THE CHILEAN-AMERICAN CONTROVERSY OF 1891-1892

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LD3907 1 3 * M fZ 2 4 • G7 L i n d s e l l , H a r o ld , 19131942 The C h ile a n - A m e r ic a n c o n t r o v e r s y o f . L47 1 8 9 1 - 1 8 9 2 .. . eNew Y o rk , 1942. 2 p ,l .,iv ,2 3 1 ty p e w ritte n le a v e s. 29cm. T h e s is (Ph.D . ) - Hew Yorl: u n i v e r s i t y , G ra d u a te s c h o o l , 1942. B i b l i o g r a p h y : p . 2 2 1 -2 3 1 . A84686

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THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.

THE CHILEAN-AMERICAN CONTROVERSY OP

1891-1892.

by H a r o ld L i n d 3 e l l A p r i l 1, 1942

A d i s s e r t a t i o n i n t h e d e p a rtm e n t o f H i s t o r y s u b m i tt e d t o t h e f a c u l t y o f t h e G ra d u a te S c h o o l o f A r ts and S c i ­ ence i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r t h e d e g re e o f Doc­ t o r o f P h ilo s o p h y .

T a b le o f C o n te n ts

THE CHILEAN-AMERICAN CONTROVERSY o f 1891-1892

I.

BACKGROUND OF THE CHILEAN-AMERICAN . . . 1 CONTROVERSY.......................................................................... The S e t t i n g i n R ecent H i s t o r y Pan Am erican S e t t i n g C h ile a n I n t e r n a l S i t u a t i o n

II.

THE CASE OF THE "ITATA".............................................31 I n s u r g e n t s Try t o Get Arms S e i z u r e and E scape o f t h e " I t a t a " The Chase Diplomacy and t h e R e tu r n o f t h e " I t a t a " The Case i n C ourt

III.

THE CABLE INCIDENT, THE QUINTEROS BAY EPISODE, AND THE ASYLUM PROBLEM . . .

56

The c a s e o f t h e Cable The L anding a t Q u i n t e r o s and t h e I n s u r g e n t S u c c e ss Egan And t h e Opening o f t h e U .S. L e g a tio n U. S. P o l i c y o f t h e Asylum Q u e s tio n L e g a l C o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f Asylum The Asylum and U .S .- C h i l e a n R e l a t i o n s IV.

THE "BALTIMORE" A F FA IR .............................................84 The S e t t i n g and A tta c k The Case o f P a t r i c k S h i e l d s C h ile a n I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e A tta c k D ip lo m a tic In v o lv e m e n ts grow ing Out o f t h e A tta c k The Coming C r i s i s The Message o f H a r r is o n t o C ongress The C u lm in a tio n o f t h e A f f a i r P a t r i c k Egan— an E v a l u a t i o n

V.

THE PRESS AND PUBLIC OPINION .

.

.

157

Newspapers " I t a t a " Case E ast M iddle West P a r West M iddle P e r io d - -J u ly -N o v e m b e r 1891. E ast M iddle West F a r West The Climax and End East M iddle West F a r West G e n e ra l P e r i o d i c a l s R e lig io u s P u b lic a tio n s B u s in e s s and T rade J o u r n a l s BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................

221

i

INTRODUCTION

The c o n t r o v e r s y o f C h i le w i t h t h e U n ite d S t a t e s i n t h e y e a r s 1891-1892 h a s n e v e r b e e n t r e a t e d e x h a u s t i v e l y by any w r i t e r , a lt h o u g h t h e r e have b e en a r t i c l e s w r i t t e n about v a rio u s phases of th e s u b je c t.

I t i s now t h e ob­

j e c t o f t h i s work t o b r i n g t o g e t h e r i n one monograph a l l o f t h e i n c i d e n t s t h a t c o m p rise d t h e c o n t r o v e r s y and t o r e l a t e them t o each o t h e r , i n t e g r a t i n g e ac h s e c t i o n u n t i l a c o m p lete p i c t u r e i s p r e s e n t e d . I n t h e i n t e r e s t o f c l a r i t y t h e b ack g ro u n d o f t h e r e l a t i o n s b etw een C h ile and t h e U n ite d S t a t e s h a s b e e n g i v e n as w e ll as a s h o r t summary o f c o n te m p o ra ry p o l i t i c s i n C h ile a ro u n d w hich t h e c o n t r o v e r s y c e n t e r e d .

The i n ­

c i d e n t s a r e t h e n woven i n t o t h e warp and woof as t h e y d e­ v e lo p e d , u n t i l f i n a l l y t h e y merge i n t o a s i n g l e s t r a n d t h a t i s b r o u g h t t o a f o c u s i n 1892 by t h e a c t i o n o f t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s .

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s

made i t c l e a r t h a t t h e i s s u e n o t o n ly was d e p en d e n t upon what a c t u a l l y hap pened b e t w e e n 't h e two c o u n t r i e s b u t , i n a r e a l s e n s e , r e f l e c t e d an i n t e r n a l s t r u g g l e and c o n f l i c t w i t h i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s I t s e l f . The American sc e n e t h a t h a s b e a r i n g on t h e c o n t r o v ­ e r s y h a s been h a n d le d w i t h a l l o f t h e m a t e r i a l t h a t i s a v a ila b le at p re s e n t.

The H a r r i s o n P a p e rs w hich a r e i n

ii

t h e L i b r a r y o f C o ngress a r e n o t open t o t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c u n t i l Mr. V o lw ile r i s f i n i s h e d h i s work on them .

I t lea v es

open t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e r e i s e x i s t i n g m a t e r i a l t h a t may a l t e r t h e c o n c l u s i o n w hich t h i s p a p e r draws on t h e a c t i o n s o f H a r r i s o n i n c o n n e c ti o n w i t h t h e c o n t r o v e r s y .

It

may be t h a t n o t h in g new w i l l come t o l i g h t f o r Mr. V o lw ile r has p u b l i s h e d t h e c o rr e s p o n d e n c e betw een B l a i n e and Har­ r i s o n and many o f t h e s e l e t t e r s and n o t e s d e a l w i t h t h e C h ile a n C ase. The f r e q u e n t r e p e t i t i o n t h a t war a lm o st r e s u l t e d from t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s and t h a t t h e American p e o p le were c o n s i d ­ e r a b l y s t i r r e d up l e d t o a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h on t h e sub­ j e c t o f t h e p r e s s and p u b l i c o p i n i o n .

T h is h a s n e v e r b e en

u n d e r t a k e n b e f o r e and was c o n d u c te d a lo n g t h e l i n e s a l r e a d y u s e d by Mr. P r a t t who s t u d i e d th e S p a n ish -A m e ric an War and t h e War o f 1812.

T h is s tu d y o f t h e p r e s s and o f p e r i o d i c a l

l i t e r a t u r e h a s added t o t h e f i e l d and b ro u g h t t o l i g h t t h e c e r t a i n t y t h a t t h e p u b l i c was a p a t h e t i c and u n i n t e r e s t e d in C h ile .

I t does r e v e a l , how ever, one f a c t t h a t i3 o f

g r e a t im p o rta n c e t o d a y

t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e p r e s s and t h e

p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o f i t f o r good o r f o r e v i l . The u n f o r t u n a t e r e s u l t s o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f s e v e r a l a g e n c ie s i n f a v o r o f t h e C h i le a n i n s u r g e n t c a u se have b e e n u n c o v e r e d and g e n e r ­ a l l y a c c e p t e d o p i n i o n s have b e e n b l a s t e d .

The u n j u s t and

e s p e c ia lly v itu p e ra te c ritic is m s le v e le d a g a in s t S ec re tary

T

iii

B l a i n e a r e a n a ly z e d and t h e i r f a l s e n e s s i n d i c a t e d i n view o f t h e c e r t a i n t y t h a t he n e v e r f o r m u la te d t h e p o l i c i e s n o r was he a c t i v e as S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e d u rin g t h e c r u c i a l tim e s i n t'he c o n t r o v e r s y . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , g r a t u i t o u s c o n c l u s i o n s o f p r o a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a d h e r e n t s a r e a l s o u n c o v e r e d when t h e y a r e w ith o u t fo u n d atio n in f a c t .

F o r exam ple, t h e " I t a t a " c a s e

h as b e e n shown t o have b e e n a m is ta k e on t h e p a r t o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s as w e ll as t h e g r a n t i n g o f asylum .

The f i n a l

moments o f t h e c r i s i s i n v o l v i n g t h e m essage t o C ongress i s t h e m ost d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p r e t .

Yet on t h e b a s i s o f t h e

f a c t s w hich came t o l i g h t and a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f v a r i o u s f a c t o r s i n t h e p ro b le m , t h e w r i t e r b e l i e v e s t h a t h e h a s a r ­ r i v e d a t a sound c o n c l u s i o n .

E q u a l ly d i f f i c u l t h a s b e en

t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e p a r t p l a y e d by P a t r i c k Egan, and w h ile t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h i s p a p e r h a s b e e n much t h e same as t h a t a r r i v e d a t by Mr. H ardy, i t was b ro u g h t a b o u t l a r g e l y by a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e l e t t e r s and c a b l e s w hich he s e n t t o t h e D epartm ent a l l d u r in g t h i s p e r i o d . P r o f e s s o r Thomas C. C ochran o f New York U n i v e r s i t y w i l l i n g l y u n d e r to o k t h e t a s k o f a c t i n g as s p o n s o r and h a s made v a l u a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s c o n c e rn in g t h e a rra n g e m e n t o f t h is p ap er.

I n a d d i t i o n he h a s r a i s e d q u e s t i o n s and su g ­

g e s t e d f u r t h e r f i e l d s o f i n q u i r y t h a t have e n r i c h e d t h e

iv

c o n t e n t s and h ave made t h e s t u d y more e n j o y a b l e .

N a tu r ­

a l l y he I s n o t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w hat h a s b e e n w r i t t e n , b u t th a n k s and a p p r e c i a t i o n a r e due him f o r h i s l a b o r s and p e rso n a l k in d n ess.

1

BACKGROUND OP THE CHILEANAMERICAN CONTROVERSY

The c o n t r o v e r s y I n w hich t h e U n ite d S t a t e s a n d C h ile w ere i n v o l v e d i n 1891 was n o t an u n e x p e c te d phenomena which a ro se w ith c a ta c ly sm ic suddenness, f o r i t had a s e t t i n g in r e c e n t h i s t o r y i n t h e r e l a t i o n s betw een t h e two c o u n t r i e s , and i n t h e newer P an-A m erican hopes t h a t were t o d e v e lo p r a p i d l y a f t e r 1900.

The s e t t i n g was t h u s C h ile a n -A m e ric a n ,

b u t t h e im m ediate b a c k g ro u n d f o r t h e c o n t r o v e r s y was d i s ­ t i n c t l y C h i le a n , b e in g w rapp ed a ro u n d t h e i n t e r n a l r e v o l u ­ t i o n a r y o n f l i c t t h a t r a g e d i n t h i s p e r i o d , a g a i n s t w hich were su p e rim p o s e d a l l o f t h e e v e n t s c o m p r is in g t h e c o n t r o ­ v ersy .

In d e e d i t i s s a f e t o s a y t h a t h a d t h e r e v o l u t i o n

n e v e r o c c u r r e d t h e c h a n c e s a r e rem ote t h a t t h e r e would have b e e n any more t h a n t h e u s u a l d i p l o m a t i c d i f f i c u l t i e s .

But

t h e r e v o l u t i o n came and w i t h i t were b r o u g h t i n t o p l a y c ir c u m s ta n c e s and s i t u a t i o n s w hich i n e v i t a b l y l e d t o t h e c r i s i s o f 1892. The s e t t i n g i n t h e r e c e n t h i s t o r y o f t h e r e l a t i o n s b e tw ee n C h ile and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s fo re sh a d o w e d a c o n f l i c t som etim e.

F o r f i f t y y e a r s t h e r e h a d b e e n a s u c c e s s i o n of

d i s p u t e s and d i s a g r e e m e n ts t h a t r e s u l t e d I n an a t t i t u d e o f d i s l i k e on t h e p a r t o f C h i le f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

Prom

2

1835 t o 1860 o u r r e l a t i o n s w ere c lo u d e d by t h e p r o s e c u t i o n o f c l a i m s a r i s i n g o u t o f t h e s e i z u r e o f American p r o p e r t y by 1 A dm iral C o ch ran e. A f t e r a lo n g p e r i o d o f d e la y t h e m a t t e r was a r b i t r a t e d by t h e King o f Belgium and s e t t l e d p a r t l y i n f a v o r o f t h e Am erican c l a i m s .

Had t h e c la im s q u e s t i o n b e e n

t h e o n ly d i s t u r b i n g f a c t o r , i t w ould n o t have b e en so b a d . The r e l a t i o n s w ere f u r t h e r i n f l u e n c e d b y v a r i o u s r e p r e s e n t ­ a t i v e s whom we s e n t t o C h i le who w ere u n a b le t o p e rfo n n t h e d u a l f u n c t i o n o f m a i n t a i n i n g t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , w h i l e , a t t h e same tim e , re m a in in g on f r i e n d l y te rm s 2

w i t h t h e C h ile a n g o v e rn m e n t. l a r d was c h a rg e d ' a f f a i r e s .

Prom 1835 t o 1842 R ic h a r d P o l ­ T h is

tb

r y a b l e d ip lo m a t s t a l k e d

o u t o f a s t a t e d i n n e r g iv e n b y t h e P r e s i d e n t o f C h i le b e ­ c a u s e he f e l t s l i g h t e d by t h e s e a t i n g a rra n g e m e n ts a t t h e 3 ta b le . T h is h ap pens t o be one o f t h e d e t a i l s i n t h e con­ d u c t o f f o r e i g i r e l a t i o n s a b o u t which each n a t i o n i s f u s s y , and t h e s l i g h t e s t d e r o g a t i o n from a r e c o g n i z e d p o s i t i o n i s c o n sid ere d an i n s u l t .

Mr. P o l l a r d was s u c c e e d e d b y J . S.

P e n d l e t o n who, i n t h e c o n d u c t o f a f f a i r s w i t h t h e C h i le a n

1 . s t u a r t , Graham H enry, L a t i n Am erica and t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , New York, 1938, 425. See a l s o any g e n e r a l a c c o u n t o f o u r r e l a t i o n s w i t h C h i l e , e . g . Sherman W illia m R ., The D ip lo ­ m a tic a n d Commercial R e l a t i o n s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s and C h i l e , 1 8 2 0 -1 9 1 4 , B o sto n , 1926; o r E vans, Henry C lay , J r . C h i le and I t s R e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , Durham, N. C ., 192*7. 2 . S t u a r t , L a t i n A m erica, 428. 3 . I b i d . , 428.

3

f o r e i g n m i n i s t e r , u s e d "such v ig o r o u s l a n g u a g e . . . t h a t (h e) 1

t h r e a t e n e d t o c e a s e c o rre s p o n d e n c e w i t h h im ." The c lim a x i n o u r r e l a t i o n s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e p e r s o n ­ a l t i e s o f o u r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s came d u r in g t h e s t a y o f S e t h B a r to n , a n a t i v e o f L o u i s i a n a .

He g o t i n t o t r o u b l e w i t h t h e

C h ile a n s by f a i l i n g t o f l y t h e l e g a t i o n f l a g on a C h ile a n n a tio n a l h o lid a y .

A n o th e r tim e h i s h o r s e s r a n away and i n ­

s t e a d o f h a v in g them r e t u r n e d , t h e C h ile a n s impounded them d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y knew t o whom t h e y b e lo n g e d .

The

f i n a l s p a r k was B a r t o n 's m a r r i a g e t o a b e a u t i f u l , w e a lth y and i n f l u e n t i a l C h ile a n l a d y .

The a r c h b i s h o p o f V a l p a r a i s o

r e f u s e d t o m arry them so t h a t t h e ceremony h a d t o be p e r ­ form ed by a c h a p l a i n ;of t h e American n a v y .

A f t e r b e in g m a r­

r i e d , t h e a r c h b i s h o p w ro te t o B a r t o n 's w if e s t a t i n g t h a t h e r m a r r i a g e was i l l e g a l b e c a u s e i t h a d n o t b e en p e rfo rm e d by t h e d a u rc h .

B a r t o n 's i r e was a r o u s e d and he demanded t h a t

t h e C h ile a n governm ent t r y t h e a r c h b i s h o p .

A u th o rity over

t h e a r c h b i s h o p was d i s c l a i m e d by t h e gov ern m en t, s e r v i n g t o f u r t h e r a r o u s e t h e tem per o f B a r t o n .

He became i n s u l t i n g

a n d t h e C h ile a n governm ent a s k e d f o r h i s r e c a l l , b u t t h e p e p ­ p e r y B a r to n b e a t them t o t h e draw by c l o s i n g t h e l e g a t i o n an d l e a v i n g b e f o r e h i s r e c a l l was e f f e c t e d .

O th e r e v e n t s

t h a t d i d n o t h e lp t o im prove r e l a t i o n s b e tw ee n t h e c o u n t r i e s

1 . S t u a r t , L a t i n A m erica, 4 2 8 j s e e a l s o Evans and Sherman.

