The Confucian Quest for Order. The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi 9004129650, 2003045391
136 65 10MB
English Pages [517] Year 2003
Table of contents :
Preface
Conventions
Introduction
1 A Review of Preceding Studies
1.1 Three Major Lines of Approach
1.2 Issues and Implications of Major Works
2 The Design of This Study
2.1 Methods Which Have Been Adopted by Chinese and Western Scholars
2.2 Three Methodological Elements Elaborated by Japanese Scholars
2.3 The Framework of Discussion in This Study
2.4 The Content of the Discussion
Chapter One The Book of Xunzi and Biography of Xun Zi
Introduction
1 Textual Survey of the Book of Xunzi
1.1 Composition and Transmission of the Text
1.1.1 From Xun Zi's Death to Liu Xiang's Compilation of the Text
1.1.2 Liu Xiang5s Compilation of 32 Chapters of the Sunqing xinshu孫卿新書
1.1.3 Yang Liang's Collation and Re-compilation
1.2 Authenticity of the Text
1.2.1 Authentic-eclectic Distinction of the Text
1.2.2 Texts As the Evolutionary Process of the Xun Zi School
1.2.3 Developmental Stages in Xun Zi's Philosophical Detour
1.2.4 "Eclectic” As Xun Zi's Incorporation of Preceding Thought
1.2.5 The Whole Xunzi As the Unity and Consistency of Thought
2 Biography of Xun Zi
2.1 Background and Situation of Qi and Zhao
2.2 Arrival in Qi and Activities at the Jixia Academy
2.3 Xun Zi's Interviews with King Xiaocheng of Zhao and King Zhao of Qin
2.4 The Period As Lanling Magistrate
2.5 Xun Zi's Disciples
Concluding Remarks
Chapter Two The Source of Xun Zi's Thought and the Intellectual Activity
Introduction
1 A Historical Description of the State of Qi and the Jixia Academy
1.1 The History of the State of Qi
1.2 The Rise and Fall of the Jixia Academy
1.2.1 From the Origin to the Reign of King Wei
1.2.2 The Reign of King Xuan and the Early Period of King Min
1.2.3 The Last Period of King Min and the Early Period of King Xiang
1.2.4 From King Xiang to the Last King, Jian
2 The Characteristics of Thought in the Pre-Jixia Stage: Ethical Discourse
2.1 The Political Origin of Confucianism
2.2 The Prevalence of Ethical Discourse in the Early Warring States Period
2.2.1 The Analects
2.2.2 Ths Mozi
2.2.3 The Mencius
3 The Characteristics of Thought in the Jixia Academy: Analytical Discourse
3.1 The Itemization of Policy
3.2 The Development of Analytical Terms
3.2.1 Z加治 and £〃劭亂
3.2.2 Fen 分
3.2.3 Fa 法
3.3 The Analogical Association between the Human Body, Society, and the Natural World
3.3.1 The Trinity of Heaven, Earth, and Man
3.3.2 Analogical Relationship between Body and Society
Concluding Remarks
Chapter Three The Development of the Idea of Li 禮 in pre-Qin Thought
Introduction
1 Three aspects of Li in Ancient China
1.1 Li Seen as a Historical Reality
1.2 Li Seen as a Philosophical Value
1.3 Li Seen as an Evolving Concept
2 The Early Evolution of the Concept of Li
2.1 Li and Rituals from Shang to the Western Zhou Perioв
2.2 The Conceptualization of Li as Manners and Social Norms in the Book of Odes
2.3 The Concept of Li in the Analects
2.3.1 Social Norms and Institutions
2.3.2 Li as Modesty and Reverence
2.3.3 Li as the Method for Edifying the Ruler and his People
2.4 The Concept of Li in the Mencius
2.4.1 From Rituals to Social Norms
2.4.2 The Definition of Li As One of the Four Moral Values
2.4.3 The Concept of Liyi 禮義
2.5 The Concept of Li in the Wuxing 五行
3 The Impact of the Jixia Academy and Daoism on the Conceptualization o£Li
3.1 The Concept of Li in the Yanzi Chunqiu 晏子春秋
3.2 The Growing Criticism of Li
3.2.1 The Concept of Li in the S加〃 zi 慎子
3.2.2 The Concept of Li in the Laozi 老子
323 The Concept of Li in the Zhuangzi 莊子
3.3 The Concept of Li in the Book of Guanzi 管子
3.3.1 Li As an Important Means for Controlling Human Desires and Emotions
3.3.2 £/ As an Essential Modus Operand! for Attaining Social Order
