The Art of the Map 9781402765926

Table of contents :
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Introduction: What Is a Map?
1. Compass Roses, Wind Faces, Commentaries, and Other Additions
2. All the Ships at Sea
3. Denizens of the Deep
4. The Cartographic Botanical Garden
5. The Cartographic Menagerie
6. The Peoples of the World
7. Of Human Achievements ... Conclusion
Notes
Cartobibliography
Bibliography
Index
Picture Credits

Citation preview

THE ART OF THE

THE ART OF rfl-IE

DENNIS REINHARTZ FOREWORD BY

JOHN NOBLE WILFORD

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ST E R L I N G a n d t h e d i sti nctive Sterl i ng logo a re registered t ra d e m a rks of Sterl i ng P u b l i s h i ng Co . . I n c . © 2012 b y Den n i s Rei n h a rtz

Fo r i l l u stration c red its see page 218 Book design and p roduction: gonzalez def i no. ny I gonza l ezdef i no.com All rights reserve d . N o part of this p u b l ication may be rep rod uced . stored i n a retr i eval system . o r t ra n s m itte d . i n a ny form o r by any mea n s . electro n i c . mecha n i c a l . photocopy i ng , record i n g, o r o t h e r w i se. w i t h o u t prior written permission from the p u b l i s h e r. I S B N 978-1-4027-6592-6 D i st r i b u ted in C a n a d a by Sterl i ng Pu b l i s h i ng clo C a n a d i a n Ma nda G roup, 165 Dufferi n Street To ro nto, Onta rio. C a n a d a M 6 K 3H6 D i st r i buted in the Un ited K i ngdom by G MC D i st r i b u t i o n Servi ces Castle Place. 166 H igh Street . Lewes. East S u ssex. Engl a n d B N 7 1XU D i st r i b u ted in Austra l i a by C a p r i corn L i nk (Australia) Pty. Ltd . P.O. Box 704, W i n d so r. N SW 2756. Austral i a C o u rtesy o f Geogra phy & M a p D i v i s i o n . L i b ra ry o f Congress:

F R O NTI S PIECE-An d reas C e l l a r i u s . Harmonia Macrocosmica

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page v: Abra h a m O rtel i u s . Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (title page ) . 1570, g3200m gct00003. Fo r i nfor m a t i o n a b out c u stom e d i t i o n s . spec i a l s a l e s. a n d prem i u m a n d corporate p u rc h a s e s . p l ea s e contact Sterl i ng S p ec i a l Sales at 800-805-5489 or spec i a l sa l es@ste r l i ng p u bl i s h i ng.com. M a n ufactu red i n C a n a d a 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 www.sterli ngp u b l i s h i ng.com

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Index

Picture Credits

20s

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Typus or.inrm

m.uidmuum GtimeO!', Mmiamgo,&An.

gPlz ulua promonrorium Bonor lj>ci uGg, cum o:mnil1

portubus, Iafulis, Scopalis,pulvinfs.&rvadis. v� la. tirudine Oc.caniAahioj>ici.ab OrtU in occ.iwm ad Fer, nvnbucum & promonr.S.Auguflini in oro1.BnfiliCJ1G. vergenos: una cum ciu!ilan ocaru Infu!is, pr.ecipu0 vao S.Thoma.,,S.Helena., Jnfula Af=rlionis. mulnft alifs,c:a:nnnque gwuJno cna:u:accur.ir.! omnia c.x op­ cimis Jnd(ds ralnilis hydrognpbic.is dcc.crpa & emaiK.

FOREWORD ho h a s n ot unfolded, u n rol l ed

.

or

othe r­

w i s e s p r e a d o u t a map a n d fel t a l l i t s

promise of jou r n eys a h ead, p l anned or

o n l y i magi n ed? Who has not asked a ma p to poi nt the way? To the ot h er s ide

of the rive r. or the mountain To the s hore. or l a nds beyond bord e r s .

a nd deep waters. Who h a s not l e a rned from a ma p one's p lace i n t h e wor ld. some s e n s e o f h ere i n re lation to there?

Joseph Conrad u nderstood the feeling behi nd such quest i on s .