4

w ere t h e C h ile a n sympathy f o r t h e M exicans d u r in g t h e war w i t h them i n 1846-1848; t h e c o l l a p s e o f an a g r i c u l t u r a l boom w hich h a d be en b r o u g h t a b o u t by t h e s a l e o f C h i le a n f l o u r t o th e g o l d r u s h h o rd e s i n C a l i f o r n i a i n 1850; a i d t h e i l l t r e a t m e n t o f C h ile a n m in e r s i n C a l i f o r n i a who w ere s e v e r e l y 1 h a n d le d by v i g i l a n t e s on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s . R em arkable, b e c a u s e a s i m i l a r s t a t e m e n t a p p l i e d i n 1891 would have f i t t h e b i l l e x a c t l y , i s t h e c o n c l u s i o n w hich M i n i s t e r S t a r k w e a t h e r drew i n 1855 c o n c e r n in g t h e C h ile a n a t t i t u d e to w a rd t h i n g s Am erican: "The U n i t e d s t a t e s and h e r c i t i z e n s a r e t h e ob ­ j e c t s o f c o n s t a n t and v i r u l e n t a t t a c k and t h e c h o se n t a r g e t o f s c u r r i l o u s a b u se on t h e p a r t o f t h e p r e s s o f th e c o u n t r y . . . i t h a s even b e e n p r o p o s e d to e x p e l them from t h e c o u n tr y an d c l o s e t h e p o r t s a g a i n s t them and t h e i r com­ m e r c e ." 2 As we s h a l l s e e when we examine t h e C h ile a n , t h e e 2 i n a u g u r a l d a t e f o r t h e i l a t t e r b e in g December 26. The new C h ile a n governm ent was form ed from t h e e le m e n ts w i t h i n C h ile t h a t h a d been a n t a g o n i s t i c t o Egai and t o t h e U n ite d S ta te s.

T h is i l l - f e e l i n g was a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h e " I t a t a ”

c a s e , t h e c a b l e i n c i d e n t , and was a g g r a v a t e d b y t h e Quin­ t e r o s Bay e p is o d e w h ic h came on t h e eve o f t h e i n s u r g e n t v ic to ry . T h ere was l i t t l e hope t h a t r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e U n ite d S t a t e s w ould im prove s h o r t l y b e c a u s e t h e asylum p roblem f o l ­ lowed on t h e h e e l s o f t h e Q u in te r o s Bay e p i s o d e , and i n s t e a d

1 . W harton t o Egan, S ep tem b er 9 , 1891, F o r . R e l . 2. Egan t o B l a i n e , S eptem b er 1 6 , 1891, i b i d .

30

o f b e i n g so m eth in g t h a t h a p p en e d and was o v e r, i t p ro v e d t o be a wedge, and p r o v i d e d a b a t t l e f i e l d f o r p o l i t i c a l and d i p l o m a t i c a c t i o n t h a t c o u ld be re © n c i l e d o n ly by t h e sub ­ m issio n o f e i t h e r o f th e d is p u ta n ts .

Inasmuch a s n e i t h e r

t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s n o r C h i le showed a d i s p o s i t i o n t o b a c k down from t h e p o s i t i o n s t h e y assum ed, t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s w ere en h an c ed , and o pened t h e way t o t h e c u lm in a tin g e v e n t —t h e B a lt i m o r e A f f a i r .

I t was i n t h e m id s t o f t h e asylum p r o b ­

lem , when t h e p r o v i s i o n a l C h i l e a n governm ent had b e en i n power l e s s t h a n two m on th s, an d when c o n d i t i o n s w ere s t i l l u n s e t t l e d t h a t o u r seamen w ere a s s a u l t e d i n t h e s t r e e t o f V a l p a r a i s o u n d e r c ir c u m s ta n c e s t h a t n a d e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n W ashing ton f e e l t h a t d r a s t i c a c t i o n was n e ed e d t o c u rb C h ile a n i n s o l e n c e and d i s r e g a r d f o r American l i f e . The i s s u e was j o i n e d w i t h t h e a t t a c k o f t h e seamen and t h e f i n a l i n c i d e n t o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y to o k p l a c e .

Each and

e v e r y one o f them f i t t e d i n t o th e back groun d o f t h e C h i l e a n r e v o l u t i o n and was a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h e s t r u g g l e .

Prom

t h i s b a ck g ro u n d we now t u r n t o t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l i n c i d e n t s t o t r e a t them s e p a r a t e l y and t r a c e t h e i r h i s t o r y a s t h e y l e d up t o t h e f i n a l showdown i n J a n u a r y o f 1892.

31

THE CASE OP THE "ITATA11

The C o n g r e s s io n a l f o r c e s w ere i n p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e n o r t h e r n s e c t i o n o f C h i l e , b u t t h e m a in te n a n c e o f t h e i r po­ s i t i o n and t h e d e f e a t o f t h e Balm aceda governm ent was de­ p e n d e n t upon t h e a r r i v a l o f arms an d am m unition from some fo re ig n source.

T h is n e e d f o r m i l i t a r y s u p p l i e s became t h e

f o c a l p o i n t a ro u n d w hich was c e n t e r e d t h e d i s p u t e o v e r t h e " I t a t a " which b r o u g h t i n t o b e in g t h e f i r s t i n c i d e n t i n th e c o n tro v e rsy . The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s m ig h t become in ' v o lv e d i n a d e l i c a t e s i t u a t i o n o v e r m u n it i c n s e x i s t e d lo n g b e fo re th e " I t a t a " case a ro s e .

As e a r l y a s March 10, 1891

S e n o r Lazcano h a d be en i n c o n t a c t w i t h S e c r e t a r y B l a i n e , n o t i f y i n g him t h a t t h e r e c o g n i z e d governm ent h a d p r o h i b i t e d t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f any k i n d o f aim s and m u n it i o n s i n t o C h ile .

T h is © m m unication was the d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h e a r ­

r i v a l o f T rum bull i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s a s a g e n t f o r t h e C o n g r e s s io n a l f o r c e s who i n t e n d e d t h a t he s h o u ld s e c u r e 1 arms h e r e . The im m ediate r e p l y o f S e c r e t a r y B l a i n e on t h e 1 3 t h o f March s t a t e d t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . Our law s d i d n o t f o r b i d t h e m a n u f a c tu re and s a l e o f m uni-

1 . Lazcano to B l a i n e , March 10, 1891, F o r . R e l . ; R ic h a rd T rum bull came from a d i s t i n g u i s h e d C o n n e c tic u t f a m i l y . He had good c o n n e c ti o n s w i t h V/. R. G ra ce , and p o s s i b l y th r o u g h him h a d a c h a n n e l t o B l a i n e .

32

t i o n s so t h a t n o t h in g c o u ld be done t o p r e v e n t t h e s a l e and 1 shipm en t o f war m a t e r i a l s a s r e q u e s t e d by L azcano. What t h e U n ite d S t a t e s was o b l i g a t e d t o do tin d er i t s n e u t r a l i t y l e g i s l a t i o n was t o p r e v e n t t h e f i t t i n g

o u t and arm ing of

h o s t i l e s h i p s i n o u r p o r t s , b u t i t c o u ld n o t p r e v e n t t h e 2

s a l e and sh ipm en t o f w a r m a t e r i a l s i n m erc h an t v e s s e l s . The s t a t u s o f i n s u r g e n t v e s s e l s , how ever, was s l i g h t l y d iffe re n t.

The r e v o l t o f a s e c t i o n o f t h e C h ile a n f l e e t

l e f t most o f i t u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l i s t s . N a t u r a l l y t h e Balm aceda governm ent t o o k s t e p s t o o u tla w t h e f l e e t a s S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Navy T ra c y n o t i f i e d Rear -

3

A dm iral Brown on r e c e i p t o f acom m unication t o t h a t e f f e c t . The p o s i t i o n o f t h e v e s s e l s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e U n ite d S t a t e s had b een made p l a i n even b e f o r e t h i s m essage, when Traan F r a n c i s c o Morning C a l l , May 19 , 1891; June 5 - 6 , 1891. uan F r a n o io c o _.*.amin^r, wa., ; , ~, x „x. I b i d . , May 1 0, 1891. I b i d . , June 5, 1891.

173

s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e San F r a n c i s c o p a p e r s , b u t s p i c e d i t w i t h more d o u b t.

They were c r i t i c a l o f t h e l a c k o f h u r r y 1 on t h e p a r t o f t h e navy and even r e f e r r e d t o i t as t h e 2 "re p u te d c h a se ." I n a l l o f t h e a c c o u n ts on t h i s p a r t o f th e c o n t r o v e r ­ sy t h e r e I s an am azing l a c k o f a n ta g o n is m on t h e p a r t o f t h e p r e s s f o r e i t h e r o f th e p a r t i e s i n C h i l e , and t h e r e ­

m arks a r e d i r e c t e d m a in ly to w a rd i n t e r n a l Am erican a f f a i r s w itn o u t r e f e r e n c e t o o u r r e l a t i o n s w ith t h e C h i l e a n s .

It

c an n o t be s a i d t h a t t h e r e was f o r m u l a t e d a p u b l i c o p i n io n a g a i n s t t h e i n s u r g e n t s f o r b r e a k i n g t h e law by f l e e i n g a f t e r d e t e n t i o n , a l th o u g h t h e i n s u r g e n t s r e a c t e d a d v e r s e ­ ly in s p i t e of th e i l l e g a l i t y in le a v in g p o r t .

Up t o t h i s

p o i n t t h e p r e s s was n o t i n d i c t i n g o u r m i n i s t e r t o C h ile f o r he nad n o t h in g t o do w ith t h i s , b u t t h e y were c a u s t i c a b o u t T racy i n t h e Navy D epartm ent and B l a i n e came i n f o r h is share of th e c r i t i c i s m to o .

The f e e l i n g o f p a r t i s a n ­

s h ip f o r t h e o p p o n e n ts i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n was d i v i d e d b u t t h e r e was a lm o st c o m p le te u n a n im ity t h a t t h e c o u n tr y was f o l l o w i n g t h e p r o p e r p o l i c y w ith r e g a r d t o t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e Balm aceda governm ent as t h e l e g a l regim e and t h e non­ re c o g n itio n of th e b e l l i g e r e n t s .

The e n t i r e o u t lo o k ,

1 . S e a t t l e P o s t - I n t e l l i g e n c e r , May 9, 10, 1891. 2. I b i d . , May 13, 1891.

174

how ever, was t o change r a d i c a l l y i n a few s h o r t m onths and a r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n became a m a jo r f a c ­ t o r w ith t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e a t t a c k on t h e " B a ltim o re " s a i l o r s in th e c i t y o f V a lp a ra is o . P r i o r t o t h e " B a ltim o re " f r a c a s t h e New York H e r a ld b o a s t e d t h a t Egan h a d b e e n s i l e n t f o r some tim e and t h a t t h e "H e r a l d h ad been t h e o n ly medium th r o u g h w hich t h e 1 S t a t e Departm ent v/as k e p t p o s t e d . " They p l a y e d up t h e b a t t l e s a f t e r Q u in te r o s Bay b e c a u s e t h e y were g e t t i n g t h e i r

i n f o r m a t i o n d i r e c t l y from C h i l e .

On t h e 8 t h an e d i t o r i a l

a s k e d f o r t h e r e c a l l o f P a t r i c k Egan s i n c e t h e governm ent h a d ch anged hands and t h e y f e l t t h a t Egan h a d b e e n p a r t i a l t o t h e B alm aceaa regim e and was t h e r e f o r e n o t p e r s o n a g r a t a t o t h e new governm ent and a r e c a l l would f u r t h e r 2

f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s w it h them.

’.Then t h e a t t a c k on t h e

s a i l o r s came t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d e n t s e n t i n a t i n y n o t i c e 3 t h a t b e l i e d t h e i r c la im s o f p r e v i o u s d a y s . On t h e 1 9 th

came an a d m is s io n from him t h a t he had t r i e d t o " g e t a t t h e b o tto m o f t h e t r o u b l e b e tw ee n t h e C h i l i a n and Amer­ i c a n s a i l o r s a t V a l p a r a i s o b u t so f a r i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n t h e t r u t h a b o u t i t s o r i g i n beyond what I have a l 4 re a d y c a b l e d y o u ." An e a r l y o p i n i o n was n o t form ed by

1. 2. 3. 4.

New York H e r a l d , Septem ber 5, 1891; and August 29, 1891. I b i d . , Septem ber 8, 1891. I b i d . , O c to b e r 17, 1891. I b i d . , O c to b e r 19, 1891.

175

them b u t n e v e r d i d th e y f e e l t h a t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s s h o u ld go t o w ar.

A r b i t r a t i o n , as we s h a l l see when we exam ine

t h e i r l a t e r re m a rk s , was t h e s o l u t i o n t h e y f e l t t o be b e s t t o s o l v e t h e p ro b lem .

'The P h i l a d e l p h i a N o rth American

to o k a l i g h t view o f t h e k i l l i n g s , commenting t h a t s u r e l y no one e x p e c te d t h e e n t i r e navy t o go t o V a l p a r a i s o o r f o r Egan t o d e l i v e r an u ltim a tu m .

" N a tio n s do n o t make war 1 upon such t r i f l e s i n t h i s a g e . " T h e i r a t t i t u d e was "Let us be am used," f o r o b j e c t i o n was made t o t h e " C h i l i a n h a sh " g i v e n o u t each m o rn in g .

The c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v id e n c e t h a t

t h e C h ile a n s h a t e d us and t h a t t h e i n t e n t i o n t o c r e a t e i m p r e s s io n s

t h a t n o t h in g b u t b l o o d c o u ld wipe ou t t h e i n ­

s u l t was d e p l o r e d .

l a v was n o t t o be t h o u g h t o f and t h e

a f f a i r was to o s m a ll t o make a m o u n ta in o u t o f t h e p r o 2

v e rb ia l m o le h ill. O th e r p a p e r s on t h e e a s t c o a s t d i d n o t t a k e su c h a l i g h t view o f t h e m a t t e r .

The W ashington Evening S t a r

s a i d t h e k i l l i n g was "no l i g h t m a t t e r . " " I t w i l l n o t be w e l l f o r C h i l i i f by h e r c o n d u ct she p e r m i t s t h e p r e s e n t m u rd er t o assume t h e a p p e a ra n c e o f an u npro vok ed and u n ­ r e d r e s s e d a s s a u l t upon t h e r e p u b l i c i t s e l f .

She w i l l n o t

c a r e t o d e a l w ith t h e whole American p e o p le , a r o u s e d a g a i n s t h e r b y t h e b l o o d o f t h e i r m u rd e re d s a i l o r , w hich she h as

1 . P h i l a d e l p h i a N o rth A rre ric a n , O c to b er 28, 1891. 2 . I b i d . , November 5, 1891.

176

V

1

sp rin k le d in t h e i r f a c e s ."

T here was no s n i r i t o f com­

p ro m is e i n t h e s e w ords; t h e y were a f i g h t i n g e n a l l e n g e t o a r e c a l c i t r a n t p e o p le .

L a t e r t h e same p a p e r s t a t e d t h a t

" t h e more t h e f a c t s a r e exam ined t h e worse t h e y a p p e a r f o r 2

t h e C h ile a n s i d e o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y . "

No doubt t h i s j o u r ­

n a l was r e f l e c t i n g an a d m i n i s t r a t i o n v ie w p o in t, o r a t l e a s t i t c o i n c i d e d a d m ir a b ly w i t h what was f e l t , and assumed t h e same as H a r r is o n d i d t h a t t h e a t t a c k was made upon u s as a n a t i o n and n o t upon t h e s a i l o r s as ' . i n d i v i d u a l s . The B o sto n D a ily Globe a d o p te d a l i n e l i k e t h a t o f t h e Evening S t a r .

T h e i r f i r s t f r o n t page a c c o u n t o f t h e " B a l t ­

im ore" a t t a c k s t a t e d t h a t C h i l l was sn u b b in g u s and r e f u s i n g 3 t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e m u rd e rs . The C h ile a n r e s p o n s e 4 t o o u r p r o t e s t was c a l l e d " C h i l i ' s Big B l u f f . " E d ito ria lly t h e p a p e r s a i d t h a t o u r p e o p le w anted n o t h in g "but j u s t i c e and (we) f o r t u n a t e l y have t h e power t o o b t a i n i t .

A th re a t­

ened b lo c k a d e o f h e r p o r t s would p r o b a b l y b r i n g h e r s p e e d i l y 5 to h e r s e n s e s ." T h is was in d e e d a s t i f f e r a t t i t u d e t h a n t h a t a d o p te d by t h e New York p a p e r s b u t i t was l a c k i n g i n j in g o i s m and t h e y d e p l o r e d a n y th in g l i k e i t ,

a d v o c a ti n g i n

i t s p l a c e a s t e r n p o s i t i o n b a c k e d by " s t a u n c h , s t e e l - r i b b e d

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

W ashington E vening S t a r ,O c to b er 26, 1891. I b i d . , November 2, 1891. B a to n D a ily G lo b e , O c to b e r 29, 1891. I b i d . , O c to b e r 30, 1891. I b i d . , November 2, 1891.

