The Brigg 'Raft' and her Prehistoric Environment 9780860541318, 9781407323626

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Foreword
Editor’s Introduction
List of Contributors
Section 1: Excavation and Re-Excavation
1.1 1888 to 1974
1.2 Recording the ‘raft'
1.3 The photogrammetric survey
1.4 Photographic recording
1.5 Conservation on site
Section 2: The ‘Raft’ Evidence
2.1 Post-excavation recording
2.2 Photogrammetic recording of one cleat
2.3 The ‘raft’ remains
2.4 Tree-ring analysis
2.5 Radiocarbon dating
2.6 The state of the timber
2.7 Post excavation conservation
Section 3: Environmental Evidence
3.1 Environmental evidence from pollen analysis and stratigraphy
3.2 Macroscopic remains of an estuarine flora
3.3 Diatom flora
3.4 Insect remains from beneath the Brigg ‘Raft'
3.5 Mollusca
3.6 Gastropoda
3.7 Foraminifera
3.8 Ostracoda
3.9 Geology of the Ancholme Valley
3.10 The sedimentary regime
3.11 The Late Bronze Age Climate
Section 4: Discussion
4.1 The ‘Raft’
4.2 Tools usable in the construction of the 'Raft'
4.3 The safe carrying capacity of the hypothetical reconstruction
4.4 The Environment
4.5 Future research
Attribute Lists
Glossary
Index

Citation preview

The Brigg 'Raft' and her Prehistoric Environment

edited by Sean McGrail

National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, Archaeological Series No. 6 BAR British Series 89

1981

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, E.Se., 1\1.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. 89, 1981: "The Brigg 'Raft' and her Prehistoric Environment".

© The Individual Authors and the National Maritime Museum, 1981 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541318 paperback ISBN 9781407323626 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541318 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, Archaeological Series General Editor - Sean McGrail, B.A., Ph.D., Master Mariner 1. Sources and Techniques in Boat Archaeology (B .A .R . -S29) 2. Logboats of England and Wales (B.A.R. 51) 3. The Graveney Boat (B.A.R. 53) 4. Dendrochronology in Europe (B.A. R.-S51) 5. The Archaeology of Medieval Ships and Harbours in Northern Europe (B.A.R.-566) These books are available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page iii viii

List of Illustrations List of Tables Foreword by Dr. Basil Greenhill Editor's Introduction

ix xi

List of Contributors

xii

Excavation and re-excavation Section 1 3 Sean McGrail 1.1 1888 to 1974 29 Sean McGrail 1.2 Recording the 'raft' 1.3 The photogrammetric survey K. B. Atkinson & E. H. Wickens 35 Brian Tremain 1.4 Photographic recording 43 47 C. W. Gregson 1.5 Conservation on site Section 2

The 'Raft' Evidence

2.1 Post-excavation recording 2.2 Photogrammetric recording one cleat-unit 2.3 The 'raft' remains 2.4 Tree-ring analysis 2.5 Radiocarbon dating 2.6 State of the timber 2.7 Post-excavation conservation

Sean McGrail & Geoffrey Denford 57 K. D. Peak Sean McGrail Jennifer Hillam V. R. Switsur R. W. Clarke C. W. Gregson

Section 3 Environmental Evidence 3. 1 Efivironmental evidence from A. G. Smith, Elizabeth A. Brown and pollen analysis and Carol A. Green stratigraphy 3. 2 Macroscopic remains of an G. C. Hillman estuarine flora 3. 3 Diatom flora 3. 4 Insect remains with an appendix by 3. 5 Mollusca 3. 6 Gastropoda 3. 7 Foraminifera 3. 8 Ostrocoda 3. 9 Geology of the Ancholme . Valley 3.10 The sedimentary regime 3.11 The Late Bronze Age Climate

77 83 103 117 123 131

135 147 153 155

R. Ross P. C. Buckland D. W. Perry P. E. P. Norton M. P. Kerney C. G. Adams J. E. Whittaker

183 184 185 187

T. P. Fletcher J. S. R. Hood H. H. Lamb

189 197 205

i

P age S ect ion 4 4 .1 4 .2 4 .3

4 .4 4 .5

D iscuss ion

The ' Raf t ' Too ls u seable i n t he c onstruct ion o f t he ' raf t ' S afe c arry ing c apac i ty o f t he hypothet ica l r econst ruct ion The Env ironment w ith a Note o n S part ina by Future r esearch

S ean McGra i l

2 11

S . V . E . H ea l

2 53

J ohn Coates S ean McGra i l D . S . Ranwe l l S ean McGra i l

2 61 2 71 2 77

A ttr ibute L ists

2 79

G lossary

2 81

I ndex

2 84

1

L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS

P age F rontisp iece

Vert ica l photograph o f t he ' raf t ', 1 974

F igure 1 .1. 1

Map o f t he Br igg r eg ion

2

1 . 1.2

The Br igg l ogboat, 1 886 Photo : L incs. L ibrary S erv ice

4

1 .1 .3

The Br igg t rackway, 1 884 Photo : L incs. L ibrary S erv ice

4

1 .1. 4

The Br igg ' raf t ' d rawn by J . Thropp i n 1 888

5

1 .1 .5

Two mode ls o f t he ' raf t '

7

1 .1 .6

The ' raf t ' pho tographed by Rev. A . N . C laye i n 1 888

8

1 .1 .7

F err iby b oat 1 i n s i tu, 1 946

9

1 .1 .8

Measured d raw ing o f F err iby 1 by E . V . Wr ight

1 0

1 .1 .9

F err iby b oa t 2i n s i tu, 1 946

1 1

1 .1.10

Br igg s i te p lan 1

1 4

1 .1.11

Near-vertica l a er ia l photograph o f s i te Photo : F leet A ir Arm

1 5

1 .1.12

Br igg s i te p lan 2

1 6

1 .1.13

Genera l v iew o f e xcavat ion, 1 974

1 7

1 .1 .1 4

G lossary d iagram

1 8

1 .1.15

P rof i le a long s trake 4

1 9

1 .1.16

C lea t l ocat ion d iagram

2 0

1 .1.17

S amp le p lot

2 1

1 .1.18

Recovered c leat-un i ts o n ap a l let

2 2

1 .1.19

Bur ied s urface under t he ' raf t '

2 2

1 .1 .2 0

S ect ion 1

2 3

1 .1 .2 1

S ect ion 2

2 4

1 .1.22

S ect ion 3

2 5

1 . 2.1

S ite p lan 3 a nd p rof i les

3 2

1 .2 .2

NW e nd o f ' raf t ' dur ing e xcavat ion

3 3

1 . 2.3

P ost t hrough c leat-un it 2 6

3 4

1 .2 .4

C lea t-un i t 5 4 p repared f or r ecord ing

3 4

11

F igure

P age

1 .3 .1

P hotogrammetr ic r ecord ing o n s i te

3 7

1 .3 .2

Photogrammetr ic d eta i l p lo t Draw ing : Un ivers i ty Co l lege, L ondon

3 8

1 .3.3

P hotogrammetr ic c ontour p lo t Draw ing : Un ivers i ty Co l lege, L ondon

3 9

1 .3 .4

L ong i tud ina l p rof i les f rom pho togrammetry Draw ing : Un ivers i ty Co l lege, L ondon

4 0

1 .3 .5

Transverse p rof i les f rom photogrammetry Draw ing : Un ivers i ty Co l lege, L ondon

4 1

1 .3.6

P rof i les o f d etached c leat-un its f rom p hotogrammetry Draw ing : Un ivers i ty C o l lege, L ondon

4 2

1 .4 .1

Vert ica l photograph o f c leat-un i t 1 1

4 5

1 .4 .2

S par t ina f ragment

4 5

1 .4.3

S part ina r ema ins i n c lay

4 6

1 .5.1

Excavat ion under P o lyporter c over

5 0

1 .5.2

D iagram o f s hr inkage p attern

5 1

1 .5 .3

Extract ion o f c leat-un i ts

5 1

1 .5.4

D iagram o f p ack ing method

5 2

1 .5.5

D iagram o f underwa ter s torage s tack ing

5 3

2 .1.1

P ost-excavat ion r ecord ing—c lea t-un i t 3 6

5 6

2 .1 .2

S ide e leva t ion c leat-un i t 3 6

5 8

2 .1.3

End e levat ion c lea t-un it 3 6

5 8

2 .1.4

Measured d raw ing c lea t-un i ts 1 1 a nd 1 2

6 1

2 .1.5

Measured d raw ing c leat-un i t 2 3

6 2

2 .1 .6

Measured d raw ing c lea t-un i t 2 6

6 3

2 .1 .7

Measured d rawing c leat-un i t 3 5

6 4

2 .1.8

Measured d raw ing c leat-un i ts 4 2 a nd 4 3

6 5

2 .1.9

Measured d raw ing c leat-un i t 4 6

6 6-

2 .1 .10

Measured d raw ing f ragment G 4 ( =410)

6 7

2 .1 .11

Measured d raw ing c lea t-un i t 5 4

6 8

2 .1.12

Measured d raw ing f ragment G5 ( =510)

6 9

2 .1 .13

Measured d raw ing o f t he c leat i n L inco ln Museum

7 0

2 .1.14

Measured d raw ing o f s trake 6

7 1

2 .1.15

P hotographs o f s ect ions c ut a cross s evera l c leat-un its

2 , 7 •

2 .1.16

Under s urface o f c leat-un i t 2 6

7 3

2 .1.17

En larged s ew ing h o le under c leat-un i t 2 6

7 4

2 .1 .18

P ar t o f f ragment G5 ( =510)

7 4

2 .1.19

C ompos ite p lan o f t he ' raf t '

7 5

i v

P age

F igure 2 .2.1

P ost-excava t ion photogrammetr ic r ecord ing

7 9

2 .2.2

Photogrammetr ic c ontour p lot o f c leat-un it 2 1 Draw ing : C ity Un ivers i ty

8 0

2 .3 .1

E l l iptica l h o le t hrough s trake 6

8 5

2 .3 .2

Mort iced h o le t hrough c leat 2 6

8 5

2 .3 .3

Representa t ive t ransverse s ect ion t hrough ' raf t '

8 7

2 .3 .4

Photograph o f s ect ion a cross c lea t-un it 3 5

8 8

2 .3 .5

Photograph o f s ect ion a cross c leat-un it 1 4

8 8

2 .3 .6

Upper s urface o f c leat-un it 5 4

8 9

2 .3 .7

L arge h o le t hrough c lea t-un i t 1 6

9 1

2 .3 .8

L arge h o le t hrough c lea t-un it 2 6 a nd r epa ir h o les

9 1

2 .3 .9

The ' raf t ' i n s i tu, f rom t he s outh e ast

9 2

2 .3 .10

The n orth w est e nd o f t he ' raf t '

9 3

2 .3 .11

S ect ions a cross s trake 6

9 5

2 .3 .12

F ragments i n t he s outh e ast o f t he t rench

9 6

2 .3 .13

Vert ica l v iew o f f ragmen ts G4 ( 410) a nd G5 ( 510)

9 6

2 .3 .14

Transverse t imber t hrough c lea t 1 2

9 7

2 .3.15

R ing/ray p attern o f t ransverse t imbers a nd l ong itud ina l l a ths

9 9

2 .3 .16

F ragments o f al ong itud ina l l ath

1 00

2 .4.1

D iagramma t ic c ross s ect ions o f s trakes 1 t o 6 D iagram: Un ivers ity o f Sheff ie ld

1 05

2 .4 .2

D iagram s how ing y ears s panned by s trakes 1 t o 6 D iagram: Un ivers i ty o f Sheff ie ld

1 06

2 .4.3

Annua l r ings i n r ad ia l ly s p l it a nd t angent ia l p lank ing D iagram: Un ivers i ty o f Sheff ie ld

1 11

2 .4.4

D iagrammat ic c ross s ect ion o f c leat-un i ts G4 ( 410) a nd G5 ( 510) D iagram: Un ivers ity o f Sheff ie ld

1 12

2 .4.5

D iagram s how ing y ears s panned by G4 a nd G5 D iagram: Un ivers ity o f Sheff ie ld

1 12

2 .4.6

A s ect ion o f t he match ing r ing p atterns f rom Br igg D iagram: Un ivers i ty o f Sheff ie ld

1 13

2 .4.7

The Sheff ie ld t ree-r ing measur ing e qu ipment Photo: Un ivers ity o f Sheff ie ld

1 14

2 .4 .8

C leat-un i t 1 4 a f ter d endrochrono log ica l e xam inat ion

1 14

2 .6.1

D iagrammat ic c ross s ect ion t hrough c leat-un it 2 6 s howing d ifferences i n d egradation

1 25

2 .6.2

Mo isture c ontent p rof i le t hrough c leat-un it 2 6

1 25

2 .6.3

C leat-un i t 1 6 a f ter c onservat ion

1 26

v

F igure 2 .7.1

Page A c leat-un it a f ter c lean ing f or p ost-excavat ion r esearch

1 32

3 .1.1

P o l len d iagram 1 D iagram: Un ivers ity Co l lege, Card iff

1 34

3 .1.2

P o l len d iagrams 2 a nd 3 D iagram: Un ivers ity Co l lege, Card iff

1 38

3 .4.1

Dendrogram o f C lustan p rocedure H ierarchy D iagram: Un ivers ity o f B irm ingham

1 78

3 .4 .2

Dendrogram o f C lustan p rocedure D ens ity D iagram: Un ivers ity o f B irmingham

1 79

3 .9 .1

Geo log ica l map o f Br igg Area Draw ing : I nst i tute o f Geo log ica l S c iences

1 90

3 .9 .2

E stuar ine a nd p eat d epos its i n t he Ancho lme Va l ley Draw ing : I nst itute o f Geo log ica l S c iences

1 91

3 .9.3

D iagrammat ic g eo log ica l s ect ions i n t he Br igg a rea Draw ing : I nst itute o f Geo log ica l S c iences

1 92

3 .10 .1

P art ic le s ize d istr ibut ion c urve D iagram: Un ivers i ty o f York

1 99

4 .1.1

The F iho lm L ogboat Draw ing : S . H . M .

2 14 S tockho lm

4 .1.2

Draw ing o f p art o f t he Cheops b oat

2 15

4 .1.3

Dutch c au lk ing methods

2 15

4 .1.4

Sw iss c au lk ing methods

2 16

4 .1.5

A masse ira b eachboat f rom P ortuga l Photo: 0 . L . F i lgue iras

2 16

4 .1.6

Measured d raw ing o f a.masseira

2 17

4 .1.7

Measured d rawing o f a Sw iss weid l ing Draw ing : B . Arno ld

2 18

4 .1.8

Two v iews o f ag a lar on t he R . V istu la , P o land Photo: Dr. Bas i l Greenh i l l

2 19

4 .1.9

J o ints i n t he F err iby boats

2 21

4 .1.10

A s ewn b oat f rom t he R . N iger Photo : Dr. W . Rudo lph

2 26

4 .1.114 .1.14

Con jectura l bu i ld ing s equence f or t he Br igg ' raf t '

4 .1.15

En largement o f Thropp 's 2 ransverse s ect ion

2 31

4 .1.16

The s ew ing o n t he R . N in b oat

2 32

4 .1.17

Deta i ls o f t he L jub l jana b oat

2 33

4 .1.18

P lank f asten ing i n t he H jortspr ing b oat

2 33

v i

2 27-30

F igure

P age

4 .1.19

I dea l ised s ect ions o f t he ' raf t 's ' p lank e dges

2 35

4 .1.20

Dunnage i ncorporated i n a mode l o f F err iby b oat 1

2 38

4 .1 .21

I dea l ised s ect ions o f s trake 6

2 41

4 .1 .22

Method o f r epa ir t o F err iby p lank ing

2 41

4 .1 .23

Out l ine Hypothet ica l Reconstruct ion o f t he Br igg ' raf t '

2 46

4 .2.1

Exper imenta l b ronze t oo ls Photo; S . V . E .Hea l

2 55

4 .2.2

Cast o f s ocketed b ronze a xe

2 55

4 .2 .3

Bronze Age y ew ma l let

2 57

4 .2.4

Wooden s p l i tting wedge

2 57

4 .2.5

Modern f roe

2 59

4 .2.6

Neo l ith ic b one c h ise l

2 59

4 .2.7

S ocketed b ronze c h ise l

2 59

4 .2.8

Bronze aw l

2 59

4 .3 .1

Transverse s tabi l ity d iagram

2 62

4 .3 .2

S tabi l ity a t d ifferent a ng les o f h ee l

2 64

Copyr ight i s h e ld by t he Nat iona l Mar itime Museum un less o therwise s pecif ied

v i i

L IST OF TABLES

Tab le

P age

2 .3.1

L eng ths a nd b readths o f s trakes 1 t o 5

8 3

2 .3.2

Deduced s izes o f p arent t rees ( s trakes 1 t o 5 )

8 4

2 .3.3

Deduced s izes o f p arent t rees ( G4 a nd G5)

9 8

2 .4.1

Deta i ls o f d endrochrono log ica l s amp les f rom s trakes 1t o 6a nd f ragments G4 a nd G5

1 04

2 .4.2

Va lues o f s tudent 's t s tat ist ic f or s amp les f rom s trakes 1t o 6a nd f ragments G4 a nd G5

1 07

2 .4.3

The Br igg Mean Curve

1 08

2 .5 .1

Dates f or s amp les o bta ined f rom t he ' raf t ' dur ing t he 1 974 e xcavat ion

1 18

2 .5.2

Dates f or s amp les o bta ined f rom t he ' raf t ' dur ing o ther e xcavat ions

1 18

2 .5.3

Dates f or e nv ironmenta l s amp les o bta ined dur ing 1 974 e xcavat ion

1 19

2 .5.4

S tab le c arbon i sotope measurements f or s amp les f rom Br igg

1 21

2 .6.1

Modu l i o f r upture a nd e last ic i ty a nd r e lat ive d ens ity o f o ak f rom t he ' raf t ' a nd f rom s ound g reen o ak

1 27

3 .2.1

P lant macro-rema ins f rom t he d epos i ts b e low t he ' raf t '

1 48

3 .4.1

The F aunas f rom b eneath t he ' raf t '

1 61

3 .4.2

Phytophages f rom t he Br igg s amp les a nd t he ir host p lants

1 69

3 .4.3

Genera l ised g roupings o f s amp les

1 77

3 .4.4

Re la t ionsh ip b etween s amp le l eve l a nd membersh ip o f c luster g roup

1 80

3 .10.1

S o i l Ana lys is Resu lts

2 03

4 .3 .1

D isp lacement, f reeboard a nd t ransverse s tabi l i ty o f t wo Hypothet ica l Reconstruct ions

2 63

v i i i

FOREWORD

The d iscovery o f t he f i rst F err iby b oat by E . V . Wr ight a nd h is b rother o n t he R . Humber f oreshore, s ome 8 m i les west o f Hu l l, o ver 4 0 y ears ago marked a t urn ing p o int i n t he s tudy o f Br i t ish p reh istory. Th is f ind, a nd t wo o thers n earby, p roved t o b e t he r ema ins o f s ewn b oats f rom t he 2 nd m i l lenn ium BC, a nd t hus t he o ldest known p lanked b oats o u ts ide Egypt. E . V . Wr ight 's pub l icat ion o f t he t hree f inds r evo lut ioni sed i deas a bout p reh istor ic water t ransport a nd woodwork ing t echno logy. Ano ther member o f t h is g roup o f s ewn b oats f rom Humbers ide i s t he B r igg ' raf t ', uncovered by c hance i n 1 888 a nd t hen r e-excavated by t he N at iona l Mar it ime Museum i n 1 974. I f we d iscount p reh istor ic l ogboats, t he t hree F err iby b oa ts a nd t he ' raf t ' r epresent a lmost t he s um t ota l o f k now ledge a bout t he water t ransport u sed i n a nd a round Br ita in f rom e ar l iest t imes unt i l t he Roman Emp ire. Even i f we i nc lude n orthern a nd w estern Europe i n o ur s tud ies, w e c an a dd o n ly t wo moderate ly r ecorded b oat f inds, a s ma l l mode l o r t wo, a nd s ome r ock c arv ings. Thus t he B r igg ' raf t ' c ompr ises a s ign if icant p art o f t he v ery l imited e v idence a nd t h is a lone more t han j ust if ies t he e ffort t he Na t iona l Mar i t ime Museum 's A rchaeo log ica l Research Centre under t he Ch ief Archaeo log ist, Dr. S ean M cGra i l, h as put i nto h er r e-excava tion a nd i nto t he s ubsequent p reparat i on o f t h is r eport. Dur ing h is e xcavat ion Dr. McGra i l s e ized t he o pportun ity t o r ecover e v idence a bout t he p reh istor ic e nv ironment i n t he Ancho lme v a l ley; s ubs equent work by 1 5 s pec ia l ists h as e nab led t he ' raf t ' t o b e r e la ted t o h er n atura l s urround ings. S uch i ntegrated s tud ies must b e t he p attern f or f uture e xcavat ions o f b oat r ema ins, f or a rchaeo log ists a nd e nv ironmenta l s c ient ists h ave much t o l earn f rom e ach o ther, t o t he g enera l a dvancement o f o ur s c ient if ic know ledge o f t he p ast. Dur ing t he p ast t hree y ears t he Na t iona l Mar i t ime Museum h as undert aken e xcavat ions o n t he s i te o f t he F err iby f inds, wh i lst E . V . Wr ight h as b egun t o r e-examine t he o r ig ina l d a ta f rom h is e ar ly e xcavat ions t here. The Museum i ntends t o pub l ish t h is work, i n c on junct ion w i th E . V . Wr ight, when t hese s tud ies a re c omp lete.

