs d e C ouy ' ,S t-Den is-de-Pa l in ( J . F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 : 2 28), a nd Tumu lus 2 a t ' Creuzet ' , Coust ( ib id.:245). There i s l i tt le d oubt t ha t ag rea t many more s hou ld b e a dded t ha t e scaped t he o bserva t ion o f e ar l ier e xcava tors . A t ges Grose i l l iers ' , Cheny, Y ., t he Ha D i nhuma t ion bur ia ls w ere p laced a t t he c entre o f V -sect ion p enannu lar e nc losures, s ome w ith p osth o les a t t he h ead a nd f eet ( P. P arruzo t 1 955a : 3 -6) , a n a rrangement t ha t r eca l ls t he Ha C t umu lus i nhuma t ion f rom l es Carpes ' , Champ lay, Y . ( Ga l l ia, 1 8 , 1 960 :361). P er iphera l ' conta iner ' r ing wa l ls, bu i l t w i th upr igh t s tone s labs a nd l arge b locks o r i n d ry-stone c ons truct ion, a f ea ture o f b o th Ha B a nd C t umu l i , a re n ot uncommon i n t he Ha D . An e xamp le c an b e c i ted f rom ' Mou l in Brü ld ' , Cource l les-sur-Au jon, H te-M. ( P. Ba l let 1 971 : 1 00 ; L . L epage 1 980 :105). O ther i nterna l s tone r ing wa l ls a re known f rom Tumu lus 1 a t ' Beau l ieu ' ,C lamecy, N . ( Dar le t 1 876); a nd i n t he I ndre-et-Lo ire, a t ' les B o is S emds ' , Bras lou, a nd ' les Roches S t-Pau l ' ,L igrd ( G. C ord ier 1 975 :620-621). The i nterna l s tone r ing wa l l i n t he t umu lus a t ' Bo is d ' Amont ' , Tannay, N ., s ea led by a l ayer o f i mbr ica ted l imestone s labs, may b e o f e ar l ier d a te ( R . P ioux 1 973 : 1 3; 1 975). A g reater c omp lex ity i n t he i nner s tructure o f t umu l i c an b e d et ected i n t he Ha D . The t umu lus a t ' Tormancy ' , Massang is, Y ., c overed f our d ry-stone c oncentr ic wa l ls ( B. Bou loum id 1 976:26). Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Champs d e C ouy ', S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C ., e nc losed w i th in a w ide f la t-bo ttomed d i tch, h ad a n i nterna l d ry-stone r ing wa l l f rom wh ich e xtended r ad ia l s tone p ar t i t ions ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 : 2 28). Concentr ic d ry-stone r ing wa l ls a nd r ad ia l p art it ions w ere a lso f ound i n t wo t umu l i wh ich may d a te t o t he Ha D a t S t-P ierrel a-Garenne , E . ( G. V erron 1 976b: 8 05). The r ecent ly e xcava ted t umu lus a t ' Favr i l le ' ,L izeray, I ., t he l argest o f ag roup o f e ight, p laced w ith in a c ircu lar d i tched e nc losure, c overed a c entra l p r imary Ha D bur ia l o n ab ed o f l imestone s labs under a r oofed s tructure s upported by t wo b eams ( Ga l l ia , 3 4 , 1 976: 3 18 ; 3 6, 1 978 :2 73). I t was s ea led by t wo s uccess ive l ayers o f s tone s labs, t he o u ter c rown r esting a ga inst a d ry-stone ' conta iner ' r ing wa l l w i th a h err ing-bone f acing . The e nt ire s tructure, i nc lud ing t he d i tch, was c overed by al ayer o f l imestone s labs . Tumu lus 2 a t ' les Danges ' , Sub la ines, I .-et-L., h ad a d ry-s tone l imestone r ing wa l l e nc los ing t he c ompact b lack marsh s o i l mound p rec eded by a s ha l low f l a t-bo ttomed d i tch, a nd a n o uter d ry-stone wa l l 2 19

o f l arge i rregu lar ly p os i t ioned b locks f ronted by a w ider s ha l low o va ls ect ion d i tch ( C. Cord ier 1 975 :5 85, 5 87 ). The c entra l z one h ad b een p rev ious ly e xcava ted but i s t hought t o h ave c onta ined a c har iot bur ia l ( ib id .:607 ). Even more c omp lex i nterna l s tructures h ave b een f ound i n t he s ma l l s ix t umu l i c emetery i n t he Morvan a t l a G arenne d ' Argou la is ' ,S tH i la ire, N . ( B. Ga l lo is 1 973). Tumu lus 1 , f or e xamp le, c overed d rys tone wa l ls, e rected o n d ifferent l eve ls f orm ing a t erraced p rof i le, d raw ing a p attern c omposed o f f our r ad i i d iv id ing t he s tructure i nto quadrants a nd a g r id o f s quares ( ib id .:26). The a bsence o f bur ia ls a nd a r tefacts h ave l ed B . Ga l lo is t o s ugges t t ha t t hese monuments w ere c enotaphs ( ib id.:27 ). A d ist inct ive f ea ture o f t he Ha D a nd Ha D /L.T. I i s t he g enera li sed p ract ice o f r e-ut i l is ing e x ist ing t umu l i f or b oth i nhuma t ion a nd c rema t ion. Tumu l i were r e-used o n t he b as is o f t he ir ' ava i lab i l i ty ' w i th l i tt le r egard t o t he d a te o f t he ir i n i t ia l c onstruct ion which e xtends f rom t he Ha B t o D , a nd i nc ludes c ontemporary s tructures. A p oss ib le e xcept ion a re a l im i ted number o f Ha C t umu l i a long t he s ou thern p er iphery o f t he Bas in where s econdary bur ia ls were n ot f ound, a s a t ' V i l lement ' ,S t-Aoustr i l le, I . ( A. d es M d l iozes 1 889-90), Tumu lus 1a t ' Corte l ' , Coust ( P. d e Goy 1 887 -88), a nd a t Chante loup ' , Lundry ( A. Buho t d e K ersers 1 887 -88), C . The H a C t umu lus a t ' Champ d e P rd ', S emout iers, H te-M ., o n ly c onta ined L .T. I s econdary bur ia ls ( P. B ou i l lerot 1 9 1_ 3 1 3: 9 3-100). Cer ta in s l igh t ly l a ter t umu l i , a s a t ' Fancy ', Cource l les, N ., were a lso a vo ided i n t he l a ter Ha D ( A. Desforges 1 927 :4 -5) . The t umu l i a t 'Hau lzy ' ,V iennela-V i l le, M ., d a t ing f rom t he Ha C t o t he L .T . I , d id n o t c onta in s econdary bur ia ls ( G. Goury 1 911). T t imu l i w i th s ing le bur ia ls r ema in t he e xcept ion, t he v ast ma jor i ty b e ing r e-emp loyed i n t he Ha D a nd Ha D/ L. T.I . Ha D s econdary i nhuma tion bur ia ls i n t he Champagne, c ontemporary t o t he more d om inant Ha D/L.T. I f latinhuma t ion c emeter ies, a re f ound b oth i n Ha B a nd C t umu l i where t hey were e i ther i ntroduced i n t he t umu lus mound o r i n t he d i tch o f t he c ircu lar e nc losure. 8 Occas iona l ly t hey d isp laced t he c entra l Ha B /C c rema t ion bur ia ls, n ame ly i n Enc losure C a t l e Mou l in ' , Ver tla-Grave l le, M . ( A. Br isson e t a l . 1 956: 3 0) , a nd a t l es Bu issona ts ', Chaudrey, Au. ( Ga l l ia P rdh., T 5 ,- 1 972 :403). The d a te o f t he l a tter s econdary i nhuma t ion i s n ot known. O ther Ha D s econdary i nhuma t ion b ur ia ls i n Ha B /C t umu l i i n t he Marne c an b e c i ted f rom ' le P ra la t ' , Broussyle-Grand ( B. Chert ier 1 976a :2 7 ), a nd f rom Cemetery I I a t Au-dessus du Chem in d es Bretons ', Au lnay-aux-P lanches ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 953 : 2 22, 2 28). The p ract ice i s a lso f ound i n Ha B /C t umu l i i n t he m idd le S e ine v a l ley, i n Enc losure 1 2 a t ' les Gräves d e l a V i l leneuve ' , Barbu ise-Courtavent, Au. ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 9 , 1 976:452-454), a nd p oss ib ly a t Gravon, S .-et-M. ( D. Mordant 1 966:50). The Ha D i nhumat ion g rave p laced i ns ide a c ircu lar d itched e nc losure a t ' les Greves ' , Droupt-St-Bas le, Au., may a lso b e s econdary ( L. L eC lert 1 898 :87 8 9). A long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, t he l i tt le e v idence a va i lab le, s ince f ew p r imary t umu l i bur ia ls c an b e d a ted w ith a ny a ssurance t o t he Ha B a nd B /C, p o ints t o ac omparab le s i tua t ion ( L. L epage 1 980 : 1 04-107 ) . The t umu lus a t 'Charmo ise l les ' , Ro lampont, H te-M., wh ich c overed a c entra l l ate Ha B c rema t ion a ssoc ia ted w i th a Mör igen-type s word, c onta ined a number o f Ha D s econdary g raves 2 20

( B. Chert ier 1 976a :6 23). A t l a Motto te ' ,N i jon, H te-M., t he Ha B t umu lus was e n larged t o a ccommoda te Ha C a nd D i nhuma t ion a s we l l a s c rema t ion bur ia ls ( L. L epage 1 980 :47 ). I t i s o f ten d if f icu lt t o e s t imate t he number o f s econdary bur ia ls i ntroduced dur ing t he Ha D . I t c annot a lways b e a scer ta ined i f t umu l i w ere e xcavated i n t he ir e nt irety a nd due a ttent ion p a id t o p er iphera l f ea tures w here many s econdary g raves were l oca ted . A lso , s ince t he c ustom i s e qua l ly c haracter ist ic o f t he L .T . I , t he d ist inct ion b etween Ha D a nd L .T. I g raves i s u sua l ly b lurred. Numbers v ary c ons iderab ly. I n t he Champagne i t r are ly e xceeds t hree o r f our s econdary bur ia ls, wh i le t here i s more v ar iab i l i ty a long t he s ou thern p er iphery o f t he Bas in: f rom f our t o f ive i n Tumu lus 3 a t ' la F erme du ChAne ' , Damp ierre, H te-M. ( P. Ba l let 1 971 :109 ), a nd Tumu lus 2 a t ' Cor te l ' , Coust, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 887 -88), t o t h irty i n t he t umu lus a t S a ligny ' Amazy, N . ( Dar let 1 876), a nd s ome e ightyt wo i n t he t umu lus a t ' la Bonne ter ie ' ,V ie lmanay, N . ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 2 1, 1 978 :584). Adm itted ly, t he h igher number o f t he l a tter i s a ccounted b y i nc lud ing L .T . Is econdary bur ia ls. A more a verage f igure l i es b etween f ive a nd f i f teen : s even a t S auv ignyles-Bo is, N . ( H. J acqu inot 1 886); t en i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t 'Champs d e Couy ' ( J. F av i re e t a l . 1 964 :230); a nd e leven i n Tumu lus 1 a t 'F ont-James ' , Chä teauneufs ur-Cher , C . ( R. d e l a Guäre 1 891). S econdary g raves w ere r are ly p laced i n a n o rder ly p a t tern. A t V ie lmanay, t he ma jor ity o f t he s econdary bur ia ls w ere i ntroduced w ith t he h ead p o inted n orth ( R. Octobon 1 973-75). E xcept iona l ly, where l arge numbers o f s econdary g raves were c oncerned, t he bur ia ls were p os it ioned r ad ia l ly a long t he p er iphery o f t he t umu lus. A t Tureau d e l a G irounde ', Dun-sur-Auron, C ., t h irty i nhuma t ion g raves i n i nd iv idua l s tone-cas ings were p laced w ith t he f eet p o inted t oward t he c entre o f t he t umu lus ( A. Buho t d e Kersers 1 887 -88 ). A s im i lar a rrangement was f ound i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Prunet t , Morthom iers, C ., where t he bur ia ls w ere put o uts ide t he i nterna l d ry-stone r ing wa l l ( des Md l iozes 1 882). E ight i nhuma t ion g raves were a rranged i n a c irc le a round t he c entre o f t he t umu lus a t ' Montapo t t ,C ource l les, S .-et-M . ( E. Choquet 1 877 ). I n t he Aube, i nhuma t ions w i th t he h ead p o inted t oward t he c entre o f t he t umu lus, e nc losed i n ac ircu lar d itch, a t ' le Mou l inet ' ,P ont-Ste-Mar ie, may b e d a ted t o t he e ar ly L .T. I ( L. L eClert 1 898 : 1 36-137 ). I n t he Nogenta is, a t t he 'F erme d e F rdcu l ' , L a S au lsotte, Au., f ive i nhuma t ion bur ia ls were p laced i n a n a rc o f ac irc le i n t he n orthwest quarter o f ar ing d itch wh ich e nc losed a c entra l i nhuma t ion g rave i n as tone-cas ing d a ted p rov is iona l ly t o t he Ha D ( D. J a lma in 1 970 : 4 0). S ome t wo-hundred i nhuma t ion g raves i n i nd iv idua l s tone-cas ings, o f Ha D I L .T . Id ate, were f ound i n ac irc le o f b etween 1 7 a nd 1 8 m i n d iameter, w i th a s tone r ubb le mound a t t he c en tre, a t ' Monte-en-Baudet t , Bethon, M . ( ib id . : 92-95). I t i s r easonab le t o a ssume t hat e i ther t he who le c omp lex was i n it ia l ly c overed by a mound, s ince l eve l led, o r t ha t t he bur ia ls e nc ir lced a c entra l t umu lus o r s im i lar f unerary s tructure s erv ing a s t he f oca l p o int f or t he c emetery. The d oub le-inhuma t ion bur ia l, whether a d jo in ing o f s uper imposed , k nown s ince t he Ha C , i s r e la t ive ly c ommon i n t he Ha D a nd Ha D I L .T . I . More f requen t ly a ssoc ia ted w ith t he f latinhuma t ion c emet er ies o f t he Champagne, i t i s a lso f ound i n t umu l i a long t he s ou thern p er iphery o f t he B as in a nd i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion ( Map 3 7 ). I n t he t umu lus o f ' la S egangeotte ' ,C ize ly, N ., d oub leinhuma t ion bur ia ls 2 21

were t he r u le ( More l le t 1 851). O ther d oub le-inhuma tion bur ia ls i n t he N iävre h ave b een f ound a t Ta nchy , I V oussy ( A. Desforges 1 927 :5 ), a nd i n Tumu lus 1 a t ' Beau l ieu ' ,C lamecy , where t hey w ere p laced i n a d jo in ing s tone c ists ( Dar let 1 876). The s econdary d oub le-inhuma t ion bur ia l i n t he t umu lus a t ' Combottes ' , Cusey, H te-M., h as a lready b een ment ioned ( G. Wamser 1 975 :123 n o . 2 03). Another s econdary d oub leinhuma t ion bur ia l , s uper imposed a nd e ach p o inted i n o ppos i te d irect ions i n as tone c as ing , Grave B2, i s known f rom Tumu lus 1 8 a t Champs d e C ouy ' ( J. F av ikre e t a l . 1 964 : 2 35-236). I n t he t umu lus a t ' Sa l igny ' , Amazy, N . ( Dar le t 1 876), t wo i nhuma t ions were j o ined a t t he h ead, a p os it ion a lso o bserved a t ' St-Ce lest in ' , Bourges, C ., wh ich may h ave b een c overed by a t umu lus ( A. d e L achausde 1 873). I n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, t he o va l Tumu lus 2 6 a t ' Fonta ines ', Baccon, L o ir ., c overed a p r imary c entra l d oub le inhuma t ion bur ia l wh ich may d a te t o t he Ha D ( A . Noue l 1 953 :636-638). A p robab le d oub leinhuma t ion bur ia l, o f unknown d a te, w as f ound i n a no ther t umu lus a t Baccon, a t ' Rambardeau ' ( ib id . : 634-636). The Ha D i s t he e ar l iest p oss ib le d a te f or t hese d oub le-inhumat ion b ur ia ls ' s ince t he i nhuma t ion r i te was i ntroduced i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion i n t he c ourse o f t he Ha D , a d a te t ha t c o inc ides w i th s im i lar bur ia ls f urther s outh i n t he Berry . S econdary a d jo in ing i nhuma t ion g raves o f a n a du lt a nd c h i ld i n i nd iv idua l s tone-cas ings, Graves 3 a nd 4 , i n t he t umu lus a t Barv i l le-en-Gä t ina is, L o ir ., c an b e d a ted t o t he Ha D /L . T. I ( Mouff let a nd M . W i l laume-Ferd iäre 1 975 :24 , 2 7 ). 1 _ 6. 2. 4

Construct ion a nd r i tua l

Bu i ld ing ma ter ia ls f or t he c onstruct ion o f t umu l i mounds were u sua l ly d rawn f rom l oca l a nd r ead i ly a va i lab le s ources. I t f o l lows t ha t t he ir s tructure was d ependent o n l oca l g eo log ica l f actors. I n g enera l, a marked c ontrast e x ists b etween t he e ar then mounds f ound o n t he T er t iary a nd Cretaceous f orma t ions, a nd i n t he r iver v a l leys , a nd t he s tone r ubb le mounds o n t he J urass ic. The d istr ibut ion o f ' ga lga l ' o r meurger ' s tone r ubb le mounds a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he P ar is Bas in c orresponds t o t he a va i la b i l i ty o f l imestone o n t he J urass ic f r inge o f t he Bas in ( Map 4 1). The ma jor i ty o f Ha C a nd D t umu l i c onta ined c en tra l p r imary i nhuma t ion o r c rema t ion bur ia ls p laced o n t he n a tura l g round s urface , o f ten p rotected i n ac as ing o r c ist o f s tone s labs o r r ubb le , c overed by a l terna t ing c ourses o f e arth a nd l imestone b locks, w i th a c over o f s tone s labs o r r ubb le. The s labs were u su a l ly i mbr ica ted. There a re v ar ia t ions i n d eta i l . A t ' la F oret ' , Bouhy, N ., f or e xamp le, t he t umu lus mound was c onstructed w ith a l ternat ing l ayers o f ' b lack ' r ock, c onta in ing a f ore ign i ron m inera l, a nd l oca l 'wh i te ' l imes tone ( Ma l le t 1 972). R ing d itches w ere r are, a nd b e long most ly t o t he Ha D . On t he Cha lk o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse a nd a d jacent r eg ions, t he a bsence o f r ocks but f or e rra t ic s andstones a nd c oarse-gra ined l imestones e xp la ins t he p redom inance o f who l ly e arthen t umu l i ( B. Chert ier 1 976a :76). L oca l ma ter ia ls w ere u sed, a s t he s andy f ores t s o i l a t Hau lzy ' ,V iennela V i l le , M . ( G. Goury 1 911), a nd t he b lack marsh s o i l a t Au-dessus d u Chem in d es Bretons ' , Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M . ( A. Br isson a nd J .J . Ha tt 1 953 :2 28). S tone s labs o r r ubb le were o ccas iona l ly emp loyed t o p rotect t he c entra l c rema t ion, n o tab ly a t ' Au-dessus du Chem in d es Bretons ' . The c entra l c rema t ion was e i ther p laced i n a s ha l low, u sua l ly c ircu lar, p i t o r d irect ly o n t he

