The Cattewater Wreck: The investigation of an armed vessel of the early sixteenth century 9780860542858, 9781407317434

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
National Maritime Museum, Greenwhich, Archaeological Series
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Foreword
Contributors
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Fieldwork
Chapter Three: Results
Chapter Four: The Finds
Chapter Five: Discussion
Acknowledgements
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
Bibliography

Citation preview

The Cattewater Wreck The investigation of an armed vessel of the early sixteenth century

M. Redknap

National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, Archaeological Series No. 8

BAR British Series 131 1984

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -1.31, 1984 'The Cattewater Wreck'.

©

M.Re dknap and The

National Maritme Museum,1984.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542858 paperback ISBN 9781407317434 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542858 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

N ational Maritime M useum,

G reenwhich,

G eneral E ditor - S ean M cGrail, Mariner

B .A .,

A rchaeological S eries P h.D.

1 .

S ources a nd T echniques

2 .

L ogboats o f E ngland a nd Wales

3 .

T he G raveney B oat ( BAR 5 3)

4 .

D endrochronology i n E urope ( BAR-S51)

5 .

T he A rchaeology o f S hips a nd Harbours

F .S.A .,

M .I.F.A.,

i n B oat A rchaeology ( BAR-S29) ( BAR 5 1)

i n N orthern E urope

S 66) ' Raft

M aster

6 .

T he B rigg

a nd h er P rehistoric Environment

7 .

W oodworking T echniques

8 .

T he C attewater W reck ( Bar 1 31)

b efore A d 1 500

( BAR-S129)

( BAR 8 9)

( BAR-

CONTENTS List of illustrations

iii

List of tables

vii

Foreword by Dr. Sean McGrail Contributors 1.

2.

3.

4..

Page

ix xii

Introduction The site

1

Past discoveries in the area

5

Fieldwork

7

Discovery

7 I

Underwater conditions

9

The survey and me thods of recording

9

Results

15

S ite stratigraphy

19

Ship structure in situ

21

The timhers raised in 1973

30

The surface scatter

34

Chronology

39

Functional arrangement within the ship

39

The finds

41

Worked wood

41

Brass and lead

43

The ordnance

49

Other ironwork

64

Clay products

65

Leather

71

Page

5.

Textiles

75

S one

83

The bones

88

The glass

93

Clay pipes

94

Discussion

95

Acknowledgements

107

Appendices

109

1.

Geophysical survey by L. Browning

109

2.

Radiocarbon dating

111

3.

Tree-ring analysis by J. Hillam

113

4.

The charge remains from the breech chamber by E. Braxton Reynolds

115

5.

Analysis of the iron from guns 2 and 3 by R. Clough

117

6.

Specie identification of the wood by J. Sheldon

119

7.

Biological remains from the sediments associated with the Cattewater wreck and their archaeological significance by P.D.A. Boyd

121

8.

�onservation of the finds by R. Wenmoth

129

9.

Conservation of the gun by J. Price

133

10. Notes on the identification ancl reconstruction of the wreci by I. Friel

135

Bibliography

141

L IST O F I LLUSTRATIONS 1 .

2 .

Site location, t opography. Part

o f

Henry

( Cott. Aug. L ibrary). 3 .

V III's i .

f rame

6 .

7 .

S ite g rid, a nd C ).

t he

h istorical

P lymouth

c irca

T he

1 536

B ritish

s ite,

i n

l ooking

t owards

t he C itadel

M . R edknap).

o peration

o n

8

s ite.

( Artist's 8

S amuel).

s howing

p osition

o f

s caffold

f rames

( Areas

C oncrete s inker p erforated t o f asten 1 0 m .

b )

1 .0m x 1 .0m d rawing f rame w ith d ouble l attice.

C ontour s urvey s howing a r ise

t o

t he n orth o f

g rid. 1 0

s quare 1 2

i n 1 0cm i ntervals.

D iver

T he

B 1 0

r eliability.

u nderwater a nd 9 .

t o

a )

V I, 8 .

o f

C opyright.

( Photograph:

s caffold

r eference

4

i mpression b y M . 5 .

map

3 8:

G eneral v iew a cross

T he

brief

2

I .

( to N orth). 4 .

with

1 976

Two

r ecorded

t imber s urface

examples

f rom m emory s catter

i n

o f i n

f inds t he

s quares

o bserved

d iver's

l ogs.

I I

and V I i n r elation t o t he areas e xamined. 1 0.

1 6

T he s hip s tructure.

1 1. Various

s ections

s tructure 1 2. The

k eel

b elow and

1 3. The

butt

end

( photograph:

1 7

a cross

t he

M .

futtock

s howing

s trata

d atum.

s trakes

( photograph: o f

s ite,

horizontal

g arboard

d redger d amage

a t

f l5

s howing

t he

R edknap).

1 8

2 0

( figure 1 0, f 18) 2 0

M . R edknap).

1 5. K nee a nd f uttock e nds

2 2 w ith A )

t o-futtock f astenings i llustration r edrawn i n Paris, 1 976). v iew o f

d iagram o f

t he

f rame-

( 'lap-dovetails') and B ) an

f rom

d e

f loor-timbers

l a

P enne,

1 697

( given 2 4

f 8-f2

( photograph:

M .

R edknap). 1 7.

I nboard v iew o f t he j unction o f f 3

2 5 ( photograph:

K .

M uckelroy). 1 8. T op and s ide v iews o f f uttock e nd f 22 M . R edknap).

and 1 8

1 4. F loor-timber p rofiles.

1 6. G eneral

1 3

2 5 ( photograph: 2 7

P age 1 9.

C omparisons o f C attewater a nd R ye k eelsons.

2 9

2 0. T he

1 973 f loor-timbers.

3 1

2 1.

T he

1 973 p lanking.

3 3

2 2.

T he

d istribution

2 3.

D istribution o f f inds.

o f

f inds.

4 2 4 3

2 4. W orked w ood.

4 4

2 5.

4 5

B arrel s taves.

2 6. W ooden , 2 7.

b ronze a nd l ead a rtifacts.

S ide and

t op

d rawn

J .C.

b y

v iew

o f

t he

T horn

4 7

c omplete

( Ancient

s wivel

M onuments

g un

a ssembly

L aboratory, 5 0

C rown C opyright). 2 8. T he t hree g un a ssemblies ( Photograph:

a s r ecovered f rom t he s ite.

Ancient Monuments L aboratory,

C rown 5 1

C opyright). 2 9.

T he c omplete g un ( photograph:

a fter t he r emoval o f i ts

c oncretion

Ancient Monuments L aboratory,

Crown 5 2

C opyright). 3 0.

T op

v iew

a s ide A ncient

o f

3 1.

o f

t he

M onuments

r adiograph B ase,

e nd o f b reech b arrel

v iew

powder

L aboratory,

c ourtesy

o f N .D.T.

a nd X -radiograph s howing

chamber C rown

( photograph: C opyright;

D epartment,

H .M.

X -

N aval 5 3

D evonport).

X -radiograph muzzle

e nd

t aken a t o f

9 0° t o

b arrel

v ertical

s howing

t he

( side j oins

v iew) o f

o f

i nner

c urved s trips. ( photograph: A ncient Monuments L aboratory, C rown C opyright; b y c ourtesy o f N .D.T. D ept.

H .M. N aval B ase,

3 2. A s F ig.

3 1,

s een a t 8 0° t o v ertical

M onuments L aboratory,

3 4.

( photograph:

Drawn

L aboratory,

b y

J .C.

5 4

c omplete b reech - l oading

A .C.

V iews o f t he d amaged b reech g uns.

A ncient

c ourtesy o f N .D.T.

D evonport).

1 :1 r econstruction o f t he s wivel g un

( photograph:

C rown C opyright;

D ept. H .M. N aval B ase, 3 3.

5 4

D evonport).

C arpenter). e nds

Thorn,

C rown C opyright).

o f

t he

A ncient

5 5 t wo

i ncomplete

Monuments 5 6

3 5. A s wivel g un i n a ction.

5 8

3 6.

6 1

O bjects o f

i ron

( 1:4).

3 7. T he b reech c hamber r ecovered i n ( photograph: M . R edknap).

1 978

a fter c leaning 6 3

3 8. P art o f f ifteenth c entury g un f rom C astle R ising, ( photograph: C opyright).

A ncient M onuments L aboratory,

N orfolk.

C rown 6 3

3 9. P ottery f rom l ayers 4 /5, ( 1:4).

3 ,

7 ,

1 0 a nd b eneath t he s hip 6 6

4 0. P ottery a nd t ile.

6 7

4 1. L eatherwork

( 1:4).

7 2

4 2. L eatherwork

( 1:4).

7 3

4 3. T he

l eather p urse,

a fter l ifting 4 4. T he

t extiles

R ope

f ront

( a)

( photogrpah : ( 1:4)

and b ack

( b)

i mmediately

M . R edknap).

a nd w eave

7 4

d iagrams,

2 /2 d iagonal,

( 1:2).

7 6

4 5. T he t extiles 4 6. T extile 4 7. S tone

( 1:8).

c lose-ups

7 7 ( photographs:

M . R edknap).

7 9

( 1:2).

8 4

4 8. S ources o f s tone.

8 7

4 9.

8 7

5 0.

T he g lass

( 1:4).

B utchery; d eposit.

t he

c ow

b ones

r epresented

i n

t he

b allast 8 9

5 1. B utchery;

f requencies

o f

c ow

v ertebrae

c uts,

w ith 9 1

e xamples. 5 2. R estored p rofiles

t hroughout t he s hip a t f 2,

f 6,

f 14, 9 6

a nd f 24. 5 3. Longitudinal p rofile e xamined s tructure. 5 4 5 5.

o n

a v ertical

p lane

t hrough

t he 9 7 9 9

D etail o f h ull c onstruction. 1 :20 s cale m odel o f t he h ull s tructure, s he

l ies

i n

t he

C attewater.

( model

s een f rom a bove a s

a nd

p hotograph: 1 00

M . R edknap). 5 6.

1 :20 s cale m odel, k eelson.

e nd v iew,

( photograph :

w ith p ossible r epositioning o f

M . R edknap).

1 01

5 7. View o f P lymouth and t he Cattewater, w ith t he Sound b eyond, I .

i .

d uring t he r eign o f E lizabeth I . Folio

4 0,

r eproduced

b y

( Cott.

p ermission

o f

A ug. t he

B ritish L ibrary). 5 8. G eophysical V I a nd V II 5 9.

1 02

s urvey:

d ot-density p lot

( photograph:

L .

o f

s quares

I I,

I II,

B rowning).

1 10

S ketches o f t he r ing p atterns o f t hose t imbers s ampled f or d endrochronology.

6 0.

( a) H alf-mould o f ( b)

1 14 a v essel,

a fter

' Fragments

.

H alf-mould o f a s creatse.

6 1. Hypothetical

hull

elevation

c onventional p osition o f

1 38 t o

d emonstrate

t he m idship m ould

( M).

t he 1 38

L IST O F T ABLES P age 1 .

C attewater w reck:

s cantling s izes

( Imperial

e quivalents

in b rackets).

3 5

2 .

B arrel s tave d imensions.

4 6

3 .

Chamber

and

c harge

volumes

f or

t he

C astle

R ising and

C attewater g uns.

5 9

4 .

S tone i dentification.

8 5

5 .

B one f requencies f rom t he m ain c ontext g roups.

9 2

6 .

A

c omparison

o f

s cantling/structural

r oughly c ontemporary 7 .

S pecie i dentification o f

8 .

List

o f

s pecies

d imensions

s hips.

whose

1 04

t he w ood. r emains

o f

1 19 w ere

r ecovered

f rom s ediments a ssociated w ith t he C attewater w reck.

1 24

Foreword Wh i 1 s t working in the Catt e water , north of Mount Ba ten in P 1 ym out h Sound on the 20th June, 1973, the Anglo-Dutch dredger Holland XVII brought up timber wreckage and fragments of two guns. Subsequent examination suggested that these were from an early vessel. With the agreement of the Dept. of the Environment, the Dept. of Trade and Industry, the Royal avy and the Royal Air Force, the National Maritime Museum arranged that Mr. K.H Ellis and other DoE Divers should undertake an underwater investigation of the site during the months of June, Jul y and August. Further loose wreckage and ordnance were salvaged and a provisional site plan was prepared. Convinced of the importance of the find, the National Maritime Museum proposed to the Dept. of Trade and Industry that the site shou d be designated as that of an historic wreck under the Protection of Wreck Act 1973. On 5th September, 1973, within two months of that Act being made law, the Cattewater site was so designated under Order No. lo The Dept. of Trade and Industry subsequently granted a survey licen e to the National Maritime Museum , and Mr. Ellis carried out further underwater work in March, 1974. The finds were recorded and researched by Cdr. Eric McKee and Miss Jane Weeks and, with Mr. Ellis' underwater reports and Mr. A.C. Carpenter's report on the ordnance, were published by the Museum in Maritime Monograph 13 (1974), The Cattewater Wreck edited by E. McKee. Subsequent licences to excavate part of the site were granted to the Cattewater Wreck Committee under the chairmanship of Cdr. Alan Bax of Fort Bovisand Underwater Centre, Plymouth, and survey and excavation were undertaken between 1975 and 1978. Mark Redknap, who was co-director of the 1977 and 1978 easons of fieldwork, has brought together in this book the results of all the work undertaken between 1973 and 1978 and the subsequent post-excavation research. His descriptions, drawings and analysis bring out the importance of 16th centur y maritime affairs in general and of shipbuilding in particular. It has proved possible to investigate only about 50% of the site and undoubtedly additional information could be gaine from further excavation: but such a task should only be undertaken by a group with the expertise and the resources to match the importance of the site and the considerable expense of excavation, conservation and pos -ex avation research, and with facilities for storage and display. Meanwhile the site remains designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act.

Sean M.cGrail Chief Archaeologist National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.

C ONTRIBUTORS

P rof. P .

S t.,

H .M. A ppleyard,

8 B ridge S tile,

B oyd, H uman E nvironment D ept.,

S helf,

H alifax H X3 7 NW.

I nstitute o f A rchaeology,

L yle B rowning, E nvironmental Q uality D ivision, R ichmond, V a.23219, U .S.A.

A .C. C arpenter, S uperintendant A lbert R oad, P lymouth P L2 I AA. D r. M useum , R .

R .W.

o f W orks,

C lough,

I nstitute o f A rchaeology, R iverview,

2 0 C hevening R d,

H arvey,

J . Hillam,

B ranch,

1

National Maritime

L ondon.

B ig R ow,

G eldeston,

M . Dean, Archaeological Research C entre, G reenwich, L ondon S E10 9 NF.

S heffield S 10

B road

L ondon S E10 9 NF.

E lisabeth C rowfoot,

IF riel,

1 221 E .

Ancient M onuments

Clarke, Archaeological R esearch C entre,

G reenwich,

J .M.

V .D.H.T.

L ondon.

c /o E .

G reenwich,

B eccles,

S uffolk.

National Maritime Museum,

L ondon S E10.

C rowfoot.

D ept o f P rehistory a nd A rchaeology,

U niversity o f S heffield,

2 TN.

R . Lam ,

Shipwreck and Marine,

5 0 S ea R d., C an yon B ay, S t. Austell,

C ornwall. C dr.

E . M cKeet,

5A lbemarle V illas,

P lymouth P L1,

5 QX.

D r. S . McGrail, Archaeological R esearch C entre, M useum , Greenwich, L ondon S E10 9 NF. E .C.

M anley,

A bhain E .

G eology T eaching U nit,

P reston ,

N ational M aritime

P lymouth P olytechnic.

P lymouth C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery,

D rake C ircus,

P lymouth P L4 8 AJ. J .

P rice,

Ancient M onuments L aboratory,

F ortress H ouse,

2 3 S aville R ow ,

L ondon X 2 6 1 1E. M .

R edknap,

A rchaeology, K .

D ept.

o f A rchaeology f or t he R oman P rovinces,

3 1-4 G ordon S quare,

R eilly,

I nstitute o f A rchaeology,

E . Braxton Reynolds, Exeter EX1

L ondon.

P ublic Analyst's Laboratory,

8 3 'Heavitree R d.,

2 ND.

J oan M . L ondon.

I nstitute o f

L ondon W C1H O PY.

S heldon, Human Environment D ept.,

I nstitute o f Archaeology,

E . Short, S enior Lecturer, S chool o f Engineering S cience, P olytechnic, D rake C ircus, P lymouth P L4 8 AJ. J une M .

S wann ,

N orthampton NN1 J ane W eeks,

K eeper,

D r.

A .

C entral M useum ,

G uildhall R d.,

1 DP. 2 0 A shburnham G rove,

B arbara W enmoth,

S W7

S hoe C ollection ,

P lymouth

W heeler,

F ort B ovisand,

G reenwich,

L ondon S E10 8 UH.

P lymouth P L9 O AB.

B ritish M sueum ( Natural H istory),

C romwell R d.,

L ondon

5 BD. P rof. M .C. W hiting, Project C entre:

C entre,

F ort B ovisand,

B ristol.

P lymouth O cean P rojects, P lymouth P L9 O AB.

Fort Bovisand Underwater

1 .

I NTRODUCTION

I n 1 973 d redging o f d eeper c hannels f or a ir-sea r escue c raft i n t he R iver P lym brought u p t imber f rom a w reck o f unusual d esign. I mmediate i nterest

i n

B ritain 's

t he

f ind,

m aritime

m ight b e l ost,

l ed

t he

m ade

s ite,

and

w hich

P ress

h istory, t o a n i t

d escribed

c ombined

e mergency

t he

w ith

a s

p ossible

a nxiety

d esignation

f irst

c ase

o f

t hat

o rder

' missing

f urther

l ink'

r estricting

a rchaeological

i n

i nformation a ccess

t o

a nd h istorical

i mportance t o r eceive p rotection u nder t he P rotection o f Wrecks Act 1 973. I n 1 974 t he National M aritime M useum p ublished i n i ts m onograph s eries a n a ccount b y C dr. E . McKee o f t his d iscovery and t he i nitial e xamination o f i ts o rdnance a nd t imbers, 1 6th c entury d ate f inds a nd

w hich w ere i nterpreted a s f inds f rom a wreck o f

( Carpenter e t a l,

1 974).

F rom t he r e-examination o f

C attewater w reck d ates t o t he e arly c . 1 530. I n p reparing m aterial a nd

t his

r eport

c ircumstantial

t hinly r epresented b ut p otential

o f

s uch

1 6th c entury,

a nd t hat s he p robably s ank

t he p olicy has b een t o i nclude p ost-wreck

e vidence.

I t

p resents

c rucial p eriod o f

i nvestigations

and

i n

s hip

n ature

r elated

o f

t he

t o

1 6th

f raming,

c entury

a nd

t he

m aritime

i mportant

d esign,

p articular

s ubstantial a sset and r esource f or t he f uture. p roblems

s ome

s o

g reatly

r ecognition

o n o f

t he t he

p articipation p otential

f or

o f

o f

a rchaeology

f astening s kills t he

e vidence

a nd

f or a

c onfirms

t his

s ite

t he a s

a

I t highlights s ome o f t he s uch

e mployed,

o f ad isciplined a pproach t o w reck i nvestigation, r elied

t hese

t hree s ubsequent s easons o f s urvey i t i s n ow b elieved t hat t he

t he

p recise

a n i nvestigation which

' amateur'

u nderwater

a s

a nd a s a n e xample d iver,

a rchaeology

i t

i n

p rovides

t he

c oming

y ears.

T HE S ITE T he Cattewater P lymouth

S ound

i s

t hrough

Nose o n t he n orthern s outh a nd

( Fig.

t he

f ort

o f

1 ).

g round t he

t he l ast t he

( Plymouth)

T he t ip o f r ises

r each o f

C obbler

t he R iver P lym a s

C hannel,

a p assage

P almerston e ra.

f lows i nto

t he

F isher's

s ide a nd Mount B atten P romontory t o t he

t he p romontory e nds

f urther

i t

b etween

s outh

t owards

A long

t he

i n a s mall

S tamford H ill,

s hore

o f

t he

l imestone

b luff,

n ow c rowned

C attewater

t o

t he

b y a e ast

l ies t he n arrow i nlet o f Hooe Lake, a l arge a lmost l and-locked e xpanse o f c alm w ater. O n t he n orth s ide o f t he C attewater l ies S utton P ool, n ow d ominated b y

t he

r amparts o f

t he

1 7th c entury C itadel,

s uccessor t o t he

m edieval c astle t hat o nce g uarded t he P ool's e ntrance. T he archaeological i mportance o f t he Mountbatten p romontory and i ts s urrounds a s a n e arly t rading h aven i s i ndicated b y t he n umerous L ate B ronze A ge f inds s uggesting s ome f orm o f e stablished c ontact w ith N orth F rance, a nd r ecent e xcavation o f S utton P ool w aterfront has r ecovered s light e vidence f or R oman 1 44).

o ccupation o pposite M ount

B atten

( Barber a nd G askell-Brown,

P ost-Roman s ettlement a ppears t o have p referred S utton,

1 981,

P lymouth,

perhaps d ue t o t he c onfined n ature o f t he promontory which r estricted t he growth o f a s mall c ommunity a nd m ade a ccess f rom t he l and d ifficult ( in

< 5 M ETRES

L OW T I DE

CASTLE ( S ITE O F )

x e , P LYMOUTH S OUND

1 .

S ite l ocation,

w ith b rief

r eference t o h istorical

2

t opography.

particular

from

t he

w est;

C larke,

s heltered f rom a ll b ut p revailing p rincipal anchorage f or t he m edieval

1 971,

1 37-155).

The

C attewater,

s outh-westerly w inds, r emained t he t own t hat g rew u p a round S utton P ool.

P lymouth d epended o n i ncoming s hipping f or l ong d istance t rade. T he t rading ports o f Devon r ecovered l ost g round in t he l ast q uarter o f t he f ifteenth c entury, now l ed

a ccording t o t he p ort d ues b etween 1 485 a nd the f ield, w ith Exeter-Dartmouth s ixth,

1 547, a lthough L ondon and P lymouth-Fowey,

i ncluding all C ornish p orts, f ar d own t he l ist ( Hoskins, 1 954, 2 03). B y E lizabeth's r eign P lymouth w as o f l ittle i mportance f or c loth o r w ine, b ut g reatly i nvolved i n f ish and t in. The C attewater a nd i ts h arbour m ade i t the l argest o f Devon's p orts. O thers l ay a t D artmouth, Barnstaple, B ideford, Topsham, Exmouth, T eignmouth, Torbury, Powderham, S alcombe, Natham, I lfracombe, K ingswear, Kenton and Exwater. Trading v essels f rom t hese a nd

l arger p orts

o f B ristol a nd L ondon ,

and S pain/Portugal and t he Netherlands

a s

w ell

S utton P ool and t he r oadstead o f t he C attewater, e nsure

t hat

d umping o f

t his

p art

o f

t he

a s

S outh-West

F rance

( in t imes o f peace) would a ll use and p ains w ere t aken t o

h aven w as p rotected f rom d amage

c aused b y

t he

b allast a nd t he t in-streamers.

P lymouth's l ater i mportance l ay i n t he r ealms o f w ar a nd e xploration a s a p ort o f

embarkation.

The

' spirit

o f

a dventure'

and hostilities with

F rance a nd S pain , t ogether w ith i ts g eographical p osition, l arge h arbour a nd s ituation a s a n i mportant f ishing t own w ell s uited t o g athering a ble-bodied s eamen l ed t o i ts g rowth a s a n aval b ase a nd c learing h ouse f or p rizes. T he C attewater, a s premier n aval p ort o f t he kingdom i n t he 1 6th c entury p ossibly w itnessed s hip c onstruction a nd f itting o ut, a ctivities t hat m oved t o t he m outh o f t he Tamar on t he e stablishment o f a naval d ockyard a t t he e nd

o f

s hips

t he

1 7th

( Burns, A lthough

breakwater,

c entury,

1 972, l ess

t he

a m easure

r equired b y t he i ncreased

d imensions

o f

3 ). s heltered

b efore

C attewater was,

t he

c onstrucion

a ccording

t o

o f

J ohn Leland

t he

p resent

a v ery

s ound

anchorage: ' I

m arkid

crekes,

a fter

yn

t he

haven

o f

Plym b ut

2 .

n otable

one o n t he w est s ide o f t he haven e ntering i nto

t he l and a bout a m ile o r m ore f rom t he h aven m outh: nother b igger t hen i t o n t he caullid S chilleston about a 2 .

Plym haven. T here i s a g oodly r ode f or g reat b etwixt t he h aven m outh a nd t his c reke'. ( Itinerary

o f c .

1 535-43,

V ol I ,

a nd a

e st s ide o f t he haven m iles f rom t he mouth o f

P art I II,

p .

2 14-23,

s hippes

e d.

S mith,

T he f irst e dition o f G reat B ritain's C oasting P ilot

1 964).

( Collins,

1 693,

6 )

r eads: ' Catwater bound

t o

i s

a g ood P lace,

t he w estward;

a gainst Mount B atten : t he B uoy: over

B eing i n,

where

g oing

y ou

s ail

s hips

i n,

t here

c lose b y

y ou m ust h aul o ut

t o Mount Batten

s ide;

r ide

t hat

l yeth

t he w est

are

a B uoy s ide

o f

a g ood A nchor w ell

f or want

o f

s o d oing m any

s hips h ave d rove a shoar o n C atdown s ide'. I n t he where t he 2 ) g ives

a ccompanying c hart

t his m ark

i s

s hown i n

2 f athoms

c lose t o

b reakwater n ow e nds. P art o f a p ictorial m ap o f t he a rea a v ery g ood i mpression o f t he t opography c irca 1 536,

3

( Fig. w ith

2 . 3 8:

P art

o f H enry V III's m ap o f

p hotograph

r eproduced

b y

P lymouth

c irca 1 536

p ermission o f

( Cott.

A ug.

t he B ritish L ibrary).

I .

I .

c onvincing r epresentations o f s hips u nder s ail i n t he S ound, a t anchor i n t he C attewater, a nd f ishing c raft s ide b y s ide i n S utton P ool ( as c an b e s een t oday). T o q uote L eland a gain , w ho g ives a f irst h and a ccount o f t he s cene: ' The m outh o f t he g ulph wherin t he s hippes o f P lymouth l yith i s w aullid o n e che s ide a nd c hainid o ver i n t yme o f necessite. O n t he s outh w est s ide o f t his m outh i s a b lok h ouse: a nd o n ar okky h ille h ard b y i t i s a s trange c astel q uadrate h aving a e che c orner a g reat r ound t ower. I t s emith t o b e n o v ery o ld p eace o f w ork'. ( Vol. B y

1 548

I ,

P art I II,

a s ubstantial

p .214-22, n etwork

e d.

o f

S mith ,

1 964).

s ea-defences

h ad

b een c onstructed

o n

S t. N icholas' I sle a nd t he p resent-day Hoe, s trengthening t he s ecurity o ffered b y t he C attewater a nchorage. I n 1 582 t he E lizabethan R ichard M adox c ould d escribe b oth C atwater a nd S altash W ater t o t he w est a s h arbours f or 2 00 g reat s hips e ach ( Donno, 1 976, 1 40). W aghenaer's c hart s hows t he a rea i mmediately n orth o f M ount B atten w ith 7 f athoms d epth, s hallowing t o 4 o pposite H ooe L ake. B laeu ( 1620) r ecommends t hat v essels ' runne i n b etweene t he p oint o f P limmouth and t he e ast p oint t o t he n orth l and, and a ncker b efore t he s teepe s horing l and, a t 4o r 5f athome a t l owe w ater b ecause o f t he c ontinuall t yde'.

P AST D ISCOVERIES I N T HE A REA T he C attewater w reck i s n ot t he c onsideration i n t he C attewater. I n j etty b elonging t o M essrs. B urnard, t he h arbour u ncovered t he r emains o f and o f a bout 2 5 f eet b eam.

f irst v essel t o r eceive a rchaeological M ay 1 886 d redging o perations a round t he L ock a nd A lger o n t he n orthern s ide o f a n o ak ' barque' o f c . 9 0 f eet i n l ength

' ..., a nd t he k eelson i s o f e lm.

A ll t he wood

i s r oughly f ashioned, a nd t he p lane d oes n ot s eem t o h ave b een u sed i n h er c onstruction. T he s ide o f t he s hip i s a bout 1 8 i nches t hick, a nd i s m ade u p o f

s everal

t hicknesses

o f

p lanks,

w hich

a re

f astened

t ogether

w ith w ooden

t reenails.' ( Fryer, 1 886, 4 34-5). T he v essel w as d ated b y a ssociated a rtifacts t o t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 7th c entury. F inds m ade i n a nd a round t he

s ite

included a s mall c ast

i ron s wivel g un w eighing

1 c wt.

3 l bs.,

m arked w ith t he l etter P ( Fryer, 1 887, 2 06; n ow i n P lymouth C ity M useum a nd Art G allery). A t t he t ime o f d iscovery i t w as a ssigned t o t he C ivil W ar p eriod w hen t he R oyalists h eld t he s outhern s ide o f t he C attewater. I t d oes d iffer i n m any r espects t o t he 1 973 d iscovery b ut i t i s s ignificant t hat t he t imbers l ay w ell p reserved b eneath t he m ud. T ogether w ith t he m ore r ecent s ite

i t

i llustrates

t he

c onsiderable

p reservation

a nd

a rchaeological

p otential o f t hose a reas t hat h ave e scaped d eep d redging.

T erminology F or d efinitions o f g lossaries

p ublished

3 09-312), M ilne

t he

b y M cKee

( 1982 ,

t echnical t erms u sed i n t his r eport s ee t he ( 1972,

2 6-30;

1 9-22) a nd M cGrail

5

1 976,

( 1982 ,

1 0-12),

6 6-9).

G reenhill

( 1976,

2 . F IELDWORK D ISCOVERY T he

1 973 d redging b y t he D epartment o f t he E nvironment

( DoE) b rought u p

t imber w reckage, t ogether w ith 2 f ragments o f h eavily c oncreted i ron c annon ( see F igure 2 8, a a nd b ), f rom t he C attewater, c lose t o t he s hipping c hannel o pposite R .A.F. Mountbatten ( Lat. 5 0 2 1' 4 1.4" N , L ong. 0 4 0 7' 3 7.5" W .; d epth c . 9m ; F ig. 1 , F ig. 3 ). Examination o f t he a rea b y K .H. E llis, D oE O fficer i n C harge o f t he d iving a rea, a nd C dr. J .E.G. M cKee R .N. ( Ret.) a s National Maritime M useum r epresentative, r esulted i n t he r ecovery o f a keelson and a t hird, c omplete g un ( Figs. 1 9, 2 8 a nd 2 9), t ogether w ith other t imbers and s mall f inds ( largely p ost-medieval). W ith t his c onfirmation t hat t he s ite w as o f c onsiderable h istorical a nd a rchaeological i nterest, t he s ite w as g iven a p rotection o rder w ithout p rior a dvertisement, u nder t he n ewly p assed P rotection O f W recks A ct 1 973 ( for f urther d etails o f t he i nitial e xamination o f t he s ite, s ee C arpenter, e t a l., 1 974). T he C attewater W reck C ommittee, w hich h ad b een e stablished i n 1 974, w as u nder t he c hairmanship o f L t. C dr. A lan B ax R .N. ( Ret.) g ranted a l icence b y t he Runciman C ommittee, o n b ehalf o f t he D epartment o f T rade, t o s urvey t he s ite. I n 1 975, L t. C dr. B ax w as j oined b y P rofessor R . F arrell o f C ornell University, a ssisted b y v olunteers f rom G uildford a nd P lymouth S ound b ranches o f t he B ritish S ub-Aqua C lub, t he R oyal A ir F orce a nd o ther g roups ( Box a nd F arrell,

1 976,

3 46),

s upported b y m any d ivers f rom t he R .A.F.

S ub-

Aqua F ederation under S quadron L eader B rian R anner. T hey s ucceeded i n r elocating t he o riginal s ite w hich h ad i n t he y ears f ollowing d iscovery s ilted over and d isappeared, and c onfirmed i ts v alue f or d etailed archaeological i nvestigation. T hus w hen i n 1 976 t he C attewater Wreck Committee i nvited t he Underwater R esearch G roup o f t he I nstitute o f A rchaeology, U niversity o f L ondon, u nder t he d irection o f M artin D ean , t o l ead a f our w eek s eason o n t he s ite, t he m ain a ims w ere c lear: t o c omplete a d etailed p re-disturbance s urvey, i .e. a s urvey o f a ll b ottom f eatures b efore a ny f urther a ctivity o n t he s ite, w hether a rchaeological o r n ot, i n o rder t o l ocate a ny c oherent s hip s tructure a nd e stablish t he e xtent o f p reservation o n s ite, a nd t o r ecover s ufficient d ata c onfidently t o d ate t he s ite. T he 1 977-78 s easons w ere d irected b y M iss B . M ortlock a nd t he a uthor.

f rom

T he t eams f or t he 1 976-1978 s easons w ere m ade u p l argely o f v olunteers t he U .S.A. i ntroduced b y t he A merican n on-profit m aking o rganisation

Earthwatch,

t ogether

with

members

o f

t he

I nstitute

o f

Archaeology

( University o f L ondon) U nderwater R esearch G roup a nd l ocal v olunteers. F ort B ovisand Underwater C entre, f rom w hich P lymouth O cean P rojects L td., r an t he project a s a n a rchaeological c ourse f or d ivers. A s e xpedition b ase, i t p rovided a ccommodation a nd e quipment d uring t he s urvey, a nd f acilities f or p ost-excavation f inds p rocessing. g ranted

permission

t o

u se

t he

d irectly a bove t he s urvey a rea, t he R .A.F. w henever p ossible

W e w ere e xtremely f ortunate i n b eing

a ir-sea

r escue-launch

m ooring

t hat

l ay

a nd w hich w as g enerously v acated f or u s b y T he R .A.F. a lso g ave u s f ull u se o f t heir

s lipway and o ther b ase f acilities f or o n-shore s upport. An o ld t ug b elonging t o F ort B ovisand a cted a s d iving p latform o n s ite, ' and t his w as b acked up

a nd o ccasionally r eplaced b y c ombinations

a luminium l anding c raft.

7

o f

i nflatables

a nd

3 . G eneral v iew a cross t he s ite, n orth). ( Photograph : M . R edknap).

4 . T he s caffold f rame M . S amuel).

l ooking t owards t he C itadel

i n o peration o n s ite.

( Artist's

i mpression b y

W ork

d ays

g enerally

b egan w ith

a m orning b riefing s ession a t F ort

Bovisand t o r un t hrough t he d aily p rogramme a nd d iscuss l ast m inute p roblems. B y 9 .00 a n i nflatable w ould b e r eady t o f erry s ome o f t he t eam t o s ite. T he r emainder t ravelled b y r oad t o R .A.F. Mountbatten. D iving o perations s topped a t 1 7.30 e ach d ay f or a p rompt r eturn t o F ort B ovisand f or e quipment m aintenance a nd c ylinder r echarging, u nless t he a rchaeological s ituation r equired e xtended underwater s essions. F inds p rocessing, p reliminary c onservation a nd e quipment p refabrication u sually f ollowed t he e vening session d uring which p rogress, d ifficulties a nd r emedies were d iscussed a nd l ogs c ompleted. R ecorded d iving t ime t otals w ere a s f ollows: underwater i n 2 3 w orking d ays;

1 977,

d uring 1 976,

2 70 m an - h ours

2 19 m an-hours u nderwater d uring 3 4 d ays

o n s ite; 1 978, 2 03 m an-hours u nderwater i n 2 4 d ays o n s ite. T he l ow t otal ( average o f 9 -10 m an-hours p er d ay) w as d ue t o t he d ecision t o a void d iving a t s lack t ides a nd t o r estrict m any o perations t o o ne o r t wo d ivers o n s ite a t a ny one t ime i n o rder t o m inimise t he p roblems d ue t o t he p oor v isibility. M ost d iving w as w ith t anks b ut s urface d emand s ystems w ere u sed f or a t wo w eek p eriod i n 1 978 a fter i nitial t raining a t F ort B ovisand, w hich extended the b ottom t imes b eing a chieved b y d ivers d uring e xcavation a nd r ecording.

