The Archaeology of Complex Societies in Southeastern Pacific Coastal Guatemala: A Regional GIS Approach 9781841711195, 9781407351537

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Dedication
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
PREFACE
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
APPENDIX 4
APPENDIX 5
APPENDIX 6
REFERENCES
SITE INDEX

Citation preview

The Archaeology of Complex Societies in Southeastem Pacific Coastal Guatemala: A Regional GIS Approach Francisco Estrada Belli

BAR International Series 820 1999

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 820 The Archaeology of Complex Societies in Southeastern Pacific Coastal Guatemala: A Regional GIS Approach © Francisco Estrada Belli and the Publisher 1999 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841711195 paperback ISBN 9781407351537 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841711195 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1999. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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F ron t i sp iece : S t e la 1a tL a Nueva , J u t iapa ( M idd le /La te C la ss ic A .D . 4 50 -900 ) ,d rawn i n1 997 b y B en T homa sa f t e r f r agmen t sw e re r e jo ined .

T o my m o the r , L au ra B e l l i

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS L IST OF F IGURES L IST OF TABLES

i i v x

PREFACE AKNO WLEDGE MENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

x i x i i i

CHAPTER ONE

I NTRODUCT ION

S i te : C h iqu iu i tän

3 8

S i te : P u l ido S i te : Ma r ia L inda S i te :N ueve C e r ro s

3 8 3 9 3 9

S i te .U jux te S i te : L o sC e r r i to s

3 9 4 0

D i scu s s ion o fM idd l eP rec la s s ic S e t t lemen t

4 0

T he L a te P rec la s s ic S i te D e scr ip t ions : L a rge C en te r s

1

4 1 4 1 4 1

S i te :N ueve C e r ro s E xcava t ion s

4 1 4 3

S umma ry o fN ueve C e r ro s

4 3 4 4

P urpose o ft h i s r e search 1 S i te : U jux te R esearch P rob lems 2 E xcava t ion s C hrono logy B u i ld ing 2 D i scu s s ion o fs t ra t ig raphy R eg iona lA pproach 5 S i te : Ma r ia L inda Mod e l sf o r Adap t ive Mod if i ca t ion s : D emog raph ic S i te : L aN ueva t r end s 5 S cu lp tu r e Mod e l sf o r Adap t ive Ad ju s tmen t s : D i f f u s ion v s . S ma l lC en te r s A u toch thonou s C hange 6 S i te : T a lpe ta te R e levan tR e sea rch i nA rea s Ad jacen tt ot h eS tud yA rea . . 7 S i te : L o sC e r r i to s H i s to ry o fa rchaeo log ica lr e sea rch o nt h eS ou thea s ternS i te Maneade ro G roup 1

4 4 4 6 4 6 4 9 4 9

4 9 4 9 5 0 5 1

S i te D u razno

5 2

C oa s tS t ud yA rea . G eo logy

1 0 1 2

H yd ro logy H yd ro logy a nd a rchaeo log ica ls i te s . C l ima te S o i l s V ege ta t ion F auna

1 3 1 5 1 5 1 8 1 8 1 9

CHAPTER FOUR THE CLASS IC P ER IOD

6 0

1 9

S i te D e scr ip t ions

6 2

2 0

L a rge C en te r s

6 2

S ummar yo fT he P hy s ica lS e t t ing CHAPTER TWO RESEARCH METHODS

V i l lage s S i te : L imone s

S tone Monumen t s D i scu s s ion o fL a te P rec la s s ic S e t t lemen t

2 3

G loba lP o s i t ion ing S y s tem s G eog raph ic I nf orma t ion S y s tems -Backg round I n teg ra t ing T opog raph ic Map s , A e r ia lP ho to s , S i te P lan s , A r t if ac t Da ta , A nd G IS C ompu te rH a rdware A nd S of twa re .

2 4

CHAPTER THREE THE PRECLASS IC P ER IOD

3 0

T he E ar ly P rec las s ic S i te D e sc r ip t ion s

3 0 3 2

S i t e : C h iqu iu i tän E xcava t ion s D i scus s ion o fs t ra t ig raphy S umma ry o fC h iqu iu i tän S i t e : P u l ido /Cana l S i te : S a l ina s S an ta R i ta S i t e : P a lo saden t ro

D i scu s s ion o fE ar ly P rec la s s ic S e t t lemen t T he M idd le P rec las s ic S i te D e sc r ip t ion s

2 3 2 4

5

S e t t lemen tH ie ra r ch ie sa nd L ong -D i s tance I n te rac t ion s

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6 2

D i scu s s ion o fs t ra t ig raphy. Monumen t s

7 0 7 0

D i scu s s ion o fL a Maqu ina Monumen t s D iscu s s ion o fL aN ueva S i te : Maneade ro E xcava t ion s

7 0 7 1

D i scu s s ion o fs t ra t ig raphy S tone Monumen t s

D i scu s s ion o fD u razno

7 8

L o sC e r r i to s L imone s T a lpe ta te P a ra i so A s tu r ia sD o s Maneade ro G roup 2 Maneade ro G roup 3

V i l lage s D i scu s s ion o fC la s s ic P er iod S e t t lemen t S e t t lemen tH ie ra rch ie s S e t t lemen tH ie ra rch ie s a nd L ong -D i s tance I n terac t ion s 1 1

7 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 8

S i te : S i te : S i te : S i te : S i te : S i te : S i te :

3 6 3 8 3 8

7 3 7 5 7 5 7 5

D i scu s s ion o f Maneade ro S i te : D u razno Monumen t s

S ma l lC en te r s

3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 5

5 4

5 4 5 5

S e t t lemen tp a t te rn s

S i te : L a Maqu ina

S urvey m e thods ,s i te p re serva t ion a nd d a ta f o rma t 2 0 Mapp ing 2 1 S i te se t t l emen td ef in i t ion 2 2 GPS a nd G IS Ana ly t ica lT oo l s f o rA rchaeo log ica lS i te L aN ueva S urvey s .

5 4

7 8

7 8 8 0 8 0 8 1 8 1 8 2 8 2

8 3 8 3 8 3 8 8

CHAPTER F IV E THE POSTCLASS IC PER IOD

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A dap t ive m od if i ca t ion s . D emog raph ic T rend s : l i nea r

S i te D e scr ip t ions

9 2

v s . m oda lg row th Adap t ive a d ju s tmen t s . D if f u s ion v s . A u toch thonou s

1 03

C hange : c on t inu i ty v s . d i scon t inu i ty

1 04

S i te : A t iqu ipaque E xcava t ion s : S t ra t ig raphy . D i scu s s ion o fA t iqu ipaque S i te : E lP a ja l S i te T a cu i lu la S i te : G uaza capän S i te : C h iqu imu l i l la S i te : S i na can tän S i te : N anc in ta S i te : P a sa co S i te C h iqu iu i tän S i te : L o sC er r i to s S i te : L a Maqu ina S i te H awa i i S i te : U jux te

D iscus s ion o fP os tc lass ic S e t t lemen t S e t t lemen tH ierarch ie s a nd C u l ture -H i s tor ica l c on s id era t ion s

9 2 9 3 9 4 9 4 9 4

C hang e s i ns e t t lemen th i e ra rch ie sa nd s oc ia l c omp lex i ty . . C hang e si ni n te rac t ion n e two rk sa nd c u l tu ra l s phe re s . P r ec la s s ic t oP o s tc la s s ic T he P r ec la s s ic p e r iod T he C la s s ic p e r iod T he P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod

9 5 9 5 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 00 1 00

C onc lud ing R emark s APPENDIX 1 . L a te P rec lass ic P er iod V i l lages 1 S i te D e sc r ip t ion s 2 I lu s t ra t ions

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1 07 1 08 1 08 10

APPEND IX 2 . M idd le /La te C lass ic P er iod V i l lage s . . . . 15

1 01 1 01

CHAPTER S IX OVERV IE W AND CONCLUS IONS 1 03

i v

1S i te d e sc r ip t ions 2 I lu s t ra t ion s

15 19

APPEND IX 3 .P o t tery o ft he S ou theas tern Coas t APPEND IX 4 L a te P rec lass ic P er iod S cu lp ture .

1 28 1 37

APPEND IX 5 .C las s ic P er iod S cu lp ture APPEND IX 6 T he S urvey T ransec t s REFERENCES S ITE I NDEX

1 41 1 44 1 46 1 53

F ig . 2 . 3 R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fM idd le -La te C la ss ic s i te s ( i n l o gs ca le ) s how ing l a ck o fc o r r e la t ion o fs i te a r ea b a sed o n t o ta l s i te a r ea a nd p re sence -ab sence o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a tu ppe rr a nk s i te s ( r ank s 1 7 ; n =79 ) . 2 3

L IST OF F IGURES F ig . 1 . 1 C h rono log ica lc ha r to ft h e S ou thea s tern C oa s ta nd a d jacen ta r ea s . F ig . 1 . 2 Map o fP ac if ic G ua tema la s how ing l o ca t ion o f m a jo rE a r ly P rec la s s ic s i te s F ig . 1 . 3 Map o fP ac if ic G ua tema la s how ing L a te P r ec la s s ic s i t e sa nd o b s id ian s ou r ce s ( do t s )m en t ioned i nt h e t e x t . F ig . 1 . 4 Map o fG ua tema la s how ing C la s s ic P e r iod s i te s m en t ioned i nt h et e x t . F ig . 1 . 5 Map o ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s ts how ing mode rn t own s ,r i ve r sa nd p aved h i ghway s . T he P an Ame r ican h i ghway ( CA -2 ) f o l low st h ep a th o f A lva rado 's 1 524 e xped i t ion .

4

F ig . 2 . 4 E leva t ion c on tou rl i ne s o f a4k m2 r eg ion o ft h e v o lcan ic s l ope d i sp layed i nv ec to rf o rma t . C on tou r l i ne sa t1 0mi n terva l

2 4

F ig . 2 . 5 E leva t ion c on tou rl i ne s o ft h e s ame r eg ion o ft h e v o lcan ic s l ope t r an sf o rmed i n to ar a s te rc e l l -g r id s y s tem . C o lo rc od ing s how s e l eva t ion v a lues . F rame i d en t if ie s a r ea e n la rged i nF ig . 2 . 6

2 5

F ig . 2 . 6 D ig i ta l E leva t ion Mode l o ft h er e g ion s e lec ted f r om i nF ig . 2 . 5 s how ing i n te rpo la t ed e l eva t ion v a lue sf o re ach 5 0m x5 0m c e l lb e tween 1 0m c on tou rl i ne s

2 5

7

8

9

1 0

F ig . 2 . 7 D i s t r ibu t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l s i t e s o fa l t ime p e r iod s i nr e la t ion t od i s tance to -wa te ra r ea s . G reen : 1 00 m z one , l i gh tb l ue : 2 50m z one ,b l ue : 5 00m z one , m agen ta : 1 000m z one ; w h i te : >1 000m z one 2 6

F ig . 1 . 6P hy s ica l map o fG ua tema la s how ing s t udy r eg ion .. . 1 2 T ab le 2 . 1 F requency o fs i te o ccu r rence w i th in d i s tance to F ig . 1 . 7V iew o ft h es t udy r eg ion 's t o pog raphy

F ig . 1 . 8 D iag ram s how ing e l eva t ion z one so ft h e S o thea s ter nC oa s tr eg ion ( 0 1900 m a s l . )a nd p rof i le so ft h et o pog raphy i nr e la t ion t om a jo r v o lcanoe sa l ong N -S a xe s( A , B ,C )a nd a l ong t h e p i edmon to nE -W a x is ( D ) .

1 3

F ig . 2 . 1 Map o ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s tS u rvey r eg ion s how ing a r ea so fe x t en s ive s u rvey ( magen ta ) , i n ten s ive s u rvey b l ock sa nd t r an sec t s( o the rc o lo r s ) , a nd l o ca t ion so fm apped a r chaeo log ica l s i te s .

2 6

F ig . 2 . 8 E s t ima ted s u rf a ce d i s t r ibu t ion o fs i t e d en s i ty i nt h e s u rvey a r ea s how ing h i ghe rd en s i t ie s ( magen ta : 7 , y e l low : 1o rl e s s s i te s /km2 )n ea rt h e E sc lavo sr i ve r a l luv ium a nd t h e P az r i ve re s tua ry . 2 6 1 3

F ig . 1 . 9A e r ia lv i ew o ft h eE sc lavo sr i ve ra luv ia lp l a in s how ing m any a bandoned c hanne l s( magen ta ) i n d ica t ing p rog r e s s ive m ig ra t ion o ft h er i ve rf r om t h e w e s tt oi t sp re sen tl o ca t ion ( b lue , r i gh t ) . T ot h e n o r th ,t h es i te /v i l lage o fL o sC e r r i to sa nd t ot h ew e s t , t h es i te so fN ueve C e r ro sa nd L a Maqu ina a r e i n te r sec ted b yt h eE sc lavo sa nc ien tc hanne l s . 1 4 F ig . 1 . 10 S o i lt y pe d i s t r ibu t ion .

w a te ra r ea s f r om a l r i ve r s a nd c h i squa red v a lue s .

1 8

2 0

F ig . 1 2R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fM idd le -La te C la s s ic s i te s ( i nl o gs c a le ) s how ing c o r re la t ion o fs i t ea gg rega te m ound a r ea a nd p r e sence -ab sence o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a tu ppe r -end s i te s( r ank s 1 7 ;n =79 ) . 2 3

F ig . 2 . 9 C ompo s i te m ap o fp o s tu la ted M idd le /La te C la s s ic p e r iod p o l i t ie sb a sed o nT h ie s sen p o lygons . S e lec ted l a nd s i n c lude a r ea sw i th in T h . p o lygon s a l ong r i ve r s ( c ommun ica t ion r ou te s )a nd o fs l ope l e s st h an 6 d eg r ee s a r ea s . C o lo r -cod ing r ep re sen t s 1k m d i s tance i n te rva l s f r om e ach p o l i ty c en te r . B lue l i ne s : r i ve r s ( l a rge a nd s ma l l ) . R ed l i ne s : a nc ien tr i ve r s( La Maqu ina a r ea o n ly ) . 2 7 F ig . 2 . 10 C ompu te rd i sp lay o ft h eG IS ( GRASS s of twa re ) u t i l i ty f o rg eo ref e renc ing a e r ia lp ho to s( l ef t ) u s ing mou se o pe ra t ion so nd ig i t ized t o pog raph ic f e a tu r e s ( r oad sa nd r i ve r s ;r i gh t )

2 8

F ig . 2 . 11 U ned i ted s i te p l an o f Nueve C e r ro sd i sp layed a s o ve r lay o n a e r ia lp ho to . S ome o ft h em apped s t r uc tu re s a ppea rt ob e o f f se tf r om t h e s t ruc tu re 's c r op m a rk s v i s ib le o nt h e i mage . D a rke ra r ea s a r e t r ee -cove red .

2 9

F ig . 2 . 12 E d i t ed s i t ep l an o fN ueve C e r ro s . S t ruc tu r e sh ave b een m oved o n to t h ec r op m a rk sv i s ib le o nt h ea e r ia l p ho to . 2 9 F i g .3 .1 D i s t r ibu t ion o fE a r ly P r ec la s s ic S e t t lemen ti nS an ta R o sa R eg ion s e eF ig .3 . 2f o re n la rg em en to f C h iqu iu i tan s i t e 3 0 F ig .3 .2 C h rono log ica lc ha r to ft h eS ou thea s te rn C oa s ta nd a d ja cen tr e g ion so fS ou ther n Me soa rne r ica

3 1

F ig .3 .3 Map o fC h iqu imu l i l la l a goon s how ing c ana l sa nd m apped E a r ly P r ec la s s ic m ound s

3 2

F ig .3 .4 A e r ia lp ho to so fC h iqu iu i t än s h ow ing d i s t r ibu t ion o fs t ru c tu r e sa c co rd ing t os e quen ce o fo ccupa t ion p ha se s . F ig .3 .5 D i s t r ibu t ion o ft o ta lc oun t so fE a r ly P r ec la s s i c s u r f a ce p o t te ry b yp ha se a nd b ym ound a t C h iqu iu i tän . H u i scoyo lp ha se : 1 300 1150 B .C . , C ang r e jo p ha se : 150 -850 B .C . ,T ama r indo p ha se : 8 50 -400 B .C .

3 6

F ig .3 .13 E xamp le so fC ang r e jo p ha se t e coma te sw i th mod e led a pp l iqu éd eco ra t ion .

3 7

F i g . 3 . 14 Map o ft h eS an ta R o sa r e g ion s how ing M idd le P r ec la s s ic s i t e s( Tama r ind° p ha se 8 50 -400 B .C . )

3 8

F ig .3 .15 A e r ia lv i ew o ft h eP u l ido /Cana ls i t e s i nt h e m ang rove e s tua ry . Mound s 1 9w e r eo ccup ied i nt h e T am a r ind° p ha se ( 8 50 -400 B .C . ) 3 9 F ig .3 .16 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u r f ace p o t t e ry b ym ound a nd t ime p e r iod a t Nuev eC e r ro s . Mound s 1 18 f o rm t h e c i v ic / ce r emon ia lc o r e . 3 9

3 F ig . 3 . 17 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u r f ace p o t t e ry b ym ound a nd t ime p e r iod a tU jux t e . Mound s 1 8f o rm t h e c i v ic / ce r emon ia lc o r e .

F ig .3 .7 S i t ep l an o fP u l ido /Cana l Mound 1( Cang r e jo p ha se ) .

3 4

F ig .3 .8 S i t ep l an o fS a l ina s S .R i ta

3 5

4 0

F ig . 3 . 18 D i s t r ibu t ion o fL a t eP r ec la s s ic s i t e s i nS an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa r e g ion . We igh t ed T h ie s sen p o lygon si d en t if yp o s s ib le e x t en to fe a ch p u ta t ive p o l i t ie s 's a g r icu l tu ra ll a nd sa nd a s soc ia ted s i t e s . A r ea ss h aded r e p r e sen tt h e i n t e r sec t ion o ft h r ee d i sc r im ina t ing c r i t e r ia : 1 ) 1k mi n c r emen td i s tance f r om p o l i ty c en t e r ,2 )a r ea st h a ta r ew i t h in 1k mf r om ar i ve r , 3 )a r ea st h a th ave l e s st h an 6% s l ope 4 1

34

F ig .3 .6 A e r ia lp ho to o fP u l ido /Cana l , S a l ina sS .R i ta a nd P a lo saden t ro s i t e s s how ing o ve r lay o fd i s t r ibu t ion o f m ound sb yt ime p e r iod : C ang r e jo p ha se ( g r een , 150 -850 B .C . ,C ana la nd S .R i ta )a nd T ama r ind° p ha se ( b lue a nd g r een , 8 50 -400 B .C . ,P u l ido ) . B r igh t w h i t ea r ea sw i th in t h em ang rov ev ege ta t ion i n d ica t e s a l tb ed s 3 4

F ig .3 .9 A e r ia lv i ew o fP a lo saden t ro Mound a r ea s( 1a nd 2 )a nd S a l ina s S .R i ta ( 3 ) . B r igh tw h i t ea r ea s i n d ica t es a l tb ed sw i th in t h em ang rove v eg e ta t ion ( d a rk a r ea s ) . Mound s 4a nd 5 :H awa i is i t e .

F igF ig .3 .12 . E xamp le so fH u i scoyo lp ha se t e coma t e s w i th l o of ah a nd f mg er na i li mp r e s s ion s .

F ig . 3 . 19 A e r ia lv i ew o ft h ec i v ic / ce r emon ia lc o r eo f N uev eC e r ro s( S t r s . 1 18 ) . T he c on tou ro ft h er i dge o nw h ich t h es i t ei sl o ca t ed i sa l so s hown .

4 2

F ig . 3 . 20 A e r ia lv i ew o f 7km2 o fN uev eC e r ro s ' e x t ended s e t t lemen ta r ea s how ing mound s , f l ood a r ea s , s ma l l r i ve rc hanne l s ,a nd E sc lavo sr i v e ra bandoned c hann e l s( wh i te ) . 4 3 F i g . 3 . 2 1 A e r ia lv i ew o ft h eU jux t es e t t lemen ts how ing mound d i s t r ibu t ion n o r th o fm a in p l aza .

3 5

4 4

F ig .3 .10 A e r ia lv i ew o ft h em ang rov ee s tua ry s how ing A guadu lce ( mound s 1a nd 2 )a nd B u ena snoch e ss i te s ( mound s 3a nd 4 ) . Wh i t ea r ea si n d ica t es a l tb ed s , d a rk a r ea sm ang rov ev eg e ta t ion . 3 5

F ig . 3 . 22 Map o ft h eU jux t ep l aza g r oup .T e s tp i t l o ca t ion sa nd s t e la en umbe r sa r ei n d ica ted . A dd i t iona ls t e la ea r el o ca t ed i na r ea s s u r round ing t h e p l aza 4 4

F ig .3 .11 . Map o ft h e S ou thea s ter nC oa s ts how ing r e la t ive ly h i ghe rd en s i ty o fE a r ly P r ec la s s i c o ccupa t ion i nt h eC h iqu iu i tän a r ea ( mag en t a : 7 s i t e s /km2 ,g r een : 3s i t e s /km2 ,y e l low : 1s i t e /km2 )

F i g . 3 . 23 . Map o ft h e Ma r ia L inda s i t ec en t e r . A dd i t iona l mound sa r ed i s t r ibu t ed i n a1k m2 a r ea a r ound t h e s i te

4 7

F i g . 3 . 24 C ha r ts how ing d i s t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd sb ym ound a nd b yp e r iod

4 8

3 6

v i

F ig . 3 . 25 Map o ft h en ew ly s u rveyed a r ea o fc oa s ta l J u t iapa s how ing a l s t ruc tu re sm apped i n1 997 . F ig . 3 . 26 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd c oun t sb y mound a nd t ime p e r iod w i th in t h ee x tended L aN ueva s e t t lemen t F ig . 3 . 27 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace p o t t e ry b y mound a nd b y t ime p e r iod a tT a lpe ta te F ig . 3 . 28 S i t ep l an o fT a lpe ta te s i t e l o ca ted o nt h er i gh t b ank o ft h e Maneade ro r i ve r , a bou t 4k ms ou thea s t o ft h e Maneade ro s i te . F ig . 3 . 29 S i t ep l an o fL o sC e r r i to s F ig . 3 . 30 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd c oun t sb y mound a nd t ime p e r iod a tL o sC e r r i to sf r om M idd le P rec la s s ic t o • L a t eP o s tc la s s ic . F ig . 3 . 31 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace s h e rd c oun t sb y mound a nd b yt ime p e r iod s how ing o ccupa t ion a t Maneade ro f r om t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic C e iba p ha se t o t h eM idd le -La te C la s s ic E sc lavo sp ha se

4 8

4 9

4 9

5 0

5 6

F ig . 3 . 4 1 S ca t te rp lo to fL a te P rec la s s ic c en te rs i ze a nd a r ea o fa s soc ia ted s e t t lemen ti n m2

5 6

F ig . 3 . 42 R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fa l l L a te P rec la s s ic S ou thea s ter nC oa s ts e t t lemen t( n=48 ) . S t ra igh t l i ne s how s l o g -no rma l d i s t r ibu t ion

5 7

F ig . 3 . 43 S ca t te rp lo to fa r ea o fc en te r sa nd d i s tance f r om Nueve C e r ro s .

5 7

5 1

5 1

5 2

F ig . 3 . 44 R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fL a te P rec la s s ic S ou thea s ter ns e t t lemen t . R ank s ize 1i n c lude s N ueve C e r ro s , B one te , a nd C an ta r rana s i te st oge the r . T h in l i ne s how s l o g -no rma l d i s t r ibu t ion . 5 8 F ig . 3 . 45 Map o fS ou the rn G ua tema la s how ing t h er eg ion o fL a te P rec la s s ic P rov idenc ia /M i raf lo re s I n te rac t ion S phe re a nd l o ca t ion o fs i t e s a nd o b s id ian s ou r ce s m en t ioned i nt h e t e x t 5 8 F ig . 4 . 1 C h rono log ica l c ha r to ft h e S ou thea s ter nC oa s ta nd a d jacen tr eg ion s 6 0

F ig . 3 . 32 S i t ep l an o f Maneade ro d u r ing t h e l a te s tp ha se o fo ccupa t ion ( La te C la s s ic ) . S u rf a ce p o t te ry i n d ica t et h a tt h es i te p l aza w a s o ccup ied i nt h e L a te P r ec la s s ic C e iba p ha se .

5 2

F ig . 3 . 33 Map o fD u razno s i te s how ing c i v ic /ce remon ia l a nd r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu re s .

5 3

F ig . 3 . 34 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd c oun t sb y mound a nd t ime p e r iod a tD u razno

5 3

F ig . 3 . 35 S u rf ace s he rd c oun t s a tL imone sb y mound a nd t ime p e r iod .

5 4

F ig . 3 . 36 S i te p l an o fM idd le /La te C la s s ic s t ruc tu re s a t L imone sw i th u nde r ly ing L a t e P r ec la s s ic o ccupa t ion . .5 4 F ig . 3 . 37 . E s t ima ted s u rf a ce m ap o fs i t e d en s i t ie s i nt h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t . ( magen ta : 7s i t e s /k m2 ,y e l low : 1o rl e s s s i te /k m2 ) .

5

F ig . 3 . 38 H i s tog ram o fs i te s i ze s i nm 2o fa l l S ou thea s te rn c oa s tL a te P rec la s s ic s i te s s how ing n a tu ra lb reak s a t 4 000 m 2 a nd 8 000 m2

5

F ig . 3 . 39 R ank s ize l o gd i s t r ibu t ion o fL a te P rec la s s ic s i t e sp l o t ted a ga ins ta b sence /p r e sence o f c i v ic / ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s .

F ig . 3 . 40 C ompa r i son o ft o ta lv o lume o fc i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a tt h ree L a te P rec la s s ic s i tes . V o lume t r ic d a ta f o rL aN ueva i sn o ta va i lab le f o rt h i sp ha se .

5 6 v i i

F ig . 4 . 2 Map o ft h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s ts how ing M idd le L a te C la s s ic s e t t lemen t sa nd p u ta t ive p o l i t ie s . R ed l i ne s i n d ica te o l d c hanne l s o ft h e E sc lavo sr i ve rn ea r L a Maqu ina . S haded z one s i n d ica t e 1k md i s tance i n te rva l s f r om l a rge c en te r s

6 1

F ig . 4 . 3 H i s tog ram o fM idd le -La te C la s s ic s e t t lemen ts i ze i nt h e s ou thea s tern c oa s t .

6 2

F ig . 4 . 4 S i te p l an a nd a e r ia l v i ew o ft h e c en t ra l a r ea o fL a Maqu ina . T he a c ropo l i s , c ove red b y l ow v ege ta t ion , i sa tt h e c en te r , w i th ab a l l c ou r tt ot h e s ou thea s ta nd ar ow o fp y ram id mound s a nd ar a nge s t ruc tu re st o t h en o r th . T ot h e s ou th a r e s ome v e ry l a rge r ange s t ruc tu re s s epa ra ted b ya r t if ic ia l r e se rvo i r s .

6 2

F ig . 4 . 5 T h ree -d imen s iona l v i ew o fL a Maqu ina , b a sed o n t h e 1 995 m ap , s how ing t h e a c ropo l i s a nd a s soc ia ted b u i ld ing s . I nt h e f o reg round i st h e s wamp t h a t e nc i rc le st h e s i te -cen te ro nt h e s ou th , w e s ta nd n o r th .. .63 F ig . 4 . 6 H i s tog ram o f mound s i ze sa tL a Maqu ina ,n o t i n c lud ing t h em a in a c ropo l i sp l a tf o rm . F ig . 4 . 7 D i s t r ibu t ion o fp o t te ry c oun t sb yt ime p e r iod a nd b y mound ( 165 mound s )w i th in t h e 7km2 s e t t lemen t

6 3

a r ea o fL a Maqu ina , i n c lud ing t h e s t ruc tu r e s o f B one t ea nd C an ta r rana . F i g . 4 . 8 S u r f a ce s h e rd p e r cen tag e sb yp ha se i nt h e 7k m2 a r ea o ft h eL a Maqu ina s e t t lemen t , i n c lud ing B on e t e a nd C an ta r rana .

6 4

F ig .4 . 2 1 L ow r e l ief c a rv ing o nL aN u ev a Monum en t 1 . D raw ing b yB en T homa s .

7 3

6 4

F ig .4 . 22 D raw ing o ft h ec a rved f a c eo fL aN ueva Monumen t 1 6( S te la 2 ;d raw ing b yL au ra J . K o sakow sky ) .

7 4

F ig .4 . 23 C lo se -up p ho to o ft h ec a rv ing o n L aN u ev a Monumen t 1 6

7 4

F ig .4 . 24 . S i t ep l an o ft h eM idd le /La t eC la s s ic p ha s e Manead e ro c en t ra lg r oup o fs t ru c tu r e s( G roup 1 )o n t h eb ank so ft h er i ve ro ft h es am en am e .

7 5

F ig .4 . 25 Maneade ro T e s tp i t8 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t sb yl e ve la nd b yp ha se

7 6

F ig .4 . 26 Man eade ro T e s tp i t9 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t sb yl e ve la nd b yp ha se

7 6

F i g . 4 . 27 . S i te p l an o fD u razno s i t e

7

F ig .4 . 28 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t sb ym ound a nd t i me p e r iod a tD u razno .

7 7

F i g .4 . 9 Map o ft h eL a Maqu ina s e t t lemen ta r ea ( 7k m2 ) i n c lud ing a l s t ru c tu r e sw i th M idd le -La t eC la s s ic p e r iod p o t t e ry o nt h es u rf a ce .

6 5

E xcava t ion s

6

F i g . 4 . 10 C an ta r rana t e s tp i t 1 .D i s t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t sb yl e ve la nd b yp ha se . F i g .4 . 11 C an ta r rana t e s tp i t2 .D i s t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t sb yl e ve la nd b yp ha se .

6

6 6

F i g .4 . 13 C an ta r rana t e s tp i t2 1 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t sb yl e v e la nd b yp ha se . L eve l st wo a nd f i v e w e re p a r to f am idden c on ta in ing l a rg ea moun t so f M idd le C la s s ic P e rd ido g roup ( E sc lavo sp ha se ) h ema t i t er e d -pa in t ed p o t t e ry

6 7

F i g .4 . 14 C an ta r rana t e s tp i t2 2 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t sb yl e ve la nd b yp ha se .

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F ig .4 . 29 . S i t ep l an o fL o sC e r r i to s . M idd le /La te C l a s s ic l a you t .

7 9

F i g .4 . 15 E a s ts e c t ion o fC an ta r rana t e s tp i t2 0 . M ax imum d ep th i s5 . 45 m e t e r s .

6 7

F ig . 4 . 30 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf a ce p o t t e ry c oun t sa tL o s C e r r i to sb y mound a nd b yp ha s e

7 9

F ig .4 . 31 S i t ep l an o fL imone s . M idd l e /La t eC la s s i c l a you t .

8 0

F i g .4 . 32 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf a ce p o t t e r ya tL imone sb y mound a nd b yp ha se

8 0

F ig .4 . 33 S i t ep l an o fT a lpe ta te . C i r c l e si n d ica t ea r t if a c t s c a t t e ra r ea s . A dd i t iona la r t if a c ts c a t t e r sl i eo u t s id e t h em ap t ot h ee a s t .

8 1

F i g . 4 . 34 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf a ce p o t t e ry a tT a lpe t a t eb y m ound a nd b yp ha se

8 1

F i g .4 . 16 S ou th p rof i le o fB one t ep l a tf o rm s h ow ing s equence o fc on s t ru c t ion e p i sod e s . Al a rge h ea r th i s l o ca t ed i n t h ec en t e ra bove T p2 3 . As t epped f r on tage i sl o ca t ed o nt h ew e s ts i de o ft h em ound ( Tp 2 4 , 2 5 ) .Max imum h e igh tf r om b o t tom o fT p2 3 t o t o po f mound i s1 8m 6 9 F i g .4 . 17 P rof i le o fT p2 3 i nt h e i n ne rc o r eo fB one t e p l a tf o rm . S i x ty o ne c on s t ru c t ion e p i sod e sa r e d i sce rn ib le . T o ta ld ep th i s6 . 45 m ( d raw ing b yJ ohn S chu l tz ) .

7 0

F i g .4 . 18 Map o ft h eL aN ueva s i t ec en t e r . S cu lp tu r e s w e re f ound o nt h ea c ropo l i s( n ea ra s t e r i sk )a nd o n s t ruc tu r e 1 7( S t e la e 1a nd 2 ;i mmed ia t e ly e a s to fS t r . 1 6 ) .

7 1

F i g . 4 . 19 Map o ft h eL aN ueva s e t t lemen ta r ea ( 4k m 2) .

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F i g .4 . 20 H i s tog ram o fr e s iden t ia lm ound s i ze i nt h eL a N ueva s e t t lem en ta r ea ( 4k m2) .

7 2 v i i i

F ig .4 . 35 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace p o t t e ry a tP a ra i so Mound s 1 6b yp ha se . 8 1 F ig .4 . 36 A e r ia lv i ew a nd s i t ep l an o fP a r a i so Mound 1 s how ing i t sl o ca t ion a tt h ej un c tu r eo ft wo b r an ch e s o ft h eP a zr i ve rl i nk ing L aN u ev aa nd a s soc ia t ed s i t e st ot h en o r th a nd t h ee s tua r i e st ot h es ou th .

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F i g .4 . 37 A e r ia lv i ew a nd s i te p l an o fA s tu r ia s

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F i g . 4 . 38 S i t ep l an o f Maneade ro G roup 2 .

8 2

F ig .4 . 40 . E s t ima ted s u rf a ce o fs i t ed en s i ty i nt h e M idd le /La t eC la s s ic p e r iod ( mag en ta 7s i t e s /km2; y e l low : 1o rl e s ss i t e /km2 ) F ig .4 . 41 H i s tog ram o fs i ze so fM idd l e /La t eC la s s ic p e r iod s i t e s . F ig .4 . 42 R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fM idd le /La t eC la s s ic s i t eb yp r e sence /ab sence o fc i v i c / ce r emon ia l s t ru c tu r e s

F ig . 5 . 3 S i t ep l an o fA t iqu ipaque d r awn i n1 996 s how ing l o ca t ion o fr ema in ing s t ruc tu r e s( G roup B )a nd l o ca t ion o fe xcava t ion s .

F ig . 5 . 4S i t ep l an o fA t iqu ipaqu ea nd a s soc ia t ed r i v e r sa nd m ode rn h i ghway t r a c t ss how ing e r a sed a r ea o fG roup Aa nd s u rv iv ing s t ruc tu r e so fG roup B . 9 3

8 3

F ig . 4 . 44 A )R e la t ion sh ip b e tween c e n t e rs i ze a nd a s so c ia t ed s e t t lemen t . B )R e la t ion sh ip b e tw een c en t e rs i ze a nd a s soc ia t ed l a nd s u i tab le f o r s e t t lem en t . F i g . 4 . 45 . R ank s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion so fM idd le /La t eC la s s ic s e t t lemen ti nt h eS ou thea s ter nC oa s t .L a Maqu ina r a nk 1 ,L aN ueva r ank 2 . A )B one t ea nd C an ta r rana i n c luded a ss epa ra te s e t t lem en t s( r ank 3a nd 4 ) . B ) B on e t ea nd C an ta r rana i n c luded i nL a Maqu ina s e t t lemen ta r ea

8 4

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F ig . 5 . 6 V iew o ft h et o pog raphy o ft h ea r ea s u r round ing E lP a ja ls i te .

9 5

F ig . 5 . 7 V iew o ft h et o pog raphy s u r round ing S i na can t än . T he E sc lavo sr i v e rf l ow ss ou thwa rd i n a1 00 m d eep c anyon b e low t h es e t t lem en t . T he a r ea sh i gh l igh ted h av ev i s ib le a r ch i t e c tu r e .

9 6

F ig . 5 . 8 T opog raph ic m ap a nd c r o s ss e c t ion so ft h eo f S i na can tän r i dg e( a ss e en i nF i g . 5 . 6 )s how ing t h e s t eepne s so fi t ss i d e ss u i tab le f o rd ef en se a nd c on t ro l o ft h eE sc lavo sc anyon 9 6

8 6

F ig . 5 . 9 Map o fS i na can tän G roup A . E x i s t ing s t ru c tu re s a r ei nb l a ck . P o s s ib le a dd i t iona ls t ru c tu re sa r ei n w h i t e . C o lo rt o ne si n d ica t e3 me l eva t ion c on tou r s .

8 6

9 6

F ig . 5 . 10 Map o fS i na can t än G roup B . E x i s t ing s t ru c tu re s a r ei nb l a ck ;h ypo the t ica ls t ruc tu r e sa r ei nw h i te . C o lo rt o ne si n d ica te 5m e l eva t ion c on tou r s . 9 7 F ig . 5 . 11 Map s how ing t h el o ca t ion o fN anc in ta . R ive r s a r e i nb l ue ,m od e rn r o ad sa r ei nr e d . C o lo rt o ne s i n d ica t e 3m e l eva t ion c on tou r s .

8 7

F ig . 4 . 46 . A )S ca t t e rp l o to fv o lume o fc i v ic / ce r emon ia l s t ru c tu r e sa tl a rge c en t e r sa nd d i s tance f r om L a Maqu ina . B ) S ca t t e r -p lo to fl a rg ec en t e rs i z ea nd d i s tance f r om L a Maqu ina . C )S ca t te rp lo to f s e t t lemen ta s soc ia t ed w i th l a rg ec en t e r sa nd d i s tance f r om L a Maqu ina

8 8

F ig . 5 . 1 D i s t r ibu t ion o fP o s tc la s s i cs e t t lemen t

9 1

F ig . 5 . 2S i t ep l an o fA t iqu ipaque d r awn i n1 976 b y Wa l t e r s( r ed rawn a f t e rF e ldman a nd Wa l t e r s 1 980 ) s how ing l o ca t ion o fG roup A ,B ,c hu r ch S t r .3 7 , 5 7 a nd e x cava t ion s .

F ig . 5 . 5 S i t ep l an o fE lP a ja l . 8 4

F i g . 4 . 43 A gg r ega te v o lume o fc i v ic / ce r emon ia ls t ruc tu r e s a tl a rg ec en te r s . 8 4 T ab le C hap t e rF ou r. 1F r equency o fC la s s ic p e r iod s i t e o ccu r r ence w i th in c en t e r 's t e r r i to r ie ss e lec t ed b y w e igh t ed T h ie s sen p o lygon s .

9 2

9 7

F ig . 5 . 12 S i te p l an o ft h ea nc ien ts i t eo fN anc in ta . G roup s Aa nd C a ppea rt ob ei n comp le t e( p a r t ia l ly d e s t royed )p l a za ss im i la ri ns h ape t oG roup B 9 8

9 2

i x

F ig . 5 . 13 Map o ft h et h r ee m a in g r oup so fs t ruc tu r e sa t P a sa co .

9 8

F ig . 5 . 14 S i t ep l an o fC h iqu iu i tän s t ru c tu r e s 1t o1 2 .

9 9

L IST OF TABLES T ab le 1 . 1 C a r tago ,T ax i sco , Me te reo log ica l S t a t ion , 1 0M ASL ,P rec ip i ta t ion i n mm f o rt h ed ecade o f1 980 -89 . . . 1 6 T ab le C hap te rO ne . 2L a Nueva Mon tuf a r Me te reo log ica l S t a t ion , I NS IVU MEH . P rec ip i ta t ion i n mm f o rt h e 1 980 -89 d ecade .

1 6

T ab le 1 . 3 L a Nueva Mon tuf a r Me teo ro log ica l S ta t ion I NS IVU MEH . Max imum h igh t empe ra tu re s i nt h e 1 980 1989 d ecade i nc en t ig rade .

1 7

T ab le 1 . 4C a r tago ,T ax i sco Me teo ro log ica l S t a t ion , I NS IVU MEH . Max imum t empe ra tu re s i nt h e 1 980 8 9d ecade

1 7

T ab le 2 . 1 F requency o fs i te o ccu r rence w i th in d i s tance to w a te ra r ea sf r om a l r i ve r sa nd c h i squa red v a lue s .

2 6

T ab le 4. 1F requency o fC la s s ic p e r iod s i t eo ccu r rence w i th in c en te r 's t e r r i to r ie ss e lec ted b yw e igh ted T h ie s sen p o lygon s .

8 6

s i t e -d eve lopmen t a nd r e g iona l d emog raph i c t r end s . S ynch ron ic p a t ter n s o f c u l tu ra l h omog ene i ty a nd i n te r r eg iona l t r ade a s a ppa r en t f r om a r ch i t ec tu ra l a nd a r t if a c t s t y le s a r e e xam ined f o r e a ch p r eh i s to r i c e r a . D ia ch ron ic p a t te rn so fc u l tu ra lc on t inu i ty a nd d i scon t inu i ty a r e c on s id e r ed i nr e f e r en ce t ot h e r e g ion 's c u l tu r e h i s to ry a c ro s si t se n t i re 3 000 y ea rs p an .

PREFACE T h i sv o lume p r e sen t st h er e su l t s o fa r cha eo log ica l r e sea r ch c ondu c ted i nt h r ee s u cce s s iv e s e a son s f r om 1 995 t o 1 997 i n a n a r ea o f G ua t ema la w h ich h ad b een p r ev iou s ly o v e r looked b y p rof e s s iona l a r cha eo log i s t s a nd w ho se o b scu r e p r eh i s to ry h ad b een t h e t o p ic o f m any s pecu la t iv e c u l tu r e -h i s to r ica l s y n the se s . Ih ave a t t emp t ed t or e c t if yt h i s s i tua t ion b yc o l lec t ing h a rd d a ta a nd u t i l iz ing d e sc r ip t iv e a nd e xp lana to ry m ode l s w h ich h av e l o ng b een p roved u s ef u l t o a r chaeo log i s t s a s w e l l a s t h e n ew c ompu te rt e chno logy o fG eog raph ic I n f o rma t ion S y s t em s . T he s i gn if i can ce o ft h i s w o rk s ' r e su l t s l i e i nt h e f i nd ing o f s eve ra l i mpo r tan tp re -H i span ic s e t t lem en t sa nd o f aw eb o f t r ade i n t e r a c t ion s l i nk ing t h e i r p opu la t ion s w i th t h o se o f n e ighbo r ing a r ea s o ft h e Maya r e g ion . Two e p i sod e s o f i n ten se i n t e r a c t ion s a ppea r s i gn if i can t ly a t i mpo r tan t j unc tu r e s f o r t h e c u l tu r e -h i s to ry o ft h e r e g ion , t h e f i r s t i s o ne i nw h ich t h e e l i t e s a r e p l ay ing a n i mpo r tan t r o le i n s hap ing t h e r i tua l a nd a r ch i t ec tu r e o f e me rg ing Maya c en te r s o n t h e C oa s t a nd H igh land s o fG ua t ema la a nd t h e s e cond i sw hen t h e C la s s ic Maya s o c ie ty h a s r e a ched i t s p eak a nd i sn ea r ing i t se nd w h i le c oa s ta l p o l i t ie s a r e a bou t t or e shap e t h em se lve s e n t i r e ly a tt h e e dg e o ft h e S ou the rn Maya r e g ion . T h ep r ima ry o b jec t ive o ft h i sr e sea r ch h a sb een t o p rov ide ac h rono log ica l f r amewo rk f o r c u l tu ra l p roce s se s t h a t g o f r om t h e d eve lopmen t o f s e den ta ry l i f e t o t h e e me rg en ce a nd d ec l ine o f c omp lex s o c ia l o r gan iza t ion . T h i s s t udy a l so d i scu s se s t h e i n t e rna l c ompo s i t ion a nd d ynam ic s o fh i e ra rch ica l s o c ia l o r gan iza t ion a s t h e se a r e r e f lec t ed i ns e t t lemen t p a t t er n s a nd a r t if a c t d i s t r ibu t ion s . T he a r cha eo log ica l f md ing s i n c lude s u rvey a nd e x cava t ion d a ta f r om e a r ly v i l lage s , d a t ing a bou t 1 300 B .C . , h i e ra r ch i ca l ly o rgan ized p o l i t ie s c en t e r ed a t d en se ly p opu la t ed s e t t lemen t s f e a tu r ing e l abo ra te c i v ic /ce r emon ia l a r ch i t ec tu r e a nd s t one s c u lp tu r e , f i r s t a ppea r ing a bou t 4 00 B .C . , a sw e l l a st h e l o ca t ing a nd d o cumen t ing o f s e ve ra l " l o s t "h i s to r ica lp l ace so ft h e S pan i sh C onque s t . C hap t e r s 1a nd 2 p r e sen t t h e r a t iona le f o r t h i s a r cha eo log ica l r e sea r ch i n c lud ing a n o ve rv iew o f t h eo r e t ica l i s su e s r ega rd ing t h e c h rono log ica l a nd s p a t ia l s c a le s o fa na ly s i s o ft h i s s t udy f o l low ed b y m o r e s p ec if i c i s sue s r a i sed b y p r io r a r cha eo log ica l r e sea r ch i nS ou the rn Me soam e r ica a nd f ma l ly b y ad e sc r ip t ion o ft h e r e g ion 's p hy s ica ls e t t ing . C hap t e r s3 ,4 ,a nd 5f o rm t h eb ody o ft h e d a ta p r e sen t ed i nt h i s w o rk w i th d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion s a nd s t unma r i e s o f a l l s e t t lemen t s , i n c lud ing s i t e p l an s , s t ra t ig raph ic i n f o rma t ion , a nd a r t if a c t d i s t r ibu t ion s f o l lowed b y a d i scu s s ion o f s e t t lemen t o r gan iza t ion , a r t if a c t s , m onumen ta l a r t a nd a r ch i tec tu r e , a nd t r ade p a t te rn sf o re a ch c h rono log ica lp e r iod . C hap t e r 6p r e sen t s ad i scu s s ion o f t h e r e g iona l sca le c hang e s i np a t t er n s o f e conom i c a nd s o c ia l b ehav io rt h a t o ccu r r ed i n at i me span o ft h r ee m i l lenn ia i n ve s t iga t ed w i th t h e a i d o fG eog r aph ic I n f o rma t ion S y s tem s . P a t t er n s o f r e sou r ce p rocu r emen t , t r ade ,a nd p o l i t ica l c on t ro la r ec on s id e r ed i nr e con s t ru c t ing

AKNO WLEDGE MENTS Many i n d iv idua l s h ave c on t r ibu t ed t o t h i s r e sea r ch b ef o re , d u r ing a nd a f t e r t h e a c tua l t h r ee s e a son s o ff i e ld w o rk . Mo s to fa l l , Ia m i n deb t ed t om ym o the rf o r s uppo r t ing m e o ve r t h e y ea r s w e l l b eyond t h e n o rma l r a nge , a nd m y f a the r f o r g i v ing m e a nd m y f r i end s h e lp , f o od a nd s h e l te r i n G ua t ema la . L au ra J . K o sakow sky d e se rve s m uch o ft h e c r ed i t f o r e ndu r ing t h rough m uch o f t h i s w o rk a nd mo s t i mpo r tan t ly f o r d o ing a l t h e c e ram ic a nd c h rono log ica lw o rk . Ia ma l so e spec ia l ly g r a t ef u lt om y m en to r P rof . N o rman H ammond w ho g u ided m e a nd s uppo r t ed m e t h rouhou t m y p rof e s s iona l t r a in ing a nd t o P rof . C lemency C . C ogg in s f o r h e r c on t inued e ncou rag emen ta nd s uppo r t . Io w e ag r ea td eb to fg r a t i tude t o D r . F r ede r ick B ove f o r p r ov id ing i n sp i ra t ion f o r t h i s r e sea r ch , w h ich i s mod e led a f t e r h i s o wn , a nd f o r h i s c on t inued e ncou ragemen ta nd s uppo r t . Ia m a l so i nd eb tt o P rof . K en L . K vamme , f o r i n t roduc ing m e t o G IS a nd g u id ing m e t h rough s pa t ia l a na ly s i s , D r . L aw r ence H . F e ldman f o r s ha r ing h i s e x t en s ive k now ledg e o f t h e C on ta c t P e r iod , a nd P rof . W i l l iam L . F a sh f o r r e v iew ing t h e d i s se r ta t ion o n w h ich t h i s v o lume i s b a sed a nd p rov id ing i n va luab le a dv ice . A t B o s ton U n ive r s i ty , I b enef i ted f r om t h e g r a c iou s h e lp o f D r . Maga ly K och , B r enda C u l len a nd K r i s t in B ak e r t o w hom Ia m v e ry g r a t ef u l . Ia m mo s tg r a tef u lt om yg ood f r i end sw ho s h a r ed t h e f i e ld w o rk w i th m e , ( i n o rde r o f a ppea r an ce ) E l l ie H a r r i son , D am ian B lanck , Ma r c Wo lf , B en T homa s , K im B e r ry ,A nn -E l iza L ew i s , a nd J ohn S chu lz . As p ec ia lt h ank s g oe st oJ u l io Ma ldonado f o rh i sh e lp a nd C a r lo P roca cc in i f o rh i sc ompu te r re la ted a s s i s tance . T he f i e ld r e sea ch w a s s uppo r t ed b y g r an t s f r om N a t iona l G eog raph ic S oc ie ty ( # 5404 -95 , 560 -95 , 5 934 9 7 ) , N a t iona l S c ience F ounda t ion ( SBR 9 52 147 1) , T he H uman i t ie sF ounda t ion a tB o s ton U n ive r s i ty , a nd aB o s ton U n iv e r s i ty g r an t t h rough t h e of i ce s o f P rof . N o rman H ammond . T r imb le N av iga t ion a s s i s t ed d ona t ing a S cou tma s t e r GPS r e ce ive r . G oodyea r T i r e C o . p r ov ided a s e t o f t i r e s f o r o u r v eh i c le , a nd C on t inen ta l A i r l ine s s h ipped o u re qu ipmen tf r ee o fc ha rge . Ia m g ra tef u l t om y G ua t ema lan c o l leagu e s L i c . E r ik P onc iano , L ic .da E l izabe th L emu s , a nd L i c . P o lo S i f on t e s o f t h e I n s t i tu to d e A n t ropo log ia e H i s to r ia d e G ua t ema la f o r g r a c iou s ly f a c i l i ta t ing o u r p e rm i t s t ow o rk o n t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t a nd t o R o sama r ia F l o r e s a nd B y ron L emu s f o r h e lp ing e xped i t e o u r p ape rwo rk . Many t h ank s t oL i c .da D o ra G ue r ra d e G onza le s D i r e c to r o ft h e Mu seo N a c iona l d e A rqueo log ia y E t no log ia d e x i

L eone l . P i neda ; S e rv ica rgo S .A . o f M r . M . Ma ldonado p rov ided o f f ice a nd s t o rag e s pa ce . Ia m d eep ly g r a t ef u l t o a l o ft h em . F ina l ly , Io we s pec ia l g r a t i tude t o a l S an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa l a ndowne r s w ho h av e w e lcomed u s i n to t h e i r p rope r ty , p a r t icu la r ly D on C a r lo s D av i la , D on E dmundo Mo r eno , D on C hepe V a squez , D on L eone l P ineda , a nd t h ep eop le o fL aN ueva Mon tuf a rw ho s h owed s p ec ia li n t e r e s ti n my w o rk o nt h e i rl o s th i s to ry .

G ua tema la , f o r k i nd ly a l low ing m e i n to t h e Mu seum 's c o l lec t ion sa nd l a bo ra to ry . Ia m a l so g r a t ef u lt om yf r i end s D r . B a rba ra A r royo , L i c .da S on ia Med r ano , D r . O swa ld° C h in ch i l la f o r t h e i r h e lp a nd s t imu la t ing c ommen t s . Many t h ank s t oD r . H ec to r N ef ff o r l e t t ing m e p a r t ic ipa t e i nh i s NAA p ro jec ta nd f o rr unn ing m any s amp le sa tn oc ha rg e . O nt h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t , w eb enef i ted f r om t h e h o sp i ta l i ty o f t h e C EMA o f U n ive r s i ty o f S an C a r lo s ' d i r ec to r D r . F ra t e rno D ia z , t h e Med rano f am i ly , a nd D on

x i i

C hap ter One

I n troduc t ion i nt h r ee f i e ld s e a son si n1 995 ,9 6a nd 9 7 ; at o ta lo f1 3m on th s o fi n t en s ive f i e ld w o rk ( s ee m ap F ig s . 1 . 3 ,2 . 1) .