2 22

g round s urface. The ma jor ity o f Ha B /C t o e ar ly D t umu l i were e nc losed i n p enannu lar r ing d itches o pened t o t he s outh o r s outheast. I n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, t umu l i i n t he S o logne a nd t he F oröt d ' Or leans were e rected w ith t he s andy f orest s o i l wh i le t hose i n t he Beauce made u se o f t he l oca l l imestone ( A. Noue l 1 966: 8 5). Bu i ld ing ma ter ia ls were e xtracted e i ther f rom t he i mmed ia te v ic in ity, a s a t ' Champs d e Couy 1 , S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, where t he l imestone a nd e arth c onstituting t he mound o f Tumu lus 1 8 were e xcava ted f rom t he c ircu lar d itched e nc losure ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 :244-245); o r, a t s ome d istance f rom t he s i te, a s t he b lack marsh s o i l o f Tumu l i 1a nd 2 a t Sub la ines, I .-e t-L., l ocated a t s ome 1 000 m f rom ' les Danges ' ( G. Cord ier 1 975:459). 9 The p resence o f s cattered p o ttery, p art icu lar ly s herds o f c oarse d omestic wares, f auna l r ema ins a nd f l ints, i n t he mound f i l l h as o f ten b een n o ted. I t o ccurs f requently i n Ha B /C t umu l i, a s i n Tumu lus 1a t ' l es Danges ' ( ib id. : 460, 4 62); Tumulus 1 a t 1Chenev ikres 1, S av igny-en-Septa ine, C . ( P. d e Goy 1 887 -88); a nd i n t he t umu l i a t ' la Bonneter ie ' ,V ie lmanay, N . ( R . Octobon 1 973-75), a nd ' la Mottote ' , N i jon, H te-M. ( L. L epage 1 980 :45), t o n ame o n ly a f ew. S im i lar f inds a re known f rom c ircu lar d i tched e nc losures where t umu l i h ave b een l eve l led, n otab ly i n t he Champagne ( B. Chert ier 1 976a :7 5-79), a nd i n a d jacent r eg ions, a s a t ' les Bu issona ts ' , Chaudrey, Au. ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 5, 1 972:403), a nd 'V i l leneuvela-Guyard, Y . ( J. N ico l le 1 962 :202-203). ' Domest ic ' r efuse i s a lso f ound i n l a ter Ha D t umu l i : i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Champs d e Couy ? ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 :228 , 2 45); Tumu lus 2 a t ' les Danges ' ( G. Cord ier 1 975:6 0 9); "— T mu lus 1 a t 'Touze l ' ( P. d e Goy 1 8888 9) a nd Tumu lus 3 a t ' Corte l ' ( id. 1 887 -88), Coust, C ., among o thers. This o bserva t ion has l ed t o t he s uggest ion t hat t he bu i ld ing ma ter ia ls f or t he t umu lus mound was b rought f rom t he s ett lement s i te ( B. Chertier a nd G . L assabe 1 970 :747 ; A . V i l les 1 974 :53). 1 0 A lthough t h is i s n ot c ontested, d omest ic d ebr is i n t umu l i mounds were, i n s evera l c ases i ntentiona l ly d epos i ted . Th is i s c lear i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t 'Champs d e Couy 1 where t he bu i lding ma ter ia ls were e xtracted f rom t he d itched e nc losure . The pottery a t t he b ase o f t he t umu lus may h ave b een r itua l ly s ca ttered upon c learance o f t he s i te ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 96 4 :228). An i ntent iona l s catter ing o f s herds i s a lso l ike ly i n Tumu lus 3 a t 'Chönes-Montors ' i n t he s ame c ommune ( Ga l l ia, 3 0, 1 972:320), a nd i n Tumu lus 1 a t 'Touze l ' ( P. d e Goy 1 888-89 ). I n t he s ame way , burnt f auna l r ema ins a nd c harcoa l f ragments, f ound i n al arge number o f Ha C a nd D t umu l i, may b e i nterpreted a s i mported, c onta ined i n t he e ar th b rought f rom t he s ett lement, o r a s e v idence o f i n s i tu r i tua l h earths. The l atter h ave b een f ound i n Ha C t umu l i , a s i n Tumu lus 2 a t ' Bas du Chä te let ' ,V itry-lös-Nogent, H te-M. ( P. Ba l let 1 971:333), a nd N i jon ( L. L epage 1 980 :18) a nd p oss ib ly i n Tumu lus 1 a t V i l lement ' ,S t-Aoustr i l le, I . ( A. d es Md l iozes 1 889-90); a nd i n l a ter Ha D t umu l i, a s i n Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Champs d e Couy ' ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 :245); i n t he t umu lus a t ' F ie l ' ,P o l isot, Au. ( L. Coutant 1 858), a nd i n Tumu lus 9 a t ' Sd lorges ' , Baccon, L o ir. ( A. Noue l 1 953 :631-6 3 3). Burnt l imestone f ragments a re a lso mentioned f rom Tumu lus 3 a t 11 a P rde ' S dgry, I . ( Th i l 1 923). The l ink b etween s ett lement a ctiv it ies a nd f unerary r i tua l was und oubtab ly a c lose o ne. The e v idence i s s t i l l t oo f ragmentary t o b e a b le t o d iscern r eg iona l v ar ia tions i n t he d eta i ls o f f unerary r itua l.

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1 6.2.5

Ha D c art-bur ia ls

The t hree c art-bur ia ls f rom t he P ar is Bas in p resent unusua l p ar tic u lar ities. Grave 1 6 a t ' les J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M ., i s ar ectangu lar p it c ut i n t he c ha lk, 2 .7 0 x 1 .80 m , w ith s epara te c av i t ies f or t he f our whee ls ( J.-J. Hatt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:429-430 , P l. 6 ). Cav it ies f or upr ight whee ls a re more i n k eep ing w ith L . T. I c har io t-bur ia l c ustoms i n t he Champagne t han Ha D p ract ices ( R. J offroy a nd D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 959 :9). I ron c har iot-f itt ings a nd h orse-gear were a lso f ound i n G rave 1 6. A r obbed f our-whee led c ar t-bur ia l, a ttested by i ron f i tt ings wh ich i nc lude whee l-hoops, o ne b it, o ne r ing a nd s evera l n a i ls, was f ound i n t he t umu lus o f'la Mottote ' ,N i jon, H te-M. ( L . L epage 1 980:23, 4 3-44 , 4 7 ). The e xist ing e arthen mound was e n larged t o a ccommoda te t he b ur ia l wh ich a lso c onta ined p seudo-bucchero ' s herds a nd a b ronze S chnabe lkanne f ragment. Ha D bur ia ls a s s econdary g raves a re r are. The c art-bur ia l i n t he t umu lus a t ' le F ourrd ' ,S araz, D ., was p laced n ear t he s urface o f t he mound wh ich c overed a c entra l p r imary i nhumat ion w ith n o g rave-goods but undoubted ly o f e ar l ier d ate ( R. J offroy 1 958 :9-10 , 1 53). I n t he t umu lus a t 'Champ P eup in ' ,I vory, J ., t he c art-bur ia l was l ocated o n t he p er iphery o f t he c entra l p it-structure but w ith in t he o uter d ry-stone c rown ( ib id . : 17 -18 , 1 53). The t umu lus a t ' Champ P eup in ' ,a s t he o ne a t N i jon, a lso c onta ined wea lth ier s econdary g raves. Tumu lus 2 a t ' les Danges ' , Sub la ines, I .-e t-L. i s t hought t o h ave c overed a c entra l c ar t-bur ia l a l though o n ly i ron whee l-hoop f ragments w ere f ound i n t he s po i l-heap o f ap rev ious e xcava tion ( G. Cord ier 1 9 '5:588, 6 04-605, 6 07 ). These h ave b een c ompared t o f inds f rom t he t umu l i a t ' la Garenne ' ,S te-Co lombe, C .-d ' 0 ., a nd ' la Motte ', Apremont, H te-S. ( ib id.:588 , 5 89 f ig . 2 0, 4 -6; R . J offroy 1 958 :39-42, 7 8-83). The p resence—dr-t umu lus c ar t-bur ia ls i n t he V ienne n earby, a t ' Sdnere t ' , Qu incay, a nd Gros-Gu ignon ' ,S av ignd, p laces Tumu lus 2 i n al ess i so la ted c ontext ( ibid. : 134-150). The t wo ma in c lusters o f Ha D c art-bur ia ls i n F rance a re l oca ted i n Burgundy a nd t he F ranche-Comtd, w i th a m inor g roup ing i n t he P o itou ( ibid.:151, 1 52 f ig . 3 8). The bur ia l a t N i jon c an b e a ttached t o t he Burgundian s er ies, t he Sub la ines f ind t o t he P o itev in c luster. G rave 1 6 a t i les J ogasses ' , by i t s uncharacter istic f orm a nd g eograph ica l i so lat ion, c an b e i nterpreted a s al oca l d eve lopment. I t f oreshadows t he r e lat ive ly l arge number o f c har iot-bur ia ls t hat a ppear i n t he Champ agne i n t he L . T. I , c oncentrated o n t he r ight bank o f t he Marne i n n orthwestern Champagne, c lustered a long t he Marne, Ves le, S u ippe a nd Tourbe ( I. M . S tead 1 965:9-15; D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 . 971 :173, P l. 1 44). A prob lem r e lated t o v ehic le-graves i s t he i nterpre ta tion o f Ha D mater ia l f ound i n L . T. I c har iot-bur ia ls. A t Cuper ly, M ., t he r obbed g rave c onta ined a n i ron d agger a nd b ronze a nd i ron b e lt o r s trap s tuds t hat c an b e d ated t o t he l a ter Ha D ( J.-P. Gu i l laumet 1 975:24, 4 2, 4 6). Ha D a rtefacts were a lso f ound i n ac har iot-bur ia l a t ' Camp d e Chä lons ' , S omme-Tourbe, M . ( ibid.: z 1-24). A Ha D f i bu la was r ecovered f rom a c har iot-bur ia l a t ' la F osse Chape let ' , Chassemy, A . ( R. J offroy a nd D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 . 959 :30). Whether t hese f inds a re e v idence f or t he ' prec oc ious ' d ate o f t hese bur ia ls o r whether t hey a re h e ir looms o f ap rev ious a ge r ema in o pen t o question. The s im i lar ity o f Grave 1 6 t o l ater L . T. I c har iot-bur ia ls wou ld f avour t he f ormer hypothes is.

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The f inds f rom G rave 1 6 a nd t he N i jon bur ia l , a par t f rom t he wagons, d o n ot i nd icate unusua l wea lth, a nd t he a bsence o f i mported a r tefacts s hou ld b e n o ted . 1 6.3

Funerary d i tched e nc losures

1 6.3 .1

C ircu lar d i tched e nc losures ( Kre isgräben) ( Map 4 2)

I n t he l ast s evera l d ecades, a er ia l p ho tography h as b een i nstrumenta l i n d etect ing l arge n umbers o f r ing d i tches a long t he ma jor a l luv ia l v a l leys o f t he n or thern h a lf o f t he P ar is Bas in: t he S omme, t he A isne, t he m idd le Marne a nd S e ine, t he m idd le a nd l ower Yonne . 1 1 G enera l r eg iona l d ifferences a re d iscern ib le. C lusters o f t wo t o f ive r ing d i tches, b etween 2 0 a nd 2 5 m i n d iame ter, a re t he most c ommon g roup ing i n t he S omme v a l ley, wh i le l arger c lusters o f s ma l ler, d ense ly p acked, c on t inuous a nd p enannu lar r ing d i tches, o f ten a ssoc ia ted w i th ' key-ho le ' ( Sch lüsse l lochg räben), e longated r ec tangu lar ( Langgräben) a nd o ther t ypes o f d i tched e nc losures, a re more f requent i n t he Champagne, t he S e ine a nd Yonne v a l leys ( R. Agache 1 978 :98 , 1 01). The A isne v a l ley r ing d i tches, c ont inuous a nd p enannu lar a nd b etween 2 5 a nd 3 5 m i n d iameter, c lose ly r esemb le t hose o f t he S omme ( ib id.:102). The t ime r ange o f t hese s truct ures i s w ide, e xtend ing f rom t he L ate Neo l i th ic ( S. O. M.), d a te o f t he p enannu lar Enc los E 4 i n C eme tery 1 a t ' les Gours-aux-L ions ' ,Maro l less ur-Se ine, S .-et-M. ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1 970 :107 , 1 10 , 1 08 f ig . 5 1), t o t he L .T . I, t he d a te g iven t o t he p enannu lar o va l d i tched e nc losure a t ' le I Vontant d e 1 ' Ob i t ' ,Mdn i l-Anne l les , Ard . ( J.-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 977 :63, 6 6 f ig . 8 ). 1 2 The ma jor i ty, h owever, c an b e p laced i n t he B . A., p ar t icu lar ly i n i ts l a ter s tages. The quest ion o f whether o r n ot r ing d i tches e nc losed t umu l i s truc tures h as b een s uff ic ient ly d ebated f or t he a rguments n ot t o b e r epea ted h ere . Desp i te s ome d isagreement ( D. J a lmain . 1 970 :42 ; B . Chert ier 1 976b: 6 23), t here i s ac onsensus i n f avour o f a ccep t ing t h is hypothes is ( id . 1 976a :75-79 ; A . V i l les 1 974 :51-55; R . Agache 1 978 :105). Rare e xamp les o f p enannu lar d i tches e nc los ing Ha C a nd e ar ly D c remat ion bur ia ls a re t hose e nc irc l ing Tumu l i H a nd S a t ' Au-dessus du Chem in d es Bretons ' ,Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M . ( A . Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 953 :223), a nd Enc losure I V/B a t ' le F ond d es B erno is t ,S au lcesChampeno ises, Ard . ( J.-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 979 :9-11; I . M . S tead 1 978). The r e la t ive ly s ma l l d iameter, n ot e xceed ing 1 0 m , o f Enc losures H a nd S , t he ir t rapezo ida l-sect ion d i tches, 1 3 a nd t he ir o peni ng t o t he s outh, c ompare w i th t he Ha B r ing d i tches a mong wh ich t hey were f ound. S im i lar p enannu lar e nc losures, b etween 8 a nd 2 8 m i n d iameter, w i th t he o pen ing t o t he s outh, a re c ommon i n t he Champagne, i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion, n o tab ly a t ' le P ra la t ' ( Enc los E , D1 a nd C l), B roussy-le-Grand, M . ( B. Cher t ier 1 976a:64-69, 7 9-94), a nd i n t he Marne va l ley, a t ' l e Brds i l ' ( Enc los I a nd I I), Ha l l ign icour t, H teW I . ( L. L epage 1 975:5-8), a nd p oss ib ly a t Au lnay-sur-Marne, M . ( B. Cher t ier a nd G . L assabe 1 970 :742-743, 7 46 f ig . 3 ); i n t he S e ine v a l ley, i n t he Nogenta is, a t ' les Gr ves d e l a V i l leneuve ' ,Barbu ise-Courtavent, a nd t he a d jo in ing s i te o f ' les G räves t ,L a V i l leneuve-au-Chäte lot, Au . ( B. Cher t ier 1 976b:621); a nd i n t he Bassde, where a n e ar ly e xamp le ( Enc los 5 ), e nc los ing a Ha A ( Bronze D ) c rema t ion, c omes f rom C eme tery La t l es Gours-aux-L ions ' ,Maro l les-sur-Se ine ( C. a nd D . Mordant 1 970 : 1 10, 1 12, 1 09 f ig . 5 2). A lthough t he ma jor i ty may b e p laced i n t he Ha B , a number o f p enannu lar r ing d i tches b e long t o as l ight ly l a ter Ha B /C phase, a s Enc los 7a t ' les G ob i l lons ' Chä tenay-sur-Se ine, S .-et-M. ( J. Bont i l lot e t a l . 1 975:418, 4 20, 4 44).

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S evera l p enannu lar r ing d i tches, 8 t o 3 0 m i n d iameter , w i th a n o pen ing t o t he e as t, a re known f rom t he Ardennes, o n t he n or thern f r inge o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse : Enc losure R .6 6 a t ' les Rou l iers ' , Aure ( A . Qua trev i l le 1 973 :17 , 2 1 , 1 9 f ig . 2 ); a nd t he e nc losures a t S auces-Champeno ises ( J .-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 977 :71 , 7 0 f ig . 1 1 ) a nd Mdn i l-Anne l les ( ib id .:63 , 6 6 f ig . 8 ) . A Ha D s herd i n t he d i tch o f t he e nc losure a t S au lces, 1 4 a nd t he l ocat ion o f Enc losure R .6 6 a t Aure i n t he e ar l iest p ar t o f t he c emetery , s uggest a Ha D/L .T. I d a te f or t hese s tructures . The e nc losure a t Mena c on ta ined a c en tra l L .T. I i nhuma t ion bur ia l . P enannu lar r ing d i tches w i th a n o pen ing t o t he e as t a re t herefore u sua l ly l a ter t han t he Urnf ie ld c ircu lar d i tched e nc losures w i th a n o pen ing t o t he s outh , a nd c an b e p laced i n t he e ar l ier L .T. ,i f n ot i n t he l a ter Ha D a t t he e ar l iest. C on t inuous r ing d i tches were l arge ly c on temporary t o p enannu lar d i tched e nc losures , a nd h ave a c omp lemen tary d istr ibut ion . They o f ten o ccur t ogether, a s i n t he Ha B /C c eme tery a t ' le Mou l in ' , Ver tlaG rave l le, M . ( A . Br isson e t a l . 1 956:29-31), a nd a t Gravon , S .-et-M ., where a c on t inuous r ing d i t-c h ( Enc los B ) e nc losed a c entra l Ha B /C u rn-crema t ion ( C. Mordan t 1 96 6 :50-56) . A r ing d i tch i n t he N ogen ta is, a t t he ' Ferme d e F rdcuP ,L a S au lsotte, Au ., 2 0 m i n d iame ter , e nc losed ac en tra l Ha D i nhuma t ion bur ia l i n as tone c as ing , a nd f ive s econdary i nhuma t ions ( D. J a lma in 1 97 0 :40 ). I t i s p oss ib le , a s n o ted e lsewhere, t ha t t he c en tra l i nhuma t ion may h ave d isp laced a l a te Ha B o r B /C c rema t ion f or wh ich t he r ing d i tch was o r ig ina l ly i n tended. C on t inuous a nd p enannu lar r ing d i tches a re a lso f ound a long t he Y onne v a l ley b e low t he Auxerro is ( P. P arruzo t 1 959:36-39). P redominan t ly o f B . A. d a te, s evera l c an b e d a ted t o * t he e nd o f t he Ha B o r B/C , n o tab ly t he e nc losure a t V i l leneuve-la-Guyard, Y ., wh ich h ad a t i t s c en tre a p i le o f l arge s tone b locks ( J . N ico l le 1 96 2 :202 ). The c ircu lar d i tched e nc losure a t ' la T Ate d e l a P ierre ' ,M ichery , Y ., may b e c on temporary (Ga l l ia , 3 4 , 1 976: 4 61 -4 62 ). C omparab le t o Au lnay-aux-P lanches , where e lFEC —ar e nc losures ma in ta ined t he ir L a te Urnf ie ld ' character ' we l l i n to t he e ar ly Ha D , p enannu lar r ing d i tches, b e tween 1 0 a nd 1 5 m i n d iame ter , w i th a n o pen ing t o t he s ou th , e nc losed Ha D i nhuma t ion bur ia ls a t ' l es G rose i l l iers ' Cheny , Y . ( P . P arruzo t 1 955a : 3 -6 ) . R ecen t e xcava t ions a t ' la P icard ie ' , Gurgy , Y ., h ave r evea led r ing d i tches c overed b y e ar then t umu l i e rec ted i n t he c ourse o f t he H a D ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P . De lor 1 980 ). S ix V- a nd U -sect ion d i tches, s evera l o f wh ich may h ave b een p a l isade-trenches, were f ound a t t he b ase o f Tumu lus V w i th a c en tra l p r imary i nhuma t ion o f t he l a ter Ha D ( ib id.: 2 8-29 ). The c ont emporary Tumu lus Z c overed t wo a d jo in ing V -sec t ion r ing d i tches ( ib id.:34 ). The l a ter Ha D/L .T. I Tumu lus ZA, wh ich c overed a c en tra l p r imary c rema t ion, was bu i l t o ver t wo a d jo in ing d itches c u t s uccess ive ly w ith V- a nd U -sect ions r espect ive ly ( ib id .:37 ). A number o f c ircu lar d i tched e nc losures i n t he Nord a nd P icardy may b e o f Ha C d a te a l though r e la t ive ly f ew h ave b een e xcava ted. A H a C p i t-crema t ion was f ound i n p rox im i ty t o p oss ib le c ontemporary r ing d i tches a t Mach ie l, S omme , n or th o f t he S omme e stuary ( R. Agache 1 97 8 : 1 01-102 ). A t ' la F rdnds ie ? ,C onch i lle-Temp le, P .-de-C., Ha C o r D p i t-structures were a ssoc ia ted w i th a c omp lex s er ies o f c rop-marks wh ich i nc lude r ing d itches, o n as i te w i th o ccupa t ion e xtend ing f rom t he N eol i th ic t o t he Ga l lo-Roman P er iod ( J.-F . P in ingre 1 977 ; 1 979 ). R ecent e xcava tions i n t he Berry a nd t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion h ave uncovered a l im i ted number o f Ha D t umu l i w i th in r ing d i tches. These