Bas i l Greenh i l l D irector Nat iona l Mar i time Museum

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; . 4

EDITOR 'S I NTRODUCTION

My e d i tor ia l a im h as b een t o p roduce a t ext wh ich a rchaeo log ists, e nv ironmenta l ists a nd b oat " buffs" c an understand. Thus a n aut ica l g lossary a nd a g lossary d iagram a re i nc luded, a nd I h ave c a jo led b otan ists, z oo log ists a nd o thers t o d ef ine t echn ica l t erms wh ich a re n o d oubt t op ics o f e veryday c onversat ion t o t hem but wh ich o thers may f ind e xot ic. As i s a rgued i n t he t ext, t he s ub ject o f t h is publ icat ion i s ab oat a nd n o t ar af t ( see G lossary f or d ef in it ions). I ndeed, a f ter t he e xcavat ion I s uggested t hat t he Br igg ' raf t ' c ou ld more a ppropr iate ly b e known a s t he G lanford b oat ( Glanford a nd G lamford b eing e ar l ier n ames f or Br igg) but t h is proved unacceptable ( on r ef lect ion I t h ink r ight ly s o) a nd Br igg ' raf t ' i tr ema ins. Those who may undertake f urther work i n t he Br igg a rea s hou ld a lso n ote t hat l oca l ly t he e xpress ion " the o ld b oat" r efers t o t he B r igg l ogboat ( =dugout c anoe) a nd n ot t he ' raf t ' wh ich i s s carce ly known. F or c omp leteness Imust a lso ment ion t hat " causey" r efers t o t he Br igg t rack way. Ih ave a ttempted t o h ave r ad iocarbon d ates quoted a s b e i n r ad iocarbon y ears w i thout c a l ibra t ion. I h ave n ot a ttempted t o s tandard ise un its o f l i near measure, b ecause, a l though metres a nd m i l l imetres a re t he S .I. un its, t here a re t imes when d imens ions i n c ent imetres a re more a ppropr iate. There a ppear t o b e i nter-d iscip l inary d ifferences i n t he c onvent iona l s ymbo ls u sed on s trat igraph ic s ections : but a ny s tandard isat ion h ere n eeds t o b e t ackled i n aw ider f orum. As t he Genera l Ed itors o f Br i t ish Archaeo log ica l Reports know we l l b y now, b oats a nd p arts o f b oats t end t o b e l ong a nd t hin i n a way t hat d oes not match t he c onvent iona l b ook o f " A4 p ortra it" r ather t han " A4 l andscape" p roport ions. Thus t he o r ientat ion a nd s ca le o f s ome o f t he f igures publ ished h ere a re a c ompromise b etween t he i dea l a nd what i s p racticab le w ithout t he f inancia l p ena lt ies o f s evera l pu l l-outs. Iw ish t o a cknow ledge t he e ncouragement a nd a dv ice I h ave h ad f rom D r. Bas i l Greenh i l l a nd E . V . Wr ight, a nd t he c ooperat ion o f t he G lanford B oat C lub, e spec ia l ly Tony Rouse t he ir Commodore i n 1 973/4. I am a lso g ratefu l t o Ph i l ip Ho ldsworth, n ow D irector o f t he Greater Manchester A rchaeo log ica l Un it, f or h is s uperv isory work o n t he e xcava t ion, a nd t o B ob L idgett o f Wrawby, who t o ld me a bout t he l ate-19th c entury Br igg b r ickyard. My t hanks a re due t o t he s pec ia l ists who worked o n t he B r igg ma ter ia l, e specia l ly Dr. Tony C lark o f t he Anc ient Monuments Res earch L aboratory ( geophys ica l s urvey), Dr. Dav id Cut ler o f t he J odre l l L aboratory, Roya l Botan ic Gardens, Kew, Dr. E r ic Watson o f Depar tment o f Botany, Un ivers i ty o f Read ing a nd Mr. J . D . Braz ier o f F orest P roducts R esearch L aboratory, P r inces R isborough whose work h as, w ith t he ir p erm iss ion, b een i ncorpora ted i nto t he pub l ished p apers. I was v ery much a ss isted i n t he p roduct ion o f t ypescr ipt a nd i l lustrat ions by Mar i l la F letcher a nd Veryan Hea l; a nd J ona than Hunn p repared t he d raw ings p ubl ished i n P apers 1 .1, 1 .2, 2 .1, 2 .3, a nd 4 .1 f rom o r ig ina l d rawings by members o f t he Archaeo log ica l Research Centre.

x i

L IST OF CONTRIBUTORS

C . G . Adams, BSc., PhD., P rotoza S ect ion, Br it ish Museum ( Na tura l H istory) K . B . A tk inson, BSc., Department o f Photogrammetry a nd Survey ing , Un ivers ity Co l lege, L ondon E l izabeth A . Brown, I .M.L.T., Depar tment o f P lant S c ience, Un ivers i ty Co l lege, Card iff P . C . Buck land, BSc., PhD., Department o f Geography, Un ivers ity o f B irm ingham R . W . C larke, BSc., PhD., L .I.Bio l., Archaeo log ica l Research Centre, Nat iona l Mar i t ime Museum J . Coa tes, OBE, MA, C .Eng ., FRINA, RCNC, Ba th G . T . Denford, MA, Archaeo log ica l Research Centre, Na t iona l Mar it ime Museum T . P . F letcher, MSc., PhD., FGS, I nst itute o f Geo log ica l S c iences, L eeds Caro l A . Green, BSc., Depar tment o f P lant S c iences, Un ivers ity Co l lege, Card iff C . W . Gregson, N .D.D., A .T.C., D ip.Con., Archaeo log ica l Research Centre, Na tiona l Mar i t ime Museum S . V . E . Hea l, BA, Archaeo log ica l Research Centre, Nat iona l Mar it ime Museum J enn ifer H i l lam, BSc., Depar tment o f P reh istory a nd Archaeo logy, Un ivers ity o f Sheff ie ld G . C . H i l lman, BSc., Department o f P lant S c iences, Un ivers i ty Co l lege, Card iff J . S . R . Hood, BSc., D ip.Con., Env ironmenta l Archaeo logy Un i t, Un ivers ity o f Y ork M . P . Kerney, PhD., Department o f Geo logy, I mper ia l Co l lege o f S c ience a nd Techno logy Emer i tus P rofessor H . H . L amb, BA, MA, C l ima t ic Research Un it,Un ivers i ty o f E ast Ang l ia S ean McGra i l, BA, PhD., F SA, Master Mar iner, Archaeo log ica l Research Centre, Na t iona l Mar it ime Museum P . E . P . Norton, MA, PhD., F .G.S., Depar tment o f Z oo logy, Un ivers ity o f G lasgow K , D , P eak, M .S.S.T., Department o f C iv i l Eng ineer ing,

C i ty Un ivers i ty, L ondon

D . P erry, BSc., Department o f Geography, Un ivers i ty o f B irm ingham x i i

D . S . Ranwe l l, BSc., P hD., Department o f B io log ica l S c iences, Un ivers ity o f E ast Ang l ia R . R oss, MA, Department o f Botany,

Br it ish Museum ( Na tura l H istory)

P rofessor A . G . Sm i th , BSc., PhD., Department o f P lant S c iences, Un ivers ity Co l lege, Card iff V . R . Switsur, MA, P hD., Godwin L aboratory, Un ivers ity o f Cambr idge B . T rema in, A .I.I.P., F . R.P.S., F . R.S. A., Department o f Museum S erv ices ( Photograph ic) Na t iona l Mar it ime Museum J . E . Wh ittaker, BSc., PhD., D epartment o f P a laeon to logy, Br it ish Museum ( Na tura l H istory) E . H . W ickens, M .S.S.T., D epartment o f Photogrammetry a nd Survey ing, Un iversity C o l lege, L ondon

S ECTION 1 EXCAVATION AND RE-EXCAVATION

P REH ISTOR IC

T RACKS

L AND A BOVE 1 5m S T IPPLED

5 km

0 I mm g—

N ORTH ' F ERR IBY

• ' Raft '

TRACK

WAY

c i Li

a

I SLAND C ARR

F ig. 1 .1.1

Map o f t he Br igg r eg ion.

2

1 .1

1 888 t o 1 974

S ean McGra i l

T he La te 1 9th c entury The wooden r e ma ins n ow k nown a s t he B r igg ' raf t ' were f irst e xposed i n t he l a te 1 9 th c en tury b y workmen d igg ing f or c lay i n af i e ld a d jacen t t o ab r icky ard b e tween t he O ld a nd N ew R ivers Ancho l me , o ne mi le t o t he n or th wes t o f Br igg , t hen i n t he c oun ty o f L inco ln , n ow i n s outh H u mbers ide ( Fig . 1 .1 .1 ). T he f ind-spo t ( SE 9 929 0 763 ) i s 8 mi les s outh o f t he H u mber s o me 5 00 m n or th w est o f t he Br igg Gas Works ( SE 9 97 0 74 ) whence t he b e t ter-known l ogboa t ( F ig . 1 .1 .2 ) was e xcava ted i n 1 886 ( McGra i l , 1 978A , 1 16-172 ) , a nd c 1 20 m n or th o f t he wooden t rackway ( SE 9 92 0 75 , S E 9 93 0 75 ) e xposed i n 1 884 ( F ig . 1 .1.3) a nd 1 933 ( Wy l ie , 1 884 ;

Sm i th , 1 958A ) .

t he ' raf t ' was f ound h as b een g iven a s 1 886 :

U n t i l r ecen t ly t he d ate when

i n f ac t , a s Ih ave s hown e lse-

w here ( 1975 , 7 ) , t he ' raf t ' was e xposed a f ew d ays b efore 2 5th F ebruary , 1 888, a nd p ar t a t l eas t was s t i l l v is ib le i n t he g round o n t he 1 5 th J une o f t ha t y ear

H u l l a nd L inco lnsh ire T i mes , 2 5 . 2 .8 8 , 2 3 .6 .8 8) .

I n May 1 888 J a mes Thropp A .M . I .C . E ., C ounty S urveyor a t L inco ln , made a measured d raw ing o f t he f i nd ( F ig . 1 .1 .4 ) wh ich h e p ub lished w i th a d escr ipt i on o f t he ' raf t ' i n v o lu me 1 9 p ar t 1( 1 887) o f t he A ssoc ia ted Arch i tec tura l S oc ie t ies R epor ts a nd P apers , wh ich was i n f ac t n o t i ssued u n t i l 1 889 ( McGra i l , 1 975 , 7 ) .

A lthough we g e t s ome d e ta i ls i n Thropp 's p aper , h e om i ts , o r i s

t ant i lis ing ly v ague a bout , i mpor tan t s tructura l f ea tures , a nd t he g rea t r egul ar i ty o f h is d raw ing d oes n o t i nsp ire c onf idence i n i t s a ccuracy o fd e ta i l . T he b r ief n ewspaper i t ems a nd t h is r epor t b y Thropp a re t he o n ly t raceab le d ocu men tary s ources;

n o o ther a u thors a dd a ny th ing f ac tua l t o Thropp 's

a ccount o ft he s truc ture .

T h is i s i ndeed s urpr is ing f or A lfred A tk inson ,

A . M . I ns t . C .F., E ng ineer t o t he Ancho l me C omm iss ioners a t Br igg f ro m 1 870 t o 1 925 , c o mb ined a n t iquar ian i n terest w i th t he a b i l i ty t o r ecord a ccur a te ly a nd h ad p ub l ished p apers o n t he t rackway ( Wy l ie , 1 884 ) a nd t he l ogboa t ( A tk inson , 1 887) r ecen t ly f ound a t Br igg .

A tk inson 's s uccessor , Mr . A . R .

H aynes , F . R .I .C . S ., k ind ly a l lowed a s earch t o b e made t hrough A tk inson 's n o tebooks ; t hese a re n ow h e ld i n t he o f f ices o f t he A ncho l me I n terna l Dra inage B oard , much i n p la in l anguage b u t s o me i n c ypher a nd s o me i n 1 9 th c en tury s hor thand .

The l a t ter was k ind ly t ranscr ibed f or me b y Mrs . P a tr ic ia P a l mer ,

b ut n o men t ion o f t he ' raf t ' was f ound a nywhere i n t hese n o tes .

Th is i nexp licab le

om miss ion i s t o b e much r egre t ted f or A tk inson was a b e t ter t echn ica l o bs erver o f n au t ica l a r t ifac ts t han Thropp ( McGra i l , 1 978A , 1 66-172 ) . The H u l l a nd L inco lnsh ire T i mes f or 1 7th N ove mber , 1 888 g ave n o t ice o f af or thco m ing p aper o n t he ' raf t ' b y Thropp i n J ackson 's B r igg A nnua l f or 1 889 , t o b e i ssued i n N ove mber , 1 888 , b ut n o c opy o f t h is c an b e t raced . O ther n ewspaper r epor ts ( f or e xa mp le t he H ul l a nd L inco lnsh ire T i mes , 2 6 .

3

F ig. 1 .1.2

The l ogboa t f rom Br igg a f ter e xcavat ion i n 1 886.

F ig. 1 .1.3

P art o f t he Br igg t rackway e xposed i n 1 884.

SK ETCH PL AN O F SI T E

SE CT ION . A-B.

SE CT ION S HEW ING RA FT A S FO UND

SK ETCH O F AN C IENT RA FT DI S COVERED A T BR IGG

10

5

5 .88 ) men t ion t ha t Mr . S . C o les , o ne o ft he f i nders o ft he ' raf t ', a nd o wner w i th Mr . J udge o f t he b r ickyard , h ad made a " cap ita l mode l" o f t he r ema ins f or t he l andowner , t he E ar l o f Y arborough .

T h is i s p robab ly o ne o f t he t wo

u nprovenanced 1 : 12 s ca le mode ls i n L inco ln Museum ( F ig . 1 .1. 5 ) .

S am C o les

a lso " preserved mos t c arefu l ly” t he " ha lf ( o f t he ' raf t ') t aken u p a s w e l l a s c ou ld b e d one" ( Thropp , 1 887, 9 5 ) . N o f ur ther men t ion o ft hese r ecovered t imbers h as b een t raced, b u t a no ther wooden o b jec t i n L inco ln Museum i s u nd oub ted ly a b roken c lea t ( see G lossary ) f rom t he ' raf t ' ( F ig . 2 .1 . 1 3 ) . C on te mporary n ewspaper a ccoun ts v ar ious ly d escr ibe t he f i nd a s b oa t , p on toon , b r idge o r r af t . Thropp ( 1 887) c a l ls i t ar a f t , a l though h e w as p rob ab ly u naware o ft he t echn ica l i mp lica t ions o f t h is t erm . S ome 2 0 y ears a f ter t he d iscovery , t he R ev . A lfred H un t , v icar o f We lton n ear L inco ln , p ub l ished a p aper ( 1907-8 ) e n t i t led " The V ik ing r af t o r p on toon b r idge made t o r ise a nd f a l l w ith t he t i de" . I n a n e ar lier v ers ion o ft h is p aper h e ld i n L inco ln Museu m t he ' raf t ' i s c a l led a " f loa t ing f ord" . H un t a nd mos t s ubseq uen t c om men ta tors , o ver looked t he r e marks o f ar ev iewer i n t he 1 889 i ssue o f L inco lnsh ire N o tes a nd Quer ies ( 1 , 1 60 ) who r epor ted t ha t t he L inco ln a nd N o t t ingha m Arch i tec tura l a nd Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty h ad " dec ided u nder c o mp e ten t g uidance" d ur ing t he ir e xa m ina t ion o f t he r ema ins i n J une 1 888 t ha t i t was " unques t ionab ly n o t ar af t a t a l l b ut a f l a t b o t tomed b oa t" . H un t 's r a ther f anc ifu l p aper , i n wh ich h e i den t if ies t he b oa tbui lder a s E g i l S ka l lagr imsson a nd t he l aunch ing d a te a s AD 9 37, n ever the less d i d make t wo v a luab le c on tr ibut ions t o t he s ub jec t :

h e n o ted ( 1 907-8 , 3 62 ) t ha t t he r e-

ma ins were a ga in c overed u p i n t he s o i l; a nd h e p ub l ished a p ho tograph o f t he ' raf t ' i n s i tu ( F ig . 1 .1 .6) . The l a t ter s hows t he n or th wes t p ar t o ft he ' r af t ' a nd was t aken b y t he R ev . A . M . C laye , M .A . ,v icar o f G lanford-Br igg . N o o r ig ina l p r in t o ft h is p ho tograph c an b e t raced , n e i ther c an a ny o ther v iews o ft he ' raf t '— th is i s e spec ia l ly t o b e r egret ted a s t he s outh e as tern h a lf o f t he ' raf t ' p oses t he mos t p rob lems i n i n terpre ta t ion ( Paper 4 .1) . 1 937 t o 1 972 Sm i th 's t wo i mpor tan t p apers p ub l ished i n 1 958 s howed h ow e nv ironmen ta l a nd a rchaeo log ica l e v idence c ou ld b e i n tegra ted t o t hrow n ew l i gh t o n t he p reh is tory o ft he Ancho l me V a l ley . The a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l Sm i th h ad t o work w i th h ad n o t b een r ecovered u nder c on tro l led c ondi t ions . I tt hus s ee med p oss ib le t ha t t he r eloca t ion o ft he ' raf t ' a nd t he c o l lec t ion o f r e lated e nv ironmen ta l , s a mp les migh t a dd t o t he v a lue o f Sm i th 's r esearch . F ur thermore , r e-excava t ion o ft he ' raf t ' h ad b een u rged b y D ud ley ( 1949 , 1 24 ) ( a lso b y i mp lica t ion C . W . P h i l lips ) a nd b y Wr igh t ( 1972 , 3 ) , w i th t he n au t ica l a spec ts o fp reh is tory much i n mind . E . V . Wr igh t , w i th h is b ro ther C . W . Wr igh t , d iscovered t he f irs t N or th F err iby b oa t i n 1 937 .

B efore t h is t ime o n ly l ogboa ts a nd a p oss ib le s k in b oa t

( Sheppard , 1 926, 1 71) , were k nown f rom p reh is tor ic B r ita in . The r ema ins t ha t Wr igh t f ound o n t he n or thern f oreshore o ft he R . H u mber ( SE 9 91 2 52 ) were p ar t o f a n o ak p lanked b oa t o f s ome c ons iderab le s ize ( F igs . 1 .1 .7 a nd 1 .1 .8) . S ubsequen t ly , f ragmen ts o ft wo o ther b oa ts were f ound n earby , a nd b e tween 1 946 a nd 1 963 t hese t hree b oa ts were r ecovered b y d if f icu lt i n tert i da l e xcava t ion ( Wr igh t , 1 976) .

The b oa ts h ave b een d a ted b y r adiocarbon

6

F ig . 1 .1.5

Two 1 :12 s ca le mode ls o f t he Br igg ' raf t ' h e ld i n L inco ln Museum. west.

S ca le c ent imetr ic;

t he a rrow p o ints t o t he n or th

Made t o r i se a nd f a i l w i th t he t i de; d iscovered

v

F ig. 1 .1.7 An e xposed p ort ion o f F err iby b oa t 1o n t he f oreshore o f t he R . Humber a t North F err iby i n 1 946.

1 .1.8 Measured drawing o f F err iby b oa t 1 by E . V

•

L .

a

2

1 0

Mif f -

F ig.

e ke

1 .1.9 F err iby b oat 2 dur ing e xcavat ion i n 1 946. t imbers t hrough c lea ts.

Note t ransverse

a ssay t o t he mid-2nd mi l len iu m b c ( McGra i l a nd S w i tsur , 1 975) , a nd a re t hus t he o ldest k nown p lanked b oa ts , af ter t he C heops a nd Dahshur b oa ts o f 3 rd mi l leniu m BC , E gyp t . When f ound , b oa t 2c ons is ted o f o ne b o t tom p lank ; b oa ts 1 a nd 3 h ad b o t tom p lank ing a nd p ar t o f as ide s trake . The r ema ins o f t wo b oa ts a re n ow i n t he N a t iona l Mar i t ime Museu m : b oa t 1b e ing i n af ragmen tary s ta te ; b oa t 2 , h av ing b een s tab i lised b y a n e poxy r es in mixture , h as s ome r ecogn isab le f ea tures .

Boa t 3 , d iscovered i n 1 963 , h as b een c onserved i n p o lye thy lene

g lyco l a nd i s n ow i n t he r eserve c o l lec t ion o f H u l l Museu m .

The c harac-

t eres t ic b oa tbui lding f ea tures o ft h is g roup o f c raf t a re : ( a )

Mass ive o ak p lanks ' sewn ' t oge ther b y b ind ings o f y ew , t he s t i tching p ass ing o ver moss c au lk ing c apped b y l ong i tudina l l a ths ( F ig . 1 .1.7) .

( b )

I n tegra l w i th e ach b o t tom p lank a re s evera l c lea ts c u t i n t he s o l id, a nd t ransverse t imbers p ass t hrough mor t iced h o les i n t hese c leats l i nk ing t he p lanks l a tera l ly . ( F ig . 1 .1.9 ) .

E . V . Wr igh t ( 1947 , 1 25-6) e ar ly r ea l ised t ha t t he B r igg ' raf t ' p robab ly h ad f ea tures c omparab le w i th t hose o ft he F err iby b oa ts , a nd t ha t a n i nves t iga t ion a t Br igg migh t a ss is t i n t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he F err iby r emains . T he 1 973 S eason The a i ms o ft he N a t iona l Mar i t ime Museu m i nu nder tak ing t he r ee xcava t ion o ft he Br igg ' raf t ' were : ( a )

T o l earn more a bout e ar ly b oa tbui lding a nd b oa t u se , i n p ar t icu lar t o s upp le men t t he i nadequa te 1 9th c en tury r epor t o n t h is f i nd , a nd t o i nves t iga te a ny p ara l le ls w i th t he F err iby b oa ts .

( b )

To r e la te t he ' raf t ' t o t he c on temporary e nv iron men t , at ask o n ly r are ly u nder taken f or a b oa t-f ind i n B r i ta in .

T he me thod c hosen t o a t ta in t hese e nds was : ( i ) ( i i ) ( i i i )

R eloca te a nd e xpose t he f i nd . R ecord i n s i tu . L if t t he r e ma ins f or l abora tory e xam ina t ion b y av ar ie ty o f s pec ia l ists . T he t imbers t hen t o b e c onserved a nd r e-assemb led a t t he N a t iona l Mar i t i me Museu m .

( i v )

S amp le t he b ur ied s ur face a nd e xcava te a reas a d jacen t t o t he ' raf t ' .

T he s i te o f t he r af t was r eloca ted i n 1 973 a nd p roved t o b e o n l and owned b y t he G lanford B oat C lub ( McGra i l , 1 975 ) . A f ter b r ick mak ing h ad f i n ished a t C oa l Dyke E nd o n I s land C arr b e tween t he o ld a nd n ew r ivers , t he s i te was u sed a s a mun ic ipa l r ubb ish t i p ;

s ubsequen t ly more f i l l was a dded b y t he

B oa t C lub t o p roduce l eve l s urfaces f or t he ir h o is ted-out b oa ts a nd t he ir c lub b u i ld ings . As f ur ther b ui ldings a nd a s l ipway were p lanned f or t he s i te t he B oa t C lub a nd t he Museu m a greed t ha t e xcava t ion c ou ld b est b e u nder taken i n 1 974 d ur ing t he s u mmer s eason when t he C lub b oa ts wou ld b e i n t he wa ter .

1 2

Ar es is t iv i ty s urvey was t r ied i n l a te 1 973 b u t p roved u nreward ing .

S ub-

s equent ly , t r ia l t renches were d ug a cross t he p robab le s i te o f t he ' raf t ' ( McGra i l , 1 975 ) a nd i nt he s econd o ne p lank ing was e ncoun tered s ome 1 .8 m b e low t he modern s urface o n a n a l ignmen t o f c5 0° t o t he N ew R iver A ncho l me , s im i lar t o t he o r ien ta t ion r epor ted b y Thropp ( 1 887) .

S amp les o f t imber

w ere t aken t o a ssess t he d egreda t ion o ft he wood a nd f or d a t ing b y r adiocarbon . Af ur ther d a t ing s amp le was s ubsequent ly t aken f rom t he wooden c lea t i n L inco ln Museu m , b yk ind p erm iss ion o ft he C i ty a uthor i t ies . T he t wo d a tes , 2 630 b p ±1 00 a nd 2 545 b p ±1 00 ( see P aper 2 .5 ) c onf irmed t ha t ap reh istor ic a r t i fact h ad b een e ncoun tered a nd s ugges ted t ha t t he L inco ln c lea t h ad v ery l i ke ly c o me f ro m t he ' ra f t '. T he 1 974 S eason The ma in e xcava t ion t ook p lace f rom A pr i l t o J une 1 974 , i n a n a rea c lose t ot he N ew R iver A ncho l me b ased o n t he 1 973 f i nd s po t ( F igs . 1 .1 .10 a nd 1) . S ubsequen t ly , e xcavat ion w i th in a n i nner t rench o f 1 2 m x 3m ( Fron t isp iece a nd F ig . 1 .1.12) r evea led t he e x ten t o f t he s urv iv ing p or t ions o f t he ' raf t ' a nd s o me th ing o ft he t rench ing d ug b y t he c lay w orkers i n 1 888 . T he V ic tor ian b ackf i l l , c onsist ing o fp oor q ua l i ty c lay , p ocke ts o fp ea t a nd s o me s tones , w as r e moved u n t i l t he u pper s ur face o f t he p lank ing c ou ld b e s een , b u t l eav ing at h in l ayer o f c lay a s ab uf fer a ga ins t e nv ironmen ta l c hanges —de ta i ls o f t he o n-si te c onserva t ion t echn iques a re i n P aper 1 .5 .