T he p r e sen ts t udy a t t emp t s t oa na lyz et h e l o ng t e rm d eve lopmen t o fs e t t lemen tp a t t e rn s i n ar e g iona l s e t t ing a si t r e la t e s t ot h e d eve lopmen t o f c omp lex s o c ie t ie s i n al i t t le k nown r e g ion o ft h e P a c if ic C oa s to fG ua t ema la . S e t t lemen t p a t t er n sa r ea na lyzed i nt h ec on t ex to fd emog raphy , l a nd u s e , p o l i t i ca l h i e ra r ch ie s , a nd e x change r e la t ion sh ip s d r aw ing u pon a r t if a c tua l e v idence p r ima r i ly o f c e ram ic s t y le s a nd o b s id ian t o o lp rodu c t ion . A t ab roade rs c a le ,t h e s o c ie t ie s o f t h e s t udy r e g ion a r e p l a ced w i th in t h e c on t ex t o f c oeva l S ou the rn Me soame r ican c u l tu ra l d eve lopm en t s a nd l o ng d i s tance i n t e ra c t ion sw i th n e ighbo r ing r e g ion sa r ee va lua t ed . T he P a c if ic C oa s t o fG ua t ema la o f e r ed i t s e lf a sa n e x ce l len ta r ea i nw h ich t oc a r ry o u t as e t t lemen tp a t t e rn s t udy o f t h e e me rgence o f c omp lex s o c ie t ie s . I t s a t t ra c t ivene s s s t em s f r om t h e s t r ik ing , a l be i t l i t t le -unde r s tood , e v id en ce f o r e a r ly d eve lopm en t o fc omp lex s o c ie ty a t af ew c oa s ta l s i t e s , b o th i nt h ef o rm o ft h ee a r l ie s tc e ram ic t e chno logy a nd i nt h e e a r l ie s t a ppea rance o f Maya L ong C oun t c a lend r ic i n s c r ip t ion s . U n t i l r e cen t ly , t h e r e w a s ar ema rkab le l a ck o f c omp r ehen s ive s t ud ie s t h a tw en tb eyond s i t e d e sc r ip t ion a nd s t y l i s t ic a na ly s i s o f c oa s ta l p o t t e ry o r s c u lp tu r e . Wh i le s e v e ra l s c ho la r s h ad p ub l i shed c u l t u r e -h i s to r ica l s yn the se s a t t emp t ing t o l i nk t h e k nown s i t e s i n ar e g iona l s e quen ce , o n ly af ew s i t e sh ad b een s e r iou s ly i n ve s t iga t ed a nd t o om any g ap s e x i s t ed b e tween t h e v a r iou s p a r t s o ft h e c oa s t ; n o t a l p ha se so fc u l tu ra ld eve lopmen tw e r ew e l l d ocumen t ed a nd s o o n ly av e ry p a t chy p i c tu r e o ft h e d eve lopmen t o f c omp lex s o c ie ty w a s a va i lab le . I nr e cen ty ea r st h i s s i tua t ion h a s b een i mp roved b y s ome i mpo r tan t l a rg e sca le p r o jec t s , d i scu s sed b e low , t h a t f o cu sed o n r e g iona l s e t t lem en t p a t t er n s r a the r t h an o n s i ng le s i t e s . T he p r e sen ts t udy i n t end st ob u i ld u pon t h e r e cen t p rog r e s s m ade i n o u r u nde r s tand ing o f C oa s ta l a r cha eo logy a nd f i l l t h e l a rg e s t e x i s t ing g eog raph ica l g ap b y f o cu s ing o n a n a r ea t h a th ad h i the r to r e ce iv ed l i t t le a t t en t ion f r om a r chaeo log i s t s . T he P a c if i c C oa s t o f S ou thea s t er n G ua t ema la w a s u n t i l 1 995 o ne o ft h e l e a s tk nown r e g ion s o f t h e c oa s t a r cha eo log ica l ly a nd a tt h e s am e t i me t h e m o s t a t ra c t iv e d ue t o l o g i s t ica l c on s ide r a t ion s a nd t h e e nd o f d e cade s o f s o c ia l c on f l ic t i nt h e a r ea w h ich h ad p r ev en t ed w o rk i np r ev iou s y ea r s . F rom p r ev iou s w o rk e l sewhe r e i n c oa s ta l G ua tema la i tw a s a s sumed t h a t p r eh i s to r ic p o l i t ie s a nd t h e i r s e t t lemen t s y s tem s m igh t o ccupy ar i ve r d r a inage , v a l ley o rs im i la r w e l l d ef ined e co log i ca l s e t t ing ( e .g . V a l ley o fG ua t ema la ,C opän V a l ley ) . Ic ho se aa na r ea l a rg ee nough t o i n c lude a t l e a s t am a jo r d r a inag e a nd a v a r ie ty o f e c o log ica l z one s , s u ch a s p i edmon t , p l a in o r l i t to ra l . T h e i n i t ia l s amp le w a s a7 00 k m2 a r ea e ncompa s s ing t h ev o lcan ic p i edmon t , ap l a in , al a rge r i v e r ( E sc lavo s ) , as e cond m ino r d r a inage s y s t em , a nd t h e l i t to ra l . I n t h e s e cond a nd t h i rd s e a son s t h e r e g ion w a s e xpanded t oi n c lud e d r a inage s t ot h e w e s ta nd e a s to ft h eE sc lavo sr i v e r , c r ea t ing af i na l s t udy a r ea o f 1 278 k m2 t h a t e x t end s f r om t h e R io Ma r ia L inda t ot h e R io P az . T he r e sea r ch t h a tf o l low s i sb a sed o nd a ta c o l lec t ed

P urpo se o ft h i s r e sear ch T h i s s t udy w i l l t e s t d i f f u s ion i s t mode l s w h ich h av e b een w e l l -e s tab l i shed i n t h e l i t e ra tu r e o n t h e c u l tu r e -h i s to ry o f S ou the rn Me soame r ica a ga in s t c ompe t ing mode l s o f a u toch thonou s c hange d r iven b y d emog raph ic , p o l i t ica l a nd /o r e nv i ronmen ta l f a c to r s . D if f u s ion i s t m ode l s h ypo the s iz e t h a t c hange s i n d emog raphy , e conomy , a nd s o c ia l o r gan iza t ion i n t h e r e g ion w e r e t r igge r ed b y a c cu l tu ra t ion o r i mm ig ra t ion e p i sode s f r om o u t s ide r e g ion s . A u toch thonou sm ode l sh ypo the s ize t h a tt h ec hange s i ns o c io c u l tu r a l c omp lex i ty o ft h e s o c ie t ie s o fc oa s ta l G ua tema la a r e t h er e su l to ft h ep rog r e s s iv e i n t er na l a r t icu la t ion o fe conom ic a nd p o l i t ica lp roce s se st h a tl e d , f o ri n s tance , i n nova t ive e a r ly f a rm ing c ommun i t ie s t o e vo lv e i n to l a rg e r h i e ra r ch ica l ly o rgan ized r e g iona l p o l i t ie s ( F lanne ry 1 972 , 1 976a , 1 976b , J ohn son 1 973 ) . R e la t ion sh ip s b e tw een p o s tu la t ed p henomena o f " a ccu l tu ra t ion " f r om f o r e ign s ou r ce s a nd c hange s i n t h e s o c io -econom ic o rgan iza t ion o f t h e l o ca l p opu la t ion t h rough t i me w i l lb ei n ve s t iga t ed i nt h i sw o rk . T he f o l low ing t h eo r e t ica l a s sump t ion s u nde r l ie t h i s s t udy 's a pp roa ch : ( 1 ) C hang e s i ns e t t lemen t p a t ter n s r e f lec t a dap t iv e m od if i ca t ion s s u ch a s c hang e s i n s o c ia l o r gan iza t ion . ( 2 ) A r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion c an r e vea l c hange st h rough t i me i ns e t t lemen tp a t t e rn sa nd c on sequ en t ly p a t t e rn s a nd r e gu la r i t ie s m ay b e d i sce rn ed i nt h e e me rg ence a nd d ecay o fc u l tu r e s a nd p o l i t ie s . ( 3 ) S uch c hange s c an b e e xp la ined i nt e rm s o ft h e c hange s a tt h e s up ra r eg iona l l e ve l i nt r ade r ou t e s , a nd i nl o ng d i s tance p o l i t ica l i n t e ra c t ion s . ( 4 ) T he c u l tu ra l i d en t i ty o fp r eh i s to r ic g roup s i n ag i ven a r ea c an b e i n f e r r ed f r om c omp le t e a r chaeo log ica l c omp lexe s , i n c lud ing a r ch i t ec tu ra l f o rm s , s i t e l a you t s , p o t t e ry , a nd m onumen ta l a r t , w hen t h e se a r e s upp lemen t ed b y t e x tua l e v idence r ef l ec t ing c ommon l a nguag e , a nd b e l ief s y s t em s . S ev e ra lw o rk ing h ypo the se sg u ide t h ep r e sen ts t udy : 1 ) A t t h e r e g iona l l e ve l , d i sc r e te e p i sod e s o f l o ng t e rm p opu la t ion g r ow th a nd d ec l ine o ccu r red d u r ing P r eh i span ic t i me s i nr e la t ion t om a jo re nv i ronmen ta l c hang e s o rc hange s i n e conom ic s t ra teg ie s a nd s o c ia l o r gan iza t ion ( e .g . a g r icu l tu ra l i n t en s if i ca t ion a nd s p ec ia l iza t ion , p o l i t ica l c en t ra l iza t ion / segm en ta t ion ) . ( 2 )A tt h e s i t el e v e l , e p i sode so f s e t t lemen t g r ow t h a nd d ec l ine a nd t h e r e su l t ing c hang e s i n a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd e xchange n e two rk s o ccu r r ed i nr e la t ion t o s h if t s i np o l i t ica l h i e ra r ch ie s o r a l l iance s . ( 3 ) P a t t e rn s o f c hang e i n h i e ra r ch ica l r e la t ion s a nd a l ian ce s a mong l o ca l p o l i t ie s m ay b e l i nk ed t ow ide rang ing c h ang e s i nt r ade a nd a l iance n e two rk sa tt h es up ra r eg iona l l e ve l . H ypo the s i s o ne : R eg iona l sca le p a t t e rn s o f p opu la t ion g r ow th d eve loped i n t h e S ou thea s t e rn C oa s t f o l low ing ab imoda l c u rv er a the rt h an al i nea rp rog r e s s ion a s 1

v a r ia t ion i nt h e t im e sca le s a nd r hy thm s a tw h i ch d if e ren t d eve lopmen ta lp roce s se so pe ra te ( Sm i th 1 992a ; K napp 1 992 ; B a rk e r 1 99 1 , 1 995 , H odd e r 1 987 ) . H i s to r ica la nd p r eh i s to r ic p roce s se s t h a t a r e t y p ica l ly t h e o b jec t o f a r cha eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s c an b e a sd i ve r se a sh uman a dap t a t ion s t ot h e e nv i ronmen t , d emog raph ic c hange s , a g r i cu l tu ra l i n t en s if i ca t ion , p a t ter n s o f c r af t p rodu c t ion a nd t r ade , f o rma t ion o fs t a t e s a nd e mp i r e s , r u ra l t ou rban o r ien ta t ion o f s e t t lem en t , a nd e p i sod e s o f w a rf a r e , f o r e xamp le . T he se d i v e r se p r oce s se s p rodu ce c hange s t h a t o ccu r a td i f f e r en t t empo ra l r a t e s , r a ng ing f r om m i l lenn ia t o d ecad e s , o r l e s s . T hu s , t h e a b i l i ty t o d e t ec t c e r ta in p a t t er n s i n t h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd i s d i r ec t ly r e la t ed t o t h e a pp rop r ia t ene s s o f t h e t empo ra l r e so lu t ion u s ed i n t h e a na ly s i s . F u r the rmo r e , s ome p roce s se s w i l l p r odu ce o u t come st h a tm ay o rm ay n o tb ev i s ib le a ta l l i nt h em a t e r ia l r e co rd n o m a t t e r w h ich t empo ra l s c a le o f a na ly s i s i su sed . H en ce , i ti si mpo r tan t t of o rmu la te r e sea r ch g oa l s w i th in a n a dequa t e ly s c a led c h rono log ica l f r amewo rk , c ong ru en t w i th t h e h i e ra r chy o ft empo ra l s c a le s o fb o th l o ng t e rm a nd s ho r t t e rm p roce s se sw h ich a r ea dd r e s sed .

e l sewhe r e i nS ou the rn G ua t ema la d u r ing P r eh i span ic t i me s . T h i s h ypo the s i s i s t e s t ed u s ing a s u rvey a nd m app ing p rog ram t h a t c omb ine s b o th i n t en s iv e p robab i l i s t ic a nd n on p robab i l i s t ic s amp l ing p rocedu r e s f o r s i te r e cove ry ( s ee b e low ) . T he c omp le t e m app ing o fr e s iden t ia l s t ru c tu r e s i n a n c ien t s e t t lem en t s , a nd o fs i t e a nd o f f s i te ( mound le s s s i t e ) a r t if a c tf r equen c ie sp rov ide t h eb a s i sf o rp opu la t ion e s t ima t e s f o r e a ch p r eh i s to r ic p ha se . D emog raph ic t r end s a r e c ompa r ed t o e v iden ce f o r e nv i ronmen ta l c hange a nd e v idence f o r r e g iona l a nd m a c ro r eg iona l p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic s t ru c tu ra la d ju s tmen t s . H ypo the s i s t wo : S e t t lem en t g row th w a s d i ve r s if i ed i nt h e S ou th ea s t er n C oa s t a s ar e su l t o f l o ca t iona l f a c to r s l i nked t o r e g iona l a dm in i s t ra t iv e a nd e xchang e n e two rk s . T h i sh ypo the s i s i st e s t ed b ya na ly z ing s e t t lemen th i e ra r ch ica l s t ruc tu r e a c co rd ing t os i t e s i z e a nd f u nc t ion . T he m a t e r ia l m an if e s ta t ion s o f c hange s i n s o c ia l o rgan iza t ion a r e e xam ined u s ing l o ca t iona l t h eo ry s u ch a s C en t ra l P l a ce T heo ry , S i t e -Ca t chmen t A na ly s i s , G rav i ty Mode l s ( e .g . s e t t lem en th i e ra r ch ie s ,d ec i s ion -mak ing h i e ra r ch ie s , a nd t r ade n e two rk s ; H odde r a nd O r ton 1 976 , J ohn son 1 977 , 1 980a ; R enf r ew 1 977 , K owa le sk i e ta l . 1 983 ) a pp l ied t oq uan t if ied s pa t ia ld a ta w i th in ac ompu t e r ized G IS d a taba se .

A r chaeo log i s t s d i scu s s ing a pp roa che s t os e t t lemen t o rl a nd scape a r cha eo logy h av e r e cen t ly f o cu sed o nt h ew o rk s o f h i s to r ian s o f t h e A nna /e s s c hoo l , w ho h ave p a r t icu la r ly u nd e r l ined t h e h i e ra r ch ica l r e la t ion sh ip s o f t h e t empo ra l s c a le s i nh i s to ry a nd c on sequen t ly t h e n eed f o r a pp rop r ia te ly m ea su r ed s c a le so fa na ly s i st oi n ve s t iga te h i s to r ica lp roce s se s ( Sm i th , 1 992a : 2 5 ) . B raude l ( 1972 ) , i nh i s s y n th e s i s o ft h e h i s to ry o f t h e Med i t e r ranean w o r ld s i nce i t s p r eh i s to r ic b eg inn ing s , a r gued t h a t t h e h i s to ry o f h uman p opu la t ion i s m ade u p o f ah i e ra r chy o f t empo ra l r hy thm s i n c lud ing p r oce s se s r a ng ing f r om t h e s i ng le e ven t ( e vgnemen t ,e . g . a b a t t le o rc o rona t ion o f ak i ng ) , t o i n te rmed ia t e t e rm s o c io c u l tu ra l p r oce s se s ( c on jonc tu re e . g . d emog r aph i c c hange s , a g r icu l tu r a l a nd i n du s t r ia l i n ten s if i ca t ion ) , a nd l o ng t e rm t r an sf o rma t ion s (l o ngue d u ree ) c oncer n ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip o fh uman s w i th t h e i r e nv i ronmen t , i nw h ich c hang e i ss l ow , a nd w h ich i sc ompo sed o fr e cu r r ing c yc le so ft h er i se a nd f a l l o fc i v i l iza t ion s . T hu s ,t h eu se o f ac h rono logy t h a tl a ck sh i gh t empo ra l r e so lu t ion , s u ch t h a t i ti sm ade o f as e quence o f l o ng u n i t s o ft i me ( P r ec la s s ic , C la s s ic , P o s t c la s s i cp e r iod s o f 3 00+ y ea r s ) r a the r t h an s ho r t u n i t s o ft ime ( d ecade s , y ea r s ) , p o se s s e r iou s c on s t ra in t s t o t h e i n ve s t iga t ion o f c e r ta in c u l tu ra lp r oce s se s . T he c h rono log ica l u n i t s a va i lab le t oa r cha eo log ica l a na ly s i s a r e l a rge ly b a sed o n c hang e s i nc e ram i c ( o r l i t h ic ) a s semb lag e s . Wh i le i n s ome c a se s c e ram ic c hang e i nt h e a r cha eo log ica lr e co rd i sd ef inab le w i th in t i me p e r iod s o f1 00 o re ven 5 0 y ea r s b a sed o n p a in t ing s t y le s , a si nL a t e C la s s ic p e r iod Maya p o lych rome s a nd C la s s ica l G r eek r e d f i gu r e v a se s , m o s tp r eh i s to r ic c e ram ic c h rono log ie sa r el i m i t ed b ya t empo ra l r e so lu t ion s pann ing 2 00 y ea r s ( Cu lb e r t a nd R ice 1 990 : 1 6 ) . C lea r ly , i n t h e a b sence o f h i gh t empo ra l r e so lu t ion i tw ou ld b e i n app rop r ia t e t o a na ly z e h i s to r ica l e ven t sa nd s ho r t t e rm s o c io -econom i cp roce s se s . O n ew ay t o a l lev ia t e t h i s l i m i ta t ion i s t o r e c la s s if y s o c io -cu l tu ra l p roce s se s i n to w id e r t empo ra l p ha se s t oa c commoda t e t h em t ot h ea r cha eo log ica ls c a le o fa na ly s i s .

H ypo the s i s t h r ee : P a t t er n s o fc hang e i nh i e ra r ch ica l s e t t lem en ts t ru c tu r ea nd i na l iance sa mong l o ca lp o l i t ie sm ay b e l i nk ed t oc hang e s i nt r ad e a nd a l l iance n e two rk s a tt h e s up ra r eg iona l l e ve l . E v idence o f r e g iona l h i e ra r ch ica l s y s tem s i sc omp lemen t ed b y a r t if a c tua l a na ly s i s a imed a t d e t ec t ing d i r ec t i n t e r r eg iona l i n t e ra c t ion s . T ra ce e l emen t a na ly se s o fs p e c if ic c e ram ic a nd o b s id ian t y pe s h av e s hown d i rec t l o ng -d i s tan ce e xchang e p a t t e rn s ( B i shop e ta l . 1 9 89 ; N ef fe ta l . 1 992 , 1 994 )t h a tm ay b e l i nked t og row th o fl o ca l h i e ra r ch ica ls y s t em s . A s w e t e s t t h e se h ypo the se s w e c an r e f o rmu la t e t h em i n to d i r e c tq ue s t ion so nt h ed eve lopmen to ft h ec omp lex s o c ie t ie s o ft h i s r e g ion , s u ch a s : When a nd w he r e d i d t h e e a r l ie s t s e t t l em en t a ppea r ? H ow d i d p opu la t ion g row? Wha t k i nd o fe conomy w a sp r a c t iced ? When a nd w he r e d i dp ub l ic a r ch i tec tu r e a ppea r ? H ow d i d e l i t e s a nd s e t t lemen t h i e ra r ch ie s d eve lop? H ow d i d l o ca l e l i t e s i n t e ra c t w i th e a ch o t he ra nd t h e i rn e ighbo r s?

Research P rob lems

C hrono log yB u i ld ing I nt h e f o l low ing s e c t ion Id i scu s s t h eo r e t ica l i s sues c on cer n ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween p a s t h uman b ehav io r s , s c a le s o f a na ly s i s a nd o u r a b i l i ty t o d e t ec t p roce s se s o f c u l tu ra lc hang eb ya dop t ing t h ec o r r ec ts c a le o fa na ly s i s ,b o th i n t h e t empo ra l a nd s p a t ia l d imen s ion s . O ne o f t h e b a s ic p r io r i t ie s o f t h i s s t udy o f l o ng t e rm c hang e s i n s e t t lemen t p a t t e rn si st oc r ea t ea na d equa t er e g iona lc h rono logy t h a tw i l l r e f lec t s i gn if i can t d eve lopmen ta l p roce s se s . I ti sg en e ra l ly a c cep t ed a mong h i s to r ian s a nd a r cha eo log i s t s t h a t t h e r e i s 2

B u t ze r ( 1982 : 2 90 ) h a s a dap t ed B raude l 's h i e ra r ch i ca l c on s t ruc t o f t empo ra l r h y thm s i n to a n ew c l a s s if ica t ion o f p ro ce s se s r e la t ed t o a r chaeo log ica l p r ob lem s . W i th in h i s h uman e co logy a nd s y s t em ic a pp roa ch , h ed ef in ed t h r ee " mod e so fa dap t iv es y s t em s" t h a tc onf o rm t o d if e r en t t empo ra l s c a le s . ( 1 ) Adap t i v e a d ju s tmen t s i n c lude s o c io -econom ic p roce s s e s o f s ho r t t e rm a d ju s tmen t s t o a n a dap t ive s t r a t egy ( B raude l 's e ven t a nd i n t e rm ed ia te t e rm p r oce s se s ) ; ( 2 ) Adap t i v e m od i f ica t ion s i n vo lve c hange s i n a dap t ive s t ra t eg ie s s u ch a s a g r icu l tu ra l i n t en s if i ca t ion , d emog r aph i c c hang e s , r i se a nd d e c l ine o f c i v i l iza t ion ( B raude l 's l o ng t e rm p roce s se s ) ; ( 3 ) Adap t ive t r an sf orma t ion s c on ce rn t h e d eve lopmen t o f r ad ica l ly d i f f e r en t a dap t ive m od e s t o t h e e nv i ronm en t s u ch a s L a te P l e i s tocene c u l tu ra l d i v e r s if i ca t ion , a g r icu l tu ra l o r ig in s , t h e f o rma t ion o f s t a t e s , a nd t h e i n du s t r ia l r e vo lu t ion . T he se c a t ego r ie s a low t h e a r cha eo log i s t ( 1 ) t of o rmu la t e r e sea r ch g oa l s c ohe r en t w i th t h e a va i lab le c h rono log ica l r e so lu t ion , ( 2 ) m ak e a n i mmed ia t e d i s t inc t ion b e tw een p roce s se s t h a t o pe ra t e a t d if e r en t t empo ra l s c a le s , a nd ( 3 ) f o cu s mo r e ef i c ien t ly o nt h e i re f e c to nt h ea r cha eo log ica lr e co rd . T he se c on s id e ra t ion s h av e t h u s g u ided t h e p r e sen t w o rk i nt h e h ypo the s i s f o rmu la t ion ( a nd t e s t ing ) s t age , b y d i r ec t ing a ten t ion t o t h o se c hange s i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd t h a tm ay o rm ay n o tb e d i sce rn ib le t ot h e i n ve s t iga to r a t ac e r ta in c h rono log ica l s c a le o f a na ly s i s , a nd t h e i r c o r r e la t e s i nt h e s e qu en ce o f h uman / cu l tu ra l d eve lopmen t . T h i s s t udy a pp roach e s t h e h i e ra r ch i ca l s t ru c tu r e o f t ime s c a le s f o cu s ing o n t h e l o ng te rm a nd o n t h e i n te rmed ia te t e rm l e ve l o f a na ly s i s i n a cco rdance t o t h e a va i lab le c h rono log ica lr e so lu t ion . R eg ion -w id e d emog raph ic p a t ter n s a r em on i to r ed t h rough t i me p e r iod s s p ann ing t h r ee m i l lenn ia f r om t h e e a r l ie s t s e t t lemen t t ot h e S pan i sh p e r iod . A na ly s i s o f i n te rmed ia t e t e rm e c onom ic a nd p o l i t ica l c hange s o f s o c ie t ie s a r e c onf ined t op e r iod s w i th in t h e 2 00 y ea r s r a nge . H i s to r ica l s ca le s t ud ie s o n c hange s i np o l i t ica l i n t e rac t ion s , d yna s t ic s u cce s s ion s , w a r f a re a nd t h e l i k e r e qu i r e , i n s t ead , p e r iod s o fd ecade s a nd m ay n o t b e f u l ly u nde r s tood w i thou t t h e a i d o ft e x tua l d a ta . A s s t a t ed b e low , s ome e t hnoh i s to r ic d ocumen ta ry d a ta e x i s t f o r t h e l a t t e r p a r t o ft h e p r eh i s to r ic p e r iod t h a t m ay i l um ina te s om e h i s to r ica l -even t r e la ted p r oce s se s . A s s u ch , t h i s p e r iod i sp a r t icu la r ly i n t e re s t ing b ecau se o f t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f t e s t ing h ypo the se s d i r ec t ly r e la ted t oe p i sode so fe t hn ic m ig ra t ion i n to t h es t udy r e g ion . T h e c h rono log ica l s e quenc e f o r t h e S ou thea s t er n C oa s t i s b a sed o n s t ra t ig raph ic e v iden ce g a the r ed i n a r e g iona l p r og ram o ft e s t e xcava t ion . I ti sf o rmu la ted o n t h e b a s i s o f ac e r am ic s e quen ce t h a t i sc o r r e la t ed w i th a b so lu te d a t e s f r om a s ma l l s u i te o f o b s id ian h yd ra t ion a nd r a d io ca rbon d a te s a nd m o r e e x t en s iv e ly b y s t y l i s t ic c r o s s r e f e r enc ing w i th n e ighbo r ing r e g ion s . T he c r o s s r ef e rence d a t ing i sd i r ec ted t o m o r e t h an o n e r e g ion ( i . e . E scu in t la , B ove 1 9 93 ; w e s t er n E l S a lvado r , S ha r e r 1 978 , D ema re s t 1 986 ) t oa vo id b i a s t owa rd s a ny s i ng le a r ea sequ ence a nd i t i sd one a sa n ap o s te r io r ia t temp t t oi n t eg ra t e o u r s e quence . N o a t temp t i sm ade h e r e t of o r ce o u r s e quence ap r io r i i n to a ny p r e ex i s t ing c h rono log ica l f r amewo rk f r om n ea rby a r ea s ( F ig . 1 . 1 . , a nd K o sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) .

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ac i f ic C oas t S ou theas te rn P P ac if icC oas t ( Bove e t a l . )

P e r iod -AD 1 500

—

l xca f lo res

B i lbao ( Pa rsons )

I x tacapa P eo re sN ada

C en . H igh lands K am ina l juyu ( Shook & H a tch )

C h inau t la

S .E . H i gh lands C ha lchuapa ( S ha r e r )

H ia tus

C h iapas C oas t ( B lake

&

C l a r k

)

A ha l N ew T own / C aban

- AD 1 200

U xuna

S ou the rn M aya , A ands

L ov

A yampuc

M a in

P an ta leon

- AD 9 00

P amp lona P ayu

S an ta L uc ia

C h iqu i rnu l i l la

T epeu I l l

Ama t le - AD 6 00

E sc lavos —AD 4 00

L agune ta S an J e ron imo

E spe ranza

X occo

T zako l I l l

-

O scu ro

C o lo ja te

M e jo re e sA lgo

— AD 2 00

A u ro ra

S an ta C la ra

C e iba

G uaca la te I l us iones M asca la te

A rena !

V e rbena

V e c

C aynac ( L a te )

C h icane l

C aynac ( Ea r ly )

C hu l

—400 B C

G ua ta lon

A lgo e sA lgo

P rov idenc ia

K a i M a mom

T ama r ind° S i s

L as C ha r cas

C o bs

C onchas

T ok

C uad ros

-9 50 B C

J oco ta l C ang re jo

C oyo la te

A reva lo ?

- 150 B C—

H u iscoyo l

?

C he r la

X& E L I / Swasey —

M ad re V ie ja

O cos L ocona B ar ra

F ig . 1 . 1 C h rono log ica l c ha r to ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s ta nd a d jacen ta r ea s .

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.

c en tu r ie s , u n t i l L a t e C la s s ic t ime s , w hen e x t en s ive s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd c l ea r ing o ccu r r ed a ga in . F i na l ly , a cco rd ing t oC oe a nd F l anne ry 's s u rv ey , i nt h e P o s t c la s s i c p e r iod , t h e e s tua ry z one w a s a ga in a lmo s t d evo id o f s e t t lemen t s , f o r u nknown r e a son s . Mo r e r e cen t a nd e x t en s ive s u rvey s o n t h e c en t ra l c oa s t o f G ua t ema la h ave i l u s t ra t ed s e ve ra l t r end s i n d emog raph ic a nd l a nd u se p a t t er n s . S u rvey s b y B ove ( 1 989a , 1 989b ) c onf i rm t h a t a l though E a r ly F o rma t ive c e ram ic s d o o ccu ra ts ome s i t e s i nt h e p i edmon t ( e .g . Mon t e A l to ) , a nd o n t h e h i gh land s ( An t igua V a l ley , R ob in son a nd F a r r e l 1 998 ) , t h e a c tua lc o lon iza t ion o fi n land a r ea s o ccu r r ed i nt h e M idd le F o rma t ive p e r iod . D u r ing t h e L a te /Te rm ina l F o rma t ive t h e r e a ppea r st oh av e b een a ne xp lo s iv e g r ow th o f s e t t lemen t s , w i th t h e e s tab l i shmen t o fl a rge r c en t e r s i nl i nea r p a t t e rn s a l ong t h e p i edmon t b e l t . S u rp r i s ing ly , a f t e r s u ch r a p id p opu la t ion g r ow th , t h e r e g ion s e emed t o b e a lmo s t d evo id o f s e t t lemen t s d u r ing t h e s ub sequ en t E a r ly C la s s ic p e r iod ( Shook 1 965 ) . T h i s v i ew i sc u r r en t ly b e ing r e v i sed , h ow eve r , a f t e r t h e d i scove ry o f t h e E a r ly C la s s ic r e g iona l c en te ro fB a lbe r ta i n ad en se ly s e t t led a r ea ( Bove 1 993 ) , a nd a r e -eva lua t ion o f t h e r e l iab i l i ty o f E a r ly C la s s ic c e ram ic t y pe s p r ev iou s ly u s ed t od a te s u rf a ce m a t e r ia l s ( Bove 1 993 : 1 9 1) . Wh i le B a lbe r ta a ppea r st oh av eb een a bandoned a tt h e e nd o f t h e E a r ly C la s s ic p e r iod , d u r ing t h e L a t e C la s s ic p e r iod t h er e g ion a s aw ho le e xpe r ienced an e ti n c r ea se i nt h e n umbe r a nd d en s i ty o f s e t t lemen t s , t o l e ve l s n ev e r b ef o r e r e a ched ( Coe a nd F l anne ry 1 967 ; B ove 1 989a ; G enovez 1 993 ) . I np a r t icu la r , i n t e r s i t e s e t t lemen t d en s i ty a r ound t h e n ew ly d i scove r ed l a rg e s i t e s o f t h e c en t ra l z one ( e .g . L o s C ha to s -Manan t ia l ) s h owed v a lue s a s h i gh a s 8 0 s t ru c tu r e s /km 2,c ompa rab le t ot h e d en s i ty o ft h ep e r iphe ry o f L a t e C la s s ic c en t e r s o f t h e Maya L ow land s ( Bove , 1 993 ; G enovez 1 993 ; C u lbe r t e ta l . 1 990 ) . T he E a r ly P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod i sb e l ieved t ob e ap e r iod o fl ow p opu la t ion d en s i ty o n t h e c oa s t , w i th s e t t lemen t s m o s tc ommon o n mo r e d ef en s ib le l o ca t ion s i nt h e p i edmon t ( Shook , 1 965 ) . H oweve r , a pa r t f r om a n e xce l len t s t udy o f t h e p r oduc t ion o f S an J uan P l umba t e p o t t e ry ( Nef f , B i shop , a nd H a rbo t t le , 1 989 ) t h e d a ta o n t h i s p e r iod a r e s c an ty a nd t h e i r r e l iab i l i ty i n secu r e ( Shook , 1 965 ; B ove 1 989 ; V oo rh ie s 1 989 ) . I n t h e L a t e P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod , o ne e n t e r s t h e p e r iod o f h i s to r ica l ly k nown m ig ra t ion s ( Fow le r , 1 989 ) t h a t t od a te h ave n o t b een c omb ined w i th r e l iab le a r chaeo log ica l d a ta i n mu ch o f t h e c oa s ta l r e g ion . S u rp r i s ing ly , t h e f i na l p e r iod o fP r eh i span ic o ccupa t ion i s l i t t le k nown a r cha eo log ica l ly i n c oa s ta l G ua t ema la . O n ly i nt h e c en t ra l z one a r e t h e l o ca t ion s o fa f ew a nc ien t s e t t lem en t s k nown , s u ch a s t h e P ip i l c ap i ta l I z qu in t lan , t o day 's E scu in t la ( Shook 1 965 ; B ove 1 989a ) , b u t a l so i n t h e s ou th ea s t er n z one , w he r e h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s d o cumen t t h e p r e sen ce o fX inca s p eak ing p eop le s f r om E l S a lvado r ( F e ldman 1 974 , 1 985 , 1 989 , 1 992 ; F e ldman a nd C ampbe l l 1 975 ; F e ldman a nd Wa l t e r s 1 980 , F uen t e s y G uzman 1 882 ) . I n s um , t h e a dap t ive a nd d emog raph ic t r end s p r e sen ted s o f a r d e l in ea t e g ene ra l p a t ter n s o f a g r icu l tu ra l i n t en s if i ca t ion , p opu la t ion g row th , a nd s p ec ia l iza t ion o f p r odu c t ion i ns e ve ra la r ea so ft h ec oa s ta lr e g ion , b eg inn ing i n t h e E a r ly P r ec la s s ic a nd c u lm ina t ing i n t h e L a t e C la s s i c

R eg iona lA pproach Mov ing f r om t h e t empo ra l t o t h e s p a t ia l s c a le o f a r cha eo log ica l a na ly s i s ,t h e s c ope o ft h i ss t udy i st h e a na ly s i s o f ar e g iona l s e t t lemen ts y s t em i ni t sd i a ch ron ic d eve lopmen t a nd s ynch ron ic a r t icu la t ion . Many s c ho la r sh ave a r gued t h a t i no rde r t o u nd e r s tand t h e s oc io -cu l tu ra l c on t ex t i n w h ich l o ng t e rm p roce s sua l c hange s t a k e p l a ce , o ne s hou ld a pp roach t h e s t udy o fs e t t lemen t s y s t em s o n ar e g iona l s c a le ( W i l ley 1 953 ; B inf o rd 1 964 ; C hang 1 968 ; B lan ton 1 972 , 1 978 ; F l anne ry 1 976a ; J ohn son 1 977 ; S and e r s e ta l . 1 979 ; Amm e rman 1 981 ; V an A nde l a nd R unne l s 1 987 ; B a rke r 1 99 1 ; C he r ry e t a l . 1 99 1 ; R enf rew a nd Wag s taf f 1 982 ) . Mo r eove r , a r chaeo log i s t s s t udy ing c h ang e s i n p r eh i s to r ic s e t t lemen t p a t t e rn s h av e a dd re s sed q u e s t ion s t h a t l i nk t h e se c hang es t o b ehav io ra l p a t t e rn s p a r t i cu la r ly i n t h e s o c ia l o r gan iza t ion s phe re , r e ly ing o n av a r i e ty o fa na ly t ica l mode l s d e r iv ed f r om t h e f i e ld s o f h uman g eog raphy a nd p o l i t ica l e conomy ( Hagg e t t 1 966 , C h r i s ta l le r 1 9 33 ) . Many mod e l s d e r iv ed f r om h uman e co logy , s u ch a sC en t ra l P l a ce T heo ry a nd o t h e r t e chn iqu e s o f l o ca t iona l a na ly s i s , h ave b een a pp l ied s u cce s sf u l ly i n a r chaeo log ica l s t ud ie s o f b o th O ld a nd N ew Wo r ld s o c ie t ie s , a nd p r ov id e a t h eo r e t ica l f r amewo rk f o rt h ep r e sen tr e sea rch ( Hodd e ra nd O r ton 1 976 , ; P l og 1 976 ; E a r le 1 976 ; J ohn son 1 977 , 1 980a ; A shmo r e 1 98 1 ;B u tze r 1 982 ;H odg e s 1 987 ) .

Mod e l s f or A dap t ive Mod if i ca t ion s : D emog raph i c t r end s C oe a nd F l anne ry ( 1964 , 1 967 ) h ave p r e sen t ed a m ode l f o rt h et r an s i t ion f r om h un t ing -ga the r ing t ov i l lage l i f e i nc oa s ta l s ou ther nG ua t ema la b a sed o n e x cava t ion s o fE a r ly F o rma t ive s i t e s i nt h e O cd o s a r ea . I nt h e i r m od e l , t h e l o ca l p opu la t ion o fs e den ta ry f o rage r s a dop t ed d ome s t ica te sw i th in a n a l ready e x i s t ing s t ra t egy o f e x t r a c t ing a bundan t , n on s e a sona l e s tua ry r e sou r ce s . T h i s e f f i c ien t e conomy f a vo r ed t h e y ea r round c oncen t ra t ion o f t h e l o ca l p opu la t ion i n a t i gh t ly b ounded a r ea i n s t ead o f as e a sona l ly d i spe r sed o ccupa t ion o ve r s e ve ra l m ic roenv i ronmen t s a s i n t h e h i gh land v a l ley s o f M e soame r ica ( e .g . T ehuadn V a l ley , Ma cNe i sh , 1 964 ; O axa ca , F l anne ry 1 968 ) . I n t h e c oa s ta l e nv i ronmen t , t h e i n t rodu c t ion o fn ew d ome s t ica t e s r e qu i r ed l i t t le a l t e ra t ion o ft h ee x i s t ing e x t ra c t ing s t ra t egy . C u l t iva t ion w a s p o s s ib le i n c l ea r ed f i e ld s a d ja cen t t o t h e e s tua ry c hanne l s , a dd ing t r emendou s ly t o t h e l o ca l e conomy w i th r e la t ive ly l i t t le e f f o r t , a nd a l low ing t h e p opu la t ion t o g row r a p id ly . C oe a nd F l ann e ry 's ( 1967 ) s u rvey o ft h e ° co s a r ea d emon s t ra t ed t h a t d u r ing t h e F o rma t iv e p e r iod s m o s t s e t t lem en t s o ccu r red i n t h e e s tua ry z on e . I n t h e M idd le F o rma t ive t h e r e w a s an e t g row th o ft h e l o ca l p opu la t ion , w i th s e t t lemen t s e xpand ing i n land t owa rd st h e h i gh e rr a inf a l l a r ea o f t h e p i edmon t . B y t h e e nd o f t h e F o rma t ive , s e t t lem en to nt h e e s tua ry w a s l i m i ted t o af ew s a l t -p rodu c ing c ommun i t ie s a nd mo s t o ft h e p opu la t ion o ccup ied t h e f e r t i le s o i l so ft h ep i edmon tb e l t . T he E a r ly C la s s ic p e r iod s aw t h e t o ta l a bandonmen t o f t h e e s tua ry e nv i ronmen t f o r m any 5

w a sm an if e s t ed t h rough t h e l o ca l a dop t ion o ft h e T eo t ihuacan a r ch i tec tu ra l s t y le , a nd b u r ia l g ood s i nt h e P a langana s e c t ion o ft h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c en te r( Cheek , 1 977 ) . I nt h i s mode l , K am ina l juyu s e rve s a s ag a teway s i t e ( B rown 1 977 , H ir th 1 978 ) a tw h ich T eo t ihuacano sc on t ro l led t h e l o ca l p roduc t ion o f o b s id ian a nd t h e e xchange o f p roduc t s c u l t iva ted o n t h e P ac if i c C oa s t . T he c on t ro l o f t h e c oa s ta l r eg ion b y K am ina l juyu a nd i n d i rec t ly b y T eo t ihua can w a s ac o ro l la ry o ft h is mode l , w h ich w a s s uppor ted l a rg e ly b y t h e n umbe r o f T eo t ihuacan r e la ted o b jec t s ( t a s se led i n cen sa r io s , a nd c y l inde r v e s se ls ) f ound o n t h e P a c if i c C oa s t , mo s t ly i n u ncon t ro l led c on tex t s ( He l lmu th 1 975 , 1 978 ) . T he s ame p rob lema t ic e v idence i n sp i r ed P a r son s ' r e con s t ruc t ion o f a M idd le C la s s ic Mex ican i n t ru s ion i n t h e a r ea t h a t , i n h i s o p in ion , h ad g r ea t r e pe rcu s s ion s o n l a te r r eg iona l d eve lopmen t s ( e .g . t h e C o tzuma lhuapa s t y le ; P a r son s 1 986 ) . Mo re r e cen t s u rvey s a nd e xcava t ion s a tC la s s ic p e r iod s i te s i nt h e c en t ra l ( E scu in t la ) r e g ion b y B ove ( 1993) s how g r ea t d emog raph ic a nd a r ch i tec tu ra l d eve lopmen t i nt h e a r ea , a nd p rov ide s ome s uppo r t f o rt h e p ropo sed m ode l o fT eo t ihuacan i n t ru s ion . I n p a r t icu la r , t h e l a rge E a r ly C la s s ic s i te o f B a lbe r ta p roduced s ome e v idence f o r a T eo t ihuacan p r e sence , a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip w i th K am ina l juyu i sc u r ren t ly b e ing r e eva lua ted ( Bove 1 993) . A l te rna t ive ly , t h e i mpor tance o f t h e o ccu r r ence o f T eo t ihua can s ty le a r t if ac t s m ay h ave b een e xagge ra t ed , a nd i n s tead c an b e u nde r s tood b e t te r f r om t h e p e r spec t ive o f t h e e conom ic a nd p o l i t ica l s t ra teg ie s t h a t m ay h ave t r igge red l o ng -d i s tance i n te ra c t ion s ; i n p a r t icu la r , t h e s o r t o f e conom ic a nd p o l i t ica l i mpac t , i f a ny , t h a t l o ng -d is tance t r ade m igh t h ave h ad o n t h e T eo t ihuacan s t a te ( Cowg i l l 1 997 , B lan ton e ta l . 1 996 ; C la rk 1 986 ) . F i na l ly , s ome s c ho la r s h ave i np a s t y ea r s e xp la ined o ccu r rence s o fi mpo r ted s t y l i s t ic f e a tu r e s i na r chaeo log ica l ly l i t t le s tud ied a r ea s o f t h e C oa s t b y a pp ly ing m ig ra to ry m ode ls d e r ived f r om t h e n a t ive h i s to r ie s t h a t i n vo lved O lmec s , M ixe -Zoquean s , P ro to -Maya , T eo t ihuacano s , C o tzuma lhuapan s , P ip i le s a nd o t he r p opu la t ion s ( Cova r rub ia s 1 957 , T homp son 1 948 , J imenez Mo reno 1 970 ; L owe 1 977 ; H e l lmu th 1 978 ; P a r son s 1 986 ) . I ng ene ra l , t h e se m ode l s a s sume t h a t e p i sode s o f f o r e ign i n t ru s ion a r e r e spon s ib le f o r m a jo r s o c io -cu l tu ra l c hang e s i nt h e r i se a nd d ec l ine o f s oc ia l c omp lex i ty i n t h i s r eg ion . T he se a s sump t ion s a r e o f t en s uppo r ted b y p r o jec t ing i n to t h e r e la t ive ly d i s tan t p r eh i s to r ic p a s t h i s to r ica l ly o b se rved p a t tern s o fm ig ra t ion s , b u t w i thou t t h e b enef i t o ft e x tua l a nd a r chaeo log ica l e v idence ; e ven w hen s u ff i c ien t a r chaeo log ica l e v idence i sa va i lab le , t h e u s e o f h i s to r ica l d a ta t o e xp la in e a r l ie r a r chaeo log ica l e v idence i s p rob lema t ic . P roce s sua l c hange s g ene ra ted b y a n h i s to r ica l e ven t ( r eco rded i n t h e h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s ) a nd t h e r e su l t ing c hange s i n m a te r ia l c u l tu r e ( v i s ib le a r chaeo log ica l ly ) m ay o ccu ra td i f f e ren tt i me s c a le s . M ichae l Sm i th ( 1 992b ) h a s d emon s t ra ted t h a t i n P o s tc la s s ic C en t ra l Mex ico t h e re i sl i t t le c onf o rm i ty b e tween h i s to r ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l d a ta w hen s oc io -econom ic p henomena a r e c on s ide r ed d ue t ot h e n a tu r e o ft h e h i s to r ica l d a ta ( made u p o f e ven t s ) a nd a l so o f t h e n a tu r e o f s oc io e conom ic p henomena ( i n te rmed ia te t e rm p roce s se s ) t h a t p roduce c hange s i n m a te r ia l c u l tu r e . F o r e xamp le , t h e

p e r iod w i th a n i n c rea sed d en s i ty o f s e t t lemen t s a nd i n ten s if i ca t ion o f l a nd u s e i n p r ev iou s ly u nexp lo i ted e cozone s . T he P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod , h oweve r , d u r ing w h ich a n e p i sode o fs o c ia l d i s rup t ion a nd s e t t lemen ta bandonmen tm ay i n deed h ave o ccu r red , h a s y e t t or e ce ive a dequa te a t ten t ion f r om a r chaeo log i s t s . T he d emog raph ic p a t t e rn s o ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t a r e a na lyzed h e re u s ing p opu la t ion e s t ima te s e x t rac ted f r om m apped s t ruc tu re s o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s a nd /o r t h e e s t ima ted e x ten t o f s e t t lemen t a r ea s . P a t te rn s o f l i nea r v s . m oda l g row th a r e h igh l igh ted b y c hange s i np opu la t ion s i ze t h rough t ime a nd a r e c on t ra s ted w i th t r end s i nn ea rby r eg ion . C hange s i nl a nd u se p a t ter n s a r e d e te rm ined f r om c hange s i n s i te l o ca t ion s a nd c a tchmen t a r ea a na ly s i s . F ina l ly , b o th e nv i ronmen ta l a nd s oc ia l f a c to r s a r e c on s ide red i n t h e d i scu s s ion o fm ode ls f o rc hange s i np opu la t ion s i ze a nd l a nd u se p a t ter n s .

Mode l s f or Adap t ive Ad jus tmen t s : D if f us ion Au toch thonous C hange

v s .

P r io r a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch o n t h e P ac if ic C oa s t h a s f o cu sed o nd i f f u s ion is tm ode l s i nw h ich d i f f e r en tt y pe s o f " f o r e ign " c on tac t s o ccu r red o n t h e P ac if ic C oa s t a nd i nt h e H igh land s o f G ua tema la . S ome mode l s d e sc r ibe " f o re ign i nf luence" i n t e rm s o f d own the l ine t r ade /exchange i n te rac t ion s ( Dema re s t 1 986 ) , o t he r s a s a mo re d i rec t p r e sence o f f o re ign t r ade e m i s sa r ie s ( e .g . O lmec ; S ha re r 1 978 ) , o r s ome t ime s i n t e rm s o f e nc lave s o f f o re ign m e r chan t s a t t h e l o ca t ion o f p o r t s -of t rade ( e .g . T eo t ihua cano s ; C heek 1 977 ; S an t ley 1 983 ) . I n s ome i n s tance s l o ca l s e t t lemen t s y s tem s h ave b een d e sc r ibed a s d end r i t ic e xchange n e two rk s , e mpha s iz ing t h e r o le o f s ome s i te s a s g a teway s o r p o r t s -of t rade f o r e xchange o f e xo t ics w i th o u t s ide r e g ion s . A cco rd ing t oo ne mode l , f o r e xamp le , t h e h i gh land s i te o f K am ina l juyu , a nd a n umbe r o f c oa s ta l s i te s w ou ld c o r re spond w i th t h e l o ca t ion o f c o lon ie s o f f o re ign m e r chan t s ( Cheek 1 977 ) . I n a no the r mode l , S ha re r ( 1978 ) h ypo the s ized t h e p r e sence o f a n o u tpo s t o f O lmec e l i te m e r chan t s a t C ha lchuapa , i n E l S a lvado r , d u r ing t h e M idd le F o rma t ive p e r iod b ecau se o f t h e o ccu r rence o f c e r ta in c e ram ic d eco ra t ive m ode s , c l ay f i gu r ine s a nd r o ck c a rv ing s i n" O lmec" s t y le . T h i s mode l i n vo lve s t h e ap r io r i a c cep tance o f t h e a c cu l tu ra t ion mode l o f O lmec " impe r ia l i s t ic" e xpan s ion , t h a t d e sc r ibe s movemen t s o f O lmec m e r chan t s a way f r om t h e " mo re c omp lex " e a r ly M idd le F o rma t ive s i te s o f S an L o renzo a nd L a V en ta , t owa rd sp e r iphe ra l , l e s s d eve loped Me soame r ican s i te s u nde r t h e i mpu l se o f a n i n c rea s ing d emand f o r e xo t ic g ood s a nd r aw m a t e r ia l s . A l terna t ive ly , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fs t y l is t ic t r a i t s o ve r b road a r ea s o f Me soame r ica c an b e e xp la ined a s t h e p a r t ic ipa t ion o f l o ca l e l i t e s i n al o ng -d is tance i n te rac t ion s phe re , t or e inf o r ce l o ca l p r e s t ig e b y o b ta in ing e xo t ic i t em s a nd p owe rf u l s ymbo l i sm i n as e lf -agg rand iz ing s t ra tegy ( Hammond 1 988 ; D ema re s t 1 989 ;B lan ton e ta l . 1 996 ) . I n ah i gh land mode l , S an t ley ( 1983 ) h ypo the s ized t h a t d u r ing t h e C la s s ic p e r iod , ac o lony o f T eo t ihuacan m e rchan t s w a s e s tab l i shed a t K am ina l juyu t o c on t ro l t h e l o ca l p roduc t ion a nd e xchang e o f o b s id ian . T h i s i n t ru s ion 6

f o unda t ion o ft h e A z t ec e mp i r e w a s n o t m a rk ed b y c hange s i nt h e p o t te ry o ft h e L a t e P o s t e la s s ie p e r iod i nt h e V a l ley o f Mex ico , n o r b y a ny i n d ica t ion o f i n c r ea sed w a rf a r e i nt h e a r cha eo log ica lr e co rd ( Sm i th 1 992b : 6 7 -8 ) . A l so , c on t ra ry t o m any a r cha eo log i s t s ' e xpec ta t ion s , A z t e c c e ram ic s i nr u ra l a r ea s f a i led t o r e f lec t a n h i s to r ica l e v en t o f d r ama t ic p ropo r t ion s s u ch a s t h e S pan i sh c onqu e s t . I n f a c t , i nt h e A z t ec c e ram ic s o f s e t t lemen t s t h roughou t t h e V a l ley o f Mex ico , t h e f i r s t s i gn s o f S pan i sh i n f lu ence w e r e m an if e s t o n ly 2 00 y ea r s l a te r ( Cha r l ton 1 972 ) . F i na l ly , e ven w hen t h e r e i sc ompa rab i l i ty b e tween a r cha eo log ica l a nd h i s to r ica l d a ta , o ne m igh t e xpec t ad ec r ea se i nt h e r e l iab i l i ty o f t h e n a t ive s ou r ce s a so ne m ove s b a ck i nt i m e f r om t h e C o lon ia l p e r iod , a nd c on sequen t ly al a ck o fc ong ru en ce b e tw een t h e a r cha eo log ica la nd h i s to r ica lr e co rd s .

P o s t e la s s ie c e ram ic r e f e r en ce s e quence , a l though p a r t s o fi t h ave r e cen t ly b een c ha l lenged ( Ha t ch 1 995 ) . C oe a nd F l anne ry 's ( 1 964 , 1 967 ; C oe 1 96 1) e xcava t ion s a tt h e e s tua r ine s i t e s o fL a V ic to r ia a nd S a l ina s L a B lanca e x t ended t h e b eg inn ing s o f P a c if i c C oa s t s e t t lemen t s t o t h e E a r ly F o rma t ive p e r iod , e a r l ie r t h an a ny o t he r k nown c e ram ic -bea r ing s i t e i nG ua t ema la . T he f i r s t p o t t e ry o f S ou the rn Me soame r ica a ppea r ed i nt h e f o rm o f l a rg e g l obu la r j a r s o r t e coma t e s d eco ra t ed w i th a r e d s p ecu la r -hema t i t e p a in ted b and o n t h e r im a nd g eome t r ic i n c i s ion s b e low i t . A t t h a t t i me , p e rhap s d ue t ot h e l a ck o f e v idence f o r c oeva l o ccupa t ion a nywhe r e e l se i n P a c if i c G ua t ema la , C oe h ypo the s ized a S ou th Ame r ican o r ig in f o r w ha t b ecame k nown a s t h e e a r ly O cö s c e ram ic t e chno logy . C oe a nd F l anne ry 's ( 1 964 , 1 967 ) e co log ica l a pp roa ch e mpha s ized t h e a bundan t r e sou r ce s f o r h un t ing -ga the r ing s ub s i s ten ce i n t h e e s tua r ine s i t e -ca t chmen t a r ea s a nd p ropo sed amode l o fp r e -ag r icu l tu r a l c oa s ta l s e den t i sm ( F ig . 1 . 2 ) . Af ew y ea r s l a t e r , w o rk i na d ja cen t c oa s ta l C h iapa s b y G a r e th L ow e ( 1 975 ) u ncove r ed m o r e p o t t er y o f ay e t e a r l ie r d a t e : t h e B a r ra c e ram ic c omp lex . A t a bou t t h e s am e t i me , A r cha ic p e r iod p r e -ce ram ic s h e l l m idden s w e r e d i scove r ed b y B a rba ra V oo rh ie s ' ( 1 976 ) s u rvey i nt h e s ame r e g ion . S ub sequen te xcava t ion a te a r ly s i t e s s u ch a sP a so d e L a Amada d u r ing t h e 1 980 sb yC la rk a nd a s soc ia te s( C la rk e t a l . 1 987 , C la rk a nd S a lcedo 1 989 , L e su r e 1 997 ) o ft h e N ew Wo r ld A r cha eo log ica l F ounda t ion r e vea led c omp lex a r ch i tec tu ra l s e quence s , l o ng d i s tan ce e xchange n e two rk s , a nd t h e b eg inn ing s o fs o c ia l i n equa l i ty d a t ing a se a r ly a st h e B a r ra p ha se ( 1 700 B .C . c a . ) . W i th t h e n ew e v idence , i tw a s p o s s ib le t op u sh t h e b eg inn ing o fc omp lex s o c ie t ie s b a ck i n t i me , a nd t r a ce i t s r oo t s t ot h e l o ca l a c e ram ic p e r iod s h e l l m idden s s i te s . T he n ew d a ta a l so i d en t if i ed an ew f o cu s o f d eve lopmen t o f" comp lex i ty " i nc oa s t a l C h iapa s ( C la rk a nd B lak e 1 994 ) . T h i s i nt u rn h a s r e newed t h e d eba t e o ve r t h e o r ig in o ft h e e a r ly p o t te r s o u t s id eo f Me soame r ica ( C la rk a nd G o s sne r 1 995 ) a nd t h e i r " s p r ead " f r om C h iapa s i n to t h e l e s s p opu la ted , o r p e rhap s o n ly l e s s s t ud ied , a r ea s o f C oa s ta l G ua t ema la ( Ha t ch , 1 989 ) a nd E l S a lvado r ( A r royo 1 995 : 2 04 -6 ) .

R e levan t R e sear ch i n A rea s A d jacen t t o t h e S tud y A rea T rad i t iona l ly , h i s to r ica l a nd a r cha eo log ica l s t ud ie s o ft h e P a c if i c C oa s t o fG ua tema la h av e f o cu sed o n e v id en ce f o r e x te rna l c on ta c t s o r" i n f luence s" f r om d i s tan t a r ea s a nd m o re c omp lex s o c ie t ie s ( Coe 1 96 1 ; C ova r rub ia s 1 957 ; P a r son s 1 986 ; B o rhegy i 1 965 ) . T h roughou t t h e a r cha eo log ica l l i t e ra tu r e t h e P a c if i c C oa s t o fG ua t ema la h a s o f t en b een r e f e r r ed t oa s " pe r iphe ra l " ( P a r son s 1 969 ) , a sa " r u ra l b a ckwa te r " i nr e la t ion t ot h e b e t t e r k nown a nd m o r e c omp lex h i gh land c u l tu r e s( Sande r sa nd P r ice 1 968 ; F e ldman 1 989 ) , o r u l t ima t e ly a s ac o r r ido r o r " c onnec t ing l i nk " b e tween c o r e -a r ea s o f " h igh " c i v i l iza t ion ( i . e . H igh land Mex ico a nd H igh land G ua tema la , P a r son s 1 9 86 ) . I r on ica l ly , t h e d i scu s s ion o ff o r e ign i n f luence s a nd l o ca l c u l tu r e s o ra r t s t y le s h a s b een b a sed o n l i t t le p r ope r a r cha eo log ica l e x cava t ion a nd l a rge ly o n u nda t ed s c u lp tu r e s a nd a r t if a c t s o f o b scu re p roven iance ( e .g . t h e p r e -O lm ec s c u lp tu ra l s t y le c on t rove r sy , G raham 1 981 , 1 982 a nd t h e " Teo t ihua can h oa rd s" , H e l lmu th , 1 975 , 1 978 ) . I nf a c t ,t h eP a c if i cC oa s to f G ua t ema la h a s b een r e la t iv e ly n eg lec t ed b y Me soame r ican i s t s , w ho h ave t e nd ed t ob e a t ra c t ed t oo t he r a r ea s w i th mo re s p ec ta cu la r a r ch i t ec t u r a l r ema in s , a nd t h u s s t i l l r e p r e sen t s o ne o f t h e l e a s t -known a nd y e t m o s t p rom i s ing r eg ion sf o ra r chaeo log ica lr e sea r ch . M ichae l C oe , i n 1 96 1 ( p . 4 ) d e sc r ibed t h e w ho le c oa s t a s " a r chaeo log ica l ly u nknown " . I n 1 965 , E dw in M . S hook s umma r ized t h e e x i s t ing a r cha eo log ica l d a ta w h ich h ad b een mo s t ly a c cumu la ted b y h im se lf i nm any y ea r s o f r e conna i s sance a nd s a lvage o pe ra t ion s . S hook 's i n i t ia l s y n the s i s a l so p o in t ed o u t t h e h ug e g ap s a nd g ene ra l p rob lem s i nt h e a r cha eo log ica l s e qu en ce o ft h e c oa s ta l a r ea ( Shook 1 965 ) . T he e a r ly i n vo lvemen t o fJ . E .S . T homp son ( 1 948 ) i n P ac if ic a r cha eo logy p rov ided t h e f i r s t w e l l e x cava t ed s amp le s f r om t h e C o tzuma lguapa a r ea a nd d a t ing f o r t h e C o tzuma lguapa s c u lp tu ra l s t y le . F u r the r e x cava t ion s a t B i lbao b y P a r son s ( 1 967 , 1 969 ) a mp l if i ed t h e u nde r s tand ing o ft h e l o ca l a r ch i tec tu ra l a nd c e ram ic s e qu ence . E v e r s i nce t h e B i lbao m onog raph h a s r e p r e sen t ed f o r P a c if i c C oa s t s t uden t s , i n c lud ing t h e w r i te r , t h e s t and a rd P r ec la s s ic to -

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F ig . 1 . 2 Map o fP a c if i cG ua t ema la s how ing l o ca t ion o f m a jo rE a r ly P r ec la s s ic s i t e s . I mpo r tan t s ma l l a nd l a rg e s c a le e xcava t ion p rog ram s w e r e i n i t ia t ed i n t h e m id la te 1 970 s s ome c on t inu ing t h rough t h e 1 980 s a t af ew k ey c oa s ta l s i t e s . 7

1 988 ) . S t e la 5 ,w i th i t sB ak tun 8 d a t eo f AD 1 26 a nd S t e la 2 w i th i t sp o s s ib le B ak tun 7d a te o f3 8 BC o re ven e a r l ie r ( a s e a r ly a s 2 35 BC , O r r ego 1 988 ) r e p r e sen ted s u rp r i s ing p r ecu r so r s t o t h e C la s s ic L ow land Maya L ong C oun t c a lenda r a nd s t e la -a l ta r t r ad i t ion . A s r e sea r ch a nd c on se rva t ion c on t inued a t A ba j T aka l ik , l a rge p l a tf o rm c on s t ruc t ion s o fM idd le a nd L a te P r ec la s s ic d a te w e r e f o und b e low t h e C la s s ic p e r iod s t ruc tu r e s . U nf o r tuna t e ly t h e b u lk o ft h e s c u lp tu r e s w e r e o f t en f ound i ns e conda ry c on t ex t s i n f r on t o f , o r b u r ied w i th in , t h e m a s s ive L a t e C la s s ic c i v ic / ce remon ia l s t ru c tu r e s . Wh i le t h e a leged a n t iqu i ty o f m any s t one s c u lp tu r e s a tA ba j T aka l ik c ou ld n o t b e p r oved w i th a ny d eg r ee o fc e r ta in ty , af ew monumen t sw e r ef o und i n c l ea r p r ima ry a s soc ia t ion w i t h e a ch o t he r ( S t e la 5 ,A l t a r 8 ) a nd w i th L a t e P r ec la s s ic s t ruc tu ra l f l oo r s d emon s t ra t ing t h e a n t iqu i ty o ft h e c a lend r i c i n sc r ip t ion s a nd o ft h e S t e la -A l ta r r i tua lc omp lex w i th in i t sa r ch i tec tu ra lc on t ex t( O r rego 1 988 ) . O f g r ea t r e levance t o t h e p r e sen t s t udy o f s ou thea s t er n G ua t ema lan a r cha eo logy w e re t h e e x t en s ive p rog ram so fm app ing a nd e x cava t ion c a r r i ed o u to ve rt h e l a s t 5 0 y ea r s i nt h e V a l ley o f G ua tema la , f i r s t b y t h e C a rneg ie I n s t i tu t ion , ( K idd e r , J enn ing s a nd S hook 1 946 , S hook a nd K idde r 1 952 ) , a nd l a te r b y P enn sy lvan ia S t a te U n ive r s i ty ( Sande r s a nd M ich e l s 1 977 ) . T he se l a rge sca le p r o jec t s u ncove red e x t en s iv e p o r t ion s o ft h e s i t e o fK am ina l juy u a nd n ea rby s i t e sb ef o r et h ey w e r e s wa l low ed b yG ua t ema la C i ty 's u r ban d eve lopmen t . T he P enn sy lvan ia S t a te U n iv e r s i ty s e t t lemen t p a t te rn e xcava t ion s p rov ided ah uge d a taba se o f s e t t lemen t , a r ch i t ec tu ra l , m o r tua ry a nd c e ram ic d a ta ( We the r ing ton 1 9 78 , M iche l s 1 979a ) f o r w ha t w a s c on s ide red t h e g r ea te s t h i gh land c h ief dom i n t h e L a t e P r ec la s s ic a nd C la s s ic p e r iod s ( M iche l s I 979b ) . Many r e cen t a nd o ngo ing r e sea r ch p ro jec t s a nd s a lvage o pe ra t ion s a tK am ina l juyü c on t inue t oa dd i mpo r tan t i n f o rma t ion o n t h e d ev e lopmen t o fc omp lex s o c ie ty i nh i gh land G ua t ema la a nd i t s P a c if i c C oa s ta l c onnec t ion s ( Ha t ch 1 9 97 ; V a lde s 1 9 97 , O h ie ta l . 1 997 ) . A no the r v e ry i mpo r tan t f o cu s o f a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch i nt h e r e cen t p a s t t h a t h a s s p e c ia l r e levance t ot h e p r e sen t s t udy i st h e h i gh land a r ea o f We s ter n E l S a lvado r . S ha r e r 's ( 1 978 ) l a rg e s c a le e xcava t ion p r o jec t a tt h e s i t e o f C ha lchuapa , a nd D ema r e s t 's ( 1986 ) w o rk a tn ea rby S an ta L e t ic ia h ave s hown c on t inuou s l o ca l d ev e lopmen t s f r om t h e E a r ly P r ec la s s ic v i l lage t ot h e l a rge c i v ic / ce r emon ia l c e n t e r s o ft h e L a t e C la s s ic , w i th m any i mp l ica t ion s f o r t h e n o t so d i s tan t S ou th ea s t er nC oa s t ( F ig . 1 . 3 ) . A s B i shop , D ema r e s t , a nd S ha r e r ( 1 989 ) h ave d emon s t ra t ed , t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic s i t e s o f b o th t h e h i gh land a nd c oa s ta l a r ea s o f e a s t er n G ua t ema la a nd w e s t er n E l S a lvado r p a r t ic ipa ted i n t h e P rov idenc ia /M i ra f lo r e s S phe r e , s ha r ing a n e x t en s iv e p o r t ion o ft h e i rc e ram ic a s semb lage s . T he i n t en se e xchange o fi d ea s w i th in t h i s s o -ca l led S ou ther n Maya k o ind r e g ion i sm an if e s t n o t o n ly i n t h e L a t e P r ec la s s ic c e ram ic s , b u t a l so i n s i t e a r ch i t ec tu r e , s c u lp tu ra l s t y le s a nd s om e e l abo ra t e e a r ly h i e rog lyph ic i n sc r ip t ion s . I n a dd i t ion , D ema re s t 's ( 1 986 ) e x cava t ion o f P o tbe l ly s cu lp tu r e s i n s i tu i n s e a led L a t e P r ec la s s ic c on t ex t sh a s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e e nd o ft h e p o tb e l ly s t y le -da t ing c on t rove r sy .

