The coins of Mongol Empire and Clan Tamgha of Khans (XIII-XIV)

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CONTENT Foreword CHAPTER ONE: THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLANS TAMGHAS OF GREAT KHANS

1.

Clan tamghas on the coins of Great Khans

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1. 1

29 36 41 53 56 58 59 63 65 73 77 84 85 95

1.2 1.3 1.4

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.1 J I. 12

1.13 1.14 2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

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Tamgha on coins of Genghis Khan Tamgha of Zuchi Khan Tamghas on coins of Ugedei Khagan Thamghas on coins of Chaghatay Khan About the coin of Duwa Khan Tului's tamgha The tamgha on coins of Munghe Khan The tamgha on coins of Ariq Buga The tamgha of llkhan Hulagu's coin Ugedie's Ulus or period of Qaidu Khan Undetermined tamghas on coins of Mongol Khans The tamghas of Genghis Khan 's clan The clan tamghas on personal seals of Mongol Khans Shapes and figures on coins of Mongol Khans

The mongol writing on coins of Khans is a monument of ancient history and culture 2.1 The coins of Great Mongol Khans 2.2 In the Golden Horde 2.3 In Chaghatayids 2.4 In llkhanids 2.5 Yuan Dynasty

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101 103 106 107 114 115 121

The golden coin of Genghis Khan The coins struck in " Great Horde" Da Chao Tong Bao coin

124 128

The coin of Kara Khorum By the Power of Heaven

135

Brief on coins of Ghazan Khan Silver coated copper " Ke" coin of Bukhara

l 0 . The coins of Jungar 11. The ornaments of coins of Mongol Empire

137 142 144 148

CHAPTER 2 : MY COLLECTION (COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE XIII-XIV CENTURY)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

155 171 171 193 21 l 246

Great Mongol Khans Chaghatayids The Golden Horde llkhanids Yuan Dynasty Jungar

References

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3H3 HOMblf AIIIJ1fJ\AXTAft XOAEOfACOH 3APJ1M TAMAEAP:

SOME EXPLANATIONS WITH REGARD TO USE OF THIS BOOK:

1. A. 1 - CTecpaH AJT6yMbIH KaTaJTornnH

1. A . 1 - a number of the coins recorded in

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

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Aapaanan N. 1 - HOMblH xoepAyraap 6yn3rT 6y11 Mt1H1111 300CHbl wyrnyynrb1H ,1:1apaanan; M . 1 - 3H3 HOMOHA opoory11 6onOB\.f Mt1Ht111 wyrnyynraA 6yn 3oocHb1 6ypTr3n1111H Ayraap S. 1 - A .3.C1-1HraTynn11ttar1111H uoMrooc aBcaH 3ypar Z. 1 - opocb1H www.zeno.ru ca11Ta.Q 6y11 300CHbl 3yprn11H ,oyraap. YHw11rY.Qa.Q TOA xapyynax 3op11J1roop HOMOHA opCOH 6yx 300CHbl 3ypr1111r 11}1{11J1 X3M}l{33r33p TaBbCaH. 3oOCHbl 60.Ql1T X3M>K33r xoep,oyraap 6yn3rT 6y11 300CHbl Tann6apaac V3H3 yy . Mottronb1H 6onott ,0311xt111H 300c cy,1:111arY, l..lyrnyynar'-111.Q 300CHbl ap 6a e0ep Tanbir 51H3 6yp33p TO.QOpX011J1AOr. MottrOJlblH 3oocott A33px TaMra 6a xaaHbI H3p 6anraa TaJlblr 611 HYVP3H Tan r3}1{ TOOUOH T3p Aaryy 3ypryy.Qbir 6a11pnyyncaH 6onoxbtr attxaaptta yy.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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catalog of Stephan Album (USA) N. 1- a number of the coin recorded in my collection in Chapter II of the book. M . 1 - a number of the coins from my private collection that not recorded in this book. S. 1 - Registration number of pictures from album of Singatullina A.Z. Z. 1- a number of the photograph of the coin recorded in Russian www.zeno. ru web -site. For the purposes of improved readability, all photographs of coins were adjusted into one size . Please refer to the Chapter II to find out the real size of the coin. The Mongolian and world's numismatics and writers identify the obverse and reverse of coins in different ways . Please note that a side of a coin with tamgha, name of a khan is considered as an obverse and that photographs are arranged accordingly.

EXPLANATIONS TO TAMGHAS: Alkh - means "axe" in Mongolian. A tamgha with a shape of an " axe"; Bundan - means "hearts" of cards in Mongolia. A tamgha with a shape of "hearts" turned downwards; Degree or zuuzai - means "bit of bridle" in Mongolian. A tamgha with a shape of a "bit of bridle" , Khas - means " swastika" in Mongolian. A tamgha with a shape of a "swastika"; Nar or naran - means "sun" in Mongolian. A tamgha with a shape of sun or round tamgha. Num or numan - means "bow" in Mongolian. A tamgha with a shape of a "bow"; Ongi or ongin - a tamgha with round shape, looks like "sun " ; Sar - means "moon" in Mongolian. A tamgha with shape of a "moon"; Seree - means "trident" in Mongolian. A tamgha with a shape of a "trident"; "(I)zii" pattern - in Mongolian. A pattern symbolizing happiness. Zurkhen - means "heart" in Mongolian. Suultei ongin tamgha (in Mongolian) - An ongin tamgha "with a tail". A tamgha with a line drawn from a circle. Shireetei ongi (in Mongolian) - An ongin tamgha with a stand.

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about Mongol coins. The Museum of the Central Bank's Treasury and National History Museum are disclosing several ancient Mongol coins to general public. Moreover, some individuals started a good collection of ancient coins. There is a tendency that comparing to earlier years, promotion and awareness on coins of Mongol Khans of XIII-XIV centuries, which are valuable monuments of Mongolian history, are increasing. In my opinion, it is the exact time to bring up this issue from the information and promotion stage into the step of more in-depth scientific research. This progress will most probably meet the core interest of the national history and its studies. The coins of every nation and of every period contain the specific information concerning the historical time and the country. A lot of information can be revealed from coins as they are specific and carry the date and where the coin was struck. For example, from ancient historical sources we clarify and learn about historic events of our country, whereas from writings of Mongol coins we can clearly learn when the Mongol Empire reached what territories and who was ruling the state at that time. Therefore, there is no doubt that coins have no less value than the books and are precious historical and cultural source. In other words, the coins of Mongol Empire are valuable source of Mongolian history. I believe that we can enter into the new doors of the Mongolian ancient history through exploring these historical sources. No doubt that, behind this door, not just only a few coins, which passed their generation, but also there are complex of issues related to the economic policy and monetary system of Mongol Empire, which have not been studied fully and wait for their researchers. In this book, I tried to include the issues related to coins that were struck by Khans of Mongol Empire, especially those issues that have not been studied yet or being partly studied by both international and local researchers. Moreover, I tried to interpret the tamghas on coins of Mongol Khans and some unresolved '-".'ords in the parts of Uighur and Phags-pa writings. Consequently, I attempted to present some hypothesis and conclusions in this regard. In addition, my purpose was to present to readers pieces of my collection that I have diligently collected during the last five years.

AUTHOR

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1. MOHfO.l\ XAA.AhIH 300COH A33PX OBB1AH TAMfA

1. THE CLAN TAMGHAS ON COINS OF KHANS

611.QHt111 osor, yrcaattbl r3.>K H3pI133A 6a11raa TaMra MaaHb 6yp xy11 H3r.Q3Jl, 0Br1111H 6a11ryynnb1H ye3c YVA3JJT311 a>K33. 3pTH1111 xyMyyc, T3p AOTop MOHron yrcaaTHYYA yr ypar, yAaM rapan, OBor 51CTaH 6on>K xenK11x ye3c n osr1111H cynA, 0Brt1YIH wyTn3r yyc3>K, Tepen yrcaaraa Hnrax, 3nr3H ca.Qttaa smrax ec TorTcoH 6an.Qar. YnMaap osrn11H AOTOOA xe,o.enMep1111H xysaapb yycY a>K axyn 3pxn3x 6oncHooc xe.QeJ1Mep1111H 6ara>K , caB cyynraHA TaH11x T3M,D.3r TaB11x, a.QryycaH aMbTaH rapwyynaxaA 51H3 6yp1111H TaMra 3ypnara, T3M,D.3rn3r33, 11M TaMra x3p3rn3x 6omK33. 0BryyA "51c xaran>K" w11H33p can6apnax TyTaM yycr3M3Jl TaMra H3M3r.QC33p H3r3H 0Bfl111H Hl111TJ13f TaMraHaac eY T9YH99H can6apna>K T3p Hb aMt1Hb1, epx1111H, YAMblH, xaaHbl, YJJCblH TaMra 6onTJ100 xer>KC9H TyyxT311 tOM 6a11tta . .[loKTOp U.War.Qapcyp3H ryanH 611YC3HJ13H "tt3r3H osrooc can6apna>K w11H3 oBor rapax Tox1:10J1AOJ1A ynaM>Knanaa xa.QraJl}f{ xyyYt1H 0Bfl:111HXOO TaMraA 51Map H3r3H 30Xl:1CT011 T3M.Q3r H3M3H X3p3rJ13.Q3r eCOH Y rapcaH ... " r3H3 3 . XyH yycc3H uaraacaa n TyyH1111r wyTJJ3r .Qara}f{ 11pc3H TyyxT3YI . Osor a11Mrn11H 6anryynanT rapY 1:1p3x yeA wyTn3r ynaM 6yp x3n63p>1K, yyn, ye, MOA yynyy, 3Jl.Q3B a.Qryyc aMbTaH, wysyy, 51Map H3r3H 3/l. 3y11n1:111r WVT3X 51B,o.an TVr33M3Jl 6on>K, ynMaap TYYH33C33 aBpan .QaaTran 3p>K apra,o.a>K ry11,o.ar, a11}f{ cypA,D.3r 6an,o.an Hb HBaaHJJ.aa 6ee Mepren1111r 6y11 6onrO>K33. 3pTHl111 MOHrQJlblH OBOr anMryy,o.a.Q eepc.Q1111H 333MWl1JJ ra3ap HyTar, yyn ycaa 6yc.QbJHxaac Hnra>K 3aarnax, TO.JJ.OTro>K 6aTaTrax, xaaryyp X3Hl:111 osor yrcaa ttyTarna>K 6a11raar 11n3px1111J13X 33p3r onoH wanTraattaac YYA3H xaA yynyy, yyn MO.JJ.OHA eepc A1111H yJJ.aM OBr1111H TaMra T3MJJ.r33 yn.Q33C3H 6apt1MT OJlOH 6a11,o.ar.

The tamghas, which we claim belong to clans or to our ancestry, are originated from the clan structure and primitive society. Since the time when the ancients, including Mongol nations, have developed into relative groups, origins and ethnic groups, the symbol and belief of a clan have emerged, and the custom to distinguish their origins and relatives have been established. Consequently, when labor distributions within clans began to develop and people started manage an economy, various tamghas, drawings, notes and earmarks have been used as an identification sign for labor instruments and utilities as well as in domestication of anima ls. Every time the clan branched off due to internal clashes, the number of derivative tamghas, which branched off from common tamgha has increased, and thus tamghas been gradually developed into personal, family, lineage, khans and state tamghas. As Dr. Ts. Shagdarsuren wrote "if a new clan separates from another, the clan wou ld conserve old tradition and use the tamgha of previous clan through adding its own markings on the tamgha" 3 . Since its creation, the human was always attached with belief. By the time clans and tribes were established, the belief assumed took a certain form and people began to worship mountains , water, trees , stones, various anima ls , birds and so on. Consequently, worshiping has become a common phenomenon among humans and by looking for a salvation, soothing it and being afraid of, it has been gradually advanced into the shamanism. In order to distinguish , demarcate and fortify own territory from others and to identify who's clan settled on which territory, the ancient clans engraved tamghas

3

3

U.War Aa pcyp3H . " MoHrony yyAblH yrra coenb1H TOBYOOH" Y6 , 200 I. J 62 -Tan

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Sh agd arsu ren Ts . Summ a r y o f M o n goli an c ulture. Ulaa nbaatar. 200 I. p 162

N:tl'AYD:tP 5Yn:tr

CHAPTH ONI

MOHroJlblH 333HT rYPHt111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAD.blH 0Brt1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMOHA OF KHANS

3H3 Tyxa11 aKaAeMl14 6.PnH411H4, MaHal1 H3pT 3pA3MT3H X . n3pn:B 5, 30BJ10J1Tl1l1H 3p.Q3MT3H B.B.BonKoB6, 3p.Q3MT3H n .6on,Q 7 HapblH 33p3r OJlOH 3pA3MT,Q1111H 6yr3311VVA33C TOAOpXOl1 V33>1< 6011HO. Oar1111H TaMra yyc3x yea yr TaMrbir eanyyn3x 3pxn11r oarn11H T3pryyn3ry n 3TJ.3J1TJ.3f 6a11caH 6onOJ1TOl1. 1111M33C OBrl111H TaMrbir 0BJ10X y11aM>1I< y11Maap H3ryyp cypaam11KJ1arA>K33. XJV 3YYHA M3r 3a.nap4 3X3J1C3H uaraac xo11w, HnaHryHa MoHron ync MaH>K1111H 3pxw3311'/l opcHhl .napaa MOHrOJ1YYYAhlH yrcaaHbI TaMra x3p3r113x ynaM>Knan nx3A xyMnr,QCaH 60110J1TOl1 . XHTaAbIH M11H y11Cb)H ye3c HJlaHryHa MaH>l11< 11pc3H yr1111H 611411r, TaMra C3J1Tn11r 3op11y.Qaap ycTracaH 6y~y XHrn.Q pyy asaa4caH 6011 yn.QC3H >1Knax ec 3aHWJ1b1r Tacan.Qyyn>11< 6a11s . 3H3 Hb 3ap11M Tanaapaa X3p3r>KC3H TaJl 61111 6al1X. r3B4 Tyyx1111r 6yp MeceH yry11cr3H ycrra>K 6on.Qorry11 a>1KJ1anTa11 , 3H3 Hb 6yp Max uycaH,Q Hb W11Hr3C3H

on crags, mountains and trees , many imprints of which can be found today. We can find this subject in works of academician B. Rinchin4 , our famous scientist Kh.Perlee5 , Soviet scientist Y.V.Yolkov6, scientist L.Bold7 and from works of many others . It is most likely that by the time a clan tamgha was created, only the chief of a clan was entitled to hand it down. Thus, a tradition to hand the clan tamgha down was established, and consequently it has turned into an object related only to aristocrats, noblemen, khans and lords. However, subjects and serfs of aristocrats and khans as well as local inhabitants continued to record their lineage under the clan tamgha , and further it was used as a seal to mark their territory and livestock , and later was passed o n as a national sealing custom 8 . Since the collapse of Mongol Empire in XIV century and after Mongolia went under Manchu occupation, the Mongolian tradition of using a clan tamgha was perhaps significantly suppressed. It is written in historical sources that since the Chinese Ming Dynasty, especially during the Manchu ruling, the cultural and historical monuments of Mongols had been destroyed for many years . Many books and sutras, particularly those that reflect origin of Mongols, genealogies and tamghas of almost every family, and which were strictly recorded and passed down were forcefully destroyed, or were taken to China , while the few remaining were scattered in the last century during the period of " fighting against ideology of cruel feudalism ". The purpose was to confuse, transform and make forget the origins of Mongolians, to cut off the tradition of inheritance as well as to exterminate the Mongolians as a nation. At certain point this goal was achieved. However, history can not be denied and exterminated. Mongolians have a tradition to respect and worship their ancestors, origins and homeland, and these are absorbed into their flesh and

4

4

5 6

7 8

B .Rintchin . " Les signes de propreite chez Mongols". "Archiv o rientalni ", XX.II, Praha, 1954, No. 2-3 X.n 3p11:n. "M0Hro11 TYMH1111 rap11b1r TaMraap xa11)1{ cyA11ax Hb". YE. 1976 B.B.Bol1KOB. "011eHHble KaMHtl M0Hro11t111". Y11aH-EaTop 1981 Jl.Eo11A. "EHMAY·blH HyTar AaXb xaAHbl 6 nY:nc" YE. 1990 .O.Yo11caM6a. "Ma11b1H 11M TaMra, TyyHn11 xyy11b uaa3Hbl aY xo116orA011". YE, 1974

B.Rintchin. " Les s1gnes de propreite chez Mongols". "Archiv orienta lni", XXII, Praha, 1954, No. 2-3 ~ Perlee Kh . Stu dying th e origins o f Mongols according to tamghas. Ulaanbaatar. 1976 6 Volkov V.V. Deertomb stones of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 1981 7 Bold L. The rock writings o n the territory of the People's Republic of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 1990 8 Choisamba D . Earmarks of livestock and the i r legal significance. Ulaanbaatar. 1974

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H:tfAY1'3:tP SYn:tr MOHT"OJlblH 333HT rYPHntt 300COH Me Hre 6A XAA,llblH o ernnH TAMrA

CHAPTIR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

6a11Aar. MoHronYYYAbIH rapan yycnnl'lr Teepyyn3x r3C3H onoH 3YYHbl xaB•-maraA 3H3 apA TYM3H 6araryf1 30BJ10H V3C3H y 3pTHnl1 ynaM>KnanT 63nr3 T3MA3r, ec 3aHwnaa r33C3Hryf1 Hyyx ~arTaa HYY>K, MaHAyynax ~arraa MaHAyyn>K 51Bcaap etteeApnVIH 9A9PT3f1 3onro>K33. MoHronYYYAblH OBrnVIH AYPC TaMraHbl apxeonornnH onABOp AypcranyyA onoH 6anHa. 3Ar33pn11r omK cyAnax, TannaxaA Mattafl ye ye1111H 3pA3MT3A nx 3yfln Xl1f1C3H, OAOO Y 3H3 a>Knn ypr3n>Knnc33p 6a11Ha. MoHronYYYAblH OBOr YAMblr TOApyynaH C3pr33X, xaaAblH Tyyx rapnb1r cyAnax, HYVA3J1YA1111H coen, yrcaaTHbl 3Yf1, 63n3rA3Jl, X3Jl 61:1Yr1111r wnH>KJ13X , 611Ynr HOMbIH coeJlbir C3pr33X3A Maw t1X a>Knn x1111c3H 6ereeA 3pTHl:1f1 6ynw 6yttxaH, xewee Aypcran eY T9YH99Ht1V1r nnpyynm, TyyxnnH YH3T 3A OnAB0pb1H Wl1H3 Wl1H3 3V11J1C33p Mattan Tyyx1111H Aypcranbir ynaM 6a51myyncatt 6a11tta. 3HA33C MOHronYYYAblH ync YHA3C33p33 6axapxax y33n ynaM C3pr3H 3x opHbIXOO Tyyx11flr cyAnax nx amnnA 3r3n mnpnfiH xyMyyc xypT3Jl YaAax x3p33p xyy eprex1111r Xl1'-133>K, TYYHnnr Hb MaHan 3pA3MT3H M3pr3A Tan 6yp33p A3M>Kt1H Tycnam 6a11raar 3HA T3MA3rJ13X3A 6a51pTafl caflxaH 6af1Ha. MoHronYYYAblH 0Brn11H TaMrb1r cyAnaxaA MaHal1 H3pT 3pA3MT3H X .n3pJ133 ryatt YH3X33p nx 3y11n Xl1tt}f{33. PawaaH xaAaH A33px 270 rapy11 TaMrbIH Aypc1111r H3r 6ypYn3H yflraryn 6yynraH aBY, MoHron opHbI onoH ra3paac onACOH AYPC TaMra, apA TyMHl1tt X3p3rn3>K 11pC3H ynaM}f{flaJlT TaMra,[lblr ~yrnyynaH aBCHbl A33p raAaaAblH ync YHA3CTHl111 AYPC TaMra, 611Y11r C311TT311 xapb~yy11aH "Mottron TYMHl:111 rapnbir TaMraap cyAnax Hb" (Y5, 1976) r3A3r raV1xaMWt1rTal1 HOM 611YC3H Hb cyAnaaY 3PA3MT3A, coHnpxorYAOA Yyxa11 x3p3r~33T311 rapbtH aBnara 6oncoH

blood. Even though , this nation suffered from misfortune of oppression aimed at mingling its origin, people rescued their ancient symbols and customs having them hidden when needed and rasing when it was right time until present time . There are many archeological findings, which contain figures and forms of clan tamghas of Mongols. Scientists from different generations have significantly contributed and continue in this respect to researching and solving these archeological findings. A lot of research work was undertaken to recover clans and lineages of Mongols, to study history and origins of khans, to restore nomadic culture, ethnography, symbols, linguistics and literacy. Furthermore, many ancient tombs, graves and monuments have been discovered that enriched our historical heritage with new valuable findings. · I am pleased to mention hereto that the pride to their motherland among Mongolians is being restored, and even ordinary people, who are supported by scholars and researchers, make efforts to contribute to the study of history of their country. Our famous scientist Kh.Perlee has made a significant contribution in studying the clan tamghas of Mongols. He has diligently copied one by one about 270 tamghas, which were carved on "Rashaan" rock, collected figure tamghas found from different parts of Mongolia as well as traditional tamghas used by people. Moreover, he wrote a wonderful book "Studying the Origins of Mongols by the Tamghas" (Ulaanbaatar, 1976), where he made comparative study of various foreign tamghas and writings. This book has become an important guidebook for researchers and for people who are interested in the subject. Kh.Perlee has highlighted in his book that tamghas on coins of Mongol Khans of XIII -XIV century are interpreted for the first time as a clan tamghas of Mongol Khans9 • As coins have wider meaning than any ware and livestock

IOM.

x.n3pn33 ryal'I XIII-XIV 3YYHbI MoHron xaaAbIH 300COH M9HreH A33pxn TaMrhlr MoHron xaa.QbIH oBrnnH TaMra M9H 9 f3>K attx YAaa TYl1JlblH OHOBYTOl1 TaHb>K 3H3 HOMOHAOO T3M,Q3rn3C3H 6a11Ha. 3ooCOH M9Hre Hb ann r3pnnH 3A aryypc, 9 x. n 3pn33. x. 199

9

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Perlee Kh. p.199

H:trAYr:HP &Yn>r MOHl"OJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M9~1f9 6A XAA!lblH 0Bfl111H TAMfA

CHAPTIR ONl THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

MOpb Man 33pr33C xaa11ry11 epreH yTra aryynraTa11 3ynn yypaac T3JJ.r33p 3oocoH JJ.33px11 TaMra Hb ManblH 11M TaMra TeJ).1111xeH 6a11x yy11pry11 IOM. XaaHbl 3oocoH MeHre Hb IOYHbI eMHe xaaH Tep1111H eM'-1, TYYHl111 ync Tep, 3JJ.1111H 3aCrl111H 60JJ.nOrb1H 0Hu.ro11 yyxan x3p3rc3n IOM. 300Cbir 3eaxeH xaaHbJ 3apn11raap, TyyHnn H3p1111H eMHeec raprax Tyn 3H3 Hb xaaHbJ cyy anJJ.apb1r MeHx>++< 6a11raar nnTr3H xapyynax H3r ecHbJ H3p1111H xyygac 6onHO. MoHronbIH 3ap11M xaaJJ. eep1111H wyyA yrcaaHbJ xaaH, xaH Hapb1H H3p1111r eep1111H H3pl111H xaMT 300COH JJ.33p33 611'-!11}t( 6a11caH Hb ygaM yrcaaraa T3MJJ.3r!13H ynJJ.33>+< 6a11raa 6ac H3r3H x3n63p IOM. Tyxa11n6an, VlpaH JJ.aXb MoHronbIH xaHT yncb1r VHJJ.3cn3r,.-1 Xynyr xaH ( 1256-1265) rapracaH 3oocott JJ.33p33 eep1111H H3pH1111 JJ.33.D. TanJJ. M0Hronb1H Vix XaaH MeHXl1f1H H3p1111r TaBbCaH 6ai1J).ar 10 Hb xaaH axaa epreM>++< 6y11 x3p3r IOM. 1111M Ma5traap xaaH aaa, ax, AVV , xyyr1111HX33 H3p1111r xaMT 611Yl1X33C raJ].Ha, 3eaxeH "Vix XaaH" r3>+< 611Y11x 51B,D.an u,eHry11 6a11caH a>++< x3n63n TyyH1111 oaor, y.n.aM yrcaaHbIX 6a11x Hb 3pr3J1333ry11 10M. 1111M '-I yypaac X.n3pn33 rya11 300COH ,D.3px TaMrb1r MoHron xaaJJ.bJH oar1111H TaMra r3>+< H3pn3C3H 611333. Oaor oar1111H TaMrb1r X3p3rn3>+< 11pc3H 6a11.n.naap Hb xoep YHAC3H X3C3rT xyaaa>+< 011nro>1< 6onHo. 1. oar1111H cynJJ., 63nr3 T3MA3r 6onroH ye y.n.aM 3anryyncaH TaMra 2. oaor yrcaaTHYYA eepc.n.1111H Man axyi:1, 3.D. xepeHre, ra3ap HyTr1111r 6yc.n.aac 5tnraxa.n. X3p3rn3>t< 11pC3H 11M TaMra. 3H3 xoep HH3~H TaMra xoopoHJJ.OO ysrn.n.aaTa11 , .n.ypcn3n 6onoH rapanbJH xyBbA H3r,D.M3J1 Wl1H>t+< 11pc3H 6a11.n.naapaa xoopott.r:100 5tnraaTan IOM. MottronYYYAblH TaMraHbJ Tanaap cy.n.ancaH 3PA3MT3JJ. JJ.33px11 xoep Tepen TaMraHbl anb an1111r Hb cy.n.an>+< 6a11catt 6onoBY, oar1111H cyn.n. TaMraHbl cy.n.anraa Hb apan xoMc M3T

of the household, tamghas on the coins should not be appreciated at the same level as earmarks. The khan ' s coins were the property of the Khaganat and a distinguishing tool for managing its politics and economy. Since coins were issued only by the decree of khan and on behalf of khan, they played a role of a name card , which perpetuated honor of khan and recorded where and when his state existed. Some Mongol khans and khaans inscribed the names of khans and khaans of their direct lineage together with their own names, which was one of ways to record next lineage. For example, Hulagu Khan, the founder of the Mongol Khaganat in Iran ( 1256-1265), has inscribed the name of Munghe, Great Khan of Mongol , above his own name 10 , which in addition to bestowing the honor of his royal brother, showed his relation to the lineage of the Great Khan. Besides inscribing names of their Khan fathers, brothers and sons, they also often inscribed words "Great Khan". Undoubtedly, since the coins were the property of a khan and of the state as well as the symbol of khan's honor, tamghas on coins were related to a Khan and particularly to his clan and lineage. Therefore, Kh. Perlee named tamghas on coins as the clan tamghas of khans. The clan tamghas can be divided into two main groups according to their usage. 1. Tamghas inherited from generation to generation as an emblem, a symbol of the clan. 2. Earmarks, which were used to distinguish their livestock, property and a land from others. These two types of tamghas are different from each other by their purpose and usage, even though they are interrelated and have the same shape and origin. Although researchers have studied both types of tamghas, in my opinion the research on clan arm tamghas are insufficient. Perhaps it was difficult to undertake a research on this subject since the arm tamghas were used only by a khan and for his state purpose, therefore historical materials and documents are rare, the lineage to inherit an arm tamgha as a symbol of a clan was limited, and it has not been used

10 N.123,

10

124

24

N.123, 124

CHAPRR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHAN S

H:trAYD:tP liYn:tr MOHfOJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH MeHr e 6A XAA,llblH 0Bn1l1H TAMfA

caHar,QaHa . 3H3 Hb cyn.Q TaMrbir xaaHbl 6onoH T9p1111H 4aHapTal1 3y11n.o. 11X3BY.J13H X3p3rn3}1{ 6a11caH Tyn TYYHT311 xon6ooTOl1 611eT 6apl1MT MaTepl1an XOB0p, 0Bfl111H T3M,Q3r 6onroH ynaM.>KJiax xyp33 51BL.\YY, X3p3rn3r,Q3X33 6on110,Q y.Qc attaac MapTar,Qa.>K r 33r.QC3H 33pr33C YYA3H cy,QJ1axa.o. T9B9rT311 6a11caH 6onoa yy. MottroJIYYYA AYPC TaMrbir 11M TaMra 6a11,Qnaap aw11rna.>K 11pc3H, o.o.oo 4 aw11rnacaap 6a11raa Hb TO.Qopxo11, 3H3 rnnaap Ht1J133.Qry11 cy,QnacaH 6a11Ha . Xap11H 3H3XYY Aypc TaMrbtr x3px3H 5!3ryyp 0Br11t1H TaMra 6onroH 3an.>K 11pC3H, T3p Hb X3pX3H 5!a>K ye ,QaM}f{l:1}1{, eep4ner,Q9H xyB11pY 11pcHn11r s:iMap H3r3H 60,QnT 6apnMT ,Q33p TynryypnaH cy,Q.Jla>K y3C3H cy,Qanraa eHee x3p rapaary11 JOM 6a11Ha. 6ap11MT 6a11x aaaac 1111M cy.o.anraa x1111x3,Q 11X3A COH11pXOJ1TOl1 6a11x 60J1HO r3>K 60,QO}I{ 6a11tta. MoHronYYYA 611.o.H1111 xyBbA Tyyx1111H yH3 U.3H3T311, Maprawry11, HS1L1aawry11 ytt3H 60.o.11TOt1 Tl111M 6apt1MTblr MottroJlblH 333HT rypH1111 xaa.o. eBer MaaHb xo114 yennH 611.Q3H.Q33 yn.Q33.>K33. 3tt3 6on XIII-XIV 3YYHbt MottronblH 3 33HT rypH1111 xaa,QblH 300COH M9Hre IOM. M3r-Hl111 xaa,QblH 300C ,Q3J1Xl111H 3pTHl111 0110H ync opHbI 300COH MeHretteec S111rar.o.ax xoep T9pJ11111H ra11xaMWt1rTal1 OHL.\110rTOl1 . 3H3 Hb: 1. MoHron 611Yn3p 611411r.QC3H 2. MoHrOJ1YYYAblH oaor yrcaattbl cyn.o. TaMraTal1 6a11,Qar 51B,Qa.n !OM, Mottron xaa,QbIH 300COH ,Q33px11 MOHron 6114 33C 1111H Tyxa11 }1{114 611YC3H TYJl 3H,Q .o.aBxap.o.yynax Hb 11nyyL1 JOM. Xap11H M3r-Hl111 xaa,QblH 300COH ,Q33pX11 TaMra, Tyytt1111 rapan yyc3n, xapbs:iananb1H Tyxan y33.>K xapcaH 6ap11MT MaTep11an, yHw11.>K cy.o.ancaH HOM 30X110Jl, M9H eep1111H xyBl111H L1yrnyynra ,Q33p 33 Tyw11rn3H cy,Qnaxbir opon.o.COHOO AOp c1111pyyJ13B. Oaor yrcaaHbl TaMra Hb Tep1111tt TaMraTal1 Te,Q1111nett xon6oory11 , x3n63p .o.ypc1111H xyBbA Y., x 3p3rn3r,Q3X 6at1,QJ1bIH xyBbA 4 Tyc.o.aa 611e ,Qaa c aH w11H>K YattapTa11 3y11n IOM. 3H3 TaMra,QbtH rapan yyc3n Maw 3pTtt1111x 6eree.o. e.Qree MaHan opoHA 6aYiraa 3pTHl111 onoH xa,Q Yynyyttbl 611433C, 3ypnaryy.o.A0Top 5lr a.o.11nxaH 6y10y 11>Knn TeCT3l1 AYPC TaMra 0110H Tox11on AO>K 6a11tta . X3ttT1111 anMrnnH 6nH.Q3p cyMbIH PawaaH xa,Q, roab - A11Ta11 a11Mrn11H UaraaH roJiblH xa,Q, TeB a!1Mrl111H 6yp3H cyMb!H 6ri t.fl1rT YnaaH xa.o., .[lyH.QrOBb a11Mr1111H 6a51H.>Kapran CYMblH MepT1111H xa,Q, 8MH9r0Bb a11 -

for long time and became forgotten. Considerable studies have been undertaken proving that Mongols used figure tamgha as an earmark and still use them even today. However, I have not yet encountered any research work based on realistic facts on how the figure tamghas were transformed into the tamgha of aristocratic clan, how they were inherited or modified. If there were facts, it would be very interesting to undertake this kind of research. For Mongolians and to its future generation, our ancestors, the Great Khans of Mongol Empire, have left valuable facts in terms of historical science, which are indisputable, non-argumentative and truthful. These are the coins of Great Khans of Mongol Empire of XIIIXIV century. There are two unique features to distinguish the coins of Khans of Mongol Empire from those of other ancient nations of the world. The coins contain: 1. inscription in Mongol script 2 . clan arm tamghas of Mongols. Since the subject of Mongol writings on coins of Mongol Khans will be explained furthermore, it is unnecessary to reiterate here. 1 attempted to undertake a research concerning the tamghas on coins of Khans of Mongol Empire, their origin and jurisdiction, based on facts that I have examined, books and research works that I have read as well as based on my own collection and the outline of this study is given below. The clan tamghas are not strictly linked with state seals or stamps, and in terms of their shape and usage they have independent characteristics. These tamghas of are of a very ancient origination , and exactly the same or similar figure tamghas can be found nowadays on inscriptions and drawings of anc ient rocks and cliffs of Mongolia. There are many figure tamghas of Mongol lineage carved on large rocks 11 such as Ras ha an rock in Binder soum of Khentii province , Tsagaan goliin rock in Gobi-Altai province , Bichigt Ulaan rock in Buren soum of Tuv province, Murtiin rock in Bayanjargal soum of Dundgobi province and lkh bichigt in Dalan mountain of Umnugobi province . Moreover, resear c hers have discovered that many ongi (tamgha that has the round shape or looks like " sun" ) , sar (means " moon" in Mongolian, and tamgha has

25

HUAYDJllP •Ynn

CHAPTIR ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND ClAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

MOHfOJlblH 333HT fYPHl111 300COH M9Hre 6A XAAJlblH oer1111H TAMrA

Mar AaXb ilanaH yynblH J1x 611Y11rT 33p3r 0110H apaaH xa.n 4Y11YYHA 3pTHl111 MOHron yrcaaTHYYJ:lblH TaMra AVPC OJlHOOpoo 61111 11 • MeH MaHa11 opHbl 11X3HX HyTraac 011.QCOH 6yraH Yynyytt xeweeHyy .Q3.Q OHr11, cap, HYM, .Q3r33, C3p33, xac TaMra,D, onHoopoo 6a11.Qr1111r 3p,D,3MT3.Q OJl>t< 12 TOITOO>K33. 3pTHl111 MOHrOJlYYY.QblH axy11H 3.Q 3y11nc, Man axy11raa TaMranax ec 11x 3pTH33C yn6aaTa11 !OM. Manb1H 11M TaMra, TyyHni1 Tapxal.{, X3p3rn3>t< 11pc3H ynaM}f{JlaJlblH Tanaap .QOKTOP C.ilynaM 13 , r.Cyx6aaTap 14, il.Yo11caM6a 15 HapblH 30Xl10J1 6VT33J1VVA3A TO.QOpXOl1 ca11xaH eryyJl>K33. VyH33C ra.QHa r3p axy11H x3p3rc311 6onox xyTra 16, .Qepee, caa cyynra 17 , wara11 3::,pr1111r Y 6ac TaMran.Qar 6a11a. Wara11 TaMrancaH 6a11Aan 11x3.Q coH11H Tyn 6ara 33p3r To.Qpyynb51. 1948 OHA C.B. K11ceneBblH y.Qt1p,D,caH w11H>K11nr33Ht111 aHr11 Xap XopyMblH Tyyp1111H MaJlTJlara Xl111X ye,D, H11J133.Q OJlOH T9p111111H TOrJlOOMblH 3y1111c onCHbt .QOTop xoep wara11 rapcaH a>tK Ya.Qaary11 6ononT011. VyH1111 H3r .Q33p MOHroJ1YYY.ClbIH .QYHA H11.Tl33.Q TapxMan V33r,D,.Q3r "c3p33" TaMra 19 6a11raa 6eree.Q Xap XopyM OpYMOOC 011.QCOH Tyn 6yp 4 COHl1H 6a11raa !OM. YYnp Hb 3H3 TaMra MeHx xaaHbt 3oocott .D.33p 6a11Aar TYVH1111 OBOr yrcaaHbl TaMra MeH 6eree.Q MeHX

the shape of a "moon"), num (means "bow" in Mongolian, and tamgha has the shape of a "bow"), degree (tamgha has the shape of a "bit of bridle"), seree (means "trident" in Mongolian and tamgha has the shape of a "trident") and khas ( means "swastika " in Mongolian and tamgha has the shape of a "swastika") tamghas can be found on deer tombstones in many different parts of Mongolia 12 • An old Mongolian tradition of stamping wares and livestock has been originated from ancient times. The works of Dr.S.Dulam 13 , G.Sukhbaatar 14 and D.Choisamba 15 clearly describe livestock earmarks, their distribution and tradition of usage. Moreover, the household utilities such as knives 16 , stirrups, utensils 17 and anklebones were also stamped. Since stamping of anklebones is a very interesting activity, I will describe more about it. In 1948, during the diggings in Kara-Khorum city led by S.V.Kiselyov, the research group has found various types of toys , including two anklebones 18 • There were two incisions on anklebones simi lar to tamghas, although the researchers could not explain their meaning at that time. On one of the anklebones there is a carving of "seree" tamgha 19 , which frequently comes across in the livelihood of Mongolians, and it attracts interest even more as it was found nearby Kara-Khorum city. It was the clan

11

x.n3p1133. x 169-1 85 8.8.BonKoe. " OneHHb1e KaMH11 M0 Hron1111.", YnaH6aTop 198 1. crp. 123-240, 111111 t0crpa1..11111 13 C.)ly11aM. "Mo Hron 63n3rJl3Jl 3yn " . Y6 , 2001 14 r.Cyx6aaTap. "O TaMrax 11 11Max ra6y11oe .[lap11raHr11". Y6, 1960 15 )l. 4 oncaM6a . "Ma11brH 11M TaMra, TyyH11n xyy11b uaa3Hbl aY xon6or.11011 " . Y6 , 1974 16 X.n3pn33 , x. 174 17 ll .3 pJl3 H36aaTap " XyHHyr11iiH a pxeonor11 n H cy.11nara a ". A pxeo11o r11nH cyJlJlan, To m us XX , Y6 2002 , x 61 -93 18 C. 8 .K11cenee . crp . 294 19 MeH T3HA, yr HOMOH.11 opco H 3ypraac xyy116apnae

11

Perlee Kh. p .169- 185 Vo lkov V.V. Deerto mb sto nes of Mo ngolia. Ulaanbaata r. 19 81 13 Dulam S. The Mongol Symbol Study. Volume Ill (Sign Symbo l and Gesture Study) . Ulaanbaatar. 200 1 14 Sukhbaatar G. A bout tam ghas and earmarks of Dariganga. Ulaanbaatar. 1960 1 ~ Choisamba D.Earmarks of livestock and their lega l significa nce. Ulaanbaatar. I 974 1 6 Perlee Kh. p. I 74 17 Erdenebaatar " Hunnu's archeological resea rch" , Archeologycal study, Tomus XX, UB 2002, p .61 -93 18 Kiselev S.V. p. 294 19 Kiselev S.V. p. 294

12

12

26

H3rAYD3P 5Yn3r MOHrOJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M0Hr0 6A XAA/lblH 0Brl1HH TAMrA

CHAPnR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

xaaH Xap XopyMA Hnncn3nn3m 6a11caH Tyn xaaH osr1111H 3H3 TaMra Xap XopyMblH ann epxyyA3A TapXMan 6a11caH 6anm Y 6onox IOM. 2001 OHA MoHron - AMep11K1111H xaMTapcaH w11Hm11nr3 3H1111 aHrn ApxaHran a11Mr1111H 8HAep-YnaaH cyMblH HyTraac XyHHY 6ynwHbl ManTnara x1111x3A A33 p Hb ~H3 6yp1111H TaMra AYPC Cl111J1C3H 6or1111H wara11 OJlOH TOOroop Oil.JJ.COHbir cy,JJ.naaYnA " XyHHY HapblH yrcaa rapnbtH 63n3r)J.3Jl oarnnH TaMra T3MA3r 6anx MaraAnanTan " r 3>K V3>K33. 20 3H3 AYH.JJ.aac H3r3H wara11 11X33X3H OHl..ifl0ITOl1 6a11Ha. H3r,JJ.yn3p waran 2 1 r 3>K T3MA3rn3rAC3H wara11Hbt H3r TanA Hap (oHrn), anx, c3p33, ,JJ.3rp33 TaMraAbrr H1111nyyn3H 3ox110M>Kl1J1COH Hl111JlM3Jl TaMra nx TOA ynA>K33.

tamgha of Munghe Khagan inscribed on his coins and since Munghe Khagan had established his c apital in KaraKhorum city, possibly this tamgha was spread in households of that time. In 2001 when Mongolian -American joint expedition carried out diggings of Hunnu grave on the territory of Undur-Ulaan soum of Arkhangai province, many anklebones of goats and sheep with different types of carved tamghas and figures were found. The researchers interpreted that it c ould be clan tamghas symbolizing Hunnu's origin20 . Among these anklebones there was one peculiar feature. One side of the anklebone #1 21 is clearly marked with the combined tamgha comprised of ongi, alkh (means "axe" in Mongolian and tamgha has the shape of an "axe") , seree and degree tamghas. In the center of combined tamgha, there is a ongin (same as "ongi") tamgha , which branches off alkh, degree and seree tamghas into 3 directions. However, it is unknown what kind of tamgha actually was inscribed in the part of fourth direction. Although it is possible that an image of tamgha has been blurred; however if we turn the anklebone upside down we can find out that it could also be a "suultei" ongin tamgha 22 • Anyway, it is significant that tamghas on these anklebones found from Hunnu graves prove their ancient origin. I consider that it is possible to explain in several ways the reason of inscribing tamghas on coins of Khans. 1. Inscribing Khan's fame, title and date as well as his clan tamgha on the coins, demonstrated not only the lineage of a khan, but it is also an expression of nature of Mongols to respect their ancestors and their origins. 2. The coins with tamghas were primarily circulated on a territory ruled by the Khan and thus it showed the boundary of a territory ruled by a

H1111J1M3J1 TaMraHbl Tes AYHA 6a11x oHrnH TaMrattaac rypsaH T1111w can6apnyyncaH anx , A3rp33, c3p33 TaMra 3ypcaH 6a11x 6a xapnH AepeB A3X TaJlA yyxaM IOY 6a11caH Hb M3.Q3r.Q3xryn 6a11Ha. T3HA 6a11caH TaMraHbl AVPC 6anapY yp3r.QC3H 6an>K 6onox 6onoay wara11r .QOOW 3pryynm xapsarr T3p Hb cyynT311 oHrnH 22 TaMra Y 6a11m 6onox Tan 6ac xapar.Qa>K 6a11Ha. 51Map 6onosY XyHHyrnnH 6ynwHaac O!l.JJ.COH 3H3 wara11H A33px11 TaMraHYYA Hb T3Ar33p1111H 3pTHl111 rapan yycrr1111r HOTOJl>K 6a11raaraapaa yyxan ay xon6or,1J.OJ1T011 IOM. Xaa)J.blH 300COH A33p TaMra TaBbAar1111H yYpbtr X3A X3.JJ.3H Tanaac Hb Ta11n6apna>K 6onMoop caHar.QaHa. 1. XaaHbT 3oocoH MeHreH A33p xaaHbl H3p an.Qap, X3pr3M 33p3r, OH ~arnik AYPAa>K TYYHl111 osrnnH TaMr~r Tasnx Hb yr xaaHbt osor yrcaar xa pyynaxblH 33p3n03 ~3ryyp rapsan, esre,JJ. .JJ.33AC33 xyHAJ13X MOHronYyyAbtH 3aH Tenes1111H nn3pX1111Jl3Jl 6orrHo. 2. TaMraTa11 3oocbrr t0yHb1 eMHe xaaHbl 333MWl1Jl ra3ap HYTaIT ry11J1r3A3r Tyn 3H3 Hb TyxanH xaaHbl 333 MWl1J1 HYTrl111H xyp33 ~ 3raapbir xapyyrrHa. TOB'-IOOp X3J163J1 3H3 300C ry11>K 6y11