D igg ing was d one f rom

s caf fo lding p la tforms s panning t he i nner t rench ( F ig . 1 .1.13 ) u s ing t rowe ls , w ooden s pa tu las a nd h ands . The s urv iv ing p or t ions o f s ix s trakes ( see G lossary a nd F ig . 1 .1 .14 ) o f t he ' raf t ' were f ound t o b e l y ing o n ag en t le s lope ( s.1 .0 3 m t o 0 .80 m a bove 0 .D . )d own f rom t he n or th wes t ( F ig . 1 .1.15 ) , w i th a s l igh t ly i ncreased g radien t s outh e ast o ft he 5 th r ow o f c lea ts .

S ome 3 -4 m t o t he s outh e as t

o ft he ma in r ema ins were f ur ther f ragments ( F ig . 1 .1.12 ) .

To f ac i l i ta te r e-

c ord ing , t he e lemen ts o ft he ' raf t ' were i den t if ied b y a n e as i ly r emembered matr ix i den tif ica t ion s ystem ( F ig . 1 .1 .16) , t he s trakes b e ing n u mbered s ucc ess ive ly f rom t he s outh wes t a nd t he c lea t r ows f rom t he n or th west , t hus e ach c lea t h ad au n ique t wo d ig i t n u mber .

The s ystem was n o t iona l ly e x-

t ended t o i nc lude t he p or t ions o f t he ' raf t ' s hown o n Thropp 's d raw ing ( F ig . 1 .1. 4 ) b ut wh ich d id n o t s urv ive t o 1 974 .

I so la ted f ragmen ts were g iven a

l e t ter c ode e .g . G 4 , G5 . A f ter t he ' raf t ' h ad b een r ecorded i n s i tu ( Papers 1 .2 , 1 .3 , 1 .4 ) , s amp les w ere t aken o ft he v ar ious e lemen ts f or s pec ies i den t if ica t ion a nd r adiocarbon d a t ing . T he t imbers were t hen l i f ted i n s ec t ions b y s l iding a d oub le t h ickness o f h eavy d uty p o ly thene b e tween t he ' raf t ' a nd t he u nder ly ing c lay . P o ly thene a nd t imber were t hen s l id o n to a n a d jacen t wooden p a l le t wh ich was manh and led f rom t he t rench ( McGra i l , 1 975 , 1-2 ) . The a i m was t o l if t t he max i mu m l eng ths o ft imber t ha t c ou ld c onven ien t ly b e h and led o n s i te a nd a t G reenw ich : i n t he e ven t , t he b iggest u n i ts r ecovered were t hree 2 .5 m l eng ths o fp lank ing e ach w i th t wo c lea ts , a1 . 5m s quare c ons is t ing o ft hree a d jacen t c lea t-un i ts f rom d if feren t s trakes ( F ig . 1 .1 . 1 8) , a nd a sma l ler s ect ion o ft wo a d jacen t c lea t-un i ts . U s ing p o ly thene t o s epara te p lank ing f ro m c lay ma tr ix mean t t ha t u ndis turbed s amp les c ou ld s ubsequent ly b e t aken

1 3

1 4

a

s trakes a re numbered f rom t he s outh

L I I

0

C 1

C • 1

1 6

Genera l v iew o f t he t rench l ook ing westwards t owards t he New R iver Ancho lme.

No t t o s ca le.

•—

a

t i n . g r . 4

t _ a

C D

1 8

A nc h o l m e

UI

t _

0 . )

The numbers 4 1 t o 4 6 d enote t he c lea ts p ro ject ing f rom s trake 4 .

Ui

0

A

0

cD

1 9

7

C lea t l oca t ion d iagram.

. . . "---.

,

c .0 . -I

b . .0

. C T 7 4 1

I 3 z

CV L f 1

2 0

C I ) c o Z

E c z C I ) " C d 4 a ' c u

t o ) c u — c t . E 0 L A

E

0 . . . >

4-

0 — _ , Q . .

w c l _ E c s

0 c 4 . i 0

E nv ironmenta l

V I

2 1

0 . , . ,

CD

c e c . ) 0 4 C -1 1

F ig. 1 .1.18

F ig . 1 .1.19

C leat-un its 2 6, 3 6 a nd 4 6 a f ter b e ing s l id o nto a pa l let.

The bur ied s urface under c leat-un its 2 6, 3 6, a nd 4 6. The r idges a re t he " ref lect ion" o f t he c urved b eve ls under t he s trake e dges.

S ect ion 1

N E

SW

DATUM 0 656 >

1 E XCAVATION C OLUMN

1 9c

R EMOVED F ROM

S ERV ICE

H ERE

T RENCH

3

C

M IXED R EDEPOS ITED

1 A 1 B

P EAT

1 C

C LAY

-

C LAY W ITH

r

3 DARK

DRIFT

W ITH L ITTLE P EAT R EDEPOSITED

B LU ISH - GREY

5 COARSE

B RO WN

P OST

P O WDERY

WEATHERED

7

TURASSIC

C LAY

SAND -REL IC C OVER

S ANDS

WEATHERED L I MESTONE C LAY

3 0 .5 7 4

S ee F ig . 1 .1.12 f or l ocat ion.

2 3

P EAT

C LAY

G LACIAL

6 A

PEH

S ect ion 1 .

P EAT

SAND

1 m

0

A ND

L IMESTONE AND

- B LACK

6 SOFT

F ig. 1 .1.20

C LAY

4 BLUISH

O F

S OLI D

AND

2 A .UNCONSOL IOATED

R EDEPOSI TED

4

P EAT

2R EDEPOS ITED

1 9c

C LAY

WOOD

L IMESTONE MATR IX

Cl ay

B ackt i l

N N

Var iegated

L imestone

R edepos ited

2 f 1 i l t o r c a o n .

. ' ; ' 1 . , 2

2

, c , ? _ s

f + d o . a, c t

S ect ion 2 .

C N

c n

S ect ion 3 ;d iagrammat ic

SW

NE

MADE

G ROUND

DATUM

F OR

D I AGRAM

POLLEN 3

< . D ISTURBED U NDISTURBED

C LAY & P EAT U ND ISTURBED

P EAT

P EAT

S OME S AMPLE

T AKEN

W ITH

C LAY

FOR I

M ottled R ADI O- CARBON

g rey —brown

c lay

w ith

r eeds.

D ATING ( CAR- 6 0 )

S ofter w ith

g rey

c lay

r eeds

R OCK

0

l m AS m ith

F ig . 1 .1.22

S ect ion 3 d escr ibed by Sm i th ( Paper 3 .1). F ig . 1 .1 .15 f or l oca t ion.

2 5

S ee

May 1 974

f ro m t he b ur ied s ur face ( F igs . 1 .1 .17 a nd 1 .1 .19 ) .

These s a mp les were

t aken f rom 0 -2 cm a nd 2 -7 cm u nder t he c en tra l p ar ts o f e ach s trake t hus a vo id ing a ny p oss ib le c on tam ina t ion wh ich migh t h ave o curred d ur ing a nd s ubsequen t t o t he 1 888 e xposure . A s ubs idiary t rench was e xcava ted b eneath t he f or mer p os i t ions o f t he t wo s ou th-wes tern s trakes ( F ig . 1 .1 .12 ) , a nd s amp le mono l i ths t aken f ro m 1a nd 2 ( F igs . 1 .1 .20 a nd 2 1) , s o t ha t e nv iron men ta l c ond i t ions i n t he Ancho l me V a l ley c entur ies b efore t he d epos i t ion o f t he ' raf t ' c ou ld b e i nv est iga ted .

Ad ark b lu ish-grey ( 10BG4/1) c lay w i th r eeds e x tended d own t o

C0 .90 m b e low t he ' raf t ', i .e . c1 .9 5 m b e low t he d educed l eve l o ft he 1 888 s urface .

B e low t his was c 0 .30 m o f ab luish-b lack ( 10BG2/1) c lay w i th r eeds ,

d own t o c0 .4 0 m b e low 0 .D . ( New lyn ) .

B e low t h is was a l imes tone w i th

s uper f ic ia l p ocke ts o f ac oarse b rown s and .

Th is s equence may b e c o mpared

w i th t ha t s ta ted b y A tk inson ( i n Wy lie , 1 884 ) , t o b e " usua l ly me t w i th" i n t he Ancho l me v a l ley :

a n u pper p ea t s ome 0 .25 t o 0 .30 m b e low t he 1 888 s urface ;

c . 0 .4 0-1 . 0 0 m, a b rown a l luv ia l c lay ;

c1 .0 0-1 .90 m, d ark g rey a l luv ia l

c lay w i th r e ma ins o f s edges a nd f reshwa ter v ege ta t ion; a t c2m b e low t he 1 888 s ur face , al ower p ea t ; b e low t h is , s ands a nd g rave ls: A tk inson 's l eve ls a re b ased o n t he L iverpoo l D a tu m ( = N ew lyn minus 0 .8 f t ) a nd when t h is i s a l lowed f or i ti s s een t ha t h e n o ted c lays e x tending f ro m 1 .50 m a bove N ew lyn 0 .D . d own t o cOrdnance Datu m ;

whereas t he c lays u nder t he Br igg ' raf t '

e x tended f ro m c 1 m a bove ( New lyn ) 0 .D . d own t o c0 .4 0 m b e low 0 .D . Sm i th 's s equence ( 1 958B , 2 8) , o bta ined f rom a l i ne o fb or ings t aken E as t/ Wes t a cross I s land C arr s o me 2 50 m s ou th o f t he ' raf t 's ' p os i t ion , h as c lays e x tending f rom c 1m a bove 0 .D . ( New lyn ) t o c 1m b e low 0 .D . i n ap os i t ion d ue s ou th o f t he ' raf t ', a nd d own t o c 7m b e low 0 .D . s o me 3 50 m s ou th e as t o f t he ' raf t ' . The l ower p ea t r epor ted b y A tk inson was c 0 .10 m b e low 0 .D . ( New lyn ) . N o p ea t was e xcava ted u nder t he Br igg ' raf t ', a l though t he b lu ish-b lack c lay h ad a n " organ ic" t ex ture .

Sm i th ( 1958B , 2 8) , h owever , h ad e ar lier e n-

c oun tered a b rushwood p ea t b e low t he I s land C arr c lays .

On t he o ther h and

h e ( 1958B , 3 5 ) d id n o t f i nd a p ea t a bove t he c lays h ere , b u t d id r ecord o ne a t R edbourne Hayes a bou t 5 mi les s ou th o f Br igg .

I n 1 974 , p ea t was v is ib le

i n t he ma in B r igg t rench i n t he s ec tor f ro m NN W t o SW ( t ha t i s w i th in t he e ast b ank o f t he N ew R iver ) s o me 0 .70 m a bove t he l eve l o f t he ' raf t ' .

P ar ts

o ft h is p ea t were u nconso lida ted w i th i rregu lar i n trus ions f ro m a bove a nd b e low ;

b ut we l l i n to t he r iver b ank t he p ea t was i n i t s o r ig ina l c on tex t .

Th is p ea t i s a lso v is ib le i n t he 1 888 p ho tograph o ft he ' raf t ' ( F ig . 1 .1 .6) a nd may b e e qua ted w i th t he u pper p ea t n o ted b y A tk inson ( Wy l ie , 1 884 ) . T h is u pper p ea t was e ncoun tered i n S ec t ion 3 ( F ig . 1 .1 .22 ) e xposed s o me 2 .85 m b eyond t he n or th wes t e nd o f t he ' raf t ', w i th in t he e as tern b ank o ft he N ew R iver ( Figs . 1 .1 .12 a nd 1 5 ) .

P ea t a nd o ther s amp les were t aken b y

P rofessor A lan Sm i th f rom t h is s ec t ion a nd f rom b or ings ( Paper 3 .1) . T he e xcava t ion was e x tended o n a l l s ides , a t a nd b e low t he l eve l o f t he ' raf t ', b ut , a par t f ro m s ome f ragmen tary wood d ispersed b y t he V ic tor ian c layd iggers , n o f ur ther a r t ifac tua l e v idence was r ecovered .

2 6

R eferences A tk inson , A ., 1 887 .

' No tes o n a n a nc ien t b oa t f ound a t Br igg ' Archaeo logia ,

5 0 ( p t . 2 ) , 3 02-370 . D ud ley , H ., 1 949 .

E ar ly d ays i n N or th West L inco lnsh ire .

H un t , A ., 1 907-8 .

' V ik ing r af t o r P on toon Br idge ', S aga Book o f t he V ik ing

C lub , 5 , 3 55-362 . McGra i l , S ., 1 975 .

' Br igg ' raf t ' r e-excava ted ', L incs . H istory a nd Archaeo logy ,

1 0 , 5 -13 . McGra i l , S ., 1 978A , L ogboa ts o f E ng land a nd Wa les , BAR ( Oxford ) 5 1 . NM M Greenw ich Archaeo log ica l S er ies 2 . McGrai l , S ., a nd S w i tsur , R ., 1 975 .

' Ear ly Br i t ishboa ts a nd t heir c hrono-

l ogy ', I .J . N .A ., 4 , 1 91-200 . S heppard , T ., 1 926 .

' Roman r e ma ins i n N . L inco lnsh ire ' , Trans . E . R iding

Ant iquar ian S oc ., 2 5 , 1 71 . Sm i th , A .G . ,1 958A

' Con tex t o f s ome L a te B ronze Age a nd E ar ly I ron Age

r e ma ins f rom L inco lnsh ire ' , P . P . S ., 2 4 , 7 8-84 . Sm i th , A . G ., 1 958B .

' Pos t-G lac ia l d epos i ts i n S ou th Y orksh ire a nd N or th

L inco lnsh ire ' N ew P hy to log is t , 5 7, 1 9-49 . T hropp , J ., 1 887 .

' An a nc ien t r af t f ound a t B r igg , L inco lnsh ire ', Assoc .

Arch i tec tura l S oc ie t ies R epor ts a nd P apers , 1 9 p ar t 1 , 9 5-7 . Wr igh t , E . V . a nd C . W ., 1 947 . Eas t Y orksh ire . Wr igh t , E . V ., 1 972 . i n Br i ta in ', 3 -7 . Wr ight , E . V ., 1 976 . Wy lie , W . M ., 1 884 .

' Preh istor ic b oa ts f ro m N or th F err iby ,

P . P . S ., 1 3 , 14-138 . ' Boa ts o f N or th F err iby ' i n Three Anc ien t B oa t F inds NM M Greenw ich Monograph 6 . N or th F err iby B oa ts , NM M Greenw ich Monograph 2 3 . ( A n o te b y A . A tk inson o n t he Br igg t rackway ) P roc .

S oc . A n t . N .S . 1 0 , 1 10-115 . I JNA :

I n terna t iona l J ourna l o f N aut ica l Archaeo logy .

PPS :

P roceedings o f t he P reh istor ic S oc ie ty .

P roc . S oc . An t .:

P roceed ings o ft he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ies .

2 7

1 .2

RECORDING THE ' RAFT ' S ean McGra i l

T he n ecessi ty t o k eep t he t imbers s odden c omp lica ted b o th e xcava t ion a nd r ecording , a nd b ecause o ft h is , r ecording w i th in a g r id ( w i th g r id N or th a pprox ima te ly a t r igh t a ng les t o t he r un o f t he p lank ing ) t ook l onger t han i t wou ld o n ad ry s i te .

A1 : 10 p lan w i th l ong i tudina l a nd t ransverse p rof i les was p re-

p ared b y P h i lip H o ldswor th ( F igs . 1 .2 .1) u s ing a c onven t iona l me tr ic p lann ing f rame .

D amage h ad b een c aused t o t he f i nd b y t he 1 9th c en tury b ack-f i l ling

w i th s tones . F ur thermore , s ome c lea ts h ad b ecome d e tached f rom t he ir p lank ing , a l though a pparen t ly s t i l l i n p os i t ion : t h is was p robab ly c aused b y d if feren t ia l s hr inkage d ur ing t he f our months e xposure i n 1 888 .

T he p lank

e dges w ere g enera l ly f ound t o b e v ery f rag i le a nd t he t h inner p ar ts o f t he p lank ing h oneycombed w i th h a ir line c racks ; t he u ndersurface o ft he s trakes w ere n o t e xa m ined o n s i te . The o ak p lank ing h ad p redic tab ly s hrunk mos t i n t he t angen t ia l p lane l eav ing g aps o f 2t o 4 cm b e tween a d jacen t s trakes ( F igs . 1 .2 .2 a nd 1 .4 .1) . T he moss c aulk ing r epor ted b y T hropp ( 1 887) h ad b ecome mixed w i th t he c lay f i l l b e tween t he p lank ing , a nd s t i tches s urv ived o n ly w i th in t he h o les t hrough t he t imber .

T he f ew t ransverse t imbers a nd l ong i tudina l

l a ths wh ich h ad s urv ived t he 1 888 e xcava t ion were f ound t o b e i n av ery d egraded s ta te ( F ig . 1 .2 .2 ) . T o t he s ou th e as t o ft he s ix th r ow o f c lea ts o n ly minor f ragmen ts o fp lank ing were f ound b ut t hese i nc luded t wo s ec t ions i n t he e as tern c orner o f t he t rench w hose p os i t ion a pprox ima te ly c o inc ided w i th t he t en th r ow o f c lea ts r epor ted b y T hropp ( 1 887)—co mpare F igures 1 .1 .4 a nd 1 .2 .1 . L arge h o les were f ound t hrough t he p lank ing i n s evera l p laces : t hrough t he o ne b y c lea t 2 6 ah aze l ( Cory lus a ve l lana ) r oundwood p ost h ad b een d r iven 1 5 cm i n to t he u nder ly ing c lay ( F ig . 1 .2 .3 ) . Many o ft hese d e ta i ls were r ecorded o n t he p lan a nd p rof i les , b ut o thers c ou ld n o t b e s o r epresen ted . D e ta i led n o tes were t herefore made a nd r e la ted t o s ec t ions o ft he ' raf t ' i den t if ied b y t he c lea t n u mber ing s ys tem ( F ig . 1 .1 .16) . Ac lea t w i th i t s a ssoc ia ted p lank ing was t ermed a ' c lea t-un i t ' ( F ig . 1 .1 .14 ) . T hese c lea t n u mbers w ere a lso u sed i n t he p ho tograph ic r ecord ing ( Paper 1 .3) a nd t o i den t ify t he l oca t ion o ft imber s amp les a nd o f e nv ironmenta l s amp les f rom u nder t he ' raf t ' .

I n a ddi t ion , t he n or th wes t e nd o f t he f i nd was d es igna ted

' h eading e nd ' ( no t b ow a s t h is wou ld h ave p rejudged i n terpre ta t ion ) a nd i ndic a ted b y ap o in ter o n d raw ings a nd p ho tographs ( F ig . 1 .2 .4 ) .

S ew ing h o les

w ere marked w i th wh i te p las t ic d o ts ( Fron t isp iece ) o r a rrows ( F ig . 1 .2 .4 ) s o t ha t t hey wou ld s tand o u t d ur ing p ho tography a nd p ho togramme tr ic p lo t t ing . A spec ts o f t he 1 973 a nd 1 974 s easons were a lso r ecorded o n f i lm f or t he C hron ic le p rogram me o f BBC TV .

P au l J ohns tone , e xecu t ive d irec tor o ft he

s er ies , r ea lised t ha t f i l m was g enera l ly o n ly o f marg ina l v a lue i n r ecording a rchaeo log ica l d a ta b u t h e b e lieved i tc ou ld n ever the less c on tr ibute b y p rov iding a r ecord o f t he p rogress ion o f e ven ts .

2 9

Thus t he d if f icu lt ies e ncountered

i n s epara t ing ' raf t ' f rom c lay c an b e b e t ter a cqu ired f rom f i lm t han f rom s t i l ls o r wr i t ten d escr ip t ions . I n a ddi t ion , f i lm , w i th i t s t endency t o r ange a round a s i te , may we l l p rov ide i n forma t ion f or t he p os t-excava t ion s tage o f r esearch , o r e ven t o f u ture g enera t ions when q ues t ions may b e a sked wh ich were n o t f oreseen o n s i te a nd t herefore n o t a nswerab le b y o ther means . T he Depar t men t o f P ho togram me try a nd S urvey ing o f U n ivers i ty C o l lege , L ondon r ecorded t he e xcava ted a rea b y p ho togramme tr ic c amera f rom a n o verhead p la tform ( see P aper 1 .3) , a nd s ubsequen t ly p roduced a d e ta i l d rawi ng ( F ig . 1 .3 .2 ) a nd a c on tour p lo t ( F ig . 1 .3 .3 ) .

When t hese a re c ompared

w i th t he t radi t iona l p lan a nd p rof i les ( F ig . 1 .2 .1) a nd w i th t he r ecovered t imbers i ti s a pparen t t ha t t he p ho togramme tr ic p lo ts a re more a ccura te i n g enera l b ut s ome times i naccura te i n d e ta i l . A s A tk inson a nd Wickens ( Paper 1 .3) emphas ise , where t he l i nes o ft he s ub jec t a re u nc lear i n terpre ta t ion o f t he p ho tograph ic i mage may p roduce e rrors a nd i ncons is tenc ies :

i n t h is

r espec t p ho togram me tr ic ians a re more d ependen t o n h av ing a c lean , w e l ld ef ined a nd c lear ly o ut lined o b jec t t o r ecord t han t he a rchaeo log ica l p lanner who c an h i mse lf c lar ify t he d eta i ls a s h e g oes . P ho togramme tr ic r ecord ing i s a lso more e xpens ive t han t radi t iona l me thods ;

n ever the less p rov iding t he

e xcava tor i s f am i liar w i th t he p ho togramme tr ic ian 's r equ iremen ts , i t s a cc uracy a nd i t s a b i l i ty t o a nswer c er ta in p os t-excava t ion q ues t ions n o t p osed d ur ing e xcava t ion a re we l l wor th h av ing .

B o th me thods o f r ecording p rov ide

ar ecord o f t he e xcava t ion a t o ne p o in t i n t ime , a nd o n ly p rof i les a nd n o t s ect i ons o ft he p lank ing c ou ld b e d rawn .

I n i n terpre t ing a b oa t f i nd much d epends

o n t he s ec t ions o f t he p lank ing a nd o ther s truc tura l e le men ts , a nd o n d e ta i led e xa m ina t ion o ft he t imbers f or b eve l a ng les , f as ten ings , c au lk ing , t oo l marks a nd i nd ica t ions o f miss ing e le men ts . T hus o n-s i te p lann ing b y t radi t iona l means a nd b yp ho togram me try c an s upp lemen t b u t c anno t r ep lace t he p os te xcava t ion r ecording o f ab oa t f i nd . When a ssess ing t he v ir tues o ft hese s evera l me thods o f r ecording i ti s r e levan t t o n o te t ha t Mr . R eg V arre l l o ft he D epar tmen t o f C onserva t ion , N a t iona l Mar i t i me Museu m u sed e v idence f rom a l l t he r ecording me thods u sed a t Br igg , when b u i ld ing a 1 :10 mode l o f t he ' raf t ' i n s i tu .

H e f ound t ha t

t hey were c o mp lemen tary t o e ach o ther : f or e xamp le where d e ta i ls o n p ho tog ra m me tr ic d raw ings were u nc lear a nd t he c on tras t b e tween c lay a nd wood was i nsuf f ic ien t o n b lack a nd wh i te p r in ts , c o lour p ho tographs o f ten r eso lved t he ma t ter .