UNDERWATER C ONDITIONS T he s ea b ed i s

g enerally

f ree f rom d ebris a nd s upports v ery l ittle

weed, o wing t o t he h igh s iltation r ate o f c . 3 00mm p er a nnum ( Carpenter e t a l, 1 974, 1 ). W ithin t he b reakwater t he m ean r ange o f t he t ides i s 4 .7 m etres i n s prings a nd 2 .2 m etres i n n eaps, a nd t he c urrent o nly e xceeds 1 .5 knots i n ebbs a fter h eavy r ain u pstream. Work o n t he s ite w as i nfluenced c onsiderably b y p oor c onditions u nderwater, a s v isibility ( generally 0 -3 metres, r arely 4 -5 m etres) w as l argely d ependent o n t he s trength o f t he t idal s tream t o d isperse t he f ine s ediment h eld i n s uspension. C onsequently d ivers n eeded t o t ake g reat c are n ot t o f an u p t he f ine s urface s ilt, and although t he s ite w as d iveable t hrough t he w hole t idal r ange m ost s lack t ides w ere unsuitable f or w ork, and t he d iving s chedule h ad t o r emain f lexible. F ortunately t he s hallow d epth m ade d ecompression u nnecessary. V ery f ew d ays h ad t o b e a bandoned d ue s heltered p osition).

t o b ad w eather

( because o f t he s ite's

T HE S URVEY A ND M ETHODS O F R ECORDING A ccurate n avigation underwater w as v ital i n a n a rea s o c lose t o t he m ain s hipping l ane,

a nd a ccurate s urveying o f t he t imber s catter o n t he s ea-

b ed w as t he p rimary a rchaeological c oncern. A 1 0m s quare g rid t hat h ad b een l aid d own e arly i n 1 976 ( Square I I, F ig. 4 ) w as e xtended a nd t he a rea t o b e e xamined

d ivided

i nto a t otal

o f

8 s imilar s quares.

T hese w ere m arked o ut

w ith ' glo-line', t ied t o c oncrete s inkers w hich h ad b een p refabricated w ith p rojecting s caffolding t o c ounteract t he t endency o f f lat b ottomed m illstone s haped w eights t o g lide a round o n t he c ushioning e ffect o f t he s urface s ilt ( Fig.

6 ). I t

was

d ecided

i n

1 977

t o

modify

t he

r eference

s ystem

e mployed

previously o n t he g rid, f rom o ne b ased o n c ompass b earings t o s impler 2 f igure c oordinates p ainted o n c oloured, a ir-filled p lastic c ontainers ( Fig. 4 ). I n p ractice t he c olour c ode w as u nnecessary. T he r esultant g rid l ines

9

2

3

�.

Ill

IV

VII

VIII

4

V 5B

C

D

E

F

5.Site grid, showing position of scaffold frames (Areas Band C).

I

I

--

· ·-�. -�

f

'.

�\;\-

-------

6.a) Concrete sinker perforated to fasten 10 m. gri d ; b) l .Om x I.Orn drawing frame wit� double lattice.

10

w ere u sed f or c ontour t raverses u sing a n a ir-level ( aqua-level) c onstructed f rom p lastic f ood c ontainers a nd t ransparent t ubing ( as i n S t. J ohn W ilkes, 1 971, 1 69, 1 72): f or r esults s ee p . . F or t he 1 976 m etal d etector s urvey ( Fig. 9 ) and 1 978 g eophysical s urvey ( Appendix 1 ) t ransverses w ere t aken a long a m ovable t ransverse l ine s tretched a cross e ach 1 0m s quare, i n r egular p arallel d ivisions.

a nd m oved

T he s catter s urvey c ombined t rilateration f rom g rid i ntersections t o t imber e nds ( plotted a t 1 :20) w ith d rawings f rom a l m s quare d rawing f rame ( drawn f irst a t 1 :10). T he m ain p roblems p roved t o b e s nagging o f t he 3 0m t ape o n o ne o f t he m any p rojections o n s ite ( rectified b y t he d iving p artner s wimming a long i ts e ntire l ength a nd c hecking f or s nagging b efore t aking a r eading), and s econdly i n e stablishing t he c orrect o rientation o f t he i ndividual t imber d rawings b y t agging o ne e nd o f e ach t imber a nd r ecording t rilateration l engths i n t abular f orm. T he d rawing f rame w as o f l imited a ccuracy a s p oor v isibility p revented t he d iver f rom p ositioning h imself more t han 0 .4m a bove i t: t o r educe d istortion w e t ried a d ouble l attice ( Fig. 6 b), a nd m ore s uccessfully, s uperimposed f rames t o p rovide v ertical s ights o n t o t he s ubject. O n t he e vidence p rovided b y t he i nitial s urface p lot ( Fig. 9 ) and c ontour s urvey ( Fig. 7 ) which a ppeared t o s how a r ise i n t he s ea-bed c orresponding w ith t he h ighest d ensity o f t imber b etween s quares I I and V I ( interpreted a s a p ossible w reck m ound) i t w as d ecided t o r emove a ll s urface s ilt ( c. 3 0cm t hick) w ithin t hese s quares. T his e liminated o ne o f t he c auses o f p oor v isibility a nd p ermitted a m ore d etailed s tudy o f t he e xisting s urface t imbers f or t he s election o f s uitable t rench p ositions. T he

a ir-lift

was

c onstructed

f rom

t wo

l engths

o f

4 i nch

p lastic

d rainpipe, w eighted a t t he m outh ( only c . 3 .5 k ilos r equired) a nd s upported a t i ts t op e nd b y an a ir-filled p lastic c ontainer. T he a ir-hose was a ttached t o t he p ipe b y b ayonet c oupling, a nd f itted w ith a s imple b allv alve o n-off a nd f ine c ontrol. I t w as o nly n ecessary t o a nchor s uch a l ight a ir-lift t o t he b ottom w ith p ermanent g uy-ropes i f l eft o n t he s ite o vernight. A ir-lifting

b egan

a t

t he

n orth

o f

s quare

I I.

B y

s ystematically

c learing metre w ide s trips a long a m ovable t ransverse g uide l ine, w e o btained a c lear p icture o f t he t imber d istribution o n t he s ea-bed, a nd o ur f irst i ndication o f c oherent s hip s tructure. I n t he n orth o f s quare V I f our e quidistant w ooden s tumps, s quare i n c ross-section , p rojected f rom a s andy d eposit b eneath t he g rey s ilt ( possibly t he s ame t imbers r eported i n C arpenter

e t a l,

1 974,

2 0 a nd B ax a nd F arrell,

1 976,

3 46).

I t w as

d ecided

t o p roceed t o c ontrolled e xcavation , a nd a 5 m s quare s caffold f rame ( Fig. 5 ) w as l evelled o n s ite i n o rder t o d efine t he a rea u nder i nvestigation a nd a ct a s a r ecording d atum. Two s ides o f t his f rame w ere g raduated i n r ed a nd w hite t ape a t 2 0m i ntervals, a nd s upported a n i dentical m ovable c ross-bar intended f or o ffset m easurements. I n p ractice t he f rame, e ven w hen o nly 0 .5m a bove t he w orking s urface, p roved t oo h igh f or e fficient o r a ccurate o peration i n r educed v isibility, a nd t he c ross - b ar w as h eavy a nd d ifficult t o move: t his was e ventually r eplaced b y at ape l ine s tretched a cross t he f rame b ut l ying o n t he s ea-bed. N evertheless, t he f rame w as v ery u seful a s a s upport f or b uckets,

s lates,

d ivers a nd c ameras,

a nd f or s ite o rientation.

Excavation w as p hysically r estricted t o w ithin t he f our b ars, a nd l imited a t any o ne t ime t o a n arrow s trip o n o ne s ide o f t he t ape, s o t hat f inds o riginated f rom a s pecific w ell-defined a rea. O n c ompletion o f a s trip, t he l ine w ould b e a dvanced p referred t o u se t heir

0 .5m and h ands t o

t he p rocedure r epeated. Most d ivers e xcavate w ith, b ut t rowels w ere m ore

suitable f or t he m ore c ompacted d eposits.

1 1

A s o n l and,

s ilt r emoval was

1--' N

OM

C

3lf,�------...,._.......,_____�---

�

.�\

�\

7. Contour survey showing a rise to the north of square VI, in 10cm intervals.

::;;> c_,,,s,-:::4

�--------------__!i

�\

a

8 .

D iver

r eliability.

T wo

e xamples o f f inds o bserved u nderwater a nd

r ecorded f rom m emory i n t he d iver's i llustration i n F ig. 2 6, 2 4.

1 3

l ogs.

C ompare

( b) w ith t he

f inal

f aster a nd e asier a long a n i nclined o r v ertical f ace, e xcavate b y c ontext r ather t han s pit.

2 )

b ut c are w as

t aken t o

T he h ull s tructure w as r ecorded b y 1 ) i nitial d rawing f rame c overage, o ffsets a long d atum l ines, 3 ) i ndividual l inear m easurements o f a nd

b etween t imbers. T he i naccuracies o f t he f irst m ethod w ere t o s ome e xtent o ffset b y t he l atter t wo a nd p rovided a v isual i mpression o f t he f ractured and b roken n ature o f t he t imber e dges. T he f inal s ite p lan ( Fig. 1 0) c ombines a ll t hree m ethods, b ut i s n ot a s a ccurate a s o ne a chieved b y p hotogrammetry, f or w hile i ndividual r elationships b etween t he t imbers m ay b e a ccurate, t heir o verall o rientation h as b een c alculated f rom p hotographs, d istances a nd t emplate p rofiles. A t n o t ime w as i t p ossible t o a ppreciate t he s ite a s aw hole u nderwater, t he d iver h aving t o r ely o n h is a bilities t o a ppreciate a nd i nterpret t he s mall a reas v isible. T he d im l ight c onditions p revented t he c onstruction o f a p hotomosaic, b ut o ccasional p hotography w ith h and-held N ikonos p roduced acceptable r esults. O ne f ully l oaded c amera w as k ept o n s ite d uring e xcavation, p repared f or a ny s udden i mprovement i n v isibility o r e mergency r ecording. F ind p ositions w ere r ecorded o n s lates - i .e. d istance a long t ape a nd o ffset t o o bject, w ith i ndication o f t ape p osition w ithin t he f rame a nd o f t he a rtifact c oncerned ( see F igs. 2 2 a nd 2 3 f or s ite d istributions). T his i nformation w ould b e t ransferred a fter e ach d ive t ogether w ith o ther d etails o nto t he d iver's o wn d ive l og s heet e nsuring a m inimum s tandard o f r ecorded i nformation b efore m emories l apsed. M uch o f t he e ssential d ata ( find, d iver , d ate, p osition , c ontext) w ould b e d uplicated i n t he f ind r egister a nd c ross r eferences t o t he f inder's l og p rovided s econdary o bservations s uch a s w orking c onditions, p ersonal d ifficulties, i deas a nd m isinterpretations, a ll u seful i ndices o f r eliability d uring p ost e xcavation e valuation o f t he r ecorded d ata. T his i nsight i nto t he m ethods o f r ecovery, o nce a vailable i n t he d aily j ournal o f t he l and a rchaeologist b ut r egrettably o ften s acrificed n ow

f or

t he

i mpersonal

s tandard

t erminology

o f

t he

p roforma

r ecord

s heet,

was p articularly u seful i n t he c ase o f d ivers w ith l ittle a rchaeological t raining who w ould o ften b e r equired t o w ork w ith t he m inimum o f o n-site s upervision. T wo e xamples o f d ifferent d iver 's o bservations a re i llustrated ( Fig. 8 ), o ne ( a) a s ketch o f am etallic ( bronze?) a rtifact c . 3 .0 x 2 .5cm f ound o n s ite b ut l ost d uring s urfacing,

t he o ther

( b) a p ost-dive

s ketch o f

an o bject l eft o n s ite a nd s ubsequently r ecovered. T he f irst object m ay h ave c ome f rom t he wreck, b ut v erbal and w ritten d escriptions o f t he f ind a nd i ts c ontext w ere u nhelpful. T he s econd o bject h ad b een s tudied o n s ite and f aithfully s ketched i n t he d ive l og, i llustration F ig.

2 6,

2 4 s hows

b ut a c omparison w ith t he f inal

t he b arest o f

r esemblances.

Few o f

t he

v olunteers h ad e xperience i n a rchaeological i nterpretation, and f ound d ifficulties i n m aking t he c orrect o bservations o r r ecording t he r elevant d etails. T o e nsure c onsistency t he s ite r ecording w as p erformed o nly b y t wo e xperienced a rchaeological d ivers. T apes a ttached s ections,

t o h orizontal s caffold b ars p rovided a d atum f or c ross -

s upplemented b y a qua-level s pot d epths.

S lates w ere u sed a s

t emplates t o t race t he a ngles o f r est o f t he f loor-timbers a nd a lignments o f p lanks ( using a s pirit-level t o r ecord t he h orizontal/vertical a xis). S ediments w ere s ampled s uccessfully w ith c orers m ade f rom 2 " p lastic d rainpipe. F inds w ould b e p laced i n s elf-sealing p lastic b ags o r c artons f or e xtra s upport a nd t ransported t o t he s urface i nside a b ucket f itted w ith w ire - m esh l id.

S oft,

f riable m aterials,

e .g.

l eather w ould

b e

t ogether w ith t heir s urrounding s ilts a nd c leaned i n t he l aboratory.

1 4

l ifted

3 . T he 1 976 s urvey, g rid h ad

b een

R ESULTS

w ith i ts c ontour p lan,

c orrectly

p ositioned,

a nd

s howed c onvincingly t hat

d espite

f ears

o f

e xtensive

t he

d redger

damage to any s hip s tructure t hat m ight have s urvived, p romised f urther worthwhile i nformation b eneath a r ise i n t he s ea-bed i n t he n orth o f s quare V I t hat was i nterpreted a s a p ossible w reck m ound ( Figs. 5 a nd 7 ). T he t wo l arge m etal d etector a nomalies i n s quares I I a nd I II ( shaded a reas i n F ig. 9 ) w ere s hown t o b e c oncreted b rick ( modern), a nd s everal s maller p ositive readings were s imply m odern s urface d ebris ( cables, c ans e tc.). A t rial t rench i n s quare I I ( Area A , F ig. 9 ) f ailed t o g o d eep e nough t o l ocate t he s urviving h ull

s tructure,

b ut

r ecorded s ome d amaged s hip t imbers,

a k nee t hat w as r aised a nd p laced i n s torage a t F ort B ovisand T he

1 977

s eason

( excepting m an-made with ( Fig.

t he

b egan

w ith

i nterference,

l ocation and

i nitial

c onfirmation

e .g.

o f

n o

d ragging a nchor

examination

o f

h ull

( p.

i ncluding 3 8).

s ea-bed

c hains), s tructure

movement a nd

c losed

i n Area

B

9 ). I n

1 978

t he

t eam c oncentrated o n c ompleting t his

a rea a nd e stablishing

t he e xtent o f t his r emains, w ith a n a ssessment o f t he 1 973 d amage. s upplemented b y a n e xperimental g eophysical s urvey o f s quares I I, and V II.

T his w as I II, V I

Although t his f ailed t o a dd t o o ur knowledge o f t he s ite,

s olve a n umber o f t echnical a nd o perating p roblems

1 5

( Appendix 1 ).

i t d id

-

C3

�

@

--���-

D3

®

@

,I

'J.b..13'

I.\

/ -( g un? )

�

\',

r/

@

II

�

I\.

-1 I I

,'

!!

:Lii r□

.& C'

�.:;

@

1

./\

�

y/

\ .\

®

,

@

:: AREA'A'

c=:

:J�1

'11

·C, ��f";>'

-6

-o-2

t�

� f·f

10b-

10a-

3- �

g

c::;.o .c:,

a-a-

';-Jo.-=>

d-d

11. Various se ctions across the site, showing strata and structure below horizontal datum. descriptions see p.

horizontal

e-e-

Q_-0'

_r?�

present but not measured

I imit

L.....����---

0

c::=::)

8 -

For sediment

h

S ITE S TRATIGRAPHY

( Fig.

1 1)

L ayer D escription

D etails

1 .

F ine g rey s ilt

S urface d eposit o ver t he w hole s ite, u p t o 0 .5m d eep. S uperficial.

2 .

C ompacted l aminar g rey c lay w ith r ounded ( flint) p ebbles o f 5 -25cm d iameter.

B elow l ayer 1 o ver t he w hole s ite ( wherever t ested). S uperficial.

3 .

F ine, l ight g rey s helly s and, w ith s tones a nd s hells i n l ower h orizon.

B eneath l ayers 1 a nd 2 a round t he h ull s tructure i n A rea B . P ost-wreck.

4 .

O range-yellow s andy g ravel.

A bove l ayer 5 i n A rea B .

B allast/

w recking. G rey s ilty s and a nd g ravel w ith s tones c . 2 -30cm i n d iameter.

I mmediately a bove t imber s tructure

6 .

G reyish s ilt,

P ost-wreck.

7 .

W hitish ,

8 .

O range-buff h ard,

5 .

i n A rea B .

s lightly s ticky.

B allast, o r i mmediately a fter w recking.

f ine s hell s and.

c ompacted

g ravelly s and w ith b allast s tones ( see b elow p . r ounded p ebbles. 9 .

G ravel,

s tone,

)a nd s mall

R edeposited.

f lint a nd l arge

n umber o f s hells. 1 0a. G rey s ludge, 1 0b. A s a bove

s ilty.

( 10a),

1 1. S ubstratum.

B allast.

l ighter t exture.

H ard c ompacted

y ellow-buff s and.

1 9

1 2. T he k eel ( centre), a nd g arboard s trakes ( inboard) a t f l5 s outh), s howing t he d redger d amage ( photograph : M . R edknap).

1 3. The b utt e nd o f f uttock ( photograph: M . R edknap).

1 8

( figure

1 0,

f 18)

( looking

l ooking

e ast

S ampled:

L ayers

( Sample 4 ,

C W78,

1 ( Sample 3 ,

B ) a nd l ayer 1 1

E )

l ayer 7 ( Sample 2 ,

( Sample

CW78,

F ),

l ayer 5

1 , C W78, A ).

P rofiles a re d rawn o n F ig. 1 1, a ll l inear t raverses a s s hown i n F ig. 1 0 e xcept b -b' a nd c -c': t he s trata f or b oth a re s hown a bove h ull p rofile F 6f 6, t hose i n b r unning f rom F 6-f7, t hose i n c f ollowing t he e xcavation l imit a s s hown i n F ig.

1 0

( see A ppendix 7 f or s ediment a nalysis).

L ayer 1 f ormed t he s urface d eposit o ver t he whole s ite except a t i ntersection D 4 w here a n a rea o f s and w as p lotted i n 1 976 a nd s ubsequently i dentified w ith t he t op o f l ayer 4 ( Fig. 9 ). Layer 2 f ormed a h orizon 4 6 cm t hick b eneath l ayer 1 t hat ' caught' s mall s tones and p ebbles d ropping t hrough t he l ighter s ediment. T he u nderlying l ayers 3 a nd 6 w ere r ecorded o utside t he s hip s tructure i n A rea B , a nd m ay b e i nterpreted, b y t heir m ixed c ontents, a s p ost-wreck d eposits t hrough w hich m ulti-period a rtifacts h ad c ollected. D ivers r eports i ndicate p ossible s orting w ithin l ayer 3 , w ith s and u p t o 0 .5m d eep a bove a s tonier h orizon, p ossibly o riginating f rom s pilled s hip b allast. L ayers 4 a nd 5 , a bove t he h ull s tructure i n A rea B , f ormed m ore o r l ess u ndisturbed d eposits d irectly a ssociated w ith t he s hip a s w reck ballast, a nd s hould b e c onsidered t he o nly s ecure c ontexts f or f inds f rom t his s ite. T o t he north o f Area B t hese d eposits a ppeared t o g ive w ay t o w hitish-yellow s and ( layer 7 ), which m ay a lso r epresent a n undisturbed s hip c ontext a ssociated e ither w ith t he b allast o r i mmediate p ost-wreck p eriod. Examination o f t his d eposit w as l imited, b ut i t appeared to l ie s tratigraphically b elow l ayer 4 , a nd w as d etected i mmediately a bove t he o uter p lanking i n A rea C . The e xtent o f d redger d amage t o t he s ite w as d efined b y t he s plintered f rame t ops and t wisted o r b roken p lank e nds ( Figs. 1 0 a nd 2 0-21). T he s trata i n Area C a nd t o i ts n orth h ad b een e xtensively d isturbed r ight d own t o t he t op o f t he h ull s tructure, a nd o nly s urvived w here s ufficiently d eep t o a void t he d redger b ucket. L ayer 9 w as r ecorded b etween t imbers F 22 a nd F 25

( Fig.

1 0),

b ut a s i t c ontained a luminium s trips a nd

1 8th c entury b ottle

t ops) i t m ust r epresent r edeposited i nfill b etween d islodged f loor-timbers. Layer 8 w as i dentified b etween f uttocks f 25-f27 a round t he b arrel s taves d escribed b elow ( p. 4 6).

S HIP S TRUCTURE I N S ITU K eel ( Figs.

1 0 a nd

1 1,12).

T his was uncovered f or 1 .35m b eneath t he f loor t imbers F 13-F15.

I t

s howed e xtensive d redger d amage t o i ts n orthern e nd ( Fig. 1 2), a nd w as a bsent f rom A rea B , p resumably f or t he s ame r eason. C entral s eatings f or t he k eel w ere v isible o n a ll t he s urviving f loor t imbers ( F2-F15, F ig. 1 0), extending t his l ength t o 6 .0m. T he k eel w as o f o ak ( this a nd s ubsequent wood i dentifications b y J . S heldon; A ppendix 6 ). Examination o f t he d amaged e nd r evealed a h eavily a braded l ower s urface, c onsiderable p eriod f ollowing t he s inking

( Fig.

1 1,

s uggesting w ear o ver a

d -d').

T he t op s urface

b etween g arboards m easured 2 1.5cm : an a ddition o f c . 8 cm f or g arboard r abbets g ives a c omplete w idth o f 2 9/30cm a nd a s imilar d epth i f o riginally s quare i n c ross-section . A s imilarly r ebated t imber w as o bserved o n s ite in 1 973 b ut s ubsequently d isappeared ( dimensions o n T able 1 ). N o f astenings t o e ither g arboards o r f loor t imbers w ere o bserved i n t he s ection a vailable.

2 1

F 2

F 3

C

F 5

F 7 F 6

F 14

0 -5m .

4 70

CW .73 . 1 L u t ing T reena i l I r on N a i l B roken

o

00 I

T e redo L im i t o f e xposed t imbe r

1 4.

F loor—timber p rofiles.

2 2

G arboard S trakes

( Figs.

1 0 a nd 1 1,12).

B oth . were o f o ak, a nd a s w ith t he k eel s howed extensive m echanical f racture in t he n orth, a nd an absence f rom A rea B i n t he s outh. G S1 h ad f ractured l ongitudinally and s prung o ut o f p osition a long w ith t he o ther s trakes o n t hat s ide o f t he k eel. G S2 w as e xposed f or 3 .72m. T reenails s urvived a t r egular i ntervals a long i ts i nboard f ace f or a ttachment t o f loor t imbers.

O uter P lanking ( Figs.

1 0 a nd 1 1,

A ll t he s ampled p lanks

F igs.

( see p .

1 2 a nd

1 3).

1 20) w ere o f o ak,

a nd t he o uter p lanking

v aried i n b readth b etween 2 4.0 a nd 3 2.0cm. A ll w ere s awn , a nd a pparently o f u niform t hickness ( 6.0-7.0cm). A ll f astenings ( iron n ails a nd t reenails), t hough o nly o bserved f rom i nboard, p assed t hrough p lanks i nto f rames. L ittle r emained o f t he o riginal i ron n ails e xcept c orrosion products around a v oid, g enerally s quare i n s ection w ith 1 .0cm s ides. S pacing b etween n ails w as i rregular, l acking a ny o verall p attern. C lose a nd r egular l inear s etting c ould b e s een a long t he e dges o f O P17 ( Fig. 1 0), w hereas e lsewhere w ide p ositions o n a lternate s ides w ere u sed. T his m ay i ndicate a ) t hat t he b uilders p itched c lose w hen t hey j udged i t n ecessary, b ) t hat s ome a re s econdary r epairs t o t he h ull. T reenails w ere h and c arved f rom o ak and a sh ( p. 4 6, 1 20), f itting h olds o f 2 7-31mm d iameter ( i.e. a pproximately 1 " t hick). Examples w ere f ound w ith k nob e xpansions and ? nail i mpressions ( Fig. 2 6) b ut o n t he h ull i tself, which c ould o nly b e e xamined i nboard, n o w edging w as o bserved. I nboard e nds w ere c ut o ff f lush w ith t he i nside f ace o f t he f uttocks w here n ot c oncealed b y i nner p lanking, w hich a ppeared t o h ave b een f astened s eparately. A ll o uter p lanking w as f astened t o a ll f rames, a nd while t he g eneral i mpression i s o f i rregular s etting,

s everal i nstances o f s traight l ines c ould b e s een.

C eiling P lanking L ess well p reseved t han t he o ther m embers, t he c eiling p lanks s howed g reater r ange i n t hickness ( 3.0-7.0cm), a nd w ere o f m ixed s pecies ( oak a nd p ine),

s ize a nd s hape ( see F igs.

1 0 a nd

1 1).

I P4 h ad n o f astenings a t a ll

and m ay have a cted a s a r emovable l id o r i nspection h atch t o t he b ilges ( hence t he s mall s quare r ecess o n I P2 f or f inger r oom). I P8 a nd I P15, o f s imilar d imensions, p robably r epresent a r ising w ith b evelled e dges t hat w ould s tand v ertically a nd horizontally i n t he v essel when a float ( Figs. 5 2,53). I P7 a nd I P14 w ere b oth r ebated b etween f uttocks f or t he i nsertion o f s hort planks a s f illing p ieces t o b lock up t he g aps a bove t he f loor t imbers a nd p revent m aterial f rom e ntering t he b ilges. L ike t he r ising, t hey r an h orizontally a long t he w hole l ength o f t he v essel a nd m ay i ndicate an u pper l imit f or b allast w ithin t he h old ( see F igs. 5 5 a nd 5 6 f or a n i magined e xtension b etween a reas B a nd C ,

a nd F ig.

5 4).

F loor T imbers T hese e qual-armed f loor t imbers w ere o f o ak a nd l arge s ize ( 20.0cm x 2 0.0cm). A ll w ere p rovided w ith s quare l imber h oles, g enerally o ff-centre, a nd s howed p rogressively s harper l ines t owards t he s outh ( Fig. 1 4). T he e xtent o f t he p re-1973 s urvival o f t he h ull s tructure i s i ndicated b y F 4F 15, w ith t eredo holes o n t heir u ppermost e nds d efining t he h eight o f t he

2 3

4 5

' Lapped D ove ta i l '

4 37

4 38

0 .5m

1 5. Knee ( CW45),

f uttock e nds ( CW437,

C W438) w ith A ) d iagram o f t he

f rame-to-futtock f astenings ( 'lap-dovetails') a nd B ) a n i llustration r edrawn f rom d e l a P enne, 1 697 ( given i n P aris, 1 976).

2 4

0 •

▪ L I " ) 0 ▪ $ + •

b ottom f oreground)

a o C ) • , 1 C . ) 4 C r i

c e

f loor-timbers

c u . e

v iew

• c o >

G eneral

j unction o f p .9 a nd p .8 l ooking n orth-west. • H r i

i ntervals

f 3,

I nboard v iew o f

E

e r 1

4 4 0

0 C l )

e g ,

o o

t s

•

• .

c e

C : 1 3 0

0

s ea-bed and b uried h ull b efore d isturbance. S evere abrasion f rom t he d redger b ucket w as v isible o n F 14 a nd F 15 ( Figs. 1 0 and 1 4). T he n ow m issing t imbers F 16-F26, r epresented ( if a t a ll) b y t he o ccasional s plintered s tump l odged b etween f uttocks, o r b y t reenails a lignments, s how t hat e verything i n t he n orthern h alf o f t he s ite l ess t han 0 . 7 /1 . 0m b elow t he s ea-bed s urface h ad b een r emoved ( including k eel and k eelson). T he t imbers F 5 a nd F 7 ( Area B ) h ad f ractured a long t he g rain , p ossibly o n i mpact w ith b ottom o n s inking. I n a ddition t o t reenail f astenings v ertically t o g arboard s trakes a nd p lanking, t here w ere h orizontal t reenails t ogether w ith ' lap-dovetails' f astening f loor t imbers t o f uttocks ( Figs. 1 0, 1 5 a nd 1 8). T he l atter a re g enerally 2 .0cm d eep, w ith a symmetrical ' sets' o f b etween 1 i n 2a nd 1 i n 4 , a nd t hey a ppear t o b e l imited t o o ne p er f loor t imber a t e ach e nd, f acing i n e ither d irection. I n m ost o f t he o bserved c ases t he f loor t imber i s r ecessed f or t he d ovetail o n t he f uttock, b ut a s o nly 6 w ere u ncovered ( that b etween F 26 a nd f 27 b eing t he o ther w ay r ound), T hese

s ubstantial

c onnections

b etween

t his m ay n ot b e s ignificant.

t he

t imbers

o f

t he

f rames,

a nd

t heir g reater r igidity o f f orm , w ould i ncrease t he r esistance t o r acking a nd h ull d istortion and t he p rogressive l oosening o f f astenings t hat w ould r esult

f rom t he

v arying h ydrodynamic

p ressure

a nd

c argo

w eight.

U ntil

a

m ore a ppropriate o r c orrect n autical t erm i s f ound, ' lap-dovetail' h as b een a dopted, b ased o n s imilar j oints f rom v ernacular a rchitecture ( 'bare - f aced l ap-dovetaile' i n H ewett, 1 969, F ig. 9 9, w ho i llustrates l ap-dovetail j oints w ith s ets o f 1i n 7i nches: f or f urther d istinctions, McGrail a nd D enford 1 982, 2 0,42-4). S imilar l ap-dovetails h ave r ecently b een f ound i n t he wreck o f aB asque whaler d atable t o c 1 560, i n L abrador ( Robert Grenier, p ers. c omm.). H ere i t s hould b e p ossible t o i dentify t he m id-frame b y e xaming t he p osition o f t hese j oints, w hich o ccur c onsistently o n t he s tern f acing s ide o f e ach f loor t imber o ne s ide o f t he m id-frame, w hich i s t he o nly f loor t imber t o b ear t he l ap-dovetail o n b oth s ides ( R. G renier, p ers. c omm .). F loor t imber F 20 o n t he C attewater m ay r epresent m id-frame w ith r ecesses o n t he s outhern a nd n orthern f acing s ides. However F 26 d oes n ot c onform t o t he r egular p attern , a nd i nsufficient d etail i s k nown t o v erify t he p osition. A p ossible c omparable i llustration m ay b e t he ' stamenaire a longe

d e g enou,

b is m adier

d 'Armament d es G a Mres'

j umeau'

f rom

' Details

a fter B arras d e l a P enne

o f

d e

1 976,

d e p lan,

C onstruction

e t

a c entury o r m ore

l ater t han o ur e xample ( in Päris, 1 976, n o. 2 98, F ig. 1 0). This l ine d rawing ( redrawn i n F ig. 1 5) a ppears t o s how, a lbeit i n s omewhat d istorted p erspective, f loor t imbers d ove-tailed t o f uttocks, a lthough i t i s p ossible t hat t he n otches r epresent s pacers r ather t han k eying p ieces. D ovetails a re n ot, i n t hemselves, u nusual, a nd a re f ound i n t he 1 8th c entury ' au p oint d 'ecart e ntre

l a t ete d 'un b au s ur l a b augui re

( Eric R ieth ,

p ers.

c omm.);

t he t echnique i s k nown f rom l ater p eriods i n f or e xample, t he D anish N aval D ockyard, w here t he f rigate ' Jylland', b uilt i n 1 860 a nd s till a float, h as a s imilar, t hough s eparate, l ocking p iece f itted i nto a djoining members o f d ouble f rames t o p revent s hifting u nder s tress ( Ole C rumlin-Pedersen , p ers. c omm.). w asteful

o f

T his t wo p iece j oint o n t he C attewater w reck w ould have b een t imber a nd g iven u p f or t he m ore e conomical o verlapping f uttock

j oint o nce t he l atter h ad b een p roved r eliable.

2 6

1 8.

T op

( in

c entre)

a nd

s ide

v iews

o f

f uttock

e nd

f 22

( CW438).

S plitting e vident i n l eft h and v iew ( not r ecent), o ne s ide o f ' lappeddovetail' o n r ight h and v iew. S cale i n c m. ( photograph: M . R edknap).

F uttocks T he h eels

o f

t he

f irst

f uttocks w ere p laced

b etween

t he f loor t imbers

s ome 1 .35m s hort o f t he c entre l ine t owards m idships ( northern end o f t he s ite: F ig. 1 0), f uttock f 3 a t t he s outhern e nd l ying m uch c loser, o nly 0 .40m s hort o f t he c entre l ine. T he h eels w ere v ariously s haped: b utt e nds w ith waney e dge ( f2), b evelled o n o ne s ide ( f16). S everal b ore o ne o r m ore n otches o f v arying d egrees o f r oundness o r a ngularity, a nd d epth ( cf. F ig. 1 5, n os. 4 37,438 a nd F ig. 1 3). N o p articular f unction w as i ndicated, a nd t hey m ay b e e ither f elling/shaping m arks o r ( less l ikely) r epresent t he r emoval o f r otting t imber.

N o e vidence w as f ound f or t he r e-use o f

t imber.

M echanical b reakage w as e vident o n a ll t he e xposed e astern f uttock e nds.

M iscellaneous m 1-8:

A s m entioned a bove,

s hort p lanks o f p ine w ere i nserted b etween

f uttocks t o a ct a s f illing p ieces a nd p revent m aterial i n t he h old d isappearing b etween i nner and o uter p lanking i nto t he b ilges a nd i n p articular t o k eep b allast f rom g etting i nto t he p umps, a n e ver-present d anger w ith s hingle b allast. A h orizontal l evel w as s trictly m aintained ( see m l a nd 2 a nd F ig. 1 0), a nd t hey c ould p ossibly h ave s upported t emporary d ecking a bove b allast. m 7 a nd m 8 h ad b een d islodged b y t he d reger, a nd m 5 a nd m 6 h ad s plit l ongitudinally, p ossibly b y b allast d islodged d uring t he s inking. m 9, m 10: T imbers o f l engths o f o uter p lanking.

n arrow,

t hick

c ross-section,

p ossibly

s plit

G eneral O bservations The

s urviving

s tructure

l ay

h eeled

o ver

o n o ne

s ide,

o n a s light

i ncline r ising t o t he n orth. T he t ransverse s ections a nd l ines a s r estored ( Figs. 1 1 a nd 5 2) a re c onnected w ith a h ull s ection r unning f rom s omewhere a midships t owards o ne e nd, A white

d eposit

t hough w hich e nd i s n ot c lear.

was

o bserved

o n

m any

h ull

t imbers

i nboard w here

p rotected b y l ayers 4 a nd 5 , a nd r esembled t he d escription o f ' white p aying s tuff' ( white l ead a nd o il) f or t he P adre I sland w recks ( Weddle a nd A rnold, 1 978) a nd t he G raveney b oat ( Fenwick, 1 978, 1 51). I t w as v ery o ften o nly n oticed a fter t rowelling h ad r emoved a reas o f i t t o e xpose a c ontrasting l ight b rown t imber b eneath. I t d id n ot f orm a ' skin' w hich c ould b e p eeled a way, and m ay h ave b een f ungal g rowth ( although n o d eterioration i n t he u nderlying t imber w as n oted). A s eventeenth c entury m ixture f or u se underwater ( Tallow, S ope a nd B rimstone) a nd t o p reserve c aulking ( Oile, R osin a nd B rimstone) a re m entioned i n G reen ( 1977). No

f illets

b attens

w ere

f ound

t o

s eal

c aulking b etween

t he

o uter

p lanks, e ither i nboard o r o utboard, a lthough t he n ail a lignments o n O P15 a nd O P17 d id a t f irst s uggest t heir p resence. T he l atter r emains a p ossibility i n v iew o f t he m inimal e xamination p ossible b y f eeling b eneath t he f ew a ccessible p laces u nder t he h ull. T he f racturing o f F 18 a nd F 26,

r esulting i n t he c ollapse o f t he s ide a t

i ts w eakest p oint a s v isible i n s ection f -f' ( Fig. 1 1), t he j unction o f f loor t imbers and f uttocks, m ay have o ccurred d uring t he s inking, o r t he

2 8

N \0

LJ

0 f0

RYE VESSEL 'A'

L_i_1.

O

J

----==--n--��

·-

��

.J

i

1m

1m.

I

6 �I ____J

-==D'

� Iron bolt

c __

1

__

L

�

I

')--

1[

j_�_._

-,

:J

19. Comparisons of Cattewater and Rye keelsons.

..L

I [jJ

-1[__ 0 11� I - -'-l ��

I....L

!L

s�

�

CATTEWATER

7

f ollowing p eriod o f d isintegration, a s t he c onstant r ocking o f t he b ottom a braded t he k eel a way u p t o g arboard s trake. No

r iders w ere

f ound,

a s

o n t he Mary Rose:

t he h ull o n

e ither t hey were n ever

f itted, o r t hey h ad b een r emoved b y d redger a ctivity. N o d iagonal b racing t imbers w ere o bserved, a s o n t he Mary Rose, b ut o nly 5 0% o f t he s urviving h ull s tructure w as e xamined.