20

Erdenebaatar D., A llard F. , Batbold N., Miller V. Knuckle bones with tamghas found from Hunnu tombs. Historical Studies. Studia Historica. Tom us XXXIII. Fasc.1 7 , p.176 -189. 21 Erdenebaatar D .. Allard F. , Batbold N., Miller V.... Fasc. 17, p.186 22 Perlee Kh. p.226

20 C.3pA3H36aaTap ,

F.Allard , H .6aT6011A, B .M111111ep "Xytttty 6y11wttaac OllACOH TaMraTai'I warai'I , Tyyx1111H CYA/1811. Tomus. XXXIII, Y6 2002, x176 - 189 2 1 C .3pA3H36aaTap, F.A llard , H.6aT6011.Q, B .M111111ep ... x. 186, 1-p warati 22 X.n 3p1133 rya11 1111H H3p113C3H 6att.Qar. X.n3p1133, X. 226

27

N:trAYD:tP •Yn:tr

CNAPfla ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

MOHl"OnblH 333HT rYPH1111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAA.ablH 0Bfl1l1H TAMrA

3.

ra 3a p HyTar Hb xaaH Tep1111H xapb51aHA 6anraa r3C3H yr IOM. XaaHbl 333Mw11n HyTar A33px xyAanAaa ap1111}1{aa, an6a TaT0apb1H 60AJ1oro Hb xaaH Tepeec 510yy11}1{ 6yn 60AJ1oro n.a,r1111r 1111Tr3H3.

particular Khan. In brief, it m ea ns that a t e rrit ory where the coin was circulated belonged to the k haganate. 3. It expresses that the trade and tax policy applied on the territor y ruled by a Khan is the policy pursued from the khaganate. There is an interesting quotation in the book of G. Sukhbaatar "About Tamghas and Earmarkings of Herders of Darigangi ". He qu oted it from the book ca ll ed "Tatars' Tamghas in Qrim" w ritt e n by Osman Akch okra ly in 1927. Unfortunately, I did not have a chance to see this book, so I took this quote indirectly from G.Sukhbaatar's book. He wrote that "there is a talk, which goes among the tatars of Qrim's steppe23 , that when Genghis Khan united different tribes under his rule he imposed on each of these tribes a particular tamgha to avoid blending among the tribes." Statements above demonstrate that although orig inated from ancient times, for the Mongols the clan tamghas carry significant meaning and importance and are being used in certain ways until present. The coins of Khans of Mongol Empire, especially tamghas on them attract a lot of attention of numismatists and researchers deal with coins of ancient states of the world , and now when the meaning and content of tamghas have not been completely revealed and perfectly studied , many new coins and tamghas, which have not been seen before, are still being found and discovered. Mongolian coin researchers, including myself, have learned that the coins of Khans of Mongol Empire contain 6- 7 basic tamghas, from which over 100 ta mg has were derived.

r.Cyx6aaTap ryanH "O TaMrax 11 11Max Ta6yHOB ilap11raHr11 " r3A3r HOMOHA H3r3H COHl1H 11WJ13Jl 6anAar IOM. T3p33p 3H3 11WJ13Jll1t1r OcMaH AKYOKpa11b1 r3)J.3r xyH11n 1927 OHA 611YC3H "TaTapcK11e TaMr11 B Kpb1My' r 3A3r HOMHOOC OJlCOH a}!{. XapaMca11Tan Hb Ml1Ht1t1 611 e 3H3 HOMblr OJl}I{ y33}1{ Ya)J.aary11 Tyn r .Cyx6aaTap ryanH HOM HOOC )J.aM 11WJ13Jl asnaa. T3p33p 611Y11XA33 "Y11Hr11c xaaH MoHro11b1H 0110H osor a11Mr11nr eep11nH 3ax11praaH )).Op H3rTr3XA33 3)J.r33p OJlOH OBOr a11Mr1111r xoopOHA Hb XOJll1J1)J.yy11axry11H TYJl rye Tyca)J. Hb TaMra OHOO>K erceH r3C3H 51p11a KpblMblH Tall HYTrl111H TaTapyyy.JJ.blH AYHA 6an,Qar" 23 r3>K33. 3H3 M3T33C xapaxa)J. 00r1111 H TaMra Hb MOHrOJ1YYYAblH xyBbA 3pTHl111 y116aarn11, OAOO xypT3Jl TOAOPXOl1 X3J163p33p X3p3rJ13r)J.C33p 6y1111X33X3H yTra YY 11pTan 3y1111 6011ox Hb xapar)J.a.>t< 6a11Ha . M3r-H1111 xaa)J.blH 300c, 5rnaHry51a T3Ar33p )J.33pX TaMrattyyA Hb )J.3JlXl111H 3pT Hl111 yncyy.JJ.blH 300c 1..tyrnyy11arY, cyAnaaY.JJ.blH aHxaap11b1r Maw 11x TaT)J.ar, TaMra)J.blH yTra aryynra Hb 6yp3H Ta1111ar)J.aary11, Terc cy.Q11ar)J.aary11 6a11raa Te)J.1111ry11 OAOO Y ypbA XO>Kl1)J. V33r)J.33ryn Wl1H3 W11H3 300C, TaMra OJl)J.COOp 6anraa 6111133. MoHrOJl 300C cyAJ1aa'-ll1)J. 60110H Ml1Hl111 6 11e OJl>K M3)J.C3H33p M3r-Hl111 xaa)J.blH 300CHbl TaMra Hb YHAC3H 3ypraa A01100H TaMra)J.aac y116aaTa11 6ereeA T3)J.r33p33C )J.aM yycc3H TaMra Hbl TOO 100 rapyn 6011}1{ 6anraa IOM. M3r-Hl111 xaa.(lb(H 00r11nH TaMrblr 30ocoop cy)J.11axb1H TYilA t0yttb1 9MH9 Y11Hr11c xaaH, TyyH1111 .nepseH 11x xe0ryy.Q1111H 30ocoH A33px TaMra,Qb1r cy)J.11axaac 3XJ13X Hb 3y11T311 6ereeA 1..ta aw11)J. T3Ar33p33C ca116ap11aH rapcaH 6yca.Q xaaA, xaH HapbtH AaM yycnc3H TaMra,Qblr 300COOp Hb 6ap11MTJlaH TO)J.OTrOBOJl x,rn6ap 601100)). 01111roM>KT011 6a11x 601100 yy r3}1{ 60.JJ.O>K 6a11Ha. 1

23

In order to study the clan tamghas of khans of Mongol Empire through the coins , it would be appropriate to start with tamghas inscribed on coins of Genghis Khan and his fo ur sons. Thus, it wou l d be easy and comprehensible to use coins to track down and identify the tamghas that branched off by other khans and khaans.

r.Cyx6aaTap. x.5

2J

28

S ukhbaa tar G. p.5

H:tFAYD:tP &Yn:tr MOHf"'OJlblH 3 33HT rYPHl111 300COH M8Hre 6A XAA(lblH 0Brl1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

1.1 Yt1Hft1C XAAHbl 300COH .Il33PX TAMfA (603-624 AH/ 1206-1227 AD)

1.1 TAMGHAS ON COINS OF GENGHIS KHAN (603-624 AH/1206- 1227 AD)

CHAPTIR OHi

l J 11Hr11c I 6a11Ha.

xaaHbl 300c H11n33g onoH HH3 YyHA 3ap11M Hb 333H xaaHbl ayraa 11x angap H3p1111r TO.Qopxo11 611'-lC3H anT, MeHre, 33c 300c 6a11xa.Q 3ap11M Hb Lf11Hr11c xaaHbJ H3p1111r 611433ry11 6onOB'-l OH uar1111H xyBbA Vix xaaHbl yeA WYYA xaMaapax 300CHYYA 4 61111.

T here are many different types of coins of I Genghis Khan. Some of them have the inscription of the Emperor's great fame and are made of gold, silver and copper, whereas there are other coins which, although do not hold the name of Genghis Khan, but are directly referred to the period of Great Khans in terms of its chronology.

LJ11Hr11c xaaHbJ 300CHYYA AOTop 00r1111H TaMrarn11 xoep Tepn1111H 300c 6a11.Qar 6eree.Q cyAnaa4 uyrnyynarY 611AH11n 011nro}t{ 6a11raaraap 3H3 xoep 300c H3r H3r xyBb n M3.Q3r.Q3}t{ 6a11raa, uaaw11A onAOX MaraAnan 6apar 6a11xry11 r3r.QA3r OHL!f011 XOBOp 300CHYYA IOM.

Among Genghis Khan's coins , there are two different kinds of coins with clan tamghas. It is comprehended by us, the researchers and numismatists, that these coins are extremely rare, and the only one copy of each have been found so far leaving us with almost no chance of finding more in the future.

YnHrnc xaaHbl 300CHYYA AOTpooc 4yxaM HaraaA 3H3 xoep 300c TaMraTa11 6ycaA 300CHYYA TaMrary11 6a11Ha B3 r3.Q3r acyynT cy.Qnaa4AblH xyBbA OHbCOro M3T Ta11nar.Qaary11 ynAC3H acyynT t0M. r3aY 3H3 xoep 300c Vlx xaaHbl 300CHyyAaac xaMr1111H TYPYYHA rapcaH 6a M9H xot0ynaHr Hb H3r ra3ap 6yt0y CaMapKaHAaA uyTracaH 6a11raa Hb A33px acyynTaA s:iMap H3r X3M}t{33r33p xapt1ynT 6on>K erex TanTa11 IOM.

The question "why among coins of Genghis Khan just these two have tamghas inscripted on them" remains an unresolved riddle for the researchers. However, the fact that these two coins were issued earlier than other coins of Great Khan and both were minted in one place or in Sama rqand , in certain extent might give an answer to this question.

3H3 300CHbJ Tanaap xaMr1111H canH A3nr3p3Hry11 Ta11n6apb1r OpOCblH H3pT 3p.[t3MT3H E.A ..Uaab1AOBl14 x1111>K Hl111T3n>K33. 24

The best and the most comprehensive explanation to these coins was given and published by famous Russian scientist E.A.Davidovich 24 •

24

24

E.A .,lla sb1AOB11Y. ",lle He>+ W.fa1pa. "M 3r- Hl1n ye11i1H COeJlblH xap11111.1aaHbl Tyyx33C" (Tyyx11nH cyAflan. Tomus XXX . Fasc. I)

The Assembly of Sutras I. Ul aanbaata r. 2 002 Rubruk G. Jorney to the East. Ul aanbaatar, 1988, p. I 08 Bira Sh. Fro m the history of cultural relatio ns during the period of anc ient em p ire o r M ongols. Historical Study. To m us XXX , Fasc .10, Ulaanbaat ar. 2000 . p. l 0

33 Rashid -ad -Din. 3• 3'

32

MOHroJlblH 333 HT rYPHt111 300COH M9Hre 6A XAA,llblH 0Brt1l1H TAMrA

CHAPRR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND ClAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

TaMra.Q 6a11.Qar Hb anTaH ypar yraac .Q33A T3Hr3p33C 3aHaTa11 r3.Q3r y33n 6ap11MTnanb1H 11n3px1111n3n 6y113aa.

generation could be an expression of a concept that the golden generation is destined from the supreme heaven.

H)fAYD)P &Ymr

YyH33C YYA3H HapaH 6yt0y OHr11H TaMra , T3p JJ.OTpoo W11p33T311 OHrl1H TaMra Lf11Hr11c xaaHbl osr1111H TaMra 6a11x YHA3Cn3n 6a11Ha r3X TaaMarnan T8p>t< 6a11Ha.

2

Lf11Hrl1Cl1l1H 300COH J],33px11 HyMaH TaMraTal1 T8CT311 TaMraTal1 eep H3r3H 33C 300c 6a11.Qr1111r Po6epT Ta11 Lf11ttr11c xaaHbl 300c 6a11>K 6on3owry11 r3>t< T3MJJ.3rn 3CH1111r 36 3HJJ. AYPAaH. Ep Hb MoHronbIH onoH osor Qunduz a11MryyA H1111Jl}f{ H3r,Q3>K 6a11caH TYJl H3r y.QaMJ], Hb X3A X3)J.3H TaMra 6a11caH 6an.>t< 6onox IOM. l111M33C Lf 11Hrnc1111H yAaMA "' 2-3 TaMra 6a11CHb1r yryncr3x aprary11 IOM. Uaaw11,1J, M11H1111 611e 333H Lf 11Hr11c xaaH , TyyH1111 .QepseH 11x xesryyA, T3.QH33C 3anracaH xaaH, xaH Hap 51.Map TaMraTa11 6a11caH 6onoXb1r T3,QHl111 H3p an,1J,pb1r M8HXn8H yn.Q33C3H 300COH A33pX11 TaMra,Qblr 6ap11MTnaH TO.Qpyynaxbir opon,1J,noo.

0

Therefore, the hypothesis is being formulated that there is basis for identifying the "naran" or "ongin" tamgha , including "shireetei ongin" tamgha, as a tamgha of Genghis Khan ' s clan.

I would like to mention here that Robert Tye had noted an existence of a copper coin , which could be the one of Genghis Khan , as it has the tamgha, similar to "numan" tamgha on Ge n g hi s coin . 36 Since many mint " Adl" Mongol tribes were uniting, there is a possibility that a lin eage had severa l tamghas . Therefore , it ca n not be denied that Genghis ' lineage had 2-3 tamghas. Hereinafter, I made an attempts to identify tamghas of Genghis Khan, his four great sons and their suc c essors by tracking down the tamghas on coins, whic h have perpetuated their honor.

From Persian miniature

nepc

3yprnnH l.{yapanaac 36

36 Robert

Robert Tye. Jitals. p.14 1. #334 .1, #334.2,

33

Tye. Jitals. p. 141 . #334. 1, #334 .2,

~ ef;(~c1'i(P •Yll>r MOHf"Ofl blH 333HT rYPHMl1 300COH M0Hr e 6A XAAl]blH 0Brttl1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE A NO CLAN'S T AMGHA O F KHAN S

AJlTaH opAHbl TaMraTat1 300CHYYAblH 3ap11Mbir AOP pyyn3B.

Some coins with Golden Horde tamghas are shown below.

temp. Batu Khan Bulghar mint

6aT xaattbl ye 5ynrapT A3n.Qyync3H 300C (603 -624 AH/1206-1227 AD)

Coin with Berkhe Khan's clan tamgha (654-665 AH/ 1256- 1266 AD)

63px xaaHbt TaMraTan 300c (654-665 AH/1256 - 1266 AD)

g

N . 80

Monghe Timur Khan. Tamgha (665-679AH/1267 - 1280AD)

MeHXT9M9p xaaH. TaMra (665-679 AH /1 267 - 1280 AD)

N . 82

M9HXT9M9p xaaH. TaMra (665 -679 AH/ 1267- 1280 AD)

Coin with Monghe Timur Khan's clan tamgha (665-679 AH /1 267 - 1280 AD)

To11b6yra xaaH . TaMra ( 686-689AH/ 1287 -1290AD)

Tole Buqa Khan. Tamgha (686-689AH/ 1287- 1290AD)

Toda Monghe Khan. Tamgha (679 -686 AH/1267 - 1280 AD)

To,a;M9HX xaaH. TaMra (679 -686 AH/ 1267-1280 AD)

38

H3fAYD3P &Yn>r

CHAPTIR ONI

MOHrQJlblH 3 3 3 HT rYPHl111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAJ]blH 0Brl111H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

Torrox xaaH. TaMra

Togtu Khan. Tamgha

(689- 712 AH/1290-1312 AD)

(689-712 AH/1290-1312 AD)

Torrox xaaH. TaMra

Togtu Khan. Tamgha

(689-712 AH / 1290-1312 AD)

(689- 712 AH/ 1290-1312 AD)

Torrox xaaH. TaMra

Togtu Khan. Tamgha

(689-712 AH/1290-1312 AD)

(689-712 AH/1290-1312 AD)

Torrox xaaH. TaMra

Togtu Khan. Tamgha

(689-712 AH/1290-1312 AD)

(689- 712 AH/ 1290-1312 AD)

Y36eK xaaH. TaMra

Uzbek Khan . Tamgha

(712-742AH/1312 -1341 AD)

(712-742AH/ 1312-1341 AD)

A6Aa.n.nax xaaH. TaMra

Abd Allah Khan. Tamgha

(762-771 AH/1361-1370AD)

(762-741 AH/ 136l-1370AD)

39

HJ rAYrJJP 5YnJr

CHAPTIR ONI

l'IOHroJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH 1'10Hre 6A XAN(blH 0Brl1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAl'IGHA OF KHANS

Ulugh Muhammad Khan .

YnyxMyxaMMaA. TaMra (840-87 1 AH/1435-1466 AD)

Tamgha (821-828 AH/1418-1425 AD)

Ky~yK MyxaMMaA. TaMra

Kuchuk Muhammad Khan.

(840-871 A H/1435-1466 AD)

Tamgha (840-871 AH/1435-1466AD)

40

HJrA YDJP &YnJr MOHfOJlblH 333HT rYPHl1i1 3 0 0COH M0Hre 6 A XAA,UblH 0Br11i1H TAMrA

CHAPTIR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

1.3 8r3.[(3YI XAAHbl 300CHbl TAMrA (624-639 AH/ 1227-1241 AD)

1.3 THE TAMGHAS ON COINS OF UGEDEIKHAGAN (624-639 AH/ 1227- 1241 AD)

Lf 11Hr11c xaaHbl 300COH A33pX11 HapaH TaMraHbI AOOA TaJ1A 3anryynaH TaBbCaH 3BW33Jlf3C3H HYM cyM 6on 8r3A311H TaMra MSH. "Xapaax HaMHaxyHa 63J1X3H " 41 -1111r 11J1Tf3C3H HyMaH rnMra Aan'-!11H , 6aaTapnar1111tt 63J13fA3Jl 6ac 60J1AOL .[l33p AYPbACaH Lf11Hrl1C xaaHbl 300Cbrr 1227 OHA 6y10y Lf 11Hrl1C xaaH T3Hr3pT xanbcaH }1{11Jl rapracaH 6anAar. Lf 11Hr11c xaaH HaC 3U3CJ13X33C33 9MH9 eep11nH 3 -p xyy 8r3A311r33p xaaH w11p33 3anraM>1tt< , 6ycaA xaH xesryyA3A ynr3p 6onoxb1H 33p3rU33 Tyytt11n 3axnpcaH AnrnH OpAHbl Ync Hb M31-H1111 Jllx xaaH 9r3A311H xapbS:laHA 6a11raar HOTOJ1COH x3p3r r3>t< y3yywT311. Ep Hb AnTaH OpAHbl Ynca.Q M3r- Hn11 r1x xaaHbl TaMraTa11 300c rapY 6ancaH Hb raHU 3H3 Tox11011,Qo11 6nw IOM. 6aT xaaHbl ye.Q AnTaH OpAOA Mettx xaaHbl TaMraTa11 300c rap4, XO}f{l1M Hb 6aTblH 3a11raM>tt< 6at1}f{33. 9r3.Q311 xaaHblr Hae 3U3CJ13CH1111 Aapaa Tyyttnn xoep.Qyraap xaTaH 47 .[lepr3H3 (Turakina Khatun, 639-644AH/1241 - 1246AD) TasaH >Knnn11H Typw MoHr011b1H Tepn11H 17 Paw11n 46 Paw11A

An

,011tt. II A3BT3p. x.5 An .011H, I A3BT3p, x.375

•

1

46

44

Rashid Ad Din. II. p.5 Rashid ad Din, I, p.375

H)rAYr:HP &Yn3r

CHAPTER ONE

MOHrollblH 333HT rYPH11fi 300COH M0Hre SA XANlblH OBfl1fiH TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

x3prn11r srnyym1< 6a11a . Depr3H3 xaTHbJ 300c 6ac HyMrn11 6a11.Qar Hb MeH n 9r3.Q311 xaaHbl oan111H TaMrbir 3anraM>tKT311 6a11Ha.

an inscription of "num", thereby demonstrating inheritance of clan tamgha of Ugedei Khagan.

Mopb Hoxo11 .QaryyncaH xyH 3M33n A33p33 3pr3H xap>K HYM cyMaap wyayy xapaa>t< 6y11 6a11.Qnb1r 300CHbl HYYP3H TanA .Qypc3n>tt< Typ3r x3n .Q33p apa6 ycr33p 611'-l>tK 6a11caH (T11cpn11c, Ko>tKaH 3 ncoH £, ses Fils s.a . 6 pioccen . 2004 ~, Mo Hron 6 a 11nxaH 300c (Mo ngo l a nd llkhanid co ins) . 51n11 KpeA11 6aHKHbl 1.1yrnyynra . 11cTaM6yn . 19 92 52 Mocarstwa swiata. To m 4 ( '-l11Hr11c xaaH ) Bapwaa. 1995

4

52

In Turkish language Stanley Lane-Poole. The coins of the Mo ngols in the British Museum. Classes XVIII-XXII , p.5 ~ "Vente Publique". a uction 78. J ean El sen £, ses Fil s s.a . Bruxelles 2004 51 Ak akc he Mogel Ve llkhani Sikkeleri (Mo ngo l and llkhanid co ins) . Yapi Credi Koleksiyolari. lstambul 199 2 " Mocarstwa swiata. To m 4 (Dzyng is Chan ) Warszawa. 1995 49

g

45

CHAPTI R ONI

H:traYD:tP 1nn,r

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

MOHf"OJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 3 00COH MeHr e 6A XAA,IJ.blH 0Br1111H TAMrA

"Whoever in Samarqand and in environs of this city does not accept this coin will be a criminal"53

" CaMapKaHA 6onoH Tye XOTblH opY.nMA 3H3 300Cblf yn X3p3rCC3H xyH r3MT x3p3rT3H 6ono11" 53 .

-----

s

The coin with Ugedei Khan 's tamgha struck in Samarqand 54 A-A 1974RRR

9r3A3n xaaHbI TaMraTa11 CaMapKaHAaA A3nAYVAC3H 300C 54 A-A1974RRR

s z. 10761

These two coins were issued between 1227-1239 , which was the period of Ugedei Khagan ' s reign. The unique " S" tamg h a on these coi n s belongs to Ugedei Khagan. It was interesting to study the origin of "S" tamgha. Besides undertaking a comparison of tamgha letters on the needle box found from ancient Avarian graves with scripts of Orkhon and Enisei river basins, Dr. Ts.Shagdarsuren had also conducted a comparative study of tamgha letters found on Hunnu monuments 55. It should be mentioned that it was quite interesting to compare tamgha letters with tam has on Mongol coins. For example, there are S shaped tamgha letters in No. 1 of" omparative table of Run letters" and No.4 and No.28 of "Comparative list of tamgha letters of Hunnu". These letters are marked as letters of ancient run script with " a" pronouncing 56 . These tamgha letters are very similar to " S" tamgha inscribed on the top of obverse of si lver coated copper coins, which were issued in Samarqand in 1228 at the period of Ugedei Khagan reign. These tamghas can be often found among ancient rock figures of our country.

3H3 xoep 300Cblr 1227 - 1239 OHbl xoopOHA Xl1VIC3H Hb 9r3A311H xaaH cyy>t< 6a11caH ye IOM. 3H3 xoep 300COH A33p CO.QOH xaparAax "S" .Q3rp33 TaMra Hb 9r3A3n xaaHbIX IOM. ll3rp33 "S" TaMrattbI rapan yycn1111r cy.QnaXaA COHl1H 6a11B. ,IloKTOp U.War.Qapcyp3H rya11 3pTH1111 aBapyy.QbIH 6ynwHaac on.QCOH 3yyH1111 xa11pl.lar A33px TaMra yrct111r OpxoH , EHttce11H 6w-n1rn11 xapbl.lyynaH cy.QnacHaac raAHa XyHttyrnnH Aypcranyy.Qaac onACOH TaMra ycryyAttnr xapbl.lyyncaH cyAanraa x1111.>K33 .55 3An3p TaMra ycryyA11t1r MoHrOnbIH 300COH A33px TaMryyATal1 xapbl.lyynaH V33X3A 11X3A COHnH 6aYICHbrr x3n 3x x3p3rT311. TyxaFm6an, "PyH ycrn11r xapbuyyncaH xycH3rT" -nnH 1, "XyH(Hy)1111 TaMra yc3rT3YI xapbuyyncaH >KarcaanT" -

S J'

~s S-il

b!H 4 6a 28 AyraapT X3Jl63pT311 TaMra ycryyA op>tK33. 56. 3Ar33p Ta.Mra yc3rHYVA Hb 9r3A3YIH yeA 1228 OHA CaMapKaHAaA rapcaH M9HrenC9H 33c 300CHbI HYVP3H TanbIH A33A x3C3rT 6a11raa TaMraTa11 H3H T9CT311 IOM. 11nM TaMra MaHa11 opHbI 3pTH1111 xaA YYJ1YYHbt AYPCHYYA ,D,OTOp l.l99Hry11 6anHa. 53 JlaBblAOBl14 54 JlaBbIAOBl14

55

Davidov ich E.A., p . 14 Davidovich E.A., p. 17 55 Shag darsuren Ts. "Spiritual C ulture of Mongols" . UB 200 I.

53

E.A., CTp 14 E.A. , CTp 17

54

U.WarAapcyp 3H "Mo tt rollYYYAbIH yc3r 611YrnttH TOBYoott". Y6

2001.

X

p. 29

29

56

56 MOH T3HA

46

same page

H3rAYn3P &Yn3r

CHAPTER ONE

MOHr0flblH 33 3 HT rYPHl111300COH M0Hre 6A XAAJ]blH 0Bfl111H TAMfA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

YyHn11r A3rp33, 6ac 3yy3a11 TaMra 57 r3H3. ,ll33px TaMra C3U3H xaH al1Mrf111H 6op}l{11rOH C31..(3H aaH, Lff1H ac.if1T aaH, YlnA3H aaHrf111H xowyyA, Xap A3J1 >KaH>Kl1H ryHn11 xowyy, 3opnrr 6311C, 3px ryHl111 XOWYYA 33p3IT 11X3A TapxcaH 6a11Ha. T3r3x33p 3H3xyy A3rp33 TaMra Hb MaHa11 MoHrOJlbIH 3pTHn11 ynaMmnanT TVr33M3n TaMraHbI H3r a}l{33. 63nr3A3Jl Hb ra11 Tyl1Tr3p1'111r apl'lnrax, on3 OMOr opyynax r3x M3T. 58 3H3xyy A3rp33 TaMrb1r c.iyxaMXyy 9r3A311 xaaHblX r3Aff111r X3pX3H Ha>K TaHbCaH 63 r3,D.3r Hb COHl'lH acyyAan !OM. OpOCblH 3pMnTa>Kn,D. M3r-Hn!1 H3f3H ra11xaMw11rTa11 300c xa,o.ranar,o.a>K 6a11raa 6ereeA59 3H3 300c o,o.ooroop uopb1H raHu xysb M3A3r,D.3>K 6a11raa IOM. 3H3 300CHbl 3yprn11r 1930 OHA 3XY - blH H3r3H C3Tryyn,o. aHx Hl111T3J1C3H 60 6onOBY yr 300COH A33px 6n'-133C , TaMraHbl yc.ipbrr ca11H Tal1Jl>K YaAaary11 6a11cHblr OpOCblH 3p,D.3MT3H n.H.neTpOB Tal1Jl}f{ TO,D.OTrOH Ha,o.a,o. 1'1pyynC3H IOM. T3p33p 3H3 Tyxa11raa "Tamghas on the coins of Mongol State of 13- 141h centuries as signs of Property" r3,o.3r 11nTr3n 611'-ll'l>K, MoHron 300c cyAJ1anb1H 3PA3M wnH>Knnr33Hf111 6ara xypanA opom..tyyncaH Hb 011pb1H yeJJ, X3BJ13r,D.3X IOM 6a11Ha. 300CHbl Hyyp3H TaJlJ]. 6yH,o.aH TaMra , ap Tan.o. A3rp33 TaMra 6a11Ha. H yyp3H TanblH raJJ,Hax xyp33r33p "yarly Ogty, yarly Chagty" r3>K 6nYC3H Hb yTra1..111n6an "9n,o.3nH 3apn11r Uaraa,o.a11H 3apnnr" r3C3H yr IOM. 9epeep X3Jl63n 3H3 300COH JJ.33p "en,a311, Uaraa,aanH 3apnnr' f3}K 6!'1'-133,D. 3H3 xoep xaaHbl TaMra TaBbCaH 6a11raa x3p3r IOM. Lf 11Hrl'lc xaaHbl 3oocoH JJ.33p " Y11Hr11c xaaHbJ 300C" r3>K 6111..133/J. TaMra TaBbCaHTal1 H3r3H a,o.11naap 3H3 300COH ,D.33p M9H 9r3,D.311, Uaraa,o.a11 xaa,o.brH H3p TaMrbir TaBbCaH 6anHa. YyH33C nnyy TOJJ.opxon 6ap11MT n>K 6apar 6a11xry11 611333. Lf yxaM 3H,D.33C 3XJ13H 9r3,D.311H oarf111H TaMrb1r 6aTTa11 TaH11caH r3>K V33>K 6onHo. 9r3JJ, 311H YAMblHXHbl 300COH )l33p

They are called "degree " and " zuuzai " tamghas 57 • This tamgha is widely spread in Borjigin Setsen Van, Chin Achit Van and llden Van khoshuns, Khar Del General Gun ' s khoshun, Zorigt Beis and Erkh Gun's khoshuns of Setsen khan province. Thus this degree tamgha is one of the ancient as wel l as widespread tamghas of Mongolia. It symbolizes elimination of misfortune, bringing profit, etc. 58 It is interesting to learn how the degree tamgha was identified to belong to Ugedei Khagan. There is a unique coin of Mongol Empire preserved in Hermitage of Russia 59 and it is the only copy known at the present. The photograph of this coin was published for the first time in a magazine 60 of the Soviet Union in 1930, however writings and tamghas on the coin that could not be clearly explained then were interpreted by Russian scientist P.N.Petrov and were sent to me. He wrote a presentation "Tamghas on the coins of Mongol State of XIII-XIV centuries as Signs of Property", which will be presented at the scientific conference on Mongo l ian numismatics and will be published soon. There is a "bundan" tamgha on obverse and a "degree" tamgha on reverse of the coin. On the margin of the obverse it is written " yarly Ogty, yagty Chagty " meaning "Decree of Ugedei, Decree of Chaghatay". In other words , on this coin words "By Decree of Ugedei and Chaghatay" are written and tamghas of these two khans are inscribed. Similar to the coins of Genghis Khan containing the tamgha and writing "The Coin of Genghis Khan" , this coin also has names and tamghas of Ugedei and Chaghatay inscribed on it. It is hard to find more definite fact than this coin. It can be considered that starting from this fact and on the tamgha of Ugedei's clan was undoubtedly identified.

S? X. n 3pn:B , X 225, 229 '6 C.Dyn aM. x 80-86 59 State Hermitage Museum Collection. Inventory. #30350 60 Li khachev N.P. Mal erialy dlya istorii visa nti iskoi I russk oi sfag isti k i. In: Tru dy Museia Paleog rafii . A N SSSR. T. 2. Leningrad. 1930. PP96-97. 105 - 106, 147- 148

57

Perlee Kh , p. 225, 229 sa Dulam S. p. 80-86 59 State Hermitage Museum Collection. Inventory. #30350 60 Lik hachev N .P. Materialy dlya istorii visanliiskoi I russkoi sfagi stik i. In : T rudy Mu se ia Paleogra fii. A N SSSR. T .2. Leningrad . 1930. PP96-97 , 105- 106, 147-148

47

H3rAYD>P MOHroJlblH

svn,r

CHAPTIR ONI

333HT rYPHl1i1 300COH MeHre 6A XAA.Ul>IH 0Brl1i1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

xaMn111H 3n63r Tox11on,QO>K 6a11raa Hb ,Q3rp33 TaMra IOM. 9r3,Q311H a'-1 xyy Xan,n:y (668-701AH/ 1269-1302 AD) "3l.l3r eare,Q1111H ynaM>KJ1anT eCblr 3B,1l,3>t< xaaH W11p33 33Jl3H X51Ta,Qb(H H9Jl99H,ll, opCOH X3M33H Xy611na11r 6ypyyTra>K"61 onoH >K11Jll111H Typw TYYHT311 T3pC3Jl.Jl.3H T3Ml.l3>t< llyH,Qa,Q A311, Uaraa,Qa11H yncbJH eprett yy,QaM HyTr1111r 333JlC3H eep1111H yncb1r 6a11ryyn>K 51Bax,Qaa eaer 3l.lfl111HX33 oaor yrcaaHbl ,Q3rp33 TaMraTa11 300Cbir OJlHOOp Hb rapra>K 6a11a . r3x,Q33 3H3XVY ,Q3rp33 rnMra Hb OJlOH 51H3blH X3Jl63p xyB11n6apTa11 yycr3M3Jl TaMra,Q 6oncoH 6a11Ha.

The "degree" tamgha is the most common tamgha found on coins of Ugedei 's lineage. The grandson of Ugedei, Qaidu (668701AH/ 1269-1302 AD) had opposed and struggled with Khubilai Khagan for many years "accusing him for breaking the tradition of ancestors by taking over the throne and for falling under the influence of China. " 61 While establishing his own state on vast territories of Chaghatayids and Middle Asia, he issued a large amount of coins with "degree" tamgha of his ancestors. However, the "degree" tamgha has been changed into a derived tamghas with various kinds of shape and type.

ll3rp33 (3yy3a11) TaMraHbI 51nraa Tepen, TapxcaH 6a11,QaJ1, OHOOCOH H3pH1111 Tanaap ,ll,OKTOp C.llynaM rya11H HOMHOOC ,ll,3Ilr3p3Hryn V33>K 6onHo. 62

The differences and features of "degree" (or "zuuzai") tamgha, its distribution and designated names can be comprehensively referred from the book of Dr.S. Dulam. 62

6yxapT A3J1AYVJ1C3H 300c

temp . Qaidu Khan Struck in Bukhara

Xan.ey XaaHbl ye

t emp. Qaidu Khan

Xan.ey XaaHbl ye

temp. Qaidu Khan

Xai1,Qy XaaHbl ye

61

MoHrOJl

62

C.llynaM, x 80-86

YnCblH -ryyx.

ll3A 60Tb. 199-p

61

X

62

48

Histor y of Mongol ia. Second book. p. 199 Dul am S, p.80-86

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS Of MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA Of KHANS

H3r,llYD3P SYnn MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPHt111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAJlblH 0Brt1l1H TAMrA

temp. Qaidu, Tuqa Timur, Duwa, Chapar (668- 701 AH/1269-1302AD)

Xan,a.y, Ter TeMep, .Ilysa, 4anap xaa,a.b1H ye ( 668-701 AH / 1269- 1302 AD)

~? Xan,a.y XaaHbI ye (668-701 AH/1269-1302 AD)

temp. Qaidu Khan (668-701 AH/1269- l 302AD)

A,a.n11 CymaH (765- 771 AH/13641370 AD)

Adil Sultan (765 -771 AH/1364-1370AD)

JJ 8r3A311H y.o.aMA nn3pC3H rypaBAaXb TaMra 6on xon6oo ottrnH TaMra IOM. 8n.o.311H y.o.aMA ry10r xaaHbI (6 44647 A H/1246 -1249AD) 300c L{nttrnc xaattbr 300CHbr a.o.nn HapaH (oHrnH) TaMraTan 6onoxbrr cy.o.naaYnA TOJ"TOO>K33. ryt0r xaaHbl 300CHbl TaMrbir xon6oo ottrn 6 3 r3x 6ereeA 11t1M TaMra MoHrOnbrH 3pTHl1t1 xaA 4YilYYH A33p Y V33fA3H3. Yytt1111 H3r >Kl1W33 Hb 8BepxaHra?! a11Mrnt1H 6apyyH 6aHH Ynaatt cyMblH XyTarr yynatt.o. 6yn Typ3r1111H 611433T311 xa.[{aHA 11t1M AYPC 6aAAar. 64 MeH TeB, 8MH9f0Bb, rosb-AnTat1, ApxaHran (Tanxap 4ynyy) anMryy.o.a.o. 6an.o.ar 3pTttnn Yynyyttbl TaMraAblH .JJ.OTOP 4 3H3 TaMra TaapanAaHa. 65 ryt0r xaattbl ye.o. rapcaH xon6oo ottr11H TaMraTa 300CHYYA~H 3ypr1111r .o.op Y3VVI13B.

The third tamgha found in Ugedei's lineage is "kholboo ongi" tamgha. The researchers have identified that in Ugedei's lineage, coin of Guyuk Khagan (644-64 7 AH/1246-1249 AD) had "naran" (ongin) tamgha, similar to the coin of Genghis Khan. The tamgha on the coin of Guyuk Khagan is called "kholboo ongi" 63 tamgha and it can be found on ancient rocks of Mongolia. One of its examples is a figure 64 on a rock with ancient Turkish script on Khutagt Mountain of Baruun Bayan Ulaan soum of Uvurkhangai province. It also can be found among the tamghas on ancient stones in Tuv, Gobi-Altai and Arkhangai (Taikhar Rock) provinces. 65 Below are the photographs of coins with "kholboo ongi" tamgha, which were issued during the period of Guyuk Khagan.

6J

Perlee Kh. p.226 Bold L. p.135 65 Perlee Kh. p.169 , 171, 173, 177

n

65

63

x.n3p1133. x.226

64 Jl.60J1A.

64

x. 135

X.n3p1133. x.169, 171 , 173, 177

49

CHAPRRONE

H3rAYD)P 5Yn>r MOHronblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH MeHre 6A XAAJlblH 0Brl1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

The coin with Guyuk Khan 's tamgha (Khwarizm)

ryIDr xaaHhl TaMraTan 300c (Xope3M,U)

8 The coin with Guyuk Khan's tamgha (Khwarizm)

ryIDr xaaHhl TaMraTan 300c (Xope3M,U)

8 (Da Chao Tong Bao) Xy6nnai1 xaaHbl ye, IOaH ync 6a11ryynar,D,axaac 0MH0X ye

(Da Chao Tong Bao) Khubilai Khan. Pre-Yuan Dynasty

Anyr xaaHbI ye.

temp . Alugh Khan . On obverse: There is a Guyuk Khan's tamgha in the center of the Arabic word "Allah". Below, it is written "Horde" in Mongolian. On reverse: Struck in Great Horde (Al Ordu)

Hyyp3H TaJJ,D, 6a11raa Annax r3,l],3r apa6 yrn1111 ron .rlYHA ryIOr xaaHbl rnMra 6a11Ha. llooA TallA Hb MoHronoop "OpAy" r3>t< 6t1'-{C3H 6a11Ha. Ap TaJlA: ... "11x OpA" r3C3 H yr ~ 6a11Ha.

9.

temp. Alugh Khan. On obverse: There is a Guyuk Khan's tamgha in the center of the Arabic word "Allah". Below, it is written " Horde" in Mongolian. On reverse: Struck in Great Horde (Al Ordu)

Anyr xaaHbI ye . Hyyp3H Ta11.r1 6a11raa Annax r3,l],3r apa6 yrnt1n ron .rlYHA ryior xaaHbl TaMra 6at1Ha. ,[loo.Q Tan.r1 Hb MoHronoop "Op.r1y" f3}K 6t1YC3H 6anHa. Ap Tan,l],: " 11x Op,!( r3C3H yr 6a11Ha.

""""c;,~0

51

NJrAYr:HI' SYIIJr

CNAl'TI• ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

MOHrC>JlblH 333HT rYPHl111300COH M0Hre SA XAAJ)blH 0Bfl1l1H TAMrA

Lf yxaM 51araa.Q raruxyy ryt0r xaaHbI 300c

It is not yet identified why the coin of only Guyuk Khagan had an inscription of " kholboo ongi" tamgha. However, the fact that "ongin" (naran) tamgha of Genghis khan is engraved on this coin could a way to show that Guyuk Khagan was a khan of the golden generation. The tamghas on coins of Ugedei Khagan and his successor Khans of his lin eage are shown in the following table.

xon6oo oHnrn TaMraTa11 rapax 6onoa r3.Q3r Hb o.o.ooroop Ta11nar.Qaary11 6a11raa IOM. r3a'-I LfnHrnc xaaHbl OHrnH (HapaH) TaMra 3H3 3oocoH A33p 6a11raa Hb ryt0r xaaH AnTaH yprn11H xaaH n.o.rn11r Hb xapyym+< 6y11 x3p3r 6arn+< 6onox IOM. 8r3A311 xaaHbJ 6onoH 1)'YHn11 YAMbIH xaa.o.yyAblH 300CHbl TaMrbir .o.apaax xyCH3IT3.[1 y3yyn3B.

Genghis Khan

•

'f

s

Cigedei Khan

I

I I I L

I

' [I][[]

mm I

[IJ[l]

-qiTurakina Kha tun

Ugedei Khan & his descendents

ff Guyug Khan & his descendents

52

CHAPTE• OHi

H ) fAYD)P &Yn>r MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPHt111300COH M9Hre 6A XAA,[lblH 0Brt1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

1.4 UArAAJ],Al1 XAAHbl 300COH )l33PX TAMrA (624-639 AH/ 1227-1241 AD)

1.4 TAMGHAS ON COINS OF CHAGHATAY KHAN (624-639 AH/ 1227-1241 AD)

9r3A311H 300COH A33pX TaMraHbl Tyxan x3c3rr AYPACaH "yarly Ogty, yarly Chagty" f3C3H 6t1Y33CT311 300COH A33p HYAH33 T0A Tycax 3ypx3H TaMra 6anraa Hb "yarly Chagty" 6y10y UaraaAanH 3apnttr1111r Aaryynatt TaBbCaH TYYHttn oBrnnH TaMra IOM. 9epeep X3JI63n UaraaAanH 3ap1111rn11r 6aTaJ1}!{ 6y11 TaMra M3T yTra aryy.n}!{ 6a11Ha.

On the coin with writing "yarly ©gty, Yarly Chagty" mentioned in the earlier section concerning tamghas on coins of Ugedei Khagan, there is an eye-catching figure of "zurkhen" tamgha , which is the Chaghatay's clan tamgha and is inscribed next to the writing "yarly Chagty" or the decree of Chaghatay. In other words it carries the meaning of tamgha ratifying a decree of Chaghatay. The fact that there are no same "zurkhen" ta mg has on coins of other khans of Mongol Empire proves again that this tamgha belongs only to Chaghatay.

$Ir ttnM 3ypx3H TaMra M3r-Httn 6ycaA xaaAblH 300COH A33p 6a11xry11 6a11raa Hb 3H3 TaMra raruxyy UaraaAa11Hx f3Af1'111f AaBxap HOTJlOX IOM.

L .:.. - .:. l

~

l.J KT011 caHarAaB. UaraaAai1H YAMbJH xaa.oyyA 3H3xyy 3ypx3H TaMraHbl X3B Wt1H}!{t111r xa.orancaH Tye Tye yycr3M311 TaMraTa11 300c rapra}!{33. 3Ar33pt111r >KarcaaBan:

By browsing the tamghas of ancient Mongol ethnic groups, this tamgha can be found on Rashaan Rock66 , "Dungenedeg" Rock67 (Ider soum, Khentii province) and Taikhar-Rock. 68 As Dr.S.Dulam noted, later this tamgha was also found in Inner Mongolia, Borjigin Setsen Van khoshun of Setsen khan province, San Beis khoshun, To Van khoshun and Mergen Van khoshun ofTusheet khan province69 . Dr.S.Dulam named this tamgha as "zurkhen" tamgha 70 • Although this figure is called "bundan" tamgha in the book of Kh.Perlee, by examining the figure one can see that it is more vertical and has got cone-shaped tips 7 1 • Therefore, it seems appropriate to name it as "zurkhen" tamgha as designated by S.Dulam. Khans of Chaghatay's lineage issued coins with different tamghas, while preserving characteristics of " zurkhen" tamgha. Following is the list:

x 112. 1 13 x 16 4 68 x.n 3p1133, x 11 1 6 9 C..UynaM. 63113r.Q311 3y11 . x l 09

G£ Perlee Kh , p.11 2, 113 67 Perlee Kh , p. 164 68 Perlee Kh , p.17 1 6'l Dul am S. p. 109 70 Sam e page 7 1 Perlee Kh , p.225

6£ x .n 3p1133, 6 7 x.n 3pn33,

70 M e H T 3 H A 11

x. n 3p1133. x 225

53

CHAPTIR ONI

H3rAYD3P liYll3r MOHfQ)JlblH 333HT rYPHl1ii 300COH M9Hr,e 6A XAAllblH osrniiH TAMrA

llEJ"OOJl,'.(l)JNS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

UaraaAaHH yncbtH 3X3H ye ( 637 -690 AH/1237 -1291 AD)

Early period of Chaghatayids (637-690AH/1237-1291 AD)

.[lyea xaaHbt ye (668-701 AH/1269-1302 AD) •

temp. Duwa Khan . (668-701 AH/1269-1302AD)

co $ Coin with nam e of Kebek Khan (718-726 AH/ 1318- 1326 AD) Reverse -Duwa Tamgha

Ke6eK xaaHbl H3pT311 300C . (718-726 AH/1318-1326 AD) 3oocHbI ap Tan.Q .[],yea xaaHbl TaMra 6antta.