S hook a nd H a t ch 's ( 1 979 ) r e -excava t ion o f S a l ina s L a B lanca e xpand ed t h e s amp le o f O cö s p e r iod c e ram ic s a nd a t t emp t ed t od ef ine t h e s ub sequen t c e ram ic p ha se s , h oweve r , i tf a i led t oc l a r if y t h e t r an s i t ion f r om t h e e a r ly O cö s t ol a t e r C uad ro s / Joco ta l p ha se s o ft h e E a r ly P r ec la s s i c . A dd i t iona l e v iden ce o f E a r ly P r ec la s s ic o ccupa t ion w a s c o l lec ted b y S hook a nd H a t ch 's ( 1 978 )e xcava t ion sa tE lB a l sam° , al a rg e s i t e l o ca t ed o n t h e c oa s ta l f o o th i l l s o ft h e E scu in t la d i s t r i c t . O ccupa t ion a tE lB a l samo w a ss hown t oc on t inu et h rough t h e M idd le a nd L a t e P r ec la s s ic p e r iod s a nd i t s p o t t e ry s ha r ed s im i la r i t ie sw i th t h eh i gh land V a l ley o fG ua t ema la . E xcava t ion s a tt h e i mpor tan t n ea rby s i t e o f Mon t e A l to b y S hook a nd P a r son s ( Pa r son s 1 976 ) d emon s t ra t ed a c e ram ic a nd a r ch i t ec tu ra ls e quen ce t h a ts howed s ome o v e r lap w i th E l B a l sam° a nd c l o se s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e V a l ley o f G ua tema la c omp lexe s . A s ar e su l t o f t h e se e xcava t ion s , P a r son s l a t e r s ugge s t ed t h a t m any c o lo s sa l h ead s a nd p o tbe l ly s c u lp tu re sa t Mon t eA l to h ad b een c a rv ed d u r ing t h e p eak o ccupa t ion p e r iod i nt h e L a te P r ec la s s ic r a the r t h an i n e a r l ie r t i me s ( Pa r son s 1 986 ) . H oweve r , f o r m any y ea r s t h e c on t rov e r sy o ve r t h e p r e o r p o s t O hnec d a t ing o f p o tbe l ly s c u lp tu r e s a t Mon t e A l to a nd a t o t he r c oa s ta l s i t e s h a s c on t inu ed ( e .g . A ba j T aka l ik , G raham 1 989 1 992 , P a r son s 1 986 ) . •

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F ig . 1 . 3 Map o fP a c if i cG ua t ema la s how ing L a t eP r ec la s s ic s i t e sa nd o b s id ian s ou r ce s( d o t s )m en t ioned i nt h et e x t . I t w a s t h ough t f o r s ome t i me t h a t t h e w e s t e rn p i edmon ts i t eo fA ba j T aka l ik ( P ied ra P a rada )h e ld t h ek ey t o u nd e r s tand ing t h e p o tbe l ly a nd o t he r " A r cha ic" s c u lp tu ra l s t y le s . T h eA ba j T aka l ik s i t e w a s t h e s ub jec to f amu l t i -y ea r p rog ram o f m app ing a nd e xcava t ion b y t h e U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if o rn ia , B e rke ley ( G rah am 1 981 , 1 982 ) f i r s t , a nd t h en b y t h e G ua t ema lan P roy ec to N a c iona l A ba j T aka l ik ( O r r ego 1 988 )t h a tt o ge the ru ncov e r ed an umbe ro fs t on e monum en t s a nd e xp lo r ed d eep a r ch i t ec tu ra l s e qu ence s w i th in t h e s i t e c o r e . T he m onumen t si n c lud ed av a r ie ty o fl ow re l ief a nd i n t h e round s c u lp tu r e s r em in i scen t o ft h e O lm ec s t y le , a nd a f ew o t h e r b ea r ing m o r e c omp lex i c onog raphy w i th L ong C oun t c a lenda ri n sc r ip t ion s c l o se rt ot h e Maya s t y le ( O r r ego 8

T he a r ea b e tw een K am ina l juy ü a nd C ha lchuapa s t i l l r ema ined l a rg e ly u nexp lo r ed u n t i l R obe r t Wau chope ( Wau chope a nd B ond 1 989 ) c a r r ied o u t ap i lo t s t udy o ft h e a r ea s u r round ing A sunc ion M i ta i n h i gh land J u t iapa , G ua tema la ( F ig . 1 . 4 ) . H i s l i m i ted e x cava t ion e f f o r t f i l led a g eog raph ica l g ap a nd c onf i rmed t h e i n c lu s ion o ft h i s a r ea i n t h e S ou ther n Maya S phe r e . L a t e C la s s ic d eve lopmen t s a t A sunc ion M i ta t o ok t h e f o rm o f as t rong L ow land Maya c omponen t , a s i th a s b een t r ad i t iona l ly r e cogn ized i n t h e o ccu r r en ce o f c o rbe led -vau l t s a r ch i t ec tu r e a nd P e t in s ty le p o lych rom ep o t t e ry ( S t röm sv ik 1 950 ) . I n r e cen t y ea r s l a rg e s c a le p r o jec t s o f s u rvey a nd e x cava t ion h ave b een c onduc ted o nt h ec en t ra lp o r t ion o ft h e P a c if i c C oa s t i nt h e E scu in t la d i s t r i c t ( Bove 1 981a , 1 989c , 1 993 ) . I n sp i r ed b y t h e s u cce s se s o f t h e f i r s t l a rg e s c a le s u rvey si na r id r e g ion so fC en t ra l Mex ico ( Sande r s 1 979 )a nd I r aq ( Adam s 1 965 ) , F r ed B ove 's r e s ea r ch w a s t h e f i r s t t o a pp ly t h em e thod s o fc u l tu ra l e co logy ,h uman g eog raphy a nd q uan t i ta t ive s pa t ia l a na ly s i s t o P a c if i c G ua t ema lan a r cha eo logy . I nh i sr e g iona l s yn the s i s o fa r cha eo log ica l d a ta f r om h und r ed s o f s i t e s w i th in a 2 000 k m2 c oa s ta l r e g ion , B ove f o cu sed o nt h e e conom ic a nd o r gan iza t iona l s phe r e s o f s o c ie t ie s f r om ac u l tu ra l e vo lu t iona ry p e r spec t iv e . I nt h e l a t e 7 0 's i n G ua t ema lan a r chaeo logy h i s i n nova t ive r e sea r ch r e p re sen t ed ad epa r tu r e f r om t h e t r ad i t iona l m e thod o fs ma l l s c a le , s i t e -cen te red e xcava t ion a nd i l -def ined a r t if a c t c l a s s if ica t ion s . T he n ew f o cu so n s e t t l emen ta nd e conomy t o m on i to r c u l tu r e c hang e m a rked t h e b eg inn ing o fn ew e r a o f a r cha eo log i ca lr e sea r ch i nP a c if i cG ua t ema la .

P r ec la s s ic s e t t lemen t a nd s p ec ta cu la r s i t e s s u ch a s M idd le P r ec la s s ic L a B lanca w i th i t s l a rg e p y r am id , ( n ow d e s t royed b y r o ad c on s t ru c t ion , L ove 1 99 1) , a leged ly l a rg e r t h an L a V en ta 's S t ru c tu r eC 1 , a nd t h eL a t eP r e c la s s ic c i ty o fU jux t e , R e ta lhu leu . A dd i t iona l r e cen t s u rv ey s h ave f o cu sed o n s ma l le r a r ea s a nd s p ec if i c t i me p e r iod s s u ch a s t h e S i n C abeza s p ro jec t ( Beaud ry 1 990 ; F i g . 1 . 4 ) , a nd P ye a nd D ema r e s t 's ( Pye a nd D ema r e s t 1 99 1 ; F i g . 1 . 2 )p ro jec t i nt h e R io J e su s a r ea ( E l Me sak s i t e ) t h a t u ncove r ed E a r ly a nd M idd le P r ec la s s ic s e t t lemen t f u r th e r t o t h e e a s t . T h e T eco ja t e /Su ch i t epequez E a r ly F o rma t iv e p r o jec t s b y A r royo ( 1992 , 1 993 , 1 994 , 1 995 ; A r royo a nd N ef f 1 997 , F ig . 1 . 2 ) h ave a dded n ew e v idence o fE a r ly P r ec la s s ic s e t t lemen t t o l a rge ly u nknown a r ea s o f t h e c oa s t , w h i le R ob in son 's ( Rob in son a nd F a r re l l . 1 998 ; F i g . 1 . 2 ) s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion s i nt h e V a l ley o fA n t igua a r e s h edd ing n ew l i gh t o n u n expec t ed E a r ly P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion i n ah i gh land e nv i ronmen t . I n te r e s t ing ly , e a r ly c e ram ic s i t e s w i th O c6 s s t y le t e coma t e s i nt h e A n t igua V a l ley s e em t oc l u s te r a r ound l a cu s t r ine a r ea s , a n e nv i ronmen t w i th a bundan t p l an t a nd g ame r e sou r ce sm i r ro r ing t h a to fc oa s ta ll a goon s . A r e cen t p ro jec t b y C h in ch i l la ( 1 997 ) i n t h e C o t zuma lguapa c o r e r e g ion h a s c omb ined p rob lem -o r ien t ed r e sea r ch w i th p r e s s ing s a lvag e a r cha eo logy e f f o r t st or e t r ieve i n f o rma t ion f r om h i gh ly e ndang e r ed s i t e s ( F ig . 1 . 4 ) . C h in ch i l la 's s y s tema t ic s u r f a ce c o l lec t ion s a nd e xcava ted m a t e r ia l h ave h e lped r ef ine t h e c h rono logy o fE l B au l a nd n ea rby s i t e s a low ing f u r the r c onf i rma t ion o f t h e L a t e /Te rm ina l C la s s ic d a t ing o f m o s t C o tzuma lguapa monumen t s . H i s d e ta i led c a ta log o fr e la t ed s c u lp tu r e s f r om a d ja cen t a nd m o r e d i s tan t a r ea s o ft h e C oa s t a nd H igh land s , i n c lud ing s i t e s i nS an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa ( La Maqu ina , L a N ueva , a nd L a G ab ia s e e c hap . 4 ) , h a s a l so h e lped p l a ce m any p r ev iou s ly l o o ted monumen t s i nr e la t ion t ot h e i rn ew ly a va i lab le a r cha eo log ica l c on t ex t s . T he e me rg ing p i c tu r e o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa s i te s p o in t s t o ab r oad r e g iona l n e two rk o f L a t e C la s s ic i d eo log ica l a nd p o l i t ica l i n t e ra c t ion s t h a t u nde r l ie t h i s b road s t y l i s t ic d i s t r ibu t ion . A dd i t iona l ly , b o th t h e s t y l i s t ic v a r ia t ion s e v id en t i n t h i s w ide ly d i s t r ibu t ed c o rpu s a nd t h e l a ck o fs cu lp tu r e a tc e r ta in c oa s ta l s i t e s p o in t t o ac omp lex m o sa ic o fg roup s t h a t s e lec t ive ly a dop t ed t h e C o tzuma lguapa i c onog raphy . Wh i le f o cu s ing p r ima r i ly o n t h e s e t t lemen t p a t t e rn , s o c ia l o r gan iza t ion , a nd e conomy o f t h eC o tzuma lguapa r e g ion C h inch i l la a l so d i scu s se s a tl e ng th t h e C u l tu r e -H i s to r ica l i mp l ica t ion s o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa c o rpu s , c on t ra s t ing t h e se w i th t h e n ew d a t ing e v iden ce , a nd e spec ia l ly i nr e ga rd s t ot h e p ropo sed T eo t ihua can a nd P i p i l o r ig in s o f t h e s t y le . H oweve r , m any q u e s t ion s t h a t w e r e a sked b y e a r l ie r s c ho la r s i n t e r e s t ed i nP a c if ic G ua t ema la a r e l i k e ly t or ema in u nan swe r ed . A st h ep r e sen ts t udy s how s ,t h e l a ck o f e v idence f o r l a rge m ig r a t ion s i nt h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd i sn o tab le ; i f ,i nf a c t , h i s to r ica lm ig ra t ion s e x i s t ed o u r a b i l i ty t o d e t ec t t h em b y a na lyz ing l o ng te rm c u l tu ra l c hange si nt h ea r cha eo log ica lr e co rd r ema in st ob ea s se s sed .

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t h e l o ca l c ommun i t ie s o f c oa s ta l S an ta R o sa , a nd t h e i r l a te p r eh is to r ic X inca a n teceden t s f o r t h e l a s t t h r ee d ecade s ( Fe ldman 1 985 , 1 992 ) . H e h a s i d en t if ied s ome o f t h e r e por ted a r chaeo log ica l s i te s a s X inca v i l lage s n amed o n 1 8 th c en tu ry m ap s a nd m anu sc r ip t s ( Ma ldonado d e Ma to s 1 770 ) a nd w e h ave b een a b le t oe xpand t h i s i n f o rma t ion w i th a dd i t iona l s i t e s f o und i n o u r s u rvey s ( e .g . M ich iqu iz t lan , P a ja l , P a saco ) . T he f i r s t a r chaeo log is t k nown t o h ave v i s i t ed t h e c oa s t o f S an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa w a s F ranz T e rme r ( 1 948 ) . D u r ing h i s s ho r t t r ip i n 1 932 , h e v i s i ted an umbe r o f l a rge s i t e s ( e .g . L o s C er r i to s , N anc in ta , a nd L a N ueva ) a nd p rov ided v i v id a l be i t s ho r t d e sc r ip t ion s o f t h e m ound s t ruc tu re s a nd t h e i r e nv i ronmen t . H e a l so r e por ted s e ve ra l i mpo r tan t s t one m onumen t s a t t h r ee s i t e s , C e r r i to ( now Maneade ro ) , L o s C e r r i to s , a nd L a N ueva . S ome o ft h e se h e i l u s t ra ted a nd d e sc r ibed a nd a r e a l so d i scu s sed h e r e i n c hap te r s 3a nd 4 ( F ig . 3 . 1 , 4 . 1) . T e rme r e ngaged i n ab i t o f s p ecu la t ion , a nd l i nked s ome o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l s i t e s s u ch

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T he S pan ish C onque s t o ft h i s p a r t o f S ou thea s te rn G ua tema la , i s i l u s t ra ted b y h i s to r ica l a c coun t s o f i t s p ro tagon is t s t h e A de lan tado D on P ed ro d e A lva rado ( 1924 ) i nh i s C ar ta d e R e lac iön t o H er nan C o r tez a nd b y C ap ta in F uen te s yG uzman i nt h e R ecordac iön F lo r ida o f t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ( 1882 ) . A lva rado d e sc r ibed t h e f i e r ce o ppo s i t ion o f t h e l o ca l i n hab i tan t s , t h e X inca , t o t h e a dvanc ing S pan i sh C onqu is tado r s a s t h ey p a s sed t h rough t h e s e t t lemen t s o f T acu i lu la , A t iqu ipaque ,N anc in ta a nd P a saco ( F ig . 1 . 5 ) . A f ew s c ho la r s d ea l ing w i th t h e l a t e " con ta c t " p e r iod f a ce t o f t h e S ou thea s te rn r eg ion h ave d i scu s sed a spec t s o f t h e m eage r e x i s t ing a r chaeo log ica l e v idence i n r e la t ion t ot h e i n t ru s ion o fN ahua speak ing P i p i l m ig ran t s o r o fe a r l ie r g roup s , a nd e spec ia l ly r e la t ing t ot h e m o re g ene ra l p rob lem o f d a t ing t h e P ip i l m ig ra t ion s ( Thomp son 1 948 ; J imenez Mo reno 1 970 ; F e ldman 1 974 ;1989 , F ow le r 1 989 ) . L aw r ence H . F e ldman ( 1974 , 1 989 )h a sw o rked w i th c o lon ia l d ocumen t s f r om S an ta R o sa a nd o n e t hnog raph ic p ro jec t s o n

a s L a N ueva t o t h e r ema in s o f a nc ien t P ip i l a nd X inca p opu la t ion s , w h i le o t he r s i te s h e a t t r ibu ted t o a n " A r cha ic C u l tu r e" . A s e cond i mpo r tan t v i s i t w a s m ade i n 1 942 b y E dw in S hook ( 1975 ) , t h en a m embe r o f t h e C ar neg ie 1 0

I n s t i tu t ion K am ina l juyü P ro jec t . H e r e por ted s eve ra l s i te s f r om t h e e a s te rn p a r t o f t h e S an ta R o sa r eg ion , s uch a s A t iqu ipaque a nd T acu i lu la . L a te rw o rk a tt h e se s ame s i te s i n 1 974 -5 b y t h e U n ive r s i ty o f M i s sou r i p ro jec t d i rec ted b y L aw r ence H . F e ldman i d en t if ied t h em a s L a te P o s tc la s s ic X inca s e t t lemen t s , w i th S pan i sh C o lon ia l o ccupa t ion ( Fe ldman a nd C ampbe l l 1 975 ; F e ldman a nd Wa l te r s 1 980 ) . S hook f i r s t , a nd t h en F e ldman r e po r ted t h e i mpo r tan t P rec la s s ic s i te o fU jux te n ea r t h e t own o fC h iqu imu l i l la ( s ee c hap t e r3 ) . I n 1 962 , M ichae l C oe ( 1967 ) v i s i ted t h e s ma l l s i t e o fN a ran j i to , i nt h e p i edmon t z one n o t f a r f r om t h e moder n t own o fT ax isco , w he r e h e f ound r ema in s o fL a te P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion ( F ig . 1 . 5 ) . T h i s s ma l l s i t e i sn ow k nown a s E l P a ja l ( s ee c hap . 3 ) . I n 1 987 A la in I c hon a nd R i ta G r igno ( I chon y G r ignon 1 989 ) l e d a F rench -Gua tema lan A r chaeo log ica l M i ss ion s u rvey ing a v a s t ( a bou t 6 , 000 k m 2)r eg ion o f t h e S ou thea s ter n H igh land s a nd C oa s t o f G ua tema la , i n c lud ing t h e a r ea o f S an ta R o sa . T he i r o ne s e a son o f f i e ld w o rk r e su l t ed i n at o ta l o f3 2 s i te s r epor ted f r om t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t . S ome o ft h e se s i te sw e re r epor t ed ly o fv e ry l a rge s i ze , w i th " a c ropo l i s type" p l a tf o rm s , a l though o n ly b r ief d e sc r ip t ion s w i thou t s i te p l an s w e r e p rov ided . S u rf ace m a te r ia l s howed o ccupa t ion s f r om t h e L a te P rec la s s ic t ot h e C o lon ia lp e r iod .

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w h ich i st h e l a rge s to b s id ian f i e ld i nC en t ra l Ame r ica a nd t h e o n ly o ne o f Q ua ter na ry a ge (W i l l iam s e t a l . 1 964 ) . I ti s l o ca ted as ho r t d i s tance f r om t h e c oa s t , a ta bou t 6 0 k m n o r th o f t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano , w h ich m a rk s t h e n o r ther n b o rde ro ft h e s u rvey r eg ion . Morpho log ica l ly , t h e P ac if ic c oa s ta l p l a in o f G ua tema la i sd i v ided i n t wo p a r t s b a sed o n a l t i tude : t h e c oa s ta l p l a in ( l oca l ly k nown a sC o s ta B a ja ) , f r om 0t o 1 00 m a s l , a nd t h e p i edmon t ( l oca l ly k nown a s C o s ta A l ta , o r B ocaco s ta ) , f r om 1 00 t o 5 00m a s l . F o r t h e p u rpo se o ft h e p r e sen t a r chaeo log ica l s t udy a dd i t iona l s ubd iv i s ion s a r e t a ken i n to c on s ide ra t ion , b a sed o n f i e ld o b serva t ion o f g rad ien t , s o i l t y pe , r a inf a l l , a nd v ege ta t ion c ove r o n t h e S ou thea s ter nC oa s t( s ee b e low a nd F ig s . 1 . 2 , 1 . 3 , 1 . 4 ) . T he c oa s ta l p l a in i s f o rmed b y l a ha r s ( ma s s ive v o lcan ic b ou lde r -f i l led mud s l ide s ) a nd a l luv ia l d epo s i t s b rough t d own b y t h e n ume rou s r i ve r s t h a t d i s sec t t h e v o lcan ic s l ope s . B e low t h e 5 0m c on tou r l i ne , t h e s ed imen t s i n c lude i n c r ea s ing ly f i ne r c l a s t s ; f i r s t f r om c obb le t op ebb le a nd t h en d own t o am a t r ix o f v e ry f i ne s i l t s i nt h e a luv ia l f l a t s a nd n ea r t h e e s tua r ie s ( Kuenz i e t a l . 1 979 ) . A l luv ia l s ed imen t c l a s t s g ene ra l ly a r e d e sc r ibed a s mo s t ly Q ua te rna ry v o lcan ic m a te r ia l s o n t h e C oa s t . O n t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t t h e se a r e c oncen t ra t ed b e low t h e T ecuambu r ro a nd Moyu ta c one s . R ive r s o f t h e i n te rven ing a r ea s b e tween t h e T ecuambu r ro a nd Moyu ta c one s c a r ry m ixed s ed imen t s o f Q ua te rna ry a nd T e r t ia ry v o lcan ic m a te r ia l (W i l l iam s e ta l . 1 964 ) . T he p i edmon t o f P ac if ic G ua tema la i sc ha ra c te r ized b y p rog rad ing a luv ia l f a n s t h a t d e scend f r om t h e v o lcan ic s l ope s , p robab ly o r ig ina t ing i nt h e l a te P l e i s tocene ( Kuenz i e t a l . 1 979 ) . T he l a rge s t a luv ia l f a n i nt h e s ou thea s ter nr e g ion l i e s a t t h e e nd o f a d eep ly c u t c anyon b e tween t h e T ecuambu r ro a nd C er ro C on su l ta m oun ta in s . T he E sc lavo s r i ve r f l ow s t h rough t h i s c anyon a nd o n t h e e a s tern s i de o ft h e f a n a s i to pen s i n to t h e p l a in , t h en c urve s s ou th t owa rd s t h e o cean ( F ig . 1 . 7 ) .

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F i g . 1 . 6 P hy s ica lm ap o fG ua tema la s how ing s t udy r eg ion .

G eo logy T he P ac if ic c oa s t o fS ou thea s tern G ua tema la f o rm s t h e s ou thern t a i l e nd o f an a r row b e l t t h a t r un s n o r thwe s t s ou thea s t f r om t h e I s thmu s o f T ehuan tepec t o N ica ragua ( F ig . 1 . 6 ) . T he w id th o ft h ec oa s ta l s t r ip s t r e tches f r om 2 5 k m i n w e s te rn G ua tema la t o am ax imum w id th o f 5 2 k m i n c en t ra l E scu in t la ( McB ryde 1 947 ) , a l though i ti so n ly 1 6 k m w ide i nt h e S ou thea s te rn r eg ion w he r e t h i s w o rk t ook p l ace . T he c oa s ta l s t r ip l i e s w i th in t h e M idd le Ame r ica a r c t rench g ap a tt h e s ou ther n b ounda ry o ft h e w e s t tape r ing C a r ibbean l i t ho sphe r ic p l a te ( Duff ie ld 1 99 1) . T he M idd le Ame r ica T rench i sl o ca ted 1 50 k m o f f sho r e , p a ra l le l t o t h e S ou the rn G ua tema lan c oa s t a nd t h e n o r thea s twa rd s u sbduc t ion z one o f t h e C oco sp l a te . T o t h e n o r th , t h e c oa s ta l p l a in i st e rm ina ted b y t h e Q ua te rna ry v o lcan ic a r c t h a t a l so f o rm s t h e s ou the rn b o rde ro ft h e h i gh land s ( Kuenz i e ta l . 1 979 , F ig s . 1 ,2 ) . T he G ua tema lan h i gh land s c on s i s t o f t h ree m a in s equen t ia l g eo log ica l u n i t s : .1 )g r an i te s a nd o t he r m e tamorph ic r o ck s o f C re taceou s a ge f o rm a b a semen t o f r ugged t e r ra in ; 2 ) T e r t ia ry v o lcan ic r o ck s a nd l a va s s moo thed t h e r ugg ed e a r l ie r t opog raphy ; a nd f i na l ly t h e 3 ) Q ua ter na ry v o lcan ic p roduc t s o ft h e s ou thea s ter n v o lcan ic p rov ince . I n w e s ter n G ua tema la , t h e c one s o f t h e Q ua ter na ry v o lcan ic p rov ince a r ea l igned t os ou thea s tw h i le i ns ou thea s ter nG ua tema la t h ey a r e mo re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted a l ong f a u l t s a nd w i th in g r aben s ( t ec ton ic t r enche s ) t h a t d om ina te t h i s a r ea o f t h e h igh land s (W i l l iam s e t a l . 1 964 ) . T he h i ghe s t p eak s o f t h e v o lcan ic c ha in a r e i n w e s ter n G ua tema la ( Ta jumu lco 4 , 220m a sp w h i le t h e e a s ter n p eak s a r e g ene ra l ly l owe r . T he l a rge s t v o lcan ic c one s i n t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s ta l r eg ion a r e T ecuambu r ro , 1 900m a s l a nd Moyu ta 1 800m a s l . No h i s to r ic e r up t ion s a r e k nown f r om t h e se v o lcanoe s , a l though t h e e x i s tence o ff uma ro le s o nt h e s l ope s o fT ecuambu r ro a nd h o t s p r ing s n ea r t h e Moyu ta c one s ugge s t r e cen t g eo log ica l a c t iv i ty . T he d eep ly e r oded s i de s o f t h e se c omp lex c one s a nd t h e i r m a tu re v ege ta t ion i n d ica te t h a t t h e ma in p e r iod o f a c t iv i ty d id n o t l a s t f a r i n to t h e P l e i s tocene ( Du f i e ld 1 99 1) . A n i mpor tan t f e a tu r e o ft h i s r eg ion i st h e I x tepeque v o lcano , 1 2

F ig . 1 . 7V iew o ft h es t udy r e g ion 's t o pog raphy . A :F r e y , (7 6 5 17 3 .7 6 , 15 3 95 2 0 .5 2 ) t

1 9 tA 5

7 6 5 2 1 e . fs e e on 6 4 )

F i g . 1 . 8D iag ram s how ing e l eva t ion z one so ft h eS o thea s te rn C oa s tr e g ion ( 0 1900 m a s l . )a nd p rof i le so ft h et o pog raphy i nr e la t ion t om a jo rv o lcanoe sa l ong N -S a xe s( A ,B ,C )a nd a l ong t h ep i edmon to nE -W a x i s( D ) .

N

8 .F r a n (7 9 23 8 .5 5 . 15 3 5 0 4 5 3 6 1 t o (7 9 17 0 5 .0 8 . 15 8 5 2 5 2 .7 0 ) 1 9DD

H yd ro logy T he r e a r e t h r ee m a in r i ve r s i nt h e s ou thea s t e rn c oa s t . F rom w e s t t o e a s t , t h e se a r e t h e Ma r ia L inda , E sc lavo s a nd P az ( F ig . 1 . 7 ) . A l l t h r ee o r ig ina t e i nh igh land d r a inag e b a s in s a nd a r ej o ined o n t h e v o lcan ic s l ope s b y an umbe r o fm ino r r i ve r s a nd s e a sona l s t r eam s f o rm ing t h ree s e pa ra t e d r a inage s y s t em s . E v en o n d ay s o fp e rf ec t ly c l ea r s k ie s , t h e se r i ve r s c an t u rn f r om t r anqu i l s t r eam s t o t o r r en t s i n am a t t e r o f m inu t e s , a f t e r h eavy r a in s to rm s a t t h e i r h eadwa t e r s . T he m ax imum f l ow r a t e r e co rded f o r t h e Ma r ia L inda w a s 6 11 m 3 / sec o nS ep t . 4 ,1 969 a nd f o rt h e P az r i ve r 1 899 m3/ s ec o n O c t . 5 ,1 967 , w h i le a v e rag e a nnua l f l ow r a t e s f o rt h e p e r iod f r om 1 967 t o 1 982 w e r e 4 05 m 3 / sec . a nd 6 45 m 3 / sec . ( INS IVUMEH ) . D a ta a r en o ta va i lab le f o rt h eE sc lavo sr i ve r ;

C .F r a n (8 0 3 5 3 2 .2 9 ,1 5 2 4 17 7 . 1 1 ' , t o (8 1 10 4 4 . 17 , 15 4 87 90 .5 0 )

1 9 00

D .P r o m (7 5 17 48 .2 7 . 15 [6 9 2 .6 7 ) t o (8 2 0 4 7 3 9 7 . 15 40 4 7 9 ,4 8 )

1 9 00

o

1 3

h ow ev e r , b a sed o n f i e ld o b se rva t ion s , t h e E sc lavo s s hou ld e xceed t h e c apa c i ty o f b o th o t he r r i ve r s u nde r n o rma l c ond i t ion s . T he E sc lavo s h a s c u t ad eep c anyon b e tw een T ecuambu r ro a nd C e r ro C on su l ta a nd o n i t sc ou r se a c ro s st h e c oa s ta l p l a in f l ow s o n t h e e a s t e rn e dg e o f a n e l onga t ed a luv ia l f a n . F rom a n e l eva t ion o f5 00 m d own t o5 0 ma s ! , t h e r i v e r i se n t r enched i n to t h e f a n a nd r un s b e tween s t eep w a l l s ; b e low t h e 5 0m c on tou r , a tt h el o ca t ion o fL o sC e r r i to s v i l lage ,t h e s l ope o ft h ef a nd ec r ea se sa nd t h er i ve ra cqu i r e sa m o r e m eande r ing f o rm a s t h e f l a t p l a in o pen s t owa rd s t h e o cean . E xam ina t ion o fa e r ia lp ho tog raph s( F ig . 1 . 9 ) , s how sa n umbe r o f a bandoned c ou r se s t h a t f o rm a t r i angu la r d e l ta w i th i t s a pex a tL o s C e r r i to s . T he l o ca t ion o ft h e c u r r en t c ou r se o ft h e E sc lavo s s ugge s t s t h a t i th a s b een s ub jec t t oa p rog r e s s ive e a s twa rd m ig ra t ion . T he p roce s s o f v e r t ica l a gg rada t ion i n ar i ve r c hanne l s y s t em a nd t h e p rog r e s s ive s h if t o fc ou r se i s ac ommon f e a tu r e o f P a c if i c G ua t ema lan a luv ia l f a n s ( Kuenz i e t a l . 1 979 . T h i s i s c au sed b

s ed imen ta t ion w i th in t h e c hanne l t h a t r e duce s i t s s l ope . D u r ing af l ood ing e ven t t h e r i ve r m ay f i nd a s t eepe r r ou t e d own t h e d epo s i t iona l s u r f a ce a nd t h e c hanne l i sd i v e r t ed . M ia l l ( 1 98 1 , F i g . 2 2 ) a nd C ho r ley e ta l . ( 1 984 , F i g . 1 4 .8 ) h ave i l u s t ra t ed as im i la rc a se o fp rog r e s s iv e s h if t s i nt h ew e t a luv ia l f a n o ft h e K o s i r i ve r , I nd ia . F o r t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , t e n d e s t ruc t iv e f l ood s h ave b een r e co rded s i nce 1 9 30 (i n 1 931 , ' 3 2 , ' 3 4 , ' 4 9 , ' 6 8 , ' 6 9 , ' 7 9 , ' 8 2 , ' 8 4 , ' 8 8 ; I NS IVUMEH ) . T he se f l ood sh ave m o r ed i rec t ly a f ec t ed t h e a r ea d own s t r eam f r om L o s C e r r i to s . T h e mo s t d e s t ru c t ive r e cen t f l ood w a s t h a t o f 1 982 a nd l o ca l r e s iden t s h av e p o in t ed o u tt om et h e mo s tr e cen tc hang e s i nt h e l a nd scape i n c onnec t ion w i th s u ch f l ood e ven t s . I n a dd i t ion , t h e a e r ia l p ho to s s how m u l t ip le a bandoned c hann e l s n ea r t h e L o s C e r r i to s a r ea a nd f u r the r d own s t r eam ( F ig . 1 . 9 ) . T he m ax imum d i s tance b e tw een c hanne l s i sp r e sen t ly a bou t 6 . 7 k m .

F i g . 1 . 9A e r ia lv i ew o ft h eE sc lavo sr i ve ra luv ia lp l a in s how ing m any a bandoned c hanne l s( mag en ta )i n d ica t ing p rog r e s s iv e m ig ra t ion o ft h er i ve rf r om t h ew e s tt oi t sp r e sen tl o ca t ion ( b lu e ,r i gh t ) . T ot h en o r th ,t h es i t e /v i l lag eo fL o sC e r r i to sa nd t ot h e w e s t ,t h es i t e so fN uev eC e r ro sa nd L a Maqu ina a r ei n t e r sec t ed b yt h eE sc lavo sa nc ien tc hanne l s .

1 4

r e g ion . T he I l opango e r up t ion , h oweve r , may h ave h ad a s t ronge r i mpac t i nt h e c l o se r r eg ion o ft h e P az b a s in ( Shee t s 1 979 ) . P e rhap s o t he r m o re r e cen t , u nknown , v o lcan ic e r up t ion s m igh t a ccoun t f o r t h e f l uv ia l s h if t s a nd a l so f o r t h e i rs ub sequen t i mpac to n s e t t lemen td u r ing t h e L a te C la s s ic p e r iod . H oweve r , d ue t ot h e l a ck o fd a ta o n p o s t -P le i s tocene v o lcan ic a c t iv i ty i n t h i s p a r t icu la r a r ea , i t i s u ncer ta in w he the r a s y e t u nde tec ted l o ca l v o lcan i sm c an e xp la in t h e c oa s t -w ide s i te a bandonmen t o ft h e L a te C la s s ic o r e ven t h e a ppa ren t h i a tu s i ns ou thea s te rn G ua tema la a tt h e e nd o ft h e L a te P rec la s s ic p e r iod .

H yd ro logy a nd a rchaeo log ica ls i te s . O ve r9 5% o fa r chaeo log ica ls i t e s i nt h es ou thea s te rn c oa s ta r e l o ca ted l e s s t h an 1k m f r om ar i ve r , s t ream o ro t he r p e rmanen t b ody o fw a te r ( F ig . 2 . 4 ) . E ven t h o se s e t t lemen t s t h a t d o n o t a ppea r t o b e c onnec ted w i th b od ie s o fw a te r o n mode rn m ap s , t u rn o u t t ob e l o ca ted , u pon s c ru t iny o fa e r ia l p ho to s , o no rn ea ra bandoned r i ve rc hanne l s . Two a bandoned c hanne l s o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve rc r o s s t h e a r chaeo log ica l s i te s o f Nueve C e r ro s /La Maqu ina a nd B one te ( F ig . 1 . 9 ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t as e r ie s o fc a ta s t roph ic f l ood s , o rt h e movemen to ft h er i ve rf r om t h a ta r ea , m ay h ave t r igge red t h e a bandonmen t o f t h o se s i t e s a tt h e e nd o f t h e C la s s ic P e r iod . An e a r l ie r c a ta s t roph ic e ven t m ay a l so h ave c au sed as h if t i nt h e l o ca t ion o ft h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c en te r f r om N ueve C er ros t oL a Maqu ina ( 1k ma pa r t ) a tt h e e nd o f t h e L a te P r ec la ss ic p e r iod a nd i t s f i na l a bandonmen t a tt h e e nd o f t h e C la s s ic p e r iod , a l though p o l i t ica l a nd r e l ig iou s r e a son s a r e a l so l i ke ly c au se s . S im i la r ly , t h e R io P az s e em s t oh ave f l owed t h rough t h e P rec la s s ic t oL a te C la s s ic s i te o f L a N ueva , a nd o the r s ub sequen t o r c oeva l c hanne l s r a n t h rough t h e L a te P rec la s s ic s i te o fB o rdo s a nd o t he r s i te s i n t h e P az r i ve rr eg ion . T he v er t ica l a gg rada t ion p roce s se s t h a t a f f ec t ed b o th r i ve r s s eve ra l t ime s m ay b e c h rono log ica l ly l i nked , a nd c oeva l t o t h e m a jo r s e t t lemen t a bandonmen t i n t h e L a te -o rP o s t - C la s s ic p e r iod s( s ee c hap . 6 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o g radua l f l uv ia l s ed imen ta t ion p roce s se s t h e p rog re s s ive o r s udden m ig ra t ion o f t h e E sc lavo s ( a nd P az )r i ve r m ay h ave b een t r igge r ed b y o t he r y e t u nde tec ted c a ta s t roph ic e ven t s . I n s ou thwe s te rn G ua tema la , K uenz i e t a l . ( 1979 ) h ave s t ud ied t h e r e cen t c hang es i na luv ia l f a n c hanne l s a nd d e l ta f o rma t ion o ft h e S a lamä r i ve r . H e re t h e d r ama t ic 1 902 e r up t ion o ft h e S an ta Ma r ia v o lcano a t t h e h eadwa t e r s o f t h e S a lamä r i ve r p rodu ced h uge a moun t s o f a sh f l ow . T he e j ec ta a nd a sh f l ow s f r om t h ee rup t ion c ove red al a rg ep o r t ion o ft h e S a lamä d ra inage d e s t roy ing t h e o r ig ina l v eg e ta t ion a nd i n c rea s ing e r o s iona l p roces ses . I n t h e y ea r s t h a t f o l lowed , al a rge i n c rea se i n s ed imen t s upp ly c au sed t h e r i ve r 's v er t ica l a gg rada t ion , f o rc ing i tt o s h if t c ou r se , a nd b l ock ing i t s t r ibu ta r ie s ' d r a inage t h u s f o rm ing f l ank ing l a ke s . T he P a c if i c s ho re l ine c hanged f r om as t ra igh t l i ne i n to ap ro t rud ing d e l ta . P o s s ib ly , as im i la rp henomenon o fi n c r ea sed s e d imen t s upp ly c ou ld h ave c au sed t h e 8k m w ide s h if t o ft h e E sc lavo s ( a nd P az ) r i v e r s ome t ime d u r ing t h e l a s t m i l lenn ium . T he c a tac ly sm ic A .D . 2 60 e r up t ion o ft h e I l opango v o lcano i nE l S a lvado r m ay h ave c au sed e x ten s ive a s h f a l l a s f a r a s t h e S an ta R o sa h eadwa te r s o f t h e E sc lavo s m o re t h an 7 0 k m a way , b u t i ti su ncer ta in w he the r a nd t ow ha t e x ten t i tm ay a l so h ave t r igge red m a jo r d ef o re s ta t ion a nd e r o s ion i n t h e

C l ima te T he c l ima te o ft h e l owe rP a c if ic c oa s t i s" ho t t r op ica l" w i th a s i x mon th d ry w in te r , Awg i , i nK öppen 's s y s tem , ( McBryde 1 947 ) . Mo s t r a in i sc oncen t ra ted i n t h e s umme r mon ths , e spec ia l ly b e tween J u ly a nd S ep tembe r , w i th as ho r t t e n d ay d ry b reak e a r ly i n A ugu s t i n s ome y ea r s ( can icu la ) . T he p i edmon t d if e r s f r om t h e c oa s ta l p l a in i n h av ing a " ho t t r op ica l m on soon" c l ima t e w i th s l igh t ly h i ghe r p r ec ip i ta t ion d i s t r ibu ted o ve r al o nge r p e r iod o ft ime . T h is i st h e Amw i t y pe o fc l ima te i nK öppen 's c l a s s if ica t ion ( McBryde 1 947 ) . A l though McBryde 's c ha rac te r iza t ion a pp l ie s w e l l t o t h e c oa s ta l c l ima te a s aw ho le , t h e S ou thea s ter n c l ima te d i f f e r s s l igh t ly . T he r a in s a r e g ene ra l ly l e s s c op iou s t h an i n t h e w e s tern a nd c en t ra l p a r t s o f t h e c oa s t a nd t e nd t o s t ar t a m on th o rs o l a te rt h an i nn ea rby E scu in t la , 5 0 km t ot h e w e s t ( p e r s . o b se rva t ion 1 995 -97 a nd S immon s e ta l . 1 959 ) . O n t h e w e s tm a rg in o ft h e s t udy z one , a t am e teo ro log ica l s t a t ion n ea r t h e s i te o f D u razno ( F ig . 3 . 1) , a ve rage a nnua l r a inf a l l w a s 2 123 n un i n 1 988 , t h e w e t te s t o f t h e 1 980 -89 d ecade ( Ca r tago S t a t ion , I NS IVUMEH ; T ab le 1 . 1) . A t t h e e a s tern m a rg in , a tL aN ueva , a ve rage r a inf a l l w a s 1 205 .9 i nt h e s ame y ea ra nd 1 378 .3 mm i nt h e w e t te s ty ea ro ft h a t d ecade ( Tab le 1 . 2 ) . O n t h e u ppe r v o lcan ic s l ope s , p r ec ip i ta t ion i s mo re a bundan t a nd mo re e ven ly s p r ead t h roughou t t h e w e t s ea son t h an o n t h ec oa s ta l p l a in .N ea rC h iqu imu l i l la ( F ig . 1 . 5 ) a t4 30 m a s l , a ve rage t o ta l r a inf a l l i nt h e 1 2 y ea r s b e tween 1 935 1 946 w a s 2 277 mm ( S immon se ta l . 1 959 ) . T empe ra tu re s o n t h e P a c if ic c oa s t a ve rage a nnua l ly a bou t 2 5 d eg ree s c en t ig rade ( McB ryde 1 947 ) . O n t h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s th ighe rd a i ly t empe ra tu r e so ccu r i nt h e E a s t a tL a N ueva ( 39 ° C . m ax . o ft h e 1 980 s i n 1 986 ; T ab le 1 . 3) a nd af ew d eg ree s l owe rt ot h e w e s t a tD u razno ( 34° C . m ax . i nt h e s ame y ea r ; T ab le 1 . 4 ) . N igh t t empe ra tu re s r a re ly f a l l b e low 1 8 °y ea r ly a nd r e co rd l ow w a s 1 2 °a tD u razno i nD ec . 1 989 ( INS IVU MEH ) .

1 5

T ab le 1 . 1 C a r tago , T ax isco , Me te reo log ica l S ta t ion , 1 0 M ASL , P rec ip i ta t ion i n mm f o rt h e d ecade o f1 980 -89 . AN YEAR J 0 1 980 0 1 981 2 1 982 1 983 1 984 1 985 1 986 1 987 1 988

F EB

MAR APR

MAY J UN

1 7 0 1 3

0 3 0 5

2 6 7 1 1 32

9 9 2 73 1 3 1

3 18 3 80 3 48

0

2 5

8

1 8

5 3

1 3 1

0

3 5

9

5

1 82

2 03

0

0

0

1 22

1 47

2 03

0 0

0 3

0 8

1 8 1 .3

2 24 10

2 76 2 40

3 7

0

0 1

5 8 5 9

2 45 1 69

3 57 1 32

1 989

J UL 2 52 2 64 1 33 3 22 1 36 3 05 1 37 2 73 3 30 3 51

S EP 5 14

AUG 4 03 2 46 1 68 1 44 1 89

1 7 1 3 95 4 24 3 28 1 38

4 15 2 38 2 31

2 23

DEC ANNUAL

6 9 4 6

0 0

1 906 1 877

2 76

4 2 3 6

2 8 0

1 673 1 397

7 5 1 95 2 2 .9

0 0 0

1 4 18 1 776 1 445 .9

1 3 4 7 9 6

7 . 0

1 357 .3 2 123 1 796

2 36 2 56 2 51

2 82

3 07 2 20 1 90

5 09

2 77

2 4 1

5 77 2 02

OCT NOV 2 08 3 96

T ab le C hap te r One . 2L aN ueva Mon tuf a r Me te reo log ica l S ta t ion , I NS IVU MEH . P rec ip i ta t ion i n mm f o rt h e 1 980 -89 d ecade . YEAR J AN

F EB

MAR APR

MAY

J UN

J UL

AUG

S EP

OCT

NOV

DEC

ANNUAL

1 980

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

4 3 .8

3 0 .8

2 64 .1

2 15 .8

4 13 .1

3 06 .6

9 4 .7

9 . 4

0 . 0

1 378 .3

1 981

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

3 5 .1

8 8 .5

3 03 .6

2 56 .0

2 47 .4

1 58 .4

2 04 .7

3 5 .6

4 . 8

1 334 .1

1 982

0 . 0

0 . 9

1 5 .4

1 2 .3

1 43 .5

2 93 .2

9 5 .2

4 6 .4

4 67 .3

16 .3

6 3 .9

0 . 0

1 254 .4

1 983

0 . 0

5 . 4

3 1 .1

8 . 6

1 1 .3

19 .0

2 13 .5

1 35 .2

2 28 .2

1 38 .6

8 . 0

7 . 0

1 005 .9

1 984

0 . 8

3 . 2

0 . 0

1 4 .0

2 67 .9

2 21 .2

3 58 .5

19 .8

2 33 .8

1 68 .2

1 5 .8

0 . 0

1 403 .2

1 985

0 . 0

0 . 0

2 . 6

16 .0

1 08 .4

1 57 .4

2 69 .4

1 63 .9

1 50 .6

1 5 3 .1

3 31 .0

0 . 0

1 556 .7

1 986

0 . 0

3 . 2

0 . 0

2 0 .2

2 40 .3

2 71 .1

10 .7

1 64 .6

2 04 .6

1 44 .3

0 . 4

0 . 0

159 .4

1 987

0 . 0

0 . 0

5 . 5

1 8 .3

4 5 .2

33 .8

2 13 .6

1 99 .5

11 .1

5 2 .4

0 . 6

0 . 0

9 80 .0

1 988

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

0 . 0

5 7 .2

2 30 .4

1 96 .8

3 70 .8

2 85 .3

6 5 .2

0 . 2

0 . 0

1 205 .9

1 989

0 . 0

0 . 0

3 . 4

3 1 .4

1 7 1 .4

2 63 .5

2 80 .4

8 0 .9

4 11 .8

2 85 .7

6 2 .4

0 . 0

1 590 .9

1 6

T ab le 1 . 3 L a Nueva Mon tuf a r Me teo ro log ica l S t a t ion I NS IVU MEH . Max imum h igh t empe ra tu re s i nt h e 1 980 -1989 d ecade i n c en t ig rade . YEAR

J AN F EB

MAR

APR MAY

J UN

J UL

AUG

S EP

1 980

3 5 .0 3 6 .5

3 7 .4

3 9 .6

3 6 .6

3 7 .0

3 7 .3

3 5 .4

3 4 .8

1 98 1

3 4 .5 3 7 .2

3 6 .8

3 7 .8

3 5 .5

3 3 .7

3 5 .3

3 5 .8

3 .8

1 982

3 6 .0 3 6 .7

3 6 .7

3 7 .5

3 8 .3

3 4 .6

3 6 .7

3 7 .4

1 983

3 6 .0 3 5 .6

3 7 .5

3 7 .5

3 7 .0

3 5 .0

3 6 .0

1 984

3 6 .8 3 5 .3

3 7 .0

3 6 .3

3 5 .5

3 4 .7

3 5 .5

1 985

3 4 .8 3 6 .5

3 7 .8

3 7 .3

3 5 .8

3 6 .2

3 4 .6

1 986

3 4 .9 3 4 .3

3 7 .8

3 9 .3

3 9 .8

3 5 .3

3 6 .7

1 987

3 6 .2 3 5 .3

3 6 .8

3 9 .3

3 8 .4

3 5 .3

3 7 .3

1 988

3 7 .3 3 7 .7

3 8 .5

3 7 .3

3 7 .7

3 4 .7

3 4 .9

1 989

3 5 .5 3 6 .7

3 4 .9

3 6 .7

3 4 .9

3 4 .1

3 6 .8

OCT

NOV

DEC ANNUA

3 4 .5

3 5 .4

3 5 .0

3 4 .2

3 3 .7

3 4 .5

3 7 .8

3 6 .7

3 4 .7

3 4 .8

3 5 .3

3 8 .3

3 5 .5

3 .7

3 3 .5

3 3 .7

3 5 .4

3 7 .5

3 4 .6

3 3 .5

3 3 .7

3 3 .4

3 4 .8

3 7 .0

3 4 .8

3 4 .6

3 3 .0

3 4 .0

3 4 .5

3 7 .8

3 5 .8

3 5 .0

3 4 .1

3 5 .0

3 4 .8

3 9 .8

3 5 .9

3 4 .7

3 6 .1

3 6 .6

3 6 .3

3 9 .3

3 3 .9

3 3 .4

3 4 .7

3 4 .0

3 4 .9

3 8 .5

3 4 .2

3 3 .1

3 4 .3

3 5 .3

3 5 .3

3 6 .8

3 9 .6

T ab le 1 . 4C a r tago , T ax isco Me teo ro log ica l S ta t ion , I NS IVU MEH . Max imum t empe ra tu re s i nt h e 1 980 -89 d ecade . YEAR J AN

F EB MAR APR

MAY J UN

J UL AUG

S EP

OCT

NOV

DEC ANNUAL

1 980

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 5 .0

3 1 .0

3 3 .0

3 3 .0 3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 1 .0

3 2 .0

3 1 .0

3 5 .0

3 1 .0

3 3 .0

3 4 .0 3 4 .0

3 1 .0

3 1 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 4 .0

1 983

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 4 .0

3 3 .0

3 2 .0 3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 4 .0

3 4 .0

3 4 .0

1 984

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 4 .0

3 3 .0

3 2 .0 3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 3 .0

3 4 .0

1 985

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 3 .0 3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 .0

1 986

3 1 .0

3 3 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 4 .0

3 3 .0

3 2 .0 3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 3 .0

3 4 .0

1 987

3 .0

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 2 .0

3 6 .0

3 4 .0

3 3 .0 3 3 .0

3 4 .0

3 4 .0

3 5 .0

3 5 .0

3 6 .0

1 988

3 5 .0

3 5 .0

3 8 .0

3 5 .0

3 4 .0

3 3 .0

3 3 .0 3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 3 .0

3 3 .0

3 3 .0

3 8 .0

1 989

3 4 .0

3 4 .0

3 3 .0

3 6 .0

3 3 .0

3 5 .0

3 4 .0 3 2 .0

3 5 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 2 .0

3 6 .0

1 98 1 1 982

1 7

F ig . 1 . 10 S o i lt y pe d i s t r ibu t ion . b rown f i ne c l ayey s i l t s o ft h e T iqu i sa te t y pe ( i b id . ) a nd a r e v e ry f e r t i le a nd e a s i ly c u l t iva ted . T he f o u r th g roup ( F ig . 1 . 10 : 4 )o f s o i ls a r e i nt h e s wamp s a nd l a goon s o ft h e l i t to ra l e s tua r ie s . T he se a r e d eep , v e ry p oo r ly d r a ined g r ay -da rk g r ay h eavy c l ay s o ft h e T eco ja te t y pe ( i b id . ) . T oday o n ly a f ew a r t if ic ia l ly e l eva ted a r ea s o ft h e e s tua r ie sa r e s u cce s sf u l ly c u l t iva ted , a nd s a l t b ed s a r e mo re f r equen t t h an c u l t iva t ion . T he f i f th g roup i n t h i s r e g iona l c l a s s if ica t ion i st h a t o f t h e b each s and s a nd s and b a r st h a t f o rm t h e s ho r e l ine . T he se a r e m ed ium t oc oa r se d a rk g ray -b lack v o lcan ic s a nd s .

S o i l s T he s o i l s o f t h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s t a r e p r ima r i ly d e r ived f r om v o lcan ic s ed imen t s . S immon s e ta l . 's ( 1959 ) p rov ide ag ene ra l c l a s s if ica t ion o fs o i ls t h a t i se xpanded h e r e a nd r ef ined b a sed o n f i e ld o b se rva t ion s ( F ig . 1 . 10 ) . T he a r ea o ft h e p i edmon t i sd om ina ted b y s t eep s l op ing l a ha r s l i t t e red w i th l a rge a nd m ed ium s i ze b a sa l t ic b ou lde r s . S o i l s a r e s ha l low r edd i sh b rown , w e l l d ra ined , f i ne -med ium s a ndy c l ay s o ft h e T ax i sco t y pe i nS immon s ' ( 1959 ) c l a s s if ica t ion . T he se s o i l s a r e g ene ra l ly c onf ined t o t h e 1 00 -500 m e l eva t ion s a nd g ene ra l ly g ood f o r c u l t iva t ion ( F ig . 1 . 10 : 1 ) . F u r the r d own s lope i s ac en t ra l a r ea o ccup ied b y t h e a nc ien t E sc lavo s a luv ia l f a n o fv e ry l ow g r ad ien t ( 0 -2% ) w i th s o i l s o ft h eP apa tu r ro t y pe ( i b id . F ig . 1 . 10 : 2 ) . T he se a r ev e ry w e l l d r a ined , s ha l low r edd ish t o y e l low i sh b rown f i ne t o c oa r se s i l ty s and s . T hey a r e v e ry d ry a nd h a rd i nt h e d ry s e a son a nd n o t s u i tab le f o r c u l t iva t ion w i thou t i r iga t ion . T he s o i l s o f t h e t h i rd g roup a r e i nt h e a l luv ia l p l a in . T he se a r e f o und o n t h e f l a t s c r o s sed b yt h e Ma r ia L inda , E sc lavo s , a nd P az r i ve r s ( F ig . 1 . 10 : 3 ) . T hey a r e d eep , p oo r ly d ra ined y e l low i sh

V ege ta t ion F uen te s yG uzman ( 1882 ) d e sc r ibed t h i s w ho le a r ea a s b e ing h eav i ly c ove red b y t a l l t r op ica l f o r e s t i nt h e XV I I c en tu ry . T oday , mo s t o f t h e o r ig ina l v ege ta t ion o f t h e s ou thea s ter nc oa s t h a s b een l o s t t oa g r icu l tu ra l d eve lopmen t , l a rge ly d ue t oc a t t le a nd m a ize f a rm ing . Many l a rge r t r ee s a r e l ef t f o r s hade i nc a t t le r a nche s a nd n ume rou s i s land s o f f o re s t s t i l l e x i s ta l ong t h e r i ve r s , s u ch t h a to ne c an s t i l l d e tec t t h et y pe o fo r ig ina l v ege ta t ion c ove r .

1 8

T h e s eve ra l d i sce rn ib le t y pe s o f v eg e ta t ion c ove r r ef lec t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f s o i l t y p e s a nd r a inf a l l o n t h e l a nd scape . T he p i edmon t a r ea ( F ig . 1 . 10 : 1 )i sc ov e red b y r emnan t s o ft a l l m on soon r a in f o re s t i nw h ich a r e c ommon l a rge t r ee s s u ch a s t h e P a lo B lan co o r P a lo d e C o r t e s ( Ro seod end ron d onne l sm i th i i ) , t h e S an ta Ma r ia ( Ca l lophy lum b ra s i len se ) , t h e C e iba ( C e iba p en tand ra ) , t h e C ed ro ( C ed r e la m ex icana ) , t h e U jux t e o rR amon ( B ro s imum a l ica s t rum ) , a nd t h e E scqu i such i l ( Bu r r e i ra H uan i ta ) t r ee s . T oday , t h eC a cao t r ee ( T heobroma c acao )c an s t i l lb e f ound b e ing c u l t iv a t ed o nt h i sp i edmon tb e l t . T h ep i edmon tf o r e s tf a de so u to nt h el owe rs l ope so f t h e a l luv ia l f a n ( F ig .1 . 10 : 2 ) , w he r e a te l eva t ion s b e tween 1 00 a nd 1 0 m a s l , t h e r e i s al owe r d r y s c rubby s a vannah v ege ta t ion , l o ca l ly k nown a s" I lano" ,d u et ot h el owe rr a inf a l l a nd s andy s o i l s . H e r e a r e c ommon t h o rny t r ee s s u ch a st h e Mo r ro o r J i ca ro ( C re scen t ia C u je t e a nd C re scen t ia a l a ta ) , t h eG uaya can ( Gua iacum s anc tum )a nd o t he ra c a c ia e . Af t e rc r o s s ing t h e s c rubby v eg e ta t ion o ft h e a luv ia l f a n , o ne e n t e r s t h e b e t te r w a te r ed a nd f e r t i le s o i l s o f t h e a luv ia l f l a t sa nd h e re o ne f i nd s t a l l t r op ica l f o r e s tv ege ta t ion a ga in . C ommon ly f ound h e r e a r e t h e C e iba , t h e U jux te , t h e C ed ro , a nd Ama te ( F icu s s p ) ,t h e P a lo d e J i o te ( Bu r se ra s ima ruba , ac oa s ta l v a r ie ty o fC opa l , G umbo l imbo , P ro t ium c opa l [ Bu r s e ra ceae ] ) , t h e Z apo te ( Pau te r ia s apo ta ) , a nd t h e C onaca s t e ( En te ro lob ium c yc loca rpum ) , w h ich c an g row e v en l a rg e rt h an t h eC e iba , a nd i so ne o ft h ef o u rl a rge s tt r ee s o fC en t r a l Ame r ica , al a ndma rk o ft h e P a c if i c c oa s t ( Agu i la r 1 9 82 ) . F u r th e r d own s t r eam o ne e n coun t e r s l ow ly ing a nd s e a sona l ly i n unda t ed a r ea s w he r e p a lm t r ee s s u ch a s t h e G uano ( Saba lm ex icana ) , t h e C o rozo ( O rb ig yna c ohune )a nd H u i scoyo l( Coyo le sp ino sa )a r ed om inan t . T h e e s tua r ie s f o rm a v a r iab ly n a r row b and o f b r a ck i sh w a t e r c hanne l s r unn ing p a r a l le l t ot h e c oa s t t h a t i s t y p ica l ly 1 k m t o 3k m w ide . H e re , s e v e r a l s p ec ie s o f M ang rov e t r e e s ( Rh i zophora mang l e , A v ic enn ia g um inan s , C onaca rpu s e r ec tu s , L agunacu la r ia r ac emo sa , R h i zopho ra a r r i son i i b id . ) d om ina t e t h e a r ea s w he r e t h e e s tua ry w a t e r s r e a ch as uf i c ien t l e ve l o fs a l in i ty . I nt h e w e s t e rn m a rg in o f t h e r eg ion t h e e s tua r ie s o pen u p i n t h e w ide l a goon o f C h iqu imu l i l la w he r et a l lg r a s se s , l o ca l ly c a l led t u l ei nN ahua , g r ow i nt h e 0 . 50 m d eep w a te r s . Mang rov e s a r er a re r i nt h i s a r ea a nd a r ec onf ined t os ma l l i s land s

l o nge r p r e sen t o n t h e P a c if i c C oa s t i n c lude m any m ed ium s i z e h e rb ivo r e s s u ch a st h e d ee r , t a p i ra nd p ecca ry , m onk ey s , c an idae s u ch a s t h e z o r ra g r i s ( g ray f o x , U ro cyon c i ne reoa rg en tu s ) , a nd f e l id s s u ch a st h ej a gua ra nd o ce lo t , a s w e l l a sa n tea t e r s , a nd a rmad i l lo s . T he r i v e r s a r e s t i l l r i ch i n f r e shwa t e rf i sh , s h r imp , a nd c r ab . T he m ang rove f o r e s t s a nd b r a ck i sh c oa s ta l w a te r s o f t h e e s tua r ie s h o s t ap l e tho ra o f a dd i t iona l s p ec ie s s u ch a s c a iman s , w a t e r b i rd s s u ch a s c o rmo ran t s , c r ane s , a nd s poonb i l l b i rd s , a nd t h e r e a r e a bundan tm o l lu sk s , c r u s ta cea , f r e shwa t e rf i sh a nd s e af i sh . A d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e n a tu ra l f o od r e sou r ce s o f t h e e s tua ry l a goon s i sg i ven i nC oe a nd F l anne ry ( 1964 , 1 967 ) a nd o t he r s h av e f o l lowed m o r e r e cen t ly ( A r royo 1 994 ) . My p e r sona l o b se rva t ion i st h a t e ven t o day s ome l owe r i n come h ou seho ld s i n t h e e s tua r ie s c an l i ve o n af i sh , s h e l lf i sh , s h r imp a nd c r ab d i e tw i th p e rhap s al i t t l ec or na s ap u r cha sed s upp lemen t .

