The conquest of the Incas 9780156223003, 0156223007

This monumental work of history removes the Incas from the realm of legend and shows the reality of their struggles agai

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The conquest of the Incas
 9780156223003, 0156223007

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THE

CONQUEST OF

THE

INCAS JOHN

HEMMING

A Harvest Book Harcourt Brace & Company San Diego NewYork London

Copyright © 1970 by John Hemming All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to:

Permissions Department, Harcourt Brace & Company, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hemming, John, 1935-

The conquest of the Incas. (A Harvest book) Bibliography: p. 1, Peru—History—Conquest, 1522~1548. 2. Incas. I. Title.

F3442.H47 = 1973S

-985’.02

ISBN 0-15-622300-7

73-4616

Printed in the United States of America IKMNLJ

FOR AND

MY

PARENTS

GODPARENTS

CONTENTS

List of Illustrations Maps

17

Acknowledgements

19

Cajamarca

23

Atahualpa Captive Expediency Tupac Huallpa The Road to Cuzco

71 86 100 118

137 I51

Provocation The Great Rebellion

189

The Reconquest The Second Rebellion Paullu and Manco

wt

CON

mt

ANE

Co

ON

The Quitan Campaign

SG

Cuzco Jauja

46

SPA

AM

Bw

PY

Preface

II

Sayri-Tupac Negotiations

169 221 236

256 280

299

Vilcabamba

317

Titu Cusi and Carlos Inca

333

Oppression Experiments in Government

347 374

Contents 20 21 22

23 25

Toledo’s Solutions The Inca Problem The Vilcabamba Campaign The Elimination of the Incas The Inca Survivors

392

4lI

425 441

The Search for Vilcabamba

457 474

Chronology

501

Genealogies Glossary

Tables of Measurements and Values

Bibliography

Notes and References Index

506

514

518

520 547

625

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Between pages 130 and 131

nw

Modern Cajamarca (Author) 2; 3, 4 Three views of the scenes in the square at Cajamarca (from Cristébal de Mena (attributed), La Conquista del Pert, 1534, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Nueva corénica y buen gobierno, c. 1600, and Bengoni, Americae, 1596) Golden llama (The Trustees of the British Museum)

Silver beaker (The Trustees of the British Museum) Golden

idols

Mujico Gallo)

9 Chimu Io II 12 13, 15

tumi

(Museo

Oro

knives

Miguel Mujico Gallo)

del

(Museo

Peru, Oro

Monterrico, del Peru,

Lima.

Monterrico,

Fundacion Miguel Lima.

Fundacion

Gateway at Hudnuco Viejo (Author) Pachacamac (Servicio Aerofotogrdfico Nacional, Lima)

The Royal Standard (Museo del Ejército, Madrid. Author) 14 Inca ruins at Vilcashuaman (Author) Inca masonry at Limatambo (Author)

Between pages 290 and 291 16, 19

20 21 22 23 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

17, 18 The Pizarro palace in Trujillo and details from the facade (Author) Hernando Pizarro, a bust from the facade of the palace in Trujillo (William

Oddie)

Francisco Pizarro (Museo Nacional de Historia, Lima)

Charles V (from the portrait by Titian in the Prado, Madrid)

Sebasti4n de Benalcazar (from Herrera Tordesillas, Historia general, 1728) Rodrigo Orgéfiez (from Herrera Tordesillas, Historia general, 1728)

Hernando de Soto (from Herrera Tordesillas, Historia general, 1728) Pedro de la Gasca (Radio Times Hulton Picture Library) Cristébal Vaca de Castro Santo Domingo in Cuzco Llamas in a Cuzco street Hatun Rumiyoc in Cuzco

(from Herrera Tordesillas, Historia general, 1728) (Ann Kendall) (Grace Line) (Author)

Sacsahuaman (Servicio Aerofotogrdfico Nacional, Lima) The Yucay valley (Ann Kendall) Sacsahuaman (Grace Line)

The terraces of Ollantaytambo (Author)

The great hall of Colcampata (Ann Kendall) Ollantaytambo (Author)

The Conquest of the Incas

10

Between pages 418 and 419 Francisco de Toledo (Museo Nacional de Historia, Lima) Philip II (portrait by Juan Pantoja, the Prado, Madrid. Radio Times Hulton Picture Library)

36 37

Mine workers at Potosi (from Pierre Vander Aa, La Galérie Agréable du

38

Monde, c. 1730)

Wedding group (Church of the Compafiia, Cugco. Francis Greene) 40 Bartolomé de las Casas (from Las Casas, Apologética historia de las Indias) 39

Letter from Don Carlos Inca (Archivo General de Indias, Seville. Dofia Roberto Levillier) View of Machu Picchu (Ann Kendall) Principal temple of Machu Picchu (Author) Hiram Bingham (National Geographic Society, Washington D.C. E. C. Erdis) Gene Savoy (Gene Savoy)

4I

42 43 44 45 46

Yuracrumi (National Geographic Society, Washington D.C. Hiram Bingham,

47 48

Valley of the Apurimac (Author) Bridge over the Apurimac (from Ephraim Squier, Incidents of Travel in Peru

1913)

and Bolivia, 1877) Modern inhabitants of Vilcabamba (Author) Don Marcos Chiguan Topa Inca (Museo Arqueoldgico, Cuzco. Ann Kendall)

49

50

The chapter headings and other line illustrations throughout the book are from

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala’s Nueva corénica y buen gobierno, the original of

which is in Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen. They are taken from the new, redrawn, edition published by the Institut d’Ethnologie, Paris and are reproduced by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. Chapter heading to Chapter 25, plan of Rosaspata (Bingham Papers, Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Yale University)

Plan of Espiritu Pampa (Gene Savoy, Emilio Harth-Terré, Andean Explorers’ Club) MAPS

Pages 11 to 16, drawn by K. C. Jordan

1 2 3 4 5 6

The early voyages and the march on Cuzco Cuzco at the time of the Conquest The Quitan Campaign Southern Peru during Manco’s Rebellion and the Civil Wars The Spanish occupation of the Inca Empire Vilcabamba

Nombre de Dios

First voyage isadeasy ? Pueblo Quelsod

Second voyage (1% patty Nov 1526-27} & Jan is31- é April 1532 g

Ra

:*

Third voyage

Ro San Juan

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Punta Negra t 4 '

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Modern names in brackets —emvee rence

Francisco Pizarro

teeters sasesccsesseseeses

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May -Aug

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Sept - Nov

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Feb-July

1534

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