2 26

r evea l a marked i nd iv idua l i ty- i n a n a rea where L ate U rnf ie ld f unerary e nc losures a re l i tt le known . 1 5 The s ing le r ing a round Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Champs d e C ouy ' ,S t-Den is-de-Pa l in , C ., i s aw ide, r e la t ive ly d eep, f la t-bottomed d i tch w i th a v er t ica l i nner f ace a nd a n o uter s tepped f ace ( J. F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 :226, 2 28, 2 44 ) . I t was l ef t e xposed un l ike t he r ing d i tch e nc los ing t he t umu lus a t ' Favr i l le ' ,L izeray , I ., wh ich was bur ied b enea th t he o uter l imestone s labbed c over o f t he mound ( Ga l l ia , 3 6, 1 978 : 2 73 ) . Tumu lus 2 a t ' les Danges ' , Sub la ines, I .-et-L . h ad t wo s ha l low c oncen tr ic r ing d itches, e ach f ronted by a d ry-stone wa l l , a nd b oth p resumab ly c overed by t he t umu lus mound ( G. Cord ier 1 975 : 5 85, 5 8 ' 7 ) . S ince t umu l i d i tched e nc losures h ave o n ly c ome t o l igh t i n t he B erry a nd m idd le L o ire r eg ion under modern e xcava t ion c ond it ions , i t c an b e i nferred t ha t more e x isted t ha t e scaped t he n ot ice o f e ar l ier e xcava tors. R ing d itches were n ot, h owever , ag enera l f ea ture o f Ha D t umu l i i n t he r eg ion , a s r ecent e xcava t ions o n at umu lus a t ' Thor igny ', Baccon , L o ir., t est ify ( R. A .L., 4 , 1 978 :73 ). C ircu lar d itched e nc losures f ea ture i n t he L .T. I , p ar t icu lar ly a round c ar t-bur ia ls i n t he r eg ion o f Chä lons-sur-Marne, M . ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971:191-192). 1 0 t o 2 0 m i n d iameter, L .T. I r ing d i tches a re u sua l ly c ont inuous w ith a V -sect ion d i tch ( A . V i l les 1 974 :55). 1 6.3 .2

Ova l d i tched e nc losures

Two e l l iptica l e nc losures o f p robab le Ha D d a te were e xcava ted i n t he s outhern Ardennes,on t he n orthern f r inge o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse. Enc los MT . 7 6, 2 5 x 6 0 .50 m , o r iented NW-SE, w ith a s ha l low t rapezo ida ls ect ion d i tch, c omes f rom t he Ha D/L.T. I c emetery a t Mon t-Tro td ' Manre ( A . Quatrev i l le 1 972:45). Ha D p ottery was f ound i n t he d i tch ( A . Qua trev i l le). A s im i lar e nc losure ( R.56), 1 3 .50 x 3 0 m , o r iented N -S, w i th a n o pen ing t o t he e ast, was l oca ted i n t he n e ighbour ing , l arge ly c ontemporary , c emetery a t ' les Rou l iers ' ,Aure ( id. 1 973 :36) . The d i tch was c ut b y a number o f f l atinhuma t ion g raves i nc lud ing, i n t he n ortheastern c orner, Grave R .75 wh ich c onta ined t wo l a te Ha D F usszierf ibe ln ( A . Qua trev i l le ). The s ter i le i nter iors o f t hese e nc losures s uggest a r i tua l r a ther t han bur ia l purpose, r eca l l ing t he l ong quadrang u lar r i tua l e nc losure , 1 5 x 8 9 m , w ith a n o pen ing t o t he S E, a t 'Aud essus du Chem in d es Bretons ', Au lnay-aux-P lanches , M . ( B. Cher t ier 1 976a:96-98 ). 1 6.3.3

Quadrangu lar d i tched e nc losures

S quare d i tched e nc losures a re l ess c ommon i n numer ica l t erms t han a re r ing d i tches. The s ides v ary ing b etween 4 a nd 2 0 m , t hey a re r are i n t he S omme v a l ley ( R. Agache 1 978 :112 ) ,a nd r e la t ive ly f requent i n t he Champagne P ou i l leuse , a long i ts n orthern e dge ( J.-L. F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 977 :59-71) a nd i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( A . Br isson a nd J .-J. Ha tt 1 955:P l. I I o pp. 3 29 ). I so la ted o r o ccurr ing i n s ma l l g roups , s omet imes l i nked, w i th o r w ithout c entra l i nhumat ion a nd c rema t ion bur ia ls , t hey a re g enera l ly d a ted t o t he L .T. I a nd I I. The ir p oster ior ity t o L ate Urnf ie ld c ircu lar d itched e nc losures i s c onf i rmed a t ' le P ra la t ' ,Broussy-le-Grand , M . where s quare e nc losures w ere c ut i nto ( Enc los D ) a nd a round ( Enc los C ) l a te Ha B p enannu lar r ing d i tches ( B. Cher t ier 1 976a :79-80 , 8 8-92).

2 27

A c omp lex o f s quare a nd o ther quadrangu lar d itched e nc losures a t ' la Vo ie d e Vadeney ' ,Bouy, M ., i nc ludes s evera l s truc tures wh ich may d a te t o t he Ha D ( Ga l l ia, 3 5, 1 977 :405-406). A b ronze Doppe lz ierf ibe l ( F ig . 4 9 , 9 ) was f ound i n t he r ectangu lar d i tched Enc losure C ( D. Chossenot e t a l . 1 970:14 , 9f ig. 2 , 5 ); a nd H a D p ottery i n t he d i tch o f t he s quare -Enc losure B wh ich i s l inked t o t he r ectangu lar Enc losure A ( M. Chossenot), a nd i n t he d i tch o f as econd s quare e nc losure ( F ig . 4 5, 2 ) ( M. J ono t). The c omp lex i s o therwise s im i lar t o t hose f ound a t ' le Montant d e l ' Ob i t ' ,Mdn i l-Anne l les, Ard ., a nd V i l le-sur-Retourne, M ., b oth d ated t o t he L .T. I/III ( J .-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 977 : 6 6 f ig . 8 , 6 9 f ig . 1 0). I n t he l ower Yonne v a l ley, a t ' la C reo le ' ,S erbonnes, Y ., Ha D s herds were f ound i n a quadrangu lar e nc losure a nd a ssoc ia ted w ith a s quare p ost-structure c onta ined w i th in a d itched e nc losure ( Ga l l ia , 1 8 , 1 96 0 :361-362 ; 2 0, 1 962:477 -480). The l a tter s tructure i s a lso f ound a t Mdn i l-Anne l les ( J.-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 977 :6 4 -65), a nd a t ' la F in d ' Ecury ' ( Enc los C ), F äre-Champeno ise, M . ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J . Ha tt 1 96 0 :18 , P l . Io pp. 8 ). Bo th e nc losures a re d a ted t o t he L .T. I . A quadrup le s quare d i tched e nc losure, S tructure D , h as r ecen t ly b een e xcava ted a t ' la P icard ie ' , Gurgy, Y ., i n t he m idd le Y onne v a l ley ( C. P e l let a nd J .-P. De lor 1 980). Enc los ing Grave 1 8 , as quare p i t w i th mu lt ip le Ha D/L .T. I c rema t ions, S tructure D c ons ists o f 4 V-sect ion s quare d i tches, t he o uter t wo b e ing p a ired w i th a maximum l eng th o f a pprox imate ly 2 0 m ( ib id. : 13-15). Ha D p ottery was a lso r ecovered f rom t he d i tch o f al arge quadrangu lar e nc losure a t ' les B lanc P aves ' ,E tap les, P .-de-C., o f wh ich o n ly a c orner h as b een uncovered ( Ga l l ia, 3 3 , 19 75 :285). I t i s p ar t o f al arger c omp lex wh ich i nc ludes a Ha D u rn-crema tion ( J . C oupé e t a l . 1 973) a nd L . T .d i tched e nc losures ( Ga l l ia, 3 5, 1 977 : 2 91) . The p resence o f Ha D a r tefacts i n t he s ma l ler s quare e nc losures m ay b e a cc identa l, b rought w i th t he s o i l t o e rec t t he t umu lus mound, i f t hese s tructures c an b e c ons idered a s t umu l i e nc losures ( R . Agache 1 978 :115). 1 15). Quadrangu lar e nc losures a re r e lat ive ly r are i n t he Champagne i n t he e ar ly L .T. I when t hey a re known t o e nc lose a number o f c har iot bur ia ls ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971:191). 1 6.4

Bur ia l l oca t ion a nd s tructure

A lthough t he n a ture o f t he f unerary s tructure was t o s ome d egree i nf luenced by r e l ig ious c ustom, whether t rad i t iona l o r a dopted, s urface g eo logy p layed a d eterm in ing r o le. F la t p i t-graves w ere g enera l ly r estr icted t o t he ' looser ' s ands a nd g rave ls o f t he a l luv ia l v a l leys a long t he m idd le a nd l ower Y onne, a nd t he S e ine, Marne a nd A isne ; t o t he s of t ' Cre taceous Cha lk o f t he Champagne P ou i l leuse w i th i t s l ight r endz ina c over; a nd t o t he J urass ic l imes tone o f L ower Normandy w i th i ts s ha l low b rown c a lcareous s o i l c over i n t he P la ine d e Caen, a nd b rown e utroph ic s o i l b lanket i n t he c oasta l B ess in ( Map 3 6). Tumu l i h ave a much w ider d istr ibut ion a cross t he P ar is Bas in ( Map 3 8). I n t he n orthern h a lf o f t he Bas in, t hey a re g enera l ly f ound i n t he r iver v a l leys . I n t he Champagne, t umu l i o n t he Cha lk a re s i tua ted i n p rox im i ty t o s ources o f ' loose ' s o i l, n ame ly t he a l luv ia l s o i ls o f t he r iver v a l leys a nd t he marsh land s o i l i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion . Tumu l i i n t he 2 28

B eauce, a l though l ocated a long r iver o r d ry v a l leys, were c onstructed w ith ma ter ia ls d rawn f rom t he under ly ing O l igocene L imestone . Tumu l i i n f orested z ones, a t ' Hau lzy ' ,a nd i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, i n t he F or & d ' Or leans a nd t he S o logne, made u se o f t he s uperf ic ia l s ands a nd c lays: b rown c a lcareous s o i ls a t Hau lzy ', p odzo l ic a nd l eached s o i ls i n t he F or & d ' Or leans, a nd p odzo l ic s o i ls i n t he S o logne . Tumu l i a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in a re l im i ted t o t he b e lt o f J urass ic l imestone . They o ccupy a w ide r ange o f s o i ls: most ly o n r ed r endz inas o n t he L angres P lateau a nd u pper Yonne; o n r endz inas, l eached a nd b rown e utroph ic s o i ls i n t he N ik rre; o n r ed r endz inas a nd r endz inas i n t he Champagne Berr ichonne, a nd o n b rown c a lcareous s o i ls t o t he s outh . The ma jor i ty o f t hese t umu l i d rew o n t he l imestone p arent r ock f or t he ir bu i ld ing mater ia ls, h ence t he p redom ina nce o f ' ga lga l ' m ounds ( Map 4 1). The i nf luence o f s urface g eo logy o n d eterm in ing t he f unerary s tructure i s c lear ly e v iden t i n t he Yonne v a l ley. Wh i le t umu l i a re g enera l ly r es tructed t o l imes tone p la teaux i n t he s outhern Auxerro is a nd Ava l lonna is, c ontemporary f la t p i t-graves p redom inate i n t he a l luv ia l s ands b e low t he Yonne-Cure c onf luence where t he Yonne va l ley w idens. A s im i lar s i tuat ion e x isted i n t he Ha A /B, w i th t umu l i l im i ted t o t he Ava l lonna is a nd u rnf ie lds t o t he r iver v a l ley ( P. P arruzo t 1 955a: 2 ). Tumu l i e stab l ished o n t he a l luv ia l s ands a nd g rave ls were i nvar iab ly e nc losed i n r ing d i tches wh ich t he ' loose ' s ub-so i l f avoured . F unerary d i tched e nc losures w ere c ut o uts ide t he r iver v a l leys where t he s o i l c over i s r e la t ive ly s ha l low, o n t he Cha lk i n t he Champagne, a nd o n t he C ora l l ian a nd O l i th ic L imestones o f t he Champagne b err ichonne . S evera l hypotheses c an b e put f orward r egard ing t he r e lat ionsh ip b etween s urface g eo logy a nd f unerary s tructure . The t umu lus, o n t he J urass ic f r inge o f t he Bas in, i s t he o bv ious s tructure t o p rov ide p rot ect ion f or t he bur ia l p laced o n t he n a tura l g round s urface where t he under ly ing r ock i s e i ther t oo h ard t o p enetra te o r t he s o i l c over t oo d eep. The l imestone p arent r ock a nd a bundant s o i l c onst itute, i n t urn, r ead i ly a ccess ib le b u i ld ing ma ter ia ls . I n t he l a ter Ha D a nd e ar ly L .T. I , when i nhumat ion i n f l a t p it-graves b ecame g enera l ised o n t he s ha l lower a nd l ighter s o i ls where t he p arent r ock was r e la t ive ly s of t ' ,e x ist ing t umu l i o n t he J urass ic f r inge were r e-used i nstead o f n ew mounds b e ing e rected. S econdary i nhuma tion a nd c rema t ion bur ia ls i n e x ist ing mounds a ppear a s l og ica l r esponses t o t he p ressures o f a n i ncreased bur ia l p opu lat ion . Tumu lus c onstruct ion n ecess i ta ted t ime a nd l abour wh ich c ou ld n ot meet t he i ncreased d emand . A s im i lar p ressure e x isted i n t he Champagne but w as s o lved d ifferen t ly ow ing t o t he d ifference i n s urface g eo logy . The s ha l low s o i l c over o n t he Cha lk meant t ha t e arth h ad t o b e ' imported ' i n o rder t o bu i ld t umu l i mounds, a n a dded d emand o n t ime a nd l abour . The ' sof t ' Cha lk a nd t h in s o i l c over, i n wh ich p i ts c ou ld b e c ut w i th r e la t ive e ase p rov ided t he a nswer t o t he i ncrease i n t he bur ia l p opu lat ion . Exist ing t umu l i w ere a lso r e-ut i l ised. The s ands a nd g rave ls i n t he a l luv ia l v a l leys were a lso c onduc ive t o p i t-graves. Tumu l i ' t rad i t ions, n otab ly t he c on t inued r i te o f c over ing t he bur ia l w i th " terre n o ire", p ers isted i n t he n ew mode o f f lat p itinhuma t ion . Tumu l i were s t i l l e rected but were r eserved f or t he l imi ted e l i te who w ere i nterred w i th t he ir c arts a nd c har iots. The r o le o f s ocia l a nd r e l ig ious n orms i n t he bur ia l s tructure i s , o f c ourse, a n i mpor tant f actor. Tha t t hese may h ave b een f ormu la ted a s p ragma tica l a nswers t o e nv ironmenta l r ea l i t ies c annot b e d ism issed, h owever . 2 29

1 6.5

Summary ( Tab le 5 )

1 6.5 .1

Ha B /C

The s parse e v idence f or Ha B /C bur ia ls, d istr ibuted ma in ly a long t he ma jor r iver va l leys a nd i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne ( Map 3 5) a ttests t o t he w idespread p ractice o f t he c rema tion r i te i n f lat p i tc raves a nd under t umu lus. I t i s ac ont inuat ion o f ' un iversa l ' l ate Ha B ' mixed ' f unerary t rad i t ions wh ich i nc lude b oth u rnf ie lds a nd t umu l i c emeter ies ( N. K . S andars 1 957 :347 ). A long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, t he e v idence f or c ont emporary bur ia l c ustoms r ema ins s l ight. F ew Ha B/C t umu l i c rema t ions were a ssoc iated w i th g rave-goods o r d a tab le a rtefacts . The p r imary u rnc rema tions f rom t he t umu lus a t 1Charmo ise l les ', Ro lampont, H te-M. ( L . L epage 1 974d), a nd f rom Tumu lus 1 a t ' les Danges ' ,S ub la ines, I .-etL . ( G. Cord ier 1 975), d a ted r espective ly t o t he Ha B a nd B/C, a re e xcept iona l. The c eram ic mater ia l, a nd g enera l f unerary p ractices p o int t o c ontacts w i th t he l a te Ha B ' Rhen ish-Swiss ' Group ( W. K imm ig 1 940 : 1 20-121). C loser p ara l le ls c an b e d rawn w i th t he n e ighbour ing Cöte-d ' Or where t he r i te o f t umu lus c remat ion was t hen d ominant ( F. Henry 1 933 : 2 9-43). The s carc ity o f bur ia l f inds i n t he Ha B /C h as a lso b een n oted i n Burgundy ( G. Wamser 1 975:67 ). L i tt le i s known o f t he f unerary p ract ices i n t he northwestern quar ter o f t he Basin. F rom t he meagre e v idence i n t he m idd le O ise va l ley, u rnf i e lds a ppear t o h ave b een t he p r incipa l means o f bur ia l, a nd may h ave l asted i nto t he Ha D , a s i n e astern F landers ( S. J . d e L aet e t a l . 1 958 : 1 63-167). An u rnf ie ld a t Court-St-Etienne, Brabant, i s known t o h ave a lso b een i n u se t hroughout t he Ha C a nd D ( M.-E. Mar iön 1 958 :193, 1 95). Tumu li i n t he Nord-Pas-de-Ca la is, p art icu lar ly i n t he Bou lonna is ( G. Gaucher a nd J .-P. 5 / lohen 1 974:73-78), a nd r ing d i tches ( R. Agache 1 978: 9 5-111), a re e v idence t hat t umu lus c rema t ion may a lso h ave b een p ract iced a t t h is t ime. I n t he Champagne a nd t he Bass6e, where t he f unerary r ema ins a re r e lat ive ly we l l d ocumented, t he r i tes a nd f unerary p ottery r evea l c ont inu ing l inks w ith s outhwestern Germany a nd t he Rhine land. C ont inu i ty i n bur ia l p ractices i s b est i l lustrated a t ' Au-dessus du Chemin d es Bretons ' , Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M . ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 953). Urnf ie lds o f Ha C a nd D d ate, a s we l l a s t umu l i c remat ions w ith in d i tched e nc losures, a re a ssoc iated w ith t he L aufe ld Group i n t he Neuw ied Bas in ( W. Dehn 1 936:39 Abb. 1 4 ; 1 941:72; N . K . S andars 1 957 :221; H .-E. J oach im 1 968:15-19, 3 0-31). Ceram ic t rad it ions were p articu lar ly c lose, i t c an b e r emembered, b etween t he S t-Gond r eg ion a nd t he m idd le Rh ine v a l ley ( B. Cher tier 1 976a :160). 1 6.5 .2