S ummar yo fT he P hy s i ca lS e t t ing Wh i le a tt h e m a c ro s c a le t h e P a c if ic C oa s t f o rm s a h omogenou s c oa s ta l e nv i ronmen t , t h e S ou thea s ter n s ub r e g ion d if e r s s l igh t ly f r om n e ighbo r ing a r ea s i ng eo log ica l a nd c l ima t ic d e ta i l s . F u r the rmo r e , a tt h e i n te rmed ia t e s c a le , d if e r ence s i ns o i l t y pe , r a inf a l l r a t e s , a nd v ege ta t ion c ove r w i th in t h e s t udy r e g ion a l low t h e i d en t if i ca t ion o f s e ve ra l d i s t inc t e co log ica l z one s t h a t p rov id e ap l e tho ra o f d i ve r se r e sou r ce s t oh uman a c t iv i ty . O ne e co log ica l z one i sf o rmed b y t h e s t eep p i edmon t s t r ip f r om 5 00 t o 1 00 m e l eva t ion a bove s e a l e ve l ( F ig . 1 . 10 : 1 ) ,w i th w e l l -d ra ined c l ayey s o i l s , r a in f o r e s tv eg e ta t ion a nd a bundan ts t r eam sa nd s p r ing s . T he s e cond z one i st h el owe rg r ad ien tp i edmon tf r om 1 00 t o5 0m e l eva t ion a . s . 1 . , o ccup ied m o s t ly b y d r y a luv ia l f a n s (F ig . 1 . 10 : 2 ) , w i th w e l l d r a ined s a ndy s o i l s a nd s a vanna v eg e ta t ion . T he t h i rd z one i sf o rmed b y t h e a l luv ia l f l a t s o f t h et h ree m a in r i ve r s ( F ig . 1 . 10 : 3 ) , w i th d eep p oo r ly d r a ined s i l ty c l ay s , a nd r a in f o r e s tv eg e ta t ion . T he f o u r th z one i st h e c oa s ta le s tua ry ( F ig . 1 . 10 :4 ) ,w i th p oo r ly d r a ined h eavy c l ay s a nd m ang rove v ege ta t ion .

F auna T h e f a una o f t h i s p a r t o f t h e c oa s t w a s a bundan t u n t i l r e cen ty ea r s . T oday , o ne c an o n ly i mag ine t h e r i chne s s o f i t s w i ld l if e b y c ompa r i son w i th t h e n o t s o d i s tan t P e t en r e g ion t ot h en o r th , mo s t o fw h ich i ss t i l l p r e se rved a s ar a r e C en t ra l Am e r i can p r i s t ine t r op ica l f o r e s te nv i ronmen t . Mo s t o f t h e s u rv iv ing a n ima l s o f t h e P a c if i c C oa s t a r e s ma l l m amma l s ( Ca lvo 1 994 ) . C ommon i n hab i tan t s o f t o day 's c oa s ta l f o r e s t r e f uge i s l and s a r e , p r o c ion ida e s u ch a s t h e p i so te ( c oa t i tn tmd i , N a sua n a r ica ) , m apa ch e ( r a coon , P ro cyon l o to r ) , s om e m a r sup ia l s s u ch a s t h e t a cua z in ( o po s sum ; D id e lph i s m a r sup ia l i s ) , a nd m any r oden t s p ec ie s s u ch a s t e pe s cu in t le ( Agou t i p aca ) . S om e m o r e c ommon b i rd s i n c lud e p a r ro t s , v u l tu re s , h e ron s , a nd h awk s . R ep t i le s s u ch a s m ud t u r t le s a nd i g uana s a r e s t i l l h un t ed t o day a nd w e r e l i ke ly af o od s ou r ce i na nc ien tt i m e s . S pe c ie st h a ta r en o 1 9

Chap ter Two

t r a i l s , o f ten a f t e r s pec if ic i n f o rma t ion w a s g i ven b y t h e l o ca l r e s iden t s a bou t ap o s s ib le a r chaeo log ica l s i t e i nt h e v i c in i ty . T he o penne s s o ft h e t e r ra in w i th in p l oughed f i e ld s a nd c a t t le p a s tu re s a low ed t h e s u rvey o fv a s t a r ea s e ven f r om t h e f a rm r oad s , f r om w h ich mound s o f am in imum o f0 . 50 m i nh e igh t c ou ld b e s po t t ed u p t o 1k m o r 2 km a way . T he d e t ec t ion o f s ma l le r , of s i t e o rn on -mound o ccupa t ion w a s p u r sued w i th ap rog ram o fi n ten s ive w a lk -ove r t r an sec t s ( s ee b e low ) . T he e x i s t ing d en se n e two rk o ff a rm r oad s a nd t r a i l s w a st r ave r sed t h o rough ly a nd p rov ided a u sef u l a nd e f f ec t ive m ean t o a ccomp l i sh t h e g o la s o fo u r e x ten s ive c ov e rage o ft h e 1 , 278 k m2r e g ion ( F ig . 2 . 1) . A bou t 9 0 % o ft h e t era in w a s c ove red b yt h i s e x ten s ive s u rvey m e thod a f t e r 3s e a son s . A s ide f r om t h e e x tens ive c ove rage o f t h e w ho le r e g ion as amp l ing s t ra tegy w a s d e s igned t op e rf o rm am uch mo r e i n ten s ive c ove rage o f a s t a t i s t ica l ly r ep r e sen ta t ive p o r t ion o ft h e r eg ion t h a t a dd res sed t h e i sue o f o f s i te o r n on -mound d i s t r ibu t ion s i n aq uan t if iab le w ay ( Che r ry e ta l . 1 99 1 , W i lk e ta l . 1 975 , R edman a nd Wa t son 1 970 ; F i g . 2 . 1) . T h i s s amp l ing s t ra tegy w a s d es igned o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e i n i t ia l c en t ra l a r ea o f S an ta R o sa ( 1 995 s u rvey ) a s a s t ra t ig raph ic r a ndom s amp le e x t rac t ed f r om a u n ive r se o f 5 0 1 .856 k m 2.T he s amp l ing u n ive r se w a s s ubd iv ided i n to 9 s t ra ta o r s u rvey b l ock s d r awn f o l low ing ar ough s ubd iv i s ion o ft h e r e g ion i n to e co log ica l z one s b a sed o n d i f f e r ence s i n e l eva t ion , s l ope , s o i l t y pe s , a nd g round w a t e r( s ee c hap . 1 ) .

R e search Me thods

S urvey m e thods ,s i te p re serva t ion a nd d a ta f o rma t T he s u rvey a nd e xcava t ion d a ta a va i lab le f r om t h e 1 995 -97 f i e ld s e a son s f o r t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t w a s g a the red f r om 1 54 s e t t lemen t s . D u r ing t h e t h r ee c on secu t ive f i e ld s e a son s , mo s t o f t h e f i e ld -wo rk p e r son -hou r s w e r e d ed ica t ed t ot h e g ene ra l s u rvey o ft h e r eg ion a nd t o al e s se r e x ten tt oe x cava t ion . T he s u rvey h ad a si t so b jec t ive t h e mo s t c omp le t e p o s s ib le c ove rage o fa l l a r ea s o ft h e c oa s ta l p l a in , f r om t h e 2 00 m e l eva t ion l i ne t ot h e P ac if i c s ho re , w i th in a n i n i t ia l r e g ion b e tween t h e R io L o s E sc lavo s o n t h e e a s t a nd t h e C h iqu iu i tän l a goon o n t h e w e s t ( F ig . 2 . 1) a moun t ing t o a pp rox ima t e ly 7 00 k m 2. I n 1 996 t h e s u rvey r e g ion w a s f u r the re xpanded t ot h e w e s tu pt ot h e r i ve r Ma r ia L inda f o ra t o ta l a r ea o f a bou t 1 , 000 k m 2.T he t h i rd e x ten s ion t o t h e s u rvey r e g ion i n 1 997 s t re t ched t o t h e e a s t a s f a r a s t h e c ou r se o ft h e R io P az , t h a tf o rm st h e G ua tema la - E l S a lvado r f r on t ie r , f o r at o ta l a r ea o f 1 278 k m 2.B ecau se t h e s i ze o ft h e a r ea t ob ec ove red w a s s ol a rge , d u r ing t h e i n i t ia l s t age o ft h e p ro jec t ad ec is ion w a s m ade t o l i m i t i n ten s ive c ove rage t o s amp le a r ea s a nd f o cu s p r ima r i ly o n s i te d i scove ry a nd m app ing i na ne x ten s ive c ove rage . A rea st ob e s u rveyed w e re r e ached b yc a rt h rough f a rm r oad s a nd i ns ome c a se s o f f road •

' SOUTHEASTERN ' PAC IF IC COAST 1 995 1997

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I5 0 k m F ig . 2 . 1 Map o ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s tS u rvey r e g ion s how ing a r ea so fe x ten s ive s u rvey ( mag en ta ) , i n ten s iv es u rvey b l ock sa nd t r ansec t s( o the rc o lo r s ) , a nd l o ca t ion so fm apped a r chaeo log ica l s i t e s .

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a nd h and t o o l s a r e u sed t op repa r e t h e f i e ld f o r t h e c r op o ne c an a s sume t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re s h ave b e t te r m a in ta ined t h e i r f o rm a nd s i ze u n t i l t h e p re sen t . L e s s t h an i d ea l c ond i t ion s o ccu r red i nf i e ld s o ccup ied b y c a t t le p a s tu re : i n mo s t o ft h e se f i e ld s g ra s se s w e re s ho r t e nough n o t t o o b s t ruc t m ound v i s ib i l i ty , e ven o ft h e l owe s t r i se s o n t h e g round . H oweve r , t h e s o i l w a s o f t en c omp le te ly u n tu rned , a nd c ompa c t ed b y a n ima l g raz ing r e nde r ing a r t if ac t v i s ib i l i ty l ow o rn u l l . Q u i t e o f t en , s ad ly , b u t t o t h e s u rvey a r cha eo log is t s ' a dvan tage , a r t if ac t v i s ib i l i ty w a s i mp roved b y r e cen t l o o t ing a c t iv i ty i n t h e f o rm o fs ha l low p i t s d ug i n to t h e m ound s u rf ace e xpo s ing d i agno s t ic m a te r ia l . T he w o r s t c ond i t ion s f o r t h e s u rveyo r w e re p r e sen ted b y g rown m i lpa s ( c o rn t a l le rt h an 2 0 c m ) , t a l l s uga r c ane f i e ld s , a nd f o re s t v ege ta t ion . L uck i ly , s u ch c ond i t ion s w e re a vo ided i n a bou t 9 5 p e r cen t o f t h e s u rvey c ove rage b y t im ing t h e s u rvey a way f r om t h e c o rn g row ing s e a son ( r a iny s e a son ) . S uga r c ane f i e ld s a r e r a re i nc oa s ta l S an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa t oday , p e rhap s d ue t o t h e d i s tance f r om t h e e x i s t ing s uga r m i l l s . When s u ch f i e ld s f e l l w i th in o u rs u rvey a ne f f or tw a s made t or e tu rn t ot h em a f t e rt h e c ane w a s c u t a nd t h e f i e ld b u rned . T he c ond i t ion s o fs uga r c ane f i e ld s a f t e r c u t t ing a nd b u rn ing o f t h e c r op s c l o se ly r e semb led o p t ima l v i s ib i l i ty c ond i t ion s o fr e cen t ly p l oughed f i e ld s . F o re s ted a r ea s a r e e x t reme ly r a re i nS an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa , o n ly o ccur r ing i ns ma l l p a tche s w i th in c a t t le r a nche s . Mo s t s u rv iv ing t r ee s a r e s c a t te red i nc a t t le r a nche s o r a l ong r i ve r s t o p rov ide s hade f o r t h e a n ima l s a nd f u e l f o r t h e r e s iden t s , b u t t h ey a r e t o ta l ly a b sen t f r om p lowed f i e ld s . A s p ec ia l c a se w a s m ade t os u rvey i nt h e m ang rove v ege ta t ion t h a t c ove r s t h e e n t i r e s t r ip o fl a nd b eh ind t h e s e a s ho re . T h i s 1t o 2k m w ide s t r ip o f l a nd i s aw e t land o ccup ied b y t h e r i ve re s tua ry l a goon , a nd i sa cce s s ib le o n ly b yb oa t . T h i s a r ea w a s n eve r the le s s s u rveyed w i th n o l e s s i n ten s i ty t h an t h e f i rm l a nd ,u s ing a e r ia l p ho to s , b oa t s , f oo tc ove rage a nd a l l o ca l ly a va i lab le i n f o rma t ion t ol o ca te s i te s , s on o p or t ion o ft h e a r ea w a s l e f t o u t o ft h e s u rvey c ove rage . I nf a c t , t h e i n ten s i ty o f t h e s u rvey i nt h em ang rove a r ea m ay b e c on s ide red a sh i gh a s t h a t o n d ry l a nd a nd t h e r e su l t ing h i gh d ens i ty o f s i te s r e co rded i nt h i s a r ea r e la t ive t ot h a t i n land s hou ld b et a ken a s af a i r ly a ccu ra te r e p re sen ta t ion o ft h e a c tua l s i te d i s t r ibu t ion .

Ap ropo r t iona l r a ndom s amp le o fe a s t -we s t t r an sec t w a s t h en e x t ra c ted f r om e ach s t ra tum . T he t r an sec t a r ea s w e re t o b e e qua l t oa bou t 1 0% o ft h e s t ra tum a r ea . B ecau se s t ra ta v a r ied i ns hape a nd s i ze ,t h en umbe ro ft r an sec t sb yw h ich t h ey w e re t r ave r sed a l so v a r ied . I n a l , 2 3 t r an sec t s w e re s e lec ted f o r f i e ld s u rvey f o r at o ta l t r an sec t a r ea o f5 1 .656 k m 2,o r 1 0 .29 %o ft h e S an ta R o sa s u rvey u n ive r se . T ran sec t s u rvey s w e re o rgan ized s o t h a t 5c r ew m ember s c ou ld a dvance s imu l taneou s ly a l ong 5 0 m spa ced p a ra l le l l i ne s u s ing c ompa s s d i rec t ion s a nd c o l lec t ing f i nd s w i th in e ach 1 00m i n te rva l s a s t h ey a dvanced . E ach m embe r c o l lec ted a ny a r t if ac t s e ncoun te r ed a nd b agged t h em s epa ra te ly , l a be l ing e ach b ag a cco rd ing t o t h e d i s tance p rog r es sed a nd h i s /he r l i ne o fs u rvey , o ro ne b ag p e r 1 00 m l o t . Af i r s ts w if tp a s s o f2 50 m w id th w a s p e rf o rmed o ve rt h e e n t i r e l e ng th o ft h e t r an sec t a nd as e cond 2 50m w a s w a lked i nt h e o ppo s i te d i rec t ion t ot h e s t a r t ing p o in tt h u s c omp le t ing a5 00m w ide t r an sec t s eve ra l k i lome te r s l o ng . O nce a n a r t if a c t s c a t te r w a s i d en t if ied a r t if ac t s w e r e c o l lec ted b y t h e c r ew m embe r s w ho se l i ne t r ave r sed i ta nd t h e s c a t te r a r ea w a s n o ted o n ap l an b y t h e c r ew l e ade r . T he t r an sec t d a ta c ou ld t h en b e a na lyzed s t a t is t ica l ly , i no rde r t oe x t rac t s i te d en s i ty e s t ima te s f r om e ach e co log ica l a r ea a nd f o r t h e r e g ion a s aw ho le , a nd t o c ons t ruc t p opu la t ion e s t ima te s i n e a ch e co log ica la r ea a nd f o re ach t ime p e r iod . O nce a n a c tua l s e t t lemen t o rs i t e w a s i d en t if ied a nd m apped , i t s m ound s t ruc tu re s w e re n umbe red s equen t ia l ly u s ing a s i te n ame a nd mound n umbe r a nd a n a dd i t iona l r eg iona l s equen t ia l n umbe r . T he mound o r a r t if ac t s c a t te r f o rmed t h e m o s t b a s ic u n i t o f a r t if ac t p roven ience o f t h e s u rvey d a ta s e t . A t ah i ghe r a na ly t ica l l e ve l , mound s w e re s ub sequen t ly g rouped i n s e t t lemen t s , w h ich c ou ld t h en b e g rouped i n to s e t t lemen tc l u s te r s a nd s oo n . A s y s t ema t ic s u rf ace s amp le o f c e ram ic , o b s id ian a nd /o r o t he r a r t if ac t s w a s c o l lec t ed f r om e a ch m ound e ncoun te red b y t h e s u rveyo r s .C on t ro l led c o l lec t ion s w e re m ade o n e ve ry v i s ib le m ound o ra r t if a c t s c a t te r a r ea t h a t w a s i mmed ia te ly d r awn a s a1 : 1000 s ca le s i t e p l an a nd g i ven a n umbe r d e s igna t ion . E a ch b ag s amp le w a s n umbe red a c co rd ing t oi t s mound a nd s i te p roven ience . B a ck i nt h e l a b , a l b ag s w e r e e n te r ed i n to ar eg iona l s e quen t ia l l o g -book ( S # ) a cco rd ing t o t h e ir m ound p roven ience . T he s amp le w a s i n tended t o i n c lude a f a i r ly r ep re sen ta t ive a moun t o f a l a r t if a c t s v i s ib le o n t h e s u rf ace w i thou t f o cu s ing o n s pec if ic a r t if a c tt y pe so ra r ea so ft h e mound . T he s i ze o ft h e s amp le w a s o f ten l a rge ly d e term ined b y t h e f o rma t ion p roce s se s o ft h e s i t e a nd g round v i s ib i l i ty . I n m any c a se s f r e sh ly p loughed f i e ld s of e r ed t h e b e s t c ond i t ion s f o r a r t if ac t v i s ib i l i ty a nd l a rge q uan t i t ie s w e re c o l lec ted . H oweve r , p ro t rac ted p lough ing h a s c on t r ibu ted t o t h e e r os ion o f t h e mound s a nd o f t en r e su l ted i n r educed m ound h e igh t a nd i n c rea sed a r t if ac t s c a t te r a r ea m ak ing i t d i ff icu l t t o e s t ima te t h e o r ig ina l m ound d imen s ion s . A g r icu l tu ra l f i e ld sr e cen t ly c l ea red a nd p r epa red t op l an tc o rn ( m i lpa ) w i th ad i gg ing s t i ck o f f e red t h e s e cond b e s tc ond i t ion p o s s ib le f o r m ound v i s ib i l i ty a nd a r t if ac t c o l lec t ion , t h e g round b e ing n i ce ly c l ea r ed o fa l l v eg e ta t ion a nd t h e a r t if ac t s m oved o n to t h e s u rf ace b y t h e f a rme r s ' s t i ck s . I ti sg ene ra l ly a s sumed t h a t i nt h e se f i e ld s e ro s ion h ad a l e s se r i mpa c t o n m ound s i ze t h an i n m ach ine -p loughed f i e ld s . Whe r e n o m ach ine d i s tu rbance i so b served a nd o n ly t h e f a rme r s ' l a bo r

Mapp ing i n a l i n s tance s o f f i e ld c ond i t ion s a nd s i te p r e se rva t ion , t h e m appe r r e co rded t h e p r e sen t d imen s ion s o f t h e s t ruc tu r e u nde r e xam ina t ion , w i thou t a t temp t ing t o e s t ima te i t s o r ig ina l s hape , b u t r ound ing u p i t s o ve ra l l m ea su remen t s t o t h e n ea re s t m e te r . A s o f t en o ccu r s w i th b u r ied e a r then mound s , i tw a s d i ff icu l t t o d e te rm ine t h e a c tua l s hape o ft h e mound a nd t or ende ri ti na n a ngu la r f o rm ( p r i sma t ic s hape ) f r om i t s r ounded a nd e r oded s l ope s . H oweve r , a n a t temp tw a s m ade t om ake ab e s t e s t ima te o fi t s s hape b a sed , i n t h e c a se o f r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu re s , o n t h e m ea su remen t s o fl o ng a nd s hor t s i de s a nd t r y ing t of i t t h em i n to a s qua red o r r e c tangu la r s hape w heneve r p o s s ib le . T he m ound h e igh t w a s m ea su red u s ing a h and -he ld l e ve l a nd a m ea su red s t ad ia . D is tance s a nd o r ien ta t ion w e re m ea su red w i th am e t r ic t a pe a nd h and -he ld c ompa s s a nd d r awn d i r ec t ly o n g raph p ape rf o re ach s t ruc tu re a cco rd ing t ot h e i rm agne t ic n o r th a z imu th ( t rue n o r th = m agne t ic n o r th -4 °04" ) . T he t o pog raph ic d a ta s o o b ta ined w a s c o l lec ted o n s i te p l an s f o r 2 1

aw ay t oa s se s s t h e s i ze o ft h e s e t t led a r ea . H oweve r , a f te r o b se rva t ion o fa l l s e t t lemen t s t hu s d ef ined , t h e r e a ppea r s t o b e h i gh v a r iab i l i ty i nt h e a moun t o fs pace b e tween mound s . T h is i se spec ia l ly t r ue f o r s ma l l s i te s o f af ew m ound s w ide ly s c a t te r ed a nd s ome t ime s s paced u p t o 3 00 m e te r s o ne f r om a no the r . I fw e w e re t oc on s ide r a l l t h e se mound s a s as i ng le s i te , t h e a r ea t h u s c r ea ted w ou ld b e v e ry l a rge . I f , h oweve r , o ne c on s ide r s t h a t i n p reh i s to r ic t ime s , a s t oday , t h e a r ea b e tween t h em ound sw a sw a te r logged f o rt h e m o s tp a r to ft h e y ea r ( a s i n d ica ted b y e xcava t ion s a tC h iqu iu i tän , s e e c hap te r 3 ) , s e t t lemen t w ou ld n o t b e p o s s ib le a way f r om t h e d ry t op s o f t h e mound a nd t h e i n te rven ing s pa ce s w ou ld h ave b een t o ta l ly u noccup ied a nd o b s t ruc ted b y v ege ta t ion . T h i s w ou ld h ave c on t r ibu ted t o t h e r e la t ive v i sua l i s o la t ion o f e ach r e s iden t ia l m ound g roup a nd t h e ref o r e o ne s hou ld c au t iou s ly c on s ide r t h em a s s epa ra te s e t t lemen t u n i t s . T r ea t ing t h e se d i spa ra te mound s a s as i ng le s e t t lemen t p roduce s ah i gh ly i nf la ted e s t ima te o f s i ze a r ea ( a nd p opu la t ion s i ze ) w hen c ompa red t oo t he rs i te s o fd if e ren t s i ze c a tego r ie s . I nf a c t , i n p r eh is to r ic a s i n mode rn v i l lage s h ou se d en s i ty t e nd s t o b e h i ghe r i n l a rg e r s e t t lemen t s . Sma l l v i l lage s a nd h am le t s a r e n o t o n ly c ompo sed o f f ewe r mound s b u t t h e se t e nd t o b e mo re l o o se ly a gg rega ted f o rm ing ac on t inuum f r om i s o la ted m ound s t o l o o se ly a gg rega ted h am le t s a nd m o re n uc lea ted v i l lage s . T he r ef o r e , l a rge r v i l lage s i nw h ich t h e mound s a r e mo r e n uc lea t ed o ccupy a p ropor t iona l ly s ma l le r a r ea t h an s i te s w i th f ewe r b u t w ide ly s paced m ound s . C a lcu la t ing s i te s i ze b a sed o nt o ta l o ccup ied a r ea o f as i t e g i ve s ar a the r f a l se i mp r e s s ion o f s e t t lemen t s i ze a nd b y c on sequence o f i n f e rab le p opu la t ion s i ze , a nd w i l l c r ea te a s i t e h i e ra r chy h i gh ly s chewed t owa rd s l owe r s i t e s i ze s b y o b scu r ing d if e rence s . I n s tead , t h e g round a r ea o f e a ch s i ng le mound s t ruc tu re s hou ld , i fp o s s ib le , b e t a ken a s t h e b a s ic u n i t o f m ea su remen t f o r a l l s i te s , a nd t h e s um o f m ound a r ea s a t e ach s i te , o ra gg r ega te mound a r ea t a ken a st h e f i gu re o fe ach s e t t lemen t 's a c tua l a r ea s i ze . I n f a c t , t h is f i gu re d i rec t ly r e p re sen t s t h e t o ta l a moun t o f s pace u sed f o r r e s iden t ia l o r o t he rr e la ted p u rpo se a tt h e s i te . T he s i te 's a gg r ega te mound a r ea c an g i ve a m uch c l o se r r ep re sen ta t ion o f t h e m in ima l a r ea o ccup ied b y i n hab i tan t s o f t h e s e t t lemen t . S i nce m app ing p rocedu re s a nd s u rvey t e chn iques w e re c on s i s ten t t h roughou t t h e s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s amp le , o ne c an u se t h e a gg rega te m ound a r ea a s ab e t te r a pp rox ima t ion o ft h e a r ea a c tua l ly o ccup ied b y r e s idence s w i thou t m uch r oom f o r e r ro r i nt h e f i gu re s i n t roduced b y e mp ty n on -u t i l ized ( mound le s s ) a r ea s . T he d a ta o b ta ined w i th t h i s p rocedu r e s hou ld f u r the r a low e s t ima t e s o ft h e r a nge o fh ou se s ize s ( w i th c o r rec t ion f o r o pen s pa ce o n l a rge r mu l t i -hou se p l a tf o rm s ) a nd amo re a ccu ra te e s t ima te o fp opu la t ion s i ze s . F ina l ly , w hen t h e s e t t lemen t s i ze t o ta l s b a sed o n a gg rega te m ound a r ea a r e c ompa r ed t o t h e s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy b a sed o n t h e p re sence -ab sence a nd s i ze o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu r e s , t h e r e su l t s i n d ica te t h a t l a rge a gg rega te m ound a r ea s i ze c or r e la te s w i th t h e p re sence o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a t s i te s i n t h e t wo u ppe rmo s t l e ve l s o ft h e s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy ( F ig . 2 . 2 ) . T h i s i si nt u rn i s c on s i s ten tw i th t h eh ypo the s i st h a ts i t e s o fi n c rea s ing ly h i ghe r r a nk w i l l h ave i n c rea s ing n umbe r s o f a nd l a rge r r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu re s a nd p ub l ic b u i ld ing s . T he r a nk s iz e d i s t r ibu t ion b a sed o n t o ta l a r ea s i ze , o n t h e o t he r h and , d oe s n o t s how a

e ach s e t t lemen t l o ca l i ty d r awn d i rec t ly i nt h e f i e ld . F o l low ing t h e a bove i d en t if ica t ion a nd m ea su remen t p rocedu re e a r then mound d imen s ion s w e r e p l o t ted o n g raph p ape r u s ing t h e p r isma t ic c onven t ion c ommon ly a ccep ted f o r m o s t Maya L ow land s s u rvey p ro jec t s ( Tou r te l lo t 1 988 , W iley e t a l . 1 965 ) . I nt h i s c onven t ion t h e mound 's t op a nd b o t tom s i de s a r e r e c t if ied t o s t ra igh t s i de s a nd r i gh t -ang led c o rne r s , f o l low ing t h e mappe r 's o n s i te i n terp re ta t ive w o rk , a nd d i agona l l i ne sa r e d r awn f r om t h ec or ne r so ft h em ound t ot h e b o t tom a t al e ng th p ropor t iona l t o t h e mound 's h e igh t . T he t e rm ino logy u sed t or e f e r t om apped s t ruc tu re s i sc on s i s ten t w i th a g ene ra l a s sump t ion t h a t as t ruc tu re 's s hape a nd s i ze a r e i n d ica to r s o ft h e s t ruc tu r e 's f unc t ion w ide sp read a mong Me soame r ican a r chaeo log i s t s . T he t e rm " mound" i su sed i n t h is w o rk t od e sc r ibe i n am o s t g ene ra l w ay e a r then w o rk s . T he u sage o f mo re s pec if i c t e rm s , s u ch a sp l a tf o rm , p y ram id , a c ropo l i s , r a nge s t r uc tu r e , a nd r e se rvo i r f o l low s t h e c onven t ion s c ommon a mong a r chaeo log i s t s w o rk ing i n t h e Maya L ow land s ( Tou r te l lo t 1 988 , W i l ley e t a l . 1 965 ) . T h roughou t t h e f o l low ing t e x t , ap l a tf o rm i s aw ide l ow s t ruc tu r e w ho se s umm i t m ay s uppor t mo r e t h an o ne s upe r s t ruc tu re ; ap y ram id i s as t eep s i ded c on ica l mound o f h e igh t a bove 2m ; ar a nge s t ruc tu re i s al o ng n a r row mound t h a t m ay h ave s uppo r ted o ne o r mo r e p e r ishab le s upe r s t ruc tu r e s ; a n a c ropo l i s i s as ub s tan t ia l p l a tf o rm t h a t s uppo r t s o n i t s s umm i t s eve ra l e a r then s upe r s t ruc tu re s i n c lud ing p y ram id sa nd r a nge s t ruc tu re s , ar e se rvo i ri s al a rge a r t if ic ia l o va l g round d ep r e s s ion p robab ly u sed f o r w a te r s t o rag e .

S i te se t t lemen td ef in i t ion I n t h e p rog r e s s o f m app ing a nd d u r ing t h e i n i t ia l s e t t lemen t a na ly s is an umbe r o f i s sue s b ecame i mpo r tan t i n r e la t ion t ot h e m e thod s o fs i t e d ef in i t ion a nd s e t t lemen t a r ea m ea su r emen t a nd t o t h e o b jec t ive s o f t h i s w o rk . T he m e thodo log ie s f o r s i t e d ef in i t ion , m ea su r emen t a nd p opu la t ion e s t ima te s u s ed i no t he r a r ea s o ft h e N ew a nd O ld Wo r ld ( e .g . A dam s 1 965 , B lan ton 1 972 , S ande r s e ta l . 1 979 ) w e re c ompa red t ot h e c u r r en t S ou thea s tern C oa s t d a ta se t a nd e nhanced u s ing t h e a va i lab le c ompu ta t iona l c apab i l i t ie s o f G eog raph ic I n f o rma t ion S y s tem s . S ou thea s te rn c oa s ta l s e t t lemen t s a r e f o rmed b y o ne o r m o re e a r then m ound s t h a t m ay b e i n t erp re ted a s r e s iden t ia l o r o t he r f u nc t ion u n t i s o r g roup ing s o fu n i t s . T he i n d iv idua l s i t e / se t t lemen t d e s igna t ion w a s t h u s d ef ined o n t h e b a s i s o f d i s tance s b e tween e a ch mound , s u ch t h a t mound s s paced f u r the r t h an 3 00 m e te r s a pa r t w ou ld b e c on s ide r ed s epa ra te c ommun i t ie s a nd r e ce ive as epa ra t e s i te n ame -numbe r d e s igna t ion . A s ar e su l t , m any s ma l le r s e t t lemen t s w e re c omp r i sed o f 1 ) as i ng le , s ome t ime l a rge ,m ound s u r rounded b y av a s te mp ty s pa ce , 2 ) ag roup o f t wo o rm o r e mound s t i gh t ly n e s ted o r i n s tead e ven ly s paced i n al a rge r a r ea i n al i nea r p a t te rn , s ome t ime s a l ong ar e l ic t w a te r cou r se . T hu s , f o r t h e s ma l le r s i t e s t h e d a ta c on s i s ted o f t h e m ea su r ed mound a r ea a nd h e igh t a nd i t s l o ca t ion i n r e la t ion t ot opog raph ic f e a tu re s , s u ch a s s t ream s , r i dge s , o r l a goon s . F o r g roup s o fm ound s , i tw a s p o s s ib le t o e s t ima te t h e t o ta l a r ea o ccup ied b y as e t t lemen t b y c i r c l ing t h e s pace i n w h ich t h e mound s w he r e l o ca ted , i n c lud ing t h e e mp ty a r ea s b e tween t h em . T h i s p rocedu r e w a s b e l ieved t op rov ide 2 2

c l ea r c u t s e pa ra t ion b e tw een s i t e s w i th o r w i thou t c i v ic / ce r emon ia l s t ru c tu r e ( F ig . 2 . 3 ) . I n o t he r w o rd s t h e r e a ppea r t ob e a mong t h e u ppe r rank ed s i t e s s ome t h a t d o n o t h ave c i v ic / ce r emon ia l s t ru c tu r e s . T h e i n c lu s ion o ft h e se s i t e s i nt h e u ppe rt i e r s o ft h e s e t t lemen th i e ra r chy , h oweve r , i sn o t c on s i s ten t w i th t h e a s sump t ion t h a t ah i ghe r n umbe r o f f u n c t ion s , i n c lud ing p rodu c t iv e a nd c i v ic /ce r emon ia l f u n c t ion s , a r e s e rved a tu ppe r r a nk s i t e s . T h e ref o r e t h e f i r s t m e thod o f a r ea m ea su r emen t , b a sed o n a gg reaga t e mound a r ea i sb e t t e r s u i t ed t oi n d ica t e d i f f e r en ce s i ns i te f u nc t iona l s i z e

g a the r ing , s t o rage , r e t r ieva l a nd a na ly s i s . T he s a te l l i t e -ba sed GPS t e chno logy g r ea t ly f a c i l i ta t ed t h e q u ick r e co rd ing o f p o in t l o ca t ion s d u r ing a l p ha se s o ft h e s u rvey . I n a dd i t ion , s pa t ia l ly s e n s i t ive d a ta c o l lec t ed w e r e e ncoded a nd e n t e r ed i n to a G IS c ompu t e r d a taba se t h a t i n t eg ra te s t o pog raph ica l a nd t h ema t ic ( e .g . g eo log ica l )m ap s , a e r ia l p ho to s , s i t ep l an s , a nd a r t if a c td i s t r ibu t ion m ap si n to ag eo r ef e renced c oo rd ina t e s y s tem .

G loba lP o s i t ion ing S y s tem s T he GPS t e chno logy h a s b een i n t rodu ced r e la t ive ly r e cen t ly i n a r cha eo logy f o l low ing a w o r ld -w id e c omme r c ia l iza t ion w i th in t h e l a s t f i v e y ea r s o f at o o l t h a t w a s d e s igned b y a nd f o r t h e U S D epa r tmen t o f D ef en se ( Na t iona l P a rk S e r v ice 1 993 ) . G PS m i l i t a ry a pp l ica t ion sh ad t h e i rf i r s tt e s t ing d u r ing t h e 1 99 1 P e r s ian G u lf Wa r b ecau se C oa l i t ion g round f o r ce s n eeded t on av iga t e a nd d i r ec t a i r s t r ik e s w i th in af e a tu r e le s s d e se r t p l a in . T h e G loba l P o s i t ion ing S y s t em a low s t h e u s e r t o o b ta in g eog raph i ca l c oo rd ina te s i nt h e p r ef e r r ed f o rma t , U n ive r sa l T ran sve r se Me r ca to r o r L a t i tude -Long i tud e , f r om a ny p o in t o n e a r th , a lmo s t i n s tan t ly , a ta ny t ime o fd ay o r n i gh t , a nd i na ny c ond i t ion o fw ea the r , p rov ided o ne h a s a n u nob s t ruc t ed v i ew o ft h es ky . T he s y s t em i sb a sed o n as e to f 2 2 s a te l l i t e sp l a ced i n af i xed o r b i ta r ound t h e e a r th a t1 ,000 m i le s a l t i tude . E a ch s a t e l l i t e c a r r ie s as y nch ron ized a t om ic c l ock t h a t s e nd s o u t at i med l ow b and s i gna l e ncod ed i na c omp lex f o rm t oa vo id i n t e rf e r ence ( p seudo r a ndom c ode ) . T he t im e s igna l c an b e r e ce ived o n t h e g r ound b y as ma l l h and -he ld r e ce ive r , w h ich c a r r ie s as imp le r c l ock t h a t s e lf a d ju s t st ot h ea t om ic c l ock so nt h es a t e l l i t e s ;t h es i gna lc a nb e r e ce ived f r om s e v e ra l s a t e l l i t e s s imu l taneou s ly ( t h r ee o r m o re ) . T he r e ce ive r o b ta in s t h e d i s tan ce f r om e a ch s a t e l l i t e b y c a lcu la t ing t h e t i me -de lay o ft h e s i gna l ( v e loc i ty xt i m e = d i s tance ) w h ich t r ave l s a tt h e s p eed o f l i gh t . T he r e ce ive r t h en t r iangu la t e s t h e d i s tance s f r om s e ve ra l s a t e l l i t e s a nd i d en t if ie s t h e i n t e r cep t l o ca t ion o f a l s i gna l s i n t h r ee d imen s iona l s p a ce u s ing e a r th g eog raph ic c oo rd ina t e s . T he a c cu ra cy o ft h e t r i angu la t ion i sl a rg e ly b a sed o n t h e n umbe r o fs a t e l l i t e s i gna l s a va i lab le f o r ar e ad ing -t y p ica l ly b e tw een 3a nd 1 0 i n t h e m o s t c ommon ly a va i lab le r e ce ive r s . T h e a c cu racy o ft h e s y s t em c an b e n ega t iv e ly a f ec t ed b y s e v e r a l n a tu ra l f a c to r s s u ch a s p oo r s ky v i s ib i l i ty ( i f t r ee s a nd b u i ld ing s o b s t ru c tt h e s i gna l ) , e pheme r ide s , s pa ce d u s t , s o la r r a d ia t ion a nd o t he ra tmo sphe r ic d i s tu rbance s . I na dd i t ion , t h e s a te l l i t e s i gna l i s d e l ibe ra t e ly s c r amb led b y t h e U S D epa r tmen t o fD ef en se ( Se lec t ive A va i lab i l i ty ) f o r s e cu r i ty r e a son s , p r even t ing p i n -po in ta c cu ra cy b yn on -m i l i ta ry u s e r s . T he GPS r e ce iv e r u s ed i n t h i s p r o jec t w a s ah and -he ld S cou tma s t e rP ro 1 994 m ode l , d ona t ed b yT r imb le N av iga t ion C o . , c apab le o fa c cu ra cy o f +2 5 m . Mo r e r e cen t m od e l s b y T r imb le a nd o t h e r m anuf a c tu r e r s n ow h ave a c cu ra cy m o s t ly i nt h e + 3t o 1 0m e t e r r a ng e , w h i le e v en m o r e s oph i s t ica t ed mode l s w i th S e lec t iv e A va i lab i l i ty D if f e r en t ia l c apab i l i ty ( D if f e r en t ia l G PS ) c an r e a ch s ub -me t e r a c cu ra cy d own t oa f ew m i l l ime t e r s .

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F i g .2 . 3 R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fM idd le -La t eC la s s ic s i te s ( i nl o gs c a le )s h ow ing l a ck o fc o r r e la t ion o fs i t ea r ea b a sed o nt o ta l s i t ea r ea a nd p r e sence -ab sence o fc i v i c / ce r emon ia l s t ru c tu re sa tu ppe rr ank s i t e s( r ank s 1 7 ;n =79 ) .

GPS a nd G IS A na ly t ica l T oo l s f o r A rchaeo log ica l S urveys . A n a r chaeo log ica l s t udy o fr e g iona l s c ope s u ch a s t h i sn ece s s i ta t ed o fa n ef i c ien td a taba se t oi n t eg ra t e v a s t a nd d i v e r se f o rm s o fs pa t ia l a nd a r t if a c t d a ta . T h i s p u rpo se w a s a c comp l i sh ed b y c omp lemen t ing c onven t iona l m e thod s o f s u rv ey a nd e x cava t ion w i th n ew G PS ( G loba l P o s i t ion ing S y s tem s ) a nd G IS ( Geog raph i c I n f o rma t ion S y s tem s ) t e chno log ie s . T he se i n nova t ive c ompu te r a nd s a te l l i t e b a sed t e chno log ie s w e r e e xpec t ed t o a i d i n t h e s t age s o f d a ta 2 3

b u t s i nce t h ey c anno t d i s t ingu ish a mong t h e map f e a tu re s t h e s c anned map n eed s t o b e f u r the r e d i ted i n o rde r t o d i sc r im ina te i t sc omponen t s a nd a s s ign t h er e la t ive v a lue s . C a r tog raph ic d a ta c an b e s t o r ed a nd d i sp layed o n c ompu te r d i sk s b o th i nv ec to ra nd r a s te rf o rma t s . V ec to rd a ta i st h e f o rma t m o s t c l o se ly s im i la r t o c onven t iona l m ap s i n w h ich d a ta a r e p o in t s , i d en t if ied b y t h e i rx ,y ,c oo rd ina te s , o r l i ne s c onnec t ing t h e p o in t s , o r p o lygon s ( l ine s e nc lo s ing a r ea s ) . P o in t s , l i ne s a nd p o lygons c an b e l a be led a cco rd ing t o a n a t t r ibu te v a lue ( e .g . e l eva t ion c on tou r , r i ve rt y pe , s o i l t y pe e t c . ) . T h is t y pe o f d a ta i s mo s t u sef u l f o r a ccu ra te ly r e p roduc ing , r e sca l ing a nd c omb in ing t o pog raph ic m ap s f o r d i sp lay o n g raph ic m on i to r s o rf o r o u tpu t o n b l a ck a nd w h i te o r c o lo r -coded p r in t -ou t s , t h rough p en -p lo t te r s o r l a se r p r in te r s . V ec to r s c an b e o ve r la id w i th s e ve ra l t y pe s o fd a ta s e lec t ive ly a nd w i th in t h e s ame c oo rd ina te r eg ion ( e .g . r i ve r s , c on tou r s , s o i l e s ; F ig . 2 . 4 ) .

G eog raph ic I nf orma t ion S y s tem s -Backg round G eog raph ic I n f o rma t ion S y s tem s h ave b een a pp l ied t o a r chaeo logy f o r a bou t o ne a nd a h a lf d ecade s ( Kvamme 1 995 ) . I n i t s b eg inn ing s , t h e d eve lope r s o ft h e s y s tem w e re g ene ra l ly i n te re s ted i n d i sp lay ing q uan t if ied d a ta u s ing c ompu te r g r aph ic s . T he p i onee r ing i n te re s t i nt h e 1 970 s b y s ome a r chaeo log i s t s w a s i n p roduc ing s u rf a ce mode l s o f a r t if a c t d i s t r ibu t ion s ( Redman a nd Wa t son 1 970 , B ove 1 98 1b ) a nd i n d e s ign ing o t he r g raph ica l -ou tpu t s t a t i s t ic s w h ich m ay b er ega rded a st h e a n teceden t so ff u l l -b lown m ap b a sed G IS c ompu te r p rog ram s . T he f i r s t G IS c ompu te r p ackage s , a nd m o s t c u r ren t o ne s , h ave b een d eve loped t o a pp ly t on ew d ig i ta l ly -mapped d a ta s t a t i s t ica l p rocedu re s o f s pa t ia l a na ly s i s a nd l o ca t iona l t h eo ry l o ng e s tab l i shed i n s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s t ud ie s ( Hodde r a nd O r ton 1 976 , S hennan 1 988 ) . B ecau se t h e e ncoded a r chaeo log ica l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l d a ta c on b e q u ick ly d i sp layed s imu l taneou s ly o n t h ema t ic m ap s , t h e G IS a na ly t ica l a pp roach i sm o s t u sef u l f o r v i sua l r e cogn i t ion o fs pa t ia l p a t te rn s a sa n i n i t ia l s t ep o f t h e a na ly s i s , i nt h e w ay d ef ined b y t h e s c hoo l o fE xp lo ra to ry D a ta A na ly s i s . T he n ex ta na ly t ica l s t ep i st y p ica l ly p e rf o rmed w i th G IS m ap o pe ra t ion s s upp lemen ted b ys t anda rd s t a t is t ica l p ackage s( SAS , o ri nt h i sc a se S PSS ) I n N or th Ame r ica G IS w a s r a p id ly d eve loped t o f u lf i l l t h e n eed s o fU S g ove rnmen t a genc ie s i n vo lved i nt h e c u l tu ra l a nd n a tu ra l r e sou rce m anagemen t o f v a s t a r ea s o f f e de ra l l a nd b y a low ing c ompu te r -a ided p rocedu r e s t o a u toma t ica l ly c a lcu la te d i s tance a nd a r ea o fm apped f e a tu re s . T he mo s ts a l ien to u tcome o ft h i s i n i t ia lp ha se o fd eve lopmen t w a s t h e i n t roduc t ion o f p r ed ic t ive l o ca t ion mode l s i n a r chaeo logy f r om t h e s t a t is t ica l a s soc ia t ion o fe nv i ronmen ta l v a r iab le s a nd p r eh i s to r ic s i t e l o ca t ion ( Kvamme 1 990 ) . E l sewhe re , e spec ia l ly i n E u rope , a s ide f r om i t s mo s t i mmed ia te a pp l ica t ion f o r t h e s pa t ia l a na ly s i s o f s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s , G IS h a s b ecome m o s t u sef u l f o r c r ea t ing d i g i ta l d a taba se s o f l a rge a nd c omp lex r eg iona l a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd s , a sw e l l a sf o ra dm in is t ra t ive CRM p urpo se s ( Roo rda a nd W ieme r 1 992 ) . T he i mp lemen ta t ion o fG IS a nd s ome o f i t s p ra c t ica l p rocedu re s u t i l ized i n t h i s s t udy o f t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s to fG ua t ema la w i l l b e i l u s t ra ted b e low .

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F i g . 2 . 4 E leva t ion c on tou rl i ne s o f a4k m2 r eg ion o ft h e v o lcan ic s l ope d i sp layed i nv ec to rf o rma t . C on tou rl i ne sa t1 0 mi n te rva l . V ec to rd a ta c an b e t r an sf o rmed i n to r a s te r f o rma tb y s e lec t ing ag r id c e l l s i ze o r r e so lu t ion f o r t h e r eg ion o r a r ea o f i n te re s t ( e .g . 5 0 x5 0 m r e so lu t ion p e r 3 , 996 k m2 e qua ls 1 , 598 ,400 g r id c e l l s ) , a nd t r an sf e r r ing p o in t a nd l i ne d a ta o n to t h e n ew g r id s y s tem a cco rd ing t o t h e i r c oo rd ina te l o ca t ion . T he a t t r ibu te v a lue o f a l p o in t s a nd l i ne s i st h en s t o r ed w i th in e a ch i n d iv idua l c e l l t h a t i si n te r sec ted b y t h e l i ne o r p o in t . T he s i ze o fg r id c e l l s d e te rm ine s t h e a ccu racy o ft h e v ec to r to ra s t e r d a ta t r an sf o rma t ion , s i nce al a rge c e l l m ay c ove r am uch l a rge r a r ea t h an as imp le l i ne w ou ld , a nd a s ar e su l t , t h e r a s te r ized l i ne s a nd p o lygon s w i l l h ave p ronounced s t epped o r c oa r se a ppea rance mo r e o r l e s s a c co rd ing t o c e l l s i ze ( F ig . 2 . 5) . T he r ef o re , r a s te r s a r e n o t b e s t s u i ted f o r p u re ly c a r tog raph ic d i sp lay . O n t h e o t he r h and , i nr a s t e r s , e a ch c e l l , r a the rt h an an om ina l l a be l , b ea r s a v a lue i n i n t ege r s n umbe r s ( e leva t ion , r i ve r t y pe , s o i l t y pe ) t h a t c an b e u sed f o r m a thema t ica l a na ly s i s w i th c omp lex a l go r i thm s a nd m ode l a pp l ica t ion s p roduc ing n ew f o rm s o f d a ta b ya r i thme t ica l ly c omb in ing d if e r en t map l a ye r s .

I n tegra t ing T opograph ic Map s , A e r ia l P ho to s , S i te P lans ,A r t if ac tD a ta ,A nd G IS C ompu te r Hardware And S of tware . T he a b i l i ty t oo rgan ize m ap i n f o rma t ion i ns epa ra te c o lo r -coded l a ye r s a nd p roduce g r aph ic o u tpu t i so ne o ft h e s t reng th so fG IS . I nf a c t , t h i sc a r tog raph ic c apab i l i ty h a s b een a va i lab le f o r s ome t ime p r io r t o G IS t h rough CAD ( Compu te rA ided D e s ign )p rog ram st h a tl a cked t h e a na ly t ica l s oph i s t ica t ion o f t r ue G IS p rog ram s . B o th CAD a nd G IS c ompu te r s y s tem s r e ce ive m ap d a ta f r om t h e s ame i n pu t d ev ice s . T he se a r et y p ica l ly d i g i t iz ing t a b le t s , w h ich a r e u sed t ot r a ce t h e m ap d r aw ing s w i th ad i g i t iz ing mou se o rp uck i n t h e f o rm o f p o in t a nd l i ne d a ta ( v ec to r d a ta ) a cco rd ing t o t h e i r x , yc oo rd ina te s ; c ompu te r k eyboa rd s a r e u s ed t oe n te r p o in t l o ca t ion s i n t h e f o rm o f x , yc oo rd ina te s ; d i g i ta l s c anne r s o p t ica l ly r e ad m ap s , d r aw ing s a nd p ho to s a nd t r an sf o rm t h em i n to p i xe l -ba sed d i g i ta l i mage s , o r g r id -ce l l d a ta ( r a s te r s ) . S canne r s a r e a n a l ter na t ive t od i g i t iz ing t a b le t s 2 4

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F ig . 2 . 6 D ig i ta l E l eva t ion Mode l o ft h er eg ion s e lec ted f r om i nF ig . 2 . 5 s how ing i n terpo la ted e l eva t ion v a lue s f o re ach 5 0m x5 0m c e l lb e tween 1 0mc on tou rl i ne s F ig . 2 . 5 E l eva t ion c on tou rl i ne s o ft h es ame r eg ion o ft h e v o lcan ic s l ope t r an sf o rmed i n to ar a s t e rc e l l -g r id s y s tem . C o lo rc od ing s how se l eva t ion v a lue s . F rame i d en t if ie sa r ea e n la rged i nF i g . 2 .6

T he DEM c an s ub sequen t ly b e u sed t o p roduce t h ree -d imen s iona l d i sp lay s o ft h e t o pog raphy a nd t oa na ly se c ha rac te r is t ic s o f t h e t e r ra in s u ch a s s l ope , a spec t , a nd d ra inage d i rec t ion . F o l low ing , w i l l b e ab r ief p re sen ta t ion o f G IS p rocedu re s s pa t ia l a na ly s i s u s ing e xamp le s f r om d a ta f u r the r d i scu s sed i nt h is s t udy . T he a im h e re i st oe xp la in i n s ome d e ta i l t h e m e thod o fa na ly s i s w h i le t h e d a ta i t s e lf a nd t h e r e su l t s o f t h e a na ly s i s a r e p r e sen t ed a nd d i scu s sed i n c hap te r s 3 , 4a nd 6 . I no rde rt ot e s tt h e g ene ra l h ypo the s i s t h a tp rox im i ty t o w a te r d e te rm ined s i t e l o ca t ion i n t h is r eg ion , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l s i t e s o f a l t ime p e r iod s w e re c ompa red t o t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f r i ve r s . T h is w a s a ccomp l i shed , a pp ly ing a 1 00 m r e so lu t ion o r c e l l s i ze , t oa r a s te r o ft h e r e g ion 's r i ve r s s y s tem a nd s ub sequen t ly d i s tance z one s f r om r i ve r s a t1 00m , 2 50m , 5 00m a nd 1 000m i n te rva l s w e r e c a lcu la ted . T he g r aph ic d i sp lay o f d i s tance to -wa te r z one s a nd a r chaeo log ica l s i te s s ugge s t ed v i sua l ly a r a the r s t rong a s soc ia t ion o fs i t e st or i ve r s ( F ig . 2 . 7 ) . AG IS p rog ram a u toma t ica l ly c a lcu la ted t h e f r equency o fs i te o ccu r rence s i n e ach o ft h e d i s tance z one s a nd o b ta ined ac h i squa red v a lue f o r e ach a nd f o r t h e t o ta l . T he r e su l t s a r e p r e sen ted i nT ab le 2 . 1 a nd s how t h a t t h e r e i s a n a s soc ia t ion b e tween a r chaeo log ica l s i t e s a nd a r ea s w i th in 1k m f r om b od ie s o f w a te r , i n c lud ing l a rge r i ve r s a nd l a goon s , a nd a l so s e a sona l s t ream s a nd m a r she s .

R a s t e r ized l i ne d a ta ( F ig . 2 . 5 ) c an b e t r an sf o rmed t o p roduce as u r f ace mode l o r DEM ( D ig i ta l E leva t ion Mode l ) . T h is i sa c comp l ished b y i n terpo la t ing v a lue s o fc on tou r l i ne s c e l l b y c e l l o v e rt h e e n t i re g r id . T he c ompu te r i si n s t ruc ted t o c a lcu la te t h e r e la t ive v a lue f o r e ve ry c e l l b a sed o n t h e d i s tance i na l d i rec t ion st ot h en ea re s tc on tou r l i ne p roduc ing ac on t inuou s tone s u rf ace w he re a l c e l l s h ave a n a t t r ibu te v a lue ( F ig . 2 . 6 ; 3 . 1) . T he d ig i ta l e l eva t ion mode l c an t h en b e u sed t o d i sp lay t opog raph ic o r o t he r f e a tu re s i n t h ree d imen s iona l f o rma t a nd f o r f u r the r s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s is ( F ig . 1 . 2 ) s uch a s d ra inage a na ly se s , v i ew shed s , c o s t su rf ace a na ly s is a nd s of o r th . F o r e xamp le , r a s te r d a ta g r ea t ly f a c i l i ta te t h e a u toma t ic c a lcu la t ion o f n ea re s t -n e ighbo r d i s tance s f o r t h ousand s o fp o in t s o ve r v e ry l a rge a r ea s , a nd t h e s t a t i s t ica l a s soc ia t ion b e tween a r chaeo log ica l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l f e a tu re s i na na moun to ft ime many t i me s s ho r te rt h an m anua l m ap m ea su r emen t s w ou ld r equ i r e . F o r t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t s u rvey a DE M w a s p roduced w i th i n terpo la t ion o f c on tou r l i ne s i n5 0 x5 0m c e l l g r id f o r 3 , 996 k m2 ( F ig . 1 . 2 ; s u rvey a r ea o n ly c ove r ed 1 , 278 k m 2) .

2 5

F ig . 2 . 7 D i s t r ibu t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l s i t e so fa l lt ime p e r iod s i nr e la t ion t od i s tance to -wa te ra r ea s . G reen : 1 00 m z one , l i gh tb l ue : 2 50m z one , b l ue : 5 00m z one , m agen ta : 1 000m z one ;w h i te : >1 000m z one .

F ig . 2 . 8 E s t ima ted s u rf ace d i s t r ibu t ion o fs i t ed en s i ty i nt h e s u rvey a r ea s how ing h i ghe rd en s i t ie s ( mag en ta : 7 ,y e l low : 1 o rl e s s s i te s /km2 )n ea rt h e E sc lavos r i v e ra luv ium a nd t h e P az r i ve re s tua ry .

T ab le 2 . 1 F requency o fs i t eo ccu r rence w i th in d i s tance to w a te ra r ea sf r om a l lr i ve r sa nd c h i squa red v a lue s . S i te l o ca t ion n o d a ta 1 00 m 2 50 m 5 00 m 1 000 m T o ta ls

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A s s t a ted a bove , c oo rd ina te d a ta p o in t s o f s i t e l o ca t ion s o fa r chaeo log ica l r ema in s c an b e t r an sf o rmed i n to r a s te r f o rma t o f ag i ven c e l l s i ze , a nd t h e c e l l p o in t s i n terpo la ted t o p roduce e s t ima ted t r end s i n s i te f r equency . F ig . 2 . 8 s how s a n e s t ima t ed t r end i n s i t e d en s i ty p e r k m2 c r ea ted u s ing ad a ta se t o f 1 20 s i te s o f a l t ime p e r iod s ( s ee a l so F ig . 2 . 1 f o r p o in t s i t e d i s t r ibu t ion ) . T he s i te f r equency w i th in 1 k m a r ea s w a s c a lcu la ted f o r t h e e n t i re a r ea b y c oun t ing s i te GPS p o in t s i ne a ch 1k m g r id c e l l o ft h e r eg ion . L a te r ,t h e s i te /km 2 d en s i ty v a lue s w e re i n t e rpo la ted f o r a l g r id c e l ls o f t h e 1 278 k m2 o f t h e s ou thea s te rn r eg ion p roduc ing t h e s moo th s u rf a ce s hown i nF ig . 2 . 8 . T h is i mage s how s t h e a r ea o fh ighe r s i t e d en s i ty ( magen ta a r ea s : 7s i t e s p e r k m 2)n ea r t h e L o s E sc lavo s a l luv ia l p l a in a nd t h e P az r i ve r e s tua ry w i th ag r adua l t r an s i t ion t ol owe r d en s i ty a r ea s , w h i le mo s t o ft h e r eg ion h a s 1o r l e s s s i t e p e r k m2 ( y e l low a r ea s ) . T h i sg radua l tone r e p re sen ta t ion h e lp sd ef ine w he re t o d i rec tp o s s ib le f u r the rs u rvey e f f or t s b e t te rt h an c onven t iona l p o in t -da ta p lo t s a nd /o r r i g id b ounda ry m a rke r s , s i nce t h e l a t te ra r e s e ta r b i t ra r i ly a r ound d a ta p o in t s .

