The Dal Pozzo Copies of the Palestrina Mosaic 9780904531480, 9781407327242

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER I: THE BACKGROUND TO THE COPIES
CHAPTER II: THE DAL POZZO COPIES
CHAPTER III: RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MOSAIC
NOTES
ABBREVIATIONS

Citation preview

The Dai Pozzo Copies of the Palestrina Mosaic

Helen Whitehouse

BAR Supplementary Series 1976

I2

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. Supplementary Series 12, 1976: “The Dal Pozzo Copies of the Palestrina Mosaic” © Helen Whitehouse, 1976.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531480 paperback ISBN 9781407327242 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531480 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page L ist o f f igures Acknow ledge men ts CHAPTER

I :

CHAPTER

I :

CHAPTER I I :

THE BACKGROUND TO THE COPIES

1

THE DAL POZZO COPIES

1 1

RECONSTRUCT ION OF THE MOSAIC

7 0

No tes

7 7

Abbrev ia t ions

9 7

L IST OF F IGURES Page A .

P lan o f t he l ower c o mp lex a t Pa lestr ina

B .

The mosa ic d iv ided i n to s ect ions t o c orrespond w ith t he c op ies

I a.

2 2 5

Windsor d raw ing 1 9201

2 6

l b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 1 ( r igh t-hand )

2 7

l c.

The mosa ic , s ect ion 1 ( l ef t-hand )

2 7

2 a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9202

2 8

2 b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 2

2 9

3 a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9203

3 0

3 b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 3

3 1

4 a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9204

3 2

4 b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 4

3 3

5 a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9205

3 5

5 b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 5

3 5

6 a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9206

3 6

6 b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 6

3 7

7 a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9207

3 8

7 b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 7

3 9

8 a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9208

4 0

8 b.

The mosa ic , s ect ion 8

4 1

9 a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9209

4 2

9 b.

The mosa ic , s ect ion 9

4 3

1 0a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9210

4 4

1 0b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 1 0

4 5

ha.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9211

4 6

i lb.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 1 1

4 7

1 2a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9212

4 8

1 2b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 1 2

4 9 5 0

1 3a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9213

1 3b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 1 3

5 1

1 3c.

Windsor d raw ing 1 1483

5 3

1 4.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9214

5 5

1 5a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9215

5 6

1 5b.

The mosa ic, s ect ion 1 5

5 7

1 5c.

Windsor d raw ing 1 1484

5 9

Page 1 6a .

Windsor d raw ing 1 9216

6 0

1 6b.

The mosa ic , s ect ion 1 6

6 1

1 7a.

Windsor d raw ing 1 9217

6 2

1 7b.

The mosa ic , s ect ion 1 7

6 3

1 8a .

Windsor d raw ing 1 9218

6 4

1 8b.

The mosa ic , s ect ion 1 8

6 5

1 9a .

Windsor d raw ing 1 9219

6 6

1 9b.

The Ber l in f ragmen t o f t he mosa ic

6 7

1 9c.

The mosa ic , s ect ion 1 9

6 9

2 0.

S ugges ted r econs truct ion o f t he mosa ic

7 5

Fo ld-ou t p la te a t e nd :

t he Pa lestr ina mosa ic

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

T he d raw ings f ro m t he Roya l L ibrary , Windsor Cast le , a re r eproduced b y g rac ious p er m iss ion o f H er Ma jesty t he Q ueen . Iam most g ra tefu l t o Pro fessor Mar t in Rober tson f or d iscuss ing t h is work i n p rogress a nd f or r ead ing t he d raf t v ers ion o f t he t ex t ;

Mrs . S he ila S o mers

R inehar t a nd S ir An thony B lun t f or a ss ist ing me w ith e nqu ir ies a bout t he a uthors h ip o f t he c op ies ;

a nd e spec ia l ly my f or mer t eacher Professor J ohn R . Harr is

f or h is h e lp a nd e ncourage men t w ith t h is, a s w i th many o ther t h ings . Pho tographs :

F ig . 1 9b :

b y c our tesy o f t he S taa t l iche Museen z u B er l in ;

F igs . l b &c , 2 b, 3 b , 4 b , 6 b , 7 b , 9 b , 1 0b , 1 5b a nd 1 9c : p la te :

S ca la .

A l inar i ;

f o ld-out

THE BACKGROUND TO THE COP IES

S econd o n ly p erhaps t o t he A lexander mosa ic f ro m P o mpe i i i n t he amoun t t ha t h as b een wr it ten a bout i t , t he l arge N ilo t ic l andscape k nown a s t he Pa lest r ina o r Barber in i mosa ic h as b een t he o b ject o f s tud ies b y s cho lars f ro m A thanas ius K ircher o n , af avour ite i l lus tra t ion i n b ooks o n a nc ien t a r t , b eg inn ing w ith t he s even teen th-cen tury c o mpend ia , a nd e ven , i n more r ecen t t imes , t he s ub jec t o f ad ocu men tary f i l m.

F or " th is v ery i ns truct ive p iece o f a n t i-

q u ity" , a s T ho mas S haw d ubbed i t ,In o t o n ly was o ne o f t he f irs t Roman mosa ics t o c ome t o l i gh t , a nd t hat a t at ime when s er ious a n t iquar ian s tudy was j us t b eg inn ing , b ut i s a lso r e markab le f or i t s s ize a nd q ua l ity , a nd t he n ove l ty a nd i n terest o f i t s s ub jec t ma t ter. Moreover , i t s p rox im ity t o o ne o f t he f a mous t e mp les o f a n t iqu ity a nd i t s a pparen t c onnect ion w ith a c ruc ia l p assage i n P l iny 's Natura l H istory h ave a ssured i to f ap ro m inen t p lace i n Ro man a r t h is tory .2 D e ta iled s tudy o f t he mosa ic h as a lways b een h ampered b y t he f ac t t ha t w e h ave n o e xact i dea o f i t s o r ig ina l f or m , o n ly t he c er ta in k now ledge t ha t i th as b een much r estored s ince t he t ime o f i t s d iscovery a nd p robab ly c on ta ins i na ccurac ies. S cho lars wr it ing a bou t i th ave o f ten l a men ted t he a pparen t l oss o f t he e igh teen d raw ings k nown f ro m s even teen th-century s ources t o b e i n t he Museum Char taceu m o f Co m menda tore Cass iano d a l Pozzo a nd t o s how t he mosa ic i n i t s p re-restorat ion s ta te , a nd e ven p erhaps i n i t s o r ig ina l i n tegra l f orm.

The c op ies a re i n f ac t s t il l i n e x istence , f or i n t he m id-e igh teen th

c en tury t hey p assed , t ogether w ith t he b u lk o f Da l Pozzo 's g rea t c o l lect ion o f a n t iquar ian d raw ings , f ro m I t a ly t o Eng land , a nd w ere i ncorpora ted i n t he c o l lec t ions o f t he Roya l L ibrary , W indsor Cast le. Apar t f ro m t he ir mer its a s d raw ings a f ter t he a n t ique , t hey a re o f t he h ighest i n teres t f or t he l igh t t hey s hed o n t he Pa les tr ina mosa ic ;

wh i le r eso lv ing s o me o f t he o ld q uest ions ,

s uch a s whether Da l P ozzo 's a r t is t was d raw ing t he who le mosa ic o r p ieces o f i t , a nd h ence whether a ny c opy w as made o f i ti n i t s e n t irety , t hey p ose s o me n ew o nes , n otab ly r egard ing t he i ncorrect a rrange men t o f t he r es tored mosa ic. T hese a re t he p rob le ms w ith wh ich t he p resen t monograph i s p r i mar i ly c onc erned , a nd e xcep t i n s o f ar a s t hey a re v i ta l t o s o me p o in t c oncern ing t he r e la t ion o f t he d raw ings t o t he mosa ic n e ither t he many q ues t ions r a ised b y i t s s ub ject ma t ter n or t he i mpor tan t p rob le m o f i t s d a t ing w il l b e c ons idered i n d eta il h ere.

I t may h owever b e a ppropr ia te t o b eg in w ith a d escr ip t ion o f

t he mosa ic a nd a b r ief s urvey o f t he c urren t s ta te o f o p in ions r egard ing i t , a nd t o f o l low t h is w ith a n a ccoun t o f i t s f i nd ing a nd s ubsequen t f or tunes , f or t he d raw ings ' p ar t icu lar v a lue s te ms f ro m t he f act t ha t t he mosa ic h as u ndergone s evera l r estora t ions , a nd t he e ar l ier p ar t o f i t s h is tory s ince d iscovery i s n ot a l toge ther e asy t o t race. T he P a lestr ina mosa ic o r ig ina l ly f ormed t he p ave men t o f a n a ps ida l r ecess a t t he n or th e nd o f al arge r ectangu lar b u i ld ing s i tuated b eh ind t he a rea o ccup ied

•

0

0

0

•

0


v, 15

xr _r ri _L5 D L ) ro c .v .

c f . P . H . v on B lanckenhagen 's o bserva t ions o n t he c orrespondence b e tween t he " sy mbo l ic" c lass o f l andscape r epresen ta t ion t o wh ich h e a ss igns t he mosa ic , a nd t he Ye l low Fr ieze f ro m t he Casa d i L iv ia : " The Odyssey Fr ieze" , R . M. 7 0 , 1 963, p p. 1 00-46 , e spec ia l ly p . 1 29.

1 0.

I ts A lexandr ian q ua l ity h as b een s tressed mos t r ecen t ly b y J . Charbonn eaux , R . Mar t in a nd F . V i l lard i n H e l len ist ic Ar t ( London , 1 973 ) p p . 1 77-82.

T he c ase f or a He l len ist ic G reek o r ig in f or l andscape d ep ict ion

a nd a s pec if ica l ly A lexandr ian o ne f or N ilot ica h as b een s tated mos t empha t ica l ly b y M. Sw ind ler Anc ien t Pa in t ing ( New Haven , 1 929 ) p . 3 18 ;

b u t f or a n a lterna t ive v iew s ee C . M. Dawson Ro mano-Ca mpan ian

My tho log ica l L andscape Pa in t ing ( Ya le C lass ica l S tud ies I X , New Haven , 1 944 ) p ar t icu lar ly p p . 4 0-4i.

T he mosa ic h as b een d escr ibed

a s t he s or t o f c ar tograph ic work o f wh ich t he p a in ter De metr ios T opographos o f t he s econd c entury B .C. must h ave b een a n e xponen t : s ee P . H . v on B lanckenhagen a nd C . A lexander T he Pa in t ings f ro m Bosco trecase ( R. M . Ergänzungshef t 6 , H e ide lberg , 1 962 ) p p. 5 5-7. 7 8

The n a me o f t h is s hadowy f igure o f a pparen t ly A lexandr ian c onnect ions h as o f ten b een l inked w ith t he g enre o f N i lo t ic l andscapes — s ee , e .g., Sw ind ler o p.c it ., l oc.c it . a nd p p. 3 06-7 ;

C . R . Morey Ear ly Chr is t ian

Ar t ( Pr inceton , 1 . 942 ) p . 1 43, a nd t he r ev iew o f i tb y D . T se los i n A. J. A. 4 7 , 1 943, p p . 1 44-8, p ar t icu lar ly 1 46 ;

a nd Mar t in Rober tson

AH is tory o f G reek Ar t ( Ca mbr idge , 1 975 ) I , p . 5 89. 1 1.

Da t ings a s f o l lows : 4 7-50 ;

a ) S u l lan , c . 8 0 B .C.:

De lbrueck 2 2 .c it ., I , p p.