In Heart of Darkness, Con rad h a s M a rlowe say: " Now w h e n I was a

little c h a p I had a p a s s i o n for m a p s . I wou ld l o o k for h o u r s at South America. or Afri ca. or Austra l i a , a n d lose myse l f

in

all t h e glories

of exp loration . At that time t h e re we re m a ny b l a nk spaces

on

the

e a rt h , a n d when I saw one that loo ked p a rt i c ula rly inviting o n a map

( b ut they all look that) I wou l d p u t my fi nge r o n i t a nd say, 'When I grow u p I w i l l go there."'

M a ny of us no d o u bt can s i ngle out a moment of d i s cove ring the fasc i n ation of ma ps, t h e i r power a nd i ndi s p e n sa bil ity. I recall that I was a l i ttle chap of eight . in t h e t hird g rade, when I m ade the

discovery. It was a momento u s date. Decembe r 7, 1941. To President Fra n k l i n D. Rooseve lt. i t was " a date w h i c h wi l l l ive in i nfa my." T h i s

s u rely mea n s w a r fo r u s . I h e a rd my pa rents say, a nd radio news­

casters agreed with equal grav ity. For m e , the s u r p r i se bombing attack by Japa nese a i rcraft

011

Pea r l H a r b o r raised for t h e fi rst t i me

u rge nt geogra p h i c a l q u estions t h a t o nly a ma p cou ld a n swer w i th

gra p hic effi c i ency. I h a d never h e a rd of Pea r l Ha rbor a nd not much a bout Hawa i i , except that p i n e a p p l e s grow t h e re . We were t h e n a

c o u n t ry of forty-eight state s . con f i n e d to t h e North A m e rica n conti­

nent. If I had been in the t h i rd gra d e in 1914. I s u p pose I wou l d have been j u st a s bewi ldered over t h e n ews of a H a ps burg a rc h d u ke's

assassination at Saraj evo.

Jan Huygen van Linschoten. Typus Orarum Mantimarum Gu1neae Amsterdam. 1596.

.

IX

Anyway, as t h i s was before tel evis i o n , m u c h l ess the I nternet. the f i rst n ews reached u s without

I ncas made e l a borate re l i ef m a ps of stone a n d c l ay a n d Pac i f i c i s l a n d e rs prepa red m a ps o f s t i c k s

home. o n l y ga s - stat i o n roa d m a ps (of Ke ntuc ky,

l a s hed toget her with f i b e rs to d e p i c t p reva i l i ng w i n d a n d wave patte r n s . w i t h s h e l l s o r cora l i n serted to

Te n n essee. a n d nea rby states) a n d a j igsaw puzz l e

re present i s l a n d s .

i nfo rmat i ve maps. We h a d no a d e q u ate a t l a s at

w i t h p i eces i n t h e s h a p e o f the i n d i v i d u a l states. by w h i c h I h a d learned the i r n a mes a n d c a p i ta l s . My mother or father suggested that I l ook up Hawa i i

i n t h e encyc l o p ed i a . T h e entry. though s k i m py, d i d i n c l u d e a s m a l l m a p o f the i s l a n d s . w i t h a n i nset s h owing t h e i r re l a t i o n to the American West Coast. In

other vo l u me s . m a ps s h owed the Pac i f i c Ocea n .

I t w a s a re l ief t o see how f a r away Japa n seemed , even H a wa i i .

W r it i ng i n The History of Cartography, an ongo i ng . autho ritative m u ltivo l u m e work ( 1987-p rese nt) . one of its editors. B r i a n H a rl ey. o bserve d . "Th e re has proba b l y a lways been a m a p p i n g i m p u l s e i n h u m a n consc i o u s n ess. a n d t h e m a p p i ng experi­ ence - i nvo l v i ng t h e cogn i t i ve m a p p i ng of s p a ce­ u n d o u bted l y exi sted l o n g before t h e p h ys i c a l a rt i ­ facts w e now ca l l m a p s ." Judging by rea ctions to my book. m a p e n t h u ­