2 6

T he s t udy o f s e t t lemen t t er i to r ies a nd p u ta t ive p o l i t ica l b ounda r ie s h ave b een c ommon ly a dd r e s sed b y a r chaeo log i s t s u s ing s i te -ca t chmen t a na ly s is a nd T h ie s sen p o lygons ( H igg s a nd V i ta -F inz i 1 972 , H odde r a nd O r ton 1 976 ) . S i te c a tchmen t a na ly s i s h a s c ommon ly b een u s ed t o d e te rm ine r e sou r ce s a va i lab le t oa nc ien t s e t t lemen tb yr i g id ly a pp ly ing c i rc le s o ff i xed r a d iu s a round as i te a nd o b se rv ing t h e e nv i ronmen ta l v a r iab le s t h a t f a l l w i th in i t . Mo s t c ommon ly a r b i t ra ry c i r c le s a r e s e t a t 1t o 5 km ( o r 1h ou r w a lk ing d i s tance ) f r om as e t t lemen t e n c lo s ing w a te r s ou r ce s , a g r icu l tu ra l a r ea s , c ommun ica t ion r ou t e s , r aw m a te r ia l s ou r ce s , a nd s o o n . T he q uan t i ty a nd d i ve r s i ty o f e nv i ronmen ta l v a r iab le s w i th in c a tchmen ta r ea s a r e t h en u sed t om ake a s se s smen t s o n t h e l a nd u se p a t t e rn s a nd e conomy o f t h e a nc ien tc ommun i ty . T h ie s sen p o lygon s a r e a pp l ied b y s imp ly d r aw ing b ounda ry l i ne s a tm id d i s tance p o in t s b e tween c en te r s o ft h e s ame t ime p e r iod ( Hodde r a nd O r ton 1 976 , F ig . 4 . 4 ) t h u s e nc lo s ing t h e p o s tu la ted m in imum e x t en t o ft er i to ry a nd t h e s ma l le r s e t t lemen t s c on t ro l led o rs e rv iced b y t h e m a in c en te r . Wh i le b o th s i t e -ca t chmen t a na ly s i s a nd T h ies sen p o lygon s h ave b een a pp l ied s u cce s sf u l ly i n m any s t ud ie s t h ey a r e b a sed o n a s sump t ion s o f i d ea l ized s p a ce . N e i the r n a tu ra l b ounda ry f e a tu r e s s u ch a s r i dge s , r i ve r s , n o r r e sou rce c l u s te r ing , n o r t r an spo r tc o s t s a r e t a k en i n to a ccoun tb y t h e se t r ad i t iona l m e thod s , p o s ing a l i m i t ing f a c to r t o t h e i r a pp l ica t ion b eyond ap u re ly t h eo re t ica l l e ve l . T he a pp l ica t ion o f G IS t e chn ique s h a s p rov ided t h e n ume rou s s pa t ia l m ea su remen t s r e qu i red t o i n c lude l o ca l ized e nv i ronmen ta l v a r iab le s a sc r i t e r ia f o r a r ea d ef in i t ion i ns i te c a t chmen t a nd T h ie s sen p o lygon a na ly se s t hu s h i gh ly i mp rov ing t h e i r p o ten t ia l f o rr e p r e sen t ing r e a l -wo r ld c ond i t ion s ( S tanc ic e ta l . 1 995 ) . A c omb ina t ion o f T h ie s sen p o lygon a nd s i te c a tchmen t a na ly s i s w a s a pp l ied t o t h e S ou thea s t er n C oa s t s u rvey e nhanced b y s eve ra l e nv i ronmen ta l f a c to r s i no rde rt o d e term ine s i t e t e r r i to r ia l e x ten t a nd r e sou rce s i n c luded w i th in . Ac ompo s i t em ap w a s p rodu ced b yc omb in ing s eve ra l s e lec ted c r i t e r ia o fe nv i ronmen ta l a nd c u l tu ra l c on ce rn ( F ig .

2 . 12 ) . T h ie s sen p o lygon sw e r e c r ea t ed b yp l a c ing b ounda r ie s a t t h e m idpo in t d i s tan ce f r om l a rg e c en te r s , w h ich w e r e r e gu la r ly s p a ced a ta bou t 1 5t o1 8k m i n te rva l s . F u r th e rmo r e , c oncen t r ic b uf f e r z one s w e r e c r ea t ed f r om e a ch l a rg e c en t e r a t 1k m i n t e rva l s i no rd e r t o q u an t if y t h e f r equency o fs i t e o ccu r r en ce w i th d i s tance f r om t h e c en t e r a nd t h u s f u r the r d ef in e t h e t e r r i to r ia l e x ten t . T he r e , t h e a s sump t ion w a s t h a t a r ea s o fl i t t le o rn o s e t t lemen t w ou ld e x i s t n ea r t h e p o l i ty 's b ounda ry . D i s t ance t ow a t e r w a s t h ough t t ob e a n i mpo r tan t f a c to r t oh ave i n f luenced s i t e l o ca t ion ( s ee a bov e , F ig . 2 . 7 ) , s oa l ll a nd t h a tl i e sw i th in 1k mo fp e rmanen tr i v e r sa nd o t he r b od ie s o f w a te r w a s s e lec ted . A s s e en a bove , ( s ee a l so C hap te r 4 ) m o s t s i te s t e nded t ob e l o ca t ed w i th in 1k m o f r i ve r s ,b u tn o tb eyond ,s ot h ea s sump t ion w a sm ad et h a ta r ea s f u r th e r f r om r i ve r s w e r e n o t s i gn if i can t ly i mpo r tan t f o r s e t t lemen t , a nd s o s hou ld n o t b e c a lcu la t ed w i th in t h e p roduc t ive t e r r i to ry o f ap o l i ty . I n f a c t , a l s i t e s , l a rg e a nd s ma l l , t e nd t oc l u s t e r a r ound c en t e r s f o l low ing t h e l e ng th o f t h e r i ve r s ( f o r as im i la r l i nea r p a t t e rn i n Me sopo tam ia s e e A dam s 1 965 ) , l e av ing t h e a r ea s a way f r om r i v e r s e mp ty . I n t e r e s t ing ly , t h e e mp ty a r ea s t e nd t o f a l l a tt h e t e r r i to ry 's p e r iphe r y , a lmo s t a s b uf f e r z one s b e tw een p o l i t ie s o r n o m an 's l a nd ( F ig . 2 . 7 ) . A s a n a dd i t iona l s e lec t iv e c r i t e r ion , s l ope o ft e r ra in w a s c on s ide r ed i mpo r tan t . T he a s sump t ion w a s t h a ts i t e s a r e n o t l o ca t ed o n s t eep t e r ra in , s oa l a r ea s o f s t eep t e r ra in s hou ld n o t b e t a k en i n to t h e c on s ide ra t ion o f t e r r i to r ia l e s t ima te s , e s pec ia l ly i ft h e se o ccu r r ed n ea r t h e t e r r i to r ia l b ounda r ie s . A l l a r ea s w i th l e s s t h an 6 d eg r ee s o f s l ope s t e epn e s sw e r et h e r ef o r e s e lec t ed a sp o s s ib le s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion s ( F ig . 2 . 9 ) . A l l t h e a bove s e lec t ive c r i t e r ia w e re c omb ined i n to a s i ng le c ompo s i t e m ap w i th c o lo r ed a r ea s r e p re sen t ing l o ca t ion s s u i tab le f o r s e t t lemen t . C o lo r -cod ing r e f e r s t ot h e 1k m d i s tance i n t e rva l s f r om e a ch l a rg e c en t e r , w h i le w h i t e a r ea s r ep r e sen t ed l a nd u n su i tab le f o r s e t t lemen t . T he m ap r e so lu t ion w a s s e t a t 1 00m x 1 00m c e l l s i ze , o r 3 99 ,600 c e l l s f o r t h e e n t i r e r e g ion . When t h e a c tua l s i t e s w e re p l o t t ed a ga in s t t h e e nv i ronm en ta l ly w e igh t ed T h ie s sen p o lygon s , i tw a sa ppa r en tt h a ta lmo s ta l s i t e sw e r ea c coun ted f o r b y t h e c r i te r ia a dop ted ( 1 34 o f 1 5 5 s i t e s a c coun ted f o r ; F ig . 2 . 9 ) . I n f a c t , f u r the r s t udy o f l o ca l r i ve r m o rpho logy s how ed t h a t s i t e s t h a t a ppea r ed t of a l l o u t s ide o ft h e 1k m d i s tan ce z one f r om p r e sen t -day r i v e r s w e r e a c tua l ly i n p rox im i ty t or e l ic t r i v e r c hanne l s ( s e e d i scu s s ion i nc hap t e r 1 '' •

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F i g . 2 . 9C ompo s i t em ap o fp o s tu la t ed M idd le /La t eC la s s ic p e r iod p o l i t ie sb a sed o nT h ie s sen p o lygon s . S e lec t ed l a nd s i n c lude a r ea sw i th in T h .p o lygon sa l ong r i v e r s ( c ommun ica t ion r ou te s )a nd o fs l ope l e s st h an 6d eg r ee s a r ea s . C o lo r -cod ing r e p r e sen t s 1k md i s tan ce i n te rva l sf r om e a ch p o l i ty c en te r .B lu el i ne s :r i ve r s( l a rge a nd s ma l l ) . R ed l i ne s : a nc ien tr i ve r s( La Maqu ina a r ea o n ly ) . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e s pa t ia l a na ly s i s p r ocedu re s o u t l ined a bove t h e S ou thea s t er n C oa s t s u r vey e mp loy ed t h e G IS g eo r ef e r enced t o pog r aph ic d a taba se a nd i mage p roce s s ing c apab i l i ty c omb ined w i th G PS ' mob i l i ty a nd a c cu ra cy t oa i d i nt h e m app ing o fa r chaeo log ica l s i t e s . T he t o pog raph i c d a ta se t c on s i s t ed o f 9s h ee t s f r om t h e 1 : 50 ,000 m ap o ft h e G ua tema lan I n s t i tu to G eog raf i co M i l i ta r , w h ich w e r e d i g i t ized a nd c omb ined i n to as i ng le d i g i ta l m ap g eo r e f e r en ced t o UTM c oo rd ina t ep o in t s .B a s i cf e a tu r e sf r om t h e p r in t ed m ap s w e r e s e pa ra t ed o u t a nd s a v ed i nv ec to r f o rma t ; t h e se i n c luded r i ve r s , r o ad s , c on tou r l i ne s , t own s , v eg e ta t ion a r ea s ,a nd s o i lt y pe s . As e to fa e r ia lp ho to sw a sa l so a va i lab le f o rm ar e cen ts u rvey ( 1 99 1) a l so b yt h e G ua tema lan I GM , a t a 1 : 60 ,000 s c a le t h a t c ove r ed t h e e n t i r e s u rvey r e g ion . E n la rg emen t s w e r e a l so o b ta ined a t 1 : 17 ,000 s c a le f o r s e lec t ed a r ea s w he r e a r cha eo log ica l s i t e l o ca t ion w a s a l r eady k nown , ( e .g . t h e E sc lavo s a nd P a z r i ve r a r ea s ) . O n t h e se e n la rg ed v i ew s , s i ng le m ound so fm o r et h an 4m h e igh tc ou ld b es po t t ed , i fn o tc ove r ed b yt a l lv eg e ta t ion . T h e i mpo r t ing o f a e r ia lp ho to s i n to t h eg eo r ef e r enced t o pog raph ic d a ta se tw a s a c comp l i shed b y t h e f o l low ing p r ocedu r e w h ich i s a l so d e sc r ibed i ng r ea t e r d e ta i l e l sewhe r e ( E s t r ada B e l l i 1 997 ) . I mage sw e r e s c anned a t ar e la t iv e ly h i gh r e so lu t ion ( 3 60 d o t s p e ri n ch )b a lanc ing f i n e -g ra in p i xe l ss i ze w i th o ve ra l lf i l es i ze f o r d i sk s t o rage r e qu i r emen t s ( 7 -8 Megaby t e s f o r e a ch 1 : 60 ,000 p ho to ) . I mag e r e so lu t ion w a s a s ce r ta ined b y o b se rv ing n umbe ro fp i x e l s c ove r ing k nown f e a tu r e s s u ch a s r o ad s ( a pp rox . 2 0 m w ide ) o n t h e p ho to s . I tw a s t h e r ef o r e e s tab l i shed t h a t t h e s t anda rd p ho to s h ad 5 m r e so lu t ion a nd t h e 1 : 17 ,000 e n la rg emen t s a bou t l m . A n i mag e p r oce s s ing p rog ram w i th in t h e G IS a pp l ica t ion ( GRASS G eog raph ic R e sou r ce A na ly s i s S uppo r t S y s t em ) a lowed s p l i t sc r een d i sp lay o fb o th t h e p ho to i mag e a nd t h e t o pog raph ic m ap o f t h e a r ea o f i n te r e s t ( F ig . 2 . 10 ) . U s ing t h i s t o o l , r e f e r ence f e a tu r e s o n t h e p ho to s s u ch a s p r ope r ty l i ne s , r o ad i n t e r sec t ion s , r i ve r i n t e r sec t ion s w e r e i d en t if i ed w i th t h e i r e qu iva len tp o in to nt h et o pog raph ic m ap b ym ou se c l ick sa nd t h e i r c oo rd ina te s a u toma t ica l ly r e co rd ed . A s an ex t s t ep , t h e r e f e r en ce p o in t s s e lec t ed o n t h e i mag ew e r eu sed t o" r ec t if y" i tt ot h eg eo r ef e r en ced d a ta se t . T he p rog ram c a r r ied t h i s o u t b yp i xe l -by -p ix e l i n t e rpo la t ion t h rough 1 s t2 nd a nd 3 r do r de r p o lynom ia la l go r i thm s .

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F ig . 2 . 10 C ompu te rd i sp lay o ft h e G IS ( GRASS s of twa re )u t i l i ty f o rg eo r ef e renc ing a e r ia l p ho to s ( l ef t )u s ing mou se o pe ra t ions o nd ig i t ized t o pog raph ic f e a tu r e s( r oad sa nd r i ve r s ;r i gh t ) . a n a s se s smen t o f t h e s i t e e nv i ron s , a nd a l e nv i ronmen ta l f e a tu re s a nd m ode rn f e a tu re s ( p roper ty f e nce s , a cce s s r oad s , h ou se s ) c ou ld b e r e p roduced i nt h e f i na l p r in ted o u tpu t w i th t h e s i t e p l an . T he c ompu te r d i sp lay a l so h e lped d e tec t ing s eve ra l m app ing e r ro r sa nd i n accu rac ie s i nt h e s i te p l an s ( F ig . 2 . 11) w hen o ve r la id o n a e r ia l p ho to s . O nce d e tec ted , m app ing e r ro r s w e re e d i t ed u s ing t h e G IS d i g i t iz ing u t i l i ty ; s t ruc tu r e s w e r e r e s ized , m oved a nd a dded t o c onf o rm t h e c r op m a rk s v i s ib le o n t h e g eo r ef e renced a e r ia l p ho to ( F ig . 2 . 12 ) .

O u r f i e ld s u rvey p roduced 1 : 1000 s c a le m ap s o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s w h ich w e re t o b e i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e g eo ref e renced d a ta se t . A ccu ra t e s i t e l o ca t ion d a tum p o in t s w e re e s tab l i shed i nt h e f i e ld u s ing t h e G PS r e ce ive r ( + 2 5 m a ccu ra cy ) a ncho r ing s i t e p l an s t o t h e r eg iona l UTM c oo rd ina t e g r id . A dd i t iona l G PS r e ad ing s w e r e r e qu i red i n t h e c a se o fv e ry e x ten s ive s i t e a r ea s , o t he rw i se t h e m app ing w a s c a r r ied o u t b y c ompa s s a nd m e t r ic t a pe m ea su remen t s . I n d iv idua l s i t e s t ruc tu re s w e r e d r awn u s ing a c onven t iona l r e nde r ing c ommon i n Me soame r ican s t ud ie s , b y s c a l ing s t ruc tu re d imen s ion t o p r i sma t ic s hape s ( Sab lof f a nd T ou r te l lo t 1 991 , T ou r te l lo t 1 988 , C a r r a nd H aza rd 1 96 1) . S i t e p l an s w e re l a te r d i g i t ized a nd i mpo r t ed i n to t h e G IS a c co rd ing t o t h e GPS d a tum p o in t s . I tw a s s ub sequen t ly p o s s ib le t od i sp lay s i te p l an s a so ve r lay s o fa e r ia l p ho to s ( i n w h ich mound s w e re c l ea r ly v i s ib le ) . T h i s w a s u sef u l t om ake 2 8

I n s um , b o th t h e G PS a nd G IS t e chno log ie s a low t h e s u rveyo r t o e nhance m app ing c on t en t b y s upe r impo s ing t h e s i te p l an s o n t h e i r e x i s t ing e nv i ronmen ta l s e t t ing w i thou t t ime -con sum ing r e co rd ing o fn on a r cheo log ica l d e ta i l i nt h e f i e ld . Map s w e re f u r the r p e rf ec ted b y r e duc ing g ro s s m app ing e r ro r s t h rough t h e i n spec t ion o fs i t e p l an s a s a e r ia l p ho to o ve r lay s a nd q u ick o n sc reen e d i t ing w i th r e la t ive ly l i t t le e xpend i tu re o f p e r son -hou r w o rk . C lea r ly , i n t h e a b sence o f t h e GPS a nd G IS a i d s t h e s ame o b jec t ive s o f m app ing c omp le tene s s a nd a ccu ra cy w ou ld h ave r e qu i red c on s ide rab ly mo re t ime a nd e f f or t i nt h e f i e ld a nd r equ i red a p ro jec t b udge t s eve ra l t ime s l a rge r . T h e h a rdwa re a nd s of twa re u sed f o rt h i sp ro jec ta r er e la t ive ly a c ce s s ib le i n mo s t m a jo r U n ive r s i t ie s a nd r e sea r ch i n s t i tu t ion s a tt h e t ime , a nd t o day a r e b ecom ing s uff ic ien t ly i n expen s ive f o r i n d iv idua l s t uden t s a nd s hco la r s o n as ma l l b udge t t oo wn . D a ta e n t ry w a s d one o n ad ig i t iz ing t a b le t ( Summag raph ic ) a nd s canne r ( App le ) a va i lab le a t t h e B o s ton U n ive r s i ty D epa r tmen t o f A r chaeo logy o r a l so a t a ny l o ca l G raph ic / Imag ing S to re s . T he G IS a na ly s i s w a s d one f i r s t o n aB o s ton U n ive r s i ty D epa r tmen t o f A rchaeo logy S un M ic ro sy s t em s S pa r c I w o rk s ta t ion a nd w a s s ub sequen t ly c on t inued o n aP en t ium b a sed I BM -compa t ib le P e r sona l C ompu te rr u nn ing t h e p ub l ic d oma in ( ava i lab le o n t h e I n te rne t ) a nd v e r s t i le G IS s of twa re ( GRASS ) . G raph ic o u tpu t w a s p e rf ormed o n c omme r c ia l l a se rc o lo ra nd b /w p r in te r s .

F ig . 2 . 11 U ned i ted s i te p l an o fN ueve C e r ro sd i sp layed a s o ve r lay o na e r ia l p ho to . S ome o ft h em apped s t ruc tu r e s a ppea rt ob eo f f -se tf r om t h es t ruc tu re 's c r op m a rk sv i s ib le o nt h e i mage . D a rke ra r ea sa r et r ee -cove red .

F ig . 2 . 12 E d i ted s i te p l an o fN ueve C er ro s . S t ru c tu re s h ave b een moved o n to t h e c r op m a rk sv i s ib le o n t h ea e r ia l p ho to .

2 9

Chap ter T hree

T he P rec las s ic p er iod

i nt h i s c hap te r Ip re sen t s n ew d a ta o n t h e P r ec la s s ic s e t t lemen t o f t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t o f G ua tema la s ubd iv ided i n to c h rono log ica l p ha se s a cco rd ing t o L au ra K o sakow sky 's r e g iona l c e ram ic s equence ( F ig . 3 . 2 , K o sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 999 ) . T he s e t t lemen t i n f o rma t ion a va i lab le f o r e ach p ha se i sp r e sen ted i n t wo

Am o re g ene ra l s yn the s i s a nd d i scu s s ion o fP r ec la s s ic t r end s a nd a l o t he rt ime p e r iod s i sp re sen ted i nC hap t e r6 . T he E ar ly P rec la s s ic E a r ly P rec la s s ic p e r iod d a ta w e r e g a the r ed d u r ing t h e s u rvey t h roughou t t h e r eg ion a t C h iqu iu i tän , P u l ido , S a l ina s S an ta R i ta , A guadu lce a nd P a lo saden t ro s i t e s i nt h e e s tua r ine e nv i ronmen ta nd a tU jux te i nt h ep i edmon ta r ea .

s epa ra te p a r t s . T he f i r s t p a r t i s af o rma l d e sc r ip t ion o fe a ch s i te i n c lud ing l o ca t ion , r e sea r ch h i s to ry , s i t e l a you t a nd e xcava t ion i n f o rma t ion , i fa pp l icab le , f o l lowed b y as e cond p a r t t h a t s umma r ize s a nd d i scu s sed t h e d a ta f o r e ach p ha se .

EARLY PRECLASS IC 1 3 00 -850 BC

(1 I L`

' Ace C h iqu iu itan

P a losad . S .R i ta

P AC IF IC OCEAN

5 0 k m F ig .3 . 1 D i s t r ibu t ion o fE a r ly P rec la s s ic S e t t lemen ti nS an ta R o sa R eg ion s e e F ig . 3 . 2 f o re n la rgemen to fC h iqu iu i tan s i te .

3 0

S ou theas te rn P ac if i c C oas t P ac i f ic C oas t ( Bove e t a l . )

P e r iod

-AD 1 500 .-. -

l x ca f lo res

B i lbao ( Pa rsons )

I x t acapa P ea re sN ada

C en . H igh lands K am ina l juyu ( Shook & H a tch )

C h inau t la

S .E . H igh lands C ha lchuapa ( Sha r e r )

-A I D 9 00

H ia tus

C h iapas C oas t ( B lake & C la rk)

A ha l N ew T own ! C aban

- AD 1 200

U xuna

S ou the rn Maya L ov k t iands

A yampuc

M ain

P an ta leon

—

P amp lona P ayu

S an ta L uc ia

C h iqu imu l i l la

T epeu I l l

Ama t le - AD 6 00

E sc lavos

L agune ta S an J e ron imo

E spe ranza

X occo

T zako l I l l

—AD 4 00

O scu ro

C o lo ja te

N i le j o re e sA lgo

— AD 2 00

A u ro ra

S an ta C la ra

C e iba

G uaca la te I l us iones Ma s ca la te _.

A rena '

V e rbena

V et

C aynac ( L a te )

C h icane l

C aynac ( Ea r ly )

C hu l

—400 B C

G ua ta lon T a rna r indo S i s _8 50

B c

A lgo e sA lgo

?

P rov idenc ia

K a l Mamom

L as C ha r cas

C o las

C onchas

T ok

C uad ros

J oco ta l C ang re jo

C oyo la te

A reva lo ?

- 160 B C—

H u iscoyo l

7

X e !E b i Swasey

M ad re V ie ja

C he r i@ O co s L ocona B a r ra

F ig .3 .2 C h rono log ica l c ha r to ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s ta nd a d jacen tr eg ion so fS ou thern Me soame r ica .

3 1

r o cke r s tamped , a nd c orn i mp re s sed t e coma te s c l o se ly r e semb l ing O co s / J oco ta l t y pe s f r om t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic ( 1 300 900 B .C . ) ; t h i s i s ac e ram ic t r ad i t ion f o und i ns ome a r ea s o ft h e e s tua r ie s o fC h iapa s , w e s te rn G ua tema la , a nd E l S a lvado r ( A r royo 1 992 , 1 993 ; C la rk e ta l . 1 987 ; C oe 1 96 1 ; P ye a nd D ema r e s t 1 99 1) . R e search H i s tory T h i s s i t e w a s l o ca ted d u r ing o u r 1 995 f i e ld s u rvey ( E s t rada B e l l i e ta l . 1 996 ) . No p rev iou s r epo r t e x i s t s . O u r p ro jec t c r ew s c a r r ied o u t t h e f i r s t s e t o f e xcava t ion s a tt h e s i t e i n J anua ry o f1 996 ( E s t rada B e l l ie ta l . 1 997 ) .

S i te D e scr ip t ions

S i te : C h iqu iu i tän L oca t ion : T he e a r l ie s ts i te i nt h er e g ion , t h e s i te o f C h iqu iu i tän , i sl o ca ted 3k me a s to ft h e moder nv i l lage o f Mon te r r ico ( F ig . 3 . 1 , 3 . 3 ) . T h i ss i t eo ccup ie ss eve ra l h ec ta re so fp a r t ia l ly i n unda ted l a nd ,w i th in t h eC h iqu imu l i l la l a goon a nd i sl o ca ted o n al a rge c a t t le r a nch i nw h ich a n e two rk o fc ana l sh a sb een b u i l tt od r a in t h e l a goon s u r round ing t h es i te . T h is e a r th -mov ing o pe ra t ion m ay h ave d e s t royed s ome s t ruc tu re st ot h ew e s to ft h e s i te , s i nce s u rf ace p o t te ry h a sb een f ound i nt h a ta r ea .

E xcava t ions T he a r ch i tec tu ra l e v idence a nd d a t ing f o r b u r ied o ccupa t ion s a t t h i s s i te d e r ive s f r om s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion s a nd t h r ee t e s t e xcava t ion . O ne -by two m e t e r t e s t p i t s w e re p l aced o n Mound s 3 6 a nd 1 3 , w h ich a cco rd ing t o t h e s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s a ppea red t oh ave t h e e a r l ie s t c e ram ic m a rke r s f o r t h e E a r ly P r e c la s s ic , a nd o n Mound 3 0 w h ich a ppea r ed t o h ave l a te rE a r ly P r ec la ss ic a nd M idd le P rec la s s ic m a te r ia l . T e s t p i t 5w a s p o s i t ioned o n t h e s umm i t o f Mound 1 3 , a1 20 m w ide a nd 2 . 5 m h i gh o va l shaped mound t h a t w a s i s o la ted f r om t h e r e s t o ft h e s e t t lemen t t ot h e e a s t . T h i s e xcava t ion c u tt h rough 1 3a l te rna t ing l e ve l s o fr e dd ish /b rown c l ay f i l l a nd y e l low i sh b rown s a ndy f l oo r s t h a t o cca s iona l ly b ea r b u rn ing p a tche s w i thou t mo r e f o rma l f e a tu re s a s soc ia ted . S t e r i le s o i l w a s r e ached a t2 . 20 m d ep th a nd 1 0 c m i n to t h e w a te r t a b le . T he m a te r ia l r e cove r ed f r om t h is e xcava t ion i n c luded mo s t ly e xamp le s o f O co s s t y le r ed r immed t e coma te s w i th l o of ah i mp re s s ion ( l oca l ly p ax te , s e e V ege ta t ion s e c t ion i n c hap t e r 1 ) , r o cke r s t amp ing a nd p unc tua t ion . O ne c ha rcoa l s amp le w a s r e cove r ed f r om af i r e p i t a r ea a t l e ve l 1 , t h a t w a s a s soc ia ted w i th O co s s t y le m a t e r ia l a nd p roduced ac a l ib ra ted r ad ioca rbon d a te o f 122 B .C . o r 1 2 55 10 14 B .C . a t o ne s i gma s t anda rd d ev ia t ion ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 999 ) . T e s tp i t 6w a s l o ca ted o n Mound 3 0 , 2 00 m s ou th o f Mound 3 6 , a3 . 5 h igh 9 0m o va l shaped o ro n t h e f l oo r s on o c ha r coa l s amp le w a s r e cove rab le . T he l a rge s he rd s t h a t f o rmed t h e i n ne r l i n ing i n c luded l a rge b rown a nd r e d s l ipped b ow ls w i th i n c ised , g rooved a nd f l u ted d eco ra t ion r e semb l ing M idd le P r ec la s s ic t y pe s f r om t h e S i s p ha se d e sc r ibed b y B ove i n E s cu in t la ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 , B ove p e r s . c omm . 1 996 ) . S im i la r ly , a l l e ve l s o f t h i s e xcava t ion s e em t o d a te t o t h e e a r ly p ha se s o f t h e M idd le P rec la s s ic ( 9 00 -750 B .C . ) . N o E a r ly P r ec la s s ic p o t te ry w a s f ound i nt h i s u n i t . O ne c ha r coa l s amp le w a s r e cove r ed f r om l e ve l 2 3 . S t e r i le s o i l w a sr e ached a t4 . 70 m d ep th , 1 5c m i n to t h ew a t e rt a b le . T e s tp i t 7w a s p l aced o n mound 3 6 , a3m h i gh a nd 1 00 m w ide o va l shaped m ound s i tua ted c en t ra l ly t ot h em a in s i te c l u s te r . I t s s t ra t ig raph ic s e quence w a s c ompo sed o f 1 5 l e ve l s o f r e dd i sh a l te rna t ing b rown o r d a rk b rown c l ay f i l l a nd y e l low i sh b rown s and f l oo r s , w i th f ew e xamp le s o f b ur n ing p a t che s a nd f i re p i t s . N o p o s t h o le s w e r e i d en t if ied . S t e r i le v e ry d a rk b rown c l ay w a s f ound a t3 . 5m d ep th a nd 1 0 c m i n to t h e w a te r t a b le . Two c ha r coa l s amp le s w e re r e cove r ed f r om f i re p i t s i nl e ve ls 1 3 a nd 1 5 b e l ieved t ob e a s soc ia ted w i th O co s s t y le p o t te ry . T he s amp le f r om l e ve l 1 5

UT IV I C oord ina te s : 7 67296 E , 1 54 1043 N S i te L ayou t C h iqu iu i tän i sc ompo sed o ft wo g roup s o fm ound s , t h e s ma l le r g roup i sf o rmed b y 1 2 l ow s t ruc tu re s ( 1 -2 m h i gh ) a r ranged i n ar e c tangu la r p l aza . A t t h e c en te r o ft h e p l aza e nc lo su r e i s ac on ica l m ound 3m i nh e igh t . C e ram ic s r e cove red f r om t h e s u rf ace o ft h e se m ound s d a te t ot h e L a te C la s s ic ( A .D . 7 00 - 9 00 )a nd P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod s( A .D . 9 00 1 500 , s e ec hap . 5 ) .

C OT EMPRAN/0 B .C .

F ig .3 .3 Map o fC h iqu imu l i l la l a goon s how ing c ana l sa nd m apped E a r ly P rec la s s ic m ound s . As e cond a nd l a rge r g roup o f s t ruc tu re s i sl o ca ted 3 00 m n o r th o ft h e f i r s t a nd i sf o rmed b y 2 2 mound s e ach , m ea su r ing 2 t o 4m i nh e igh t a nd f r om 5 0 t o 1 20 m e te r s i n d i ame te r . T he mound s a r e r ound o r o va l shaped w i th a r ough ly l e ve led s u rf ace . S ome mound sh ave al ow r i se a tt h e c en te r . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t e ach m ound s uppor ted s eve ra l h ou seho ld s . Two mound s a r e s l igh t ly h ighe rt h an t h e o t he r s , m ea su r ing 4m i nh e igh t . T he se a r e a tt h e e a s te rn e dg e o ft h e s i te ( F ig . 3 . 2 ) . T oday a l s t ruc tu re s a r e c ove red b ym ang rove v ege ta t ion t h a t o b scu r e s g round v i s ib i l i ty , h oweve r c e ram ic s f ound o n t h e s u rf ace i n c lude s pecu la r h ema t i te r e d r immed , 3 2

p roduced a d a te o f 1 034 B .C . o r 183 -942 a t o ne s i gma s t anda rd d ev ia t ion ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 999 ) . L a t e r l e ve l s o ft h is t e s t p i t y i e lded t e coma te s w i th mode led a pp l ique f i gu r ine s o f c r ab s a nd o t he r a n ima l s a nd a r e b e l ieved t or e semb le C uad ro s / Joco ta l t y pe s e l sewhe re o n t h e P a c if i c C oa s to fG ua tema la .

B .C . , b a sed o n c e ram ic c r o s s -da t ing w i th s im i la r c e ram ic t y pe s f r om n e ighbo r ing E scu in t la , T eco ja te , e t c . ) . O b s id ian w a s r a re i nt h e E a r ly P r ec la s s ic l e ve ls o fT p 5a nd 7 ,w h i le m o r e n ume rou s i n t h e M idd le P rec la s s ic l e ve ls o f T p 6 . Among t h e f a una l r ema in s i na l l l e ve l s w e r e l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fs h e l l a nd c r ab , a sw e l l a s f i sh a nd s ma l l m amma l b one s . T he se a s semb lage s d emon s t ra te t h a tt h e e conomy w a s f o rt h e m o s t p a r t b a sed o n s e a -f ood , a nd h un t ing o f s ma l l g ame . F l o ta t ion s amp le s w e r e r e cove red f r om a l u n i t s f o r t h e p a leobo tan ica l a na ly s i s , t h a th opef u l ly w i l l i n c lude p re se rved e v idence o fa nc ien tp l an tr ema in s , b u ta r e a sy e tu nana lyzed .

D i scu s s ion o fs t ra t ig raphy . I ta ppea r s f r om t h e s t ra t ig raphy t h a t t h e mound s t e s t ed w e r e i n i t ia l ly b u i l t d i rec t ly o n t o p o ft h e d a rk b rown c l ay s o ft h e s wamp w i th a2 0 -30 c m t h ick p l a tf o rm a nd t h u s s l igh t ly e l eva t ed a bove t h e s wamp w a te r s . L a te r i n c remen t s o fe a ch c on s t ruc t ion s t age w e re a l l i nt h e o rde r o f 1 5 t o4 0 c m , a l ter na t ing w i th 5t o 1 0 c m o ff i ne r h a rd p acked c l ay o r s and . T he a ve rage t h ickne s s o f t h e c l ayey f i l l a nd s andy f l oo r s i n d ica te s , i n mo s t i n s tance s , a r e la t ive ly mode s t b u i ld ing e f f or tt h a t i sp e rhap s mo re c on s i s ten t w i th d ome s t ic a r ch i t ec tu r e . P o t te ry a nd a l so a r t if ac t s o fo b s id ian , g round s t one a nd f a una l m a te r ia l s w e r e r e cove red f r om t h e e xcava t ion s . T he e a r l ie s t g r ind ing s t one s w e r e f ound i n t h e C uad ro s / Joco ta l l e ve ls o f T p 7( Cang r e jo p ha se 150 -850

S ummary o fC h iqu iu i tän A cco rd ing t ot h e c e ram ic e v idence , C h iqu iu i tän w a s o ccup ied f o r t h e mo s t p a r t o ft h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic u n t i l s ome t ime i n to t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e M idd le P rec la s s ic t ime p e r iod , p e rhap s f r om 1 300 B .C . t o 6 00 B .C . ( Ko sakow s l cy a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . H oweve r , r e su l t s f r om t h e r ad ioca rbon s amp le sa r en o ty e ta va i lab le t op rov ide a b so lu te d a te s f o rt h e o ccupa t ion a tC h iqu iu i tän a nd a to t he r E a r ly P rec la s s ic s i te s i nS an ta R o sa .

F i g .3 .4 A e r ia l p ho to s o fC h iqu iu i tän s how ing d i s t r ibu t ion o fs t ruc tu r e s a c co rd ing t os e quence o fo ccupa t ion p ha se s .

3

t e coma te s a nd b ow ls w i th d eco ra t ive mode s o ft h e C ang re jo p ha se ( 1 150 -850 B .C . ) r e semb l ing e xamp le s a l so f o und a t C h iqu iu i tän . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 82389 E , 1 535796 N

I n t h e f i r s t p ha se o f o ccupa t ion ( Hu iscoyo l p ha se ) b e tween a bou t 1 350 a nd 150 B .C . , s e t t lemen t w a s c onf ined

R e search H i s tory : No p r ev iou sr e por to ft h is s i te e x is t s .

t o f i ve l a rge ly s paced mound s o ve r t h e e n t ire a r ea o ft h e s i te ( F ig . 3 . 4 ) .

I n t h e s e cond p ha se ( Cang re jo p ha se ) b e tween

150 a nd 8 50 B .C . t h e s e t t lemen t g rew i n s i ze t o e l even o ccup ied mounds . S i te l a you t a t t h is t ime w a s n uc lea ted , f o rm ing a s em i -c i rcu la r g roup o f mound s m ea su r ing 3 00 m a cross . O ne mound l i es i s o la ted f r om t h e r e s t , 4 00 m t ot h e w es t .

T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f p o t te ry s how s ( F ig . 3 . 5 ) t h a t

C ang re jo p ha se p o t tery i sg ene ra l ly mo re a bundan t t h an t h e e a r l ie r p ha se a nd t h a t m any m o re mound s w e re o ccup ied a t t h a t t ime . B a sed o n p l a tf o rm a r ea a va i lab le f o r h ou seho ld s a t t h e s i te , i t i s p o ss ib le t h a t u p t o 3 00 p eop le l i ved a t C h iqu iu i tän i n t h e C ang re jo p ha se . T he s i te 's p opu la t ion i n c rea ses i nt h e s ucceed ing T ama r indo p ha se w h ich w i l l b e d i scussed i nt h e f o l low ing s e c t ion ( M idd le P rec la s s ic ) .

F ig .3 .6 A e r ia l p ho to o fP u l ido /Cana l , S a l ina s S .R i ta a nd P a lo saden t ro s i te s s how ing o ve r lay o fd i s t r ibu t ion o f mounds b yt ime p e r iod : C ang re jo p ha se ( g reen , 150 -850 B .C . , C ana l a nd S .R i ta ) a nd T ama r indo p ha se ( b lue a nd g r een , 8 50 -400 B .C . , P u l ido ) . B r igh tw h i te a r ea s w i th in t h e m ang rove v ege ta t ion i n d ica te s a l tb ed s .

F ig .3 .5 D is t r ibu t ion o ft o ta l c oun t s o fE a r ly P rec la ss ic s u rf ace p o t tery b y p ha se a nd b y m ound a tC h iqu iu i tän . H u iscoyo l p ha se : 1 300 1150 B .C . , C ang re jo p ha se : 150 -850 B .C . , T ama r indo p ha se : 8 50 -400 B .C . S i te : U jux te L ocat ion : T he s i te o f U jux te i ss i tua ted o n t h e p i edmon t s o i ls a t 1 80 m a l t i tude . R esearch H is tory . s e e L a te P r ec la ss ic s e c t ion UT M c oord ina te s 7 83604 E , 1 556796 N S i te L ayou t T he s i te l a you t f o r t h is t i me p e r iod i su nknown . P o t te ry o f E a r ly P rec la ss ic d a te w a s o n ly f ound i n m ixed c on tex t s i n e xcava t ions w i th in t h e m a in s i t e a r ea . s e c t ion )

F ig .3 .7 S i te p l an o fP u l ido /Cana l Mound 1( Cang re jo p ha se ) .

( s ee L a te P rec la ss ic

S i te : S a l ina s S an ta R i ta L oca t ion : 3k m s ou th o f P u l ido a nd 1 k m n or th o f t h e s ho re l ine a nd a d jacen tt o ab end i nt h e C h iqu imu l i l la c ana l .

S i te : P u l ido /Cana l L oca t ion : T he s i te o f P u l ido i s l o ca ted i n t h e e s tua ry e nv ironmen t a t 1 4 .3 k m e a s t o fC h iqu iu i tän a nd a t a3 . 5 k m

UT M c oord ina te s : 7 80551 E , 1 535333 N . R e search H i s tory : N op rev ious r e co rd so ft h is s i te e x is t .

d i s tance f r om t h e p resen t s ho re l ine . O ne o u t o f e l even

S i te L ayou t : T he s i te c ons is t s o f aw ide p l a tf orm w i th al ow r i se o n t h e n o r ther n s i de , a nd a 3 m h i gh c on ica l mound o n

mound s a tt h e s i te h ad E a r ly P r ec la s s ic p o t tery o n t h e s u rf ace ( F ig . 3 . 6 , 3 . 7 , C ana l Mound 1 ) . T he p o t tery i n c ludes

t h e w es te rn s i de . T he m a te r ia l f r om t h is s i te m o s t ly d a te s t o 3 4

t h e C la s s ic p e r iod . T he e v idence f o r E a r ly P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion a moun t s t oo ne s he rd o fC ang re jo p ha se ( 1 150 8 50 B .C . ) . T oday t h e s i t e i ss u r round ed b y ar e c tangu la r s a l t p roduc ing f l a t( F ig . 3 . 6b o t tom g r een a r ea ; F ig . 3 . 8 ) .

w i th in t h em ang rove v ege ta t ion ( da rk a r ea s ) . Mound s 4a nd 5 :H awa i i s i te . S i te : Aguadu lce L oca t ion : 2k m s ou thwe s t o fP a lo saden t ro a nd 2 k m f r om h e s ho re l ine . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 75706 E , 1 537248 N . R e search H i s tory : N op r ev iou sr e co rd so ft h i s s i te e x i s t . S i te L ayou t : T he s i te i sf o rmed b y aw ide l ow p l a tf o rm t h a t r i se s f r om t h e s u r round ing f l ooded g round . E v idence o f E a r ly P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion a moun t s t o o ne s h e rd o f C ang re jo p ha se . T he p l a tf o rm i sc l ea ro fv ege ta t ion a nd u sed a s ap ax te ( v ege ta l s ponge ) f i e ld ( F ig . 3 . 10 ) .

I5 0 me ters F ig .3 .8 S i te p l an o fS a l ina sS .R i ta . S i te : P a lo saden tro L oca t ion : 3k m s ou thwe s to fP u l ido a nd 2k m n o r th f r om t h e s ho re l ine . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 79784 E , 1535903 N . R e search H i s tory : N op r ev iou sr e co rd so ft h i ss i te e x is t . S i te L ayou t : T he s i te i s f o rmed b y t wo l a rge e ar then p l a tf o rm ss epa ra ted b y a1 50m d i s tan ce . T he se a r ev e ry w ide a nd l ow o va l shaped r i se s s u r rounded b yf l ooded g round . S u rf ace m a te r ia l f r om t h e E a r ly P r e c la s s ic o n ly a moun t s t o o ne s he rd o f C ang r e jo p ha se p o t te ry f ound o n o ne o f t h e m ounds . T oday t h e mound s a r e c l ea red o f v ege ta t ion a nd u sed a sc o rn a nd c h i l if i e ld s( F ie . 3 . 9 1 . F ig .3 .10 A e r ia l v i ew o ft h em ang rove e s tua ry s how ing A guadu lce ( mound s 1a nd 2 )a nd B uena snoches s i te s ( mound s 3a nd 4 ) . Wh i te a r ea s i n d ica te s a l tb ed s , d a rk a r ea s m ang rove v ege ta t ion .

F ig .3 .9 A e r ia lv i ew o fP a lo saden t ro Mound a r ea s( 1a nd 2 ) a nd S a l ina sS .R i ta ( 3 ) . B r igh tw h i te a r ea si n d ica te s a l tb ed s 3 5

s t one s m ake t h e i r a ppea rance a t C h iqu iu i tän . T h i s c ou ld i n d ica te t h e p roce s s ing o fc or n a nd o t he r f ood s , e ven t h ough c or n r ema in s h ave y e t t o b e i d en t if ied i n t h e b o tan ica l s amp le s . C h iqu iu i tän 's H u i scoyo l a nd C ang re jo p ha se p o t te ry s ha r ed s t y l i s t ic m ode sw i th aw ide ra r ea o ft h e P a c if i c r eg ion . P o t t e ry f r om t h e H u i scoyo l p ha se i sd om ina ted b y l a rge , t h ick u n s l ipped g l obu la r t e coma te s ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ; F ig . 3 . 12 ) . Many o ft h ese a r e c o l la red o r n ecked w i th b o l s te r ed r im s . T he r im s a r e o f t en d eco ra ted w i th as pecu la r h ema t i t e b and , w i th s e conda ry d eco ra t ion o f l o of ah i mp r e s s ion s , r o cke r s t amp ing , i regu la r f i nger na i l p unc ta t ion s , o r c oa r se g ouge i n c i s ion s o n t h e b ody o f t h e t e coma te . S im i la r c omb ina t ions o f c e ram ic a t t r ibu te s a r e c ommon i nb o th O co s a nd C uad ro s / J oco ta l m a t e r ia l f r om o t he r a r ea s a l ong t h e c oa s t o f C h iapa s ( C la rk e ta l . 1 987 ) , G ua tema la ( A r royo 1 992 , 1 993 ; B eaud ry 1 989 ; C oe 1 96 1 ; P ye a nd D ema r e s t 1 99 1 ; V oo rh ie s 1 989 ) , a nd E l S a lvado r ( A r royo 1 995 ) . R ed r immed t e coma te s a nd l o of ah i mp re s s ion s a r e b o th c e ram ic mode s o f t en a s soc ia ted w i th O co s p ha se p o t t e ry . I nf o rm , t h e se c o l la r ed t e coma te s w i th r e d r im s f r om C h iqu iu i tan mo s t c l o se ly r e semb le t h e L ocona / O co s , B o s tan p ha se c e ram ic s r e po r t ed b y A r royo ( 1995 ) f r om t h e s i t e o f E l C a rmen i n E l S a lvado r , w h ich d a t e t o b e tween 1 450 a nd 1 200 B .C . H oweve r , t h e r e a r e a l so s ome moda l s im i la r i t ie s t ot h e C uad ro s / J oco ta l c e ram ic s f r om t h e T eco ja te r e g ion , a l so r epor ted b y A r royo ( 1992 , 1 995 ) , w h ich d a te t ob e tween 150 a nd 9 00 B .C . F o r e xamp le , t h e C o s teho type b o l s te r ed r im t e coma t e s f r om T eco ja te , w i th c r ude g ouge i n c i s ion s a r e s im i la r t o s ome o f t h e g ouged / i n c i sed t e coma te sf ound a tC h iqu iu i tan . I n t h e C ang re jo p ha se t h e r e a ppea r s t o b e a n i n c rea sed e mpha s is o n mode led a nd a pp l iquéd d eco ra t ion s ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ; F ig . 3 . 13) . T h i s d eco ra t ion i sg ene ra l ly z oomorph ic w i th d ep ic t ion o fc r ab s , f a ce s o fo t he ra n ima l s , o rh uman - l i ke f a ce s . T he re a r e a l so a f ew e xamp le s o f s ho r t o u t cu rv ing n ecked j a r s , s ome w i th s t rap h and le s , a nd d u l l monoch rome b l a ck b a s in s ; f o rm s t h a t d o n o t a ppea r i nt h e e a r l ie s t l e ve l s , a l though t h e t e coma te c on t inue s a s t h e d om inan t v e sse l f o rm . T he p r e sence o f w h i te r immed b l a ck p o t te ry , ag ood m a rke r f o r C uad ro s / J oco ta l , h e lp s t od a te t h i s m a te r ia l t e n ta t ive ly t o t h e e nd o f t h e E a r ly P r ec la s s ic , a r ox ima te l 1 200 t o9 00 B C .

D i scus s ion o fE ar l yP rec la s s ic S e t t lemen t T he n ew e v idence p r e sen ted h e r e f o r t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic o n t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t o f G ua tema la d e r ive s f r om e x ten s ive s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s a nd w e l l s t ra t if ied d epo s i t s c on ta in ing l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f l o ca l ly p roduced p o t te ry , i mpor ted o b s id ian a nd f a una lr ema in s . T he se d a ta h e lp u sf i l l t h e g eog raph ica l g ap b e tween t h e p rev iou s ly k nown E a r ly P rec la s s ic s e t t lemen t s o f c oa s ta l C h iapa s a nd w e s ter n G ua tema la ( e .g . P a so d e l a Amada , O co s , E l Me säk , T eco ja te )a nd E lC a rmen i nE l S a lvado r( A r royo 1 992 , 1 995 , C oe 1 96 1 , C la rk e ta l . 1 987 , S ha re r 1 978 , P ye a nd D ema re s t , 1 99 1 , E s t rada B e l l i yK o sakow sky 1 996 ) . T he d a ta s e em t o c onf i rm t h a tt h eb eg inn ing so fs e t t led l i f e o ccu r red i nt h e r i ch e nv i ronmen to ft h e c oa s ta l e s tua r ie s ( F ig . 3 . 11) . I no u r s t udy r eg ion , i n t h e e a r l ie s t p ha se o f t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic , t h e H u iscoyo l p ha se ( 1 300 1150 B .C . ; s e e c h rono log ica l c ha r t F ig . 3 . 2 ) , s e t t lemen t i sc onf ined t o t h e s i te o f C h iqu iu i tän w he r e a tl e a s t f i ve m ound s w e r e b u i l t . I nt h e s e cond p ha se , t h e C ang re jo p ha se ( 1 150 -850 B .C . ) , f o u r mo re s i te s w e r e o ccup ied t ot h e e a s to fC h iqu iu i tän , w h ich a l so g rew l a rge r i n s i ze . P e rhap s t h e s i te o f U jux te o n t h e p i edmon t w a s a l so f i r s t e s tab l i shed a tt h is t i me , b u tt h e c e ram ic e v idence i sv e ry l i m i ted o u t s ide o f C h iqu iu i tän . B a sed o n t h e c u r ren t e v idence , C h iqu iu i tän i st h e l a rge s t s e t t lemen t o ft h e r eg ion i n a l t h ree p ha se s o f t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic p e r iod . N o i n d ica t ion o f c i v ic /ce r emon ia l a nd a dm in i s t ra t ive s t ruc tu re s o ra c t iv i t ie sw a sf ound i nt h ee xcava t ion sa tt h e s i te n o rc ou ld b e i n f e r red f r om t h e s upe rf ic ia l r ema in s a ta ny o ft h e s i te s . T he r ef o re Is ugge s t t h a t i nt h i s i n c ip ien t p ha se o fs e t t lemen t i nt h e r e g ion h i e ra rch ica l o rgan iza t ion , i fi te x is ted a ta l l , d i d n o te x tend o u t s ide t h e l i m i t so fe a ch r e s iden t ia l c ommun i ty . ' SOUTHEASTERN OAST SURVEY

PAC IF IC OCEAN

F l i

5 0 me te rs

F ig .3 .11 . Map o ft h e S ou thea s ter nC oa s ts how ing r e la t ive ly h i ghe rd en s i ty o fE a r ly P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion i nt h e C h iqu iu i tän a r ea ( magen ta : 7s i te s /km2 , g r een : 3s i te s /km2 , y e l low : 1s i te /km2 ) . T he f a una l d a ta f r om C h iqu iu i tän 's e xcava t ion s s uppo r t C oe a nd F l anne ry 's ( 1964 , 1 967 ) mode l o f e a r ly c oa s ta l e conomy b a sed o n h un t ing a nd g a the r ing w i th in s eden ta ry c ommun i t ie s o f t h e H u iscoyo l p ha se ( 1300 1150 B .C . ) . I n t h e C ang r e jo p ha se ( 1 150 -850 B .C . ) g r ind ing

F igF ig .3 .12 . E xamp le so fH u i scoyo lp ha se t e coma te sw i th l o of ah a nd f i nge rna i l i mp re s s ion s .

3 6

F ig .3 .13 E xamp le so fC ang re jo p ha se t e coma te sw i th m ode led a pp l iqu éd eco ra t ion . Mode l ing o n j a r s hou lde r s h a s b een r e po r t ed b y S ha r e r ( 1978 ) f r om t h e T ok P ha se c e ram ic s a tC ha lchuapa , t h a td a te t ob e tw een 1 200 a nd 9 00 B .C . , h oweve r , o n ly i nt h e f o rm o a pp l iqu é /m ode led f i l le t s . T h e se m ode led t e coma t e s a nd j a r s a r e a l so d i s t inc tf r om t h e C uad ro s /J oco ta lp o t t e ry a s r e por t ed i nn ea rby T eco ja t e b y A r royo ( 1 992 , 1 993 ) . Wh i le t h e c e ram ic m od e s , s u ch a s r ed - r immed t e coma te s , l o of ah i mp re s s ion s , m ode l ing o n j a r s hou ld e r s , a nd w h i t e r immed b l a ck w a r e s , p r e sen t o n t h i s m a t e r ia l f r om C h iqu iu i tan , s ugge s t c u l tu ra l af i n i t ie s w i th c oa s ta l C h iapa s ( C la rk e ta l . 1 987 ) , t h e r e s t o f t h e P a c if i c C oa s t o f G ua tema la ( A r royo 1 992 , 1 993 ; B ove 1 989b ) , a nd c oa s ta l E l S a lvado r ( A r royo 1 995 ) d u r ing t h e e nd o ft h e E a r ly P r ec la s s ic , t h e r e i sa l so s uf i c ien t e v idence t os uppo r t t h e c on cep t o fr e g iona l iza t ion i n c e ram ic m anuf a c tu r e d u r ing t h i s t i me p e r iod , a nd o f a s t rong l o ca l s t y le o f c e ram ic d eco ra t ion i nS an ta R o sa . I n f a c t , w h i le c e ram ic m ode s a r e s ha r ed a l ong t h e e n t i r e P a c if ic C oa s t d u r ing t h i s t i me p e r iod , t h e r e d oe s n o t s e em t ob e a " t yp ica l" C uad ro s / J oco ta l , a tl e a s t a l ong t h e e a s te rn P a c if i c C oa s t o f G ua t ema la . I n s um , o u r d a ta s ugg e s t t h a t C h iqu iu i t än p o t te ry f i t s i nw ha t a ppea r s t ob e am o sa ic o f l o ca l s t y le s l i nk ed i n ab road E a r ly P r ec la s s ic c u l tu ra l s phe r e t h a t e x t end s t h roughou t t h e c oa s ta l r e g ion s o f C h iapa s , G ua t ema la , a nd E l S a lvado r i nt h e O cö s p ha se a nd w h ich i n t h e l a te r C uad ro s / Joco ta l p ha se r e a ch e s t h e h i gh land c en t e r s o fK am ina l juy üa nd C ha lchuapa . ( F ig .3 . 2 ) .

3 7

A dd i t iona l e v idence c ome s f r om t h e s i t e s o fP u l ido , U jux te , Ma r ia L inda a nd N ueve C e r ro s ( F ig . 3 . 14 ) , t h e l a t te r a ppa r en t ly p opu la ted f o rt h e f i r s tt ime .

T he M idd le P rec las s ic R ema in s o f M idd le P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion a r e m o s t a bundan t a tt h e s i te o fC h iqu iu i tän i nt h e T ama r indo p ha se ( 8 50 -400 B .C . ; F ig . 3 . 2 ) , w h ich i sa l so t h e mo s t d en se ly p opu la ted p ha se a tt h e s i te .

M idd le P rec lass ic 8 50 -400 B .0

e r r i to

C h iqu iu i tan

a " .

I

5 0 k m

F i g . 3 . 14 Map o ft h e S an ta R o sa r eg ion s how ing M idd le P r ec la s s ic s i te s ( Tama r indo p ha se 8 50 -400 B .C . ) 3 . 4 ) s how s t h e t o ta l a moun t s o fp o t te ry o n e ach m ound p e r t ime p e r iod , i n d ica t ing much m o r e p o t t e ry i n t h e M idd le P rec la s s ic T ama r indo p ha se t h an i ne a r l ie rp ha se s . T h i s g r aph a l so i n c lude s p l o t ted c oun t s o f n on -d iagno s t ic p o t te ry ( unknp re ) f r om s ome o f t h e u nda ted m ound s a l so p o s s ib ly o ccup ied i nt h e T ama r indo p ha se . B a sed o n t h e a r ea o fe a ch o ccup ied p l a tf o rm a nd t h e n umbe ro fd ome s t ic s t ruc tu r e s t h a t e ach c ou ld a ccommoda te , a n e s t ima te o ft h e p opu la t ion c an b e d rawn . T he m o s t c on se rva t ive e s t ima te i s5 00 t o 7 00 p eop le f o rt h eT ama r indo o ccupa t ion .

S i te D e scr ip t ion s S i te : C h iqu iu i tän L oca t ion : s e ea bove UT M c oord ina te s : s e e a bove . R e search H i s tory : s e ea bove S i te L ayou t : T he t h i rd p ha se o f o ccupa t ion ( Tama r indo p ha se 8 50 -400 B .C . ) a t C h iqu iu i tän s aw t h e a pex o f mound c on s t ruc t ion . U p t o f ou r teen mound s w e re o ccup ied , i n c lud ing t wo o ft h e h i ghe s t m ound s m ea su r ing u p t o 4m i n h e igh t ( p e rhap s t h e se w e re i n i t ia l ly h ighe r s i nce t h ey a ppea r t oh ave b een p a r t ia l ly r a zed d u r ing r oad c on s t ruc t ion ) . T he se t wo mound s l i e t o t h e e a s t o ft h e m a in m ound g roup . F i g . 3 . 4d s how s mound s t h a t c ou ld n o t b e d a ted t o a ny o f t h e p ha se s b ecau se o f l a ck o f s u rf ace d i agno s t ic m a te r ia l : i ti s l i ke ly t h a t t h e se mound s w e r e a l so o ccup ied i n t h e

S i te : P u l ido L oca t ion : s e ea bove UT M c oord ina te s : s e ea bove R e search H i s tory : s e e a bove S i te L ayou t A l l e x i s t ing mound s a tP u l ido w e re o ccup ied d u r ing t h i s p ha se ( F ig . 3 . 6 3 . 15 ) . T he s i t e i sf o rmed b y e l even mound s o f c on ica l s hape m ea su r ing u p t o 5 -6 m i nh e igh t . T he mound s a r e d i s t r ibu ted i nr ough ly NW -SE a l ignmen t f o r a bou t 3k m a nd s paced a bou t 2 00 -300 m a pa r t . T hey a r e s u r rounded b y f l ood w a te r s f o r mo s t o f t h e y ea r . I ti s

T ama r indo p ha se . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf a ce m a te r ia l ( F ig . 3 8

u ncer ta in , g i ven t h e d i s tance b e tween m ound s , i ft h ey e ve r f o rmed a u n if ied c ommun i ty o r w e r ej u s t p a r t o f d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t a l ong t h e e dge o f al a goon . T he c e ram ic s o ft h i s p ha se a t P u l ido r e semb le mo s t c l o se ly t h o se a tC h iqu iu i tän f r om t h e s ame t ime p er iod ( s ee a bove ) .

T ama r indo p ha se m a te r ia l m ixed w i th l a te r p o t te ry . S ome M idd le P rec la s s ic m a te r ia l w a s a l so f ound o n t h e s u rf ace o f e i gh to f3 5 mound s ( s ee F ig . 3 . 16 ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t al a rge r p e r cen tage o fM idd le P rec la s s ic p o t te ry i so b scu red b y r a the r m a s s ive L a te P rec la s s ic a r ch i tec tu re . N UEVE C ERRCS 1 6 0

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C E 1R4

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F ig .3 . 6D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf a ce p o t te ry b ym ound a nd t ime p e r iod a tN ueve C erm s . Mound s 1 18 f o rm t h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o re .

S i te : U jux te

F ig .3 .15 A e r ia l v i ew o ft h e P u l ido /Cana l s i t e s i nt h e m ang rove e s tua ry . Mound s 1 9 w e re o ccup ied i nt h e T ama r indo p ha se ( 850 -400 B .C . ) .