Ha C

The c omparative un ity i n t he c remat ion r i te a cross t he Basin i n t he p receding p er iod i s b roken i n t he e ar ly Ha C w i th t he w idespread a doption o f t umu lus i nhumat ion a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, f rom t he P la teau d e L angres t o t he Berry. Th is n ew r i te i s a ssoc iated w i th t he Ha C i ron sword, a nd r ef lects c ontemporary d eve lopments i n Burgundy, i n F . Henry 's Groupe A bur ia ls ( 1933:45-55 ; G . Wamser 1 975:68-72), a nd i n t he J ura ( J.-P. M i l lotte 1 963a:177 , 1 80). A p ara l le l g roup a ssoc iated w ith t he Ha C i ron sword, but p ractic ing t he t umu lus c remation r i te, emerged o n t he n ortheastern f r inges o f t he

2 30

P i I 0 2

E l 0i 4 I C O

r — I

g

E i 5

2 31 U 3 P k I C O

S econdary b urial

I nhumation

S E 4

P rimary b urial

0 2 e n

Cremation

P lateau d e L an

F lat grave

\

B erryiNivernais:

Middle L oire:

) 7 \ \

\ \

c ‘ :

Tab le 5 Synopt ic t ab le o f bur ia l p ract ices

Champagne, r eferred t o a s t he Hau lzy ' g roup . I t i s f urther c haracteri sed by s hared c eramic t rad it ions, a nd a t ' le F ond d e Berno is ' ,S au lcesChampeno ises, Ard., by h orse-gear ( J.-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 979 :1 1-12). The g roup, w i th i ts t umu lus c remat ion r i te a nd r i tua l ly b ent i ron s words, i s s im i lar t o n e ighbour ing t umu l i i n t he Argonne f orest, a s e xemp l if ied by t he t umu lus c emetery a t ' Rosebo is ' ,Monce l-sur-Se i l le, M .-et-M. ( J.-P. M i l lo tte 1 965:32, 1 01-102 n o . 1 69). C eram ic t ypes c an b e c ompared t o f inds f rom t he t umu lus c remat ion c emetery a t ' Grand Bo is ' ,S t-V incent, Luxembourg ( M.-E. Mar iön 1 964 :165-167); a nd t he p resence o f Ha C s words a nd h orse-gear, a s w e l l a s c er ta in wares, t o t he t umu lus c remat ion c emetery a t ' la F erme Rouge ' ,C ourt-St-Et ienne ( ib id. : 100-147). Ha C s words a nd h orse-gear i n t umul i bur ia ls a re a lso f ound i n t he J ura , a t Chavör ia ( D. Vua i l la t 1 977 :124-128), a nd f orm G . Kossack 's Phase M inde lhe im i n s ou thern Bavar ia ( 1959:17-21, 2 3 ). S outhern Bavar ia a ppears a s al ike ly o r ig in f or t he c omb ina t ion o f Ha C s words a nd h orse-gear ( M.-E. Mar iön 1 958 :262 ), wh i le t he t umu lus c rema t ion r i te s tems f rom m idd le a nd l ower Rhen ish i nf luences ( J .-P. M i l lo tte 1 965 :32). The c hanges i n f unerary p ract ices a nd g rave-assemb lages i n t he Ha C a re a marg ina l phenomenon , a ffecting t he s ou thern p er iphery o f t he Bas in a nd t he f r inges o f t he Champagne , t he c ore r ema in ing f i rm ly b ased i n l a te Ha B f unerary a nd c eram ic t rad i t ions . 1 6.5 .3

Ha D

There i s l i tt le c hange i n t he e ar ly s tages o f t he Ha D . Toward t he e nd o f t he p er iod, wh i le t umu lus i nhuma t ion r ema ins d ominant a long t he s outhern e dges o f t he Bas in, t he c onstruct ion o f n ew t umu l i b ecomes l ess f requent a nd i s r ep laced by s econdary i nhuma t ions i n e x ist ing mounds . Aga in, t h is d eve lopment i s r ef lected i n n e ighbour ing Burgundy ( G. Wamser 1 975 :87-88 , 8 5 Tab. 1 0 ), but i s l ess o bv ious i n t he J ura a l though s econdary i nhuma t ion i s a lso c haracter ist ic o f t he l a ter Ha D ( ibid . : 63-64 , 6 3 Tab. 5 ; J .-P. M i l lotte 1 963a :218-222; 1 976a :730 ). A r ad ica l c hange o ccurs i n t he a reas where L a te U rnf ie ld f unerary c ustoms a re r ep laced by t he i nhumat ion r i te, n otab ly i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion a nd i n t he Champagne . Th is t akes t he f orm o f p r imary ( ?) a nd s econdary t umu l i bur ia ls i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, a nd f la t-inhuma t ion c emeter ies a nd s econdary bur ia ls i n Ha B /C t umu l i i n t he Champagne . I nhuma t ion i n f la t p i t-graves s preads i nto t he ma jor r iver v a l leys, a nd i s a lso f ound i n L ower Normandy . I t b ecomes t he d om inant f unerary s tructure i n t he Champagne, a nd i n a d jo in ing r eg ions , i n t he s ucceed ing phase o f t he e ar ly L .T. I ( H. L orenz 1 978 :220 , 2 23; D . Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 : 1 69 ) . Wh i le t he l a ter Ha D i s marked b y t he w idespread a dopt ion o f t he i nhuma t ion r i te, c rema t ion i s n ot a bandonned a l together . I n t he Champagne, f or e xamp le, i t i s s t i l l p resent i n t he l a te Ha D f la t-inhuma t ion c eme tery a t ' les J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M . ( P. M . F avret 1 936:41 ). A m inor r esurgence o f t umu lus c rema t ion , where t he a re p laced i n ab ronze v esse l p rotected by a s tone c ist, i n t he B erry a nd i n t he m idd le L o ire a nd Yonne r eg ions r eturn t o t umu lus c remat ion , a s p r imary a nd s econdary o ccurs i n Burgundy ( G. Wamser 1 975 :88, 8 5 Tab. 1 0 ). s econdary d eve lopment i n b o th r eg ions .

2 32

c remated r ema ins i s d iscern ib le ( Map 4 0 ). A bur ia ls, a lso I t r ema ins a

I n c onc lus ion, i tc an b e s a id t ha t t he Bas in w i tnessed t wo f undamenta l ' c hanges i n f unerary t rad i t ions : t he f irst , a t t he b eg inning o f t he Ha C , b rought t he t umu lus i nhuma t ion r i te t o t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in; a nd t he s econd, i n t he l a ter Ha D , s aw t he i ntroduct ion o f t he i nhumat ion r i te i n t he r eg ions h ertofore u nder s trong L a te Urnf i e ld f unerary t rad i t ions , n ame ly i n t he Champagne a nd m idd le L o ire r eg ion ( Tab le 5 ). The m idd le L o ire r eg ion , t o b e v iewed a s a n i ntermed iate z one , r ema ined w i th in t he o rbi t o f t he Bassde a nd Champagne, a s d id t he l ower Yonne v a l ley , un ti l t he l a ter Ha D . A f ter t hat t ime, d eve lopments i n t he Berry were t o p lay a more i nf luent ia l r o le i n t he m idd le L o ire a nd Yonne r eg ion when t he t umu lus i nhuma t ion r i te, a nd t umu l i c rema t ions i n b ronze v esse ls , were i ntroduced. Whi le a c er ta in d egree o f l oca l e vo lut ion i s p ercept ib le i n t he n or thern h a lf o f t he Bas in, i t s s outhern p er iphery r ema ined t hroughout t he Ha C a nd D p rofound ly i nf luenced by e vents i n n e ighbour ing Burgundy , a nd t o al esser e xtent i n t he J ura . Deve lopments f urther s outh , i n t he Mass if C entra l , may h ave h ad s ome e ffect , p art icu lar ly i n t he Ha D when t umu lus c remat ion w as t he d om inant bur ia l p ract ice ( J .-P . Daugas a nd F . Ma lacher 1 976:740 ). I n p art icu lar, t he t umu lus c emetery a t G landon, H te-V. ( R. Bo isseau a nd J . L ambert 1 975), a nd t he g roup o f t umu l i i n t he Rochechouart r eg ion o f t he s outhern L imous in ( J .-P . Daugas e t a l . 1 976:453-454 ), e xer ted s ome i nf luence i n t he Berry t ha t may h ave g one b eyond t he pure ly c eram ic. 1 6.5 .4

D i tched e nc losures

R ing d i tches, s im i lar t o t he d ense ly p acked g roups o f s ma l l c irc les f ound i n t he Champagne a nd t he Yonne v a l ley, a re known i n Ho l land , B e lg ium a nd Westpha l ia , 1 6 where many d a te t o t he L a ter Bronze a nd E ar ly I ron Ages ( B. Chert ier 1 976a :57 -59 ; R . Agache 1 978 :101, 1 05 ). The l arger a nd i so la ted r ing d i tches f rom t he S omme a nd A isne v a l leys a re more a k in t o e xamp les f rom Br i ta in ( ibid .:101 ). Square d i tched e nc losures, o f t he t ype most f requent ly e ncountered i n t he Champagne, a re known o ver a w ide z one , f rom e as tern Y orksh ire ( I . M . S tead 1 965 :18-24 ) t o t he m idd le Rh ine land ( K. V . Decker a nd J . S co l lar 1 962 :176, 1 78 , 1 77 f ig . 1 ). They a re g enera l ly d a ted t o t he l ater L .T . a nd Ga l lo-Roman P er iod . Ha D e xamp les a re r are . Those f ound a t Ruinen, Drenthe , a nd t hought t o e nc lose f unerary pyres ( P.-J . Bonenfant 1 966:516-517 , 5 20-521) a re p laced i n t he Z e i jen phase, d ated t o t he Ha DIL . T. I ( H. T . Wa terbo lk 1 962 :42 ) . A number o f quadrangu lar e nc losures i n t he Champagne may b e c ons idered s omewha t e ar l ier .

NOTES 1 .

C lusters o f s im i lar ly o r iented g raves a re d iscern ib le w i th in t he r ectangu lar z one , o r iented SW-NE, o ccup ied by t he Ha D c emetery : g raves w i th t he h ead p o inted W a re c lustered i n t he NE e xtrem i ty o f t he c emetery , t hose o r iented SW i n t he SW e xtremi ty , a nd t hose o r iented NE a lso i n t he SW e xtremi ty w i th s evera l i n t he NE h a lf o f t he c emetery ( M. Babe p1 974 :10-11, Taf . 1 2-13 ). On ly t he l ast g roup ing a ppears t o c orrespond r ough ly t o o ne o f M . Babe' t hree phases , n ame ly h er m idd le phase ( ib id .: 3 8 , Taf . 3 0 ).

2 33

2 .

The o r ig in o f t he " terre n o ire" , ah omogeneous d ark b rown t o b lack s o i l , o f ten c onta ining c harcoa l f ragments , w orn s herds a nd m isce ll aneous 'd omest ic ' d ebr is , f ound i n s evera l Ha D/L .T. I a nd i n L .T. I g raves , i s t he s ub ject o f d iffer ing i nterpretat ions. Br ief ly s ta ted , t hese i nc lude : t he d ecompos i t ion o f a n o rgan ic s upras tructure ( J .-G. Rozoy 1 96 3 :184 ) , • so i l b rought f rom s ett lement h earths ( G. L ob jo is 1 967 :190, 1 92, 1 96), a nd u se o f t he p er iphera l s urface humus ( G. L assabe e t a l . 1 973 :38 n ote 5 ). Tha t t he " terre n o ire" r ep laced t he mater ia l e xcava ted f rom t he g rave-p i t i s a ttested i n a number o f g raves i n t he L .T. I f lat-inhumat ion c emet ery a t ' la Hdronn Mre ' , Bucy-le-Long , A ., where p edo log ica l a na lyses were made ( G. L ob jo is a nd A . V i l les 1 980 :94 ). The e xc ava ted ma ter ia l was s ca ttered o uts ide t he g raves . The " terre n o ire" f rom l a te Ha D a nd L .T. I f la t-graves r eca l ls t he d ark b rown t o b lack s o i l f ound i n t he d i tches o f Ha B a nd C c ircu lar t umu l i e nc losures i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion , a nd i nterpreted a s s o i l f rom a d jo in ing s ett lements ( B. Cher t ier 1 976a :78 ) ,o r s o i l f rom t he n earby marsh lands ( A. Br isson a nd J .-J. Hatt 1 953 :228 ). More t han o ne s ource f or t he " terre n o ire" i s p robab le , i f i ndeed i t c ons is tent ly r efers t o t he s ame phenomenon, a nd o n ly f urther p edo log ica l t ests may d etermine i ts n atura l o r man-made o r ig in . A l l t ha t c an b e s a id w i th a ssurance i s t ha t t he " terre n oire" was 'i mported ' a nd i ntent iona l ly d epos i ted i n f l a t g raves c ut i n t he c ha lk a s i t was u sed t o bu i ld t he t umu l i mounds i n t he p reced ing Ha B a nd C phases . ( See a lso Dr. P . C . Buck land ' sc omments i n, J .-L . F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 979 :10 .)

3 .

The c ran ium o f t he l ef t s ub ject h as b een d isp laced a nd h is r ight l eg f ound o ver t he r ight s ub ject ' sl ef t l eg . An i ron s ocketed s pear-head was f ound b etween t he t wo i nhumat ions .

4 .

A n oted e xamp le i s t he d oub le i nhumat ion G rave 9 3 a t Bouzy , M ., wh ich c aused P . M . F avret t o d ate , o n t he b as is o f G . Chance ' s e xcava t ions , t he upper i nhuma t ion g rave t o t he Ha D a nd t he l ower o ne t o t he L .T. I , a nd l ed h im t o s uppose i n t he c o-ex istence o f b oth phases ( P . M . F avret 1 930 ). The o rder o f Grave 9 3 s eems d oubtfu l ( M.-L. Morgen a nd P . Roua let 1 976:28 ). The d oub le i nhuma t ion Grave 1 57 a t ' les P u isy ', W i tryläs-Re ims , M ., c ons isted o f al ower Ha D i nhuma t ion o ver wh ich a L .T. I i nhuma t ion was i ntroduced ( A. Bour in 1 911 : 3 4-36).

5 .

The r o le o f wood land a nd f orest i n t he p reserva t ion o f t umu l i s tructures i s n oted e lsewhere , n ame ly i n t he upper Rh ine v a l ley ( C. J . Ba lkwe l l 1 976:1 8 9 ).

6 .

The c art-bur ia l , Grave 1 6, a t l es J ogasses t , Chou i l ly, M ., may a lso h ave b een c overed by a t umu lus a nd a f oca l p o int f or t he Ha D f la t-inhumat ion c emetery . I ts r e la t ive i so lat ion a nd i ts c entra l p os i t ion a rgue f or s uch a s tructure . The f act t ha t a l l o ther Ha D c art-bur ia ls ( R. J offroy 1 958 :152). a nd a number o f L .T. I c har io t-bur ia ls i n t he Champagne ( D. B re tz-Mah ler 1 971 :191 ), w ere t umu l i s tructures l ends s uppor t t o t h is h ypothes is.

7 .

Recent e xcava t ions o n t wo 'meurgers ' a t ' Sur l e B eauva is ', Ma i l lyl e-Chä teau , Y ., h ave c aut ioned a ga inst i n terpret ing t hese s tructures i nvar iab ly a s f unerary monuments ( Ga l l ia P rdh ., 1 5, 1 972 :451-452 ) .

8 .

Ha D bur ia ls a t t he c entre o f c ircu lar d i tched e nc losures i n t he Champagne a re g enera l ly r egarded a s s econdary . Further s outh ,

2 34

a t l es Grose i l l iers ', Cheny , Y ., f or e xamp le , s imi lar bur ia ls a re p r imary a nd c on temporary t o t he d i tched e nc losures ( P . P arruzo t 1 955a : 3 -6) . 9 .

Marsh land s o i l a ppears t o h ave b een p art icu lar ly f avoured i n t he c onstruct ion o f t umu l i mounds . Apart f rom Au-dessus du Chemins d es Bretons ' ;a nd l es Danges ' ,i t i s a lso f ound i n Tumu lus 3 a t Chenev ikres t, S av igny-en-Septa ine , C ., e xtracted f rom t he n e ighbour ing marshes o f t he ) (byre ( P. d e Goy 1 887 -88 ) .

1 0 .

S ee a lso f ootnote 2 o n t he " terre n o ire".

1 1 .

F or a d eta i led e xam inat ion o f t he a er ia l pho tograph ic e v idence : s ee , f or P icardy , a nd t he S omme v a l ley i n p ar t icu lar ( R. Agache 1 970 : 3 0-32 ; 1 976a ; 1 978:96-111; R . Agache a nd B . Brdar t 1 975), a nd t he Auth ie e stuary ( R. Agache 1 976b ) ; f or t he A isne v a l ley , t he m idd le Marne v a l ley a nd t he S t-Gond r eg ion ( Roger Cheva i l ler 1 962 ) ; f or much t he s ame g round , i nc lud ing t he Br ie, Bassde , Nogenta is a nd B eauce ( D. J a lma in 1 970 :37 -60 , 1 45-152 ) ; f or t he m idd le a nd l ower Yonne v a l ley ( P. P arruzot 1 959 ; 1 960 ; R . Kapps 1 963a ) ; a nd f or t he Bourges r eg ion ( J . Ho lmgren a nd A . L eday 1 980 ). F or a b r ief s ummary o f t he e xcavated e v idence , s ee a lso M . Boureux 1 974 .

1 2.

The r ing d i tch may b e e ar l ier, o f Ha D/L .T. I d ate . a nd n ote 1 4 .

1 3 .

As a g enera l r u le , c ircu lar e nc losures h ave t rapezo ida l-sect ion d itches o n t he Cha lk , a nd V-sect ion d i tches o n t he a l luv ia l s ands a nd g rave ls. The d ifference i s due e ssent ia l ly t o t he v ary ing c ompactness o f t he t wo s o i l t ypes ( B. Chert ier 1 976a :64 ).

1 4 .

I . M . S tead i nterprets t he Ha D s herd f rom t he d i tch a s b e long ing t o t he e ar l ier s ett lement r epresented by t he p ost-structures e nc losed w i th in t he r ing ( J .-L. F louest a nd I . M . S tead 1 977 :71 ) .