177

s h i p s and b i g g u n s, w ell-m an n ed , t o e n a b le t h e governm ent a t W ashington t o sp e ak w i t h a u t h o r i t y t h a t commands i n s t a n t 1

a tte n tio n ." The m id d le w est t u r n e d a b o u t f a c e a f t e r t h e s a i l o r a f ­ f r a y and t h e s e c t i o n which had g i v e n l i t t l e n o t i c e t o t h e " I t a t a " now boomed t h e war drums a g a i n s t C h i l i and advo­ c ated a le s so n fo r th e o ffe n siv e a c t.

The M in n e a p o lis

T rib u n e r e p o r t e d t h e f a c t s i n t h e c a s e , p u t t i n g i n t h o s e ite m s t h a t made i t sound b a d l y f o r t h e C h i l e a n s .

T h eir

i n i t i a l a c c o u n t s t a t i n g t h a t t h e Americans h a d k n iv e s and p i s t o l s was a l t e r e d two days l a t e r by t h e s ta te m e n t t h a t t h e Am ericans "had b u t few weapons and were slow i n u s i n g 2

th e m ."

The e d i t o r e x p r e s s e d g r e a t i n d i g n a t i o n a t th e

o u t r a g e and w h ile t h e r e was a s l i g h t hope f o r p e a c e f u l s e t t l e m e n t i t was q u a l i f i e d by t h e s t a te m e n t t h a t " i f t h e s e c u r i o u s l y e x c i t a b l e p e o p le r e a l l y want a f i g h t t h e y know 3 j u s t where t h e y can f i n d i t . " The f o l l o w i n g day a l e a d ­ in g e d i t o r i a l a p p e a re d e n t i t l e " I s I t vyar?"

I t was w r i t t e n

as a r e s u l t o f t h e C h ile a n answ er t o o u r demand f o r r e p a r ­ a t i o n s i n w hich C h ile made a " v i r t u a l r e f u s a l . "

Assuming

t h i s t o be t r u e t h i s J o u r n a l saw o n l y one r e s u l t — " t h e r e 4 c a l l o f o u r m i n i s t e r and a d e c l a r a t i o n o f w a r ." The to n e

1. 2. 3. 4.

B o sto n D a ily G lo b e , November 6, 1891. M in n e a p o lis T r i b u n e , O c to b er 18, 20, 1891. I b i d . , O c to b er 28, 1891. I b i d . , O c to b e r 29, 1891.

178

changed s l i g h t l y when t h e t e x t o f t h e C h ile a n r e p l y was made p u b l i c .

I t was s e e n t h a t th e answ er was c l e v e r and had B lain e p r o b a b l y been p a t t e r n e d a f t e r t h e r e p l y o f S e c r e t a r y / t o t h e I t a l i a n governm ent t o a demand f o r r e p a r a t i o n s i n c o n n e c ­ t i o n w i t h t h e m urder o f some I t a l i a n s i n New O rle a n s s h o r t ­ ly b efo re t h i s .

"'What i s sauce f o r t h e goose i s sau ce f o r 1 t h e g a n d e r ," s a i d t h e e d i t o r . The C i n c i n n a t i Times S t a r had a r e p o r t from W ashington commenting t h a t i f t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e C h ile a n r e p r e s e n t a ­ t i v e s i n W ashington was a r e f l e x o f t h e C h ile a n a t t i t u d e a t home th e n th e a t t a c k c o u ld be u n d e r s t o o d .

E v e ry th in g

t h a t t h e W ashington governm ent d id was fo u n d f a u l t w i t h and t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n t was t o l d t h a t

"C h ili d id not c are a 2

r a p what a t t i t u d e t h e U n ite d S t a t e s to o k to w a rd h e r . " The same day an e d i t o r i a l r e f l e c t e d t h e s t a n d o f t h e p a p e r by s a y in g t h a t " th e tim e seems t o have p a s s e d when p e t t y p r i n c i p a l i t i e s and t h e p e o p le o f s o - c a l l e d r e p u b l i c s c o u ld i n s u l t t h e American f l a g ana n o t b e b ro u g h t t o taw ( s i c ) for i t . "

The a c t i v i t y i n t h e navy y a r d s was n o t e d and

t h e p a p e r must have assumed t h a t war was i n t h e o f f i n g . T h e ir a r t i c l e s on C h ile c o n ti n u e d i n a t h r e a t e n i n g t o n e , even g o in g so f a r as t o sa y i n c r i t i c i s m t h a t t h e " a l l e g e d

1 . M in n e a p o lis T r i b u n e , O c to b er 30, 1891. 2. C i n c i n n a t i Times S t a r , O cto b er 28, 1891. 3 . I b i d . , O c to b e r 28, 1891.

179

In d e p e n d e n t n ew sp ap ers and a l l t h o s e o f t h e D em ocratic s t r i p e $ r e e n d e a v o rin g t o show t h a t Mr. B l a i n e i s in c o n 1

s i s t e n t i n h i s h a n d li n g o f t h e C h i l i a n d i f f i c u l t y . "

But

f a r from b e in g p a c i f i s t i c t h i s m id d le w e s t e r n p a p e r hoped f o r a f i g h t t o " t e a c h t h e s e u p s t a r t s a good l e s s o n . "

Not

s a t i s f i e d w i t h d e f y in g C h i l e , t h e g a u n t l e t was th row n down t o E n glan d so t h a t she c o u ld o b t a i n "a l i t t l e i f sh e w a n ted t o mix i n i t .

in stru c tio n "

T h is v e i n was c o n ti n u e d by t h e

p a p e r , i t s u n c h a n g in g i d e a b e in g t h a t t h e C h ile a n s were 2

im p u d e n t.

By t h e end o f t h e y e a r t h e q u e s t i o n t h a t was

u pperm ost was how much l o n g e r " P r e s i d e n t H a r r is o n w i l l d e3 f e r i n m aking a p e re m p to ry demand on C h i l i . . . " The

Chicago H e r a ld was s t e r n and a d v o c a te d a l e s s o n

f o r t h e C h ile a n s t o o . t h e m id d le w e s t .

But t h i s was n o t t h e c a s e th r o u g h o u t

The o p p o s i t i o n p r e s s , t h e p a p e r s t h a t were

a n ti-B la in e or a n ti-H a rriso n or a n ti-a d m in is tra tio n , h i t back a t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r i t s c o n d u ct o f f o r e i g n r e ­ la tio n s.

The S t . L o u is R e p u b l l c , an a n t i - H a r r i s o n o r g a n ,

commented s a v a g e ly on t h e o u t l o o k , c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e a t ­ t a c k as a "barroom b ra w l o f t h e m ost d i s g r a c e f u l c h a r a c t e r " and c la im e d t h a t i t was e q u a l l y d i s g r a c e f u l f o r H a r r i s o n and B l a i n e " t o t r y t o p ro v o k e a q u a r r e l w ith C h i le o v e r it."

The c o n d u ct o f Egan was c a l l e d s c a n d a lo u s and t h e

1 . C i n c i n n a t i Times S t a r , November 2, 1891. 2. I b i d . , November 20, 1891. 3 . I b i d . , December 30, 1891.

180

guano b e d s were named as t h e elem ent b e h in d t h e s t r u g g l e . The " f r e a k i s h , u n d i g n i f i e d and i n c o n s i s t e n t " c o u r s e o f th e 1

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n came i n f o r a to n g u e l a s h i n g

and l a t e r t h e

p a p e r c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e whole a f f a i r was o n ly an e l e c t i o n 2

dodge d e s i g n e d t o p u t H a r r i s o n b a ck i n t o t h e f t h it e House, w h ile t h e c la im f o r damages had t h e " b l a c k m a i l e r s s n i r i t 5 b e h in d i t . " These were s t r o n g words b u t do p o i n t o u t t h e i n t e r n a l n a t u r e o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y and t h e u s e o f i t as a l e v e r f o r p a r t y m a n i p u l a t i o n .

On t h e s i d e o f t h e a n t i ­

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o rg a n s t h e y would make i t a p p e a r t h a t C h ile was i n th e r i g h t i n o r d e r t o smash a t H a r r i s o n o r B l a i n e ; and t h e p r o - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s h e e t s would condemn C h ile J u s t a s r a b i d l y , p r o v in g t h e r e b y t h a t B l a i n e and H a r r i s o n were c o n d u c tin g o u r f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s s k i l l f u l l y and t o t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t o f th e c o u n t r y . s u p p o s e d ly i n d i c a t e t h e s i d e

O utw ardly a l i n e u p would o ie

s t o o d on b u t i n r e a l i t y

t h e m o tiv e t h a t l a y b e h in d t h e c h o ic e o f a s i d e was more i m p o r t a n t , f o r i t f r e q u e n t l y h a d n o t h in g t o do w i t h t h e c o n t r o v e r s y , and e v e r y t h i n g t o do w i t h i n t e r n a l American a ffa irs.

The i'few O rle a n s Times Democrat c o u ld w r i t e t h a t

we h a d s to o d t h e C h ile a n " i n s u l t and o u t r a g e " lo n g enough and t h a t " th e e n t i r e Am erican p e o p le w ith o u t d i s t i n c t i o n of p o l i t i c s

. . . w i l l be a u n i t i n i t s s u p p o r t while i t

1 . S t . L o u is R e p u b li c , O c to b e r 20, 1891. 2. I b i d . , O c to b e r 30, 1891. 3 . I b i d . , O c to b e r 31, 1891.

(th e

181

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) p r o t e c t s American l i v e s and v i n d i c a t e s American h o n o r from t h e b r u t a l a rr o g a n c e o f o v erw eening 1

fo re ig n e rs .”

P e rh a p s t h i s p a p e r was t h i n k i n g i n term s

o f t h e r e c e n t o u t r a g e p e r p e t r a t e d on I t a l i a n c i t i z e n s i n i t s home town and was demanding r e p a r a t i o n as I t a l y h a d done.

The to n e o f t h i s s h e e t does n o t g e t s o f t e r w i t h tim e

b u t r i n g s w ith t h e c o n s i s t e n t demand t h a t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s e x a c t t h e in d e m n ity by f o r c e s i n c e i t was r e f u s e d p e a c e 2

fu lly .

E d i t o r i a l l y we were a t war im m e d ia te ly as f a r as

t h e Times Democrat was c o n c e rn e d and t h e y even f i g u r e d t h a t i t would be d i f f i c u l t t o b e a t t h e C h ile a n s b u t i t must be done r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e c o s t , f o r t h e "demand o f 3 t h i s governm ent m ust be met o r C h i l i h u m b le d ." The Richmond D j s p a t c h , a s o u t h e r n D em ocratic p a p e r - s u s p e c t e d t h a t Egan was u n f i t and t h a t H a r r is o n was i n n e e d o f cam­ p a ig n t h u n d e r .

I t d i d n o t s u g g e s t war b u t would s u p p o rt 4 t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i f i t came t o w ar. So i t i s t h a t n o t a l l o f t h e o p p o s i t i o n p a p e r s hounded t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n as d i d t h e R e p u b l i c , b u t some o f them sounded t h e t o c s i n o f

b a t t l e j o y f u l l y w i t h a r e a l r i n g o f j in g o i s m . The w e st c o a s t p a p e r s to o k what was t h e most d e ta c h e d view o f t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y , l e a v i n g one w ith t h e im p r e s s io n

1. 2. 3. 4.

New O rle a n s Times I b i d . , O c to b er 29, I b i d . , November 1, Richmond D i s p a t c h ,

D em ocrat, O c to b er 26, 1891. 1891. 3 , 1891. December 25, 1891.

182

t h a t th e y w anted j u s t i c e done f o r u s b u t t h a t C h ile was h a r d l y w o r th c o n s i d e r a t i o n as a f i g h t i n g opponent o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s .

T h is s u p e r c i l i o u s a p p ro a c h i m p l i e d t h a t

war v/as n o t a n e c e s s i t y a g a i n s t su c h a c o u n tr y and t h a t a sound s p a n k in g would be a l l t h a t was n e e d e d .

The S e a t ­

t l e P o s t - I n t e l l i g e n c e r c a r r i e d i t s f i r s t e d i t o r i a l on t h e 2 8 th o f O c to b e r i n which th e a t t a c k was t r e a t e d m i l d l y 1 and a demand made f o r r e p a r a t i o n . T h e i r news columns c a lle d i t

"The P o l l y o f C h i le "

2

and i n v e i g h e d a g a i n s t th e 3 b r u t a l t r e a t m e n t o f o u r s a i l o r s by t h e p o l i c e . The s h e e t m i l d l y d e n ie d t h a t t h e E n g l i s h were a t t e m p t i n g t o s t i r up t h e C h ile a n s and commended t h e S a l i s b u r y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 4 f o r i t s f r i e n d l y a t t i t u d e to w a rd t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . T here i s a n o t i c e a b l e a h rd e n in g o f t h e i r a t t i t u d e a f t e r t h e r e ­ l e a s e o f t h e M a tta n o te b u t even h e r e t h e r e i s no w a r lik e 5 t o n e and none o f t h e t h r e a t e n i n g bom bast as i n some o f t h e m id d le w e s t, s o u t h e r n and e a s t e r n p a p e r s . I n San F r a n c i s c o , t h e home o f t h e " I t a t a " i n c i d e n t , i t was t h e same.

The Morning Cal 1 r e p o r t e d t h e p r o g r e s s

o f r e l a t i o n s w i t h C h i le and even made m e n tio n o f t h e asylum 6 q u e s t i o n , w hich was n o t u s u a l l y done by t h e o t h e r p a p e r s .

1 . S e a t t l e P o s t - I n t e l l i g e n c e r , O c to b e r 28, 1891. 2. I b i d . , O c to b e r 31, 1891. 3. I b i d . , November 2, 1891. 4. I b i d . , November 11, 15, 1891. 5. I b i d . , December 9, 10, 13, 14, 1891. 6 . San F r a n c i s c o Morning C a l l , O c to b er 17, 20, 1891.

183

E d i t o r i a l l y t h e p a p e r a p p e a re d t o be u n c o n c e rn e d u n t i l th e 2 5 th o f O cto b er when i t was s t a t e d t h a t

" t h e r e i s no d a n g er

t h a t t h e V a l p a r a i s o r i o t s w i l l l e a d t o war, b u t t h e y a r e 1 none t h e l e s s a n n o y in g ." a g a i n t h e r e was a s t i f f e n i n g o f o p in io n as t h e e v e n ts u n f o l d e d b u t i t was d i f f e r e n t from most o f t h e o t h e r s .

T h is p a p e r a d v o c a te d a l e s s o n i n t h e

sh ap e o f a " g a t h e r i n g o f A m erican m e n - o f-w a r i n t h e h a r b o r 2

of V a lp a ra is o ,"

and t h o u g h t t h a t "a few companies o f m ar­

i n e s w ith a G a t l i n g gun, would c o n s t i t u t e a g u a r a n t e e a g a in s t a r e p e t i t i o n of th e o u trag e o f th e 1 6 th . o u r Government n a y s a f e l y a w a it f u r t h e r

T h is done,

d e v e lo p m e n ts ."

I t i s n o t t o be t h o u g h t t h a t t h i s was a d v o c a c y o f w ar.

They d i d n o t f e e l t h a t war would r e s u l t , b u t d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e C h ile a n answ er as was t h e p r e s i d e n t th e y o f f e r e d th e su g g e stio n th a t

"an o c c u p a tio n o f t h e p o r t s o f I q u iq u e 4 and A n to f o g a s te would b r i n g them t o t h e i r s e n s e s . . . " When th e c o u r t d e c i s i o n on t h e " I t a t a " was r e t u r n e d t h e Morning C a ll was p lu n g e d i n t o t h e d e p th s o f d e s p a i r f o r th e y saw i t s i n f l u e n c e on t h e c o n t r o v e r s y .

I t w ould " f u r n i s h

t h e Government o f C h ile w i t h m a t t e r f o r a c o u n t e r c la im a g s i n s t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . . . .

I t i s an u n f o r t u n a t e b u s ­

i n e s s a l l ro u n d and sh o u ld p u t t h e Government o f f i c i a l s

l . S a n F r a n c i s c o Morning C a l l , O cto b er 25, 1891. 2. I b i d . , O c to b e r 29, 1891. 3. I b i d . , O c to b e r 30, 1891. 4. I b i d . , O c to b e r 31, 1891.

184

h e r e a f t e r on t h e i r g u a rd a g a i n s t a llo w in g t h e i r z e a l t o 1 o u t r u n t h e i r j u d g m e n t.” The Exam iner p l a y e d up t h e same l i n e a s t h e Morning 2

C a ll I n w a n tin g t o t e a c h th e C h ile a n s a l e s s o n .

T h at t h e y

were so n a i v e a s t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s c o u ld be done w ith o u t war i s t r u e .

A l a t e r e d i t o r i a l s a i d t h a t " i t lo o k s as i f

we s h o u ld r e a l l y have to a d m i n i s t e r a l e s s o n t o C h i l e . i s a b s u r d , o f c o u r s e , t o t a l k a b o u t w ar.

It

But w h a te v e r h a p ­

pens l e t u s have no t a l k a b o u t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s " a p p e a li n g t o a rm s” t o v i n d i c a t e h e r h o n o r " . I t i s to o u t t e r l y a b 3 s u rd .” T a lk o f t h i s ty p e c an n o t be c a l l e d jin g o is m , b u t i s c e r t a i n l y f a r more d a n g ero u s f o r i t r e v e a l s a com pla­ c en c y and s e l f s a t i s f a c t i o n i n t h e p r e s s th a ta s s u m e d th e U n ite d S t a t e s t o be so s t r o n g and so f a r above h e r oppon­ e n t t h a t we w ere l i k e a f a t t e r a d m i n i s t e r i n g a p a t e r n a l p a d d le i n t h e b a c k woodshed f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f a wayward c h ild .