L oca t ion : o n t h e p i edmon t s o i ls a t 1 80 m a l t i tude o n t h e r i gh t b ank o f t h e I x can tunä c r eek t h a t f l ow s f r om t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano i n to t h e c oa s ta l p l a in ( F ig . 3 . 13 ) . T he s i te o ccup ie s al e ve led t e r ra ce o n t h e s l ope o fa n a luv ia l f a n t h a t d e scend s w i th g en t le s t eepne s s f r om t h e t wo v o lcanoe s , T ecuambu r ro a nd L a C on su l ta . T he t e r ra in i sl i t te red w i th l a rge a nd m ed ium s i ze v o lcan ic b a sa l t e j ec ta . T he s o i l s a r e r e la t ive ly s ha l low , a c id ic s a ndy c l ay s . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 83604 E , 1 556796 N . R e search H i s tory : T he s i te w a s f i r s t r e po r ted b y E dw in M . S hook t ot h e I DAEH i nt h e e a r ly 1 940 's i d en t if y ing i ta s a l a rge P rec la s s ic s i te . H e a l so p roduced as k e t ch m ap o ft h e s i te c en te r l a te r p ub l i shed i nF e ldman a nd C ampbe l l ( 1975 ) . B o th o n S hook 's map a nd i n F e ldman 's r e por t t h e m a in p y ram id a tU jux te , t h e n or ther no ne , i sd e sc r ibed a sb e ing 2 3 mh i gh . T he c u r ren t h e igh t o ft h e h i ghe s t m ound a tt h e s i te , S t r . 1 , i st oday 1 m . I ti sp o s s ib le S hook m ay h ave m ea su red i ti n cor rec t ly o r i th a s u nde rgone s e r iou s e r o s ion , a l though n o s i gn s o fm a jo r d amage a r e v i s ib le o n t h e s u rf ace o ft h i s s t ruc tu re t oday . T he s i t e i st oday o n ap r iva te f a rm l o ca ted as hor t 1k m s ou thea s t o ft h e t own o fC h iqu imu l i l la . I ti su sed a s ac or nf i e ld a nd p a s tu re .

S i te : Mar ia L inda S i te L oca t ion : O n al ow ly ing a r ea a d jacen t t o t h e m id c ou r se o ft h e Ma r ia L inda r i ve r i nt h e w e s tern q uar te r o ft h e S an ta R o sa c oa s t , a t 5m e l eva t ion . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 51470 E , 1 55247 1 N R e search H i s tory : No p rev iou sr e co rd o ft h i s s i te e x i s t s . S i te L ayou t : T he c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o re b u i ld ing s d a te m o s t ly t o t h e L a te P rec la s s ic p e r iod a l though M idd le P rec la ss ic p o t te ry w a s a l so f ound o n t h e s u rf ace a t te s t ing t o a n e a r l ie rp ha se o fo ccupa t ion ( F ig . 3 . 24 ) . T he e x ten t o ft h e o ccupa t ion f o r t h e T ama r indo p ha se a t Ma r ia L inda c anno t b e e s tab l i shed a t t h i s t ime . O n ly t wo mound s i n c luded p o t te ry o ft h i sp ha se . S i te : N ueve C erro s L oca t ion : O n t h e a l luv ia l p la in o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , 7k m f r om t h eO cean a nd 1 2 km f r om t h ef o o th i l l s . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 88031 E , 1 5389 14 N . R e search H i s tory : No p rev iou sr e co rd o ft h i s s i te e x i s t s . S i te L ayou t : T h is s i t em o s t ly c ons i s t s o fl a rge s t ru c tu re sd a t ing t ot h e L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p ha se ( s ee b e low ) . E v idence o f aM idd le P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion w a s f ound i nt h e b o t tom l e ve l o ft wo t e s t e xcava t ion s i n t h e ma in p l aza . T he se l e ve ls i n c luded

S i te L ayou t T he e x ten s ion o f t h e s i te i su ncer ta in f o r t h i s t ime p e r iod . T he g r aph o f s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s s how s t h a t a t l e a s t 1 0 mound s h ave r ema in s o f M idd le P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion s , i n c lud ing P l aza mound s 2 -7 ( F ig . 3 . 17 ) . H oweve r , a l l s even e xcava t ion s i n t h e p l aza f a i led t o e ncoun te r p u re M idd le

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P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion l e ve ls .

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t h e l a te r p ha se o ft h e M idd le P rec la s s ic , t h e G ua ta lon p ha se , i n E scu in t la ( i b id . , K o sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . S im i la r i t ie s a r e a l so s ha r ed w i th c e ram ic s f r om B i lbao ( Pa r son s 1 969 ) , E l B a lsamo a nd Mon t e A l to ( Shook a nd H a t ch 1 978 ) . T he a ppea rance o ft h e d oub le l ine -b r eak m o t if a tt h i st ime a te s t st ot h e p a r t ic ipa t ion o ft h e l o ca l p opu la t ion i n a n e x t r eme ly w ide rang ing i n t e rac t ion s phe r e t h a t e ncompa s sed t h e c oa s ta l l ow land s o fs ou the rn Me soame r ica , f r om t h e G u lf o f Mex ico t oE l S a lvado r . T he s i t e l a you t a t

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a s e l sewhe r e i nc oa s ta l Me soame r ica , e x t en s ive e x cava t ion s i nt h e m a in s i t e c o r e a tS an ta R o sa s i t e s a r e n ece s sa ry t ot e s t t h i s h ypo the s i s . F o r t h e t ime b e ing , t h e r eg iona l s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s s how a n umbe r o f s ma l l i n dependen t f a rm ing c ommun i t ie s , b o th n ea r t h e e s tua r ie s a nd o n t h e p i edmon t , w i thou tc l ea rs i gn so fs e t t lemen th i e ra r ch iza t ion . T he s t rong c o -occu r rence o f c e ram ic d eco ra t ive mode s i n t h e S an ta R o sa s i te s i n d ica t e s ad i s t inc t ive l o ca l r eg iona l s t y le . Mo re g ene ra l s t y l i s t ic mode s a r e s h a r ed w i th in a m uch w ide r r eg ion , p o in t ing t ot h e e x i s t ence o f a w ide rang ing i n te rac t ion s phe re i ns ou the rn Me soame r ica , i n w h ich S an ta R o sa s i te sw e re a c t ive p a r t ic ipan t s .

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F ig . 3 . 17 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace p o t te ry b y mound a nd t ime p e r iod a tU jux te . Mound s 1 8 f o rm t h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o re .

S i te : L o sC err i to s L oca t ion : O n t h ew e s tern b ank o ft h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r , 1 k m s ou th o ft h e i n te rna t iona l h i ghway t o E l S a lvado r a nd 8 k m n o r thea s t o f N ueve C er ro s , o n a luv ia l s o i ls , a t 3 0 m a bove s e a l e ve l ( s ee b e low , F ig . 3 . 18 ) . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 9 1989 E , 1 544238 N R e search H i s tory : s e e b e low , L a te P rec la s s ic s e c t ion S i te L ayou t : M idd le P rec la s s ic T ama r indo p ha se p o t te ry w a s f ound o n t h e s u rf ace o ft h ree s t ruc tu re s a tL o s C e r r i to s ( F ig . 3 . 30 ) . T he s i te h a sa l so m a s s ive L a te P rec la s s ic , C la s s ic , a nd P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod a r ch i tec tu re ( F ig . 2 . 29 ) t h a t i sd i scu s sed i n t h e f o l low ing s e c t ion s . B ecau se o ft h e m a s s ive o ve rbu rden a d i scu s s ion o ft h e M idd le P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion i sd i ff icu l t , a t t h is t ime , a l though i t a ppea r s t h a t t h e mound s w i th T ama r indo p o t te ry a r e w ide ly s pa ced , o ccupy ing t h e e n t i re e x ten t o f t h e s i te a r ea , a nd i t i s p o s s ib le t h a t f u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion w i l l f i nd a dd i t iona l s t ruc tu re s w i th T ama r indo p o t te ry d emon s t ra t ing t h e s i te w a s a l so o fc on s ide rab le s i ze i nt h e M idd le P rec la s s ic .

D i scus s ion o fM idd le P rec la s s ic S e t t lemen t I n t h e M idd le P rec la s s ic T ama r indo p ha se ( 850 -400 B .C . ) , p opu la t ion a tC h iqu iu i tän r e a ched i t sm ax imum . P e rhap s a s m any a s 5 00 -700 p eop le l i ved w i th in a t i gh t ly n uc lea ted c ommun i ty . T he c e ram ic s amp le f r om C h iqu iu i tän i st h e l a rge s t w e h ave f o r t h e S an ta R o sa r e g ion . I ti n c lude s f l a t b o t tomed b ow l sw i th e ver ted r im si nd u l l monoch rome b rown o r r ed s , s ome w i th i n c ised d eco ra t ion . T he c l o se s t moda l p a ra l le l s a r e w i th c e ram ic s o ft h e e a r l ie r f a ce t o ft h e M idd le P rec la s s ic S i s p ha se i nE scu in t la ( Bove p e r s . c omm . 1 996 ) . T he M idd le P r ec la s s ic p ha se s amp le f r om o t he r s i te s s u ch a s P u l ido , Nueve C e r ro s , U jux te a nd Ma r ia L inda i ss ma l l . T h i s m a te r ia l s e em s t o h ave c l o se r s t y l i s t ic p a ra l le l s w i th t h a t o f 4 0

i d en t if ied i n t h i s p ha se b a sed o n t h e s i te -def in i t ion c r i te r ia d e sc r ibed i nc hap . 2 . I n t h i s s e c t ion , C e iba p ha se s i t e s a r e p re sen ted i n t h ree g roup s , l a rge c en te r s , s ma l l c en te r s , a nd v i l lage s , b a sed o n a r ea s i ze c a tego r ie s a nd o t he r c r i te r ia t h a t a r e d i scu s sed a t t h e e nd o f t h e c hap te r .

T he L a te P rec lass ic R ema ins o ft h e L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p ha se ( 400 B .C . -250 A .D . ) , a r e f o und e x ten s ive ly t h roughou t t h e S an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa r eg ion s( 3 .18 ) . F o r ty -f ive s i t e so fa l l s i ze sh ave b een

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F ig . 3 . 18 D i s t r ibu t ion o fL a te P rec la s s ic s i te si nS an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa r eg ion . We igh ted T h ie s sen p o lygon s i d en t if yp o s s ib le e x ten to fe a ch p u ta t ive p o l i t ie s 's a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd s a nd a s soc ia ted s i te s . A rea ss haded r ep re sen tt h e i n te r sec t ion o ft h ree d i scr im ina t ing c r i te r ia : 1 ) 1k m i n c r emen td i s tance f r om p o l i ty c en te r , 2 )a r ea st h a ta r ew i th in 1k m f r om ar i ve r , 3 )a r ea st h a t h ave l e s st h an 6% s l ope .

S i te D e scr ip t ions : L arge C en ter s

S i te : N ueve C erro s

a dd i t iona l ly , t h e re a r e t h ree r a nge s t ruc tu re s 2 3 , 3 2 a nd 4 5 m i nl e ng th o n a5 00 m l o ng a nd 2 50 m w ide l ow r i dge , f o rm ing t h e s i te c o r e . Two w ide p l a tf o rm s a r e l o ca ted t ot h e n o r th o f t h e m a in g roup o f s t ruc tu re s . Mo s t s t ruc tu re s w i th in t h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o re a r e a l igned o n aNNE -SS W a x i s , 1 9 2 0 ° a pp rox ima te ly . O the r L a te P rec la s s ic s i te s i n t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s ts how as im i la ra l ignmen t .

L oca t ion : O n t h e a l luv ia l p l a in o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , 7k m f r om t h eO cean a nd 1 2 k mf r om t h e f o o th i l l s( F ig . 3 . 9 ) . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 88031 E , 1 5389 14 N R e search H i s tory : No p rev iou sr e co rd o ft h i ss i te e x is t s . S i te b u i l ta rea : 2 5021 .00 m2 S i te L ayou t : T he s i te e x tend s f o r s e ve ra l h ec ta re s , a nd a ti t s c en te rt h e r ea r et wen ty s t ruc tu re s , o fw h ich n i ne a r e p y ram id s 6t o 9min h e igh tw i th s t eep s i de s( F ig . 3 . 19 ) ;

4 1

F ig . 3 . 19 A e r ia l v i ew o ft h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o re o fN ueve C er ro s ( S t r s . 1 18 ) . T he c on tou ro ft h e r i dge o nw h ich t h e s i t e i s l o ca ted i sa l so s hown .

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F ig . 3 . 20 A e r ia l v i ew o f 7k m2 o fN ueve C e r ro s ' e x tended s e t t lemen ta r ea s how ing mound s , f l ood a r ea s , s ma l lr i ve rc hanne l s , a nd E sc lavo sr i ve ra bandoned c hanne l s( wh i te ) . E xcava t ions Two t e s t e xcava t ion s w e re c a rr ied o u t i nt h e N ueve C e r ro s p l aza e xpo s ing t wo ma in c on s t ruc t ion e p i sode s i n s t ruc tu re s 1a nd 8d a t ing t ot h e L a te P r ec la s s ic C e iba p ha se . A w h i te a sh /c lay f l oo r w a s f ound i n s t ruc tu r e 1 a pp rox ima te ly 1 m u nde r t h e p re sen t s u rf ace . D ep th o f

T he c i v ic /ce r emon ia l c o re o fN ueve C e r ro s o ccup ie s al ow r i dge s u r rounded b y l ow ly ing a r ea s i n a l l d i rec t ion s . R e s iden t ia l mound s a r e l o ca ted t o t h e e a s t o f t h e c i v ic /ce r emon ia l c o re i na n a r ea p r e sen t ly p a r t ia l ly f l ooded . An umbe r o fa bandoned c hanne l s o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r c r o s s t h e r e s iden t ia l a r ea e a s t o f Nueve C e r ro s . A n e x tended r e s iden t ia l a r ea s u r round ing Nueve C e r ro s s t re tche s a sf a r a s 2k m t ot h e e a s t a nd s ou thea s t a nd i n c lude s l a rge p l a tf o rm s ( p robab ly o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l f u nc t ion ) , a t B one t e a nd C an ta r rana s i te s ( F ig . 3 . 19 ) . T he t o ta l Nueve C e r ro s s e t t lemen to ccup ie sa na r ea o fa bou t 7k m 2.

c u l tu ra l ma te r ia l i nt h e p l aza r e ache s 4 . 5 m . A p l a in s t e la w a s f ound o nt h e s u rf ace o f Mound 1( s ee a ppend ix 4 ) . S ummary o fN ueve C erro s C e ram ic s , mo s t ly o f t h e L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p e r iod ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 2 50 ) , w e r e f ound o n t h e s u rf a ce o f N ueve C e r ro s s t ruc tu re s a nd M idd le P rec la s s ic T ama r ind° ( 8 50 - 4 00 B .C . ) p o t te ry w a s f ound i nm ixed d epo s i t s i nt wo 4 3

t e s t p i t s e xcava ted i nt h e p l aza . Among b o th t h e M idd le a nd L a te P rec la s s ic c e ram ic c o l lec t ion s f r om t h i s s i t e a r e l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f o range s l ipped s h e rd s w i th U su lu tän r e s i s t d eco ra t ion , s im i la rt op o t tery f r om C ha lchuapa ( Sha re r 1 978 ) a nd S an ta L e t ic ia ( Dema re s t 1 986 ) i nE l S a lvado r . T he re a r e a l so l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f F ine R ed a nd P urp le -on -Red t y pe s f ound e l sewhe re i n G ua tema la a t K am ina l juyu i n t h e h igh land s ( We the r ing ton 1 978 ) , a nd o t he r P a c if i c C oa s t s i te s ( Pa r son s 1 969 ; S hook a nd H a t ch 1 979 ) . T he p e t rog raph ic a nd n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s o f F ine -Red p o t tery t ype s , a nd o fl o ca l c l ay s amp le s , h a s s hown l o ca l m anuf ac tu r e o f p o t te ry f ound e l sewhe re a t K am ina l juyü , C ha lchuapa , a nd Mon te A l to ( s ee d i scu s s ion a te nd o fs e c t ion ) .

S i te : U jux te L oca t ion : o n t h e p i edmon t s o i l s a t 1 80 m a l t i tude ( s ee d e sc r ip t ion i nM idd le P rec la s s ic s e c t ion ) . UTN I c oord ina te s : 7 83604 E , 1 556796 N R e search H i s tory : T he s i te w a s f i r s t r epor ted b y E dw in M . S hook ( IDAEH ) i nt h e l a te 1 940 's w ho i d en t if ied i ta s al a rge P rec la s s ic s i te ( s ee M idd le P rec la s s ic s e c t ion ) . S i te b u i l ta rea : 4 844 .87 m2 S i te L ayou t . T he s i te c on s i s t s o f a1 00 m w ide r e c tangu la r p l aza o r ien ted NNE -SS W ( 19 -20° ) w i th o ne 1 m h i gh p y ram id o n t h e n o r th s i de , a7 m h i gh p y ram id o n t h e w e s t , a nd l owe r r ange s t ruc tu re s o n t h e r ema in ing s i de s ( F ig . 3 . 22 ) . S eve ra l l a rge r o ck s e me rg ing f r om t h e s u rf ace i nf r on to ft h e mound s w e r e n o t iced i n 1 995 b u t n o t i d en t if ied a s s t e lae u n t i l e xcava t ion s b egan i n 1 996 . A t o ta l o f 1 4 m ound s w e re mapped a tt h es i te . T he se w e r e d i s t r ibu ted o n ar i dge f l ank ing t h e r i gh t b ank o ft h e I x can tunä r i ve r . S ome o ft h e mound s o u t s ide t h e p l aza w e re o f s ub s tan t ia l c on s t ruc t ion , r e ach ing u p t o 6m i nh e igh t ( S t r . 1 3 , n o r th o ft h e p l aza , F ig . 3 . 2 1) . F igu re 3 . 18 s how s t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fc e ram ic d i agno s t ics b y mound . T he s i te m ay h ave o ccup ied a n a r ea o fa bou t 1k m2 d u r ing t h e L a te P rec la s s ic . S u rf ace c o l lec t ion s r e cove red a s ub s tan t ia l a moun t o fL a te P rec la s s ic p o t te ry s im i la r i ns t y le t o L a t e P r ec la s s ic a s semb lage s o f K am ina l juyü a nd C ha lchuapa i nt h e h i gh land s , a nd B i lbao a nd Mon te A l to o n t h e c oa s t , w i th as ma l le rq uan t i ty o fM idd le P r ec la s s ic p o t te ry o f s im i la r s t y l is t ic af i l ia t ion . T he se d a ta s ugges ted a n o ccupa t ion a t U jux te f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic , f r om a bou t 150 B .C . t o t h e e nd o f t h e L a te /Te rm ina l P rec la s s ic ( 400 B .C . - A .D . 2 00 ) .

F ig . 3 . 2 1 A e r ia lv i ew o ft h e U jux te s e t t lemen ts how ing mound d i s t r ibu t ion n o r th o fm a in p l aza .

U j i oae P royec to S a n ta R osa G ua tema la , 1 996

F ig . 3 . 22 Map o ft h e U jux t ep l aza g roup . T es tp i t l o ca t ion s a nd s t e lae n umbe r s a r e i n d ica ted . A dd i t iona l s t e lae a r e l o ca ted i na r ea s s u r round ing t h e p l aza

E xcava t ion s S t ra t ig raphy . A t o ta l o f e i gh t t e s t p i t s w e r e e xcava ted i nt h e m a in p l aza a tU jux t e t oi n ves t iga te t h e s i te 's o ccupa t ion h i s to ry a nd t oi d en t if yp o s s ib le s t e la monumen t s . T e s t p i t 1 2 w a s a 1 . 5x4 m u n i t p l a ced o n t h e s ou ther n s l ope o fm ound 1 ,f a c ing t h e p l aza . B e low t h e f i r s t l e ve l o ft o p so i l , l e ve l s 2a nd 3 a ppea r ed t or ep re sen t t h e f i l l o f r edd i sh b rown c l ay a nd c obb le s o f t h e l a te s t p ha se o f c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e p y ram id . B e low t h i sw a s f ound a n e a r l ie r 4 4

a nd b e t te rp r e se rved s t one r e ta in ing w a l l a nd h a rd c l ay m ixed w i th p ebb le s , l e ve l 4 . T he u nde r ly ing l e ve ls , 6a nd 7 ,w e re f i l l t h a t c ove r ed t h e f i r s t c on s t ruc t ion s t age o ft h e s t ruc tu r e , a ppa ren t ly af ounda t ion w a l l o fl a rge r o ck s l a id o u t a r ound i t s p e r ime te r . T h i s l e ve l r o se t o2 . 26 m f r om t h e b ed rock i nt h e n or the rn p o r t ion o ft h e e xcava t ion , a l though t h e t op o f t h e p l a tf o rm , n o t s amp led i n t h i s u n i t , c ou ld h ave b een c on s ide rab ly h i ghe r . T e s tp i t 1 3w a sp l aced o nt h es i de o f mound 4o nt h e e a s te rn s i de o ft h e p l aza s u r round ing ar ock v i s ib le o n t h e s u rf ace . Af t e rr emova l o fl e ve ls 2a nd 3 ,t h a t mea su red 0 . 80 mb e low t h e t o p so i l , t h e l a rge r ock a ppea red a s a1 . 30x 0 . 80 x0 . 40 m p l a in s t e la monumen t ( S te la 7 )f ound e r ec t i nf r on t o fa n a l ta rt h a tm ea su red 1x 0 . 50 x0 . 25 m i ns i ze ( A l ta r 1 ) . T he s t e la w a s l e an ing t ot h e w e s tw i th i t sw ide s i de f a c ing t o 9 6 d eg ree s , w h i le t h e a l ta r r e s ted h o r izon ta l ly w i th i t s l o ng a x i s o r ien ted 1 0 d eg ree s ( Append ix 4 : F ig . 2A ) . T he o ve r ly ing l e ve ls 2 a nd 3a ppea red t or e p resen t t h e f i l l o ft h e s l op ing s i de o fs t ruc tu r e 4 ' s l a s t c on s t ruc t ion p ha se . L eve l 4 m ay h ave r e p re sen ted t h e e a r l ie r p l aza f l oo r c ompo sed o fa l a ye r o f s ma l l p ebb le s , c obb le s a nd d a rk y e l low i sh b rown c l ay . No s l op ing s i de o fs t ruc tu re 4w a sn o t iced i nt h i s l e ve l . B ed rock w a sr e ached a t1 . 37m d ep th . T e s t p i t 1 4 w a s p l aced o n t h e s i de o f s t ruc tu r e 4 n or th o f T p 1 3 t o i n ve s t iga te a no the r p o ss ib le s t one monumen t( Append ix 4 :F ig . 2 B ) . B e low t h e t op so i l , l e ve l 2 a nd 3w e re r emoved t oe xpo se as t e la a nd a l ta r . T he f o rme r a ppea red a s ar ough ly shaped p l a in s t e la ( 1 .0 1 x1 . 34 x0 . 25 m ) e r ec t ed i nf r on t o f aw e l l s haped r e c tangu la r a l ta r ( 1 .37 x 0 . 80 x 0 . 27 m ) a nd w e r e d e s igna t ed a s S t e la 4 a nd A l ta r 2 r e spec t ive ly ;t h e i ro r ien ta t ion s w e r e 9 6 d eg ree s f o rt h e s t e la 's w ide s i de a nd 1 0 d eg ree s f o rt h e a l ta r 's l o ng a x is , a sw e l l . A s i nT p 1 3 , l e ve ls 2 a nd 3r e p re sen ted t h e c l ayey s l op ing s i de o f S t r . 4 ' s l a s t c on s t ruc t ion p ha se t h a t c ove red t h e e r ec ted monumen ta nd h o r izon ta l a l ta r . U nde rA l ta r 2w a s f ound , i n l e ve l 4 , ab ed o f c obb le s , p robab ly l a id t o s uppor t t h e monumen t o n t op o f al e ve l o f s t e r i le c l ay a nd d ecay ing b ed rock . T e s tp i t 1 5 w a s a2 . 5 x2 . 5m u n i tp laced o n t h e w e s t s i de o f t h ep l aza a tU jux te , a tt h e s ou thea s te rn c o rne r o fS t r . 2( Append ix 4 : F ig . 3 ) . I tw a s c en te red o n al a rge o va l s haped b ou lde r t h a t e me rged f r om t h e g round . T op so i l w a s r emoved , c on ta in ing mo s t ly L a t e P r ec la ss ic p o t te ry a nd o b s id ian a r t if ac t s a nd b u ry ing t h e l owe r h a lf o f w ha t w a s i d en t if ied a sS t e la 6 . O n t h e s u rf ace o fl e ve l 2w a s e xcava ted a n o va l p i t ( l eve l 3 ) c on ta in ing ap o t te ry j a r i nw h ich w e re f ound c ha r red h uman b one s ( Bu r ia l 6 ) , d epo s i ted a ga in s t t h e s i de o ft h e s t e la a f te r l e ve l 2w a sd epo s i ted . T h is d epo s i t ion w a s d a ted t o t h e P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod b a sed o n c e ram ic e v idence a nd i sd esc r ibed i n mo re d e ta i l i nc hap te r 5 .T he se l e ve l s c ove r ed al a rge t r apezo ida l shaped a l ta r a tt h e f oo t o f t h e s t e la ( A l ta r 3 ) . T he a l ta r w a s f ound f r ac tu red i n t h e m idd le a nd a l a rge r ound s t one r e s t ed i nt h e c en te r o f t h e f r ac tu re . S t e la 6 a ppea r ed t ob ea r t h e c a rv ing o f ap a r t ia l ly e r oded h uman f i gu re , s e en i np rof i le o n t h e ma in s i de f a c ing t h e p l aza ( Append ix 4 : F ig . 4 ) . T he f i gu re w a s c a rved i n l ow re l ief ,w i th l i t t le d e ta i l b eyond t h eg ene ra l l i ne c on tou ro f t h e b ody , w h ich a ppea red t o b e k nee l ing , w i th t h e a rm s t re tch ing f o rwa rd , h o ld ing a r ound o b jec t i n t h e h and . B e low A l ta r 3w a s l e ve l 7c on ta in ing c obb le s a nd p ebb le s t h a t f o rmed a b a se f o r A l ta r 3 . T he u nde r ly ing l e ve l 8 4 5

i n c luded mo r e a nd l a rge r r o ck s p l aced u nde r a nd a r ound t h e b u t t o fS t e la 6 . L eve l 9w a s t h e l a s t l e ve l i nw h ich c u l tu ra l m a te r ia lw a sf o und b ef o re b ed rock w a sr e ached . T e s t p i t 1 6 w a s a2 x2 u n i t e xcava ted o n t h e p l aza f a c ing s l op ing s i de o f s t ruc tu re 3 , t h e s ou thernmo s t i n t h e U jux te p l aza . At r apezo ida l shaped r o ck e me rged f r om t h e t op so i l i nt h e s ou ther nmo s t h a lf o ft h e u n i t . When l e ve l 1 w a sr emoved , a nd t h e s t one w a so b se rved f o r i t s e n t i re l e ng th i tw a s i d en t if ied a sS t e la 8( Append ix 4 :F ig . 5 ) . B e low w a s l e ve l 2 , as l op ing l a ye r o fS t r . 3 ' s l a te s t c on s t ruc t ion p ha se , p a r t ia l ly d i s tu rbed b y aw a t e r p i pe b u r ied 2 0 c m i n to t h e g round . U nde r l e ve l 2w a s at r apezo ida l shaped a l ta r ( A l ta r 5 ) , t h e l a rge s t f ound a tU jux t e . L eve l 3w a s al a ye r o fc l ay f i l l d epo s i ted a r ound A l ta r 5a nd S t e la 8 w h ich a c tua l ly r e s ted o n l e ve l 4a nd c on ta ined l a rge r o ck s a nd c obb le s a s a f ounda t ion f o rt h e monumen t s . D u r ing t h er emova l o fl e ve l4 as t one s l op ing w a l l w a s a l so n o t iced b eh ind S t e la 8 ,p e rhap s t h e r e ta in ing w a l l o ft h e s t ruc tu r e 's f i r s t c on s t ruc t ion p ha se . B ed rock w a sr e a ched u nde rl e ve l 4a t1 05 m . T e s t p i t 1 7 w a s a2 x 2 m u n i t e xcava ted n ea r t h e c en te ro ft h ep l aza t ot e s tt h eh ypo the s i s t h a to ne o ft h e s t e lae r e cen t ly r emoved a nd f o und o n t h e s i de o f t h e f i e ld w a s o r ig ina l ly s e tt h e re . A3 0 c m d i ame te r o va l p i t w a s o b served a tt h e c en te r o f t h e u n i t c u t t h ough t h e t op so i l a nd l e ve l 2 u nder nea th . L eve l s 2a nd 3w e r em ade u p o fc l ay a nd p ebb le s a nd m ay h ave b een p a r t o f t wo e p isode s o f p l aza f l oo r c on s t ruc t ion . B e low l e ve l 3w a s b ed rock a ta bou t 0 . 5m m d ep th . T e s t p i t 1 8 w a s a2 x2 u n i t e xcava ted i n t h e s ou thwe s te rn c or ne ro fs t ruc tu r e 1o n t h e n o r the rn s i de o ft h e p l aza . A t t h e c en te r o ft h e u n i t w a s ah o le c u t t h rough t h e t op so i l a nd b e l ieved t o b e t h e l o ca t ion o f o ne o f t h e s t e lae r e cen t ly r emoved f r om t h ep l aza a nd p l aced a tt h e e dge o ft h e f i e ld . U nde r t h e t op so i l w a s l e ve l 2 ,a l a ye r o fb l a ck s o i l w i th p ebb le s o n t op o fl e ve l 3 .L eve l 3a ppea red a s as em i c ompac ted c l ay f l oo r w i th p ebb le s a nd s ma l l r ock s . L eve l 3 a ppa ren t ly a bu t ted a l a rge r e c tangu la r a l ta r ( A l ta r 6 ) t h a t m ea su red 0 . 44 x 0 .53 x 0 . 24 m i ns i ze ( Append ix 4 :F ig . 6 ) . N ea r t ot h e n o r thea s te rn c or n e r o ft h e a l ta r w a s a n o va l p i t c u t f r om t h e t o p so i l d own t ot h e t o p o fl e ve l 3 . I ti sb e l ieved t h a t i nt h i s p i t w a s s e t S t e la 1 ,r emoved b y t h e l a ndowne r i n 1 995 ( af ew w eek s b ef o re o u r f i r s t v i s i t ) a nd n ow s e t a tt h e e dge o ft h e f i e ld ( Append ix 4 :F ig . 6 ) . S t e la 1w ou ld h ave b een p l a ced b e tween A l ta r 6a nd t h e s l op ing s i de o f S t r . 1 . T he l a s t c on s t ruc t ion p ha se o fS t r . 1b u r ied A l ta r 6a nd p a r t o fS t e la 1 .F i na l ly , b e low l e ve l 3a nd A l ta r 6w a s l e ve l 4 ,t h e f i r s tc on s t ruc t ion f i l l l a id o nt o po fb ed rock t h a t i nt ur nw a s a t a1 . 05m d ep th . T e s t p i t 1 9 w a s a3 x4 m u n i t e xcava ted n ea r t h e s ou thea s ter n c o rne r o f s t ruc tu r e 3a t t h e s ou th e nd o f t h e p l aza . Af t e rr emova l o ft h e t h in t o p so i l a nd w i th in al a ye r o f d a rk y e l low i sh b rown c l ay a n a l ta r ( A l ta r 4 ) a nd a n o va l p i t w e re f ound . T he l a t te r c u t t h rough t h e t op so i l a nd l e ve l 2a t i t s s ou ther n c o rne r . N ex t t o A l ta r 4 , t o t h e w e s t , a nd e mbedded i nl e ve l 2w a s S t e la 1 0 , ar ough ly r ounded f l a t b a sed s l ab m ea su r ing 1 . 11 x 0 . 70 x 0 . 60 i ns i ze w h ich w a s f ound l a id h o r izon ta l ly w i thou t t h e re b e ing a ny s i gn i nt h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o fi t s o r ig ina l s e t t ing . A lso n ex t t oA l ta r 4 ,b u t t ot h e n or thea s t , w a s t h e u ppe rmo s t f r agmen t o fS t e la 9 , a0 . 77 x 0 . 85 x 0 . 55m s l ab , f ound u p r igh t ( Append ix 4 : F ig . 7 ) . T he se l a s t t wo m onumen t s w e re i n a ppa r en t

t h an 0 . 40 m b eh ind t h e s t e lae . S ub sequen t ly , t h e p l aza w a s r epaved a nd l a rge r s t ruc tu r e s w e re b u i l t o n t o p o ft h e e a r l ie r o ne s o n a l s i de s o f t h e p l aza b u ry ing t h e a l ta r s a nd s t e la u nde rt h e i re n la rged s l op ing f r on tage . S t e la 3m ay h ave b een p l aced i nt h e c en te r o ft h e p l aza i nt h i s p ha se ( Append ix 4 : F ig . 8 ) , a nd A l ta r 4 , S t e la 9 , 10 a nd 1 w e r e b u r ied o n t h e s ou thea s tern c o rne r o ft h e p l aza . An ow -m i ss ing s t e la w a s p o s s ib ly e r ec ted n ea r A l ta r 4 ,s ugge s t ing t h e i r f u nc t iona l u se d u r ing t h e l a t ep ha se . T he c e ram ic m a te r ia l r e cove r ed f r om t h e 1 996 e xcava t ion d a te s b o th c on s t ruc t ion p ha se s 1a nd 2 a tU jux te w e l l i n to t h e L a t e P rec la s s ic p e r iod ( 4 00 B .C . -A .D . 2 00 ) . H oweve r , i nt h e s u rf ace c o l lec t ion a nd e xcava ted c on tex t s w e re a l so f o und t y pe s t h a t d a te t ot h e l a t t e r p a r t o ft h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic C uad ro s / Joco ta l a nd M idd le P r ec la s s ic p ha se s . A cco rd ing t o t h i s e v idence f r om m ixed c on tex t s , t h e re a ppea r s t o h ave b een ap r e -p laza o ccupa t ion a tU jux te t h a t d a te s t o a s e a r ly a s 1 000 B .C . , c on t inu ing i n to t h e M idd le P rec la s s ic ( 8 00 -400 B .C . ) a nd c u lm ina t ing w i th t h e L a te P rec la s s ic s t e lae p l aza ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 2 00 ) . S im i la r i t ie s i n t h e E a r ly t oL a te P rec la s s ic a s semb lage s a tU jux te s how t i e s w i th C h iqu iu i tän , T a lpe ta te , N ueve C e r ro s a nd Ma r ia L inda i n S an ta R o sa , a nd t o s i te s t o t h e e a s t a nd w e s t a l ong t h e c oa s t a nd h i gh land s ( A r royo 1 992 , 1 995 , C oe 1 96 1 , C la rk e t a l . 1 987 , S ha re r 1 978 , E s t rada B e l l i a nd K o sakow sky 1 996 , K o sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . T he s i t e w a s a ppa ren t ly a bandoned a tt h e e nd o ft h e P rec la s s ic s i nce n o e v idence w a s f o und e i the r o n t h e s u rf ace o r i n e xcava ted c on tex t s o f p o t t e ry l a te r t h an t h e L a te P rec la s s ic , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fL eve l 3i nT p 1 5 , t h a tc on ta ined aP o s t c la s s ic j a r f i l led w i th c ha r r ed h uman b ones ( Append ix 3 : F ig . ) . T h i s a ppea red t oh ave b een b u r ied i na n o va l p i t c u t t h rough l e ve l 1 ,t h e t op so i l , a nd l e ve l 2 , t h e l a s t c on s t ruc t ion p ha se t h a t b u r ied t h e a l ta r , w i thou t r e ach ing t h e u nde r ly ing t o p o f t h e a l ta r . A cco rd ing t o t h i s s t ra t ig raph ic e v idence , i tw a s d epo s i ted q u i te s ome t ime ( c a . 1 , 000 y ea r s ) s ub sequen tt ot h e a bandonmen to ft h e s i te a nd t h e f o rma t ion o f at o p so i l o n t h e s i de o ft h e s t ruc tu re s . T he c e ram ic s t y le o ft h e j a r i sm o s t c l o se ly r e la t ed t o L a te P o s tc la s s ic c e ram ic j a r s c ommon i n t h e G ua tema lan h i gh land s b e tween A .D . 1 200 a nd 1 500 . P o s s ib le L a t e P o s tc la s s ic s e t t lemen t s o f o r ig in f o r t h e i n d iv idua l b u r ied i nt h i s ur n a r e n ea rby S i nacan tan ( 4 k m n o r thea s t ) ,N anc in ta ( 1 3 k m e a s t ) o rG uaza capan ( 3k m w e s t ) a nd p e rhap s C h iqu imu l i l la i t s e lf , o n ly 1 k m d i s tan t , i fi t a c tua l ly w a sp opu la ted p r io rt ot h e C o lon ia lp e r iod .

r e depo s i ted c on tex t , e mbedded w i th in l a ye r 2 , a nd l a ck ing t h e f ounda t ion l a ye r o fc obb le s a s w i th S t e lae 1 , 4 ,6 ,7 ,8 a nd A l ta r s 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , a nd 6 . A l ta r 4 , h oweve r w a s a l so a s soc ia ted w i th a n o va l p i t w h ich w a s f ound e mp ty b y t h e e xcava to r s a nd m ay h ave u n t i l r e cen t ly c on ta ined a n ow r emoved s t e la . I ft h i s w e r e t h e c a se , t h en A l ta r 4a nd t h e a s soc ia ted ( m i s s ing ) s t e la m ay h ave b een s e t d u r ing t h e l a s t c on s t ruc t ion e p i sode o ft h ep l aza f l oo r( l eve l 2 ) . B e low l e ve l 2w a s l e ve l 3 , am ix o f c l ay a nd p ebb le s l a id o n t o p o f b ed rock . W i th in l e ve l 3w a s S t e la 1 , al o zenge shaped s l ab 0 . 48 x0 . 86 x0 . 26 m i ns i ze , t h a tw a s f ound l a id h o r izon ta l ly u nde rnea th A l ta r 4 . U nde r l e ve l 3b ed rock w a s r e ached a t 0 . 60m d ep th .

D i scu s s ion o fs t ra t ig raphy T he s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e e i gh te xcava t ion s i nt h em a in p l aza a tU jux te c on s i s t en t ly s how s a tl e a s tt wo m a in e p i sode s o fp l aza c on s t ruc t ion : o ne p r io r t ot h e e r ec t ion o ft h e s t e lae a nd o ne s ub sequen tt oi t . T h i s i st r ue f o rT e s tp i t s 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8a nd 1 9i nw h ich w e r ef ound f i r s t al a ye ro fp r e sen t -day t o p so i l ,t h en t h e s l op ing s i de o ft h e mound 's l a s tc on s t ruc t ion p ha se , o fL a te P rec la s s ic d a te a nd i n t ruded b y aP o s tc la s s ic b u r ia l , c ove r ing A l ta r 3a nd p a r to ft h ee r ec ted S t e la 6 ;u nde r t h e a l ta r s a nd s t e lae w a s af ounda t ion l a ye r m ade o fc obb le s , p ebb le s a nd c l ay w h ich r e s ted o n o r w a s p a r t o ft h e e a r l ie r p l aza c on s t ruc t ion p ha se . T h i sw a s i nt u rn r e s t ing o nb ed rock . T h i s e a r ly c on s t ruc t ion p ha se w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e s t ruc tu re 's e a r ly f a cade t h a t g en t ly s l oped i n to t h e p l aza ,a s i nt h e c a se o fS t e la 8 a nd A l ta r 6t h a t a bu t ted t h e r e ta in ing w a l l o f S t r . 3( Tp 1 6 ) ; S t e la 6 a nd A l ta r 3a l so r e s ted a n a l a ye r s l op ing d own f r om w e s t t oe a s t t h a t m ay b e a n e a r l ie r f a cade o fS t r . 2( Tp 1 5 ) . I n s tead , n o r e la t ion sh ip w a sn o t iced b e tween A l ta r 6a nd a ny e a r l ie rp ha se o fS t r . 1 ,a l though t h e a l ta r w a s b u r ied b y t h e l a te r p ha se o fS t r . I( Tp 1 8 ) , a nd n o r e la t ion sh ip w a s n o t iceab le b e tween S t e la 7 ,a nd A l ta r 1 ,n o r S t e la 4 ,a nd A l ta r2 ,a nd a ny e a r ly p ha se o fS t r . 4( Tp 1 3a nd 1 4 ) . T h is e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s t e lae w e re s e t i nf r on t o fs t ruc tu re s a nd n o to nt h e a c tua l s t ruc tu r e f r on tage . A s f o r s t ruc tu r e 1 , t h e m a in p y ram id , t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t t wo c on s t ruc t ion e p isode s ( Tp 1 2 ) . I n t h e e a r ly p ha se , t h e p e r ime te r o ft h e mound w a s l a id o u t a s al i ne o fl a rge r o ck s , o n w h ich a w e l l m ade r e ta in ing w a l l w a s b u i l t . O n t h e r e ta in ing w a l l w a s l a id a c l ay f l oo r o r f a c ing t h a t g en t ly s l ope s t owa rd s t h e p l aza w i th s o l ow ag r ad ien t t os ugge s t a s t epped f r on tage o r a 1 . 20 m h i gh s i ng le s tep p l a tf o rm . U nf or tuna te ly t h e e xcava t ion d i d n o t e x tend f a r e nough i n to t h e s t ruc tu re ( 2 m ) t o f i nd a ny p o s s ib le f u r the r s t ep o f t h e e a r ly f r on tage . T he s e cond a nd l a s tp ha se o fc on s t ruc t ion w a s i d en t if ied a s as l op ing ( 4 5 d eg ree s ) f a cade o f c l ay o ve r a p oo r ly b u i l tr e ta in ing w a l l .

S i te : Mar ia L inda L oca t ion : O n l ow ly ing a r ea s a d jacen t t ot h e m id -cou r se o f t h e Ma r ia L inda r i ve r i n t h e w e s te rn q ua r te r o f t h e S an ta R o sa c oa s t( F ig . 3 . 18 ) . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 51470 E , 1 55247 1 N R e search H i s tory : N op r ev iou sr e co rd o ft h is s i te e x i s t s . S i te b u i l ta rea : 3 352 .00 m2 S i te L ayou t : T he c e r emon ia l c o re h a s a9 m h i gh p y ram id a tt h e s ou th e nd o f a2 00 m l o ng a nd 1 50 m w ide p l aza ( F ig . 3 . 23 ) . O n t h e e a s t s i de a r e as ma l l p y ram id a nd a5 0 ml o ng r a nge b u i ld ing , c onnec ted b y a 1 00 m l o ng c au seway . T he

I n s um , t h e r e i ss t ra t ig raph ic e v idence f o r a n e a r ly p ha se o fp l aza c on s t ruc t ion a tU jux t e i nw h ich S t r s . 1 , 2a nd 3w e re b u i l t o n t h e n o r th , w e s t a nd s ou th s i de s o ft h e p l aza a nd S t e la 1 /A l ta r 6w e re p l aced o n t h e n or th , S t e la 6 /A l ta r 3 o n t h e w e s t , S t e la /A l ta r 5o n t h e s ou th , a nd S t e lae 4 a nd 7 a nd a l ta r s 1a nd 2o nt h ee a s t . T he e a s t s i de o ft h e p l aza m ay h ave b een l e f t o pen , o ri n s tead t h e re m ay h ave b een as ma l l s t ruc tu re b eh ind t h e t wo s t e lae ( s t ruc tu r e 4p ha se 1 )a s i st o b e e xpec ted , a l though t h e e xcava t ion d i d n o t r e a ch f u r the r 4 6

o r ien ta t ion o f s t ruc tu re s w i th in t h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o re , s uch a s S t r . 1 , 7a nd t h e c au seway i so n aNNE -SS W a x i s ( 19 -20 0) ,a s a tt h e s i te s o f Nueve C e r ro s a nd U jux te ( s ee a bove , a nd B o rdos s ee b e low ) . L owe r b u i ld ing s a r e o n t h e w es ta nd n or th s i de so ft h ep rec inc t . T he m a in c en te re x tend s o ve r a n a r ea o fa bou t 1k m 2. A rea s b eyond t h e c en te r w e r e n o t e x ten s iv e ly e xp lo red , t h e ref o r e f u r the r s u rvey m ay s how t h a t t h e t o ta l s i te s i ze i sc on s ide rab ly l a rge r t h an t h e p re sen t map s how s . T he c e ram ic s amp le s r e cove red i n c lude M idd le P rec la ss ic T ama r indo ( 800 -400 B .C . ) a nd L a t e P rec la s s ic C e iba p o t t e ry i n as t y le c on s i s ten t w i th t h e L a te P rec la s s ic c omp lexe s o f Nueve C e r ro s a nd U jux te a s w e l l a s t h e P rec la ss i c c omp lexes o fK am ina l juyu a nd Mon te A l to t ot h e w e s t a nd C ha lchuapa t o t h e e a s t ( Ko sakow s l cy a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . S ma l l a moun t s o fT ama r indo p ha se s he rd s w e r e r e cove red f r om t wo s t ruc tu re s , 6a nd 9 ,w h i le al a rge rs amp le o fC e iba p ha se p o t tery w a sc o l lec t ed f r om e ve ry mound ( F ig . 3 . 24 ) . T he l a rge s t s amp le s w e r e c o l lec ted f r om mound s 1 a nd 4 i nt h e l o ca t ion o fl o o te r 's t r enche s . L a te rm a te r ia l w a s a l so f ound o n Mound s 2 , 6a nd t h a t w i l l b e d i scu s sed i n c hap te r4 .

F ig . 3 . 23 . Map o ft h e Ma r ia L inda s i t e c en te r . A dd i t iona l mound s a r ed i s t r ibu ted i n a 1k m2 a r ea a r ound t h es i te .

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S cu lp ture S i te : L aN ueva

I n te r e s t ing ly , a tl e a s t t wo s cu lp tu re s f ound i n 1 996 a tt h e s i t e m ay b e o f P r ec la s s ic d a te . O ne i s ad ecap i ta ted f r agmen t o f ac r o s s legg ed s e a ted f i gu re w i th h and s r e s t ing o n t h e k nee s , a bou t 5 0 c m i n h e igh t ( Append ix 4 : F ig . 9 ) . P o s s ib ly , i tr e semb le s t h eS i n C abe za s s t y le o fs cu lp tu re a l so f o und i nt h e T iqu i sa te r e g ion ( c en t ra l C oa s t ; S hook 1 965 , B eaud ry 1 990 ) . A no the r i s ad ecap i ta ted f r agmen t o f a P o tbe l ly s cu lp tu r e , a bou t 6 0 c m h igh ( Append ix 4 :F ig . 1 0 ) . T h r ee a dd i t iona l e xamp le s o fP o tbe l ly s cu lp tu re a l so s a id t o b e f r om L a N ueva a r e s t o r ed i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum i n G ua t ema la C i ty , a nd w e r e i lu s t ra ted b y T e rme r ( 1948 [ Append ix 4 : F ig . 1 ] ) . F i na l ly , ap l a in s t e la f ound b y t h e p ro jec t b u r ied i n as ha l low l o o te r s p i t o n t h e a c ropo l is t op m ay a l so d a te t o t h e L a t e P rec la ss ic C e iba p ha se b a sed o n s t y l i s t ic c ha rac te r i s t ic s ( Append ix 4 : F ig . 1 ) . T he L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba c e ram ic c omp lex f r om L a N ueva l a rge ly o ve r lap s w i th t h a t o f n ea rby s i tes i n S an ta R o sa , s uch a s N ueve C e r ro s a nd U jux t e ( Ko sakow s l cy a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ; A ppend ix 3 : F ig . ) . B o th L a N ueva 's c e ram ic a nd s c u lp tu ra l s t y le s p l ace t h e s i te s e cu re ly w i th in t h e L a te P rec la s s ic F ' rov idenc ia /M i raf lo re s I n te rac t ion S phe re ( B ishop e ta l . 1 989 , D ema re s ta nd S ha re r 1 986 ) .

L oca t ion : O n t h e a l luv ia l p l a in o f t h e P az r i ve r a t 2 0 m a bove s e a l e ve l , 1 2 km f r om w e s t o f t h e t own o f C iudad P ed ro d eA lva rado , J u t iapa ( F ig . 3 . 25 , 3 . 18 ) . UT M c oord ina te s : 8 05255 E , 1 531950 N R e search H i s tory : T h i s s i te w a s f i r s t r epo r ted b y F ranz T e rme r i n 1 948 ( Te rme r 1 948 ) w ho b r ief ly d e sc r ibed t h e a r ch i tec tu re o f t h e a c ropo l i s a nd n ea rby b u i ld ing s a s t h ey w e re s t i l l p a r t ia l ly c ove red b y f o re s t . H e r e po r ted a l a rge ( l a rge r than l if e s i ze ) C o tzuma lhuapa s t y le s t e la f r om L a N ueva ( E l R ey ) a nd s eve ra l o the r s cu lp tu re s h e o b served o n t h e w ay t oL a Nueva a tt h e L o s C e r r i to s a nd P a sa co v i l lage s , a l so s a id t ob e f r om L aN ueva . T he c u r ren tw o rk c a r r ied o u t t h e f i r s tm app ing a nd e xcava t ion o ft h e L a Nueva s i te i nt h e s umme ro f1 997 . S i te b u i l ta rea : 3 410 .00 m2 S i te L ayou t : T he s i te o ccup ie s a n a r ea o fa bou t 4k m2 c r o s sed b y r e l ic t c hanne l o ft h e P az r i ve r . I n 1 997 a bou t 1 40 s t ruc tu re s w e re m apped a nd s u rf ace c o l lec ted a tt h e s i te . A t t h e c en te r o ft h e s e t t lemen t i st h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o r e f o rmed b y a n a c ropo l i s a nd a s soc ia ted l o ng r ange b u i ld ing s , h oweve r t h e b u lk o ft h e se b u i ld ing s a r e o fC la s s ic p e r iod c on s t ruc t ion . A l a rge c omponen t o fO scu ro p ha se p o t te ry ( Ea r ly C la s s ic ) w a s f ound o nt h ea c ropo l is a nd af ew o t he rl o ca t ion s . T he s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s f r om n ine mound s o u t s ide t h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o re i n c luded e xamp le s o f L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p ha se p o t te ry ( F ig . 3 . 26 ) . T he se s t ruc tu r e s a r e p robab ly ma in ly r e s iden t ia l i n f unc t ion , j udg ing f r om t h e i r s hape a nd s i ze . P o s s ib ly f u tu re e xcava t ion s w i l l f i nd r ema in s o fe a r l ie r L a te P rec la s s ic b u i ld ing s u nde r t h e a c ropo l is a nd o t he r mound s a t t h e s i te . I n 1 997 , o ne e xcava t ion i ns t ruc tu r e 1 7 a d jacen t t o t h e a c ropo l i s f a i led t o e ncoun te r C e iba p ha se l e ve ls o f o ccupa t ion . T he e x ten s ion o ft h e L a te P rec la s s ic s e t t lemen t a tL a N ueva i sn o t k nown , h oweve r , t h e e x i s tence o f af ew L a te P rec la s s ic s c u lp tu re s a t t h i s s i te a nd t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f t h e e x is tence o fs ub s tan t ia l c i v ic /ce r emon ia l a r ch i t ec tu re b u r ied u nde r l a t e rm a s s ive c on s t ruc t ion t e n ta t ive ly p l a ce t h i s s i te i n t h e" l a rg ec en te r" r eg iona lc a tego ry f o rt h e L a t e P r ec la s s ic .

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S i te : T a lpe ta te L oca t ion : 8k m s ou th o ft h e t own o fT ax isco , a t2 0 m e te r s a bove s e al e ve l ( F ig . 3 . 17 ) . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 74483 E , 1 548957 N R e search H i s tory :N op r ev iou sr e co rd o ft h is s i t e s e x i s t s . S i te b u i l ta rea : 2 05 1 .00 m2 S i te L ayou t : I ti sf o rmed b y 1 0 s t ruc tu res , 1t o 3m i n h e igh t , a r ranged a r ound as ma l l p l aza , w i th r a nge s t ruc tu re s o n t h e s i de s a nd a s ma l l p y ram id i nt h e c en te r ( F ig . 3 . 28 ) . T he s u rf a ce p o t te ry f r om t h i s s i te t e n ta t ive ly i n d ica te s a n o ccupa t ion f r om t h e L a t e P r ec la s s ic t ot h e L a te C la s s ic ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 9 00 ) p e r iod ( F ig . 3 . 27 ) .H oweve r , d u r ing t h e C e iba p ha se , a ppa ren t ly a l 1 0 s t ruc tu re s a t t h e s i te w e r e o ccup ied .

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1 00 m eters F ig . 3 . 28 S i te p l an o fT a lpe ta te s i t e l o ca ted o nt h er i gh tb ank o ft h e Maneade ro r i ve r , a bou t 4k m s ou thea s to ft h e Maneade ro s i te . S i te b u i l ta rea : 4 428 .5 1 m2 S i te L ayou t : Ap l aza g roup e x i s t s a tt h e c en te r o ft h e v i l lage , w i th 5p y ram id s 4t o 5m e te r s i nh e igh t a nd ar a nge s t ruc tu re 5 2 m i nl e ng th , 8m i nw id th a nd 3 m i nh e igh t ( F ig . 3 . 29 ) . O ne 5 m h i gh p y ram id a l so e x is t s 2 00m n o r th o f t h e m a in g roup a nd m any g roup s o fs ma l l s t ruc tu re s a r e d i spe r sed i na r a d iu s o f 1k m w e s t a nd s ou th o fi t . T he p o t te ry f r om L o s C e r r i to s i n d ica te s a n u n in te r rup ted o ccupa t ion f r om t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 2 50 ) u n t i l t h e L a te P o s t c la s s ic ( A .D . I 200 1500 ) , w i th a h i ghe r d en s i ty o fr ema in s o ft h e C la s s ic p e r iod ( A .D . 2 50 -900 ) . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f s u rf ace m a t e r ia l s how s t h a t a lmo s t a l l o ft h e 2 5 s t ruc tu re s m apped a t t h e s i t e i n c luded a C e iba L a te P rec la s s ic c omponen t ( F ig . 3 . 30 ) . T he ref o r e , i ti sp o s s ib le t o p r e sume t h a t t h e L a te P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion a pp rox ima ted t h e m ax imum , w h ich w a sr e a ched i nt h e E sc lavo sM idd le -La t eC la s s ic p ha se .

S i te : L o sC err i to s L oca t ion : O n t h e w es te rn b ank o ft h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r , 1 k m s ou th o ft h e i n terna t iona l h i ghway t oE l S a lvado r a nd 8 k m n o r thea s t o f Nueve C e r ro s , o n a luv ia l s o i l s , a t 3 0 m a bove s e a l e ve l ( F ig . 3 . 9 ) . T he s i t e h a s b een p a r t ia l ly d e s t royed t o a ccommoda te mode rn h ou se s a nd i th a s b een s ub jec tt om a jo rf l ood s i nt h er e cen tp a s t . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 9 1989 E , 1 544238 N R e search H i s tory : F ranz T e rme r ( Te rme r 1 948 ) a nd E dw in M S hook ( 1975 ) f i r s t d e sc r ibed t h e s i t e a nd t h e v i l lage b u i l t o n t h e t op o ft h e P reh i span ic m ound s . T e rme r ( 1 948 ) a l so r epo r ted s eve ra l s cu lp tu re s o fv a r iou s s t y le s t h a t h e f o und i n t h e v i l lage . S ome a r e s a id t o b e f r om L a N ueva a nd a r e s t o red i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum i nG ua t ema la C i ty .

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F ig . 3 . 29 S i te p l an o fL o sC e r r i to s . F ig . 3 . 30 D is t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t sb ym ound a nd t ime p e r iod a tL o sC e r r i to s f r om M idd le P rec la s s ic t oL a te P o s tc la s s ic .

S i te Maneadero G roup 1 L oca t ion : o n b o th b ank s o f t h e Maneade ro r i ve r i n a t r an s i t iona l z one b e tween t h e p i edmon t 's s t eepe r a nd r ock l i t te r ed s o i l s w i th t a l l f o re s t v ege ta t ion , a nd t h e c oa s ta l p l a in 's l e s s w e l l -d ra ined a nd s a nd ie r s o i l s w i th d ry s h rub v ege ta t ion ( F ig . 3 . 18 , 1 . 10 ) UT M c oord ina te s : 7 77593 E , 1 5506 14 N R e search H i s tory : T he s i t e w a s f i r s t d e sc r ibed b y T e rme r ( 1948 ) w ho a l so r e po r ted a C o tzuma lguapa s t y le t e noned h ead s cu lp tu re f r om t h e r e ( Te rme r 1 948 , p l . XX IV n . 1 ,2 ; A ppend ix 5 :F ig . 1 ) . L a te r i tw a s a l so r e po r ted b y E dw in M . S hook ( 1975 ) i n h i s u npub l i shed f i e ld n o te s a s E l T e so ro ( IDAEH ) . 5 1

S i te b u i l ta rea : 2 542 .00 m2 S i te L ayou t T he 1 995 m ap s how s t h e p r e sence o fs eve ra l l a rge s t ruc tu re s o fC la s s ic p e r iod c on s t ruc t ion c l u s te red a l ong b o th s i des o f t h e r i ve ro fw h ich t h is i st h e m a in g roup , i n ac en t ra l p o s i t ion i nr e la t ion t ot h e o the r s ( f ig . 3 . 31) . Wh i le t h e m a in s u rf ace b u i ld ing s a r e o fC la s s ic c on s t ruc t ion s ma l l q uan t i t ie s o fL a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p o t te ry w e re r e cove r ed f r om a n umbe r o f s t ruc tu r e s a t t h e s i te , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e r e s iden t ia l s e c to r a c ro s s t h e r i ve r f r om t h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o r e . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd c oun t s s how s t h a t , w h i le t h e a moun t s o f C e iba p o t te ry a r e v e ry l ow c ompa red t oM idd le -La te C la s s ic p o t te ry , 1 o u t o f2 5 s t ruc tu re s w i th C e iba c omponen t s pan t h e e n t i re a r ea o ft h e s i t e ( F ig . 3 . 31) . T he ref o re , w h i le t h e a moun t o f aC e iba p ha se c on s truc t ion i sr e la t ive ly s ma l l i t o ccup ie s a lmo s t t h e s ame a r ea o f t h e E sc lavo s p ha se s i te . B a sed o n t h e i rs hape a nd s i ze , S t r s . 2a nd 4 i nt h em a in p l aza a ppea r t ob e c i v ic /ce remon ia l i nf u nc t ion i nt h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic p e r iod , a nd m ay h ave b een c i v ic / ce remon ia l i n f u nc t ion a l so i nt h e C e iba p ha se . H oweve r e xcava t ions i n s t ruc tu r e s 8a nd 1 9 f a i led t o e ncoun te r s i gn if ican t l e ve ls o f C e iba p ha se c on s t ruc t ion .