D ur ing t he p os t-excava t ion r ecording o f t he t imbers ( Paper 2 .1)

i t was n ecessary t o c onsu lt many o f t he r ecords made o n s i te ; a nd d ur ing t he i n terpre ta t ion p hase o f r esearch ( see P aper 4 .1) a l l f orms o f r ecord ing e v idence were u sed .

R eference T hropp , J ., 1 887 .

' An a nc ien t r af t f ound a t Br igg , L inco lnsh ire ', A ssoc .

Arch i tec tura l S oc ie t ies R epor ts a nd P apers , 1 9 , p ar t 1 , 9 5-7 .

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S ca le

C lea t-un i t 5 4 p repared f or r ecord ing . S ca les c ent imetr ic; wh i te a rrows p o in t t o s ome o f t he s ew ing h o les. The t r iang le n ext t o t he wh ite p last ic n umbers p o ints t o t he Nor th West. S trake 6 i n t he f oreground.

1 .3

THE PHOTOGRAMMETR IC S URVEY

K . B . A tk inson a nd E . H . Wickens

P ho tography The e xcava ted r ema ins o f t he B r igg ' raf t ' c overed a n a rea a pprox ima te ly 1 4 m x 5m .

T he s i te was e as i ly a ccess ib le a nd s o p ho tography was p lanned

w i th t he a ss istance o f ah ydrau l ic p la tform , h ired f rom t he B r igg E lec tr ica l C o . L td . ( Fig . 1 .3 .1 ) . As ing le Ga li leo-San ton i c amera , p r inc ipa l d is tance 1 52 .29 m m , was moun ted o n t he p la tform s o t ha t t he c amera a x is was n ear ly v er t ica l .

At ape a nd a h eavy p lu mb b ob were u sed t o a d just t he p os i t ion o f

t he c a mera a nd t o g u ide t he v eh ic le 's d r iver i n c hang ing t he p la tform p os i t ion . T en c on tro l p o in ts w ere p re- marked b y t argets .

D is tances were t aped b e-

t ween t arge ts a nd d if ferences o f h e igh t w ere d e term ined b y c onven t iona l l eve l ling . A s tr ip o f f our o ver lapp ing p ho tographs was t aken o n 2 9th May , 1 974 , g iv ing c o mp le te s tereoscop ic c overage o f t he e xcava t ion . T he c amera t o s ub jec t d is tance w as a pprox ima te ly 9 m s o t ha t t he s ca le o f t he p ho tography w as a bou t 1 :60 .

T he e ng ine o f t he v eh ic le was s topped f or t he d ura t ion o f

e ach p ho tograph i n o rder t o e l im ina te v ibra t ion o f t he p la tform .

E xposures

w ere t aken a t 1/3 0 s ec . w i th a r e la t ive a per ture o f f /18 u s ing I l ford R 20 p la tes . T he c a mera was f ocussed u pon 1 1 .4 m . Two s e ts o fp ho tographs w ere t aken a nd o ne s e t o fp la tes w as i m med ia te ly p rocessed a t t he p rem ises o f an earby p ho tographer , Mr . J ohn H o l mes : c overage .

t h is p rov ided a c heck o n e xposure a nd

P lo t t ing Ap lo t t ing s ca le o f 1 :10 was c hosen a nd , u s ing a T hompson- Wa t ts Mk I p lo t t ing i ns tru men t , t h is was e as i ly a ch ieved u sing a mode l s ca le o f 1 :25 . T he f our o ver lapp ing p ho tographs p rov ided t hree s tereoscop ic mode ls wh ich w ere p lo t ted i n t he c onven t iona l way , af ter f i t t ing t o t he g round c on tro l p rov i ded a t t he t ime o fp ho tography . Two s epara te s hee ts were p lo t ted , o ne o f w h ich a t te mp ted t o p or tray a l l d eta i ls ( F ig . 1 .3 .2 ) , wh i le t he o ther s howed c on tours r e la t ive t o ah or izon ta l d a tu m ( F ig . 1 .3 .3) . The v er t ica l i n terva l b e tween c on tours was 1 0 mm . A l l s i te marks , s uch a s t he g r id lines , t o w h ich o ther e xcava t ion a c t iv i t ies were r e la ted , were p lo t ted i n t he ir c orrec t p lan p os it ions .

T he p lo t ted s hee ts were r eproduced o n t ransparen t s tab le

ma ter ia l a nd , w i th t he u se o f r eg is tra t ion marks , may b e s uper imposed a nd s t udied t oge ther . B ecause t he c lea ts o n t he ' raf t 's ' p lank ing a re s teep s ided , i t was s o met imes imposs ib le d ur ing p lo t t ing t o v iew a l l t he d e ta i l , e spec ia l ly i f ac lea t l ay n ear t he e dge o f ap ho tograph . I n s uch a c ase minor om iss ions may h ave o ccurred . E lsewhere , a s o n an ear v er t ica l t imber , o verhang wou ld h ave c aused o ver lapping c on tours : t hese h ave , t herefore , b een om i t ted f or t he

3 5

s ake o f c lar i ty . The l i ne o r d eta i l p lo t ( F ig . 1 .3 .2 ) p or trays t he i n terpreta t ion o f ma jor f ea tures , b ut i ft he f ea ture , o r i t s b oundary , i s i ndef in i te , t hen t he p osi t ion o ft he p lo t ted l i ne i s j us t a s u ncer ta in . I n a ddi t ion t o t he t wo p lo t ted s hee ts , an u mber o f l ong i tud ina l a nd t ransverse p rof i les were measured ( x , ya nd z c o-ordina tes a u toma t ica l ly r ecorded o n p unched p aper t ape ) a nd t hen p lo tted b y c omputer a t as ca le o f 1 :10 ( F igs . 1 .3 .4/5/6) . C rosses o n t he c on tour p lo t i ndica te t he t erm ina l p os i t ions o f t he r e levan t p rof i le a nd a re n u mbered a ccording ly . I n a ddi t ion t o ar econna issance v is i t t o Br igg i n Oc tober 1 973 a nd t o t he p ho tography i t se lf ( say 4 man d ays a s we l l a s t rave l t o t he s i te ) a no ther 2 4 man d ays w ere s pen t i n p lo t t ing , l e t ter ing , o bserv ing p rof i les a nd r unning t he p rof i le d a ta o n t he c o mputer .

3 6

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F ig . 1 .3 .6 P rof i les o f d etached c lea t-un its. F rom t he t op: t ransverse p rof i le t hrough c lea ts G4 ( to l ef t) a nd G5; l ong i tud ina l G4; l ong itud ina l G5. The v ert ica l d atum f or t hese p rof i les i s b e low t he l eve l o f t he b ottom o f t he p lank ing .

4 2

1 .4

PHOTOGRAPH IC RECORD ING B r ian T rema in

R equire men ts Ap ho tograph ic r ecord o f t he e xcava t ion a t Br igg was c arr ied o ut b y me mb ers o f t he Museu m 's P ho tograph ic S ec t ion .

T he a i m was t o r ecord t he

' r af t ' a nd o ther a r t ifac ts a nd t he s tra t igraph ic f ea tures o f t he s i te , a nd t o o b ta in g enera l s i te v iews ( F ig . 1 .1 .13 ) . These r equiremen ts d e manded p rec ise r ecording o ft he s hape , t ex ture , t one o r c o lour , a nd l oca t ion o ft he e xcava ted ma ter ia l , w i th i ndica t ion o f s ca le . S uch c ons idera t ions g u ided t he p ho tographer i n c hoos ing t he c orrec t t echn iques o f c a mera a ng le a nd l i gh t ing s o t ha t t he max imu m i nforma t ion wou ld b e f ound i nt he f i na l p r in t . C en t i metr ic s ca les a nd p o in ters wh ich i ndica ted t he n or thw es t e nd o f t he r af tp rov ided t he r eference f rame . i d en t if ied b y p las t ic n u mbers ( F ig . 1 .4 .1) .

I nd iv idua l c lea t-un i ts were

R ecords E ach r o l l o f f i lm u sed o n s i te was g iven a n u mber c orresponding t o ap ho tog raph ic r ecord s hee t o n wh ich t he d e ta i ls o f e ach s ho t were r ecorded . Th is i n forma t ion was s upp l ied t o t he museu m 's n ega t ive r eg is ter a t t he t ime o f f i l ing t he n ega t ives i n t he museu m , when t hey were a l loca ted c onsecu t ive s tandard r e ference n u mbers , s uch a s B .1234 . C ameras a nd F i l ms A 6 cm x 7 cm P en tax a nd t wo N ikon ( 35 m m ) c ameras were u sed .

The

f ormer was c hosen f or i t s l arger f orma t a nd e ase o f o pera t ion ; t he N ikons w ere u sed f or c o lour a nd s teroscopy . I l ford FP4 a nd HP4 d eve loped i n M icrop hen was t he b lack a nd wh i te f i lm u sed a nd K odak Kodachrome X a nd K odaco lour Xt he c o lour f i l ms . B lack a nd wh i te ma ter ia ls were u sed a l mos t a l l t he t ime b ecause o ft he ir a rch iva l p ermanence , s peed o f p rocess ing a nd q ua l i ty o fd et a i l .

C o lour s l ides were made f or l ec tur ing p urposes a nd t o p rov ide a r ecord

o f c o lour d if ferences e spec ia l ly where t he t ona l v a lues i n b lack a nd wh i te were v ery c lose . S tereo p a irs o f c o lour s l ides were a lso made t o h e lp d if feren t ia te b e tween p lanes , p ar t icu lar ly i n g enera l v iews o f t he s i te . To a ch ieve t hese p a irs , a nd t o g ive a s l igh t ly e xaggera ted e f fec t , t wo N ikon 3 5 mm c ameras w ere u sed s ide b y s i de t o g ive a bou t s ix i nches s epara t ion b e tween l ens a xes . P rocessing T he e xposed b lack a nd wh i te f i l m was p os ted b ack t o t he museu m p ho tog raph ic d epar t men t d a i ly , where i t was d eve loped a nd p r in ted . U rgen t i nforma t ion was t hen t e lephoned t o t he p ho tographer o n s i te s o t ha t , where n ecessary , r epea t p ho tographs c ou ld b e t aken . B y t h is means , a nd b y p rocess ing t he

4 3

n ega t ives t o a rch iva l s tandards , q ua li ty o f r ecord was a ssured . A 1 0" x p r in t f rom e ach n ega t ive was r eturned t o B r igg t wo d ays a f ter t he f i lm h ad b een e xposed . On s i te t he p r in ts were f i led b y s ub jec t . Techniques When i t was k nown t ha t ap ho tograph was r equ ired a t as pec if ic s ca le , t he o b jec t was p ho tographed a t r igh t a ng les , t o r educe a ny e rrors p roduced b y p erspec t ive .

F or s equen t ia l s ho ts , t he c a mera w as l ef t f ocussed a t ag iven

d is tance a nd f ocuss ing was a ch ieved b y mov ing n earer o r f ur ther f rom t he s ub jec t :

t h is e nsured t ha t t he s ca le r e ma ined a pprox ima te ly c onstan t .

Th is

me thod was u sed t o p roduce a p ho to mosa ic w i th a 3 0% o ver lap ( F ig . 1 .4 .1) . At o ta l o f 8 00 p ho tographs were t aken d ur ing t he mon th o n s i te . C ross p o lar ised l i gh t p ho tography was u sed i n t he s tudios a t Greenw ich t o r ecord s amp les o f t he r eeds f rom u nder t he ' raf t ' ( F igs . 1 .4 .2 a nd 1 .4.3 ). C onc lus ions Ac ompass n or th i n e ach s ho t ( F ig . 1 .2 .3) c ou ld g ive g rea ter a ccuracy o f d irec t ion t han t he h eading p o inter g enera l ly u sed a t B r igg . Mak ing at ape r ec ord ing o fd eta i ls a s p ho tographs w ere t aken i n q u ick s uccess ion wou ld b e more s uccessfu l t han a t te mp t ing t o c omp le te p ho tograph ic r ecord s hee ts r apid ly , a nd wou ld b e c heaper t han a n a ss is tan t . F ina l ly , a l though p last ic b ags a nd t rays k ep t t he e quip men t r easonab ly d ry a nd s afe wh i ls t o n s i te , a l ock-up h u t w i thout w indows , a t l east 6 x 5 f ee t w ou ld h ave b een u se fu l f or t he s torage a nd c lean ing o fp ho tograph ic e qu ip men t . E d itor 's N o te T he ma jor i ty o f t he o n-s i te p ho tography was u nder taken b y Br ian T re ma in a nd h is c o l leagues L en Wa lker a nd Barr ie C ash , Iam g ra te fu l t o t hem f or t he ir work a t B r igg a nd a lso f or t he ir a dv ice d ur ing p os t-excava t ion r esearch .

4 4

F ig . 1 .4.1

Vert ica l s ho t o f c lea t 1 1 a nd a d jacent p lank ing o n s trake 1 a nd s trake 2 ( lower) - t h is f ormed p art o f t he photo mosa ic. S ca les c ent imetr ic; " head ing" t r iang le p o ints t owards n or th west e nd o f t he ' raf t s; a rrows p o int t o s ome o f t he s ew ing h o les.

F ig . 1 .4 .2 A r eed f ragment f rom t he g roup s hown i n F ig. 1 .4.3, photographed i n c ross p o lar ized l ight.

F ig . 1 .4 .3

S part ina r ema ins i n ac lay matr ix f rom i mmed iate ly u nder t he ' raf t ', pho tographed i n c ross p o lar ized l ight a nd w i th a n o range f i lter.

1 .5

CONSERVAT ION ON S ITE C . W . Gregson

The r easons f or t he p reserva t ion o f wa ter logged wood a nd t he s truc tura l c hanges i tc an u ndergo a re d escr ibed b y C larke ( Paper 2 .6) . I ti s s uf f ic ien t t o s ta te h ere t ha t wood i n t h is c ond i t ion i s weak i n c ompar ison w i th f resh w ood , a nd d ependan t o n t he wa ter h e ld w i th in i t s s truc ture f or t he ma in tenance o f i t s o vera l l f orm a nd a ny d eta i ls o f s ur face work ing . T he l oss o f s uch s upp or t ing wa ter c auses d istor t ion , o f ten e x tens ive , a nd i rrevocab le s hr inkage . F or e xa mp le , when sma l l s amp les o f o ak wood f rom t he B r igg ' raf t ' were d r ied a t 10 5°C f or a ssess men t o ft he wa ter c on ten t , t hey s howed t he f o l low ing s hr inkage v a lues ; i nb racke ts a re t he s hr inkage v a lues f or f resh w ood a ir d r ied f ro m g reen t o 1 2% mo is ture c on ten t , f ro m F armer ( 1 975 ) : i n t he t angent ia l p lane 3 1 .5% ( abou t 7 .5% ) , i n t he r ad ia l p lane 2 7% ( abou t 4 .0% ) , i nt he l ong i tud ina l p lane 1 2.75% ( none q uoted ). S uch s ens i t iv i ty t o t he e f fec ts o f d rying d e mand s pec ia l measures d ur ing s i te e xcava t ion , l i f t ing , t ranspor t f ro m s i te , a nd p ost e xcava t ion e xam ina t ion . T he e xcava t ion was c arr ied o u t d ur ing t he e ar ly s u mmer , t h is a nd t he l ack o fn a tura l p ro tec t ion made f or r apid d ry ing c ond i t ions . To p ro tec t t he b oa t r e ma ins a P o lypor ter ( Fordingbr idge E ng ineer ing [ Barnham ] L td . )p o lyt hene g reenhouse ( 9 .1 m x 4 .2 m) was s e t , a s r equired , o ver t he e xcava t ion a rea ( F ig . 1 .5 . 1 ) .

T hus t he e f fec t o fw ind d ry ing was r educed a nd a ny r a in

w a ter s hed o f f i n to d ra inage c hanne ls a nd t hen p umped o f f s i te . As t he s i te w as p ri mar i ly c omposed o f c lay t he u se o f a n o vera l l wa ter s pr ink ling s ystem wou ld h ave r ap id ly f ormed a q uagm ire , t herefore a g arden ha nd s pray o f t he K i l laspray t ype was u sed f or l oca l ised s pray ing . D ur ing e xcava t ion a t h in l ayer o f c lay was l e f t a dher ing t o t he s ur face o f t he wood t o r educe e vapora t ion . I n a ddit ion wa ter s pray ing a t a bou t h a lf h our ly i n terva ls was c arr ied o ut t o e nsure wa terlogg ing o f t he r e ma ins . T he wood was a lso c overed w i th s tr ips o fw a ter s odden p las t ic f oam wh ich w ere o n ly r o l led b ack wh i ls t t he a rea i mmedia te ly b e low was b e ing e xcava ted . Areas t ha t were n o t b e ing worked w ere t op c overed w i th p o ly thene s hee t ing . The g reenhouse e f fec t o f t hese c overs wh ich wou ld h ave r a ised t he t e mpera ture b enea th t he m t o 1 0°C a bove t he s urrounding s hade v a lues was c oun terac ted b y l oose c overs o f o paque b lack p o ly thene . A t n igh t t he p las t ic f oam a nd s urround ing g round was we l l d oused w i th wa ter a nd c overed w i th t hree l ayers o fp o ly thene s ecure ly we ighed d own a round i t s p er i me ter :

t he P o lypor ter g reenhouse was a lso l ef t i n p lace .

A s t he e xcava t ion p rogressed i tb ecame c lear t ha t s ome s hr inkage o f t he wood h ad a lready o ccurred , p robab ly d ur ing t he t ime o f i n i t ia l e xcava t ion i n 1 888 when t he s i te w as e xposed f or s evera l weeks .

Deep s hr inkage c racks

r an a long t he l ong i tudina l a x is o ft he s trakes a nd i n p laces t he p ro jec t ing c lea ts h ad b een s epara ted f rom t he ma in b ody o f t he s trake ( F ig . 1 .5 .2 ) . T he e xt en t o f t he h oneycomb s hr inkage e f fec t o n t he i n terna l s truc ture o ft he p ro-

4 7

j ec t ing c lea ts was n o t f u l ly r evea led u n t i l t he t imbers were t horough ly c leaned f or p os t-excava t ion e xa m ina t ion ( Paper 2 .7) .

The s trakes were f ragmen ted

b y e x tens ive t ransverse c rack ing wh ich was p robab ly d ue t o t he we igh t o f 1 9th c entury o verburden , wh ich i nc luded many l arge s tones p ress ing t he w ood d own o n a n u neven s urface .

On s i te i t was o n ly p oss ib le t o make a g enera l e va lu-

a t ion o f t he s trength o f t he wood , i n t hat sma l l p ieces c ou ld b e e as i ly c o mp ressed b e tween t he f i ngers a nd t ended t o d e la m ina te , b ut t he c entra l b ody o f t he s trakes a ppeared f i rm a nd o n ly s uper f ic ia l ly s of tened . L if t ing a nd Transpor tat ion T aking i n to a ccount t he c ondi t ion o f t he s trakes , a ma jor p rob lem w as h ow t o l i f t t he m w i thout a l ter ing t he p os i t ion o f t he ir c omponen t p ar ts .

I t was a lso

d es irab le t ha t t he s o i l i m media te ly b e low t he b oa t was u ndisturbed , f or t h is w as r equired f or a na lys is .

T he mos t e f fec t ive me thod was f ound t o b e t o

work a d oub led s hee t o f h eavy d u ty p o ly thene u nder t he l eng th o f t he s trake t o b e l i f ted a nd s l ide t he p o ly thene a nd i t s l oad o n to a b earer wh ich c ou ld b e c arr ied o u t o f t he e xcava t ion t rench ( F ig . 1 .5 .3) .

T h is was o n ly p oss ib le

b ecause t he u nder ly ing c lay was f irm a nd s uc t ion c ou ld b e b roken b y g en t ly l i f t ing t he wood where t he e dges were c omp le te , o r b y t he l everage o f wooden s pa tu l las s et i n to t he c lay a f ew c en t ime tres b e low t he u nders ide o ft he s trakes . As t here were g aps b e tween a d jacen t s trakes i tw as p oss ib le t o work t he p o lyt hene f ro m b o th s ides s o p reven t ing n ick ing a nd d isturbance o f a ny f rag ments . T he s trakes were n o t l i f ted c o mp le te ( McGra i l , 1 975 , 9 -10 ) .

N o t o n ly were

t here p rac t ica l l im i ta t ions t o t he l eng th o f p o ly thene i t was p oss ib le t o s l ide u nder t he wood , b u t a lso l im i ted s torage f ac i l i t ies a t t he N a t iona l Mar i t i me Museu m . Tak ing t hese r es tr ic t ions i n to a ccoun t i t was d ec ided t o t ake a dvant age o f t he t ransverse b reaks b e tween t he p ro jec t ing c lea ts a nd l i f t t he s trakes i n s ec t ions .

I n af ew c ases i t was n ecessary t o c o mp le te p ar t ia l b reaks b y

c u t t ing w i th a n e lec tr ic s aw .

The a verage l eng th o ft hese s ec t ions o f s trake

w i th p ro jec t ing c lea t i s 1 .3 m, t hese a re s ubsequen t ly r eferred t o a s c lea t u n i ts . Wooden p a l le ts were f abr ica ted o n s i te f or t ranspor ta t ion a nd e ven tua l wa ter s torage .

Wa ter r es istan t ma ter ia ls were e ssen t ia l i n t he ir c ons truc-

t ion f or t hey w ere r equ ired t o r e ma in s erv iceab le f or many y ears .

T he

p a l le ts ( 1 .8 m x 1 .2 m) were s tout ly c ons truc ted o f 1 00 m m x 5 0 mm t imber w i th a mar ine p ly t op s ecured b y g a lvan ised n a i ls , l i f t ing h and les o f 2 5 mm n y lon r ope b e ing s e t a t e ach c orner .

F our l arger p a l le ts were made , o ne

( 2 .4 m x 0 .9 m) t o a cco m moda te s trake 6 , a no ther ( 1 .8 m x 1 .8 m) t o t ake a g roup o f t hree c lea t u n i ts ( c lea ts 2 6, 3 6, 4 6) t hrough wh ich r an a t ransverse t imber , a nd t wo ( 2 .3 m x 1 .3 m) f or t he d oub le c lea ts u n i ts , 1 1, 1 2 ; 5 2 , 5 3 .

4 2 , 4 3;

The c lea t u n i ts were wrapped i n p o ly thene f o lded t o make a w a ter-

t i gh t e nve lope .

Wa ter s a tura ted p las t ic f oa m s uppor ted weak e dges a nd a lso

c overed t he e n t ire s ur face .

B ands o fg reenhouse n e t t ing s tap led o n b o th s ides

o f t he wrapped c lea t u n i ts min im ised l a tera l movemen t ( F ig . 1 .5 .4 ) .

The

s ame s tack ing s ys te m was u sed f or l oading t he t ranspor t l orry a s was l a ter u sed f or u nderwa ter s torage ( F ig . 1 .5 .5 ) .

The p a l le ts were s tacked t wo h igh ,

s epara ted b y v er t ica l t imbers l apped a t e ach e nd, wh ich were n a i led t o t he p a l le t f ra me .

F or t ranspor ta t ion s heets o f mar ine p ly were n a i led t o t he

p a l le t f ra mes t o f orm a more r ig id s truc ture . 4 8

R eferences F armer , R . H ., 1 975 . McGrai l , S ., 1 975 .

H andbook o f H ardwoods , HMSO .