T HE T IMBERS R AISED I N

1 973

( Figs.

1 5,20,21).

T he a ccount g iven h ere i s b ased o n a r eport b y C dr. E .G. M cKee a nd J .A. W eeks, a nd t he m onograph p roduced b y t he N ational M aritime M useum ( Carpenter e t a l, 1 974). T he t imbers r ecovered i n 1 973 w ere s tored i n a s tatic w ater t ank i n Morice Yard, D evonport d ockyard, a nd C dr. McKee, t he N ational M aritime M useum 's c onsultant o n s hip s tructure, a greed t o a ccept a w atching b rief o n t he f ind. I n 1 976 t his water t ank b egan t o l eak a nd a n ew h ome f or t he t imbers h ad t o b e f ound r apidly. L t. C dr. A lan B ax R .N. ( Rtd.) o f t he F ort

B ovisand U nderwater C entre

o ffered t o

s tore

t hem a t F ort B ovisand

w here t hey h ave a ll b een s tored i n t anks m ade f rom o ld o il d rums l ined w ith heavy g rade p olythene, w ith t he exception o f t he keelson w hich proved t oo l arge f or t he t anks a nd w as c arefully w rapped i n p olythene. A s t here h ad b een n o t ime t o m ake m easured d rawings i n 1 973, e ach t imber w as r e-examined i n August 1 977 ( by J .A. Weeks). Much o f w hat w as w ritten i n 1 974 s till s tands,

a nd t his i nformation h as b een q uoted i n t he f ollowing a ccount.

T he t imbers i dentified: C W73

1

-

F loor t imber

C W73

1 6

-

C W73

2

-

K eelson

C W73

2 6

-

P lank

C W73

1 0

-

F loor t imber

C W73

2 7

-

F rame

C W73

1 1

-

P lank

C W73

2 8

-

P lank

C W73 C W73 C W73 C W73

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

-

P lank P lank F loor t imber F loor t imber

C W73 C W73 C W73

3 0 3 1 3 2

-

P lank P lank F loor t imber

K eelson/Maststep

( Fig.

F loor t imber

1 9).

' This i s t he t ype o f k eelson t hat i s d eepened a nd widened t o m aintain s tiffness a nd f orm a s tep. T he l ength r ecovered w as 4 .6m ( very n early t he t otal l ength) a nd w as e laborately s haped f rom a s ingle p iece o f o ak, w hich m ust h ave c ome f rom a t ree n ot l ess t han 0 .7m i n d iameter.' A s s ome o f t he c orners w ere w aney, a s ection w as s ubmitted t o t he U niversity o f S heffield f or d ating b y d endrochronology, b ut t here p roved t o b e t oo f ew r ings f or a n e ffective d ating t o b e m ade ( see p . 1 13). ' The l esser k eelson i s s ided 0 .30m a nd m oulded 0 .27m f or a d istance o f 0 .7m a t t he t eredo'd e nd, a nd f or a m uch s horter l ength a t t he o ther. I n b etween t he s iding i s i ncreased t o 0 .54m a nd t he moulded d epth i s a lso e nlarged, b ut i n t wo s teps: f irst t o 0 .33m a nd t hen t o 0 .40m f or a d istance o f a t l east 1 .5m ,

b ut w hidh m ay h ave

b een m ore b efore t he d amage o ccurred. T he m ast

s tep f orms

a m ortice c ut

i s 0 .15m d eep a nd 0 .33m w ide. o f

t he f ractured e nd;

i n t he t op o f t he d eepest p art,

O ne e nd h as

s o n eatly,

b een s plit

o ut

i n t he

a nd

d irection

t hat i t i s h ard t o s ay where t he s tep e nds

3 0

s ca r f CW .73 .27

C VV .73 . 15

CW .7316

I ,

'

CW .73 . 10

CW .73 . 14

= -1=-

1

o

5 0 cm .

2 0. T he 1 973 f loor-timbers.

3 1

and t he s plit s tarts. I t l ooks a s i f t he o riginal s tep c ould not h ave b een l ess t han 0 .76m l ong. I t i s n ot p ossible t o p redict t he m ast's d iameter w hich m ay h ave b een j ust s ufficiently w ider t han t he m ortice w idth t o g ive i t a f irm b ase, o r a s much a s 0 .84m f rom w hich a t enon c ould b e f ormed. O n t he c entre l ine o f t he f irst s tep i s a t apered e lliptical h ole r ight t hrough t he t imber. T he a xes o f t his h ole a re 0 .34m f ore and 0 .30m a thwartships, n arrowing d ownwards. The f lat underside o f t he k eelson i s c hecked a s i f t o f it over t he f loor t imbers. T here s eem t o have b een 1 4 o f t hese i n t he l ength r ecovered, a lthough s ome o f t hem a re i ncomplete. T hey v ary i n d epth , w idth a nd p itch . .. T he c hecks v aried f rom 0 .159m t o 0 .237m w ide, averaging 0 .208m; a nd t he l ands f rom 0 .098m t o 0 .208m , a veraging 0 .158m . This g ives an a verage f rame p itch o f 0 .366m. I n a ddition t o t here b eing not e nough s pace f or d oubled f raming, t here w ere n o s igns o f f astenings t hat m ight b e a ssociated w ith i t. T here i s af aint g host b etween t he m aststep a nd t he s tep d own t o t he e lliptic h ole. T his i s 0 .125m x 0 .087m and i t l ooks a s i f a v ertical p illar h ad s tood t here. I n a ddition,

t hree

i ron b olts w ere s paced a long

t he l ength o f t he

k eelson , a ll o ffset t o t he s ame s ide. T hey w ere a ll d riven t hrough f ays o n t he underside o f t he m aststep; o ne f loor t imber ( CW14) had a n iron b olt r unning t hrough i t a nd s o i t a ppears t hat t hese w ere p robably t ie r ods, u sed t o b olt t he k eel t o t he k eelson. T heir o ffset p osition m ay h ave b een d ue t o a d esire t o a void t he l imber h oles. T he e lliptical h ole m ost p robably f ormed a p umpwell t o h ouse t he p ump-pipe, w hich m ay h ave b een f ashioned f rom ab ored o ut t ree t runk f itted a t i ts b ase w ith a s imple b all o r f lap v alve ( cf. t he r econstructed p ump a rrangement o f K almar F ind V , a v essel d ated t o c . 1 500; A kerlund, 1 951, P late 1 6d). T he m ortice o n t he e dge o f t he m ast s tep m ay h ave s upported a b eam b raced a gainst t he m ast t o c ounteract i ts f orward p ressure, o r m ay h ave a cted a s a n i nternal d eck s upport.

F loor T imbers a nd F rames

( Fig.

2 0).

All t he f loor t imbers h ad t he s ame d istinctive s hape w ith: a ) f ays o r s eam l ines o f s everal f lush-laid s trakes ( with a h ollow g arboard) a nd n o s igns o f a c onversion f rom c linker, a s i n t he M ary R ose and W oolwich s hips; b ) s idings w ere f rom 1 8cm t o 2 2cm a veraging 2 0.4cm and m oulded d epths a veraged 2 0cm and 2 7cm; c ) f ish t ail i n w ay o f t he g arboard s trakes; d ) o ffset r ectangular l imber h oles 8 cm w ide a nd 9 cm d eep; t he k eel b y o ne o ffset t reenail. Two

t reenails

and

i ron

f astenings

t o

e ach

e )

f loor

s trake.

s ecured t o

There

w ere

i ndications o n t wo o f t he f loors t hat t he n ext t imber h as b een a ttached t o i t b y m eans o f a n ibbed l ongitudinal s carf. A s t here i s l ittle o r n o s ign o f a ny b evel o n t he m oulded f ace, i t w ould s eem t hat t he f loors m ust b e f rom a midships; f urther t he s idings c an b e m atched t o s ix o f t he c hecks i n t he u nderside o f t he k eelson. T here i s o ne f rame f ragment t hat d oes n ot s eem t o b e p art o f a f loor; b ut t here i s n ot e nough t o i dentify i t a s a ny s pecific f rame c omponent. D espite t he f act t hat s ix o f t he f rames f it t he k eelson, t here i s n ot e nough e vidence t o e stablish t he r ising l ine. s light

d eadrise,

t hough

o ne

i s

s o f lat

a midships.

3 2

t hat

S ome o f t he f rames s how i t

c an o nly h ave come f rom

CW .73 .28

0

o

C VV .73 . 1 3

J o

CW .73 . 12

CW .73 .30

CW73 .3 1

/

, 0Cm

2 1. T he 1 973 p lanking.

3 3

P lanking ( Fig.

2 1).

' There w ere s even p lank f ragments, r anging i n l ength f rom 1 -3m. No c omplete p lank w as f ound, a nd n either p lank w idth o r t ype o f s carf e mployed c ould b e d etermined. T he p lanks w ere s awn o ff o ak t imber a nd w ere c . 6 cm t hick, c orresponding t o t he l engths o f t reenail s tubs p rotruding f rom t he u nderside o f t he f loor t imbers. T his i ndicates t hat t he p lank f ragments a re b ottom r ather t han c eiling c omponents.' All t he p lanks w ere b ored f or t reenails, f rames,

g enerally t wo t o af rame.

f or f astening t hem t o t he

T he t reenails, a lso o f o ak,

r anged i n

d iameter f rom 2 7cm-32cm. O ver a c ertain l ength, p robably t he m idships p art o f t he h ull, t he t reenail s pacing o f 7 5-85cm w as o bserved, b ut b eyond t hat w ider s pacing w as a dopted. I t i s d ifficult t o s ay w hat t his m eans i n t erms o f t he f raming s ystem; i t s uggests t hat an i ntercostal s ystem was a dopted ( McKee 1 983, 5 9f), a p ractice which i s s till t o b e f ound i n present d ay w ooden b oatbuilding. I t h as r emained p opular b ecause i t i s a n e conomic w ay o f u sing c rook t imber, t hroughout t he h ull.

a s

t he f rames a re n ot s carfed t ogether b ut s taggered

' Iron f astenings h ad a lso b een u sed t o s ecure t he p lanks t o t he f rames. T hese a pparently h ad b een r oughly s quare i n s ection h aving 8 mm s ides a nd h as b een e ither n ails w ith h eads o r d umps r ivetted o ver washers. In e ither c ase t he r ust p rints i ndicated t hat t he d iameter o f t hese w ould have b een a bout 0 .026cm.' T he d istribution o f t hese r ivets s howed n o a pparent o rder, t hough t hey w ere c onfined t o t he f rame t reenails t o p revent t he p lank s plitting. T he b races'

c ombination o f p hilosophy

r ivets

w hich

m ight

a nd b e

a reas

t reenails

and w ere

e vidences

u nderstandable

i n

o ffset

a t ype o f

a s keleton

f rom

t he

' belt a nd b uilt

b oat

u ndergoing c onstruction s oon a fter t he i ntroduction o f t he t echnique. T he I ron f astenings w ere p erhaps u sed a s a n a id f or a ttaching t he f rames t o t he s trakes w hilst t he t reenail h oles w ere b eing b ored w ith a n a uger. ' Only a s mall s ample o f w hat m ight h ave b een c aulking w as r ecovered. I f t he v essel was n ew, t he c ombination o f w ood a nd i ron f astenings a nd c arefully-fitted p lank e dges w ould a void t he n eed f or m uch c aulking. I f t he v essel w as o ld and i ron f astenings h ad b een u sed t o s upplement t he w ooden o nes, o ne w ould e xpect t o f ind h eavy c aulking. T he i ron f astenings d o n ot s eem t o b e c lose e nough t o t he p lank e dges t o b e a ssociated w ith e xternal s eam b attens' ( see p . 2 3). O n C W11, o n t he i nner s urface, t races o f t ar-luting w ere p lanking.

f ound

i n t he a rea where

t he

f rames

l ay a gainst

t he

T HE S URFACE S CATTER T he p ositions

o f

a ll t he t imbers p lotted i n

1 976 a re

i n r elation t o t he s ubsequently u ncovered s tructure. P lanking : F rames:

1 0,

1 1,

2 4,

2 9,

3 7,

8 5.

1 ,

4 ,

9 ,

1 3,

1 5,

1 6,

1 9,

4 5.

F loor T imbers:5,

3 2,

4 7.

N aturally-grown T imbers:

3 4

4 8,

6 2.

s hown i n f igure 9

T ab le 1 :

C attewater w reck:

s cant ling s izes ( given i n c ms/ inches).

K ee l t op

m ax. w idth

d epth

2 1.5(8 .4"+)

2 7 .0/30.0?(10.6/ 11.8)

3 0.0/34.5?

( 1 1.8/ 13.5)

K ee l? O bserved o n s ite i n 1 973 2 2.0(8 .7)

2 7 .0(10.6)

G arboard S trakes

3 4.5(13.6)

( G.S.) t op

i nside

G S 1

1 7.0(6.8)

2 4.0(9 .4)

G S2

1 6 .5/ 18.0(6.47/7.0)

1.0/ 12.0(4.3/4.7)

F loor T imbers ( F) w idth F 2

1 9.4/20 .0(7.6/7.8)

d epth ?

F 3

2 0.0(7.8)

?

F 4

1 9.0/21.0(7.5/8 .2)

?

F 5

1 8.5(7.3)

?

F 6

1 7.0(6.6)

?

F 7

1 8.0/ 19.0(7/7.5)

?

F 8

?

?

F 13

2 1.0(8.24)

?

F 14

2 1.0(8.2)

?

F 15

1 8.0(7.0)

2 1.0(8.2)

F 16

2 0.0/21.5(7.2/8.4)

?

F 17

2 0.0(7.8)

?

F 18

2 1.0(8.2)

?

F 19

?

?

F 20

?

?

F 2 1

?

?

F 22

1 6.0/ 18 .0(6.3/7.0)

?

F 23

1 9 .0(7.5)

?

F 24

?

?

F 25

c .15.0(5.9)

?

F 26

?

?

m ax w idth

1 0 .0(3.9)

I nner P lanking ( p.) w idth

t hickness

p l

t oo a braded

3 .0(1.2)CW472

p 2

2 8 .5(11.2+ )

3 .0(1.2)

P3

1 5.0(5.9+)

?

p 4

3 0.0(11.7)

4 .0(1.6)

P5

3 5.0(13.8)

4 .8(1.9)

p 6

?

?

P7

3 9.0/41.0(15.3/ 16.1)

5 .0/5.5(2.0/2.2)

p 8

2 5.0/ 16 .0(9.8/ 10.2)

6 .0/2.4

P9

3 2.0(12.6)

3 .0(1.2)

p 10

2 0 .0/21.0(7.8/8.2)

3 .0(1.2)

p ll

?

?

p 12

?

?

p 13

c .37 .0(14.5)

5 .5/6.0(2.2/2.4)

p 14

?

3 .5(1.4)

P1 5

2 7.0(10.6)

6 .0(2.4)

O uter P lanking ( P) w idth

t hickness

P 1

2 2.0+(8.6)

6 .0(2.4)

P 2

1 6 .0(6.3)

?

P 3

2 2.5(8.8)

?

P 4

1 6 .0(6.3)

?

P 5

2 7.0(10.6)

7

P 6

2 6 .0(10 .2)

?

P 7

3 1.0(12.2)

6 .5(2.6)

P 8

2 9 .3(11.5)

?

P 9

2 7.0(10 .6)

6 .0(2.4)

P 10

2 2.0+(8.6)

5 .5/6.0(2.2/2.4)

P ll

3 5.57(13.9 )

6 .0(2.4)

P 12

3 6 .0(14.2)

?

P 13

3 0.0(11.8)

?

P 14

3 5.0(13.7)

?

P 15

3 0 .0/32.0(11.8/ 12.6)

5 .0/6.0(2.0/2.4)

2 6 .0728 .0(10 .2)11.0)

8 .0(3.1)

P 16

2 4.0(9.4)

6 .0(2.4)

P 17

2 5.0(9.8)

?

T reenails 2 .7/2.8(1.0/ 1.1)

3 6

F uttocks

( f.) w idth

t hickness

f . 1

1 9.0/ 19.5(7.5/7.6)

f .2

2 3.0(9.0)

1 4.0/ 16 .0(5.5/6 .3) 1 5.5/ 16.0(6.1/6.3)

f .3

1 8.0/ 19.0(7/7.5)

1 5.0/ 16.0(5.9/6 .3)

f .4

1 7 .0/ 19.0(6.6/7.5)

1 6 .0/ 19.0(6.3/7.5)

f .5

1 9.0/20.0(7.5/7.8)

1 5.0(5.9)

f .6 f .7

2 0.0(7.8)

f . 15

1 3.0(5.1)

f . 16

1 4.0(5.4)

f .17

1 6 .0(6.3)

f . 18

1 6 .5(6.5)

1 4 .0(5.5)

f . 19

1 4.0(5.5)

1 .20

1 4.0(5.5)

1 9 .0(7.5)

f .2 1

2 1.0(7.1)

1 9 .0(7.5)

f .22

1 2.0end(4.7)

f .23

1 6 .0/ 18.0(6.3/7.1)

f .24

1 6.0/ 18.0(6.3/7.1)

f .25

1 6.5/ 17.5(6.5/6.9)

f .26

1 9 .0(7.5)

f .27

1 9 .0/21.0(7.5/8.2)

f .28

1 8 .0(7.1)

1 9 .0(7.5)

1 9 .8(7.8)

M isce llanea ( m.) T hickness

w idth

l ength

m l

?

9 .5(3.7)

?

m 2

?

5 .0(2.0)

?

m 3

2 .0(0.8)

2 2.0(8.6)

3 3.0(12.9)

m 4

4 .0(1.6)

2 3 .0(9.0)

3 2.0(12.6)

m 5

?

2 0 .0(7.8)

?

m 6

3 .0(1.2)

2 2.0(8.6)

3 6 .0(14.1)

m 7

2 .5(1.0)

?

?

m 8

2 .5(1.0)

?

?

m 9

6 .0(2.4)

8 .0(3.1)

?

S plinters:

8 , 1 7, 2 1, 3 1, 3 3, 8 1, 8 2 , 8 3, 8 4.

3 6,

3 8,

3 9,

4 2 ,

5 3,

5 4,

5 7,

5 8,

5 9,

6 0 ,

P ractically a ll s howed t he v iolent f racture a ssociated with d redger d amage.

N o.

4 7 w as s ubsequently r aised

( below,

4 70) a nd a long w ith m any o f

t he a bove p robably o riginated f rom t he a rea n orth o f F 15 ( Fig. 1 0). An a ttempt h as b een m ade t o s uperimpose t he 1 973 p lan g iven i n t he N ational M aritime M useum Monograph ( Carpenter e t a l, 1 974, F ig. 2 ) on t o t he n ew s urvey, m aking t he a ssumption t hat t he c luster o f p arallel t imbers w est o f t he s extant f ix c orrespond w ith f loor F 9-F15 a s s een s oon a fter t he i nitial d iscovery. T he d redger w as o n a w esterly h eading w hen s he s truck ( Bax a nd T urner, 1 976). T he l ength o f k eel r eported i n 1 974 c orresponds w ith t he l ength m issing n orth o f F 17, s uggesting t hat a f urther 2 .0m o f s tructure s urvived n orth o f F26 b efore 1 973. T he r e-plotted position o f t he k eel c orresponds w ith a w estward d redger a ttack, a s d oes t he k eelson p osition , w hich m ust o riginally h ave l ain t o t he n orth o f F 18. T his a grees w ith t he d irection o f t he f ractured e nds P 1-P3, p 5 a nd p 7, and G S2, all p ulled w estward.

O ther F ragments C W78 4 70

( Fig.

9 ,

n o.

F loor t imber,

4 7;

1 4)

s imilar t o t hose d escribed above,

f ound on i ts s ide i n

l ayer 1 0 a bove F 16-F17. T eredo d amage o n i ts w est end, a s in a ll t he i n s itu f loor t imbers s uggesting t ogether w ith i ts b road p rofile t hat i t h ad n ot t ravelled f ar b efore c oming t o r est i n i ts r ecorded p osition, f act f orm p art o f t he a bsent F 16.

a nd m ay i n

C W73 3 4 a nd C W73 3 5 T wo f rames r aised i n M arine D ock, M ountbatten.

1 973

K nee

1 5)

( CW76 3 6

:F igs.

9 a nd

b ut unfortunately l ost d uring s torage a t

This t imber w as uncovered i n l ayer 1 0 ( position shown i n Fig. 9 ) and r aised d uring t he 1 976 e xpedition. The knee i s f ormed f rom a n aturally c urved p iece o f t imber, m ost p robably a b ranch, w ith a l arge w aney a rea o ver i ts s urface. A t t he c entre, o n b oth s ides, w as f ound t races o f l uting. The t imber h ad o nly b een r oughly d ressed, e xcept f or t he a ngle w here t he n atural c urve h ad b een c ut t o f orm a f lat s urface. On t he o uter s ide a m ortice had b een c ut, 1 9/21cm x 5 cm x 3 cm,

t o r ecieve a b eam o r s tringer.

Treenails a long o ne

s ide s how t hat i t w as f astened a long t his a rm t o t he f rame, the o ther a rm b eing b olted t o t he b eam w ith m etal b olts.

3 8

T reenails d iameter = 2 .9/3.0cm.

C HRONOLOGY T he d ating o f t he s hip and h er s inking r emains a pproximate i n v iew o f t he l imited n ature o f t he e xamination. On t he b asis o f t he a vailable e vidence, a l ikely d ate r ange f or t he s inking i s c . A .D. 1 500-1550 ( perhaps in t he y ears a round A .D. 1 530). Any f uture i nvestigation o f t he s ite s hould p ay p articular a ttention t o r ecovering d atable m aterial a nd r efining t his c hronology. To s ummarise: 1 )

T he

c alibrated

r adiocarbon

r ange

i s

A .D.

1 420-1600

( Har 3310)

u sing

1

S D. D endrochronological c ross-matching o f t he k eelson w ith k nown t ree r ing c hronologies a ppeared t o m atch i n t wo p laces, g iving d ates f or t he o uter r ings o f 1 454 o r 1 457, b ut t hese w ere u nacceptable w hen l ooked a t v isually ( Appendices 2 , 3 ). 2 )

T he h ull i s s keleton-built, w ith n o s ign o f r efit f rom c linker.

3 )

T he k eelson i s p aralleled b y t hose o n t he W oolwich s hip a nd o n Rye V essel ' A', w hich h ave b een d ated t o t he e arly 1 6th c entury. T he M ary R ose k eelson, 1 10).

4 )

t hough l arger, a lso d isplays s imilarities ( Rule,

1 982,

A ll t hree g uns a re o f s imilar e arly c omposite i ron c onstruction, w ould have c entury ( p.

b een c onsidered a ntiquated 6 0 f or d iscussion).

o n

w arships

b y

t he

and

m id-16th

5 )

T he s ecurely s tratified p ottery f rom t he s hip b allast i s p aralleled b y m aterial f rom c ellar d eposits i n L ondon d ated c . 1 495-1530 ( Fig. 3 9).

6 .

T he l eather p urse

( Fig.

b y r olling b allast,e

4 2),

f ound p inned a gainst a f uttock i n t he h ull

i s o f Tudor p attern.

A s imilar e xample c an b een

s een on t he wooden c arving o f a f armer w ith y oung p ig b y N iclaus Hagenower d ated t o t he end o f t he 1 5th c entury ( in Badisches L andesmuseum , K arlsruhe). T he o ther s tratified l eather f inds r ange i n d ate f rom 1 490-1530.

F UNCTIONAL ARRANGEMENT W ITHIN T HE S HIP N o internal d ivisions w ere uncovered i n t he l imited a rea a vailable, e ither f or r etaining b allast o r c reating s eparate w ork a reas, a nd t he impression g iven i s t hat b allast m ay h ave r un r ight t hrough t he s hip f rom b ow t o s tern a s h igh a s t he u pper l imit o f t he c eiling p lanking a nd f illing p ieces, w ith s torage a nd l iving q uarters e ither i mmediately a bove, o r o ver some f orm o f t emporary f looring. W hile m ost o f t he h eavy b allast s tones were f ound a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he v essel i n Area B , t he p resence o f s imilar s tones a midships ( Fig. 2 2) d oes n ot s uggest a c ompletely f ree a rea around t he m ast s tep f or s torage, and b allast m ay h ave s urrounded t he c entral swelling o f t he k eelson, s eparated f rom t he m ast b y a b ox-like s tructure a s i n t he c ase o f t he Trinidad V alencera ( Martin, 1 975). The l arge q uantities

o f

g ravel

e mployed

w ould

h ave

c oncealed

t he

c ondition

o f

t he t imbers b elow. T he s tacked b arrel s taves i ndicate a n e conomic a nd s ensible u tilisation o f h old s pace, b y s toring c asks i n ' knocked d own' c ondition, a s r ecently

3 9

o bserved o n t he B asque whaler ( R. G renier,

p ers.

c omm.;

F ig. 5 4).

T he

r ubbish w ithin t he b allast g ravel, i ncluding c harred a nd waste w ood, m ay r epresent t he p roducts o f v arious o nboard a ctivities i n and a round t he g alley a nd h old, r ather t han m aterial i mported w ith t he g ravel w hen p laced a board. S traw r ecovered f rom t he b allast d eposit m ay c ome f rom b edding o r p acking m aterial, a s o n t he M ary R ose ( Rule, 1 982 , 1 97). T he p resence o f t iles m ust i ndicate t he p roximity o f t he g alley o r ' cook r oom' t hat f requently l ay o n t he b allast i n t he h old. B esides m aking i t h ot, t hereby i ncreasing t he unpleasantness o f w orking a bove g ravel, s oaked in b ilge w ater, d raining a nd w aste, t he g alley h earth w as a f requent f ire h azard.

4 0

4 .

T HE F INDS

T hese are d escribed b y m aterial.

W ooden a rtifacts a re g rouped i nto

p ersonal objects, a nd e xtraneous i tems a ssociated w ith t he s hip s uch a s w edges a nd s taves. I n a ll t he f ollowing d escriptions t he f irst n umber r efers t o t he i llustration , f ollowed i n b rackets q uoted e lsewhere p receded b y C W), a nd c ontext.

b y c atalogue n umber ( where

D ating e vidence, w hen a pplicable, i s d iscussed a t t he e nd o f e ach s ection , t ogether w ith a n a ssessment o f t he o rigin o f i nsecurely s tratified a rtifacts. A ll f inds

( including i n

s itu t imbers) h ave b een c atalogued w ith o ne

c onsecutive n umber s equence, c ross-referenced t o t he f inder's l og s heet. T he f inds and t he s ite r ecords a re h oused a t P lymouth C ity M useum a nd Art G allery. L ine d rawings a re b y t he a uthor u nless s tated o therwise.

W ORKED W OOD

2 4 a nd 2 5;

( Figs.

1 .

( 166; l ayer 5 ) 3 8.2cm.

2 .

( 363;

N otched l ength o f s oft w ood,

l ayer 5 )

? rope h andle.

H alf

o f

f unction u nknown.

( 165;

l ayer 4 )

4 .

( 129;

l ayer 5 ) K eg e nd.

B arrel e nd,

C f.

L ength

a t urned b ucket l id w ith 2 p erforations f or a

T hree s mall n ail s hafts i n o ne s ide.

3 .

1 7.0/20.0cm.

s ee A ppendix 7 f or s pecie i dentification).

r e-used

( saw m arks).

D iameter D iameter c .

B evelled e dge o n b oth s ides.

P latt a nd C oleman-Smith,

1 975,

5 .

( 336;

l ayer 5 )

6 .

( 345;

l ayer 1 ) S mall p eg/bung.

7 .

( 154;

8 .

( Unstratified)

P eg ,

9 .

( 122;

l ayer 5 )

P eg w ith c rudely r ounded e nd.

1 0.

( 338;

l ayer 5 )

S mall w edge.

1 1.

( 220;

l ayer 5 )

L arge w edge,

1 2.

( 308;

l ayer 5 )

1 3.5cm. 2 6.0cm

D iameter c .

f igure 2 30 n o.

1 657-59.

L arge b ung. M aximum d iameter 8 .8 c m .

l ayer 5 )

B ung,

C ork,

V ery w orn s urface,

p itted a long g rain.

m aximum d iameter 4 .5cm.

v ery s mooth s urface.

E nd m issing. L ength 7 .5cm.

p erhaps f or s tacking b arrels i n h old.

r oughly s haped.

B urnt n arrow e nd,

l uting?

o n

o ther e nd. 1 3.

( 334;

l ayer

5 )

W orked

a bove l eather p urse 1 4.

( 152;

1 5.

( 152;

l ayer 5 ) l ayer 5 )

f ragment w ith

( see F ig.

W aste c hip:

s mall p erforation,

f ound

l ying

4 3). o ne o f m any m ixed i n w ith t he b allast.

C harred l og e nd,

p resumably f rom g alley h earth.

4 1

�

Chalk

■

Flint

D

Other Stone

0

Pottery

0

Tripod PitchP.r

0

Leather

6,

Tile

I

e ce e

J

I

Only a ver y limited area was 22. The dis t rib ution of finds. completely examined down to pre-wreck sediments. Num bers within the symbols refer to CW find regis ter numbers (also given in find

_____

...__\

1

{

0

Wood (,:;,.sample)

0

Metal

6

Bone

0

Stone

_Jm.

23. Distribution of finds. 43

1

3

2 eee .e lmegete iei Meg ik

4

8

1 6

1 4

1 3

1

2 4. W orked w ood

4 4

( 1:4).

0

1 : 2

s taves ( 1:10).

-0

a l

7 ( ,

- -\_ .

-

4 5

1 6. 1 7.

( 127;

l ayer 5 )

( 312;

l ayer

W orked p iece o f w aste.

4/ 5

)

P arrell t ruck,

d iameter

1 2.1cm.

( Figs. 1 7, 2 7) b etween I P8 and o uter p lanking. r ope a nd r ibs, t hey f ormed a c ollar ( parrell) f or

F ound i nside b owl When t hreaded w ith t he e asy r aising a nd

l owering o f a y ard u p a nd d own t he m ast. T here a re m any a rrangments o f p arrell t rucks, a nd t his e xample n eed n ot h ave b een f or a l ower y ard ( as i n F ig. 2 6, n o. 1 7B). I t i s l athe t urned, a nd i ts p erforation h as a s light c entral r estriction. 1 8 & 1 9.

( 127 and 1 44; l ayer 3 )

o ne w ith a s welling a t h ead, 2 0 & 2 1.

( 428 and 4 27;

Two t ree n ails, f aceted a nd h and c arved, t he o ther w ith n ail i mpression a t h ead.

l ayer 8 ;

F ig.

2 5)

E ight b arrel s taves,

f ound

s tacked b etween f 25, f 26 a nd f 27 i n t wo g roups o f f our. A t l east t wo b arrels a re r epresented t o j udge f rom t he d istance b etween t he g rooves:

T able 2

B arrel s tave d imensions.

N o.

L ength

G roove D istance

T hickness

W ood

2 0a

1 16.5cm

1 16.5cm +

1 .0cm

P ine

2 0b

1 19.5cm

1 10.3cm

1 .2-1.8cm

O ak

2 0c

1 19.5cm

1 06.8cm

1 .0-2.0cm

O ak

2 0d

1 14.5cm

1 06.5cm

1 .5cm

P ine

2 1a

1 03.0cm +

-

1 .5cm

P ine

2 1b

9 0.5cm

-

1 .5cm

P ine

2 1c

8 6.5cm

-

1 .0cm

P ine

-

P ine

2 1d

T hese d imensions c ompare w ith b arrels r ecently e xcavated f rom t he M ary R ose ( 120.0cm l ong, d iameter c . 6 0cm : M iss A . W ilkes, p ers. c omm.).

2 2.

2 3.

( 233; l ayer 5 ) H alf a k nife h andle, h exagonal w hen c omplete, w ith b rass s trips. B lade m issing , S oft w ood. ( 385;

l ayer

5 )

K nife

h andle,

b lade

c orroded

c ompletely

i nlaid

a way.

T wo

w ooden s ide p ieces f astened e ither s ide o f b lade b y f ive i ron t acks. B rass l ined s uspension h ole a t o ne e nd. N otches i ndicated o riginal p osition o f 2 4.

( 376;

? iron a round b oth e nds.

l ayer

3 )

S quare

s topper.

G rain

r unning

h ead-end,

n ot

t ransversely. 2 5.

( 223; l ayer 5 ) Marlinspike o r s imilar; h ard wood. C f. P latt a nd C oleman-Smith , 1 975, F ig. 2 48, 1 933 f or a n e xample i n b one.

4 6

18

19

26 ®

47

_8

25

24

i!l,ii.1 1,"1 ::,!\

28

I' i'I

�

, :Mt iil1�l11

� - ·1�r 30

29

o

�

34

. . ._-_/:.. �r····

33

32

0_U

36

. 37i;ff!J;,,

35

39

· ;;.

Cl

/./

I:

0 -- .: -

26. Wooden artifacts, bronze (29-31) and lead (32-39).

47

All 1 :4.

2 6.

( 334;

l ayer 5 )

S hort

l ength o f

r ound c ross-section ,

i nitially t hought

t o r esemble a n a rrow s haft: wood i dentification a s i nvalidates s uggestion. S hown a s f ound i n F ig. 4 3 ( c). 2 7.

( 313; t ruck

l ayer 4 /5) ( above, 1 7).

2 8.

( 199; l ayer 3 ) C omb, s oft w ood, c . t hird m issing : P latt a nd C oleman-Smith, F ig. 2 29, 1 641).

B RASS A ND L EAD

( Fig.

T urned b owl,

Prunus

s p.

f ound b eneath I P8 t ogether w ith p arrell

d rawn b y N .

M orse.

2 6)

M etal i dentifications b y D r.

D .

S hort,

u sing t he s park t est f or t he

f ollowing e lements : T i, V , Ma, F e, N i, C o, S i, G e, S n, Pb, A l, Zn, A g, C d, H f, N b, T a, B , C a, I n, T i, Mg, C a, S r, B a. This f ailed t o d etect t race e lements. C orrosion h ad r emoved a ll z inc f rom t he b rass. B rass 2 9.

( 163;

l ayer 4 )

L ace e nd o r p in s heath/point p rotector, r olled f rom

s heet o f b rass, C u. s ewing i nto g arments

S lightly t apered, w ith h ole i n o ne s ide, f or ( if p in s heath). P ins w ould f asten t he c lothing

w ith t he p oint i nserted i nto t he s heath ( Webb, 3 0.

( 173;

l ayer 4 )

h ead r emained. 3 1.

P in s haft. S tiff b rass,

1 973,

W hen f irst f ound, p ossibly w rought.

( 420; l ayer 3 ) D ouble s ided s hoe: p robably f rom a b elt, C u.

p late 8 a nd p .74).

t races o f wound w ire

C u.

' spectacle' b uckle.

T oo l arge f or a

L ead 3 2.

3 3.

( 178; l ayer 4 ) D iameter 1 6cm . ( 283;

L ead b all, d impled s urface. W eight 2 3.3 g/0.82oz. P lain s hot ( Cf. M ary R ose t ype 1 ; R ule, 1 982, 1 64).

l ayer 4 )

? Fishing w eight

( with h ole

f or n ow a bsent

s uspension

l oop) o r w ire-linked s hot ( cf. M artin, 1 975, W eddle and A rnold, F ig. 3 5a; R ule, 1 982 , 1 64). W eight 5 1.6g/1.82oz. 3 4. 3 5.

( 121;

l ayer 4 )

( 259;

l ayer 5 )

1 978,

W aste. W aste.

P b and u nidentified e lement, f ound b etween

i nner p lank e dges. 3 6.

( 398;

l ayer

3 )

L ead

b all.

P b,

S n.

W eight

1 1.4g/0.402oz,

d iameter

1 .3cm. 3 7.

( 362;

l ayer 3 )

S poon-shaped o bject, a pparently made o f t wo p ieces

j oined t ogether w here t he h andle 3 8.

( 393;

l ayer 1 0)

W aste.

j oins

t he b owl.

P b.

W ood f ibres t rapped i n t he f lat u nderside o f

t he s pecimen. D ifferent s urface a ppearance t o 3 4 o r 3 5, a f lat w ooden s urface, e g. p lanking. 3 9.

( ?1973; u nstratified)

L ead s heet.