W e eve nt u a l l y got a world m a p . a n d I faithfu l ly c l ipped m a p s of m i l i t a ry operations out of news pa­ pers and maga z i nes. T h rough wa r a n d maps, we l l

before I m ight norma l l y have. I was learn ing wo r l d

s i a sts a re many a n d va ried . M a p s a re sou rces of p l ea s u re as g u i d es to t ravel a n d i d l e d re a m i ng . a n d objects of aesth etic va l u e a m o n g c o l l ecto rs. T h ey a re i nstru ments of exp l o ra t i o n a n d n av i ga t i o n i n

geogra p hy. I know t h a t rea d i ng a n d l i sten i ng to w a r

the a i r a n d outer space. o n l a n d . a n d o n sea . T h ey

n ews i n f l u en ced my c h o i ce o f a ca ree r in jou rn a l i s m .

both ins p i re a n d i l l u strate s c i e n t i f i c i n s ig h t s . a s

A n d I s u s pect t h i s a l so w a s the sou rce o f my long

i n the d rifti ng cont i n ents a n d seaf l o o r s p re a d i n g

i nterest in maps a n d t h e i n s p i ration to write The

of p l a t e t e c to n i c s . T h ey a re a m et a p h o r i n t h e

Mapmakers. a h i story of ca rtogra phy.

h a n d s of ge nera l s a n d a d m i ra l s " m a p p i ng t h e i r

We a re told t h a t no one knows when or where o r for what p u rpose someone got the f i rst idea to

d ra w a map. It was p res u m a b lJ; thousands of years

ago. before written l a nguage, and i t m ost l i ke l y occurred i n dependently a mong d i fferent peoples in sepa rate pa rts of the wor l d. All the great a n c i e nt

campaigns." Hi sto ri a n s. a s Den nis Re i n h a rt z notes i n the p reface to t h i s book. look to m a p s t o " s h ow w h ere h i sto r i c a l eve nts u nfo l d e d a n d h o w t h ose p l a ces were perc e i ved d u ri ng past e ra s" and h e l p exp l ain " w h y eve nts i n h i story h a p p e n e d a s t h ey d i d , w h e re they d i d ."

c i v i l izat i o n s - Egypt. M esopota m i a . a n d C h i n a ­

D r. Re in h a rtz. a h i st o r i a n of c a rtogra p h y, h a s

evo lved t h e m a p i d e a at early stages. T h e ea r l i est

been working w i t h m a p s f o r m o re t h a n fo rty

known world m a p , after a fa s h i o n . is a B a by l o n i a n

yea rs In t h i s book. h e concentrates on m a p s a s

c l ay t a b l et f r o m the s i xt h cent ury BCE. Lo ng before

i nformative a rt for m s . e m p h a s i z i ng t h e most

t hat. pre h i storic E u ropea n s drew s ketch m a ps on

i m portant v i s u a l e l e m e nts of c a rtogra p h y used

th e i r cave wa l l s . And before E u ropea n contact. the

by E u ropeans i n t h e f i fteenth to the n i n eteenth

centuries. It

1s an inspired app roac h to the story of

the e pa nd1 n g content and uses of map s p ro duced

1n

what are known as the Age of D i s cove ry and the

Enlightenment. a time of sp rea ding empires. Maps

bot h recorded a n d e ncou raged such ent er p ri se s .

"

Tradi tion a lly ." t h e a u thor writes, "there h a s been a

symbiosis between discovery,

e x plo ration . ex p loi

­

tation of resou rce s . a n d c a r tography ."

As a i d s to historical u n de rst an d i ng . the maps of

this period i llu strate t h e steady p rogre ss in geo

­

g ra ph i cal knowle dge . which is to say t h e gr adu a l

f i lli n g in of the blank spaces on p rev i o u s m a ps . Th i s

thankful. But thi s p rogress rob s us of the charms of old maps a n d c h a rts. as satirized by Jonathan Swift

i n " O n Poet r y . A R h a psody " (1733): "Geographers.

in Afric maps/Wi t h savage pi cture s fi l l the i r gap s ."