' Br igg ' raf t ' r e-excava ted ' , L incs . H is tory a nd Archae-

o logy , 1 0 , 5 -13 .

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2 .1

POST-EXCAVATION RECORDING

S ean McGra i l a nd Geof frey Denford

Two ma in me thods h ave r ecen t ly b een u sed i n t he p os t-excava t ion r ecordi ng o f b oa t t imbers : g r ids;

s ca le d raw ings ( o f ten 1 :10 ) b y o f fse t measure men ts o r

a nd f u l l-sca le t rac ing ( e i ther o r thogona l p ro jec t ion o r c on tac t t rac ing ) ,

s upp le men ted b y measured s ec t ions ( Cru m l in P edersen , 1 977 , 1 65-172) . T he p lank ing f rom B r igg p osed s pec ia l p rob le ms f or , i n a ddi t ion t o b e ing f rag i le , wa ter logged w ood w i th h a ir l ine c racks , t he u p-stand ing c lea ts n o t o n ly made t rac ing i nprac t icab le b ut a lso p resented d if f icu lt ies i n r ecording t he u ndersurface o f t he p lank ing .

Af u l l-sca le d raw ing o f s uch a l arge o b jec t

a s t he ' raf t ' h as i n a ny c ase t o b e r educed i n s ca le t o , s ay , 1 : 10 b efore i t b eco mes c omprehens ib le , p erm i t t ing d educ t ions t o b e made f rom i t .

H owever ,

d raw ing e le men ts o f t he Br igg ! raf t ' a t 1 : 10 s ca le b y t radi t iona l o f fse t me thods p roved t o b e t edious a nd o f d oubtfu l a ccuracy b ecause o f t he many i rregul ar i t ies d ue t o d amage s us ta ined d ur ing 1 888 . I t was t herefore d ec ided t o u se o r thogona l p ho tography a nd a t te mp t t o p rod uce a ccura te p lans a nd p rof i les d irec t ly a t 1 :10 s ca le .

I t was a lso c ons idered

t ha t ac as t o f e ach c lea t-un i t wou ld p rov ide a f irm b ase o n t o wh ich i tc ou ld b e r o ta ted, t hus p erm i t t ing t he u nder-surface t o b e e xamined a nd r ecorded . De ta i ls o f t he s tandard p rocedure e vo lved a re g iven b e low . 1 .

Each c lea t-un i t ( or i n t hree c ases p a irs o f c lea t-un i ts wh ich h ad b een r ec overed i n tac t ) w as r e moved f rom t he wa ter s torage t ank t ops ide u ppermos t .

Th is u pper s urface was c leaned u s ing s of t p a in t b rushes , f oa m

r ubber a nd wa ter .

Wooden s patu las were u sed t o r e move t h ick p a tches

o f c lay . 2 .

S t i tch h o les , i nc luding a ny r epa irs , were marked w i th a c ircu lar wh i te p las t ic d o t p laced o ver t he c en tre o f t he h o le ( F ig . 2 .1 .1) .

Broken h o les

were i ndica ted b y t he a pex o f a wh i te t r iangu lar s hape . 3 .

A c en t i me tr ic s ca le was t hen l a id a long t he l eng th o f t he c lea t-un i t , f l ush w i th t he s ur face o f t he p lank ing , a nd t he c lea t 's n u mber a nd i t s h ead ing e nd ( i .e . t he e nd wh ich h ad b een t o t he N .W . a t Br igg ) were marked w i th p las t ic s hapes .

A s pec ia l h a lf-p la te c amera , b ui l t b y t he Museu m 's

p ho tograph ic s ec t ion , was b o lted t o a n o verhead r oof b ea m a t al ens/ob jec t d istance wh ich w ou ld g ive a n i mage a t 1 :10 s ca le , a nd u sed t o t ake a v ert ica l v iew o f t he t ops ide .

Th is c a mera was t hen moun ted h or izon ta l ly o n

ab ox t r ipod b ase , a nd s ide a nd e nd e leva t ion v iews were t aken a t 1 :10 s ca le ( F igs . 2 .1 .2 a nd 2 .1 .3) .

B /W K odak P lus-X p rofess iona l f i lm ,

wh ich h as a d i mens iona l ly s tab le b ase , was u sed .

N ega t ives were d e-

v e loped i n M icrophen a nd c on tac t p r in ted o n t o I l ford S P352 l i ne f i lm .

5 7

F ig . 2 .1.2

F ig . 2 .1.3

S ide e leva t ion r ecord ing pho tograph o f c leat-un it 3 6. S ca le c ent imetr ic.

End e levat ion r ecord ing photograph o f c leat-un i t 3 6. S ca le c ent imetr ic. Note t he c ress-sect ion o f t he p lank ing .

4 . A f ter t he p os i t ive t ransparenc ies h ad b een c hecked f or a ccuracy b y meas ur ing t he s ca le , at rac ing was made o f t he p lan v iew o n g r idded d raf t ing f i lm u s ing a l i gh tbox .

The c lea t , s ew ing h o les , p r inc ipa l s p li ts , k no ts

a nd o ther s urface f ea tures were i nc luded w i th in t he o ut l ine o f t he c lea tu n i t .

P ho tocop ies o f t h is mas ter d raw ing o f t he u pper p lan were t hen

u sed a s ab ase t o r ecord s uch t h ings a s l ong i tud ina l a nd t ransverse d ia me ters o f e ach s t i tch h o le ( wh ich e nab led s hr inkage f actors t o b e c a lcul a ted

s ee

McGra i l , 1 978A , 1 23 , 4 ) i n ter-ho le d is tances , b readths o f t he

p lanking b e tween o r ig ina l e dges , t he p os i t ion o f t oo l marks a nd s tr ia t ions , d is tances o f h o le c en tres f ro m o r ig ina l e dges , s izes o f k no ts e tc . 5 . A mas ter d raw ing o f t he l ong i tud ina l p rof i le o f t he t op s urface was s im il ar ly p roduced a nd p ho tocop ies a nno ta ted w i th s uch d e ta i ls a s l eng th o f t he c lea t a nd h e igh t a bove p lank ing , d imens ions o f t he mor t iced h o le , t h ickness o f p lank ing e tc . 6 . The e nd e leva t ion p ho tography p roduced a t ransverse p rof i le o f e ach c lea t u n i t a t t he h ighes t p o in t o f t he c lea t .

More p rof i les were n eeded f or t he

f i n ished d raw ing a nd , i n a ddi t ion , i tb eca me c lear t ha t a t 1 : 10 s ca le t he c r i t ica l d e ta i ls o f t he p lank e dge b eve ls c ou ld n o t b e a pprec ia ted .

Three

f u l l s ize t ransverse p rof i les o f e ach c lea t-un i t w ere t herefore d rawn b y o f fsets f ro m a h or izonta l d a tu m .

Whenever p ossib le t hese p rof i les were

t aken t hrough t he wooden p ar t o ft he c lea t , t hrough t he mor t iced h o le , a nd t hrough p lank ing , t he p os i t ion b e ing n o ted o n t he mas ter d raw ing o f t he u pper p lan . 7 . Any t ransverse t imber t hrough t he c lea t was l if ted f or s epara te r ecord ing , a nd t he a rea u ndernea th e xam ined a nd r ecorded o n t he mas ter d raw ings . 8 .

S tain less s tee l p ins were i nser ted i n to t he e dges o f t he p lank ing t o mark t he e nds o f t he p rof i les .

The c leat-un i t w as t hen e ncased i n ap o lyeure-

t hane j acke t ( Paper 2 .7) a nd t urned o ver .

T he f l a t b ase ( f ormer t op ) o f

t he j acke t p rov ided s uppor t wh i ls t t he u ndersurface was c leaned a nd r ec orded .

Mas ter d raw ings o ft he u ndernea th p lan were p roduced a s f or

t he t ops ide , a nd p ho tocop ies a nno ta ted w i th s im i lar d e ta i ls .

S ubsequen t ly

t opside a nd u nders ide p lans were o ver la id t o d e term ine t he d irec t ion o f k no t emergence w h ich i ndica ted wh ich e nd h ad c ome f ro m t he b ut t o f t he l og ( McGra i l , 1 978A , 1 20 ) . 9 .

F u l l-s ize l ong i tudina l a nd t ransverse p rof i les o f t he u ndersurface were d rawn a t t he s ame s ta t ions a s f or t he t ops ide , t he s tee l p ins a c t ing a s r eference p o in ts .

These p rof i les were t hen r educed t o 1 :10 s ca le b y

o verhead p ho tography , a nd p os i t ive t ransparenc ies made f ro m t he n egat ives . 1 0 .

Long i tudina l a nd t ransverse s ec t ions were p roduced b y marry ing t oge ther t he t ransparenc ies o f t wo a ppropr ia te p rof i les .

S ome t imes t h is p roved

d if f icu l t a s s l igh t move men t o f t he wood d ur ing t he p repra t ion o f t he p o lyeure thene j acke t ( see P aper 2 .7) o r d ur ing t urn ing l ed t o i naccurac ies . S uch mis ma tch c ou ld s o me t i mes b e r ec t if ied b y r eference t o t he 1 :10 p ho tographs o f t he s ide a nd e nd e leva t ions .

I n s o me c ases , h owever , i t

p roved n ecessary t o t ake c a l liper measuremen ts o f t he t h ickness o fp lanki ng a nd u se t hese t o ma tch t op a nd b o t tom p rof i les . 5 9

1 1 .

Any f ea ture missed d ur ing t he t rac ing b ut n o ted d ur ing e xa m ina t ion o f t he t imbers was a dded t o t he mas ter d raw ings .

R eference b ack t o t he a c tua l

t imber e nsured h armon isa t ion o fp lans w i th s ec t ions . 1 2 .

The mas ter d raw ings f or e ach c lea t-un i t w ere t hen c ombined i n to p ubl i shab le d raw ings ( F igs . 2 .1 . 4t o 2 .1 .1 4 ) .

1 3 .

Where t ransverse v er t ica l s ur faces were r evea led t he p a t tern o f r ings a nd r ays c ou ld c lear ly b e s een ( F ig . 2 .1.15 ) .

T he r ay p a t tern—of ten

emphas ised b y s p l i ts —was r ecorded b y d irec t t rac ings o n t o d raf t ing f i lm s o t ha t e s t i ma tes o f min i mu m r adius o f l og c ou ld b e made ( Paper 2 . 3 ) . T hroughou t t he r ecord ing p rocess e ach c lea t-un i t was c o mpared w i th t he o n-s i te r ecords , wr i t ten , p ho tographed o r d rawn .

I n t h is way t he r ecorder

was p r imed a s t o wha t f ea tures h ad a ppeared s ign if ican t o n s i te t o d if feren t r ecorders , a nd h e was a lso a b le t o n o te a ny d amage wh ich h ad o ccurred b et ween r ecovery a nd p os t-excava t ion e xa mina t ion .

A ny s pec ia l f ea tures o n t he

c lea t-un i ts were r ecorded b y o b lique b lack a nd w h i te 3 5 mm p ho tography . F or e xa mp le , F igs . 2 .1 .16 a nd 1 7 i l lus tra te t he u nusua l s ize a nd s hape o f s ome o f t he s t i tch h o les u nder c lea t-un i t 2 6; t he l arge h o le t hrough t he p lanki ng n ear f rag men t G 5 a nd V ic tor ian s pade marks c an b e s een o n F ig . 2 .1 . 1 8 . De ta i l d raw ings were made o fb eve l led e dges a nd c ross-sec t ions o f s ew ing h o les . S ubsequen t ly , i ndiv idua l p lans o f t he t op s urface were c o mb ined t o p roduce a1 : 10 p lan o f t he ' raf t ' ( F ig . 2 .1.19) , c omparab le w i th t he o n-s i te p lan ( F ig . 1 .2 .1) a nd t he p ho togram me tr ic p lans ( F igs . 1 .3 .2 a nd 1 .3 .3) .

T h is c o mpo-

s i te p lan l acks s ome o f t he d e ta i l o f t he o n-s i te p lans , s ince minor p ar ts o f t he p lank e dges were i rre tr ievab ly b roken d ur ing l if t ing a nd t rans i t , b ut i t d oes h ave a l l t he s ew ing h o les a nd o ther d e ta i ls n o t v is ib le o n s ite .

Ortho-

g ona l p ho tography t hus p roved a n e f fec t ive a nd e conom ic way o f p roduc ing p ost-excava t ion p lans o f t he s trakes , b u t t he t ransverse s ec t ions h ad t o b e r ecorded b y o f fse t measure men ts s upp lemen ted b y d e ta i l d raw ings . A s at r ia l , c lea t-un i t 2 1 was f ur ther r ecorded b y p ho togra m me try : me thod i s d escr ibed i n P aper 2 .2 .

t he

T he r esu ltan t c on tour p lo ts ( F ig . 2 .2 . 2 )

a re f a i thfu l r eproduc t ions o f t he t opography o f t h is c lea t .

H owever , a s w ith

t he p ho tograph ic r ecording me thod d escr ibed i n t he p resen t p aper , d if f icu lty was e xper ienced i n marry ing t he u pper a nd l ower p rof i les t o p roduce a ccura te s ec t ions .

Apar t f rom t h is d if f icu lty , p ho togra m me try c an p roduce a n a ccura te

r ecord o f s ize a nd s hape .

T h is mus t b e s upp le men ted b y wr i t ten r ecords ,

d raw ings a nd o b lique p ho tographs t o r ecord d e ta i ls o f t he t imber a nd o f b oa tb ui ld ing t echn iques .

R eferences C ru m lin-Pedersen , 0 ., 1 977 .

' So me p r inc ip les f or t he r ecording a nd p re-

s en ta t ion o f a nc ien t b oa t s truc tures ' i n McGra i l , ( 1977) 1 63-177 . McGra i l , S ., ( ed .) 1 977 . ( Oxford) S 29 .

S ources a nd T echn iques i n B oa t Archaeo logy , BAR

NM M Greenw ich Archaeo log ica l S er ies 1 .

McGra i l , S ., 1 978A . L ogboa ts o f E ng land a nd Wa les , BAR ( Oxford) 5 1 NM M Greenw ich Archaeo log ica l S er ies 2 . 6 0

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I n s hor t , D iagra m 1 i s n o t p ar t icu lar ly i nfor ma t ive .

I ts ugges ts r a ther

we l l wooded c ond it ions i n t he v a l ley i n t he p er iod p receding t he a bandon men t o f t he ' raf t ! w i th a g ood d ea l o f l oca l a lder a nd t he p oss ib le i ncrease o f r eeds a s t ime p assed .

The r adiocarbon e v idence ( Paper 2 .5) s uggests t ha t t he p er iod

o ft ime c overed b y t h is d iagra m i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een l ess t han 2 00 y ears . D iagra m 2 ( 0-20 cm b enea th c lea t-un i t 1 3 ) D iagram 2 ( F ig . 3 .1 .2 ) c overs o n ly 2 0 cm o f t he e stuar ine c lays b enea th t he ' raf t ' a nd s hou ld b e c omparab le w i th t he u ppermost s amp les o f D iagra m 1 . T here a re s ome s im i lar i t ies .

We s ee a ga in r e la t ive ly h igh v a lues f or C heno-

p odiaceae b ut t he t o ta l t ree-po l len v a lues a re s o mewha t h igher t han i n D iagram 1 .

I n a dd i t ion t he c urves f or b o th p ine a nd b irch a re a t d if feren t l eve ls .

T hese d if ferences s ugges t t ha t t here may h ave b een s ome v ar ia t ions o f d ep os i t ion i n d if feren t a reas u nder t he b oa t .

F rom wha t i s k nown o f t he d e-

p os i t iona l e nv iron men t t h is wou ld n o t b e i n t he l eas t s urpr is ing .

D is turbance

e i ther b y n a tura l e ros ive f orces r e la ted t o t i da l s cour a nd d isturbance d ue t o h u man a c t iv i ty mus t b o th b e r egarded a s r ea l is t ic p oss ibi l i t ies .

T he g rass

p o l len v a lues i n D iagra m 2 a re much l ower t han a l l b ut t hose i n t he l ower p ar t o f D iagra m 1 , o f wh ich i tc an h ard ly b e t he e qu iva len t .

P oss ib ly t here h ad

b een s o me e ros ion o f t he d epos i ts f ro m t he t op o f t he s equence f rom w h ich t he D iagra m 1 s a mp les ( under c lea t-un i t 2 4 ) were t aken .

D iagra m 2 i s i n a ny

e ven t t he mos t d e ta i led a nd i tw i l l p erhaps g ive t he b es t g u ide t o t he l oca l c ond i t ions i n t he A ncho l me V a l ley when t he ' raf t ' c ame t o i t s f i na l r es t ing p lace . A s f or D iagra m 1 , t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he l andscape mus t h ave b een r el a t ive ly we l l wooded ( a t l eas t l oca l ly ) must a lso b e d rawn f ro m t he h igh t o ta l t ree p o l len v a lues i n D iagra m 2 .

The e v idence h ere i s , h owever , r a ther more

p os i t ive , a nd i td oes n o t s ugges t s o s trong ly t ha t t he wood land c over h ad b een o pened o r t ha t l oca l r eed b eds h ad d eve loped .

B ear ing i n mind t he p o ints

made a bove a bout d epos i t iona l c ondi t ions , i t may b e t ha t b y t he t ime t he ' raf t ' was d epos i ted t here h ad b een a r evers ion t o ad enser wood land c over , o r a r educ t ion o f l oca l r eed-beds .

T he s ing le o ccurrence o f Menyan thes ( b og b ean )

p o l len i s s ugges t ive o f s ome f resh-wa ter i nf luence .

Th is i s amp ly c on f ir med

b y H i l l man 's r esu lts ( Paper 3 .2 ) f or a s amp le ( S 1 091) i m med ia te ly b e low c lea t-un i ts 1 4 a nd 1 5 . D iagra m 2 c an b e much more e as i ly r e la ted t o D iagra m 3 t han t o D iagra m 1 .

I ti s p oss ib le , t hen , t ha t D iagra m 2 c overs a p er iod e n t ire ly l a ter t han

D iagra m 1 , e ven t hough b o th s equences e nd i m media te ly b e low t he b oa t ' raf t ' . By c o mpar ison w i th D iagra m 3 ( see b e low ) t he d iagra m h as b een t en ta t ive ly s ub-d iv ided i n to s ubzones BR-la a nd l b , a t c . 1 2 cm , where t he B etu la ( b irch ) c urve r ises i n as tepl ike manner . v a lue f or C henopodiaceae .

A t t h is j o int a lso we s ee a r e la t ive ly h igher

D iagra m 3 ( f ro m 2 .85 cm NW o f ' raf t ') A s w i th D iagra m 2 , i ti s d if f icu lt t o make a c lose c o mpar ison o f D iagra m 3( F ig . 3 .1 .2 ) w i th D iagra m 1 . I td oes n o t a ppear , h owever , t o c over s o g rea t at ime s pan .

A c o mpar ison o f t he p ine c urves s uggests t ha t d epos i t ion

a t t he D iagra m 3 s i te s tar ted a bove a l eve l o f 5 0 cm i n D iagram 1 .

T he v a lues

o f o ak r e la t ive t o a lder a lso s uppor t t h is i dea . I ndeed t he r e la t ive ly h igh v a lues f or o ak p o l len u p t o C . 5 0 cm i n D iagram 3 s ugges t t ha t , b y t he t ime 1 40

t he ' raf t ' was a bandoned , o ak may h ave b eco me more i mpor tan t i n t he l oca l f ores ts .

I ti s n o t i mposs ib le t ha t marg ina l a lder woods h ad b een w iped o ut

b y i ncreas ing ly h igh i ncurs ions o ft he t i de . T he u pper p ar t o f D iagra m 3 c overs t he r e mnan t o ft he ' upper p ea t ' o f t he A ncho l me V a l ley a nd r uns t hrough t he e s tuar ine d epos i ts i n wh ich t he ' raf t ' b ecame e n tombed .

I td oes , t herefore , g ive t he mos t c omp le te p ic ture o f t he

v ege ta t ion o ft he v a l ley d ur ing t he ' l ife ' o f t he ' raf t ' a nd a f ter i t s a bandon men t . T he p rec ise l eve l o f t he ' raf t ' i n r e la t ion t o D iagra m 3 i s , u nfor tuna te ly , r a ther d if f icu lt t o d e termine .

Two a pproaches may b e made .

o ft he ' raf t ' may b e p ro jec ted o n t o t he p o l len d iagra m . s on may b e made b e tween D iagra ms 2 a nd 3 .

F irst ly t he l eve l

S econd ly , ac o mpar i-

The t wo me thods g ive s l igh t ly

d i f feren t r esu l ts . L eve l o f ' raf t ' b y p ro jec t ion .

T he i nse t d raw ing i n F ig . 3 .1 .2 s hows a

p ro jec t ion o f t he l i nes o f t he e dges o f t he ' raf t ' o n t o t he s ca le o f t he p o l len d iagram wh ich was made f rom s a mp les t aken 2 .85 m f ro m i t s n or th wes tern e nd .

On t h is b as is t he ' raf t ' a ppears t o c o inc ide w i th a

l eve l o f 6 0-70 cm o n D iagra m 3 . Leve l o f ' raf t ' b y c o mpar ison o fp o l len d iagrams .

I n b o th D iagra ms 2

a nd 3 a s harp c hange o f l eve l c an b e s een i n t he b irch c urve .

Th is f orms

t he b oundary b e tween s ubzones l a a nd l b i n D iagra m 3 , wh ich i s a lso s hown ( i n a more t en ta t ive way ) i n D iagram 2 .

I n b o th d iagrams t he o ak

c urve t ends t o d ec l ine af ter t he r ise o fb irch .

A c ompar ison o f t he c urves

s ugges ts t ha t t he s hor t d iagram ( D iagram 2 ) f rom b e low t he ' raf t ' e nds a t al eve l o f 4 5-50 cm i n t he l onger d iagram ( D iagra m 3 ) . 1 5-20 cm h igher t han t he l eve l s uggested b y p ro jec t ion .

Th is i s s o me

I td oes , h owever ,

a ppear t o b e t he mos t r e l iab le me thod a nd s ugges ts t ha t t he ' raf t ' may h ave b een b eached, o r washed u p , o n as urface s lop ing u pwards t o t he wes t . E ither o f t he t wo p oss ib le l eve ls , h owever , p laces t he ' raf t ' we l l b e low t he marked v ege ta t iona l c hanges t ak ing p lace a round t he t rans i t ion b e tween p o l len a sse mb lage z ones BR-1 a nd BR-2 wh ich i s d rawn a t a pprox i ma te ly 3 0 cm d ep th .

The h igh t o ta l t ree-po l len v a lues b efore t he e nd o f z one BR-1 c on-

f i rm t he i mpress ion g a ined f ro m D iagra ms 1 a nd 2 t ha t t he ' raf t ' c a me t o r est i n a n e s tuar ine c hanne l r unn ing t hrough a we l l wooded v a l ley . The i ncrease o fb irch p o l len v a lues a t t he t ransi t ion b e tween s ub-zones BR-la a nd BR-lb i s p ara l le led b y a n i ncrease o f C henopod iaceae .

Th is l a t ter

i ncrease i s l i ke ly t o r ef lec t s o me e nv iron men ta l d eve lop men t i n t he u pper r eaches o f t he t i de , o r p oss ib ly t he a dvance o f s a lt- marsh c loser t o t he s i te a t wh ich t he ' raf t ' c a me t o r es t .

I ti s n o t i mposs ib le t ha t t he i ncrease o f

b irch p o l len i s d ue t o t he c o lon iza t ion o f h igh s a lt marsh wh ich was b eco m ing l ess f requent ly i nunda ted b y s a lt o r b rack ish wa ter .