1 5.

Recent a er ia l pho tography h as d etected a number o f c ircu lar d i tched e nc losures, i n s ma l l g roups o r i n i so la t ion a long v a l ley s lopes , away f rom s treams , i n t he Bourges r eg ion ( J . Ho lmgren a nd A . L eday 1 980:10 ). These may b e d ated t o t he Ha B t o D ( ib id .:11 ).

1 6.

I t was n ot p oss ib le t o c onsu lt H . Hoffmann , ' V ier Kar ten z ur Kre isgrabenfrage ' ,Wes tfä l ische F orschungen, 1 940 , 1 58-192 . s ummary c an b e f ound i n B . Chert ier 1 976a :58-59 .

2 35

S ee b e low

A

CHAPTER 1 7 LOCATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

1 7 .1

S ett lements a nd c emeter ies ( Maps 3 6, 3 8 , 4 3-45)

A s tudy o f t he s pat ia l r e lat ionsh ips b etween s ett lements a nd c emet er ies i n t he P ar is Bas in i s c onfronted a t t he o utset w ith ma jor o bstac les . A t o ne l eve l i s t he uneven d istr ibut ion o f t he e v idence i t se lf . Apart f rom t he u rnf ie lds a t l e P r ieurd ' ,L a C ro ix-St-Ouen , a nd ' Moru t , P on tpo int, 0 ., v irtua l ly n oth ing i s known o f t he c eme ter ies i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley . The o ppos i te i s t he c ase i n t he B erry where t he s ett lement e v idence i s l im i ted t o t he o pen l ow land s i tes a t ' Bu l les Ouest ' a nd ' P ino teau ', Marmagne, C ., a nd t he p romontory-fort o f Camp d e Cdsar ', L a Groutte , C . Ev idence f or Ha o ccupa t ion i n L ower Normandy i s d rawn e xc lus ive ly f rom c emeter ies. A t as econd l eve l, where s ett lements a nd c emeter ies a re f ound i n t he s ame l oca l i ty , t he p rob lem i s o ne o f e stab l ish ing c ontemporane i ty. I n t he Bassde, o ccupa tion i s e spec ia l ly w e l l a ttested i n t he Ha B /C when t he d ist inct ion b etween f unerary a nd s ett lement p ottery was s t i l l s uff ici ent ly marked t ha t c orre la t ion b etween t hem r ema ins s ub ject ive . An e xamp le i s f ound a t Chä tenay-sur-Se ine, S .-e t-M., where t he c hronol og ica l r e la t ionsh ip b etween t he c emetery a t ' l es Gobi l lons ' a nd t he s ett lement a t 'P rd d es S dcherons t ,l ocated a t ad istance o f o ne k i lometer but i n t he s ame a l luv ia l p la in b etween t he S e ine a nd V ie i l le S e ine, i s l arge ly c on jectura l . More c oncrete e v idence c omes f rom t he Ha C t o e ar ly D s i tes i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne . P ottery f rom t he c emetery a t ' Au-dessus du Chem in d es B re tons ', Au lnay-aux-P lanches , M . i s s im i lar t o wares f rom n e ighbour ing s ett lements, n otab ly f rom ' le Haut d e V i l leret ' ,i n t he s ame c ommune , l oca ted s ome 4 .25 km t o t he n or thwest a nd s epara ted f rom t he c emetery by t he e astern e xtens ion o f t he S t-Gond marshes. Once t he c ond it ions f or e xam in ing s pa tia l r e lat ionsh ips a re met, a p rac tica l d iff icu l ty a r ises. I t i s t he a bsence o f p rec ise d a ta i n t he l i terat ure e nab l ing t he a ccura te p lott ing o f s i tes o n s ma l l-sca le maps. 1 Th is h as h ampered a n i n-depth a na lys is o f ag eograph ica l ly c onstr icted z one where t he e v idence i s a va i lab le , a s t he S t-Gond r eg ion 2 o r t he Bassde . Cer ta in g enera l isa t ions r egard ing t he s pa t ia l r e la t ionsh ip b etween s ett lements a nd c emeter ies i n ar eg iona l c ontex t a re p oss ib le. I n t he S t-Gond r eg ion, w i th t he e xcept ion o f Au-dessus du Chem in d es B retons ' Ha B /C c emeter ies a re s i ted o n h i l l s umm i ts o r s lopes, d om ina t ing t he marsh land d epress ion d ra ined by t he P et i t Mor in a nd i t s t r ibutar ies, by a n a verage o f o ver t en meters ( B. Chert ier 1 976a :23 ). Contemporary s ett lements, o n t he o ther h and, were l oca ted o n t he e dges o f t he marshes , o n t he l ow g round b etween t he marshes a nd a n e lbow o f t he S omme , a s ma l l t r ibutary o f t he Marne , t o t he e ast, a nd i n t he S omme v a l ley ( A . B r isson a nd J .-J . Hatt 1 966:168-169 , f ig. 1 ).

2 36

L ater Ha D f la tinhuma t ion c emeter ies a re a lso s i tua ted o n h igh g round. ' Les J ogasses ' , Chou i l ly, M ., o ccup ies a Cha lk kno l l d etached f rom t he Tert iary s carp o f t he Cöte d e I l e-de-France ( J.-J . Ha tt a nd P . Roua let 1 976:422-423 ), a s -d oes t he c emetery a t t he ' rue d e B ernon t, E pernay, M ., o n t he e astern s lope o f t he Mon t B ernon ( N. F re id in 1 978 :19). The Ha D c emetery a t Charva is ' , He i l tzl 'Evöque, M ., a l though i n t he v a l ley o f t he Chde, i s s i tua ted o uts ide t he f l ood z one ( L . L epage 1 966a: 7 0 ). Ha D/L. T. I f l a tinhuma t ion c emeter ies i n t he Champagne a re a lso s i ted o n h igh g round, o n h i l l t ops a nd s lopes a nd p la teaux ( D. Bretz Mah ler 1 971 :16 9 ). A r ecurrent f ea ture i s t he ir p os i t ion o n c ommuna l b oundary r oads ( P. M . F avret 1 936:35 ). Apart f rom T les J ogasses t a nd Charva is ', ' la Mote l le d ' Aussonce ? , Aussonce, Ard . ( Bosteaux-Par is 1 894 :702-704 ) ,' le Mont d e Vraux ', J uv igny ( E. S chm i t 1 924 ), ' le Mont Gravet ' ,V i l leneuve-Rennev i l le ( D. Bretz-Mah ler a nd A . Br isson 1 958 : 2 00-201 ) a nd ' le t P et i ts Noyers ', E toges ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :169 ), M ., c an b e ment ioned . Whether o r n ot t hese c orrespond t o p rotoh istor ic l im i ts c annot b e d eterm ined w i thout f urther r esearch. Wh i le c emeter ies i n t he Champagne w ere r estr ic ted t o h igh, e xposed a nd d ry g round , Ha D s ett lements w ere c onf ined t o l ow land l oca t ions i n p rox im i ty t o s ources o f wa ter , r ivers o r s pr ings. The s i te o f ' le P rd Ad i t ', L e F resne, M ., o n ac ommuna l b oundary , i s l oca ted o n t he b ank o f t he Mo ivre, a t r ibutary o f t he Marne a nd r unn ing p ara l le l t o i t ( D. Chossenot e t a l . 1 978 :7 -8 ). ' Le P rd Mout i l leux ' ,O iry, M ., i s i n a s im i lar l oca tion o n t he o ppos i te b ank o f t he Marne ( Ga l l ia P rdh., 1 7 , 1 974 : 5 27 -530 ). The s ett lement a t ' les Argenno ls ', J uv igny , M ., i s s i ted a t t he c onf luence o f t wo s ma l l s treams ( Ga l l ia , 3 3 , 1 975 :406). The i mpor ta nce o f l oca t ing s ett lements n ear wa ter o uts ide t he ma in r iver v a l leys i s a lso a pparent i n t he n ortheastern quarter o f t he Bas in , a t ' le R iezDe lattre ' , Neuv i l le-sur-Escaut, No ., o n t he l ef t b ank o f t he E scaut n ear t he S ensde-( V ie i l ) E scaut c onf luence ( Ga l l ia , 3 5 , 1 977 :286 f ig . 9 ) ,a nd a t F amechon , S om., i n t he Evo issons v a l ley ( D. a nd E . Vermeersch 1 975 :4 2 ) . On r are o ccas ions, s ett lements a nd c emeter ies o ccupy t he s ame s i te . A t Cötes-en-Marne ' , •E cury-sur-Coo le, M ., a t t he Coo le -Marne c onf lue nce, a Ha D/L.T. I f l atinhuma tion c emetery i s j uxtaposed t o a Ha B /C s ett lement ( A. Th idrot 1 931). A t P rosnes, M ., t he Ha D /L .T. I s ett lement a t 'Au-de lä d e Moscou ' ,l ocated n ear a s pr ing , was f ound n ext t o t he c ontemporary c emetery a t ' V m s d e Bruyöre ' ( D. Bretz-Mah ler 1 971 :162 ) . These l a ter Ha D/L.T. I s ett lements a re s i tua ted o n h igher g round t han i n t he p reced ing p er iod but r ema in c lose t o s pr ings o r o ver look r iver v a l leys ( ib id.:161 ). S ett lements a nd c emeter ies i n r iver v a l leys a re r e la t ive ly c ommon. Apart f rom t he v ar ious Ha B /C s i tes i n t he Bassde, t he Ha D/L .T. I f latinhuma t ion c emetery a t ' la F osse Chape let ' a nd t he c ontemporary s ett lement a t ' le S au le Ba i l lot ' ,5 00 m t o t he s outh , l oca ted i n b eds o f t he Ves le a bove i ts c onf luence w i th t he A isne, c an b e c i ted ( R. M . Row lett e t a l . 1 969 :1 06 , 1 07 f ig . 2 ` b. — — Outs ide t he Champagne , e v ident s pa t ia l r e la t ionsh ips b etween s ett lements a nd c emeter ies a re l im i ted t o af ew h i l lfor ts w i th t umu l i s i tua ted i n t he p la in b e low. A t ' Hau lzy ' ,V iennela-V i l le , M ., a n h em ispher ica l b ow l w i th a p inched p erfora ted h and le, G . Goury t s Type I X, a nd o ther v esse ls, f ound o n t he p la teau-edge f ort, e stab l ish i t s c ontemporane i ty w i th a phase o f t he t umu lus c remat ion c emetery l oca ted i n t he f orest, s ome 2 00 m t o t he s outhwest ( G. Goury 1 911). The l i nk b etween t he t wo Ha D/L.T. I t umu l i i nhuma t ion c emeter ies a t ' Champs d e Couy ' a nd Chönes-Montors ' i n t he c u l t iva ted p la in a nd t he p romontory-fort a t 2 37

S t-Den is-de-Pa l in, C ., t o t he e ast, i s uncer ta in s ince n o t races o f o ccupa t ion h ave b een f ound o n t he h i l lfor t ( J . F av iäre e t a l . 1 964 :222 , 2 24). Tumu l i o f ten o ccur i n t he v ic in i ty o f h i l lforts but t he n a ture o f t he ir r e lat ionsh ip r ema ins o bscure. 3 The t umu l i a t ' Bas du Chä te let ' , V i try-läs-Nogent, H te-M., w ere s et o n t he s ame p la teau a s t he l arge p romontory-fort o f ' Chä te let ' wh ich r ema ins t o b e e xcavated ( P. Ba l let 1 971:332 ). F rom t he l im i ted e v idence , i t c an b e s a id t ha t s ett lements a nd c emet er ies f o l lowed a s im i lar s pa t ia l p a ttern t hrough t ime. C lustered i n t he Ha B /C i n t he a l luv ia l p la in, s ett lements a nd c emeter ies moved t o h igher g round i n t he l a ter Ha D/L.T. I wh i le o thers c ont inued t o o ccupy r iver v a l ley s i tes. Th is p attern i s o n ly p ercept ib le i n t he l ow land z ones , a nd p art icu lar ly i n t he Champagne. The r ar i ty o f s e ttlemen ts f ound t o d a te a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in a l lows f or l i tt le c omment , a s i tuat ion n o t un l ike t he o ne f ound i n t he Cö te-d ' Or ( J.-P. N ico lardo t 1 975:91 ) . The s imu l taneous o ccupat ion by s ett lements a nd t umu l i c emet er ies o f h igh p la teaux l oca t ions i n t he Ha C t o L .T. I i n s outhern Burgundy may r ef lect t he p attern a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in wh ich s hares t he s ame g eomorpho logy a nd f unerary t rad i t ions ( ib id.:92-93 ) . More i nforma t ion o n s ett lements i s r equ ired b efore a ny d ef in ite c onc lus ions c an b e d rawn. 1 7 .2 S ett lements 1 7 .2.1

Ha B /C a nd C ( Maps 4 3 , 4 5 )

A c ursory g lance a t t he d istr ibut ion o f Ha B /C a nd C s ett lemen ts i n t he P ar is Bas in r evea ls a d ist inct c luster ing a long t he ma jor r iver v a l leys a nd i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne ( Map 4 3 ). C erta in p a tterns emerge when t he s i tes a re s uper imposed o n g eo log ica l a nd p edo log ica l maps r espect ive ly ( Maps D-E ) . The v ast ma jor i ty o f s ett lements a re l ocated o n t he a l luv ia l s o i ls o f t he Qua ternary . I n t he Champagne, a l arge number o f s i tes b order o n t he Ter t iary s carp o f t he C öte d e l ' Ile-de-France. S ettlemen ts o n t he p er iphery o f t he B as in a vo id t he o lder f orma t ions, a nd a re s i ted o n o r b order ing t he J urass ic . The p os i t ion ing o f s ett lements o n t he b order o f t wo d ifferen t s o i l t ypes i s ad ist inct ive f eature o f t he p er iod. I n t he Champagne, t hey a re l oca ted b etween r endz inas a nd l eached b rown s o i ls; o n t he s outhe astern f r inge o f t he Champagne, b etween r endz inas o r l eached b rown s o i ls a nd b rown e utroph ic s o i ls; o n t he L angres P lateau a nd u pper Yonne, b etween b rown c a lcareous s o i ls a nd r ed r endz inas, a nd s o o n . S ett lements o n t he p er iphery o f t he Bas in a re f or t he most p art l oca ted o n o r b order ing t he f ert i le b rown c a lcareous s o i ls. The most f avoured s o i ls, i n o rder o f d ecreas ing i mportance, a re : t he a l luv ia l s o i ls, r endz inas a nd b rown c a lcareous s o i ls. 1 7 .2.2

Ha D a nd Ha D /L. T. I ( Maps 4 4-45 )

The p ercentage o f Ha D a nd Ha D/L.T. I s ett lements i n t he ma jor r iver v a l leys r ema ins i mportant but a more f anned d istr ibut ion away f rom t he a l luv ia l e nv ironment a nd o n t o h igher g round i s d iscern ib le ( Map 4 4). Th is i s s een by t he o ccupa t ion o f t he p la in o f t he Champagne P oui l leuse n orth o f t he Marne, a nd i n t he n or thwestern quarter o f t he P ar is Bas in , n otab ly i n P icardy a nd Arto is. There i s a more e ven a nd w idespread d istr ibut ion a round t he C retac eous ' crown ' s urround ing t he Ter t iary s carp o f t he Bas in . Excep t f or 2 38

t he Ter t iary o ccupa t ion i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, t he ma jor i ty o f s ett lements a re t o b e f ound o n t he Cretaceous. The r are s ett lements known o n t he f r inge o f t he Bas in a re l oca ted o n t he J urass ic, a nd t wo h i l l-top s ett lements, a t L avau lt-de-Frdtoy, N ., a nd L a Groutte , C ., o n o lder f orma t ions. Apar t f rom t hose s i tes o n t he a l luv ia l s o i ls, s t i l l i n t he ma jor ity, r endz inas a re t he most f avoured f or s ett lement. L eached b rown s o i ls a nd b rown c a lcareous s o i ls a lso r ema in o ccupied f rom t he p reced ing p er iod. A s b efore, most s ett lements l i e b etween t wo s o i l t ypes, p art icul ar ly b order ing r endz inas a nd l eached b rown s o i ls .

NOTES 1 .

The " l ieu-d i t", t he c adastra l r eference a nd t he L amber t k i lometr ic c oord ina tes, i n o rder o f i ncreas ing a ccuracy, a re t he i nd ica t ions u sed t o l ocate s i tes. 0 . Buchsenschutz e t a l . h ave under taken t o s ystema t ise t he mapp ing o f a rchaeo log ica l s i tes by e stab l ish ing a 2 omputer ised p rogramme ( 1975a ). Th is h as b een d one f or t he Cher d epartment ( id. 1 975b) ,a nd i s p ro jected t o c over t he F rench metropo l itan.

2 .

An a ttempt h as b een made t o p lo t s e ttlemen ts a nd c eme ter ies o n a 1 /15 0 00 map o f t he e astern h a lf o f t he S t-Gond marshes. The v ague l ocat iona l r eferences o f t he s i tes, a nd c hanges i n " l ieuxd its" o n modern maps, d id n o t a l low a s uff ic ient ly r epresentat ive s amp le t o b e d rawn f or a s i te-catchment a na lys is.

3 .

S ee Chapter 1 4 .2 .3 ( p .196).

2 39

S ect ion I V

EP ILOGUE

2 41

CHAPTER 1 8 SYNTHESIS

I t i s p roposed h ere t o b r ief ly o ut l ine t he g enera l h istor ica l d eve lopment i n t he P ar is Bas in f rom t he Ha B /C t o t he Ha D/L.T. I . More d eta i led s ummar ies o f s pec if ic a rtefact-types w i l l b e f ound a t t he e nd o f t he c hapters d ea l ing w i th f ibu lae a nd b ronze v esse ls, a nd i n t he i ntrod uct ion t o p ottery. S ect ion I o n e xchange a nd t rade f urther r ecap itul a tes t he more s a l ient p o ints t hat c an b e g leaned f rom i mported p roducts a nd o ther e xchanged g oods . F unerary s tructures a nd r i tua l a re t he s ub ject o f a more l eng thy s ummary a t t he e nd o f Chapter 1 4 . Even a c ursory e xam inat ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f or t he Ha o ccupat ion o f t he Bas in w i l l r evea l t he i nadequacy o f t he s ett lement e v id ence. P resent know ledge a nd c onsequent a ssumpt ions a re n ear ly e xc lus ive ly b ased o n c emeter ies a nd a rtefact-typo log ies. Awat ing t he p re l iminary r esu l ts o f s ett lement i nvest iga t ions t ha t may b e e xpected i n t he c om ing y ears, a t entat ive s ynthes is o f t he e x ist ing e v idence i s i n o rder . 1 8 .1

Ha B /C

There i s n o p ercept ib le c hange i n t he s ett lement p a ttern a nd ma ter ia l c u lture i n t he P ar is Bas in i n t he e ar ly Ha C . I n a reas marked by s trong L a te Urnf ie ld i nf luences, s ett lement i s c onf ined t o t he ma jor r iver v a l leys, e xcept f or a c luster i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion o f t he Champagne ( Map 4 3). I t i s p redom inant ly l ow land a l though a Ha B o ccupat ion o f a number o f h i l l-sett lements may h ave p ers isted i nto t he Ha C ( Map 3 2 ) . The c remat ion r i te i n f l a t p it-graves a nd under t umu l i ( Map 3 5 ) r ema ins d om inant. Due t o t he g enera l r ar i ty o f meta l f inds, p ottery i s t he o n ly c lear i nd icat or o f r eg iona l v ar ia t ion a nd c hange a t t h is t ime. I t p o ints t o c ont inued c ontacts w ith t he m idd le a nd upper Rh ine i n t he m idd le O ise v a l ley a nd t he S t-Gond r eg ion. L inks w i th s outhern Germany a nd western Sw itzerl and, wh ich i nc ludes t he p a laf i tt ic s ett lements i n t he S avo ie, a re a lso a pparent i n t he S t-Gond r eg ion, a nd a re p ar t icu lar ly e v idence a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in . Kerbschn i tt ( Map 2 8 ) a nd g raph i te ( Map 2 9 ) —ornamented wares, a s w e l l a s i nc ised ' c lass ica l ' -meanders ( Map 3 0) a re t ang ib le e v idence o f t hese c on tac ts, t o wh ich c an b e a dded t he r are u se o f t inin lay, f ound o n t he u rn f rom Tumu lus 1 a t ' les Danges ', Sub la ines, I .-et-L . L anguedoc ian c eram ic i nf luences , a ttested by i nc ised ' step ' meanders ( Map 3 0 ) a nd a nthropomorph ic mot ifs , a re a lso f e lt i n t he s outhern ha lf o f t he Bas in , a nd s hou ld b e s een a s r el ated t o t he t raff ic i n t in. Upper Burgundy a nd t he P o i tou a ppear t o h ave b een i ntermed iary z ones i n t he t ransmiss ion o f t hese v ar ious c eram ic i nf luences a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in. The c eram ic e v idence f urther p o ints t o t he S t-Gond r eg ion ' sv i ta l r o le i n s pread ing e astern L ate U rnf ie ld c u lture t o t he m idd le S e ine v a l ley a nd t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion, f e lt a s f ar w est a s ' Fort-Harrouard ' , S ore l-Mousse l , E .-e t-L . The m idd le O ise v a l ley h ad more d irect l inks w i th t he m idd le a nd upper Rh ine.