Faso lo-Gu l l in i 2 2 .c i t ,p p . 3 12f f .;

G . L ug l i " I l S an tuar io d e l la

Fortuna Pr im igen ia i n Prenes te e l a s ua d a taz ione" , Rend . L ine. s er . 8 , I X , 1 954 , p p. 7 4-5 ; 2 , p . 3 0 n . 3 ;

G u l l in i 1 956 , p p . l if f .;

G .-Ch . P icard R .A. 1 960 ,

P . F . T schud in I s is i n Ro m ( Aarau , 1 962 ) p . 1 5 ;

I . L av in

" The Hun t ing Mosa ics o f An t ioch a nd t he ir s ources" , Du mbar ton Oaks Papers 1 7, 1 963, p p . 2 23-4 ; Nap les , 1 967 ) p p . 6 9-70. 1 958, p p. 3 70-1;

P . Ro mane l l i Pa les tr ina ( Cava d e i T irren i,

Con tra t he S u l lan d a t ing :

Käh ler Gno mon 3 0 ,

n o a l terna t ive d a te p roposed , b u t s ee E . Börsch-

S upan G ar ten, Landscha f ts- u nd Parad ies mo t ive im I nnenrau m ( Ber l in , 1 967 ) p . 3 52 n . 2 94.

b ) 6 0-50 B .C.:

H . G . Beyen Po mpe jan ische

Wanddekora t ion I , 1( The Hague , 1 960 ) p . 3 14 n . 2 . J acop i o p.c it ., p . 2 3 ; ( Par is , 1 964 ) p . 9 1;

C ) p os t-30 B .C.:

D . Bonneau L a Cr ue d u N il , d iv in ite e gyp t ienne c f . M. Ma la ise I nven ta ire p re l im ina ire d es

d ocu men ts e gyp t iens d ecouver ts e n I ta l ie ( E.P.R . O. 2 1, L e iden , 1 972 ) p . 9 6 n o. 4 .

d ) Hadr ian ic :

R . v an D e man Magof f in A s tudy o f t he

t opography a nd mun ic ipa l h istory o f Praenes te ( Ba lt i more , 1 908 ) p p. 4 9-50 ;

0 . Marucch i " I l Grande Mosa ico Prenes t ino e d i ' L ithos tro ton '

d i S i l la" D iss. P .A.R.A. s er . 2 , X , 1 , 1 910 , p p. 1 67-8 ; p p. l lf f .; 4 60 ;

S ch m id t 1 929 ,

A . G arc ia y B e l l ido Ar te Ro mano (Madr id , 1 955 ) p p. 4 57 ,

H . v on He in tze

ä gyp t ische S tud ien :

p . 5 37;

L . Cast ig l ione"Gr iech isch-

Be iträge z ur Deutung d es Mosa iks v on Pränes te" ,

Acta An t igua A .S .H. 5 , 1 957, p . 2 20.

e ) t h ird c entury A .D.:

A . Ru mp f

Handbuch d er Archäo log ie 4 .1, Ma lere i u nd Z e ichnung d er K lass ischen An t ike ( Mun ich , 1 953 ) p . 1 93;

f o l lowed b y S . Morenz D ie Begegnung

Europas m it Ägyp ten ( Ber l in , 1 968 ) p p. 19-20. 1 2. 1 3.

P l iny Na tura l H istory X =V I , 6 4 , 1 89. The i den t if ica t ion o f t he mosa ic w ith S u l la 's l i thos troton was a ccep ted b y De lbrueck o p.c it ., I , p . 5 0 , h as b een a rgued f or a t l eng th b y G u l l in i 1 956 , p p. 9 f f . a nd Append ix p p . 5 1-3 ( c f . Au fst ieg u nd N iedergang d er Rö m ischen Wel t , I , 4 , p p . 7 52-60 ), a nd i s a dm it ted b y many who f o l low h is d a t ing .

T ha t t he t er m c an b e u sed f or o pus t esse l la tu m h as b een

a sser ted b y H . S tern " Or ig ine e t d ebuts d e l a mosa ique mura le" , E tudes d 'Archeo log ie c lass ique I , 1 959 ( Anna les d e FE s t p ub l ie s p ar l a f acu l te d es l et tres d e l 'Un ivers ite d e Nancy , Me mo ire n o. 2 2 ) p . 1 02 a nd n . 5 ;

a nd a lthough T . Dohrn ( R. M . 7 2 , 1 965 , p p . 1 27-41, p ar t icu lar ly

1 32 ) d ef ined " Crus tae" a s "Marmorp lä tchen" h e a pparen t ly a ccep ted t he mosa ic 's e qu iva lence w ith t he S u l lan l i thostro ton .

Bu t t he l a t ter h as

b een d ef ined a s o pus s ect ile b y A . T sch ira " Pav i men ta ." , R .M . 5 5 , 1 940 , p p. 2 7-35 ;

D . G iosef f i " La t erm ino log ia d e i s is te m i d i p av i men taz ione

mar morea e u na p ag ina d e l la N atura l is H is tor ia" Rend . L ine. s er . 8 , X , 1 955 , p p . 5 72-95 , p ar t icu lar ly 5 75f f .;

7 9

G . Beca t t i S cav i d i Os t ia I V :

Mosa ic i e Pav i men t i Marmore i ( Ro me , 1 961), p p. 2 53-67 ; Bruneau " Deux n o ms a n t iques d e p ave men t , A IG DO

T (1 FO N

i t

a nd Ph .

K AT A K A -v- i-0 N

e t

Bu l let in d e Correspondance He l len ique 9 1, p p. 4 23-

4 6 , p ar t icu lar ly 4 31f f .

F or t he v iew t ha t t he mosa ic c ou ld n o t b e t he

S u l lan l i thostroton s ee , i n ter a l i is , Marucch i 2 2 .c i t ., p p . 1 57-65 , a nd o thers c ited t here in ;

S ch m id t 1 929 ,

Käh ler Gno mon 3 0 , p . 3 82 ; 1 4.

P .

1 0 ;

v on He in tze

c i t ., p . 5 37 ;

B eyen o p.c it ., p . 3n . 3 .

A . Ma iur i L a v i l la d e i M isten i( Ro me , 1 931) p p . 1 97-9 a nd F ig . 8 3 ; H . G . Beyen Po mpe jan ische Wanddekorat ion I( The Hague , 1 938 ) p . 5 5 ;

W. J . T .

P eters L andscape i n Ro mano-Ca mpan ian Mura l Pa in t ing

( Assen , 1 963 ) p . 8 . 1 5.

E . Pern ice D ie He l len ist ische Kuns t i n Po mpe ji, V I :

Pav i men te u nd

F ig t ir l iche Mosa iken ( Ber l in , 1 938 ) p p. 1 67-8 a nd Ta f . 6 8 , 1 -4 ;

K .

S chefo ld V ergessnes Po mpe ji ( Bern , 1 962 ) p p. 1 7, 1 97. 1 6.

The c o mpar ison b etween t he mosa ic a nd t he Odyssey Fr ieze was f irs t d rawn b y G . Cu l trera S agg i s u lPar te e l len is t ica e g reco-ro mana I ( Ro me , 1 917 ) p p . 2 32-4 , a nd h as b een e labora ted o n b y A . Ga l l ina " Le p itture c on p aesagg i d e l l 'Od issea d a lPEsqu i l ino" , S tud i M isce l lane i 6 , 1 960-61, p p. 3 9-41;

s ee a lso L . V lad Borre l l i Bo l let t ino d 'Ar te 4 1,

1 956 , p p . 2 97-8, a nd Beyen o p.c it., I , 1 , p p . 3 12-5.

A warn ing n o te

o n t he ir c o mparab i l ity h as h owever b een s ounded b y v on B lanckenhagen o p .c it ., e spec ia l ly p p. 1 12 , 1 29 , 1 44. 1 7.

c f . t he e xa mp les i n i m . 1 4 a nd 1 5 a bove.

The a ppearance o f I s iac

s ymbo ls a s c on tro l marks o n Ro man c o ins o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he f irs t c en tury B .C. must i nd ica te a d egree o f p opu lar f am il iar ity w ith t h is ma ter ia l ( bu t s urely n ot t he r e l ig ious a f f il ia t ions o f t he m in t w orkers , a s s uggested b y A . A l fö ld i " Is isku l t u nd Umsturzbewegung i m l e tzten J ahrhunder t d er r öm ischen Repub l ik" , S chwe izer Münzb lä t ter 5 , 1 954 , H ef t 1 8 , p p. 2 5-31;

c f . Ma la ise 2 2 .c i t ., p . 2 38f f . a nd M. H . Craw ford

Ro man Repub l ican Co inage , Ca mbr idge , 1 974 , I , p p. 3 99 , 4 39 ; p . 5 84 n . 2 ).

I ,

F or t he a ss im i la t ion o f F or tuna w ith I s is a t P a lestr ina

a nd t he r esu l t ing p resence o f Egyp t ian mater ia l t here , s ee E . Köber le in Ca l igu la u nd d ie Ägyp t ischen Ku l te ( Be iträge z ur K lass ischen Ph i lo log ie , H ef t 3 , Me isenhe i m am G lan , 1 962 ) p p . 7 0-71, a nd c f . K . S che fo ld " Zur h e l len is t ischen Theo log ie A lexandr ias" ,

A NT I

z um 7 0 G ebur ts tag ( Tub ingen , 1 962 ) p p. 1 67-81.

n RON Edgar S a l in

A t al a ter d a te t he

o ccurrence o f Egyp t ian is ing ma ter ia l a t Pa les tr ina may a lso b e e xp la ined b y Hadr ian 's r es idence t here , s ee b e low n . 2 0. 1 8.

B eyen — s ee n . 1 1, b ).

1 9.

D . Bonneau 2 2 .c it ., p p. 9 0-94 , s tress ing t he f ac t t ha t Augustus ' v is it o f 3 0 B .C. was a ssoc ia ted w ith a p ar t icu lar ly a bundan t f l ood ;

f ur ther ,

s he h as i den t if ied t he t e mp le s cene w ith s o ld iers i n t he f oreground a s t he emperor 's a rr iva l a t A lexandr ia w ith h is p raetor ian g uard ( d is t ing u ished b y t he ir s corp ion-e mb lazoned s h ie lds ) a nd a Ro man b oat , t he l i burn ica , o f fshore.

An e ar l ier i den t if icat ion o f t h is v esse l a s a Ro man

t ype , ab ire me , was made b y F . Mo l l Das S ch if f i n d er B i ldenden Kuns t ( Bonn , 1 929 ) p . 2 9. 8 0

2 0.

Hadr ian r estored a n i mper ia l v i l la a t P a les tr ina ( Bes ig o p .c it ., 1 255 , 3 8f f .) a nd t h is may h ave c on ta ined Egyp t ian is ing w orks o f a r t o n ap ar w ith t hose a t T ivo l i , whence t he f ash ion c ou ld h ave s pread t o t he t own i t se l f ;

s o ma ter ia l o f t h is s or t migh t n o t b e a t tr ibutab le e xclus ive ly t o

t he i n f luence o f t he t e mp le.

The o ne N i lot ic mosa ic d a tab le w ith a ny

c er ta in ty t o t he Hadr ian ic p er iod , t ha t wh ich f orms p ar t o f t he p ave men t s igned b y Herak l itos , f ro m t he V igna L up i o n t he Aven t ine , Ro me ( now i n t he Va t ican , Museo Gregor iano Pro fano :

B . Nogara Imosa ic i a n t ich i

c onserva t i n e i p a lazz i p on t if ic i d e l Vat icano e d e l L aterano , Mi lan , 1 910 , p p. 3 -5 a nd T avv. V-V I I ) s ee ms t o me t o b e c o mposed i n as p ir it q u ite d if feren t t o t ha t o f t he P a lestr ina e xa mp le b ut p erfect ly i n k eep ing w ith o ther Egyp t ian is ing works o f i t s p er iod , wh ich b e tray a s e lect ive a pproach a i med a t t he r e-crea t ion o f af anc ied m i l ieu r ather t han a r ea l o ne s uch a s t he Pa les tr ina mosa ic p resen ts. 2 1.

F or a s u m mary o f t he e ar ly i den t if ica t ions s ee K . Woer mann D ie L ands cha f t i n d er Kunst d er a lten Vö lker ( Mun ich , 1 876 ) p p . 3 04-6 ; Woermann h i msel f f avoured n o s pec if ic i den t if ica t ions b u t t hough t t hat t he f igures were s tock t ypes.

2 2.