I t was m aking l i g h t o f a s i t u a t i o n t h a t was s e r ­

io u s i n a b o a s t i n g o f f h a n d manner t h a t c o u ld be n o t h in g b u t o f f e n s i v e t o a p r o u d C h ile a n p e o p l e . The p i c t u r e o f e d i t o r i a l o p i n i o n and t h e r e a c t i o n o f t h e p r e s s a f t e r t h e " B a lt i m o r e ” c a s e i s n o t one o f a s i n g l e c o l o r ; r a t h e r i t i s a s e r i e s o f v a r i o u s h u e s r a n g in g from

1 . San F r a n c i s c o Morning C a l l , November 5, 1891. 2. San F r a n c i s c o E xam iner, O c to b e r 25, 1891. 3 . O c to b e r 30, 1891. i b i d .

185

t h e w h i t e s t t o t h e b l a c k e s t c o l o r s d e p en d in g on t h e p o i n t o f view h e l d .

The p r e s s c an n o t be th o u g h t o f as s t a t i c

b u t dynamic I n I t s r e a c t i o n s , moving f o r w a r d and backw ard w ith th e t i d e o f e v e n ts .

A f t e r O c to b er t h e i s s u e s b etw een

t h e U n ite d S t a t e s and C h ile were a c o m b in a tio n o f e le m e n ts l i k e t h e s a i l o r , t h e asylum and t h e M a tta n o t e q u e s t i o n s which g r a d u a l l y were f o c u s e d i n J a n u a ry 1892 when t h e y m erged t o form a s i n g l e s t r a n d .

When t h e m erg e r to o k p l a b e

t h e q u e s t i o n was no l o n g e r what t o do a b o u t asylum o r a b o u t P a t r i c k S h i e l d s , o r a bou t t h e " B a lt i m o r e " ; t h e q u e s t i o n was what t o do a b o u t C h i l e .

H a r r i s o n made up h i s m ind what

he th o u g h t ought t o be done a b o u t C h i le and he com m unicated h i s o p i n io n i n a m essage t o t h e C on gress o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s.

We know t h e r e s u l t o f t h a t .

What t h e p r e s s , and

t h e p e o p le o f t h e c o u n tr y t h o u g h t we m ust now s e e , f o r i n t h e newsrooms o f t h a t day comes an answ er t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e th e r t h e p r e s s and t h e p e o p le were f o l l o w i n g t h e le a d o f th e p r e s id e n t.

We n e e d n o t e x p e c t a unanim ous

p o i n t o f view b u t we s h a l l f i n d i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t w i l l show us t h e m a j o r i t y i d e a s on t h i s s u b j e c t . B e g in n in g once more w ith t h e v i t a l New York H e r a ld whose s u p e r - s l e u t h was on t h e jo b i n C h i le we can s a f e l y s a y t h a t t h i s p a p e r , w hich h a d e d i t o r i a l l y a sk e d t h e r e ­ c a l l o f P a t r i c k Egan e a r l i e r , d i d n o t w ant war and p e r s i s ­

186

t e n t l y a d v o c a te d a r b i t r a t i o n as t h e s i t u a t i o n came t o a c lim a x .

The H e r a ld was t h e d i r e c t s o u r c e o f most o f t h e

. r e p o r t s coming th r o u g h w hich gave r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e C h ile a n s were g o in g t o c a p i t u l a t e , and t h i s was one o f t h e m ost u n s a t i s f a c t o r y e le m e n ts i n t h e c a s e b e c a u s e i t k e p t Egan on t h e g r i d d l e w i r i n g t h e Departm ent t o f i n d o u t w h e th e r t h e s e r e p o r t s w ere t r u e .

On J a n u a r y 4 t h t h e i r

c o r r e s p o n d e n t s t a t e d t h a t t h e M a tta n o t e was u n a u t h o r i z e d and was t o be r e p l a c e d b y a n o t h e r .

nThe r a d i c a l p a r t y ,

a s w e l l a s t h e l e a d i n g members o f C o n g re ss, a r e f u l l y i n ­ c l i n e d t o disavow and condemn t h e r e t i r e d M i n i s t e r ' s w o rd s. The f o l l o w i n g day he c a b l e d t h a t M ontt h a d b e e n i n s t r u c t e d t o a p o l o g i z e , and t h a t t h e p o l i c e w ere a roun d t h e Am erican 2

l e g a t i o n t o p r e v e n t i t from b e i n g b u r n e d and s a c k e d .

The

n e x t day he r e p o r t e d a g a i n t h a t M ontt h a d been i n s t r u c t e d 3 t o w ith d ra w M a t t a 1s n o t e . On t h e 7 t h a n o t h e r r e p o r t o f a p e n d in g a p o lo g y came t h r o u g h a lt h o u g h t h e W ash in gto n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e H e r a l d c o u ld g e t n o t h in g o f f i c i a l 4 t o s u p p o r t t h i s c a b l e from C h i l e . M eanwhile t h e p a p e r n o t e d t h a t th e m essage o f t h e p r e s i d e n t f o r C o ngress was 5 b e i n g drawn u p . At lo n g l a s t on t h e 1 6 th o f J a n u a r y t h e H e r a l d n o t e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e r e p o r t s coming from

1 . New York H e r a l d , J a n u a r y 4, 1892. 2. I b i d . , J a n u a ry 5 , 1892. 3. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 6 , 1892. 4. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 7, 1892. 5. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 3, 7, 13, 1892.

187

t h e i r e stee m e d employee I n uh i l e r e p e a t i n g t h e t a l e t h a t M ontt was t o l d t o a p o l o g i z e , and t h a t C h i le was a n x io u s t o l a y h ands on t h e r e f u g e e s I n V a l p a r a i s o (where t h e y h a d 1 b e e n t a k e n by Egan t o t h e "Y orktow n") £ o / p u n i s h them . E d i t o r i a l l y t h e s h e e t c a l l e d f o r p e a c e b y a r b i t r a t i o n and 2 c la im e d t h a t H a r r i s o n was b e n t on w a r. Ehe p e o p l e , t h e y 3 f e l t , d i d n o t want w ar. Meanwhile t h e p a p e r was i n c l o s e t o u c h w i t h M ontt i n W ashington and p u b l i s h e d an e x c l u s i v e f e a t u r e a b o u t him and t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n t h e i r r e p o r t e r h a d 4 w i t h h im . A l l t h e tim e t h e p a p e r th o u g h t t h e m essage o f t h e p r e s i d e n t was due t h e n e x t d a y .

Two days a f t e r , t h e

s h e e t came o u t w i t h a f o u r column t r e a t m e n t o f t h e C h i le a n c a s e and s t a t e d t h a t an a m ic a b le a rra n g e m e n t was c e r t a i n and t h e r e was no d a n g e r o f w a r. bout i t ,

L i t t l e d i d t h e y know a -

and f o o l e d by t h e r e p o r t s o f t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d e n t

coming from C h ile t h e y m ust have b e e n .

I n an e d i t o r i a l

t h e same day t h e y b o a s t e d t h a t t h e >lH e r a l d t s ChiLean news c an h a r d l y f a i l t o p u t a d a n p e r on t h e j i n g o s e n t im e n t t h a t seems t o p r e v a i l i n W a sh in g to n .

Y e s te r d a y o u r c o r ­

r e s p o n d e n t c a b l e d from S a n t ia g o ’ as coming from t h e C h i l ­ ean Sbareign O f f i c e ’ " t h a t C h ile would su b m it h e r view s i n a week, a f t e r t h i s 3ame r e p o r t e r h a d b e e n p r o m is in g f o r

1. 2. 3. 4.

New York H e r a l d , J a n u a r y 16, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a ry 19, 21, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 20, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 21, 1892.

188

s e v e r a l weeks t h a t a c a p i t u l a t i o n was f o r th c o m in g a lm o st 1 d a lly . The calm a s s u r a n c e t h a t t h e r e w ould b e p e a c e d i d n o t p r e v e n t t h e H e r a ld from r u n n in g a huge Sunday s p e c i a l 2 on " I f War Comes—How I t W ill Be C o n d u c te d ." On t h e 2 5 th t h e H e r a ld was t h e m ost s u r p r i s e d o f p a p e r s , b u t w i t h b e ­ coming com placency t h e p a p e r saw " e v id e n c e s o f g r e a t du­ p l i c i t y " i n C h ile and n o t e d t h a t a c c u s a t i o n s were made t h a t "M ontt*s c a b i n e t h a d c o n c e a le d t h e t r u e s t a t e o f t h e d i f ­ f i c u l t i e s b e tw ee n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s and C h i l i and t h e y may 3 b e c e n s u r e d b y t h e c h a m b e rs ." A p p a r e n tly t h e t r u e s t a t e m ust a l s o have b e en c o n c e a l e d from t h e r e p o r t e r i n C h i l e . But e d i t o r i a l l y t h e H e r a ld c lu n g t o t h e guns and c a l l e d f o r p e a c e and a r b i t r a t i o n on t h e day H a r r i s o n d e l i v e r e d 4 h i s m essage t o C o n g re s s . A f t e r t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e mes­ sage and t h e backdown o f C h i l e , w hich was p l a y e d up h e a v i l y by a l l o f t h e p a p e r s , t h e H e r a ld c la im e d t h a t i t was a b i g m is ta k e on t h e p a r t o f H a r r i s o n whose h a s t e and im p a tie n c e 5 was t h e c a u s e o f a l l t h e t r o u b l e . W hile t h e p a p e r d i d n o t a t t a c k him p o l i t i c a l l y , i t d i d so on t h e g ro u n d s o f a j i n g o i s t i c d ip lo m a cy , a r g u i n g t h a t t h e i r i d e a f o r a r b i ­ t r a t i o n w ould have s e t t l e d t h e t r o u b l e lo n g ago .

1 . New York H e r a l d , J a n u a r y 23, 1892. 2. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 24, 1892. 3. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 25, 1892. 4. I h l 'd . , J a n u a r y 25, 1892. 5. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 25, 1892.

They

189

a d m i t te d t h a t i t was a v i c t o r y f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s - n o t because o f th e H a rriso n p o lic y b u t i n s p i t e o f i t . I c a n n o t h e l p b e l i e v i n g as t h e p a p e r i s exam ined t h a t somewhere a lo n g t h e l i n e t h e i r C h ile a n c o r r e s p o n d e n t was t a k e n i n and t h e y went a lo n g w i t h him i n t h e p r o c e s s . T h e ir a d m is s io n t h a t t h e r e was d u p l i c i t y among t h e C h i l ­ eans i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a t t e m p t s t o s e t ­ t l e t h e c o n t r o v e r s y b e a r s o u t t h e c la im t h a t t h e C h ile a n s were s t a l l i n g , and g i v e s room f o r t h e b e l i e f t h a t p e rh a p s H a r r i s o n u s e d t h e m essage t o C ong ress a s a d e v ic e t o b r i n g them a ro u n d i n a h u r r y .

I f we a r e t o b e l i e v e t h e c a b l e s

o f t h e r e p o r t e r o f t h e H e r a ld w hich i n s i s t e d a g a i n and a g a i n t h a t M ontt was on t h e v e rg e o f making an a p o lo g y t h e n we m ust c o n c lu d e t h a t a p r o c e s s o f d i p l o m a t i c de­ c e i t was b e in g p r a c t i c e d , and th u s t h e H e r a l d was u n f a i r and i n a c c u r a t e i n a c c u s in g H a r r i s o n o f b e in g h a s t y and im­ p a tie n t.

C r i t i c i s m o f t h e H a r r i s o n a c t i o n can b e made

o n ly i f t h e i n t e n t b e h in d i t p r o v e d w orthy o f c r i t i c i s m , and t h e f a c t s p o i n t t o

a c o n clu sio n fa v o ra b le to

th e p re s ­

i d e n t whom we judge t o

hav e been m o t i v a t e d by t h e e q u iv o ­

c a t i o n o f t h e C h ile a n s

in o ffe rin g a so lu tio n to

t h e con ­

t r o v e r s y upon t h e demands o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . The J o u r n a l o f Commerce i n New York came o u t o f i t s s e c l u s i o n d u r i n g J a n u a r y and t h e i r r e p o r t e r from W ashington

190

k e p t them i n t o u c h w i t h e v e n t s .

E d i t o r i a l l y th e y n e v e r

e x p r e s s e d th e m s e lv e s u n l e s s we a c c e p t t h e comments o f t h e W ashington c o r r e s p o n d e n t .

He d i d p r o v i d e an a c c u r a t e gauge

o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n when he s t a t e d t h a t an " in d e x o f t h e p o p u l a r s e n t im e n t i s o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h t h e l e t t e r s t h a t p o u r i n on S e c r e t a r y T rac y from a l l p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y . W hereas, t e n days ago t h e s e i n d i c a t e d t h e developm ent o f a d e c i d e d war s p i r i t , t o d a y t h e r e seems t o h a v e b e e n a change i n t o n e , and t h e r e i s a grow ing d i s p o s i t i o n t o u r g e 1 th e S e c re ta ry to a c o n c ilia to r y c o u rs e ." The p a p e r i t ­ s e l f v o i c e d no o p i n i o n , n o r d id t h e p o s s i b l e t h r e a t o f war d i s t u r b them o r f i n a n c i a l c i r c l e s a s f a r as t h e i r p ub­ lic a tio n re v e a ls. The P h i l a d e l p h i a N o rth A m erican’ s s t a n d was a l s o a g a i n s t w a r.

"T h is p a p e r i s n o t i n f a v o r o f war so lo n g as p e a c e

can be m a i n t a i n e d w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c e o f s e l f - r e s p e c t .

But

2

n e i t h e r i s i t i n f a v o r o f p e a c e a t any p r i c e . "

T h is j u d i ­

c io u s to n e i t c o n t i n u e d th r o u g h o u t t h e c r i s i s w i t h t h e e x ­ c e p t i o n o f i t s t r e a t m e n t o f t h e B r i t i s h whom, i t was t h o u g h t , r e s e n te d our p resen ce in C h ile .

The c r y f o r p e a c e was r e ­

e ch o e d by t h e B o sto n D a lly Globe whose e y es w ere f a s t e n e d on "W ashington w i t h a calm c o n f id e n c e t h a t no Am erican a d ­ m i n i s t r a t i o n w i l l r e s o r t t o th e s l i p p e r a c t u n t i l e v e ry

1 . New York J o u r n a l o f Commerce, J a n u a r y 21, 1892. 2 . P h i l a d e l p h i a NQr t h A m erican, December 24, 1891.

191

o t h e r p o s s i b l e means h a d b e en t r i e d t o make t h e C h i l i a n 1 s m a ll boy b e h aa ra o lik e a l i t t l e g e n tle m a n ." The Globe r e j e c t e d t h e ex p a r t e C h ile a n t e s ti m o n y an d p r e f e r r e d t o b e l i e v e t h e s t o r y o f t h e " g a l l a n t men and o f f i c e r s " o f t h e " B a lt i m o r e " , t h e r e b y a c c e p t i n g f o r t h e U n ite d S t a t e s what 2 th e y re fu s e d f o r C h ile . T h is p a p e r was i n co m plete a g r e e ­ ment w i t h t h e P u l i t z e r New York W orld i n t h a t "C ongress s h o u ld t a k e p l e n t y o f tim e t o c o n s i d e r b e f o r e a u t h o r i z i n g 3 a r e s o r t t o t h e b a r b a r i c m ethods o f war . . . " They d e ­ p l o r e d t h e i d l e war t a l k and c la im e d t h a t w h ile "su c h a sentiment may p o s s i b l y prevail in Washington,

(it does)

4 now ehere e l s e . "

The m essage o f t h e p r e s i d e n t s t i r r e d t h e

p u l s e o f t h e e d i t o r ; , b u t t h e s u r r e n d e r o f C h ile r a i s e d d o u b ts i n h i s m ind a s t o t h e h o n e s ty o f t h e p r e s i d e n t i n r e c o u n t i n g t h e r e c e i p t o f t h e C h ile a n s u b m is s io n AFTER t h e 5 m essage h a d gone t o t h e C o n g re ss. I n t h e c a p i t o l I t s e l f t h e E vening S t a r c o n ti n u e d t o hand out th e l i n e o f th e p r e s i d e n t .

On December 2 6 th , t h e

d a t e o f t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e new C h ile a n p r e s i d e n t , t h e e d i t o r c la im e d t h a t t h e " U n ite d S t a t e s c an n o t be e x p e c te d t o w a it lo n g on P r e s i d e n t M o n t t 's a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w hich goes 6

i n t o power to d a y i n C h i l e . "

When t h e r e p o r t s o f t h e Mare

1 . B o sto n D a lly G lo b e , J a n u a r y 3yi 1892. 2. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 12 , 1892. 3 . I b i d . , J a n u a ry 20, 1892. 4 . I b i d . , J a n u a ry 20, 1892. 5 . i b i d . , J a n u a r y 26, 1892. 6 . W ashington E vening S t a r , December 26, 189£

192

I s l a n d I n v e s t i g a t i o n were r e l e a s e d t h e o n ly s a t i s f a c t o r y c o u r s e t o he f o l lo w e d , t h o u g h t t h e E ven ing S t a r , was t o o b t a i n e i t h e r an a p o lo g y w i t h r e p a r a t i o n s o r r e s o r t t o 1 w a r. The c lim a x c am erw ith t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e m essage t o C o ngress w hich t h i s s h e e t found t o be j u d i c i o u s i n to n e f o r t h e i r e x a m in a tio n o f t h e e v id e n c e showed t h e blam e t o b e C h i l e ' s and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s m ust c o n s e q u e n t ly e n f o r c e 2

h e r rig h te o u s s ta n d .