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The s parse e v idence f rom t he w estern a nd n orthwestern p arts o f t he Bas in r evea ls c ont inued d om ina t ion o f t he A t lant ic ' b ronze i ndust r ies o f L ower Normandy a nd Br ittany i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord , w ith a ma in ly c oasta l a nd r iver ine d istr ibut ion. The h omogene i ty o f b o th z ones, t he A t lant ic ' W est a nd U rnf ie ld ' e ast, i n t heir r espect ive ma ter ia l c u l ture i s ac haracter ist ic f ea ture o f t h is phase . The d istr ibut ion a nd c ontext o f b ronze Günd l ingen-type s words ( Map 1 ) i s i nd icat ive o f i ncreas ing r eg iona l d ifferences i n t he U rnf ie ld ' z one wh i le emphas is ing c ont inu i ty i n t he w est a nd n orth . The ir d ist r ibut ion i n t he A t lant ic ' z one a long t he S omme a nd S e ine v a l leys c omp lements t he d iffus ion o f b ronze Armor ica s ocketed a xes a nd c arp ' s -tongue s words , a s w e l l a s ' proto-Ha l lstatt ' s words ( Map 2 ) . Günd l ingen-type s words a re f ound c lustered i n t he B erry , n o l onger i n h oards a s i n t he p reced ing phase w i th ' proto-Ha l lsta tt ' s words, but i n t umu l i b ur ia ls. The i so la ted e xamp le f rom Grave 1 i n t he t umu lus a t ' Champ d e P rd ' , S emout iers, H te-M ., i s o f s pec ia l i mpor tance s ince i t i nd ica tes t he i ntroduct ion o f t he t umu lus i nhumat ion r i te a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in. The a bsence o f Günd l ingen-type s words i n t he Champagne i s e qua l ly r evea l ing b ecause i t r ef lects t he r eg ion ' sg row ing i so lat ion f rom s ubsequent d eve lopments t o t he s outh. 1 8 .2

Ha C

The Champagne a nd t he m idd le S e ine v a l ley, t o wh ich t he m idd le O ise r eg ion c an b e a dded o n t he e v idence f rom t he s ett lement a t ' la Bouche d 'O ise ' , : •Cho isy-au-Bac, 0 ., r ema ined e ntrenched i n L a te U rnf ie ld t rad i t ions, s hown b y t he c ont inued r i te o f c remat ion a nd t he i ncreas ing ly l oca l ised c eramic d eve lopment. The l a tter i s c lear ly a ttested by t he p roduct ion o f s qua t f urrowed a nd r uled b icon ica l b ow ls i n t he Champagne d er ived f rom L ate U rnf ie ld t ypes wh ich may h ave l asted i nto t he e ar ly Ha D . A c omparab le s i tuation i s f ound i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion. The t umu lus i nhuma t ion i te s preads a cross t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in, f rom t he P lateau d e L angres t o t he B erry, i n t he l a ter Ha C . Th is n ew r i te i s c lose ly a ssoc iated w i th t he l ong i ron s word whose d istr ibut ion t he Günd l ingentype s words f oreshadowed. The g ravea ssemb lages, part icu lar ly t he a ssoc ia t ion o f t he i ron s word a nd b ronze r azor, f ound b oth o n t he L angres P lateau a nd i n t he B erry, p o int t o e specia l ly t ight l i nks w i th Upper Burgundy. The i mportat ion o f b ronze r ibbed p a i ls ( Map 2 1 ) i n t he B erry, a t t he e nd o f t he Ha C a nd e ar ly D , i s o ne c omponent o f t he c lose r e la t ionsh ip e x ist ing b etween t he t wo r eg ions. The e xp lana t ion f or t he Burgund ian isa t ion ' o f t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in i n t he l a ter Ha C i s d iff icu l t t o d ef ine. C onnect ions b etween t he t wo z ones were a lready f i rm ly e stab l ished i n t he l a ter Ha B when b oth w ere s trong ly i nf luenced by 'Rhen ish-Sw iss ' f unerary a nd c eram ic t rad i t ions. The e ar ly Ha C b ronze c au ldrons w ith c ruc iform-hand le a ttachments , f ound a long t he Yonne a nd Aube , a re p erhaps t he e ar l iest i nd ica t ion o f a more s pec if ic i nterest o n t he p art o f Upper Burgundy i n d irect ly e xtend ing i t s i nf luence o ver t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in. The s tra teg ic p os i t ion o f t he s i tes o n t he L angres P la teau, a t t he s ources o f t he Marne a nd Aube, a nd t he B erry, a b le t o c ontro l t raff ic o n t he L o ire a nd i t s n orth-f low ing t r ibutar ies, i s ap robab le c ontr ibut ing f actor i f Upper Burgundy s ought t o monopo l ise t he l and r outes t o t he Armor ican a nd Corn ish t in m ines. Bo th r eg ions a lso h ad i mportant d epos its o f s urface i ron o re. 2 43

A c ontemporary marg ina l d eve lopment i s t he a ppearance o f t he ' Hau lzy l g roup o n t he e astern c onf ines o f t he Champagne. The ir t umu lus c remat i on r i te a nd ma ter ia l c u lture , p art icu lar ly t he p resence o f i ron swords a nd c erta in c eram ic t ypes, a nd i n o ne c ase h orse-gear , a ssoc ia te t he c omp lex t o g roups i n n e ighbour ing L orra ine , s outhern B e lg ium a nd p oss ibly t he J ura . There a ppears t o h ave b een n o r ecogn isable c ontact b etween t hem a nd t he L a te Urnf ie ld c u ltures o f t he c entra l Champagne . 1 8.3

Ha D

Rad ica l a nd w idespread c hanges o ccur i n t he l a ter s tages o f t he Ha D . A c erta in d egree o f l oca l i so lat ion f rom Upper Burgundy i s p erce iva b le i n t he B erry, c u lm ina t ing i n t he Ha D/L .T. I w i th t he i mportat ion o f b ronze s i tu lae , s tamno i a nd S chnabe lkannen. I t i s n o teworthy t ha t c haracter ist ic Ha D Burgund ian a rtefacts , n o tab ly c er ta in t ypes o f b ronze ' barre l ' brace lets ( Map 7 ) , a nd o b jects known t o have b een t ransm i tted t hrough Upper Burgundy f rom t he J ura a nd F ranche-Comtd, a s t r ia ngu lar a nd o va l b e lt-buck les i n s hee t-bronze ( Map 1 1), a nd m isce l laneo us l uxury i mports f rom s outhern Europe ( Map 2 5 ) ,a re a bsent f rom t he B erry. F unerary p ract ices r ema in s im i lar i n b o th a reas h owever . The Champagne w i tnesses t he most p rofound c hanges where t here i s as harp b reak w i th Urnf ie ld t rad i t ions. The i nhumat ion r ite i n f lat p i tg raves i s i ntroduced a ccompany ing a mater ia l c u l ture w i thout a pparen t l oca l a ntecedents. Borrowing f rom a v ar iety o f s ources, t he n ew c u lture , wh ich c an b e t ermed ' Jogass ian ' ,i s d ist ingu ished n ever the less by i t s o r ig ina l ity. Weaponry , i ron d aggers i n p ar t icu lar, wh ich c an b e s hown t o d er ive f rom s outh German t ypes, undergo a h igh d egree o f l oca l e vo lut ion. S imi lar ly , c eram ic f orms wh ich were l arge ly i nf luenced by mer id iona l d eve lopments a re s ub ject t o i nd igenous a daptat ions, e xemp l if i ed by J ogass ian ' type g ob lets ( Map 2 6). C erta in f ibu lae, a s t he F 2 ( Map 1 4) a nd dP2 ( Map 1 6)-type f ibu lae, may a lso h ave b een l oca l ly — manufactured. A p art icu lar f ea ture o f t h is p er iod i s t he w idespread r ecept ion o f s outhern p roducts a nd i deas. The t echn ique o f b arbot ine-pa inted p ottery ( Map 3 1), t he a rr iva l o f a who le a rray o f p edesta l led c eram ic f orms, a nd b ronze a rm i l lae ( Map 1 0), a re g enera l i nd ica tors o f t h is phenomenon. The Yonne r ema ined a n i mpor tant r oute-way i n t he nor thb ound t raff ic, a s d id t he L angres P lateau . The Berry ' s ' •l im ited c ont r ibut ion , i f a ny, i s n o teworthy. The p rom inent r o le p layed by Upper Burgundy , a nd t he 'Mont-Lasso is h i l lfor t e spec ia l ly, i n s pread ing mer id iona l i nf luences i nto t he Bas in may b e a n e xp lanat ion i f t he t wo z ones were i n c ompet it ion. There i s an o t iceab le s h if t i n Upper Burgund ian i nterest , i n t he l ater Ha D , f rom t he Berry t o t he Champagne. P re l im inary c ontacts m ay h ave b egun a s e ar ly a s t he l a te Ha C , i nd ica ted by t he b ronze r azor o f A . J ockenhöve l ' s Typ M ino t, a s pec if ica l ly Burgund ian t ype, f rom t he s ett lement a t ' le Haut d e V i l lere t ' , Au lnay-aux-P lanches, M . Apart f rom d iffus ing g enera l s outherninsp ired t echn iques, e spec ia l ly c eram ic, t o t he Champagne , Upper Burgundy was a lso i nstrumenta l i n s end ing p roducts f rom t he J ura a nd F ranche-Comtd, t r iangu lar a nd o va l be ltbuck les i n s heet-bronze f or e xamp le ( Map 1 1), a s we l l a s ' home-made ' g oods, n otab ly b ronze ' barre l ' brace lets ( Map 7 ) a nd P 4-type f ibu lae ( Map 1 5). Upper Burgund ian i nf luence, whether d irect o r i nd irect, was e xt ens ive i n t he l a ter Ha D , r each ing a s f ar w est a s L ower Normandy where

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i t i s a ttested by a n umber o f b ronze ' barre l ' brace lets, p oss ib ly d er ived f rom Burgund ian m ode ls, a nd t he i ron a ntennae-h i lted s word ( F ig. 2 9 , 2 ) f rom ' les L ongra is ' ,S oumont-St-Quentin , Ca lv . Contacts b etween L ower Normandy a nd Armor ica p er is isted i n t he l a ter Ha D , i f t he p edesta l led v esse ls f rom ' les L ongra is ' a nd f rom ' la Dronn iäre ' ,I fs , C a Iv ., w ere i ndeed d rawn f rom c ontemporary Breton f orms, t hemse lves i nsp ired by v esse ls f rom t he P o i tou-L imous in a nd t he S outhwest. An a l ternat ive w ou ld b e t o s ee t he Ca lvados p edesta l led v esse ls emana ting f rom t he B erry t hrough t he l ow A lencon d iv ide. S uch ar oute r ema ins t en ta tive d ue t o t he a bsence o f i ntermed ia te f inds. 1 8 .4

Ha D /L.T. I

The p icture t ha t emerges i n t he l a ter Ha D i s o f t wo c entres, o ne l ocated i n t he Berry a round Bourges, a nd a s econd i n t he c entra l Champ agne, w i th r espect ive s pheres o f i nf luence ' . The B erry g roup, ow ing i t s i n it ia l p re-em inence t o c lose c ontacts w ith Upper Burgundy i n t he l a ter Ha C , i s s een b ecom ing i ncreas ing ly i ndependent. Th is p rocess i s f urther c onf irmed i n t he H D /L.T. I by t he i mporta t ion o f b ronze s i tu lae, s tamnor a nd S chnabe lkannen ( Maps 2 2-23 ) d irect ly f rom t he p roduct ion a reas i n s outhern Europe, a nd by t he e stab l ishment o f d irect l inks w ith t he P o itou-L imous in r eg ion wh ich h ad l apsed s ince t he Ha B / C. Th is i s a ttested by t he p resence o f p edesta l led v esse ls i n a r estr icted number o f bur ia ls i n t he I ndre a nd Cher , n otab ly a t ' la Roche No ire ' ,Mdr igny, I ., a nd by t he g raph ite o rnamented s i tu la te v esse l f rom Tumu lus 1 8 a t ' Champs d e Couy ' ,S t-Den is-de-Pa l in , C . C erta in c ontacts a re ma inta ined b etween t he t wo a reas, most v is ib ly a pparent i n t he bur ia l r itua l , p art icu lar ly i n t he l im ited r esurgence o f t umu lus c remat ion, t he c rema ted r ema ins b e ing o f ten p laced i n i mported b ronze v esse ls ( Map 4 0). The J ogass ian 'group, o n t he o ther h and, i s ar e lat ive ly n ew p owerc entre whose g enes is i s t he s ub ject o f d eba te. Exposed t o av ar iety o f i nf luences f rom t he e ast, t he Westha l lstattkre is, a nd f rom t he M id i v ia Upper Burgundy, t he ' Jogass ian ' c omp lex i s a n o r ig ina l i nd igenous mater ia l c u l ture. The a bsence o f l oca l p recedents i n t he L ate U rnf ie ld b ase o f t he Champagne , wh ich more i ntens ive r esearch may p rove t o b e i lusory, may i nd ica te a n i ntrus ive c u l ture whose l i ke ly i mmed ia te p ro- _ v enance r ema ins p rob lema t ic. I ts r ise t o ap r iv i leged p os i t ion was s w if t, r each ing i t s a pex i n t he e ar ly L .T . I when i t was a b le t o c ommand b ronze s i tu lae, S chnabe lkannen a nd E truscan b as ins ( Map 2 3), g radua l ly d isp lac ing t he B erry a s t he q uant i ta t ive ly most i mportant t erminus f or Med iterranean l uxury g oods. Th is d eve lopment, c ommensura te w i th t he i ncrease o f c har io t g raves, i s t he o utcome o f p rocesses b egun i n t he ?J ogass ian ' phase. The e xtens ion o f ' Jogass ian ' i nf luence c an b e s urm ised f rom t he d ist r ibut ion o f ' Jogass ian '-type g ob le ts ( Map 2 6) wh ich u sua l ly a ccompan ied o ther v esse l-types a nd me ta l a r tefacts c haracter ist ic o f t he c en tra l Champagne. I t was t he p r inc ipa l v eh ic le f or s pread ing l a te Ha D ma ter ia l c u lture n or thwestward i nto a reas w ith l i nger ing U rnf ie ld a nd ' At lant ic ' b ronze t rad i t ions. The Berry h ad a more l im ited f i e ld, e mbrac ing t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion where i t may h ave b een i nstrumenta l i n i ntroduc ing t he t umu lus i nhuma t ion r i te , a s we l l a s t he p ract ice o f c rema t ion i n i mp orted b ronze v esse ls ( Map 4 0 ) . The i nadequa te i nforma t ion o n Ha C a nd e ar ly D bur ia l c us toms i n t he m idd le L o ire r eg ion d oes n ot a l low f or a ny c erta inty o n t h is ma tter .