4 8

f ormed a gainst

F irearms i n t he 1 6th c entury h ad n o f ixed b ore l engths and i t w as n ot until t he b eginning o f t he 1 7th c entury t hat m ilitary a uthorities b egan t o a chieve s ome f orm o f s tandardisation. I n 1 630 c alibres w ere d ecreed b ut not n ecessarily i nstituted, a nd b efore t his d ate t hey c an o nly b e d escribed as v arying c onsiderably ( Blackmore, p ers. c omm.). T he s ize o f t he l ead s hot c annot t herefore h elp d ate t he w reck, b ut s imilar b ores a re k nown f rom t he M ary R ose ( Rule , 1 982 , 1 64) a nd S anta M aria ( Martin , 1 975, 1 56). T he l atter a lso p roduced a m atchlock a rquebus o f 0 .5 i ns/1.25cm b ore, f iring a 1 /2oz b all. M ost o f t he l ead w aste had d ropped i n a m olten s tate o n t o s hip's timbers, where i t h ad c ooled l eaving a c lear g rain i mpression o n t heir undersides. S hot m ay h ave b een c ast o n b oard, r esulting i n s pillage, o r alternatively t his m ay i ndicate t hat f ire h ad c ontributed t o t he s hip's d estruction.

THE O RDNANCE No.

1( Figs.

2 7-32).

T he b est p reserved g un, i t i s m ore o r l ess c omplete, w ith o nly a s mall s ection o f c hain m issing f rom t he w edge k ey w hich k eeps t he b reech c hamber p iece i n p lace, a nd s ome s evere e rosion o f i ts w ooden b ed. T he b ed o f o ak ( Quercus s p.: Ancient Monuments L aboratory ( A.M.L.) Report N o. 2 733: K eepax, ' Identification o f w ood; C attewater, P lymouth), h ad b een c arefully t renched t o r eceive t he b arrel w ith i ts i ron c ollars. T he s urviving r ectangular b lock w as 1 88cm i n l ength. M ost o f i ts u pper s urface had b een l owered c . 3 .5cm e xcept f or a 4 6cm p latform a t t he r ear. S ections had b een c ut i n t he f ront p art t o s upport t he b arrel a nd i ts r etaining r ings in a n eat m anner t o h elp a bsorb r ecoil. A s mall v ertical s tep w as l eft a t the r ear and r einforced w ith i ron s trapping n ailed a long t he w idth o f t he b ed a nd a long t he t wo s ides o f t he c hamber r ecess. T his s trengthened t he rear a butment f or t he i ron c hamber p iece a nd w edge k ey which w as f orced between t he b ack e nd o f t he c hamber a nd t he w ooden s tep i n o rder t o d rive t he c hamber m outh r ightly i nto t he b reech e nd o f t he b arrel. A d ovetailed m etal i nsert ( missing w hen t he g un w as r ecovered) p latform t o t ake t he f riction o f t he w edge k ey.

w as

a dded

t o

t he

s tepped

T he u pper e dges o f t he b ed h ad b een b evelled a nd t he m uzzle e nd c ut a t an a ngle o f 4 0 d egrees w ith t he t op s urface o f t he b ed, g iving i t a p ointed a ppearance. O ff-centre a nd l ow d own , a h orizontal h ole p assed t hrough t he b ed. A s lightly l onger s tock a t t he n ow m uch d amaged b reech e nd o f t he b ed would p lace t his h ole n earer t he p oint o f b alance, a nd i t a ppears l ikely t hat i t h oused a c ross b olt f or a s wivel h ead r ather t han w heel m ounts. T he b arrel,

w hich w as s urrounded b y r etaining r ings

1 .3 t o

1 .8cm i n

t hickness, w as 1 25cm l ong, t he o utside d iameter a t t he m uzzle w as a bout 7 cm , w ith a n e stimated b ore o f 5 .5cm. T he d istance b etween t he r etaining r ings r anged f rom 1 0.6 t o 1 3.5cm. A s light t aper i n t he o utside d iameter increasing f rom t he b reech t o t he m uzzle w as d etectable a nd c ould b e t he r esult o f t he p oor c ondition o f t he i ronwork. i ts w ooden b ed a nd w as r einforced b y t wo r ings, o f a n e lementary f oresight. w ith a n e xtra o verlaid c ollar

The m uzzel p rotruded f rom t he e nd o ne s howing t races

T he b reech e nd o f t he t ube h ad b een p rovided 1 .0-1.5cm t hick a nd 6 .5cm w ide ( Fig. 3 0), t o

4 9

V, 0

J_

�

//

,;!';,.c� 12 18

)-

.a

24 ins

-.,-c

-0 ,-

-r�iJ 10

20

30

40

50

�

60c m

by J.C. Thorn

(Ancient Monuments Laboratory, Crown Copyright).

\ � �

b

Mens e1 Del J,imps C Thorn

-- -

----

27. Side and top view of the complete swivel gun assembly (CW6), drawn

·· i-®'-

CATTEWATER WRECK.

a

2 8.

T he

t hree g un a ssemblies

( CW4,

5 ,

6 ) a s r ecovered f rom t he

s ite.

Upper s urface o f t he l arger, a lmost c omplete g un ( c) c overed b y a t hick, f ine, h ard c oncreted d eposit w ith s hingle i nclusions. L engths: a ) 1 .46m, L aboratory,

b ) 1 .50m, c ) 2 .12m. C rown C opyright).

( Photograph:

Ancient M onuments

2 9.

T I ,e c omplete

( photograph:

g un

( CW6)

a fter

t he

A ncient M onuments L aboratory,

r emoval

o f

i ts

c oncretion

C rown C opyright).

3 0.

T op

v iew o f

e nd

o f

b reech b arrel

( gun

s howing a s ide v iew o f t he p owder c hamber

1 ) a nd

( right) X -radiograph

( top-side d otted i n)

a nd

i ts

p osition i n t he r ecess f ormed b y i nner b arrel a nd r einforce s leeve ( photographs: A ncient Monuments Laboratory, C rown C opyright; Xr adiograph c ourtesy o f N .D.T.

D ept.,

H .M. N aval B ase,

D evonport).

3 1. X -radiograph t aken a t

9 0° t o v ertical

b arrel

t he

( gun

1 )

s howing

j oins

o f

( side v iew)

i nner

c urved

o f m uzzle e nd o f s trips

( white

l ines). T he o utline o f t he e nd o uter s leeve c an b e s een ( photograph: A ncient M onuments L aboratory, C rown C opyright; b y c ourtesy o f N .D.T. D ept. H .M.

3 2.

A s

N aval

F ig.

B ase,

3 1,

s een

M onuments L aboratory, N aval B ase,

D evonport).

a t

8 0

°

t o

v ertical

C rown C opyright;

D evonport).

( photograph:

c ourtesy o f N .D.T.

Ancient D ept.

H .M.

3 3.

1 :1

r econstruction o f

t he c omplete b reech-loading s wivel g un

f rom

t he C attewater w reck,

f ashioned i n t he s ame m aterials b y A ustin C .

C arpenter

A .C.

( photograph:

C arpenter).

CATTE WATER WRECK .

f or m etallurgical

c \ I

5 6

r einforce t he m outh o f t he b reech a nd t o a ccommodate t he m outh o f t he c hamber p iece; t his w hole f abricated t ube i s s ecured t o i ts b ed b y ? iron r etaining s traps c ontoured t o t he t ube and d ressed a round t he b ed b eing s ecurely n ailed. A f ourth s haped f orged p late, p laced c lose t o t he b reech e nd, w as a ttached t o t he t op o f t he b ed b y t wo l arge b olts, t he h eads b eing a bout 3 .6cm w ide. T he c hamber p iece,

s till i n p osition , w as f orged f rom a s olid b illet o f

w rought i ron, t apered i n l ength w ith a n o pen e nd d ressed e xternally t o f it t he b arrel m outh a t i ts b reech e nd. T he v isible p art m easured 2 3.7cm , a nd i ts handle was o riginally c omplete b eneath t he c oncretion, w elded a t i ts r ear e nd o nly a nd l ying f lat a gainst t he t op o f t he w ooden b ed. T he t ouch h ole, u ppermost o n t he l eft o f t he h andle a ttachment, w as f illed w ith f ibrous h emp c ordage i nserted i n t he t ouch h ole t o k eep t he r eady l oaded p owder c hamber d ry f rom t he e lements o f s ea s pray a nd s alt a ir. A t apered i ron w edge, 1 t o 2 cm t hick a nd 3 6cm i n l ength, h eld t he c hamber i n p osition a nd w as i nserted b etween t he e nd o f t he c hamber a nd t he r ear i ron s trapping s urrounding t he c hamber r ecess. Two i ron c hain l inks a ttached t o t he w idest s ection o f t he w edge s urvived. O ne o f t he c entral b inding r ings h ad a n e ye t o c arry a l oose r ing ( exterior d iameter c . 1 1cm, t hickness 1 .31 .6cm). I n v iew o f t he w eaker n ature o f t he c omposite b arrel c onstruction a nd t he o ff-centre p osition o f t his r ing, i t m ay p rimarily h ave b een f or l ashing t he g un d own r ather t han h auling a nd s linging t he p iece o nboard ( two m en c ould e asily m anoeuvre t he r eplica: f rontispiece).

N o.

2a nd 3 ( Figs.

2 8 a nd 3 4).

T he p recise p osition o f t hese f ragmentary g uns b efore r ecovery a re unknown, b ut t he s imilarities i n s tate o f p reservation a nd n ature o f c overing c oncretion w ith t he a bove g un s uggest t hey c ame f rom t he s ame a rea. B oth e xamples h ave l ost t heir f ront s ections, t hrough d redger d amage, a nd o nly t he b reech e nds s urvive, o ne w ith a f ragment o f t apering b reech p iece c orroded i n p lace. T he r ear e nd o f t he b ed o f g un N o. 2 d isplays c onsiderable d ecay a nd t eredo d amage u p t o t he l imit o f t he p rotective c oncretion , s uggesting t hat p art, t he s ea-bed p rior t o d iscovery.

4 0.

( 450;

l ayer 3 ;

F igs.

2 3,

3 6,

a t

l east,

o f

t he a ssembly p rojected

f rom

3 7).

W rought i ron b reech c hamber r etaining s hort w ooden p lug ( beech) w hich s till k ept t he c harge i n p lace, a nd would h ave p romoted c ombustion b y p acking t he p owder g rains t ogether. P oint o f a ttachment f or t he m issing h andle v isible. T he c hamber h as p arallel s ides ( unlike t he a bove e xamples, w hich t aper t owards t he b reech), w ith a r eduction a t t he m outh w here i t s lid i nto t he b arrel e nd. T he t ouch h ole i s o n t he o ther s ide o f t he h andle t o t hat i n t he c omplete g un, a nd t here d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a ny r uling a bout i ts p osition. A s mall t wist o f h emp r emained i n t he t ouch h ole ( for p owder a nalysis s ee A ppendix 4 ).

C onstruction A fter t he i nitial c leaning o f t he g uns i t was h oped t o e stablish t he c onstruction t echniques f or t he b arrels b ut v isual s urface e xamination w as u ninformative d ue t o c orrosion o f w rought i ron. X -radiography o n s ections

5 7

3 5. A s wivel g un i n a ction.

5 8

T ab le 3 . C hamber a nd c harge v o lumes f or t he C ast le R ising a nd C attewater g uns.

C ast le R ising

C attewater

C arbon f ound

1 4.0 g .

2 2.0 g .

C harge c a lcu lated

9 5 g ./4 o z.

1 50 g ./6 o z.

1 82 c c .

2 15 c c .

f rom c arbon C hamber v o lume

o f t he b arrels,

p rovided e vidence o f a t wo p art i nner t ube which w as held

t ogether b y o uter i ron s leeves a nd r ings ( Figs. 3 1, 3 2). T he i nner b arrel w as c onstructed o f a t l east t wo i ron c urved s trips, b utted t ogether a nd h eld b y n ine r ings a nd n ine s leeves, t hus f orming a s implified v ersion o f t he s tave a nd h oop c onstruction o f l arger o rdnance. W elds

i n t he

o uter

i ron

s leeves

c ould n ot

b e

c onfidently

d etected

b ut

i t w as c lear t hat t he j oins o f t he t wo i nner t ube p lates w ere p ositioned h orizontally, t hat i t a t a bout t he s ame l evel a s t he t op o f t he w ooden b ed. P roof w as n ot f ound t hat t he i nner c urved s tips w ere e ach m ade up f rom o ne ' barrel'

l ength p late a nd a p ossibility e xists

t hat

t he

t ube w as

m ade u p

o f

t wo o r m ore s ections e ach c omprised o f t wo s emi-circular s trips. This v iew , h owever , i s n ot s upported b y G amma r adiography o f s imilar b ut l arger g uns f rom t he M ary R ose w here t he i nner l ongitudinal s trip(s) a ppear t o b e m ade u p f rom o ne p iece c omm .).

( Chris O 'Shea,

C ity o f P ortsmouth M useums,

p ers.

A lthough b adly d amaged i t w as c lear t hat g uns N o. 2 a nd 3 r etained t heir c entral s ections. T heir f orm o f c onstruction a ppeared t o b e i dentical t o t hat o f t he c omplete g un N o. 1 . F urther d etails o f t he w ork u ndertaken o n t hese i ncluding a p hotographic r ecord a re n oted i n an i nternal A ncient M onuments L aboratory r eport o n t he g uns ( A.M.L. R eport N o. 3 230).

D iscussion R ecorded ' data' o n t he c onstruction o f b uilt-up g uns o f t he l ate 1 5th e arly 1 6th c entury i ndicate t hat v arious m ethods w ere e mployed s uch a s t he s ingle w rapped f ire-welded c entral c ore t ube w ith v arious c ollars a nd r ings s hrunk o ver a nd a long i ts l ength , a nd t he s ystem u sed i n t he h eavier t ype o f g un w ith t he l ongitudinal b ars o f i ron l aid a long a nd a round a c entral c ore, w hich w as a lso r einforced b y t he s hrinking o n o f c ollars and r ings. S imilar X -radiographic p arallels t o t he s emi-cylindrical i nner s leeves b ound b y r ings a nd s leeves a re p rovided b y a b arrel r ecently f ound a t N ottingham C astle ( A. M acCormick, p ers. c omm .) a nd f ragments o f t wo e arly 1 5th c entury g uns f ound a t C ast R ising, N orfolk i n t he 1 9th c entury. ( Information o n t he C astle R ising g uns f rom an A .M.L. unpublished r eport 1 964, ' Two I ron G uns f rom C astle R ising' b y J .W. Anstey ( A.M.L. S ite N o. 6 5); f or i llustration o f g un A .M.L. 6 10399 a nd g un A .M.L. 6 10184 s ee Tout, 1 968, p lates 7 a nd 8 r espectively). I n t he l atter c ase t he c leaning o f a5 5cm l ength

o f

g un

( A.M.L.

6 10184)

d emonstrated

t hat

t he

i nner

t ube

was

c onstructed o f t hree s trips o f w rought i ron p lace a bout 2 .5cm i n t hickness e ach s trip b eing a ccurately e dge b utted t o i t n eighbour a nd with l ittle e vidence o f w elding, b razing o r s oldering. O uter s leeves w ere m ade o f 4 t o 5 mm p late w ith o ne l ap w elded j oin. A s imilar f orm o f c onstruction was a pparent i n t he o ther g un f ragment ( A.M.L. 6 10399) a lthough t he i nner b arrel w as m ade u p o f t wo i ron c urved s trips a bout 2 mm t hick ( Fig. 3 8). A g eneral c haracteristic w ith t hese t ypes

o f

g un

a ppears

t o

b e

t he

t apering o f t he r ear o f t he b eds o n t heir f our f aces, w hich g ives a b alanced o verall a ppearance a nd n o d oubt a ssisted i n h andling t hem w hen mounted a s s wivel g uns. T he m uzzel h as w hat s eems t o b e t he r emains o f a f oresight o n i ts

b inding

r ing.

C ontemporary

i llustrations

s how

s uch

p ieces

a bove

t he

b arrel m outh ( cf. P ageant o f t he B irth, L ife a nd D eath o f R ichard B eauchamp, E arl o f W arwick, 1 389-1439, i n D illon, 1 914) a nd s everal o f t he D anish A nholt

g uns

h ave

t riangular s ight

s imilar f oresights. ( MacCormick,

p ers.

T he N ottingham g un i s f itted w ith a

c omm.).

6 0

T he m uzzle o n a b reech l oading

—Wooden S toppe r

4 6 4 4 4 5

5 0

c r n .

3 6. O bjects o f

6 1

i ron

( 1:4).

g un n ow i n t he T ower o f London i s f orged w ith a p rominent f leur-de-lys p rojection t hat m ay h ave a cted a s a s ight ( Blackmore, 1 976, 5 6 N o. 1 9). T he r esult o f p owder a nalysis

f rom t he C astle R ising g un a nd t hat f rom

t he C attewater a re p resented i n T able 3 t o g ive p ossible p owder d ensities i n c omparison w ith m odern p owder. A rchival s ources q uoted b y W eddle a nd A rnold ( 1978, 2 48) m ention t hat t he c hambers o f w rought i ron b reech l oaders w ould b e f illed t o t hree f ifths o f i ts v olume w ith p owder, o ne f ifth t aken u p b y t he w ooden p lug ( soft w ood a s i n t he C attewater e xample t o a void b ursting). T he C attewater p lug w as v ery s hort, n ot e xtending f ar i nto t he c hamber a rea, and b y n o m eans t aking u p o ne f ifth o f i ts v olume. An a ttempt w as m ade t o c alculate t he l ikely c harge s ize b ased o n v arious p owder d ensities, b ut t he s uggested 0 .93g d ensity o n a t hree-quarter f ull i s b ased o n t oo s ketchy d ata f or r eliability. F ig. 3 5 g ives a c rude i mpression o f a s wivel i n u se.

c hamber

S panish f leet

o rders f or 1 597 w ere f or p owder a nd c harges t o b e k ept b elow i n t he b allast, e ach c artridge b eing n umbered t o c orrespond w ith i ts p iece ( Martin , 1 975, 2 21) s o t hat t he c hambers m ay have b een r echarged b elow d eck b eyond t he d angers o f a ccidental i gnition , a nd n ot d irectly a djacent t o t he g uns b eing f ired. T he o riginal s tock l ength o f t he C attewater s wivel m ay h ave b een a s l ong a s t hat i n t he Amsterdam S cheepvaart M useum. T he r eplica g un w as c onstructed b efore t he d evelopment o f X -radiographs s howing t he b arrel's i nner s leeve c onstruction w hen i t w as b elieved t hat t his p iece h ad a c entral f lat c oiled i ron t ube, e ach c oil f ire-welded g iving g reater s trength w ith t he f ibres o r g rain o f t he w rought i ron r unning a round t he t ube t han a s ingle w rapped l ongitudinal s traight j ointed w rought i ron s heet, t he e xternal c ollars a nd r ings b eing a lso o f c oiled f ire-welded i ron. F or t he r econstruction ( by A .C. C arpenter) t he f ire-welding w as s ubstituted b y m odern o xy-acetylene w elding O ther e xamples

( Fig.

3 3).

o f C attewater t ype g uns c an b e f ound a t a ) R oyal D anish

A rsenal ( with b ed); b ) Army M useum, S weden; c ) N ederlandsch H istorisch S cheepvaart M useum ( with b ed a nd s wivel m ount; d ) ' Rotunda', W oolwich; e ) T ruro M useum , C ornwall; f ) S t. M ichael's M ount ( Lord S t. L evan), C ornwall; g ) N ottingham C astle

( with i ron s traps:

r ecently e xcavated f rom a p re-Civil

W ar c ontext. I nformation f rom A lan M acCormick, N ottingham M useum a nd A .C. C arpenter). T he Anholt p arallels r aised f rom t he K attegat i n 1 847 c ame f rom a w reck n ow c onsidered t o b e l ate 1 5th c entury o r e arly 1 6th c entury ( Howard, p ers. c omm .), a nd t he w reck d iscovered i n 1 937 o ff a d ifferent p art o f t he i sland h ad s imilar g uns a s a rmament a nd c argo d ated b y a ssociated f inds t o c . 1 560 ( possibly f rom England). T he D anish g uns w ith b reech i ronwork p reserved h ad i ron p lates s et a gainst p reserve t he s tep f ace f rom d amage b y t he w edge.

t he s tep a t

t he

b utt

t o

S wivel g uns a ppear i n c ontemporary s hip r epresentations a nd c an b e s een, f or e xample,

o n t he m izzen t op o f t he c arvel-built

' Kraek' o f t he s econd

h alf o f t he 1 5th c entury d rawn b y ' W.A.' ( now i n t he A shmolean M useum, O xford : i llustrated i n H oward, 1 979, F ig. 1 ), a nd t he s ilver S chlüsselfelder N ef o f c . 1 503 ( also o n t he m izzen t op: s ee Oman, 1 963, p lates X V-XVII). S uch p ortable, l ight d efensive p ieces w ere n o d oubt positioned wherever r equired. A ccording t o M ainwaring ( 1644, 6 9) " small I ron o r B rass P eeces w ith C hambers" w ere u sed i n m erchantmen m ostly a t t he b ulkheads o f t he f orecastle h alf d ecks o r s teerage, b ut t hese g uns w ere p robably d ifferent t o t he C attewater e xamples.

6 2

3 7.

T he b reech c hamber r ecovered i n

1 978

a fter c leaning ( photograph:

M . R edknap).

3 8.

P art o f f ifteenth c entury g un f rom C astle R ising, Norfolk.

Two

s ections o f t he i nner b arrel a re c learly v isible, s urrounded b y r emains o f i ron o uter s leeves a nd r etaining r ings ( photograph: A ncient M onuments L aboratory,

C rown C opyright).

T he G unpowder N o

s tructure w as

f ound

i n t he

c arbon o f

t he p owder c harge

( Appendix 4 )

a nd t he l ow s ulphur a ccords w ell w ith e arly p rimitive g unpowder o f t he 1 6th c entury. C oming f rom a s mall c harge p iece s uch a s a s wivel, t he l ow s ulphur m ay b e d ue t o f iring r esidues o f c arbon a ffecting t he p roportions ( 2 a bove), i mplying a h eavy g rade p owder o r u se w hen d amp. A nalysis o f p owder f rom t wo C astle R ising g uns ( unpublished r eport b y D r. J . G ooding ( Min. o f Aviation), A .M.L. S ite N o. 6 5) r ecords s ulphur a nd c arbon c ontents o f 9 .76g/14.20g a nd 9 .30g/14.03g r espectively, w hich i f o ne a ssumes t he p owder w as o f n ormal t ype, i .e. 1 0% s ulphur, 1 5% c harcoal a nd 7 5% n itrate/saltpetre would g ive a c harge o f 9 5g. T artaglia's 1 537 r ecipe w as f or ' 18 p arts r efined s altpetre ( 78%), 2 p arts b rimstone ( 9%) a nd 3 p arts C ole m ade f rom c lean t wigs o f a f ilbert t ree ( 13%)' ( in T hree b ooks o f C olloquies a nd a ppendix b y t he t ranslator, C . L ucar, L ondon 1 588) ( Padfield, 1 973, 1 5).

O THER I RONWORK A ll i ron w as e xtremely c orroded, a nd i n m ost c ases o nly s light t races o f t he m etal r emained, w ith t he c orrosion p roducts f orming a h ard g rey m atrix around t he object t hat bound t ogether m aterial f rom i ts i mmediate s urroundings s uch a s l eather, r ope, s tone a nd s hell. T he o bject i tself h ad u sually d isappeared, b ut had l eft a v oid t hat preserved s omething o f i ts o riginal s hape. those examined

O ut o f t he 1 37 c oncretions c atalogued, t he majority o f b y X-ray o r mechanical f racture s till r etained t he

r ecognisable v oids o f n ail f ragments ( Fig. 3 6), m ost o riginating f rom t he s hip s trucure i tself. F ew s urvived c omplete f rom head t o t ip. N onf errous o bjects r ecovered f rom c oncretions w ere k nife h andle N o. 2 3, s heath No. 1 18 a nd s tone s hot C W 1 28a. M ost c oncretions w ere v ery s mall, t herefore, o f o n a verage 5 .0-8.0cm w idth a nd 9 oz w eight. 4 1-43.

( 330,

3 07,

3 65;

l ayers

4 and

5 )

S everal

e xamples

u p

t he

u ndersides o f n ail c oncretions f ound l ying d irectly above h ull p lanking, s howing w ood i mpressions a nd s haft v oids. 4 4-45. 4 6. 4 7.

( 149;

l ayer 5 )

( layer 3 ) ( 463;

N ail,

l ayer 8 )

T wo n ail p rofiles p oint m issing.

( points m issing),

f rom X -rays.

N egative f rom c oncretion.

K nife w ith b one h andle a nd l eather s haft

( p.

7 5),

b lade c ompletely c orroded a way. H andle p lain, f ile m arks o n t he r ounded e nd. T anged s ocket o f c ircular c ross-section. S heath w ith t ooled b order o f f our p arallel l ines o n f ront and b ack s ides, n o t race o f s titching d own t he s eam . 4 8.

( 418;

l ayer

1 )

P an/skillet w ith s traight h andle.

c oncreted t hat t he o ther i ron , c ompletely unassociated w ith

4 9.

5 0.

L ess h eavily

a nd p ossibly o f m ore r ecent d ate, t he w reck. Handle l ength 6 .0cm,

h eight

1 1.0 c m .

( 291; 0 .5cm ,

l ayer 1 ) P ebbly c oncretion , n ail s haft a s n egative 0 .5 h ead i mpression v isible w hen o pened u p.

( 473;

l ayer u nkown)

H ollow c oncretion,

x

f ound t o c omprise h eavily

i ron-enriched w ood w ith f aintly d iscernible w orked r ecess ( shaded), p resumably f or a n i ron b inding o r a ttachment n ow l ost.

6 4

T hree p ossible t ack

h oles

o n n one

s ide.

T he

t ubular h ollows

r un

l ongitudinally a nd a re t eredo d amage. S ize w rong f or a m usket s tock ( H.L. B lackmore, p ers. c omm .) - t ool h andle, e .g. a xe?

C LAY P RODUCTS

( Figs.

3 9,

4 0)

Ia m v ery g rateful t o A bhain E . P reston f or p ottery i dentifications a nd D . W illiams f or p etrological e xamination.

L ayers 4 /5 5 1.

( 122 ,

1 36,

1 75,

1 76,

1 79,

1 80,

1 87,

1 89,

1 90,

1 91,

1 93,

2 00,

2 02 ,

2 09, 2 15, 2 16, 2 18, 2 20, 2 35, 2 48, 2 50, 2 55, 2 68, 3 16, 3 48, 4 40, 4 71 a nd V I N E; m ost l ayer 5 , s ome l ayer 4 a nd unstratified). C oarse s andy g rey f abric, p artial g laze ( dark g reen) i nside, p artially o utside a nd o n r im. A t ripod p itcher, g rey c ore w ith i ncomplete o xidation i ndicating a n e arly d ate. 5 2 .

5 3.

( 333; l ayer 4 /5 ) B ody s herd f rom N orth D evon W are c ooking p ot, p robably o verfired. 1 6th c entury ( not i llustrated). ( 189,

l ayer 5 ;

2 68,

l ayer 4 ;

1 30,

l ayer 3 ;

4 69,

u nstratified).

S herds f rom s econd t ripod p itcher s imilar t o a bove. 5 4.

( 122 ,

l ayer 5 ;

1 89,

( 3x),

l ayer 4 ;

2 20,

( 2x) l ayer 4 ;

1 95, l ayer 3 ; C W77 V I-NE, unstratified). e xternal m ottled b lack-on-brown g laze. 5 5.

( 222 a nd 2 30, l ayers 5 ; 1 63, l ayer 5 ; 2 78, 3 body s herds i n hard-fired r edware, ( Identification - R .

5 6.

A s a bove,

( 163,

l ayer 5 )

1 88 a nd unusual

l ayer 4 ) B ase a nd c ould b e Dutch.

C oleman-Smith).

B ase f rom S iegburg m ug,

1 6th c entury.

F rench W ares 5 7.

( 215,

l ayer

4/ 5

;

3 14,

l ayer 5 )

S outh-West F rench c hafing d ish. 5 8.

( 189,

l ayer 4 /5)

R imsherd,

T wo

s mall s herds,

p robably f rom

1 6th c entury. p robably S outh-West F rance.

( R.

C oleman-Smith).

L ayer 3 5 9.

( 397,

l ayer 3 ( 2x);

4 16,

l ayer 7 ;

3 94,

l ayer 1 0,

4 31 a nd 4 71

unstratified) T wo b ase s herds a nd s ix b ody s herds f rom N orth Devon g ravel-tempered Ware p ancheon; t ypical c oarse p ink-buff f abric w ith g rey c ore; t hick o live g reen g laze i nternally; l ight g rey s lip -w ashed e xternally.

6 0.

1 7th c entury.

( 188; l ayer 3 ) B ody s herd, p robably D utch; t hin a mber g laze i nternally; g lossy a mber g laze e xternally. 1 7th c entury.

6 5

5 1

5 3

5 4

5 5 5 6

5 7

N e

5 8

5 9 6 0

6 3

6 4

6 5 6 6

3 9. P ottery f rom l ayers 4 /5,

3 ,

7 ,

6 6

1 0 a nd b eneath t he s hip ( 1:4).

6 7 6 9

7 5

7 7

61 11 1 14

Ni le

f r 7 (?7 " 7 , 7r(7

7 5

8 3

0

4 0. P ottery a nd t ile

6 7

( 1:4).

_cm

6 1.

( 384; l ayer 3 ) Two b ody s herds, p robably Dutch, p ossibly f rom N o. 6 0 a bove. 1 7th c entury ( not i llustrated).

S panish W ares 6 2.

( 383;

l ayer 3 )

S mall p iece o f

? Spanish r ed m icaceous w are.

1 6th

c entury ( not i llustrated). T exturally n ot u nlike c ertain ' Merida-type' vessels f ound a t S tonar, Plymouth C astle, S outhampton „

G uy's H ospital, L ondon ,

a nd E xeter

( D.W.).

L ayer 7 6 3.

( 417;

l ayer 7 )

R im/handle/wall o f N orrb D evon W are j ug;

b right

a mber-yellow g laze o ver w hite s lip e xternally a nd o ver r im ; p lain amber l ead f lecked g laze i nternally; t races o f i ron-oxide s taining o n h andle a t r im a nd s ingle i ron o xide d ot under g laze n ear h andle.

L ayer

1 7th c entury.

1 0

G erman W ares 6 4-5.

( 425,

unstratified;

R aeren m ugs;

4 02,

l ayer

1 0)

B ase and r im,

n ot n ecessarily s ame m ug.

b oth f rom

1 6th c entury.

B eneath s hip 6 6.

( 474; p it).

f rom s helly

s hingle d irectly b eneath k eel a t F 16-scour

F our s herds o f ? Donyatt W are.

a mber-green i nternal g laze, s urface. 1 7th c entury.

s plashes

P ale b uff f abric, g laze o ut

f lecked

o ver r eddish b rown

U nstratified 6 7.

( 133;

unstratified)

P ulled r od h andle a nd r im o f North D evon

W are d ripping p an; t ypical s andy b uff-pink f abric ; g lazed o live g reen i nternally w ith t races o f d ark r eddish b rown g laze a bove i nterior r idge a nd o ver f lat r im; c entury. 6 8.

( 118

a nd

4 69;

unstratified,

c ooking p ot o r ( Cornwall/Devon);

6 9.

' local' w are.

A rea V II)

externally.

Two

b ody s herds

1 7th

f rom

c istern in S outh Western M icaceous Ware t ypical f abric f or t his W are, w ith t hin p atchy

o live g reenish-brown g laze t his

unglazed

i nternally,

t ypically o f

l ater p ots

i n

1 6/17th c entury.

( 440; u nstratified) B se o f c ooking p ot i n North Devon W are; t ypical s andy b uff-pink f abric; g lossy t hick o live-green g laze i nternally; s ooted a nd u nglazed e xternally. L ate 1 7th c entury.

6 8

7 0.

( 131;

Area 6 , unstratified)

s toneware p robably English b rown g laze e xternally. 7 1.

( 414;

s andy y ellow b uff

u nglazed i nternally;

o ver w hite s lip a pplied t o m oulded g rooved d ecoration 1 8th c entury ( not i llustrated).

u nstratified)

M ug r im,

o f G erman s toneware ( not i llustrated). 7 2.

? jug s houlder, ( ?Bristol);

f orm.

p robably S taffordshire. L ate

1 8th

c entury/early

I mitation 1 9th

c entury

( 462 and C W73 2 2, unstratified) Two r im s herds f rom S taffordshire ' pearlware' p latter w ith f eather e dge i n b lue. Makers m ark P . R OGERS o n b ase o f C W73 2 2. 1 780-1795 ( not i llustrated).

7 3.

( 133;

unstratified)

c entury 7 4.

( 133,

B ase o f S taffordshire

? jug.

Late

1 8th

( not i llustrated).

unstratified)

S herd o f p orcelain b owl;

s mall t races o f

hard p ainted b lue d ecoration u nder g laze ( island, h orse e tc), C hinese o r E nglish i mitation. 1 8th c entury ( not i llustrated). D utch W ares. 7 5.

( 133; u nstratified)

R imsherd f rom D utch

g laze i nternally a nd o ver s ooting. 1 8th c entury. 7 6.

( 425;

u nstratified)

r im ;

u nglazed

R imsherd o f

? frying p an;

c lear a mber

e xternally w ith

c ooking p ot;

t race

o f

t hick l ead-flecked

amber g laze i nternally; u nglazed a nd s ooted e xternally. 1 8th c entury ( identification R ichard C oleman-Smith, University o f N ewcastle). 7 7.

( CW73 2 2 a nd C W77 V I-NE, u nstratified) a D utch r edware d ish. 1 6th c entury.

T wo r im/wall s herds

7 8.

( 411, l ayer 1 0; 4 29, unstratified) B ody s herds j ar(s). 1 6th-18th c entury ( not i llustrated). c orresponds i n f abric t o t he e arlier f orms o f m edieval ' olive-jars' f rom A ndalusia ( D.W.).

f rom

f rom o live No. 4 29

m edieval

a nd

p ost-

M iscellaneous 7 9.

( 447,

unstratified)

Africa

s herd

( R.

D oes n ot a ppear t o b e E uropean. C oleman-Smith).

N orth

? Post-medieval

( not

i llustrated).

D iscussion

( Redknap)

O nly t hose s herds

d irectly a ssociated w ith t he w reck

( layer 4 /5)

c an b e

r elied u pon f or c hronological i nformation. A ll t hose o riginating f rom l ayer 4 and 5 h ave b een a ssigned t o t he 1 6th c entury e xcept o ne ( No. 5 8), w hich m ay have b een i ntroduced a s i ntrusive d uring p ost-wreck s couring o n t he s ite. T ripod p itcher N o. 5 1 i s v ery s imilar i n f abric t o e xamples f rom S t.

T homas

S treet,

c entury c ontext

S outhwark,

( 1495-1530).

L ondon,

w here t hey w ere f ound i n a n e arly

1 6th

T he b eaded r im i s p aralleled b y ap itcher

w ith l ighter l eaf g reen g laze e xtended h alf w ay d own t he b ody,

6 9

a lso w ith

g rey c ore a nd i nterior

( Dennis,

1 978,

F igs.

1 79, A 74 T 2

( 12)).

P itcher N o. 5 4 w ith i ts m ottled b lack-on-brown g laze s ounds v ery s imilar t o p ottery r ecovered f rom t he h old o f t he Woolwich s hip and d escribed a s ' spotted o r t iger w are' d ating t o 1 535 ( Salisbury 1 961, 8 2). T his p itcher a lso r esembles another example d eposit ( Dennis, 1 978, F ig. 1 72, N o. 1 80). T he

s patial

d istribution o f

t ripod

f rom t he

c ooking p ot

S t.

T homas S treet

s herds,

l imited t o o ne

a re o f c . 2 m r adius ( Fig. 2 2) s uggests t hat i t s uffered b reakage a t t he t ime o f s inking o r s oon a fter a s t he h ull c ollapsed. T he l ong l ife o f t he f orm i s d emonstrated b y 1 4th c entury f inds f rom S outhampton ( Platt a nd C olemanS mith , 1 975, F igs. 1 59, 5 83), a nd i ts m aritime s uitability i llustrated b y t he 1 7th c entury f inds f rom t he w recks o f t he K ennemerland ( Price and M uckelroy, 1 974, F ig. 9 ) and a D utch G alliot ( Andersen, 1 974, F ig. 4 .6). S ee a lso P latt a nd C oleman-Smith , 1 975, F igs. 1 63, N o. 6 59 a nd 1 98, N o. 1 202 f or 1 6th c entury D utch e xamples. The c hain o f s ale a nd r e-sale t hat e xisted i n t he r edistribution o f i mported w ares m akes d irect c ontact w ith t he s ources u nlikely. T he r ange c orresponds w ith t hat e xpected t hrough t rade a long the s outh c oast o f B ritain ( post-medieval d ocumentary e vidence o f t rade i n c eramics r eviewed i n A llan , 1 983, 3 7). A lthough p ost-wreck s couring a nd d eposition c omplicated t he i nterpretation o f t he o ther d eposits, 1 6th c entury s herds i n t hese m ixed s trata p robably a lso o riginated f rom t he w reck.