Ke6eK xaaHbl H3pn11 300c. (718-726 AH/1318- 1326 AD)

Coin with name of Kebek Khan (718- 726 AH/ 1318- 1326 AD)

.D.apMawnpnH xaaH (726-734 AH/1326-1333 AD)

Tarmashirin Khan . (726- 734 AH/ 1326-1333 AD)

>K1HKWt1 XaaH (734-737 AH/1333-1336 AD)

Jenkshi Khan (734-737 AH/ 1333-1336 AD)

54

CNAPUR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

N)fAY'3JP 11',YnJr MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPHt1ii 300COH M9Hre 6A XAAJlblH OBrt1iiH TAMrA

IMuhammad Khan

MyxaMMaA xaaH (741-742 AH/1340 -1341 AD)

(741-742AH/1340-134 TIAD)

Xammannax XaaH (742-744 AH/1341-1343 AD)

Khallil Allah Khan (742-744AH/134 l-1343AD)

XacaH TeMep XaaH (744-747 AH/1343-1346 AD)

Ghazan Timur Khan (744- 747 AH/1343-1346AD)

XacaH TeMep XaaH (7 44-7 47 AH/1343- 1346 AD)

Chazan Timur Khan (744- 747AH/1343-1346AD)

,UaHHWM3HA XaaH (747-749 AH/1346-1348 AD)

Danishmandi Khan (747 -749AH/1346-1348AD)

CHAGHATAV

II] ·@J-.@J >[}] GL:t\GIII~ KIi \:-.i •

:

Alugh

Borak

~ ~

00 00 _. 00 00 00 [1J 00 ~ Duwa

Kcbck

c;D ill

Jankshi

9?

Yusl, 11 Monkhc

[gJ

CT]. llahl Allah

~[1] ~ Danis~- Tu?hlug mand1 Timur

- - - - .... - .... - - - - - - - - .. - - . --- - - - - - - - - ......... - . - - - - - - - ................ - 55

NUAY03P liYll3F MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPHl111300COH MeHre 6A XANlbLH 0Br11l1H TAMfA

1.5 .IlYBA XAAHbl 300CHbl

CNAl'TIR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CU\N'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

TYXAl1

1.5 ABOUT THE COIN OF DOWA KHAN

ilyBa xaaHbt TaMraHbl Tyxan X3A3H yr

L(araa.o,a11H yncbtH apaB AaXb xaaH 6a11naa. TyyH33C XOl1W Tye yncaA AaH raHL( ilysar1111H YAMblHXaH xaaH cyycaH Tyn Uaraa.1::ta11H yJICblH 300CHbl TaMraAbtr H3ITr3H xapaxa.o, ilyBar1111H TaMra 30HX11n>K 6a11.o,ar Hb aprary11 IOM.

It is appropriate to te ll some words about the tamgha of Duwa Khan. Duwa is a great-grandson of Genghis Khan and was a tenth Khan of Chaghatayids. Since Duwa Khan only his descendents reigned the Chaghatayids and thus it is logical that Dl.!wa's tamghas dominate in the review of tamghas on coins of Chaghatayids.

3H3 TaMrblr MOHrOJIOOp t.tyxaM IOY r3>K H3pJI3A3r1111r x3n3X3A Y X3l(yy 6a11tta. Yr TaMraHbl epettx1111 X3JI63p1111r xapaxaA xytt1111 HYA, xaMap, aMbir AYPC3JIC3H, eepeep X3JI63n xytt1111 ttyyp1111r .o.ypc3nC3H 6an>K 6onoxy11l( cattarAaHa. ilyBar1111H 3H3xyy TaMra Uaraa.na11H 3ypx3H 6y10y 6ytt.o,aH TaMraHaac yyc3nn11 Hb 11l13pX1111 M3,D,3rA3H3. r3BY ilysarnnH 9MH9X ye1111H MoHroJlb]H 3pTHl111 XaA t.tynyyttbl .o,ypc -TaMra,D,blH ,D,OTOp 1111M TaMra Taapan.o.a>K. 6a11tta. Tyxann6an: 8sepxaHra11 a11Mr1111H ApBal1X33p XOThlH OpoH ttyTrnnr cy.o.nax My3e11.o. xaAranar.na>K 6yn H3r3H yynyyH ,D,33pX11 Typ3r 611Y33CHl111 Tanaap 3pA3MT3H n.6on.n rya11 To.nopxon eryy11311 611YC3H 6an.nar. 72 Lfynyytt Jl33px 611y33c Hb n.6on.o. ryantt yttwcattaap MOHronYnn6on "6eK (ttoett)-A33 (3op11yn>K.) 611YJ133 611" r3C3H yTrarn11 a>K33. "6eK" r3.o,3r yr Hb xaH, HOeH, xattxyy, 333H r3x M3T yTraTal1 Typ3r yr 6onOB1.f 3pTHl111 MOHrOJl x3n3HA epreH x3p3rn3r)l3>K 6ancaH Tyxan 611Yr1111H 6ap11MT 0110H 61111. 5lnattryfla xaaAbtH 300COH MeHreH ,D,33p 3H3 yr onOHTaa ynA>K33 . .Oepr3H3 xaTHbl 3oocoH .Q33pxn "Ynyr Mottron Ynyc 6eK" r3x33c aBaxyynaa.o. Haypy3 6eK, XaraaH 6eK, Wa.o,116eK, >Katt116eK, Tynytt 6eK, 6t1pAt1 6eK r3X M3T33p ypr3Jl)f{l1Jl3H3. Yr 6111.f33Cl111H xaMT H3r3H COHl1H TaMra 6a11raa Hb Tepx 6a11.o,nbttt xyBbA .UyBarnnH TaMraTal1 11X3A T9CT311 IOM.

It is difficult to name this tamgha in even in Mongolian. From the general shape of the tamgha , it can be considered that it illustrates an eye, nose, mouth of a human, in other words, a human face. It is obvious that this tamgha of Duwa is originated from the Chaghatay's "zurkhen" or "bundan" tamgha. However, this tamgha is also found among the figure tamghas on ancient rocks of Mongolia of pre-Duwa's period. For example, scientist L.Bold wrote an article concerning the Turkish writing on the rocks , which is currently preserved in the National museum of Arvaikheer city of Uvurkhangai province. 72 According to L.Bold's interpretation, the writing on a rock can be read in Mongolian as "Bek (noyon)-dee (zoriulj) bichlee bi" or the meaning is "I wrote it for my Bek-lord ". Although the word "Bek" is a Turkish word meaning k han, lord, prince and owner, there are many written evidences that this word was widely used in ancient Mongol language. Especially, this word is often inscribed on coins of Khans. Starting from the writing "Ulug Mongol Ulus Bek" on the coin of queen Turakina, there are other inscriptions containing this word such as Naurus Bek, Khagan Bek, Shadibek, Janibek, Tulup Bek and Birdi Bek. Besides this writing, there are also an interesting tarnghas, which are very similar to Duwa's tamgha in terms of their image.

72 Jl.60Jl):I. X.

72

x3n3x Hb 3Yl1T311 6onos yy. ilyBa 6on Lf 11ttr11c xaaHbI ryY xyy,

54-83

56

L.Bold , p. 54 -83

CHAPRR ONI

H:tr,IIYDJP r.Yn :tr MOHrQJlblH 333HT rvPHl111 300COH M9Hre 6A XAAJ].blH 0Brt1t1H TAMfA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND GAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

X3H H3r3H HOeH xyH,[I 3op11yncaH 611Y.11TT.311 3H3 Y.ynyy .UyaaTan orr xaMaary11 6onoBY. TYYH33C onoH 3YYH >+K 6aFicaH r3.J],f'1111H HOTOnroo r3>K Y3YYWT311 caHar,JJ,caH ryn 3H3 HOMOH.CIOO 3op11yA AYP.JJ.naa. 3H3 Y.ynyyHbl cpoTo 3ypr1111r MYl1C-1111H 6arw T.>KaMb51Hcyp3H Ha,JJ,aA Hartpcaraap ercH1111r AOP Hl111TJ13B.

Though this rock, with the writi n g devoted to one of lords, does not have any relation with Duwa, it was p ur posely men t ioned in this book to prove that t h is tamgha was used by clans and tribes existed on the territory of Mon golia. The rock photo, cordially given me by T.Jamyansuren , the lecturer of National University of Mongolia, is shown below.

57

H3fAYD3P liYJl3r MOHroJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH MeHre 6A XAA.QblH 0Brl1l1H TAMrA

CHAPTIR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

1.6 TYJ1Yt1H TAMrA

1.6 TOL(J)'S TAMGHA

Lfnttrnc xaatthl A9Treep xyy Tyny11H 300CHbl ryxa11 51Map H'.:W3H M3A33 6apnMT 9H99 X3p OJ1AOOry11 6a11raa Hb TyyHn11 OBrl111H TaMrbir 300COOp cyAnaxaA 63pXW33Jl y4pyyn>K 6a11raa IOM. Tyny11 3urn11H np33C ecoop 11x MoHron yncb1H xy11c 6oncoH yyryyn ra3ap HyTraa esnett aB4 Lfnttrnc xaaH Hae 6apcttbI Aapaax 2 >Knn waxaM xyrauaaHA ( 1227- 1229 OH) 11x Tepnl1H x3prn11r TYP xaMaap4 73 6a11caH 3pA3M 4aAan Terc, 3p3nx3r 3op11rro11, yxaanar H3r3H 6a11>K33. r3C3H 4 T3p33p X3333 4 J1x xaaH 6a11CaHry11. 11nM.Q T3p HMap H3r3H 300c xn11nr33ry11 6a11>K 6onox IOM. Tyny11H aMbAap4 6a11catt ye Hb MoHron xaa.QbIH 300c rap4 3X3JJC3H 3X3H yeT311 .Qasxuax 6eree.Q 3H3 yeA Xope3MA, Tyytt1111 AOTop 6yxap, CaMapKaHA, ra3Hn 33p3r xoTyy.QaA LfnHrnc xaaHbt 300c rap4 6a11cHaac 6yc 6ycaA MoHron xaaAblH 300c T9At1l1JJ9H rapaary11 6ancaH ye JOM. 1229 OHbI HaMap Tyny11 11x xypnnAa11r .QapranaH xypanAyyn>K, 8r3.Q311r 11x xaaH op cyynracattaac xo11w 74 T3p33p eepn11H 3px M3.Q3J1A 6ancatt nx U3pr33 xaatt axbIH M3A3I1A er4 75 " •.• MapTcaHbir caHyyn>K, yttTCaHbtr opyyn>K 51Bax yypr33 ytt3H433p 6ne11yymK 11x XaaHA xy4nH 3yTr3>K 3U3CT Hb aM11a eprecett" 76 r3.Q3r 6nn33. 1111M y4paac Ty11y11 300C A311AYV1133ry11 r3>K 011JlrO>K 60J1HO. r3B4 epeec MOHrOJl4YYAblH 3aH 3aHWJJbir 6oACOH 4 , Tyny11H rypsaH xyy MoHroJJbtH 11x rypttn11 xaaH cyy>K, xyy Xynyr Hb 11nxaaHT yncbtr YHA3CJ13C3H ,Qal14nH Tyyxn11r V3C3H 4 TyyHnl1 YAaM yrcaaHA osrnnH TaMra 6a11caH r3A3rT 3pr3n33X aprary11 IOM. X3.Qn11r33p TynynH TaMraTan 300c onAooryn 6onoB4 Tyyttn11 xesryyA Mettx xaaH, Apnr6ex xaaH 6onoH Xynyr xaHbl 300CHbt TaMraap TynynH TaMrbir 6apnM>Kaanax 6onoM>KTOn cattar.QaHa. Tyny11 6onoH Tyyttn11 xaaH xesryyA1111r TaMraAblH xoopOHA 51Map H3r3H yHnAaa 61111 r3}f{ Y33>K 6a11Ha.

The Jack of information and evidence concerning coins of Tului, the Genghis Khan's fourth son, creates difficulties to investigate by coins his clan tamgha. By his father's will , Tului , a perfectly educated and capable, brave and intellegent, inherited the core land of Mongol Empire and after death of Genghis Khan , temporarily run 73 the Mongola State affiars for almost (1227 - 1229). However, he had never been the Great Khan. Therefore , probably no coins were issued during his reign. Tului 's dates of living coincide with the early period of issuance coinage of first coins of Mongol Khans and coins of Genghis Khan appeared in Khwarizm, including Bukhara, Samarqand and Ghazni, while coins of other Mongol Khans had not been struck yet. In fall 1229 Tului chaired the Great Khurildai during which Ugedei took the reign of Great Khan 74 • Tului placed his own warriors at his brother's disposal 75 and " .. .faithfully fulfilled his obligations to remind the forgotten and to awake the sleeping, thus served to Great Khan and at the end sacrificed his own life" 76 • It could be understood that for these reasons it Tului did not strick his own coins. However, taking into account the Mongolian tradition as well as the fact that Tului 's three sons were Great Khans of Mongol Empire and the valiant history of establishment of the llkhanids by his son Hulegu , there is no doubt that Tului had a clan tamgha descended by his offsprings. Although the coin with Tului 's tamgha had never been found it is possible to consider that the Tului's tamgha was somehow similar to tamghas of his sons Munghe Khagan , Ariq Buga Khagan and Hulagu Khan. 1assume that there is an interrelation between tqamghas of Tului and his royal sons.

73

73

74

15 76

MoHron ynCblH Tyyx. il3A 60Tb. X. 138 MeH B HA. x.1 3 8 MeH T3HA. x .144 MoHrOil blH HYYLI TOBYoo, 2 72 -p 6y113r, x . 186

74 75

76

58

History of Mongolia. Secon d book . p.138 same page p . 138 same page p .144 The Secret Histor y o f Mongolia. Chapter 2 72, p.1 86

CHAPTIR ONI

HJFAYDJP 1nn:tr MOHrOJlblH 333HT rYPHl1t1 300COH MeHre 6A XAA)J.blH 0Bft1t1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

1.7 THE TAMGHAS ON COINS OF MONGHE KHAN (649-658 AH/1251-1260 AD)

1.7 MSHX XAAHbl 300COH A33PX TAMrA (649-658 AH/ 1251-1260 AD) Tynyt1H xoepAyraap xyy MeHx xaaHbl 300COH A33pX11 TaMra

~

~

" ... XaaH xyH11t1 611n3r Terc" 77 YaHapaapaa l'lx xaaH 6oncoH MeHx xaattbI yeA MoHron rypH1111 A3BCr3p HyTar acap 11X X3M.>K33HA xypY33. 78 MeHx xaaHbl ye3c 3Xn3H 3oocoH A33p xaaAbIH H3p11Y1r 611YA3r 6oncott 6ereeA M3r-H11Y1 acap epreH ra3ap ttyTr1111H xaa caY1ry11 MeHx xaaHbt TaMraTaYI 300c ry11.>t< 6a11B.

*

The tamgha on the coin of Tului's second son Munghe Khagan.

During the reign of Munghe Khagan , enthroned the Great Khan for his outstanding "personality and qualities of a Khan" 77 the territory of Mongol Empire was extremely expanded. 78 Since Munghe Khagan's reign, the names of Khans were inscribed on coins, and coins of Munghe Khagan were circulated all over the vast territory of Mongol Empire.

OpAHbl 6ynrap ~yTracaH MeHx 300C. " Ayraa nx xaaH. 5ynrapr )l3ll.lffYll3B ". 3oocttbl xoep Tan A xaaHbl c3p33 ~ TaMra 6a11Ha.

The coin of the Great Munghe Khagan was struck in Bulghar of the Golden Horde. "The Great Munghe Khagan. Struck in Bulghar." It has a "seree" tamgha on both ~ sides of the coin.

"Ayraa l'lx MeHx xaaH. 6ynrapT A3DAYVD3B "

"The Great Munghe Khagan. Struck in Bulghar".

ryp>tK33 H11Jl33A TOM 6aYJHa.

The coin with Munghe Khagan tamgha , issued in Chaghatayids. Struck in Almaligh. Seree tamgha has quite bid dimensions.

1949 OHA Xap XopyMooc OJl.QCOH MaHX xaaHbl TaMraTal1 300c . Myy YaHaprn11 Kry11 Tyn opx11noo. Xap11H TaMra TOA caYJH xapar.naHa.

Th e coin with Munghe Khagan ' s tamgha was found in Kara Khorum in 1949. Due to the poor quality of the photo , no attempts were made to interpret the writing on the coin. However, the tamgha is clearly seen.

/133px 3oocttyy~aac y3B3n xoep Tnnm xapcaH c3p33 TaMra Hb MoHx xaaHbT oarniiHx r3~3r Hb TO~opxon 6anHa. 1111M TaMrb1r MOHrOJ14YYA 3pT ye3c x3p3rn3>K 1-1p>ttt< x.n3pJl33 rya11 AYrH3C3H 6a11.nar. 81 C3U3H xaH a11Mrnt1H 6op>K1-1rl-1H C3U,3H BaHrl-111H XOWYYHA 1-111M TaMra x3p3rn3>t< 6a11a82 . C3p33 TaMraHbl X3A X3.Q3H HH3blH xya1-1n6apyy.Qb1r KpblMblH TaTapyy.n X3p3rJT3}1{ 6al1>ftK, TyyHn11 osrn11H TaMrb1r cn11nc3H 3H3 300c AnrnH OpAHbl Ynca.Q 1260-1264 OHbl yeA rapY33. 85 3H3 300CHbl Tyxa11 X.M.ct>peH "3yYnl1H ync 6y10y AnTaH OPAHbl 300C" f3A3f HOMOHAOO aHX 6n4C3H 6at1Aar. 86 6aT xaaHbl AYY 63px MTaH Op.QHbl xaaH cyy}f{ 6a11x yeA33 3H3 300Cblf 6ynrap XOTOA A3J1.QYYJ1}f{33. T3p33p M3r-H1111 11x xaatt 6on Xy6nnan 6yc xap11H Ap11r6ex M9H r3}1{ y33}f{ 6a11catt yypaac TyyHn11r xyn33H 3esweepY A3M}l{n>K 6a11raarn11H 11n3px1111n3n 6onro>K Tyytt1111 H3p anAap, osr1111H TaMra 6yx1111 3H3 300Cbir MTaH Op.QOA A3J1AVVJ1C3H 6a11Ha . 3H3 3oocb1r 6ynrapaac raAHa 3Ml1Jlb XOTOA M9H l..lYTfa>K 6a11caH a}f{33. TaTapcraHbI HyTraac Hl1J133A onoH Tooroop OJlACOH , TaTapcTaHbl YHA3CHl111 My3e11A 800 w11px3r xa.1:1ranarAa>K 6a11raa87 33pr33C y33X3A YaMry11 onoH Toorooop rapracaH 6ononT011. M3r-Hl111 3ap11M 300COH A33pX11 TaMrbJr yyxaM X3H1111x 6onoxbir Hb TOrTooxoA X3UVY 6a11Aar 6on Ap11r6ex1111H 300COH A33pxn TaMrbir TyyH1111 osr1111r r3}K TOrTOOXOA xaMrl111H ~n6ap 6a11raa JOM. 3oocHbI ap TanA c1111nc3H xoep y3yypT311 c3p33 Ma~rni1H TaMra eep xaaHa Y, X3333 4 .1:1asTarAaary11r33c ra,QHa "11x xaaH Apnr6ex" n>K 611Y33CT311 6anraa Hb 1111M AyrH3JlT3A xypr3}f{ 6a11Ha. TaMra Hb X3Jl63p1111H xyBbA MeHx xaaHbI c3p33 TaMraTai1 T9CT3!1, TVYH33C ynaM>KJ1aH yycr3C3H W11H)f{T311 6anHa .

This coin bestowing Ariq Buga as a Great Khan and with an inscription of his clan tamgha , was issued in 1260-1264 in Golden Horde.85 This coin was described for the first time by H .M.Fren in his book "Zuc hi 's Khaganate or the Coins of Golden Horde". 86 Batu Khan's younger brother Berke struck this coin in Bulghar, when he was ruling the Golden Horde. He considered that Ariq Buga was the Great Khan, but not Khubilai and as an exp ression of his support to and the acceptance of Ariq Buga he struck this coin in the Golden Horde inscribing his name, fame and his clan tamgha. In addition to Bulghar this coin was also mint in Emil. Considering the fact that many coins were found from the territory of Tatarstan and the National Museum of Tatarstan owns 800 pieces of these coi ns, it seems that they were issued in great numbers.87 It is difficult to identify tamghas of Khans of Mongol Empire o n some coins, while the tamgha on coins of Ariq Buga could easily be defi ned. This conclusion is made by the unique "seree" tamgha with two ends o n the reverse of the coin and by the writing "the Great Khagan Ariq Buga" inscribed on the coin. The tamgha has a certain similarities with "seree" tamgha of Munghe Khagan in terms of a shape and has characters of origination from Munghe Khagan's tamgha.

64

84

N. 23 Singatullina A.Z. Zuchi's coins ( Povolj of cities of XI[( century) Kazani. 2003, p.29 86 Fren Kh.M. Zuch i's Khaganat or coi ns o f Golden Hord e. Sankt - Peterburg. 1932 87 Singatullina A.Z. p.29

N. 23

8'

8 ~A.3.C 11HraTyJ1J111Ha .

Il>1KCKl1X Hapo.nos XIII s. Hau110 Ha11Hb111 My3e11 TaTapCTaHa. Ka3aHb. 2003, CTp. 29 86 X.M.K 6a11caH yeT311 Tox11p4 6attraa Tyn cy.a.naa'-111.0. 3H3 300Cbir Ariq Buga Khagan. Ap11r6ex xaaHbI 300c n>K To.a,opxonncoH 6anraa JOM.

88

N. 24

88

89

U. 6aTcat\xHbl uyrnyy11ra

89

Coin No4 9 1 Although this coin does not contain the name and clan tamgha of Ariq Buga, however, the date of coinage coincides with the period of his reign , therefore researchers identified it as a coin of

N. 24

From collection of Ts.Batsaikhan 90 Baipakov K.M. , Nastich V.M. The treasure of silver objects and coins of XIII century from Otrar (Kazakhstan during the period of feudalism ) Alma-Ata. 1981 91 From collection of Haroon Tareen (Pakistan)

90

K.M.6a11naKOB, B.H.Hacr11Y, "Kna.o. cepe6pflHHblX sewet\ 11 MOMeHT Xllls 113 0Tpapa. (Ka3axcraH e 3noxe ¢eo.o.a11113Ma). N!Ma-ATa 1981. crp. 45, p11c 12/11 9 1 XapooH TapeeHbl uyrnyy11ra (naK11CTaH)

64

H:trAYD:tl' 5Yn:tr

CHAl'TH ONI

MOHrDJlblH 333HT rK1111H HyTar ,IJ,3BCr3p1111r xaMapcaH epreH yy.QaM ra3apTa11 11nxaaHT yncbir 6anryyn>K33. 94 Xynyr xaH eceH >Kl1JT xaaH cyyx.Qaa eep1111H 6onoH MeHx xaaHbI H3p an,1J,pb1r M9Hx>Kyync3H 300c rapracaH 6a TYYHl111 300COH .Q33p Tyny11H yAaMA 30HX11J1COH C3p33 TaMra c1111nc3H 6an.Qar 6arrn.

The Munghe Khagan " ... thought and sent Hulagu Khan to western provinces of Iran, Syria, Merv (Egypt) , Rum (Little Asia) and Armenia" 93 by ordering him to govern the suburbs of the State. According to this decree Hulagu Khan went for the war to the west in 1253-1254 and established the llkhanids, which covered the vast territories of Persia , Iraq , Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkistan and Georgia. 94 During his reign for nine years Hulagu Khan issued coins immortalizing his own and Munghe Khagan's fame. The coins have inscription of "seree" tamgha, which dominate amongst Tului's descendents.

Hyyp3H TaJT,IJ,:

On obverse:

"Ayraa f1x xaaH, MeHx xaaH, X ynyr nnxaH ,.

"The Great Khan, Munghe Khagan, I/khan Hulagu " (654-663 AH/1256-1265 AD) A-2122

(654-663 AH/ 1256- 1265 AD) A-2122

92

g, 94

92

MoHrOJl YllCblH Tyyx. il3A 60Tb, X 192 CyApblH YyynraH, Ill A3BT3p, x I 0 MoHron yncb1H TYYX. il3A 00Tb, x 269

93 94

65

Hi story of Mongolia . Second book, p.192 Rashid Ad Din, p . I 0 Histo ry of Mongolia. Second book, p .269

H:trAYrJ:tP &Yn Jr MOHrGJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH Mettre 6A XANlblH 0Brl1f1H TAMrA

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE A ND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

Xynyr xaaHbl TaMraTa11 onoH 300Cbrr xoopOH.A Hb xapbl{yynaH TaMraHbl 6a11,[IJ1b1r J:IOP V3YYff3B.

Many coins with Hulagu Khan's tamgha were compared as follows:

"G reat Khan , Hulagu llkhan "

"Vix xaaH , Xynyr VlnxaaH "

"Great Khan Hulagu llkhan"

"Vix xaaH, Xynyr VlnxaaH"

66

HJr,.YDJP SYnJr MOHronblH 333HT rYPHl1i'I 300COH M0Hre 6A XAA,UblH 0Brl1i'1H TAMrA

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

"11x xaaH, Xynyr 11nxaaH"

"Great Khan, Hulagu llkhan "

Xynyr 11nxaaH"

"11x xaaH,

"Great Khan, Hulagu llkhan"

"11x xaaH, Xynyr 11nxaaH"

"Great Khan, Hulagu Ilkhan"

"11x xaaH, Xynyr 11nxaaH"

"Great Khan, Hulagu llkhan"

3HA33C xapaxaA Xynyr xaaHw 300CHbl TaMra Hb MeHx, Apnr6ex Hapb!H 300COH A33pXt1T311 aAnn C3p33 TaMra 6a11Ha. Tyny11H YAMblXaH.Q 6a11raa TaMrblr H3ITf3H xapaan.

It can be seen that similar to coins of Munghe Khagan and Ariq BugaKhagan, the coins of Hulagu Khan have an inscription of "seree" tamgha. A combined collection of tamghas belonged to Tului's clan. TULUI

~ Munghc

Ariq Buga

Munghc 's dcsccndcnts

67

Hulagu llkhan

NJrAYDJP 1nn,r MOHrDJlblH 333HT rYPHl1fi 300COH MeHre 6A XAA,[lblH OBrt1fiH TAMfA

CNAPTIR ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

TynynH xesryy.D. Mettx, Ap11r60x, Xynyr xaa,D.blH 300COH ,D.33pX11 OBrl1ttH TaMra,D. c3p33T3n 6aikaa Hb Lf 11Hr11c xaaHbl OTrOH xyy TynynH 00p11ttHX Hb OBrl1ttH TaMra C3p33T3tt 6an>K33 r::,c::,H TaaMarnanb1r ,D.3swyyn::,x YH.D.3CJ13Jl 6onox IOM. Tynyn.D. Lf11ttr11c xaaHaac np33CJ13H 3ax11caH yyryyn MoHron ttyrnrr ye11nH ye.D. MaH,D.caap 11pc3H 11x T0p11nH eceH xexenT L..1araaH TYrHbI opon.D. .D.33UJ l(opon30H 3anap'-1 6an.Qar rypsaH y3yypT anrntt c::,p::,::, Tynyntt TaMra 611w yy? Li11Hr11c xaaH T0pC0H 0CC0H yyryyn HyTarTaa 11x T0p11nr 6aitryyn}I{, A3J1x11nH Tanbtr A0PB0H 11x xesryyH,D.33 xysaa>K erY 6anx.Qaa "rypsaH l(aIT .QanH .QancHaa Hnax"95 , ye1111H yeA MaH.QaH 6a.QapY 6anxb1H 611n::,r.Q3J1 6oncoH rypsaH y3yypT c::,p::,::, TaMrb1r 3x MoHron HyTar, Tyny?i xesryyHA33 oHoocoH 6an>K Mara.Q. ~Map 6onoBY Tynyn xaaHbl x0sryyA11nH 300COH A33p 6anraa 611eT3tt 6o,D.11TO?i C3p33 TaMra.Qa.D. TynryypnaH Lf11Hrt1C xaaHbl A0P0BAVr33p xesryyH TynynH osr1111H TaMra rypsaH y3yypT c3p33 6ancaH r3.Q3r TaaMarnan A3BUJyyn»< 6a11Ha. MottronbIH 3pTH11n anMryyAaac X11a,D., >Kananp oan111HxoHA c3p33 rnMra 6ana. MeH XanxblH C31.(3H xaH a11Mar, Tyw33T xaH ai!Mar, Ca11H HOeH xaH an.Mrl1?°tH OJlOH XOWYYA, 3aHl111H waab Hap, 11x xyp33 xas11nH xanx XOUJYYHblxaH, 6apra, .QapbraHra, esepnerY ttapT96 C3p33 TaMra TapXMan 6an}l{33. Xynyr xaattaac xo11wx11 11nxaaAYY.J:1 300coH A33p33 HMap H3r oar1111H TaMra Tas11ary?i Hb 6ac n Tann6apnaaaac 3ox11x acyy.Qan JOM. 11nxaa,Qb1H ync Opill11H TOITHOCOH 100 rapyn ( 1256-1365) »KJ13H Tep 6apb>K33. r3a'-I Xynyr33c 6yca,D. xaa.D.YY.D. 300COH ,D.33p33 oaor 00r11n.H HMap H3r3H TaMra TaB11aryn Hb COH11pxon TaTHa. YyH1111r Taf1J16apnax TOAOPXOl1 H0Xl.(0Jl wanTraaH 61111. Xynyr xaaHbl xyy A6ara xaatt op cyycaH L..1araac 3X3D}f{ 11nxaaHT yncblH 11 xaaH 300COH A33pX11 6111..f33Cl1I1.r 6yX3Jl,IJ. Hb, 3CB3J1 X3C3rYl1J13H MOHron X3Jl , MOHrOJl 611Yr33p33 611YC3H TYYXT311. 3H3 Hb yr '-laHapTaa T3AH1111 XYBbA 00r1111H TaMraa MOHron x3n 611Yr33p33 opnyyn>K, MOHron yrcaa , x::,n coenoo M0Hx>Kyyn3x r3C3H xaagb1H yxaaH 6a11>K33.

The "seree" tamgha inscribed on coins of Tului's sons Munghe, Ariq Buga and Hulagu can be a basis to offer a hypothesis that Tului, the youngest son of Gengh is Khan, had a clan tamgha with "seree". The triple tip on golden seree (trident) rectified on top of the Great State nine foot white standard, which raised for generations on the core territory of Mongolia and descended to Tului by the will of Genghis Khan. This triple tipped seree could be a Tului's clan tamgha , could not it be? It is possible that when Genghis Khan was founding the Great State on core territory of his motherland and was dividing the half of the world to his four sons "to conquer the enemies in past, present and future " 95 • he allotted to Mongol Motherland and his son Tului a triple tipped "seree" tamgha, the symbol of eternal prosperity and flourishing. What ever the case on the basis of the existence of " seree" tamgha on coins of Tului Khan's sons, the hypothesis is being developed that the clan tamgha of Tului , the Genghis Khan 's fourth son, had a triple tipped "seree" tamgha. Among the ancient Mongol provinces, Kiad and Jalair clans also had a "seree" tamgha. Moreover, in many khoshuns of Khalkha Setsen Khan province, Tusheet Khan province, Sain Noyon Khan province, Zayaiin Shabi, Khalkha khoshuns near lkh Khuree as well as Mongol nationalities such as Barga, Dariganga and Inner Mongolians96 widely used a "seree" tamgha. It should be explained why llkhans , successors of Hulagu Khan , did not inscribe any clan tamgha on their c oins. Over 100 years of existence of llkhanids ( 1256-1365), seventeen Khans of Tului's clan ruled the state by turn. However, it attracts attention that no clan tamghas were inscribed on c oins of successor Khans, except for Hulagu Khan. There are definite reasons explianing this fact. Since Abaqa Khan , son of Hulagu Khan, took the reign , eleven Khans of llkhanids made full or half inscription of their coins in Mongol language and script. This was the wise vision of Khans to eternalize the Mongol nationality, its language and culture through replacing the clan tamgha with inscriptions in Mongol script.

9) C.ily11aM. r yrraap ,n3BT3p, x. 96

QS Dularn S. p. 96 96 same page

96 M o H T 3 H.Q

70

H3r,IIYD3P liYIIJr MOHroJlblH 333HT rYPHnfi 300COH MeHre 6A XAAllblH OBrnfiH TAMrA

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE A ND CLAN"S TAMGHA OF KHANS

Tyyx1111H TVM3H 33AP33 Hyra\.{aaH AYHA Tepenx ttyTraacaa TacpaH xouop\.{, anc T3pT33 XVH1111 HyTarT xap1111H waw11H wyTn3r, ec 3attw11nA aaTaH cyyxAaa M3rH1111 H3r33X3H x3cr1111r 3ax11paH cyyraa MOHron L..\YCTa11 M0Hronb1H xaa,D. r3.Qr33 51MarT ca Ha }I{ 3yy ra py11 }1{11111111 H Typw MOHron 611'-{r33 T9p1111H 300COH,QOO anAapwyyncaH Hb T3.QH1111 ayraa 11x raBbHa

While being cut off and left behind their homelands in crossroads of history, while being overwhelmed by foreign religion and tradition, while ruling a small part of Great Mongol Empire, they had always remembered that they are Mongol Khans with Mongol blood running in the veins and it is their great deed that for more than hundred years the Mongol script was honored to be inscribed on the state coin. Therefore, the Mongol script inscribed on coins of llkhanids is considered as a valuable historical monument, as tamghas.

IOM.

1111MA 11nxaaAblH 300COH A33pX MoHron 611'-{11r Hb TaMra nyraa a.u11n 6oncoH Tyyx1111H yH3T HaHAt1H aypcran MeH .

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Kingdom of Les1er Armen ia. Feudal State Under II-Khan Suzerainty

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71

Ma\nluks

SEA

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CHAPfla ONI

H:trAYD:tP •Y11:tr

MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M0Hr0 6A XAAJlblH 0Brl1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

1.10. 9r3.[l311H Ync 6YJOY XA11.[lY XAAHbl YE

1.10. UGEDEI {ILUS OR PERIOD OF QAIDU KHAN

MoHrOJJbtH xaa.QbIH 300CHYYA .QOTop 8r3.Q311, Uaraa.Qa11H TaMra.Qbir xocnyynaH TaBbCaH 300C HYIJ133.Q OJJOH 6an,Qar. 3H3 Tanaap 3apnM 3ynnY111r TOApyyn>K X3JJ3X waap.QnaraTa11 6onoB yy. Xy6nnan xaaH Apnr6exeec xaH wnp33 6ynaaH 11x MottrOJJbIH 11x xaaH 6oncOHbtxoo .oapaa yncb1H Hn11cn:,111111r 533>K11H (XaH6an11r) -.Q TeBnepyyn>K yncb1H H3pn11r IOaH ync 6onrO}I{ XHTa.Q 3aHwnaap OH TOOJJJJOO :,xnyyn:,s. l111Hxyy XHTa.Q opHoop TeBneceH lOaH ync 6a11ryyncaH HB.Qan HYl11T MOHroJJYYYAbtH xyl.fT311 3C3pryyl..{3JJT311 y.Qaa .Qapaa TynrapY 6a11B. 3H3 3C3pryyl..{3JJ T3Ml..{JJn11r Apnr6exn11r Tyywrnn .Q3M>Kl1>K, 8r3A311H y.QMaac xaaH cyynrax 60.Qnoro 6apnMTancaH Xa11,0y HO~H~ (1262-1301) Tonronn>K33. Xa11Ay 6on 8n.Q3nH xesryytt Xawn11H raHl..{ xyy, Lf nHrnc xaattbt .Q3pr3.Q ecceH, c3pr3JJ3H yxaanar xytt 6a11s 9 8 . T3p33p 1264-1301 OH.Q Xy61111anH 3Cp3r xaTyy wnpyytt T3Ml..{3JJ Hayyn}I{ 11x Mottron yncb1r AaxnH 6a11ryyn>K, yncb1H ttnncn3nn11r 533>KnHr33C 6yl..{aa.>+< ttyynnxnnr waapAa}I{ 6an}l{33. 99 Ep Hb Ap11r6ex -Xy6Y1na11, Xy611na11 Xan,0y ttapb1H epcen.Qeett T3MW11111H ryxa11 cypBaJJ}I{ 6nl.fryyA3A A3nnp3ttryn eryyn}I{, Yncb1H Tyyx 6nYn3rT Y TO.Qopxo11 rapAar 611n33. r:,sy Xan.oy xaaHbl 3oocott Mettre Tyyttnn TyyxY1nr eryyn:,x 6ac H3r3H cypsaJJ}I{ 6ontto. Xa11Ay eBer 31..{3r 8r3A311.Q Lf11Hrnc xaattaac onrocoH yyryyn HyTrnnr 333rH3H cyy}I{ 1264 OHOOC 3Mt1Jl rQJlblH YIX l..{3p3r 6eerttyyn>K 100 , eepnntt ync 6a11ryynaH 8r3A311H ync X3M33H H3pt111A3X 6onoB. 1263 OHA AnMaJJbtKT (UaraaAat1H HYl11CJ13Jl, O.QOOOr1111H 5apyyH Wt1H}l{aatt) Anar xaaH (Alugh ) ttac 6apcttaac xo11w Uaraa.QanH yncbtH xaaH wnp33 33rynpY, Xan.Qy T3p HyTrn11r 333JJ}I{ 3ax11paH cyys. Xy6n11a11 5opor (B0rak)-Y111r Anarn11H opOHA TOMt1JlCOH X3.Ql111 Y Uaraa.QanH yncbtH 333H x3p3r .Q33p33 Xa11Ay 6a11caH IOM.

Among the coins of Mongol Khans, there are many of those, which combine the tamghas of Ugedei and Chaghatay. It may be required to give some explanations with this regard. When Khubilai Khagan by force took the throne over Ariq Buga Khagan, he moved the capital of the Mongol Empire to Beijing (Khanbileg) , renamed the country to Yuan Dynasty and commenced a new chronology according to Chinese tradition. The establishment of Yuan Dynasty centralized in China met with a strong resistance of Mongols for several times. This opposition struggle was continuously supported by Ariq Buga and was headed by lord Qaidu 97 , who pursued a policy that the descendent of Ugedei Khagan should be enthroned. Qaidu was the only son of Ugedei's son Khash. He was brought up next to Genghis Khan and was a very intelligent person. 98 He has engaged in fierce fight against Khubilai in the course of 1264- 1301, requiring the reestablishment of Mongol Empire and moving the capital back from Beijing. 99 The struggle and competition between Ariq Buga and Khubilai as well as Khubilai and Qaidu are mentioned in detail in many sources and historical documents. Coins of Qaidu Khan are one of the sources that imply his own history. Qaidu took a reign over a territory inherited by his grandfather Ugedei from Genghis Khan and started to concentrate his soldiers around the Emil river basin since 1264. 100 Then he estab lished his own state and named it Ugedei ulus. After the death of Alugh Khan in Almaligh (a capital of Chagatayids , present western Xinjiang) in 1263, the Chaghatay's throne became unoccupied and thus Qaidu conquered this territory and ruled it. Though Khubilai appointed Borak to replace Ariq Buga, in reality Qaidu reigned over the Chaghatayids.

97

97

98

98

History o f M o ngo lia . Second book , p . 19 7 To vuudo rj S . Qaidu khan. U laanbaat ar, 20 0 I , p . 11 99 Histo r y of M ongo lia. Second b ook , p .197 100 same page, p .201

M oHron ynCblH Tyyx. ll3A 60Tb, X. 197 C.Toeyy)lo pll++< 6a11CHbJr r3p•-rnnH3 . Uaraa.D,a11H yncb1H 3X3H yeA TaMrary11 300c 30Hx11n>++aH An6yM, x.99

01

73

Stephen A lbum, page 99

H>rAYD)P SYn>r MOHroflblH 333HT rYPHnl1 300COH M0Hre 6A XAA.!lblH OBrnl1H TAMrA

CHAPTIR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

s

3H3 yeA 8r3A311H A3rp33 TaMra Hl1J133A onoH xys11n6apTa11 6a11cH~r A33p m11~ AYPACaH TYJl 3HA AaBTaH opyyncaHry11. 3H3 yeA UaraaAa11, 8reeA311H TaMrb1r HH3 6yp33p xocnyynaH TaBbCaH 300c rap~ 6a11caH Hb UareaAa11, 8r3A311H ync x3p3r .Q33p33 H3r xyH1111 rap~ eepeep X3J163n Xa11Ayr1111H 3ox11praaHA 6a11cHb1r xapyynm 6a11Ha.

During this period Ugedei's "degree" tamgha had several different versions, as it was mentioned earlier. Coins with different combination of Chaghaday and Ugedei's tamghas, which were minted during that period, demonstrate that Chaghadayids and Ugedeids are ruled by one person, in other words were governed by Qaidu.

Tapa3A A3nAVVJ1>K33

Struck in Taraz

Tapa3A A3l1AVVJ1>K33

Struck in Taraz

Tapa3A A3J1AYVJ1>K33

Struck in Taraz

Tapa3.Q A3J1AVVJ1>K33

Struck in Taraz

Tapa3A A3nAVVJ1>K33

Struck in Taraz

74

CHAPTIR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

H3rAYD3P 5Yn>r MOHfOJlblH 333HT rYPHl1i1 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAflblH 0Br1111H TAMrA

XanAy, Tyytt11n YAMbJHXHbJ TaMra

Tamgha of Qaidu and his descendents

Xan,/ly, TYYHl111 YJlMblHXHbl TaMra

Tamgha of Qaidu and his descendents

The period of Tuqa Timur Khan (670 -690AH/ 1272-1291AD) had also passed under the reigns of Qaidu and his coins were also issued with an inscription of Qaidu's tamgha.