S o me o ther c hanges o f

wood land c o mpos i t ion a lso a ppear t o h ave b een i n i t ia ted a t t h is t ime , p erhaps s hor t ly b efore t he ' raf t ' c a me t o r est i n i t s f i na l p os i t ion .

There i s ar e la-

t i ve d ec l ine o f t ree s pec ies o ther t han a lder a nd h aze l ( and b irch ) wh ich t end t o b eco me b e t ter r epresen ted a s t ime p asses . These d eve lop ments c ou ld we ll h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th c hanges o f g round wa ter l eve l i n margina l h ab it a ts .

Tak ing t he p o l len e v idence o f D iagra m 3 a s a who le , t herefore , i ti s 1 41

p oss ib le t ha t t he BR-la/BR-lb h or izon marks a t urn ing p o in t o f t he t ransg ress ion .

I t mus t b e emphas ized , h owever , t ha t t hese i n terpre ta t ions a re o f

a n e x tre me ly t en ta t ive n a ture , p ar t icu lar ly i n v iew o f t he p ossib i l i ty o f t he a qua t ic d is tr ibut ion o fp o l len u p a nd d own t he v a l ley . T urn ing t o t he u pper p ar t o f D iagra m 3 , i th as b een s een t ha t ama jor d iv is ion ( be tween z ones BR-1 a nd BR-2) may b e d rawn a t C .3 0 cm .

A s c om-

p ared w i th BR-1, z one BR-2 i s c harac ter ized b y d om inance o f n ontree p o l len . The s harp f a l l o f t he t o ta l t ree p o l len c urve a round 3 0 cm might b e t hough t o f a s ar ef lec t ion o f f ores t c learance . C er ta in ly t he c urve f or P lan tago ( p lant a ins ) r ises a nd t h is c ou ld b e a n i ndica t ion o f h u man a c t iv i ty .

I t mus t b e r e-

c ogn ised , h owever , t ha t wh i le t he p o l len i ndica tes t ha t z one BR-2 w as a p er iod w i th v ery f ew t rees , a n e n t ire ly n ew h ab i ta t h ad a ppeared .

The r e la t ive ly

t ree less n a ture o f t h is p er iod may , t herefore , b e ar ef lec t ion o f q u i te l oca l c ondi t ions s ince i ti s c lear t ha t ar ich f en e ven tua l ly d eve loped .

T hus , wh i le

d eforesta t ion o f t he marg ins o ft he v a l ley may we l l h ave b een u nder w ay , t h is i s n o t a manda tory i n terpreta t ion o f t he p o l len e v idence . L e t u s n ow e xa m ine t he c hanges l eading u p t o t he d eve lop men t o f f en c ond i t ions i n more d e ta i l . A t t he t rans i t ion b e tween z ones BR-1 a nd BR-2 ( some 1 5-40 cm a bove t he l eve l o f t he ' raf t ') t here i s ad ecrease o f C henopod iaceae , s ugges t ing a d ecrease o f mar ine i nf luence , a nd i ncrease o f t axa c harac ter is t ic o f f resh— , o r a t t he mos t , s l igh t ly b rack ish-wa ter e nv iron ments . c lude :

T hese i n-

Typha les ( bur-reeds a nd l esser r eed mace ) , T ypha l a t ifo lia ( grea ter

r eed mace ) , Menyan thes ( bog b ean ) , P o tamoge ton ( pond weed ) a nd N ymphaea ( wh i te wa ter l i ly ) .

S evera l o ther p o l len c urves a lso i ncrease .

These i nc lude

t axa wh ich c ou ld r epresen t e i ther a gr icu l tura l weeds o r f en s pec ies . t axa c oncerned a re : ( Carro t f am i ly ) ,

T he

U r t ica ( net t le ) , C ompos i tae ( Da isy f am i ly ) , Umbe l l iferae

Rosaceae ( Rose f am i ly ) , R anuncu laceae ( Bu t tercup f am i ly )

a nd C ruc iferae ( Cabbage f am i ly ) .

The i ncreases o ft hese c urves a re p ara l le led

b y av as t i ncrease o fg rass ( Gram ineae ) p o l len .

Th is i s a cco mpan ied b y a n

e qua l ly p ro m inen t r ise o f t he s edge f ami ly ( Cyperaceae ) wh ich i nc ludes many f en p lan ts .

T hese d ra ma t ic c hanges a t t he t op o fD iagra m 3 a re , t hen , much

more l i ke ly t o r epresen t t he d eve lop men t o f f en c ondi t ions t han a ny v as t i nc rease o f a gr icu ltura l a c t iv i ty .

N ever the less t he t wo p rocesses c ou ld h ave

b een g o ing o n s ide b y s ide . R adiocarbon d a t ing o ft he c essa t ion o f mar ine i nf luence A r adiocarbon d a te h as b een o bta ined b y P . Q . Dresser f ro m t he u ppermos t d epos i ts .

The s amp le was t aken f rom t he r eedy c lay i m med ia te ly b e-

n ea th t he u pper p ea t . CAR 6 0

T he d eta i ls a re a s f o l lows :

F ine p ar t icu la te f rac t ion o f r eedy c lay w i th o rgan ic c on ten t f ro m 1 30-132 cm i n t he s ec t ion r ecorded o n F ig . 1 .1 .22 ( 15-17 cm i n D iagra m 3—F ig . 3 .1 .2 ) 2 625 ± 6 5 BP ( 6 75 b c )

The d a te i s i ndis t ingu ishab le f ro m t he v ar ious d a tes o b ta ined f or t he ' raf t ' b y t he C a mbr idge l abora tory ( Paper 2 .5 ) . The ' raf t ' mus t t herefore h ave b een v ery r ap id ly c overed b y s edi men t .

F ro m t he a bundance o fp o l len o f

f resh wa ter a nd marsh p lan ts ; f or e xa mp le , t he w h i te wa ter l i ly ( Nymphaea ) , a t t he l eve l o f t he C -14 s amp le t he i nf luence o f s a l t wa ter mus t b y t hen h ave b een v ery sma l l o r n on-ex is ten t . 1 42

D iscussion P rev ious work a t B r igg a nd e lsewhere i n t he Ancho l me V a l ley ( Sm i th , 1 958a , 1 958b a nd r e ferences t here in ) s ugges ted t he v iew t ha t mar ine i nf luence p ers isted i n to t he l a te p re-Ro man I ron A ge .

F rom i t s h igh s tra t igraph ic

p os i t ion i n t he e s tuar ine d epos i ts t he ' raf t ' t hen a ppeared t o b e long t o t h is p er iod .

I n s o f ar a s w e c an r e ly o n as ing le r adiocarbon d e ter m ina t ion ( CAR-

6 0 ) t he e v idence o f a much e ar l ier d a te f or t he c essa t ion o f mar ine i nf luence , h owever , n ow makes i t much e asier t o u nders tand t he c onv inc ing e v idence o f aL a te Bronze Age/Ear lier I ron A ge d a te f or t he ' raf t ' . The d a t ing o f t he c essa t ion o f mar ine i n f luence a t Br igg c lear ly n eeds c onf i rma tory work , t hough t he r adiocarbon d a te g iven h ere i s n o t n ecessar i ly o ut o f l i ne w i th F le tcher 's v iew ( Paper 3 .9 ) t ha t s ea l eve l was a t i t s h ighes t a round 6 50 b .c . ( 2 f: Gaun t & Too ley , 1 974 , F ig . 6 ) .

E qua l ly t he d e ta i ls o f t he b e-

g inn ing o f t he t ransgress ion a t Br igg r equire f ur ther e luc ida t ion .

The n ew

r ad iocarbon d a te o f 4 046 ± 5 0 BP ( SRR-1130 ) men t ioned b y F letcher ( Paper 3 .9 ) f or wood w i th in t he b asa l p ea t p rov ides a t erminus p os t q ue r n f or t he b eg inn ing o f t ransgress ion a t t he p o in t o f c o l lec t ion .

The t ransgress ion c on tac t

n eeds , h owever , t o b e d a ted a t v ar ious e leva t ions , s ince i t may we l l h ave b een t i me-transgress ive .

T here i s l i t t le c oncre te e v idence f or i nstance r e-

l a t ing t o t he a ge o ft he d eep e stuar ine d epos i ts t ha t f i l l t he c hanne l b enea th t he R . Ancho l me .

S uch a rchaeo logica l e v idence a s c ou ld p rev ious ly b e b rough t

t oge ther ( Sm i th , 1 958a , 1 958b ) s ugges ted t ha t s ubstant ia l t ransgress ion o uts ide t he d eep c hanne l was b eg inn ing a round t he L a te Bronze Age/ Iron A ge t ransi t ion w h ich c urren t a rchaeo log ica l o p in ion wou ld p lace a t l eas t a s e ar ly a s 7 00-800 b c .

Wood f rom t he l eve l o f t he Br igg Trackway w i th wh ich t he a rchaeo log ica l

f i nds were l oose ly a ssoc ia ted h as b een d a ted t o 2 552 ± 1 20 BP ( 602 b e ) ( Q-77 : G odw in a nd Wi l lis , 1 960 ) . s tra tes :

The t rackway i s d escr ibed a s l y ing o n v ar ious s ub-

o n an a tura l d epos i t o f s toney r ubb le ( Wy lie , 1 824 ); o n t he l ower p ea t

b ed ( L idge t t , i n Sm i th-1958a ); a nd o n at h in s andy s ubstra te ( F le tcher 's o bserva t ion o f ar ecen t e xposure —persona l c om mun ica t ion ) .

Ap ho tograph o f

t he 1 884 e xposure , h owever , ( i n Sm i th , 1 958b ) a ppears t o s how e stuar ine c lays b e low t he t rackway .

I ta ppears l i ke ly t hen t ha t i t was b u i lt r unn ing o f f r e la-

t i ve ly h ard g round o ver v ar ious s ubs tra tes o u t i n to t he e s tuar ine d epos i ts i n r esponse t o worsen ing o f c ondi t ions u nderfoo t .

The q uest ion t ha t mus t b e

a sked , t hen , i s whe ther t he s o-ca l led t rackway was r ea l ly i n f ac t a means o f p rov iding a ccess t o b oa ts .

S uch d a t ing e v idence a s we h ave d oes n o t n ega te

t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t i t was c on te mporary w i th t he ' raf t ' .

C ou ld t he t wo h ave

o r ig ina l ly b een u sed i n c on junc t ion , t he ' raf t ' h av ing b een c arr ied t o ah igher s tra t igraph ic l eve l b y v ery r ap id d eposi t ion? R ap id d epos t ion i n t he Ancho l me V a l ley n or th o f Br igg i s n o t i ncons is ten t w i th i ts g eo morpho logy .

S traw ( 1955 ) p o in ts o ut t ha t t he v a l ley i s n arrowed

t o c . 1 km b y ab ou lder c lay b ar n ear H orks tow B r idge , s ome 3 km s outh o f t he H u mber a nd 1 km n or th o f Br igg .

Wh i le t he r iver may we l l h ave i nc ised

ad eep c hanne l t hrough t h is b ar i t wou ld h ave r es tr ic ted t he i nf low o f wa ter f rom t he H u mber a nd p roduced q uie t c ondi t ions c onduc ive t o r ap id a ccu mu la t ion o f s edi men t .

1 43

S u m mary a nd C onc lus ions I nsofar a s t he r a ther d if f icu l t p o l len e v idence c an b e i n terpre ted w i th a ny c onf idence , t he f o l low ing t en ta t ive r econs truc t ion may b e a dvanced .

D ur ing

t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he mar ine i ncurs ion , wh ich f rom t he I s land Carr e v idence ( Sm i th , 1 958a ) s ubs tan t ia l ly f l ooded t he v a l ley a round B r igg a t t he B ronze Age-Iron A ge t rans i t ion , a lder woods e x tended a long t he marg ins o f t he v a l ley . These may h ave b een r educed ( c f . a bove 6 0 cm i n D iagra m 1 ) b y a n i ncrease o f t he e x ten t o f t ransgress ion wh ich p erhaps i nunda ted s uch marg ina l s a l tmarsh ( c f . t he l ow v a lues f or C henopodiaceae i n t he midd le o f D iagra m 1 ) . R egress ion p oss ib ly t hen e nsued , o r i ncus ion b eca me r educed b y t he a ccu mul a t ion o f s edi men ts , r esu lt ing i n t he r e-deve lopmen t o f marg ina l s a l t- marsh wh ich a ppears p oss ib ly t o h ave b een c o lonized b y s hrubs ( b irch , a nd p oss ib ly w i l lows ;

c f . BR-1a/b , D iagram 3 ) .

J us t a f ter t h is t ime t he ' raf t ' r eached

i t s f i na l r es t ing p lace o n ' mud f l a ts ' s uppor t ing a s tand o f c ord g rass ( Spart i na ) .

T he s urface o f t he ' mud f l a ts ' o n wh ich t he ' raf t ' c ame t o r es t a ppears

t o h ave b een s he lv ing g en t ly u pwards t o t he w es tern marg in o f t he v a l ley. The ' raf t ' was e n to mbed b y f ur ther s edimen t d epos i t ion .

The e nsuing

f lorui t o f marsh a nd l i t tora l p lan ts , a nd f resh-wa ter a qua t ics i ndica tes t ha t t he c ondi t ions mus t h ave b eco me l i t t le a f fec ted b y s a lt wa ter b y 6 75 ±6 5 b c ( CAR-60 ) .

A t t he s a me t ime t here may h ave b een a n i ncrease o f v ar ious

f arm ing a c t iv i t ies l eading t o ar educ t ion o f t he f ores t c over i n t he v a l ley . R eferences Gaunt , G . D . & Too ley , M . J ., 1 974 .

E v idence f or F landr ian s ealeve l c hanges

i n t he H u mber e stuary a nd a d jacen t a reas . 4 8, 2 5-41 . Godw in , H ., 1 940 . I I .

B u l l . G eo l . S urv . G . B .

N o .

S tudies o f t he p ost-ga lc ia l h is tory o f Br i t ish v ege tat ion

F en land p o l len d iagrams .

I V .

P ost g lac ia l c hanges o f r e la t ive l and-

a nd s ealeve l i n t he E ng lish F en land .

P h i l . Trans . R oy . S oc ., B , 2 30 ,

2 39-303 . Godw in , H . & Wi l l is , E . H ., 1 960 . c arbon measuremen ts I .

Am . J . S c i . ,R ad iocarbon S upp l ., 2 , 6 2-72 .

Godw in , H . 8 / Wi l lis , E . H .,1961 . c arbon measure men ts I I . Sm i th , A . G ., 1 958a . L inco lnsh ire .

C ambr idge U n ivers i ty n a tura l r adio-

C a mbr idge U n ivers i ty n a tura l r ad io-

R adiocarbon , 3 , 6 0-76 .

P ost-g lac ia l d epos i ts i n s ou th Yorksh ire a nd n or th

N ew P hy to l ., 5 7, 1 9-49 .

Sm i th , A . G ., 1 958b .

T he c ontex t o f s ome L a te Bronze A ge a nd E ar ly I ron

Age r e ma ins f rom L inco lnsh ire . S traw , A ., 1 955 .

P roc . P reh is t . S oc ., 2 4 , 7 8-84 .

The A ncho l me L eve ls n or th o f Br igg .

E as t Mid lands Geo-

g rapher , 3 , 3 4-42 . Sw inner ton , H . H ., 1 931 .

P os t-g lac ia l d epos i ts o ft he L inco lnsh ire c oast .

Quar t . J . G eo l . S oc ., 8 7, 3 60Sw inner ton , H . H ., 1 932 . c oast .

The p reh is tor ic p o t tery s i tes o f t he L inco lnsh ire

A nt iq . J ., 1 2 , 2 39-

1 44

T auber , H ., 1 965 .

D if feren t ia l p o l len d ispers ion a nd t he i n terpre ta t ion o f

p o l len d iagrams . Wy l ie , W . M ., 1 884 .

Dan marks g eo log iske U nders f gge lse S er . 2 , 8 9 , 1 -69 . Ap reh istor ic r oad n ear B r igg , L incs .

P roc . S oc .

Ant iq . L ondon ( N . S .) , 1 0 , 1 10 .

N o te 1 .

The o pportun i ty i s t aken t o c orrec t t he l eve ls g iven i n F ig . 5o f Sm i th ( 1958a ) .

D ue t o a n a r i thme t ica l e rror f ound o n ly af ter p ub l ica t ion , 0 .5 m

s hou ld b e a dded t o t he l eve ls g iven .

1 45

3 .2

MACROSCOP IC REMA INS

OF AN E STUAR INE FLORA G . C . H i l l man

I n troduc t ion R e ma ins o f s eeds , f ru i ts a nd r h izome f ragmen ts were r ecovered b y p erox ide f l oa ta t ion f ro m f i ve s a mp les o f r es idues l ef t a f ter p araf f in f l oa ta t ion f or i nsec t r e ma ins .

5 00 g o f r es idue was t rea ted i n e ach c ase a nd a 3 00 im s ieve was

u sed b o th i n t he e ar l ier p ara f f in f l oa t ion f or i nsec ts a nd t he s ubsequen t p erox ide f l oa ta t ion f or p lan t r e ma ins .

These r es idues were d er ived f ro m s a mp les t aken

a t d epths o f 0 -2 cm ( 1056 u nder c lea t-un i t 5 1; 1 069 u nder c lea t-un i t 1 6) a nd 0 -5 , 4 0-50 a nd 1 00-105 cm ( mono li th s a mp le 1 091 f ro m u ndernea th c leat-un i ts 1 4 a nd 1 5 ) .

T he i dent if ica t ions o f s eeds , f rui ts a nd r h izomes a re l i sted i n

T ab le 3 .2 .1. The f i ve s a mp les p roved t o b e s urpr is ing ly r ich i n s eed r e ma ins , e spec ia l ly o ne o f t he s amp les t aken f ro m i m med ia te ly b e low t he ' raf t ' ( 1091/0-5 cm ) .

A l together , a t l east 3 6 s pec ies a re r epresen ted .

T hey a re h ere a ss igned

t o f our g roups c orresponding t o t he f our e cosys te ms w i th wh ich t hey a re l i ke ly t o h ave b een a ssoc ia ted a t p reh istor ic B r igg .

I n t he e stuar ine g roup , h owever ,

S par t ina i s c ons idered s epara te ly . S par t ina r e ma ins a nd t he p rox im i ty o f e s tuar ine c ondi t ions The l arge n u mbers o f f rag men ts o f r h izo mes o f S par t ina ( F igs . 1 .4 .2 a nd 1 .4 .3) r epresen t p erhaps t he mos t v a luab le o f t he e co log ica l i nd ica tors t o b e f ound among o ur macroscop ic r e ma ins .

T he s pec ies i nvo lved i s p resu mab ly

S par t ina mar i t i ma a s t h is i s o ur o n ly n a t ive H o locene r epresen ta t ive . R h izome f rag men ts wou ld c lear ly h ave b een l ess b uoyan t t han a ny o f t he s eeds c ons i dered b e low , a nd t hey p robab ly o r ig ina ted , t herefore , f ro m p lan ts g row ing e i ther i n s i tu o r n o t v ery f ar away . N ow S par t ina a ng l ica C . E . H ubbard , t he r ecen t d er iva t ive o f S par t ina mar i t i ma , i s a n a ggress ive p r imary c o lon iser o ft he l ower l eve ls o f t i da l f l a ts , a nd , wh i le S par t ina mar i t i ma i s c lear ly l ess v igorous a s ac o lon is ing s pec ies , i ti s n ever the less c harac ter is t ic o f j us t t he s ame l ower z ones o f s a lt marshes a nd t he l ower r eaches o f t i da l r ivers ( Marchan t a nd Good man , 1 969; C hap man , 1 960 ) .

T he p resence o f t hese

r h izo me f ragmen ts a t Br igg t herefore s uggests t ha t t i da l c ondi t ions a re l i ke ly t o h ave e x tended we l l u ps trea m f rom Br igg a t t he t ime t he ' raf t ' was f i na l ly b eached . The r h izo me f rag men ts a re p resen t i n a l l t he d epos i ts s amp led , i ndica t ing t ha t l owleve l e stuar ine c ondi t ions p reva i led t hroughou t .

H owever , t he a p-

p aren t d if ferences b e tween e ach s a mp le i n a bundance o f t he b u lky r h izo me r ema ins means v ery l i t t le when t he s a mp les a re s o sma l l; t he c lu mp ing t end ency o f many r h izoma tous p lan ts i s s uch t ha t t he r e la t ive a bundance o f r h izo me

1 47

Tab le 3 .2 .1:

P lant macro r e ma ins f ro m t he d epos i ts b e low t he ' ra f t ' S a mp le n u mber a nd d epth b enea th ' raf t ' 1 091

N u mbers o f s eeds a nd f rui ts p er 5 00g

Benea th c lea t-un i ts

o f r esidues f ro m i nsec t e x tract ion

1 4 a nd 1 5 0 -5c m

C harophy te a

4 0-50

1 069

1 056

( c -u 1 6 ) ( c-u 5 1)

1 00-105

0 -2

0 -2c m

2 90 3 2 7

Ranuncu lus c f . r epens

4

R . s ce lera tus

9

R anuncu lus , s ub-genus Ba trach iu m

1 18

N ymphaea a lba

4

A tr ip lex s p .

4

Aphanes microcarpa S a lix s p .

2 1

( da maged - i nde t . )

3

Betu la p endu la/pubescens

1

Ur t ica d io ica

1

E la t ine h ydrop iper

5

L i moniu m s p .

3

G laux mar i t i ma/Lys i mach ia s p .

3

Menyan thes t r ifo l ia ta

5

S a mo lus v a lerandi

1 6

P lan tago mar i t i ma

2 0 1

? Tussi lago f arfara

3

C irs iu m/Carduus s p .

1

A lis ma s p . ( da maged mer icarp )

1

A lis ma/Da mason iu m ( e mbryo o n ly )

2

Groen landia d ensa

6 9

Z ann iche l lia p a lustr is

2

Tr ig loch in mar i t i ma

3

J uncus c f . g erardi i J uncus i nf lexus/effusus/cong lo mera tus

2 6

2 0

9 7

4 18

2 50

3 50

1 2

1 8

Typha s p . S c irpus mar i t imus

1

C arex s p . ( 3-ang led n ut le t )

1

2

G lycer ia f l ui tans

1 5 1 05

6 0

2 2

2 8

2

P hrag m i tes c o m mun is

2 1

P ucc ine l lia d istans

4

P oa c f . p a lus tr is ( ? t r iv ia lis/pra tens is )

7

3

1

S par t ina mar i t i ma v .a

( Rh izo me a nd c u lm f ragmen ts ) Key :

v .a . =v ery a bundan t;

f

a=a bundant; f= f requen t .

1 48

a

a

1

N o te :

The v ar ia t ion i n s eed morpho logy f ound w i th in a l l s pec ies o f A tr ip lex ( bo th b e tween p opu la t ions a nd w i th in p opu la t ions/between p lan ts ) p rec ludes a ny p oss ib i l i ty o f s pec if ic i den t if ica t ion e xcep t , p erhaps , i n e x tre me f orms .