Early mapmakers employed just about every artifice imaginable to fill their gaps in geog r a p h i c a l

k n o w l e d g e . O n uncharted expanses of l a n d .

elep ha nts were indeed drawn o n se ven t een t h ­

century maps of Africa, and b e a ver s w e r e d epict e d on many British and French maps of the

Nort h

A m e r i c a n hi nte rl a nd . M a pm a kers m et the chal­ lenge of the open seas with drawings of s h i p s in full

w a s t h e time w hen ma p mak i n g e m e rged from t h e

sail. whales and flying fishes. nude mermaids. and

p r i n ti ng p ress, beca m e a more rob u st ente r p r i se

u s t h at dr a gon - li ke creatures appeared on ma n y

e nj oy i n g roy a l pat ronage. Early o n . fol lowi ng the

maps. but not, as generally believed. acc ompanie d

clo i stered scri ptona a n d . w i t h the com i ng o f the

i n trod u c t i on of the compass i n E u rope , the m a k i ng

a n d s elling of portolan charts for Mediterranean

manners may h ave f i rst taken ca rtogra phy into

c ommerc i al wa ter s .

imaginary islands. As an aside. Dr. Reinhartz tells

by

the Lat i n p h ras e meaning "Here be d ragons ."

These word s a p pear on o n l y one small coppe r

globe from the early sixteent h c ent u r y .

B l a n k spaces on m a p s have s i gn if ica n c e for

A spec i a l d e light of Dr. Re i n h a rtz's book is his

t hose of us who ca l l ou rse lves Americans. We

d i sc u s s i on of the little fancies and flourishes that

owe the nome n c l a t u re of our h emis phe re to t h e

decorate o l d m a p s . It seems t h a t every mapmake r b a c k t h e n was a repressed a rtist who cou l d n't wa i t to be done with s h o re l i nes and r h u m b lines. W h e n i t came to o rie ntin g t h e m a p. t h e inner artist felt free to embellish t he necessary with symbo l i c

v aca nt interior o n a 1507 map o f t h e N ew World by Martin Wal d see m u ll e r . On what is now B ra z i l,

the ma pm aker inscribed the name "America," in

the m ist a ke n beli ef t hat A m e r i go Ve s p u c ci , not

Col u m bu s , deserved c red i t for f i rst s ighti ng a pa rt

b l osso m s-compass roses-s p rea d ing in the car­

of the conti n e n t of South America. On a revi s ed

dinal directions. In other fl i ghts of w h i m sy, c h e r u bs

m a p, Wa ldse em u l l e r withdrew the name. but 1t was

w i t h c h u b by c h ee k s b l ow in the directions of the

too l ate. The only known original copy of t h e map

prevailing winds. These features drive up old-map

that n a m e d u s res i d es in the L i b ra ry of C o ngre s s . a

prices at a u c t ion .

t r i b ute to the power. of maps.

Modern m a ps a re more co m p rehen si ve , re l i ­

a ble. a n d down - to - bu s i ne ss d epe nda b l e tha n t h eir p red eces sors . As a practical m a tter, we can be

-John Noble Wilford

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Espe c i a l ly from t h e late s eventeenth

through the early n i neteenth centuries, i m ages of c o m batant s h i ps on maps commonly depicted warfare at sea. E m p loyi ng m o re t h a n o n e h u n d red period ship images, Carte de la Partie de la Virginie

. .

. , p u b l i shed by Esnauts et R a p i l ly i n Paris

i n 1781, vividly portrays the nava l m ight of the combi ned American and French fleet in the Chesapeake Bay; French nava l power helped lead the U n ited States to victory over the British d u ring the Batt l e of Yorktown a n d ended t h e Revo l utionary Wa r. The ships are i n combat. blockade, and bombard ment dep loyments.

B I R D S E Y E V I EW O F LO U I S I A N A

.

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I n the tenor of Robert Herrick's qu otati o n at the begi n n i n g of t h i s

c h a pter, t w o m o re fi n e exa m p l e s of s h i p i l l u strations are found on t h e popular cartography of the American Civil Wa r. O n the l ithographed Birds Eye View of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Part of Florida , p u b l i shed i n N ew Yo rk i n 1861, from J o h n Bach m a n n 's popular Panorama of the Seat of War series of m a ps, conte m p o ra ry s h i ps of va r i o u s types u n d e r full sail as wel l as ships powered by a com b i nat i o n of sa i l and ste a m d e m o n st rate the mass ive a n d highly successfu l U n ion blockade of New Orlea n s and its G u lf Coast environs that had begu n i n A p r i l 1861. Even v iewers who were not adept at rea d i ng more i nvolved maps could u n d e rsta n d its m essage. By the end of April 1862, New Orleans had su rrendered to U n i on forces.