F ig . 3 . 32 S i t ep l an o f Maneade ro d u r ing t h e l a te s tp ha se o f o ccupa t ion ( La t e C la s s ic ) . S u rf ace p o t t e ry i n d ica te t h a tt h e s i te p l aza w a so ccup ied i nt h e L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p ha se .

S i te D urazno L oca t ion : a tt h e s ou the rn e nd o f as wamp i nw h ich t h e P a ja l r i ve r t e rm ina te s i n s u rf ic ing w a te r t a b le u nde rg round ( F ig . 3 . 7 ) . T he s i t e e x tend s o ve r aN -S l ow e l onga ted r i dg e o fd ry l a nd s u r rounded t o day b y s e a sona l s wamp s i na l l d i r ec t ion s , a nd p a r t icu la r ly t ot h en o r th w he re s t and ing w a te ri sa bundan t t h roughou tt h ey ea r . Af ew h und red s o fm e te r s t ot h ew e s to f t h e s e t t lemen t i sa n a bandoned c hanne l o f t h e P a ja l r i ve r f l ow ing a pp rox ima te ly N -S , . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 62587 E , 1 550972 N R e search H i s tory : N o p r ev iou sr e co rd o ft h i s s i te e x i s t s . S i te b u i l t a rea : 2 164 .00 m2 S i te L ayou t . T he v i s ib le r ema in s o f t h e s e t t lemen t i n c lude a n a c ropo l is s t ruc tu re t ot h e n o r th f l anked b y t wo c on ica l mound s t ot h e s ou thea s t , a bou t 4 a nd 5 m i n h e igh t , as e r ie s o f l ow p l a tf o rm s d i s t r ibu ted a l ong aN -S a x is ( 2 3 ° ) a nd a n I lm h i gh c on ica l mound a t t h e s ou th e nd o f t h e s i te ( F ig . 3 . 33 ) . A dd i t iona l r ema in s , i n t h e f o rm o f a r t if ac t s ca t te r s w e re f ound t ot h ew e s t i nt h e r i ve rb ank s e c t ion s . T he s u r round ing a r ea i s s ub jec t t o f l ood ing ; a t t h e p r e s en t t ime i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t o a s ce r ta in h ow f a r t h e s e t t lemen t o r ig ina l ly e x tended t ot h e s ou th a nd e a s t . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace p o t te ry o n t h e m apped a r ea ( F ig . 3 . 34 ) s h ow s t h a t 1 0 o f 1 m ound s c o l lec ted h ave aC e iba p ha se i n c lud ing t h e a c ropo l i s a nd a l l f o u r c on ica l m ound s . T he s e c i v ic /ce r emon ia l b u i ld ing sm ay h ave s e rved t h e s ame f u nc t ion a tt h e s i t e i nt h e C e iba p ha se a st h ey d i d d u r ing l a te r t i me p e r iod s , a low ing t h e s i t et ob ec l a s s if ied a ss ma l l c en te rf o rt h i sp ha se .

F ig . 3 . 31 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace s h e rd c oun t s b ym ound a nd b yt ime p e r iod s how ing o ccupa t ion a t Maneade ro f r om t h e L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p ha se t ot h eM idd le -La te C la s s ic E sc lavo sp ha se .

5 2

F i g . 3 . 33 Map o fD u razno s i te s how ing c i v ic / ce remon ia l a nd r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu re s .

D LRAZNO S ET ILE M W T 7 0

6 0

5 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

1 11C 1 - KU M J 1 11 E SC1A \C6

1 0

C €C 1 K )

C / 2

11 03PA 1

2

3

4

5

7 _ 1 1

MCUND 4

F ig . 3 . 34 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd c oun t sb ym ound a nd t ime p e r iod a tD u razno .

5 3

S tone Monumen t s V i l lage s

S eve ra l s t one m onumen t s f ound o nt h e S ou thea s t e rn C oa s tb y t h e p r e sen t s u rvey a nd b y p rev iou s i n ve s t iga to r s c an b e a t t r ibu ted s e cu re ly t o t h e L a te P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion o f t h e r e g ion . T he se i n c lude a tl e a s t 1 3 s t e la e a nd 6 a l ta r s f r om U jux te , ap o s s ib le p l a in s t e la f r om N ueve C e r ro s , f ou r P o tbe l ly s t y le s cu lp tu re s f r om L aN ueva , a nd o ne S i n C abeza s t y le s cu lp tu re a l so f r om L a Nueva . T en o ft h e 1 9 U jux te m onumen t s w e re f ound i ns i tu c ove red b y u nd i s tu rbed L a te P rec la s s ic s t ra ta w i th in t h e s i te 's m a in p l aza , t h e ref o r e p rov id ing g ood e v idence f o r t h e i r d a t ing a nd f u nc t ion a tt h e s i t e . U jux te s t e la 7 a nd 5 a r e p l a in b a sa l t s t one s l ab s o f r ough r e c tangu la r s hape , m ea su r ing 1 . 30 x 0 . 8 x0 . 4 m a nd 1 . 34 x 1 . 0 1 x0 . 25 . m r e spec t ive ly f ound e r ec t o n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e p l aza f a c ing s t ruc tu re 4 . I n f r on t o ft h em w e re f o und t wo r e c tangu la r s t one s l ab s , A l ta r s 1 a nd 2 ( d imen s ion s : 1x 0 . 5 x 0 . 25 m , 1 . 37 x 0 . 8 x 0 . 27 m r e spec t ive ly ) . T he f r on t f a ce s o ft h e s t e la e a nd t h e s hor t a x i s o ft h e a l ta r s w e re o r ien ted t oe a s t a t9 6 ° ( o fm agne t ic n o r th ) . I ti sp o s s ib le , t h e ref o r e , t h a tt h e se monumen t s f a ced t h e p o in t o nt h e h o r izon o ft h e e qu inoc t ia l s un r i se , w h ich w a s 9 0° f r om t r ue N o r th o n Ma r ch 2 1 , A .D . 1 00 a tt h i s l a t i tude . O n t h e w e s t s i de o ft h e p l aza w a s U jux te S t e la 6( d imen s ion s : 3 . 2 x 1 . 73 x 0 . 6 m ) a nd A l ta r 3 ,p laced f a c ing d ue w e s t . O n t h e n or th s i de o ft h e p l aza , n ex t t o S t r . 1w e r e S t e la 1a nd A l ta r 4 ,p l aced o r thogona l t oo ne a no the r a l ong a n E -W a x i s . O n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e p l aza w a s S t e la 8a nd A l ta r 5a l so p l a ced o r thogona l t o o ne a no the r ( Append ix 4 : F ig s . 2 -6 , 8 ) . T he o r ien ta t ion o ft h e a l ta r s a t9 0° t ot h e e r ec t s t e la s ugge s t t h a t t h e se f unc t ioned a ss t e la -a l ta r c omp lexe s . T he o r ien ta t ion o f s ome o ft h e se monumen t s t ot h e s o la r e qu inox s ugge s t s a l so t h a t t h ey m ay h ave b een d ed ica ted i n o cca s ion o f t h a t r e cu r r ing s o la re ven t . T he r ema in ing p l a in s t e lae a nd a l ta r s f o und a tt h e s i t ew e re f ound r emoved f r om t h e o r ig ina l s e t t ing s ( Append ix 4 : F ig . 6 ) , h oweve r , t h e s t ra t ig raph ic c on tex t o f t h e a bove d e sc r ibed i ns i tu m onumen t s p lace s t h e i r d ed ica t ion b ef o re t h e l a s t p ha se o fc on s t ruc t ion o ft h e U jux te p l aza , w i th in t h e C e iba L a te P r ec la s s ic C e iba p ha se . T he s i t e w a s a bandoned a f t e r t h e e nd o ft h e L a te P rec la s s ic , t h e r ef o r e t h e r ema in ing n on in s i tu m onumen t s f ound a tU jux te m ay a l so b e o fL a te P r ec la s s ic d a te . I n f o rm a nd f u nc t ion t h e se m onumen t s r e semb le e a r ly s t e la -a l ta r monumen t s f ound a t o t he r G ua tema lan s i te s s u ch a s A ba j T aka l ik , E l B au l , a nd K am ina l juyu , s ome o fw h ich b ea r L a t e P r ec la s s ic l o ng c oun t c a lenda r d a t e s ( O r rego 1 987 , G raham 1 98 1 , 1 982 , 1 989 , 1 992 ) , a nd m o r e g ene ra l ly t h ey r e semb le p l a in s t e la -a l ta r p a i r s t h a t b eg in a ppea r ing i nt h e Maya L ow land s a tt h e e nd o f t h e P r ec la s s ic p e r iod a t s i te s s u ch a s N akbe a nd E l M i rado r ( Han sen 1 992 , 1 993 , C hambe r s a nd H an sen 1 996 ) , a nd w i l l c on t inue t h roughou t t h e C la s s ic a nd P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod s . T he U jux te m onumen t s d if e r f r om t h o se o f mo s t o t he r G ua t ema lan c oa s ta l s i te s i n n o t h av ing b een r e po s i t ioned i n l a te r p e r iod s , d emon s t ra t ing t h e i r o r ig ina l f u nc t ion w i th in t h e P r ec la s s ic p laza . T he N ueve C e r ro s monumen t i sa n o va l shaped s l ab p l a ced a tt h e c o rne r o f S t r . 1i nt h e s i te 's m a in p l aza ( F ig . 3 . 22 ) . I tw a s f ound l y ing o n t h e s u rf ace a nd t h e ref o re i t s o r ig ina l s e t t ing c ou ld n o t b e a s ce r ta ined . T he c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o re o fN ueve C e r ro s a ppea r s t oh ave b een

S ee a ppend ix 1f o r ac omp le te l i s t .

S i te : L imone s L oca t ion : O n al ow r i dge i n al a rge m a r shy a r ea 5k m SW o f N ueve C e r ro s . UT M c oord ina te s : 7 85427 E , 1 536972 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : No p rev iou sr epo r to ft h i s s i te e x i s t s . S i te b u i l ta rea : 1 972 .00 m2 S i te L ayou t T he L a te P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion a tt h e s i te i sb u r ied u nde r much L a te C la s s ic p e r iod c on s t ruc t ion . At o ta l o f 8 s t ruc tu r e s w e re s u rveyed ( F ig . 3 . 36 ) . T he s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion r e cove red a moun t s o f C e iba p ha se p o t te ry i nf ou r mound s . T he p ropo r t ion o fC e iba p o t te ry o n t h e mound s c ompa red t o t h e L a t e C la s s ic E sc lavo s p ha se i n d ica te s ar e la t ive ly s ma l le r C e iba p ha se o ccupa t ion ( F ig . 3 . 35 ) .

F ig . 3 . 35 S u rf ace s he rd c oun t sa tL imone sb y mound a nd t i me p e r iod .

1 00 m eters

F ig . 3 . 36 S i te p l an o fM idd le /La te C la s s ic s t ruc tu r e sa t L imone sw i th u nde r ly ing L a te P rec la s s ic o ccupa t ion .

5 4

a bandoned a f t e r t h e e nd o ft h e L a te P r ec la s s ic C e iba p ha se , t h e ref ore , t h i s monumen t m ay b e t e n ta t ive ly p l aced i n t h e C e iba p ha se , a sw e l l . A t L a Nueva t h e p ro jec t f o und o ne p o tbe l ly s t y le m onumen t ( d imen s ion s 0 . 5x 0 . 70 m ) a nd o ne S in C abeza s s cu lp tu re i nb a sa l t s t one ( Append ix 4 :F ig s . 9 10 ) . . T h r ee a dd i t iona l p o tbe l l ie s f r om L a Nueva h ave b een d e sc r ibed b y T e rme r ( 1948 ) . T he se m onumen t s w e re f o und o n t h e s i te 's s u rf ace , s ot h e i ro r ig ina l s e t t ing c ou ld n o tb ed e term ined . T he l a te s t o ccupa t ion a t t h e s i te d a te s t o t h e T e rm ina l C la s s ic C h iqu imu l i l la p ha se . P o tbe l ly s cu lp tu r e s h ave b een f ound a t s eve ra l s i te s o n t h e c oa s t a nd H igh land s o fG ua tema la , s uch a s Mon t e A l to , A ba j T aka l ik , L o s C e r r i to s -Su r , G i ra lda , K am ina l juyü t ot h e w e s t o fL a N ueva ( Pa r son s 1 986 , B ove 1 989b , O r rego 1 987 ) a nd a tC ha lchuapa a nd S an ta L e t ic ia t o t h e e a s t ( Sha re r 1 978 , D ema re s t 1 986 ) . A l though t h e se m onumen t s a r e c ommon ly f ound r e po s i t ioned i n C la s s ic p e r iod c on tex t s , i nr a re c a se s t h ey h ave b een f ound b u r ied i n s e a led L a te P r ec la s s ic c on tex t s . T h i sh a s a lowed u s t op l a ce t h e s t y le w i th in t h e L a te P rec la s s ic p e r iod ( S ha re r 1 978 , P a r sons 1 986 , D ema re s t 1 986 , E s t rada B e l l i 1 991 , Ama ro l i 1 997 ) . S i n C abeza s s cu lp tu re s h ave a l so b een f ound a to t he r s i te s o n t h e G ua tema lan C oa s t , p a r t i cu la r ly i nt h e r eg ion o f T iqu i sa te ( we s t -cen t ra l c oa s t ) . P a r son s ( 1986 : 2 0 -2 1) i mp re ss ion i s t ica l ly p l ace st h is t ype o fs c u lp tu re i nt h e M idd le P rec la ss ic b a sed o n s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e O lmec s t y le , a l though t h e s u rvey s o fB ove 's ( 1989c ) a nd B eaud ry ( 1990 ) a tt h e S in C abeza s s i te d a ted t h e o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i te t ot h e L a te /Term ina l P rec la s s ic p e r iod . T he ref o r e , a l though n o s t ra t ig raph ic e v idence e x i s t s f o r t h e L a N ueva S in C abeza s s t y le monumen t , b a sed o n s im i la r i t ie sw i th e xamp le s f r om t h e S i n C abeza s i te , i tmay b ed a ted i nt h eL a te P r ec la s s ic p e r iod . t e n ta t ive ly

( F ig . 3 . 18 ) . I na dd i t ion , t h e f o l low ing h i s tog ram o fs i te s i ze s s how s t h a t t h e r e g ion 's s e t t lemen t c an b e b roken d own i n to t h ree m a in s i ze c a tego r ie s , l a rge c en te r s , s ma l l c en te r s a nd v i l lage s , t h u s t e n ta t ive ly f o rm ing a t h ree l e ve l s e t t lemen t h i e ra r chy ( F ig . 3 . 38 )w i th in e ach o ft h ef ou rd i s t r ic t s .

h e F ig . 3 . 37 . E s t ima t ed s u rf a ce m ap o fs i t e d en s i t ie s i nt S ou thea s ter nC oa s t . ( magen ta : 7s i te s /k m2 ,y e l low : 1o rl e ss s i te /k m2 ) .

Ia t eP r e c l a s s i cS z t t l e r re n t S a n t aR o s aa n dJ u t i a pa 3 0

2 0

D iscus s ion o fL a te P rec las s ic S e t t lemen t

1 0 .

S e t t lemen t p a t tern s S t d C ev =2 2 16 .74

D u r ing t h e L a te P rec la s s ic p e r iod w h ich i sa l so t h e l o nge s t i nt h e s equence ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 2 50 ) t h e re i sh i gh p opu la t ion g row th a nd t owa rd s i t s e nd t h e r e g ion r e ache s i t s f i r s t p opu la t ion p eak a s i sa l so t r ue t h roughou t t h e r e s t o f Me soame r ica . T he a r ea o fh ighe s t s i t e d en s i ty a ppea r s t ob e t h a t o f t h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r p l a in w i th 7 s i te s /km 2 w h i le m o re ma rg ina la r ea sh ave 1s i te /km 2 o rl e s s( F ig . 3 . 37 ) . V i sua l i n spec t ion o ft h er eg iona l d i s t r ibu t ion m ap o f s e t t lemen t i n d ica te s f ou r m a in a r ea s o f s i te c l u s te r ing c en te red a r ound t h e l a rge c i v ic /ce r emon ia l c omp lexe s o f N ueve C e r ro s , U jux te a nd Ma r ia L inda w i th m any r e s iden t ia l s e t t lemen t sd i spe r sed i nt h e i rs u r round ing s( F ig . 3 . 17 ) . D ue t ot h e e x t reme v a r ia t ion i ns e t t lemen t s i ze , i ti s p o s s ib le t h a t s e t t lemen t s w e re o rgan ized h i e ra r ch ica l ly . T h i s p o s s ib i l i ty m ay b e e xp lo red f u r the r b y o b se rv ing t h a t t h e s i te d i s t r ibu t ion i n d ica te s f ou r ma in s e t t lemen tc l u s te r s . T he se , i n t ur n , may r e f lec t f ou r a dm in i s t ra t ive d i s t r ic t s , c en te r ed a r ound o ne o ff ou rm a jo rs i te . T he T h ie s sen p o lygon s p l a ced a r ound e a ch l a rge c en t e r s h e lp d e te rm ine t h e p o s s ib le e x ten t o fe ach o ft h e p u ta t ive p o l i ty 's t e r r i to ry , o fa r ab le l a nd , a nd w h ich o f t h e s i te s m ay h ave b een s e rv iced b y e ach c en t e r

M ea l =1 80 3 0 .

c f p

9

N=45 .00

S i t ea r e ai nm 2

F ig . 3 . 38 H i s tog ram o fs i te s i ze s i nm 2 o fa l S ou thea s ter n c oa s t L a te P rec la s s ic s i te ss how ing n a tu ra l b reak sa t4 000 m2 a nd 8 000 m 2 . T h i st e n ta t ive c l a s s if ica t ion i sb a sed o nt h et o ta l a r ea o f b u i l t s t ruc tu r e s o r p l a tf o rm s ( Agg r ega te Mound A rea ) a t e ach s i te , e x t rac ted f r om e ach s e t t lemen t 's m ap . T h i s m ea su remen t a pp roach , d i scu s sed i nc hap te r 2 ,m ay b e mo re d i rec t ly r ep re sen ta t ive o f a c tua l s i te p opu la t ion s i ze t h an a t o ta l s i te a r ea m ea su remen t . T he l a t te r i s o b ta ined b y c a lcu la t ing t h e a r ea t h a t e nc lo se s a l o f as i te 's s t ruc tu re s . B ecau se o f t h e h i gh v a r iab i l i ty o f p l a tf o rm s pac ing a t d if e ren t s i te s , t h i s f i gu r e m ay d if e r m a rked ly f r om s i te t o s i te . T he s i te b u i l ta r ea , o ra gg rega t em ound a r ea , i na dd i t ion t o p rov id ing a m o re a ccu ra te e s t ima te o f s i te s i ze , c an b e 5

u sed t og ene ra te p opu la t ion e s t ima te s . T h is i sa ccomp l i shed b y u s ing a s imp le a ve rage r a t io o f p l a tf o rm a r ea /pe r son s im i la r t o t h a t u sed b y N a ro l l ( 1964 ) t o e x t rac t p opu la t ion e s t ima tes f r om ah ou se 's r oof ed s pace . T hu s , t h e n umbe r o f o ccupan t s c an b e e s t ima ted b y d e te rm in ing t h e a moun t o r r oof ed s pace a va i lab le o n ap l a tf o rm ( t o ta l a r ea l e s s 3 0% f o r p a t io , k i tchen a nd o t he r n on d ome s t ic s t ruc tu re s ) . F i na l ly , i n t h is a na ly s i s , t h e t h ree s i t e s i ze c a tego r ie s b a sed o n t o ta l a gg rega te mound a r ea a r e c on s i s ten t w i th t h e o ccu r r ence o f c i v ic /ce remon ia lb u i ld ing sb o th i nl a rge a nd s ma l l c en te r s b u t n o t i n v i l lage s , t hu s i n d ica t ing c l ea r f u nc t iona l d i f f e rence s a mong s i te s ize c a tego r ie s ( F ig . 3 . 37 ) . T he r e la t ive d i f f e rence s i n s i ze o f c i v ic b u i ld ing s a mong s i t e s i sh e re t a ken t o i n d ica te d if e r ence s i n. t h e n umbe r a nd t y pe o f a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd r e l ig iou s f u nc t ion s b e tween s e t t lemen t c a tego r ie s . I nt h e L a te P r ec la s s ic , N ueve C er ro s a ppea r s t o h ave t h e l a rge s t a r ch i tec tu r e b y f a r , s e cond i ns i ze i sU jux te , w he re t h e re w e re t h e p r ev iou s ly d e sc r ibed s t e la a nd a l ta r s t one monumen t s , f o l low ed b y Ma r ia L inda , a nd L a N ueva ( F ig . 3 . 39 ) , h e l a t te r w i th r e a l t ive ly l a rge c i v ic -ce r emon ia l b u i ld ing sa nd s t one monumen t s .

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F ig . 3 . 40 C ompa r i son o ft o ta l v o lume o fc i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a tt h ree L a te P rec la s s ic s i te s . V o lume t r ic d a ta f o r L a Nueva i sn o ta va i lab le f o rt h is p ha se . A ccod r ing t o t h e p r inc ip le o f m in im iza t ion o f t r an spor tc o s t so fC en t ra l P l ace T heo ry b yw h ich ac en t e rh a s af unc t iona l s i ze p ropor t iona l t o t h e s i ze o f t h e s um o f a l l s e t t lemen t i nt h e h i n te r land i t s s e rve s ( J ohnson 1 980a ) , i fa l l s e t t lemen t s i n o u r r eg ion w e r e a c tua l ly o rgan iz ed i n h i e ra rch ica l s ub sy s tem s i n t h e m anne r i n d ica ted b y t h e T h ie s sen p o lygon s ( F ig . 3 . 18 ) , t h e r e s h ou ld b e ap o s i t ive c or re la t ion b e tween t h e s i ze o f t h e l a rge c en te r a nd t h e a moun t o f s e t t lemen t a s soc ia ted w i th i t s d i s t r ic t . T h i s i s c onf i rmed i nt h r ee c a se s : N ueve C e r ro s , U jux te a nd Ma r ia L inda . T he e xcep t ion i sL a Nueva , f o r w h ich a c tua l c i v ic c en te rs i ze i sl a ck ing . ( F ig . 3 . 41) . T h i sa noma ly c ou ld b ed ue t o t h e f a c t t h a t a t L a N ueva t h e L a t e P rec la s s ic c i v ic b u i ld ing s a r e o b scu red b y t h e ma s s ive M idd le -La t e C la s s ic o ccupa t ion .

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F ig . 3 . 39 R ank s ize l o gd i s t r ibu t ion o fL a te P rec la s s ic s i te s p lo t ted a ga in s ta b sence /p r e sence o fc i v ic /ce r emon ia l s t ruc tu r e s .

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F ig . 3 . 41 S ca t te rp lo to fL a te P rec la s s ic c en te rs i ze a nd a r ea o fa s soc ia ted s e t t lemen t i n m2. A s m en t ioned a bove , t h e t o ta l a r ea o fs t ruc tu r e s a nd p l a tf o rm s a te a ch s i te i st a ken a s a n i n d ica t ion o fa c tua l s i te a r ea , i n s qua red m e te r s , a nd b y e x t en s ion , o f s e t t lemen t 5 6

p opu la t ion s i ze . A cco rd ing t o s uch m ea su remen t s , t h e L a te P rec la ss ic s i te s c an b e p lo t ted o n al o ga r i thm ic s c a le i n a d e scend ing o rde r a cco rd ing t o r ank s ize a nd a l o g -no rma l l i ne c an b ed r awn r ep re sen t ing al o g -no rma l d i s t r ibu t ion ( F ig . 3 . 42 ) . A l o g -no rma l d i s t r ibu t ion i sg i ven w hen t h e s i ze f o r e ach r anked s i te i se qua l t ot h e s i ze o ft h e f i r s ts i te d i v ided b y i t s r ank . N o rma l d i s t r ibu t ion s a r e s a id t o o ccu r w hen s e t t lemen t s i nh i e ra r ch ica l s y s tem s a r ea l lowed t og row u nde r n on i so t rop ic c ond i t ion s . S uch d i s t r ibu t ion s a r e b e l ieved t o b e c ommon i nl o ng e s tab l i shed s e t t lemen t s y s tem s i nm a rke t e conom ie s d e sc r ibed b y C en t ra l P lace t h eo ry s uch a ss y s tem s o f p o s t indu s t r ia l w e s te rn E u rope , o r t h e mode rn U S E a s t C oa s t , f o re xamp le ( J ohn son 1 980b ) .

f a c to r i nt h e g row th o fa l l o t he r s e t t lemen t s ; s i nce i n c rea sed d i s tance f r om N ueve C e r ro s m ean s h i ghe r c o s t o fi n te ra c t ion b e tween t h e c en te r a nd i t s s ubo rd ina te c en te r s , t h u s p opu la t ion /f unc t iona l s i ze o f e ach s ubo rd ina te c en te r w a s n ega t ive ly a f f ec ted a s w e l l a s t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu r e s a t o t he r s ou thea s te rn c oa s ta l c en te r s . I na dd i t ion , t h eN ueve C e r ro s s e t t lemen tm ap s how s t h a t t wo s ma l l c en te r s n ex t i n r a nk b e low N ueve C e r ro s ( r ank s 2a nd 3 ) , B one te a nd C an ta r rana ( s ee F ig . 3 . 20 , t o p a nd b o t tom r i gh t a r ea s ) a r e a l so t h e c l o se s t , a nd i nf a c t a r e s i tua ted w i th in 2 km o ff r om t h e N ueve C e r ro s c en te r , a nd may a c tua l ly n o t b e e n t i re ly s epa ra te s e t t lemen t s , b u t r a the r p e r iphe ra l c i v ic /ce remon ia l g roup sw i th in av e ry l a rge N ueve C e r ro s s e t t lemen ta r ea .

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F ig . 3 . 43 S ca t te rp lo to fa r ea o fc en te r sa nd d i s tance f r om N ueve C e r ro s .

F ig . 3 . 42 R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fa l L a te P rec la s s ic S ou thea s te rn C oa s ts e t t lemen t( n=48 ) . S t ra igh tl i ne s how s l o g -no rma l d i s t r ibu t ion .

I fw e c omb ine t h e e n t ire a r ea o f t h e f i r s t 3s i ze r anked s i te s : N ueve C e r ro s , a nd i t sp e r iphe ra l s i te s o fB one te a nd C an ta r rana ( i nf a c t , t h e se f o rm p a r to ft h e s ame e x tended s e t t lemen t a r ound t h e N ueve C e r ro s c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s ) , t h e r e su l t ing s i t e a r ea o f t h e N ueve C e r ro s s e t t lemen t b ecome s f ou r t ime s l a rge r t h an t h a t o f r a nk 2 ( U jux te ) , a nd t h er eg iona l r a nk s ize d i s t r ibu t ion c hange s f r om c onvex t o ap r ima te t y pe o fd i s t r ibu t ion , w h i le c omb in ing a c e r ta in d eg ree o f c onvex i ty b e low l e ve l 2 ,a s s hown i nF ig 3 . 44 . T h i s t y pe o fr a nk s ize d i s t r ibu t ion h a s b een d e sc r ibed a sp r imo -convex b yB lan ton ( 1976 ) a nd J ohn son ( 1980a ) . I n p r imo -convex s y s tem s s uch a st h i s , a cco rd ing t oB lan ton a nd J ohn son , t h e p r ima ry c en te r h a s ac e r ta in d eg ree o fp o l i t ica l c on t ro l o n t h e r eg iona l e conomy ( c en t ra l iza t ion ) , d i r ec t ly a f f ec t ing t h e g row th o fs ub sy s tem c en te r s . T he se s ub -cen te r s a r e mo r e d i rec t ly l i nked t o t h e r eg iona l c en te r t h an t o o ne a no the r , a l though t o ac e r ta in e x ten t t h ey m a in ta in m o r e i n dependence f r om t h e p r ima te c en te r t h an i np u re p r ima te s y s tem .

T he r a nk s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fS an ta R o sa a nd J u t iapa s e t t lemen t s how s h ow Nueve C e r ro s i s t h e t o p l e ve l s e t t lemen t a nd t h e r e s t o f t h e s i te s d ev ia te f r om t h e l o g n o rma l d i s t r ibu t ion f o rm ing a c onvex c u rve ( F ig . 3 . 42 ) . A cco rd ing t o G rego ry J ohn son ( 1977 ) , c onvex r a nk s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s o ccu r w hen s i te s o f r a nk b e low t h e f i r s t a r e a bnorma l ly l a rge rt h an t h e n orma l d i s t r ibu t ion w ou ld p r ed ic t , a nd a r e t h ough t t o b e c ha rac te r i s t ic o f t h e p oo l ing o f a u tonomou s s e t t lemen t s y s tem s i nt h e s amp le a th and . S uch w ou ld s eem t ob e t h e c a se i nt h i s s t udy r eg ion i nw h ich w e m ay h ave a t l e a s t f ou r a u tonomou s c en te r s a nd a s soc ia ted s e t t lemen t f o rm ing i n dependen t p o l i t ie s . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t N ueve C e r ro s , a l though c ons ide rab ly l a rge r t h an t h e o t he r s i te s , may n o t h ave s e rved a s ah i ghe r l e ve l c i v ic c en te r f o r U jux te , Ma r ia L inda a nd L a Nueva . H oweve r , t h e m a rked d if e rence i n s i ze b e tween Nueve C e r ro s a nd t h e o t he r s ub sy s tem c en te r s , a nd t h e r e la t ion sh ip w i th i t s a s soc ia t ed s e t t lemen t d e se rve s f u r the r a t ten t ion . I n f a c t , w hen t h e r e la t ive s i ze o fe ach c en te r i sc ompa r ed w i th d i s tance f r om N ueve C e r ro s t h e re a ppea r s t o b e a n i n ve r se r e la t ion sh ip ( F ig . 3 . 43 ) . T hu s , a s a p r ima te c en te r Nueve C e r ro s e xe rc i sed a c e r ta in " demog raph ic p u l l" ( Kowa le sk i e t a l . 1 983) , s uch t h a t p rox im i ty t o t h e c en te r w a s a n i mpo r tan t 5 7

b y s ha r ed p o t te ry t y pe s a tm any s i te st h roughou t ar e g ion t h a t h a s b een d e s c r ibed b y B i shop , D ema r e s t a nd S ha r e r ( B i shop e t a l . 1 989 ) a s t h e P rov idenc ia /M i raf lo res S phe r e o r t h e S ou ther n Maya S phe re ( F ig . 3 . 45 ) . I n ap r io r s t udy b y B ishop e ta l . ( 1989 ) , as amp le o f m ac ro scop ica l ly i d en t ica l monoch rome b rown , r e d a nd o r ange s he rd s f o und a t K am ina l juyu , Mon te A l to , C ha lchuapa a nd S an ta L e t ic ia w e r e a na lyzed b y n eu t ron a c t iva t ion . T he i r t r a ce e l emen t c ompo s i t ion s howed t h a t s he rd s f r om e ach s i te b e long ed t oa s epa ra te c ompo s i t iona l g roup o rc l ay t y pe . T he ref o r e , i tw a s c onc luded t h a t t h e se s im i la r t ype s o fp o t te ry w e r e p roduced l o ca l ly a te a ch s i t e a nd t h e s im i la r i t ie s w e re e n t i r e ly d ue t o s ha r ed i d ea s a nd s ha red s t y l i s t ic t a s te ( B ishop e ta . 1 989 ) . Mo r er e cen t ly , t h ep r e sen ts u rvey p rov ided t h e o ppo r tun i ty t o e x tend t h e c e ram ic a nd r aw m a te r ia l s amp le t o t h e s ou thea s ter n c oa s t , a nd t h e p re sence o f l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f F i ne R ed p o t te ry i nt h e S an ta R o sa r e g ion p romp t ed an ew n eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s p ro jec t i n c o l labo ra t ion w i th H ec to r N ef fa tt h e U n ive r s i ty o fM i s sou r i R e sea r ch R ea c to r , a nd L au ra J .K o sakow sky , p ro jec t c e ram ic is t . F if t y seven F i ne R ed s h e rd s a nd 1 3 c l ay s amp le s f r om N ueve C e r ro s h ave b een c ompa red t o5 9 s he rd s f r om K am ina l juyu , Mon te A l to , C ha lchuapa , a nd S an ta L e t ic ia a nd t o al a rge rs amp le o f c l ay s f r om e l sewhe r e i nG ua tema la . T he s urp r i s ing r e su l t s a r e t h a t a l o f t h e F i ne R ed p o t te ry s amp led f e l l i n to t h r ee c ompo s i t iona l g roup s , a nd t h a t t h e se o ver lapped w i th t h e S an ta R o sa c l ay s , w i th t h e a dd i t ion o fe i the r s and o rv o lcan ic a s h a st empe r ( Ko sakow sky e ta l , i np r e s s ) . T h i s e v idence a low s u s t oc onc lude t h a t F ine R ed b ow l s w e re t r aded o u t f r om N ueve C e r ro s o rf r om o t he r S an ta R o sa c en t e r s i n to t h e h i gh land sa nd c oa s to fG ua tema la a nd E lS a lvado r .

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F ig . 3 . 44 R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fL a te P rec la s s ic S ou thea s te rn s e t t lemen t . R ank s ize 1i n c ludes Nueve C e r ro s , B one te , a nd C an ta r rana s i t e st oge the r . T h in l i ne s how s l o g n o rma ld i s t r ibu t ion . P r imo -convex d i s t r ibu t ion s a r e a l so b e l ieved t o b e c ommon i nt h e e a r ly s t age s o fs t a te s o c ie t ie s (W r igh t 1 984 ) . T hu s , i nt h e s c ena r io o f ap r imo -convex s e t t lemen t s y s t em , t h e o r ig ina l p ropo s i t ion t h a t N ueve C e r ro s h ad a c e r ta in d eg ree o fa dm in i s t ra t ive c on t ro l o n U jux te , Ma r ia L inda a nd L a N ueva m ay s t i l l b e s u s ta inab le . O ne o f t h e p o s s ib le i mp l ica t ion s f o r t h e o ccu r rence o fp r imo -convex s e t t lemen t s y s tem s i st h a t t h e se a r e c on s i s ten t w i th d end r i t ic s e t t lemen t s y s tem s i nw h ich s ma l l c en te r s a r e i n teg ra ted p o l i t ica l ly w i th t h e p r ima ry c en te r , w h i le t h e p r ima ry c en te r h a s e xc lu s ive i n te rac t ion sw i th o u t s ide r e g ion s a nd i si nt u rn i n teg ra ted i n to as up ra reg iona l s y s tem ( J ohn son 1 980a ) . E l sewhe re i n Me soame r ica e xamp le s o fs im i la r ly f unc t ion ing g a teway c ommun i t ie s i n d end r i t ic s e t t lemen t s y s tem s h ave b een p ropo sed a tM idd le P rec la s s ic C ha lca tz ingo a nd L a te P rec la s s ic /Ea r ly C la s s ic K am ina l juyü ( H ir th 1 978 , G rove 1 989 , B rown 1 977 ) .

S e t t lemen t I n terac t ion s

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T o t e s t t h e p ropo s i t ion o f w he the r as i te o r s i t e s p a r t ic ipa ted i n as up ra reg iona l s e t t lemen t s y s tem , i t i s p o s s ib le t oe xam ine t h e s ha red s im i la r i t ie s i nt h e a s semb lage s o fn ea rby r eg ion s , l o ok ing f o r p o s s ib le d i rec t l o ng -d is tance i n te rac t ion s . I n as t udy o fU ruk s e t t lemen t , J ohn son ( 1980a ) p ropo sed t h a t s ha r ed p o t te ry s t y le s , s e a ls , a r ch i tec tu re a nd o t he r d i agno s t ic a r t if a c t t y pe s s howed t h a t E a r ly U ruk w a s p a r t o f aw ide r s up ra reg iona l s y s tem t h a t e x tended f a rt ot h e n or th a nd i n to s ou thwe s t e rn I r an t ot h ew es t , c onnec t ing U ruk w i th o t he r r eg iona l c ap i ta l s a st r ade p a r tne r s . H oweve r , t h e s im i la r i t ie s a l one d i d n o t p rov ide h im w i th e nough e v idence t o p rove t h e p ropo r t iona l ly g r ea te r i n t e rac t ion o f U ruk w i th t h e mo re d i s tan ta r ea s .

F ig . 3 . 45 Map o fS ou the rn G ua tema la s how ing t h er e g ion o f L a te P r ec la s s ic P rov idenc ia /M i ra f lo re s I n te rac t ion S phe re a nd l o ca t ion o f s i t e s a nd o b s id ian s ou rce s m en t ioned i nt h e t e x t . I f , a c co rd ing t o t h e s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s a na ly s is n o ted e a r l ie r , S an ta R o sa c en te r s a nd v i l lages w e r e i n t eg ra ted i n ad end r i t ic s y s tem w i th Nueve C e r ro s a s t h e r e g iona l p r ima ry c en t e r , t h e r ef o re s ub sy s tem c en te r s s uch a sU jux te , Ma r ia L inda , a nd L a N ueva may h ave b een t os ome d eg r ee d ependen t o n N ueve C e r ro s a s al i nk t o o u t s ide r e g ion s . E xchange i t em s p roduced t h roughou t t h e r eg ion m ay h ave

I nt h eH igh land sa nd P a c if ic c oa s to fG ua tema la a nd E l S a lvado r , t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic P e r iod i sa l so c ha rac te r ized 5 8

b een c hanne led t h rough N ueve C e r ro s b ef o re t h ey r eached o u t s ide c en t e r s . Nueve C e r ro s w a s l o ca ted i nt h e a l luv ium o f t h e L os E sc lavo s r i ve r n o t f a r f r om t h e o cean a nd s and t empe r w a s a bundan t ly a va i lab le t h e r e . Ma r ia L inda a nd L a N ueva , a l so l o ca ted o n a l luv ia l c l ay s h ad p l en ty o f r i ve r s a nd s . U jux te w a s l o ca ted o n t h e v o lcan ic f oo th i l l s a nd h ad c l o se a cce s s t o v o lcan ic a sh . I n s um , p roduc t ion o f s and t empe red f i ne R ed p o t te ry m ay h ave t a ken p l ace a t Nueve C e r ro s a nd /o r a t Ma r ia L inda a nd L a N ueva , w h i le a sh t empe red p o t te ry w a s p robab ly p rodu ced a tU jux te . Af t e r p roduc t ion , s ome p o t s m ay h ave b een t r an sf e r red t o t h e N ueve C e r ro s e l i te f r om w hom t h ey w e re s ub sequen t ly s en t t o m o re d i s tan t s i te s i n t h e f o rm o f g if t e xchange s . F u r the rmo r e , t h e e xchange o f f i ne ly m ade r ed p o t te ry may h ave s e r ved a s am echan i sm f o r s t a tu s e nhancemen t a nd r i tua l i n t e rac t ion among h i gh rank ing e l i te s o ft h e S ou the rn Maya S phe r e . I n t h i s mode l , t h e L a t e P rec la s s ic d end r i t ic s e t t lemen t s y s tem i n s ou thea s te rn P a c if ic G ua tema la i s c on s i s ten t w i th ap a t te rn o fd i rec t l o ng -d i s tance i n te rac t ion s a mong e me rg ing d om inan t g roup s w i th in h i e ra rch ica l ly o rgan ized s o c ie t ie s o pe ra t ing w i th in a c u l tu ra l ly h omogen eou s r eg ion . Mo reove r , t h i s e v idence p o in t s t ot h e a c t ive r o le p l ayed b y t h e N ueve C e r ro s ' e l i te i n t h e e me rgen ce o fc omp lex s oc ie t ie s i nt h e e a r ly s t age s o f Maya c i v i l iza t ion .

5 9

Chap ter F our

T he C las s ic P er iod . p opu la t ion s i nt h e E a r ly C la s s ic p e r iod t h a t h ave b een l i nked t o t h e c a ta s t roph ic e rup t ion o f t h e I l opango v o lcano c i r ca A .D . 2 60 . B ecau se o ft h e r e la t ive p rox im i ty o fS ou thea s ter n C oa s ta l s i te s t ot h e I l opango v o lcano ( a bou t 1 00 k m ) i ti s p o s s ib le t h a tt h e l o ca l a ppa ren tp opu la t ion d ec l ine m ay b et h e e f f ec t o f t h e s ame d i sa s t rou s e r up t ion t h a t f o r ced a bandonmen t o f w a s ted a r ea s o f w e s t er n a nd c en t ra l E l S a lvado r c a . A .D . 2 60 . Mo re e x t en s ive e x cava t ion s a t S ou thea s ter n C oa s ta l s i te s m ay p rov ide e v idence f o r a s h f a l l t os uppor tt h i sh ypo the s i s . T he M idd le C la s s ic E sc lavo s p ha se , A .D . 4 00 - 6 50 a nd L a te C la s s ic C h iqu imu l i l la p ha se a r e c l ea r ly p e r iod s o f g row th a nd d en se p opu la t ion i n t h e S ou thea s te rn c oa s t . B ecau se o ft h e d if i cu l ty i ni d en t if y ing d i agno s t ic c e ram ic s t h a t s epa ra t e t h e se p ha se s c l ea r ly ( many E sc lavo s t y pe s c on t inue i n to t h e C h iqu imu l i l la p ha se ) , i n t h e f o l low ing d i scu s s ion t h e se t wo M idd le a nd L a t e C la s s ic p ha se s h ave b een c onf la t ed i n to as i ng le p e r iod f r om A .D . 4 50 -900 ( F ig . 4 . 1) . F ur the rmo re , a s n o ted a bove , t h e E a r ly C la s s ic o ccupa t ion u nde r l ie s m a s s ive M idd le a nd L a te C la s s ic c ons t ruc t ion i nm ixed c on tex t s , m ak ing ad e ta i led d i scu s s ion o ft h e n a tu re o fs u ch o ccupa t ion d i ff icu l t ; s o , f o rt h e p u rpo se o f t h i s d i scu s s ion , o n ly t h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic p ha se c omponen t so fe a ch s i te w i l lb e t r ea ted i nd e ta i l .

I n t h i s c hap te r Ip re sen t t h e i n f o rma t ion o n t h e C la s s ic p e r iod s e t t lemen t o rgan ized i nt wo s epa ra te s e c t ion s . T he f i r s t s e c t ion i s as i te c a ta logue w i th d e sc r ip t ion o f l o ca t ion , r e sea r ch h i s to ry , s i te l a you t a nd e xcava t ion d a ta i f a va i lab le . I nt h e s e cond s e c t ion o ft h e c hap te r Id i scu s s t h e d a ta i n ag ene ra l s yn the s i s o f e ach c h rono log ica l p ha se . A mo re g ene ra l s yn the s i s a nd d i scu s s ion o f C la s s ic p e r iod t r end s i sp r e sen ted i nt h e f i na l c hap te r( Chap te r6 ) . T he a na ly s i s o ft h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t p o t te ry h a s l e d u s t ot h e c onc lu s ion t h a t t h e E a r ly C la s s ic O scu ro p ha se p o t te ry , A .D . 2 00 - 4 00 ( F ig . 4 . 1) , w a s n e i the r a bundan t n o r e a sy t o i d en t if y ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . I n p a r t t h i s m ay b e d ue t ot h e f a c t t h a t f o rma l c e ram ic m a rke r s f o r t h e E a r ly C la s s ic a r e h igh ly v a r iab le a c ro s s t h e P ac if ic C oa s t a nd n e ighbo r ing h i gh land s . T he S ou thea s t er n C oa s t p o t te ry s e em s t o l a ck t h e w h i te w a shed A ch igua te c oma /e s a nd g roove l i pped j a r s t h a t a r e f o und i n n e ighbo r ing E scu in t la i nt h e E a r ly C la s s ic , a sd emon s t ra ted b y Med rano 's w o rk ( Med rano 1 992 ; B ove e ta l . 1 992 ) . T he c e ram ic t y pe E sme ra lda F l e sh w h ich p robab ly m ake s i t sa ppea rance i nt h e E a r ly C la s s ic , b u t m ay c on t inue i n to t h e M idd le C la s s ic , i s p re sen t i n o n ly v e ry s ma l l n umbe r s a t S ou thea s ter n C oa s t s i te s . A dd i t iona l ly , i f U su lu tän c e ram ic s p e r s i s t i n S ou thea s ter n C oa s t s i t e s u n t i l A .D . 4 00 a s t h ey d o a t C ha lchuapa ( Sha re r 1 978 ) a nd S an ta L e t ic ia ( Dema r e s t 1 986 ; D ema r e s t a nd S ha re r 1 986 ) i nE l S a lvado r , t h en w e m ay b e u nde r r ep r e sen t ing t h e E a r ly C la s s ic p opu la t ion , o r e ven m i s iden t f iy ing s ome T e rm ina l P rec la s s ic p o t te ry t h a t m ay h ave b een m anuf a c tu r ed w e l l i n to t h e E a r ly C la s s ic p e r iod ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . A l ter na t ive ly , t h e e nd o f t h e L a te P rec la s s ic p e r iod a bou t A .D . 2 00 m ay a c tua l ly m a rk t h e b eg inn ing o f a p ha se o f d r a s t ic p opu la t ion c on t ra c t ion t h a t l a s ted u n t i l a bou t A .D . 4 00 o n t h e S ou thea s ter nC oa s t . E a r ly C la s s ic p o t te ry i nt e s t p i t e xcava t ion s a tt h e s i te o fC an ta r rana , i sc onf ined t om ixed d epo s i t s t h a t i n c lude u ns l ipped o rr e d s l ipped , e ve r ted w ide r im j a r s w i th f i nge r t ip i mp re s s ion s a nd monoch rome b l ack b a sa l f l ange b ow ls w i th r i ng b a se s , ( s ee A ppend ix 3 ) . S im i la rv e s se l f o rm sh ave b een f ound i n s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s f r om B one te , L o s C e r r i to s , T a lpe ta te , Maneade ro , D u razno a nd L a N ueva . I ti sl i ke ly , g i ven t h e p r e sence o f t h e se E a r ly C la s s ic v e s se l f o rm s i n m ixed d epo s i t s w i th l a te r c e ram ic s , t h a t f u r the r e xcava t ion w i th in t h e s e t t lemen t a r ea o f L a Maqu ina , C an ta r rana , L a N ueva a nd o t he r s i te s w i l l p rov ide e v idence o f p u re E a r ly C la s s ic c on s t ruc t ion e p i sode s . H oweve r , a tt h e momen t t h e e v idence p o in t s t o ar a the r s pa r se o ccupa t ion t h roughou t t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t d u r ing t h e E a r ly C la s s ic , mo s t ly a ts i t e s t h a t r e ach p eak s i ze i n t h e f o l low ing p e r iod , t h e M idd le C la s s ic E sc lavo s p ha se . P opu la t ion c on t rac t ion d u r ing t h e E a r ly C la s s ic h a sb een n o ted b y S hook ( 1965 )t h roughou tt h e w e s ter nP a c if i c C oa s ta nd Wauchope a nd B ond ( 1989 ) i nt h e a r ea o fA sunc ion M i ta , i mmed ia te ly n o r th o ft h e S ou thea s t er n C oa s t s t udy a r ea . S u rvey s o fw e s ter na nd c en t ra l E l S a lvado r b y S hee t s ( Zapo t i tän V a l ley , 1 983 ) a nd F ow le r a nd E ar n e s t ( Pa ra i so V a l ley , 1 985 ) h ave a l so r eg i s te red d ra s t ica l ly l ow

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F ig . 4 . 1 C h rono log ica l c ha r to ft h e S ou thea s t e rn C oa s ta nd a d jacen tr e g ion s . An umbe r o f s i te s p roduced T eo t ihua can s ty le s l ab t r ipod f e e t , a nd an umbe r o f P e ten s t y le p o lych rome s m ake t h e i r a ppea r ance a tt h i s t i me , a l though t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty o f c e ram ic t y pe sa r e c l ea r ly i n al o ca l c oa s ta ls t y le ( Ko sakow sky 6 0

a nd E s t r ada B e l l i 1 997 ) . T he r e a r e s ome e xamp le s o f T iqu i sa te , r e d r immed T iqu isa te , a nd p o t te ry o ft h e P e rd ido G roup , a l g ood c e ram ic m a rke r s f o r t h i s t ime p e r iod i n n e ighbo r ing E scu in t la . I n s tead , t h e r e a r e l a rge a moun t s o f b ur n ished o r ange p o t te ry , p e rhap s t h e l o ca l e qu iva len t o f T iqu i sa te , m onochrome b l a ck s w i th c r ude i n c i s ing , a nd b u rn i shed m onoch rome r ed s , o ccu r r ing o n v e s se l f o rm s t h a t i n c lude p ede s ta l b a se b ow l s w i th b a sa l r i dge s o r b reak s , s imp le r o und s i ded b ow l s , a nd c y l inde r s . T he re a r e n ume rou s f i l le ted u n s l ipped j a r s w i th e ve r ted r im s , s ome o f w h ich h ave at h in r ed w a sh o n t h e r im , s im i la r t ob o th t h e F i rpo G roup a nd t h e R ecue rdo s G roup p o t te ry r e po r ted b y P a r son s ( 1 969 ) f r om t h e M idd le C la s s ic L agune ta C omp lex a tB i lbao . A dd i t iona l ly , c r ude u n s l ipped r e d r immed b ow l s s im i la r i n f o rm t o E spe ranza Mud a t K am ina l juyu (We the r ing ton 1 978 ) a nd F avo r i ta Mud a tB i lbao ( Pa r son s 1 969 )a r ep r e sen ti nl a rge n umbe r s . A s n o ted e a r l ie r , s ome o f t h e c e ram ic t y pe s i d en t if ied a sf i r s t a ppea r ing i nt h e p r eced ing M idd le C la s s ic m ay c on t inue i n u se i n to t h e L a t e C la s s ic , A .D . 6 50 - 8 50 ( Ko sakow s l cy a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . T h i s i sp a r t icu la r ly t r ue f o r t h e u n s l ipped t y pe s s u ch a sj a r s s im i la r t ot h e F i rpo a nd R ecue rdo s G roup s P a r son s 1 969 ) . T he a ppea rance o f

v e ry l a rge , c rude u n s l ipped b a s in s s im i la r t o G o lon P onde rou s a t B i lbao ( Pa r son s 1 969 ) s e em s t o b e ag ood m a rke r f o r t h e L a te C la s s ic , a s d oe s t h e p r e sence o f p lumba te , a l though i to ccu r s o n ly i n s ma l l n umbe r s o n t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t . P ede s ta l -ba sed b ow l s i n monoch rome o range s a nd b lack s v i r tua l ly d i sappea r i n f a vo r o f t a l l c y l ind r ica l v e s se l s , a nd w h i le l a rge e ver ted r im b a s in s c on t inue i n u se , t h e r e i sa l so a g r ea te r f r equency o f t a l l n ecked j a r s . S u rf ace f i n i she s o n t h e se L a te C la s s ic c e ram ic s a r e s im i la r t o t h e M idd le C la s s ic . P o lych rome p o t te ry i s p re sen t i nv ery s ma l l n umbe r s i n c lud ing s he rd s t h a ta r e P e ten s t y le , C opado r , a nd U lua p o lych rome s , a l though a tt h i s p o in t w e d o n o t k now i f t h ey a r e l o ca l c op ie s o r i mpor t s . R e la t ive ly h i ghe rq uan t i t ie s o fC opado r s ty le v e s se l s o ccu r i n t h e L a N ueva a r ea , a nd a r e e ven mo re c ommon a t n e ighbo r ing s i tes a c ro s s t h e P az r i ve r i nw e s te rn E l S a lvado r ( Beaud ry 1 984 , B i shop e ta l . 1 986 ) . T he p r e sence o fP e ten s t y le p o lych rome s a tC an ta r rana , B one te , a nd L o s C e r r i to s m ake s t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t o ne o f t h e s ou the rnmo s t r eg ions w i th p o t te ry o ft h i s s t y le ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) .

F ig . 4 . 2 Map o ft h e s ou thea s ter nc oa s ts how ing M idd le -La te C la s s ic s e t t lemen t sa nd p u ta t ive p o l i t ie s . R ed l i ne s i n d ica te o ld c hanne l so ft h e E sc lavo sr i ve rn ea rL a Maqu ina . S haded z one s i n d ica te 1k m d i s tance i n te rva l s f r om l a rge c en te r s . C e iba p ha se ( F ig . 4 . 2 ) . T he se a r e g rouped i n to l a rge c en te r s , s ma l l c en te r s , a nd v i l lage s . L a rge c en te r s h ave a c en t ra l a c ropo l i s p l a tf o rm , p y ram ida l s upe r s t ruc tu re s a nd o t he r b u i ld ing s , a nd u sua l ly i n c lude ar ange s t ruc tu re f a c ing ap l aza

S even ty s i x s e t t lemen t s h ave b een i d en t if ied i nt h i s p e r iod a nd a ppea rt ob e o rgan ized i n at h r ee t ie r ed h i e ra r chy , i n ap a t t e r n s im i la r t o t h a t o b se rved f o r t h e L a te P rec la s s ic 6 1

t ot h e n o r th ( s ee S hook 1 965 f o rt h e s ame p a t tern t h roughou t t h e P ac if ic c oa s t ) . Sma l l c en te r s h ave a s ma l le r s i t e a r ea , f ewe rs t ruc tu re s , a nd i n c lude c i v ic /ce r emon ia l s t ruc tu r e s a l so . T he se s i te s a r e o f t en l o ca ted a t s ome d i s tance f r om l a rge c en te r s t owa rd s t h e m a rg in s o f t h e p o s tu la ted p o l i ty 's t e r r i to ry ( e .g . t h e l o ca t ion o f L o s C e r r i to s a nd L imone s i n r e la t ion t o L a Maqu ina , s e e b e low ) . V i l lage s l a ck c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a nd a r e f o rmed b y f ew s t ruc tu r e s a r ranged i n an uc lea ted s e t t lemen t a nd a r e w ide ly s c a t te r ed o nt h e l a nd scape ( F ig . 4 . 3 ) .

S i te D e scr ip t ions L arge C en ter s

S i te : L a Maqu ina L oca t ion : o n a l luv ia l s o i l s 9k m s ou th o fL o s C e r r i to s , 1k m f r om t h e N ueve C er ro s c i v ic /ce remon ia l c o r e . I ti sl o ca ted n ea r a bandoned c hanne ls o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r a bou t 7k m f r om t h e o cean . T he s i t e c en te r i ss u r rounded o n t h e n or th , s ou th a nd w e s t s i de s b y al a goon ( po s s ib ly a r t if ic ia l ) . T he s e t t lemen t e x tend s t o n ea rby p l a tf o rm s o f B one te a nd C an ta r rana t h a t m ay b e c on s ide red p a r t o f t h e L a Maqu ina s e t t lemen ta r ea ( F ig . 4 . 9 ) . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 884 15 E , 1 537942 N R e search H i s tory : T erme r ( 1948 ) f i r s t v i s i ted t h i s a r ea r epor t ing t h r ee c o lo ssa l h ead s cu lp tu re s f r om S an ta C la ra , t h e f o rme rn ame o ft h e L a Maqu ina r a nch p roper ty . S i te b u i l t a rea : 5 9440 .00 m2 S ite t ota l area : /4 ,4 9 1 hpot 4 , ./ 1 . •• •

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F ig . 4 . 3 H i s tog ram o fM idd le -La te C la s s ic s e t t lemen ts i ze i n t h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s t .

F ig . 4 . 4 S i t ep l an a nd a e r ia l v i ew o ft h ec en t ra l a r ea o fL a Maqu ina . T he a c ropo l i s , c ove red b y l ow v ege ta t ion , i sa tt h e c en te r , w i th ab a l l c ou r tt ot h e s ou thea s ta nd ar ow o f p y ram id m ound s a nd ar a nge s t ruc tu re s t ot h en o r th . T ot h e s ou th a r e s ome v e ry l a rge r a nge s t ruc tu re s s epa ra ted b y a r t if ic ia lr e se rvo i r s .

6 2

T he c en te r o f L a Maqu ina i ss u r rounded b y l ow s t ruc tu re s , m o s to fa ppa ren tr e s iden t ia ln a tu r e , e x tend ing o ve r a3k m r a d iu s i na l d i rec t ion s , e xcep t f o r t h e w e s t , p r e sen t ly c ove r ed i ns wamp land . T he m app ing o fa l v i s ib le s t ruc tu re m ound s w i th in a7 k m2 a r ea a round t h e a c ropo l i s s how s a n a r ea o fr e la t ive ly h igh d en s i ty o f s t ruc tu re s n ea r t h e c en te r ( F ig . 4 . 9 ) . S t ruc tu re s a r e mo re n uc lea ted i n t h e a r ea i mmed ia te ly a r ound t h e a c ropo l i s a nd n ea r al a rge b end i nt h e E sc lavo sr i ve r , a nd a r e mo re d i spe r sed t ot h en or th a nd s ou th . T he a r ea t h u s d ef ined b y t h e mo re n uc lea t ed s t ruc tu re s e nc lo se st h e i n ne rs e t t lemen tc ommun i ty ,b eyond w h ich i st h e s omewha t d i s t inc t o u te r c ommun i ty o r p e r iphe ry , w i th s t ruc tu re s m o r e w ide ly s paced a nd /o r a r ranged i n s epa ra te p a t io -g roup s . T h ree m a jo r p l a tf o rm l o c i a r e l o ca ted i nt h e n or th , e a s t a nd s ou th p e r iphe r ie s . T he e a s te rn p l a tf o rm m ea su re s 5m o n e ach s i de a nd 4 m i n h e igh t a nd i st h e c l o se s t t ot h e a c ropo l is . C e ram ic s f ound o n t h e s u rf a ce o f t h i s p e r iphe ra l p l a tf o rm i n c luded r e la t ive ly h i gh n umbe r s o f f i ne ( l oca l p o lych rome ) a nd u t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry s ugge s t ing t h a t i tm ay h ave s uppo r ted e l i te r e s idence s . T he c ompo s i t ion o f t h e s amp le o f m apped s t ruc tu re s i n t h e r e s iden t ia l a r ea , e xc lud ing t h e d i s t inc t ive a c ropo l i s s t ruc tu r e a nd af ew o t he r l a rge p l a tf o rm s o f p o s s ib le mu l t ip le f u nc t ion , i s r a the r h e te rogeneou s ( F ig . 4 . 6 ) . S t ruc tu re s r a nge i ns i ze f r om v e ry s ma l l ( 30 m2)t o v e ry l a rge ( 2200 m2) . Mo s t s t ruc tu r e s a r e s ma l l t om ed ium i ns i ze ( f rom 5 0 t o4 00 m2) ,w h i le t h e re a r e a l so a n umbe r o f l a rge s t ruc tu re s ( 400 -900 m2)b u t o n ly a h andf u l o fv e ry l a rge p l a tf o rms ( 900 -2200 m2) . T he a ve rage s i ze o fs t ruc tu re s s e em s t o i n d ica te ar e la t ive ly h i gh n umbe r o f m ed ium a nd l a rge s t ruc tu re s c ompa red w i th o t he r s e t t lemen t s ( s ee b e low , L aN ueva ) . S ome o ft h e m ed ium a nd l a rge s t ruc tu re s c an p o s s ib ly b e i n te rp re ted a s " e l i te" s t r uc tu r e sb ecau se o ft h e i rn a r row e l onga ted s hape , t h u s mo re s u i ted t os i ng le l a rge s upe r s t ruc tu re s r a the rt h an p a t io g roup s . H igh r a t io s o ff i ne ( T iqu isa te /Pe rd ido G roup s ) v s . u t i l i ta r ian p o t te ry w e re f o und o n t h e s u rf ace o ft h e se m ound s . T he v e ry b road p l a tf o rm s i nt h i s s amp le , o n t h e o t he r h and , a r e mo re s u i ted t os uppo r tp a t io g roup s .