T ile 8 0.

( 303, l ayer 5 ) F loor t ile i n s oft, s andy b right r ed f abric w ith m ica f lecks. G reenish y ellow-amber g laze o ver white s lip s urviving i n p atches o n u pper s urface. 1 6th c entury?

8 1-83.

( 218, 1 65, 4 65, l ayer 5 ) T hree f ragments o f p eg t ile w ith s quare n ail holes f or a ttachment. E ast D evon s ource? S late w as t he u sual r oofing m aterial f or P lymouth a nd i ts n eighbourhood.

A t otal o f 4 1 f ragments o f p lain r eddish r oof t ile were f ound b etween 1 976 a nd

1 978,

h alf f rom l ayers 4 a nd 5 ( too s mall t o m erit i llustration).

G alley h earths c onsisting o f s and-filled wooden b oxes r esting a bove f lagging, a nd t opped b y r ows o f t iles s imilar t o N o. 8 0, a re w ell k nown f rom t he D utch I jsselmeer w recks, e .g. V isserschip W 10, 1 6th c entury ( Reinders e t a l, 1 978, 2 5; v an d er H eide, 1 975, p late 9 8), a nd t he R other B arge ( 16th c entury: F enwick, 1 978, 2 60). A l arger v essel s uch a s t he M ary Rose w ould r equire l arge c ooking a rrangements b ut a t ile-lined h earth m ay h ave b een a dequate f or t he c rew o f t he 2 -300 t on C attewater v essel. T he a ssociated b ones a nd c harred w ood f rom t he s ame d eposit s upport t he s uggestion t hat t he f loor t ile c ame f rom t he s hip's g alley ( with t he r oofing t iles). T iles i n f ind r egister :

C at.

N os.

1 ,

1 3,

1 33, 1 90, 1 95, 1 70, 2 20, 1 87, 2 88=228, 2 02, 3 34, 3 6, 0 , 3 , 6 , 4 07, 4 11, 4 14, 4 43, 4 52, 4 .

s ite,

2 4,

1 09,

1 24,

2 03,

2 26,

2 57, 2 97, 3 29, 3 32,

1 30,

1 65,

1 54,

B ricks r anging i n c olour f rom o chre t o b right r ed w ere f ound a round t he b ut n one w as d irectly a ssociated w ith t he s hip.

7 0

L EATHER ( Figs. 8 4.

4 1,

( 135,

4 2) b y J .M.

l ayer 3 )

S wann.

L eft f oot s ole,

b lunt p ointed t oe, m an's s ize.

Edge-flesh s eam w ith 5 s titches t o 1 " ( every 5 cm), on i nner e dge 1 470s-80s. 8 5.

( 174,

o f

h eel

l ayer 5 )

R ight

( more u sual

o n o uter

s igns o f w ear

e dge).

P ossibly

f oot f orepart s ole w ith e dge-flesh s eam,

s titches t o 1 " ( 6mm i ntervals). B roken a t w aist a nd p art l asting m argin m issing. P ossibly p air t o 8 4. 8 6.

( 300, l ayer 5 ) R ight f oot s ole, y outh's. f lesh s eam w ith 5 s titches t o 1 " ( every 5 mm). o uter f orepart e dge. c . 1 490 s tyle.

8 7.

( 367, l ayer 3 ) s titches t o 1 ".

8 8.

( 366,

l ayer 3 )

c entury. t o 1 ". 8 9.

( 370,

R ight f oot s ole, m an's, E arly 1 7th c entury. R ight f oot s ole,

m an's,

l ayer 3 )

R ound t oe. E dgeW orn a t t oe a nd a n

r ound t oe.

b lunt t oe.

M ost o f t he l asting m argin m issing.

5 o f

About 6

? early

1 7th

A bout 51s titches

U pper w as v ery b adly p reserved a nd u nsuccessfully

l ifted. R ight f oot s ole, ? youth's. 51s titches t o 1 " ( every 6 7 mm). S titch h oles a t w aist i ndicate h alf-sole a nd h eel r epairs. E arly 1 7th c entury. 9 0-4.

( 370,

l ayer 3 )

L aminated v amp

( 4i-s titches t o 1 "),

p art v amp a nd

q uarters w ith s titch h oles, ? laminated v amp w ith p ierced d esign i n t riangular s hape, p robably f rom t he q uarters ( early 1 7th c entury) and h eel s eat a nd p arts o f w elt f rom t he s ame s hoe. 9 5-97.

( 300,

l ayer 5 )

Two

p arts

o f u pper

l asting m argin,

a bout

6 f

s titches t o 1 ". 9 6.

( CW76 1 0, u nstratified) P art o f l asting m argin o f s ole, p robably h eel e nd. N ot e dge-flesh s eam , a nd t herefore e ither a r epair o r p ost 1 600. S titches e ver 7 -8mm .

9 8.

( 366,

l ayer 3 )

( CW73

2 1,

9 9.

H eel s eat p ost

u nstratified)

1 600,

H eel l ift,

s titches e very 7 -8mm. o r m ore l ikely r epair.

R ear

part s hows s igns o f a s econd r ow o f a ttachment, p robably w ooden pegs. The nail holes in t he c entre d o n ot c onform t o a hobnailing p attern and w ere p robably r epair r ivets. T he s ide a rch s uggests e ither v ery e arly 1 7th c entury o r p ost 1 620. 1 00.

( 252 ,

l ayer 5 )

? Vamp o f

? square t oed s hoe,

1 530's s tyle.

O nly

2 s titch h oles r emain w ith . 45" s titch l ength, i .e. s titching i ncomplete u nless l asting m argin h as b een s ubsequently c ut o ff, i mplying c obbling. 1 01a,

b .

( 174,

l ayer 5 )

A lso l amina.

P art o f l asting m argin o f q uarters.

s ole f orepart w ith s traight c ut, 1 01c,

d .

D itto f or

a gain i mplying c obbling.

( 174, l ayer 5 ) P art o f s hoe v amp ( inside a nd o utside v iews) b elonging t o 1 01a and b , w ith l asting m argin. 5s titches t o 1 "

7 1

8 5

1 02

9 6

g

.

9 9

-• :• •\ •I

r . ' , .

1 ,

9 2

' r

. •

3 , 1

1 0 1

1 0 1

c /-

'

c u t e dge

1 02 u

b roken e dge w o rn

e dge

0

1 03

5cm

s t i tch ing

4 1.

L eatherwork

7 2

( 1:4).

1 04

1 05

1 07 < j\

16

1 09

14

13 10 1 08

1 1 1 20

18

19

a

1 2 1 P URSE

c c : =9

C .

9

4 2. L eatherwork ( 1:4).

7 3

15 -

17

a

4 3.

T he

l eather p urse,

l ifting ( see F ig. 42), ( photograph : M . R edknap).

f ront ( c)

( a)

a nd

= F ig.

b ack 2 6,

( b)

and

i mmediately ( d)

= F ig.

a fter

2 4,

1 3

( every 6 -8mm) F lesh s ide o ut. o pening, s ingle h ole o ther s ide. 1 02-5.

( 174,

1 06-112.

1 13.

l ayer 5 )

( unstratified) u ncertain.

( 174b,

V arious f ragments o f l eather s hoes/soles,

P art

l ayer 3 )

p ierced e dge;

s lots o ne s ide o f c entre

L ace/buckle a ttachment t o 1 01 a bove.

( 256, l ayer 5 ) s titches t o 1 ".

1 14.

P air o f

o f

q uarters

o f

s hoe w ith s ide s eam,

P art u pper w ith ? side s eam a nd s calloped and

( 296,

1 16.

( 151, l ayer 5 ) S trap, e ver 3 -7mm. ? Belt.

1 17.

( 158, l ayer 5 a mong b allast) S trap w ith i mpression o f m arks o f ' spectacle' t ype b uckle. ? Harness o r b elt.

1 18.

( 463,

l ayer 5 )

S trap,

1 0)

p robably f rom s hoe.

L eather

( 371, l ayer 3 , 5 cm b elow N o. d istorted f or c ertainty.

1 20.

( 382,

l ayer 3 ,

S tud h ole o ne e nd.

p robably t oo l arge

knife

p arallel l ines o n b ack a nd f ront 1 19.

8 1

? slot f or l ace.

1 15.

l ayer

c ontext

8 9)

f ound w ith 1 19)

w ith r emains o f l ining.

f or

s heath,

( see p .

s hoe.

t ooled

6 4) a =front,

L eather p atch?

S titching

s tud a nd

b order

4

b =back. C ollar?

N ot f rom a s hoe.

o f

T oo

G oat s kin,

N othing t o i ndicate h ow t he D -shaped

pieces ( a a nd b ) f it w ith t he l arger b ag-shaped p ieces ( c). P ossibly a c odpiece, t hough i f i t i s s o, a n u nfashionable o ne ( Arnold, 1 21.

p ers.

c omm.).

( 344, l ayer 4 ) E arly T udor p urse, o ne s ide f inely p leated, t he f lap ( b) w ith 3 g roups o f f ine p leats. a ) b ody f ront, b ) f lap, c ) s ides and b ottom w ith i ron s tuds,

d ) b ack ( with p erforations

f or d raw-string), e ) f ) b inding. S titching 7 -10 p er c m. ( See F ig. 4 3 s howing t he c omponents f itting t ogether a s f ound ( before c leaning). F ound

c omplete,

t hough

e mpty,

d irectly

a bove

t imber

f 7.

g =

d rawing o f p urse o n w ooden c arving o f f armer w ith y oung p ig b y Niclaus Hagenower ( end o f 1 5th c entury; B adisches Landesmuseum , K arlsruhe). O ther l eather i n f ind r egister : s trip;

3 55,

T EXTILES

2 55,

s trap;

2 81,

s trap w ith c oncretion;

2 96,

s mall s trap f ragment.

( Figs.

4 4,45,46) b y E lisabeth C rowfoot.

I n t he f ollowing c atalogue t he s pinning d irection o f t he y arns i s indicated b y t he l etters S a nd Z , t he t wist b eing i n t he d irection o f t he m ain s troke warp c ount ( F.T.I.);

o f t he l etter; t hread c ounts a re g iven p er 1 c m , t he p robable b eing p laced f irst. F ibre a nalysis i s b y H .M. A ppleyard

d ye a nalysis b y M .C. W hiting a nd J .M. H arvey.

7 5

1 23 1 22

. . . -Z - t , F \ \ ,

C I \ ri

N

' >

( . - f-

/ . . L .

i 7 1. 7 '

f t

,

2

I / I

1 . _ , - -. . . . . . . . . . . . . i

\ .

\% ( re

r l t

v-

' ` . . . . . .

, ;

. . .. . .

, . 1 T

)

• ;t

"fr . .

a

1 35

4 4.

T he

t extiles

( 1:4)

a nd w eave d iagrams:

b = f our-shed t will 2 /2 d iagonal, d iagonal, w eft-faced. R ope ( 1:2).

7 6

e ven,

a = t abby

( plain) w eave,

c = f our - s hed

t will,

2 /2

130

127

,) \,' (/ ·, .. ,... ___....,._,,

�

/

/\,

,.-----' I ,

--

\

-✓-'

___ _ ,-...)

,-,-.... -.,... 1 1--...;J"---• .,, .•. s-_,·,·

/·· 1.

\ \,,

-c....

45. The textiles (1:8).

77

---, __

r---

1--�

- _,. - - ' - - . ,

,-

1 22.

( 168,

2 72 ,

l ayer 5 ;

A rea B )

F ragments

o f w ool,

l ight

y ellowish

b rown; p ossibly a v ery s mall a mount o f i ndigo p resent, ? originally l ight g reen ( see p .66) s pinning Z w arp a nd w eft, y arns e ven , w eave r egular 2 /2 d iagonal t will, v ery s olid ( F ig. 4 4b; Fig. 4 68), c ount 1 2-13/15-16 t hreads p er c m., n o s elvedge; matting on u nderside p robably d ue t o w ear. T he w ool f ibres a re o f f ine t o m edium t hickness. . M any

s mall

f ragments

a re

t entatively

a ssembled b y

s tains

a nd

d etails o f d eterioration i nto t wo g roups; o ne, w idth 3 9.5 c m, i ncreased b y p ossible a dditions t o c .46.0 c m , h as a c urved s eam , d epth 2 5.0 c m, w ith r emains o f c oarse s ilk s titching, ? part o f a rmhole o r s leeve; u ntidy t acking t hread r unning a cross u nderside o f f abric. 1 23.

( 272 ,

l ayer

4/ 5

;a bove f 4)

O ne f ragment v ery s imilar t o N o.

1 22,

b etter p reserved b ut s tained, l ight y ellow b rown, n o d ye i dentified. W ell-preserved wool f ibres, s pinning Z warp a nd w eft, w eave r egular 2 /2 d iagonal t will, s olid, c ount 1 2-13/13-14 t hreads p er c m, n o s elvedge, m atting underside and i n s eam p robably f rom w ear. C ut s trip f rom s eam , l ength 1 4.0 cm , w idest 3 .0 c m , 1 24.

( 221,

m arks o f r unning s titches o n l ong e dge.

l ayer 5 ;

n ext

t o

t ile C W226)

3 .0x2.5

S ee F ig.

c m.

O ne

4 6,C.

f ragment,

r agged ? wool. A ppearance s uggests f ine w ool ? merino. P inkishr ed, n o d ye i dentified. S pinning Z w arp and w eft, weave 2 /2 d iagonal t will, c ount 1 4/94-96 t hreads p er cm, w eft-faced ( Fig. n o s elvedge p reserved b ut s ee b elow; h igh-grade f abric ( Fig. 4 6,D). 1 25.

( 261, r ed,

l ayer 7 ;

n ext

d yed m adder,

t o

l eather f ind C W296)

M .C.W.

One f ragment,

a v ery

w ool,

s pinning S i n w arp a nd w eft, v ery e ven y arns,

w eave r egular 2 /2 d iagonal t will, u nfulled.

s ilky s urface,

c ount

1 6/16 p er c m , n o s elvedge,

R agged s crap c .2.5 c m , n ot d rawn.

S ee F ig.

4 6,E.

a nd J .M.H. w rite:

T his s ample w as f ound t o c ontain m adder ( purpurinializarin c .3:1, t otal 2 10 p .p.m.) - a r esult v ery l ike t he majority o f m edieval f ragments f rom B aynard's C astle. W e n ote t hat t his sample h ad n ot b een t reated w ith a cetone - H C1, a t reatment expected t o r emove m adder c onstituents; i t n ow s eems e xtremely p robable t hat s ome o f t he o ther s amples f rom t his w reck w hich w e e xamined m ay h ave b een d yed w ith m ordant d yes, t hat t hese had s urvived, a nd t hat t heir d ye c ontent w as r emoved b y t he a cid w ash. 1 26.

( 261b,

l ayer 4 /5)

S mall

r agged f ragments,

v egetable f ibre,

p robably f lax, c oarse, n ow g rey-brown, s pinning o ne s ystem Z , o ther v ery d eteriorated, p robably Z , b ut m ay have b een Z , Sp ly, w eave t abby, c ount w here c lear c . 8 /10 p er c m ( taken a s 4 /5 t hreads

o n 5m m a reas),

n o s elvedge.

R agged t hreads,

m ud a nd w ood, b est a rea c leared c .4.0 x 1 .8 c m. d eteriorated s ail c loth. N ot d rawn ( see F ig. 4 6,G).

7 8

m ixed w ith ' P robably

4 6.

T extile c lose-ups

= C W168;

C =C W272;

( photographs:

( 1.0cm i ndicated i n e ach v iew). D =C W221;

M . R edknap).

E =C W261;

A = C W183;

F =C W468;

B

G = C W261b

1 27.

( 126 a nd 1 35, l ayer 3 ; b etween f 3 a nd f 5) M edium q uality w ool, r eddish-brown , s pinning S b oth s ystems, w eave t abby , c ount 6 -8/6-8 t hreads p er c m ( see 1 30-3). ? Possibly n apped. ? from l ower p art o f g own , l ength p reserved 5 9.0 c m , o ne s ide c ut s traight, s eam ; a t ? lower e dge 2 5.0 c m f rom t his s eam , s lit, 3 1.0 c m d epth p reserved, b oth e dges t urned u nder a nd p ressed f lat, s titch m arks; s lanting c ut s eam , c .45.0 c m. f rom o ther s ide o f s lit; t op, b ottom a nd m ost o f o ne s ide e dge m issing. F ragments o f s ilk s tiches.

1 28.

( 118, l ayer 3 ; S quare V II) 1 27 a nd 1 30-3 ( not d rawn).

1 29.

( 468; A rea B ) O ne f ragment, ? wool, f ibres s moothly c ombed, g reym auve, i ndigo a nd unknown c omponent ( pp. 6 5-6), p ossibly o riginally p urple, w arp a nd w eft b oth v ery l ightly Z s pun, S p lyed, w eave r egular 2 /2 d iagonal t will, c ount 2 2/22 t hreads p er c m, f lat s hiny s urface, n o s ign o f m atting; a v ery high-grade w orsted f abric.

1 30-3.

( 137,

1 46,

1 83,

1 5.1 x 8 .3 c m.

T orn f ragment c . 9 .0 x 5 .2 c m l ayers 1 /3)

S imilar f abric t o

( Fig. 4 6,F).

F ragments o f m edium q uality w ool,

r eddish b rown, ? undyed ( p.66), s pinning S b oth s ystems, y arns e ven , w eave t abby, r egular ( Fig. 4 4,a), c ount 6 -8/6-8 t hreads p er c m, n o s elvedge; s ome m atting f rom w ear a nd water, o r p ossibly n apped, u nfulled. L arge f ragments a ssembled. P robably p art o f b ody o r t unic o f g own, s titch m arks a nd f ragments o f s ilk s ewing t hreads v isible a round c urved ? armhole, s quare c ut underneath; s houlder s eam a nd o ther c ut e dges ( Fig. 4 6,A); d epth preserved b elow a rmhole t o t orn e nd c . 2 9.0 c m , s houlder s eam 7 .8 c m , f ront ? opening t o u nderarm 2 9.0 c m . 1 34.

( 184, l ayer 1 ) S craps, b est 4 .5 x 3 .7 c m, 3 .8 x 3 .2 cm, s ome p reserved u ntreated, u sed f or f ibre a nd d ye a nalysis. S imilar t o 1 27

1 35.

( not d rawn).

( layer 5 ) One e xample o f t he n umerous r ope f ragments l ying i n a nd a round t he h ull.

F ibres Mr. H . M. A ppleyard's f ibre d egradation a nd b acterial d amage, d ifferent i tems. A ll N os.

1 22-125 a nd

i dentifications were h ampered b y t hough t he e xtent o f t his v aried i n

1 30-3 s eem t o h ave b een o f s heep's w ool,

s ome w ith

f ibres o f m edium d iameter, s ome f ine t o m edium; t he t wo v ery h igh q uality f abrics, N os. 1 24 a nd 1 29, w ere unfortunately m ost s everely d amaged, b ut f rom c omparison w ith b etter p reserved c ontemporary m aterial N o. 1 24 w ould c ertainly h ave b een a t rue f ine w ool. N o n atural p igment w as f ound i n a ny s amples, i .e. t he w ools u sed w ould h ave b een w hite o r c ream b efore d yeing. T he p inkish c ast o f 1 24 c ould p ossibly b e d ue t o c olour-producing b acteria.

8 0

D yes T he q uestion o f t he c olour o f t he f inished f abrics h as u nfortunately b een c omplicated b y c leaning t reatment prior t o t heir s cientific e xamination. M .C.

W hiting and J ohn H arvey write:

' 122,

1 23,

1 24,

1 25 a nd 1 29 h ad

b een t reated w ith a cetone a nd h ydrochloric a cid, i n a n e ffort t o r emove i ron d iscoloration. W e w ould anticipate t hat t his t reatment w ould r emove, p artially o r c ompletely ,

a ny m ordant

d yes o riginally p resent,

e .g.

m adder,

k ermes, c ochineal, a ny y ellow d ye, a nd p ossibly d yewoods. N o r ecognisable m ordant d ye w as, i n f act, d etected. T he u nkown c omponent i n 1 29 ( 468) m ay b e a n a rtifact f rom i digotin + a cetone +HC1 + i ron, e tc ( the c hemistry o f s uch s ystems c ould b e c omplex) o r i t m ight r epresent a d ye o f a t ype w e h ave l ittle e xperience o f, e .g. t he " insoluble r ed w oods", p ossibly a ltered c hemically b y t he a cetone t reatment. The t reatment f ollowed i s r ecommended i n a well-known manual ( Plenderleith a nd W erner, 1 974, 1 11), b ut c onsiderable r ecent a dvances h ave b een m ade i n t he s tudy o f d yes i n a rchaeological m aterial, a nd i t c annot b e s ufficiently e mphasised t hat t he h ydrochloric a cid t reatment d escribed t here s hould n ot b e u sed o n a ncient t extiles until s amples h ave b een t aken f or f ibre a nd d ye i dentification, u nless t he m ordanted d yes l iberated b y t he a cid a re p reserved f or e xamination. How m uch i nformation h as b een l ost h owever i s uncertain. T he t iny f ragment N o. 1 25 f ound l ater i n d ebris a nd e xamined u ncleaned, h ad b een d yed w ith m adder,

t he c ommonest m edieval d ye,

a nd w ould o riginally h ave b een a

s trong r ed. T he d eep p ink-red c olour r emaining e ven a fter t reatment i n N o. 1 24 s uggests t hat t his a gain w as d yed, e ither w ith m adder o r k ermes, t hough H .M. A ppleyard p oints o ut t hat t he p inkish c ast c ould p ossibly b e d ue t o b acteria.

I ndigo,

w hich b eing u nmordanted i s n ot a ffected b y a cid u sed i n

c leaning, w as f ound i n t wo i tems; i n o ne, t he f ine t will N o. 1 29, i ts c olour a nd t he p ossible i ndication o f a n a dditional u nidentifiable d ye s uggest t his w as p erhaps p urple, t he m issing d ye b eing a r ed; t he v ery s mall q uantity o f i ndigo p resent i n t he s olid t will N o. 1 22 m ay s uggest t his w as o riginally a l ight g reen , w ith t he y ellow d ye n ow m issing. I n N os.

1 30-133 w here b oth t reated a nd u ntreated s amples w ere a vailable

f or t esting, n o d ye c ould b e i dentified. T he d ark c hestnut c olour o f t he f abric a fter t he r emoval o f t he i ron s taining s uggests t hat o f a f ine w oollen f abric f ound i n t he S utton Hoo S hip B urial, i n w hich a gain n o d ye c ould b e i dentified, t hough s taining f rom t he m ixed w oods o f t he s hip a nd b urial c hamber w as a t o ne t ime s uggested a s p erhaps r esponsible

f or

t he

r eddish b rown s hade.

W eave T he w eaves p reserved a re t hose m ost c ommonly i n u se i n t he l ate m edieval p eriod f or d omestic t extiles, t abby ( plain) w eave, a nd 2 /2 ( fours hed) t will. T he t abby w eave ( Fig. 4 4a) u sed f or t he p ieces o f N os. 1 301 33 a nd f or 1 27,

1 28,

1 34 m ade w ith e ven S s pun t hread i n w arp a nd w eft, i s

a s olid r egular w eave o f m edium q uality; m atting o f t he s urface i s d ue t o w ear a nd l ong c ontact w ith w ater, a nd t he a ny p rocess s uch a s n apping o r f ulling. w ide v ariety,

c loth w as T he f ive

c learly n ot f inished b y t wills p reserved s how a

b ut i n s pite o f t heir d ifferent a ppearances a ll a re s imple

8 1

2 /2

d iagonal w eaves w ith n o r everses t o p roduce h erringbone o r d iamond p atterns. T he s imilar m edium g rade w eave, N o. 1 22 a re e ven s olid f abrics ( Fig. 4 4b), Z s pun i n b oth s ystems, a gain w ith n o s ign o f f ulling, while N o. 1 32 i s a s imilar w eave, b ut f iner a nd w ith S s pinning. N o. 1 29 i s a gain a n e ven w eave, b ut o f a v ery unusual f abric, w ith p lyed t hread o f a s oft s ilky a ppearance, p robably d ue t o t he w ool h aving b een c ombed r ather t han c arded, woven i nto a v ery t hin f lat c loth. No. 1 24 a nother e xcellent f abric, b ut w ith v ery f ine p lyed y arns, h as o ne t hread s ystem ( weft) c losely p acked, c ompletely h iding t he o ther ( warp), o bscuring t he u sual d iagonal l ines o f t he t will w eave a nd g iving a t hick s atin-like a ppearance ( Fig. 4 4c). f ragments f rom a t l east s even d ifferent w oven f abrics f orm a i nteresting s mall c ollection. T hose o f w ool a re o f g ood, a nd i n t wo e xcellent q uality; t he o nly c oarse m aterial p resent i s a d eteriorated w eave o f v egetable f ibre ( Fig. 4 6G), p robably f lax s ail-cloth.

T hese v ery c ases t abby

R ecent u rban e xcavations h ave p rovided a m ass o f l ate m edieval t extile, p articularly t he f inds f rom B aynard's C astle i n t he C ity o f L ondon, w here r ebuilding i nvolved d ock c onstruction , a nd t hen l ater b ack-filling, a long t he r iverside, f or which purpose r ubbish f rom l ocal t ailoring e stablishments, p erhaps e ven c onnected w ith t he Royal Wardrobe, p rovided c opious m aterial. T he m ost i mportant c omparison w ith t he C attewater f inds n aturally c omes f rom t he s mall l ate f illing o f t he r obbed-out d ock w all, d ated t o c . 1 500-1550. S olid unfulled t wills w ith t he s ame s pinning i n w arp a nd w eft,

l ike

C attewater N os. 1 22 a nd 1 23 ( Z s pun) a re p resent i n t he e arlier B aynard's C astle d eposits, a nd i n 1 5th-16th c entury l evels a t P oole T own H all C ellars, while S -spun m edium g rade t wills l ike No. 1 25 a re w ell r epresented i n t he l ate B aynard's C astle w all f illing, a nd t he r ule i n 1 6th c entury l evels f rom t he C astle D itch, Newcastle u pon Tyne ( Walton 1 981, 2 08f). T he m ost s triking

c omparison

b etween B aynard's

C astle

a nd

t he C attewater f abrics

i s

w ith t he p ink-red w orsted f ragment, N o. 1 24. T his s tyle o f t will i s n ot f ound i n t he e arlier c ontexts, b ut t here i s a g roup o f n o l ess t han e ight e xamples f rom t he l ate d eposit; t hree s imilar f abrics c ome f rom 1 6th c entury l evels a t N ewcastle, t hough t here i s o ne e arlier f ragment ( Walton 1 981, 2 09, 2 13; 2 07). I n a ll t hese, t he f ine s ilky y arns a re c lose-packed i n o ne s ystem,

w ith t hread c ounts v arying i n d ifferent e xamples f rom 6 6 t o

1 16 p er

c m; t he p reservation o f s elvedge o n o ne p iece m akes i t c lear t hat t his s ystem i s t he w eft, a nd t hese f abrics m ay a ll s afely b e d escribed a s " weftf aced". S o f ar n o t will q uite l ike N o. 1 29, w ith i ts s hiny p lyed y arn a nd t hin e ven w eave, i n w hich t he d iagonal l ines o f t he t will h ardly s how ( Fig. 4 6F),

s eems t o h ave b een r ecorded. T he

S s pinning

s een

i n

t he

t abby w eave

i ncreases i n p opularity a t B aynard's

o f N os.

C astle f rom t he

1 27,

1 28,

1 30-3,

1 5th c entury o nwards -

9 7 o ut o f 4 09 t abbies i n t he l ate 1 4th-15th c entury d ock, a nd 4 7 o ut o f 6 7 i n t he 1 6th c entury d eposit, t o e xclusively S t abbies i n t he Newcastle l evels. T hough

t hese p ieces

C attewater e xcavation,

c ome

f rom t he

l ess s ecurely s tratified a rea o f t he

t here i s n o r eason w hy t hey s hould n ot b elong w ith

t he w reck d eposits.

8 2

G arments W here e nough r emains i t i s c lear t hat t he C attewater t extiles c ome f rom g arments, n ot f rom b ales o f m erchandise. M iss J anet A rnold e xamined t he p ieces w ith c ut e dges a nd s titch - m arks, s ome o f w hich s till h ad f ragments o f b roken s ilk s ewing t hread a dhering. A ll t he p ieces o f

1 27-8,

I t a ppears a s i f N o.

1 30-133,

c ould p ossibly c ome f rom t he s ame g arment.

1 30 s hows p art o f a n eckline w ith s houlder s eam a nd o ne

s ide o f an armhole, t hough J anet Arnold d id n ot r ecognise t he s quared ? underarm c ut a nd t he s lanted s eam b eyond ( Figs. 4 5, 1 30) a s c oming f rom a ny p reviously known p attern. S he s uggested t hat t he o ther l arge a rea ( No. 1 27) m ight b e p art o f t he s kirt o f a m an's g own ( Fig. 4 5), t he s lit p arallel t o t he l ong s traight s eam b eing a t t he s ide - a s lightly o ld-fashioned s tyle a t t his d ate. T he f lat t urned-under e dges o f t his s lit a re unlike t he s imple s eams o n s lits w here g ores h ave b een i nserted i n 1 4th c entury g owns, a nd i t s eems l ikely t hat i n t his c ase t he g own h ad a l ining o r f acing. T his m ight p erhaps a ccount f or t he p resence o f t he v ery f ine t wills, l uxury f abrics t oo p recious f or e veryday g arments, b ut s uitable f or t rimmings w hich w ere t o b e v isible t ailoring f eatures. One o f t he w eft-faced B aynard's C astle n umbers ( TC/3), n ot s o f ine a s t he l ater e xamples, b ut h ighly d ecorative, w ith r ed t hreads i n o ne s ystem a nd w hite o r y ellow i n t he o ther, w as u sed f or f acing w hat i s p robably t he f ront p art o f a s tand-up c ollar w ith a b obbled e dge, f rom t he e arliest c ollection. T he p inky-red o f No. 1 24, a nd p ossible b lue-purple o f N o. 1 29, w ould h ave a dded e ffective t ouches o f c olour u sed i n t his m anner.

S TONE

( Figs.

4 7,

4 8).

G eological p rovenances a re b ased o n a knowledge o f t he o utcrop where t hey o ccur a long t he c oastline, w hen n ormally t he n earest i s c onsidered m ost l ikely ( identification b y E .C. M anley). Only t he s tone f rom t he s ecurely c ontexted b allast d eposit h as b een c onsidered i n d etail. W hile t he v ariety r ecovered ( representing a n a rea f rom t he S evern E stuary a nd t he s outh-west o f E ngland a long t he s outh c oast t o D over,

p ossibly L ondon) m ay b e d ue i n p art

t o t he p ractice o f c ollecting

s tone f rom t he n earest s ource a nd i ncompletely c learing i t o ut f or c areening o r r eplacing f ouled b allast w ith f resh (' rummaging' t o r emove a ccumulated f ilth : A rnold a nd W eddle, 1 979, 1 9). T he c landestine d umping o f b allast i n p orts a nd harbours r emained a n uisance w ell i nto t he l ast c entury. A t P lymouth, a s e arly a s 1 568 o rders w ere m ade f or t he ' good k epyng o f t he p oole a nd t he w ater - s ide u nder t he f ull s ea m arke' t o e nsure t hat n o m anner o f b allast, n or t he ' swepyng o r c leansing o f a ny s hip' w as t o b e c ast i nto t he p ool, a nd s teps w ere t aken f or t he p rotection o f t he C attewater s o t hat e very P lymouth l ighter a nd s and b arge s hould a nnually c arry a l oad o f ' lose r ubball o r f ilth' f rom t here a nd d eposit I sthmus ( Worth , 1 890, 3 35).

i t

o n t he

n orthern p art

o f

B atten

P ost wreck d eposition m ay t herefore a ccount f or s tone n ot r ecovered d irectly f rom l ayer 4 a nd 5 .

T hese t wo d eposits w ere m ade u p l argely o f

l ocal l imestone o r c halk a nd f lint ( Nos. 422 i ii, 4 23 v i), f ragments o f g ranite ( some w orked), a nd s andstone a shlar ( Nos. 2 01, 4 21). L imestone w as t he c hief b uilding m aterial i n P lymouth , q uarrying m ainly f rom t he W est H oe, a nd g ranite w as o ften e mployed f or q uoins, f rames a nd p illars. T he a shlar i ndicates

t he u se o f b uilding m aterial f or b allast w hen c onvenient.

8 3

1 36

1 37

1 38

9

1 39

4 7.

S tone

8 4

( 1:2).

5 cm . .1

T ab le 4 C ontext

S tone I dent ification N o.

O bject

A ppearance

L ikely P rovenance

5

4 22 1

B a llast

G rey s late , D evonian

L oca l

5

4 22

B a llast

D iabase, c h lor itised

L oca l. S imilar t o

p orphyritic m icro-

C ox T or , B rent H ill

1

a nd

g abbro

( Cornish)

d ykes a1o ng

S . C ornish c oast. 5

4 22 1I

B a llast

C r Inolda l

l imestone ,

S . W a les/Br isto l

l ower C arboniferous . 5

4 22

i v

B a llast

C a lc ite, m idd le

P lymouth

D evonian. 5

4 22 v

B a llast

L imestone , m idd le

L oca l

( P lymouth)

L oca l

( Cattedown?).

D evonian. 5

4 22 v i

B a llast

v ein C a lc ite

5

4 22 v 11

B a llast

C ha lk m idd le S antonian C inque P orts/Kent

5

4 23 i

B a llast

i .e. U pper C retaceous

N earest = D orset

L imestone ,

B r isto l a rea ( see

l ower

C arboniferous

4 22,

11).

5

4 23 i l

B a llast

L imestone

P lymouth.

5

4 23

i v

B a llast

G ranite

W est C ountry .

5

4 23 v

B a llast

F lint ,

U pper

L oca l

C retaceous. 5

2 0 1

Q uernstone?

G ranite

W est C ountry

5 ?

4 22

B a llast

B asic i gneous

S .W . E ng land.

5 ?

4 23

B a llast

C onglomerate

S .W. E ngland.

5 ?

4 23

B a llast

Q uartzite

S .W. E ng land.

5 ?

4 2 1

A sh lar

S andstone , C arbon-

S .Wa les ( Fig. 4 7)

i ferous. 3

3

1 0

3 80

3 8 1

4 05

S tone s hot

S tone s hot

L imestone , U pper

B eer-Seaton a rea

C ret .

( Fig. 4 7).

L imestone , L ower

B eer-Seaton a rea

C arboniferous.

( Fig. 4 7).

S late

L oca l. W . D evon/ C ornwa ll.

1 0

4 05

G ranite

8 5

S .W. E ng land.

U /S

2 28

S andstone

L oca l,

p robably S .

W a les. U /S

4 06

S hot w eight? G rey s late

L oca l. T revose/Exe ( Fig. 4 7).

U /S

4 70

S hot?

F lint

C hannel/N. S ea b eaches.

U /S

C W73 2 0

P ebb le/

F lint ,

U pper C ret.

B a llast?

8 6

L oca l.

4 8.

S ources

o f

s tone;

1 = c halk;

( Devonian), 4 = c arboniferous

2 = l imestone,

( sandstone),

3 =

l imestone

5 = g ranite.

1 43 1 40

1 4 1

1 42

1 47 1 48

1 49

0

4 9.

T he g lass ( 1:4).

8 7

5 cm

M icrofaunal a nalysis o f t he b allast g ravel/sand i ndicates a s ource o n a f airly l ime r ich r iver a t o r u pstream f rom a ny p ronounced s aline i nfluence ( Appendix 7 ). A lthough t he p resent d ay d istribution o f s everal o f t he s pecies a ppears t o e xclude t he P lymouth r egion , t he t own w as a 1 6th c entury c entre f or l ime b urning a nd s and t o b e a dded t o t he l ime w ould b e t aken f rom l ocal r ivers b y t he b oatload, p robably b y l anding o n a s andbank a t l ow t ide, l oading, a nd f loating o ff a t h igh. B uilding s and w as c ertainly t ransported i n t his w ay, a nd t he b allast s and m ay h ave c ome f rom a s imilar s ource ( Welch , 1 967). L ocal p roduction o f s tone s hot i s r ecorded i n t he O ld A udit B ook ( Plymouth R ecords O ffice) f or 1 511-12 : ' itm t o p alm r a nd h is m an a t t he C awssey ( at t he e ntrance t o S utton P ool) f or m akynge o f g unne s tonys x d ays t • i xs I n 1 513-14 ' Gun S tones' w ere f etched f rom t he M oor; i n a fter y ears m ade o f S taddon S tone ( Worth , 1 890). The d iameter o f t he smaller s hot ( 52.5mm, 2 1 /8") c orresponds t o t he b ore o f t he s wivels ( allowing f or w indage), a nd w hile L aughton a rgues t hat t hey p robably f ired h ailshot ( 1960, 2 68), a s a ppears t o h ave b een t he c ase w ith t he P adre I sland w reck ( Arnold and Weddle, 1 979, 2 52) t hey p robably a lso f ired t hese l ight s tone b alls, w hich w ere c heaper t han i ron t o p roduce a nd b etter f or w rought i ron c ompsite g uns which w ere i n m any c ases n ot s trong e nough t o w ithstand t he l arger p owder c harges u sed f or h eavier m etal s hot ( Good a nd T abraham, 1 981, 1 28). T he s mall C attewater s hot w eighed 1 62.8g/5.75oz, t he l arger 4 11g/14.5oz ( approx. 1 l b. w hen c omplete). S tone s hot f rom t he W oolwich s hip r anged f rom 3 .5 i ns/8.2cm t o 1 2 i ns/30.3cm i n d iameter.