E .g . t he Egyp t ian t e mp le t op r igh t h as b een t aken f or t he g rea t t e mp les o f Karnak , L uxor o r al fu ;

t he we l l a nd t e mp le a t t he l ef t-hand s ide

f or t he N ilo meter a t E lephan t ine a nd t he t e mp le o f I s is o n t he i s land o f Ph ilae , o r f or Her mopo l is a nd t he we l l a t T una e l-Gebe l ; a rea f or Canopus , A lexandr ia o r Me mph is. 1 929 , p p . 3 3f f .;

Bonneau 2 2 .c i t ., p p. 9 1-4 ;

t he f oreground

S ee , f or i nstance :

S ch m id t

S . Aur ige m ma " I l r es tauro

d i c onso l ida men to d e l Mosa ico Barber in i, c ondo t to n e l 1 952" ,Rend . P .A . R.A. s er . I I , 3 0-31, 1 957-9 , p p . 4 1-98 , e spec ia l ly p p. 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 9 , 7 5-7 ;

R . E . Wit t I s is i n t he G raeco-Ro man Wor ld ( London , 1 971)

p p. 3 4-5 a nd 1 63-4.

The e n t ire p icture was t aken a s ar epresen tat ion

o f E lephan t ine a nd l inked t o Hadr ian 's v is it t here i n 1 31 A .D . b y t he Abbe Bar the le my i n h is Exp l ica t ion d e l a mosa ique d e Pa les tr ine ( Par is , 1 760 ).

F or a d iscuss ion o f t he a rch itecture i n g enera l a nd i t s r e la t ion

t o a ctua l Egyp t ian b u ild ings , s ee M. I . Ros tovtzef f " D ie h e l len ist ischr öm ische Arch itek tur landscha f t" , R . M. 2 6 , 1 911, p p . 6 0-62. 2 3.

c f . M. I . Ros tov tzef f T he S oc ia l a nd Econo m ic H istory o f t he He l len ist ic Wor ld

( Ox ford , 1 953 ) p . 3 18.

2 4.

B lake M .A .A .R . 8 , 1 930 , p . 1 41 .

2 5.

c f . n n . 1 4 a nd 1 5 a bove.

2 6.

E .g.:

t he l o tus n e lumb iu m n uc iferu m , s een p ass im i n t he mosa ic , b ears

p ink f lowers a nd b road b e l l-shaped l eaves o n l ong s ta lks c lear o f t he wa ter .

The p lan t s ee ms t o h ave c o me i n to Egyp t f ro m I nd ia s o me t ime

a f ter 1 000 B .C., p erhaps p os t t he Pers ian c onquest ;

i tn ever a ppears

i n Pharaon ic a r t , b u t i t s d ist inct iy . : s eed-head i s r epresen ted o n a p ure ly Egyp t ian r el ief wh ich may b e d ated a ny t ime b etween 3 00 t o 3 0 B .C.: Museen :

s ee H . S chä fer " Ein g r iech isch-ägyp t isches Rel ief", Ber l iner Ber ich te a us d en Preusz ischen Kuns tsa m m lungen 4 2, 1 920-

2 1, p p. 1 5-22, e spec ia l ly p . 1 6.

I t i s s hown i n i t s b otan ica l ly c orrect

f or m i n t he Casa d e l F auno N ilo t ic mosa ic ( above , n . 1 5 ), where i ti s

8 1

c lear ly d is t ingu ished f ro m t he l otus o f t he Ny mphaea s pec ies , t he l eaves o f wh ich f loat o n t he s ur face o f t he w a ter ;

i n af rag men t o f N i lo t ic

mosa ic f rom Ro me ( M . E . B lake M.A.A. R . 1 7 , 1 940 , p l . 2 0 , f ig. 3 a nd p . 1 04 — s ee Chap. I l, n . 1 3 ) ;

i n t he Pa les tr ina mosa ic ;

a nd

s l igh t ly l ess c orrect ly i n a Po mpe ian mosa ic emb le ma s how ing d ucks a nd l otus ( f ro m t he Casa d e l C ingh ia le :

Pern ice o p.c it., p p . 1 68-9

a nd T af . 6 9 , 1 ) wh ich i s p robab ly c on te mporaneous w ith t he Casa d e l Fauno mosa ics.

E lsewhere i t s d ep ict ion s u f fers f ro m a s teady d egener-

a t ion , r each ing i t s n ad ir ( we l l d ocumen ted b y S . Aur ige mma IMosa ic i d i ' L inen , A fr ica I ta l iana , I , Ro me , 1 926 , p p . 19f f ., n . 1) i n Nor th A fr ican mosa ics o f t he t h ird c en tury A .D . 2 7.

F or i nstance , s o me o f t he a gr icu ltura l l abourers s hown i n t he mosa ic a ppear i n work ing d ress c ons ist ing o f as hor t b e l ted t un ic a nd a p o in ted c ap.

T here i s n o p ara l le l f or t he m e lsewhere i n e x tan t Ro man N ilo t ic

s cenes , where t here a re i n f act n o s tra igh tforward r epresen ta t ions o f o rd inary Egypt ians a t work , b ut t hey a re c lose r e la t ives o f t he p easan ts s hown work ing i n t he f ie lds o n t he w a l ls o f t he t o mb o f P etos ir is a t Her mopo l is ( G. L efebvre L e T o mbeau d e Pe tos ir is, Ca iro , 1 924 , I I , p ls. 2 01-XV ).

T he t o mb i s d ated c . 3 25-300 B .C. a nd t he wa l l-pa in t ings

s ee m t o h ave b een e xecu ted b y Egyp t ians u nder Greek i n f luence , f or t hey d isp lay s ide b y s ide r e l ig ious s e t-p ieces f o l low ing t he c onven t ions o f Pharaon ic a r t a nd s cenes o f d a i ly l i fe wh ich b etray t he i mpact o f G reek p r inc ip les o f r ender ing f orm o r may e ven i n s o me c ases d er ive who l ly f ro m Greek s ources — s ee H . S chafer a nd W. Andrae D ie Kuns t d es a lten Or ien ts 3 ( Propy läen-Kunstgesch ichte 2 , Ber l in , 1 942 ) p p. 1 20-1, a nd W. S tevenson Sm ith T he Ar t a nd Arch itecture o f Anc ien t E gyp t ( Har mondswor th , 1 958 ) p p . 2 52-3.

F or o bservat ions o n t he p ecu l iar

h at , wh ich a lso a ppears o n t he r e l ief c i ted a bove , n . 2 6, s ee S chäfer o p.c it ., p . 1 6. 2 8.

Ad escr ip t ion o f i ta ppears i n am isce l lany o f d ocu men ts d a ted b etween t hose y ears i n t he a rch ives o f Pa les tr ina :

D . S an te P iera l is i Osservaz ion i

s u l musa ico d i Pa les tr ina ( Ro me , 1 858 ) p . 1 2. 2 9.

P iera l is i o p.c it .

3 0.

P iera l is i i b id ., p . 3 .

3 1.

. .Exs tan t is modo l i thos tro t i e xe mp lu m h abeas , c u ius o ccas ione Praenest inae i ps ius F or tunae f ron te m h abu ist i.

I n e o mu l ta q u ide m

p ersp ic ienda s un t , q uae l ap i l loru m i n terras is m icu l is , c rustu l isque i n terc is is , s upers t it iosa s edu l ita te , s u m moque o t i i d ispend io c on f ic ta a pparen t .

L oco i n i pso n onn is i a ccens is f ac ibus , s upera f fusaque a d

p ersp icu itate m a qua , e t s aepe i t era ta i nspers ione p erv idere e xp ingereque l i cu i t.

S un t h om inu m a n i ma l iu mque c o mp lures i mag ines ;

E lephas

Rh inoceros , n om ina l i t ter is q u ibusdam p ecu l iar ibus e xscr ip ta.

S un t

e t i n a qu is n av ig ia , q uae s ing il la t im s u m ma c um d i l igen t ia d ep icta a pud d octr ina s i mu l a c n ob i l ita te p raeclaru m Equ ite m Cass ianum d e Pu teo L incaeu m c o l lega m n os trum s pectare p o ter is." n . 1 )

8 2

( P iera l is i i b id ., p . 3

3 2.

3 3.

" senza e ssersene p reso p ian ta o d isegno" s ee b e low , n . 3 5 , f or t he s ource o f t h is q uo ta t ion . " I l Pa lazzo d e l V escovo s o t to s ue v iscere h aveva i f a moso musa ico p oco f a s p iccona to c on mo l to d isgus t° d i t ut t i ic i t tad in i" — a manus cr ip t i n t he Barber in i a rch ives among d ocu men ts r e la t ing t o t he s a le o f t he f eud :

3 4. 3 5.

P iera l is i o p.c it., p . 8 .

S ee b e low , n . 1 9 , p p . 2 3-4 . I t

q ua l p ezzo d a u na c op ia c he s i f ece f ar a o l io e sa t t iss i ma d a

V incenzo , e t ei n c asa , i lc ard ina le Barber ino l o f ece r i far d a G iovan B a t t ista C a landra v erce l lese i n tenden t issi mo d e l l avoro d i mosa ic° , q ua l r acco m modb g l i a ltr i p ezz i d i d e t to mosa ico , er ipor ta t i l i d i o rd ine d i d e t to S ignor a P a les tr ina , u n i t ig l i i ns ie me a l meg l io modo c he s i p o te c on l ' a iu to d i d isegn i d i c asa , l o r i messe i n o pra i n u n p av i men to d i s tanza i n d et to l uogo d i Pa lestr ina. r i fare

C onvenne a l Ca landra v a lers i n e l

d et to p ezzo c he mancava c he n e l r acco modare g l i a l tr i d i

d iverse b recc ie t rovate n e l c on torno d i Pa lestr ina."

Nap les , B ib l io teca

Naz iona le , c od . V .E. 1 0 , No t iz ie d i v an e a n t ich itä c on u n t rat ta to d i marm i :

q uo ted i n f u l l b y G . L u mbroso" No t iz ie s u l la v i ta d i Cass iano

d a l Pozzo" , M isce l lanea d i S tor ia I ta l iana 1 5 , 1 874 , p p. 1 31-388 ( = a n o f fpr in t No t iz ie s u l la v ita d i Cass iano d a l P ozzo , T ur in , 1 875, w ith p ag ina t ion b eg inn ing l f f .), where t h is p assage a ppears o n p . 1 71. d e ta i ls o f t he Nap les m isce l lany , s ee i b id ., p . 1 60 ;

For

t he who le s ect ion

f ro m wh ich t h is p assage i s d rawn , " No t iz ie d i d iverse a n t icag l ie", i s r eproduced p p. 1 75-211.

The a ccoun t c i tes Maga lo t t i, n ot P eret t i , a s

r espons ib le f or h av ing t he mosa ic r e moved t o Ro me , b u t t h is mus t b e am istake.

Regard ing t he i den t ity o f t he " V incenzo" who made t he c opy ,

L u mbroso h ad t wo s ugges t ions :

t he "M. V incenzo P it tore" men t ioned

t o Cass iano i n al e t ter o f 1 646 , o r t he " V incenzo i n tag l ia tore p isano" r eco m mended t o h im i n 1 640 ( c f . L u mbroso o p.c it., p . 1 79 n . 1 ) . 3 6.

An e n try i n t he Barber in i a rch ive f or t ha t d a te r eads :

" E p i t i h o manda to

aP a les tr ina mo l te c asse d i musa ich i a n t ich i p er o rd ine d el l 'E m inen t iss i mo e Reverend iss i mo S ig. Card ina le Padrone." p . 8 ;

( P iera l is i o p.c it.,

c f . i b id., p . 7 , ad ra f t i nscr ip t ion r ecord ing t he mosa ic 's r eturn

t o Pa les tr ina i n t ha t y ear .) 3 7.

i .e. t he u ppermos t l eve l o f t he t e mp le.

3 8.

I f.