The c a p i t u l a t i o n t o o k a l l o f t h e

w ind o u t o f t h e i r s a i l s and t h e j o u r n a l i s t i c a tte m p t t o f o l l o w on t h e c o a t - t a i l s o f t h e p r e s i d e n t c o l l a p s e d m is ­ era b ly . The m id d le w est once more p r e s e n t e d a s t r e a k e d p i c t u r e b u t a h ig h ly e n te r ta in in g one.

The o l d R e p u b lic a n s ta n d b y ,

t h e M in n e a p o lis T r ib u n e , came th r o u g h m a g n i f i c e n t l y f o r th e a d m in istra tio n .

U n q u e s tio n a b ly t h e C h ile a n s d e s e r v e d 3

a t r o u n c i n g b u t p e rh a p s a r b i t r a t i o n m ig h t p ro v e b e n e f i c i a l . On t h e 1 5 th o f J a n u a r y t h e p a p e r welcomed a f i g h t i f t h e C h ile a n s w anted i t and we w ould soon s e e who was " t h e b o s s 4 on t h i s s i d e o f t h e g lo b e . . . ” The 2 0 th w i t n e s s e d t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f a f r o n t page c a r t o o n i n w h ic h U ncle Sam was t a k i n g o f f h i s c o a t t o whip t h e scamp ( C h i le ) who was 5 f i n g e r i n g h i s n o se a t him . Then t h e day a f t e r t h e e d i t o r

1 . W ashington E vening S t a r , J a n u a r y 12, 1892. 2. I b i d . , January 25, 1892. 3. M in n e a p o lis T r i b u n e , December 29, 1891. 4 . I b i d . , J a n u a ry 15, 1892. 5 . I b i d . , J a n u a ry 20, 1892.

193

a d v i s e d g i v i n g t h e m a t t e r t o C o n g re ss, t h e C h ile a n s c a p i t ­ u la te d .

The T rib u n e was tr iu m p h a n t and m o d e r a tio n went

o u t t h e window i n an a l l o u t b l a s t o f v i c t o r y .

H e a d lin e s

d e c l a r e d t h a t MC h i l i Comes Down From The High P e r c h On Which She S a t and Makes Her O b eisan ce To t h e .American 1 E a g le ." The sp e e c h o f t h e p r e s i d e n t was c h a r a c t e r i z e d 2

as " c o n c i s e , c o n s e r v a t i v e and c o n c l u s i v e . "

T h is was p r o b ­

a b l y t h e b e s t p r e s s t h e p r e s i d e n t g o t th r o u g h o u t t h e coun­ try .

The day a f t e r t h i s t h r e e e d i t o r i a l s a p p e a re d on t h e

p a g e s o f t h e j o u r n a l I n w hich t h e Democrats were h i t f o r t h e i r a t t i t u d e to w a rd t h e m essage t o C o n g ress and H a r r i s o n 3 was l a u d e d . The p a p e r a l s o s u p p o r t e d t h e p r e s i d e n t on t h e i s s u e o f t h e r e c e i p t o f t h e s u b m is s io n from C h i l e , and th o u g h t t h a t any i n t i m a t i o n s t o t h e c o n t r a r y w ere b a s e 4 and u n c a l l e d f o r . Q u ite o p p o s i t e i n v ie w p o in t was t h e e v e r - a n t i - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n S t . L o uis R e p u b l i c .

T h is p a p e r went to o f a r

i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e freedo m o f t h e p r e s s and u s e d I t t o v i l i f y r a t h e r t h a n t o d i s c u s s and c o n s t r u c t i v e l y c ritic iz e .

On t h e 1 5 t h i t was s t a t e d t h a t " . . . t h e same

o ld b la th e r s k ite s

. . . now l e a g u e w i t h t h e o l d gaag o f guano

1 . M in n e a p o lis T r ib u n e , J a n u a r y 26, 1892. 2. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 26, 1892. 3 . t b i d . , J a n u a r y 27, 1892. 4 . I b i d . , J a n u a r y 29, 1892.

194

s h a r k s t o f o r c e t h e new C h i l i a n governm ent . . . " t o c a p i t u 1 la te . "There h a s b e e n n o t h i n g m ean er, more c o w a rd ly , more k n a v is h t h a n t h e c o n d u c t o f H a r r i s o n , B l a i n e and E2 gan . . . " So t h e p a p e r c a r r i e d on, c a l l i n g f o r p e a c e b u t a t t h e same tim e f e a r f u l t h a t t h e r e w ould be w ar due t o th e a d m in is tr a tio n 's t a c t i c s .

They c h a r g e d t h a t war would

c o v e r a coming d e f i c i t , a n d g iv e an o p p o r t u n i t y t o impose 3 more t a x e s . I t was w i t h t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e m essage t o C on gress t h a t t h e s h e e t h i t s i t s h i g h e s t s p o t w i t h column a f t e r column d e v o te d to t h e a f f a i r .

One e d i t o r i a l was a b ­

s o l u t e l y v i l e and c a s t i g a t e d H a r r i s o n beyond d e c e n c y . S p e a k in g o f t h e C h ile a n " e f f o r t " t o come t o an u n d e r s t a n d ­ in g t h e y s a i d ;

"But as so o f t e n happ ens when t h e a tte m p t

i s made t o p l a c a t e a s a w e d - o f f Bombastes F u r i o s o o f a t e n c e n t B r i g a d i e r , t h i s o n ly i n c r e a s e d t h e f e r o c i t y o f o u r C o m m a n d er-in -ch ie f i n t h e Wounded Knee Campaign.

C on sid ­

e r e d i n c o n n e c tio n even w i t h such o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e as h e h a s g i v e n , i t i s t h e m ost r i d i c u l o u s document e v e r s e n t t o C ong ress . . . .

T h e re i s a s c a n d a l b e h in d t h i s

whole b u s i n e s s t h a t w i l l c o n v u ls e t h e whole c o u n tr y when 4 i t does come o u t . " The d ays f o l l o w i n g t h i s t h e e d i t o r i a l s t o r e i n t o t h e p r e s i d e n t a s an i n d i v i d u a l , i n t o h i s m essage

1. 2. 3. 4.

S t . L o u is R e p u b l i c , J a n u a r y 16, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 1 6, 1892 . i b i d . , J a n u a ry 23, 1892. J a n u a r y 26, 1892, i b i d .

195

1

and I n to h i s f o r m u l a t i o n o f p o l i c y .

On t h e 3 0 th i t was 2

t o p p e d by t h e p i t h y s t a te m e n t t h a t he was a l i 4 r anyhpw. F o r t u n a t e l y f o r H a r r i s o n no s c a n d a l h a s come t o l i g h t w i t h t h e p a s s i n g o f t h e y e a r s and t h e c o u n tr y h a s n e v e r b e e n c o n v u ls e d by any im p o r t a n t d i s c l o s u r e s f o r t h i s p e r i o d we a re stu d y in g .

Time and more i n f o r m a ti o n t e n d r a t h e r t o

r e h a b i l i t a t e t h e f i g u r e s a ro u n d whom t h e c o n t r o v e r s y c e n d e sp ite t e r e d / t h e i r e r r o r s i n judgm ent and th e r i g h t e o u s c r i t i c i s m w hich may be l e v e l e d a t them . The C i n c i n n a t i Times S t a r r e p r e s e n t e d t h e m id d le g ro u n d a t t i t u d e w hich we fo u n d i n t h e e a s t , b u t i t was s p i c e d w i t h t h e i d e a t h a t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s m ust a d o p t a f i r m s t a n d and make t h e C h ile a n s p a y . The p a p e r c a l l e d 2 f o r t h e p u s h in g o f t h e new n a v y , and t h e r e p o r t from Mare I s l a n d o n ly s e r v e d t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e demand f o r s a t i s f a c ­ t i o n , t h e tim e h a v in g come t o "do f o r c e f u l l y what she 3 ( C h i l e ) w o u ld n ’t do p e a c e f u l l y . 1* The e d i t o r ad v an c ed t h e t h o u g h t t h a t t h e C h ile a n s were te m p o r iz i n g u n t i l t h e y f i n ­ i s h e d t h e i r l a t e s t s h i p and t h a t when i t was c o m p le te d 4 t h e y w ould a t t a c k u s . Of c o u rs e t h i s was o n ly p a r t o f t h e many rum ors t h a t w ere f l y i n g a ro u n d everyw here and h a d no s u b s t a n c e .

1. 2. 3. 4.

No c r e d i t w ould come from l i c k i n g t h e C h i l ­

S t . L o u is R e p u b li c , J a n u a r y 2 7 ,2 8 , 29, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 30, 1892. C i n c i n n a t i Times S t a r , J a n u a r y 13, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 14, 1892.

i

196

e a n s , " b u t s a n g u in a r y amends f o r t h e l i f e o f t h e Am erican s a i l o r w ould make t h e la n g u a g e o f t h e s t a r s and s t r i p e s 1 p l a i n a t once t o e v e ry n a t i o n on e a r t h . " The r e p r i n t i n g o f a New York T rib u n e e d i t o r i a l r e f l e c t e d t h e v ie w p o in t o f th e C in c in n a ti jo u rn a l e x a c tly .

War was n o t w an ted ,

b u t t h e m a in te n a n c e o f t h e d i g n i t y o f t h e n a t i o n w ould be s u p p o r t e d , and " i f C h i l i s h o u l d choose t o make a r e s o r t t o h o s t i l i t i e s i n e v i t a b l e , t h e r e s u l t w ould n o t b e lo n g 2

d e la y e d ."

The Times S t a r was o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e

C h ile a n s were d a l l y i n g f o r t im e , b u t on t h e 2 3 rd t h e y were t a k e n i n by what must have b e e n a r e p o r t from t h e H e r a l d ^ c o r r e s p o n d e n t t h a t C h i le was c a p i t u l a t i n g . p e a r e d : " C h i l i C r a w f i s h e s ."

H e a d lin e s a p ­

T h e ir r e p r e s e n ta tiv e " is i n ­

s t r u c t e d o f f i c i a l l y t o make known t o y o u r Uncle Samuel t h e 3 f a c t t h a t t h e game o f b l u f f h a s e n d e d ." But on t h e same day an e d i t o r i a l s t a t e d t h a t th e q u e s t i o n o f p e a c e r e s t e d w i t h C h i l e , im p ly in g t h a t u n l e s s t h e r e was a s u b m is s io n 4 t h e r e w ould be w a r. Then came t h e m essage t o C ong ress and t h e c a p i t u l a t i o n w i t h t h e e x p e c te d j o u r n a l i s t i c d i s p l a y . The m essage was c a l l e d "an a d m ira b le S t a t e P a p e r , " b u t t h e b i g g e s t chance f o r news w r i t i n g d i s a p p e a r e d w i t h t h e a p o l ­ ogy o f C h i le and t h e a f f a i r q u i e t e d down as q u i c k l y as i t

1. 2. 3. 4.

C i n c i n n a t i Times S t a r , J a n u a r y 18, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 18, 1892. J a n u a r y 19, 20, 23, 1892, i b i d . I b i d . , J a n u a r y 23, 1892.

197

1

had r i s e n . The C hicago H e r a ld was much t h e same as t h e Times S t a r . T h ere w ere no h i g h l y c o l o r e d demands f o r w a r, a l t h o u g h t h e s t a n d was a f i r m o n e .

They d i d t h i n k t h a t t h e i s s u e o f

war was a f i g h t b e tw e e n H a r r i s o n and B l a i n e , Mb o t h b e l i e v ­ in g t h e y c o u ld g e t t o t h e p r e s i d e n c y t h a t w ay."

A p p a r e n tly

t h i s s h e e t was p r o - H a r r i s o n b u t a n t i - B l a i n e , f o r t h e y r e ­ p o r t e d t h e d i n n e r which M i n i s t e r M ontt gave i n W ashington a t w hich W. R. G race and S e c r e t a r y B l a i n e w ere g u e s t s . The p a p e r was q u i t e c r i t i c a l o f B la in e a n d o f G race a l s o whom t h e y f e l t was somehow o r o t h e r i n c a h o o ts w i t h t h e 2 famed n i t r a t e k i n g , C o lo n e l N o r th . A fte r th e in v e s ti g a ­ t i o n a t Mare I s l a n d was made p u b l i c t h i s j o u r n a l was one o f t h e few t h a t c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e ex p a r t e n a t u r e o f b o t h t h e C h ile a n and t h e A m erican i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , s t a t ­ i n g t h a t "one o r t h e o t h e r o f t h e ex p a r t e t r i b u n a l s h a s 3 been t r i c k e d . " As t h e c r i t i c a l p h a se o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y d e v e lo p e d t h e e d i t o r o p in e d t h a t t h e r e was " s c a r c e l y a doubt t h a t , i f m a t t e r s a r e as th e y a p p e a r t o b e , a dec­ l a r a t i o n o f war w i l l s p e e d i l y f o l lo w . . . . The p e o p le o f C h i l i m ust be t a u g h t t o r e s p e c t t h i s governm ent and i t s 4 c itiz e n s ." The tomorrow a s p e c t o f t h e C h ile a n a p o lo g y

1. 2. 3. 4.

C i n c i n n a t i Times S t a r , J a n u a r y 26, 27, 28, 1892. Chicago H e r a l d , J a n u a r y 1, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 10, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 19, 1892.

198

t h a t was alw ays f o r th c o m in g b u t n e v e r a p p e a re d i r r i t a t e d 1 t h e H e r a l d c o n s i d e r a b l y . But tomorrow came when t h e mes­ s a g e o f H a r r is o n r e a c h e d t h e C o n g re s s , and i t h a d t h e a p 2

p ro b a tio n of th e jo u rn a l.

The C h i le a n s u b m is s io n was

p l e a s i n g and t h e p r o s p e c t o f p e a c e f u l s e t t l e m e n t e n jo y e d h e a r t f e l t a p p ro v a l.

"The H e r a ld h a s n o t b e e n clam orous

f o r war i f war c o u ld be h o n o r a b ly a v o id e d , b u t i t h a s i n ­ s i s t e d t h a t t h e d i g n i t y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s h o u ld be 3 m ain tain ed a t a l l h a z a rd s ." The m a t t e r was s e t t l e d and i t re m a in e d o n ly f o r t h e p a p e r t o n o te t h e u n p l e a s a n t s i t ­ u a t i o n i n w hich H a r r is o n was p l a c e d by t h e u n t im e ly a r r i v ­ a l o f t h e C h ile a n a p o lo g y .

"T h is n e w s," s a i d t h e e d i t o r ,

"coming t o t h e c o u n tr y s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e m essa g e, •q u e ere d 1 P re sid e n t H a rriso n , to use a h ig h ly e x p re ssiv e 4 p h ra s e ." I t th re w upon H a r r i s o n t h e s u s p i c i o n o f h a v in g done so m eth in g shady t o C on gress and t o t h e A m erican p e o ­ p l e , s e n d in g a m essage when t h e r e p l y was a l r e a d y r e c e i v ­ ed.

But th e good e d i t o r was more w i l l i n g t o t h i n k t h a t 5

B la in e h a d so m ething t o do w i t h i t t h a n t h a t H a r r i s o n h a d . Southw ard t h e Richmond D is p a tc h whose i n t e r e s t i n t h i s c o n t r o v e r s y was n e v e r e x t e n s i v e c o n ti n u e d t o u r g e a p o l i c y

1. C hicago 2. Ib id ., 3. Ib id . , 4. Ib id . , 5. Ib id .,

H e rald , J a n u a ry January January J a n u a ry

J a n u a r y 21, 1892. 26, 1892. 29, 1892. 29, 1892. 29, 1892.

199

o f m o d e r a tio n .

Towards t h e end o f 1891 t h i s p a p e r fo u n d

t h e s i t u a t i o n p e r p l e x i n g b e c a u s e o f t h e v a r i o u s v ie w p o in t s , 1 n o t knowing w hich one was t r u e . But w ith o u t r e g a r d t o th e v ie w p o in t t h e y w ere c e r t a i n t h a t t h e p e o p le d i d n o t want war save as a l a s t r e s o r t , and t h e n d i d n o t want i t e s p e c 2

i a l l y i f i t w ere j i n g o i s t i c i n n a t u r e .