The e x ten t i n o ver lap i n morpho logy i s e spec ia l ly

d ecep t ive i n t ha t g roup o f A tr ip lex s pec ies i n wh ich t he s eeds p rod uced b y i ndiv idua l p lants e xh ib i t e x tre me d i morph is m . r e ma ins i n a ny o ne s a mp le c ou ld we l l g ive a v ery mis lead ing impress ion o f t he t he o r ig ina l f requency o f o ccurrence o f t he p lan t i n t he a rea a s a who le . N ever the less , t he s tr ik ing a bundance o f r h izo me r e ma ins i n t he s amp les f rom e ach l eve l d oes a t l eas t s ugges t t ha t , i n e ach c ase , t he r e ma ins r epresen t more t han i so la ted f ragments f l oa t ing i n b y c hance f ro m e lsewhere .

Th is

v iew c er ta in ly a ccords w i th t he o bserva t ions o f t he e xcava tors o f t he ' raf t ' who n o ted a n a bundance o f r e ma ins o f r h izomes a nd c u l ms o f S par t ina im media te ly b enea th t he ' raf t ' a nd a pparen t ly f l a t tened b y i t .

1

C lear ly , S par t ina was

g row ing i n s itu f or much o f t he p er iod i n q ues t ion . O ther h a lophy tes 2 a nd s a l tto leran t p lan ts S eeds o f o b liga te h a lophy tes a nd o ther p lan ts t o leran t o f r egu lar i nundat ion w i th b rack ish wa ter a re p resen t i n e ach o f t he l eve ls e xam ined h ere a nd c lear ly r e inforce t he a rgu men t f or c lose p rox im i ty o f e s tuar ine c ondi t ions . The o b liga te h a lophy tes among t he Br igg s eeds a re Tr ig loch in mar i t i ma , L i moniu m s p . a nd P lan tago mar i t i ma wh ich c an t oday b e f ound i n t he midd le o r e ven l ower z ones o f g enera l s a l t- marsh ( Chap man , 1 960 ). The o ther s a l tt o leran t p lants i nc lude s pec ies c harac ter is t ic o f t he h igher , l ess s a line z ones o f s a lt marshes a nd t i da l r ivers , a nd i n t hese s amp les we h ave s eeds o f s pec ies s uch a s S c irpus mar i t i mus , J uncus c f . g erardi i a nd P ucc ine l l ia d is tans . H owever , t he ir a ssoc ia t ion w i th o n ly t he midd le o r h igh z ones o f s a lt marsh i s f ar f ro m a bso lute .

S c irpus mar i t i mus , f or e xa mp le , h as b een o bserved

b y R anwe l l ( 1974 ) t o a c t a s ap r imary c o lon iser o n e ven t he l owes t l eve ls o f mudf la ts o fp ar ts o ft he F a l E s tuary where p rox im i ty t o t he main c hanne l a l lows g rea ter d i lut ion o f t he s ea wa ter .

P hrag m i tes , t oo , i s t o leran t o f

i mesoha line ' c ond i t ions a nd c an e ven i nvade S par t ina b eds d irec t ( Ranwe l l , 1 972 f or P oo le;

E ther ing ton , p erson . c om m . f or N ewpor t , Dyfed) .

S im i lar

t o lerance c ou ld a lso b e a rgued f or Z ann iche l lia p a lus tr is a nd S amo lus v a ler andi wh ich c o m mon ly g row i n b rack ish d ykes —for e xamp le a t t he C uck mere e s tuary ( H i l l man , u npub . ) .

The Br igg s a mp les may , i n a ddi t ion , i nc lude

s eeds o f t wo f ur ther s a lt- marsh s pec ies : f i rs t ly , i ti s q u i te p robab le t ha t t he u nnamed p r i mu laceae s eeds ( s ee t ab le 3 .2.1 ) d er ive f ro m t he s a l t- marsh p lan t G laux mar i t i ma a nd , s econd ly , t he i nde ter m ina te s eeds o f A tr ip lex may we l l c ome f ro m o ne o r more o ft he l i t tora l o r e s tuar ine s pec ies o f t h is g enus . A l l t hese s pec ies c lear ly i ndica te e s tuar ine c ondi t ions , a l though t wo o r more e stuar ine z ones a ppear t o b e r epresen ted .

H owever , t he s eeds i n t hese

s a mp les c ou ld e i ther h ave c ome f ro m p lan ts g row ing a t o r a bove B r igg , o r t hey c ou ld a l terna t ive ly h ave b een c arr ied u p t o B r igg a t h igh t i de .

I n e i ther

c ase , t hough , Br igg mus t h ave b een we l l w i th in t he t i da l z one , a nd i n s uch al oca t ion , s o me mix ing o f s eeds f ro m d if feren t v ege ta t ion z ones i s i nev itab le . As f or c hanges t hrough t ime , t he t o ta l n u mbers o f s eeds o f a l l t he h a lop hy tes o r o ther s a l t-marsh s pec ies c omb ined s how n o c onv inc ing s yste ma t ic 1 49

c hanges i n f requency w i th i ncreased d ep th o f d epos i t , whe ther i n t erms o f a bso lu te n u mbers o f s eeds p er s a mp le o r r e la t ive t o t he f requency o f s eeds o f o ther e co log ica l g roups .

The p os i t ion o f B r igg w i th in t he t i da l s ys te m

t herefore a ppears t o h ave r e ma ined r e la t ive ly u nchanged t hroughout t he p er iod r epresented b y t he d epos i ts s a mp led ( approx i ma te ly 1 70 y ears , s ee P aper 2 .5 :

Q -1499 a nd Q -1500 ) .

F resh-wa ter a qua t ics a nd marsh p lan ts E xc luding t he t hree a s y e t u n iden t if ied c harophy tes ( s tone-wor ts ) , 1 5 o f t he r e ma ining 3 3 p lan t s pec ies a re c harac ter is t ic o f f resh-wa ter r ivers , d i tches , p onds a nd marshes .

These p lan ts i nc lude a qua t ics s uch a s R anuncu lus ( sub-

g enus B a trach iu m ) , N ymphaea a lba , E la t ine h ydrop iper ,

3

Menyan thes , A lis ma ,

Groen landia , Z ann iche l l ia , T ypha a nd G lycer ia f l ui tans a nd o ther marsh p lan ts s uch a s S a lix s p . a nd P oa c f . p a lus tr is .

E ach o ft hese a qua t ics , h owever , a re

k nown t o i nc lude p opu la t ions a b le t o t o lera te s ome d egree o f s a lin i ty ( Ranwe ll, p ers . c om m . ; S cu lthorpe , 1 976) , a nd p opu la t ions o f t h is s or t c ou ld e as i ly h ave s urv ived i n p oo ls o r o cc luded c hanne ls a t t he u pper l eve ls o f as a lt- marsh o r i n l ess s a line b ranches o f t he t i da l r iver .

A s f or t he o ther f resh-wa ter

marsh p lan ts , S a lix a troc inerea , a t l eas t , i s k nown t o t o lera te e quinoxa l i nnund a t ion i n t he F a l E s tuary ( Ranwe l l , 1 974 ) .

B ut a s t hese p lan ts i nhab i t p r i-

mar i ly f resh-wa ter h ab i ta ts , t he ir b uoyan t s eeds a nd f rui ts c ou ld h ave f ound t he ir way i n to t he r iver a t a ny p o in t i n i t s c a tchmen t a nd may t herefore r ep resen t aw ide r ange o f a qua t ic o r marshy h ab i ta ts u ps tream .

The s a me i s ,

o f c ourse , t rue o f s o me o ft he s a lt-to leran t s pec ies men t ioned e ar l ier , s pec ies wh ich t hr ive e qua l ly we l l i n f resh-wa ter marshes , e .g . P hrag m i tes , S c irpus mar i t i mus a nd s ome A tr ip lex s pec ies . S uch s pec ies c anno t , t herefore , b e t aken a s u nequ ivoca l i ndica tors o f h ab i ta ts n ear t he ' raf t ' , e spec ia l ly a s t he ir s eeds a re s uf f ic ien t ly b uoyan t t o h ave b een c arr ied c ons iderab le d is tances d own t he r iver .

By t he mse lves , t hen , t hey p rov ide n o r e l iab le measure o f

t he p rox im i ty o f e s tuar ine c ondi t ions o r o ft he t i da l i ty o f t he r iver a t t h is p o in t . T ak ing a l l t hese f resh-wa ter s pec ies a s ag roup , t he f i ve s a mp les e xa m ined h ere a ga in r evea l n o s ys te ma t ic c hanges i n f requency w i th i ncreas ing d ep th o f t he d epos i ts . Weeds T he t hree weed s pec ies a re e qua l ly i nconc lus ive i n t he ir i mp l ica t ions f or p as t l oca l e nv iron ment , e spec ia l ly a s e ach i s r epresen ted b y o n ly a s ing le s eed .

One o f t hem , A phanes microcarpa , i s at yp ica l s ege ta l ( i . e . w eed o f

c rops ) wh i le U r t ica d io ica i s , a n a rchae typa l r udera l ( i . e . weed o f was te p laces ) .

D epending o n t he s pec ies , t he t h is t le c ou ld we l l r epresen t a no ther

s ege ta l .

H owever , a t t h is l ow f requency t hey e v idence l i t t le more t han s o me

h u man d is turbance a nd o ccupa t ion s o mewhere w i th in t he c a tchmen t o f t he r iver . T h is i s c lear ly a ma t ter o f n o g rea t s urpr ise . Wood lands p lan ts T he o n ly r epresen ta t ive i n t h is g roup i s as ing le s eed o f B etu la . i t s w ing i tc anno t b e i dent if ied t o s pec ies . )

1 50

( W i thou t

C onc lu s ions The i n-s itu p reserva t ion o f r h izo me r e ma ins o f S par tina b enea th t he Br igg ' raf t ' s uggests t ha t , a t t he t ime i t was f i na l ly b eached ( and f or s o me t ime b ef ore ) , t he l oca l v ege ta t ion was o f at ype t ha t i s t oday c harac ter is t ic o f t he l ower r eaches o f e s tuar ies a nd s a l t- marshes .

T h is v iew i s r e inforced b y t he

p resence , i n t he s ame s amp les , o f s eeds o f an u mber o f o ther h a lophy tes a nd s a l t-to leran t s pec ies t ypica l o f e stuar ine s a lt- marsh .

S eeds o f s evera l f resh-

wa ter s pec ies a re a lso p resent i n t he s a me s a mp les a nd may e i ther h ave b een c arr ied d own f rom h igher r eaches o f t he A ncho l me c a tchmen t o r may , a l tern a t ive ly , d er ive f rom r e la t ive ly s a lt-to leran t p opu la t ions o f t hese s pec ies g row ing i n u pper-es tuar ine marshes n o t f ar a bove Br igg . R eferences C hap man , V . J ., 1 960 .

S a lt marshes a nd s a lt d eser ts o f t he wor ld .

L ondon ,

L eonard H i l l . H i l l man , G . C ., ( unpub .) . a nd E s tuary :

Aqua t ic a nd marsh f l oras o f t he C uck mere V a l ley

c orre la t ions w i th s a lin ity l eve ls .

( A s urvey f ro m s ource t o

e stuary s ub m i t ted t o U n ivers i ty o f R eading , Dep t . o f Agr icu ltura l B o tany , 1 968 . ) Marchan t , C . J . a nd Good man , P . J ., 1 969 . I s les :

B io log ica l F lora o f t he Br i t ish

S par t ina mar i t i ma ( Cur t .) F erna ld .

P err ing , F . H . a nd Wa lters , S . M ., 1 962 .

J . E co l . 5 7 , 2 87-291 .

A t las o f t he Br i t ish F lora , L ondon ,

N e lson . R anwe l l , D . S ., 1 972 .

E co logy o f s a lt marshes a nd s and d unes .

L ondon ,

C hap man & H a l l . R anwe l l, D . S ., 1 974 .

The s a l t- marsh t o t i da l wood land t rans i t ion .

H ydro-

b io log ica l B u l le t in 8 , 1 39-151 . S cu l thorpe , C . D ., 1 967 .

The b io logy o f a qua t ic v ascu lar p lan ts .

L ondon ,

E dward Arno ld . W i lson , D . G ., 1 975 .

P lan t r e ma ins f ro m t he Graveney b oa t a nd t he e ar ly

h istory o f H u mu lus I upu lus L . i n W . E urope .

N ew P hy to l . 7 5 , 6 27-648 .

N o tes 1 .

The i den t i ty o f t he ma t o f r h izo mes , c u l ms a nd l eaves b enea th t he ' raf t ' was i n i t ia l ly e s tab lished b y Dr . D . F . C ut ler o ft he J odre l l L abora tory , K ew . I ti s o f i n teres t t ha t we n ow f i nd t ha t a l l r h izo me a nd c u lm r ema ins i n t he a ddi t iona l s a mp les d iscussed h ere a re o f S par t ina , w i thou t as ing le f rag ment o f P hrag m i tes o r a ny o ther r h izo ma tous g rass c harac ter is t ic o f e i ther t he h igher z ones o f s a l t- marsh o r f resh-wa ter marsh .

2 .

' Ha lophy tes ' a re p lan t s pec ies t ha t , t hroughout mos t o ft he ir g eograph ica l r ange , a re c onf ined s pec if ica l ly t o s a lty h ab i ta ts .

Th is t erm i s n o t ,

t herefore , e x tended t o t hose p lan ts t ha t a re a b le t o t o lera te b rack ish c ond it ions b u t wh ich n orma l ly g row i n h ab i ta ts f ree o f e xcess ive s a l t .

1 51

3 .

I ti s p erhaps o f i n teres t t o n o te t ha t E la t ine h ydrop iper n o l onger o ccurs i n t he E as t o f E ng land ( Perr ing & Wa l ters , 1 962 ) t hough i th as b een i den t if ied b y Gay Wi lson ( 1975 ) i n d epos i ts a ssoc ia ted w i th t he 1 0 th c entury A .D . b oa t a t Graveney i n K en t s uggest ing t ha t i t s d em ise i n t he S outhE as t , a t l eas t , was a r e la t ive ly r ecent p henomenon .

1 52

3 .3

D IATO M FLORA R . Ross

Por t ions o f t he t hree s a mp les o f c lay ( S .1090 , a2 0 cm c ube f rom i m media te ly b e low c lea t-un i t 3 4 ) were t rea ted w i th a c id t o r e move c a lcareous ma ter ia l , a nd w ith p o tass iu m p ermangana te i n a c id s o lut ion f o l lowed b y o xa l ic a c id t o r emove o rgan ic ma t ter , a nd microscope s l ides o f t he r es idues were p repared . T hese were e xa m ined f or d ia to ms , wh ich were v ery s carce i n t he ma ter ia l . T hose f ound were : T op 2 cm Au lacodiscus a rgus ( Ehrenb . )A . S chm idt D ip lone is d idyma ( Ehrenb .) C leve N i tzsch ia n av icu lar is ( Breb . e x K t itz ) Grunow Para l ia s u lca ta ( Ehrenb .) C leve 2 - 7 cm D ip lone is d idyma ( Ehrenb .) C leve D ip lone is sm i th i i ( Breb .) C leve N i tzsch ia g ranu la ta Grunow N i tzsch ia n av icu lar is ( Breb . e x K t itz . )Grunow Para l ia s u lca ta ( Ehrenb .) C leve Rhaphone is amph iceros ( Ehrenb .) E hrenb . B e low 7 cm Ac t inop tychus s enar ius ( Ehrenb .) Ehrenb . Amphora p ro teus Greg . Ca lone is wes t i i ( W . Sm i th ) H endey D ip lone is f usca ( Greg .) C leve N itzsch ia n av icu lar is ( Breb . e x K t itz . )Grunow Para l ia s u lca ta ( Ehrenb .) C leve N i tzsch ia n av icu lar is a nd P ara l ia s u lca ta a re more f requen t i n t he ma ter ia l t han t he o ther s pec ies , o f most o f wh ich n o more t han a s ing le s pec i men h as b een s een . s ign if ican t ;

The d if ferences i n t he d ia to m f l oras o f t he t hree s a mp les a re n o t a l l t he s pec ies f ound a re c harac ter is t ic o fb rack ish e stuar ies ,

c reeks o r s a l t marshes a nd a l l o ccur c om mon ly i n Br i ta in .

Descr ipt ions o f

a l l o f t he m a nd f igures o f mos t w i l l b e f ound i n H endey ( 1964 ) . R e ference H endey , N . I . , ( 1964 ) . C oas ta l Wa ters .

An I n troduc tory Accoun t o ft he Sma l l A lgae o f Br i t ish P ar t V :

L ond ., S er . 4 , n o . 5 .

Bac i l lar iophyceae ( D ia toms ) .

3 17 p p ., 4 5 p l .

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F ishery I nves t .,

3 .4

I NSECT RE MAINS FRO M BENEATH THE BRIGG ' RAFT ' P . C . B uck land

I n troduc t ion The u se o f s ub-foss i l i nsec t r ema ins f rom f l uv ia t i le a nd e s tuar ine d epos i ts t o r econs truc t p a laeoenv iron men ts h as many p rob lems , n o t t he l eas t o f wh ich i st he s epara t ion o f a utoch thonous f rom a l loch thonous c omponen ts . D esp i te t he ir r ap id d ecompos i t ion i n a era ted s edimen ts a nd t he ir f rag i le n a ture wh ich r esu lts i n s pec imens r are ly b e ing d er ived f rom o lder s ediments , i ndiv idua ls a nd f ragmen ts may c ome t o r es t s ome d istance f rom t he ir h abita t d ur ing l i fe a nd i ft oo much s ign if icance i s p laced u pon s ing le o ccurrences , mis in terpret a t ion may o ccur ( Kenward , 1 978) . S im i lar p rob lems a re p osed b y i nsec ts w h ich f l y i n to t he b ody o f wa ter o r b eco me s tuck i n t he s edi men t . S uch d if f ic u lt ies , h owever , a re n o t r es tr ic ted t o i nsec t r ema ins a nd , i f as uf f ic ien t ly l arge f auna i s o b ta ined , a n a ccura te p ic ture o f t he i mmed ia te e nv ironmen t a nd s amp les o f t hose s urrounding c an b e o b ta ined . T he B r igg ' raf t ' r epresen ted a n i dea l l oca l i ty f or c ons idera t ion o f s ome o f t he v ec tors i nvo lved i n t he a ccumu la t ion o f i nsec t r ema ins , s ince t he s ink ing o r emp lacemen t o f t he ' raf t ' e f fec t ive ly s ea led t he u nder ly ing d epos i ts a t as ing le c hronos tra t igraph ic h or iz on . I n a ddi t ion , t he s i te l i es o n ly 4 0 km e as t o f , a nd i s o n ly s ome f our h undred y ears more r ecent t han , a n e xtens ive f ores t i nsec t f auna e xam ined f rom Thorne Moors , S outh Yorksh ire ( Buck land & K enward , 1 973; 1 979 ) a nd a c ompar ison may p rove i ns truc t ive .

B uck land ,

A f ter t he l if t ing o ft he b oa t , s amp les o f a bout 5 k g were t aken o f t he f i rs t 2 0 mm o f s edi men t i m media te ly b e low e ach c lea t-un i t i n o rder t o e xam ine t he e nv iron men t p er ta in ing i mmedia te ly b efore t he a rr iva l o ft he v esse l .

Af ur ther

5 0 mm s amp le was t aken b e low e ach o f t hese a nd a c o lu mn o f t wen ty f our 5 0 mm s a mp les ( S .1091) o f t he s a me a verage we igh t was r ecovered f ro m b enea th c lea t-un i ts 1 4 a nd 1 5 d own t o t he u nder ly ing J urassic b edrock , a t ad ep th o f 1 .18 m ( F ig . 1 .1 .20 ) t he b asa l s a mp le b e ing u sed f or a r adiocarbon d a te ( Paper 2 .5 ) .

N o s amp les c ou ld b e t aken f rom a bove t he v esse l s ince t he s ur-

f ace h ad b een c leared o f f when t he ' raf t ' was f i rs t e xposed d ur ing t he 1 9th c en tury a nd a ny r ema ining p r i mary s edimen t c ou ld h ave b een c on tam ina ted . S amp les ( S .1140 , 141 , 1 143 ) o ft he ma ter ia l s ea led o n t op o f t he p lank ing b y t ransverse t imbers c on ta ined n o r ecogn isab le i nsec t r ema ins . I n o rder t o o b ta in a r e la t ive ly c omp le te c ross-sec t ion o f a ny v ar ia t ion i n h ab i ta t p resen ted b y t he s ediment f rom i m media te ly b enea th t he ' raf t ' , i t was d ec ided t o e xa m ine s amp les f rom b enea th t he t hree s urv iv ing c orners a nd r ough ly t he c entre a nd t o c on t inue wash ing o ut ma ter ia l u n t i l f aunas b ecame s omewha t r epe t i t ive . T he d is tr ibu t ion o f s amp les f ro m b enea th t he b oa t a nd t he p osi t ion o ft he s uccess ion t hrough t he u nder ly ing d epos i ts i s s hown i n f igure 1 .1 .17 . The p auc i ty o fi nsec t r e ma ins i n t he d epos i ts , h owever , r es tr ic ts t he

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v a lue o f c o mpar isons b etween s a mp les a nd , w i th o ne e xcep t ion , t he f aunas c an o n ly b e s a t isfac tor i ly i n terpre ted b y c ons ider ing e ach s amp le g roup a s a b u lk s amp le o f t he e nv iron men t . I n t he l abora tory t he s i lty c lay h ad a v ery d ark g rey c o lour ( 5 y r 3 /1 Munse l l n o . ) . A l l wen t t hrough t he 3 00 pm s ieve d ur ing t he wash ing o u t p roc ess , w i th a v ary ing mixture o fo rgan ic ma ter ia l , l arge ly p lan t r e ma ins . Towards t he b ase o f t he mono li th o f s amp les , as and g rade c omponen t w as n o ted , p resu mab ly d er ived f ro m t he C over S ands w h ich man t le t he b edrock i n t he A ncho l me v a l ley ( Buck land , i n p ress ) , t races o f wh ich o ccurred a bove t he b edrock ( F ig . 1 .1 .20 ) .

U pon p ro longed e xposure , t he g rey c lay o x idised

t o ay e l low ish r ed ( 5y r 4 /6 Munse l l n o . ) ; a s Sm i th ( 1 958) n o ted , t he d iv ision b e tween t he u pper c lay a nd t he l ower c lays i s o f n o s tra t igraph ic s ign i f icance b u t r e la tes t o t he d ep th o x ida t ion h as r eached f rom t he s ur face a f ter d ra inage . A lthough f a ir ly s of t a nd w i th l i t t le s urv iv ing t race o f c on t inuous b edd ing , t he c lay o ft he s amp les was d if f icu l t t o d isaggrega te a nd e ach 5k g s a mp le h ad t o b e s tood f or a f ew d ays i n as trong s o lut ion o f s od ium c arbona te , w i th f requen t c hanges o f h o t wa ter , b efore i t wou ld b reakdown s uf f ic ien t ly f or t he f i ne c omp onen t t o b e washed o ut t hrough a 3 00 1 , i n s ieve .

T he r es idue , r eta ined o n t he

s ieve , was d ra ined o f s urp lus wa ter , r eturned t o t he b ow l a nd p araf f in ( keros ene ) a dded a nd g en t ly worked i n to t he s amp le . T h is me thod , d eve loped b y C oope a nd Osborne ( 1968 ) , a l lows t he p araf f in t o a dsorb o n to t he s ur face o f t he i nsec t r e ma ins a nd , b y t he a ddi t ion o f wa ter , t hese f l oa t o n t he p araf f in f i lm w i th a minimu m o fp lan t d ebr is . T he f l o tan t i s t hen p oured o f f a nd washed , f i rs t w i th a d e tergen t a nd wa ter t o r e move t he p araf f in a nd t hen w i th a lcoho l . T he r esu ltan t ma ter ia l c an b e s or ted u nder a b inocu lar microscope a nd s tored i n a lcoho l . T h is p rocedure was r epea ted t hree t imes f or e ach s amp le a nd t he r es idue o fb o th f l oa ts a nd s edimen t c omb ined t o b e e xam ined f or b o tan ica l r ema ins ( H i l l man , P aper 3 .2 ) . D ur ing s or t ing f or i nsec t r ema ins , o s tracods a nd mo l lusca were a lso r ecovered ( Papers 3 .5 a nd 3 .8) .