3.3.3 Li As a Metaphysical Principle
Concluding Remarks
Chapter Four The Structure of Xun Zi's Thought
Introduction
1 Argumentative Discourse on Ethical and Socio-political Matters
1.1 Learning for Self-Cultivation
1.1.1 Influence of Social Conditions on Learning
1.1.2 Accumulation of Learning and Practice
1.1.3 The Concept of 17 一 (Concentration and/or Integration)
1.1.4 Human Nature and Learning
1.2 The Respect and Recruitment of the Worthy
1.3 The Welfare for the People
1.3.1 The People as the Source of Political Authority
1.3.2 The Protection of the Life of the People
1.3.3 Reducing the Consumption of the Ruling Class
2 The Concept of Ren 仁
2.1 Ren As an Indispensable Quality for a Ruler
2.2 Ren As an Indispensable Condition for Unifying the World
2.3 Theoretical Aspects ofXun Zi's Concept of Ren
3 Dynamism and Statics in Xun Zi's Theory on Mind/Heart
3.1 The Role of为〃心
3.1.1 Xin As an Absolute Ruler
3.1.2 Xin As the Locus Where Miraculous Transformation Can Occur and Illuminating Intelligence Can Stay
3.1.3 Xin As an Agent Which Exclusively Knows the Way
3.2 Dynamism: The Idea of Cheng 誠 and Shen 神
3.2.1 The "Ever-growing" Moral Value-Cheng 誠
3.2.2 Xun Zi's Ideal of Cheng : Shen 帀申 as a Complementary Factor
3.3 Statics: The Idea of Daqingming 大淸明
4 Xun Zi's Philosophical Worldview of Integration
4.1 The Analogical Integration of Physical, Natural and Human Worlds
4.2 The Integration of Time, Space, and the Myriad Things: *一(壹)and7b〃g/勿統類
4.2.1 The Concept of Yi: the Integration of Moral Values and the Assimilation into the Way
4.2.2 Categorical Integration by Means of Confucian Ethical Values一Tonglei
4.3 The Metaphysical Ground fbr the Integration: Order (zhi 治)
Concluding Remarks
Chapter Five The Establishment of the Theory of Li and the Embodiment of the Ideal Society
Introduction
1 The Establishment of Xun Zi5s Theory of Li
1.1 The Conceptual Foundation of Li (1): the Concept of 力義
1.2 The Conceptual Foundation of Li (2): the Concept of Fen
1.2.1 General Characteristics of the Term Fen in the Thought of Xun Zi and the Influence of Jixia Thought
1.2.2 The Relationship between Fen and 力義
1.2.3 The Relationship between Fen and Li 禮
1.3 The Conceptual Foundation of Li (3): the Concept of Yue 樂(Music)
2 The Embodiment of the Ideal Society through the Implementation of Li
2.1 Li As the Prescription for Controlling Human Desires
2.2 Li As the Method for Moralization of Individuals
2.2.1 The Manifestation of Humanity As Morality and Culture through Li
2.2.2 The Establishment of Ethical Mind/heart through Li
2.2.3 The Step to Sagehood through the Practice of Li
2.3 Li As the Essential Element for the Accomplishment of the Socio-Political Order
2.3.1 Li As the Standard fbr Personnel Affairs
2.3.2 Li As the Source of Emanation of Order and Harmony
Concluding Remarks
Conclusion
1 Social Order: the Ultimate Purpose of Xun Zi's Socio-Political Theory
2 Importance of Learning for the Ruler
3 Xun Zi's Firm Belief in the Predominance of Morality over Real Politics
Appendices
1 The Chronology of Xun Zi
2 The Use of the Terms Shu and Fa in the Mencius
3.1 The Use of Li in the Book of Odes
3.2 The Use of Li in the Analects
3.3 The Use of Li in the Mencius
3.4 The Use of Li in the Wuxing
3.5 The Use of Li in the Yanzi Chunqiu
3.6 The Chapters in which Li is Chosen As the Topic in the Yanzi Chunqiu
3.7 The Use of Li in the Zhuangzi
3.8 The Use of Li in the Guangzi
4.1 Usage of Ren, Yi, Li in Five Pre-Han Texts
4.2 Usage of Li, Liyi, Lijie, Lifa, Ren and Renyi in the Xunzi
5.1 The Use of Li in the Xunzi
5.2 The Use of Liyi in the Xunzi
5.3 The Use of Lijie and Lifa in the Xunzi
5.4 The Usage of jiezou in the Xunzi
Bibliography
Index of Names and Subjects
Index Locorum
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