T h is d i s p o s i t i o n

d i d n o t change as t h e c lim a x drew n e a r and a g a i n t h e p a p e r 3 c a u t i o n e d " l e t u s make h a s t e slo w ly " c o n t i n u i n g t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e n e v e r was any r e a l o c c a s i o n f o r o u r g o in g t o 4 war w i t h C h i l e . iiven a f t e r t h e m essage o f t h e p r e s i d e n t which t h e e d i t o r t h o u g h t p o i n t e d t o an a p o lo g y o r a f i g h t , t h e j o u r n a l h e l d f o r t h a m o d e ra te and c o n c i l i a t o r y view 5 w i t h o u t a d e s i r e f o r w a r. The q u i c k d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f i t from p u b l i c view and from t h e p a p e r e v id e n c e d a r e l i e f t h a t i t h a d e n ded w it h o u t r e c o u r s e t o f o r c e . The m o d e ra te s t a n d o f t h e D is p a tc h was o u td o n e by t h e i n t e m p e r a t e demands o f t h e New O rle a n s Times Democrat which w ere among t h e m ost extrem e i n t h e c o u n t r y .

The news

a c c o u n ts t o b e f o u n d i n t h i s p a p e r do n o t w a r r a n t t h e con­ c l u s i o n t h a t t h e y w ere b a s e d on t h e f a c t s b u t upon a chauv­ i n i s t i c b e n t.

The e d i t o r b l a n k l y s a i d t h a t " t h e g e n e r a l

1 . Richmond D i s p a t c h , December 29, 1891. 2. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 29^: 1892. 3 . I b i d . , J a n u a r y 17, 1892. 4 . I b i d . , J a n u a r y 22, 1892. b . I b i d . , J a n u a r y 26, 1892.

800

p u b l i c (was) n e v e r s a t i s f i e d , n o r w i l l i t e v e r be s a t i s f i e d , w i t h t h e f i n d i n g w hich t h e c o u r t o f i n q u i r y a r r i v e d a t . . . . The v e r y s e n s a t i o n a l rum ors o f w a r l i k e p r e p a r a t i o n s . . . s h o u ld i n i t s e l f be s u f f i c i e n t i n d i c a t i o n t o t h e g o v e rn ­ ment what t h e A m erican p e o p le a r e y e a r n i n g f o r i n t h i s 1 C h i le a n i m b r o g l i o . ” I f t h i s o p i n io n was n o t b a d enough t h e n , t h e r e t u r n s o f t h e Mare I s l a n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n in f la m e d 2 t h e d e s i r e f o r w a r, and t h e p a p e r f e l t t h e r e was ”no o t h e r way o u t o f t h e mess t h a n by t e a c h i n g t h e cocky r e p u b l i c a 3 sh a rp and s a l u t a r y l e s s o n . . . ” N orm ally t h e c a p i t u l a t i o n o f C h ile s h o u ld have ended i t b u t h e r e a g a i n t h e p a p e r d id n o t f e e l t h a t t h e C h ile a n s u r r e n d e r went f a r enough.

"She

s h o u ld be r e q u i r e d n o t o n ly t o make an ample a p o lo g y and c o m p le te r e p a r a t i o n . . . ( b u t ) she s h o u l d be t a u g h t a l e s s o n t h a t w ould s t a n d h e r and many o t h e r f o r e i g n powers a l l 4 o v e r t h e w o rld i n good s t e a d . ” T h is p a p e r , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e M in n e a p o lis T rib u n e were t h e m ost v i o l e n t i n to n e and w ere nowhere e q u a l l e d by t h e e a s t c o a s t p a p e r s w hich we have exam ined o r t h e w e st c o a s t ones we a r e now coming t o . I n S e a t t l e t h e P o s t - I n t e l l i g e n c e r c lu n g t o a r e a s o n ­ a b l e view t h a t no r e a s o n sto o d i n t h e way o f an am icable 5 se ttle m e n t. I t was f e l t t h a t t h e m a t t e r d a o u ld be l e f t 1 . New O rle a n s Times Dem ocrat, December 29, 1891. 2. I b i d . , January 16, 1892. 3 . lb i d . , J a n u a ry 19, 1892. 4. i b i d . , January 27, 1892. b . S e a t t l e P o s t - I n t e l l i g e n c e r , December 25, 1891.

201

t o t h e C h ile a n c o u r t s and t h a t " t h e p r e t e n s e . . .

t h a t ou r

s o l d i e r s were mohbed b e c a u s e t h e y w ere Am erican, i s an i n 1 ane argum ent and a p u re a s s u m p t i o n . " W ith t h e d e v e lo p ­ ment o f t h e c r i s i s t h e p a p e r s t i l l s t o o d f o r m o d e r a tio n i n s p i t e o f t h e a n g e r t h a t f l a r e d up a f t e r t h e Mare I s ­ lan d r e p o r t .

E d i t o r i a l l y i t was c la im e d t h a t t h e l i k e l i ­

hood o f war grew l e s s as t h i s j o u r n a l succumbed t o t h e r e p o r t s f l o o d i n g i n from C h ile t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t an a p o l .

ogy was a bou t t o be made.

2

C o n s e q u e n tly t h e p a p e r was

f l o o d e d w i t h a r t i c l e s d e v o te d t o t h e f r i e n d l y f e e l i n g t h a t e x i s t e d b etw een us and t h e d e s i r e f o r p e a c e by e a c h co un3 try . Of c o u r s e i t was an i n c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i o n s b etw een t h e c o u n t r i e s and C h ile was on t h e v e rg e o f a s k in g t h e r e c a l l o f o u r m i n i s t e r .

An e d i t o r i a l as a

r e s u l t o f t h e l a s t u ltim a tu m s e n t by H a r r i s o n ( J a n u a r y 2 4 th ) foresaw th e severance o f d ip lo m a tic r e l a t i o n s u n le s s th e 4 " c a t e g o r i c a l demand" be met " p ro m p tly and d e f i n i t e l y . " The c r i s i s came and went w i t h t h e j o u r n a l d e c l a r i n g t h a t H a r r i s o n w ould have b e e n more d i s c r e e t had he d e la y e d t h e S s e n d in g o f t h e m essage and d e f e r r e d t o t h e a d v ic e o f B l a i n e . A l l t h i s may have been t r u e enough b u t each p a p e r i n t e r ­

1 . S e a t t l e P o s t - I n t e l l i g e n c e r , December 30, 1891; J a n u a r y 2, 1892. 2. I b i d . , J a n u a ry 20, 1892. 3. I b i d . , J a n u a ry 22, 1892. 4. i b i d . , J a n u a r y 24, 1892. b. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 27, 1892.

202

p re te d . t h e same f a c t s d i f f e r e n t l y , some f i n d i n g H a r r i s o n t o b lam e, some f i n d i n g f a u l t w i t h B l a i n e , some e x c u l p a t i n g b o t h , and some b l a n i n g b o t h and damning t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n as w e l l .

The c e r t a i n c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e P o s t - I n t e l l i g e n c e r

was t h a t " t h e m i n i s t e r s and r e l i g i o u s c l a s s e s w ere a g a i n s t 1

w ar . . . and t h e war w ould have been e x c e e d i n g ly u n p o p u l a r ." Here was one i n s t a n c e i n w hich t h e c o n d u ct o f P a t r i c k Egan r e c e iv e d a p p ro b a tio n .

Had i t been anyone o t h e r t h a n Egan 2

t h e e d i t o r th o u g h t he would have b e e n commended. The re m a in in g w est c o a s t p a p e r s w ere m il d i n t h e i r s t a n d s , f a i l i n g t o e v in c e j i n g o i s t i c t e n d e n c i e s .

The

M orning C a l l d e v o te d much sp a c e t o t h e C h ile a n s i t u a t i o n , f o l lo w in g t h e r e p o r t s o f t h e Mare I s l a n d I n v e s t i g a t i o n as w e l l as t h o s e from C h ile i t s e l f .

The d i s p a r i t y b etw een

t h e C h ile a n v e r s i o n and t h a t o f Mare I s l a n d was n o t e d , and w h ile t h e g r a v i t y o f t h e problem was r e c o g n i z e d , t h e j o u r n ­ a l p r e f e r r e d to b e lie v e th e r e p o r t o f th e U n ited S ta te s . I n a l e a d i n g e d i t o r i a l t h e C h ile a n c o u r t was a c c u s e d o f p r e ­ s e n t i n g a r e p o r t i t knew t o be f a l s e i n s e v e r a l r e s p e c t s and t h e c o n c l u s i o n was r e a c h e d t h a t C h ile must e i t h e r a p o l 3 o g ix e o r f i g h t . T h is was as r a b i d a view a s t h e p a p e r t o o k , d e c l a r i n g a few days l a t e r t h a t "nobody i n t h i s coun-

1 . S e a t t l e P o s t - I n t e l l i g e n c e r ,J a n u a r y 29, 1892. 2 . I b i d . , J a n u a r y 30, 1892. 3 . San F r a n c i s c o M orning C a l l , J a n u a r y 15, 1892.

203

1

t r y w ants war w i t h C h i l e . ”

I t was r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e

W. C. T. U ., u n d e r t h e g u id a n c e o f P ra n c e s W i l l a r d , was g a t e r i n g p e t i t i o n s a g a i n s t w ar, a lt h o u g h t h i s i s t h e o n ly 2

m en tio n o f i t i n any o f t h e p a p e r s .

t h e Morning C a l l saw

t h e ”s t a r o f p e a c e s lo w ly r i s i n g i n t h e d a rk e n e d firm a m e n t" 3 b e f o r e t h e m essage o f H a r r i s o n r e a c h e d t h e C o n g r e s s . The b l a c k o u t o f p e a c e d i d n o t o c c u r and t h e u s u a l c h a r g e s a g a i n s t H a r r i s o n were d i s m is s e d as t h e c o n t r o v e r s y came t o 4 a q u ic k e n d in g . The Exam iner i n t h e same c i t y was more a n t i - w a r a lt h o u g h t h e Mare I s l a n d r e p o r t t h a t th e " B a l t ­ im ore" a t t a c k was on t h e u n if o r m o f t h e c o u n tr y as su ch was a p p ro v e d by them .

But in t h e same e d i t o r i a l i t was

s a i d t h a t " t h e good s e n s e o f t h e Am erican p e o p le was o f f e n d ­ ed by t h e o b v io u s e f f o r t s made i n c e r t a i n q u a r t e r s t o ’whoop' 5 up a war f e v e r . . . " P e rh a p s t h e b e s t b a l a n c e d e s t i m a t e o f t h e e n t i r e new spap er w o r ld was g i v e n by t h e Exam iner as i t w eig h ed t h e c la im s on b o t h s i d e s .

The a s s e t s a n d

l i a b i l i t i e s w ere l i s t e d as f o l l o w s : OUR SIDE

THE CHILEAN SIDE

1 . P r e m e d i t a t e d a s s a u l t on t h e 1. S e izu re o f th e " I t a t a " " B a ltim o r e " s a i l o r s . a t San D iego. 2 . R e fu se d t o a llo w wounded t o b e c a r e d f o r by s h i p s u rg e o n . 2 . A r r e s t o f T ru m b u ll.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

San F r a n c i s c o Morning C a l l , J a n u a ry 20, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 21, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 2 1 ,1 8 9 2 . I b i d . , J a n u a r y 26, 27, 1892. San F r a n c i s c o E xam iner, J a n u a r y 14, 1892.

204

3 . P a t r i c k S h i e l d s b e a t e n by t h e V alp araiso p o l ic e . 4 . A m erican l e g a t i o n a t S a n tia g o t h r e a t e n e d by a mob. 5. A m ericans s p a t on on V a l p a r ­ a is o s t r e e t s . 6 . V i s i t o r s t o l e g a t i o n a t San­ t i a g o t h r e a t e n e d w ith a r r e s t . 7. H a r r i s o n C on gress rage . 8. M in ister riso n of

c a lls a tte n tio n of t o " B a lt i m o r e ” o u t ­ M a tta a c c u s e s H ar­ fa ls ify in g .

3 . Chase o f t h e " I t a t a " by th e "C h a rle sto n ". 4 . R e tu r n o f t h e " I t a t a " t o t h e U n ite d S t a t e s i n s p i t e o f o f f e r o f bo nd. 5. C u t t i n g oil c a b l e o f f Iq u iq u e. R e f u s a l o f U .S. g o v e rn 6 m ent t o c o n f e r w i t h Con­ g r e s s i o n a l envoys a t W ashing ton . 7. O b s e r v a tio n o f l a n d in g a t Q u i n t e r o s Bay by A dm iral Brown. 8 . L an ding o f U.S. m a rin e s a t V a l p a r a i s o t o m ain­ t a in order a t le g a tio n a f te r b a ttle of P la c illa . 9. S h e lte r of refu g ees in le g a ti o n a t S a n tia g o .

9 . Egan n o t i n v i t e d t o M o n t t 's in a u g u ra tio n . 1 0 . Judge o f Crimes F o s t e r d e c l a r e s " B a ltim o r e " men t o blame 1 1 . M i n i s t e r Montt g i v e s a d i n n e r to B lain e. 1 2 . R efugees a llo w e d t o l e a v e U.S. l e g a ti o n a t S a n tia g o . 1 3 . V a l l e j o i n q u i r y shows a s s a u l t p r e m e d i t a t e d ; Americans a t t a c k e d s im u lta n e o u sly in d i f f e r e n t se c tia a s o f th e c i t y .

1

E d i t o r i a l l y t h i s jo u rn a l m ain tain ed a ju d ic io u s asp ec t th r o u g h o u t t h e l a t e r s t a g e s o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y u n t i l t h e m essage o f t h e p r e s i d e n t went t o C o n g re s s .

Then i t l e t

l o o s e on t h e p r e s i d e n t s a y in g t h a t " t h e American p e o p le w ould be i n s a n e t o go t o war on such a show ing as he makes Mr. H a r r i s o n h a d d e l i b e r a t e l y c o n c e a l e d from t h e

1. San Francisco Examiner, January 16, 1892.

205

U n i t e d S t a t e s t h a t t h e i r c h i e f c a u se o f e x a s p e r a t i o n a g a i n s t C h i l e —t h e i r b e l i e f t h a t h e r governm ent h a d e x p r e s s e d no r e 1

g r e t f o r t h e V a l p a r a i s o r i o t —was g r o u n d l e s s . "

So a n o t h e r

p o i n t o f view was added t o t h e a l r e a d y many e x i s t e n t view ­ p o i n t s , and t h e one t h i n g t h a t i t p ro v e d was t h a t g i v e n a s e t o f c ir c u m s ta n c e s and f a c t s one h u n d re d men w i l l i n t e r ­ p r e t them one h u n d re d d i f f e r e n t ways w i t h a g r a i n o f t r u t h i n e a c h o f them ; b u t t o e x p e c t anyone on t h e c o n te m p o ra ry sc e n e t o have a j u d i c i o u s and u n b i a s e d v ie w p o in t i s a lm o st im p o ssib le.

Thus H a r r i s o n was a v i l l a i n t o some and a h e ro

t o o t h e r s ; t o t h e ones who f e l t h e p l a y e d t h e v i l l a i n t h e r e a s o n s were d i v e r s e ; t o t h e ones t o whom he a p p e a re d as a h e r o t h e r e a s o n s were e q u a l l y d i v e r s e .

Hero o r v i l l a i n he

was n o t ; he was a man c a u g h t i n t h e web o f cim cum stance a c t i n g a l l to o humanly w i t h t h e b e s t i n t e n t i o n s t h a t l e f t him t o b e a r much o f t h e u n f o r t u n a t e c r i t i c i s m . O u ts id e o f t h e new sp aper w o rld t o whom t h e c o n t r o v e r s y was m eat and d r i n k t h e C h i le a n a f f a i r c a u se d b u t a s l i g h t stir.

T here i s a t l e a s t one e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s i n t h e form

o f t h e N a tio n w hich went a l l o u t a g a i n s t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g P r e s i d e n t H a r r i s o n , S e c r e t a r y B l a i n e and P a t r i c k Egan. N o th in g t h a t was o f a s s i s t a n c e t o T rum bull and t h e i n s u r g e n t s was to o s m a ll f o r them t o p r i n t , and n o t h i n g t h a t

1. San Francisco Examiner, January 26, 1892.

206

was a g a i n s t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s was to o s m a ll n o t t o c r i t i c i z e or te a r a p a rt.

W ith t h e r i s e o f t h e " I t a t a " c a s e t h e mag­

a z i n e became v o c a l , sm ashing a t t h e c o n d u ct o f B l a i n e i n 1

t h e S t a t e D ep artm en t,

d e fe n d in g t h e " I t a t a ” and i t s l e g a l 2 p o s i t i o n i n r e g a r d t o U n i t e d S t a t e s la w s . They w ere c a u s ­ t i c in t h e i r tre a tm e n t of th e chase of th e v e s s e l, c a l li n g 3 i t an " u n d i g n i f i e d b i t o f s w a g g e r .” T h e i r a t t i t u d e to w a rd th e Balmaceda reg im e was h o s t i l e i n t h e extrem e and c o n s e -

4

q u e n t l y t h e i r s u p p o r t o f t h e i n s u r g e n t s was j u s t as r a b i d . N e e d le ss t o s a y t h e y f o r g o t t h a t t h e f o r e i g n o f f i c e s o f a l l o f t h e powers i n t h e w o r ld m a i n t a i n e d an o u tw a rd a t t i t u d e to w a rd t h e C h ile a n governm ent s i m i l a r t o t h e one we m ain­ ta in e d .