T HE B ONES b y K evin R eilly. The b ones w ere e xamined under t hree m ain c ontext groups:

t hose f rom

l ayers 4 a nd 5 a ssociated d irectly w ith t he s hip's b allast ( total 8 8), t hose f rom d isturbed s ilts b ut p robably o riginating f rom t he b allast a rea ( total 3 0), a nd t hose o f u ncertain o rigin , b ut p ossibly a ssociated w ith t he w reck ( total

1 6).

F ive b ones w ere f ound d uring t he 1 976 p redisturbance s urvey.

A t otal o f 1 20 b ones w ere i dentified a s c ow ( Bos), 7 1 ( 59%) c oming f rom t he s hip's b allast. T he o ther s pecies ( see t able 5 ) w ere v ery f ew i n n umber, a nd e ither r epresent a f ew s mall j oints o r c hance f inds e xcept f or t he d og ( Canis) t hat m ay have l ived o n b oard. T he r elevance o f t he p articualr c ow f ragments i s d iscussed b elow. P reservation o f t he m aterial w as g ood, e specially in t he b allast and p robable b allast g roups. C ow l ong b ones s howed f used 5 0% o f c ow l umbar v ertebrae w ere m issing e piphyses.

a rticular e nds, a nd This w ould a ge t he

c attle a t b elow 5 y ears o ld w hen m issing v ertebral e piphyses

( Silver,

1 969).

I t c an b e s een t hat n o m ore t han t hree c ow i ndividuals w ere r epresented.

B utchery ( Figs.

5 0,

5 1).

O nly c ow i s d iscussed h ere, a s t he o ther s pecies w ere i nconsequential i n n umber. A l arge n umber o f t he b ones h ad b utchery marks o n t hem ( Fig. 5 0). On t hose t hat c ould d efinitely b e a ssigned t o t he wreck, t he f ollowing b utchery m arks w ere o bservable: s plitting o f t he v ertebra, u sually l umbar o r c ervical e ither i mmediate t o t he b ase o f t he s pinous process o r t hrough t he a nterior a nd p osterior a rticular p rocess, which would i n t he c ase o f t horacic v ertebrae r emove t he t ubercle a nd part o f t he t erminal f acet o f any a djoining r ib ( Fig. 5 0). O wing t o t he s mall n umber o f t horacic v ertebrae f ound p erhaps t his t echnique f acilitated t heir r emoval,

8 8

4 . ) c o

4 ;

, r 1 Z

a ) 4 . )

8 9

t he m eat t hen b eing c arried o n t he r ibs. T he m ain d irection f or t he v ertebra s plitting s eems t o b e d orsal v entral ( Fig. 5 1). I n t he c ase o f t he c ervical a nd l umbar v ertebrae ( 3 l umbar a nd 2 c ervical) t his s plitting w ould a ssit r emoval f rom a v entral d irection o f t he f lanks w here t hese b ones w ould f orm p art o f t he j oint. O ne l umbar v ertebra was c ut f rom a c audal d irection t hrough t he n eural a rch, r esulting i n t he p artial r elease o f a b ackstake. I n o ne c ase, a l umbar v ertebra h ad b een c ut r emoving t he c ranial s urface, c onsequence o f f urther s ubdivisions o f j oints ( Fig. 5 1). The r ib f ragments w ere g enerally 1 5-20cm l ong, c ut e ither m edially o r l aterally ( the f ormer s eems t o b e m ore f requently t he c ase f rom t he b allast - 1 4: 8 w here o ut o f 2 7 r ibs, 2 2 s how b utchery). T his e vidence i mplies i nitial l ateral s plitting o f t he r ibs f rom t he v ertebrae which w ould t hen b e f urther c hopped i nto more u seful j oints. T hese t echniques a re f or t he m ost p art a lso s hown b y s tratified v ertebrae a nd r ibs.

t he l ess

s ecurely

B utchery t o t he s houlder j oint c onsists o f c uts t o t he c ranial e dge o f t he s capula a nd n eck, w ith major b lows t o t he h umerus head f rom a l ateral d irection , i n t wo i nstances, r emoving t he h ead c ompletely. S imilarly o ne f emur s howed b lows j ust d istal t o t he c aput a nd f rom a d orsal d irection t hrough t he t rochanter m ajor. T hese c uts w ould h elp i n t he r emoval o f f ore and h ind l egs a t t he h umerus a nd f emur h eads r espectively. The s capula w ould t hen c arry t he s houlder m eat, w ith c uts t o t he s pine, a s s hown b y o ne e xample, c an o nly

r esulting p robably f rom s houlder m eat r emoval. P elvis b utchery b e d etermined f rom m aterial i n t he p robably b allast a nd uncertain

c ontext g roups, t hem f rom t he d irection.

w here c uts o ccur t o t he i schial a nd i lial s hafts, s plitting a cetabulum a nd t heir r espective b lades f rom a v entral

B utchery t o t he e lbow j oint i s v isible o n t hree b ones f rom t he b allast: t wo h umeri a nd o ne r adius/ulna ( Fig. 5 0). T he major quantity o f m eat on t he f ore-limb l ies a bove

t his

j oint,

s o t his m ust r epresent m ajor s everance

o f t he h umerus f rom t he r adius/ulna i n t wo c ases. T he d istal r adius d oes o ccur o nce f rom t he u ncertainly c ontexted g roup. C uts t o t he f emur/tibia o f t he h ind l imb a re s imilar, w here b utchery ( in o ne c ase) t o t he t ibia p roximal f rom t he d orsal a nd p lantar d irections i n a l ateral/medial p lane m ust r epresent d isjointing b lows. A n e xample o f h ock j oint b utchery o ccurs i n t he p robable b allast c ategory, w here a t ibia w as c ut d irection i nto t he p lantar e dge o f t he d istal a rticulation.

f rom a d orsal

T he s ame m ethod o f b utchery w as a pplied t o t his j oint a s t o t he e lbow j oint,

d irect b lows t o t he h umerus o r t ibia a iming t o r emove t he a wkward

o lecranon p rocess

o r

t he

c orpus

c alcanei

r espectively

t o

p ermit

r emoval

o f

t he u pper l imb. F our a stragali

o ccur

i n t he p robable b allast c ategory,

b ut s how n o

s igns o f b utchery. I t i s w orth n oting t he t otal a bsence o f m etapodials a nd phalanges. C ranial and m andibular f ragments a re r are, a nd w hen p resent f ragmentary, e xcept o ne u nstratified e xample, a m andible P 3 - m2 w ith a m ajor c ut t hrough r oot s ite Mi f rom a d orsal d irection , a nd s maller c uts t o t he b uccal s ide, p robably c onnected w ith r emoval o f t he t ongue. I t c an b e i magined t hat t he o nly b ones t aken w ould be t hose b earing a s ubstantial c ut o f m eat,

a nd t hat t he s ize o f t he j oints a re l imited,

s hown b y t he r ibs a nd v ertebrae.

9 0

a s

c auda l v i ew

-shows d i rec t ion o f c u t

c auda l v i ew

a )

a )

0 : 1

9 1

a )

l a te ra l v i ew

T ab le 5

B one f requenc ies f rom t he m ain c ontext g roups.

( r= r ight , L = l eft ,

f r . = f ragment ,

i nd. = i ndeterm inate)

C ow ( Bos t aurus)

B a llast

P robable b a llast

S capu la

2 L,3r ,5fr.

2 r ,1

h umerus

1 L,1r ,1

-

r adius

1 L

2 L

1 r ,lfr.

-

u lna

1 r

1 L

-

1 L ,2fr .

I nd.

U ncertain

f r .

1 L

r ibs

1L,10r ,6fr.

4 L,3r ,3fr.

3 L,1r ,4fr.

c erv. v ert.

6

2

1

t horac ic v ert .

3

1

2

l umbar v ert.

5

1

1

c auda l

v ert .

1 976 s urvey

1

-

-

s acrum

2

-

-

p e lv is

3 fr .

2 fr.

-

f emur

1 i nd.

1 L

-

t ibia

1 L,1r

1 L

-

a straga lus

l r

3 L

-

1 r

c a lcaneum

-

i

1 L

-

m andib le

-

-

l fr .

-

c ranium

l fr.

l fr .

-

h yoid

1 I nd.

-

-

l oose t eeth

2

-

-

-

T OTALS

7 1

2 8

1 7

4

S heep/goat ( Ovis a r ies/Capra h ircus)

P ig

B a llast :

1 r t ibia .

P robable b a llast :

s urvey :

o cc ipita l

c ondy le o f c ranium.

1 976

( Sus s crofa) B a llast : 4 r ibs, 1 976 s urvey :

D og

1 r t ibia , m ax illary m o lar .

l fr.

f emur , m a le c anine .

P robable b a llast :

1 L f emur ,

1 r m axilla.

( Canis f am iliar is) B a llast :

l fr. h umerus ,

O ther b ones f rom b al l ast: p robably b ov ine.

2 r ibs. 2 fr.

v ertebrae,

6 l arge

l ong b one f r.,

a l I

T he F ish B ones

( identified b y D r. A . W heeler).

A ll t he b ones w ere s ecurely i dentifiable a s c od, G adus m orhua.

b uried u nder b allast i n l ayer 5 , a nd T hey c onsist o f v ertebral c entra ( three

m id-caudal ( 286/289), t hree a nterior c audal ( 318), f our m id-caudal ( 40) a nd c leithra, all f rom t he r ight s ide ( 163, 3 19, 3 21, 2 73), w ith o ne s uprac leithrum ( 134). T he s ample i s h eterogeneous i n t hat w hile t he v ertebral c entra c ould h ave b een d iscarded f ood r emains t hrown i nto t he b allast, t he c leithra a re more i ndicative o f w aste f rom t rimming b eheaded f ish. The a bsence o f h eads, t hough p ossibly d ue t o p oor r ecovery d uring e xcavation , m ay i ndicate t hat t hese r emains a re n ot i n k eeping w ith t he p reparation o f f resh f ish , b ut r ather t he r emains o f f resh o r s alted f ish t hat h ad a lready b een b eheaded ( the c leithra a re o ften l eft i n p lace i n w et, d ry f ish a s a u seful h and-hold).

s moked o r s alted

O ther m aterial ( examined b y D r. R .W. C larke, A rchaeological R esearch C entre, N ational M aritime M useum). A s ample

o f b allast g ravel

( CW325,

l ayer 5 ;

A .R.C.

s mall f ragments o f s eed c oat, m ostly u nidentifiable s p., w ith s mall p ieces o f h igher p lant r emains.

D iscussion

N o.

S -7185)

e xcept

f or

i ncluded

R anunculus

( Redknap).

T he b one f rom t he w reck d isplayed p reparation f or s alting a nd b arrelling.

b utchery c onsistent w ith i ts T here d oes a ppear t o b e a n

u nnecessary amount o f b one i n s ome c ases t hat must h ave t aken up v aluable s torage s pace a nd o ne i s r eminded o f t he c ommon p ractice o f s hort m easure, a s i llustrated b y a l etter f rom Admiral S ir E dward Howard d ated 1 512 o r 1 513: ' they t hat r eceved t her p roportion f or i i m onths f lesche c annot b ryng a bout f or v weekes f or t he b areeles b e f ull o f s alt, and w hen t he p eeces k epith t he noumbre w her t hey s hulde b e p eny p eeces t hey b e b ut h alfpeny p eeces, a nd wher i i p eeces s hulde m ake a m esse, i ij w ill d o b ut s erve' ( Oppenheim , 1 896, 8 1). A n aval v ictualling d epartment w as o nly e stablished a bout 1 530, p revious t o w hich e ven n aval s hips w ould o ften h ave h ad t o r ely o n l ocal m en a t t he p orts w here s upplies w ere c ollected t o p rovision s hips. A p reliminary e xamination o f B ritish n aval s hips' r egisters b etween 1 485 a nd 1 588

i llustrates a b asic p attern o f b eef a s t he m eat m ost g enerally s upplied

( usually i n quarters o r p ipes), w ith o ther r eferences t o ' flesh' o r l ess f requently p ork a nd m utton ( Andrews, 1 959, 2 49). S alted f ish w ere c ommonly p rovided, o ften r ed o r w hite h erring, t hough a lso s alted c od ( haberdyne). T he M ary R ose h as p roduced e vidence f or c arcasses o f f resh p ork, a s w ell a s b utchered v enison, b eef, m utton and t rimmed h eadless f ish, a nd t he C attewater wreck i llustrates provisioning on b oard a s mall, n earc ontemporary v essel.

G LASS

( Fig.

All t he

4 9) b y A bhain E . P reston. g lass,

except f or o ne p iece f rom t he b allast,

i s p ost-1700.

A ll s howed f ine s urface s cratches d ue t o a brasion o n t he s ea-bed. T he b ottle n eck 1 43 f rom l ayer 1 0b s hows t he e ffect o f s couring o n t he s ite, a s d o the s herd o f 1 7th c entury D onyatt W are f rom b eneath t he k eel, p ipe s tems f rom l ayer

1 0b.

9 3

a nd t he

1 40.

( 403, l ayer 5 ) i llustrated).

1 41-2.

( 412 ,

l ayer

1 0;

T hin f ragments o f w ine b ottle,

4 56,

u nstratified)

T wo s herds

t hin f ragment c . 1 800 a nd o ne t hicker f ragment 2 mm a nd 5 mm r espectively) ( not i llustrated). 1 43.

1 -2mm t hick

f rom w ine b ottles, c .

1 735

( 434, l ayer 1 0) N eck o f c ylinder s hape w ine b ottle. H ume, 1 976, 6 8 f or p arallels. D ate: c . 1 800.

1 44.

( 131,

l ayer 1 /10)

( not

( thickness

S ee N oel-

N eck o f c ylinder s hape w ine b ottle.

S ee

N oelH ume, 1 976, 6 8. I rridescent, l ime g reen. G roove a round r im o utside. F ine a ir b ubbles. D ate: c . 1 800. 1 45.

( 133, u nstratified) S houlder o f ' mallet' s hape w ine b ottle. N o. 1 48, d ate 1 720-1735. ( Not i llustrated).

1 46.

( 133, unstratified)

A s

N eck o f e arly c ylinder w ine b ottle w ith

c rudely f ormed a nd l umpy s tring r im. S ee N oel-Hume, 1 976, 6 8. L ight g reen , i rridescent, f iner t han N o. 1 45. D ate: p ossibly a s e arly a s 1 788. 1 47.

( CW73 p until

? 23) m ark

B ase o f i i

s quare

u nder

b ase.

i nterspersed w ith l arger. 1 48.

( CW73 2 3, unstratified)

' gin'

b ottle w ith l arge untrimmed

M ould

D ate:

c .

B ase o f

b lown,

small

a ir

' mallet' s haped w ine b ottle.

P arallels i n N oel-Hume, 1 976, 6 5 a nd P reston, 1 979, N o. a ir b ubbles, b listers o n b ottom. D ate: 1 720-1735. 1 49.

b ubbles

1 780-1800.

2 3.

F ine

( 117, l ayer 1 ) S houlder o f ' mallet' s haped w ine b ottle. a bove. M ussel s hell c oncretions, t ranslucent, i rridescent, s mall a ir-bubbles. D ate: c . 1 720-35.

A s v ery

C LAY P IPES N umerous c lay p ipe b owls a nd s tems w ere f ound i n and a round t he s ite f rom l ayer 1 r anging i n d ate f rom 1 640-1850. P arallels i nclude O swald, 1 975, f igure 3 G, N o. 5 : 4 1; O swald and B arber,

F ig. 5 N, N os. 4 , 5 , 6 ; O swald, 1 979, N o. 3 1, 1 969, F ig. 5 4, N o. 2 0 a nd F ig. 5 6, N o. 5 3.

r eport o n i dentifications b y A .E.

3 8, 4 0, A f ull

P reston c an b e f ound w ith t he s ite r ecord.

9 4

5 . A rchaeological

e vidence

D ISCUSSION s uggests

t hat

t he

C attewater

s hip,

a

m erchantman o f 2 -300 t ons b urden , s ank i n t he f irst h alf o f t he 1 6th c entury ( c. 1 530?). T his i s a p eriod c rucial t o o ur u nderstanding o f s hip d esign a nd d evelopment, b ordering t he r evolution i n n aval c onstruction o f c . 1 4801 525 ( involving a c hange i n h ull f orm d ependent l argely o n c hanges i n a rmament a nd r igging) a nd t he a ppearance o f t he f irst k nown E nglish e vidence o f m athematically b ased f ormulae f or s hip d esign ( generally d ated t o t he 1 580s). W hile e xtant s hip p ortraits a nd d ocumentary r ecords h ave p ermitted af airly c lose d ating o f t he 1 6th c entury i nnovations, l ittle i s known o f t he extent t o which patterns were f ollowed o r o f t he d egree o f s tandardisation o r r egional v ariation i n c onstruction t echniques e mployed. T he absence o f s hipwrights' p lans until t he l ast d ecades o f t he c entury h ighlights t he v alue o f a rchaeological m aterial a s a p rimary s ource a nd r ecord. S everal near-parallels a re known f or t he C attewater k eelson w ith i ts c haracteristic c entral s welling: t he B remen C og ( AD 1 380), V essel A f rom R ye ( Lovegrove, 1 964, p re-16th c entury), a nd t he M ary R ose ( Rule, 1 982). B oth t he B remen and R ye e xamples have s imilar p rofiles, a nd w ere b olted t o t he k eel w ith t reenails r ather t han i ron b olts ( as w ith t he C attewater), R ye A h aving a s ingle t reenail b ored t hrough t he r aised l evel o f t he m ast s tep, l ike

t he m ortice i n t he C attewater k eelson,

i s a ctually a k ind o f s helf.

T he m ortice in t he Rye A v essel i s s ome w ay f ore o f t he m ast s tep a nd m ay n ot have s erved t he s ame f unction. T here i s a s emi-circular hole c ut t hrough t he e dge o f t he l esser k eelson, p robably i ntended C attewater k eelson. T he u nusual

f or

t he

s ame

l ap-dovetail f rame

L abrador

( Grenier ,

p ers.

t he

c onstruction h as

b y t he e xcavation o f a b asque w haler B ay,

f orward o f t he m ast s tep,

f unction a s

e lliptical h ole

a nd t he

i n t he

r ecently b een p aralleled

( possibly t he S t. J uan,

c omm.),

a nd w as

c .

1 560) i n R ed

s mall f illing p ieces

b etween

f uttocks h ave n ow b een f ound o n t he M ary R ose, S t. J uan a nd an e arly 1 6th c entury w reck n ear V illefranche, S . F rance ( E. R eith , p ers. c omm.). F ull p ublication o f t hese s ites m ay r esolve w hether t he l ap-dovetail, a pplied d uring a p eriod o f a rchitectural e xperimentation , r epresents a g eneral 1 6th c entury s hip-building t echnique o r r egional p ractice ( e.g. ' ex p artibus H ispanis'

s ee p .

9 8).

T he C attewater

s hip w as

s keleton-built

f rom

s awn p lanks.

L ittle

c an

b e s aid a bout t he s hape o f h er s tern ( round/square), a nd h er l ines a re d ifficult t o r econstruct, o wing t o i ncomplete h ull s ections. A rmament w as r esponsible f or m any o f t he c hanges

i n h ull

f orm t aking p lace a t

t he e nd o f

t he 1 5th c entury a nd f irst q uarter o f t he 1 6th c entury, a nd t he C attewater w reck h as s o f ar p roduced c omparatively s mall, q uick-firing b reech l oaders, w ith s light e vidence f or h eavier s hotted p ieces ( stone s hot, p . 8 8). T he t hree s wivel g uns a re a ll t he s ame s ize, a nd m anufactured i n i dentical m anner ( without s igns o f r epair) t hat s uggest c ontemporary c onstruction a t t he s ame f oundry. T here i s a p ossibility t hat t hey r epresent t he c ontinued u se o f o bsolete a rmament c onsistent w ith a m erchantman i mpressed f or s ervice i nto a n avy t hat w as p repared i n a s tate o f w ar t o u se w hatever c ame t o h and, a nd t he p icture i s c omplicated b y t he uncertain d istinction a t t he t ime b etween m erchantman and n aval v essel,

w hen b oth c ould d ouble u p i n

f unction f or m uch o f t heir l ives. The D anes w ere u sing b uilt up b reech l oaders i n t he 1 560's, a nd t here i s d ocumentary e vidence f or t he u se o f s uch g uns i n t he e arly s tages o f t he R evolt

9 5

( Howard,

p ers.

c omm.).

K eelson s hown e nd o n i n . / . ' • • • • I 4. i r i

• . 0 . 1 . C )

d 3 ' . . ."

s .."

1 , 4 1 2 )

4 • 4

0

, . . ./

" 4 C O

a ) .a . — . n i C • J " "4 4 4 Q . ) 4 4 C U

C 2 L +

• r 1

> C t l

. 4

› .

. 0 724 C i )

c o

C U " . .4 . 0 e lo 4 1 . ‚ 4 1 •

1 i 0

O

> ,

( X )

5

O • 4 ) 0 N . 4 r 1 4 1 i 1 c D n C 0 . 1 r A I 1 • H r 1 4 4 c z l O 1 4 N 1 4 -4

a .

• c i

a )

C ) Q . ) 1 4 . O ' N ) 4 4 Z 0 C Q . 4 1 2 ) 4. j

1 : 4 •, -•

C • 1

9 6

9 : 1

0

]

0 r I 1 4 1

0 PL +

C) • r 1 " C )

0 0

4 1

1 •

•

9 7

• ri u )

C ommon

s ense

s uggests m any

p ossible

c auses

f or h er

s inking.

S he m ay

h ave b een b rought i n d amaged a nd s ank a t a nchor, o r w hilst t rying t o r each s hallow w ater; s he m ay h ave c ollided w ith o ne o r m ore v essels, c aught f ire o r e xploded. S he m ay h ave b een l ost t hrough n eglect, o r heavy s eas. P ositive i dentification f rom d ocumentary r esearch i s d ifficult, b ut t opographical c onsiderations p ermit s everal r easonable a ssumptions. The v essel c annot h ave b een o f g reat s ignificance o r i mportance, o therwise s ome f orm o f l ocal w reck t radition w ould s urvive a s t he t he Mary R ose, H enry G race D ieu, Royal G eorge and B oyne a t P ortsmouth. The a ccident p robably o ccurred o n o r c lose b y t he p resent s ite unless s he h ad b een d amaged e lsewhere and h ad b een t rying t o b each. S everal i ncidents are d ocumented, b ut t he r ecords a re n ot d etailed e nough t o b e o f m uch a ssistance. T he f ollowing l ist ( for w hich I a m v ery g rateful t o R . L a m) r epresents a s earch t hrough o ne s ource o nly, t he C alendar o f S tate P apers ( Domestic) f rom t he y ears 1 530 a nd 1 645, a nd i llustrates t he f requency w ith w hich v essels s ank i n a nd a round P lymouth h arbour. 1 540

1 575

-

P ortugese s hip, l aden w ith s pices, H enry V III, X VI, 3 74).

a shore and p illaged

- S panish v essels w recked, L ady E dgecumbe C ouncil, 1 6th O ctober, 1 575).

i nvolved

( Acts

&P ,

o f P rivy

1 597

-

Wreck i n t he h arbour b y t empest ( C.S.P. D om. J ames I ( Addenda) X XXV, 9 4).

1 625

-

S hip c ast a way i n t he h arbour o f C attewater C LXXXIII, 6 & 7 ).

1 627

-

P rize v essel, c arrying wheat, C has. I , L XI, 3 4).

1 627

-

A l ist o f a ll t he s hips d amaged b y t he g reat s torm ( C.S.P. D om. C has.

1 627

-

I ,

L XXXV,

( C.S.P. D om. J ames I ,

d estroyed b y f ire ( C.S.P.

Dom.

6 1).

2 6th N ovember, 5 s hips a shore i n t he C attewater ( C.S.P. Dom. C has. I , LXXXV, 5 7), i ncluding M ary, R ainbow ( 26 p ieces o f o rdnance r emoved),

B onaventure, E sperance a nd B uck.

1 628

-

B ark f rom E xeter s unk

( C.S.P.

D om. C has.

I ,

1 638

-

A s hip c ast a way a t P lymouth ( C.S.P. D om.

C I,

2 3).

Chas.

I ,

C CCLXXXII,

5 4).

T he 1 540 r eference r ecords t hat t he P ortugese s hip r an a shore o n t he G erman R ock, w hich a ppears o n e arly c harts a t t he m outh o f t he T amar a nd n ot i n t he C attewater ( Worth, 1 893). T he o nly r ecorded i ncident t hat c orresponds r easonably w ith t he C attewater w reck i s t he s inking o n 1 7th J anuary, 1 494 o f t he S t. J ames, r ecorded i n a c ertificate o f a greement b etween J ohn d el H oyo a nd R olandus M olis a lias M orissa, m aster o f t he v essel. S he l ost a ll h er r igging d uring t he n ight in P lymouth h arbour t hrough v iolent w inds a nd a g reat s torm, a nd b roke u p o n t he shore ( Simon C arswylle's B ook, f . 4 8, P lymouth C ity R ecords O ffice: C arswylle was a ttorney a nd C oroner o f P lymouth i n t he t ime o f H enry V II). A s hip o f c onsiderable v alue ' ex p artibus h ispanis', e stimates f or t he w reck, a nd t he a rmament

9 8

h er s ize w ould c orrespond w ith a nd o ther f inds would f it t he

b ar re l

- -, '

L)

'••

s t a v e s

•

. ,«

l i v •_ _ _ e

5 4.

— ‹

0

-

D etail o f h ull c onstruction.

9 9

5 5. l ies

1 :20 s cale m odel o f t he h ull s tructure, i n t he C attewater.

t o l ie b eneath R edknap).

s een f rom a bove a s s he

T he d arker s ection r epresents

u nexamined

d eposits

( model

a nd

t imber a ssumed

photograph:

M .

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 6. o f

1 : 20

s cale

k eelson.

One

m odel, s cale

e nd

v iew,

d ivision

w ith

MIR

p ossible

r epositioning

= 2 0cm. ( photograph:

M . R edknap).

5 7. V iew o f P lymouth a nd t he C attewater, w ith t he S ound b eyond, t he r eign o f E lizabeth I b y a n I talian h and. ( Cott. A ug. 4 0, r eproduced b y p ermission o f t he B ritish L ibrary).

I .

i .

d uring F olio

d ate. However f ew d etails o f t he w reck a nd i ts l ocation a re g iven, and a lthough t he C attewater w as P lymouth's h arbour a t t his p eriod, t here i s u nsufficient e vidence t o i dentify t he C attewater w reck a s t he S t. J ames. I n t he c ommunication f rom Wm.

S tallenge i n P lymouth t o S ecretary C ecil

i n 1 597 ( C.S.P. D om. E liz. C CLXX ( 1599), 1 47) h er d escribes t he g eneral c onfiscation o f H ollander a nd Z ealander s hips a nd g oods, a nd t he p rovision o f grain b y s hip f or t he s ervices, a dvising s peed i n c ase t he c orn g oes f oul. H e c ontinues ' one o f t he s hips r an a ground, n ear t he t own , w here s he s till i s, and a lthough a s y et s he has n ot t aken a ny h urt, s he m ay, and t herefore o rder s hould b e g iven f or t he unloading o f h er'.

D uring t his

y ear t he f leet m ustered a t P lymouth f or a n e xpedition t o t he W estern I slands u nder t he Earl o f E ssex ( executed 1 600). A r eport o f t he e xpedition, c omplied b y o ne o f i ts c aptains c . 1 604 ( C.S.P. D om. J ames I , X XXVI, 4 53) r ecords t he l oss b y f oul w eather ' in t he v ery e ntrance o f P lymouth h aven' o f t he R oebucke o f 3 00 t ons, w hich r an a ground a nd b ulged h erself. I t i s n ot c lear y et w hether t his a nd t he p revious r eference r ecord t he s ame i ncident. There i s no Q ueen's s hip c alled t he O ppenheim ,

' Roebuck'

a nd s he m ay h ave b een a p rivate s hip

i n t he N avy l ists g iven b y ( Howard,

p ers.

c omm.).

An i nteresting i llustration o f t he e mbarrassment c aused i n t he b usy h arbour o f t he w recks i s p rovided b y t he a ccount i n 1 637 o f t he p rivileges c laimed b y t he C orporation o f P lymouth. T he h arbour h ad d ecayed c onsiderably, l argely d ue t o t he n eglect o f t he m ayor a nd b urgesses o f S altash , w ater-bailiffs o f t he h arbour, w ho t ook a nchorage a nd o ther p rofits f rom t he s ame, ' in s uffering a s hip l ong s ince s unk i n t he s aid h arbour' t o l ie t here s till, a nd p ermit l arge q uantities o f b allast t o b e c ast i nto t he h arbour. D issatisfied P lymouth m erchants w ere a pproaching t he a uthorities ' that t hey s peedily r emove t he s aid s hip, o r t hat a moiety o f t he s aid p rofit b e c onverted t o r epairing t he s aid h arbour d uring t hree y ears' ( estimated t hen a t £ 2,255: C .S.P. D om. C has I , C CCLVI). A s hip t hat s unk in t he e arly 1 6th c entury m ay s till h ave b een a n uisance i n 1 637 v ide t he R oyal G eorge i n t he S olent, a nd p rovided t hat t he s aid h arbour r efers t o t he C attewater, F uture

a s s eems l ikely, r esearch

m ay

i t m ight r efer t o t he C attewater w reck. uncover

b etter

evidence

and

a lternative

i dentifications, b ut u ntil c loser d ating o r e vidence o f n ationality a re f orthcoming, t he w reck m ust r emain a nonymous. T he p resent s udy i s b ased o n r esults 5 0% o f t he i dentified s tructure, p roblems

r aised.

O nly t he

g leaned f rom a s tudy o f

l ess

t han

and f uture w ork c an r esolve m any o f t he

c omplete

e xcavation a nd

l ifting

o f

t he

s ection

r eported on h ere, and i ts s ubsequent d etailed s tudy a nd c onservation f or m useum d isplay, w ill m eet t he r equirements o f t he a rchaeologist, n aval h istorian, museum a nd m ember o f t he p ublic: a n o peration t hat o ught t o b e i mplemented a t t he f irst o pportunity i f d egradation f rom m arine o rganisms, e rosion and d isturbance a re n ot t o c ause i rreversible d ame t o t he s ite. T he s ite i s s till s cheduled u nder t he P rotection o f W recks A ct 1 973.

1 03

2 2

s ided

2

T v

1 2 0

K ,son s ided

d imensions o f r oughly c ontemporary s hips.

K ee l

AC ompar ison o f s cant l i ng/structural

L . o verall

T ab l e 6 :

" Padre I sland w reck ( 1554 :

a fter D oran a nd D oran). C • 1

L a T r inidad V a lencera ( Sank 1 588). 0 • • N • CO 0 • •

C O

S .Mar ia d e

l a R osa ( 1575)

V isserschip W 10

3 C

( 15501600)

0

• i r

•e -

0

K almar V ( c.

1 500)

e N2 0

( 3 S tora K rafve l

( 1534)

G race D ieu ( 1418)

M ary R ose ( 150911,

R ye

1 536)

I( 16th c entury)

0

C attewater ( 1525-50?) : =7

M ary G onson ( 1514)

e •

W oo lwich

( 1488 ,

r ebuilt 1 50910?)

2 0

• • • N • 0, 0 • • •

c l 2 =

C

in •

d m . T reenail

M ast s tep w idth

M ast s tep d epth

C eiling s ize

C eiling t hickness

C apacity ( tuns)

P lank w idth

P lank t hickness

F rames p itch

F rames s ided

L . s welling

M ortise D .

2

0

▪ 1 2

I n 0

I n

N •

8

N N 0

C O

I n

s

, -

0

d

c L r " \ * . ,

0 e r

e r

, C ) N d

t r , 0

O

• I n

= 7 ,-

0

s

07 -

• N 0 -

c o2 c h • o p 0 —

s r

, t )

‚ 0

o

2 c o • • • c .

. t r . —

c

• u p

I n

0 n i

r :

t n c r , e t. • s r — —

I n 0

—

. 2 0 N

s D ., N t • 0

• C O

I n r s

I s

c o • -

C 7 + I

c ;

' . -

t • C O 0 • '

c o — c % —

e

7

o

• 5 C O • -

r -

•

—

0 N • 0

0 c ;

t r , 0

•e o

0 N • c o 0 —

e

c ;

N -

C O

• 0 -

5 •

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Iw ould l ike t o t hank t he f ollowing

( and any I h ave i nadvertantly o mitted

b ut w hose c ontributions w ere n o l ess v alued) f or t heir s upport, encouragment a nd s heer h ard w ork i n t his e nterprise.

e xperience,

T hree people a bove a ll w ere i nstrumental i n i ts f ruition - L t.

C dr.

Alan B ax enthusiastically r ekindled i nterest i n t he s ite and a s p roject c oordinator s aw t o i ts e quipping a nd f inancial n eeds; M artin D ean , a s s ite d irector in 1 976, p rovided b oth p ractical i ngenuity, a rchaeological e xperience

and h igh

s pirits

t o

g uarantee

p rogress;

c olleague and c o-director f rom 1 977-1978,

a nd

have b een a chieved, a nd w ho m arvellously t empered m y and r ealistic j udgement. I would enthusiasm , f inal

l ike

t o

t hank

all

t he

above

h ard w ork a nd f inal r eports,

f orm.

I a m

g rateful

t o

B erit

M ortlock,

m y

w ithout whom o nly a f raction w ould i dealism w ith c ritical

c ontributors

f or

a ll

t heir

a nd a ssume r esponsibility f or t heir

t he f ollowing c olleagues

f or t heir g enerous

help i n v arious ways: M iss J . Arnold: Mrs S onia O 'Connor ( University o f Cardiff), and D . Leigh ( University o f C ardiff); C ynthia G askell-Brown ( Plymouth C ity M useum a nd Art Gallery); P . A spen and Dr. I . Morrison ( Edinburgh University); J ames B arber, D irector o f P lymouth C ity M useum a nd Art G allery; D . L yon ( National M aritime M useum); J ohn C larke; J ohn H ackmann; Nick M orse;

t he

l ate

K eith M uckelroy

f or h is

t remendous

help o n s ite w ith e xcavation and p hotography; University

( Department

o f

C lassics

and

Dr.

e ncouragement

A .J.

Archaeology)

P arker, f or

a nd

B ristol

photographic

e quipment and m ini-buses f ull o f e nthusiatic, e xperienced d ivers; a lso H . M . Blackmore ( Deputy Master o f t he Armouries, Tower o f London), O . CrumlinP edersen ( Danish N ational M useum), E ric R eith ( Musge d e l a M arine, P aris) and M . Noel f or advice, and t he D epartment o f Archaeclogical S ciences, University o f B radford, f or g eophysical e quipment. I am e specially grateful to C olin C arpenter and J . s ection

on

o rdnance,

and

t o

R .

P rice f or t heir c ontributions t o t he

L am

nf or

h is

r eport

on

t he

h istorical

i dentification o f t he w reck. A cknowledgements f or most helpful advice and i nformation o n t he o rdnance a re d ue t o Mr J ohn A nstey, M iss M argaret B rooks, M r A lan M acCormick and M r C hris O 'Shea.

X -radiography w as undertaken a t t he Ancient M onuments

L aboratory and a t t he N on D estructive T esting D epartment, H .M. N aval B ase, D evonport and g rateful t hanks a re d ue t o M r R . H ough a nd h is c olleagues M r P . H orne and M r H . S pecial

C owling.

t hanks

t o

t he

C ommanding O fficer,

R .A.F.