.

h avendo o rd ina to c he s ' incassassero e t

s e r iponessero n e l P a lazzo d i Pa les tr ina , f urno a rma te l e c asse a r ovesc io i n modo , c he h avevano mac ina to e t s co m messo t u t to i musa ico ;

p er°

c on i d isegn i g ia c ava t i d a l ma i a bbas tanza l oda to Cay. Cass iano d a l Pozzo e t d a l la l unga c ura e t mo lto p er it ia d e l . . .Ca landra f u t ut to r ipos to i ns ie me :

e t h avendo T addeo Barber ino t o l to i s em ic iclo

3 7

..

p er l ' ed if i t io d i u na s a la , r imasta i n q ue l lo u na g ran n icch ia , t r ibuna oa bs ida c he v og l ia mo d ire , i v i r ipose i ld e t to l i tos troto c os i b en r ist aura to , c he n eppure u na p ie trucco la v i manca o a lcuna n e s ia s co m messa of uor i d e l l 'an t ico o rd ine...."

( P iera l is i i b id ., p . 1 0 ) .

t hough t t he a u thor o f t he l et ter was Card ina l Barber in i.

P iera l is i An a nonymous

French v is itor t o t he Pa lazzo i n t he e ar ly e igh teen th c en tury d escr ibes

8 3

s ee ing t he mosa ic i n " une

e spece d e g rande n iche , d on t l a v oute s out ien t

l es d eux r a mpes s eparees , p ar l esque l les o n mon te a u p re m ier p a l ier d u p r inc ipa l e sca l ier d e c e b a t i men t" — q uo ted b y G . T urnbu l l A Treat ise o n Anc ien t P a in t ing ( London , 1 740 ) p . 1 71, n . 2 4. 3 9.

A p r ior r es tora t ion b efore t he mosa ic was t aken b ack t o Pa les tr ina h as b een p ostu la ted , p resu mab ly o n t he b as is o f t he n ote i n t he Nap les manuscr ip t ( see a bove , n . 3 5 ), b u t t h is d eta il i s miss ing f ro m t he a ccoun t q uoted a bove.

T he Pa les tr ina mosa ic was n o t t he o n ly c o mm iss ion w h ich

Ca landra u nder took f or t he Card ina l :

h e may h ave b een r espons ib le f or

r estor ing t he a pse mosa ic o f t he Church o f S . T eodoro o n t he Pa la t ine d ur ing 1 642-4 — s ee C . R . Morey L os t Mosa ics a nd Frescoes o f Ro me o f t he Med iaeva l P er iod ( Pr inceton Monographs i n Ar t a nd Archaeo logy I V , 1 915 ) p p . 2 5-6. 4 0.

S uares P raenes tes An t iquae L ibr i D uo p . 4 8.

4 1.

P iera l is i o p .c it., p . 7 ;

4 2.

F lorence , 1 664 ;

d ated 1 638.

" . . .a l u i s i d ee l a r es tauraz ione d e l p av i men to d i

c o m mess i n e l t e mp io d e l la F or tuna f abbr ica to a Prenes te d a L . S i l la , p erche u na p ar te s co mposta n e l d i l u i i n tero d isegno s i c onservo" ( p . 1 4 ). 4 3.

Fro m t h is r es tora t ion d a tes t he p lac ing o f t he s te m ma o f t he Barber in i f am i ly o n e ither s ide o f t he mosa ic a t t he t op ;

t hese were r e moved i n

t he t wen t ieth-century r es tora t ion. 4 4.

S . Aur ige m ma " I l r estauro d i c onso l ida men to d e l Mosa ico Barber in i, c ondo t to n e l 1 952" , Rend . P .A. R.A. S er . I I, 3 0-31, 1 957-9 , p p . 4 19 8 , h erea f ter r e ferred t o a s Aur ige m ma 1 959. P ar t icu lar ly u sefu l a re t he d iagra ms i nd ica t ing t he a reas o f o r ig ina l mosa ic c o mpared w ith r estora t ion .

A s im ilar d ev ice i s emp loyed i n G u l l in i 's p la tes ( Gu l l in i

1 956 ), where t he o r ig ina l p a tches a re i so la ted a nd s hown i n c on junct ion w ith t he a ppropr ia te a rea o f t he r es tored mosa ic.

G u l l in i 's a nd

Aur ige mma 's d iv is ions d o n o t a lways c orrespond , h owever , a nd i n o ne o r t wo c ases b oth h ave m issed sma l l b u t u nm is takab le p a tches o f r estora t ion . 4 5. 4 6.

p . 6 . S uares ' p la tes a re e x tre me ly p rob le ma t ic.

T hey a re t wo i n n u mber ,

a ppended t o t he s econd p ar t o f h is work a nd t hus d a t ing f ro m 1 655 , a nd s how f our p ieces o f t he mosa ic , d ep icted w ith u neven e dges a s t hough t hey were f ragmen ts :

i ) t he t e mp le w ith s o ld iers i n t he f oreground ,

i ) t he sma l l , wa l led t e mp le c o mp lex t o r igh t o f t he t e mp le w ith o be l isks i i ) t he f igure o f a man h o ld ing a t r iden t s tand ing a t t he s ide o f t he l a t ter t e mp le , a nd i v ) t he man p un t ing a p apyrus b oa t p as t ap a lm t ree , a bove a nd t o l ef t o f t he t e mp le w ith s o ld iers. I n a dd it ion , a t t he t op l ef t-hand c orner o f i v ) i s ar agged p iece s how ing a l ong-legged b ird a nd a s na il — p ar t o f o ne o f t he S . Mar ia i n T rastevere mosa ics , t hough S uares h as s a id i n h is t ex t ( p . 2 91) " In S ancta Mar ia Trans tyber i m . . .f ragmen ta s un t d uo , q ue Mus iv i Praenes t in i q u idam s usp ica t i s un t . . .s ed i l la p er t inere a d a l iud Mus ivu m c ensen t A n t iquar i j n ar is emunc t ior is". T he p la tes v ary c ons iderab ly i n l arge a nd sma l l d eta ils f rom b o th t he mosa ic 8 4

a nd t he Da l Pozzo c op ies ( even a l low ing f or a n e ngraver 's f ree i n terpret a t ion a nd d e l ibera te " an t iqua t ing" o f t he m b y g iv ing t he m r ough e dges ), y et i n an o te a pparen t ly wr it ten b y S uares ( P iera l is i o p.c it ., p . 4 ) w ith r eference t o e xpand ing t he e d it ion o f h is work , we r ead :

" Inserenda

e st mus iv i s eu l i thos tro t i d e l inea t io , c u ius d uae f igurae s un t t yp is e xpressae , r e l iquae a pud e qu ite m Cass ianu m a Pu teo.".

I n t he t ex t

i t se l f h e d escr ibes t hem mere ly a s " duo i sta f ragrnen ta t yp is h ic e xp ressa" , p . 2 88 , t hough h e may s t i l l b e t h ink ing o f t he m i n t erms o f Da l Pozzo.

I n t he a bsence o f t he Da l Pozzo c op ies , t he p lates h ave

s o met i mes b een t aken f or e ngrav ings a f ter t he m , b u t t h is i s c lear ly n o t t he c ase.

S uares mus t h ave b een mudd led o ver t he e xact s ource o f

h is i l lus tra t ions.

T he l et ter q uoted b y P iera l is i ( op.c it ., p p. 9 -10 ,

q uoted i n p ar t a bove ,

p . 7 )

c ongra tu lat ing S uares o n t he p ub l ica t ion

o f h is b ook h as t h is t o s ay o n

s ub ject :

"

. .V .S . l oda i ln ob i le

p ens iero d e l S ig . Pr inc ipe d i S . Angelo F eder ico Ces i d i r es t itu ire l a f orma d e l d et to t e mp io. . .a nz i c om 'eg l i f ece i nc idere l if ragmen t i d e l l i tostroto d i S i l la s u 'ra m i

s u iq ua l i s ono impresse l e d ue u l t i me

c ar te . . . . " , a nd t h is may b e n earer t he t ru th.

I ft he p la tes a re

i ndeed c onnected w ith C es i a nd were d rawn f ro m t he mosa ic i n s i tu , t hey s erve a s amp le p roof t ha t i t was n o t p oss ib le t o s ee i tp roper ly i n i t s o r ig ina l p os it ion .

They may p oss ib ly h ave b e longed t o Da l Pozzo ,

f or i n 1 632 h e b ough t s o me o f t he d eceased Pr ince 's l i brary ( see L u mbroso o p.c it ., p . 1 58 ).

Bu t t he Windsor wa terco lours c anno t b e

t he mode ls f or S uares ' p la tes ;

n or a re t hey c onnected w ith t he e ngrav-

i ngs wh ich a ppear o n t he p la te f ac ing p . 1 90 o f N ico las B erg ier 's H isto ire d es g rands c he m ins d e l 'E mp ire Ro ma in I( Brusse ls , 1 736 ) , t hough t hese h ave s o met i mes b een s uggested a s e ngrav ings a f ter t he m. The p la te s hows t wo s ect ions o f t he mosa ic , c orrespond ing t o i )a nd i v ) a bove , p lus a t h ird wh ich s hows t he p rocess ion o f p r ies ts p ass ing t hrough a sma l l s hr ine :

f ro m d eta ils i n t he l a t ter i tc an b e p roved t hat

Berg ier 's s ources were d raw ings made a f ter t he mosa ic 's r estora t ion . 4 7.

F or a n a ccoun t o f Da l P ozzo 's c areer , s ee t he work b y L u mbroso c ited a bove , p . 8 , n . 1 ; a lso F . Haske l l a nd S . R inehar t " The Da l P ozzo Co l lect ion , s o me n ew e v idence", The Bur l ing ton Magaz ine 1 02 , 1 960 , p p . 3 18-26 , p ar t icu lar ly 3 18-9 ;

S . S o mers-R inehar t " Pouss in e t l a

f am i l le d a l Pozzo", N ico las Pouss in ( ed . Chaste l ) I , Par is , 1 960 , p p. 1 9f f .; i de m , " Cass iano d a l P ozzo ( 1588-1657 ) : s o me u nknown l e t ters", I ta l ian S tud ies 1 6 , 1 961, p p . 3 5f f .; C . C . Vermeu le " The Da l PozzoA lban i Draw ings o f C lass ica l An t iqu it ies" , The Ar t Bu l let in 3 8 , 1 956 , p p . 3 1-46, p ar t icu lar ly 3 1-6 ;

i de m , " Aspects o f S c ien t if ic Archaeo logy

i n t he s even teen th c entury" , Proceed ings o f t he Amer ican Ph ilosoph ica l S oc iety 1 02, n o. 2 , Apr il 1 958, p p. 1 93-214 ;

S . Waetzo ld t D ie Kop ien

d es 1 7. J ahrhunder ts n ach Mosa iken u nd Wand ma lere ien i n Ro m ( Veröf fen t l ichung d er B ib l io theca Her tz iana 1 8 , V ienna , 1 964 ) p p . 1 41 7 ; A . B lun t N ico las Pouss in ( Bo l l ingen S er ies , N ew York , 1 967 ) t ex t , p p. 1 00-102. 4 8.

P iera l is i o p.c it ., p . 5 .

8 5

4 9.

C . C . V ermeu le " The Da l P ozzo-Alban i d raw ings o f c lass ica l a n t iqu it ies i n t he Br it ish Museu m" , T ransac t ions o f t he Amer ican Ph i losoph ica l S oc iety , n ew s er ies , L , 5 , 1 960 , p . 6 .

5 0.

S ee p . 6 .

5 1.

As h ypo thes ised b y Aur ige m ma 1 959 , p p. 9 5-6.

5 2.

S ee A . B lun t o p.c it ., p . 1 01.

5 3.

" Evv i f ina l men te i lq u in to , i n c u i v eggons i l e f igure d e l V erg i l io a n t ico , ed e l T erenz io d e l la Va t icana , i Musa ico d e l T e mp io d e l la F ortuna d i Pa les tr ina f a t to d a S i l la , e d a l tre c ose c o lor ite."