2 45

The c auses t hat p rec ip i ta ted s uch r ad ica l c hanges i n t he Bas in i n t he l a ter Ha D a re s t i l l o bscure . Causa l f actors o f c hange a re mu lt ip le , i nterre la ted a nd c omp lex , a nd o f ten d iff icu l t t o d ifferent ia te f rom t he ir e ffects ( C. M . Woods 1 975 :11-15 ) . A number o f o bserva t ions c an b e put f orward , s evera l o f wh ich may h ave c ontr ibuted t o c hange. One i s t he r ap id i ncrease i n t he p opu la t ion t ha t wou ld i nev i tab ly l ead t o e conom ic a nd s oc ia l d is loca t ion ( B. W . Cun l iffe 1 978 ) . S ymptoma t ic o f ap oss ib le r ise i n t he p opu lat ion i n t he c ourse o f t he Ha D i s t he r e-ut i l isat ion o f e x ist ing t umu l i f or s econdary bur ia l a long t he s outhern p er iphery o f t he Bas in a nd i n t he Champagne , a nd t he a ppearance o f f la t p i t-grave i nhuma t ion o n t he s of ter ' s ub-so i ls w i th l ight c over i n t he r iver v a l leys, o n t he c ha lklands o f t he Champ agne a nd i n t he P la ine d e Caen ( Map 3 6) . A l though s ett lement e v idence i s c ompara t ive ly s parse f or t he l a ter Ha D ( Map 4 4 ) , a movement away f rom t he ma jor r iver v a l leys ( Map 4 3 ) i s d iscern ib le. Whether o r n ot t h is i nd ica tes a n a ttempt t o c o lon ise u nc leared l ands must awa it f urther e xcavat ion o f s ett lement s i tes a nd a g rea t d ea l more e nv ironmenta l d a ta. The movement t oward c entra l isa t ion i s t he k eynote o f d eve lopmen t i n t he Bas in f rom t he l a ter Ha C o nward. Keep ing i n m ind t he p itfa l ls a ssoc ia ted w ith t he i nterpreta t ion o f a rchaeo log ica l d istr ibut ion maps ( I . H odder a nd C . Orton 1 976:17 -29 ) , t h is p rocess c an b e s een i n t he c hang ing p a ttern o f a rtefact-d istr ibut ions, o f ' prest ige ' g oods i n p ar t icu lar , f rom a s parse r iver ine ' l inear ' d if fus ion i n t he e ar ly Ha C ( Maps 2 0 , 2 4-25 ) t o c lustered d istr ibut ions i n t he l a ter Ha D ( Maps 2 12 3). The r espect ive p a tterns o f d istr ibut ion o f Ha B /C f ibu lae ( Maps 1 2-13 ) a nd l a ter Ha B t ypes ( Maps 1 4-19 ) a re a lso r evea l ing e xamp les o f t h is t rend. I t i s s urm ised t ha t i ncreased c entra l isat ion r ef lects t he n eed f or more e ffect ive c ontro l o f l oca l r esources. P opu la t ion p ressures were undoubte d ly a c ontr ibut ing f actor , n ecess i ta t ing a s trong c entra l ised o rgan isation t o ma inta in s oc ia l a nd e conom ic s tab i l i ty by l im i t ing numbers, c ontro l l ing t he a ccess t o a nd p roduct ion o f a va i lab le r esources, a nd s ett ing u p r ed istr ibution n etworks. The g row ing r e l iance o n i ron t o p roduce a g rea ter v ar iety a nd q uant ity o f a rtefacts, e spec ia l ly weapons, wou ld r equ ire i ncreased c entra l isa t ion , _ n ot o n ly t o e nsure a ccess t o t he o re b ut a lso t o ' industr ia l ise ' i ts p rod uct ion, i nvo lv ing s pec ia l isa t ion a nd market ing , e i ther i n i ngo t-form o r a s f in ished p roducts. Externa l p ressures were e qua l ly a t work , p art icu lar ly f rom t he M ed it erranean wor ld i ntent o n p rocur ing s teady s upp l ies o f r aw-ma ter ia ls. Mode ls h ave r ecent ly b een f ormu la ted t o a ccoun t f or t he i nterna l c hanges b rought a bout by t hese c ontacts, w i th s pec ia l r eference t o s outhwestern G ermany ( S. F rankenste in a nd M . J . Row lands 1 978 ; P . S . We l ls 1 980 : 1 -15 ; 8 0-103 ) . They m ight a lso b e a pp l icab le, i n p art a t l east, t o t he P ar is B as in . The p resence o f i mpor ted l uxury g oods f rom t he l a ter Ha D i n t he Berry, a nd f rom t he Ha D/L . T. I i n t he Champagne , a ttest t o t he ir e conom ic i mportance w i th r egard t o s outhern E urope. A r e lat ive ly h igh d egree o f c entra l ised o rgan isa t ion wou ld h ave b een d emanded t o c ontro l l oca l r aw-ma ter ia ls, t o c rea te s urp lus f or e xpor t a nd t o e stab l ish l ong d istance t rad ing n etworks. The s low p rocess t oward c en tra l isa t ion c o inc ides w i th i ncreas ing s oc ia l d ifferen t ia t ion, r ef lected i n t he g rave-assemb lages o f t he Berry a nd t he 2 46

L angres P lateau. Marked c ontrasts e x ist b etween t he more n umerous l a ter Ha C bur ia ls w i th l ong i ron s words ( Map 3 9 ) ,w i th l i tt le d ifference i n wea l th b etween t hem , a nd t he f ewer l a ter Ha D g raves w ith i mpor ted l uxury g oods ( Maps 2 1-22 ) . The c ompara t ive g ap i n wea l th b etween t he e l i te bur ia ls a nd p la in g raves a lso w idens d rast ica l ly i n t he l a ter Ha D . Wh i le t he n umber o f e l ite bur ia ls i ncreases i n t he Ha D /L.T. I , t he r ange o f i mpor ted l uxury g oods b ecomes more l im i ted a nd s tanda rd ised. The i mp l icat ions o f t hese c hanges i n bur ia l p ract ices i n t he e vo lut ion o f s oc ia l a nd e conom ic s tructures a re d iff icu lt t o a ssess, h ampered by t he l ack o f e v idence f rom s ett lements. These a re l im i ted t o ah andfu l o f l ow land s i tes t ha t f a i l t o r ef lect t he d ifferences o bserved i n c ontempora ry g rave-assemb lages. Occupa t ion o f d efended h i l l top s i tes a ppears t o h ave b een a marg ina l p henomenon, o f i mportance o n ly i n t he e ar l iest a nd l a test phases o f t he p er iod under d iscuss ion , a nd a re s im i lar ly h ard t o r e la te t o t he f unerary e v idence . Env ironmenta l p ressures a ffect ing t he s ett lement p a ttern a nd s i t ing o f c emeter ies n eed a lso b e t aken i nto c ons idera t ion. The d a ta r eferr ing t o c l imat ic c ond i t ions, man-induced c hanges o n t he l andscape a nd t he a gr icu ltura l b ase o f t he Ha p opu la t ions a re s ad ly i nadequa te a t p resent. The c urrent t endency t oward s ett lement a rchaeo logy, w i th more c arefu l a nd c r it ica l a ttent ion b e ing p a id t o t he e nv ironmenta l i nforma t ion, t hat i ncreas ing ly c haracter ises r esearch i n t he P ar is Bas in, c an o n ly b e v iewed a s al ong o verdue but we lcome d eve lopment. I t i s h oped t hat t h is work , by e xpos ing t he l im ita t ions o f t he e v idence f or Ha o ccupa t ion o f t he Bas in, h as u nder l ined t he n ecess i ty f or s uch a n a pproach. I n s o d o ing , i t w i l l h ave s erved i t s p urpose.

2 47

Append ix I RON NODULE-HILTED SWORDS

2 49

APPENDIX

( F :

I RON NODULE-HILTED SWORDS E pée ä r ognons o r äs pheres; G : Kno l lenknaufschwert) ( Map 4 6)

I t i s a n i ron s word, b etween 8 6 a nd 1 05 cm i n l ength, w ith a l ozenge s ect ion b lade w i th a p ronounced m idr ib a nd t r iangu lar b lade-t ip. The h i l t c ons ists o f 2j o ined i ron p lates i nserted o n t o t he e longa ted l ozenges ect ion t ang . The p lates h ave a m idr ib a nd l a tera l t r iangu lar o r r ecta ngu lar p ro ject ions a t t he c entre . The h i l t w idens t oward t he p omme le nd t erm ina t ing i n at r iang le w i th p rongs p ro ject ing f rom t he a ng les. The c entre o f t he t r iang le i s p erfora ted. F our mass ive i ron n odu les a re i nser ted i nto t he t r iang le by means o f as l i t u nder t he n odu les. The h i l t w idens a ga in t oward t he g uard where t wo mass ive i ron n odu les a re a ff ixed l a tera l ly t o s pikes p ro ject ing f rom t he g uard . W . Kramer h as d ist ingu ished t wo t ypes b ased p r imar i ly o n t he d ispos i t ion o f t he n odu les a t t he p omme l-end o f t he h i l t ( 1962 :113 ). The f i rst t ype i nc ludes s words , o f b etween 8 6 a nd 8 7 cm i n l eng th, w i th a w ide b lade, a nd t he n odu les a rranged i n a n a rc. The s econd t ype h as t he n odu les s et c loser t oge ther w i th in a t rapez ium, t he t wo l arger n odu les f l anked b e low by t wo sma l ler o nes. The s word i s l onger, b etween 9 4 a nd 1 05 cm, w i th a n arrower b lade. An i ron c lasp o r h inge i s f ound o n s evera l swords a ttached t o t he i ron s heath b e low t he g uard ( ib id.: 1 22-3 ). The s ign if icance o f s uch at wo-fo ld t ypo log ica l d iv is ion i s o bscure a l though W . Kramer h as s ugg ested t ha t Type 1 p recedes Type 2 ( ib id .:113 ). F our i ron n odu le-h i l ted s words h ave b een f ound i n t he P ar is Bas in ( Map 4 6): t hree a re r iver-f inds: f rom t he J ouanne, a t r ibutary o f t he Mayenne, a t N eau , May. ( G. G audron 1 953 :99-100 , 5 6' 0 ; t he Yonne, a t Cannes-Ec luse, S .-et-M. ( J.-P. Gu i l laumet 1 971-72:64 , 6 5 P l . XVIII,a ) , a nd f rom t he f ord a t ' Ponton ' ,V i l leneuve-sur-Yonne, Y . ( P. Verd ier d e P ennery 1 959 ). The f ourth i s a n i so lated f ind f rom t he c e l lar o f a h ouse a t n o 9 0 , r ue Thdnard , S ens, Y . ( Ga l l ia , 1 2, 1 954 :517-518 ). The S ens s word b e longs t o W . Kramer 's Type 2 , t he r iver-f inds t o Type 1 . The Cannes-Ec luse s word h as a n i ron s hea th-c lasp b e low t he g uard.

-

The s word h as b een w ide ly d a ted due t o t he l ack o f a ssoc ia ted ma ter ia l . O f t he s ixteen d ifferent f inds, 1 e leven a re r iver o r l ake d epos i ts, a nd t hree a re s tray f inds o r t hose whose c ontexts a re n ot known. On ly t wo f inds h ave r ecorded a ssoc ia t ions. A n odu le-h i l ted s word o f W . Kramer 's Type 2 was f ound a t S ivrylesArnay, 0. , i n 1 890 , i n ac rema t ion bur ia l c on ta ined i n ab ronze r ibbed p a i l , a ccompan ied by a d ecora ted b ronze pyr iform-headed p in , a n i ron s ocketed s pear-head , a nd a f ragment o f a n i ron o va l-sect ion r ing d es igna ted a s ah oop f or a wooden bucket. The bur ia l was e ncased b y l arge s tones a nd s ea led by a l arge s tone s lab ( F . Henry 1 933:172; P . Bou i l lerot 1 908 :136). The f ragmentary c ond i t ion o f t he r ibbed p a i l d oes n o t a l low f or p rec ise d a ting . B . Bou loum id h as p laced t he p a i l i n t he Ha D b ased o n R . J offroy ' sa ssumpt ion t hat t he n odu le-h i l ted s word b e longs t o t ha t p er iod ( 1976:13 n o . 5 , 2 3). I f t he c rema t ion bur ia l w as o r ig ina l ly c overed by a t umu lus , a s s eems l i ke ly, t he f inds may c ome

2 50

f rom e i ther a p r imary o r as econdary bur ia l. The p resence o f a Ha B p in a nd a Ha D o r L .T. i ron s ocketed s pear-head i ndeed p o in t t o more t han o ne g rave. The f armer who r ecovered t he ma ter ia l l ef t n o d eta i led r ecords o r p lans o f h is d iscovery. The a ttr ibut ion o f t he i ron n odu le-h i l ted s word t o t he Ha D h as r ested l arge ly, t he S ivry e v idence a part, o n t ypo log ica l c ons idera t ions . P . Bou i l lerot, t he f i rst t o r esearch t he q uest ion, i nterpreted t he s word a s ac rude i m itat ion o f t he f our a ntennae-h i l ted d aggers f ound i n I ta ly, a t Ass is i a nd i n t he c emetery o f Auf idena , Aqu i la ( 1908 :137 , f igs. 3 -5 ; J . Deche lette 1 913a :740 f ig . 2 84 ). The s word was s een a s a Med iterranean Ha D i mport, a f act c orrobora ted by t he p resence o f t he r ibbed p a i l a t S ivry ( ib id.:138 ). F . H enry a lso i nc luded t he s word i n t he f am i ly o f a ntennae-h i lted s words a nd d aggers ( 1933 :114 ). The a ntennae-h i lted s word f rom Tumu lus 2 a t C reancy, C .-d 'O., w i th i t s h o l low i ron n odu les s et o n t he t erm ina ls o f t he t wo a ntennae a nd t wo n odu les o n t he g uard, c onst ituted t he e vo lut ionary l ink t hat b inds s im i lar a ntennae-h i lted s words i n b ronze t o t he i ron n odu le-h i l ted s word ( ib id.:114, 1 31). F urther e v idence i s g iven by t he t wo s words f ound i n t he S aöne, a t Macon a nd Cha lon , S .-et-L., w i th t hree b ronze n odu les a t t he p omme le nd o f t he h i l t a nd t wo n odu les a t t he g uard ( ib id .:114 , 1 15 f igs 3 -4 ). The i ron n odu le-h i l ted s word was t herefore a n a troph ied o r a ttenuated v ers ion o f Ha D a ntennae-h i lted s words a nd d aggers. Un l ike P . Bou i l lero t, F . H enry s ought i t s o r ig ins i n t he Chä t i l lonna is whose s m iths a dapted t he l ong Ha C i ron s word t o t he a ntennae-h i lted d aggers t ha t a ppear i n t he r eg ion i n t he Ha D ( ib id.:116). R . J offroy, r ev iew ing t he i ron n odu le-hi l ted s word f ound i n t he S e ine , b e low t he ' Mont-Lasso is ' a t V ix, 0 ., i s s cept ica l o f al oca l o r ig in f or t he s word a nd f avours a n e astern F rench p rovenance ( 1960a :94-6) . H e a ppears t o d a te t he s word t o t he Ha D o n t he e v idence f rom S ivry ( id. 1 976:818 ). J .-J. Ha tt, i n h is c hrono log ica l s cheme f or t he F rench I .A., p laces t he s word i n h is Ha moyen ( 626-540) ( 1962 :66 2 ). H e d ef ines t he s word a s a n i ntermed iary t ype b etween t he a ntennae-h i l ted s words . h is ' type-foss i l ' f or t he p er iod, a nd t he l ong i ron s words o f t he e ar ly L .T. H e i s f o l lowed i n t his by J .-P. M i l lotte ( 1963a :195-196). W . K ramer a ttaches t he s word t o t he m idd le-tolate L .T. b ased o n t he t echn ica l s oph ist ica t ion n eeded t o c onstruct t he i ron s heath-c lasp, a nd t he f act t ha t t his p er iod i s r ich i n r iver-depos i ted s words ( 196 2 :118 ) . The d a t ing o f t he i ron n odu le-h i l ted s word h as b een p art ia l ly r eso lved by t he f ind a t Cay la , Ma i lhac, Ad., i n 1 96 5 , o f al arge h oard c ompr is ing a t l east s ixteen s words o f W . Kramer ' s Type 2 . 2 The h oard was d epos it ed i n t he d i tch s k ir t ing t he r ampart o f Cay la I V ( ?300-375), c ut a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he p hase ( 0. a nd J . Taffane l 1 96 7 :1-2 ) . P ottery s herds b e long ing t o t he s ame v esse l were f ound b ur ied b e low a nd a bove t he h oard, a ttest ing t o as ing le r ap id f i l l . A s herd o f aC ampan ian b ow l o f L ambog l ia 's Type B -Form 1 A, d a ted t o t he f irst c en tury B .C., was f ound b enea th t he h oard. The d epos i t ion o f t he h oard i s t herefore c ontemporary t o t he burn ing o f Cay la I V i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i rst c entury ( ib id.:8 ). A l l t he s words i n t he h oard w ere e i ther b roken, t w isted o r b ent i ntent iona l ly. F ragments t hought t o b e i ron i ngo ts w ere a lso p resent ( ib id .:9 ). The e xcava tors e xp la in t he d epos i t a s af ounder ' s h oard a l though n o o ther e v idence e x ists t o s ubstant ia te t h is c onc lus ion. Nodu le-h i l ted swords h ave n ot b een f ound i n t he s ixth c entury warr ior g raves a t Ma i lhac a nd P ezanas , Her ., o r a t Enserune, N issan, Her ., where t he most r ecent g raves d a te t o t he l a te t h ird c entury ( ib id.:10 ) .

2 51

The Cont inenta l d istr ibut ion o f t he i ron n odu le-hi lted sword s hows a n et c oncentra t ion i n Burgundy, w i th o ut l iers t o t he w est, i n t he l ower L o ire r eg ion f rom Mayenne t o Charente, a nd t o t he e ast, s outh o f t he Ma in a long t he upper Danube ( W. Kramer 1 962 :114 Abb. 3 ). I t i s t empt ing t o i nterpret t h is p a ttern o f d istr ibut ion a s r ef lecting an orth-bound t rade a xed o n t he Rhöne-Sa6ne ' corr idor ' i n t he l a te L .T., s im i lar t o t he t rade t hat f lour ished i n t he Ha D but wh ich d ec l ined i n t he e ar ly L .T. A lthough a d a te i n t he l a te L .T. c an b e t he n odu le-h i lted s word , i ts o r ig ins r ema in a ncestry a s we l l a s i t s d istr ibut ion p a ttern a nd a pprec ia ted unt i l i t s p lace o f o r ig in i s a wa i t f urther d iscover ies. 3

f a ir ly w e l l e stab l ished f or uncerta in. I ts t ypo log ica l c anno t b e f u l ly understood a scer ta ined, a nd t h is must

NOTES 1 .

The f inds a re d istr ibuted a s f o l lows : Sw i tzer land 1 .

2 .

0 . a nd J . Taffane l c onfuse W . Kramer 's t ypo logy. They a ttach t he s words t o Kramer ' s Type 1 wh i le i n f act t hey b e long t o Type 2 .

3 .

I t h as n ot b een p oss ib le t o f ind t he work o f ten ment ioned i n c onn ect ion w ith i ron n odu le-h i lted s words , n ame ly 0 . R ichter a nd M . J ahn, ' E ine n eue k e lt ische S chwer tform a us S üddeutsch land ', Mannus , 1 7 , 1 925. Quoted i n o ther s ources , t he a uthors d a te t he s word t o P . Re inecke ' sL .T. A o n t he m istaken a ssumpt ion t ha t i ron s hea ths d id n ot a ppear b efore t ha t t ime. They p lace t he s word ' s o r ig in i n Burgundy, a s d oes F . Henry.

2 52

F rance 1 1 , G ermany 4 , a nd

B IBL IOGRAPHY

2 53

Abbrev ia t ions u sed i n t he b ibl iography A .F. A.S.

Assoc ia tion F ranca ise p our l t Avancement d es S c iences

A lm. I.A .

A lmanach d e 1 'I ndependant d e 1 ' Aube

Ann .

N iverna is

L es Anna les d es P ays N iverna is

Ann .

Norm.

Anna les d e Normand ie

Ant iq. J ourn .

The Ant iquar ies J ourna l

Arch .

Archaeo log ia Be lg ica

Be lg .

Arch. J ourn .

The Archaeo log ica l J ourna l

Arch .

Archäo log isches Korrespondenzb latt

Korrb l .

B .A .

Bu l let in Archeo log ique

B .A .R .

Br it ish Archaeo log ica l Reports

B C . M. H . Ber .

P as-de-Ca la is

R . G. K.

Bu l let in d e l a Comm iss ion d epartementa le d es Monuments H istor iques du P as-de-Ca la is B er ichte d er Röm isch-German ischen Komm iss ion

B . G. A.S. M.

Bu l let in du Groupement Archeo log ique d e S e ine-et-Marne

Bonner J b.

Bonner J ahrbücher

B .S. A . A.

Bu l let in d e l a S oc iete Archeo log ique du Depar tement d e 1 ' Aube

B .S. A. C.

Bu l let in d e l a S oc iete Archeo log ique Champeno ise

B .S. A . H. O.

Bu l letin d e l a S oc iete Archeo log ique e t H istor ique d e P Or ldana is

B .S. A. N.

Bu l letin d e l a S oc iete d es Ant iqua ires d e Normand ie

B .S.P.F .

Bu l let in d e l a S oc iete P reh istor ique F rança ise

C . A. A . A. H.

Cah iers A lsac iens d 'Archeo log ie, d ' Art e t d ' H isto ire

C .A . A. H.

Cah iers A lsaciens d ' Ar t e t d ' H isto ire

C . A. H. A .

Cah iers d Archeo log ie e t d ' H isto ire d ' A lsace

C . A. H. B.

Cah iers d ' Archeo log ie e t d ' H isto ire du B erry

C . A. N.E.

Cah iers d ' Archeo log ie du Nord-Est

C .A .P .

Cah iers Archeo log iques d e P icard ie

C .P.F .