M ountbatten

a nd

i ts

members f or t he t remendous c ooperation o ver a ccess t o t he s ite and u se o f b ase f acilities, f or

t heir

a nd t o P lymouth O cean P rojects,

p atience

a nd

t heir

i nvaluable

F ort B ovisand a nd i ts s taff

p rofessional

s upport

w ithout

w hich

t he i nvestigation w ould h ave r emained i n t he C ommittee R oom. Mr. Laird and S hell C hemicals v ery k indly d onated P .E.G. f or f ind c onservation, and many t hanks are d ue t o g rants f rom Manpower S ervices, P lymouth C orporation, t he I nstitute o f A rchaeology G ordon C hilde F und, a nd t o t he C onservation S ection o f t he A rchaeological R esearch C entre, N ational M aritime M useum f or c onserving s ome o f t he f inds. M embers d eserve t hanks g roups

a nd

o f

t he

R unciman

f or t heir w ork

C ommittee t owards

volunteers w ho w orked

o n

t he t he

1 07

and

C attewater

p roject,

a long

p reliminaries

Wreck w ith

C ommittee

t he

i ncluding

n umerous

t he R .A.F.

London

S ub-Aqua

F ederation,

t he

G uildford

a nd

P lymouth

S ound

B .S.A.C.

G roups. Absolutely n othing would have b een a chieved w ithout t he d ivers and I t hank t hem n ot j ust f or c oming, b ut m ore i mportantly f or t heir w illingness t o a ccept s ite d iscipline a nd s till f inish t he d ay s miling:

Earthwatch

1 976 -

Lois Arid; O 'Donahue; G ary.

E arthwatch

1 977

-

J ennifer Hoyer;

1 978

D ave and N ikki K rause; M ike T homas;

B etty P .

M anley;

R uby L . M eis;

T ed;

C athy

Don C olman;

J ay L itherland;

T odd M assey; A dam

D ave a nd N ikki K rause;

D avid J . W eisser; D aryl W olff;

J ohn

R eid.

- P at C linnin; Mary and J im H aggart; Clarinda Higgins; M ary K ingsley;

A ndrea S cott-Lindsay;

Underwater R esearch G roup,

I nstitute o f Archaeology,

G illian

C ollinson;

B entley;

D ave

K ent W alker;

Marsh; J ean C . P alm; J osh B amberger; P erkal; Earthwatch

T roy D utton; R ollin S mith;

B everley

( photographer a nd a ssistant-director, S taff f rom F ort B ovisand R obin G rady; A rtie S haw.

( Diving

J ane W eeks;

R ollin S mith.

U niversity o f London :

T im M alim;

1 976); M ark S amuel;

S upervision):

P ete

C hris

P reece,

R obert S tuart.

B arnades;

M el

B ayliss;

V olunteers: L iz B rown; R ob A rlett; D ave S B lackmore; K en C handler; R ichard C loyd; J ustin G leave; M ike G regory; T ony H ardman; D imitri I lic; N igel J efferie; Andy McNeil; M ike Mason; P arfitt; S teve P robert; D .P. R eeve; S troud;

B ob

S tewpot;

S teve

P eter Mensikov; Nick M orse; Rob S mith; C harles S tewart;

Thomas;

P ercy

Watson;

W .J.

W eatherseed; B ob W heeler; G ail S mith; H arlan L ee; C live W ard; G avin; B ill a nd D ave, a nd a ny I h ave u nintentionally o mitted. I would l ike t o t hank Eric D udley f or s hore s upport.

S teve P eter

W eddle;

J im

H ans P awlich;

F or t he h ard

g raft o f p ost-excavational f ind c onservation a nd c lassification M iss B arbara W enmoth a nd h er a ssistants H elen B lackwell a nd S tephen W iltshire. F inally, H oward w hose e diting,

my g rateful t hanks t o J . Weeks,

d esks

a lthough

I b urdened I c annot

w ith

h old

m anuscripts

t hem

Dr. A .J. a nd

r esponsible

Parker and Dr. F .

f igures

f or t he

f or

c omment

s urviving

a nd

f aults,

a nd t o W endy R ix f or t yping t he f inal m anuscript. T his r eport w as p repared w ith t he a id o f a s mall g rant f rom t he N autical A rchaeological T rust.

1 08

A PPENDIX 1 T he G eophysical S urvey,

b y L yle B rowning.

The p urpose b ehind t his s urvey w as t o u se t he s ite, w ith i ts p reviously e stablished f eatures a s a t est f or r esistivity s urveying u nderwater, a nd t o l ocate t he e xtent o f b allast b efore e xcavation. A lthough t he d ot-density p lot o f t he a rea s howed n othing t hat c ould b e i nterpreted a s b allast, t his a ccount o f t he m ethod i s i ncluded t o c omplete t he a ccount o f o n-site w ork. T he i nstrument u sed a s a B radphys M k I V R esistance M eter ( Aspinall a nd P icard 1 971, 2 1-25) modified s o t hat f ull s cale d eflection w as 0 .1 Ohm.; t herefore r eadings t o 0 .01 O hm w ere o btained. T he p robe c onfiguration u sed w as t he t wo p robe c onfiguration o f A spinall a nd L ynam ( 1970,72-4), w hereby o ne p air o f c urrent a nd p otential p robes w ere f ixed i n t he b ottom s ilts a t a n infinite d istance ( for t he i nstrument) f rom t he o ther c urrent a nd p otential p robe p air, w hich w as m oved o n a m etre g rid w ithin s quares I I, I II, I V, and V II. O nly t he p robe t ips e mbedded i n b ottom-silts w ere e xposed t o o utside c ontact, t he r est o f t he p robe a nd e quipment b eing s ealed a nd w atertight. R eadings w ere t aken o n t he s urface, w ith t he d iver u sing a c ode t o c ommunicate p osition v ia s urface c ommunciation s ystem. Data r epresentation i s b y d ot-density p lot ( Fig. 5 8) w hereby e ach r eading i s g iven a u nit a rea a nd w ithin i t a n umber o f d ots r andomly p laced p roportional t o t he i ntensity o f t he r eading. I n t his c ase t he n umber o f r eadings a re r anged s o t hat t he l ow r eadings h ave l east d ots p er u nit a rea, a nd t he h igh r eadings h ave m ost. T he r ange o f r eadings f or a ny s quare w as e xtremely s mall; 0 .17-0.2 O hm., w ith a b ackground o f 0 .16 O hm . H owever, i n p ercentage t erms t he v ariation f or t hat s quare w as f rom 5 % - 2 5%. A lthough t he t wo-probe c onfiguration h as t he l owest s ignal t o b ackground r atio o f a ll t he c onfigurations, i t c an p roduce v ery n ear s urface a nomalies. Later e xcavation e stablished

e xtremely

t hat

h igh

c hanges w ith

r espect

s ignificant b allast d eposits

t o

d id n ot

e xtend b eyond t he e xcavated p ortion i n A rea B , m ost o f t he s ite h aving u ndergone s ubstantial d isturbance b y d redging. T he v arious s trata c overing t he w reck w ould c ertainly c ause p roblems o f i nterpretation i f t he s ite w ere a land s ite, s o w ith t he i ncreased c onductivity o f t he s aline w ater t hese p roblems m ight w ell b e m agnified t o t he p oint o f o bscuring a ny b allast c ompletely.

1 09

N

m

5 8. G eophysical s urvey : V II

( photograph:

d ot-density p lot o f s quares I I,

L . B rowning).

I II, V I a nd

A PPENDIX 2 R ADIOCARBON D ATING T wo s amples w ere s ubmitted f or d ating b y t he N ational M aritime M useum ( Archaeological R esearch C entre), o ne t o t he U niversity o f B elfast, t he o ther t o H arwell. R esults: O ak p lank P 8

( southern e nd: A .R.C.

U B2225:510 ± 5 0 B P

E nd o f f uttock f 22 ( Fig. H AR3310:

S .7165).

( 1440 a d ± 5 0). 1 5,

4 38: A .R.C.

3 40 * 8 0 B P ( 1610 *

8 0

S .7173).

) .

D r. S . M cGrail w rites: The s ampling o f p lanking

( S.7165)

s ent

t o u s f rom P lymouth was n ot

r elated t o t he g rowth r ings, b ut w e t ook t he f rame s ample ( S.7173) f rom t he o uter growth r ings o f t he t imber. T hus HAR 3310 s hould b e c loser t o t he t rue d ate o f c onstruction t han U B2225. H arwell, U sing R alph e t a l ( 1973, i f) c alibration A .D. 1 420-1600.

t ables,

g ives a c alibrated r ange a t

1 11

1 S .D.

f or H AR 3310 o f

A PPENDIX 3

T REE R ING A NALYSIS b y J .

H illam. F ive o ak

t imbers w ere e xamined,

b ut

o nly r ing w idths f rom C W10 a nd t he

k eelson w ere m easured a s t he r emainder h ad i nsufficient r ings.

A s ample o f

a t l east 5 0 r ings i s r equired f or c onfident d ating, a lthough o ne c ontaining 1 00 o r m ore would b e p referable. A ll t he m aterial h ad w ide r ings, i ndicating the s election o f f ast-grown o aks, s uch a s t hose g rowing i n p arkland o r hedgerows. T he u se o f s uch o aks w as n ecessary a s t hey a lone p roduced t he c urved t imbers r equired f or s hipbuilding. H owever, f ast-grown o aks m ake p oor d ating m aterial f or t ree-ring a nalysis w here t he m ost s uitable w idths a re 0 .5 - 2 .0 mm . T hus t he k eelson w ith i ts 6 1 w ide r ings, w hich s howed l ittle v ariation i n w idth f rom y ear t o y ear, i s a p oor s ample f or

d endrochronology.

C W10,

o n

t he

o ther

h and,

t ended

t o

h ave

m ore

s ensitive, n arrower r ings a nd o ffered t he b est p otential f or d ating ( see F ig. 5 9). A fter m easurement

o f

t he

a nnual

w ere c ompared b oth v isually a nd e vident b etween k eelson a nd C W10. t hey

a re

n ot

c ontemporary

s ince

r ings,

t he

r esulting

t ree-ring

c urves

b y c omputer, b ut n o c rossmatching w as T his d oes n ot n ecessarily i ndicate t hat w ide-ringed

t imbers

a re

d ifficult

t o

s ynchronise. B oth s amples w ere c ompared w ith m any d ated

t ree-ring c hronologies

f rom

v arious p arts o f t he B ritish I sles a nd G ermany. S everal p ossible d ates w ere f ound b y c omputer b ut n one o f t hese w as a cceptable when l ooked a t v isually; f or e xample, t he k eelson a ppeared t o m atch a t t wo p laces, g iving d ates f or i ts o uter r ing o f A .D.1454 o r 1 457. T hese w ould a gree w ith t he C 14 d ating b ut t here i s n o w ay o f k nowing w hich, i f a ny, o f t hese d ates i s c orrect. Thus d endrochronology i s unable t o h elp i n t he d ating o f t he C attewater w reck.

1 13

14

1

5 9.

1 2

S ketches o f t he r ing p atterns o f

c hronology

( pp.

) .

t hose t imbers s ampled f or d endro -

N umber c orresponds t o C W73 r egister n umbers.

1 14

A PPENDIX 4

T HE C HARGE R EMAINS F ROM T HE B REECH C HAMBER ( FIGS. b y E .

3 6,

3 7)

B raxton R eynolds.

A n

e xamination

C W450

( p.

o f

t he

' gunpowder'

a nd F ig.

s ample

c ollected

f rom b reech

c hamber

3 6) h as y ielded t he f ollowing r esults:

M oisture 9 .16 p arts p er c entum S alt

( NaC1)

R esidue

4 .50 p arts p er c entum

o n i gnition 5 3.84 p arts p er c entum o f d ry m atter i .e.

4 9.33% a s r eceived

C omposition o f n on-combustible r esidue 9 7.9% F e 0 23 S ulphur 3 .76 p arts p er c entum a s r ecived N itrate n ot d etected S ulphate n ot d etected i n a ny s ignificant a mount W t. o f

s ample 6 8 g rams

The u nusually high

r atio o f c arbon t o s ulphur may b e d erived b y s everal

p ossible m eans. 1 )

The

o riginal p owder was

a primitive,

f ine,

l ow s ulphur

c ontent

p owder. 2 )

F iring

o f c arbon, 3 )

The

r esidues

f rom

t he

g un,

c ontaining

a s ignificant

p roportion

h ave b een i ncorporated i n t he s ample. s ulphur h ad

c ombined

w ith

t he

i ron a nd

r esulting s ulphide

o xidised t o s ulphate and e ither d issolved away o r hydrolysed t o i ron h ydroxide. The

c arbon

( approx.

present

6 o z.)

( 22 g rams)

would

o f n ormal g unpowder.

1 15

e quate

w ith

a c harge

o f

1 50

g rams

A PPENDIX 5

A NALYSIS O F THE I RON F ROM G UNS b y R .

2 & 3

C lough.

S ample A ,

g un 3 ( CW4:

F igs.

3 4,

3 )

R einforcing r ing a round t he b arrel, s howing l arge f errite g rains, a round 0 .1% c arbon, and s ome p recipitation a t t he g rain b oundaries w ith a f ew i nstances o f d ouble b oundaries. w orking o f ( VH)

a b ar o f

v aried

f rom

i ron,

S lag i nclusions i ndicate extensive

b roadening

9 7-150,

not

i t

t o

unusual

f orm a b and. f or

p recipitation o f t he g rain b oundaries w ould b e

a l ow

V ickers

c arbon

c ementite,

h ardness

i ron.

a gain t ypical

The f or

a l ow c arbon i ron where t he c arbon c ontent h as m igrated t o, a nd p recipitated a t t he g rain b oundaries. The r elatively l arge g rain s ize s uggests h ot f orging. S ample B ,

w as

g un

2 ( CW5:

B arrel s ample, e vident, n or

F igs.

3 4,

2 )

i dentical t o t he b anding o f s ample A . N o c arburisation expected, c onsidering t he f unction o f t he i ron -

m alleability b eing i mportant. B oth s amples w ere e xtremely c orroded.

1 17

A PPENDIX 6

S PECIE I DENTIFICATION O F T HE W OOD b y J .

S heldon.

T he m ajor t imbers o f t he B ritish I sles c an u sually b e i dentified w ith t he a id o f a x 10 l ens, p roviding a t ransverse a nd t wo l ongitudinal s ections a re

v isible

o r c an b e c ut.

a rtifacts a nd

t he

d iagnostic

s ome d egree d ue t o p hysical,

I t i s o ften n ot e asy t o s ee t hese s ections,

o n

f eatures

t o

a re u sually d egraded a nd

d istorted

c hemical a nd b iological d egradation p rocesses.

P ermission w as o btained t o m ake t hin-sections where n ecessary o f t he s maller w ooden o bjects, a nd t hese w ere k indly p repared b y M r N oel S yers o f t he Human Environment D epartment, I nstitute o f A rchaeology. T he r eults a re t abulated b elow : f ull d etails o f t he s amples a nd t heir f eatures a re h oused w ith t he s ite r ecords. G eneral c omments o n l ikely s ources T here are 6 0-70 s pecies o f F raxinus i n t he n orthern h emisphere, d iagnostic

characters

a llow

i dentification

s pecies i ndigenous t o t he B ritish I sles T here a re

l ess

t han

t wenty

i s F .

s pecies

only

U .

g labra

o f U lmus

H uds.

g enus

b ut t he

l evel.

The

e xcelsior L . i n t he n orthern h emisphere

a nd t he t wo which are i ndigenous t o Britain are U . C ommon o r English E lm - a nd

t o

p rocera S alisb.

- t he Wych

E lm.

- t he

D istinction

b etween t hese t wo s pecies c an o nly b e m ade i f t he o bject c an b e s ectioned i n t he l ongitudinal p lane. T he t wo s pecies o f d eciduous o ak n ative t o B ritian a re Q . English O ak,

and Q .

p etraea,

t he

S essile

o r Durmast

r obur L .,

t he

and

b oth

are

i s u ncertain ,

b ut

Oak,

w idespread over E urope a nd S outhwest A sia. T he s pecies t he B ritish p ine,

o f p ine, P .

t he

o nly

s ylvestris,

s oftwood

i s p ossible.

1 19

r epresented,

T able 7 .

S pec ie i dent ificat ion o f t he w ood.

S pec ie

i ll. n o. C at. n o .

F rax inus 1 7 e l

D escr iption

( 312)

P arre ll t ruck

( 359)

T reenail

C omments S ect ion n ot r equ ired .

U lmus

2

( 363 )

B ucket l id

A lnus

5

( 336)

B ung

2 7

( 313)

B owl

1 0

( 338 )

S ma ll

i t

1

( 220 )

L arge w edge

r t

2 0b ,c

( 428)

B arre l s taves

t

( 210 )

T reenail

t

( 437)

T reenail

F rom f uttock e nd

I

( 212)

W edge-shaped c hip

O ne o f m any f rom l ayer 5

t y

( 454)

B ung

t l

( 326 )

P lanking

f rom h u ll

s tructure

I

P 16

O uter p lanking

F ig. 2 3 S amp le G ( treenail)

I

P 12

O uter p lanking

F ig. 2 3 S amp le M .

I

p 15

C e iling

F ig. 2 3 S amp le I .

t

G S 1

G arboard s trake

F ig. 2 3 S amp le 0 .

n

G S2

G arboard s trake

F ig 2 3 S amp le J .

i t

f 27/28

F uttock

F ig.23 S amp le L .

I t

f 27/8

F uttoc k

F ig.23 S amp le N .

i t

K

K ee l

F ig.23 S amp le P .

t i Q uercus

w edge

p lanking

P runus a vium

1 3

( 344)

B etu la

4 0

( 450)

B reech c hamber b ung

( 208 )

F illing p iece

P inus

V I

2 0a ,b

( 428)

B arre l

s taves

n

2 0a-d

( 427 )

B arre l s taves

12 0

S ection n ot r equ ired.

D eciduous

A PPENDIX 7

B IOLOGICAL R EMAINS F ROM T HE S EDIMENTS A SSOCIATED W ITH T HE C ATTEWATER W RECK A ND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL S IGNIFICANCE B y P .D.A. B oyd. T he f ollowing 1 980:-

a ir-dried

S ample

underlying

1 ( stratum

s amples

were

wreck)

s ubmitted

- s and

w ith

f or examination i n

f ragmentary

' shell'

m aterial. S ample 2

( layer 4 ) - s and w ith unbroken b ivalve m ollusc s hells.

S ample 3

( layer

S ample 4

1 ) - s ilty c lay.

( layer 5 ) -

W hile

t he

g ravel l ying i nside w reck.

s ampling p rocedure

( p.

) e nabled u ncontaminated

b e c ollected under d ifficult c onditions, o rientation

f eatures

o f

c ertain

s amples

t o

t he s edimentary s tructure i ncluding

t ypes

o f

b iological

r emains

have

b een

d estroyed. T he s amples h ave b een i nvestigated t o d etermine:a )

w hether

l ayer

5 ,

i nterpreted

a s

s hip

b allast,

c ould

b e

c learly

d istinguished f rom t he o ther s ediments a ssociated w ith t he w reck; b )

t he c haracter o f

t he s edimentary environment

i nto which

t he

v essel

s ettled; c )

t he n ature o f s ubsequent c hanges t o t hat e nvironment.

T he f ragmentary n ature o f m any o f t he b iological r emains would have m ade a s trict q uantitative t reatment o f t he analysis v ery t ime c onsuming a nd t he

p ossible

b enefits

w ere

n ot

c onsidered

s ufficient

t o

w arrant

t he

e xtra

w ork i nvolved. W hen f urther e xcavation o f t he w reck b ecomes p ossible, a m ore r igorous s ediment s ampling p rogramme c ould g enerate a s eries o f s amples w orthy o f more d etailed q uantitative h owever,

t reatment.

T he p resent

T he

biological

r emains

r ecovered

f rom

t hese

c alcareous algae, f oraminifera, s ponges, worms, o stracods, b ryozoans a nd e chinoids ( see t able 8 ). t he

s amples h ave,

y ielded v aluable i nformation.

r esidue

r etained

b y

a s ieve

w ith

a 6 3

s ediments

i ncluded

molluscs, b arnacles, T hese w ere p icked f rom

m icron

a perture

m esh.

A

preliminary examination o f t he f ine-grained s ample 3 f or marine d iatoms s howed t hem t o b e p resent b ut a l ist h as n ot b een p repared b ecause t he o ther s amples ( 1, 2 and 4 ) w ere not s uitable f or d iatom analysis and t he main p urpose o f t he a nalysis p resented h ere i s t o b e m ade b etween t he f our s amples. I t h as

b een p ossible t o c learly d emonstrate

m arine s ediments

( samples

been p rovisionally m arine

t o a llow d irect g eneral c omparison

o rganisms

i nterpreted a s

w ere

t he d ifference b etween t he

1 , 2 and 3 ) and t he g ravel s hip's

r epresented

i n

1 21

ballast.

s amples

1 ,2

( sample 4 ) which had About and

8 0 s pecies o f

3 b ut

s ample

4

c ontained o nly 9 s pecies o f f reshwater molluscs a nd a c omplete absence o f m arine o rganisms. T he g ravel ( sample 4 ) b eing u nderlain a nd o verlain b y m arine s ediments c ould n ot h ave b een d eposited t here b y n atural a gency a nd i ts i nterpretation a s s hip's b allast i s c onfirmed. T he f reshwater m olluscs i dentify t he p robably s ource o f t he g ravel a s a l ocality w ithin a f airly l ime-rich r iver ( at o r u pstream o f t he l imit o f a ny p ronounced s aline i nfluence). I t m ay h ave b een c ollected and p laced d irectly i nto t he v essel a t t he t ime o f i ts c onstruction o r a t a l ater d ate. A lternatively, i t c ould h ave b een c ollected a t s ome d istance f rom t he v essel a nd t ransported d ownstream t o i t b y s maller b oats o r b y l and b ut t his s eems u nlikely. I t i s a lso p ossible t hat t he b allast w as o btained b y d igging f rom a p it i n o lder g ravel d eposits n ear t he m outh o f t he e stuary b ut t he r ising

s ea-level i n s outhern B ritain w ould g enerally h ave

p laced f reshwater

g ravels o f t his t ype ( deposited a t ap eriod o f l ower s ea-level) b elow t he w ater-table and m ake t his an unlikely s ource f or t he b allast w hen g ravels c ould b e s o e asily o btained f rom a s ea- o r r iver-shore. I t t herefore s eems p robably t hat t he C attewater v essel w as c apable o f n avigating t o t he h ead o f t he e stuary c oncerned. T he s ource r iver i s n ot i dentifiable t hrough t he m ollusc e vidence a nd a l arge n umber o f r ivers i n B ritain o r t he c ontinent o f Europe c ould h ave p rovided c onditions s uitable f or m ost o f t he s pecies r ecorded. H owever, t he p resent-day d istribution o f s everal o f t he s pecies s eems t o e xclude t he P lymouth r egion i tself a s a p ossible s ource.

T he r ivers o f t he r egion a re

p robably t oo l ime-poor. I n f act, t here a re o nly a f ew r ecords f or B ithynia t entaculata, P isidium h enslowanum and V alvata p iscinalis i n t he p art o f s outhern England w est o f a l ine a pproximating t o t he l ongitude o f E xeter ( Kerney, 1 976, m aps 1 5, 1 92 and 6 r espectively). T heodoxus f luviatilis ( the c ommonest s ingle s pecies i n t he b allast) i s n ot r ecorded w est o f a l ine a pproximating

t o

t he

l ongitude

o f

L yme

R egis

i n

Dorset

a nd

V alvata

m acrostoma i s n ot r ecorded w est o f B ournemouth i n Hampshire ( see K erney, 1 976, m aps 1 and 5 r espectively). A r iver i n Hampshire o r S ussex i s t he c losest l ikely s ource i n s outhern England f or t he b allast a nd p erhaps f or t he v essel i tself. T he

m arine

s ediments

( samples

1 ,

2 a nd

3 )

p rovided

e vidence

f or

c onditions p ertaining o n t he s ite b efore a nd a fter t he w reck t ook p lace. T here a re c lear d ifferences s amples b ut t here i s m aterial c omposition.

a lso T he

i n t he s pecies c ompositon o f t he t hree

a d ifference i n p redominant g rain-size a nd s pecies c omposition o f e ach s ediment t herefore

r eflects b oth t he b iocoenosis o f t he s ea-floor a t t he t ime o f d eposition a nd t he a mount o f t ransport o f d ead, p erhaps a lready f ragmentary o rganisms o r t heir r emains i nto t he a rea o f t he w reck f rom s ome d istance. B oyd ( 1981 a nd i n p ress) h as a lready d rawn a ttention t o t he i mportance o f c onsideration o f s ediment t ransport i n p alaeoecological s tudies o f e stuarine and m arine s ediments a ssociated w ith a rchaeological s ites. T he l ack o f f reshwater a nd e stuarine

o rganisms

i n

t he

l ist

o f

r ecorded

s pecies

d emonstrates

t hat

t he

s ea p rovided t he m ain s ource o f s ediment i n t he C attewater. R eworked m icrofossils,

i ncluding

f oraminifera a nd m arine o stracods,

o f

M esozoic, T ertiary and P leistocene a ge w ere r ecorded f rom s amples 2 a nd 3 ( particularly t he l atter). T hese w ere p robably t ransported f rom c oastal a nd s ubmarine o utcrops a t a d istance o f m any k ilometres f rom t he C attewater.

1 22

The s ediment underlying t he w reck ( sample 1 ) w as m arkedly b ioclastic a nd dominated b y t he r emains o f e pifaunal b enthic o rganisms. T he s hell p lates o f b arnacles f ormed a h igh p roportion o f t he b ioclastic m aterial. T he b arnacles, c oralline a lgae a nd l arge n umbers o f s pecies a nd i ndividuals o f s mall g astropods a nd o ther o rganisms n ormally a ssociated w ith s eaweeds o n t he m iddle a nd l ower s hore i ndicate t hat t he s ediment p robably f ormed c lose t o the L ow Water M ark o f S pring T ides and p resumably b elow i t b ecause, o therwise, t he g uns a nd o ther o bjects i f n ot t he v essel i tself w ould h ave b een

s alvaged.

T he

p resence

o f

t iny

f ragments

o f

f ibrous

c ontaining moss s tems) m ay r eflect e rosion o f a c oastal p eat v icinity o f t he s ite.

p eat b ed

( some i n t he

The w reck i tself w ould h ave a ffected s ubsequent s edimentation o n t he s ite b ut t he r ising s ea-level w ill a lso h ave i nfluenced e cological c onditions. I f o ne a ssumes a n a verage r ise i n s ea-level i n t he a rea o f a bout 2 mm p er C attewater h as c entury.

y ear ( see D unning e t a l 1 978, 3 6) t he s ea-level i n t he r isen b y a bout 1 m etre s ince t he b eginning o f t he s ixteenth

T he s ediment o verlying t he w reck ( sample 2 ) i s c haracterised b y a h igh p roportion o f i nfaunal b enthic o rganisms i ncluding b urrowing b ivalve m olluscs a nd a gglutinated-tube w orms. T hese m ay r eflect a s tablised s and h abitat i n t he v icinity o f t he w reck. A h igh p roportion o f t he b ioclastic m aterial ( not t he b ivalves o r a gglutinated w orm t ubes) w as v ery e roded a nd s tained b rown b y i ron o xide. o lder s ub-fossil d eposits. The s ediment b elow i t ( sample

T his m ay r epresent r eworked m aterial f rom

r espresenting t he modern s ea-floor o r a f ew c entimetres 3 ) o n t he w reck s ite i s e xtremely f ine-grained a nd

i ndicates an absence o f s trong c urrents a cross t he s ite. W aste f rom t he k aolin i ndustry m ay h ave c ontributed t o t he c haracter o f t hese s ediments a nd d redging may a lso have a ffected i ts physical c haracter and f aunal c omposition.

w ith

The e xcavation o f w recks h as f requently b een c onducted, i n t he p ast, l ittle a ttention t o t he n ature o f t he s ediments a ssociated w ith t hem.

S tudy o f c arefully c ollected s amples f rom w reck s ites s hould p rovided, i n f uture, u seful i nformation f or t he a rchaeologist a nd a lso p rovide d ated s edimentary s equences o f c onsiderable i nterest t o t he m arine g eologist a nd p alaeoecologist.

1 23

T able 8 L ist o f s pec ies w hose r emains w ere r ecovered f rom s ed iments a ssoc iated w ith t he C attewater w reck. ( a)

M ar ine s ed iments

( samp les

I , 2a nd 3 )

( I )

( 2)

( 3)

+

0

0

+

0

0

+

0

+ +

P lant r emains C a lcareous a lgae C orallina o ffic iana lis L . O ther p lant m ater ia l f ragments o f f ibrous p eat i nc lud ing s tem o f u nidentified m oss A nima l

r emains

F oram inifera A cervulina

i nhaerens S chu ltze

A mmonia b eccar ii

( L.) v ar iant b atavus

+

+

A ster iginata m anilla ( W illiamson)

0

0

+

B u lim ina e longata d 'Orbigny/B.gibba F orsanini g roup

+

0

+

C ibic ides

l obatu lus ( Wa lker a nd J acob )

E ggere llo ides s caber H aynes E lphidium c r ispum ( L.)/E.mace llum ( Fichte !

a nd M o ll)

E iphidium w illiamsoni H aynes F issur ina

l uc ida ( W illiamson)

F issur ina m arginata

( Montagu)

+

+

+

0

0

+

+

+

+

0

+

+

0

0

+

0

0

+ 0

G lobu lina g ibba d 'Orbigny v ar . m yr ist iform is W illiamson

+

0

M assilina s ecans ( d'Orbigny )

+

+

M ilio line lla s ubrotunda ( Montagu)

0

+

0

O o lina m e lo ( d'Orbigny )

0

+

0

° c line w illiamsoni

0

0

+

Q uinque locu lina b icornis ( Wa lker a nd J acob)

+

+

0

Q uinque locu lina c liarensis

+

+

+

+

+

+

Q uinque locu lina

( A lcock) ( Heron-A llen a nd Er land )

l ata T erquem

Q uinque locu lina s em inu lum ( L.)

+

+

+

r eworked f ossil

0

+

+

0

+

+

+

+

0

f orms

S ponges m onaxon a nd t etraxon s picules - u nident ifiab le t o s pec ies S erpu lid t ubeworms P omatoceras t r iqueter ( L.) S pirorbis s p. c f. S .(Laeospira) c ora llinae d e S ilva a nd K night-Jones

+

0

0

S pirorbis s p. c f. S .(Dexiospira) p agenstecher i Q uatrefages

+

0

0

1 24

O ther w orms f ragmentary t ubes m ade f rom c emented s and g ra ins c f. P ectinar ia k oreni

( Ma lmgren)

O

+

0

B iva lve m o lluscs A rca

l actea L .

B arnea p arva ( Pennant ) C h lamys

( Aequipecten) o percular is ( L.)

C h lamys v ar ia L .

O

+

0

0

+

0

O

+

0

O

+

0

C orbula g ibba ( Olivi)

0

+

0

G ar i

+

0

0

f ervensis

( Gme lin)

H iate lla a rct ica ( L.)

0

+

0

b ivalve c f. K e llia s uborbicu lar is ( Montagu)

+

0

0

M yt ilus e du lis

( L.)

N ucula t urgida L eckenby a nd M arsha ll O strea e du lis

( L.)

P arvicardium p apillosum ( Po ll)

+

+

0

0

+

0

+

0

0

+

0

0 0

P ho las d acty lus L .

O

+

S p isu la e llipt ica ( Brown)

+

+

0

S pisu la s ubtruncata ( da C osta)

+

0

0

V enus

O

+

0

+

0

0

B itt ium n et icu latum ( da C osta)

+

0

0

C a lliostoma z izyphinum ( L.)

0

+

0

0

+

0

( Timoc lea) o vata P ennant

G astropod m o lluscs A lvania c rassa

( Kanmacher )

C anthar idus s p. c f. C .exasparatus

( Pennant)

C er ithiopsis t ubercu lar is ( Montagu)

0

+

0

C hrysallida s pira l i s ( Montagu)

+

+

0

C ingula c ing illus

( Montagu)

C ingula s em icostata

( Montagu)

+

0

0

+

0

0

C ingula s em istr iata ( Montagu)

+

0

0

D iodora a pertura ( Montagu)

+

0

0

G ibbula u mbilical i s ( da C osta)

+

+

0

L ittor ina l ittora lis

+

0

0

( L.)

L ittor ina s axat ilis ( O livi)

+

0

0

M ange lia b rachystoma ( Philippi)

0

+

0

O cenebra e r inacea ( L.)

+

+

0

O dostomia u nidentata ( Montagu)

O

+

0

P at ina p e lluc ida ( L.)

+

0

0

R etusa a lba ( Kanmacher )

o

+

0

R issoa p arva ( da C osta )

+

0

0

T ornus s ubcar inatus ( Montagu)

+

0

0

T r ico lia p u llus

( L.)

T r iphora p erversa ( L.)

+

0

0

0

+

0

+

+

0

+

0

S essile b arnac les s he ll

p lates r epresenting a t

c f. C hthma lus m ontagu i c f.

l east t wo s pec ies

( Southward)

S em ibalanus b a lano ides

( L.)

1 25

C rab t ip o f p incer - s pec ies n ot i dentifiable

0

+

0

0

O stracods C yamocyther idea p apillosa ( Bosquet )

0

+

H em icythere v illosa ( Sars)

+

+

+

K r ithe b artonensis

+

0

0

L eptocythere s p. c f. L .tenera ( Brady )

+

+

+

L oxoconcha

+

0

0

+

+

0

( Jones)

i mpressa

( Ba ird )

L oxoconcha r hombo idea ( Fischer ) P aracythero is a rcuata ( Brady )

+

+

0

S c lerochilus c ontortus

0

+

0

0

+

+

+

+

+

r eworked f ossil

( Norman)

f orms

C yc lostomate b ryzoans n umerous f ragments o f c o lonies , s pec ies,

p art icular ly e ncrust ing

b ut m any a re t oo e roded t o p erm it

T he s pec ies

i dent ified

i dent ification.

i nc lude

C r isia a cu leata H assa ll

0

+

+

T ubu lipora p ha langea C ouch

0

+

+

C he ilostomate b ryozoans n umerous f ragments o f c o lonies b ut m any o f t he r emains a re t oo e roded o r f ragmentary t o p erm it T he f orms

i dentified

i dent ification

i nc lude

B ugu la s p. B uskea s p. C e llar ia f istu losa ( L.) C e llepore lla h ya lina U mbonula

( L.)

l ittoralis H astings

E chino ids E chinocyamus p usillus

( 0.F. M uller )

f ragments c f. E chinocard iium c ordatum ( Pennant) f ragments c f. E chinus e scu lentus L . f ragments c f. P sammechinus m iliar is

k ey :

+- s pec ies r ecorded ;

( Gme lin)

0 - s pec ies n ot r ecorded.

1 26

( b)

B a llast g rave l

( samp le 4 )

B iva lve m o lluscs P isidium h enslowanum ( Sheppard ) P isidium s p. G astropod m o lluscs A ncyc lus f luviat ilis M u ller B ithynia t entaculata ( L .) L ymnaea ( Ga lba) t runcatu la ( Mu ller ) S ucc inea p ut ir is ( L.) T heodoxus f luviat ilis ( L .) V a lvata m acrostoma S teenbuch V a lvata p isc ina lls ( Mu ller)

1 27

A PPENDIX 8

C ONSERVATION O F T HE F INDS B y B . W enmoth. C ondition. I ron a rtifacts h ad c orroded i nto l arge h eavy s ingle c oncretions, o ccasionally r etaining s ome m etal, b ut m ore o ften l eaving a v oid. T he l ead a lloys w ere in g ood c ondition a nd c overed w ith a l ight g reyish-white c orrosion l ayer. T he f ew c opper a lloys p atina a nd w ell p reserved. P ottery, b lackened. i rridescence.

w ere

l ightly

c overed w ith

a b lack

c lay p ipes, b rick, s tone a nd t ile w ere w ell p reserved a lthough G lass h ad l aminated s urface l ayers i n p laces w ith s light

Leather was i n part w ell p reserved, i n p art v ery f ragile; a ll p ieces w ere b lackened, a s w ere t he v ery f ragile r ope f ragments. S torage. All

f inds

w ere

s tored

i n

t ap

w ater

e xcept

f or

p ottery

which w as

i nitially s tored i n s ea w ater ( for s ubsequent t reatment s ee b elow). o bjects/concretions w ere s tored i n a 2 % s olution o f s odim h ydroxide,

I ron c opper

a lloys i n a 1 % s olution o f b enzotriazole/distilled w ater , a nd l ead k ept d ry a fter s uperficial w ash. W ood, l eather, r ope, t extiles a nd b one w ere s tored i n a 2 % s olution o f b oric a cid a nd B orax i n t he r atio 7 :3 p arts w eight. W ood. T he s mall o bjects w ere m echanically c leaned, i mmersed i n t wo c hanges o f a 2 % a queous s olution o f h ydrochloric a cid u ntil t heir c olour l ightened, a nd t hen g iven a n i ntensive c old w ater w ash u ntil a cid f ree. T he w ood w as t hen i mmersed i n 2o r 3 s uccessive b aths o f a cetone t o r eplace t he w ater, e ach b ath l asting a pproximately 5 d ays. T he w ood w as t hen p laced i n a 1 0% s olution o f p olyethylene g lycol 4 000/distilled w ater a t 3 0 °C ., t he s olution b eing t opped u p a s n ecessary. A fter t he l evel h ad r emained c onstant f or 5 d ays, t he objects w ere t aken o ut, t he s urface m elt r emoved b y w ashing q uickly u nder a hot t ap,

a nd l eft t o a ir d ry o n a g rid.

