This monumental work of history removes the Incas from the realm of legend and shows the reality of their struggles agai
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English Pages 641 [670] Year 1970
THE
CONQUEST OF
THE
INCAS JOHN
HEMMING
A Harvest Book Harcourt Brace & Company San Diego NewYork London
Copyright © 1970 by John Hemming All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to:
Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hemming, John, 1935-
The conquest of the Incas. (A Harvest book) Bibliography: p. 1, Peru—History—Conquest, 1522~1548. 2. Incas. I. Title.
F3442.H47 = 1973S
-985’.02
ISBN 0-15-622300-7
73-4616
Printed in the United States of America IKMNLJ
FOR AND
MY
PARENTS
GODPARENTS
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations Maps
17
Acknowledgements
19
Cajamarca
23
Atahualpa Captive Expediency Tupac Huallpa The Road to Cuzco
71 86 100 118
137 I51
Provocation The Great Rebellion
189
The Reconquest The Second Rebellion Paullu and Manco
wt
CON
mt
ANE
Co
ON
The Quitan Campaign
SG
Cuzco Jauja
46
SPA
AM
Bw
PY
Preface
II
Sayri-Tupac Negotiations
169 221 236
256 280
299
Vilcabamba
317
Titu Cusi and Carlos Inca
333
Oppression Experiments in Government
347 374
Contents 20 21 22
23 25
Toledo’s Solutions The Inca Problem The Vilcabamba Campaign The Elimination of the Incas The Inca Survivors
392
4lI
425 441
The Search for Vilcabamba
457 474
Chronology
501
Genealogies Glossary
Tables of Measurements and Values
Bibliography
Notes and References Index
506
514
518
520 547
625
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Between pages 130 and 131
nw
Modern Cajamarca (Author) 2; 3, 4 Three views of the scenes in the square at Cajamarca (from Cristébal de Mena (attributed), La Conquista del Pert, 1534, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Nueva corénica y buen gobierno, c. 1600, and Bengoni, Americae, 1596) Golden llama (The Trustees of the British Museum)
Silver beaker (The Trustees of the British Museum) Golden
idols
Mujico Gallo)
9 Chimu Io II 12 13, 15
tumi
(Museo
Oro
knives
Miguel Mujico Gallo)
del
(Museo
Peru, Oro
Monterrico, del Peru,
Lima.
Monterrico,
Fundacion Miguel Lima.
Fundacion
Gateway at Hudnuco Viejo (Author) Pachacamac (Servicio Aerofotogrdfico Nacional, Lima)
The Royal Standard (Museo del Ejército, Madrid. Author) 14 Inca ruins at Vilcashuaman (Author) Inca masonry at Limatambo (Author)
Between pages 290 and 291 16, 19
20 21 22 23 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
17, 18 The Pizarro palace in Trujillo and details from the facade (Author) Hernando Pizarro, a bust from the facade of the palace in Trujillo (William
Oddie)
Francisco Pizarro (Museo Nacional de Historia, Lima)
Charles V (from the portrait by Titian in the Prado, Madrid)
Sebasti4n de Benalcazar (from Herrera Tordesillas, Historia general, 1728) Rodrigo Orgéfiez (from Herrera Tordesillas, Historia general, 1728)
Hernando de Soto (from Herrera Tordesillas, Historia general, 1728) Pedro de la Gasca (Radio Times Hulton Picture Library) Cristébal Vaca de Castro Santo Domingo in Cuzco Llamas in a Cuzco street Hatun Rumiyoc in Cuzco
(from Herrera Tordesillas, Historia general, 1728) (Ann Kendall) (Grace Line) (Author)
Sacsahuaman (Servicio Aerofotogrdfico Nacional, Lima) The Yucay valley (Ann Kendall) Sacsahuaman (Grace Line)
The terraces of Ollantaytambo (Author)
The great hall of Colcampata (Ann Kendall) Ollantaytambo (Author)
The Conquest of the Incas
10
Between pages 418 and 419 Francisco de Toledo (Museo Nacional de Historia, Lima) Philip II (portrait by Juan Pantoja, the Prado, Madrid. Radio Times Hulton Picture Library)
36 37
Mine workers at Potosi (from Pierre Vander Aa, La Galérie Agréable du
38
Monde, c. 1730)
Wedding group (Church of the Compafiia, Cugco. Francis Greene) 40 Bartolomé de las Casas (from Las Casas, Apologética historia de las Indias) 39
Letter from Don Carlos Inca (Archivo General de Indias, Seville. Dofia Roberto Levillier) View of Machu Picchu (Ann Kendall) Principal temple of Machu Picchu (Author) Hiram Bingham (National Geographic Society, Washington D.C. E. C. Erdis) Gene Savoy (Gene Savoy)
4I
42 43 44 45 46
Yuracrumi (National Geographic Society, Washington D.C. Hiram Bingham,
47 48
Valley of the Apurimac (Author) Bridge over the Apurimac (from Ephraim Squier, Incidents of Travel in Peru
1913)
and Bolivia, 1877) Modern inhabitants of Vilcabamba (Author) Don Marcos Chiguan Topa Inca (Museo Arqueoldgico, Cuzco. Ann Kendall)
49
50
The chapter headings and other line illustrations throughout the book are from
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala’s Nueva corénica y buen gobierno, the original of
which is in Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen. They are taken from the new, redrawn, edition published by the Institut d’Ethnologie, Paris and are reproduced by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. Chapter heading to Chapter 25, plan of Rosaspata (Bingham Papers, Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Yale University)
Plan of Espiritu Pampa (Gene Savoy, Emilio Harth-Terré, Andean Explorers’ Club) MAPS
Pages 11 to 16, drawn by K. C. Jordan
1 2 3 4 5 6
The early voyages and the march on Cuzco Cuzco at the time of the Conquest The Quitan Campaign Southern Peru during Manco’s Rebellion and the Civil Wars The Spanish occupation of the Inca Empire Vilcabamba
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