Tyr TeMep (Tuqa Timur) xaaHbl ye (670690AH/1272- l 291 AD) Hb MSH Xat1Ayrt111H M3A3nA 9HrepC9H Tyn TYYHl111 300C Y XanAyrnnH TaMra AOP rapY33. TyrreMep1111H ye

Temp . TuqaTimur

XanAyr Hae 6apCHbJ ,llapaa ( 1301) TyyH1111 axMaA xyy Yanap 3~rnnH op cyycatt 6a eMHexeec OHU ~nrapax TaMra 3H3 yeA rapcaH Tanaap HOTonroo 6apnMT O,/looroop 6anxryn 6a11Ha. l111MA TyyHnl1 yennH 300Cblr Xa11Ayr1111H TaMraTan 6ancaH r3>K TaaMarna}I{ 6a11Ha. XapnH Yanapb1H Aapaa xaaH cyycaH .IlyBa xaaH (690- 706AH/1291-1306AD) 102 xaaHYnaJlblHxaa 3X3H yeA33 UaraaAan, 8nA311H TaMra xoconcoH 300c rapra>K 6anraaA XanAyr Hae 6apcHaac xonw UaraaAanH TaMra ,llarnacaH 3oocb1r rapra>K 3X3nC3H 6antta. Ep Hb Xan.QyrnnH ye1111H 300CHbl TaMra AOTpoo onoH ~H3 6aJ1CHblf HapnnH Tann6apnax 6onoM>Kryn IOM. 3H3 Hb 3oocb1r rapra}I{ 6ancaH ra3ap ra3p~H HO~,/l Xa11Ayr11nH H3p33p 300C Xl111XJJ,33 6ac eepC,lll111H AYPC T3M,/l3rJ13f33f33 H3M}I{, 3ap11M yeJJ, 300CHbl X3B Xl111}1{ 6a11CaH YPYYYA Y 3ap11M eepYnenTyyA11nr opyyncaH 6a11}1{ 6onox Tanrnn. 10 2

After the death of Qaidu (1301), his eldest son Chapar descended his throne. There is no evidence found that completely different tamghas were issued during the time when Chapar took the reign. Consequently, the hypothesis was made that the Chapar's coins had Qaidu 's tamgha. However, Duwa Khan (690 - 706AH/1291 -1306AD) 102 , a successor of Chapar, at the beginning of his reign issued coins with combination tamghas of Chaghatay and Ugedei, but after the death of Qa idu he issued coins only with Chaghatay's tamgha. In general, it is impossible to explain in detail the variety of types of tamgha on coins minted during the Qaidu's period. It might have happened that the noblemen while striking the coins on behalf of Qaidu added their own forms and markings, or sometimes craftsmen made some changes while preparing the mold. 102

CTec:j,a H Aii6yM, x.99

75

Stephen Album. page 99

H:trAYD:JP 1,yn:.r

CHAPTER ONI

MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M9Hf9 6A XAA,QblH 0Bf1111H TAMfA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

10yrn11 Y Anar xaaHaac ,Oysa xaaHbI ye ,1:1yycax xypTn3x 40-ee.n. >Knn1111H xyrauaar Xa11,n.yrn11H ye r3>K y33x 6eree.n. 3H3 xyrauaaH,n. 8r3.Q311H osr1111H .Q3rp33 TaMraTa11 300c rap1.1 6ancaH Hb TO.Qopxo11. Xan.Qy x3,n.1111n3p xyynb ecHbl xaaH 6a11raary11 Y M3r-H1111 3oocoH MeHr9Hl111 TYVX3H.Q TOM 6a11p 33fl3X raBbHaTal1 xyH IOM. Xa11.Qyraac xo11w 8r3,Q311H y.QMaac 11Hr3}1{ TO.QopcoH xyH 6apar rapaary11 6eree.n. 3oocoH .Q33p Y 8r3,Q311H osrnnH TaMra ,1:1axn}f{ y33r,1:133ry11 6enree.

Nevertheless, the period of 40 years covering reign of Alugh Khan and Duwa Khan is considered as a Qaidu's era, and it is definite that coins with "degree" tamgha of Ugedei's clan were struck during this time. Although Qaidu had never been officially enthroned, he is a prominent figure in the history of coins of Mongol Empire. After Qaidu, there were no prominent personalities among Ugedei's descendents, and the coins with Ugedei ' s tamgha were not seen again since that time.

1. 11 . MOHron XAA,[lblH 300COH ,U33PX TO.[(OPXOJ1rYJ1 TAMrA.Il

1. 11. UNDETERMINED TAMGHAS ON COINS OF MONGOL KHANS

M3r-Hl111 300COH .Q33p LJ11Hr11c xaaH, TyyHn11 .QepseH xesryy.Q, T3,D.r33pnnH Y.rlMbIH xaaAYYAbIH TaMra 30Hxnn>K 6anraa 6onosy TO.QpyynaxaA 63pXUI33ITT3YI, uaaw11.Q cy.QnaaY.Qaa xyn33>K 6a11raa Hnn33A onoH TaMra 61111.

Though the ta mg has of Genghis Khan, his four sons and their descendents prevail on coins of Mongol Empire, there are many coins, which are difficult to interpret and which are awaiting for their researchers.

1. 3H3 TaMra ~araaAanH l1m1rnr.Q3H (llchigiday) (727727AN/l326 - 1327 AD) llapMaw11p11H (Tarmashirin 7267 4AN / 1326-1333AD) xaa)J,bIH 300COH .Q33p 6a11.Qar.

l>C>@C>E)®C)Knr.Q311 xaaHbI ye

,OapMawnpnH xaaHbl ye

Temp. Tarmashirin

llapMaw11pnH xaaHbI ye

Temp. Tarmashirin

76

H)fAYr33P &Yn Jr MOHl"OJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M9Hf9 6A XAA,[lblH 0Bfl111H TAMfA

CHAPRR ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

3H3 TaMrbir canra>K xapaan yr TaMraHbI YHA3C Hb (Hap, OHrn) y3yyp1111r Hb xyM11CaH c3p33 6ononT011.

By the review of separate parts of this tamgha, the consulsion could be made that its basis are the (sun and o ngi) and "seree" with folded ends.

2. This tamgha is called the star of David or the six-pointed star. In Mongolia this tamgha belonged to Zayaiin Shabi 103 • The six-pointed star was inscribed o n coins of Mongol Empire and often comes across and is inscribed as a decoration, however, in some cases it is definite that this sta r was used in a form of a tamgha.

2. 3H3 TaMrbir UaBt1AbIH OA, 3ypraaH xowyyT r3x M3T H3pn3,[\3r. MoHronA 3aHblH waBb HapT 11YIM TaMra 6a11>K33. 103 M3r-tt1111 300COH ,[\33p 3H3xyy 3ypraaH xowyy Hb l.l99Hry11 rnapanAa>K 6a11raa 6a 11x3BL1n3H 300CHbl '-ll1M3rn3n 6a11AanTa11 6onoa'-l 3apnM Tox11onAOflA Hax aprary11 TaMra 6a11,[\anrn11 6a11Ha. "J1x xaaH MeHx" ryp>K11,[\ ,[\3n,nyyn>K33.

"Great Khan Munghe" Struck in Georgia

UaraaAavtH ync.

Chaghatayids Muhammad Sultan

"M yxaMMa,a. CynTaH"

104

A-2001. RR

A-2001. RR

J1nxaHT ync. "Xynyr J1nxaH" 3oocHbl xyp33r 3ypraaH xowyyTaap x1111>K33.

llkhanids "Hulagu llkhan" The coin is inscribed with six-pointed star.

J1nxaHT ync. "J1x xaaH"

llkhanids type Kaanika temp. Abaga Khan 674AH Tiflis The coin is inscribed with six-pointed star.

A6ara xaaHbl ye

X11>Kp1111H 67 4 OH Tncpn11cr A3n,a.yyn>K33. 3ooCHbl xyp33r 3ypraaH xowyyrnap xnvt>K33. 03

04

103

x .n3pm13. x 22 1 CTecpeH A.!16yM. A 2001 , x I 00

104

77

Perlee Kh. p. 221 Stephen Album. A 2001 , p . 100

CHAPffR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHAN S

H3JrAYD3JP •Yn:llr MOHroJl blH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH J\\0Hre 6 A XAA.UblH 0 Brl111H TAMrA

3. " Buiwan ' tamgha 105 which is also

3. 6yi1eaH 105 TaMraTai1300C . YyH1111r 3ypx3H TaMra

Y

n>K H3pn3H3.

called the "Zurkhen " tamgha 106

106

AinaH opJJ.Hbt yn c Torrox xaaH

Togtogu Khan of the Golden Horde

Uaraa)].at1H ync ilapMaw11p11H

Chaghatayids, Tarmashirin

Uaraa.oai1H ync DapMaw11pnH

Chaghatayids, Tarmashirin

4 . The Mongols call triangle-shaped tamgha as a triangle, " dormon " or "choijin" (in Mongolian.) 107

4 . 3H3XYY rypean>K11H TaMrbir MOHrOnYyyJJ. rypeamK11H , 40i1H>fK 6a11Ha. Tamgha. TaMraAblH AOOA Tan,D. Unknown, unreadable word in MoHron ycn3p 5!Map H3r yr 611433CT311 6a11x 6011084 ~-~ L _ _..::::~~~- _ J Mongolian script is written on lower part of the tamgha . TO,D,OpXOl1 YHWl1X 60110M>Kry11 6a11a.

K11a11T 01131111 X33H33C rapa11Ta1110M 6ai1Ha. MoHrOJ14YYA e1131111r ca11H c a11XHblf 63J13r,QC3H X33 r3,D,3r 6onOB4 M3,Hl111 3ap11M 300COH ,D.33p X33 f3X33C33 TaMra r3M33p xapar,D,,D.ar. 11i1MA yyHn11r X33 IOY, TaMra yy nAr1111r xapaaxaH TOrToox 60110M.>Kry11 TYJl X33 yra113 cy,D.Jlaa411A, 3ypaa4 YP4YYA 3PA3MT3A H3rl111r X3J13X 6a11x f3}f{ 60AHO. 3oOCHbl rOJlA 11X TOM 91131111 6a11raa Hb TaMra f3M33p xaparAaHa .

This tamgha is called the flat five-eyed tamgha 108 • This tamgha originated from the traditional " ulzii" pattern . Though Mongols regard " ulzii" as a pattern symbolizing prosperity, on some coins of Mongol Empire it c an be seen more as a tamgha rather than a pattern. Since it is impossible to determine at this point whether it is a pattern or a tamgha, it is deemed that researchers, painters and historians will comment on this aspect.

Chaghatayids. Yesun Timur Khan Almaligh 7 40AH

Uaraa,D,anH y11c Ec0H TeMep xaaH. AnMa1111K 740 AH

108 Dulam S. p. 39-44

108 C.ilynaM. x 39-44

79

CHAPU R ONI

H:U AYD J P 1n n,r M0Hr0JlblH 333HT rYPHt111 300COH MSHre 6A XAA,QblH 0Brt1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

A11TaH op.o. A6.o. A.nnax xaaH

The Golden Horde Abd A llah Khan

4nHrnc xaaH 6yxapa 1221 OH

Genghis KHan Bukhara 1221

11nxaHT y11c A6y Can.o. xaaH 1334 OH

II khans Abu Said KHan 1134

7. The first letter of the Tibetian alphabet "Ma" (MaM) meaning "Mother"

7. Tes.o. l..(araaH To11ro11H "3xniTH" Ma (MaM) ycnH TaMra.

109

The Chaghatayids (Struck in Golden Horde), Tibetian "Ma " tamgha in the center.

Uaraa.r:.anH xaaHT y11c ,

(11x Op.o.o.o. .0.311JJ.VVJl}K33) Tes.o.n11H Ma TaMra 6ai1Ha.

The Chaghatayids (Struck in Golden Horde), Tibetian "Ma " tamgha in the center

Uaraa.r:.anH xaaHT ync ,

(11x Op.o.og A311AVVn>t ~0. !?

~:, ,..,

>

s

;;!

8"' 2

(/)

.,,

0

~ :z

C)

:o" tz

~ = oo :z • () z

>· :z ui

~

C)

[]]

-c

~a "' ..

~ n

I

. Nogai. Shaibanids, Tatars

Munghe's descendenh

Cl) "

::i:

r

[i]0[!]~~~~ :'- ~[MJ~

Mustafa Khan

Munghc

0

OJ

Tughlug Timur

[!] IW

~~~@]

Kuchuk Muhammad

~[Q] ~ ~

Guyuk and his descend ents

00 IT] [EJ

xe O ;;J

:t "' 3 ..

to

[I]

Danishmandi

Ulug Muhammad

[!]

K xa11>K 6a11caH 3y11nyyA M9H 6a11s. 3H3 Hb 60HHbl 11X cypryyn11ac 3pxn3H repMaH x3n A33p rapraAar "Tes A31111H cyAnan" (Zentral Asiatishce Studien) C3Tryyn1111H N•1 (1967), N'9 (1975) Aaxb AyraapyyA, MSH MaHa11 aKaAeM111.1.U.U3p3HCOAHOM ryat1 repMaHbl 3pA3MT3H MaHcppeA Tay6eT311 xaMTpaH 6111.1c3H "Die Mongolica der Berliner Turfansammlung" HOMOHA H11t1rn3rAC3H "TypcpaHbJ uyrnyynra" X3M33H anAapwcaH 3pTH1111 MOHronbJH xaaAbJH an6aH 6111.111r 3aX11AnyyA IOM. 611 TypcpaHaac OnACOH 3pTHl111 MOHrOnblH 611'-lrt1t1H AypcranyyAblH Tyxa11 6ycAaac coHCO>K 6a11cHaac 611w 1111Hxyy eepee y33>K cyAnax waapAnaraTa11 TynrapHa r3>K 60AO>K 51BCaHry11. TypcpaHbl 3aX11AnyyA AOTOp Ml1Hl1t1 cyAna>K 6y11 C3A3B 6yt0y M3r-Hl111 xaaAblH osr1111H TaMraTaH xon600To11 3yHn Hl1n33A X3A 6a11raar A33px HOMHYYAaac y33B. YnMaap 611 aKaAeM111.1.U.U3p3HCOAHOM rya11Tat1 yy113a>t< TyyH11t1 VH3T yr 3esnereer coHco>K TypcpaHbl uyrnyynrb1H ryxaH 3p11K Xe11H11w1111H 611'-IC3H 3X 3ox11onbir '-I on>K y3n33. MoHronbJH xaa.QblH OBrl1HH TaMrblr xaaAblH 300COOp cy.Qnaxa.Q '-111rn3C3H Ml1Hl111 HOMblH C3A3BT311 xaMrl111H OHpXOH 0'-111X 3X cypsamKyy.QblH H3r Hb xaa.QbJH rapblH T11t13 tOM. OnoH 3YYH >K11n1111H eMHex 611'-lrt111H Aypcran H3H xosop 6a11Art111H aA11naap xaa.QbJH rapblH Tl1113 6yx1111 3ax11.Qan 3apn11r 33p3r 3X cypsam1tKnn 6a11raa Hb xaparAaHa. XaaAblH 3oocoH A33pxl1 TaMra 6a 3axnAaJ1 A33pX11 Tl1113Hl111 TaMra Hb yr TaMra TyxanH xaaHbl osrn11H TaMra MeH D.Qr1111H xap11nl..laH HOTOJl>K 6a11raa ca11H 6ap11MTYYA r3>K 611 V33>K 6a11Ha.

89

H>rAYn) P &Yn>r

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

MOHf'OJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M9Hre 6A XAA,llblH 0Brl1f1H TAMrA

3oocoH MeHre 6a rapblH Tnl13 Hb Man axyn, 3.Q xorwn1111H 3y11nT311 aA11nry11 Tyn axynH X3p3rn3n, eM4 xepeHre, MaJ1A TaBbAar nM TaMraTa11 3y11npyyn>K 6onoxryn nnyy epreH yTra aryynraTa11 3esxeH osor YAMbIH rapan yycnnftr xapyyn>K 6y11 nx33X3H OHLV10rT011 3V11I1YVA IOM. .UawpaMA T3MA3rn3X3A xaa.QYYA 3ax11.QJ1aa eepc,uee 6n4.Q3rry11, xapnH X3H H3r3H 11Tr3>K 6onox 513ryypTaH HOeH IOMYY 3CB3J1 rapblH 6nY334 Hapaapaa 6114yynA3r 6a11catt 6an>K 6onox IOM. 11Hr3>K 6n4C3H 3ax11.QJ1b1H 6n433C, TaMra Tl1113 51nraaTa11 6a11raa IOM. Yytt1111r HOTnox X3A X3.Q3H 6ap11MTb1r aB4 V3be.

Since coins and personal seals are different from livestock and household u tilities and can not be compared to earmarks w h ich are used to mark the property and to stamp the livestock; they are special items that carry wide meaning and present the clan's lineage. It should be noted that probably letters were written not by Khans themselves, but by the trusted aristocrat or by a clerk (typist). The writing and tamgha seals on such letters are different. The following are the facts to prove th is statement.

6apHMT } .

Fact 1:

(3.Xe11tt11w B.1, .U.U3p3HCOAHOM N'74)

(E. Haenisch 8.1, D.Tserensodnom no.74)

Yisunti mur-un vjarla-iyar Temur Satilmis akiten

Yisuntimur-un )3rJa-iyar Temur Satilmis akiten

"According to Yesumtemur's decree by Timur Sa tiImus ... " This letter was probably written by the decree of Yesuntemur by the person Timur Satilmus. On the top right corner of the letter, there is a big seal with Duwa's tamgha and on

"EceHTeMepnfTH 3apnnraap Timur CaTnnMyc... " 3H3 3ax11ar EceHTeMepn11H 3apn11raap TeMep CaTnnMyc r3.Q3r xyH 6n4C3H 6ononT011. 3ax11AJ1b1H 6apyytt .Q33,D, TaJl.Q .Oyaarn11H TaMraTan TOM Tnn3 6anx 6a xapnH 6apyytt

90

HJrAYD) P &YnJr

MOHroJlblH 333HT rYPHt111 300K apcnaHrnnH Aypc Cl111Jl>K33.

The coin of Gaykhatu Khan. The fame and name of a Khan is inscribed in Mongol and Arabic script with a lion figure engraved.

AJ1TaH Op.Q.

Golden Horde Coin of Chaka, son of Nogai. On obverse: Rider on horse. Reverse: Greece legend & Trident tamgha.

Horan HOeHbl xyy YaKarnHH .Q3n.Qyync3H 300C. Hyyp3H TaJl.Qaa MOpbTOl1 xyH .Qypc3nC3H, ap TaJl.Q Hb C3p33 TaMra 6a rpeK 611"133CT311.

IOaH yncbrn .D.a IOaH ToHr 6ao 300CHbl ap TaJl,Q COHrO,QOr MOHrOJl 6~Yr33p "MeHx T3Hr3p" r3>f< 6t1Y>fKYYAbJH H3r JOM. M3r 6a11ryynar.ocaH 1...taraac xo11w Mottron 6nYrn11H onoH apsaH ra11xaMw11rr Aypcranyy.o MottronbrH coenb1H TyyxH33 TO.QOpCHblr 3H.Q 6yrA1111r Hb AYP.D.aXblH aprary11 JOM. Xap11H M3r-H1111 xaa.QblH 3oocoH .Q33p M9HX9pC9H MOHron 6n411r, MOHron X3n, 611Y33C1111H Tyxa11 TOBY eryyn3xn11r 3opnnoo. MaHa11 x3n coenbIH t..tyxan AypcranyyAbIH .QOTpooc XIII-XIV 3yyttb1 M0Hronb1H 333HT rypH1111 xaa,QblH 300C , T3p TYCMaa MOHron 611433CT311 300CHYYA Hb HYA33p V33}K, rapaap 6apb>K 6onox 611eT311 , 60.IJ.11To11 3.IJ. e11r1111H 3y11ncn11H H3r Hax aprary11 MeH JOM. Ll11Hr11c xaaH MoHron yncbir 6a11ryyJ1}K MOHron 6111.Jr1111r 11x Tep1111H 6111.111r 6onroCHOOC XOl1W M3r-H1111r 6yp.IJ.yyn>K 6a11caH Anrntt Op.IJ.Hbl ync , UaraaAa11H xaaHT ync , 11nxaaHT ync 6onott M3r-HA Aaraap opcoH 3apt1M yncyyAaA MOHron 611433cr311 300c y11n,IJ.3H rapra>K 6a11cHb1r AOP Tye Tyca,IJ. Hb A3nnpyyn3H y3yyn3B.

Dr. Ts. Shagdarsuren in his book "Studies of script of Mongols" reviewed the Mongol script and its forms and implied that it could be divided into the following two different types 110 : 1. The script of ancient and medieval period; 2. New script. Moreover, he brought up many examples. It is clear that the Mongol script used before XVIXVII century had specific distinctions compared to the latest period. The reason of mentioning is to clarify that, as it was observed , the Mongol writings on coins of Khans of Mongol Empire relate to the first period of chronology of Mongol writing developed by Dr. Ts Shagdarsurenor or to "Ancient and Medieval Script" . The Mongol script is or.iginated from ancient Soghdian and Uighur scripts. According to notes of Plano Rubruck on the livelihood of Mongols in the XIII century, "Genghis Khan ... conquered Uighurs with a force of soldiers and ... took their script and decreed to name it as a Mongol script" 1 11 • Plano Rubruck's notes on living of Mongols are one of the first historical sources concerning Mongol script. Since the establishment of Mongol Empire many significant monuments of Mongol script have been identified and it is impossible to mention here all of them. However, I tried to state in brief about Mongol script , Mongol language and writings perpetuated on coins of Khans of Mongol Empire. Among various monuments of Mongolian language and culture , the coins of Khans of Mongol Empire of XIII-XIV century, especially those with Mongol writings, are the real and physical monuments , which can be touched and seen. Since the establishment of Mongol Empire by Genghis Khan and proclamation of Mongol script as a state script, the coins with Mongol script were issued in different states of Mongol Empire including the Golden Horde, Chaghatayids, llkhans and in other surrendered states. These coins will be shown separately.

x111-x1v

nx

10 U.War.napcyp 3H. . .. YE. 200 I. x .29 1 1>tKyy rap'-1 11pC3H 6a11Ha.

Although the coins of Mongol Khans appeared in Golden Horde approximately in 1236, the coins with Mongol inscriptions appeared much later.

1."CanHxaaH"(EaTxaaH)3ooc . (12081256) 5aT xaattbir "Cai1H xaaH" r3.Q3r 6a11caH Tyxa11 Paw11P, AA ilnH T3M.IJ.3rJ13C3H 6a11P,ar. T3p33p "CyApbIH YyynraH" -A 6nl.fnxP,33 "3yY xaaHbI xoep P,yraap xesryyH 6aT....TyyH11nr CanH xaH n>K H3p113C3H ... T3p633p Y11Hr11c xaaHbI 6yx aY Hapb1Hx Hb axMaA OOJl}I{, ayraa nx H3p Tep eprer.ueH A33AJ13rA3>K 6a11naa" 11 2 r3>K33. MeH " ... MOHronl.fyyA TyyH11nr CanH xaH, canH 333H n.Q3r 6ancaH" 113 Tyxa11 Attrn1111H cy.QnaaY >K.3. 6011n 611'-IC3H 6a11tta. www.zeno.ru B36ca11T .Q33p 6aT xaaHbt an.Qap u.on , TaMra 6yx1111 H3r3H XOBOp 300C 6a11Xblr 6n OJl>K y3C3H IOM. Xap11H yr 3oocb1H Tanaap 51Map H3r3H Ta11n6ap x1111r.Q33ry11 6a11B. Hyyp3H Tan.Q: 3ooc Hbl Tes AYHA >Kt1>K.11r .Qyryn AOTOp H3r3H yn M3P,3r.Q3X AYPC 6a11Ha. 3H3 Hb 51Map H3r3H TaMra 6an>K 6on3owry11. YyH1111 3YYH Tan.Q MOHron 611'-lr33p "Ca11H" r3>K 611'-!C3H Hb Maw TO.Qopxo11 xaparP,aHa. Xap11H 6apyytt Tan.Q MOHron 611Yrt111H opoM xaparP,ax 6ereeA ca11Tap a>tt< 6on3owry11 cattar.QaHa. T3rn3n "Ca11H xaatt" r3.Q3r yr 6a11>t< 6onox IOM.

1. Batu Khan' s coin (1208 - 1256) Rashid ad Din refers to Batu Khan as a "Good Khan". He mentioned about it in the Assembly of Sutras:" ... He was called as Good Khan. He was born as an eldest grandson of Genghiz Khan and was honored and respected as Great." 112 British researcher J.E.Boyle wrote that Mongols called him as a Good Khan and Good Lord 11 3 • 1 found a very rare coin with Batu Khan's name and tamgha from a web-site. However, there was no explanation to this coin. On obverse: there is an obscure figure in the small circle in the middle of the coin. The figure could also be some kind of tamgha. On the left of the circle, the word "Good" is clearly seen, which is written in Mongol script. On the right of the circle, there is a trace, perhaps of an inscription in Mongol script, which is very difficult to read. If we examine an inscription carefully, it could be the word "Khan ". These two words could be read together as "Good Khan". On reverse: in the middle of the coin there

112 CyApb1H '-lyynraHII 60Tb 79-p Tall

112Rashid ad

103

Din. p.

79

H:tr,IIYl'3:tP 5Yn:tr MOHfOJJblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M9Hre 6A XAAnblH 0Brl111H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

Ap Tan.a;: Tea AYH.D. Tonro11r Hb Hn11nyyn3H TaBbCaH xoep TaMra 6a11raa Hb 6aTbIH oarn11H TaMra IOM. TaMraHbl xoep Tan)]. MoHron 6n'-!nrT311 6a11x 6onOB'-1 yHw1-1r,1J.axry11 6a11naa. 3oocHbJ 6a11,1J.J1bir 6yx3n.D. Hb aBY y3a3n "Ca11tt xaaH" r3C3H MoHron 6nYtffT311, M9H 6aT xaaHbl xoep TaMraTan 3H3 300Cblr "CanH xaaH 6aTblH" 300c r3,1J.r1111r TaaMarnaxa.D. T9B9rT311 6yc caHar)J.aHa.3H3 300CHbI Tanaap eep s:iMap H3r3H M3.D.33Jl3Jl OJ1ACOHry11. MeH YP.D. eMHe y33r.a,3>f< 6a11raary11r 60,1J.OXO.D. 11X3.D. xoaop 300c 6ononT011. LlyxaM s:ir 6aT xaaHbl ye.D. rapcaH nx 300c TO.D.opxo11 M3.D.3rA33ryn 6eree.D. TyyH1111 aMb.D. C3PYYH ye.D. 6ynrapT rapracaH 300CHYY.D.blr 6aTbIH ye1111Hx r3>K aHr11n.a.ar. r3BY "Cai1H xaaH" r3C3H MOHron 611Y11rT311 6aTblH oar1111H TaMraTa11 3H3 300Cbir TyyH1111 300c r::t>K y33x Hb 3y11T311 IOM.

are two tamghas joined together with their top part, which are the clan tamghas of Batu Khan. On both sides of tamghas, there are inscriptions in Mongol script but they are unreadable. By examining the overall condition of the coin, it can be easily assumed that it could be a coin of "Good Khan Batu" as it has an inscription "Good (Khan)" in Mongol script and two tamghas of Batu. No other information was found regarding this coin. Since the coin was never seen earlier, it is probably a very rare one. There are no coins, which were definitely issued during the period of Batu Khan, even though the coins struck in Bulghar, when Batu Khan was still in good health, are classified as coins of Batu Khan's period. Therefore, this coin with an inscription "Good Khan" in Mongol script and clan tamgha of Batu should be considered as a coin of Batu's period.

CHAPTER ONE

2. A coin issued in 1280. On obverse: This is the tamgha of Batu Khan. Place and date of struck are not indicated, however its design is of Bulghar.

2. 1280-aa.a. OHA rapcaH 300c. Hyyp Tall)].: 6aT xaaHbl TaMra 6a11Ha. X1111c3H ra3ap, OH uar1111r 3aaraary11, r3BY x1111u Hb 6ynrapbIHX 6a11raa IOM.

On reverse: "Khutlug Bulsun"(Let the bliss be). Khutug means bliss in ancient Turkish and Uighur languages. The Turkish word was written in Uighur script.

Ap Tall)].: "XyTnyr 6yncyH" (en31111 XYTYr opwTyra11) XYTnyr r3A3r Hb xyrnr r3C3H Typ3r yr 6ereeA MoHron 611Yr33p 6t1Y>K33.

3. 6aT xaaHbJ oarHHH TaMraTaH 300c. Ap Tan)]. MOHrQJl 611Y33CT311. X11t1C3H ra3ap: OH uarn11r 3aaraary11. H3r3HT 6aT xaaHbI TaMra 6a11raa 6onoxoop MoHron xaaHbl 300C r3,IJ.3r Hb TO)J.OpXOl1. 3H3 300C AnTaH 0pAblH ep)J.1111H H3p xa51rrytt 300CHbl H3r 60J10BY y11rap>K11H MOHron yc3rT311 300C AnTaH OpAOA rapcaH aHXHbl 6apnMT 6om+< 6a11raaraapaa OHL.lJlOr IOM.

3 . The Coin with Batu Khan 's tamgha. On reverse: Mongol words. Since there is a tamgha of Batu Khan on the coin, it is definitely a coin ofMongolKhans.Thoughthe coin is one of those common for Golden Horde to be without specific writings, this is one of the first facts that coin with Uighur Mongol script was struck in Golden Horde.

3

Digest ofTurkish Studies -2001. J .E.Boyle. Posthumous title of Batu-Khan. p. 28-31. Moscow, 2002

TiopKOJIOrl1"feCKl111 c6opH11K-200 I. >K.3.6011J1. n ocMepTHbll1 T11Tyn 6ary xatta. crp 28-31. MocKBa 2002

113

104

N:trAYr33JP gyn:i,r MOHronblH 333HT rYPHl111 30 0COH MS Hre 6A XAAJlblH OBrnflH TAMrA

4. Tonh6yra xaaHbl 300c Hyyp TanA: Tonb6yra xaaHbl OBrt111H TaMra 6a aMbTaHbl AVPC 6a11Ha. Ap TanA: MoHron 6t1•-ir33p "To11b6yrbrH Jl311.IWVnC3H 300C" .

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CU\N'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

4. The coin of Toli Buga Khan On obverse: the tamgha of Toli Buga 's clan On reverse: "Toli Buga struck " in Mongol script.

3H3 300C Ht1Jl33A XO}Kyy M3A3rAC3H 6011011To11. YYt1p Hb on0Hxt1 KaTanort1, TOBXt1MOn, anb60MA 3H3 300CHbt Tyxa11 M3Jl33 6a11xry11.

This coin was found much later. The reason is that there was no information in most of cata log ues, publications and albums with regard to this coin.

5. Torrox xaaHbl 3ooc Hyyp 3H Tan)l: 6t1Yr33p "TorToxy''

5. The coin of Togtogu Khan On reverse: In M o ngol script "Togtogu":

6 . Hyyp3H Tan)l: ">Ka Ht1 6eK" >KaHt16eK xaaHbl 3H3 300CHbl Tyxa 11 6yp 183 7 OHJl X.peH HOMOH)lOO 114 AYPbJl)K33 • T3r3XJl33 >KaH11 6eK r3)l3r H3p1111r " l1t1M 6eK" r3}1{ aHAYY 6t1YC3H 6an)lar.

6 . On obverse: "Janibek" H.Fren mentioned that the coin of Janibek Khan is included in his book 114 in 1837. However, he misspelled the name of Janibek as "Chimbek"

7. 3H3 300Cblr YKeK XOTOA

7. This coin was struck in Ukek coi n co ll ector Yu.E.Pirsov from Saratov city tried to read the inscriptions on this coi n.

)l3n.QyymK33 115 • Opocb1H CapaTOB xoTblH 300c wyrnyynarY IO.E.nb1pcoa eep1111H wyrnyynra)laa 6anraa 3Jlr33p 300CHYYA Jl33px11 6t1433c1111r rn11naH YH Wt1Xblr opOll)lCOH 6a11Ha.

city. 11 5 Russian

105

CHAPTIER ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHAN S

H:trAYD:tP SYn:tr MOHfOJlblH 3 33 HT rYPHl1t1 300COH M0Hre 6A XN\JlblH 0Brl1t1H TAMfA

8 . Golden Horde The coin on which the name of Toktamish Khan is inscribed in Mongol script.

8. AJITaH opA ToKTaMblW xaaHbl 611411rT311 MOHfOJl 300C.

AnTaH Op.QOA rapcaH MoHron 300CHbl .QOTOp Torrox xaaHbl H3r3H r011.Q COHl1H 300C 61111 116 • Mottron .Qepsem1K 6a11raar1111H H3r Hb 3H3 HOMblr 30Xl10r41111 H uyrnyynra.Q 6a11raa JOM. 3ooCHbl .Qepsen}f{11H 611433Ctt11r yHw11H Tal1n}f{ Tye 6oncoH .QOKTOP U . W ar.Qapcyp3H , P.0TroH6aaTap HapT 6a51pnacHaa 11n3px1111nbe.

Among the Mongol coins issued in Golden Horde there is one unusually interesting coin ofTogtogu Khan 1 16 • It is possible that the coins with Phag's-pa inscription were never been struck in Golden Horde, except this coin. According to Russian scientist V. Belyaev who studied the Mongol coins very well , only six such coins are known, one of which belongs to the collection of the author of this book. I would like express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Ts.Shagdarsuren and R.Otgonbaatar for their help to read the Phag 's-pa inscription on the coin. On obverse: The name of Togtogu Khan is inscribed in Phag's-pa script (TUGDUNG ) On reverse: Struck in Majyar. In 710 (the year 1310)

Hyyp Tall. MoHron .Qepsen}f{11H ycr33p Torrox xaaHbl H3p1111r 6l14C3H.

{TYf)lYHf) Ap rnn,a,: Ma>Kap XOTOA .Q3J1.Q3B. 710 OH ( 131 0 OH)

2 .3 UAfAA.UA11H YJlCAJJ.

2.3 JN CHAGHATAYIDS

Uaraa.Qa11H ynca.Q M3r-Hl1n 300c onoH rapcaH 60J10B4 MOHrOJl 611433CT311 Hb XOepXOH X3J163p M3.Q3r.Q3}f{ 6a11raa !OM.

Many coins of Mongol Empire were issued in Chaghatayids. However, only two types of coins with Mongol scripts are known.

1. 3H3 300CHbl 3yprn11r T106eHreH1111 !1x Cypryym111H uyrnyynrb1H anb6oMooc asas 117 • Hyyp3H Tan.a.: Uaraa,a,anH Ta Mra Ap Tan.a.: Mottron 611433c1111H Ta11n6apb1r yr KaTanor .Q33p an.QaaTati ra1111rnacaH 6anraa Tyn 011nro>K YHWl1X 60J10M)f{ry11 6a11raa IOM.

1. This photograph of the coin is taken from the Album of collection of coins of the Tubengen University. 117 On obverse : The tamgha of Chaghatay. On reverse: The transcription of the Mongol writing was wrong in this catalogue, thus it is impossible to read and understand the inscription

X .M.t1KbR. HyM 11 3MaTl1'1eCKl111 c6opH11K. H11.>tK M3.[l3X IOM. 1111M yrT311 eep H3f3H 300CHbl 3ypr1111r .uop y3yyn3B.

The fifth line should be read as "Me-nggu". The writing on the coin should be read as "The coi n struck by Argun under nam e of the Khan" and it is clear that the word "mungu" was written as me-ng-gu. From above it could be possible that Mongols of XIII century used to say and write the word "mungu" as meng-gu. The photograph of the coin with the same inscription is given below.

Second document. 120 HyMaH TaMraTal1 3H3 300Cbir Mep0 xoTo.Q .Q3n.uyync3H 6ereeA MOHron 611'-l33Cl111H cyynYl111H M9p9H.[l 11 M3H-ry" r3.[l3r yr 11x TOA ca11H xapar.QaHa. r3X,[l33 9MH9 Hb y3yynC3H 300COH .!l33px11T3Yt a.Q11n "M3-Hr-ry" 6yc, xap11H "M3Hry" f3}1{ 611YC3H 6a11Ha. TosYoop x3n63n 3H3 300COH .!l33p M9Hre" r3A3r yr1111r "M3- Hr-ry" X3M33H 11x 3Hxn3rr3n, "M3H-ry" X3M33H 6ara 3Hxn3rr311 Tye Tye xoep HH3aap 611YC3H 6a11Ha. XIII-XIV 3yyHbJ MoHronbIH 300COH .!l33px11 611y33c11nr an.uaarn11 611YC3H 6anx Hb onoHrna TOXl10nMOr 3y11n. 3H3 Hb MOHron ycr11Y1H X3B x1111c3H xyH an.Qa>K 611YC3H 3CB3n apa6 ran11raap Hb ran11rnaH 611YC3H 6a11x TanTa11 IOM. 71MapTaa '-I MOHrOnblH xaa.[lblH 300COH .[l33p M9Hf9 r3,Q3f yr1111r "M3Hr-ry" 3CB3n "M3Hry " r3>K 611Y11>K 6a11caH 6aTTa11 6ap11MT HOTOJlfOO Hb .[l33pX xoep 300C IOM. EcyHx3 M3pr3H11nr an.QapwyyncaH "LJ11Hfl1Cl1l1H yynyyH 611Y11r" (1224-1225), POMblH nan naM.[l ry10r xaaHbl 11nr33C3H 3ax11.uan .!l33px11 xaaH~ TaMraH~ .nap.nae

This coin with a bow tamgha was struck in Merv and in the last line of Mongol writing the word "mengu" is seen clearly and well. Though it is not the same with writing "mung-gu"of the previous coin, but it is written " mun-gu". In brief the word money on this coin is written in two different ways as "me-ng-gu" and "men-gu". It happened in many cases that Mongol writings on coins of XIII-XIV century often contained mistakes. It might be that either craftsman had made mistakes, while preparing the mold, or the writings were inscribed according to Arabic transcriptions . Nevertheless, the above two coins are the firm documentation and proof that words "meng-gu" or "men-gu" were inscribed on coins of Mongol Khans. The writings on "Stone's writings of Genghis Khan" made famous by Esukhei the Wise ( 1224-1225), the seal of Guyuk Khagan on the Jetter sent to the Roman Pope ( 1246), the

120

120

A.H.neTpos. OYepK11 .. .. Ta 6. 12. Ml/ 1- 1

113

Petrov P.Kh. Essays ... 12, Ml/I- I

H:tr,11Yn:tP 1nn:tr MOHfOJlblH 3 3 3 HT rYPHl111 300COH MeHre 6A XAAJlblH 0Bfl111H TAMrA

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

( 1246), YlnxaaH 9n31111Teec ct>paHUbIH roo ct>m111nn xaaH.Q 11nn3C3H 3aXl1,Qan ( 1305) , ra3aH xaaHaac VIII nan 60H11cp11u11.Q 11nn3C3H 3ax11,Qan(1302)33pr1111H611Y11nr3HbYH3X33p MaHal1 MOHron 611Yr1111H 3pTH1111 COHrO,QOr X3n63p !OM. 3H3XYY COHrO,QOr X3n63p Hb ,QaH 6y10y ,Qaaxap 3ypnaraTanraap 611Y11r,QC3H Tyyx1111H 6ap11MT ueeHry11 61111. M3r-H11n 300COH ,Q33pX11 MOHron 611Y33C Hb 6yx3nA33 3pTHl111 COHrD,QOr X3n63pT311 60nOBY 611Yn3rnnH xyB.D. 3ap11M HnraaTa11 6a11,Qar.

letter of II khan Ulziit sent to King Phillip ( 1305) and on the letter from Ghazni Khan to Pope Bonifatsio VIII ( 1302) represent the truly ancient form of Mongol classical script. There are many documents where this classical script is written with single and double layers of writing. Although the Mongolian writings on coins of Mongol Empire have the ancient form of classical script, there are some differences with regard to its orthography.

2.5 K>AHb YJJC

2.5 YOAN DYNAS1Y ZHI YUAN TONG BAO (Pags-pa script) Zhi-yuan 1264-1294

)1{11 IOAHb TOHr 6AO (.Oapean>KnH

6wrnr)

Emperor Shi Zu (Qubilai) 1260/12791294

}l{n-lOattbl

1264-1294 OH Xy611na11 (W11 3y) xaaH 1260/1279-1294

6n4nr)

YUAN ZHEN TONG BAO (Pags-pa script) Yuan-zhen

IOaHb )l{eH

1295-1296

1295-1296

Emperor Zheng Zong (Temur Oljeitu) 1295-1307

IOAHb )KEH TOHr 6AO (.Oapean>KnH

TeMep 9n31111T (>KeH >KoH) xaaH 12951307

.OA .03 TOHr 6AO (.OapB0.JUK11H 6n"lnr) IOaHb )l{eH

DA DE TONG BAO (Pags-pa script) Yuan-zhen

1295-1296

1295-1296

TeMep 9n31111T (>KeH >KoH) xaaH 12951307

Emperor Zheng Zong (Temur Oljeitu) 1295-1307

Jl.A IOAHb TOHr 6AO (.Oapean>KnH

DA YUAN TONG BAO. Emperor Wu Tsu. 10 wen

6n4nr)

KAISHAN QULUG

XA11CAH XYJlYf (By l.{y) xaaH

1308-1311

1308-1311

OH

114

H:trAYD:fP liYnJr

CHAPTER ONE

MOHrOJJblH 333HT rYPHl1t1 300COH MeHre 6A XAA!lblH 0Bfl111H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

3. 1U1Hrt1C XMHbl AJITAH 300C

3. THE GOLDEN COIN OF GENGHIS KHAN

Yt1Hrl'IC xaaHbl anTaH 300C (At1Hap)-Hbl ,yxa11 M3.Q33n111111H x3.Q x3.Q3H cypaan.>1K rapaap 6ap11ary11 6a11>fttrnanb1r .Qara>K TyyHnn H3p1111r 6nt.iC3H 6onoxooc yr 300c Xanncp Hacnprnn HMap Y xon6ooryn !OM. Xyp33r:np 6anraa 611q33c:

The Kalima , fundamental mantra of Islamic religion, was written in the first two lines of the inscription, and the name and title of the Calif Nasir of Baghdad were written in last two lines. Nasir was one of the most respected halifs of Islamic religion and therefore, Nazir's name was engraved on coins of Baghdad of that time , according to the tradition that inscriptions carried Nasir's name proclaiming his fame. However, this coin didn't have any relationship with Nasir. Marginal Legend:

(Quranic Surah IX-33)

(KopaH cyApblH lX-33 .[lyraap 6yno3c) 5. 5yxapT .[\311.Qyync3H «YnHr11c xaaH" anTaH .onHap

B. The golden dinar of Genghis Khan struck in Bukhara

z. 5001

Ll11Hr11c xaaH Ayraa 11x

Chingiz Khan Al a'dil Al a'zam

Chingis Khan The Great The Just

118

H:!IFAYD:!IP SYnn MOHroJJblH 333HT rYPH1111 300COH MeHre 6A XAAJlblH 0Br11l1H TAMrA

CNAPTIR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

6yxapT .Q3n.Qyync3H Lfnttrnc xaattbl anTaH 300C Hb fa3Ha.Q rapcaH 300CHOOC Ht1Jl33.Q 5111raaTa11 6a11Ha. 1. ra3Harn11H .QnHap A33p 11x xaaHbl H3p1111r 611'-f33C1111H cyyn'-lnl1H M9p9HA 611'-fC3H 6a11xa.Q 6yxaphlH 300CHbl 3XHnl1 M9p9HA 6n'-f}l{33. 2. fa3Harn11H .QnHap "Al Khagan" 6y10y xaa.QblH xaaH, ayraa 11x 333H xaaH r3C3H L.\OJlOOp 3X3Jl}I{ 6anraa 6011 6yxapb1H .Q11Hap A33p 3H3xyy xaa.QblH xaaH r3.Q3r yr 6a11.Qarry11 OHL.\IlOrTOl1. 3. 300CHbl Hyyp3H TaJl.Q YICJlaMblH wawHbI Maatt11 Ka1111Ma 6antta. ra3Har1111H 300COH A33p YYHl111 opott.Q Xanncp HacnpbIH H3p l...lOJlbir AYPACaH 6a11.Qar 6nn33. LfyxaM 51araa.Q Y11ttr11c xaatthl 3oocoH .Q33p Hac11pb1H H3p1111r Tasnx 601100 r3.Q3r acyynT yHw11r'-f.QaA Tep>K 60113owryn IOM. 11YIMA yytt1111r xaMr1111H 3Hrl111H33p Ta11116apna51. 6ar.Qa.QbIH Xanncp r3.Q3r Hb ncnaM wawnHTHYYAbIH H3r ecttbl HOMblH 6arw, 6ar.QaAblH Xan11cpaTbTH xaaH 6eree.Q .Qy11u.yyn6311 llanan naM, PoMblH nan nyraa 33p3r 311H.QaaHbl xyH 6ynr33. 3pTHl111 513ryyprnH rapnb1H A66acb1H ( a bbasides) yrcaaHbI T3p33p An Hacnp nn-ll11H Annax r3.Q3r L.\OJ1TOl1 6a110. T3p33p 1180-1222 OHbl xoopoH.Q Xan11cpb1H C3HTl111.Q 3a11ap'-I 6art}l{33. 3tt3 Hb Ynttrnc xaaHbl yeT311 .Qa8XL.\aHa. Xa1111cpb1H H3p L.\Oilblr 300COH MeHreH A33p 6n'-f.Q3r 6a11caH y11aM}l{J1a11aap Lf nHrnc xaaHbl anTaH .Qt1Hap A33p 3H3xyy Xa1111cp An Hac11pb1H H3pt1Ylr 611K TOOLl.QOr. 125

The golden coin of the Genghis Khan struck in Bukhara greatly differs from the one of Ghazni. 1. On the dinar made in Ghanzi the name of the Great Khan was engraved on the last l ine of the inscription, whereas it is engraved one the first line of the dinar made in Bukhara. 2. If the inscription of the dinar made in Ghanzi starts with "Al Khagan" or with the title "the Khan of Khans, the Great Lord", it is specific that on the inscription of dinar made in Bukhara there are no words "the Khan of Khans". 3. On obverse there is an inscription of Kalima, the Islamic mantra. Instead on coins made in Ghazni, there is an inscription of Kalif Nasir's name and title. The reader might ask so why there is a name of Nasir on the coin of Genghis Khan. Therefore, I will try to explain it in a simplest way. The Calif of Baghdad is a kind of a priest to Islamic religions, is a king to Baghdad Califat, and according to his rank and title he is equivalent to Dalai Lama and the Roman Pope . Having the ancient Abbasides ancestry, he was titled as Al Nasir Li Din Allah. He reigned on the throne of Kalif from 1180 to 1222, which coincides with reigning of Genghis Khan . According to tradition that the name and title of the Calif used to be engraved on the coins, the name of Calif Al Nasir was also engraved on the golden dinar of Genghis Khan. In simple words, the full inscription of the coin means "The Khan of Khans, the Great Khan is Genghis Khan during period of Calif Al Nasir Li-Din Allah". After Al Nasir, his son Zahir reigned as a Calif, however he died very soon after whom Al Mustanshir had become a Calif 124 which coincides with reigning of Ugedei (623640AH/1226-1242AD). During that period, silver coins had inscription proclaiming AlMustanshir and the reverse of the coin carried an inscription "Under the power of God and Heaven". The coin is considered as a coin of Ugedei. 125

124 12s

124

Paw11A AA )J11H. C yApb1H y yyn r aH. II A3BT3p , x. 26, 45

N. g

125

119

Rashi ad Din. Second Book , p. 26, 45

N. 9

CNAPDR ONI

NJrAYDJP &YnJr MO HrQJl blH 333HT rYPH tlt! 300COH M0Hf0 6A XAA.llblH 0Brt1l1H TAMfA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KH A NS

An MycTaHwnpaa c xo11wxn M3r-Hn11 300COH A33p xanncpyyAbIH H3pHnl1 opOHA Ko paH cyApblH KannMar 6nY,Q3r 6oncoH . DyrH3>K y33xyn , ra3HaA xn11C3H LfnHrnc xaaHbI 300c 1221 OHbl yeA rapcaH 6on 6yxapT Xt1YIC3H 300C Hb TYYH33C XOl1W, 9r3,Q311 , rylOr, Mettx xaaAblH yeA rapcaH 6a11x MaraA11a11Ta11 Hb xapar,Qa}f{ 6a11Ha. Ynttrnc xaaHbt ayraa H3p a11Apb1r MeHx>Kyyn>K , TyyH1111 cyy 6n113r, an.o.ap raBbSlaT Tyyxn11r eryyn>K 6y11 800 >K11n1111H eMHe rapcaH 3H3xyy anTaH 300Cbir MoHronbrH Tyyx3HA aHx y.o.aa 11x xaaHbl enr111:1 HyTarT Hb aa4np4, M0Hro11 TYM3HA33 Tonnnyyn>K 6a11raa.o.aa Mt1Hn11 6ne 6a51pTa11 6a11Ha. 3H3 300c MaHa11 y11cb1H Tyyx3HA Yyxnaap YH3Jl3rA3X eCT011 XOBOp HaHA11H 6ap11MT 6onox~H y4np MaHaYI 3pA3MT3H M3pr3A OH~ro11noH aHxaapY M0Hro11 y11cb1H TYYXH33 3oxnx 6a11pb1r Hb 33nyyn3H Taa11x 6yf'.baa X3M33H ryH33 11Tr3}f{ 6a11Ha.

After Al -Mustashir, the Kalima of the Koran sutra were engraved on the coins of Mongol Empire instead of names of Caliphs. In c onclusion , if the gold e n c oin of Genghis Khan was made in Ghazni in around 1221 , it c an be possible that coins made in Bukhara were issued later during the reigning of Ugedei Khagan , Guyuk Khagan and Munghe khagan. I am glad to present this golden coin, which immortalizes the fame of Genghis Khan and states about his ingenious mind and the history of his merits, for the first time in Mongolian history by returning it to the homeland of the Great Khan and to the people of Mongolia. As this coin should be valued as an important, rare and exclusive sample in Mongolian history, I strongly hope our scientists will take into account this fact and place it in a proper location of Mongolian history.

H3rAYD3 P &Yn3r MOHrDJlblH 333HT rYPH1111 300COH MeHre 6A XAAllblH OBrl111H TAMrA

CNAnl R OHi THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

4 . " 11X OP.UO.Il ,Q.3JJ.UYYJJC3H" 300C

4 . THE COINS " STROCK IN OREAT HORDE"

X11>Kpl1t1H 662 OH 6yt0y 1264 OHJJ. UaraaJJ,anH yncbrH Krm ( OJJ.oornnH X51TaJJ.brH WnH>KaaH MY>K) xoTOJJ. H3r3H coHnpxonToft 300c rapcaH 6anJJ,ar.

In 622 of Hijri or in 1264 a very interesting coin was issued in the city of Kucha of Chaghatayids (a city located in current Xinjiang province of China).

Zarb

Z arb

AI-O rdu

AI -O rdu

Al-'a'za m

Al -' a 'zam In Great Horde w as Struck

3HJJ.33C "11x OpJJ.OJJ. JJ.3J1JJ.YYJ13B" r3C3H Hb 4yxaM 51Map yTraTan 6onoxb1r TOJJ.pyynax Hb 300C cyJJ,J1aJ1b!H XYBbJJ. 4yxaJ1 acyyJJ.an tOM. MoHroJ14YYJJ. 11x xaaHbl OpJJ.OH, epreer 11x Op.o r3H3. MoHro,ObJH 333HT rypH1111 HyTar acap epreH 6ereeJJ. yyJJ.aM, xaaH, xaH, xaTa,u, HOeJJ.b!H TOO TOt1Mry11 OJlOH, xaaH xapu X3H 6onoB4 HYY.03J1411H ynaM>Knanrnn, XIII-XIV 3YYHbl yeJJ. xaaJJ. HOeH 3YH eannnH opA, epree onoHTon, 6ac a51H JJ.al1Hbr 51BUaA xaaHbl opJJ. 6yycaH ra3pbir 6ac opJJ. X3M33H H3pn3>K 6ans. l111Ma xaaHbl opa yyxaM xaaHa, x3a 6a11cHbir Torroox aMapry11. A1naH opA, Xex OPJJ., wap opJJ., HorooH op.o, ean11nH OPJJ., 3YHbl OPJJ. r33JJ. 6yrJJ. n opa. 3pTHl1n cypaan>K 6n4ryyJJ.3JJ., Tyyx1111H HOM 3oxnonyyAaJJ. xaaH~ epree opJJ.Hbl Tyxa11 nx 3y11n 6n11. r3B4 11x OpJJ. r3>K t0y 6onox, T3p Hb xaaHa xaaHa 6a11caH, 51Map TYYXT311 B3 r3JJ.rni1r cyfJ.Jlax 30pnnro HaJJ.aJJ. 6a11xry11 Tyn LJ,aawnJJ. JJ.3nr3p3Hryi1 6114C3Hryn opx11noo. XapnH MoHrOJlblH xaaHbl 300COH A33p "11x OpJJ.OJJ. JJ.3l1JJ.VVI13B" r3>K 6114nx 6oncHbr y Y p bl r OJ10 X H b 3 0 p 11 J1 r O 10 M . Y y H l111 r M11H1111 eep1111H 6onoH 6ycaJJ. uyrnyynar4.Qb1H Uyrnyynra,Q 6a11raa 300C, HOM X3BJ13J1, 11HTepHeT33C OJl>K xapcaH 300CHYY.O ,[l33p TynryypnaH >Karcaa>1< cy.Qnaxbrr opon.Q1100.

121

Hereto, it is an important question for numismatics to clarify what does the inscription "In Great Horde was Struck" mean. The Mongols used to call the palace and residence of Great Khan as the Great Horde. The Mongol Empire covered vast territory, the number of khans, queens and aristocrats were countless, khans as well as their servants were nomads, and during the XIII-XIV century khans had many summer as well as winter palaces and residences . During the wartime the place where the khan settled was also called horde. Therefore, it is almost impossible to find out where the hordes were located and how many there were. The Golden Horde, blue horde, yellow horde , green horde winter horde, summer horde are all hordes. There are many things that can be found with respect to khan's residency and palaces from ancient source materials and from historical books . Since my purpose is not to study about what the hordes were, where they were located, what kind of history they had, 1 will stop here without writing more details. However, my purpose is to find out why it was engraved "In Great Horde was Struck" on the coin of Mongol Khan. Therefore, I tried to list and study inscriptions based on my own collection and collections of other numismatists, books and internet sites.

HJrAYDJP 1nn,r

CHAPTER ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN"S TAMGHA OF KHANS

MOHronblH ::13:)ltT rYPHl111 300COH MeHre 6A XAI\JlblH OBr!1iiH TAMrA

1.

1.

Zarb Al-ordu Al-azam

Zarb Al -ordu Al-azam

11x Op.QOA

In Great Horde was Struck

.Q3n.Qyyn3B

3H3 300c 1261- 1266 oHyy.QaA Uaraa.a.a11H yncb1H 333H 6a11caH Anyr xaaHbl ye.Q rapY33. Hyyp3H Tan.a. 6ytt HY.QT311 0Hrt1H TaMrb1r Anyr xaaHbl TaMra 6a11>K Mara.Q r3>K TaaMarna.o.ar 6eree.n Ll11Hr11c xaaHbl HapaH TaMraHaac yycr3M3n IOM. TaMraHbr .o.oo.o. Tan.a. Annax r3>f< 611'-133,Q 3pr3H T011pOH.Q Hb Man11K 6yt0y xaaH, 333H r3C3H yr1111r .Q9pB9H y.o.aa 611Y>K33. 3oocHbl ap Tan.a. "11x Op.o.o.o. .Q3n.o.yyn3s" r3>K apa6aap 611YC3H 6av1Ha. YyH11tt 3pr3H T011pOHA "Kucha. 622" r3C3H 6a11raa Hb 11X Yyxan M3,Q33n3n IOM. 3H3 XOep 6t1Y33Cl1nr H3rTr3H yHwsan "622 OH.Q XaaHbr Op.a. KyYa.Q 6yy>K 6a11xa.o. ,Q3n.Qyyn3B" f3C3H yTraTal'I 60J1HO.

This coin was issued during the reign of Alugh Khan of Chaghatayids in 1261-1266 . The "nudtei ongin" tamgha on obverse is presumed that it could be a tamgha of Alugh Khan, which was originated from the "naran" tamgha of Genghis Khan. On the base of the tamgha it is engraved Allah, which is surrounded by the writing Malik meaning khan or lord and engraved four times. On reverse it is engraved "In Great Horde was Struck" in Arabic script, surrounded with an inscription "Kucha. 622", which contains an important information. If weintegrate these to writings, it means "Struck in 622 when Khan's Horde settled in Kucha".

2.

2. Muhammed ibn Timur Zarb Ordu Bazar

Muhammed ibn Timur Zarb ordu Bazar

Op.a. 5a3aapT A3n.o.yyn3B MyxaMMa.Q TeMep xaH

Struck at Horde Bazar

3.

3.

Zarb Ordu Mu azzam Abd A llah

Zarb Ordu Mu azzam Abd Allah Struck at Esteemed Horde

3pX3M .Q33.Q Op.o.o.o. .Q3J1.Qyyn3B A6.o. Annax xaH "Ordu Mu azzam" 611y33c Hb YTfblH xyBbA "Ordu a l - azzam" 300CHbl 611Y33C33C OHL\ 51nrapaxry11 6onOBY YTfb!H 6ara 33pr1111H 51J1raa 61111. 3H3 Hb yr xaaHbl op.Qblf xyH.Q3Tr3H erceH Yl1M3r 6eree.a. xap11H esen 3YHbr r3x M3T 51nraaHbl y411p 1111Hxyy eep Yl1M3r erceH 6a11>K 6onHo.

Although the writings "Ordu Mu Azzam" and "Ordu al-azzam " do not differentiate in meaning , there is a slight discrepancy. It is an epithet given for the admiration to the khan 's horde and it might be that the epithets were added to differ the winter or summer hordes .

122

H3rAYr33P &Yn3r MOHfOJlblH 333HT rYPH11ti 300COH M0Hre 6A XAA,O.blH 0Bfl1t1H TAMfA

CHAPRR ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

4.

4. Ordu al-jadida

Ordu al-jadida Esteemed Sultan Tumur Khutlug

3px3M .Q33A CynTaH TeMep Xyrnyr WnH3 OpA

3H3 Hb " WnH3 op.Q" r3C3H yr 6onox 6ereeA xaaHbl opA xaa H3rr33 wnH33p 6yyx ye1111r x3JTC3H 6an}f{ 6on3owry11 !OM. il33pX33C ra.QHa 3yr33p "Ord u " r3C3H yrr311 300C 6ac 6n11. 3H3 SlMap H3r3H OH~JTOr yTrary11n3p, 3Hrl111H33p "Op.QOA" A3JTAYYJI3B r3C3H YTrarn11 6onHO. Yl11M 300C Hl1J133A 3J163r TOXl10fl.QOHO.

This writing means " New Horde " and could be related to new settlement of khan 's horde somewhere. Besides above coins, there are several coins with an inscription "Ordu". Without any specific meaning, it simply implies that was struck "In Horde". These coins can be seen quite often.

5.

5.

Sultan Adi Ghyas Khan

Sultan Adi Ghyas Khan

3pX3M .Q33A rnSlC xaH (Ghyas ad Din Muhhamed) Op.QOA .Q3n.Qyyn3B 722

3H3 300CHbl Xl111~ Hb Kpb1Ml'1t1H xn111..( 6onox Hb nn3px1111 6a11raaraac Y3B3Jl KpbLMblH xaa H3rT33 xaaHbJ op.Q 6yy}f{ 6a11x ye.Q A3JTAYYJTC3H 60J10J1T011.

6.

From the design of the coin it can be clearly seen that the coin could have been made in Qrim , probably it was struck when khan's horde settled somewhere in Qrim .

6.

3H3 300C Hb .Q33p y 3yynC3H 6yca,Q 300CHOOC Slnrar.Qax OH~norro11 !OM. Hyyp3H Tan,o;: Allah r3.Q3r yrn11r TOMOOp 6nYn}f{ Tes AYHA Hb TaMra cn11J1}f{33. 3H3 TaMra ry10r xaaHbl TaMra 6onHo. Ap Tan.Q: Ordu - Al -'a' zam 6yt0y Ylx op.Q. 3oocHbJ ap, esep xoep Tanb1H anb annHbt ,o;oo.Q x3c3rr MOHron ycr33p " OpA" r3}f{ 6n'-l>K33.

This coin is different than coins displayed earlier. On obverse : The word Allah is inscribed with capital letters and the tamgha is carved in the middle of the coin. This is a coin of Guyuk Khagan. On reverse: It is inscribed Ordu-Al- 'a'zam or Great Horde. On both sides of the coin on the base there is a word inscribed in Mongol script. By comparing the writing with several writings of other coins, it can be recognized that the word "Horde" is inscribed in Mongol script.

123

MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPHl1i'l 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAJlblH 0Brl1t1H TAMrA

CHAPTER ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

3oocoH A33p 51Map H3DH OH uar 3aaraa ry11 6onos4 yr 300c UaraaAal1H x1111UT311 , Matt ryior xaattbI TaMra 6a11raa 33pr33C ytt)l3CJ13H yyH1111r ryior xaaHbI yeA Uaraa)la11H ynca.o: )l3Jl.JlYYI1C3H 60J10Xbir TOrTOO>K33.

Although the coin doesn't contain any date, based on the design of Chaghatayids and tamgha of Guyuk Khagan , the coin is identified as the one struck in Chaghatayids during the Guyuk Khagan 's reign .