F O L LOW I N G PAG E S : THE S I E G E O F YOR KTOW N , A P R I L 1862 is a n other b i rd 's­

eye-view l i thograph of the Civil Wa r. I t was d rawn by C. Wo rret, a n actual observer of the battl e of Yorktown , and p u b l i shed in Baltimore. U n i o n ships and i ronclad g u n boats, m a ny of them steam- powered, are bombard i ng the h i storic a n d strategi c Confederate V i rg i n i a c ity at the confl uence o f the York R iver w i t h the C hesapeake Bay. Su rro u nded by U n i o n land and sea forces, this important battle, part of M c C l e l l a n 's Pen i n su l a r Campaign, ended on May 4 with the captu re of the city.

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C A R O l, I � A

A M A P O F SOUTH CAR O L I N A A N D PA R T O F G E O R G I A , C A R TO U C H E . I mages of

Africa n s e n sl aved, espec i a l ly i n the New Wor l d , b ega n to appear on maps n ea r the e n d of the seventeenth century. Although W i l l i a m Fad e n (1750 -1836), a l e a d i n g B r i t i s h ca rtogra pher a n d geogra pher to King George I l l , i s best k nown for his excel l e n t m a p s of the American Revo l u t i o n , h i s 1780 two-sheet m a p of South Caro l i n a and Georgia depicts a n i n congruous s l avery vignette a s part of the title cartouche i n the lower right corner, shown here. Depicted a re three strong, healthy s laves cheerfu l ly e ngaged i n va rious labors, i n c l u d i ng what a ppears to be ta n n i ng h i des.

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ca rtogra phers

p l a ces d e p i cted on m a p s . P l a nt s . a n i m a l s . p e o p l e .

e n h a nce t h e i r works with l i ke­

s h i ps , a n d b u i l d i ngs h e l ped m a p users m e nt a l ly

nesses of h u m a n ity; t h ey a l so

t ravel between t h e a bstra ct i o n s of c a rtogra p h i c

f re e l y added i l l ust rat i o n s of

symbol ization a n d l i ne a n d t h e actu a l i t i e s o f t h e

m a j o r m o n u m ents, i m porta n t

p l aces a n d act i o n s s h ow n .

ot

only

did

e d i fices ' a n d other nota b l e I constructio ns. As with

m a ny ca rtogra p h i c e m b e l l i s h ments, these p i c t u res

f u n c t i o n e d beyo n d j u st fi l l ing space o r merely bea u ­

MiUta ry Structures

t i f y i n g m a p s ; t h ey we re a l so i n tended to i m p rove t h e

S u c h p i ctogra p hy-ex p a n d e d to i n c l u d e a r m a ­

tot a l ca rtogra p h i c expe r i e n ces of m a p v i ewers a s

m e n t s , batte r i e s , perso n n e l form a t i o n s , a n d battl e

we l l a s to i n c rease t h e m a rketa b i l ity of m a p s . S ite­

strategies-was often u se d t o i l l u st rate t h e p l ace­

spec i f i c i magery b rought g reater c l a rity by v i s u a l l y

m e n t of fo rt i f i ca t i o n s a n d t h e m ove m e n t of t roops

e n h a nc i ng t h e two - d i m e n s i o n a l re p resenta t i o n s of

on m i l it a ry m a p s , both s i m pl e and e l a borate.

P R EV I O U S PAG E S : Right, G R A N D B I R D S E Y E V I EW OF T H E G R EAT EAST R I V E R S U S P E N S I O N B R I DG E, D E TA I L. C u rrier & I ves, . . . New York, c. 1885.

178

THE

ART OF

THE MAP I

D_f

J-I H ll/ 11 1 /

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Left, P LA N I S P H E R E, V I G N ETTE. L. S m ith for \I C: 111 l' / l t.