F . Ba ld inucc i

Co m inc ia men to e p rogresso d e l l 'ar te d e l l ' In tag l iare i n r a me c o l le v ite d i mo l t i d e 'p iü

e cce l len t i Maes tr i d e l la s tessa p rofess ione ( Florence ,

1 686 ) p . 8 3 =i de m N ot iz ie d e 'Professor i d e l D isegno , S ec. V 1 610-70 ( Florence , 1 728 ) p p. 4 80-79 [ s ic ] ( w ith m inor v ar ia t ions o f s pe l l ing , e tc.). 5 4.

A . B lun t i n E . S ch il l ing T he G erman Draw ings i n t he Co l lect ion o f Her Ma jes ty t he Queen a t Windsor Cas t le ( London , 1 971) p p. 1 21-2 ;

t he

o rder d escr ibed b y Ba ld inucc i n o l onger h o lds g ood , f or t he d raw ings were r earranged b efore o r a f ter t he ir p urchase ( see p . 1 0 a nd n . 6 0 ) a nd Da l P ozzo 's s yste m o f a rrange men t b y t op ic was a bandoned .

How-

e ver , h is f our th f o l io i s s t il l r ecogn isab le , P f . 1 84. 5 5.

I n h is p ub l ica t ion o f as e lect ion o f t hese c op ies , C . R . Morey ( op .c it . a bove , p .84

n . 3 9 ) i den t if ied t he a r t ist o f t hose w ith wh ich h e was

d ea l ing a s An ton io Ecl iss i ( Morey , p .4 o p.c it ., p . 2 0.

) , av iew s econded b y Waetzo ld t ,

I n h is d iscuss ion o f t he c opy is ts Waetzo ld t a d judged

t ha t T esta was r espons ib le f or t he d raw ings o f Ro man a n t iqu it ies b u t t ha t Da l P ozzo w ou ld h ave emp loyed s pec ia l ists f or p a in t ings a nd mosa ics ( p .19 ).

Mrs. S he i la S o mers R inehar t b e l ieves , o n s ty l is t ic g rounds ,

t ha t t he Pa les tr ina c op ies a re n o t t he work o f T esta. 5 6.

S uares o p.c it ., p p. 2 88-91.

5 7.

S ee Chap. I , d raw ing n o. 1 5 ;

o n t he o ther h and , n o. 1 4 a ppears i n

S uares ' l i s t b u t h as n ow d isappeared f ro m t he mosa ic. 5 8.

P iera l is i ( op.c it ., p . 1 4 ) t hough t t ha t S uares s hou ld h ave s a id " factu m e st" i ns tead o f " coeptu m e s t" , b ecause t h is w ou ld f i t i n b e t ter w ith t he d ate o f c o mpos it ion i n t he 1 650s.

Bu t S uares ' me thod o f c o mpos ing h is

b ook s ee ms t o h ave b een l ong -drawn-ou t a nd r a ther h aphazard , a nd h e may w e l l h ave i ncorpora ted e ar l ier n o tes w ithout mak ing a ppropr ia te amend men ts. 5 9.

S ee J ohn F le m ing " Card ina l A lban i 's d raw ings a t Windsor :

t he ir p urchase

b y J a mes Ada m f or G eorge I I", T he Conno isseur 1 42 , J u ly-Dece mber 1 958 , p p . 1 64-9 ;

A . B lun t i n E . S ch i l l ing 2 2 .c it ., p p. 8 -9 ;

V ermeu le The Ar t Bu l let in 3 8, 1 956 , p p . 3 4f f .;

C . C .

T . Ashby P .B.S .R . 6 ,

1 913 , p p . 1 84-5. 6 0.

T he a rrange men t may b e t ha t o f t he A lban i c o l lect ion , a nd t he d raw ings w ere mere ly r e-bound a t W indsor : s ee Vermeu le o p .c it ., s upra , p p. 3 4-5.

8 6

6 1.

Ca mbr idge , 1 882 ;

p p . 8 4-5 a nd 7 18-21.

The t ask h ad e ar l ier b een

t ack led w ith l im ited s uccess b y B . B . Woodward i n T he G en t le man 's Magaz ine 1 866 , I , p p. 2 9-36 :

h e a t tr ibu ted many o f t he Da l Pozzo

d raw ings t o P ietro S an t i Bar to l i ( 1635-1700 ) a nd h is s on Francesco. 6 2.

F or a l i s t o f e ar l ier b r ief n o t ices , s ee M ichae l is i b id ., p . 7 18;

a n

e xcep t ion i s F . Ma tz i n G ö t t inger Nachr ich ten 1 872 , p . 6 6 , who men t ions t he Pa lestr ina c op ies a s b e ing among t hose owned b y t wo p r ivate c o l lec to rs , S ir W il l ia m H am ilton a nd A . W. F ranks.

Ma tz 's i n for mat ion i s

n ot f irs t-hand b u t c o mes v ia d e Ross i f ro m a l e t ter o f L anc ian i 's ( c f . b e low , p . 9 3

n . 4 5 ) , a nd s o me c on fus ion mus t h ave a r isen .

A s ubsequen t

n o te o f t he W indsor d raw ings b y L anc ian i a ppeared i n Bu l l. Co m. 1 895 , p p. 1 68-70 , a nd a l a ter n o t ice o f M ichae l is 's i n J .d .I. 2 5 , 1 910 , p p. 1 10-26. 6 3.

Iam most g rate fu l t o t he L ibrar ian , M iss L uc iana V alen t in i , f or h er h e lp i n f ind ing t he r e levan t p apers.

6 4.

Waetzo ld t 3 10-11.

p . 1 6 n . 6 4 ;

B lun t _ 9 2 .c i t ., f igs. 2 50 a -e o n p p.

Apar t f ro m t he p os t-res torat ion e ngrav ings o f t he mosa ic

e nu mera ted b y P iera l is i ( op.c it ., p . 6 ) a t l east o ne d raw ing , a pparen t ly o f a n i so la ted f ragmen t a nd c orrespond ing t o n o. 9 o f t he p resen t s et , e x isted a nd was i n t he p ossess ion o f Dr. R ichard Mead , f or i ti s ment i oned b y T ho mas S haw :

" In Dr. Mead 's c ur ious c o l lect ion o f Bar to l i

Draw ings w e s ee t he s a me g roup o f a n i ma ls w ith t he a ppe l la t ion X ot Foi-r i

tA

a nnexed t o i t ." ( op. c it . i n n . 1a bove, p .77

) . Mead

s ee ms t o h ave p urchased , e ither wh i le o n ag rand t our o f I t a ly i n 1 6956o r l a ter , ac o l lect ion o f d raw ings wh ich h ad b een i n t he p ossess ion o f Card ina l Mass im i a nd c ons isted o f c op ies o f , i n t he ma in , wa l l-pa in t ings s o me b y Bar to l i a nd s o me e ar l ier .

A t t he t ime o f Mead 's d ea th i t was

n ot s o ld w ith h is c o l lect ion o f a n t iqu it ies b u t was r eta ined b y h is f am ily ( sa le c a ta logue , Muse i Mead ian i , p ars a l tera , L ondon , 1 755 , p . 12 ). M ichae l is 's i den t if icat ion o f t hese d raw ings w ith a v o lu me i n t he Roya l L ibrary h as b een q ues t ioned b y S ir An thony B lun t ( The Bur l ington Magaz ine 1 09 , 1 967, p p . 3 1-2 ) a nd Ih ave b een u nab le t o f i nd a ny e v id ence f or t he ir p resen t whereabou ts , i ft hey s t il l e x is t .

There i s n o

men t ion o f t he Pa les tr ina mosa ic i n t he s evera l r eferences t o Mead 's c o l lect ion i n t he works o f Dr . G eorge T urnbu l l. Chap ter I 1 .

A t t he t ime o f Ashby 's n o tes t hey w ere c on ta ined i n P or t fo l io n o. 5 , wh ich i nc luded d raw ings 1 2055-12141. Ih ave b een u nab le t o t race t h is p ortfo l io i n t he n o t ices men t ioned i n n . 6 1 a bove b u t i ti s a n i n teresti ng c o inc idence t ha t i tb ore t he s a me n u mber a s t he l i bro w h ich Ba ld inucc i d es igna ted a s c on ta in ing t he V erg il a nd T erence c op ies a nd t he Pa lestr ina mosa ic ( see p . 9 ) .

2 . 3 .

Br ief ly n oted b y M ichae l is J .d .I. 2 5 , 1 910 , p . 1 24. S uares ' d escr ip t ions q uo ted w ith e ach d raw ing h erea f ter a re t o b e f ound i n Praenes tes An t iquae L ibr i Duo p p. 2 89-91.

8 7

T hey may b e t rans la ted

a s f o l lows : " In t he f irs t p icture a re d isp layed t hree w ild a n i ma ls c omposed o f mosa ic , wh ich a re i nscr ibed Y A M O N OTT AP .6 .A AI p erhaps K AA / N E A CT r AP A A A I.

I n t he s econd c rabs s w i mm ing i n t he r iver , monkeys , ah ippop o ta mus , h un ters , a nd amongs t t hese Moors, who a re f i r ing o f f a rrows f ro m b ows a t a monkey , b e low ceu vr iA. I n t he t h ird , t or to ises s w im m ing i n t he r iver , a nd w ild a n i ma ls wh ich a re s wa l low ing f i sh , a nd t he i nscr ip t ion EN V .AP I C. I n t he f our th b irds , p erhaps i b ises s i t t ing o n ar ock , a nd e a t ing t he m a w ind ing s nake t w ist ing i t s c o i ls ; a monkey , a nd a q uadruped w ith h u man f ace b u t w ith a t a il , a nd b e low

P ADN0K EN -rAypA,

t hen t wo a n i ma ls l i ck ing o r b i t ing e ach o ther , a nd

C D .CI A N T E C

a dded .

T he f i f th s hows a p apyrus b oa t b e ing r owed a long t he r iver , wh ich i s d o t ted w ith r ocks , a nd i n i ts o ld iers w ho a re h ur l ing j ave l ins a t a h ippopo tamus , w ith wh ich t hey a re t rans f ix ing i t am ids t t he s edge o r p apyrus. T he s ix th a h ippopo ta mus r un t hrough w ith s pears , [ ano ther ] s w imm ing , a nd t wo c rocod i les. I n t he s even th a KPoKoA tnor rAPaAA ic sw i ms i n t he r iver , a nd E th iop ians a rmed w ith s h ie lds h un t i t ; as anctuary , s tatues o f I s is , a n e ag le s tandard , a man moun ted o n a n a ss.* I n t he e igh th a s h ip w ith b i l low ing s a il h eads f or a r ound t ower a nd t wo s quare b u ild ings j u t t ing o u t i n to t he w ater , i n w h ich b irds a re n es t ing ;

a n a rcher a im ing a t ah ippopo ta mus.

I n t he n in th a t e mp le a t t he r iver b ank , o bel isks , aw e l l , ap a lm t ree , wo men , a ssured ly , g ar landed w ith s edge , a man h o ld ing a t r iden t , p erhaps N ep tune. I n t he t en th P i N oKE 19 .n .c ,

xo teor r to k

,a t e mp le w ith t wo

t owers , a nd a h ouse , p a lm t rees. I n t he e leven th a man a nd a w oman r ecl in ing o n t h is s ide , a nd o thers f ur ther o n u nder a p ergo la , w h ich i s s haded b y t he f o l iage o f av ine b urdened w ith g rapes a t t he r iverbank , a nd t hrough wh ich s l ips a p apyrus b oa t f u l l o f b udd ing f l owers ;

o n t he o ppos ite s ide

t hree f igures , o f wh ich o ne p lays a r eed-p ipe , a no ther s tretches f orth a d r ink ing-horn o r s coop wh ich t erm ina tes i n t he f orm o f ak id , t he t h ird l i f ts a f oref inger . I n MI a re t o b e r ead

K H IY I TH I N

AE .A I NP \

CA YO C TC H X I C N IE

E 4 >Anoc .