5. .QA YAO TOH SAO 300C

5. DA CHAO TONO BAO COIN

NJrAYDJP li\YnJr

1257-1271 OHbI xoopOHA rapcaH ,[la Yao

The Da Chao Tong Bao coin issued in

Tott 6ao (Da Chao Tong Bao) 300c 11x TYYXT311 CO)lOH 300CHbl H3r IOM. Mottro11b1H 11x xaatt Mettx 1259 OHA eMH0A CyH yncbir 33Jl3X33p .Qa11Ta>K srnaa)l 6yuax 3aM.Qaa T3Hr3pT xa11bcattb1 ,llapaa 126 Xy61111a11 11x xaaH cyys. Xy6t-1J1a11 yncbIH tt1111cn3111111r aa>KMaap W11Jl>KYVI13H ·ttyynr3C33p 1271 OH)l "11x MoHron ync" -blH H3p1111r " 11x IOatt Y11c" 6011roH eep41111eB 127 • 1261-1271 OH xypT113x 3H3XYY 11 >K11111111H )lOTop Xy61111a11 X51TaAblH ttyTarT Ka11n11tt 128 (WattbAY-A33A tt1111cn311) , 5lHb->Kl1H (633>K11H)-A Ht1t1CJ13J1J13H cyy>K Xap XopyMb1r 6yp M9C9H opx11COH 129TyJ1 Xy61111a11H ync Tep, 3)ll111H 3acr1111H 60AJ10rblH T9B Hb X3p3r )l33p33 X51Ta.QaA w1111>KC3H 6a1111aa. ,[lypb.QCaH 11 }f{11Jll111H )lOTOp Xy61111a11 ,[lao Yao Tott 6ao 300Cbir X5!Ta.QaA rapra}f{ ry1111r33HA X3p3r113>K 6a11caH 60JlOJlTOYI.

1257-1271 has a rich history and is one of specific coins. On the way back after his conquests to Southern Sun state in 1259, the Great Munghe Khagan passed away 126 , after whom the Khubilai khagan took over th e reign. Khubilai Khagan, by gradually moving the capital city, has renamed the "Great Mongol Empire" into "Great Yuan Dynasty" in 1271. 127 Within these 11 years from 1261 to 1271 , since Khubilai Khagan operated its capital in Kai pin 128 on the territory of China (Xiandu the upper c apital) and in Yang-jin ( current Beijing) , and he completely abandoned Kara Khorum 129, thus the center of his political and economic policy, in reality, has shifted to China. Within these 11 years Khubilai Khagan had issued Dao Chao Tong Bao coin and used them in circulation.

The Chin ese writing on 3tt3 3oocoH .Q33px11 " Da this coin is translated as Chao Tong Bao" nc3H X51Ta.Q the " Great Dynasty Circu611433Cl1Ylr )l3J1Xl111H 60J10H lating Treasure " in cataloX51Ta)l~H ttyM113MaT11K1111tt gues as well as in books of KaTanor, HOM X3BJ1311YVA3.Jl the world and Chines e " Great Dynasty Circulating numismatics. Some of our Treasure" r3>K op'-lyyncatt From private collection or ~.Puntsag scientists translated it into 6a11)lr1111r Mattan 3 ap11M Mongolian as " lkh toriin cy.Q11aaYt1A "11x Tep1111H guilgeenii erdene" 130 • In 2000 the Dutch ry1111r33Ht111 3p.Q3tt3" X3M33H xepsyync3H scientist Dr.T.D .Yih 131 came up with another 6a11tta. 130 Llao Yao Tott 6ao 300CHbl 611433c11nr English version of translation of the writing attrn11 X3J1H33 eep Ma51raap opYyyn>K 6onox on Dao Chao Tong Bao co in. He xys11116apbir 2000 OH.O: H11Aepnatt.QblH cyAnaaY 131 propounded that the word " Da Chao" can A-P T.D.Yih rapracatt 6a11.Qar. T3p33p " Da be interpreted as " Great Court". The English Chao" r3.Q3r Yr1111r "Great Court" n>K op4yy11}f{ 126 M0Hro11 y11cb1H -ryyx. ll3A 60Tb, x. 182 127 MoHron y11cb1 H Tyyx. ll3A 60Tb, x. 197 128 Y.lla11a11. M0Hro11b1H Tyyx. 12260-1388. fyTraap A3Bnp. Y6, 1993, x.40 129 MeH T3HA, x. 4 I iJO Y.3Hx6aT, 6 .HHMaa, U.6aTca11xaH. '·M0Hro11 Yncb1H 300c, M0Hr0H T3MA3rr", Y6, 2002, x. 131 www.zeno.ru/china/dazhao-silver

126 History of Mongolia, Second Book. p. 182 127 History of Mongolia. Second Book . p. 197 128 Dalai Ch. History of Mongol ( 1260 - 1388) Volume Ill. Ulaanbaatar.1933 129 same page, p. 4 I uo Enkhbat Ch, Batsaik han Ts, Nyamaa B. "The Mongolian coins and banknotes" , UB, 2002, 13 1 www.zeno.ru/ china/dazhao-silver

124

CHAPna ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

H)fAYrHP liYn:tr MOHroJlblH 333HT rYPHt111 300COH M0 Hre 6A XAA,[lblH 0 Brt111H TAMrA

6onHo. Attr1111 X3J1Hl111 "court" r3.Q3r yr Hb "333H xaaHbl op.QOH" r3C3H yTrb1r aryynax Tyn "Da Chao" r3)J.3r Hb " 11x Op.Q" r3C3H YTraTa116a11Ha. T3rB3n 3H3 Hb W11H>KaaHaac onACOH Uaraa.QartH yncb1H apa6 611Y33CT311 300CHYYA .Q33pXl1 Al-Ordu al- 'a'zam (apa6, MOHronY11n 6on " 11x OpA" ) r3.Q3r apa6 yrr311 yTra H3r, np 611Y33Cl111H X51Ta.Q xym1J16ap 6a11>K 6onox t0M" r3>K .QyrH3>K33. AHrn11 X3J1Ht111 Ta11n6ap TOJlb cexe>K xapBan " court" r3.Q3r aHrn11 yr1111r "residence of a sovereign; his familiy and officials" 132 r3>K rn11n6apnacaH 6a11Ha . YyH33C y3B3J1 "court" r 3.Q 3r Hb xaaHbl op.QOH, TyyHn11 np 6yn , an6aTYYAblr X3J13X IOM. il.AnTaHr3p3111111H TOJlb 6t1Yr33C y3s3n 133 " court" r3.Q3r yr "xaaHbl op.QoH" r3.Q3r yTrb1r 6ac aryyn.Qar a>K. XHTaA x3J1Ht111 "yao" r3.Q3r yr1111r Me H " xaaHbl op.Q, op.QoH" n>K opyyyn>K 6onox~r XHTaA x3nH1111 Ta11n6ap TOJlb.Q T3M,Q3rJ1 3>tK 6onox Hb TO.Qopxo11 6a11Ha .. IOaH yn c 6a11ryynar.Qaxaac eMHe , Xy611na11 xaaHbl op.QoH 11x MoHron YncbJH H1111cn311 r 3rA3>K 6a11c aH Ka11n11HA 6ancHbir 6o.QOJ1UB0J1 "ila Liao " 300Cbir Ka11nt1HA rapracaH 6a11x Mara.QnanTa11. l111MA "ila Liao" 300c Hb MoHronblH nx xaaHbl op.Q Ka11nt1HA 6yy>t< 6a11x yeA rapcaH r3>K y3yywT311 caHar.Qa>t< 6a11Ha. 3oocoH .Q 33 px11 xaaHbl TaMraTa11 xon6orAyynaH cy.QnaxaA 3H3xyy "lla Liao" 300COHA ee p H3r 3H ra11xaMwnrra11 Tan 61111. 3H3 Hb yr 3oocoH .Q33p MoHronblH 11x xaa.QblH 0Brt111H TaMra 6at1,Qar HB,QaJl IOM. 611 .ila l..fao 300CHbl onoH 3ypar xapbuyynaH 1111M 3y1111 a>trnrnacHaa .Qop c1111pyynbe .

word "Court" has a meaning "residence of a sovereign" , and hence "Da Chao" means " Great Horde". Therefore, it can be concluded that the writing could have the same meaning with the Arabic word and could be the Chinese version of the Arabic inscription "Al-Ordu al- 'a'zam " (in Arabic, means "Great Hordu" in English) on coins of Chaghatayids found in Xinjiang. The word " c ourt' in English Dictionary is defined as "the residence of a sovereign; his family and officials " . 132 Therefore , the word " court" means the residence of a khan, his family and officials. According to D.Altangerel ' s EnglishMongolian Dictionary 133 , the word "court" is also interpreted as " sovereigns residence". In the Chinese Dictionary the Chinese word " chao" character can be interpreted as "residence or palace of a sovereign ". 134 According to this interpretation the writing "Da Chao Tong Bao" could clearly mean "Great Horde Circulating Treasure" . Before the establishment of Yuan Dynasty, if we take into consideration that the residence of Khubilai Khagan was in Kaipin of so called capital of Great Mongol Empire, it could be possible that "Da Chao" coin was issued in Kaipin. Thus , the " Da Chao" c oin should be considered as the coin issued during the settlement of Great Horde of Mongols in Kaipin . With respect to the research c oncerning khan's tamgha on this coin, there is an extraordinary detail on " Da Chao" c oin. There is a clan tamgha of Great Khans of Mongols on this coin. After comparing many photographs of "Da Chao " coin , I observed the following details:

1. On reverse there is a counter clockwise rotating " degree " tamgha of Ugedei Khagan .

1 . 3ooCHbt

ap Tan.Q 9 r 3.Q311 xaaHbt 6ypyy 3 p r3J1TT311 A3rp33 TaMra 6a11Ha.

z Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Vol I , Oxford , 1982, p. 197

tJ 2

m Il.Anra Hr3p3n. Attrm1 -M0Hron X3J1 H1111 TOJlb 134

'i ' l ,',r.J.1/i '(A I i1'1~t 11:1:/i!I.II 199511 1064 ii
+< 6a11CHbJr 60Aoxy11 Xy6n11a11 l111ttxyy 9r3A311, ryJOr, Mettx xaa,ll.blH OBrl111H TaMrblr 300COH .[l33p33 TaBbCaH Hb "Mettxn11tt .oapaaxb l1X xaatt 6011 Apnr6ex 6yc, xapnH Xy6nna11 6n Mett" r3C3H cattaa aryyncatt 601100 yy r.3nT311. Tt111M '-I y'-lpaac Xy6nna11tt ye.o rapcatt .Ua l.1ao 3oocott .0..33p Apnr60xn11H osrt111H rnMra 6a11.oarry11

6ononT011.

Considering that there was a violent rivalry for the throne between Ariq Buga and Khubilai Khagan , the reason why Khubilai Khagan has depicted the clan tamgha of Ugedei Khagan, Guyuk Khagan and Munghe Khagan on his coin could imply the message that "the Great Khan after Munghe Khagan is not Ariq Buga, but myself the Khubilai ". Therefore, there are no tamgha's of Ariq Buga's clan on Da Chao coins during the period of Khubilai Khagan 's reign.

126

H)rAYD)P li Yll)r

CHAPTIR ONI

MOHfOflblH 333HT rYPHt111 300COH MeHre 6A XAA,QblH 0Brt1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TA/1\GHA OF KHANS

Xap11H '-hrnr11c xaaHbl HapaH TaMrb1r opx11r.Qyynax yy11pry11 6a11Maap caHar.QaHa. YyHA xoep Tan 6an}f{ 6ontto. 1. HapaH TaMraTa11 300c o.Qooroop on.Qoorytt 6att}f{ 6onHo. 2. YTra y•-r np Hb canH Torroor.Qoory11 6anraa Da Yao 300c X3A x3,o; 6a11raa 6eree,o; 3.QD3p 300CHYYAblH y411p Ta11nar,Qaxaac ttaaw 3H3 Tyxa11 acyy.Qan TOAopxo11ry11 6a11caap 6a11x 60JJHO. >Knw33n63n, .Ua Yao 300C HYYA .QOTop:

The Genghis Khan's "naran" (sun) tamgha, in my opinion, can not be left without mentioning and there are two reasons for it. 1. The coin with "naran" tamgha could be that it is not found at the present. 2. There are a few Da Chao coins, which meaning and substance is not being explained, thus until the mystery will be untwined, this issue wil l sti ll be obscure. For example, among Da Chao coins there are different samples of coins, which have a: Plain reverse

ap rn11 Hb uy11ry11

y11 M3.Q3r.Q3X yc3r, TaMraTa11

Unknown tamgha or word

.Q33px11 xyann6apyyA 6ac 6a11raa 6eree.Q uaaw11.Q eep 0Hu11orT011 300c 11n3p4 rapY 6on3owry11 . l111M.Q 3H3 6011 cy.QnaaYaa xy1133}f{ 6a11raa acyy.Qan JOM. ".Ua Yao ToH 6ao " 300c Hb X51Ta,o;a.Q rapcaH Mottro11 xaa.QbIH 30ocoH A33p osor oar1111H TaMra TaBbCaH uopblH raHU TOXl10Jl,D;OJ1 6eree.Q Xy611nan xaaHaac xo11wx11 TyyHnn YAMblH xaa.QblH 6yx 300c osrnnH TaMraryn, xap11H .QepseJ1}f{l1H 6a X51Ta.Q yc3rT311 rapY 6aikaH 611J133. M31-H1111 xaa.QbtH 300CHbI TaMraHbl Tyxa11 acyy.Qa11 yyr33p Ayycaxry11 JOM. M3.Q3311n1111H epreH 60110M}f{ 6yp,o;c3H eHee yeA A3JlXl111H 3pTH1111 300c cy.QJ1a11, Tyytt1111 ,o;0Top MoHroJlblH 3pTHl111 300CHbl cy,Q11a11 Wl1H3 TYBW11HA rapax 6onoM}f{ 6yp.Q3}f{ 6a11Ha. l111M.Q Mottron xaa,o;b1H 300CHbl TaMraHb[ Tyxa11 Wl1H3 W11H3 M3,Q33 6aprtMT uaawn.Q nn3p4 rapax 6a11x r3}f{ ttan.Qa}f{ 6a11Ha.

blank reverse field , unidentified lettering and tamghas as well as those with different details that can appear later on. Therefore , these coins are waiting for scientists to be studied. The "Da Chao Tong Bao" coin is the only coin issued in China and where several clan tamghas are depicted. After the Khubilai Khagan , the coins of his following generations didn't ca rry the clan's tamgha, however had an inscription in Mongol square script and Chinese characters. The issue of coins and tamghas of khans of Mongol Empire does not end here. Thanks to the availability of information in present days, the ancient numismatics of the world including the ancient numismatics of Mongolia can be brought to a new stage of development. Hence, I hope that new information and facts concerning the coins and tamghas of Mongol Khans will appear in the future.

127

MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPH1111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAllblH 0Br1111H TAMrA

CHAPTIIR ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

6. XAP XOPYMhIH 300C

6. THE COIN OF KARA KHORUM

611 3HA 6ynrn11r 3yr33p H3r 1111Hxyy H3pn3C3Hryn. Epeec apxeonor1111H cyAnanA 3pTHl111 300Cblr ManTnara 6onOH TOXl10J1An00p OJlACOH ra3pblHX Hb H3p33p TOl1Mn0H H3pn3>K 3aHW>fK wnHmn3x yxaaHbl cyAanraaHA opyyncaH 6a11Aar. YyHT311 yH.11AaH Xap XopyMblH nm H3pn3r,[13X 300c 61111 10y r3A3r acyynT rap'-f 6onHo. T3ra3n Tn11M 300c 6a11raa y'-fpaac 3H3 6ynr1111r 1111Hxyy H3pn3C3H X3p3r !OM. M3r-H.D. 6arra>K 6a11catt 6yx ync opoH, ra3ap Hyrnrr 300C rapram 6a11caH TYYXT311. AnTaH OpA, UaraaAan, 8nA311H Ync, 11nxaa,D,bIH Ync, IOatt YncaA MoHronbIH xaa,o.yy.D. 11x X3M>fK 6a11>K. 333HT ync 6yTapcattaac xo11w Lf TeMepnntt xaaHT Ync, 3yyHrapbIH xaaHT yncaA, T3p Lf 6a11Tyra11 MoHrOnbIH 333HT ryp3HA .r:1araap opcoH >K11.>K11r xaH1111ryy,1J,a,1J, 6ac 300c ,D,3n,D,yyn>K 6a11a. XapnH 3H3xyy acap TOM rypH1111 333.D. 6oncoH MottronbtH 11x xaa,D,blH H1111cn3n, T3,1J,H1111 op.o. epreeree 6yynra>K, 11x Tep1111r 3axnpax 60.0.noroo 6onoacpyynatt Hayynm 6a11caH ra3ap 6onox Xap XopyM (Khara Khorum) XOTO.D. 11x xaaAyy.o. 300c ,D,3nAyyn>K 6ana yy r3A3r Hb cy,D,naa'-1,D,blH cott11pxon TaTax cyAnyywTan acyy.o.an JOM. Xap XopyM xoT MottronbIH 333HT ryptt1111 Hl111Cn3Jl, ync Tep, 3,IJ,1111H 3acrn11H TOMOOXOH Tl1B, ynn,o.a3p, xy,o.an,D,aa ap11n>Kaattb1 yyxan TYW111...l ra3ap 6a11CHblr raAaa.o., ,[IOTOOAblH onOH 3pA3MT3A, TyyxY11,o., apxeonor'-ln,[I H3r3HT cyAnaH TOITOO>fK, MoHronbIH Tee HyTar, T3p TycMaa Xap XopyM xernrneep xoupor.QcoH, 33ry?t xoocoH waxyy 6a11caH r3.Qr33p Tatrn6apnaxbJr opon.a,a.or. Xap XopyM 33ry11 xoocoH waxyy HyTar 6om+< xyenpcaH Hb YH3Hnn XYBbTa11 60J10B'-I T3p33p H3f3H ye 11x rypttn11 Hnl1CJ13Jl 6on>K, TYM Ty>KnrH3>K 6yM 6y>tK, MaH.QaH 6a.Qapl.{ 6a11caH ranxaMwnrr TYYXT3n ra3ap n.Qrn11r MapTa>K 6onoxry11 tOM. 11x Tyyx ttyyuaa .Q3Jlr3X r3>K smp.Qarry11 Tyn MaHa11 TYYXl.{11.Q Xap XopyMblH Tyxan 6yr,01111r cy.Qam+< M3.03>K xapaaxaH '-la,0aary11 6a11raar 3px 6nw cattyywTa11. Xap XopyMT011 xon600To11, Xap XopyMblH nr,n3>K 6y11 3oocHbt rnnaap .o;op ,03nnp3Hry11 rn11n6apna51.

the south {to Yuan Dynasty) and west (to Central Asia and Europe), whereas the center of Mongol Empire including the Kara Khorum was underdeveloped and almost empty. Even though it is partly true that Kara Khorum had become an empty space, we should not forget that the city had a great history and at certain period of time it was a capital of an Empire, where masses, hundreds and thousands of people, lived and flourished. The great history is never in a hurry to disclose its secrets, and thus we should remember that our historians did not fully study all about Kara Khorum. The following is an explanation to coins related to Kara Khorum and which are considered as the coins of Kara Khorum.

OpxOHbl X9H,Qnn. Xap XopyM

Valley of Orkhon River. Kara Khorum

129

HJrAYDJP •YnJr

CHAPTIR ONI

MOHr"OJlblH 333HT rYPHni'i 300COH MeHre 6A XAAl]blH oerni'iH TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

300C N1 "KHCEJIEBblH 300C"

THE COIN N0. 1 "THE KISELYOV'S COIN"

1948- 1949 OHA 3eBJ19J1Tl1nH 3pA3MT3H C.B.K11ceneBblH YA11PACaH 3eBnenT-MOHrOJibIH apxeonor1111H xaMTapcaH 3KcneA11u1111H 1~ xnnc3H Xap XopyMblH TyypnnH ManTnaraap yr xoTblH 6or11HOXOH aTnaa ra11xaMw11rTa11 Tyyx1111H Tanaap wnH>+K 6apwry11 H33JIT x1111}f{33. 13 6

The Russian-Mongolian joint expedition 135 led by Russian scientist S.V.Kiselyov has discovered valuable scientific discoveries concerning the short, but extraordinary history of Kara Khorum, while excavating its remains. 136

3H3 MaJITnarblH ye3p X51TaAbIH Tatt, CyH ynCblH r0JIAYY 230 w11px3r 300C OJIACOHbl AOTOP M3r-HA xaMaapanrn11 A9pB9H w11px3r 300c rapcaH 6a11Ha. 137 OnACOH .nepBeH 300CHbI xoep Hb IOatt YnCblH >Kn na ToH 6ao {Zhi Da Tong Bao), na IOaH ToH 6ao (Da Yuan Tong Bao) 300c 6a11cHwr 3KcneA11U11A oponuor411A 39B TOITOOH T3MA3rJI3>tKry11" r3,IJ,3r AyrH3J1Tn11r MeH rapracaH 6a11Ha. 139

During excavations 230 pieces of coins, mainly of Tan and Sun States of China , were found, of which four pieces of coins were related to Mongol Empire. 137 Two of four coins rightfully identified by researchers of expedition were Zhi Da Tong Bao and Da Yuan Tong Bao coins. The remaining two coins were found from the sixth and eleventh layers of excavations and it was concluded that "a lthough the findings relate to Mongol coins 138 of XIII-XIV century, due to decayed and deteriorated state of coins it was not possible to definitely identify when the coins were made and whose coins are they" .1 39

YyH33C xo11w eHrepceH 60 waxaM >KnnnnH xyrauaaHA 3H3 xoep 300CHbl 611"l33c1111r Tal1JlaX opOilAJIOro Xl111fA33ry11 60110J1TOl1.

For about last 60 years since the conclusion was made, no attempts were tried to read the writings of two coins.

3H3XYY xoep 300CHbl cpOTO 3ypr1111r C.B.K1-1ceneBb1H HOMHbl 14-p Ta61111uaA N'7, N6 r3>+< T3MA3rJI3H V3VYJI}f{33.

The following is the photograph of two coins from S.V.Kiselyov's book recorded under No. 7 and No.8 in the Table 14.

HoMblH A33pxn 3ypraac xapaxaA xoep 300C 11X3A MYYJJ.CaH 6a11.nanTal1H A33p 3yprn11H x3M}f{33 >Kn>K11r, "laHap Te,1J,111111eH ca11Hry11r33c HVJJ.33p xapaaA 300COH A33px1111r HnraxaA T9B3IT3l1 6a11Ha.

From above photograph of the book, it is seen that besides the poor state of two coins and the small size as well as deficient quality of the photograph, it is difficult to distinguish the writings on coins.

XapnH 3H3 xoep 300CHbl 3yprn11r TOMpyy11aH ca11Tap TOAPYYJI}f{ a}f{11rnaBa11 epeHx1111 6a11,1J,J1bir Hb TOBY TeceeJI}f{ 6onoxy11u 6a11Ha.

However, if we magnify the photograph and make it clear, it is possible to outline the general state of coins.

3H3 3KCneA11Lll1A MaHai'i H3pT axMaA 3pA3MT3A x.n3p!133, llop)f(cyp::1H , HasaaH Hap opom.1.>K33. IJ6 C.B.K11ceJ1eB. "ilpeBHeMOHrOJlbCK l1e r opoAa". MoCKBa. I 965 137 MeH T3HA, 183-p x 138 MeH T3HA, 187-p X u 9 MeH T3HA

u 5 3H3 3KCneA11U11A MaHai'i H3pT axMaJ; 3PA3MT3A x.n3p1133, ilop>+fK 6a11raa 6ereeA epeec MeHx xaaHbI TaMr aTan 300CHYYA AOTOp 1111M TOM TaMra 6a11x Hb 6apar y33rA33ry11 6ononTon . 3H3 6on yr 300CHbl H3r3H OHl..(JlOr IOM. C3p33 TaMraHbJ 3VVH TanA apa6 ycn3p 611l.fC3H Khan (xaaH) r3A3r yr 6yA3r xaparAaHa . Xap11H C3p33 TaMraHbJ 6apyyH TanA TanA 6a11raa yr 11X3A 6anapxa11 Tyn yHw11x 6onoM>1KaanaH y3B3J1 TaMraHbI A33A Tan.o; MeHx xaaHbl H3p 6a11x MaraAnanTa11 tOM. 1111MA 3H3 3oocb1r MeHx xaaHbJ 300c r3>K V33>K 6onHo. 3oocHbI ap Tan.o; 6yn apa6 x3n A33px 611l.f33C 11X3A 6anapxa11 IOM. 300CHbl 611l.f33Cl111H TaBb opl.f11M xy01111r 6ap11M>Kaaraap yttw11>K 6onoxoop 6a11raa l.f TaaMarnan T9A1111 xyyAyyTal1 AyrH3nT x1111x33c 6onroOM>Knox YYAH33C 3H3 Tyxa11 611l.fl1X33C OAOOXOHAOO TYAr3J133B.

N8 3oOCHbl 6aiiAa11 C. B. K11cene0b1H 3KcneA11 Lll1l1H ManTna -

On obverse the coin bears " seree" tamg h a of Munghe Khagan. It is seen that the size of "seree" is comparatively large and the tamgha of such large size among the coins of Munghe Khagan with ta m ghas are almost never seen. This is one of the special characteristics of the coin . On the base of tamgha the word Khan is inscribed in Arabic, which is seen obscurely. However, the lettering at the top of "seree " tamgha is too blurred , thus impossible to read. Taking into consideration the " seree" tamgha and the word Khan, the r e is a possibility that the name of Munghe Khagan was inscribed on the top of the tamgha . Thus this coin can be considered as the coin of Munghe khagan. The inscription in Arabic on reverse of the coin is too blurred. Although fifty percent of th e writing on the coin still can be approximately read, but to to avoid making unreasonable assumptions, I will refrain m yself from writing about it.

The condition of the coin No.8 The photograph of the second coin found during S.V Kiselyov's expedition , similar the photograph of the coin No.7 , is also of deficient quality and thus, it is difficult to make explanations from the photograph. By magnifying the photograph and carefully examining it: On obverse top part of the coin there is a blurred form of tamgha. By examining the " khol" (means " leg " in Mongolian) , which is clearly seen at the lower part of tamgha, it could be the tamgha of Ariq Buga Khagan or Batu K h an. However by examining the blurred parts, the round shaped imprints can be seen, which brings us to an assumption that it could be a tamgha of Batu khan.

raap OJlACOH xoep AaXb 300CHbl 3ypar N•7 300CHbI a.Qnnaap 4attap MyyTa11 Tyn 3ypar A33p33C Ta11n6ap XJ111X 3A 63pXW33nT311 6a11Ha.

.--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Hyyp3H TanA Tonro11H X3 C3r Hb 6anapxa11 Ta Mr a H bl A y pc 6 a nH a . TaMraHbI AOOA X3C3rT TOA xaparAa>K 6y11 " xen "- 1111r xap0an Ap11r6ex1111H !OM yy , 6aTbIH TaMra 6an>K 6onox tOM. r3BY 6anapxa11 6anraa x3cr1111r ca11Tap a>1K 6a11raa Hb 3H3 TaMra 5aThlHX TaaMarnanA xypn>K 6aFrna .

131

CNAPTIR ONI

N3r,IIYD:JP 5Yn:Jr MOHronblH :333HT rYPHni'i 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAJlbJH oerni'iH TAMrA

YyH1111r nasTa11 canH TO.D.pyynaxbIH Tyn.D.

1974 OH.D. 0Tpapaac on,D.COH H3r3H 300CHbl 3yparTa11 xapbuyymt< y3n:B. 140

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

In order to definitely identify it, the coin was compared with a photograph of another coin found from Otrar in J974. 140

K11cenesbtH 300c (Xap XopyM)

Kiselyov's co in (Kara Khorum)

0Tpapaac on.D.COH 3ooc

Otrar's coin

3H3 xoep 3oocHbr H3r Tan.D. 6anraa TaMraHYYA xoopOH.D.OO Maw TeCT311, smaHrys:ia 0TpapbIH 300COH .IJ.33p TaMraHbl TOnron .D.yryn X3n63pT3t1 6anraa 6onox Hb ca11H xapar,D.a>f< 6a11Ha. Xap11H K11cenesb1H 6onoH OTpapbtH 300CHbt HYYP3H Tan.D. 6yn TaMraHbJ Tonro11H 011ponuoo H3r3H "3s3p " MaHr11nH 3ypaac xapar,D.a>f< 6anraa Hb IOYH 3ypaac 6onoxbtr Taaxa.D. Y 63pXT3n 6a11Ha. K.M . 6annaKOB, B . H.HacT11Y Hap eryyn 3n.IJ. 33 3H3 300Cbtr Ap11r6ex1111H TaMraTa11 300C r3>K .D.yrH3C3H 141 Hb yyxaM 3H3xyy yn M3.D.3r.D.3X " 3s3p"-T311 xon6ooTon 6onos yy. r3BY TaMraHbt .IJ.33.D. Tan.D. .D.yry11 AYPC 11n3px11n xapar,D.a>f< 6anxa.D. TyyH11nr Ap11r6ex1111H TaMra r3>f< X3n>f< 6onMoopry11 6eree.D. 6aT xaaHbl YAMblHXHbl 300COH .IJ.3 3px11 TaMra onoH HH3blH xys11116apTa11 6a11,D.ar Tyn 3H3 Hb 6aT xaaHbl Y.IJ.Mb!H X3H H3r3H xaaHbt TaMra 6a11>f< 6onox !OM r3>K y33>K. 6a11Ha . XapaMcanTan Hb K11cenesb1H 300CHbl HYVP3H Tanb1r Ta11n6apnax HMap Y 6onoM}f{ryn 6anapxa11 6a11raa Hb xapbuyynanT x11nx3.D. Heneen>+< 6anraa !OM. Ep Hb HMap Y 3oocb1r 611eT33p Hb y33x 6y10y 3cxyn Maw ca11H 3ypar y33xry11r33p YaHap MYYTa11 3ypar T9.D.1111XH33p

The tamghas on one side of both coins are very similar, especially it is clearly seen that the top part of tamgha engraved on the coin found from Otrar' coin has a round shape . Although, there is a visible line on obverse side of Kiselyov 's and Otrar's coins, which is simil ar to "ever" (means "horn " in Mongolian) shaped line and engraved close to top of tamgha, it is even difficult to assume what could be the line. The conclusion made by K .M .Baipakov and V.N .Nastich in their article 141 is that th e coin has a tamgha of Ariq Suga , is probably related to this unknown "ever" shaped line. Although the round figure can be clearly seen at the top o f the tamgha , it sho uld not be considered as a tamgha of Ariq Buga, as the tamgha on the c oins of descendents of Batu Khan's lineage had many different versions. Thus it could be considered that this tamgha could belong to one of descendents of Batu Khan 's lineage. Unfortunately the obverse of Kiselyov 's coin is blurred , whi c h mak es elu c idating impossibl e and affec ts on c omparative research. In general, it is difficult to c ome up with a full explanation o f a c oin by examining poor quality photograph or Ba ipakov K .M., Nastich V.M. The treasure o f silver objects and coins o f XIII century from Otrar (Kazak hstan during the period of feudalism ) A lma -A ta. 198 1 141 sa m e. p. 45

1•0

K.M.6a11naKOB, B. H.HacT11'l, " KnaA cepe6pS1HHb1x Bel1let1 11 MOHeT ( Ka3axcTaH B :rnoxy cf:>eoAaJ111 3Ma)" A 11Ma -Arn, ] 98 JcTp . 45-46, p11C. 12/12 14 1 MeH T3HA, CTp 45, Ta11n 6a p 16

14 0

132

CHAl'ffR ONE

H>FAYD:tl' •Yn>r MOHroJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M0Hre 6A XANlblH 0Brl1l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPLRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

Tare ca11H Ta111rna f3X3A x3uyy. 0Tpapb1H 3ooc~r cyAancaH B.H.HacTl14 rya11 6011 M3pr3>tK y33X Hb 3y11T311 caHar.oaHa. 3U3CT Hb T3MA3rn3X3A Xap XopyMOOC OJlACOH A33pX11 xoep 300Cblr (N'7, N6) 4yxaM xaaHa x3333 A311AYV11C3H 6011ox Hb To,0opxo11ry11 6a11raa Hb attxaapan TaTa>K 6a11raa IOM. 5111aHry51a MeHx xaattbl c3p33 TaMraHbl X3M>K33 11X3.0 TOM, xn11u Hb 9B9pM9U 6a11raaraapaa 1111M TaMrarn11 6yca.o 3oocttooc 5111raaTa11 IOM. AnTaH Op,o:, YlnxaattT ync, Uaraa.oa11tt ynca.o Mettx xaaHbl c3p33 TaMraTa11 300c OJlHbir A311AVY11C3H 6onoB4 TaMra Hb 1111M TOM 6a11raary11 6111133 . Xap XopyMOOC OJlACOH A33pX 300CTOl1 t1>K1111 300c eep ra3ap 6a11raa 3C3xnnr TOrTOO>K, 6omt< ersen 611eT33p Hb cy.onasan 1111yy yp AYHT311 6011ox IOM. Ep Hb Xap XopyMA 300c A311A33ry11 r3x 6aTanraa H3r3HT 6a11xry11 Tyn X3333 H3r3H uarT T3HA A311AC3H 300C OJlAOHO f3}f{ Ha11.[\a>K 6a11Ha.

without examining the coin itself or wihthout h aving a high quality picture. V.N.Nastich, who studied the Otrar's coin, is highly competent professional and s in ce he examined the coin himself and made explanation, there should be no doubts about his conclusion. I agree with the note of V.N.Nastich that "the origin as well as the date of the coin are not clear". 142 Therefore, it is doubtful whether the coin No.8 found during the excavations of Kara Khorum city by Kiselyov's expedition belongs to Ariq Buga or Batu Khan and it would be right to consider the coin unidentified. Finally it could be noted that coins found from Kara Khorum (No.7, No.8) still attract attention as the date and the place where they were struck are not identified. Especially, the large size of Munghe khagan's "seree" tamgha, its unique design makes this coin different from others with identical tamghas. Although coins of Munghe khagan with "seree" tamgha were struck in large amounts in Golden Horde, llkhanids and Chaghatayids, their tamghas were never of such big size. There would be more results if coins identical to the one found from Kara Khorum can, be identified and examined. Since there is no proof that coins were not struck in Kara Khorum, I hope coins struck there will be found sometime.

XAP XOPYMAAC 011.UCOH 6YCAJJ. 300CHYYJl

OTHER COINS FOOND FROM KARA KHORUM

1980 OHA MoHron-3eBJ19J1Tt111H xaMTapcaH 3KcneA11u11 Xap XopyMA ManTnara Xl111X ye.o 3pA3H3 3yy X1111A11YIH 011pom.(OO "MaaMyy To11ro11" ra3apT 6a11caH 6y11U1Haac AnTaH OpAHbl xoep >Kl1>K1'1r M9Hr9H 300C rap433. 3H3 Tyxan apxeonorn'-1 r.M3H3C, ,U.6a51p ttap "Tyyx1111H cy.onan" C3Tryy1111nH 23PT H1111T11yy11c3H 6a11tta. 143 Yr 6y11wt1HA To11ro11r Hb YPA 3yr xapyyn>K TaBbCaH 3M3rT311 xyH1111 U1ap1111 6a11caH 6eree.o wap1111b1H 3pyytt111151CHbI 011po11uoo H3r, raBJ1bJH 51CaH AOTpooc (aMaH AOTOp 6avicatt 60110J1T011) H3r Tye Tye 2 MeHreH 300c rap'-133. 144

In 1980 during the excavations in Kara Khorum by Mongolian Russian joint expedition, two small silver coins of Golden Horde were found from the grave in a place "Maamuu tolgoi" located near the Erdene Zuu monastery. The archeologists G.Menes and D.Bayar published an article about the findings in the "History Study" journal in issue No.23. 143 There was a body of a woman placed in a grave head facing to the south and two pieces of silver coins were found near the chin bone and from inside of the scull (probably was placed in a mouth) of a body. 144

1

14 2

' 43

143

Baipakov K.M. , Nastich V.M. p. 47 Menes G., Bayar D . Two burials of Mongol period from Kara Khorum. Historical Study. Tomus XXII, Fasc.14. p.127-136 144 same, p. I 28

K.M.6ai1naKOB, B.H.HaCT1'1Y, CTp. 47 r.M3H3C. )l.6asip. ")lea norpe6eH11si MoHronbcKoro epeMeH11 113 Kapa-KopyMa". Studia Historica. Tomus XXIII. p. I 27- I 36 144 M0H T3Hll, x.128 •

133

H J fAYDJP • YnJr MOHf"OJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 3 00COH M0Hre 6A XAAnblH 0Br11l1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA O F KHANS

YyH33C ra.a.Ha rapcaH 8 w11px3r X51Ta.a. 300c wap1111b1H .a.oo.Q x3cr33p 6a?ipnacaH 6aviB.

Moreover, 8 pieces of Chinese coins were p laced at the foot of the grave.

Wap1111b1H raBJlblH 51CHbl X9H,D,t1vtreec 011,D,COH xoep }IU1>Kt1r MeHreH 3oocb1r T3p ye11viH 3XY-.c. aBaaY11>K wt1H>Knyy 113X3.D. 1375 OH (x11>tKa.a.11.a.a (Sarai Aljadida) XOTO,D, LlYTracaH, .>KaH116eK xaaHbl 300c 60noxb1r H3pT 300c cy,D,J1aay 3pA3MT3H r.A.ct:>e.a.opoBJlaBbl.D.OB TOrTOO>K33. 145

CHAPTH ONI

The two small coins found from the scull of the (-; ,'. body were investigated in Yi" ., . former USSR and were -~· identified by the famous 3 numismatist G .A.Fyodorov - Davidov that the coins were minted in Sarai Al-jadida city of 5 Golden Horde in 1375 (743 of Hijri ) and belonged to Janibek Khan .145 It is impossible to know more by examining the published photograph. Nevertheless, one of above coins resembles with the coin in my c ollection , which has an inscribed name of Janibek khan in Mongol script. It is inevitably the c oin of Golden Horde.

v·.~;

4

H1111T113r,D,C3H 3ypraap 300CHW Ta11aap Hap1111BYJ1aH M3,D,33113X 60110M>Kry11 6a11Ha . IOyTan Y Mt1H1111 L{yrnyy11ra.a. 6y11 .>KaH116eK xaaHbl H3p1111r M0Hro11 ycr33p 611Yc3H 3oocTon .Q33px xoep 300CHbI H3r Hb a.a.1111 xapar.a.a>K 6a11Ha. 3H3 6011 51ax aprary11 AnrnH Op,D,HbI 300c MeH.

'\

'

Janibek Khan's coin (from my collection)

M11Ht111 l(yrnyy11ra.a. 6a11raa .>KaH1163K xaaHbl 300c.

AnrnH Op.D.Hbl 300c Xap XopyM opYMooc on.c.coH Hb Xap XopyM 60110H AnrnH Op,D,Hbl xoopOHAblH xap11111..(aar cy.a.naxa.a. aY xon6or.uonT011 MaTep11an !OM. Xap XopyMooc 11x MoHron ync, IOaH ync, AnTaH Op.D.Hbl 6onoH X51Ta,D,blH TaH, Cytt yncyy.QblH 300C OJl.[ICOH Hb Xap XopyM XOT Tyxa11H ye1111HX33 y1111,D,B3p xy.uan.uaa , M9Hf9Hl111 rynnr33Hl1vt TOMOOXOH T9B 6at1CaH r3,D,3r yH.Q3CJ13J11111r HOTOJl>K 6anraa TYYXt1vtH 6ac H3f3H yyxan 6ap11MT MeH 60J1HO.

The finding of Golden Horde c oin from Kara Khorum has an important significance for the study of relationship between Golden Horde and Kara Khorum. Finding of coins of M o ngol Empire , Yuan Dynasty, Golden Horde as well as Chinese states such as Tang and Sun from Kara Khorum city is an important historical fact, which proves that Kara Khorum was one of large industrial, trade and econo mic centers, where money was in circulation.

1• ~ r .M 3 H3C,

4 1 5

Il.6asip.

X.

130

134

Menes G. , Baya r D. p. 130

HJrAYD)P SYn>r MOHroJlblH 333HT rYPHl1t1 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAJ].blH 0Bfl1t1H TAMrA

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

7. T3Hf3P11ftH XY~YH AOP

7. BY THE POWER OF HEAVEN

MoHronYyy.D. T3Hr3p1111r wyTH3. T3Hr3p 6on MOHronYYYAbIH xyeb,D, 6ypxaH !OM. T1111M33C T3Hr3p, 6ypxaH xoepb1r a,o:11nTraH Y33>K "6ypxaH T3Hr3p Ml1Hb" r3>K 3an611pHa. 5lnaHryHa XIII 3YYHA T3Hr3p1111H XYYYHA 611w3pY, 6yx1111r T3Hr3p1111H xyY, T3Hr3p1111H 3apn11rr Hl111L.(Yyn>K 6a11naa. Ync rypHyy,o,1111r T3Hr3p1111H xyY33p xypaa>tK 3X3n>K 6annaa. T3r3X33p T3Hr3p1111H xyYyH ,o,op n,o,3r yr eepee XIII 3yyHbI MOHronYYYAbIH Tyyx, aMb,D,panTa11 canwry11 xon600To11 !OM. ry10r xaaHaac PoMbIH nan naM,D, nnr33C3H ( 1246) 3ax11.Qan A33pxn xaaHbl TaMraHbI ,o,ap.Qacb1r yHwBan "MeHx T3Hr3p1111H XY'-IYH ,o;op ... " n>K 3X3nC3H 6a11.Qar. 3H3 6on MoHron Tep1111H an6aH 3ax11.o.an. T3rs3n 3H3 ye.a: Tepeec rapracaH 3oocoH MeHreH A33p 3H3 yr 6an,o;ar yy r3B3n 6an.Qar a>K33.

Mongols worship the heaven. The heaven is a God for Mongols. Thus, they assimilate both the heaven and God into one and pray to "God and Heaven of mine". Especially in Xlll century Mongols had a strong belief in powers of Heaven , as well as acted in conformity with powers of Heaven and according to decree of Heaven. As for Genghis Khan the Heaven was a God, he conquered countries and states and established his own state with a power of Heaven. His decree starts with the words "By the eternal power of Heaven ... ". Therefore, the phase "by the power of Heaven" is indivisible part of Mongolian history and livelihood. If we read the imprint of a seal of the letter sent from Guyuk Khagan to Pope (in 1246), it commences with words "By the eternal power of Heaven ... " . This is an official letter of Mongol State. Thus to the question if there are any coins issued by this State, the answer will be yes.

1. 8n,o;3H

xaaHbl 300c

1. The coin of Ugedei Khagan This coin was issued during the Ugedei Khagan's chronology and also has an inscription "Under the Power of Heaven". However, it is a special coin, because there is no name of Ugedei Khagan on it.

"be quvvat-e aferidegar" - by the Power of the Creator (630-640AH/1228-1238AD} "T3Hr3p1111H XYYYH AOP" (nepc X31133p) 3H3 300c 8r3A311 xaaHbt yeA rapcaH 6onOBY xaaHhl H3p 611Y33ry11 OHLJ,J10rTOl1 IOM. The

3oocHbl HYYP3H TanA 6y11 611Y33C ,0:3Xb

r\lc. .;~ .l;!,)11..'.:ifo. r3C3H nepc, apa6 yrHyy.o,1111r

Persian

and

arabic

words

~u:. .;'i!. ~)I i.::i fa.

cy.o,naa'-111.Q " By the Power of God" r3>K aHrn11 x3n pyy opYyyncaH 6a11.Qar. CTecj:>eH An6yMbIH KaTanorn.o. 3H3 611'-1330111r "By the Power of Creator" r3>K opyyyncaH 146 6a "Creator" r3.Q3r yr1111r aHrmt x3nH1111 Tann6ap TOnb 6ap11MTnatt y3s3n MeH n "the God" r3.Q3r yTraTan a>K. 147 YyH1111r yrYn3H MOHrOnY11n6on "6ypxaHbI xyY33p ... " r3X 6onHO. ,U.AnTaHr3p3nl111H TOnb 611Y11rT "God" r3.Q3r yr1111r "6ypxaH" r3>K opYyyncaH 6onosY " (Oh) (my) God!" r3x yynra yr1111r "T3Hr3p Ml1Hb!" r3>K opyyyn>K 6onoxbir 6ac 3aa>K33. 148

on obverse of the coin are translated by researchers into English as "By the Power of God". In Stephen Album's cata logue the writing is translated as "By the Power of Creator" 146 and the word "Creator" according to the English dictionary also means "God". 147 The Mongol interpretation would be "By the power of God". ln D.Altangerel's English Mongolian Dictionary the word "Burkhan" is translated as "God", however the expression "(Oh) (my) God" was pointed out to be translated as "Tenger mini" ("My Heaven" in Mongolian). 148

CTer MOHroflblH 333HT rYPH11t1 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAJlblH 0Br11t1H TAMrA

CHAPna ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

XIII 3YYHbl MOHronYYYAblH xyBbA 6ypxaH Hb T3Hr3p 6a11CHb1r Hl111T33p M3A3X Tyn "God" r3.Q3r aHrnn yrn11r 611A "T3Hr3p" r3>K 01111ro>f< 6onox 6y113aa.

Since the general public is aware that for Mongols in XIII century the God was a Heaven, the English word "God" can be perceived as "Heaven".

2 . ryt0r xaattbt 300c T3Hr3pt111H xyYyH AOP ryior xaaHbl 6oon .[laB11.Q. TncpnnCT A3n.Qyyn3B.

ryJOr xaaHbl rapT 6a11caH 11x Tep1111H TaMra "Mettx T3Hr3pnnH xyYyH AOp ... " r3.Q3r yrT311 6a11xaA TyyH1111 3ap1111raap rapcaH 300COH A33p 1111M yr 6a11xry11 r3x ra3apry11. T3Hr3p1111H xyY33p nx yy, 6ypxaHbt XYY33p r3x yy? r3.Q3r 6on 3esxeH opyyynrb1H acyy.Qan 6ereeA 61-tA Tyyx, ynaM>KT1an, waw11H wyTn3r, MOHron C3Tr3XV11A33 TynryypnaH 3H3 yr1111r "T3Hr3pt111H xyYyH AOp" r3>f< rn11nax Hb 3Vl1T311 IOM.

3H3 3oocb1r ryp>K1111H xaaH IV .[laB11A HapnH MoHrOnA .Qaraap opcHb1xoo HOTonroo 6onro>K Mottronb1H 11x XaaH ryJOr1111H H3p33p 1247 OHA TncpnncT A3nAyyn>K33.

2 .The coin of Guyuk Khagan By the power of Heaven David the slave of Guyuk Khagan (shall administer) Struck in Tiff is

If the phase "By the eternal power of Heaven" was engraved on the state sea l belonging to Guyuk Khagan , there is a rationale that these words were inscribed on coins issued by the decree of Guyuk Khagan. It is a matter of translation whether to phase it "By the power of Heaven" or "By the power of God", and thus based on our history, tradition, religion and Mongolian mentality it should be right to phase is as " By the power of Heaven". This coin was struck for the Great Khagan Guyuk by the Georgian King David IV in Tiflis in 124 7 as a guarantee that Georgia has surrendered to Mongol Empire.

3. MeHX xaaHbt 300c 1252 OHA (Xn>Kp1111H 650 OH) 6yioy MeHx xaaHbl yeA ryp>KnA rapcaH nepc 6nY33CT311 eep H3r3H 300Cblr asY V3be. 149 Hyyp3H Tan: T3ttr3p1111H xyYyH AOP EpTeHu1111H xaaH (na.Qnwax)Mettx xaaHbl l1B33fl33p 650 OH.

Ap Tan: 6arp11T11Ab1H reopr1111H xyy .[laa11A xaaH T11cpn11CT A3n.Qyyn3B. Mettx xaaHbI 3H3 300c ryJOr xaaHbl 300CHbl a.Qnnaap "T3Hnp1111H XYYYH AOp ... " r3C3H yr33p 3X3flC3H 6nY33CT311 6ereeA M9H Tncpnnc (ryp>K)-T rapY33.

•9

3 . The coin of Munghe Khagan Let's examine another coin with Persian writing issued in Georgia during the reign of Munghe Khagan in 1252 (in 650 of Hijri). 149 By the power of Heaven The King of the Universe (padishah) Under the patronage of Munghe Khagan Year 650. King David -the son of George of Bagridit have st(uck in Tiflis. Like the coin of Guyuk • Khagan, the coin of Munghe Khagan starts with an inscription " By the power of Heaven" and was issued in Tiflis (Georgia).

" 9

E.A.naxoMoea "MoHeTb1 rpy31111", T611J111c 11. 1970. crp.132 133

136