At any r a t e t h e o t h e r g overnm ents w ere n o t t h e su b ­

j e c t o f a tt a c k , p ro b ab ly because th e y d id n o t have r e p r e ­ s e n t a t i v e s l i k e P a t r i c k Egan t o whom e x c e p t i o n was t a k e n w ith a g rie v a n c e .

He was v i g o r o u s l y a s s a u l t e d i n t h e p a g es

o f t h i s m agazine and c h a r a c t e r i z e d as a " f u g i t i v e from 5 ju s tic e .” T hroughout t h e e n t i r e c o n t r o v e r s y w i t h C h ile t h e N a tio n fumed and f u l m i n a t e d a g a i n s t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . When t h e c o n t r o v e r s y was r e a c h i n g i t s c lim a x t h e y waxed a n g rie r th an e v er.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The f i r s t m essage t o C o n g ress on t h e

N a tio n , May 21, 1891, 416; June 11, 1891, 469. I'bl'd";; May 21, 1891, 416. TbTH. , June 11, 1891, 469. I b i d . , June 4 , 1891, 454. I b i d . , June 18, 1891; O c to b er 29, 1891, 326; November 5, 1891, 348.

207

1

s t a t e o f o u r f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s was a t t a c k e d

and when t h e

se co n d m essa g e, d e a l i n g w i t h t h e C h ile a n p ro b lem a lo n e , was s e n t t o C on gress i t was p i c k e d a p a r t i n a most p r e j u ­ d ice d f a s h io n .

Only t h o s e p o i n t s o f o u r c a s e t h a t were

w eakest were a s s a i l e d and o n ly t h e s t r o n g p o i n t s o f t h e C h ile a n c a s e were m e n tio n e d .

N othin g was c o n t a i n e d i n

t h e e d i t o r i a l comments t h a t w ould g i v e t h e i m p r e s s io n t h a t we had s u f f e r e d any i n d i g n i t y a t t h e hands o f t h e C h i l e a n s . I t was c h a r g e d t h a t H a r r i s o n a c c e p t e d t h e ex p a r t e e v id e n c e o f th e Mare I s l a n d r e p o r t and th rew o u t t h e "sw orn and s i f t e d e v id e n c e g iv e n i n c o u r t a t V a l p a r a i s o ; " t h a t t h e p r e s i d e n t h a d m e r e ly d i s m is s e d t h e e v id e n c e a g a i n s t A dm iral Brown and a g a i n s t t h e C h ile a n c h a rg e t h a t r e f u g e e s i n t h e l e g a t i o n h a d i n s u l t e d t h e p o l i c e w i t h " I t seems t o me i n ­ c r e d i b l e , " and " t h e c h a rg e i s to o b a s e t o g a in c r e d e n c e ." To t h e c h a r g e s o f c r u e l t y l e v e l e d a g a i n s t t h e p o l i c e on t h e sworn t e s ti m o n y o f numerous s a i l o r s , and t o w hich t h e C h ile a n s h a d s a i d " im p o s s i b le " t h e r e was n o t h i n g s a i d ; t o t h e d e la y in g a c t i o n o f t h e C h ile a n s i n coming t o te rm s t h e r e was a f l a g r a n t d i s r e g a r d ; t o t h e c a s e o f P a t r i c k S h i e l d s t h e r e was no m e n tio n ; and t o t h e M a tta n o t e and i t s i n f l u e n c e i n d e te r m i n i n g t h e p o l i c y o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s 2

t h e y w ere c u r i o s u l y s i l e n t .

I t m ust b e r e g a r d e d as s i g -

1 . N a t io n , December 17, 1891, 460. 2. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 28, 1892, 61 .

208

n i f i c a n t t h a t , a s i d e from t h e " B a ltim o r e " an d asylum q u e s ­ t i o n s and a l l o f t h e o t h e r fa c e tls o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y , t h e M a tta n o t e a lo n e was s u f f i c i e n t t o f o r c e th e h and o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n demanding an a p o lo g y and r e p a r a t i o n s . W ell c o u ld T rum bull s a y t h a t t h i s n o t e was t h e f i r s t C h i l ­ ean b l u n d e r and a b a d o n e .

We c a n n o t b e s u r e how t h e co n ­

t r o v e r s y w ould have d e v e lo p e d h a d t h e r e b e en no M a tta n o t e , n o r can we t e l l how i t w ould have p ro c e e d e d a f t e r t h a t had. t h e r e b e en a prom pt and c a t e g o r i c a l d e n i a l o f i t when M ontt became p r e s i d e n t i n December.

R e l a t i o n s h ave been

b ro k e n and w ars have been d e c l a r e d on s l i g h t e r p r e t e x t s t h a n t h a t g i v e n by t h e M a tta n o t e .

I t was a n i n e x c u s a b l e

b r e a c h o f d i p l o m a t i c e t i q u e t t e , and o f f e n s i v e t o t h e l a s t d e g r e e , so t h a t t h e n o t e combined w i t h th e r e p o r t from Mare I s l a n d gave t h e a c k n i n i s t r a t i a n a l e g i t i m a t e l e v e r w i t h w hich t o f o r c e t h e m a t t e r to a c o n c l u s i o n .

As h a s been

p r e v io u s ly s t a te d i t i s th e o p in io n o f t h i s p ap er t h a t i t was u s e d a s a l e v e r w i t h t h e knowledge t h a t C h ile w ould s u b m it, and i t s u s e was p e r m i s s i b l e and c o r r e c t .

P e rh a p s

a r b i t r a t i o n would have b e e n a b e t t e r way and c e r t a i n l y t h e c r i t i c s o f H a r r i s o n and B l a i n e and Egan w ould h a v e been l e f t w ith o u t a weapon.

So i t became a m a t t e r o f c h o ic e as

t o m ethod and w h ile we may c r i t i c i z e t h e m ethod employed t h e f a c t s do n o t a d n i t t h e i m p u t a t i o n o f e v i l t o t h e p e o p le

209

i n v o l v e d i n t h e c h o i c e ; r a t h e r i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e y d i d what t h e y f e l t t o be b e s t u n d e r d i f f i c u l t and t r y i n g c irc u m ­ sta n c e s.

W ithout q u e s t i o n th e y were aware o f t h e p o s s i b i l ­

i t y o f war as t h e outcome i f C h ile w ould n o t su b m it, b u t t h e y a l s o h a d good r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t she w ould a p o l ­ o g ize .

The w ar h a z a r d re m a in e d and s t i l l re m a in s to d a y as

th e f i n a l l e v e r a g a i n s t w h ich n a t i o n s gamble i n t h e i r con­ d u c t o f r e l a t i o n s i n such c a s e s . S h i f t i n g from t h e N a tio n t o o t h e r m ag a zin es i n t h e g e n e r a l p e r i o d i c a l f i e l d l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n was g iv e n t o t h e C h i le a n t r o u b l e s .

The L i t e r a r y D i g e s t , i n i t s g u i s e as a

news j o u r n a l , k e p t on t h e t r a c k o f t h e c o n t r o v e r s y c i t i n g numerous new sp ap er o p i n io n s on t h e v a r i o u s i n c i d e n t s as t h e y d e v e lo p e d .

I t s e l f th e jo u rn a l d id n o t ta k e s id e s

n o r d i d i t r e f l e c t an im p o r t a n t c r o s s s e c t i o n v ie w p o in t of th e p e o p le .

As an agency f o r t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f f a c t s

and t h e d i f f e r e n t o p in io n s h e l d by o t h e r s i t p l a y e d a 1

sma11 p a r t .

The Open C o u r t, t h e Worth A m erican Review,

t h e O v e rla n d M o n th ly , t h e L i t e r a r y W orld, a n d th e Review o f Reviews p ro d u c e d n o t h i n g o f im p o rta n c e f o r u s t o co n ­ sid e r.

The N o rth American Review d id c a r r y an a r t i c l e

on t h e Chils an c i v i l war as w e l l as an a r t i c l e by an i n ­ s u r g e n t a g a i n s t B a lm a c e d a .2

^ . The o n ly comment o f im p o rt

1. L i t e r a r y D i g e s t , May 23, June 13, J u l y 25, August 8, e t c . 2. N o rth American Review, O c to b e r 1891.

210

by t h e Review o f Reviews came a f t e r t h e c a p i t u l a t i o n o f C h ile .

They t h o u g h t t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t came w i t h "a l i t ­

t l e more menace on t h e s i d e o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s t h a n was a lto g e th e r d e s ira b le ."

The s o l u t i o n was g r e e t e d w i t h a c ­

c la im t o g e t h e r w i t h a p p r o v a l o f t h e C h ile a n s u b m is s io n 1

from t h e p o s i t i o n t h e y bad t a k e n w hich was u n t e n a b l e . The O u tlook c a r r i e d a number o f a r t i c l e s and w atch ed t h e developm ent o f t h e c r i s i s w i t h t h e hope t h a t i t w ould be so lv e d p e a c e f u lly .

Humorous as t h e i r r e f e r e n c e was when

th e y s a i d t h a t "when t h e " I t a t a " was l i t e r a l l y a t s e a , 2 t h e d e p a rtm e n ts a t W ashington w ere f i g u r a t i v e l y s o ," n e v e r t h e l e s s some o f t h e i r c o n c l u s i o n s as t o p u b l i c s e n t ­ im ent were so u n d ,

The rum ors o f t h e n ew sp ap ers a b o u t t h e

r e c a p t u r e o f t h e " I t a t a " w ere s c o r e d and t h e g e n e r a l p o l i c y 3 o f t h e governm ent i n t h e c h a se s u p p o r t e d . Egan was a l s o 4 h i t b u t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was "beyond c r i t i c i s m . " What t h i s j o u r n a l l i k e d was t h e S e h t i r e e a b s e n c e o f a n y th i n g l i k e j in g o i s m i n t h i s c o u n tr y . . . "

At t h e t u r n o f t h e y e a r

t h e q u i e t a t t i t u d e o f th e n a t i o n " i n s p i t e o f t h e e v id e n t a tt e m p t by some o f t h e p o l i t i c a l n ew sp apers t o work up t h a t f e e l i n g " was g r a t i f y i n g .

The O utlo ok t h o u g h t t h i s view ­

p o i n t was s u b s t a n t i a t e d even a f t e r t h e m essage o f t h e p r e s ­

1. 2. 3. 4.

Review o f R eview s, F e b r u a r y 1892, 119. O u tlo o k , May 14, 1891, 62 4. I b i d . , May 21, 1891, 656; June 11, 1891. I b i f l . November 7, 1891, 865.

211

i d e n t a lt h o u g h t h e y hoped H a r r i s o n was n o t as b e l l i g e r e n t 1 as he was r e p o r t e d t o b e . C h ile b a c k e d down and " a l l a t ­ te m p ts t o c r e a t e p a s s i o n and s t i r b e l l i g e r e n t f e e l i n g 2

hav e s i g n a l l y f a i l e d o f r e s p o n s e . " In th e f i e l d o f r e l i g i o u s jo u rn a lism th e response to t h e c o n t r o v e r s y was s i m i l a r t o t h e o r d i n a r y m agazines we have j u s t d i s c u s s e d .

A few o f them i n c l u d e d i t f r e q u e n t l y

i n t h e i r p ag es and commented on i t , b u t many o f them made no m e n tio n o f i t and some j u s t an o c c a s i o n a l o n e .

The

C a t h o l i c W orld, t h e American M i s s i o n a r y , t h e B a p t i s t M is­ s i o n a r y M ag azin e, and t h e C h r i s t i a n R e g i s t e r d i d n o t men­ t i o n th e c o n tro v e rsy .

The F r i e n d gave a few d e t a i l s i n

t h r e e i n s t a n c e s , w h ile t h e C h r i s t i a n A dvocate o f New York, t h e C h r i s t i a n A dvocate o f N a s h v i l l e , and t h e C e n t r a l C h r i s ­ t i a n A dvocate m e n tio n e d i t once o r t w i c e .

The A dvocate

o f N a s h v i l l e d e p lo r e d t h e a tte m p t t o m a n u fa c tu r e a war 3 s p i r i t and a d v i s e d p a t i e n c e ; t h e A dvocate o f New York welcomed t h e d i s s i p a t i o n o f t h e war sp e ck and announced t h a t t h e s e t t l e d p o l i c y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s as b e in g "no 4 war i f i t c an b e h o n o ra b ly a v o id e d ;" t h e C e n t r a l C h r i s t i a n A dvocate to o k a s h o t a t Egan, p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e he was Roman C a t h o l i c , and on t h e 2 0 th o f J a n u a ry n o t e a t h e " a p p e a ra n c e

1. 2. 3. 4.

O u tlo o k , J a n u a r y 9, 1892; J a n u a ry 23, 1892, 141. J a n u a ry 30, 1892, 189, i b i d . C h r i s t i a n A dvocate ( N a s h v i l l e ) , J a n u a ry 28, 1892. C e n t r a l C h r i s t i a n A d v o c ate , November 4, 1891; J a n . 20, 1892.

212

o f a s t u d i e d a tte m p t t o p r e c i p i t a t e h a s t y m easu res on t h e 1 p a r t o f o u r Government . . . " The C o n g r e g a t i o n a l l s t and t h e Advance were t h e most a c t i v e o f t h e r e l i g i o u s j o u r n a l s I n d i s c u s s i n g t h e con ­ t r o v e r s y h u t t h e y were b o t h f o r p e a c e and do n o t p r e s e n t a n y th in g u n u s u a l .

The fo rm e r c o v e r e d t h e " I t a t a " c a s e

t h r o u g h o u t , c o n c lu d in g e r r o n e o u s l y t h a t t h e s u r r e n d e r had " s t r e n g t h e n e d o u r p o s i t i o n a b r o a d , (and) p ro v e d t h a t t h e r e i s a v i r i l e , Am erican a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n power a t Wa±i i n g to n . . . "

2

A f t e r t h e a s s a u l t on o u r s a i l o r s t h i s j o u r n a l

to o k t h e s t a n d t h a t C h ile m ust a p o l o g i z e , b u t , a t t h e same t im e , s t a t e d t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e c a s e c la im in g t h a t th e p r e s e n c e o f t h e p r o v i s i o n a l C h i le a n governm ent and t h e c o n ti n u e d p r e s e n c e o f Egan

l e s s e n e d t h e g u i l t . War sh o u ld 3 n o t be m e n tio n e d a t a l l , h o w ev er. The f i n d i n g s o f t h e c o u r t i n t h e " I t a t a " c a s e were c o n s i d e r e d and t h e embar­ ra s s m e n t o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n n o t e d s h o u ld t h e h i g h e r 4 c o u rt s u s ta in th e f in d in g s . W ith t h e grow ing i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e r e m ig h t be w ar, t h e C o n g r e g a t l o n a l l s t v o i c e d i t s s e n tim e n t i n o p p o s i t i o n , even th o u g h t h e c a p i t o l was 5 "su rc h arg e d w ith w a rlik e t a l k . " Then w i t h t h e c r i s i s

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

C e n tr a l C h r i s t i a n A d v o c a te , November 4, 1891; J a n . 20, 1892 C o n g r e g a t l o n a l l s t , May 14, 1891; May 21, 1891; June 11,1891 I b i d . , November 5, 1891. I b i d . , if o v e m b e r 12,1189-1 I b i d . , J a n u a ry 21, 1892.

213

came t h e m essage and t h e u s u a l q u e s t i o n o f H a r r i s o n 's s i n 1 c e r i t y and p r a c t i c e . A c tu a lly t h i s jo u rn a l d id n o t p r e ­ s e n t a n y th in g d e c i s i v e o r o u t s t a n d i n g i n n a t u r e , t h e en ­ t i r e t r e a t m e n t b e in g o r d i n a r y and d u l l .

T here was l a c k ­

in g a g r a s p and a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e problem s In v o lv e d and c o n s e q u e n t ly t h e e d i t o r i a l s r e f l e c t e d t h i s . TheChicago Advance h a d fe w e r a r t i c l e s on t h e C h ile a n a f f a i r b u t t e n d e d to w a rd a s l i g h t l y more c r i t i c a l o p i n io n of th e C h ile a n s.

"The C h i l i a n J u n t a , " t h e y s a i d , " a p p e a rs

t o be s t i l l i n h o t b l o o d , " and t h e y c a l l e d t h e a s s a u l t on 2

o u r s a i l o r s "m u rd e ro u s ."

I n J a n u a ry t h e c o u rs e o f t h e

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was g iv e n t h e i r b l e s s i n g and a p p r o v a l w h ile 3 t h a t o f C h ile was condemned, W ith t h e c lim a x i n view t h e y s a i d t h a t ^ C h i l i in c h e s a lo n g l i k e a s p o i l e d , s u l k i n g b o y ," a l t h o u g h t h e y were more c o r r e c t i n ssy in g t h a t t h e l i t t l e r e a l news from day t o day i s " m o n s tr o u s ly m uddled w ith 4 e n d le ss v e rb ia g e in th e p re s s d i s p a t c h e s . . . " U n f o r tu n ­ a t e l y t h e r e i s n o t h i n g t o show t h a t t h e y a v o id e d t h i s e r ­ r o r t h e m s e lv e s and were c o n fu s e d b y t h e p r e s s .

Good e v i ­

dence f o r t h i s can be fo u n d i n t h e i r a p p r a i s a l o f t h e m es­ sag e t o C o n g re s s .