I n X I II i s t o b e s een a s h ip p rope l led b y o ars , f u l l o f s o ld iers , o thers w ith s a ils b i l low ing i n t he w ind a nd i n ter tw ined w ith r opes , ap apyrus b oa t i n t he r iver , a dwe l l ing , a nd a h ouse w ith r ust ics , as k if f , a nd f l owers i n t he r iver. r ead ing " i mpos itus" i nstead o f " i mpos itu m". 8 8

I n X IV R i2o Ko-rAc , h un ters , I n XV T trP 1C

K i20 1Ko i noc ,

YABo -i r c o n ar ock b y t he r ivers ide. ) < PcA toc

cATT io K

i n XV ( I ) at en t ; a nd s old iers , a nd a t e mp le , ac o m mander d r inki ng a h ea lth w ith a h orn , as tand f u l l o f v esse ls , r iver. I n XV I I, a p rocess ion o f p r ies ts b enea th a t e mp le , f our g ar landed o nes c arry a l i tter o n t he ir s hou lders , o thers w ith t a mbour ines a nd f lutes ;

as ta tue o f Anub is o n ap edes ta l.

XV I I I A s unshade." S tud ies o f t he e p igraphy o f t he mosa ic may b e f ound i n :

A . Böckh a nd

J . Franz Corpus I nscr ip t ionu m Graecaru m I I ( Ber l in , 1 853 ) p p. 8 58-9 , n o. 6 131b ;

G . Ka ibel I nscr ip t iones Graecae S ic i l iae e t I ta l iae ( Ber l in ,

1 890 ) X IV , n o. 1 302 , p p. 3 51-2.

The mos t c o mprehens ive modern

a t te mp t t o d isen tang le t he n a mes o f t he a n i ma ls i s t ha t o f P h il l ips 1 962 , where a f u l l d iscuss ion o f a l l p rev ious a t te mp ts may b e f ound . 4 .

S uares misread

M CN O K NrrAYP A

f or H oNoKENTAYPA

Ka ibe l , o p .c it., o bserved i s i n f ac t 6 3 v0Kg .v -r o wro c wr it ten w i th t he d ef in ite a r t ic le. Ae l ian 5 .

" T T€f\t t . t . , . )v

c : -r y y -ro5

,wh ich a s ,t he o n ly n a me

The o nocen taur i s d escr ibed b y XV I I , 9 .

Am istake o n t he p ar t o f t he c opy ist i s a ssu med b y P etr in i ( Me mor ie Prenes t ine d ispos te i n f or ma d i a nna l i , Ro me , 1 795 , p p . 2 47-8 ) a nd b y P iera l is i o p .c it , p . 1 6.

6 .

Aur ige m ma 1 959 , p . 9 6 ;

f or t he r es tora t ions , s ee F igs. 3 7 a nd 5 0 ;

G u l l in i 1 956 , T avv. XX II I a nd XXV I. 7 .

The n ecess ity o f t he s nake a nd t he b irds f i t t ing t oge ther h as b een r ecogn ised b y Ph i l l ips 1 962, p . 7 2 , who q uo tes P l iny N .H. V I II , 1 4 , 3 6, o n b ird-ca tch ing s nakes.

8 . 9 .

G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay.

Em ir- ,f or

Ph i l l ips 1 962 , p . 6 9 h as s ugges ted t ha t

C

( because

o f t he a n i ma l 's f eroc ious s nou t ) was a s cho lar ly g uess o n t he p ar t o f t he r estorers t o r ep lace a miss ing o r ig ina l i nscr ip t ion . t he b eas t w ith t he

ToZu ros

c r o e f 2co C -

)0

-y °5

He wou ld i den t ify

o f Aga tharch ides ( ed.

M t i l ler , c o l. 1 , c ap . 7 6 , p . 1 60 ) b u t Id o n ot t h ink t h is v ar iety o f b u l l w ith movab le h orns s u its h ere.

T he a n i ma l l ooks i fa ny th ing l ike a h ip-

p opo ta mus , a nd o ne m igh t e xpect t o s ee t h is i mpor tan t me mber o f t he Nor th A fr ican f auna r epresen ted s o mewhere i n t he u pper h a lf o f t he mosa ic.

I ti s r a ther s urpr is ing , h owever , t o f ind i t s tand ing o n t op o f

ar ocky o u tcrop :

b u t most o f t he impor tan t , a nd l abe l led , a n i ma ls i n t h is

s ect ion a re s hown t hus , a s f ree-stand ing u n its wh ich a re n o t r ea l ly i nt egra ted i n to t he ir l andscape s urround ings , a nd t h is may r ef lect t he u pper h a l f 's p iece mea l d er iva t ion f ro m b ook i l lus tra t ions where e ach b eas t was s hown i n i so la t ion .

The c o mb inat ion o f at oothy , p o in ted s nout

r em in iscen t o f ac rocod ile 's w ith a r ear n o t u n l ike t ha t o f t he a ccuratelyd ep icted h ippopo ta mus a t b ot to m l ef t o f t he mosa ic s uggests t ha t t h is i s ab east o f m ixed p ed igree , p erhaps o ne o f t he f abu lous a n i ma ls o f t he

8 9

u pper h a lf . S im ilar ly , t ha t o ther q u in tessen t ia l ly N i lo t ic a n i ma l , t he c rocod i le , s hown i n t he l ower h a lf , i s r epresen ted i n t he u pper b y t he f abu lous c rocod i lopard a nd t he sma l ler l and-crocod ile , K coK r 5 f ii \ -05 /Y el, r c iA -0 5 ,

p erhaps t o b e i den t if ied w ith t he s k ink ( descr ibed b y P l iny

N .H. V I I I , 3 8 , 9 1;

c f . N .H. XX V I I I , 3 0 , 19 ).

1 0.

A ur ige mma 1 959 , F ig . 4 8 ; G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay . XXV. S uares ' r ead ing i s a t tr ibu tab le t o t he d efec t ive wr it ing vABoyc i n t he c opy .

1 1.

T he r ock f orma t ions o ccas iona l ly s ugges t a n i ma l f orms — c f . i n t h is p iece a t t he t op r igh t b e low t he k nee l ing a rcher t he s haded p ar t o f t he r ock l ooks l ike t he r ear o f a n a n i ma l.

1 2.

c f . G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay. XXV.

1 3.

c f . t he t rea tmen t o f t he r ocks a nd w a ter b e low t he t e mp le w i th o be l isks a t t he l e f t-hand s ide o f t he mosa ic.

1 4.

c f . p . 7 1 .

1 5.

A lthough s o me p a tches o f wa ter a re i nd icated i n t h is s hade b y t he c opy is t , t he wa ter i n t he mosa ic i s a l mos t a lways d ep icted w ith h or izon ta l s tr ig i lat ions w h ich t he mosa ic ist o ccas iona l ly om its w hen t here i s t oo much o ther d e ta i l ( e .g . a bove t he r oof o f t he t e mp le i n t he f oreground w ith s o ld iers b efore i t ). T h is i s af a ir ly r el iab le c r iter ion f or d is t ingu ish ing s im ilar ly-co loured s ky o r wa ter , a nd t hough t he h or izon ta l l i nes c ou ld b e m iss ing h ere , It h ink t he p a tch i s more l i ke ly t o b e mean t f or s ky t han wa ter .

1 6.

T he e x traord inary a n i ma l wh ich a ppears u ps ide-down b eneath t he g ira f fe 's i nscr ip t ion s ee ms i mposs ib le t o i den t ify : Ph i l l ips 1 962, p . 1 75 h as t en ta t ive ly s ugges ted a v ar ie ty o f p orcup ine , b u t t h is i s u n l ikely ;

i fa ny-

t h ing i tl ooks l ike a n a n t-ea ter . S haw ( p . 4 27 o f2 1 .c it. p . 7 7 , n . 1 ) t ook i tf or t he g iraf fe 's c a l f , l y ing " as i fi tw ere j us t d rop t f ro m i t ". 1 7.

S uares om its A YNE

1 8.

G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay. XX [V.

1 9.

A r ead ing s uggested b y Ph il l ips 1 962 , p p. 8 1-3 , f o l low ing F ranz a nd P iera l is i.

a nd ArE AAP 'Y f rom t he r igh t o f t he p ic ture.

H e wou ld a pp ly i t , h owever , t o t he f igure o f t he h un ter s hoot-

i ng a t t he b oars b e low , a s " leader o f t he h un ters" ;

t h is s ee ms u n l ike ly ,

t hough t he s pace t o t he r igh t may h ave b een o ccup ied b y t he f i gure o f a h un ter r a ther t han a n a n i ma l. 2 0.

P erhaps f or K NTT I ON , ( = ad im inu t ive o f

Voi '7 0 5

1 905 , a v ar iety

o f monkey ) , a s s ugges ted b y Ph i l l ips 1 962 , p p. 1 42-4. 2 1.

A t te mp ts t o a t tach ( ?

6 c2 sco5

E c PAAoc

F ry ) ( i . J c :Z L 05

t o t he i nscr ip t ion o f t he a n i ma l a bove

)a re n ot v ery c onv inc ing ;

t here s ee ms n o

r eason why t he mosa ic ist s hou ld h ave s p l it a n ame t hus , a nd i ti s more l ikely t ha t i tb e longs t o an ow v an ished a n i ma l t o t he l ef t . Ph il l ips 1 962 , p p . 9 1-5 , r eca l l ing t he " Elephas , Rh inoceros" o f t he C es i/S te l lu t i a ccoun t ( c f . p . 6 )h as i ngen ious ly p roposed t he r ead ing

EA E e A c

However , s ince t he l e t ters r un r igh t u p t o t he e dge o f t he c opy , t here

9 0

may we l l h ave b een more i n f ron t , a nd a . . . . K b e t he s o lu t ion :

D A noc

a sma l ler a n i ma l s uch a s t he Ku v oKf 'c f r o c ,

n a me may 0 5

wou ld

o ccupy t he a va ilab le s pace more s u itab ly t han wou ld a n e lephan t. 2 2.

S uares h as om it ted APK0C . A -ry P

C

a nd misread CA-r ryoC

N . H. V I I I, 8 0 , 2 16 ;

a nd X , 9 3 , 1 99 ).

2 3.

c f . Aur ige m ma 1 959 , f ig . 5 2;

2 4.

c f . p . 7 2 .

2 5.

( perhaps f or

,a s s uggested b y Ph il l ips 1 962 , p p. 1 62-3 , q uot ing P l iny

G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay. XXV I.

The c opy u n fortunate ly p reserves n o more o f t he n a me o f t h is p rob le m a n i ma l t han d oes t he mosa ic a t p resen t ; t he

x0 I POTT t H vo C

i ti s g enera l ly i den t if ied a s

o f Ar is tot le H .A. 2 , 1 ( 503a19 ).

There i s

n o r eason t o s uppose t ha t t he mosa ic d id n ot u ndergo s o me r epa irs i n a n t iqu ity , s o t he wr it ing may h ave b een d efect ive when t he c opy is t s aw i t , o r t he mosa ic ists may e ven h ave b ung led i tt o s tar t w ith .

The v ar ious

l apses o f o r thography a nd l e t ter-for ma t ion i n t he u pper p ar t o f t he mosa ic s ee ms t o g ive t he l i e t o t hose who h ave s een i ta s t he work o f impor ted G reek ( and i n p ar t icu lar A lexandr ian ) c ra f ts men :

f or i ns tance ,

i n n o . 6 , KH IT ! EN p erhaps f or K II TT I ON ( see a bove , n . 2 0 ) a nd CAY OC p erhaps f or CAYPOC ; i n n o. 7CATTY0 C T-C 1 4 X1 CN E I THX YA I OC f or p erhaps CAT YPOC ( see n . 2 2 ); i n n o. 9 t he s econd r ho o f PI N( )K t 1 : . _P L ki C v ar iable : ( no. 1 ) ,

A 4 , a nd

a ppears a s

a nd A

i z ; t he f orm o f a lpha emp loyed i s

i n Ho rvoKENTA -YPA

a nd A i n 0( ,0 A N -Fac

A i n ArE A AP Y ( no. 6 ) a ndi i n A PK oC ( no. 7 ). Un less

t hese e rrors a nd i ncons istenc ies a rose f ro m t he d if f icu l ty o f manoeuvr ing t he t iny c h ips o f s tone t o f orm t he l et ters , o r a re t he r esu l t o f a nc ien t r es tora t ion work , t hey l ook l ike t he h and iwork o f an on-Greek-read ing mosa ic is t f o l low ing a n i l lustra t ion o r ac opy-book . 2 6.