Pakhomov E .A.Coins of Georgia. Tbilisi. 1970

H>rAYD>P S.Yn>r

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

MOHfOflblH 333HT rYPHt111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAllblH osrni'IH TAMrA

4.

1. The coin of Ghazan Khan

XacaH xaaHbI 300C

11nxaaHT yncbrH XacaH {Ghazan 694703AH/1295-1304AD) xaaHbt yeJJ. 300COH Jl.33px "be quvvet-i" 6yt0y "T3Hr3pn11H XY'-IYH ,llOp" f3,ll3r yr 6yp3H MOHfOJT'-IJTOf,ll,COH 6a11,llar.

The phrase "bi kuvvet-i huda' or "by the power of heaven", inscribed on coins during the reign ofGhazan Khan (694-703AH/12951304AD) of llkhanids, is paraphrased as a Mongol phrase.

T3Hr3pHHH XYYYHAOP

(6ar,1J,aJJ., X11>+K xaaH 6onMor~oo 11cnaMblH cyc3rr3H 6omt< MaxMy.Q r3C3H H3p 3yyx 6oJTCOH 6a11Ha. 15 0 YnMaap 11nxaaHT ynca.Q xy'-IT311 6a11caH 3aranMa11H wawHbt Heneer 6aracrax, 3aranManH waw11HTYYJJ.btr xas'-lnx 60.Qnoro 51syym1< 3X3JTC3H 6ereeA eepn11H 31.pr ApryH xaaHbl 300COH ,033p 6a11caH 3aranMal1H wawHbr MaaHb 6a 3aranManH ,llypc1111r as'-! opOHJl. Hb ncnaMblH Kan11Ma TaBb>K 3X3JTC3H xyH.

There is a special reason for mentioning about Ilkhan Ghazan Khan (Ghazan Mahmud 697-703AH/1295-1309AD). Ghazan was a son of Arghun Khan, and as soon as he took the reign he became a muslim and was named as Muhmud. 150 Later he began to pursue a policy towards reducing a strong influence of Christianity in llkhanids, and to oppress Christians as well as he removed the Christian prayer and Cross from coins of his father Arghun khan and instead started to inscribe Islamic Kalima.

XacaHbI

JJ.3JTTrynyrc3H

A6ara xaaHbI MettreH 300c Hyyp:m Ta11,a.: XaaHbI H3p:np A6arbIH A3J1Try11yr C3H Ap Ta11,a.: 3aranMartTHbI wawHbI Mepren. (31.pr, xyy apnyH

AR dirham. On the obverse: "Hagan nu Nereber Abaqa un deltgulug sen" - Struck by the Abaqa in the name of Khagan. On the reverse: Christian inscription and Cross. Struck in Tiflis.

cyHcHnn H3p:np 3an6npbfl). Tncj:)JlnCT .Q3ll,rwymtnncT .Q3llAYVll»eAQ11H11 "MoHeTbl l111bxattoa a XIV aeKe.'' 6aKy, 1968, CTp 52

l)-0

"

137

0

Seifeddini M.A. Coins of llkhans of XIV century. Baku. 1968

H>rAYD>P IIYn>r MOHfOJlblH 33:>HT rYPHl111 300COH MOHre 6A XAAJlblH 0Brl111H TAMrA

CHAPnR ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

T3p X3A1111r33p 11cnaM waw11HTaH 6a11caH 6onOB4 T6p1111H X3pr33 MOHron X3n33p 51Byyn>K 151 , 300COH M6Hree 4 MOHron X3n, MOHron 611L111rT311r33p A3n.Qyyn>+< 6a110. T3p33p MoHron Tep1111H ynaM}KJlanbtr cypx1111 cax11.Qar xyH 6a11caH 6ononT011. 3H3 Hb TYYH1111 300COH MeHreHeec xaparA.Qar. 11nxaaHT ynca.Q rapcaH MOHron 300CHYYA AOTpooc ra3aH xaaHbJ .Q3n.Qyync3H 300CHYYA yTra Teren.Qep 611433CT311, x1111L( x3n63p roeMcor 6a?tcHbl raAHa >+K33, copbl(Hbl xyBbA 4 YPA eMHex ye3c33 11nT ca11>++< 6a?tcaH 6onOB4 TYYHl11111X3HX 300C MOHron 611433CT3H 6a110. XacaHbJ eMttex ye11?tH xaaAYYA 6onox A6ara, AxMa.Q, ApryH, ra11xaT, 6a.11.Qy xaa.QyyA MOHron, apa6 xoep Tep1111H 6114r33p 300c .Q3nAyync3H 6a11Aar 6on XacaHbJ ye3c rypsaH Tepn1111H 611433CT311 300c rap4 3X3nC3H 6a11raa. 3H3 Tyxa11 TOB4 eryynbe. XacaH xaaH 6onc0Hb1xoo .Qapaa ApryH xaaHbJ X3B Ma5ir1111r ynaM>KJ1ncaH, 3aranMa11THbI Meprem3?t 300c H3r x3c3r .Q3n.Qyync3H Hb yH3H IOM. 152 r304 MoHron, apa6, .Qepsen>++< 6a11>+1K ,D,33px:n 3aHwnaac 3epyyn>K 3ypraa 6ocoo 6anpwyynaa. l111M.Q apa6 611Y11r Hb X3BT33 6yc 6ocoo 6onY11xo>K 6a11raa ryn YHWl1r'-l,IJ,aac xymon 9'-lbe. 3H3 300COH .Q33pxn .Q9pB9fl>Kl1H ycryy.Ql1Ylr YHWl1XblH Tyn.o yr 300COO apa6 ycr1111H .oaryy X3BT33 6a11pnyynax x3p3rT311. T3ra3n 300CHbl .QOO,Q X3C3r .QaXb .Q9pB9n>K11H ycryy.Q 6ocoo 6onoo.o 11pH3.

"

1. In Arabic: On reverse of the coin the Kalima, the Islamic mantra, the date and place of a coin where it was struck are inscribed. On obverse the name "Ghazan Mahmud" is inscribed.

3

ne11H n yyJ1 . C, " 6p11TaHb1 My3e11A 6yft MoHrOJl blH 3ooc" Attn1J1aJ1 XVIII -XXIII. JlOHAOH. 1881, xyyAac xlix, 289

On obverse three letters inscribed below the Mongol script. According to Stenley Lane Pool, " although I.J.Schmidt implied these are Tibetian letters", in fact these are not Tibetian letters, but shortened version of Ghazan Muhmud 's name in Mongol Phags-pa script (Phags-pa, Bashpa). i53 Furthermore , it should be noted that on photographs of coins, the writings in Mongol script are placed to be in a vertical position . The numismatists of Arab world in photographs of their books have a tradition to place a coin in a position where Arab letters are in horizontal lin e. As I am a Mongolian and Mongol script is read from top to bottom, to make it easier for Mongolian readers, I broke the tradition and p laced the photographs in a vertical position. Thus I apologize that the Arab letters on the photographs are seen not in horizontal line, but vertical. In order to read the Phags-pa script on this coin, it should be placed according to Arab letters in a horizontal position. Thus the Phagspa letters will be located vertically.

,s3 S. Lane. Poole. ··coins or Mongols in the British Museum" , Classes XVIII -XXlll. London. 188 1, page xlix, 289

139

HJrAYDJP liYIIJr MOHroflblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAA,llblH 0Br1111H TAMfA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KII..\NS

3H3 rypsaH ycr1111r Ta11naxa.Q 11x aMapry11 6a11raa IOM. MaHa11 3pTHl111 611Y11r cy.Qnaa1..1 P.0TroH6aHp rya11 3H3 rypsaH ycr1111r Ta11J1aXblr 11X3A Xl1Y33>K Ha,Qa,Q 6y11 300CHbl 3ypraap xapbuyynaH y3C3Ht111 AYHA (rypas ,QaXb ycr1111H Tyxa11,Q Hl1Jl33A 3pr3JJ333T311 r3>K AyrH3C3H) ycryyA 6a11Ha r3>K Ta11ncaH 611n33,

It is very difficult to read these three letters. R.Otgonbayar, a scientist studying ancient scripts , has tried diligently to read these three letters and, as a result of comparing the photographs of the coins, he discovered that there are following letters (the third letter is considered as doubtful).

3H3 Hb M.XacaH r3C3H yr1111H TOB'-IJIOJI r3C3H ne11H nyyJJblH CaHaJJTal1 TYH 011ponuoo 0Y11>K 6a11raa tOM. r3aY naswpyynaH TO.Qpyynax 30p11nroop OpOCbIH 3p.Q3MT3H B.A.6em1eT xaH.QaxaA T3p33p ypbA eMHe Hb Hr 3H3 Tyxa11 cy.Qan>K 611YC3H eryynn33 Ha.QaA erceH IOM. T3p33p T9BA 6onoH .Qepsem1KT311 6a11.Qr1111r xapran3aH .Q33px rypsaH ycr1111r T9BA, .Qepsen>1K. P.0TroH6aHp, B.A.6enHes HapblH Ta11n6apb1r xapaxa.Q MA, KA ycryy.Q1111H Ta11n6ap Hr 11>1K Mara.Q r3>K y3C3H 6on B.A.6enHes ZA 3CB3n SA yc3r 6avi>K 6on3owry11 r3>K y3>K33. B.A.6enHeBbIH YHA3CJJ3JJl111r AOP y3yyJ13B.

~ ~

3oocoH .Q33px ycryy.Q

Letters

on

the

CHAPTI• ONI

This interpretation is very similar to Lane Pool's that says the letters are acronym of the word M.Ghazan. ma However, with the purpose to identify it for sure, I contacted the Russian scientist V.A.Belyaev, who gave me his article that he wrote earlier qa (ka) with reg a rd to this exact subject . He took into consideration that the Phagspa and Tibetan letters have similar characters and thus he i:a, sa compared the above three letters with Tibetan as well as with Phags-pa script. By reviewing explanations of R.Otgonayar and V.A.Belyaev, their interpretations coincide. However, if R.Otgonbayar supposed that the third letter could be SA, wheres V.A.Belyaev supposed that it could be either ZA or SA. The following is the rationale of V.A.Belyaev's interpretation.

3~

2

1

coin

Ycr1111H AYYAJ1ara Pronunciation

kha

ma

3

ka

za

sa

~

L1opeom+HT rYPHl111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAAllblH 0Brl1l1H TAMrA

CNAPRR ONE TIIE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

9. 6yxAPblH M0Hf01\C0H

9. SILVER COATED COPPER COINS

33C 300C "KE"

"KE" OF BUKHARA

X11>Kpl1t1H 629-666 OH 6yt0y 1231 -1269 OH~ xoopOHA Uaraa,1J,a11H ync~H 6yxap, CaMapKaHA xoTyyAaA MoHroJlblH 11x Xaa,.ub1H 33C 60110H MeHrenceH 33C 300CHYYA rapcatt 6a11,.uar. 3An3p1111H Ta11aap X .K H1111T11yy11>K33. E.A..[lasb1.Q0B11Y1111Hxaap 6on 154 3H3 300c AOJ100H 51H3 x31163pn11 6a11raa 6eree,.u X3Jl63p X11111..(1111H xyBb,Q xoopOH,QOO Hl1Jl33A T9CT311, 6yrA 6yxapT 1231-1269 OHbl xoopOHA 6yt0y 9r3.Q311, ryt0r, MeHx xaaHbl yeA rapY33. 3xH1111 xoep x31163p1111H 300c Hac11pb1H a11P,ap l..(Onb1r 611YC3H 6a11raa 6a 1229- 1232 OHbl xoopoH,.u rapcaH. 3H3 Hb 9nP,311H ye tOM. r3B4 11x xaaHbl H3p 6a11xry11 6ereeP, ep Hb 9r3.Q311H ye,.u onoH 300c rapcaH x3,.u1111 Y TyyH1111 H3pT311 300c 6a11,.uarry11 155 Hb 6yxapblH 300CHYYA A33p33C Y 6ac xaparP,a>K 6a11Ha. rypaBP,aXb X3n63p Hb M9H n 9n.Q311H yeA rapcaH (1239- 1240) 6a OHl..(nor Hb 6yxapT ,Q3nP,yynC3H f3,D,rl111r 300COH ,Q33p T3M,Q3rn3C3H 6a11,.uar. llepes A3Xb X3n63p1111H 300C 1253 OHOOC rapY 3X3nC3H 6a 3H3 Hb MeHx xaaHbl ye 6onHo. MeHx xaaHbl ye3c 3Xn3H xaaHbl H3pT311 3oocb1r onHoop Hb rapra>K 3X3nC3H 6a11,.uar 4 3H3xyy P,epes A3Xb x3n63p ,D,33p MeHx xaaHbl H3p 6a11P,arry11, xap11H "Khani Mengu" 6yt0y "XaaHbl MeHre" r3C3H yr 6a11Ha. TaB P,aXb X3n63p1111H 300COH ,Q33p Hb 6yxap XOTblH H3p1111r X51Ta,D,aap (6y-

In 629-666 of Hijri or in 1231-1269 the copper and silver coated copper coins of Great Mongol Khans were issued in cities of Bukhara and Samarqand of Chaghatayids. Kh. Fren and E.A.Davidovich have made a precise research and published an article with respect to these coins. According to Davidovich's interpretation 154 , the coin has seven different types and shapes, and its shape as well as design are very similar to each other. All coins were issued in Bukhara in 1231-1269 during the reign of Ugedei, Guyuk and Munghe Khagans. The fame of Nasir is inscribed on the first two types of coins and they were issued in 1229-1232, which is period of reign of Ugedei Khagan. There is no inscription of the name of Ugedei. Although many coins were issued during his reign, the Ugedei's name was never marked in the coins, 155 which can be also seen from coins of Bukhara. The third type of coin was also struck in Bukhara and its pecu liarity is that it displays it was struck in Bukhara. The forth type of coin has been issued since 1253, which is the period of reign of Munghe Khagan. Starting from the reign of Munghe Khagan, coins were issued in greater amounts. The inscription "Khani Mengu" or "Khan's coin " is engraved o n the c oin , although the forth type of coin does not carry the name of Munghe Khagan. On the fifth type of c oins the name of Bukhara city is inscribed in Chinese characters as bu khua, which are ~ff:ltl bu-khuala, the first two characters of Chinese name of Bukhara. On reverse of the coin the name of the same city is inscribed as " the Bukhara 's coin" in Arabic.

~1£

xya) r3>K 611YC3H 6a11x 6a 3H3 Hb ~ff:ltl (6yxya -na) (6yxapa) r3C3H Xfl.TaA H3pH1111 3XH1111 xoep yc3r 6onHo. 3oocHbl Heree Tan.o. MeH xoTblH H3p1111r apa6aap 611Y11X.Q33 "6yxapb1H 3ooc" r3C3H 6a11,.uar.

~1£

Pe ri o d of Great Mongols. Coin of Bukhara

MoHronblH 11x xaa,.ubrH ye 6yxapb1H 300c

660AH/ 1262AD

660AH/ 126 2AD

(A-A 1879.2, RR) www.zeno.ru

(A-A1879.2, RR) www.zeno.ru ca11Taac asas.

1~ 155

'" E.A.Ll ae11AOBl14. CTp. I 1- 13 (Ta6 1 /5, I /6, 2/1 ) I>> E.A.naxoMOB. "MOHE!Tbl

rpy31111" CTp.11 9

142

Davidovich E.A. p. 1 I - 13 (Table I /5, I / 6, 2/1) Pakhom ov E.A.Coins of Georgia. Tbilisi. 1970

HJrAYl"JJP 1,yn:1r MOHrOJlbll-1 3 33HT rYPHl111 300COH M9Hre 6A XAAllblH 0Brl111H TAMrA

CHAPTt:R ONI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

3ypraa, AOJIOO AaXb X3n63pyyA ( 12641269) epeHxnYIA99 xoopOHAOO T9CT3YI 6anHa. 156 3Ar33p 3oocHyyA Hb CTecpeH An6yMbIH KaTanornnH A-1979.1-T YHAC3HA33 6arra>K 6anraa JOM. r3T3JI An6yM KarnnornnHXaa A-1979.2T eep H3r Tepen 3ooc 6a11.1:1arn11r AYPbAaa.Q T3p Hb XHTa.QbIH "Ke" yc3rT3n 6an.Qar r3>K33. 3H3 300Cblr 611 2004 OH.Q Y36eKnCTaHaac oncoH 6eree.Q 300CHbI 6a11.Anbir OpocbIH cy.QJ1aa4 B.6enHeBbIH rycnam..1aarn11raap TO.Qpyynas.

The sixth and seventh types of coins are in general similar to each other. 156 These coins are listed in Stephen Albums catalogue under no.A-1979. Stephen Album, however, mentions about another coin in his catalogue, which has Chinese letters "KE". I found this coin in 2004 from Uzbekistan and I examined the condition of the coin with an assistance of the Russian researcher V.Belyaev.

3oocHbI HYVP3H TaJI.Q apa6 x3n33p Sikka Bukhara 6yJOy 5yxapbtH 300c r3>K 6114C3H 6a11Ha. Hyyp3H TaJiblH 6an.Qnb1r ilaBWAOBl1411VIH Tann6apnacatt 6yxapwH 300CTOl1 xapb~yynaH V3B3Jl 300CHbl 611433C, X3M>tK, aHxaapyyncaH" yTraTan r3>K y33x Hb 3y11n11 t0M. T3p ye1111H 6yxap, CaMapKaH.na.n rapr acaH M0Hro11b1H 11x Xaa,nbIH 300COH A33p MOHfOJlblH 300Cblr 3aaaa11 X3p3rJ13Xl111f a116aAaH rywaaxb1H 33p3rl..l33, TaTaap Te11ex1111r caHyyn>K aHxaapyyncaH yrr311 6a11caH 6ap11MT 61111. 6yxapbrH MeHrenceH 33c 300c "Ke" Hb yyH1111r HOTOJlCOH H3f3H >Kl1W33 Hb IOM.

inscribed on the coin should be right to understand as a warning and reminder to pay taxes. There are facts that on Mongol coins of Great Khans issued in Bukhara and Samarqand, inscri ptions were made ordering use of these coins and reminding to pay taxes. One of examples of such fact is the silver coated coin "KE" of Bukhara.

10. 3YYHfAPhIH XAAHT YJ\ChIH 33C 300C

10. THE COINS OF JUNGAR

3H3XYY HOMblH C3A3B Hb XIII-XIV 3YYHbl ye1111H MoHrOnbTH 3oocoH MeHreH1111 Tyxa11 t0M. MOHroJlblH acap TOM 333HT ryp3H 3a,napY, TYYHl111 6yp3n,n3xyyHA 6a11caH yncyy,n 33Jl>K AapaanaH M9X9>K ,nyycax ye3c MOHfOJlblH xaa,QblH 300COH MeHreH1111 Tyxan acyyAan Y Ayycraaap 6oncoH 6111133. r3BY X3333 XOl1HO XVII 3YYHA yycy 3YY rapy11 >Kl1Jl opw11H TOrTHOCOH 3yyHrapblH XaaHT Ynca,n 30oc rapra>K 6ancaH Hb MOHronYYYAbtH 300COH MeHreHl111 Tyxan acyy,D.JlblH H3r eCHbI ypr3>Kn311 6onox Tyn 3H3 ryxa11 6ara 6onoB y .o.yp.o.ax Hb 3V11T311 f3>K V3C3H IOM. 3yyHrap 6on MottroJlbIH 6apyytt x3cr1111H Mottron a11Mar oaryy,o.btH 6a11ryy11catt ync IOM. 3yyttrapbIH xaa,nyy,n Y MOHroJlYYYA 6a1111aa. 1111M yypaac MOHrOJl xaaAblH 300COH M9Hfl111H Tyxa11 acyy,nan.n T3AH1111 rapracaH 300c aryynrbtH xyBbA 51Map H3r3H X3M>K33r33p xaMaapa11Ta11 6011ox TYJl 3H3 Tyxan TOBY eryy113x Hb YHAC3H C3A3BT T9,D.1111Jl9H xapwnaxry11 IOM. T3r33A Y 3HA eryyn3x r3>K 6y11 3yyttrapb1H XaaHT Y11cb1H 300CHbT Tyxa11 Matta11 yncaA YPbA eMHe H1111rn3rA3>K 6a11raary11, 3H3 ryxa11 M3A33 M3A33Jl3Jl Maw XOMC 6a11raar 6ac 60.0.0111..lJlOO. 3yyHrapblH XaaHT ync opw11H TOrTHO>K 6a11caH xyral..laaHA (1630-1757) 3H3 ynca.o. rapra>K 6a11caH 3oocHooc OAooroop xoep Tep111111tt 300C M3A3f,D.3>K 6a11Ha. 3H3 Hb ra11,o.aH6owroT xaaHbI 333 xyy U3B33ttpas,o.aH (Tseveen Rabdan 1691-1727), U3B33HpaaAaH xaaHbt xyy ran,o,aHU3p3H (Galdan Tseren, Khardan Chirin 1727-1745) HapbtH 300C IOM. ran,o.aHU3p3Hr33C xo11w 3yyHrapbtH yncaA 300c rapaary11 a>K33. 3H3 300C Tyxa11H ye1111HX33 Hl111TJ13r 3oocHyy.o.aac 51nrapax 3ap11M esepMeu OHUJ10rTOl1 6a11Ha. YyH,o.: 1. X31163p1111H xyBbA H3r y3yyp Hb wesrepAYY, MOHfOJlYYYAblH H3p113CH33p "Mop11Hbl Tyypa11" X3n63pT311.

Mongol coins of XIII- XIV century is the subject of this book. Since the disintegration of the great Mongol Empire followed by the collapse of khaganats, the story of coins has also ended. However, it would be right to mention hereto that later in XVII century the Jungar, which was established and existed for over hundred years, issued coins that became a prolongation of the story concerning the Mongol coins. The Jungar is a state established by Mongol tribes and clans from the Western part of Mongolia. The Khans of Jungar were Mongols. Since the coins issued by this Khaganat in some way are related to the context of coins of Mongol Khan's, it would not conflict with our general subject if I will mention about it. I also took into account that no articles were published and there is very scarce information with regard to coins of Jungar. During the existence of the Jungar ( 1630-1757) there are two coins that were issued in this Khaganat of which we are aware of. The co ins belong to Tseveen Rabdan Khan ( 1691-1727), the grandson of Galdanboshigt Khan, and Galdan Tseren (or Khardan Chirin, 1727-1745), the son of Tseveen Ravdan. No coins were issued after Galdan Tseren. This coin has a few unique characters comparing to other common coins of that time. The following are the characters: 1. As of the shape it has a pointed end and as Mongols named it has a shape of "horse hoof'. 2. If the coins which were used in

144

H>rAYD>P 1nn>r MOHrQJlblH 333HT rYPHl111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAA,llblH 0Br11l1H TAMfA

CHAPTI• O NI THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN' S TAMGHA OF KHANS

2. W11H>+K11n Ta11n>+< Ya,D,aary11 , T3p '-I 6a11Tyra11 3ap11M TOXl10n,D,On,D, 6ypyy Tawaa YHWn}t{ 6a11CHblr M3pr3>+JlblH 333HT rYPHttl1 300COH MeHre EA XAAJlblH 0Brttl1H TAMrA

THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGHA OF KHANS

1. U3e:nHpaeAaH xaaHbI 33C 300c

1. The copper coin of Tseveen Ravdan Khan:

N. 232

On obverse: Ceban Hun Tai-chi (the Prince Tseveen) On reverse: Zarb Yakend (Struck in Yakend}

Hyyp3H TanA: Ceban Hun Tai-chi (LJ3B33H XYH Ta11>1P IIYJl>r MOHrQflblH 33'.)HT rYPHl111 300COH M0Hre 6A XAA,llblH 0Br11l1H TAMrA

CHAPTER ONE THE COINS OF MONGOL EMPIRE AND CLAN'S TAMGllA OF KHANS

152

xol!PAYrAAP liYn:u . Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 1. MOHrQJlblH 11X XAAA

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL KHANS

'IMHrMC XAAH CHINGGIS KHAN (603-624AH / 1206-1227AD) 23mm 3.23g

AV Dinar. With name of CHINGGIS KHAN. Ghazna 618AH. A-1964.

RR

Ilyyp. XaartblH xaa11 Ayraa 11x 411Hr11c xaa1-1 Annaxaac eep 6ypxaH yryti. MyxaMMart 6on Annaxb111 :::inY. (Ka.riHMa-Kopa11 cy.npb111 ::iwn::in) An I lac11p Jl11-)].11H-AnJJax, Cyc3rrnyy.n11i1H )f(OJ100.nor4. (6arna,n.b111 X8Jl11tP Hac11pblll 1up, an.nap uon)

Ap.

Obv. The Great Lord, Chinggis Khan .

Rev.

Al Adil/ Al A'zam/ Chingiz Khan/ La llaha Illa Allah, Muhammad Rasul Allah, There is no God but AJlah. Muhammad is Lhe messengerof AJlah. (Kalima) AJ Nasir Li-Din -AJlah, Commander of the Faithful (Name of Abbasside Caliph at Baghdad)

'IHHrMC XAAH CHINGGIS KHAN (603-624AH/ 1206-1227AD)

18mm 3.12g

AR Dirham. With name of CHINGGIS KHAN. Ghazna type. NM, ND. A-1967. R Hyyp. Ayraa 11x 41111r11c xaa u 6arm1JJ,blH Xan11¢J Hac11pb11111:Jp, an.nap uon.

Ap.

Obv.

Rev.

The Great Lord , Chinggis Khan Al Nasir Li- Din-Allah, Commander of the Faithful

155

AJ Adil/ Al A'zam/ Gengiz Khan/ (Name of Abbasside Caliph at Baghdad)

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL KHANS

xoiPAYrAAP &Yn:n. Mt1Hl111 UYrnYYJlrA 1. MOHronblH 11X XAA/l

'IHHrllC XAAH

CHINGGIS KHAN

(603-624AH/ 1206-1227AD) 29mm 2.5g

AE Broad Dirham. With name of CHINGGIS KHAN. Ghazna type. 618 AH. A-A1968. RRR

Hpyp. Xaa.ah1H xaa11 Ayraa Ap.

HX I..JH11nic xaa11 6amaJlb111 Xam1 llac11pb111 1Dp, a.rtnap uo;1.

Obv. The Great of the Great. Chinggis Khan Rei•.

/ Bifarman/A I Khagan/ '\1uazam/ Chingiz Khan/

Kalima

'IIIHrllC XAAH

CHINGGIS KHAN

(603-624AH/ 1206-1227AD)

Anonymous. AE Jital. "Khagan", Tye 332 , NM, ND. A -81973. RR Hpyp. vtx xaa11 Ayraa YI X

Ap.

Obv. The Great Khagan Rev. The Just

Khagan A"dil

156

XOilPAYrAAP &Yn::tr. Ml1 Hl111 UYrJTYYJlrA 1. MOHroJlblH 11X XAA,[l

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL K HANS

'IHHrHC XAAH CHINGGIS KHAN (603-624AH / 1206-1227AD) 15mm4.1g

Anonymous. AE Jital. ''AJ-a'c/il Al Khagan Al-a'zam", Ghazna type. ND. A -1969.

Hyyp. Ayraa 1-1x '.:>DH xaa1-1 Ap. 6araanb1H Xa.r11-1cp Hac1-1pb111 1np, aJtJlap 11011.

Ohv. The Great ofLhe Great Khagan Rev. / Name or Abbasside Caliph at Baghdad/

/ Al Adil / Al Khagan / Al A'zam /

'IMHntC JUUUI CHINGGIS KHAN (603-624AH/1206-1227AD) 22mm 3.5g

Temp. of Chinggis Khan. Anonymous. AE Jital. An Nasir type. Ghazna type. ND. llnp. 6a1wl.Jtb111 X,L nHI> Hac up1,111 113p, ,urnap uoJ1. Ap.

Obv. / Name of Abbasside Caliph al Baghdad/ Rev.

157

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL KHANS

XOEPAYrAAP &Yn:u. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 1. MOHrQJlblH 11X XAAJJ.

ereeuit XAAH

UGEDEI KHAN (624-639AH/ 1227-1241 AD) 19mm 2.8g

Temp. UGEDEI KHAN AR dirham . Bow type. Saray. A-1973 Hyyp. Hx '.:h :)11 Xaraa11 , Capai-1 (xoT) Ap.

KamtMa

Obv. The Great Khagan, Sarai Rev. Kalima

/ Sarai I Al A'zam I Khagan I

eree.113'4 XAAH

UGEDEI KHAN (624-639AH/1227-1241AD) 21mm 2.9g

Temp. UGEDEI KHAN AR dirham. &w· type. Struck in North West Iran in 631AH/1233AD. A-1973

llyyp. Hx 333H Xarna11 Ap.

KaJJHMa

Ohv. The Great Khagan Rev. Kalima

/ Al A'zam I Khaga n I

158

XOEPAYrAAP &Ynn. Ml1Hl1f1 UYrJlYYnrA l. MOHronblH 11X XAAJl

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION I . GREAT MONGOL KHANS

eree-3111 XAAH

UGEDEI KHAN

(624-639AH/1227-1241AD) 15mm 3.2g

Temp. UGEDEI KHAN AR dirham. Jital style. 630-640AH. llyyp.

T :.i tir:J pH tt H XY'IYH .uop

Ap.

AJ1 M ycrn11w Hp A.lmax-Cyc:w rnyy1mtf11 )J(OJ10011or4

A-1978K

Obv. By the Power of the Creator

Rev. Almustansir B'Allah Leader of the Faithful

eree,plii lUl.>...H

UGEDEI KHAN

(624-639AH/1227-1241AD) 39mm 8.89

temp. UGEDEI KHAN AR broad dirham. UGUDEI KHAN's "S" tamga on the top of the obverse. Samarqand 625AH/ 1227AD. A-81 979. Hyyp. Cal\18 p Kall.llbllt Ap.

X ::>H YJl

Op4 HIIJI r yfu{ 3 H3 (300Cb1r)

X3p 3 l'c:)lf :.>B,

T:JP r:)MT X3p 3rT3 ll .

Ob v. Sa marqand and environs of the city whosoevers

Rev.

Does not carry will be criminal.

159

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL KHANS

XOliPAYrAAP &Yn:n. M11Hl111 UYrnYYJJrA 1. MOHrOllblH 11X XAAA

A8Pf3H3 XATAH TURAKINA KHATUN (639-644AH/1241-1246AD)

Temp. TURAKINA. Queen and Regent. AR dirham. Bow type.

20mm 2.8g

A-1976. R

Hyyp. Hx M o11ron Yncb1H XaHxyy. "Ulugh mughul ulus beg" Ap.

KaJJHMa

Obv. The Prince( Khaan) of the G reat Mongol U lus.

Rev. Kalima

rYIOr XAAH GUYUG KHAN (644-647AH/ 1246-1249AD) 21mm 2.4g

GUYUG KHAN AR Tetri (dirham). With name of Guyug Khan. Tiflis 1247. A-B1977, RRR.

Jiyyp. T ::)llr::ip11i1H xy•1yi-1 nop ry,01 xaaH, 6oon .Uau11n xaaH Ap.

467 ( KopOHl1KOHbl Oil TOOJlOJl)

Obv. By the Power of God, The state of Guyug Khan, the slave David the King

Rev. 467 (of Koronikon)

160

XOiPAYrAAP Hn3r. Mt1Ht111 l.(YrJlYYJlrA

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL KHANS

I . MOHrOJlblH t1X XAA.ll

MGHX XAAH MUNGHE KHAN (649-658AH/ 1251-1260AD) 24mm 2.7g

MUNGHE (MONGHE) KHAN AR dirham. Tiflis 653AH / 1255AD.

A -1977.

Hyyp. Ayraa "1 x Xaa H Me Hx Ap.

KanuMa

Ob v. The G reat Khan Munghe Rev. Kalima

MGHX XAAH MUNGHE KHAN (649-658AH/ 1251-1260AD) 23mm 2.7g

MUNGHE KHAN AR dirham. Tiflis. Tamgha of the Munghe Khan on the both sides. A-1977

llyyp. Ayraa "1x Xaa11 Me ux Ap.

KanuMa

Obv. The G reat Khan Munghe Rev. Kalima

161

xol!PAYrAAP &Yn:n . Ml1Ht111 UYrJlYYJlrA 1. MOHffiJlb!H t1X

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL KHANS

XAAJJ.

MGHX XAAH

MUNGHE KHAN

(649-658AH/ 1251-1260AD) 22mm 2.8g

MUNGHE KHAN AR dirham . Tiflis. David Star on the obverse and Tamgha of the Munghe Khan on the reverse. A -1977 Hyyp. Ayraa vl x Xaa11 M eux KaJJHMa

Ap.

Obv. T he Great Khan Munghe

Rev. KaJima

MGHX XAAH

MUNGHE KHAN

(649-658AH/1251-1260AD)

~

-~

15mm 1.0g

MUNGHE KHAN AR dirham. Bulghar mint. Tamgha of the Munghe Khan on the both sides. Singatullina: plate l . #8 Hyyp. vl x XaaH M eHx 6 yJJ rapT Jl)JlJ1VVJ1313

Ap .

Obv. The G reat Khan Munghe Rev. Struck in Bulghar

162

XOIPAYrAAP 1nn:1r. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA I. MOHr0JlblH

nx

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL KHANS

XAA.[I

MOHX XAAH

MUNGHE KHAN

(649-658AH/1251-1260AD) 16mm 1.0g

MUNGHE KHAN. AR dirham . Bulghar mint. Tamgha o f the Munkhe Khan on the

both sides. Singatullina: plate l . #8 Hyyp. Ayraa 11x Xaa11 MollX Ap.

KaJJHMa

Obv. The Great Khan Munghe Rev. Kalima

MOHX XAAH

MUNGHE KHAN

(649-658AH/ 1251 - 1260AD)

~,~···, tJ .;...._

7.

j ,( ~

15mm 5.8g

\ .

. . ,. . . V . 'Cf!.. . : .. _A,,.~ , . • , . '.· :.--:;1.:' .

.

.

, ~~~"' · '.... l ' ,; . 7.. .~ ~ ' r J • '\. ...~ .,••i· .-~ •

I •'

f

.·'

. ,.' •1 /

.

-. .,. . \ ''

;:,,,

'\

:-. '

•. I~';

I ~,.

, .

. .

.... •' . . 1 • ~· • ' .. 'J· p 6a(i)K MaraJ1. 6yxapT MeHx xaaHbl 300c YJlaa ,lapaa rapY6aUca11)

Obv. Bukhara Rev. Mengu ( It maybe is a name of Great Khan Munghc)

169

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 1. GREAT MONGOL KHANS

XOEPAYrAAP &Yn:tr. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA I. MOHrQJlblH 11X XAAA

-----

MX XAAAWH YE temp. GREAT MONGOL KHANS 19mm 3.2g

temp. GHEA T MONGOL KHANS. Malik of Kurzuwan , anonymous. AE Jital mint of Kurzuwan. With "a/-malik" in center, dated ·'Rabi' If". Tye 324. It is one of the vety few identifiable ·'siege coin·· of the Islamic world. A-1971 Jlyyp. Ari Ma.n11K ( v1 X IIOCII) Ap. KaJ11tMa

Obv. The King Rev. Kalima

MX XAAAltlH YE

temp. GREAT MONGOL KHANS 6mm 3.8g

. l.i·

I l r' ·.· .. ,· ·-: ·~.-.r:--,

'J'IJ~·

•

•

· ~ . (-· (.] I i·1·

· ....

..,'t._ '

.

' .l

.

-

•

·,.·1~-~~.. J:>H"

Ap.

or

Obv. Coin Bukhara. Tamgha Rev. Al Malik Al A'zam

176

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 2. CHAGHATAYIDS

XOl!PAYFAAP &Yn:n. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 2 . UArAAJ:IAl1H YJlCblH XAAJl

XAHAY, TYnGMGP, AYBA, 'IAnAP XAAAblH YE temp. QAIDU, TUQA TIMUR, DUWA, CHAPAR KHANS (668-701AH/1269-1302) 20mm 1.48g

XAH!(YI'HHH YE. Tapa30 i)3,1ayy,10H MOl/?011 cbpxa,\1. encbi'm ma,,uamm,.

Hyyp.

Ap.

Temp. QAJDU KHAN. TARAZ TYPE. AR dirham. Taraz mint. Double Tamgha (Ugedei).

Obv. Tamgha of Ugcdci ·~ clan Rev. Al Malik Al A'1.am

9r:JR')MII Jl'.>l'p.)'.l Ta"'1faTaH

Mx :n:.>11

XAHAY, TYnGMGP, AYBA, 'IAnAP }[AAAl,IH YE temp. QAIDU, TUQA TIMUR, DUWA, CHAPAR KHANS (668-701AH/1269-1302) 21mm 1.9g

Temp. QAJDU KHAN. TARAZ TYPE. AR dirham. Taraz mint.

XAH/(YTHflll YE. Tapa3i) OJ,1oyy11cJ11 ,11e11wH oJpxaAt.

A- /986. R.

Obv. Double Tamgha (Ugede i and Chaghatai). Rev. David Star (hexagram).

1/yyp. CaMapKa11n1>111 11x vl MaM. TaMra

Ap.

KaJJH'\13

177

CHAPTIR TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 2. CHAGHATAYIDS

.XOEPAYJAAP &Yn:n. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJtrA 2. UArAA,llAl1H YJlCblH XAAJI

XA.MAY, TYrTGMGP, AYBA, 'IAIIAP u-,.wH YE temp. QAIDU, TUQA TIMUR, DUWA, CHAPAR KHANS (668-701 AH/ 1269-1302) 21mm 2.0g

XAflJIYTHHH YE. Tapa30 i)3,1iJyy11c3H

Temp. QAJDU KHAN. TARAZ TYPE. AR dirham. Taraz mint. Triple Tamgha (Ugedei and Chaghatai).

.MOJIWII dupxa111. eoo:Jii 6a UawaiJaiiH xaecapcaH ma.A120maii.

Obv. Clan's Tamgha of Ugedei & Chaghatai

1/yyp. 6r3D.::>HII 6a Uaraaii.ai1H osrnHH TaMrarnA 3ypraa11 xo111yyr .uypc

Rev. David Star (hexagram).

Ap.

XAMAY, TYnGMGP, AYBA, IIAIIAP xa-,.wH YE temp. QAIDU, TUQA TIMUR, DUWA, CHAPAR KHANS (668-701AH/1269-1302)

17.7mm 1.3g

XAH,l(YTHffH YE. Tapa3iJ iJ311iJyy11c:111 l/6111eH2e,1iJuHap.

Temp. QAJDU KHAN. TARAZ TYPE. AR 1/6 dinar. Duwa Khan 's Tamgha.

Jl,y6a xaaHbl ma.Mi!amaiJ.

H yyp. Tapa31l JPJID.YVJJ3B. ,[lyearni,i11 rnMra

Obv. Struck in Taraz

Ap.

Rev. Kalima

KaJIHMa

178

XOiilPAYfAAP 1nnu. Mt1Hl1t1 UYrnYYJlfA

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 2. CHAGHATAYlDS

2. UArAAJlAl1H YJlCblH XAAn

TOAOPXOH &YC xaa.qwH 300CHYYA UNKNOWN RULERS (637-690AH/1238-1291AD) 7mm 1.4g

AR dirham. Almaligh type. Almaligh mint. 657AH?. Mint name in the center.

li.(U(l(IQ(IIJI/ )'./Cb/fl A,/ftl(IAUKm WpCGfl MOf/~011 OllpXGM.

657AII ?

Hyyp. l\rrMaJ11,1K Hx :.>D II

Ohv. Almaligh

'K3HKWM XAAH JANKSHI KHAN (734-737AH/ 1333-1336AD) 19mm 1.3g

)l(3 HKJJJH XAAHh/ 1/6 MOHWH Ompap 736A H. A-1998

JAN KSHI KHA N A R 1/6 dinar. Otrar. 736AH. With name of Jankshi Khan. A-1998.

auHap.

Hyyp. " W yJlpara xaaH )K3HKWH" " 0 1-pa p 736 0 1111 Jl::>JlllYYJJ:~B'

Obv. " Jankshi Khan, the Just'

Ap.

Rev.

"Justice and Ki ngship are twins"

ECGHTGMGP XAAH YESUN TIMUR KHAN (737-741 AH/1336-1340AD) 30mm 7.8g

EC8HT8M 8P XAAHhl MOHcOH Tep.Me3 739Alf. A- 1999

YES UN TIMUR KHAN A R dinar. Ttrmiz. 739A H. With name of Yesun Timur Khan. A- 1999.

300c.

Hyyp. "3px::>M )l:x>n Ece11TeMep xaa 11 " Ap.

Obv. " Yesun T imu r Khan, the Great" Rev. "Coin of the city of people T irmidh 739'

" ApJl T)'MJJM ~i xoT T epMeJ11i,i11 Jooc''

186

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 2. CHAGHATAYIDS

XOEPAYrAAP &Yn3r. M11Hl111 l(YrJlYYJlrA 2. LJ.ArAA,[lAl1H YJlCblH XAA.a

MYXAMMAA XAAH MUHAMMAD KHAN (741-742AH/ 1340-1341 AD) 28.5mm 7.8g

MUHAMMAD KHAN

MYXAMMAJ( XAA Hbl MOH2fJH 300c. Tep1t1e3 74xAH.

AR dinar. Tirmi't;. 74xAH. Wirh name of Muhammad Khan. Tamgha of Duwa Khan and David Star.

Jl.yM ll::>::>ll Tyrnyr TeMep xaaH. 6ypxaH Ap.

Obv. "Tughluq Timur Khagan , the Great. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom"

'fYYIIHHr HB::>3T)'r3ti." Ka.rl HMa

Rev. Kalima

nrnvr TGMGP XAAH

TUGHLUQ TIMUR KHAN (7 60-7 65AH/ 1359-1364AD) 31mm3.8g

TYFJIYTTOMOP XAAJ[J,J yeazapcaH 33COUHGp. Eyxapa.

Temp. TUGHLUQ TIMUR KHAN AE dinar. Bukhara. 761AH. Anonymous type. Tamgha of Duwa.

76JAH. 1Jy6aWUH tna.J112amau.

Hyyp. "6yxapb111 Jooc. 6ypxa11 ryy1111Hr HD::>::>ryr:>ti. '' Ap. Ka.nHM3

Obv. "Coin ofBukhara. (Probably-May Allah perpetuate hi s Kingdom) "

Rev. Kalima

191

CHAPTl!R TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 2. CHAGHATAYLOS

XOiPAYrAAP &Yn:Jr. Mt1Hl111 l.(YrJlYYJlrA 2. l.(ArAA,UAl1H YJlCblH XAA.!l

XA&Yn XAAH QABUL KHAN {768AH/ 1366-1367AD) 17mm 1.4g

Q;tBUL KHAN

XA.SYJI XAA Hhl 11:Jp 6yxuu // 6 A1fJHZ8H OUHap. .SaiJa.xmauiJ iJ:J11iJyy11c:J11. 767AH. A-C2012. RRR.

AR 1/6 dinar. Badakhshan mini only. 767A JI. Wirh name of Qabul Khan. A-C20 12. RRR.

H yyp. "3px3M .!l33Jl Xa6yJ1 xaa11. 6ypxaH TVYHHHr

Ap.

HB33Tyf3H. ,.

Obv. ·' Great Qabul Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom"

KaJmMa

Rev.

192

K"lima

svn:n. Mt1Ht111 UYrnYYJlfA 3. AJlTAH OP}lHbl XAAll (3Y"lt111H YJJ,AM)

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3. GOLDEN HORDE (JUCHIDS)

XOIPAYfAAP

AJITAH OPAHbl 3X3H YE temp. GOLDEN HORDE (630-660AH/1230-1260AD) 18mm 1.6g

temp. BATU KHAN

EAT XAAHhl yer) EyAzapm iJ3,1iJyy.1c3H .~teHWH iJuHap.

AR dinar. Bu/gl,ar mini. ND ( Early J3-th century). /11 the name of Al- Nasir. A-2018.

i(J/10c:JII OHbli' 6u•tJ3i!yi1. f:JB•t /3-p 3YYHbl 3X3H yeiJ 1apca11 300c 10.111. 6ai!iJaiJbtH Xa,w(jJ Hacup1,1H H3p u,011bti' 6u 11cJH. A-2018.

Obv. Al Nasir Li -Din-Allah, Commander of the

Hyyp. A.11 Hac11p- CyorrHyyn11MH y1u1p.nar-1 Ap. A11,1b,apa;1 601 HHOXOH, HHMll TYYHHMr 6ypxa11.naa

Faithful

Rev.

30pl1yJl81'fYH .

AJITAH OPiAHbl 3X3H YE temp. GOLDEN HORDE (630-660AH I 1230-1260AD\ 18mm 1.7g

EAT XAAHbl yed EyAzapm dJ;1dyy11cJH 33C 300C. /f.311iJCJH

temp. BATU KHAN AE put. Bu/gl,ar mint. ND ( Early 13-th century). In the name of Al-Nasir. A-2018.

Ollbli' 6u•oJ1yu. (JHU3H'.l.'' Ta Mra

MGHXTGMGP XAAH

Obv. Ta mgha, " Mint ofQri m".

Rev.

Tamg ha, " K y rk sc ri L-bi r yarmak -48 (such coins)-oneyarmak ..

MUNGHE TIMUR KHAN

(665-679AH/1267-1280AD) 18mm 1 29g

JOOC. J],:J. l()C:JII OHblc 6UL/3Jcyu.

M UNGHE TIMUR KJJAN AE put. Qrim mint.

Leb. M4.

Lebedev M 4.

M OHXTeMeP XAAJ/hl yea KpbUHOrh u)yy,ICJII 3:JC

H yyp. •· KpbJM.ll .ll'.)JJJlYYJJ'.lB. ·• M eHXT0"1ep xaaHbl rnMra.

Ap.

Obv. T am gha, " M int ofQri m ".

Rev.

" 48 JOOC H'.lr 51 p MaKTaH T3H U'.)H'.)."

196

" K y r k se ri z-bir ya rm ak o neyarm ak "

= 48 (suc h co i ns)-

XOi!PAYrAAP r.vnu. Ml1Hl1i1 l..lYfJlYYJlrA

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3 . GOLDEN HORDE (JUCHIDS)

3. AJITAH OPAHbl XAAU (3YYl1t1H YJlAM)

TOAM8HX XAAH TODA MUNGHE KHAN (679-686AH/ 1267-1280AD) 16mm 2.34g

TOJ,(M8/IX XAAHb/ yea XopeJA1iJ 0311oyy11C3H .M9HWfl

TODA MUN GHE KHAN

300c. 6amxaa11b1 maftuamau. 686011. XaaHbl H3p 6u'l:J::uyu.

A-2021.

R.

Hyyp. "686 o ttn XopeJMll .u:.i1111yy11::>H."

Ap.

A R dirham. Anonymous. Khwarizm mint. 686A H. A- 2021. R.

Obv. "Struck in 686 yea r at Khwa ri zm ..,

KaJJHMa

Rev. Kalima

TOnla&YFA XAAH TOLE BUQA KHAN (686-689AH/ 1287-1290AD) 19mm 1.2g

TOJI b5YrA XAAH Kpe...tiJ iJ:J11iJyy.ic3H M9HWH 30oc. To11b6yca xaaHbl ma,11camau. 686 OH. XaOHbl H:Jpm:iu. A-2022. 2. R.

TOLE BUQA KHAN

Hyyp. T onb6yra xaa~tbt TaMraTaH. ''Tonb6yra Kpb1M11 686 0 11Jl ll:JJlllYYJJ3B."

Obv. Tole Buqa Khan's tamgha.

Ap.

A R dirham. With ruler 's name. Qrim mint. 686AH. A-2022. 2. R.

Rev. " T o le Buqa. Minted in 9rim

197

686AH "

CHAPTIR TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3 . GOLDEN HORDE (JOCHIDS)

xoKP,IIYfAAP liYn:n . M11Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 3 . ATITAH OPJlHbl XAAJl (3Y41111H YJlAM)

Tonox XAAH TOGTU KHAN (689-712AH/ 1290-1312AD) 17. 1mm 1.55g

ron·ox XAAH.

710 Olld Ma::HCapm 03J/OYYIIC31/ .MOIIWH 300C. Mo11w11 iJopcJH fi b Towwx xaa11b/ 11:Jp IOAt. AllmaH OpiJocJ wpca11 cJopeo11J1C1111 yc:>zmJii 300c yy1133c oop J.t:>iJ:>zdJJzyu. 01t1(Wii xoeop. fl. Fraenh #26. RRR.

1/yyp. "3px:::>M 1rn.u T orrox xaa11 .·· " M a)l(apT .u:::>JU1YYJ13B 710 0 11. "

Ap.

TOGTU KHA N A R dirham. Majar mint. 7IOA H. Obverse: Padishah Togtu a/-adil. 11,is is the one and only coin written rite name of Tog/11 Khan in Mo11golia11 Pagsplta script. Extremely rare. H. Fraenh #26. RRR.

Obv. "Great Khan T oqtu (Togtoh)"

Rev. "Majar mi nt 710A H."

TOITOX XAAH TOG'IU IIDIAII (689-712AH/1 290-1312AD) 15.5mm 1.3g

TOITOX XAAH . 710 OHrJ Capaui) i)J11dyy11cJH ,\10H20H 300c. Mo11w.1 6u•1233p Toimox xaafl bl N3p 6t1'1JIC33. Tow10x xaa11b1 ,upuui ,lfOHi!OII yc2:1Jp 6u'tC3H 300c yyH33C oop 1,ochzrJ3:>iyu 6ailzaa.

TOGTU KHAN AR dirham. Sarai mi nt. 71OAH. This is the one and only coi n written the name of Togtu Khan in Mongolian U ighur script.

Obv. "Great Khan Toqtu (Togtoh)'"

1/yyp. '·3px:::>'v1 .UJJJ..1. Torrox xaa1 1. " "Capai.\ xoTo.u .UJn)lyyJI:::>B 710 O H."

Rev. ·'Sarai mint 710AH."

Ap.

198

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3. GOLDEN HORDE (JUCHIDS)

XOIPAYrAAP liYn~r. Ml1Hl111 UYrilYYnrA 3. AJlTAH OP)lHbl XAAJl (3YYl111H Y)lAM)

Tonox XAAH TOGTU KHAN (689-712AH/ 1290-1312AD) 18mm 1.29g

TOITOXXAAH 698 0 110 KpbllltiJ i)3,1iJyyJ/C:Jfl M9HWII

300C.

TOGTU KHAN AR dirham. Qrim mint. 698All. A-2023

A-2023

Obv. "GreOI Khan Toqtu"

llyyp. "3px"JM .n:::i:.m Torrox xaaH."

Ap.

"' Kp bl\.1 XOTO/ l.ll)Jl.llVYll3B

698

Rev. "Qrim mint 698A H."

OH ."

TOnox XAAH TOGTU KHAN (689-712AH/ 1290-1312AD) 18.5mm 1.19g

rorrox XAAH.

TOGTU K HAN AR dirham. Qrim mint. 707AII. A-2023.

707 011iJ /(pt,u1i) i)J,1ayy,1c::)II M fJ112011 300c. A-2023.

Obv. " G reat Kh an Toqtu (Togtoh)" Rev. " Qrim 707AH. T amgha of T oqtu Khan."

Hyyp. "3px:>M .D.J3U T orrox xaa 11. " " Kpb1M 707oH."

Ap.

Tonox XAAH TOGTU KHAN (689-712AH/ 1290-1312AD) 18mm 1.7g

TOITOX XAAH. Kp1:,1111iJ iJJ11ayy;1cJ1t 3JC 300c. A -2024. l ebedev M37.

TOGTU KHAN A£ pul. Qrim mint. ND. A -2024. Lebedev MJ7.

Obv. "Struck in Qrim" Rev. T amgha

f/yyp . .• K pbl "'1 XOTO)l Jl:)Jl.iJ.YYll38" Ta"1ra

Ap.

199

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3. GOLDEN HORDE (JUCHIDS)

XOIEPAYrAAP 1nn:Jr. Mt1Ht111 UYrJlYYJlrA 3. AJlTAH OP,D.Hbl XAA,D. (3Y4t111H Y,D.AM)

TOnox XAAH TOGTU KHAN (689-712AH/ 1290-1312AD) 17mm 1.7g

TOGTU KHAN

TOITOX XAAH.

A Efals. So/ghat (Qrim) mint. ND. A-2024. Lebcdcv 8a.

A-2024. Lebedev 8a. xornll LUJWyy,130.'' Ta,ira

/(pbtMO O:JJIOyync:m

3JC 300c.

1/y"yp. "ConxaT ( Kp1,l\1) Ap. ·'ToITO'< xaa11." H ap1,1r xymtH HYYJ)T'.)Hl'33p Aypc3Jl)l(33.

Obv. "Struck at Solkhat". Tamgha Rev. Face of Sun and name or Khan.

TOnox XAAH TOGTU KHAN {689-712AH/ 1290-1312AD) 18mm 0.83g

TOGTUKHAN

TOITOX XAAH. Kpw11iJ (}J,u)yy,1c3H 33C 100c. A-2024.

Hyyp. 6aT xaaHbl nopne11 Ta\ffbll YYJIJaJIJ].yy,1a1-1 TaBb)IC):J. Ap. '' KpbIMll J1:J,1J1YYJ1:Jn··. 0Jt cap1,1r nypc3,1)K3::>.

AEfals. So/ghat (Qrim) mint. ND. A-2024. Obv. There are fourtamghas ofBatu Khan arrenged in a circle. Rev. ·Struck in Qrim .., Moon & Star

TOnox XAAH TOGTU KHAN (689-712AH/ 1290-1312AD)

TOGTUKHAN

TOITOX XAAJ/. KpbtJttiJ

03ilOyy,1cJ11

17mm 1.14g

3:JC 30oc.

AEfals. So/ghat ( Qrim) mint. ND. A-2024. Lcbcdcv 8a.

A-2024. Lebedev 8a.

Hyyp. CoJ1xaT ( KpbIM) xoTO.ll .U3llllYYJ1::>n. Ta"m1 Ap. Torrox xaa 11. H ap1,11 xyHHH ttyypnHr3::,p nypc:im+o3.

Obv. Struck at Solkhat. Tamgha Rev. Face of Sun and name of Khan.

200