I dent if iab le i nsec t

f ragmen ts were moun ted w i th g um t ragacan th o n c ard moun ts , s ea led b y g lass s l ides i n a me ta l f rame ( Buck land , 1 976 ); a lcoho l .

o ther f rag men ts were s t ored i n

L ess t han 2 00 g o f v egetab le d ebr is r ema ined f rom mos t s amp les

a f ter wash ing o u t a nd , a l though t here was c ons iderab le v ar ia t ion i nt he amoun t , t here was n o c orre la t ion b e tween t he n u mber o f i nsec t f ragmen ts a nd t he s ize o f t he r es idues . The F aunas ( t ab le 3 .4 .1) At o ta l o f 1 78 t axa o fb ee t le was r ecovered f rom b enea th t he b oa t , a s we l l a s o ne e arw ig , 1 4 t axa o fb ug , 2o f f l y a nd 2 o f a n t . T he ma jor i ty w ere r ep resen ted b y sma l l n u mbers o r s ing le i ndiv idua ls , a l though s o me o ft he s pec ies o n wh ich mos t s ign if icance c an b e p laced f or i n terpre ta t ion were p resent i n t he ma jor i ty o f s a mp les . On ly f our s pec ies a re s uf f ic ien t ly u ncommon o r r es tr ic ted i n t he ir d is tr ibu t ion a t t he p resen t d ay t od eserve s epara te c om men ts : I schnode mus s abu le t i/quadratus The E uropean c h inchbug c an b e f ound i n n umbers u p t o s evera l t housand u pon i t s h os t p lan ts , wh ich i nc lude t he t rue r eed, P hragm i tes c ommun is a nd s evera l marsh g rasses .

A lthough t yp ica l ly a w e t land s pec ies , i n s u m mer ,

migra t ion o ccurs o n to t he o a t g rasses a nd s im i lar p lan ts i n d ry , s unny f i e lds

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( Southwood & L eston , 1 959 ) .

I n 1 972 , S k id more ( 1973) t ook I . s abu le t i i n v ery

l arge n u mbers o n h ide Moor , ad i tched a nd p ar t ia l ly f l ooded a rea o f warp land a d jo ining Thorne Moor i n S outh Yorksh ire , y e t , i n 1 959 when S outhwood a nd L eston p ub l ished t he ir g enera l s urvey o f t he B r i t ish l and a nd wa ter b ugs , i t w as c o mmon b ut l im i ted t o s outh o f al i ne f ro m H a mpsh ire t o Oxfordsh ire a nd d own t o E ssex a nd, p r ior t o 1 893, i t was o n ly k nown f rom a s ing le l oca li ty i n S urrey a nd f ro m F o lkestone Warren , K en t . Th is a pparen t ly r adica l e xpans ion b e tween 1 893 a nd 1 972 f rom v ery r es tr ic ted l oca l i t ies c ou ld b e i n terpre ted a s t he r ap id c o lon iza t ion o f t he c oun try b y ar ecen t i n troduc t ion , p ar t icu lar ly s ince o ne o f t he p r imary c en tres a d jo ins a ma jor p or t f or c ross-Channe l t raf f ic . As im i lar p a t tern o f i n troduc t ion a nd s ubsequen t c o lon iza t ion i s s hown b y t he w e l l-a t tes ted a ppearance f ro m t he S ou thern H em isphere o f t he L a thr id i id b ee t le A r idius b ifasc ia tus ( Ha m mond, 1 974 ) .

T he b ug , h owever , h ad t wo r ecogn ized

s ub-spec ies , s ince r a ised t o s pec if ic l eve l a s I . q uadra tus a nd I . s abu le t i ( K loet & H incks , 1 964 ) a nd t he f ormer r e ma ins r estr ic ted t o i t s F o lkes tone l oca li ty . A lthough S la ter ( 1960 ) , b ecause o f t he d if fer ing e co log ica l n iches s hown b y t hese t wo f orms , p u t f orward a c ase f or r egarding t he m a s s epara te s pec ies a nd t he t wo a re d is t inc t i n t he r ev ised c heck l is t ( K loe t & H incks , 1 964 ) , t hey c anno t b e s epara ted o n t he s ing le t horax f ro m B r igg .

A s im i lar e xpans ion

o f r ange h as o ccurred i n C on t inenta l E urope a nd t h is , s urpr is ing ly , h as b een p ara lle led b y t he s pread o f a no ther B l iss ine b ug , t he t rue c h inchbug , B l issus l eucopterus , at roub leso me p es t o f c erea l c rops , i n N or th Amer ica ( Southwood &L eston , 1 959 ) . The s pec i men o f I . s abu le t i/quadra tus f rom Br igg wou ld s ugges t t ha t , c . 2 600 b p , t h is b ug o ccurred a t l eas t a s f ar n or th a s a t t he p resen t d ay a nd h as s ince r e trac ted a nd a ga in e xpanded i t s r ange . S k id more ( pers . c omm . ) h as n o ted a w inter h iberna t ion a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he r eed-grass , o r sma l l r eed, P ha lar is a rundinacea , wh ich s ee ms t o h ave a warmer l i t ter t han t he o ther marsh g rasses . o ft h is p lan t .

The i nsec t 's e xpans ion , h owever , c anno t b e t ied t o t he s pread

A lthough t here i s o n ly o ne f oss i l r ecord o f P ha lar is s p , f ro m

P o l len Z one V I I I a t Meare P oo l , S o merse t ( Godw in , 1 975 ) i ti s an a t ive p lan t i n t he a rea a nd was r ecorded i n N o t t ingha msh ire a s e ar ly a s 1 738 ( How i t t & H ow it t , 1 963 ) .

The b ug i s n o t t ied t o t h is p lan t a nd a bundan t we t land h ab i ta ts ,

b o th n a tura l a nd a r t if ic ia l , h ave b een a va i lab le t hroughout t he F landr ian i n t he L ow land Z one .

I ti s t herefore d if f icu l t t o s ugges t a ny o ther f ac tors t han c l i ma te

t o a ccoun t f or i t s d is tr ibu t iona l o sc i l la t ions .

C er ta in ly t he g rea ter p ar t o f t he

f i rs t h a lf o f t he p resen t c en tury h as b een c harac ter ized b y a n ame l iora t ion o f t he c l i ma te ( La mb , 1 969) a nd , a l low ing f or a t hresho ld t e mpera ture t o wh ich t he i nsec t r eac ted o r at ime l ag d ur ing wh ich p opu la t ions b u i lt u p , i t wou ld a ppear p robab le t ha t i t s r ecen t r eco lon iza t ion f ro m a r efug iu m i n t he S outhE as t r ef lec ts r ecovery f ro m t he e f fec ts o f t he L it t le I ce A ge . D ur ing t he p as t t hree d ecades , ar everse t rend i n t he c l i ma te h as s e t i n ( La mb , 1 974 ) ; i tw i l l b e i n teres t ing t o n o te w he ther t he E uropean c h inchbug s tar ts t o r e trac t i t s r ange .

Bear ing i n mind t ha t a ny s uch r e trac t ion may b e d e layed b y i ner t ia ,

h owever , i ta l lows u s t o s ugges t t ha t a t Br igg , o n r ough ly t he s a me l a t i tude a s t he r ecent r ecords f rom I nk le Moor , t he c l i ma te a t C . 2 ,600 b p ( Paper 2 .5 ) was s im i lar t o , i fn o t warmer t han t he p resen t d ay .

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A phodius p utr idus T he r e la t ive ly p oor s ta te o f o ur k now ledge o f t he i nsec t f auna o f L inco lns h ire makes i td if f icu l t t o c om men t u pon a s pec ies w hose r ecorded n or thern l im i t l i es i n t he c on t iguous c oun ty o f C ambr idgesh ire t o t he s outh ( Joy , 1 932 ) . Abundan t s u i tab le h ab i ta ts c er ta in ly o ccur i n L inco lnsh ire , p ar t icu lar ly o n t he C over S ands , s ince t h is b ee t le i s k nown f rom d ung d epos i ted i n p asture o n o pen s andy g round ( Landin , 1 961) , a l though a f oss i l r ecord f rom t he C ha lk ( Osborne , 1 969) c ou ld i mp ly t ha t i t may b e al i t t le more e ury top ic ( i . e . o ccurr ing i n a w ide (r ) v ar ie ty o f h abi ta ts ) t han p ub l ished r ecords s uggest . T he s pec ies i s r are b o th i n E ng land ( Johnson , 1 963 ) a nd S candinav ia , where i ti s r es tr ic ted t o t he s outhern p rov inces ( Landin , 1 961) , a nd i ti sq u i te p oss ib le t ha t i th as b een o ver looked i n n or th L inco lnsh ire . I ft he a pparen t d is tr ibu t ion i s r ea l, h owever , t h is d ung b ee t le c ou ld i mp ly t ha t s ome c hange i n t he c l i ma t ic r eg ime h as t aken p lace s ince t he L a ter B ronze A ge t o c ur ta i l i t s n or thern l im i t b y u p t o 1 00 km , a l though t he p lough ing u p o f much o f t he r ough p as ture i n t he a rea may b e e qua l ly s ign if ican t . A s im i lar r es tr ic t ion o f i t s c ongener ( i .e . member o f s ame g enus ) A . q uadr igu t ta tus , wh ich s hows ap reference f or a s im i lar o pen p asture land h abi ta t ( Landin , 1 961) , h as r esu l ted i n i t s d isappearance f rom t he Br i t ish I s les , where i th as b een r ecorded f ro m t he L a te Bronze Age W i lsford S haf t i n W i l tsh ire ( Osborne , 1 969 ) . G nor i mus ,v ar iab i l is T h is l arge c hafer b ee t le i s n ow o n ly r ecorded i n B r i ta in f ro m W indsor F orest , where i th as b een t aken , i nfrequen t ly , s ince C . 1 830 . Don is thorpe ( 1 939 ) r ecords i tf rom t h is l oca li ty i n t he l oose , d amp wood- mou ld i nt he f orks o f o ld o ak t rees , where h e h ad t aken i ti n a l l s tages o fd eve lop men t .

On t he

E uropean ma in land , t he s pec ies i s l oca l ly c ommon b ut r are ( Hor ion , 1 957) a nd r eaches i t s n or thern l im i t i n s outhern S weden , w here P a lm ( 1959 ) f ound t he l arvae i n f a l len o aks a nd, l ess c ommon ly , i n h ornbeam . T he a du l t i s a n a c t ive f l ier a nd h as b een r ecorded f rom f l owers , i nc lud ing t he meadowswee t , F i lip endu la u l mar ia , wh ich p robab ly g rew i n t he marshes n ear t he ' ra f t ' , a l though i ti s n o tp resen t i n e i ther t he p o l len o r macrop lan t r ecord ( Papers 3 .1 a nd 3 .2 ) . I schno m ira s anguin ico l lis A s pec ies o f o ld d ec iduous wood land , t h is Oedemer id b ee t le i s r ecorded s poradica l ly a s f ar n or th a s S herwood F orest ( Carr 1 916) a nd h as r ecen t ly b een t aken i n t he H e l ms ley a rea o fn or th Yorksh ire ( Sk id more , 1 973 ) .

A lthough

t he l arvae a re r ecorded f ro m t he wood o f mos t s pec ies o fd ec iduous t ree , t he b ee t le a ppears t o p refer b eech a nd e lm f or o v ipos i t ion ( Hor ion , 1 956 ) . A du l ts may b e t aken f rom f l owers o r i n f l igh t ( Pa lm , 1 959) . P yrrh idiu m s anguineu m T h is i mpress ive r ed l onghorn b ee t le was r epresen ted b y ah ead a nd f ragmen t o ft horax f ro m a s a mp le l y ing a t 2 0-70 mm b enea th t he ' raf t ' . The s pec ies u sua l ly o ccurs i n r ecen t ly c u t o r f a l len o ak , l y ing a bove t he g round s urface a nd , i n E ng land ( L loyd , 1 950 ) a nd S weden ( Pa lm , 1 959) , i th as o n ly b een r ecorded f rom t h is wood . F ur ther s outh i n E urope , i ti s a lso k nown f rom h orse-chestnu t , h ornbeam , s wee t-chestnut a nd b eech , ( Duf fy , 1 953 ) a nd t here i s as o l i tary r ecord f rom p ine ( Fraser , 1 948) .

1 58

I n t hese t imbers i ti s

o ccas iona l ly impor ted a nd D uf fy ( 1953 ) , h as r ecorded i ta s d oub tfu l ly n at ive t o t h is c oun try .

I ti s n ow c onf ined i n Br i ta in t o t he sma l l a rea a nd im media te

e nv irons o f Moccas P ark , 1 0 km wes t o f H ereford , a n i so la ted l oca li ty wh ich i ts hares w i th t he s im i lar ly r es tr ic ted sma l l S co ly t id E rnoporus c aucasicus . H ick in ( 1968) a nd A l len ( 1973 ) a ccep t t h is l onghorn a s av ery r are a nd l oca l ized i ndigenous i nsec t , i t s n a t ive s tatus , a t l eas t d ur ing t he L a ter Bronze Age b e ing c onf ir med b y t he Br igg s pec imen .

The r e la t ive f requency w i th wh ich

C era mbyc ids a re a cc identa l ly i mpor ted i n to t h is c oun try i n t imber , a n o ccurr ence wh ich Osborne ( 1971) h as e x tended b ack i n to t he R oman p er iod w i th H esperophanes f asc iatus f ro m A lces ter , Warw icksh ire , mer i ts a l i t t le d isc ussion o f whe ther P . s anguineu m may n o t h ave emerged f ro m t he o ak t imbers o ft he b oa t a nd b een i ncorpora ted i n t he u nder ly ing s ed i men ts . N one o f t he s urv iv ing t imbers o ft he b oa t s howed e v idence o f t he c harac ter ist ic l arva l g a l ler ies o f t he l onghorn , a l though t he i nfes ta t ion c ou ld h ave o ccurred i n a h igher p ar t o f t he ' r af t ' wh ich h as n o t s urv ived , t he i ndiv idua l h av ing f a l len i n to t he wa ter a nd b een s wep t u ndernea th .

The b ee t le 's p ar t icu lar p enchan t

f or o v ipos i t ion i n t he d ry b ark o f f resh ly d ead o ak makes t h is u n l ike ly a nd t he e v idence f or o ther U rwa ldt ier f ro m Br igg a nd t he e x tens ive f orest f aunas f ro m T horne Moors ( Buck land & K enward , 1 973; B uck land , 1 979 ) i mp ly t ha t t h is l onghorn was e nde m ic i n n or th L inco lnsh ire a t t h is p er iod a nd i s a dven t i t ious i nt he d epos i t , h av ing f lown i n f ro m wood land c lose t o t he s i te . C or t icar ina s p . ( c .f .[ ? ] o bfusca ta S trand) C . J ohnson h as p o in ted o u t t ha t o ne e ly tron ( i . e . w ing c ase ) f ro m Br igg c lose ly r ese mb les t h is s outh S candinav ian s pec ies b ut t he ma ter ia l i s i nsuf f ic ien t f or f irm i den t if ica t ion . T he Env iron men t T he ma jor i ty o f i nsec ts i den t if ied f rom t he Br igg s a mp les h ave b een r ec orded f rom t he we t lands a nd o ther h abi ta ts wh ich s urround t he H u mber e s tuary a t t he p resen t d ay .

These t axa a re marked w i th a n a s ter isk i n t he

a cco mpany ing l i s t ( t ab le 3 .4.1 ) , t he d a ta b e ing o b ta ined f ro m Thorn ley a nd Wa l lace ( 1908-1913 ) , H incks e t a l . ( 1951) a nd t he r ecord c ards f or Wa tson ian v ice c oun ty 6 3 i n Doncaster Museu m .

The c harac ter o f t he Ancho l me i t se lf

h as r ecen t ly b een r adica l ly a l tered b y t he c ons truc t ion o f aS luice a t S outh F err iby a nd t he l and t o e i ther s ide o f t he r iver h as b een d ra ined a nd c onver ted t o f ar m land .

The p r inc ipa l h ab i ta t r epresented i n t he s a mp les i s t hus n ow

r es tr ic ted t o t he H u mber a nd t he l ower r eaches o f t he r ivers Tren t a nd Ouse . E ven i n t he H u mber e s tuary , t he e nv iron men t h as b een e x tens ive ly modif ied b y t he c ons truc t ion o f f l ood b anks a nd t he r e inforce men t w i th s tone a nd c onc re te o f t he a r t if ic ia l ly r estr ic ted c hanne l .

The e ncroachmen t o f a rab le

f arm ing o n to t he f er t i le warp land j us t a bove h igh wa ter- mark h as a lso a ltered t he e nv ironmen t a nd f ormer e xpanses o f w i l low s wa mp a nd a lder c arr i n t he f resher wa ter r egime a way f ro m t he d irec t i nf luence o ft he s omewha t s a l ine wa ters o f t he H u mber , h ave e i ther d isappeared o r b een l arge ly d ispersed . The e xtens ive a rea o f P hrag m i tes r eed s wa mp a t B lack tof t S ands , i n t he a ng le b e tween t he c onf luence o ft he Tren t a nd Ouse , h as n o n a tura l g rada t ion i n to d r ier , l ess s a line h abi ta ts b u t i s s epara ted f rom t he t ree less c u lture-s teppe , wh ich c harac ter izes s o much o f H a tf ie ld C hase , b y t he s harp e co log ica l f ront ier o f af lood b ank .

T he i nsec t f aunas f rom b enea th t he ' raf t ' i l lus tra te t he 1 59

g rada t ion f rom e stuar ine r eed s wa mp , t hrough w e t lands w i th s o me t rees , t o p as ture a nd wood land , as equence wh ich n o l onger e x is ts t o a ny g rea t e x ten t . The f ac t t ha t s o me s pec ies a ssoc ia ted w i th f ace ts o ft he ' raf t 's ' e nv iron ment a re a bsen t f rom s uch modern l i s ts a s t hose f or S purn P en insu la ( H incks e t a l . 1 951) i s t herefore n o t s urpr is ing .

A l low ing f or t he a bsence o f t he f ormer

p r i mary f ores t h ab i ta t , r econs truc t ing t he p ic ture f ro m t he modern mosa ic o fn ow d ispersed h ab i ta ts , h owever , d oes p rov ide a c lose measure o fa greemen t w i th t he e nv iron men t i nferred f rom t he B r igg i nsec t f aunas . T he l arge n u mbers o f t he r eed b ee t le P la teu mar is b racca ta l eave l i t t le r oom f or d oub t t ha t a round t he l oca li ty i n wh ich t he b oa t c ame t o r es t were e xpanses o f t he t rue r eed , P hragm i tes c o m mun is .

A lthough a lso o ccas iona l ly

r ecorded f ro m s pec ies o f C arex ( S t a . infor th , 1 944 ) , t h is i nsec t i s c lose ly a ssoc ia ted w i th P hrag m i tes g row ing u nder b rack ish w a ter c ond i t ions a nd S ta infor th f i rs t f ound i ti n t he H u mber E stuary i n d i tches c lose t o t he c i ty o f H u l l .

I th as

y e t t o b e r ecorded f rom t he mos t e x tens ive a rea o f r eeds i n t he E stuary , a t B lack tof t S ands , b ut c ondi t ions a t t h is d is tance f rom t he mou th may b e i nsuff i c ien t ly s a line .

R ecords o f t he i mago ( i . e . a du l t ) , h owever , a re r es tr ic ted

t o J une a nd t he c ocoons o ccur a t d ep th , a t tached t o t he r h izo mes o ft he f ood p lan t , a nd t he s pec ies may h ave b een o ver looked . T he s uggested b rackish wa ter h abi ta t i s s uppor ted b y t wo o ther s pec ies :

t he C arab id Dysch ir ius n i t idus

i s a l mos t c onf ined t o t he c oas t ( L indro th , 1 974 ) , b e ing r ecorded f rom S purn ( H incks e t a l ., 1 951) , a nd t he sma l l H ydroph i lid , Och theb ius a ur icu la tus , i s a n o b liga te h a loph i le ( i . e . c onf ined t os a l ine h ab i ta ts ) ( Ba l four-Browne ,

1 958 ) .

Ag ood i nd ica t ion o ft he r e ma inder o f t he f l ora i sp rov ided b y t he l i s t o f k nown h ost p lan ts f or t he v ar ious p hy tophages ( i .e . p lan t-ea ters ) i n t he a sse mb lage ( t ab le 3 .4 .2 ) , t he i nforma t ion b e ing d er ived f rom S outhwood a nd L es ton ( 1958) , D ieck mann ( 1972 ) , H of fman ( 1958) , Mohr ( 1966) , P a lm ( 1959 ) a nd J oy ( 1932 ) . The g enera l p icture t hroughou t t he s uccess ion u nder t he ' raf t ' i s o f ag rad ua l ly a ggrad ing e s tuar ine P hragm i tes r eed s wa mp l y ing c lose t o h igh wa ter mark .

T h is wou ld s uppor t t he sma l l c lus ter o fd a tes , i nc luding t hose f ro m

t he N or th F err iby b oa t( Q-715 ) , t he Br igg t rackway ( Q-77 )a nd t he B r igg l ogb oa t( Q-78 ) , wh ich Gaun t a nd Too ley ( 1974 ) i n terpre t a s e v idence f or a r is ing s ea l eve l d ur ing t he mid-second mi l len iu m B . C . A l though i n terpre ta t ion i n t erms o f l oca l mar ine t ransgression i n t he H u mber B as in s ince a t l eas t t he l a te N eo li th ic c an b e s uppor ted w i th e v idence f ro m H a tf ie ld C hase ( Buck land , 1 973 , 1 979; B uck land & K enward , 1 973 ) a nd t here a ppears t o b e s o me c orre la t ion w i th d a ta f ro m C hape l P o in t o n t he L inco lnsh ire c oas t n or th o f S kegness ( Gaun t &T oo ley , 1 974 ) , i ti s we l l t o r e member Akeroyd 's ( 1972 ) c avea t o n t oo l i bera l i n terpre ta t ion i n t erms o fp resen t s ea l eve l .

C urren t ly , mean h igh wa ter mark a t H u l l , K ing 's D ock , l i es a t + 7 . 5m

0 .D . a nd mean l ow wa ter a t a bout 0 .D .

F ur ther u p t he Ouse a t G oo le , l ow

wa ter r e ma ins t he s a me b ut h igh wa ter s tands a t + 4 .6 m 0 .D . R iver A uthor i ty , p ers . c om m . ) .

( Yorksh ire

On t he f auna l e v idence , t he Br igg ' raf t ' mus t

h ave b een d epos i ted c lose t o t he c on te mporary h igh wa ter mark b u t az one o f o ccas iona l ly i nunda ted r eed s wamp , o n ly f l ooded a t e xcep t iona l ly h igh t ides , may h ave s tre tched i n land f ro m mean h igh wa ter mark i n t he ma in c hanne l f or many h undreds o f me tres b efore d r ier g round was e ncoun tered .

These

c ondi t ions a re we l l i l lustra ted a t B lack to f t S ands , a t t he c onf luence o f t he

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