Fro m Aur ige m ma 1 957, F ig . 2 5 a nd G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay. XV I I I i tc an b e s een t ha t t he v ege ta t ion i s o r ig ina l , t he t ower r estored .

2 7.

S o me o f t hese d e ta i ls c orrespond w ith t he p la te i n S uares ' Praenestes An t iquae L ibr i Duo ( see a bove , p . 8 4 ,n . 4 6 ) wh ich s hows t h is p ar t o f t he mosa ic , b u t i ts ee ms u n l ike ly t hat t he l a t ter i s c onnected w ith 1 1483, s ince i ts hows a l arger e x ten t o f t he s cene a nd i s s ty l is t ica l ly q u ite d if feren t .

2 8.

As may a lso b e t he c ase w ith t he j o in i n n o. 11.

2 9.

Aur ige m ma 1 959 , F ig . 2 1;

3 0.

T he t op h as b een j o ined i n a n u n l ike ly way t o ap a tch o f v egetat ion a bove : c f . p .17 .

3 1.

I n t he a bsence o f t h is d raw ing S uares ' d escr ip t ion was t en tat ive ly a pp l ied

G u l l in i 1 956, T ay.

t o n o . 1 5 , t he c opy wh ich i s m iss ing f ro m h is l i s t : 3 2.

Ph i l l ips 1 962, p . 1 05.

The p lan t h ere a ppears much a s i td oes i n t he mosa ic n ow , v er t ica l a nd l eve l w ith t he wo man 's b ody ;

i n n o. 1 3, h owever , i ti s s hown r a ther

d if feren t ly , l arger a nd s et s l igh t ly d iagona l ly , l evel w ith h er l egs.

The

r estorers h ave i n f act i nser ted a s tu mpy b ush a t t h is p o in t a nd j o ined i t t o t he o r ig ina l p a lm . 9 1

3 3.

T he o n ly c o mparab le f igure e lsewhere i n t he mosa ic i s t he e x tre me r igh t-hand man i n n o. 8 h o ld ing a t r iden t i n h is l ef t h and , a nd i t may b e t h is f igure wh ich t he a r t ist h as b egun t o s ketch , a t te mp t ing t o l ink n o. 1 4 w ith n o. 8 , wh ich t erm ina tes a t t he r igh t-hand s ide w ith t he v er t ica l wa l l o f at ower d escend ing t o at wo-s tep s ty loba te — t he r eq u ire men ts wh ich t he l ef t-hand s ide o f n o. 1 4 a pparen t ly n eeds.

Hav ing

s tar ted t o d raw t h is i n h e may t hen h ave r e jected t he i dea ( t he s ty loba te i n n o. 8 c o mes t o a we l l-def ined e nd ) a nd c ons idered t he a l terna t ive o f n o. 1 3. 3 4.

I ft h is i s at e mp le i ti s a n o dd c ons truct ion , c ons ist ing a s i td oes o f n oth ing b u t ap or t ico ;

o ne e xpects t o s ee a p rosty le t e mp le l ike t he t wo

e xa mp les f ur ther u p a nd t o t he l ef t.

Draw ing n o. 1 3 s hows t he t erm ina-

t i on o f t he r oof a bove t he p ilaster , s o t here c an b e n o q ues t ion o f f ur ther b u i ld ing b eh ind h av ing b een l os t i n r es tora t ion . s hr ine r ather t han a c o mp lete t e mp le :

I t wou ld s ee m t o b e a

c f . F . S tudn iczka Das S y mpos ion

P to le ma ios I ( Sächs ischen G ese l lscha f t d er W issenscha f t , Ph i l-h ist .k l. Abh. 3 0 , I , L e ipz ig , 1 914 ) p p. 7 9-80 ; 3 5.

Aur ige m ma 1 959 , F ig . 3 0 ;

3 6.

Aur ige m ma i b id .;

3 7.

Nap les , Museo Naz iona le i nv. 1 107 ; p . 3 .

a nd b e low ,

p . 7 3 a nd n . 1 5 .

G u l l in i 1 956 , Tay. X IX .

G u l l in i i b id . G . Bo t t i Bo l let t ino d 'Ar te 4 8 , 1 963,

T he s im i lar ity b etween t he t wo o b jects was b rough t t o my n ot ice

b y Professor J . R . Harr is. 3 8.

I n t he t op i s a n o pen ing 1 6 cm s quare , c losed w ith a b ronze p la te.

3 9.

V . d e T ran t am T inh L e c u l te d es d iv in ites o r ien ta les a Hercu lanu m ( E. P . R.O . 1 7, L e iden , 1 971) Ca t . n o. 2 , p p. 5 2-5 , p ls.

Bo t t i

t hough t t ha t i t was a s tatue b ase , b u t Tran t am T inh h as p o in ted o u t t ha t i ti s t oo l igh t t o t ake a s tatue.

An i n teres t ing a l te r na t ive t o t he c ande la-

b ru m wh ich n ow a ppears was p roposed b y L . Cas t ig l ione , " Gr iech ischä gyp t ische S tud ien :

Be iträge z ue Deutung d es Mosa iks v on Präneste" ,

Acta An t igua A .S .H . 5 , 1 957, p p. 2 09-20 , who t hough t t ha t t he o r ig ina l s hou ld b e ac u lti mage o f Os ir is Canopus , a nd t he c ande labru m was a m is take o n t he p ar t o f t he mosa ic is t.

Cas t ig l ione i den t if ied t he b ase

o n wh ich t he c ande labru m s tands w ith t he r ectangu lar wooden s tretcher w ith a p o le a t e ach c orner , f ro m t he T e mp le o f Pnepheros a t T heade lph ia ( now i n t he Musee Greco-Ro ma ine , A lexandr ia :

E . Brecc ia Monu men ts

d e l 'ügyp te Greco-Ro ma ine I , Berga mo , 1 926 , p . 1 09 a nd p ls . LV , LW ), b u t t h is d oes n ot t ake a ccoun t o f t he b oxl ike p ar t .

Mos t r ecen t ly t he

a rch itecture o f t h is s cene h as b een d escr ibed a s a" propy laea s he l ter ing ab oat-process ion" ( A. M. Badawy " The Approach t o t he Egyp t ian T e mp le i n t he L a te a nd Graeco-Ro man p er iods" , Z. A. S . 1 02, 1 975 , p p . 7 9-90 , i n p ar t icu lar p . 8 6 a nd F ig . 7 ) . A lthough t he p rocess ion o f p r iests a nd t he o b jec t wh ich t hey a re c arry ing a re i ndeed r em in iscen t o f P to le ma ic s cenes o f s acred b oa ts c arr ied o n s tretchers , t here i s u nf or tunate ly n o b oa t p resen t i n t h is c ase , a t l eas t i n t he c opy o r t he r es tored mosa ic ;

h owever , t he l i t t le k iosk i s p robab ly t he s or t o f way-

s ta t ion wh ich Badawy d iscusses :

s ee e spec ia l ly p p . 8 6-7 f or t he s i tuat ion

o f s uch k iosks " above t he l ake" ( " tp g " ) a nd t he ir c onnec t ion w ith c eremon ies o f l and ing o r s a il ing o f f , a nd c f . b e low , p . 7 3 9 2

a nd n . 1 5.

I t i s i n terest ing t o n ote P ouss in 's o bserva t ions i n c onnect ion w ith t h is o b ject , f or h e i ncorporated s evera l mot ifs f ro m t he mosa ic i n " The H o ly Fa m i ly i n Egyp t" , p a in ted 1 655-7 , i n o rder t o f ix t he l oca l ity ; t he k iosk a nd p r ies ts a ppear i n t he b ackground , t urned s ideways-on t o t he s pecta tor. o b ject m igh t b e :

T he a r t is t h ad h is own i deas a s t o wha t t he c hes tl ike " le c of fre n o m mg S oro Ap in o u e s to in t e n fer mgs l es

r e l iques e t o sse mens d e S erap in l eur d ieu ..." ( i n al e t ter t o Chan te lou , q uoted b y A . B lun t , 9 _ E .c it . i n n . 4 7 , p . 8 5 „ p p. 3 10-12 ;

s ee a lso

Ragna Enk ing Der Ap is-A ltar J ohann Me lch ior D ing l ingers , G lücks tad tHa mburg-New York , 1 939 , p p. 2 8-30 1.

The b ackground t o t h is i dea h as

b een t raced b y Char les G . D e mpsey i n h is a r t icle o n Pouss in 's u se o f Egyp t ian mot ifs ( "Pouss in a nd Egyp t", T he Ar t Bu l let in 4 5 , 1 963, p p. 1 09-19 , e spec ia l ly 1 09-13 ) — ac on te mporary d er iva t ion o f S erap is f ro m c r0 p

( j5 '

,

s arcophagus , a nd Ap is.

Un for tunate ly , D e mpsey i s p rob-

a b ly r igh t i n c onc lud ing t ha t P ouss in w orked f ro m Da l Pozzo 's c op ies a nd n ot t he o r ig ina l mosa ic , o therw ise h e wou ld b e ac orrobora t ive w itn ess t o t he f act t ha t t here was n o o b ject o n t op o f t he n aosl ike b ase. 4 0.

c f . Aur ige m ma 1 959 , F ig . 2 7 ;

G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay. X IX.

The r estored

a rea e xceeds t ha t s hown i n e i ther i l lus tra t ion . 4 1.

c f . Aur ige m ma 1 959 , F ig . 5 ;

G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay. X I I I.

4 2.

" I l Card ina l Maga lo t to . . . r iserba to p er s e u n s o lo p ezzo , q ua l d o l io a l G ran Duca...." — s ee a bove , p . 7 .

4 3.

Aur ige m ma 1 959 , p p. 5 9-62 ;

s ee a lso M. Cag iano d e A zevedo " I l p iu

a n t ico r es tauro a l musa ico Barber in i" , Bo l let t ino d e l l 'Is t ituto Cen tra le d e l Res tauro 1 3, 1 953, p . 6 2, c f . L u mbroso o p.c it., p p . 1 71-2. 4 4.

"When Is aw i t Iwas a stounded , a nd Ib ough t i tf or thw ith ."

A . F . G or i

I nscr ip t ionu m An t iquaru m Graecaru m e t Ro manaru m q uae i n E trur iae Urb ibus e xs tan t , Pars T er t ia , F lorence , 1 743, T ab. I I a nd p p. XLV I I IL IV ;

t he q uo tat ion i s o n p . L I T T.

G or i i nc luded a n i l lustrat ion o f t he

f ragmen t i n h is work , a nd h ad meanwh ile a sked f r iends i n Ro me t o c heck t he o r ig ina l t o s ee i ft h is p ar t were miss ing .

However , b efore t he ir

a nswer c a me h e was f orced , " typographo u rgen te" , t o s end h is manuscr ip t t o p ress , c onclud ing t here in t hat h is p iece was p erhaps o ne o f t hose l ef t i n t he a pse o f t he B ishop 's P a lace ( t ak ing S uares ' a ccoun t a s a n i nd icat i on o f p ar ts s urv iv ing t here a t t he t ime o f h is wr it ing ). 4 5.

R . Enge l mann " Das Mosa ik v on Pa les tr ina", Archäo log ische Z e itung 3 2 , 1 875 , p p. 1 27-34 a nd Taf . 1 2 ;

Enge l mann s ee med t o k now o f t he e x is-

t ence o f t he Pa les tr ina d raw ings i n Eng land f or h e s ays :

" Und t rotz

a l lede m e rwar tete i ch , um e in e ndgü l t iges Ur the il a ussprechen z u k önnen , n och d ie G e legenhe it d ie Z e ichnung d es Cay. d a l P ozzo , d ie L anc ian i i n L ondon g esehen h aben w i l l , z u v erg le ichen ."

( p . 1 30 ).