Con g räs P reh istor iques d e F rance

E t.

E tudes P reh istor iques (Ardäche)

P reh.

Fundber .

Bad .-Württ .

G .A .H . R .A .

Fundber ichte a us Baden-Württemberg Groupement Archeo log ique e t H istor ique d e l a R eg ion d ' Artenay ( Bu l let in d e L ia ison e t d 'I nforma t ion) 2 54

Ga l l ia P rdh .

Ga l l ia P rdh isto ire

J b.

J ahrbuch d es Röm isch-German ischen Z entra lmuseum Ma inz

R . G.Z. M.

J b . S.G .U .

J ahrbuch ( Jahresber ich t) d er S chwe izeri schen G ese l lschaf t f ür U rgesch ichte

J .P. G.F .

J eunesse P rdh istor ique e t G do log ique d e F rance

Ma tdr iaux

Ma tdr iaux p our l 'h is to ire p r im i t ive e t n a ture l le d e Ph omme

M .S. A . C.

Mdmo ires d e l a S oc idtd d es Ant iqua ires du C en tre

M .S. A . M.

Mdmo ires d e l a S oc idtd d ' Agr icu l ture, Commerce, S c iences e t A rts du d dpartement d e l a Marne

M .S. H. A .L .

Mdmo ires d e l a S oc idtd H istor ique e t A rchdol og ique d e L angres

M .S.P .F .

Mdmo ires d e l a S oc idtd P rdh istor ique F ranca ise

PBF .

P räh istor ische B ronzefunde

P . P.S.

P roceed ings o f t he P reh istor ic S oc iety

P räh .

P räh istor ische Z e i tschr if t

Z s.

R .A .

R evue Archdo log ique

R .A . C.

Revue Archdo log ique d u C en tre

R .A . E.

Revue Archöo log ique d e PE st e t du C entreE st

R .A . L.

R evue Archdo log ique d u L o iret

R . A. N.L .

Revue Archdo log ique du Nord du L o iret

R. A .O .

Revue A rchdo log ique d e PO ise

R.G .F.

Röm isch-German ische F orschungen

R . P.I.

R evue P rdh is tor ique I l lustrde d e PE st d e l a F rance

R .S.L.

R iv ista d i S tud i L igur i

S.A .P .

S oc idtd d es Ant iqua ires d e P icard ie

T r ierer Z s.

Tr ierer Z e itschr if t

2 55

B ib l iography Abauz i t, P . 1 961. ' Ndcropo le du P rem ier Age du F er ä Vendres ( Herau l t) ' B .S.P.F ., 5 8 , 1 51-162 . Abauz i t, P . 1 963 . 2 , 2 03-217 . Abrard, R .

1 950 .

No te s ur que lques r aso irs h a l lsta ttiens

,R .A .C . ,

G eo log ie r eg iona le du Bass in d e P ar is . P ar is.

Agache, R . 1 962 . ' Note p rd l im ina ire s ur l es c amps p ro toh istor iques e t g a l lo-roma ins du Bass in d e l a S omme ', R evue d u Nord, 4 4 , 3 19-338 . Agache, R . 1 970 . Detect ion a er ienne d es v est iges p ro toh istor iques, g a l lo-roma ins e t med ievaux d ans l e Bass in d e l a S omme e t s es a bords. Bu l le tin d e l a S oc iete d e P rdh isto ire du Nord, numdro s pec ia l, 7 . Agache, R . 1 976a . ' Pro toh isto ire e n P icard ie : p ec t ions a er iennes ' ,R .A .O . ,7 , 8 -9 .

R esu l ta ts d es p ros-

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1 978 .

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S . A.P ., 2 4 .

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A lary, J. -C. , Arnoux, J ., CunMre, G ., Rousseau, L . 1 975. V ing t a ns d e p rospect ions p reh istor iques d ans l e Bass in du Noha in e t s es a bords ', Ann. N iverna is, 1 0-11, 4 -5. A lexander, J . 1 965. ' The Spectac le F ibu lae o f S outhern Europe ', Amer ican J ourna l o f Archaeo logy, 6 9, 7 -23 . Anonymous 1 949 . ' Don a u musde: 1 948 ' , Bu l le t in d e l a S oc iete A rchdo log ique, S c ient if ique e t L ittera ire du Vendämo is, 1 2-13 . Anonymous 1 973 .

' Fou i l le d e s auve tage i, G .A. H. R .A .,

1 ,

8 -9 .

Anonymous 1 974 . 3 4- 3 5.

' Deux f ibu les p ro toh istor iques ', G .A . H. R. A .,

4 ,

A sk lund, J . 1 970 . L a p ro toh isto ire d ans l ' ouest o r ldana is. F acu l te d es L e ttres d e Tours ( Memo ire d e 2 e c yc le d ' H is to ire). Audouze, F . 1 974 . ' Les c e in tures e t o rnements d e c e in ture d e l ' äge du Bronze e n F rance: o rnemen ts e t a grafes d es c e in tures e n ma t i re p er issab le ' , Ga l l ia P reh ., 1 7, 2 19-283 . 2 56

Audouze, F ., J orrand, C . a nd J .-P., Marqu is, P ., Momme ld, R . V hab itat p ro toh istor ique d e Nery ', R . A. O., 5 , 1 1-14. Babe lon a nd B lanchet 1 895. B ib l io thäque Na t iona le.

1 975.

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1 976a .

( He

L e Neo l ith ique e n P icard ie ' ,R .A .0 . , 7 ,

1 0-28 .

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' Sepu l ture p ro toh istor ique ä S te-Thorette ( Cher) ' 4 0 , 4 .

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P .

1 971.

L a Haute-Marne a nt ique.

Chaumont.

Barat in, J .-F. 1 966 . ' Decouverte d ans une s ab l iäre ä L oury ( Lo ire t) 1, Bu l let in t r imestr ie l d e l a S oc iete Archeo log ique N euv i l lo ise, 1 2, 1 -4. Barf ie ld, L .

19 71.

Northern I ta ly b efore t he Romans.

L ondon.

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2 57

Berard, L . 1 914b. 1 0-39 .

' Necropo le g au lo ise d e S arry ( Marne) ' ,B .S. A .C. , 1 ,

B ergmann, J . 1 95 8 . ' Entw ick lung u nd Verbre itung d er P aukenf ibe l ( E in Be itrag z ur S pä tha l lsta tt- und F rüh la tänestufe d es s üddeu tchs chwe izer isch-ostfranzös ischen Raumes) ' ,J b . R.G.Z. M. , 5 , 1 8-93 . B er t in, D . 1 975a . ' Pre l im ina ire ä une e tude d e 1 'a ge d u f er e n Normand ie: i nventa ire e t r epar t it ion d es s i tes d u H a l lsta tt e t d e L a U ne ' ,Ann . Norm., 4 , 2 27-240 . B er t in, D . 1 975b. ' Mob i l ier d epose p ar l a S oc iete d es Ant iqua ires d e Normand ie a u Musee d es B eaux-Ar ts d e C aen ' ,2 3 .10 .1975 . B er trand, A . 1 86 1 . 1 -11 . B er trand, A . 3 7 2.

1 873 .

Betzler, P . 1 974. S chwe iz . I .

L es t ombe l les d ' Auvenay ( Cö te-d ' Or) ' ,R . A., 3 , ' Sceaux o u c istes e n b ronzes ä c ö tes ' ,R .A ., 1 , 3 61 -

D ie F ibe ln i n Süddeu tsch land, Osterre ich und d er ( Urnenfe lderze it l iche Typen). PBF . X IV, 3 .

B iena ime, J . 1 96 8 . ' Decouver tes a rcheo log iques f or tu i tes c on trö ldes e n 1 96 5 d ans l 'a rrond issemen t d e Troyes ', B .S. A .A ., 2 , 2 1-33 . B iena ime, J . 19 69 . a ssoc ia t ion t umu lus-fosse c ircu la ire ( que lques e xemp les p r is d ans l 'a rrond issement d e T royes) ' ,B .S. A .A ., 5 , 1 5-28 . B itte l, K . 1 934 .

D ie Ke l ten i n Württemberg .

R .G.F ., 8 .

B lanc, A . 1 958 . ' Le c ommerce d e Marse i l le d ans l e Bass in du Rhöne d ' a präs l es t rouva i l les d e c eram ique ' ,R .A .E., 9 , 1 13-121. B lanchet, J .-C. 1 97 3 . ' La c eram ique n eo l i th ique e t p ro toh istor ique d ans l a r eg ion p icarde ' ,5 000 a ns d e t erre c u i te e n P icard ie, 6 -13 . B lanchet, J .-C. 1 976a . ' L 'Age du B ronze e n P icard ie ( de 1 700 ä 7 50 a van t J .C.) ', R . A. O., 7 , 2 9-42 . B lanche t, J .-C. 1 976b. ' Le P rem ier Age du F er e n P icard ie ( de 7 50 ä 450 a y . n o tre ä re) ', R .A . O., 7 , 4 3-47. B lanchet, J .-C., Corne jo, A ., L ambo t, B ., L auren t, S . 19 78 . ' Les d ragages d e l 'O ise d e 1 973 ä 1 976 . Deux i&ne p art ie ', C . A.P., 5 , 8 9-104 . B lanchet, J .-C. a nd Decorme i l le, A . 19 80a . ' Les d ebu ts du P remier Age du F er ä Cho isy-au-Bac ( O ise, F rance) ' ,Bu l let in d e l a S oc iete r oya le b e ige d ' Anthropo log ie e t d e P reh isto ire, 9 1, 2 1-38 . B lanche t, J .-C. a nd Decorme i l le, A . 19 80b. ' Le P rem ier Age du F er d ans l a moyenne v a l lee d e l 'O ise . 1 . Me thode d ' e tude d e l a c eram ique d ecorde d ' h ab i ta t ' ,Hommages a u P rofesseur J .-P . M i l lo tte ( for thcom ing). B lanchet, J .-C. a nd F itte, P . 1 978 . ' Le s i te a rcheo log ique d e Moru, c ommune d e P ontpo int ( O ise) ' ,R .A . O., 1 1, 3 -25 . B lanche t, J .-C. a nd F ourn ier, J ., J . a nd C . 1 978 . ' Une d ecouver te du P rem ier Age du F er ä Am iens ( Somme), " La Made le ine-au-La it" C .A .P., 5 , 2 79-283 . B lanchet, J .-C. a nd L ambo t, B . 1 975 . d e l 'O ise ' ,C . A.P ., 2 , 2 5-70 .

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B lanchet, J .-C. a nd S amadet, A . 1 975. Un c iseau ä d ou i l le e t une a rm i l le e n b ronze t rouves ä V i l lers-sur-Coudun ( Oise) ' ,R . A. O., 6 , 1 8-19 . B lanchet, J .-C. a nd Toupet, C . 1 980 . ' Ate l iers s iderurg iques du V IIe s . a y . J . C. a u c onf luent d e PA isne e t d e PO ise ' ,Archeo log ia, 14 2, 4 4-45. Bocquet, A . 1 96 9 . 1 2, 1 21-400 .

L ' I säre p reh istor ique e t p rotoh istor ique ' , Ga l l ia P reh .

Bocquet, A . a nd Couren, J .-P . 1 974 . ' Le f our d e p o t ier d e S evr ier, Haute-Savo ie ( Age du Bronze F ina l) ' ,E t. P reh ., 9 , 1 -6.

I f

d e Boe, G . a nd v an I mpe, L . 1 979. ' Nederzet ting u i t d e I j zert i jd e n Rome inse V i l la t e Rosmeer ', Arch. Be lg ., 2 16, 5 -44. Bo iche, J .-C., Degros, J ., S enee, A ., Tarr6te, J . 1 980 . ' Deux f osses d u P rem ier Age du F er ä Chartrettes ( Se ine-et-Marne) ', Ga l l ia, 3 8, 2 7-49 . Bo isseau, R . a nd L amber t, J . 1 975. ' l in c hamp d e t umulus du P remier Age du F er ä G landon ( Hte-V ienne) ', Ga l l ia, 3 3, 1 -25. Bonenfant, P .-P. 1 966. ' A p ropos d e d eux u sages f unera ires d es p rem iers s iäc les a vant e t a präs J esus-Chr ist. F osses quadrangu la ires e t me langes d e c endres huma ines e t a n ima les ' ,Ant iqu ite C lass ique, 3 5, 5 06-528 . Bonenfant, P .-P . 19 75. ' Les r e la t ions e ntre h ab itat e t n ecropo les e n Be lg ique ä l ' Age du F er: un p rob läme ä p oser ', i n P .-M. Duva l a nd V . Kruta 1 975, 6 1-69 . Bonnamour, L . 1 973 . ' Fou i l le d 'un h ab ita t d e l a f in d e l 'Age d e Bronze ä Epervans ( Saöne-et-Lo ire) ', R . A.E., 2 4, 6 9-127. Bonnamour, L . 1 976 . ' S iedlungen d er Spä tbronzeze it ( Bronze F ina l I I) i m S aöne-ta l s üd l ich v on Cha lon-sur-Saöne ' , Arch. Korrb l ., 6 , 1 23-130 . Bonnamour, L ., Mordant, C ., N ico lardo t, J .-P. 1 976 . ' Les c iv il isa t ions d e PAge du Bronze e n Bourgogne ' ,i n J . Gu i la ine 1 976a, 6 01-617. Bonnet, C . a nd J eh l , M . 1 960. ' Hab ita ts p re- e t p ro toh istor iques ä Gundo lshe im-Merxhe im ', C . A. A. H. , 4 , 2 7-43. Bont i l lot, J ., Mordant, C . a nd D ., P ar is, J . 1 975. ' La n ecropo le d es Gob i l lons ä Chä tenay-sur-Se ine ( Se ine-et-Marne)' ,B .S.P.F ., 7 2, 4 16-456 . Bosteaux ( fr res) 1 929 .

F ou i l les ä P rosnes ( 1928) ', B .S. A. C., 1 , 5 -7.

Bosteaux-Par is 1 894. ' Decouvertes d e s epu l tures d e Pepoque h a l lsta tt ie nne e t t umu lus d es e nv irons d e Re ims ' ,A .F. A.S. ( Caen), 2 , 6 98-704 . Bosteaux-Par is 1 898a . ' Resu l ta t d es f ou i l les d e Pé poque g au lo ise p endant l es a nnees 1 896-97 ', A .F. A.S. ( Nantes), 2 , 5 55-558. Bosteaux-Par is 1 989b. ' Re leve d ' une c ar te p reh istor ique d es e nv irons d e Re ims ', A .F. A.S. ( Nantes), 2 , 5 59-560 . Bosteaux-Par is 1 899 . ' Resu lta t d es f ou i l les du c imet i re g au lo is h a l lsta tt ie n d e l a P ierre-Po iret, ä P ontfaverger ( Marne) ', A .F. A.S. ( Bou logne-sur-Mer), 2 , 5 41-542. Bosteaux-Par is 1 908. ' Demonstra t ion c ompara t ive s ur P industr ie d es t ro is p er iodes g au lo ises ' ,B .S. A.C., 1 , 9 -12.

2 59

Bosteaux-Par is 1 925. ' Traces d e l ' industr ie p hdn ic ienne d ans l es c ime tiäres g au lo is Ha l lsta tt iens e t Marn iens d e l a Marne ', B .S. A .C., 1 , 2 8-31. Bosteaux-Par is, C . 1 924 . ' Rdsu l ta ts d es f ou i l les f a i tes e n 1 903, 1 904, 1 905, 1 906 d ans s ix c ime t iäres g au lo is, a P rosnes, L avannes, H eutrdg iv i l le, Caure l, e t B erru ( Marne) ', B .S.A.C., 3 -4 , 9 3-96. Bosteaux-Par is, C . 1 925. ' Le s igne s ymbo l ique I nd ien " le Swast ika" r eprodu it s ur un v ase g au lo is du c imet iäre h a l lsta tt ien d e Warmer -v ine ', B .S. A. C., 1 , 2 7-28 . Bos teaux a nd L ogear t, G . 1 908. ' Excurs ions e t f ou i l les d 'un c ime t iäre Ha l lsta tt ien ä Aussonce ( Ardennes): 2 0 a vr i l, 1 908 ', B .S. A .C., 2 , 3 5-37 . Boucher, S . 1 970 . ' Impor ta t ions d trusques e n G au le ä l a f in du V IIe s ièc le a van t J . C.', Ga l l ia, 2 8, 1 93-206 . B oucher, S . 1 973. ' Tra jets t errestres du c ommerce d trusque a ux V e e t I Ve s iäc les a vant J .C.', R . A., 1 , 7 9-96. Boucher, S . 1 976 . R echerches s ur l es b ronzes f igures d e Gau le p rdr oma ine e t r oma ine . E co les f ranQa ises d ' A thänes e t d e Rome, 2 28, Rome. B oudou, J ., Anna !, J ., S ou tou, A . 1 961. ' La c dram ique i nc isde ä m dandres s ymdtr iques du P ont d u D iab le ( An iane, H drau lt) ', Ga l l ia, 1 9, 2 012 18. Bou i l lerot, P . 1 908 . ' No te s ur une f orme p art icu l iäre d 'dpdes h a l lsta tt iennes ' R •P•I•, 3 , 1 34-139 . B ou i l lero t, P . 1 913a . ' Sdpu l tures d e Chamou i l ley ( HauteI V Iarne)(F in d e l té poque d e Ha l lsta tt o u d ebu t d e l 'é poque d e L a T äne) ' ,i n J . Ddche lette 1 913b, 7 3-77. Bou i l lero t, P . 1 913b. ' Sdpu ltures d e S emou t iers ( Haute-Marne)(Epoques d e Ha l lsta tt e t d e L a Täne I ) ' ,i n J . Ddche le tte 1 913b, 8 7-100 . Bou i l lerot, R . 1 908 . ' Tumu lus d es Mon to i l les, d es Gros Meurgers e t d e l a F orä ' t d e Cha rnpberceau, Can ton d e P rauthoy ( Haute-Marne), R .P.I., 3 , 6 9-78 . Bou loum id, B . 1 971 . ' Nouveaux j a lons du c ommerce d trusque a u n ord d es A lpes ', Cah iers d e Mar iemont, 2 , 1 3-22. Bou loumid, B . 1 973a . ' Les o enochods e n b ronze d u t ype " Schnabe lkanne" e n F rance e t e n B elg ique ', Ga l l ia, 3 1, 1 -35. Bou loum id, B . 1 973b. L es o enochods e n b ronze d u t ype " Schnabe lkanne" e n I ta l ie . E co le f ranya ise d e Rome, 1 5, R ome . Bou loum id, B . 1 976. ' Les c istes ä c ordons t rouvdes e n Gau le ( Be lg ique, F rance, S u isse) ' ,Ga l l ia, 3 4, 1 -30 . Bou loum id, B . 1 977 . ' Si tu les d e b ronze t rouvdes e n Gau le ( VIIeIVe s iäc les a y . J . C.) ? ‚ .Ga l l ia, 3 5, 3 -38 . Bou loum id, B . 1 978 . ' Les s tamno i d trusques d e b ronze t rouvds e n Gau le ' L a tomus, 3 7, 3 -24 . Boureux, M ., 1 973. V archdo log ie d ans l a v a l lde d e l 'A isne ', E tude d ' a mdnagement d e l a v a l lde d e l tA isne. D irect ion deartementa le d e l ' Equ ipement. L aon.

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( Le

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' Une c achette h a l lsta tt ienne ä Argenton ( Indre) ' ,R .A .,

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