Any s urplus w as

l ater c leaned a way b y a 5 0% s olution o f w arm d istilled w ater/industrial m ethylated s pirit. S everal

i tems w ere a ccepted f or c onservation a t t he A rchaeological

R esearch C entre, n o.

s 3 63,

3 36,

N ational M aritime M useum ,

a nd h ave b een t reated t here:

c at.

3 12 a nd 2 10.

L eather. A ll p ieces w ere b rush w ashed w ith a 1 % a queous s olution o f L issapol N DB ( a non-ionic d etergent), a nd t hen p laced i n a 1 0% a queous s olution o f D etarex 1 00 f or o ne h our. A fter l ight w ashing, t he o bjects w ere t hen i mmersed i n a 2 % a queous s olution o f h ydrochloric a cid f or o ne h our, w hich l ightened t he c olour. T he l eather was t hen t horoughly r insed i n c old r unning t ap w ater f or o ne h our, f ollowed b y i mmersion i n t hree s uccessive b aths o f a cetone ( 30 m inutes e ach). T he o bjects w ere t hen a ir d ried u nder

1 29

s heets o f g lass u ntil

t he c olour

l ightened s lightly a nd

t hey f elt a s t hough

m ost o f t he a cetone h ad e vaporated. T he p ieces w ere t hen g iven t wo o r t hree c oats b y b rush o f a l eather d ressing m ade u p f rom 1 l itre s tabilised 1 .1.1. t richloroethane ( Genklene), 1 g . D owicide 1 , 5 0 g . a nhydrous l anolin a nd 2 0 g . B avon A SAK A BP. T he l eather w as f lexed w hile a nd t hen a llowed t o s lowly a ir-dry.

t his w as

a pplied,

3 1 _ 22f _ _ T his w as

f irst

g ently b ound w ith t erylene

t hread,

w ashed i n p erforated

p lastic b ags i n a 1 % a queous s olution o f L issapol N DB, t hen i mmersed i n a 2 % s olution o f o xalic a cid/distilled w ater w hich p artially l ightened t he c olour. I t w as t hen s oaked i n P .E.G.4000 a t 6 0 °C . w ith a g radual i ncrease i n c oncentration f rom 1 0% - 1 00% ( v.v.) o ver 2 1 d ays. T he r ope r emained i n a r ather f ragile a nd d ark c ondition. T extile T his w as w ashed NDB.

i n s everal

c hanges

o f

1 % a queous

s olution o f L issapol

S ome t extiles w ere t reated w ith a 1 % s olution o f hydrochloric a cid

f or h alf an hour t o r emove t hick m ud. T his u pset t he d ye analysis c onducted a bout a y ear l ater. T he p ieces w ere t hen extensively r insed u nder c old r unning w ater f or o ne h our. A ll t extile w as i mmersed i n t hree s uccessive b aths o f a cetone f or o ne h our e ach , a nd a ir d ried. I ron s tains o n a f ew s mall p ieces w ere r emoved b y i mmersing i n a 2 % a queous s olution o f o xalic a cid a nd r insing t horoughly a fterwards b efore a cetone d rying. P ottery T his w as i nitially s tored i n s ea w ater a nd s ubsequently b rush w ashed i n a 1 % a queous s olution o f L issapol N DB a nd r eturned t o o pen p olythene b ags i n a l arge d ustbin f illed w ith e qual v olumes o f s ea-water a nd t ap w ater, w as g radually c hanged t o p ure t ap w ater o ver a p eriod o f t wo m onths.

w hich M inor

i ncrustations w ere r emoved m echanically a nd i nsoluble s alts softened b y i mmersion i n a 2 % a queous s olution o f h ydrochloric a cid f or a f ew s econds, f ollowed b y m echanical c leaning a nd t horough w ashing u nder c old r unning t ap w ater. T his w ashing c ontinued f or f our w eeks u ntil a s ilver n itrate t est i ndicated a v ery l ow c oncentration o f f inal r inse i n d istilled w ater,

s alts.

T he p ieces w ere t hen g iven a

a nd a ir d ried.

S tone, t ile, b rick r eceived s imilar t reatment. C lay p ipes w ere a lso t reated i n t he s ame w ay, b ut w ithout t he h ydrochloric a cid t reatment. G lass M olluscs w ere r emoved m echanically,

a ny s mall p ieces w hich c ould n ot b e

r emoved b eing r etained. T he i ron s taining w as r emoved b y i mmersion i n a 2 % a queous s olution o f h ydrochloric a cid f or a f ew s econds, t hen b rushing a nd w ashing u nder c old

r unning w ater

f or h alf

a n h our.

A fter f urther

c hanges

i n t ap w ater o ver a m onthly p eriod, t he g lass w as i mmersed i n two b aths o f a cetone f or o ne h our e ach, a nd a ir d ried. B one A ll b one w as c leaned w ith a m edium b rush i n a 1 % L issapol N DB. p eriod.

T he f inal

t reatment w as

1 30

a s

f or p ottery,

a queous s olution o f o ver a t wo

m onthly

C oncretion Only

t hose

c oncretions

r esponding

s ubsequently g ently b roken o pen t o r eveal ( mainly n ail v oids).

t o

a m agnet

w ere

t he n egative c asts

o f

X -rayed

a nd

t he o bjects

L ead L ead w as c leaned b y e lectrolysis i n a 1 0% a queous s olution o f s ulphuric a cid w ith a s tainless s teel a node a nd s ufficient c urrent t o p roduce a s teady e volution o f hydrogen. f ive s uccessive b aths o f

I t was t hen r insed f or a f ew m inutes i n f our o r d istilled w ater, d ried t hrough I MS, g iven a g lass

f ibre b ristle b rush c lean a nd i mpregnated w ith m olten m icrocrystalline w ax. T he l ead w aste w as n ot i mpregnated. C opper A lloy T hese o bjects w ere c leaned b y e lectrolysis a nd i n a 2 % a queous s olution o f s odium h ydroxide w ith a s tainless s teel a node, r insed i n s everal c hanges o f d istilled w ater u ntil a s ilver n itrate t est g ave a n egative r eading, a nd t hen m echanically c leaned w ith a g lass f ibre b ristle b rush a nd a ir d ried.

1 31

A PPENDIX 9

T HE C ONSERVATION O F T HE C OMPLETE G UN b y J .

P rice. T he c onservation o f t he C attewater g uns p resented n umerous p roblems a nd

i t m ay b e h elpful f or f uture c ases a nd how t hey h ave b een s olved.

M r R .

t o d escribe

t he

d ifficulties

e ncountered

P reliminary c leaning o f t he t wo s maller g un f ragments w as u ndertaken b y K ent, t he r emainder , i ncluding t he c omplete g un b y M r. I . P anter.

C ondition T he t hree g uns w ere r eceived i n a w et c onditon. m ounted o n t heir o ak b eds,

A ll p ieces w ere s till

t hough t he s maller p ieces h ad b een e xtensively

d amaged b y the d redger i n 1 973.

I ronwork o n t he g uns w as b adly c orroded

a nd i n a n umber o f a reas, p articularly t he s trapping, h ad c ompletely d isappeared. A h ard c oncretion, u pt t o 1 3 c m t hick, c overed m uch o f t he i ron a nd w ood s urfaces. The b arrels c ould n ot b e d etached f rom t heir w ooden b eds w ithout u nacceptable d amage, a nd s o i t w as d ecided t o k eep t he c omplete g un w et, b ut t o p roceed w ith c leaning a nd s low d rying o ut o f t he s maller f ragments, o ffered l ittle d isplay v alue. The

c omplete

g un

w as

c onditions o f h igh h umidity. X -radiography w as u ndertaken ,

l eft

w et

f or

f our

y ears,

b oth

i n

w hich

s oak

a nd

L ittle c hange i n i ts c ondition w as r ecorded. b ut n ot a t t his s tage e specially h elpful, f ine

d etail b eing o bscured b y t he c overing c oncretion. s how t hat t he b reech c hamber was i n p osition.

R adiography d id h owever N o e vidence f rom p ost-

c leaning X -radiography c ould b e f ound t o s how t hat t he g un w as l oaded. l ayered s tructure c ould b e s een o n a s ide v iew o f t he c hamber ( Fig. 3 0), t his c ould b e t he r esult o f s ilt f ormation r ather t han p owder c harge.

A b ut

C leaning m ethods B rief n otes o n t he c leaning o f t he i ncomplete g uns h ave b een p ublished ( in Mortlock a nd R edknap 1 978, 2 03). P reliminary w ork o n t he c leaning m ethods s howed t hat t he n ormal hammer a nd c hisel t echnique f or l arge c oncretions w as u nsatisfactory. E xperiments w ere p erformed w ith A irbrasive e quipment, small g rit b lasting a pparatus a nd d ental t ools, a nd i t s oon b ecame a pparent t hat t hese t echniques w ere g oing t o b e s low. T he m ethod a dopted f or t he c omplete g un w as

t o u se m ason's c utting

d iscs o f s intered s ilicon c arbide a ttached t o a n o rdinary p ower d rill. T he t echnique employed p roved c ontrollable, e fficient a nd f ast-shaving o ff c oncretion t o n ear t he o bject's s urface. R emaining c oncretion w as t hen r emoved u sing e ither a v ibrotool o r d ental d rill w ith d iamond-edged c utting w heels. A t a ll t imes t he g un w as k ept m oist. c leaned d own w ith a irbrasive e quipment. A t t his s tage t he o bjects w ere d rawn.

T he i ronwork w as f inally

I t h ad b ecome a pparent f rom t he

t wo i ncomplete g uns, b eing a llowed t o s lowly d ry o ut, t hat s evere s trains w ould b e p laced o n t he b arrel o f t he c omplete p iece i f t reated i n a s imilar w ay. I t w as t herefore d ecided a s a n i nterim m easure t o a llow i t t o s oak i n

1 33

a s lightly a lkaline wash f or f inal s tabilisation.

s ome y ears u ntil a d ecision c an be m ade on

A s a c omposite o bject w hich c an only b e s eperated

w ith d ifficulty a nd w ith u navoidable d estruction, f urther t hought has t o b e g iven t o t he s tabilisation o f b oth w ood a nd i ronwork ( A.M.L. Report No. 3 230).

1 34

A PPENDIX 1 0

T he

extant

remains

are

t oo

s light

r econstruction, b ut t he f ollowing n otes a re p ossibilities f or f uture w ork. A n umber

o f

r easonable a ssumptions

t o

permit

i ntended

are n ecessary.

r epositioning o f t he k eelson t o b etween F 17 a nd f 28 w ould, t he m ast s tep o pposite f 25.

a

convincing

t o n arrow t he r ange o f

The

s uggested

i f c orrect,

p lace

A n u nknown n umber o f k eel f astenings h ave b een

l ost f rom b oth n orth a nd s outh e nds o f t he s urviving s tructure, b ut o n t he b asis o f t he p itch a nd h ull l ines o ne c an s uggest t hat a t l east 1 m . o f k eel i s m issing f rom t he s outh. m .

o r

f ull

l ength

b etween s tem a nd a re a s f ollows:-

2 0

m .

T his ( 65

s tern p osts.

B readth: D epth:

N OTES O N THE I . F riel.

a )

I dentification: I n England,

B aker,

7 i ns.)

M aximum a nd

i f

t he m ast

m inimum e stimates

8 m .

( 26'4")/

9 .6 m ( 31'5")

3 .5 m .

( 11'6")/

4 .6 m ( 15')

l ength

s tep

l ay f or

o f

1 0

m id-way t he

h ull

I DENTIFICATION & R ECONSTRUCTION O F T HE W RECK

b y

described as

p rovides a n a pproximate h alf

f eet

t onnage. t he

e arliest

known m ethod

' Baker's O ld Rule'

f or

c alculating

t onnage

i s

( having b een s et d own i n 1 582 b y Matthew

a r oyal m aster s hipwright).

U sing h is f ormula

K eel x B eam x D epth = T ons b urden 1 00 t he e stimated d imensions o f

t he w reck g ive t he f ollowing r esults:-

m inimum e stimate:

6 5 x 2 6* x 1 1 1 00

m aximum e stimate:

6 5 x 3 1 x 1 4

=

=

1 85.9 t ons b urden.

2 82 t ons b urden.

1 00

( Other d ivisors w ere u sed, w as

b ut b y t he e nd o f t he 1 6th c entury one h undred

t he f igure m ost c ommonly e mployed;

s ee S alisbury

1 966,

4 1-51).

H owever t his f igure r emains an e stimate b ased on i mperfectly known d imensions, w hen e ven small c hanges i n v alue c an p roduce c onsiderable v ariation i n t he t onnage f igures: b y r ounding u p t he e stimates, i nstead o f r ounding t hem d own , t o t he n earest f oot, o ne o btains a n i ncrease f or 1 85.9 t o

2 13.8 tons m inimum,

and

2 82 t o 3 16.8 t ons m aximum.

I t i s uncertain

T his i s t he f igure f or m aximum b eam, o btained b y a dding t he w idth o f t he f rame a nd p lanking o f b oth s ides t o t he e stimated m aximum i nternal w idth.

1 35

whether B aker's O ld R ule w as i nvented i n 1 582, an e stablished m ethod. b een i naccurate - t he

o r whether i t was a lready

T onnage f igures i n d ocumentary s ources m ay h ave

r esult

o f

i gnorance,

m iscalculation o r d eceit.

F or

e xample, w hen a m erchant s hip w as h ired f or a r oyal e xpedition , s ome a ttempt w as m ade t o c alculate i ts d eadweight t onnage a nd s o t ake a ccount o f t he c rew, g ear and a rmament h ired w ith t he h ull.

T he m ethod w as t o m ultiply

t he B urden t onnage b y 11 /3 , a nd o n t his b asis t he C attewater wreck w ould have h ad a d eadweight t onnage o f b etween 2 47 a nd 3 76 t ons. Moreover, a s s hares

o f

p rize

m oney w ere p roportional

t o t onnage,

i t h as b een

r easonably

s uggested t hat i t w as t o t he C rown's a dvantage t o r ate i ts o wn s hips h igh a nd h ired s hips l ow ( Laughton 1 958, 1 52). T herefore a ny i dentification o f t he w reck b ased o n e stimated t onnage m ight p rove e rroneous. b ) R econstruction :

( i) h ypotheses

T he e arliest known w ritings i n English o n t he s ubject o f n aval a rchitecture a re c ontained i n t he f amous m anuscript ' Fragments o f A ncient English S hipwrightry', p reserved i n t he P epysian Library, C ambridge. ( hereafter r eferred t o a s ' Fragments. . .'Pepysian L ibrary M s. 2 820. The a ctual t exts u sed h ere a re h eld a t t he N ational M aritime M useum , a p hotostat c opy ( PST/20a & b ) a nd a t ranscript ( TRN/12) b y M r M ichael R obinson). T his d ocument c ontains s ome v ery i mportant n otes o n t he s ubject, b elieved t o h ave b een w ritten b y M atthew B aker c . 1 586, w hich w ere i ntended t o s how t he i mportance o f t he u se o f m athematics a nd g eometry i n s haping t he h ull o f a s hip. T he c rucial e lements w ere t he d epth i n h old a nd m aximum b eam w hich w ere u sed t o f orm t he ' midship m ould' o r ' midship b end': f or a s m uch a s t he g oodnis o f e ven i s hip d oth c onsist i n t he p arfitnis o f t he m idship m ould...' ( 'Fragments

..'f.34)

M ost o f t he m idship m oulds d rawn i n t he m anuscript a re f or v essels w ith f lat s ections a midships. T he p rofile o f e ach s ide o f t he h ull i s f ormed f rom t hree c urves, t he t hird c urve c ombining w ith t he l ine o f t he u pper t imbers o f t he f rame t o p roduce t he t umblehome s o c haracteristic o f c entury s hips

( this m ethod i s d escribed o n f f.

3 4-35 o f

' Fragments

1 6th

..').

U sing t he e stimated d imensions o f t he w reck i t i s p ossible t o d raw a mould n ot unlike t hose i llustrated i n t he ' Fragments . ..' ( see Fig. 6 0a). H owever , t he a bsence o f f lat f loor t imbers i n e ven t he w idest r econstructed s ections o f h ull l eaves t his m ethod o pen t o q uestion , a nd a t t he m oment i s p erhaps i nadvisable t o p roceed f urther w ith t his p articular m ethod. ' Fragments

. ..'

d oes

i t

s how a w ay o f d esigning a s hip w ithout a f lat

c entral s ection ( see F ig. 6 0b). T his m ould i s f or a t ype o f G reek m erchant s hip c alled a s creatse ( 'Fragments f .12). The h ull profile i s o btained b y c ombining f our c urves, t he f irst o f w hich h ad i ts c entre s et o n a l ine t aken t hrough t he m iddle o f t he k eel ( thus g iving a n i nitial r ise t o t he f loor). T he f irst t wo c urves p roduce a n a cceptable r ise i n t he f loor t imbers ( section A -B), b ut t he r adius o f t he t hird c urve h as t o b e s o g reat t hat t he f uttock ( section B -C) i s a lmost s traight. T his c reates a n a ngle b etween t he f uttock a nd t he u pper t imber ( the ' poste') t hat i s r ather t oo s harp;

i t l ooks u nconvincing i n a s hip d esign o f

t his p eriod a nd m ight h ave

b een s tructurally u nsound. I t w ould i n a ddition b e s tretching t he e vidence t o r econstruct an unknown w reck f ound i n E nglish w aters o n t he b asis o f a t echnique i ntended o riginally f or t he d esign o f a M editerranean s hip. T hese t wo e xamples s how t hat u ntil m ore i s k nown o f t he s hape o f t he C attewater

s hip

f rom a ctual

r emains,

a ny

1 36

r econstruction u sing

1 6th

c entury

i deas i s f raught w ith p roblems. W e d o n ot e ven k now i f t he b uilder o f t he s hip c ould r ead o r w rite, l et a lone p ut g eometrical t heorems t o p ractical u se. ' Fragments ..' c ontains s ome o f t he e arliest k nown p lans o f a ctual v essels, b ut t here i s n o r eal e vidence t hat t he u se o f p lans w as a t a ll w idespread i n t he l ate 1 6th c entury. One m ight b e a ble t o u se t he e stimated d imensions o f t he w reck t o d esign a n E nglish g alleon o r e ven a s creatse, b ut a t p resent t here i s l ittle t o s ay w hether t he C attewater s hip r esembled e ither. ( b) R econstruction :

( ii) T he e vidence o f t he w reck.

T he r estored s ections a t a ,b,c, a nd d p rovide v aluable s tarting p oints i n a ttempting t o r econstruct t he w reck. A g lance a t t he s ections s hows t hat t he h ull w idens f rom a t o c and n arrows f rom c t o d . T his w as q uantified i n a s omewhat a rbitrary m anner b y m easuring t he w idth o f e ach s ection a t t he p oint o ne m etre a bove t he l evel o f t he b ottom o f t he g arboard s trake r ebate. T he a pproximate w idths w ere a s f ollows:S ection a

=

2 .40 m .

b

=

3 .12 m .

=

5 .80 m .

=

4 .6

d

m .

T he a pproximate d istances b etween t he s ections w ere: a - b

=

1 .9 m .

b - c

=

3 .5 m .

c - d

=

3 .2 m .

T he a verage i ncreases i n w idth f or e very m etre o f k eel w ere: a - b

=

0 .38 m .

b - c

=

0 .56 m .

T he a verage d ecrease f rom c t o dw as o nly 0 .15 m . I n o ther w ords, t he r ate o f w idening b etween a a nd c i s g reater t han t he r ate o f n arrowing b etween c a nd d , e ven t hough t he d istance c - d i s o nly 0 .3 m . l ess t han t hat b etween ba nd c . T his s uggests t hat c a nd d a re i n t he v icinity o f t he m idship s ection, a - c r epresenting t he t imbers n arrowing f rom t he s tem and c - d r epresenting t he g entler r ise a ft. T his h ypothetical h ull e levation a dapted f rom ' Fragments ..' ( Fig. 6 1) s hows t hat t he d istance f rom t he m idship s ection t o t he s tem w as u sually s horter t han t he d istance f rom t he m idship m ould t o t he s ternpost,

a nd t hus t he f rames f rom m idships t o t he

s tem h ad a s horter d istance i n w hich t o r ise t owards t he v ertical. In t he present s tate o f o ur knowledge o f t he r emains o f t he wreck,

I

t hink i t u nwise t o b e t oo d ogmatic a bout t he d imensions o f t he o riginal s hip. A m aximum d iameter o f s ome f t. c an b e a chieved b y s imply e xtending a r adius b ased o n t he r econstructed s ection c , b ut t he m ethods f or d esigning m oulds f ound i n t he ' Fragments ..' s how t hat m ore t han o ne r adius

1 37

A

B

/

/

/

(see 60. (a) Half-mould of a vessel, after 'Fragments •••• ' ff 34-36 ). (b) Half-mould of a screatse. The dotted line represents p. an extension of the first curve of the mould.

M

61. Hypothetical hull e l e vation to demonstrate the conventional position of the midship mould (M). Line 'A' represents the 'height of the tuck', or the turn of the bilge.

138

w as

a lways

u sed.

W hen o ne

e xtends

t he f irst

i n t his m atter ( see d otted l ine i n F ig.

r adius o n t he s creatse m ould

6 0) t he r esulting b eam i s t oo g reat,

a nd t he l ower p art o f t he h ull p rofile i s n ot unlike t he b ottom o f ar oseb owl! A ll t his 3 1.5 f t.

s uggests

t hat

t he

o riginal b eam o f

1 39

t he

v essel w as

l ess

t han

B IBLIOGRAPHY Akerlund,

H .,

1 951,

' Fartygfynden

i d en

f orna

h amnen

i K almar',

U ppsala. A llan ,

J .,

i n c eramics',

1 983,

Andersen, 1 677',

' Some p ost-medieval d ocumentary e vidence f or t he t rade

i n D avey P . a nd H odges R . A rne B ang.

I .J.N.A.3:

1 974,

( ed) C eramics a nd T rade,

' A D utch G alliot which s truck a r ock i n

9 1 f .

A nderson ,

R .C.,

A nderson,

R .C.,

1 934,

' The B urlesdon S hip', M ariners M irror X X ,

1 974,

' List o f E nglish m en o f w ar,

o f N autical R esearch O ccasional P ublication 7 , A nderson,

R .C.,

Anderson,

3 7 f .

1 977,

R .C.,

M odel-Makers'.

1 509-1649',

S ociety

G reenwich.

' The M ary G onson', M ariners M irror X LVI,

1 977,

1 58.

' Seventeenth C entury R igging.

1 99.

A H andbook f or

W atford.

A rnold , J . B arto I II & W eddle, o f P adre I sland', N ew Y ork.

R .S.,

1 978.

' The n autical A rchaeology

A spinall, A . &L ynam , J .T., 1 970, ' An i nduced p olarization i nstrument f or t he d etection o f n ear-surface f eatures,' P rospezioni A rcheologiche 5 , 6 7-76. A spinall, m eter,'

A .

& P ickard,

K .,

1 971,

P rospezioni A rcheologiche 6 ,

B aker,

Matthew,

P epysian L ibrary M s.

1 586,

' A d irect-reading e arth r esistance

2 1-27.

' Fragments

o f Ancient English S hipwrightry'

2 820.

B arber, J . & G askell-Brown, C ., 1 981, ' Plymouth' i n M ilne G . & R obley, B . ( ed.), ' Waterfront A rchaeology i n B ritain a nd N orthern E urope', C BA R esearch R eport 4 1, B ax, I .J.N.A. B ax, P lymouth,

A .

& F arrell,

A .

e d.),

1 976,'

1 976,

' Cattewater W reck.

i st

I nterim R eport,'

1 976,

' The T udor

S hipwreck

i n

t he

C attewater,

P lymouth. H .L.,

1 976,

' The Armouries

o f

t he Tower

o f London

I .

L ondon.

B laeu, W .J., B oyd,

R .,

5 :346.

B lackmore, O rdnance,'

1 44.

1 620,

P .D.A.,

a ssociated w ith

' Atlas o f S ailing D irections',

1 981,

a rchaeological

' The

p alaeoecology

o f

s ites w ith p articular

A msterdam. e stuarine

r eference

t o

d eposits t he

C ity

o f London' ( synopsis) in Brothwell, D . & Dimbleby, G ., 1 981, ' Environmental a spects o f c oasts and i slands, ' Symposia o f t he A ssociation f or E nvironmental A rchaeology I , B .A.R. I nternational S eries 9 4,

8 7-88.

1 41

B oyd,

P .D.A.

( in p ress)

' The m icropalaeontology a nd p alaeoecology o f

m edieval e stuarine s ediments f rom t he F leet a nd T hames i n L ondon' i n N eale, J .W. and B rasier, M .D., ' Micropalaeontology o f s helf s eas - f ossil a nd r ecent', C hichester. B urns, K .V., 1 972, a nd R eports 4 , L ondon. C arpenter,

A .,

' Plymouth's S hips o f W ar',

E llis,

K .H.

&M cKee,

J .E.G.,

t he w reck d iscovered i n t he C attewater,' 1 3, L ondon.

Maritime Monographs

1 974,

' Interim R eport o n

M aritime Monographs

a nd

C larke, P .J., 1 971, ' The N eolithic, B ronze a nd I ron A ge, B ritish f inds f rom M ount B atten, P lymouth 1 832-1939,' P .D.A.S. C ollins, G reenvile, P art.', L ondon.

A .H.,

D ennis, G ., S heldon, H .

1 693,

D illon,

a nd R omano2 9, 1 37.

' Great B ritain's C oasting P ilot.

T he F irst

1 978, ' 1-7 S t. T homas S treet,' i n B ird, J ., a nd T ownend, P . ( ed.) ' Southwark E xcavations

L ondon a nd M iddlesex A rchaeological S ociety S ociety J oint P ublication N o. 1 , 2 91-422. V iscount,

1 914,

a nd

S urrey

f acsimile r eprint o f

R eports

G raham, 1 972-4',

A rchaeological

' The P ageant o f t he

B irth, L ife a nd D eath o f R ichard B eauchamp, E arl o f W arwick, K .G.' ( original i n t he B ritish L ibrary, C ott. M ss. J ulius E I V), n ormally k nown a s

' The W arwick R oll'. D onno,

M adox,

E .S.,

1 976,

' An E lizabethan i n 1 582.

F ellow o f A ll S ouls,'

D unning, J .L.M.,

F .W.,

1 978,

E rikson, t he s ea',

H aklyut S ociety,

M ercer,

I .F.,

& T hegel,

S .,

( ed.),

1 966,

1 978,

M useum A rchaeological S eries N o.

' Conservation o f

C oggin ,

J .M.,

1 960,

G ood,

G .L.

& T abraham,

1 974-78,

G reen ,

J .N.,

1 977,

G reenhill,

B .,

v an d e H eide, H ewett, E ssex S tudy',

C .

C .J.,

1 981.

A n I ntroductory S tudy',

' Excavations

a t

T hreave

1 976, G .D.,

1 656,'

B .A.R. - S 36, O xford.

' The A rchaeology o f t he B oat', 1 974,

1 969,

' Scheepsarcheologie',

L ondon.

N aarden.

' The D evelopment o f C arpentry 1 200-1700.

N ewton A bbot.

H oskins, W .G.,

C astle,

9 0-140.

' The L oss o f t he V erenigde C ostindische C ompagnie

W estern A ustralia

A lec,

National M aritime

6 2.

M edieval A rchaeology X XV,

J acht V ergulde D raek,

C openhagen.

O xford.

' The S panish O live-jar:

Y ale U niversity P ub. A nthrop.

& Lambert,

I ron r ecovered f rom

' The G raveney B oat', 3 ,

R .H.

H .M.S.O.

R oyal D anish A rsenal M useum P ublication,

F enwick, V .

G alloway,

C ambridge.

Owen, M .P., Roberts,

' Britain b efore M an' E .

T he D iary o f R ichard

1 954,

' Devon. A N ew S urvey o f E ngland.

1 42

L ondon.

An

H oward,

F .,

K erney,

M .P.,

I sles',

' Sailing S hips o f W ar

1 976,

L .G.C.,

G reenwich.

1 931.

C ambridge.

' The H enry G race

a D ieu,'

M ariners M irror,

1 74. L aughton,

L .G.C.,

M ariners M irror X LIV, L eland,

J .

( Ed.

1 958,

' English a nd

Lovegrove, S ussex',

H .,

L .

T oulman S mith

1 964,

M cGrail,

1 976,

S .,

1 964,

1 535-1543

L ondon),

V ol.

1 982 ,

' Timbers

E .,

McKee,

1 972,

1 976,

E .,

1 983,

M ainwaring,

G .E. a nd P errin , W .G., M artin , C .J.M., B lackman , D .J. ( ed.) M artin ,

C .J.M.,

M artin,

C .J.M.,

M ilne,

G .,

B .A.R.

I .J.N.A.

c .1625, 1 920,

N evinson,

N oel-Hume, N ew Y ork.

I .,

1 1,

i n M ainwaring,

L ondon.

1 973, ' The S panish A rmada E xpedition, ' Marine A rchaeology', C olston P apers 2 3, 1 975,

' Full F athom F ive',

1 979,

1 977,

1 968-70' L ondon.

i n

L ondon.

' La T rinidad V alencera: I .J.N.A.

1 982 i n M cGrail

J .L.,

L ondon.

' The S eaman's d ictionary'

an Armada i nvasion

8 :13-38.

( ed.),

I nternational S eries

C ostume

I nternational

5 :3-12.

N avy R ecords S ociety,

M ortlock, B . &R edknap, M . D evon', I .J.N.A. 7 :195-204.

C entury,'

B .A.R.

1 500',

' Identification o f t imbers f rom o ld s hips o f

t ransport l ost o ff D onegal,'

1 500,'

b efore A .D.

L ondon.

' Working B oats o f B ritain,'

S ir H .,

- a c omment',

' Boatbuilding T echniques, i n M cGrail, S . ( ed.), 2 5f.

' Clenched L ap o r C linker',

N orth W estern E uropean o rigin', M cKee,

' The I tinerary o f

s hips'

W oodworking T echniques

M useum A rchaeological S eries N o.7,

J .E.G.,

1 588',

1 .

f rom o ld

McGrail, S . & D enford, G ., 1 982, T echnological C hange a nd A ttribute A nalysis', M cKee,

i n

1 15-122.

' McKee's

( ed.)

N ational M aritime S eries' 1 29.

t onnage

' The R emains o f t he T wo O ld V essels f ound a t

M ariners M irror L ,

M cGrail, S ., I .J.N.A. 6 :248-251.

S panish

1 52.

J ohn L eland i n o r a bout t he y ears

R ye,

1 400-1860',

' Atlas o f t he n on-marine M ollusca o f t he B ritish

I nstitute o f T errestrial E cology,

L aughton, X VII,

1 979,

1 29,

1 978,

' Woodworking T echniques b efore A .D. 7 f. ' The C attewater W reck,

P lymouth,

' Buttons a nd B uttonholes i n t he F ourteenth

4 0-41. 1 976,

' A G uide t o t he A rtifacts o f C olonial America',

1 43

O man ,

C .,

O swald, D evon ,'

1 963, A .

' Medieval S ilver N efs',

& B arber,

P ost M ed. A rch.

J .,

3 ,

1 969,

H .M.S.O.

' Marked C lay P ipes f rom P lymouth,

1 22-142.

O swald, A ., O xford.

1 975,

' Clay P ipes f or t he A rchaeologist,

O swald,

1 979,

' The

A .,

E xcavations: S eries n o. 2 .

C lay

S t. A ndrews S treet,

P adfield, P eacock,

P .,

1 973,

D .P.S.,

d e l a P enne,

i n F airclough,

G .,

1 4,

' Plymouth

' Plymouth M useum A rchaeological

' Guns a t S ea',

1 979,

A ll S aints', L ondon,

P ipes',

1 976,

B .A.R.

L ondon.

' The A mphorae'

i n W ainwright,

G .J.,

' Gussage

7 2.

B arras,

1 697,

' Details d e C onstruction e t d 'Armament d es

G al res' i n f acsimile r eprint o f Päris, F ., S ouvenirs d e M arine. C ollection d e P lans o u D essins d e N avires e t d e B ateaux a nciens o u m odernes, e xistants o u d isparus a vec l es e lements n umeriques n ecessaires a l eurs c onstruction ',

T roisieme P artie,

P hillips,

R .,

1 818,

G renoble 1 976.

' The B ook o f English T rades'.

P latt, C . & C oleman-Smith, R ., S outhampton 1 953-1969 V ol.2. T he F inds.' P lenderleith , a nd W orks o f A rt',

H . & W erner, 1 11.

P reston,

1 979,

E xcavations: S eries N o.

A .E.,

A .E.,

' The

S t. A ndrews S treet,

1 974,

G lass'

i n Medieval

' Conservation o f A ntiquities

i n F airclough,

G .,

' Plymouth

1 976',

P lymouth M useum A rchaeological

1 974,

' The S econd S eason o f work o n t he

2 .

P rice,

R .

&M uckelroy,

K ennemerland s ite, R alph, r eality',

1 975, Excavations L eicester.

1 973',

E .K.,

H ann,

K .,

I .J.N.A. H .N.

& Han,

M ASCA N ewsletter V ol.

R einders,

H .R.,

3 :257 f .

v on V een,

9 ,

M .C.,

n o.

H .,

2 ,

1 973,

' Radiocarbon d ates and

P hiladelphia.

V lierman,

K .

& Zwiers,

P .B.,

1 978,

' Verslag v an h et o nderzoek v on e en v isserschip o p k avel W 10 i n O ostelijk F levoland, F levobericht 1 40 ( Rijkdienst v oor d e i jsselmeerpolders). S alisbury, W ., S alisbury,

W .,

M ariners M irror 5 2 , S ilver, &H iggs,

( ed.), N .,

' The W oolwich S hip',

1 966,

' Early

Tonnage

M ariners M irror 4 7, M easurement

i n

8 1.

England,'

4 1-51.

I .A.,

E .F.

T artaglia, L ucar,

1 961,

1 969,

' The a geing o f d omestic a nimals i n B rothwell,

' Science a nd A rchaeology,' 1 537,

' Three

b ooks

L ondon 1 588.

1 44

o f

D .

L ondon.

' Colloquies'

t ranslated b y

C .

T out, L ondon.

T .F.,

T ylecote,

1 968,

R .F.,

' Firearms

1 972 ,

1 9th-Century B rass P ins', V ince,

A .G.

( 1978),

f rom M eldon Q uarry, P ark,

D evon',

W alton,

' The p etrology a nd s ource o f

D evon ,

L .J.,

P .

C astle D itch, s eries),

' A C ontribution t o t he M etallurgy o f P ost M edieval A rchaeology 6 ,

' in A ustin,

D evon Arch. S oc.

W aghenaer,

1 588,

1 981,

i n England i n t he F ourteenth C entury',

P roc.,

D .,

3 6,

i n H arbottle B .

t he M ediaeval p ottery

' Excavations

i n O kehampton D eer

2 35-6.

' The M ariners M irror',

Newcastle u pon Tyne,

1 8th- a nd

1 83-190.

L ondon.

a nd E llison M .,

" An e xcavation i n t he

1 974-6" Archaeologia Aeliana I X ( 5th

2 08f.

W ebb,

H .C.,

1 973,

' Monasteries o f t he Middle A ges',

P roceedings o f t he 3 rd S cientific S ymposium o f C .M.A.S., W elch,

E .

( ed),

1 967,

S eventeenth C enturies', V ol. 1 2 , T orquay. W ilkes,

B . S t.

W itsen, N auticum ,' W orth ,

N icolaes,

1 971, 1 971,

Record

S ociety

' Nautical A rchaeology,' ( 1690)

( New S eries)

N ewton A bbot.

' Architectura Navalis

e t

Regimen

Amsterdam. R .N.,

P resent T imes,' W orth,

' Plymouth B uilding A ccounts o f t he S ixteenth a nd

i n D evon a nd C ornwall

J ohn ,

S cience Diving.

7 0-76.

1 890,

' History o f P lymouth f rom t he E arliest P eriod t o t he

P lymouth.

R .N.,

1 893,

' Calender o f P lymouth M unicipal R ecords',

1 45

P lymouth.