Bu t t here s ee ms t o h ave b een s o me c on fus ion h ere , a nd L anc ian i may h ave b een l ook ing f or t he d raw ings among t hose o f Da l P ozzo 's wh ich c a me t o t he Br it ish Museu m v ia t he F ranks Co l lect ion , s ee e ar l ier , p . 8 7 , n . 6 2 .

9 3

4 6.

S ee e ar l ier , p . 7 ; i ft he " Not iz ie d i d iverse a n t icag l ie" a re a l l Da l Pozzo 's i tw ou ld b e s trange f or h im n ot t o r efer t he d raw ing a s h is own .

4 7.

Aur ige m ma 1 959 , F ig . 1 3 :

aw el l-def ined l ine r uns a round t he i nner

c opy a nd t he o u ter f i l l ingin . 4 8.

M inor p o in ts o f d ivergence b e ing t he n u mber o f c ross ings o f t he p ergo la 's l a t t ice work a t t he t op , o r t he f orm o f t he f ence a t t he r igh t-hand s ide wh ich t he a r t ist h as s imp l if ied .

Chapter I I 1 .

2 .

H ence p erhaps t he d es ignat ion " d isegn i d i c asa" , c f . p . 7 ; c on tra t h is , h owever , i s t he a ccoun t q uo ted f urther d own o n p . 7 . S ee Gu l l in i 1 956 , T ay. I ;

t he p oss ib le l acunae i n t he N ilot ic mosa ic

a re d iscussed b y Aur ige m ma 1 959 , p p . 9 2f f. 3 . 4 .

S ee p . 9 . T he s hape o f t he u pper h a l f h as b een s l ight ly a l tered s ince t ha t t ime : t he s even teen th-cen tury r es torers g ave i ta n e l l ip t ica l a rch w h ich i nden te d b efore j o in ing t he ma in s tra ight-s ided p ar t o f t he mosa ic , b u t t hese i nden tat ions h ave n ow b een f i l led i n .

5 .

G u l l in i 1 956, p p. 7 -8 t akes t he v iew t hat i td id n o t e x tend i n to t he n iches b ecause t he f l oor l eve l o f t he l a t ter s lopes t o a l low t he water t o r un d own ; b u t h e a cknow ledges t ha t i t s p resen t s hape i s d ue e n t irely t o t he Barber in i r estora t ion.

For t he o u t l ine o f t he F ish Mosa ic , s ee G u l l in i 1 956 , T ay.

I a nd De lbrueck , o p .c it. ( p . 7 7, n . 3 ) , Ta f . X ;

i tw as c on ta ined b y a

s tr ip o f c oncrete d es igned t o h o ld i n t he wa ter f l ow ing o ver i t s s ur face. I t h as s o met i mes b een s ugges ted t hat t he n iches were o ccup ied b y s ta tues o f F or tuna , J up iter a nd J uno ( see , e .g ., H . v on H e in tze G y mnas iu m 6 3, 1 956 , p . 5 36 ) , b ut t h is i dea i s o f n ecess ity t i ed t o t he i den t if ica t ion o f t he a pse a s t he s i te o f t he P raenest ine o rac le , c f . n . 7 o n p . 7 8 . 6 .

S ee t he p lan , De lbrueck i b id ., T a f . XV ;

t he n iches a re i rregu lar , t hat

i n t he c en tre b e ing 1 .50 m w ide x 0 .80 m d eep , t hose a t e i ther s ide 1 .35-1.36 m w ith a max i mu m d ep th o f 1 .4 m. .. ( see n . 5o n p .89

I n h is Me mor ie Prenes t ine

)Petr in i g ives i n T ay. I a p lan o f t he a pse a nd

t he r estored mosa ic wh ich s hows t he l at ter a l mos t f i l l ing t he a va ilab le s pace ;

t he d i mens ions wh ich h e emp loys , h owever , a re 3 0 x2 2.5

Ro man p a l ms f or t he a pse ( 6 .7 x 5 .02 m ) a nd 2 6 x2 1 f or t he r estored mosa ic ( 5 .81 x 4 .7 m ). 7 .

The d og i s l ook ing a t s o me th ing t o t he r igh t where t here i s n o l onger a ny f igure o r o b ject , ad iscrepancy n o ted b y S ch m id t 1 929 , p . 3 1.

8 .

C f . a bove , p .

7.

9 .

Ph il l ips 1 962 , p p. 1 98-224 ;

c f . S ch m id t 1 929 , p p . 2 2-25.

Ph il l ips

s uggests t ha t t he s ource o f t he u pper h a lf o f t he mosa ic i s a n i l lustra ted t rea t ise o n E th iop ian a n i ma ls o f ad ate n ot l ater t han t he s econd c en tury

9 4

B .C. a nd p oss ib ly c onnec ted w ith P to le my I ;

t he s a me t rad it ion o f

a n i mal d ep ict ion i s r ef lected i n t he p a in ted f r iezes o f t he Mar issa t o mb ( J . P . P eters a nd H . Th iersch Pa in ted T o mbs i n t he Necropo l is o f Mar issa , L ondon , 1 905 ) a nd i n a n i l lus tra ted manuscr ip t o f Opp ian Cynege t ica o f t he t en th o r e leven th c en tury A .D . b ut t raceab le t o e ar l ier s ources.

The mosa ic 's p oss ib le d er ivat ion f ro m a n i l lus trated z oo-

l og ica l work o f He l len is t ic d a te h ad a lready b een s ugges ted b y M. I . Rostov tzef f T he S oc ia l a nd E cono m ic H istory o f t he He l len ist ic Wor ld ( Ox ford , 1 953 ), p . 3 18 ;

a nd t he p rob le m o f i t s d er ivat ion f ro m b ook-

i l lustra t ion o r p a in ted f r ieze h as b een t ouched u pon b y Kar l S chefo ld i n " Prob le me d er Po mpe jan ischen Ma lere i", R .M . 7 2, 1 965 , p p. 162 6, e spec ia l ly 1 2Of f. 1 0.

c f . Ph i l l ips 1 962 , p p . 15f f. f or t h is c oncep t o f " Egyp t ...connec ted t o E th iop ia b y means o f t he N ile".

1 1.

F or t he p oss ib le c on ten t o f n o. 1 4 , c o mpare p erhaps t he f ragmen t o f wa l l-pa in t ing , r egre t tab ly h ard t o d ec ipher , f ro m t he I s iac s anctuary b e low S . S ab ina o n t he Aven t ine :

i ts hows a b oa t b ear ing s o me u n iden-

t i f iab le o b ject p u l l ing i n to a j et ty o n wh ich s tand s o me f igures ( F. Darsy Recherches a rcheo log iques ä .S a in te-Sab ine s ur l 'Aven t in , Vat ican C ity , 1 968 , p l. D a nd p p. 4 9f f . 1 2.

S ee a bove , p . 7 2 .

1 3.

I t i s n o t e asy t o h azard a g uess a t wha t t hese b ys tanders m igh t b e wa tch ing b ecause t here i s n o c o mparab le p ictor ia l ma ter ia l ;

t he

Pa lestr ina mosa ic i s t o d a te u n ique i n much o f i t s s ub ject ma t ter .

A

p ara l le l t ha t migh t b e o f fered i s t he t an ta l is ing ly f ragmen tary mosa ic e xcavated i n t he V ia Naz iona le , Ro me , i n 1 882 a nd n ow i n t he An t iquar io Co muna le ( M . E . B lake M.A.A.R. 1 7 , 1 940 , p l. 2 0 , f ig . 3a nd p . 1 04 ). T he p ave men t o f wh ich t h is p iece f ormed t he b o t to m l ef t-hand c orner must h ave b een a c o mp ila t ion o f s cenes n ot e n t ire ly d iss im i lar t o t hose i n t he Pa les tr ina e xa mp le a nd l ike t he l a t ter , t o wh ich i ti s t echn ica l ly much i n fer ior , i ts ee ms t o d er ive f ro m s o me e ar l ier o r b e t ter t rad it ion when s e t b es ide t he b u lk o f Ro man Egyp t ian is ing ma ter ia l .

The s urv iv ing

p iece s hows s pecta tors a t t he c ere mony o f f eed ing t he s acred c rocod i les o n s o me f es t ive o ccas ion , ap opu lar t our ist a t trac t ion wh ich i s b oth r ep resen ted e lsewhere ( a s cu lptured b ase i n t he Va t ican :

s ee M. Ma la ise

I nven ta ire p re l im ina ire d es d ocu men ts e gyp t iens d ecouver ts e n I ta l ie , E . P. R.O. 2 1, L e iden , 1 972 , n o. 3 10 , p p . 1 68-9 ) a nd a t tes ted i n l i terat ure ( a t Ars inoe :

S trabo XV I I, 1 , 3 8 ;

c f . A . S . Hun t a nd C . C . Edgar

S e lect Papyr i I , L oeb e d., L ondon , 1 934 , n o. 4 16 ). 1 4.

I n n o. 1 7 t he g aze o f t he p eop le a t t he r ight-hand s ide c ou ld b e d irected mere ly a t t he p ass ing warsh ip b ut s ee ms t o e x tend b eyond t h is — t hey m igh t b e f ocuss ing o n t he e ven t i n n o. 1 4.

1 5.

c f . A . B adawy 's o bserva t ions o n t he p lac ing o f k iosks o r way-s ta t ions i n t he v ic in ity o f al and ing q uay , Z .A.S . 1 02, 1 975 , p p. 8 6-7 ;

t he

b u ild ing w ith s o ld iers b efore i ta nd t he a ssoc iated a rch itecture was c o mpared b y M. I . Ros tov tzef f , R .M . 2 6, 1 911, p . 6 1 n . 1 , w ith t he r e ma ins o f af es t iva l p av il ion o n L ake Mareot is. 9 5

1 6.

T he j o in b etween t he r ock , t he wa l led c o mp lex a nd t he t ower a bove h as a lso b een s ugges ted b y Ky le M. Ph i l l ips i n h is p roposed r econstruct ion o f t he mosa ic :

Ph il l ips 1 962, p . 10.

1 7.

S ee a bove , p . 7 2 .

1 8.

S uares o p.c it ., p . 2 89.

9 6

\ BBREV IAT IONS

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S . Aur ige m ma " I l r es tauro d i c onso l ida men to d e l Mosa ico Barber in i , c ondot to n e l 1 952" , Rend . P .A.R. A. S er . I I , 3 0-31, 1 957-9 , p p . 4 1-98.

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G . G u l l in i Imosa ic i d i Pa les tr ina ( Archeo log ia C lass ica , v o l . s upp. I ) , Ro me , 1 956.

S chm id t 1 929

E . S ch m id t S tud ien z u m Barber in ischen Mosa ik i n Pa lest r ina ( Zur Kunstgesch ich te d es Aus landes , 1 27 ), S trassburg , 1 929.

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A cta An t igua A cade m iae S c ien t iaru m Hungar icae , Budapes t.

A .J.A.

Amer ican J ourna l o f Archaeo logy .

Bu l l. Co rn.

Bu l le t t ino d e l la Co mm iss ione Archeo log ica Co muna le d i Ro ma.

D iss . P .A. R.A.

A t t i d e l la Pon t if ic ia Accade m ia Ro mano d i Archeo log ia , D isser taz ion i.

E . P.R .O .

k t u d e s

p re l im inar ies a ux r e l ig ions o r ien ta les d ans

l ' e mp ire Ro ma in . J .d .I.

J ahrbuch d es Deu tschen Archäo log ischen I ns t ituts.

M.A .A.R.

Me mo irs o f t he Amer ican Acade my i n Ro me.

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P .B.S .R .

Papers o f t he Br it ish S choo l a t Ro me.

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RE

Pau lys Rea lencyc lopäd ie d er c lass ischen A l ter tu msw issenschaf t .

Rend . L ine . Rend . P .A.R.A.

N eue Bearbe itung .

A t t i d e l la Accade m ia N az iona le d e i L ince i, Rend icon t i. A t t i d e l la Pon t if ic ia Accade m ia Ro mana d i Archeo log ia , Rend icon t i.

R . M.

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Z e itschr if t f ür Agyp t ische S prache u nd A l ter tu mskunde.

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