1. 2. 3. 4.

" I t was tim e f o r i t j ' th e y s a i d ,

C o n g r e g a t i o n a l 1 s t , F e b r u a r y 4, 1892. Advance, O c to b e r 29, 1891. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 7, 14, 1892. I b i d . , J a n u a r y 21, 1892.

"(b u t)

214

i t does n o t b y any means f o l l o w from t h i s t h a t we m ust be d ra g g e d i n t o a war w i t h t h a t r a t h e r b o o r i s h bum p tio u s Gov1 ernm ent . . . w How t o p r e s e n t such a m essage and a v o id war i f t h e C h ile a n s d i d n o t l a t e r b a c k down i s n o t ex­ p la in e d .

I t was tim e f o r i t b u t s t i l l t h e y d i d n o t want

war n o r d i d t h e y f e e l t h a t t h e o f f i c i a l c o rre s p o n d e n c e 2

j u s t i f i e d p l u n g in g u s i n t o w a r.

When t h e s h o u t i n g and

t h e tu m u lt d i e d t h e Advance c la im e d t h a t a l l o f t h e s e n ­ s i b l e American c i t i z e n s were g l a d t h a t t h e “n o i s y war b u n 3 combe o f t h e p r e s s i s a t an e n d ." The r e m a in in g j o u r n a l s o f i n t e r e s t t o u s g i v e a d d i t i o n ­ a l p r o o f f o r t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e more s e r i o u s i n t e r e s t s were u n d i s t u r b e d f o r t h e most p a r t o v e r t h e C h ile a n q u a r ­ re l.

Most o f t h e f i n a n c i a l s h e e t s h a d no m e n tio n o f t h e

c o n t r o v e r s y s i n ; e t h e y were u s u a l l y c o n c e rn e d w i t h a p a r t i c ­ u l a r b r a n c h o f American b u s i n e s s and t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s had h a d n o t s p r e a d down i n t o t h e v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s . i c a n B anker

The Amer­

a n d t h e B a n k e r ^ M agazine h a d n o t h i n g t o sa y

and so we can b e c e r t a i n t h a t t h e y w ere n o t w o r r i e d o v e r t h e p r o s p e c t o f war a n d i t s i n f l u e n c e on t h e i r b u s i n e s s . The Dry Goods E conom ist and t h e American Wool and C o tto n R e p o r te r w a s te d n e i t h e r tim e n o r sp a c e on t h e c o n t r o v e r s y .

1. Advance, J a n u a r y 28, 1892. 2 . I b i d . , J a n u a r y 28, 1892. 3 . I b i d . , F e b r u a r y 4 , 1892.

215

A few o f t h e j o u r n a l s d i d comment on t h e c r i s i s and t h e i r comments g iv e ..u s a r e a s o n a b l e i d e a o f how t h e f i n a n c i a l w o rld f e l t . The Econom ist mention ed C h ile s o l e l y b e c a u s e i t was i n t e r e s t e d in th e im p o rt-ex p o rt a sp e c ts o f our r e l a t i o n s . N a t u r a l l y t h e r e v o l u t i o n i n t e r r u p t e d t h a t t r a d e an d i t was m e n tio n e d i n t h e i r p a g e s .

I t was r e a l i z e d t h a t G r e a t B r i t ­

a i n h a d t h e t r a d e a d v a n ta g e and t h a t t h e i r i n f l u e n c e was 1 w id e ly f e l t i n C h i l e . But a s i d e from t h e s e i m p o r t - e x ­ p o r t comments l i t t l e was s a i d u n t i l a f t e r t h e c r i s i s came to a head.

Then i t was b r i e f l y s t a t e d t h a t we h a d f o r c e d

C h i le t o make a h u m i l i a t i n g a p o lo g y and i t would l e a v e 2

a stin g . B r a d s t r e e t 1s , A J o u r n a l o f T ra d e , F in a n c e and P u b l i c Economy, k e p t I t s columns s u p p l i e d w i t h f a c t s a b o u tt h e c a s e b u t i t s t o n e was alw ays c o n s e r v a t i v e .

P e rh a p s t h e

b e s t i n d i c a t i o n o f t h i s c o n s e r v a t is m came i n i t s J a n u a ry 1 6 th i s s u e when i t was s t a t e d t h a t l a t e d i s p a t c h e s from W ashington showed t h e " e x i s t e n c e o f a somewhat b e l l i c o s e s p i r i t a t t h e c a p i t o l . . . . When we t u r n t o t h e l a t e s t o f ­ f i c i a l i n f o r m a t i o n t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i s developm ent o f a 3 w a r l i k e s p i r i t do n o t seem c l e a r . " On t h e 2 3 r d i t was

1 . E c o n o m is t, J a n u a r y 17, 1891; S eptem b er 5, 1891. 2. I b i d . , J a n u a ry 30, 1892. 3 . B r a d s t r e e t 1s , a J o u r n a l o f T r a d e , F in a n c e and P u b l i c Economy, J a n u a r y 16, 1892.

216

n o t e d t h a t t h e war rum ors h a d I n c r e a s e d and t h e j o u r n a l th o u g h t i t h a d s p r e a d among t h e p e o p l e .

A week l a t e r i t

was a l l o v e r and t h e p a p e r m e r e ly gave i t sp a c e and pu b1 l i c i t y w ith o u t any k i n d o f e d i t o r i a l comment. One i s u n a b le t o g a t h e r much from t h i s as t o t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e f i n a n c i a l g ro u p s, a lth o u g h i t i s h a p p ily ex p re ssed b e t t e r f o r u s i n t h e F i n a n c i a l and Commercial C h r o n i c l e .

Here

t h e s i t u a t i o n i s a p p r a i s e d c o r r e c t l y , j u s t as t h e a b sen c e o f comment w ould r e s u l t i n t h e same c o n c l u s i o n .

R ig h t

a f t e r t h e " B a ltim o r e " a s s a u l t t h e j o u r n a l s a i d t h a t t h e C h ile a n a f f a i r "has b e e n a b o u t t h e o n ly e v e n t w hich h as b e e n r a i s e d t o t h e d i g n i t y o f a new i n f l u e n c e f o r a f f e c t ­ in g t h e m a r k e t s .

Yet even t o sp e a k o f i t i n su c h a con­

n e c tio n i s to e x ag g erate i t s im p o rta n c e ."

S in c e C h ile

was a c t i n g l i k e a s e n s i t i v e c h i l d t h e o n ly t h i n g t o do 2

was t o humor h e r u n t i l she f e l t b e t t e r .

T h is i n i t s e l f

was s u g g e s t i v e o f t h e way b u s i n e s s f e l t to w a rd C h ile and i t i s f u b t h e r b o rn e o u t i n t h e comments p r e c e d i n g t h e mes­ sa g e t o C o n g re ss, f o r a f t e r t h e m essage and t h e c a p i t u l a ­ t i o n t h i s j o u r n a l was no l o n g e r i n t e r e s t e d i n i t .

On J a n ­

u a r y 2 3 rd t h e y s a i d t h a t "W all S t r e e t was s t r u c k b y a c o ld wave i n t h e form o f a 'w ar s c a r e 1 t h i s week.

Of a l l s o r t s

o f t r i a l s w hich c o u ld have b e e n a n t i c i p a t e d , t h a t was p r o b -

1 . B r a d s t r e e t ' s , J a n u a r y 23, 30, 1892. 2. Commercial and F i n a n c i a l C h r o n i c l e , O c to b e r 31, 1891.

217

a b l y t h e l a s t ; y e t , i t n e ed h a r d l y h e s a i d i t h ad a w i t h ­ e r i n g e f f e c t . . . b u t t h e su p p o sed o f f e n d e r was so much o f an i n f a n t t h a t c o n s e r v a t i v e c l a s s e s n e v e r im ag in ed a c a u se o f war c o u ld b e t h e u p s h o t o f t h e a f f a i r o r t h a t o u r d i g ­ n i t y w ou ld p erm it o f more t h a n a d i s c o n t i n u a n c e o f f r i e n d 1 l y r e l a t i o n s . w And w i t h t h i s q u o t a t i o n we have as f i n e a c o n c l u s i o n as we c o u ld w a n t.

I f t h e r e was a w i t h e r i n g e f ­

f e c t on t h e m ark e t t h a t e f f e c t d i d n o t l a s t more t h a n f o r ­ ty - e ig h t h o u rs.

I t was o v e r and gone so q u i c k l y t h a t one

would h a r d l y know t h a t i t h a d b e e n t h e r e .

I t was a te m p e s t

in a te a p o t. Prom a l l o f t h i s m a t e r i a l o f a n a t u r e t h a t was a v a i l ­ a b l e t o t h e p u b l i c i t i s s a f e t o sa y t h a t t h e C h ile a n im­ b r o g l i o n e v e r once r e a c h e d t h e p l a c e where i t was a f i r s t c l a s s d i p lo m a ti c s t r u g g l e .

T here was n e v e r any r e a l chance

o f war b e in g a c t u a l l y d e c l a r e d w i t h C h ile u n l e s s t h a t coun­ t r y o f f e r e d o f f e n s e by a t t a c k i n g o u r s h i p s s t a t i o n e d t h e r e . The m essage o f H a r r i s o n was s t i f f t o be s u r e , b u t nowhere was t h e r e a n y th in g t h a t c o u ld be c a l l e d a r e q u e s t f o r Con­ g r e s s t o d e c l a r e w ar.

I t was n o t i n t e n d e d f o r a war m es­

s a g e , b u t i f i t w ere t h e aim was v e r y p o o r .

I t is safer

t o t h i n k t h a t i t was e x p e c te d t o s c a r e t h e C h ile a n s i n t o a s u b m is s io n and t h a t t h i s was a c c o m p lis h e d , w i t h u n f o r -

1. Commercial and Financial Chronicle, January 23, 1892.

218

t u n a t e r e p e r c u s s i o n s , J u s t p r i o r t o t h e su b m is s io n o f th e m essage t o C o n g re s s .

The c r i t i c i s m t h a t H a r r i s o n knew o f

t h e c a p i t u l a t i o n b e f o r e s e n d in g t h e m essage n e e d n o t be c a l l e d to o b a s e t o b e d e n ie d , b u t i t i s u n fo u n d ed f o r H a r­ r i s o n would n e v e r have been so u n i n t e l l i g e n t as t o se n d t h e m essage i n t h e f a c e o f s u c h an a p o lo g y .

Anyone c o u ld

have f o r e t o l d t h e d i s i l l u s i o n i n g r e a c t i o n t h a t would f o l ­ low su c h a b l u n d e r , and t h e r e f o r e , we must b e l i e v e t h a t i t was a c o in c id e n c e and n o t a b l u n d e r by t h e p r e s i d e n t . The p r e s s , as s y m b o liz e d by t h e n e w sp a p e rs , t h e maga­ z in e s and t h e o t h e r j o u r n a l s c a n n o t be c a l l e d j i n g o i s t i c by any manner o f m eans.

Some o f them t r i e d t o a r o u s e a war

s p i r i t as we have s e e n b u t t h e m a j o r i t y assum ed a l e v e l ­ h e a d e d a t t i t u d e t h a t was n o t f o r war b u t f o r p e a c e .

It

was r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s h a d a l e g i t i m a t e c la im a g a i n s t C h ile f o r t h e " B a lt i m o r e 1* c a s e , t h e S h i e l d s c a se and t h e M atta n o t e , and i n g e n e r a l i t was f e l t t h a t we sh o u ld p r e s s t h o s e c la im s and make C h i le a p o l o g i z e .

It

does n o t f o l lo w t h a t w ar was d e s i r e d , and many p a p e r s l i k e t h e H e ra ld i n New York t h o u g h t t h a t t h e end c o u ld be a t ­ t a i n e d by a r b i t r a t i o n , and o t h e r s by d i p lo m a ti c p r e s s u r e and t h e l i k e .

T h ro u g h o u t, p r a c t i c a l l y a l l o f t h e a g e n c ie s

t h a t w ere r e s p o n s i v e t o p u b l i c o p i n io n d e p lo r e d t h e r i s e o f a 'w ar s c a r e ' an d w ere c r i t i c a l o f any p a r t o f t h e p r e s s

219

t h a t d id . The p e o p le were n o t f o r w a r; i n f a c t t h e p e o p le were a p a t h e t i c a n d u n r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e problem anyway.

C h ile

was unknown t o m ost Am ericans o f t h a t dayand a g e , and a c i v i l war t h a t e v e n t u a l l y c a u s e d t h e d e a t h o f s e v e r a l s a i l ­ o r s who w ere n o t o r i o u s f o r t h e i r d r i n k i n g h a b i t s was n o t enough t o d i s t u r b t h e A m ericans from t h e i r o r d i n a r y h a b i t s of l i f e .

T here was a r e a l la c k o f i n t e r e s t i n S o u th Amer­

i c a among t h e ra n k an d f i l e , w h e rea s Cuba and t h e P a r E a s t c o u ld a r o u s e them t o g r e a t h e i g h t s a few y e a r s l a t e r which C h ile c o u ld n o t . The la c k o f good r e l i a b l e p r e s s r e p o r t s coming from C h ile was a h i n d r a n c e t o t h e p a p e r s and t o t h e p u b l i c . The H e r a ld c o r r e s p o n d e n t whom we have m e n tio n e d d i d t h e b e s t he c o u ld b u t t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e was o n ly one th r o u g h whom r e p o r t s h a d t o come was d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e c o n d u ct o f m a tte rs.

He was l a r g e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e f a l s e rumcr s

t h a t f le w a b o u t f a t and t h i c k as t h e c lim a x a p p ro a c h e d . These r e p o r t s were c o p ie d f a r and w ide o v e r t h e la n d as a u t h e n t i c and t h u s r e a c h e d a v a s t p u b l i c .

T h is i n f l u e n c e

was n o t a lo n e f o r a d d ed to i t w ere t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e i n s u r ­ gent r e p r e s e n ta t iv e s in th e U n ited S t a t e s .

T rum bull and

B u rt and F o s t e r h a d s p l e n d i d c o n n e c ti o n s t h a t gave them

220

a c c e s s t o p u b l i c i t y s o u r c e s t h a t w ere u s e d t o t h e u tm o s t t o p r e s s t h e C o n g r e s s io n a l c a u s e .

These e f f o r t s were a i d ­

ed by t h e N a tio n and even t h e s t a i d and r e s p e c t a b l e Com­ m e r c i a l and F i n a n c i a l C h r o n ic le p r i n t e d an a r t i c l e o f sub­ v e r s i v e n a t u r e t h a t h a d b e e n w r i t t e n by a r e l a t i v e o f Trum­ b u ll’s.

A ll o f t h i s r e a c t e d u n f a v o r a b l y i n t h e U n ite d

S t a t e s b e c a u s e we were th o u g h t o f as a b u l l y , and many u n s u s p e c t i n g p e o p le were more t h a n w i l l i n g t o l i s t e n sym­ p a t h e t i c a l l y b e c a u s e C h i le was a s m a ll and weak n h t i o n . The s p r e a d i n g o f i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e r a n k and f i l e o f Am ericans l e f t them u n c o n c e rn e d d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n was f r e q u e n t l y i n c o r r e c t and g r a t u i t o u s .

T h is

was t h e r e a c t i o n o f t h e p e o p le t o t h e c r i s i s and t h e i r i n f l u e n c e on t h e p r o g r e s s o f i t t h e r e f o r e was n e g a t i v e and w ould have p r e v e n t e d e i t h e r t h e p r e s i d e n t o r t h e Con­ g r e s s from r e a c h i n g t h e p l a c e where h o s t i l i t i e s became c e rta in .

The i m p o r ta n c e , t h e n , o f t h e C h ile a n American

C o n tr o v e r s y was n o t as g r e a t as t h e p u b l i c i t y g i v e n t o i t , n o r d i d i t a f f e c t t h e p e o p le t o t h e e x te n t t h a t a s s e r t i v e and p o s i t i v e a c t i o n was demanded by them .

R e le g a t e d t o i t s

p r o p e r p l a c e i n A m erican h i s t o r y i t was b u t a s h o r t l i v e d i l l wind t h a t blew nobody any good.

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PERIODICALS BUSINESS AND TRADE JOURNALS American B anker (New York) A m erican Wool and C o tto n R e p o r te r (New York) B a n k e r ’ s M agazine (New York) B r a d s t r e e t ’ s A J o u r n a l o f T ra d e , F i n a n c e , and P u b l i c Economy Commercial and F i n a n c i a l C h r o n i c l e (New York) Dry Goods E conom ist (New York) IXin’ s Review. A Weekly Review o f B u s in e s s and F in a n c e (N.Y. )

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RELIGIOUS The Advance (C hicago ) The American M i s s i o n a r y (New York) B a p t i s t M is s io n a r y Magazine (B o ston) C a t h o l i c World (New York) Congregatlonallst (Boston)

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C e n t r a l C h r i s t i a n Advocate ( S t . L o u is ) C h r i s t i a n A dvocate ( N a s h v i l l e ) C h r i s t i a n A d o v c a te , (New York) C h r i s t i a n H e r a ld (New York) C h r i s t i a n R e g i s t e r (B osto n) Church E c l e c t i c (New Brunsw ick) Churchman (New York) E v a n g e l i s t (New York) F rien d (P h ila d e lp h ia )