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3. GOLDEN HORDE (JUCHJDS)

XOEPAYrAAP &Yn:n. Mt1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 3. NlTAH OP)lHbl XAA,ll (3YY l111H Y)lAM)

Y3&EK XAAH UZBEK KHAN (712-742AH/1312-1341AD)

14mm 1.15g

UZBEK KJJAN

Y3SEK XAAH

AR dirlwm. Qrim mint. 720A H. A-2025.

Kpbu1i) OJ.IO\'\'ACJII MOfl?o11 dupxa.~t. 720A II(?). A-2025.

llr yp. "Ayraa Hx CyJJTaH YJ6CK." TaMra Ap. KamtMa . Xaa11 n;D1 y111U1 Apa6aap 611 1 Jtt)K 3BX1,n,1 X'JJl6-J rm 60JIIO ll 300CHbl apTIUl,llUOXtt)KJJ.

Ohv. "Great Sultan Uzbek Khan." Tamgha Rel'. Kalima. Countermark " Khan·· .

Y3&EK XAAH UZBEK KHAN (712-742AH/1312-1341AD) 18mm 1.3g

Y3EEK XAA/1 KpbtMO oJ.u)n:,1cJfl .nc 100c. On 3aowa?yit. lebede1• M22.

UZBEK KHAN AE put. Qrim mifll. ND. Lehedel' M22.

Hyyp. "KpblMJl i UJl,lYY113B." TaMra Ap. "/\yrna Hx Y jfiCK xaaH." 1 aMra

Obv. "Struck in Qrim.'' Tamgha Rev. "Uzbek Khan, the Great."

Y3&EK XAAH UZBEK KHAN (712-742AH/1312-1341AD)

YJSEK XAAJ/ KpblMO OJJIOyy1/CJH MOHcOH aupxa,11.

Hffp. "/\yraa Hx CyJ1ra11 Ap. K3./JHM3

Y36eK

UZBEK KHAN AR dirham. Qrim mint. ND.

011 300?00cYLI

xaH"

Obv. "Great Sultan Uzbek Khan." Rev. Kalima

201

15mm 1.5g

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3. GOLDEN HORDE (JUCHIDS)

XOIEPAYrAAP 5Yn3r. l"ll1Ht111 I..IYrJlYYJlfA 3. NlTAH OPAHbl XAAA (3Ylft11'1H YAAM)

Y3&EK XAAH UZBEK KHAN (712-742AH/1312-1341 AD)

Y3EEKXAAH XopeJAtO Ka 111-16cK xaa11 ." Ap. "rym1CTa l1Ll Jl'.)Jl.llYYJJ'.>B. 753 OH"

AR dirham. Gu/ista11 mini. 753A lf. The name of Khan Janibeg is wrirten in Arabic. A-2027. Obv. "Great Sulta n Janibeg Khan." Rev. "Struck in Gulistan 753AJI "

203

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3. GOLDEN HORDE (JUCHIDS)

XOIPAYrAAP &Yn3r. Ml1 Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 3. AJlTAH OPJ].Hbl XAAJ]. (3YYl111H YJ].AM)

>KAHH&EK XAAH JANIBEG KHAN (742-758AH/1341-1357AD)

JKAHHSEK XAAH XOPEJMJ{ rhl()~•y.1cJ11 11011to11 oupxa.11. 744A H. A-2027. llyrp. "Ayraa Hx Cy;mrn >Ka11116cK xaa11." Ap.

"XopeJ\1JL ,UJ li L\ YJIJB.

744

oH"

17mm 1.3g

JANJBEG Kl/AN AR dirham. Khwari.,m minr. 744AII. The name of Khan Janibeg is wrilfen in Arabic. A-2027. Obv. "Great Sultan Janibcg Khan. " Rev. "Khwarirn1 mint 744AH"

>KAHH&EK XAAH JANIBEG KHAN (742-758AH / 1341-1357AD) 27mm 5.0g

)KA 11ii EEK XAAH XOPEJ.MJJ. ih1dyy. 1cJ11 JJC 100c. )/(a11u6eK xaa11bl H:Jpu11Ka1111 (6cK) xm111."

Ap.

I lap 6a Apcm111rni-i11 11ypcnn.

>KAHH&EK XAAH JANIBEG KHAN (742-758AH/1341-1357AD) 17mm 1.9g

)KAil J1S EK XAAJI ]JC 100c. Xaana XJJJJ OJ.1on•. 1c:111 fib morJopxo11q1i.

JANJBEG KHAN AE put. ND.NM. Flower zvpe. A-2030.

A-2030. Hyyp. "Cy1rra11 >KaHH6eK xaaH.'' Ap. UJLl'Jf

Obv. "Sultan Janibcg Khan." Rev. Flowers

204

XOlilPAYrAAP &Yn:n. Ml1Hl111 UYrnYYJlrA 3. AJlTAH OP,O.Hbl XAAJJ. (3YYl111H YJ].AM)

CHAPTER TWO . MY OWN COLLECTION 3. GOLDEN HORDE (JKAHH&EK XAAH JANIBEG KHAN (742-758AH/1341-1357AD)

SlfP)J.J1SEK XAA/1 llJwu Capati xomod Eupou6eK XC/Gllbl OJ,IOyy,1cJI/ .11eHce11 rJuNap. 759 ONJJllYYJDB. 762 0 11 "

Obv. "Great Sul tan Khi zr Khan ..,

Ap.

Rev. " Minted in G ulistan. 762AH"

TGMGP XO>KA XAAH TIMUR KHWAJA KHAN (762AH/1361AD)

TBMfJP XO)J(A XAAH W/1JJ3 CAPAPJJ( OJ,IOyy,1c:>11 J\ff//h'(J/1 oupxa.M. 762011. A-2036. RR. llyw "Ayraa "1 x Cyma11 TeMep Xo)f(a xaaH. 6ypxaH ryy1rni1r HBTJL .,

Ap.

" W1111::> C::ipa~UJ. .!D JlilVYJl::Jli. 762 oH'"

15.5mm 1.5g

TIMUR KH WAJA KI-IAN A R dir/1am. Sarai AI-Jadida mint. 762A II. With name of Khan. A-2036. RR. 0/Jl'. "'Greai Sultan T i mur Khwaja K han. May Alla/, perpe1uate his Ki111:dom" Re,• " l\!lintcd in Sarai AI-Jadida 762A I I "'

KHnAH&EK XAAH KILDI BEG KHAN (762-763AH/ 1361-1362AD) 18mm 2.44g

Kl1J/Jl.HEEK XAAH AJAKTiJ.J11iJyy.1cJ1t 33c 300c. 763 011. A- 2039. Hyyp. "Ayraa J.1 x Cy,1Ta 11 K11,1n.11 6eK xaa 11 . Eiypxa 11 Ap.

TYY II ~Ii,\ I 11 I.O Jr .'' " AJaK r JDJILlYYJJ3B. 763 011 "

KILDI BEG Kl/AN AE pul. Azak mint. 763A I/. With name of Khan. A-2039 . Obv. "G reat Sultan Kildi Beg Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom"

Rev. " Minted in Azak 763AH "

207

xoiPAYrAAP SYn:n . Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 3. MTAH OPJlHbl XAAJl (3YYl111H Y)lAM)

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 3. GOLDEN HORDE (Jp 611Y1-tr!l'.:l:.>ryti x:rn63p

ABArA XAAH ABAQA KHAN (665-680AH/ 1265-1282AD)

A6ArA XAA l/bl YE A6aw xaa11bl ye()iJ3J1iJyy,1c311 fttfJflc'Ofl oupXQJ,t. 73 I

011.

A-2126.

Hyyp. " Hx xaa11." HyMaH TaMra Ap. Kll.lmMa. HyMaH Ta~ra

temp. A.BAQA KHAN AR dirham. Anonymous, Bow type. 73 IA H. NM.

Obv. '·Great Khan." Bow Rev.

214

20mm 2.8g

Kalima. Bow

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 4. ILKHANIDS

XOIPAYrAAP 15Ynn. Ml1Hl1 11 ~YrJlYYJlrA 4. 1111 XAAJJ.YYll

A&ArA XAAH ABAQA KHAN (665-680AH/ 1265-1282AD)

Ab'AFA XAAH Mo11;,o.1'fyyr)bl11 /JOCCllJt Ca,11yypb111 Xa111a11 xaa11 A6uw 5u11111 Caaob/11 A6a.?a xaa11bl 1/JfJJJP WupmiJ dJ.1iJyy.1c111 CL1ma11 du11ap. 665-685.

A-1928. RR. llyyp. " Eprn11uH~t11 :n:J11 , A)raa 11 x 11JJxaH A6ara. 6)pXaH TyyHl1~11 1113'.:)JI .., Ap. Ka.~11,,a. " A611w 611m Caau Xa111H. "

23mm 5.5g

SALGIIUR/DS. QUEEN AB/Sf/ 8/NT SAAD. AV dinar. This is a Gold coin ofSa lhgurids Queen Abish Bint Saad. in the name of ABAQA KHAN. S hi raz 665-685. A- 1928. RR.

Obv. Rev.

'' k.ing of Universe, JIkhan the Great Abaga. May Allah perpetuate his Ki ngdo 111" Kalima . '' Abish Binte Saad (Queen)"

AXMAA XAAH

AHMAD KHAN (681 •683AH/1282· 1284AD)

AXMA.a XAAH AxMad xaa1tbl Ta6pu3d d:JJ1dyy11c:JH .~t&Hl&H iJupxaM. 682/1284. A-2140. Hyyp. "Xaa11b1 1np:np Ax"1aub111 .ll3ll.llVYllC3H"

Ap.

K aJ11tMa

20mm 2.3g

Af/MAIJ ( TEK UDAR) KHAN AR dirham. Tabriz mint. 682/ 1284. A-2140. Obv. '' Ilagan nu Nerebe r Ahmad un deletgegulug sen" Struck by the Ahmad in the name of the Khagan, in Mongolian in Uighur inscription. Name of Ahmad - In Arabic. Rev. Kalima.

AXMAA XAAH

AHMAD KHAN (681 · 683AH / 1282• 1284AD) 19mm 2.27g

AXMA/( XAA H Mo11i'on'fyyobl11 1Jacca.1 Ca.uyypu111 Xa111a11 xaa11 A6uw 51111111 Caadb/11 AxftwiJ xaa11u111Jpnp Wupmd iJJ11oyy11c:J11 ,11011.?011

woe. 665-685.

A- 1929. 3, RR.

Hyyp. ··xaaHb1 HJp,Jp Ax"1anb111 n:)JJ.11.yyncJ11" Ap. Kan11Ma, "A611w 611HT Caa.u XaTaH."

SALGH URJDS. QUEEN ABl S/f BINT SAAD. AR dirham. This is a dirham coin of Salhgurids Queen Abish Bint Saad, AHMAD citing as overlord, S hiraz 665-685. A-1929. 3, RR. Obv. ·' Hagan nu Nereber Ahmad un deletgegulug sen" - Struck b} the Ahmad in the name ofthc Khagan , in Mongolian in Uighur inscription. Rev. Kalima. " Abish Bintc Saad (Queen) "

215

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 4. ILKHANIDS

XOilPAYfAAP 1nnn. Ml1Hl111 UYfJlYYJlfA 4 . 1111 XAAUYYA

APrYH XAAH ARGHUN KHAN (683-690AH / 1284-1291 AD) 23mm 6.51g

AP/YH XAAH EaiiJaiJ xomoiJ Apiy111>1

iJJ.liJ}'}', 1011 a,1ma11 ou11ap.

A-2144.

IIYl'P·

"XaaHbl HJpjJpApryH1,1 ll3J111Y)'J1CJ1 1. Apry11"

(Apa6aap)

Ap.

Ka.mMa .

ARC/JUN KHAN. AV dinar. Baghdad. ND. I\ 2144. Obi· ··Hagan nu Nereber Arghun un delelgeguli sen" - S1ruck h} the Arghun in the name of Khagan. 111 'Vlongolian in Uighur inscription. l\ame or Arghun - In Arahic. Rev. Kalima

APrYH XAAH ARGHUN KHAN (683-690AH/ 1284-1291 AD)

APfYII XAAII

Mo11, 011 dupxa,,,

A-2146.

llyrp. "Xaatt1,1 HJpnp Apr) 111,1 JlJJlllY\JlC'.)11. /\pry11·· (/\pa6aap) Me11, xaatt1,1 C'JpY.:1 n1,11a 1eH .'l YH1l Hb xapa 11Hlll< 6aHtta. Ap.

Ka.111\rn .

ARGIIUN KIIAN /\R dirham . ND. A-2146. Ob,·. .. Ilagan nu Nercbcr Arghun un dclctgcguli sen" Struck b) the Arghun 111 the name of Khagan . in \11ongohan. Uighur inscription. Tamgha oft he Cirea1 Khan Munghc in the ccn tcr. Name of Arghun - In Arahic. Rer. Kalima

APrYH XAAH ARGHUN KHAN (683-690AH / 1284-1291 AD) ,, '' 1

' ,, ........ ' ,. I

f

.

('

(

1

I

,,I

\

.

.·,'.

,

•

....

• ) , '

.

(

. ,· .1·/ ~. ' ,.. 1:,,)·'-~.:,r>'· ·'

.

) ,. ;

,

,

•

I

, .

21mm 2.4g

'. !

(

t

I ' I

J• f

I

'

... .' . ••,.r ir ( ,,,:

-(

\,

I.

r ' '

\ I ;. t . ; . /, "

J ,I

20mm 2.7g

-

.

~ I •

\ .. ,'.;._.· ~ ;

ARGHUN KHA N.

AP/YI/ XAA/J l!u111a11yp111 rJJ,1plJP Ap1yH1,1 ,1:.>JJJWYJJC'.)11 Mo11ro. Apryu" (Apa6aap) Ap.

KamtMa.

Re,•.

216

'" Hagan nu Nereber Arghun un deletgeguli sen Mengu" Coin of the Arghun ~trucked in the name,of Khagan, in Mongolian in Uighur inscription. Name of Arghun - In Arabic Kalima

XOl!PAYrAAP &Yn3r. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 4 . 11Jl

CHAPTIR TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION

XAAJ:IYYA

4. ILKHANIDS

APl"YH XAAH ARGHUN KHAN (683-690AH/1284-1291AD) 22mm 2.5g

ARGH UN KHAN.

APFY/1 XAAH Xa.Maua,u) ih1ayy.,c'J// A/91/WH i)upxa.M. 688. A-2146.

AR dirham. Hamada11 mim. 688. A-2 146 " Hagan nu :\ereber Arghun un deletgeguli sen" - Coin of the Arghun ~trucked in the name of Khagan. in Mongol ian in Uighur inscription. Name of Arghun - In Arabic. Rev. Kalima Obv.

Hyyp. "XaaHbJ H:>p::up Apry1 1b1 11:>J111,yyJ1c::rn."' ApryH (Apa6aap) Ap. KaJJHMa.

APl"YH XAAH ARGHUN KHAN (683-690AH/ 1284-1291 AD) 20mm 2.9g

APTYH XAAJ/ Tye xomon.11yync::,11. ., ·' Apry11" (Apa6aap) Obv• .. Ilagan nu i\ereber Abaqa un delelgeguli sen" - S1nic~ by 1hc Abaqa in the name of Khagan, in Mongolian in Uighur inscription. 3araJ1MafiT1 1bt UJaUJ11b1 ,ma11b 6u•111JK Jar aJJ:..rn~i aypc3J1JK3:>. Ap. ApyH xaaH JUJ I A6arblH [lJlHJl JaraJ1\1ai111 waWHIITllblr Rev. Christian inscription and Cro;,,... bt>m al-ab wa'l-1bn w,1 n1h al-qud,, alah wahid" - In the name of the father, the ,;on , and the holy ~pirit , one God. TaJ1apxa11 Ll'.>\1)1(11)1( 6ai1Cllbl JJ'.)r 6apH\ff ) H3 OOJlHO.

A PI'Y /1 XAA II Tuq>AUCIII ch101•y,1cJH .lf(JHc(J/1 oupxa,11. A-2151. Lang. 21.

APrYH XAAH ARGHUN KHAN (683-690AH/ 1284-1291 AD)

A RGH UN KHAN. AR dirltam. 7ijlis mi11t. A-2151. la11g2 /.

APFY H XAAH 7iu/>Aucm oJ.1oyy,1cJ11 ,11e11teH 011pxaJ11. A-2151. Lang. 21.

Hyyp. Ap.

20mm 2.2g

Obv. "Ilagan nu Nereber Abaqa un dclctgcguli sen" - S1 ruck by the Abaqa in the name of Khagan, in Mongolian in Uighur inscription. Rev. Christian inscription and CrO'>S. "bi5m al-ab wa'l- ihn wa ruh alquds, alah wahtd" - In the name of the fa1her, the son, and the holy spirit, one God.

"Xm1 11b1 H3p3Jp Apt)'Hbt JlJ, tnyy,,c:>H. '' "Apr y H·· (Apa6aap) 3aranMa~iTll bl w aw11b1 Maa11b 6w1i1JK ·3ai11J1\1aii 11\ pc3JlJKJ3. ApyH xaaH '.)tt:>r A6an,111 a,1IlfJ1 JaraJlM::lH II waWHIITHbl r numpXflll ll3MJKWt, 6ai iC Hbl H31 6api1MT :)H:) 60J11 l 0.

APrYH XAAH ARGHUN KHAN (683-690AH/ 1284-1291 AD)

....~~~: .- :.> . ..:.: . ·.

,,·. . .' . -. . .,._ .;;:-. .. -~!' , , , 4,

J ,

i' i

r

j.. I

.....

20mm 2.4g

. . ,.

'

••

.r·111

,

a

",j

. 'I', I

. ~

. '

. -

.......... .-l.

, ,. ,.~·..

'~i . ·" •· r' • •. r ·, ,

'

·1·

.... API'YII XAAH Xa.11taiJa11 xomoiJ i)3,1nnyy11e::>1 1." Ap. Ka.11n1a.

Rev.

by the Rinchin Dorji in the name or the Khagan. in M ongolian in Uighur mscription. Name of Rinchin Dorji - In Arabic. Kalima

rAMXATY XAAH GAYKHATU KHAN (690-694AH/ 1291-1295AD)

GA YKHATU KHAN - (RINCHINDORJI) AR dirham. Shiraz mint. Lion type

fAHXATY XAAH (Pu11•1w1oopJ1C) llJupa:JO 03/IOyyoc:m M8Hi!8H OllpXOJ\f. "ApCltalt " X:JJ16:Jp .

llyyp.

Obv. " Ilagan nu Nereber Rinchindorji un deletgulug sen. " - Struck by the Rinchindorji in the name of the Khagan, in Mongolian in Uighur in~cription. Name of Rinchindorji - I n Arnbic. IJon Rev. Kalima

"Xaa1 1b1 11 ::>p :D p P11114HH.UOP)l(Hi1H .U3J1.ll\'YJ1C:J11."

Apcna11

Ap.

19mm 1.9g

KaJIHM3.

rAMXATY XAAH GAYKHATU KHAN (690-694AH/ 1291-129SAD) 20mm 2.3g

FAlfXATY XAAH (Pt111•11111oopJ1C) lllupaJiJ OJ.1oyyocJ11 ,11e11te11 rJupxa1,1. JU011xop 6a Hap XJA6Jp. Xaa111,111Jpuiu rauxamy tJJIC Apa6aap 611'fcJ11 6a1111a. 3wJ x::,,,6Jp fib uxJo xoaop 6a1ioa,. Hyyp. "Xaa Hbl H3p::>::>1) Pm14Hl!JlOPlKl1HH ll3JUlYYIIC3H.'' W o Hxop 6a H ap. fa11xa1)' xaaHbl H3p

Ap.

Ka1111Ma .

GAYKIIATU Kl/AN - (RJNCHJNDORJI) AR dirham . Shim:, mint. Hawk & Sun type .. Ruler's name Of Gaykhatu Very scarce Ob,•. .. Hagan nu Nereber Rinchindorji un dclclgulug sen."' - Strucl,. by 1he Rinchindorji in the name of the K hagan, in Mongolian in U ighur inscription. Name ofGaykhalu - In Arabic. rla~k & Sun Rev. Kalima

222

XOiPAYrAAP &Yn:Jr. MnHt111 UYrnYYnrA 4 . nn XAA.UYYO.

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 4 . ILKHAN IDS

&AHAY XAAH BAYDU KHAN (694AH/ 129SAD) .,-

BAYDU KJJAN

EAfl/1,Y XAAJ!

AV dinar. Tabriz mint. 694A H. A-2164.

Ta6pu:Jo iJ311iJyyiJc3H AllmaH iJuHap. 694All. A-2164.

Obv.

Hyyp. "Xaa 11b1 11 ::ip::i::ip 6ai1nyrnH11 .n::i11nyyJ1c::> 11 ."

Ap.

23mm 4.2g

'· Hagan nu Nereber Baydu iin deletgulug sen Ariguu" Struck by the Baydu in the name of the Khagan, in Mon golian in Uighur inscription. Name of Baydu - In Arabic.

"Ap11y11 " KaJJHMa .

Rev.

Kalima

&AHAY XAAH BAYDU KHAN (694AH/129SAD)

~

20mm 2.5g

BAYDU KJIAN AR dirham. Tabriz mint. 694A H. A-2 165 Obv. " Hagan nu Nereber Baydu iin deletgulug sen" Struck by the Baydu in the name of the Khagan, in Mongolian in Uighur inscription. Name of Baydu - In Arabic.

b"Ali/1,y XAAJ! Ta6pu30 iJJ11iJyyiJc3H AteHifm oupxa.M. 694A fl. A-2165. Hyyp. "XaaHbt H3p::>3p 6ai,iJlyrnt!H .U31UlYYllC3H.°'

Ap.

KaJtHMa .

Rev.

K:tlima

25mm 8.81g

XACAH XAAH Ta6pu3r) OJ1uJyyiJcJ11 A11111a11 i)u11ap. 699A H. A-2170. Hyi•p. "TJ11r:Jpn1111 xy•1y11nyp Xaca11b1 ,11J11,11yy11cJ11. ., XacaH MaxMyil (Apa6aap). M.Xac (Xaca11 Max,1y,11,111 rnn,, ~up ll0Pll0Jl)UI H ye I :.Hp) Ap. Ka.~11Ma .

GHAZAN MAJJMUD KJIAN AV dinar. Tabriz mint. 699AH. A-2170. Obv.

Re•.

223

" Tenger iin huchundur Ha~an nu deletgulug ~en" - Struck by 1hc Gh.uan under the Power of I l eaven. In \1ongolian in Uighur inscription . Name of Ghazan Mahmud In Amb1c. The name of Ghaz:rn \1ahmud is written in Mongolian Pag.~pha in ! '

.

·J' . .

:' )i":f..J!'\T ," __ i.. JJ.. ;.( ,1\'' ' (. . .., . . l \' ., ____ .... - , , . ' ...),.

I

" -

)

t

.

'

J) \ )

'

.·

,

#

\'

-\,;JI~ ,r ,•·

j/

.

,~~ · \iJ'tf~ ·~,, ·"'·· I t\_,·· ' IJ It'

.'.i ,,_· "9·~···.;.-'.; ••

I

,..,,.,

, ....

.,_,.~·. ,'...... .:I"'',.-_. ,,, .

XACAH XMH Ty.~1yw6aJap xomoo 700c)//d 1lJ.1c)yycJc:m MOl/i!BH iJupxa.u. A-2173. Hryp. "'T:>H r::ip11ii11 xp1y11.ayp XacaHhl ,1.J;ii1,yyncJ11." Xaca11 MaxMyll (Apa6aap), M.Xac (XacaH Max,1yn1,111 TOB'I 11Jp nepnenJK11H ycr:.up) Ap. Ka.111,1a.

GIIAZAN MAHMUD Kl/AN AR dirham. Gumushbazar 111/111. 700A II. A-2173. Obv. "Tcngcr iin huchundur Hasan nu dcletgulug sen'' - Struck by 1he Ghazan under the Power or I leaven. In Mongolian in U ighur inscription. Name orGh:uan Mahmud - In Arabic. The name or Gha7an Mahmud is written in vlongolian Paw,pha imcription Re,,. Kalima

XACAH XAAH GHAZAN KHAN (694-703AH/1295-1304AD)

XACA /l XAAH

603aapm dJ.uJyyocJ11 ,1t8Hl8II rJupxaM. 701011. A-2172. llnp. "TJ11 np111iH xy•1y11nyp Xaca11b1

Ap.

Ll3Jli1\ ync::>11.·· Xacau Maxr.tyn (Apa6aap), M.Xac (Xaca11 Max,1yJ1blH rn11•1 II ))} JlOJ)llOJIJK~111 ycr::>Jp) Kamma .

25mm 4.3g

GI/AZAN MAHMUD KHAN AR dirham. Bazar mint. 70/AII. A-2172. Obv. "Tenger iin huchundur llasan nu delelgulug ~en" - Struck b) the G hat.an und~r the Power of Heaven. In Mongolian III Uigh ur inp. "AJlnaxaac eop 6ypxaH yryi-i. MyxaM,.,Hl!l 6on A11naxbrn JJl'I. A .1u 6on Tyy1111i,i opnort.t." (HcnaMbJH W11HT ypcra11b111 Kam1Ma)

en3MHT XAAH

UUAYIV KHAN AR dirham. Ah/at mint. 7 lxAH A-2184. Type B. Ob,,.

Rev.

or

"Struck indays kingship (of the)master,t he great sultan, holderofthe desliny(of) nation. Uljaiytu su ltan, responder (to supplication in) world and (of) religion, God's servant Muhammad (May) Allah perpetuate his kingship" '·Sultan Uljaytu" -at 01, 02 o· clock. in mongolian "There is no God blll Allah. Muhammad ( Is) Messenger of Allah. Ali is (Allah's) deputy" (Shi'ite kalima)

UUAYTU KHAN

(703-716AH/ 1304-1316AD)

ULJAYTU KHAN AR dirham. A11dija11 mint. 7!4AH. A-

8JJ3HJ1T XAAH. A,1iJuJKa1tiJ

Kp, o,rnp, 0 1MHH, AJ11111apblll llJP 611,1iJy11,1c:>11 xoep111b111 MOIIWII cJupxa.11. 733 011. (xaa11b1 JJ-p 011) . A-22/8. I. Xaam,11up111il ,11011w,1 yctnp Sy CauiJ DJIC 611•,cm 6au1w. /-lyyp. "Ayraa Hx CyJITaH A6y Ca1-1nn:>,1nyy.us." Ap. KamtMa :ipTH H f1 Apa6b111 Ky¢11 6ft ' Irl1 i,i H x:>,16::>p:J:>p

20mm 2.7g

ABU-SA ID KHAN AR 2 dirhams. Sultaniya mitll. 73JA II. (Klza11i 33 year). The name of Khan is wriuen ar BU-SAID i11 Uighur. A-2218. I. Obv. "G reat Sultan Abu Said

Rev.

6tt'llDJ. HcnaMblll aHX Hbl nopoe11 Xa;m(j) 6011ox A6y 6:JKP, 0Ma • 0 rMall, Ami 11apblH H3p 614'13'.JCTJH 6ai1tia.

232

May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom " Kalima in Kufic inscription. Names of fi rst four Caliphs of Islam - Abu Bekr, Omar, Othman. Ali.

XOi!PAYrAAP nnu. Ml1Hl111 UYrnYYJlrA 4 . 1111 XAA,[lYY.[I

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 4. ILKHANIDS

A&YCAHA XAAH

ABU SAID KHAN

(716-736AH / 1316-1335AD) 20mm 2.7g

AEY CAI~/( XAAII. Tu6pu; xomoJIJlYYJJ:>B." Ap. KamtMa . "1 cJia,1b1H aHXHbl 11ep11eH Xrurn¢ 6oJtox A6y 6:.>Kp, o~rnp, Onrn11, AnH 11apblll IDP 611'1:J::ICT.:lli 6ai-iHa.

21mm 3.48g

ABU SAID KHAN. AR 2 dirham. Sava!, mini. 726A H. A-2204. Type D (pentagon type) Obv. " Great Sult an Abu Said Bahadur Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom'' Rev. Kalima, Names of first fou r Caliphs of Islam- Abu Bekr, Omar, Othman , Ali.

234

CHAl"TWR TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 4. ILKHANIDS

XOl!PAYrAAP 1nnn. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 4 . nJ1

XAAUYYJJ. ----'~~~~~,-,-----,,=

A&YCAHA XAAH

ABU SAID KHAN

(716-736AH / 1316-1335AD) 23mm 3.53g

ASY CAil/.( XMJ/ Ka111a11 xomoo d:J11oyy,1c:J11 xoifpmblll AIO/li!0/1 oupxa.M. 723 011.

A-2204. Type D

ABU SAID KHAN. AR 2 dirham. Kasl,a11 mint. 723AH. A -2204. T ype D (pen1agon type)

Obv.

llyyp. "Ayraa ltl x Cynni11 A6y Ca1-111 6axanyp xaa 11 11::>n11yyn3n.·' Ap. Ka.,11~,a . ltlCJl3\1blH aHXHbl JI6PB0H XHJIH(j) 60JIOX A6y 6JKP, 0Map, On.mu , AJJ1111apb11111::>p 611111 x11i11(111Jfr)

Obv.

Hyyp. "Ayraa ltlx Cy;m11 1A6y CaHJI 6axan.yp xaa11 D.3JUJ.YVJTJB.'' Ap. KaJJHMa . McnaM blll a11x11b1 ,!1,epue11 Xa.1rncp 6oJTox A6y

Rev.

6JKp. o~rnp, OrMaH, AJ111 11ap1,111 1np fo1,133eni,i 6a1111a.

A&YCAHA XAAH

" Great Sulrnn Abu Said Bahadur Kha n. May Allah perpet uate his Kingdom" Kalima, Names of first fo ur Caliphs of Islam- Abu Bckr, Omar, Othman. Ali.

ABU SAID KHAN

(716-736AH/1316- 1335AD)

AEY CAHJJ. XAA/1

22mm 3.5g

ABU SAID KHAN. A R 2 dirlram. N M . 7 /9AH. A-2200. (Mehrab type)

Xaa11a 1/J.1dry.1c)/I fib modopxoii?yu xoi!ptnblH ,11(:IHIOH oupxaM. 719 011. A- 2200. ( Mexpa61>111 xui11i111Jti)

H1•1•p. " Ayraa ltlx Cynni11 A6y Ca~rn baxan.yp xaa11 ilJJTDY\JTJB. " Ap.

22mm 3.5g

Kan11Ma. ltlcJTaM1,111 am.111,1 11opno11 Xa.1~1C~ 6oJTox A6y 6JKp. O,mp, O r,1c111 , A.1~1 Hapblll 11·Jp 6wi::ncr,u1 6aii11a.

235

Obv.

Rev.

"Great Sulta n Abu Said Bahadur Khan. May Allah perpetua1e his Kingdom" Kalima , ames of first four Caliphs of blam- Abu Bekr, Omar, Othman. Ali .

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 4. ILKHANIDS

XO*lP,AYrAAP &Yn3r. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYflfA

4. 1111 XAAJWYJl

A&YCAHA XAAH

ABU SAID KHAN

(716-736AH / 1316-1335AD) 22mm 3.56g

A6Y CAHJ( XAA H 6aldad 1:011111cJ cJncJn,1cJ11 xoi!pmw, ueuteu r)upxu,11. 719 011. A-2200. (Mexpa6wn xui11'.)CT'.)H 6ai111a.

A&YCAHA XAAH

(l\llehrab type) A-2200. "G reat Sultan Abu Said Bahadur Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom" Kalima , l\ames of lira four Caliph~ of blam- Abu Bckr, Omar, Othman. Ali.

ABU SAID KHAN

(716-736AH / 1316-1335AD)

ABU SAID Kl/AN . AR 2 dirlwm. Kas!ta11 mint. 726AII. A-

AEY CAJl!f XAA.H Kauia11d rh1rJ1'1'-ICJ11 xoi!imtblll .,101uo11 r)upX(IJII. 726 on.

2210.

A-2210. T,vpe F

Obv.

1/1'¥/J- "Ayraa vlx Cy.1Ta11 A6y CaH.ll 6axa)lyp xaa11 nJnllY\n:)B."

Ap.

Rev.

Ka.1 11111:t. 1'1C,ia "1blH :ui~Hhl 1wpuett X ,U111 60; 1ox A6y 6JKp. Or.mp. Orr.m11. Arnt 1rnpb1H H3P 6wr.ncTJ11 6ai-1Ha.

A&YCAMA XAAH

ABU SAID KHAN 20mm 1.8g

ABU SA ID Kl/AN.

A.SY CAJfJ( XMJI

AR I dirham. Samsur, mi111. 724A II. A-2211. Type F

724 Of/. A-2211.

Hyyp . .. Ay ma 1'1x C}Jll'aH A6} Ca11n 6axa.nyp xaa11 JlJMyyn:>n.'· Ap.

Typer

'·Great Sul1an Abu Said Bahadur Khan . May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom" Kalima. Names of first four Caliphs of Islam Abu Bckr, Omar. Othman, Ali.

(716-736AH/1316-1335AD)

C a!IICYII xomodo:J.IGy\UC:JII IIJWIUU// .l{f)l(lOfl oupxa..11.

22mm 3.6g

K an11"11a. v1cna'l1blll a11x11b1 nepseH Xa1111cj) 6011ox A6y 6JKP, O,tap. OrMa11, Am1 11apb111 IDP 6wD:x:D•i 6a11 1·ta.

236

Ohv.

Rev.

"Great Sultan Abu Said Bahadur Khan . May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom·· Kalima, Names of lir.,t four Caliphs of )~lam- Abu Bekr. Omar, Othman, Ali.

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 4 . ILKHANIDS

XOl!PAYrAAP &Ynu. Ml1Hl1 11 UYrJlYYJlf A 4. 1111 XAA.QYYil

A&YCAM.q XAAH ABU SAID KHAN (716-736AH/ 1316-1335AD)

AEY CAii)}, XAA /1 Mapouu xomo() £h1Kp, 0Map, OrMall , AJJM Hapbl H H3p 6H'l33CT31-i 6at\ 11a.

ABU SAID KHAN . A£ fa ts. Erji11ja11 miflf. ND. A-2220. Obv. " Sultan Abu Said Bahadur Khan.

Rev.

May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom " Kalima , Names of first four Caliphs o f Islam - Abu Bckr, Omar, Othman, A li.

A&YCAltA XAAH ABU SAID KHAN {716-736AH / 1316-1335AD)

AEY CA.fl! ( XAAH Ta6pu3 xomoiJ iJ3niJyync::J11 moM J:JC 300c . 72x OH. A- 2220. K aJ111111a. H cnaMbl H aHXHbl .nopno11 Xairncj:J 6on ox A6y 6'.>KP, 0Map. Onrn 11 , AJJH HapbiH H3p 6 H'l'.):)CT31-i 6a1111a.

Ob,,.

Rev.

" Sultan Abu Said Bahadur Khan. May A llah perpetuate his Kingdom " Kalima, N ames o f first fou r Caliphs of Islam - A bu Bekr, Omar. Othman , Ali.

A&YCAltA XAAH ABU SAID KHAN {716-736AH/ 1316-1335AD)

AEY CAH,l( XAA H Cy11ma11 xomoa

0 3JtiJyy11C3H J\IOH?OII 3 00C.

732 OH.

"Cymai I A6y Q rnll xaaH "

Ap.

KamtMa.

20mm 2.7g

ABU SAID KHAN . AE fats. S 11/ta11ia mint. 732AH. A-2220.

A -2220. fl yyp .

28 .7mm 8.65g

ABU SAID KHAN . AE largefals. Tabri, mint. 72xAH. A-2220.

Hyyp. .. CyJJTa H A 6y Ca1-1.11. 6axa.nyp xaa11 .U3JlllYYJJ3B." Ap.

18mm 3.7g

Obv. " Sultan Abu Said " Rev. kalima

238

CHAPTIR TWO. M Y OWN COLLECTION 4. ILKHANIDS

XOIPAYr.AAP liYn:n . Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 4 . 1111 XAA.QYY!l

MYCA XAAH

MUSA KHAN

(735- 737 AH/ 1335-1337AD)

MYCA XAA/f l/lupa:J xomod rlJ.l()n .,n Hxoi!p111b111 ,11011t 11H dupxa.M. 735 011.

MUSA KHAN

AR 2 dirhams. Shiraz mint. 735AH . with the name of Musa Khan. A-2223. T} 1:x: A. RR.

A 2223. Type A. RR.

IIHP· " A yraa H x M yca xaa11." Ap.

H c:1aMb111 a11xHbl 11epse11 X an H 60.1ox A 6y 6 JKp, o,rnp, On1a11, Alm 11ap1,11 1IIJP 6t1'13JCTJti 6ai1tia.

K 311 1t'lta .

MYXAMMQ XAAH

20mm 2.Bg

Obi•. Rl'v.

··G reat Suhan Musa Khan. May Allah pcrpc1ua1c hLs Kingdom" Kalima, Namcsoffi rst four Cahph\ofl slam Abu Bel..r, Omar, Othman, Ali.

MUHAMMAD KHAN

(736- 738AH / 1336-1338AD) 21mm 2.9g

MYXAM MAJ/. XAA.II W eux Ka611p 6y1oy Wupa:J xomoo ih.1dyy.1CJI( xoi!plllbl/1

MUHAMMAD KHAN

M0Ht8H dupxa,11, 737 OH. A- 2226. 1/yyp. ''A yrna Hx M yxaw ,muxaatt . fyyHHi11 Gypxa tt HDJJTy1 J it." Ap. Kam1Ma. H c1iaMbttt a11x111,1 Jl ep se 11 Xan H 6011ox A6y b 1Kp, O,rnp, OrMatt , Am t Hap1,111 1u p fa1,1JJCT3H 6a1111a.

Obv.

AR 2 dirhams. Sheikh Kabir (Shir.it) mint. 737AI I. A-2226.

MYXAMMAA XAAH

Rev.

··Great Sultan Muhammad Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom" Kalima, amcs ofli rst four Caliphs of Islam- Abu Bekr, Omar, Othman, Al i.

MUHAMMAD KHAN

(736-738AH/ 1336- 1338AD)

18mm 2.5g

MYXAMMA.a XAA /f Cy;1ma11ua xomod iJJ. 1dyy.1cJ11 xoi!p11111111 1tfJHl61t oupxa11.

AR 2 dirhams. Sultania mint. 738AH. A-2226.

738011. A-2226. 1/yyp. " l::pTOHIIH111i Cymatt M }xa,1,1a.u xaatt . TyyM11iir 6ypxa11

Obv.

MUHAMMA D K/IAN

II BJ:)T\T'.l.C .,

Ap.

Ka.111Ma. "1 c11aMbl tt a11xHb1 ttepse tt X a.1~Hl1 6011ox A6y 6::iKp, 0 Ma p, 0-1 Mali, A11 11 11apb111 1n p 6H'DJCTJti 6a1lm1.

Rev.

239

"The Sultan of Universe \.1uhammad Khan. May Allah perpctuace hi~ Kingdom·· Kalima , Names of fi rst four Caliphs of Islam- Abu Bekr, Omar, Othman, Ali .

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 4. ILKHANIDS

XOl!PAYfAAP &Yn:,r. Ml1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA 4. 11n XAAJlYY.U

MYXAMMAA XAAH MUHAMMAD KHAN (736-738AH/1336- 1338AD)

/11.YXAMMAJ( XMII \"aa11a ch1dn·.1011 !lb modopxo11Kp, o,mp.

Hn•p. Ap

Orna11, An11 11apb1H 1up 611•1:JXT.clii 6aiitta.

TAGHAY TIMUR KHAN. AR 6 dirhams. Amil mint . 73xAH. A-2240. Type B. Obv. "Great Sultan TaghayTimur Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom·· Rei•. Kalima, ames offirst four Ca liphs of Islam- Abu Bekr, Omar, Othman , Ali.

TAX(AH) TGMGP XAAH TAGHAY TIMUR KHAN (737-754AH/ 1336-1353AD)

,. , ' , ·.---

- . . •l' ....

...

'

26mm 4.4g

'

r't,

I

. ,._; ,',)' '· / ' •'/ J. ' ' ' ~~~ I t. '· ~·~ ·1 '-1,,

•~r.

T.

n ,

,:,.,!',~!.

I

·~. TAXAff TeMfJP XAAII

TAG/JAY TIMUR KJIAN. AR 6dirhams. Astarabad mint. 742A I I. A-2245. Type KF.

Acmapa6aiJ xomoo iJ::uiJyy,1cJ11 3ypwamw11 Ate11le11 iJupxaAt. 742 011. A-2245. Type K F. 1/yyp. "Ayraa ltl x Cy11raH Taxaft TeMOp xaaH. TyyHHHr 6ypxaH HBJJTyr::)$1 ."

Ap.

Ka.ri11Ma. ltl cJJa\1blH aHxHb1 nopneH Xar11Hp 60J1ox A6y 6:>Kp,

Obv. Rev.

0111ap, OTMaH, AIIH HapbJH HJP 611i:L" Ap. KaJJHMa. 1'1 cnaMbllf a11x11b1 ll6PB6II Xrurnc)> 6onox A6y 6:>Kp, O~rnp, Or,rn 11 , AJJ 11 11ap1,1H H3p 611'133CT3ii 6a1'iHa.

Obv. ·'Sultan Su layman Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom" Rev. Kalima . ames of first four Caliphs of Islam- Abu Bekr, Omar, Othman, Ali.

CYnEMMAH XAAH SULAYMAN KHAN (739-746AH/1339-1346AD) 17mm 1.4g

~ .•l~..,---~~;,{i;jfilllfl'l~

CYJJEHMAH XAAH Xoepmbllt ,ll{J//i?(}f/ oupX{l}.f, A-2255. Type E.

SUlAYMAN KHAN. AR 2 dirhams. NM. The name of Khan is written in Mongolian. A-2255. Type E.

llyyp. "Cy,1n1H Cy.1ei-iMaH xaaH. TyyH111'ir fiypxaH HB33Tyr3i-i." Ap. Ka.1H\1a. "1 cm1,iblH at1XHbl .aepse1-1 XanHq> 6onox A6y b:>Kp, 0~rnp. 0TMall, AIJ 11 Haf)blH H:>p 6H•l33CT3tl 6aHH8.

Obv. Rev.

"Great Sultan Sulayman Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom" Kalima, Names of fi rst fo ur Caliphs of Islam- Abu Bekr, Omar, Othman, Ali.

CYnEHMAH XAAH SULAYMAN KHAN (739-746AH/1339-1346AD)

""

20mm 4.2g

,. 4

SULAYMAN KHAN. AR 6 dirham~.Yazd mint. 74 ( I )AH The name of Khan is written in Mongolian. A-A-2260. Fars type FA. (Octofoil/ square) Obv. ·'Great Sultan Sulayman Khan. May Allah perpetuate his Kingdom" Rev. Kalima , Names of first four Caliphs of Islam- Abu Bekr, Omar. Othman, Ali.

CYJJEHMAH XAAJJ JI 10 xomoc) rh1oyy11c:;11 1ypcaam1>111 M011w11 dupxa.11. 74 (/)A II, A-2260. Fars Type FA. Hyyp. ·'Ayraa Hx CynrnH CyndiMa11 xaaH. TyyH11i-ir 6ypxa11 118:>:>Tyr:>il."' Ap. Ka.111,,a . Hc,1a,1b1H aHXHbl nepBoH Xru111 6011ox A6y 6:>Kp, O~rnp, 0TM(III, Ami Hapbl~I H3p 6H1r xy11111i 11yypn~1r:np typc:.>lllK'J:J.

AHYWHPABAH XAAH ANUSHIRAVAN KHAN (745-757AH/ 1344-1356AD)

AIIY IIIIIPABA/1 XAA /1 Ta6p11; xomorJ r)J.1rln·.1cJ11 >.:oepmw, -11lm?t111 dup:w 11. 750A H. A-2265. Fars Type FA. lll'l'P· .. Cy,11 aH AHy11111pana11 xaaH. Tn HHtir 6ypxaH ltllHT\I Jli. .• Ap. Ka.rnMa. l1c1rn,1b111 ai1x11b1 uepBe11 Xam1 6onox A6} D'l"-P. 0Map, OT\ta11, A.111 11ap1,111 IDP 6H'IJ:>cnil 6ai111a.

244

16mm 1.26g

ANUSIIIRAVAN Kl/AN AR 2 dirhams. Tabriz minr. 750AH. Name of the Ruler is written in Mongolian (Uighur). A-2265. 7j·pe S (eye-1·hape/1quare). Ohv.

"Sultan Anushiravan Khan. Ma) Allah perpe1ua1e his

Rev.

Kalima. l'\iames of first four Caliph\ of l ~lam- Abu Bekr. Omar. Othman. Ali.

Kingdom··

CHAPTER TWO. MY O WN COLLECTIO N 4. ILKHANIDS

XOlPAYfAAP 1nn:n. M11Hrl11 I..IYrJ1YYnrA 4. 11n XAA.UYYll

AHYWHPABAH XAAH

ANUSHIRAVAN KHAN

(745-757AH/1344-1356AD) 23mm 3.64g

AH YillffPARAH XAA H Jlyp DYJJIPl xomoo OJ,u)yy.lC::JH 3)-"plGGl/lb/H MO!ll()H iJupxa.11. 750AH, A- 2270. R. Jlypucma11bl xu11t(tr1Jtt Hyrp. "'CyJmu-1 AHy11111pam11 1xaa11. Tyymriir 6ypxaH Hrr,r ,n\r ·Jfi." Kamota. ltlcmtMblH aHXHbl l lOPllOH Xa:1mp6o.1ox A6y 6JKP, o,1ap. OrMa11, A.111 11apb111 1np 611p )l)I I )}

Ap.

Rev. Plain

U)nry11

XAMCAH XYnYr XAAH KAISHAN QULUG KHAN (1308-1311) ·,:.,.,

.• ">

"

•

41.7mm 20.?g

~

Da Yuan Tong Bao. Emperor Wu Tsu. 10 wen XAJI CAH XYJJ YF

KA /S HA N QULUG

Hyyp. ".lla 10a11 T o11 6ao" ( "1 x TOp1-1H 11 ry~1J1r:n11 11H

Ohv. " D a Yuan T ong Bao " (Great Cou11 Ci rculatimg T reasure)

'.:lpn:>11:.>)

Ap.

Re11. Pl ain

Uym yi1

XAMCAH XYnYr XAAH KAISHAN QULUG KHAN (1308-1311) 15.5mm 2.3g

Zhi Da Tong Bao . Emperor Wu Ts u. Temple coin XAJICA H XYJIYF

KA /S HA N Q UL UG

IIJ'J'P· ·• )Ku !la ToH 6ao .. Ap. Uy.1ry1i

Obv. "Zhi D a Tong Bao. " (Sim pli fied Bao) Re,•. Plain

246

XOIPAYrAAP &Yn:n. Mt1Hl111 UYrJlYYJlrA

CHAPTER TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION 5. YU AN DYNA STY

5. IOAHb YJICblH XAN1

ICGH TGMGP XAAH

YISUN TIMUR KHAN

( 1324-1328)

----

19mm 3.8g

Tai Ding Tong Bao. Emperor Tai Ding Di. 2 wen ECOH TOMOP XAAH

YISUN TE M UR KHAN

Hyyp. "Tai-1 ,lh111 ToH 6ao" (Tai-1 Ill1H xaaHbl

Obv. " Tai D ing Tong Bao" (Circulatimg Treasure of

Ap.

ry?i11r33Hl1H 3p.ll3H3) Ll,y111 yi-1

Rev.

TOrOOH TGMGP XAAH

Tai D i ng) Plai n

TOGON TIMUR KHAN

(1333-1368)

Zhi Zheng Tong Bao. Emperor Shun Di. 2 wen TOI'OOH TfJM fJP XAAJ/

TOGON TEM UR KHAN

1/yyp . " )1( 11

Ap.

3 :m ToH 6 ao" ()1(11 rytt.l ll'331111i-i 3P.ll3H3) " Mao " (.nepsem1 11 To 11

Eao "

()1(11 3:>H

xaaHbJ

Ap.

Ohv. "Zhi Zen Tong Bao" (Circulatimg T reasure of Zhi Zheng)

ryi,iJJr'..)'Jll 1114 :.>p JU II ::>)

Rev. " Si " (pags-pa)

"C11 ·· (nepnemK11 11 ycr:np)

247

CHAPTIR TWO . MY OWN COLLECTION 5 . YUAN DYNASTY

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TOrOOH TOMOP XAAH TOGON TEMUR KHAN ( 1333-1368)

18mm 1.4g

Zhi Zheng Tong Bao. Emperor Shun Di. 2 wen TOI'OOH TfJMfJP XAAH

TOGON TEMUR KHA N

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TOrOOH TOMOP XAAH TOGON TEMUR KHAN ( 1333-1368) 30.1mm 4.8g

Zhi Zheng Tong Bao. Emperor Shun Di. 10 wen TOIOOH TfJMfJP XAAH

TOGON TEMUR KHAN

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248

CHAPUR TWO. MY OWN COLLECTION

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6. KHANS OF JUNGAR

Ll3B1JH PABAAH XAAH

TSIWANG IIABDAN KHAN

(1697- 1727) 14.8mm 7.9g

Tsewang Rabdan Khan. AE pul .U3B33H PAB!(AH XMJ/

TSEWANG RABDAN KHAN

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GALDAN CHIRIN KHAN

(1727-1747) 14.1mm 7.6g

Galdan Che rin

rA.!l/1,All a3P3H XAA H

GALDAN CHERIN KHAN

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249

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A. MOHron X3n .[l33P AnTaHr.3p.3n .[l. AHrm1 M0Hro11 TOJlb AMapTyswt1H 4. MoHrOJ14YYAbIH A.3rp:n TaMraHbI yyc311 xysnp11b1H Tyxa11 acyyAaJlA. ApxeonornriH cyAJ1a11, Tomus XX, Fasc. 9, Y6. 2000. x.130-137 6t1pa W. MoHrOJlbIH 3pTHn11 rypHn11 yen11H coe11b1H xapnm-1aaHbl TYVX33C. TyyxnriH cyA11a11. Tomus XXX, Fasc. 10. Y6. 2000. x. l 0 6aTcatixaH U. M0Hro11b1H 3pTHn11 yncyyAbIH 300c. YE. 1998 6onA 6HMAY-b1H HyTar Aaxb xaAHbI 6n433c. Y6. 1990. 6 HMAY-b1H ryyx. T3pryyH 60Tb. H3H 3pTH33C XVII 3yytt. Y6. 1966

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3pA.3H.36aaTap .[{., Annap.a. ct:>., 6aroo11.a. H., Mttnnep B. XyttttyrnnH 6ynwHaac on.a.coH TaMraTa11 wara11. Tyyx1111H cy.a,nan. Studia Historica. Tomus XX.XIII. Fasc. 17, x.176-189 3pA.3H.36aaTap .[l. "XyHHyrn11H apxeonornnH cyAnaraa", Apxeonor1111H cyAna11, Tomus XX, Y6 2002

250

6 . O POC X3J1 .Q33P 6annaKoe K.M ., HacntY B.M. K11aA cepe6pHHHblX eell..{e11 11 MOHeT X lll e 113 0Tp apa (Ka3axcTaH B 3noxe cpeoAaJ1113Ma). AnMa-ATa. l 981 6bLKOB A . MoHeTbt K 11TaH. neH11HrpaA. 1969 BonKoe 8 .8 . 011eHHb1e KaMH11 M0Hro111111. Y11aH- 6 aTop. 1981 .QaebtAOBt14 E .A . .OeHe>KHoe xo3Hl1CTB0 CpeAHe11 A31111 noc11e MOHrollbCKoro 3aeoeeaH11H 11 pecpopMa MacyA-6eKa X llle. MocKea. 1972 .Oanan l.f . M0Hro1111H e XIII-XIV eeKax. MocKea. 1983 .>K11oeaHHt1 .Qanb, n 11aHo Kapn11H11. MoHro11YYYAbtH Tyyx. Y6. 1988 3 onoTaff OpAa B 11CTOYHl1Kax. TOM nepBbl11. (Apa6CK11e 11 nepC11ACKl1e COYl1 HeH11 51 ). MocKea. 2003 KaMbtwee A . PaHHecpeAHeeeKOBb111 MOHeTHbt11 KOMn11eKc CaMyp eYbff . 611w KeK. 2 0 02 Kttcene e C . 8 ., EBTYXOBa n.A. , Kb131laCKOB n.P., MepnepT H .5L , neeawoea B.n . .QpeBHeMOHrOJlbCKl1e ropOAa. MOCKBa. 1965 KJJOKOB 8 . 6 . , ne6eAeB B. n . MoHeTH Oe 06pa ll..{e H11e 30JlOTOOp.Qbl HCKOro ropoAa 6e11aA>KaMeH. llpeBHOCT11 noBOJl>Kbff 11 Apyr11x per110Hoe. BbmycK II. H 11>KH1111 HoBropoA. 2000. crp. 56- 147 KnoKoe 8 .6 ., ne6e.Qee B.n . MoHeTHb1 11 KOMn11eKc Ce1111TpeHHoro rop oA11U..{a (30110TaH Op.Qa r.Capa11) .OpeeHocr11 noeOJl}f{bff 11 Apyr11x per110HoB. BbtnycK IV. crp. 73-165 J1e6eAeB 8 .n ., KnoKoB B.6. .OeHe>KHoe 06pall..{eH11e Cap aH 11 ero 0Kpyr11 noc11e 1395r. .OpeeHocT11 n oeo11>Kbff 11 Apyr11x p er110HoB. BbmycK V. MocKea- HoBropo.Q. 2004. crp. 23-75 J1e6eAee 8.n., TpocrffHCK1111 0.B. He6011bwo11 KJ1aA A>KyYt1ACK11x MOHeT XIV-XV BB 113noA CapaToea. ,UpeBHOCT11 H11>KeropACKoro n oBOJl>Kbff . Bbm ycK II, TOM I M3H3C r . 6aHp .O. ,£lea norpe6eH11H MOHrOJlbCKoro epeMeH11 113 Kapa-Kop yMa. Tyyx1111H cyAJ1a11. Tomus XXII , Fasc. 14. x.127- 136 HyMt13MaTt1Ka UeHTpa11bH011 A31111. Taw KeHT. 2004 neTpoe n .H . 0YepK11 o HYM113MaT11Ke MoHro11bcK11x rocyAapcre X III-XIV eeKoB. H 11>KHt111 HoeropoA. 2003 naxoMoe E.A . MoHeTbt 1py31111. T6111111c11. 1970 C11ttrarynn11Ha A .3 . .O>KyY11ACK11e MOHeTbt ( n oeo11>KcK11x ropOAOB X III eeKoB). Ka3aHb. 2003 Ce11cpe.a.cv1H11 M .A . MoHeTb1 1111bxaHoB XIV eeKoB. 6aKy. 1968 Cyxe6aTop r . 0 TaMrax 11 11Max Ta6yHoB ,Uap11raHr11. Y 6 . 1960 TaTapc Kast apx eo11orm1. "3onoTaH OpAa, apxeo11or11H, HYM113MaT11Ka , 3n11rpacp1151". Ka3aHb. 1998. ( I , 2) TaTapc Kast apxeonortt-51. N• 1-2 (8-9) Ka3aHb 2001 TaTapcKast apxeo11or11st. N• 1-2 ( 10-11) Ka3aHb. 2004 Tt0pKonor11t.tecK1111 c 6opHt1K. 30110Taff OpAa 11 ee HacneAtte. MocKBa. 2002. eAopoe-.QaebtAOB r .A . MoHeTbl MOCKOBCK011 Pyc11. MocKea. 1981 ettrnep X . C110Bapb HYMt13MaTa. MocKea. 1982 peH X .M . MoHeTbl XaHOBb Ynyca ,£l>KyYt1eBa t111t1 30110To11 Op.Qbl. CaHKTneTep6ypr. 1932

251

B. AHfJ111 EOJlOH EYCA,U X3J133P AS Hornby with A.P.Cowie. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Volume I (A-L). Oxford, 1982 Abaka Honin Darp Aylari Yazili. Gumus Sikeleri. M. 1265-1282 (H.663-680)0zel Sayi N2(Abaka Khan's Silver Coinage that bear the date as well as the month in which they were struck). Istanbul, 1989 Ak Akce . Mongol ve llkhanli Sikkeleri. Mongol and llkhanid Coins. Yaoi Kredi Koleksiyonlari2, Yapi Kredi Yayialari Ltd., sti. Istanbul, Aralik. 1992 Tye Robert & Monica "Jitals" Isl e of South Uist. UK, 1995. Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum, Tubengen. Nord -und Ostzentralasien. XVb Mittlelasien II bearbeitet von Tobias Mayer. Berlin. 1998 Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum, Tubengen. Bath und Die Laudschaften am Oberen Axus. XIVc. Hurasan Ill. Bearbeitet von Florian Schwarz. Berlin, 2002 Lane Poole, Stenley "The coins of Mongols in the British Museum. Classes XVIII -XXIII. London 1881. Michael Mitchel. Coins of Islamic World (??) Mocarstwa Swiata. Tom 4 (Dzyngis Chan). Warszawa, 1995, p 9-87 Morgan, David, The Mongols. New York, 1986 Vente Publique Jean Elsen £, ses Fils s.a.Vieling. Auction. No.78, Brussels, 2004 Vente Publique Jean Elsen £, ses Fils s.a.Vieling. Auction. No.81, Brussels, 2004 Richard Plant "Arabic coins and how to read them". London, 1973 Xinjiang Numismatics. Editorial Board of Album "Xinjian Numismatics", Hong Kong, 1991

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3H3 HOMblH Tanaap caHan 3esnereeree 11pyyn63n rnnapxaH xyn33>f< asax 6onHo.

Any comments and Suggestions on this book will be warmly welcomed.

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6a.o.ap41111H HHMaa YnaaH6aarnp-13 Tes wyy.o.aH. W/x-229 MoHron ync

My address: Nyamaa Badarch Ulaanbaatar-13 P.O.Box-229 Mongolia

AHY .o.axb xaHr: Nyamaa Badarch 9665 Lindenbrook Street Fairfax, VA 22031 USA

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