S i te L ayou t : T he s i te 's m a in g roup i sc en te r ed o n a n a c ropo l i s l i ke p l a tf orm t h a t m ea su re s 1 27 m i nl e ng th , 7 1 m i nw id th a nd 1 0mi nh e igh t ( F ig . . 4 . 4 , 4 . 5 ) . W i th av o lume o f7 9 ,640 m 3 , t h i s i s t h e l a rge s t s i ng le p reh i s to r ic s t ruc tu re i n t h e ' S ou thea s ter n c oa s t s u rvey r e g ion . I ts uppo r t s a7m h i gh p y ram id o n i t s c en te r a nd a no the r , 3 m h igh o n t h e e a s ter n s i de ( F ig . 4 . 4 , 4 . 5 ) . O n e ach s i de o f t h e p l a tf o rm a r e l ow r ange s t ruc tu re s a nd o n t h e s ou thern s i de t h e re may h ave b een a5 0 mw ide s t a i rway , s t i l l v i s ib le , a l be i t e r oded . Two 7 m h i gh p y ram id s a nd t wo 3 0 ml o ng r ange s t ruc tu re s l i e a t a bou t 5 0 mn or th o ft h e p l a tf o rm , a nd a pp rox ima te ly a l igned t o i t s l o ng s i de . A 2 0 m l o ng r ange s t ruc tu re f o l low s t h e s ame a l ignmen t t o t h e e a s t . T o t h e n o r th i sa no the r r a nge s t ruc tu r e r ough ly o f f se t f r om t h e o t herw ise r egu la r 2 3° a l ignmen t o fa l l o t he r s t ruc tu r e s i nt h e c omp lex . F u r the r t o t h e n o r th s t and s a no the r 7m h i gh p y ram id , w h i le o n t h e e a s t i sa n e nc lo sed p a t io g roup f o rmed b yt wo r a nge s t ruc tu re s 3 0 a nd 4 5m i n l e ng th , c onnec ted b y l ow w a l ls a t e ach e nd ; p o s s ib ly a c l o se -ended b a l l -cou r t . A 3 2 m l o ng r a nge s t ruc tu r ei sl o ca ted o r thogona lt ot h is g roup t ot h en o r th .

F ig . 4 . 5 T h ree -d imen s iona lv i ew o fL a Maqu ina , b a sed o n t h e 1 995 m ap , s how ing t h e a c ropo l i s a nd a s soc ia ted b u i ld ing s . I nt h ef o reg round i st h e s wamp t h a te nc i rc le st h e s i te -cen t e ro nt h es ou th , w e s ta nd n o r th .

h i s tog ram o fL aI V l aqu ina r e s id en t ia im ound s 6 3

C e ram ic c o l lec t ion s f r om t h e se s t ruc tu re s d a te t h e f i na l o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i t e t ot h e L a t e C la s s ic p e r iod ( A .D . 6 50 -900 ) . T he s i te w a s a l so o ccup ied i nt h e E a r ly ( A .D . 2 50 400 ) a nd M idd le ( A .D . 4 00 -650 ) C la s s ic p e r iod s a nd p a r t s o fi ti nt h eL a te P rec la s s ic ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 2 50 ) , a s w e l l . I t w a s n o t p o s s ib le t o i n ve s t iga te e a r l ie r o ccupa t ion s b y e xcava t ion , t h e ref o re o u r o n ly a venue o fa s se s s ing t h e e x t en t o fp r io ro ccupa t ion s i st h rough t h e u se o ft h e s u rf ace p o t te ry c oun t s , ( F ig . 4 . 7 , 4 . 8 , 4 . 9 , s e e a l so L a te P r ec la s s ic map F ig . 3 . 20 ) . I ta ppea r s f r om t h ep e r cen tage so fs u rf ace p o t te ry t h a t t h e M idd le C la s s ic p e r iod w a s t h e t ime o f max imum e xpan s ion o f t h e p opu la t ion a nd s e t t lemen t w i th in t h e L a Maqu ina a r ea , w h i le a n i n i t ia l r e la t ive ly s ub s tan t ia l o ccupa t ion e x i s ted i nt h e L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p ha se . Af t e r t h e e nd o f t h e C la s s ic p e r iod b y t h e P o s tc la s s ic U xuna I x caf lo r e s p ha se s , v e ry f ew s t ruc tu r e s a t t h e s i te w e r e r eoccup ied b y as ma l lp opu la t ion .

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1 V i o und # F ig . 4 . 7 D i s t r ibu t ion o fp o t te ry c oun t sb yt i me p e r iod a nd b ym ound ( 165 m ound s )w i th in t h e 7k m2 s e t t lemen ta r ea o fL a Maqu ina , i n c lud ing t h e s t ruc tu re so fB one te a nd C an ta r rana .

F ig . 4 . 8 S u rf a ce s he rd p e rcen tage sb yp ha se i nt h e 7k m2 a r ea o ft h e L a Maqu ina s e t t lemen t , i n c lud ing B one te a nd C an ta r rana . 6 4

F ig . 4 . 9 Map o ft h e L a Maqu ina s e t t lemen ta r ea ( 7 km2 ) i n c lud ing a l l s t ruc tu re sw i th M idd le -La te C la ss ic p e r iod p o t te ry o nt h e s u rf ace .

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Two t e s t p i t s w e r e e xcava ted i n 1 995 o n p e r iphe ra l s t ruc tu r e se a s ta nd s ou th o ft h e L a Maqu ina a c ropo l i s . T he se e xcava t ion s r e vea led h ou se f l oo r s a nd m idden l e ve l s o fL a te P r ec la s s ic t oL a te C la s s ic d a te ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 9 00 ) a sw e l l a s t h ree b u r ia l s a s soc ia ted w i th h ou se f l oo r s d a ted t o t h e M idd le a nd L a te C la s s ic p e r iod s( A .D . 4 50 - A .D . 9 00 ) ( F ig . 4 . 10 , 4 . 11) •

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T h ree a dd i t iona l t e s t p i t s w e re e xcava t ed i n t h e C an ta r rana a r ea , e a s t o f t h e a c ropo l i s i n 1 996 . T he e xcava t ion o ft h e l a rge s t mound i nt h i s a r ea , Mound 2 ( F ig . 4 . 12 ) , s howed s i x c on s t ruc t ion p ha se s i nw h ich t h e i n i t ia l 1m h i gh p l a tf orm w a s e l eva ted i nI ma nd a bou t 0 . 5 ms u cce s s ive i n c r emen t s t o ap robab le f i na l h e igh t o fo ve r 5m e te r s ( F ig . 4 . 15 ) . E ro s ion h a s r emoved t h e t o p l e ve l s o f t h e m ound r e su l t ing i n ap r e sen t -day h e igh t o f a bou t 4 . 5 m . E ach c on s t ruc t ion p ha se w a s i d en t if ied b y ac l ay f l oo r , b u t n o f u r the r a s soc ia ted f e a tu re s w e re n o t iceab le i n t h e se l e ve l s . T e s tp i t2 1 e xpo sed t h e s t ra t ig raphy o f as hor t l ived m ound i n w h ich o n ly t wo c on s t ruc t ion p ha se s w e re i d en t if ied ( F ig . 4 . 13 ) . I n t h e s e cond p ha se ( t he l a te s t ) ac l ay f l oo r w a s a s soc ia ted w i th a t r a sh p i t i n w h ich m any l a rge c e ram ic f r agmen t s w e re r e cove red , mo s t ly d i agno s t ic o f t h e M idd le C la s s ic p e r iod ( A .D . 4 00 -650 ) . T he e a r l ie r p ha se a l so y i e lded m a te r ia l o ft h e s ame p e r iod . I nt e s t p i t 2 2 o fm ound 3 ,u pt os even c on s t ruc t ion p ha se sw e re i d en t if ied ( F ig . 4 . 14 ) . T he se i n c luded s ome w e l l d ef ined c l ay o r s a ndy c l ay f l oo r s w i th a s soc ia t ed m idden d epo s i t s ( pha se s 4a nd 5 ) , f i r e p i t s a nd b u rned s u rf ace a r ea s ( pha se s 1 ,2 ,3 ,a nd 4 ) , a nd ab u r ia l ( San ta R o sa b u r ia l 7 ; T p 2 2 p ha se 4 ) . M idd le C la s s ic c e ram ic a r t if ac t s w e re r e cove red f r om a l t h e c on tex t s a nd p ha se s ( Tp 2 0 p ha se 1 6 , T p 2 1 p ha se 1 2 , a nd T p 2 2 , p ha se 1 7 ) w i th in t h i s a r ea o ft h e s i te . T h i s m a t e r ia l i n c lude s l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fo range /c ream t y pe s p e rhap s r e la ted s t y l i s t ica l ly t ot h e f i ne r T iqu isa te s t y le p o t te ry o ft h e M idd le C la s s ic i n E scu in t la ( Med rano 1 995 ) , a nd t r ipod s l ab f e e tr em in i scen to f T eo t ihua can inf luenced s t y le s a l so c ommon e l sewhe r e o n t h e c oa s to fG ua tema la i nt h e M idd le C la s s ic .

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I na dd i t ion , t h e e xcava t ion s a nd t h e r e co rd ing o fa r oad c u t s e c t ion o ft h e B one te mound w e re a l so c onduc t ed i n 1 996 . T h i s i s a1 00m w ide a nd 1 3m h i gh mound l o ca t ed a t t h e n o r ther n e dge o ft h e L a Maqu ina /Can ta r rana s e t t led a r ea ( F ig . 4 . 9 ) . A f ew m e te r s e a s t o f t h e mound i sa n a nc ien t c ou r se o ft h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r , w h ich w a s p robab ly a c t ive a tt h e t ime i nw h ich t h e s i t e w a s o ccup ied . A cco rd ing t ot h e m app ing a nd s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s o f 1 995 , t h e B one te m ound w a s c ompo sed o f a6m h i gh t r apezo ida l p l a tf o rm t h a t s uppo r ted i n i t s c en te r a7 m h igh e a r then p y ram id . T he c en t ra l b u i ld ing a ppea r ed t o h ave b een e nc i rc led b y l owe r r i se s o n t h e s ou th a nd w e s t s i de s o f t h e p l a tf o rm t h a t p robab ly r e p r e sen t l ow s t ruc tu re e a r then p la tf o rm s . T he s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s s howed t h a t t h e o ccupa t ion o ft h e m ound s panned t h e L a te P rec la s s ic ( 400 B .C . -200 A .D . ) t h rough C la s s ic p ha se s( A .D . 2 00-900 ) .

F ig . 4 . 14 C an ta r rana t e s tp i t2 2 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fs he rd c oun t s b y l e ve l a nd b yp ha se .

T e s t p i t 2 3 ( 1x2 m ) w a s e xcava ted a tt h e m idpo in t l o ca t ion o ft h e 1I m h i gh r oad c u t s e c t ion o ft h e mound lo f B one te . I t w a s o r ien t ed e a s t -we s t a nd a d jacen t t o t h e 6 7

s ou the rn r oad c u t s e c t ion ( F ig . 4 . 16 , 4 . 17 ) . T he e xcava t ion s t a r ted a tt h e r oad l e ve l t h a tp a r t ia l ly d i s tu rbed l e ve l 6o ft h e m ound . I nt h e s t ra t ig raph ic s e quence o ft e s t p i t 2 3 t h e re a r e 6 1 w e l l s t ra t if ied l e ve l s o fa l te rna t ing m ed ium to -coa r se s a nd f l oo r s a nd c l ay f i l l l a ye r s r e p re sen t ing t h e f i r s t 6 1 c on s t ruc t ion e p i sode s o ft h e m ound . T he se l e ve l s r ange i n t h ickne s s f r om 5 c m t o4 0 c m , t h e m a jo r i ty o fw h ich a r e i n t h e l owe r e nd o ft h e r a nge ( 5 -20 c m ) a nd o n ly 4 l e ve l s ( 48 , 5 4 , 5 5 , 5 6 ) f a l l i nt h e u ppe r e nd ( 30 -40 c m t h ickne s s ) o ft h e r a nge . T he e a r l ie r c l ay f i l l l e ve ls ( 48 , 5 4 , 5 , 5 6 ) a ppea r t o b e t h e t h icke s t . N o a s soc ia t ed f e a tu re s w e r e n o t iceab le o n t h e s u rf ace o f t h e f l oo r s , a l though l e ve l 5 3 i n c luded l a rge a moun t s o fc ha r coa l b i t s . T he e a r l ie s t l e ve l ( l eve l 5 6 ) r e s t s o n s t e r i le s o i l , 1 0 c m i n to t h e p r e sen t -day w a te r t a b le , w h ich w a s r ea ched a t ad ep th o f6 . 45 m f r om t h e t e s t p i t 's d a tum .

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t h e f l a t topped m ound s how s a n e x ten s ive 1 8mw ide a r ea o f c ha rcoa l a nd a she s t h a t c en te r s o n a4 . 2m w ide s ha l low p i t , o ve r w h ich i s a7 0 c m t h ick l a ye r o f b ur ned r e dd ish d aub . T h i s l a s t e p i sode o f e x ten s ive b u rn ing i n t h e p l a tf o rm 's c en te r m a rk s ac hange i nt h e p l a tf o rm 's l a you t i nt h a t i nt h e s ucce s s ive l e ve l s ac en t ra l e a r then m ound i sb u i l t o n t h e t o p o f t h e p l a tf o rm w i th i n c r ea sed h e igh t a nd a s t eepe r s l ope , w h i le t h e o u te r s i de s o ft h e p l a tf o rm a r e s haped i nv e r t ica l s t ep s f o l lowed b y as l op ing t a lud ( on ly v i s ib le o n t h e e a s t s i de ) . L a te r , i nl e ve l 2 ,t h e w ho le e a s te rn s i de o ft h e c en t ra l p y ram id w a s s t r ipped , c u t t ing t h rough s e ven e a r l ie r p ha se s , a nd ag en t le s l op ing s i de w a s l a id . F i na l ly , i nt h e l a s t p ha se o fc on s t ruc t ion ( mound l e ve l 1 ) , a n e ven g en t le r s l ope a nd a w ide r a r ea w e r e a dded t o t h e s i de s o f t h e c en t ra l e a r then p y ram id t h a tn ow r e ached 7 m i nh e igh to n t o p o ft h e 6 mh i gh p l a tf o rm . I n t h e f i na l p ha se , t h i s s t ruc tu r e w a s t h e h i ghe s t p o in t i nt h e l a nd scape w i th in a3 k m r a d iu s , s u rpa s sed o n ly b yt h ep y ram id o nt h e t op o ft h e L a Maqu ina a c ropo l i sw h ich a t1 7mi nh e igh t , i st h e h ighe s t p o in t w i th in a n 1 k m m e t e r r ad iu s . A s i st h e c a se w i th t h e L a Maqu ina a c ropo l i s , t h e c en t ra l p y ram id o fB one te i ss u r rounded b y l owe r s t ruc tu re s o nt h e e dge s o ft h ep l a tf orm ( F ig . 4 . 9 ) .

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T h ree l a rge h ead monumen t s ( 56 -84 c m h i gh ) w e re f ound a tL a Maqu ina b y T e rme r ( 1948 p l . XXV 1 3 ) a nd l a t e r a l so d e sc r ibed b y P a r son s ( 1986 F ig . 1 97 , 1 98 , 1 99 ) . B o th s cho la r s r epor t t h e se monumen t s f r om " F inca S an ta C la ra , S an ta R o sa" , w h ich i st h e e a r l ie r n ame f o r t h e p l ace n ow n amed " F inca L a Maqu ina" t h e c a t t le r a nch i nw h ich t h e L a Maqu ina s i te i s l o ca ted . T oday , t h e m onumen t s a r e r e por ted ly h ou sed i nt h e F i nca L a Maqu ina h ou se . I ns t y le , t h e se s omewha t e r oded monumen t s a r e v ague ly r em in i scen t o f C o tzuma lguapa s t y le s cu lp tu r e . Monumen t 1( Pa r son s 1 986 , F ig . 1 97 ) r e p re sen t s am a le h ead ( 84 c m h i gh ) w i th d eep ly c a rved e ye o rb i t s a nd w r ink led m ou th c on tou r s , s im i la r t o t h o se o f a Mex ican O ld G od . Monumen t 2a l so f e a tu re s ah uman f a ce w i th o u t l ined e ye s , w r ink le s a r ound t h e mou th , a nd e a r s poo l s ( Pa r son s 1 986 , F i g . 1 98 ; 5 6 c m h i gh ) . A s im i la r b u t s l igh t ly mo re e l abo ra te e xamp le o f O ld G od h ead i sE l B au l Monumen t 3( Thomp son 1 948 : F ig . 1 0d ) . Two v e ry s im i la r e xamp le s o ft h i s s c u l tp tu re a tC opän h ave b een i d en t i f ied a sP auhua tun s o rs kybea re r s a nd a r e b e l ieved t ob e s ymbo l s o fk i ng sh ip ( " bea re r s o ft h e m a t t h rone" ; F a sh 1 99 1 : 1 60 -5 , F ig . 1 04 -5 ) . ) . T he much w ide r Monumen t 3 f e a tu r e s l a rge f a ng s a nd mu s tache t h a t a r e r em in iscen t o f a " T la loc" m ou th a cco rd ing t oP a r son s ( 1986 , F i g . 1 99 ; h e igh t 5 8 c m ) . F ina l ly , P a r son s ( 1986 : F ig . 7 8 ) r e po r t s a7 5 c m h i gh f e l ine h ead f r om S an ta C la ra , a nd a s ma l l ( 3 5 c m d i ame te r ) h ead s phe r e ( Pa r son s 1 986 : F ig . 4 5 ) . T e rme r ( 1948 :523 ) a l so r e po r ted a s cu lp tu re o f a" c rocod i le f o lded o n i t s e lf ' a nd a s t one d i sh w i th t h e s i de s d eco ra ted w i th a " baby -f ace" , t h a t w e re t r an spo r t ed f r om S an ta C la ra , t h e H ac ienda t h a t a tt h a t t ime i n c luded L a Maqu ina a nd N ueve C e r ro s , t ot h e c ab i ldo i nC h iqu imu l i l la w he r e h es aw t h em .

F ig . 4 . 17 P rof i le o fT p2 3 i nt h e i n ne rc o r eo fB one te p l a tf orm . S i x ty o ne c on s t ruc t ion e p i sode sa r ed i sce rn ib le . T o ta l d ep th i s6 . 45 m ( d raw ing b yJ ohn S chu l tz ) . D i scu s s ion o fs t ra t ig raphy . T he r e co rd ing o ft h e s ou the rn s e c t ion o ft h e B one te mound a nd t h e e xcava t ion s o ft h ree t e s t p i t s w i th in i t s c o r e h ave s hown t h e v e ry c omp lex c on s t ruc t ion h i s to ry o f t h is p l a tf orm , t h a t c on t ra s t s w i th t h e l e s s c omp lex s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e o t he r , s ma l le r , m ound s t e s t ed i n t h e L a Maqu ina s e t t lemen t a r ea . I n a l , 8 3 s epa ra te c on s t ruc t ion e p isode s w e re r e co rded i nt h e m ound 's c o re , o ft h e se , t h e e a r l ie s t 6 1 w e re r e co rded i nT p2 3 , T p2 4 a nd T p 2 5 a nd t h e l a te r l a ye r s w e r e r e co rded i n a n 11 m h igh a nd 1 04 m l o ng s e c t ion e xpo sed b y r oad c on s t ruc t ion . A cco rd ing t o c h rono log ica l a s se s smen t sb a sed o nt h e c e ram ics r e cove r ed , l e ve l s 6 1 t o5 0 d a te t ot h e L a te P rec la s s ic p e r iod ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 2 00 ) . A t t h e e nd o ft h is p e r iod t h e mound w a s 3 . 60m h i gh . L eve l s 5 0 t o 8d a te t ot h e E a r ly a nd M idd le C la s s ic p e r iod s ( A .D . 2 00 6 50 ) , w h i le l e ve l s 9t o 1d a te t ot h e L a te C la s s ic p e r iod ( A .D . 6 50 -900 ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e s t ra t ig raphy , i n t h e f i r s t c on s t ruc t ion p ha se ( La t e P rec la s s ic ) , t h e m ound w a s s haped a s aw ide a nd l ow f l a t topped p l a tf o rm t h a t s uppo r ted p e r i shab le s t ruc tu r e s o n a5 -20 c m t h ick s andy f l oo r t h a t r e s ted o n a5t o4 0 c m t h ick c l ayey f i l l . P e r i shab le s t ruc tu re s m ay h ave b een a r rang ed i n ac ou r tya rd l a you t a tt h i s t ime l e av ing t h e c en te r o ft h e p l a tf orm e mp ty . D u r ing t h e f i r s t 4 c on s t ruc t ion e p isode s o n ly l e ve l 5 3 i n c luded l a rge a moun t s o f c ha r coa l t h a t m igh t i n d ica te a c en t ra l f i re a r ea i n t h e c ou r tya rd . I n l e ve l 2 8 an ine t ie red s t epped f r on tage w a s b u i l t o n t h e s ou ther n s i de o f t h e m ound , t h e o n ly s u ch e xamp le i n t h e B one te s equence , a nd i n a l o f t h e s ou thea s ter n c oa s t . T he u ppe r f l oo r o ft h i s s t epped p l a tf o rm w a s l a te r d i s tu rbed b y f e a tu res ( 24 a nd 2 5 ) o f l e ve l 6 5 t h a t o b l i te ra ted i t s e a s te rn s i de . I n l e ve l 5t h e l e ve led s u rf ace o f

D i scus s ion o fL a Maqu ina T he s i te o fL a Maqu ina c on s i s t so f al a rge a c ropo l i s , t h e l a rge s t i n t h e s ou thea s ter n c oa s t , ab a l l -cour t , s eve ra l c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s i n c lud ing t h e l a rg e p l a tf o rm s o f 7 0

B one t e a nd C an ta r rana , a nd a r e s iden t ia l a r ea o f a bou t 7 km2 . T he s e t t lemen t i s h i gh ly n uc lea ted i n t h e a r ea i mmed ia t e ly s u r round ing t h e a c ropo l i s , w he re t h e h ighe s t c oncen t ra t ion o fl a rge r ange s t ruc tu re s a nd s ma l l r e s iden t ia l p l a tf o rm s o ccu r s . S t ruc tu re s f u r the r f r om t h e a c ropo l i s t e nd t ob e a r ranged i np a t io g roup s a nd i n am o r e w ide ly s paced p a t tern . T h ree c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu r e s w i th a s soc ia ted r e s iden t ia ls t ruc tu r e sw e re l o ca ted o nt h e s ou th e a s ta nd n or th ma rg in s o f t h e s e t t lemen t . T he t o ta l b u i l t a r ea a t t h e s i te a moun t s t o5 9440 m2 . A n e s t ima te o ft h e p opu la t ion b a sed o n t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f b u i l t s pace ( mound a r ea ) t o a ccommoda te r e s idence s , w h i le a l low ing f o r n on roof ed p a t io s pa ce , c on tempo rane i ty a nd a l so m i s sed /non mound s t ruc tu re s ,w ou ld g i ve ap opu la t ion i nt h e o rde ro f5 000 -6000 f o r t h e M idd le -La te C la s s ic E sc lavo s -Ch iqu imu l i l la p ha se ( w i th a r e duc t ion o f 2 0% f r om t o ta l p l a tf o rm a r ea ; s e e c hap t e r 2 ,a nd C u lber t e ta l . 1 990 : 13 -5 f o r m e thodo logy ) . T he o ve ra l l d en s i ty o f p opu la t ion w i th in t h e 7 k m2 o f s e t t lemen t a r ea w ou ld b e 7 14 -857 p e r son s /km2 . T h i s f i gu re i s n o t s o d i s tan t f r om t h e 9 22 /km2 d en s i ty o f t h e T ika l p opu la t ion w i th in t h e 9k m2 c o r e a r ea ( Cu lber t e ta l . 1 990 : 16 ) , a nd b y f a r t h e h ighe s t p opu la t ion d en s i ty r e co rded i n t h e s ou th ea s ter n G ua tema lan C oa s t . T he t er i to ry o ft h e L a Maqu ina p o l i ty m ay h ave e x tended f o r a n a r ea o f2 25 km 2 i n c lud ing m o s t o f t h e s u i tab le l a nd f o r s e t t lemen t a nd a g r icu l tu r e o ft h e l owe r c ou r se o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r a nd i t s a s soc ia ted e s tua ry z one ( F ig . 4 . 2 ) . T he E sc lavo s r i ve r m ay h ave r e p r e sen ted av e ry i mpor tan tc ommun ica t ion r ou te f r om t h e c oa s t t o t h e h i gh land r e g ion ( b e ing n av igab le f r om t h e e s tua ry t o L o s C e r r i to s ) p rov id ing t h e m o s t a f f o rdab le p a s s t h rough t h e c on t inen ta l d i v ide i n S ou thea s te rn G ua tema la .

R e search H i s tory : T he f i r s t a nd o n ly a r chaeo log ica l r epor t o n t h e a r ea p r io r t o t h e p r e sen t s t udy w a s w r i t ten b y F ranz T e rme r i n 1 938 , p ub l i shed i n 1 948 ( Te rme r 1 948 ) . H e v i s i ted t h e v i l lage o fL o s C e r r i to s , i n S an ta R o sa , w he re h e w a s s hown s eve ra l s cu lp t u r e s f r om t h e s i te o fL a Nueva ( 20 k m t ot h e e a s t ) . H e a l so v i s i ted a nd d e sc r ibed t h e L a N ueva a r chaeo log ica l s i te a nd o t he rs i t e s i nt h e a r ea . S i te b u i l ta rea : 2 8440 .00 m2 S i te t o ta l a rea : 9 3 .36 h ec t . S i te L ayou t : T he L a Nueva s i te c omp r i se s ac en t ra l a c ropo l i s t h a t t oday s t and s 8m h igh a nd m ea su r e s 1 06 x 6 3 m o n i t s i regu la r ly r e c tangu la rs i de s . F ou ra dd i t iona l s t ruc tu re sr i se f r om t h et op o f t h e a c ropo l i s t o am ax imum h e igh t o f 1 m . T he se p l a tf o rm s a ppea r t o h ave s uppo r ted s i ng le p e r ishab le s t ruc tu re so fc i v ic /ce remon ia lo re l i te r e s iden t ia l f unc t ion . S ix p a r t ia l ly d amaged s t one m onumen t s w e re f ound o n t h e t op o f t h e p l a tf o rm , n ea r t h e s ou the rn e dge ( F ig . 4 . 18 ) . I n t h e i mmed ia te s u r round ing s o f t h e a c ropo l i s s eve ra l l ow r ange s t ruc tu re s e x i s t . T he s e t t lemen t a r ea a ppea r s t o e x tend f o r a bou t 4k m2 a l ong a n a bandoned c hanne l o ft h e P az r i ve r t o t h e n or th , a nd e nc lo sed b y a no the r r i ve r c hanne l t ot h e s ou th ( F ig . 4 . 19 ) .

E a s t -we s t t r ave l w a s mo s t l i ke ly m ade t h rough t h e e s tua ry c hanne l s o r b y c oa s ta l n av iga t ion . T he ref o r e , L a Maqu ina w a s l o ca ted i n ac en t ra l p o s i t ion t o c on t ro l N -S a nd E -W c ommun ica t ion r ou te s . T he E sc lavo s c e ram ic c omp lex o f L a Maqu ina i s c l o se ly t i ed b y s t y l i s t ic s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e c e ram ic c omp lexe s o f t h e E scu in t la r e g ion ( Med rano 1 993) a nd o ccu r s v i r tua l ly u nchanged i na l o t he r M idd le -La te C la s s ic p e r iod s i t e s o f t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t ( Ko sakow s l cy a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . T h i s e v idence s ugge s t s i n ten se in te rac t ion b e tween L a Maqu ina a nd a l t ohe r S ou thea s te rn C oa s ta l s e t t lemen t s a nd f r equen t l o ng -d i s tance i n te ra c t ion sw i th t h e E scu in t la r eg ion 's c en te r s . L a te P r ec la s s ic m a te r ia l f r om t h e s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s a nd i n s ome o ft h e e xcava ted l e ve l s ( s ee T e s t p i t s h e rd c oun t s i n F ig s . 4 . 10 -4 .14 )d ocumen t st h e l o ca l c on t inu i ty o fo ccupa t ion f r om 4 00 B .C .t oA .D . 9 00 , h oweve r , n one o ft h e e xcava t ion s i nt h e a r ea n ea rt h e L a Maqu ina s i te c en t e r e ncoun te red p u re L a te P rec la s s ic l a ye red o ccupa t ion d epo s i t s .

F ig . 4 . 18 Map o ft h e L aN ueva s i te c en te r . S cu lp tu re sw e re f ound o nt h ea c ropo l i s ( n ea ra s te r isk ) a nd o n s t ruc tu re 1 7 ( S te lae 1a nd 2 ;i mmed ia t e ly e a s to fS t r . 1 6 ) .

S i te L aN ueva L oca t ion : o n t h e a l luv ia l p l a in o ft h e P az r i ve r , 1 2 k m w e s t o fC iudad P ed ro d eA lva rado , 8k mf r om t h eo cean . UT IV I c oord ina te s : 8 05255 E , 1 531950 N

7 1

F ig . 4 . 19 Map o ft h e L aN ueva s e t t lemen ta r ea ( 4k m 2) .

I 2N a T he t o ta l b u i l t a r ea ( Agg rega t e Mound A rea ) w i th in t h e L a N ueva s e t t lemen t i s2 8440 m2. T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f s t ruc tu r e s a ppea r s t ob e h i gh ly n uc lea ted r e la t ive t o s ma l le r s i te s , b u t c l o se t ot h e d en s i t iy o b se rved a tL a Maqu ina . T he a ve rag e s i ze o f s t ruc tu r e s a tL a N ueva s e em s r a the r s ma l l , a nd o ve ra l l ,t h es e t t lemen ti sc ompo sed o f ah ighe rn umbe ro f s ma l l -med ium r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu r e s a nd as ma l le r n umbe r o f l a rge r r a nge s t ruc tu re s a nd p a t io g r oup s ( s ee m ap a nd h i s tog ram F ig . 4 . 1 9 , 4 . 20 ) w hen c ompa red t o t h e L a Maqu ina s e t t lemen t . A t L a N ueva t h e m ean mound s i ze i s 1 80 m2 w h i le a tL a Maqu ina i ti s3 99 m2.

le ickr i t ia lr mun d s 1 2 0

1 0 0

2 0

S t dD ev =3 9 8 .88 M ea l= 180

o W O

5 0 0

3 0 0

9 00 TO

1 00

.. . . . . " . . . .' . . . . 3 00 7 0 0 2 10 9 2 5 00 2 9 00 3 00 1 5 00

1 9 00

2 300

2 70 0

N=12 5 .00

3 1 00

A REA

F ig . 4 . 20 H i s tog ram o fr e s iden t ia l mound s i ze i nt h e L a N ueva s e t t lemen ta r ea ( 4k m 2) . T he a ve rage mound s i z e a tl aN ueva i s1 80 m2 a nd a bou t o n ly 5% o ft h e s t ruc tu re s w e re l a rge e nough t oh ave h ad ap a t io a r ea . I no rde r t oc a lcu la t e p opu la t ion e s t ima te s , a d ju s tmen t s a r e n eeded f o r c on tempo rane i ty , m i s sed /non 7 2

m ound r e s idence s , a nd n on r e s id en t ia l s p a ce ( p a t io ) . B ecau se o ft h e s ma l lm ean m ound s i z e a tL aN ueva , a f t e ra l a d ju s tmen t s a r e m ade t h e r e m ay b e a n e s t ima t ed 5 t o 1 0% a dd i t iona la moun to fr oof ed / r e s iden t ia l s pa ce f r om t h e2 8440 m2 b u i l t a r ea , i n c lud ing m i s sed /non -mound r e s idence s ( Cu lbe r t e t a l . 1 990 :113 -5 ; N a ro l l 1 962 ) . O n t h a t a s sump t ion , t h e p opu la t ion f o r t h e M idd l e -La t e C la s s ic p e r iod m ay h ave r a ng ed b e tw een 3 000 a nd 4 000 p eop le . A v e rage p opu la t ion d en s i ty w i th in t h e 4k m2 s e t t lemen t a r ea w ou ld b e 7 50 1000 p eop le /km 2,v e ry s im i la r a nd p e rhap s s l igh t ly h i ghe rt h an t h a to fL a Maqu ina .

Monumen t s O n t o p o f mound 1 7 , t h e l o nge s t m ound n ea r t h e a c ropo l i s ( F ig . 4 . 18 19 ) , al a rg e f r agmen ta ry c a rved s t e la , Monumen t 1 ( S te la 1 ) , w a s l o ca ted . T h i s 3 . 5 mh i gh b a sa l t s t e la w a so r ig ina l ly r epo r t ed b yT e rme r( 1948 ) ,w ho r e co rded i ti n as k e t ch d r aw ing a sb e ing f r agm en t ed i n to s i x p a r t s . I n 1 997 w ef o und t h e se f r agm en t s s c a t te r ed i nt h en ea rby f i e ld s , a nd r e -g rouped w i th t h e m a in p o r t ion o ft h e s t e la , w h ich i s t h e t o p p a r t ( F ig . 4 . 2 1) . A v e ry l a rge a dd i t iona l s l ab w a s f o und l y ing f l a t n ex t t o t h e m a in s t e la f r agmen t s a nd o r ig ina l ly t h ough t t o b e t h e b a sa l p l a tf o rm o f S t e la 1 . A n e x cav a t ion w a s s e t t o f r ee t h i s s l ab f r om t h e g r ound a nd a s cer t a in i t sn a tu r e . O nce u n cove r ed t h i s s l ab a ppea r ed t ob e a3 . 6 ml o ng a nd 1 . 4 mw ide s t e la ( La N ueva Monumen t 1 6 , [ S t e la 2 ] ) . O ne s i de o ft h e s t e la w a s c omp le t e ly p l a in w h i le o nt h eo t h e rs i d e ap a r t ia l c a rv ing w a s s t i l l v i s ib le ( F ig . 4 . 22 , 4 . 23 ) . T h i s c a rv ing a ppea r ed t ob e al e f t f o o t o f ah uman f i gu r ew ea r ing ab ow a nd ad i sk a r ound t h ea nk le . E spec ia l ly i n t e r e s t ing i s ap o s s ib le p a r a l le l b e tween t h e s t y le o f t h i s c a rv ing a nd t h a t o fK am ina l juyu s t e la 1 , t h a t d a t e s t ot h e L a t e P r ec la s s ic p e r iod ( Pa r son s 1 986 : F i g . 1 69 ) . T h e s im i la r i ty l i e s e pec ia l ly i n t h e c a rv ing t h e b i g t o e a nd o r nam en t s w h ich a r e o t he rw i se u nu sua l i n C la s s ic Maya s c u lp tu r e . F i na l ly , i ti si n t e r e s t ing t on o t e t h a tt h i s Mon . 1 6 f i gu r e i so bv iou s ly i n comp le t ew h i le t h e f i gu r e o n L aN ueva Monum en t 1 i sl a ck ing i t s l owe r p o r t ion . H ow eve rm t h e i n i t ia l h ypo the s i s t h a t t h e se t wo s l ab s ( Monumen t s 1 a nd 1 6 ) o nce f o rmed s i ng le m onumen t h ad t ob e d i sca rded , f i r s t b ecau se t h i s w ou ld b e a n u nu sua l 7m h i gh s i ng le c a r ved s t e la . S econd ly , t h e se t wo m onumen t s a r e d i s s im i la r i nt h e t h ickne s s a nd w id th o ft h e s t one , a sw e l l a st h e s t y le o ft h e c a rv ing i t s e lf . I n deed , t h e c a rv ing o ft h e f o o ta ppea r st oh av e b een t h e i n i t ia l s t ep i nt h e c a rv ing o f af u l l f i gu r e . H ow eve r , t h er e s to ft h ec a rv ing o n Mon . 1 6s l ab w a sn eve ru nde r tak en , a si ta pp ea r s f r om t h e l a ck o fa ny s i gn o fc a rv ing o n t h e r e s t o ft h es l ab .

F i g .4 . 2 1 L ow r e l ief c a rv ing o n L aN ueva Monumen t I . D raw ing b y B en T homa s .

7 3

F i g .4 . 23 C lo se -up p ho to o ft h ec a rv ing o nL aN ueva Monumen t 1 6 . A2 x 1 mt e s t e xcava t ion u nde r Monumen t 1 6f a i led t od e t ec tt h e p o s s ib le o r ig ina l s e t t ing l o cu s o fe i the r o ft h e se m onumen t s . H oweve r , aw e l l s t ra t if i ed s e quence o fs t ruc tu ra l f l oo r s w i th h ea r th f e a tu r e , s t ruc tu ra l f i l l a nd am idden w a s u ncove r ed ,p r ov id ing t h ef i r s tu s ef u l a l be i ts ma l ls t r a t ig raph ic s amp le o ft h es i t e . A no the r b a sa l t s t e la , Monumen t 1 7 , w a s l o ca t ed o n t h e a c ropo l i s . T h i s i sa1 . 10 m l o ng b y 0 . 5 1 m w id e r e c tangu la r s l ab ( Append ix 4 F ig . 1 c ) . I t s s u r f a ce w a s c omp le te ly f l a t a nd s moo th s ugge s t ing t h i s w a s o r ig ina l ly a p l a in s t e la . I n a dd i t ion , as t one b a l l -game y ok e w a s f o und o n t h e s u r f a ce n ea r t h e a c ropo l i s . Ap o s s ib le b a l l -cou r t m ay h av eb een l o ca t ed b e tween t wo r ough ly p a ra l le l s t ru c tu r e s o n t h e w e s te rn s i de o ft h e a c ropo l i s o r a l t e rna t ive ly , a t ag r oup o f s t ruc t u r e s t o t h e e a s t o f t h e a c ropo l i s w he r e ar a nge b u i ld ing f a ce st h es i de o f ap a t io g roup p l a tf o rm . S ev e ra l a dd i t iona l s c u lp tu r e s w e r e l o ca t ed o n t h e m a in a c ropo l i s p l a tf o rm i n1 996 a nd 1 997 . T h e se i n c lude a p o tbe l ly a nd a S i n C abeza s f r agmen t ( a l r eady d i scu s sed i n c hap t e r 3 ) , al ow r e l ief c a r ved s e rpen t h ead ( Append ix 5 : F ig . 4 ) , as e cond l ow r e l ief c a rved s e rpen th ead w i th t h e t o p h o l lowed o u t ( Append ix 5 :F ig . 5 b ,c ) , as ma l l i n the round e r od ed f i gu r e w i th d i scer n ib le f e l ine f e e t ( App end ix 5 :F ig . 6 ) , as phe r ica ls ku l lh ead f r agmen t( Append ix 5 :F i g . 5 a ) , a nd ar e c tangu la rb l ock w i th e r oded l ow r e l ief c a r v ing ( Append ix

F ig .4 . 22 D r aw ing o ft h ec a rved f a ce o fL aN ueva Monumen t 1 6( S t e la 2 ;d r aw ing b yL au ra J .K o sakow sky ) .

7 4

5 :F ig . 7 c ) . O the r monumen t s w e re l o ca ted e l sewhe re i nt h e a r ea s u r round ing t h e L a N ueva s i te . T he se i n c lude t wo c o lumna r c o i led serpen t i n the round c a rv ing s , p resen t ly i n t h e C ua r en t iuna v i l lage ( Append ix 5 : F ig . 8 a ,b ) . F u r the rmo r e , a dd i t iona l monumen t s f r om L a N ueva a r e p r e se rved i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum o f A rchaeo logy i n G ua tema la C i ty ( MNAE ) . T he se i n c lude a n a dd i t iona l c o i led se rpen t c a rv ing ( Te rme r 1 948 p l . XX IV 4 ; MNAE # 2 025 ; A ppend ix 5 F ig . 8 d ) , af i ne ly c a rved s l ab w i th a f o rwa rd f a c ing s e rpen t h ead ( Te rme r 1 948 p l . XX IV 5 ; MNAE #2 027 ; A ppend ix 5F ig . 8 c ) , ad i sk w i th a n e l abo ra te l ow r e l ief c a rv ing o f aD ea th H ead ( Te rme r 1 948 p l . XXV 1 ; MNAE # 2 029 ; A ppend ix 5 : F ig . 7 b ) , ap a r t ia l i n the r ound h uman t o r so w i th a l a rge b e l t a nd c r o s s mo t if o n t h e b ack ( Te rme r 1 948 p l . XX IV 6 ) , a nd at e noned s e rpen t h ead ( Pa r son s 1 969 : p l . 5 6 j ; MNAE #2 026 ) . F i na l ly , as t one d i sk w i th l ow r e l ief c a rv ing o f f ou r b i f id t o ngue s a nd f ou r n ega t ive ly c a rved t o ngue s t h a t r ad ia te f r om c oncen t r ic r i ng s w a s f ound a tt h e P a sa co Mun ic ipa l O ff ice a nd i ss a id t o b e f r om t h e L aN ueva s i te ( Te rme r 1 948 p l . XXV 9 ;A ppend ix 5 :F ig . 7 a ) .

l i t te red s o i l s w i th t a l l f o re s t v ege ta t ion , a nd t h e l owe r c oa s t 's l e s s w e l l -d ra ined a nd s a nd ie r s o i ls w i th d ry s h rub v ege ta t ion ( F ig . 3 . 17 , 1 . 5 ) UT M c oord ina te s : 7 77593 E , 1 5506 14 N R e search H i s tory : T he s i te w a s f i r s t d e sc r ibed b y T erme r ( 1948 ) w ho a l so r e po r ted a C o tzuma lguapa s t y le t e noned h ead s cu lp tu re f r om t h e re ( Te rme r 1 948 , p l . XX IV n . 1 ,2 ; A ppend ix 5 :F ig . l c ) . L a te r i tw a s a l so r e po r ted b y E dw in M . S hook i n h i s u npub l ished f i e ld n o te s a s E l T e so ro ( IDAEH ) . S i te b u i l ta rea : 7 , 626 .00 m2 S i te t o ta l a rea : 2 1 .59 h ec t . S i te L ayou t : T he s i te i sc en te red o n a n i regu la r ly shaped p l aza w i th in a b end o n t h e Maneade ro r i ve r . T he s ou the rn s i de o ft h e p l aza i sd ef ined b y a4m h i gh a c ropo l is p l a tf o rm t h a t m ea su re s 9 0 x1 00 m o n i t s m a in s i de s a nd s uppo r t s 8s ma l l p y ram ida l m ound s ( F ig . 4 . 24 : #8 15 ) a nd a7 0 ml o ng r a nge s t ruc tu re ( F ig . 4 . 24 : # 7 ) o n t h e n or th s i de f a c ing ap l aza . A t t h e n o r th e nd o ft h e p l aza , a r e t wo m a in p y ram id m ound s 1 a nd 5m i nh e igh t ( # 4a nd 5 ) a nd o n t h e e a s t i s a4 0 m l o ng r a nge s t ruc tu re ( #6 ) . S ma l l r e s iden t ia l u n i t s a r e d i s t r ibu ted o n t h e o ppo s i te b ank o f t h e r i ve r o ve r a n a r ea t h a t e x tend s u p t o a bou t 8 00 m t ot h ee a s t .

D i scus s ion o fL a N ueva T he s u rv ey a nd i n i t ia l e xcava t ion t e s t ing a tL a N ueva h ave p rov ided u s ef u l i n f o rma t ion f o r u nde r s tand ing t h e s i ze a nd t i me -dep th o f t h e o ccupa t ion a t t h i s s i t e , w h i le t h e u nexpec t ed f i nd ing o f n ume rou s s cu lp tu re s u nde r sco re s t h e i mpo r tance o ft h i s s i te a s ac en te r o fp o l i t ica l a nd r e l ig iou s p owe r f o rt h e s u r round ing J u t iapa c oa s ta l r e g ion . D u r ing t h e M idd le -La t e C la s s ic p e r iod , p opu la t ion w a s i n t h e 3 , 000 4 , 000 r a ng e a nd al a rge a c ropo l i s w a s b u i l t . T he t er i to ry o f t h e L a N ueva p o l i ty m ay h ave e x tended o ve r a n a r ea o f2 10 k m2 c en t e r ed o n t h e l owe r c ou r se o ft h e P az r i ve r t h a t l i nk s t h e c oa s t w i th t h e h i gh land v a l ley o f A hua chapän a nd t h e s i te s o fC ha lchuapa a nd T azuma l ( F ig . 1 . 4 ) . T he d i s t inc t ive a c ropo l is a r ch i tec tu re a nd t h e c e ram ic s s how s t rong i n te rac t ion s w i th c oa s ta l s i te s t o t h e w e s t i nt h e E scu in t la a r ea a nd a l so w i th n ea rby C a ra S uc ia , j u s t 1 5 k m e a s t i n E l S a lvado r . T he m o s t s pec tacu la r s c u lp tu r e f r om L a N ueva , Monumen t 1 , p o r t ray s ar u le r w ea r ing i n s ign ia t y p ica l o f C o tzuma lguapa i c onog raphy , w h ich i sa l so r epea ted i n an umbe r o fo t he r s c u lp tu re s , s uch a st h ec o i led s e rpen t s , a nd o t he rs t one monumen t s d i scove r ed b y t h i s p r o jec t a nd o t he r s a l ready i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum . T h i s l o ca l v a r ian t o ft h e C o tzuma lguapa s t y le i s p a ra l le led b y s im i la r i t ie s i n a c ropo l i s a r ch i tec tu re a nd c e ram ics w i th w e s ter ns i t e s a nd s how s e spec ia l ly s t rong t i e s w i th c en te r s i n t h e C o tzuma lguapa c o re r eg ion . B ecau se o f s ha r ed s im i la r i t ie s i n al a rge p o r t ion o ft h e c u l tu ra l a s semb lage o f t h e e n t i r e c oa s ta l r eg ion , Is ugge s t t h a t L aN ueva w a s p a r t o f aM idd le -La te C la s s ic i n te rac t ion s phe re t h a t s t re tched f r om t h e w e s t e rn m a rg in o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa c o re a r ea , t h e N ahua la t e r i ve r ( Ch inch i l la 1 99 ) , t o C a ra S uc ia i n E l S a lvado r( Ama ro l i 1 984 ) .

F ig . 4 . 24 . S i te p l an o ft h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic p ha se Maneade ro c en t ra l g roup o fs t ruc tu r e s( G roup 1 )o nt h e b ank so ft h er i ve ro ft h e s ame n ame . E xcava t ions

S i te : Maneadero S i te L oca t ion : o n b o th b ank s o f t h e Maneade ro r i ve r i n a t r ans i t iona l z one b e tween t h e p i edmon t 's s t eepe r a nd r ock 7 5

I n o rde r t o i n ve s t iga te t h e o ccupa t ion s equence o f t h e s i te , a1 x2 m u n i t w a s p l aced o n S t ruc tu re 6 ( Tp 8 ) , a r a nge b u i ld ing i nt h e m a in p l aza , a nd a s e cond o ne i n au s haped r e s iden t ia l mound g roup ( S t r . 1 9 , T p 9 ) a c ro s s t h e r i ve r( F ig . 4 . 24 ) . T e s t p i t 8f i r s t e ncoun te red r ema in s o f at wo -cou r se s t one r e ta in ing w a l l w i th in t h e f i r s t l e ve l o f t op so i l t h a t a ppa ren t ly r a n a l ong t h e e n t i re l e ng th o f t h e mound , h ypo the t ica l ly t h i sw a l l m ay h ave b een l a id d own t os uppor ta

t imbe rw a l l r a the rt h en r e ta in t h e p l a tf o rm f i l l . L owe r l e ve l s 2 ,3 , 4 a nd 5w e r e a r b i t ra r i ly d e t e rm ined a nd f o rmed a 1 . 40 m t h ick c on s t ruc t ion l a ye r o fd a rk b rown c l ay w h ich i n c luded t h e t wo -cou r se w a l l . T he u nde r ly ing l e ve l 6w a s t h e f i r s t a c tua l f l oo r e ncoun te r ed , m ade o f d a rk b rown h a rd p a cked c l ay . T he r e w a s as ha l low c i r cu la r p i t c u t t h rough l e ve l 6 f i l led w i th s of t c l ay . N o s i gn o fb u rn ing w a s n o t iceab le o n t h i s l e ve l . L eve l 6d i rec t ly c ove red l e ve l 7w h ich w a s a l so m ade o fh a rd p acked d a rk y e l low i sh b rown c l ay t h a t d i d n o t e x tend b eyond t h e e a s t h a lf o f t h e u n i t . T he re w a s a c oncen t ra t ion o fa she so n t h ew e s ter n s i de o ft h eu n i t . B e low l e ve l 7 ,l e ve l 1 0w a sa l so m ade o fh a rd d a rk y e l low i sh -b rown c l ay . F rom i t s s u rf a ce w e re c u t t wo r ound f e a tu re s w h ich c on ta ined h uman r ema in s : B u r ia l 5o n t h e w e s tc on ta ined t h e p oo r ly p r e served r ema in s p robab ly o f ac h i ld ; B u r ia l 6h ad b e t te r p r e se rved r ema in s o f a n a du l t i n b und led s e a ted p o s i t ion , a c compan ied b y ap i e -c ru s t r im b rown s l ipped b ow l . T he u nde r ly ing l e ve l 1 a ppea red t ob e s t e r i le , a nd t h e f i na l d ep th o ft h ee xcava t ion w a s3 . 5 m. T e s t p i t 9 , s im i la r t o T p 8 ,h ad s eve ra l s t ra ta t h a t w e re h a rd t od i f f e ren t ia te b a sed o n s o i l c o lo r a nd t e x tu r e . I n t h e t op so i l l e ve l w e r e f ound , a mong t h e c e ram ic a r t if ac t s , f r agmen t s o f c o lon ia l p e r iod m a jo l ica p o t te ry . L eve l 2 , u nde r ly ing t h et o p so i l ( L1 )w a s a3 0 c m t h ick d a rk y e l low i sh b rown c l ay l a ye r o ff i l l d i s t ingu i shab le f r om L1b y i t s h a rd s u rf ace . A s im i la r p a t te rn o f h a rd s u rf ace a nd s of t e r u nde r ly ing c l ay f i l lw a sa l so f ound i nl e ve l 3a nd 4 . T he f i na l d ep th o ft h eu n i tw a s3 . 10 m .

M a nea d e r oT p8

L eve l

F ig . 4 . 25 Maneade ro T e s tp i t 8 . D is t r ibu t ion o fs he rd c oun t s b y l e ve l a nd b yp ha se . Maneade ro T p9 X0

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F ig . 4 . 26 Maneade ro T e s tp i t9 . D is t r ibu t ion o fs h e rd c oun t s b y l e ve l a nd b yp ha se .

T e s tp i t 8r e vea led t h e c on s t ruc t ion s t age s o f al a rge r a nge s t ruc tu re o n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e m a in p l aza . T he f i r s t p ha se o f c on s t ruc t ion w a s c ompo sed o f a2 4 c m t h ick p l a tf orm i n to w h ich t wo i n d iv idua l sw e re b u r ied . I nt h en ex t p ha se , t h e p l a tf o rm w a s r a i sed a n a dd i t iona l 5 0 c m , a nd a n a dd i t iona l 6 0 c m i nt h e t h i rd p ha se . I nt h e l a s t c on s t ruc t ion p ha se , t h e f o u r th , t h ep l a tf o rm w a sr a ised a n a dd i t iona l 1 . 6 m t o at o ta l h e igh t o f2 . 95 m , a nd at wo -cou r se w a l l w a s b u i l t o n i t ss i de s . I nT e s t p i t 9 ,l o ca ted o n au shaped m ound g roup , t h e s t ra t ig raph ic s equence a l so r e vea l s f ou r m a in p ha se s o f c on s t ruc t ion , a l be i t o f d i f f e r en t s c a le . T he c on s t ruc t ion s equence o ft h e t wo b u i ld ing s t e s ted f o l low s t h e p a t te rn o f d ome s t ic a r ch i tec tu r e o b se rved e l sewhe r e a nd s how s d i f f e rence s i nt h e s i z e a nd q ua l i ty o f d ome s t ic a r ch i tec tu re b e tween t h e c en t ra l ly l o ca ted m ound 6 a nd t h e l e s s c en t ra l a nd s ma l le r m ound 1 9 . T he c e ram ics r e cove r ed d a te t h e e n t i re s e quence t ot h e C la s s ic p e r iod ( A .D . 2 00 -900 ) w i th a s c an ty e a r l ie r L a te /Te rm ina l P r ec la s s ic ( 400 B .C . - A .D . 2 00 ) o ccupa t ion o n ly d ocumen t ed b y m ixed d epo s i t s i nt h e l owe r l e ve l s i nt h e s e quence ( F ig . 4 . 25 , 4 . 26 ) . S t y l i s t ica l ly , t h i s c e ram ic m a te r ia l i sv e ry c on s i s ten t w i th t h e a s semb lage s o fL a Maqu ina , N ueve C e r ro s a nd o t he r S ou thea s t er n C oa s t s i te s , a nd h a s c l o se s t y l i s t ic t i e s w i th t h e L a te P rec la s s ic a nd c omp lexe s

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M idd le C la s s ic ( Med rano 1 995 ) .

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S tone Monumen t s D u r ing h i s 1 9 38 v i s i tt oS an ta R o sa T e rme rr epo r ted at e noned h ead s cu lp tu r e f r om t h e s i te o fE lC e r r i to , l o ca ted a s ho r t d i s tance s ou th o fG uazacapän ( Te rme r 1 948 : 5 18 , p l . XX IV 1 , 2 ) . T he s i t e i sa l so k nown a s E l T e so ro ( Shook 1 975 ) a nd c an b e e a s i ly i d en t if ied w i th Maneade ro b a sed o n T e rme r 's a nd S hook 's d e sc r ip t ion s . T he s c u lp tu r e f ound b y T e rme r i s n ow h ou sed i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum o f A r chaeo logy i nG ua tema la C i ty ( Append ix 5 :F ig . l c ; MNAE #2 038 ) . I tr e p re sen t s ah uman h ead w i th af r inge o fh a i r a t t h e f o r ehead a nd as ho r t f e a the r h eadd r e s s . T he h uman f a ce i sc a rved h a lf n a tu ra l i s t ica l ly o n t h e p rope rr i gh ts i de a nd h a lf a s as ku l l o n t h e l ef t s i de . A cco rd ing t oT erme r ( 1948 ) t h i s s cu lp tu r e i st y p ica l o f t h e P ip i l s t y le ( i . e . C o tzuma lguapa ) . C h inch i l la ( 1996 : 5 00 ) l i s t s t h is s cu lp tu r e a mong t h o se o f C o tzuma lguapa s t y le f r om t h e S ou thea s t e r nC oa s t .

D i scus s ion o f Maneadero T he s i t e o f Maneade ro ( G roup 1 ) a ppea r s t o b e t h e t h i rd l a rge s t c en te r d u r ing t h e M idd le /La t e C la s s ic E sc lavo s /Ch iqu imu l i l la p ha se s i n t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t a f t e r L a Maqu ina a nd L a N ueva i ns i te b u i l t a r ea ( Agg rega te Mound A rea ) . H oweve r , i f o n ly t h e t o ta l v o lume o f c i v ic / ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s i s c ons ide r ed f o r e ach s i te , Maneade ro r ank s s e cond i nt h e r eg ion ( s ee d i scu s s ion a te nd o f c hap te r ) . I t s p l aza a nd a s soc ia ted a c ropo l i s a r e t r u ly i mp r e s s ive a nd t h e a moun t o fr e s iden t ia l b u i ld ing a s soc ia ted

E scu in t la

7 6

w i th t h e c en te r m ay h ave b een l a rge ly o b scu red b y p o s t d epo s i t iona l /e ro s iona l p roce s se s , a nd m ay a c tua l ly e x tend f o r ag r ea t d i s tance o n b o th s i de s o ft h e r i ve r . T he l a you t o ft h e p l aza a nd a c ropo l i s i s s omewha t s im i la r t o t h a t o f L a Maqu ina , w i th al o ng r a nge s t ruc tu re o n t h e n o r th s i de o ft h e a c ropo l i s f a c ing p y ram id s i n t h e p l aza . T he c e ram ic a s semb lage f r om Maneade ro a l so i na l r e spec t s s t y l is t ica l ly r e semb le s t h a t o ft h e r e s t o ft h e r eg ion . Two s ma l le r g roup s o fs t ruc tu re s a r e l o ca ted as ho r t d i s tance n o r th a nd s ou th o f t h em a in g roup a l ong t h e s ame r i ve r . As im i la rp a t tern i sa l so e v iden t a tL a Maqu ina w he re t h e m a in c en te r i sf l anked b y t h eB one te a nd C an ta r rana p l a tf o rm g roup sl o ca ted a bou tt wo k i lome te r s t o t h e n or th a nd s ou th a l ong t h e s ame r i ve r ( F ig . 4 . 9 ) . T he t e r r i tory o ft h e Maneade ro p o l i ty a ppea r s t oh ave e x t ended o ve r a n a r ea o f a bou t 1 53 k m2 h ec ta re s o n t h e Maneade ro r i ve r a nd i t s t r ibu ta r ie s . T h i s r i ve r l i nk s t h e s i te t o t h e e s tua ry E -W n av iga t ion r ou te s a nd t o t h e E sc lavo s r i v e r t h a t i n t u rn p rov ide s a cce s s t o t h e c oa s t -h igh land l ow land r ou te ( F ig .4 . 2 ) .

b ecau se o f t h e i r s ma l l a r ea s i ze , h ave b een l i s ted i n t h e v i l lage s i ze c a tego ry ( s ee v i l lage s i na ppend ix 2 ) .

S i te : D urazno L oca t ion : a tt h e s ou ther n e nd o f as wamp i nw h ich t h e P a ja l r i ve r t e rm ina te s e n te r ing t h e w a te r t a b le u nde rg round ( F ig . 4 . 2 ) . T he s i te e x tend s o ve r al ow N -S e l onga ted r i dge o fd ry l a nd s u r rounded t oday b y s e a sona l s wamp s i na l d i rec t ions , p a r t icu la r ly t o t h e n or th w he re s t and ing w a te r i sa bundan t t h roughou tt h ey ea r . Af ew h und red m e te r s t ot h e w e s t o ft h e s e t t lemen t i sa n a bandoned c hanne l o ft h e P a ja l r i ve r f l ow ing a pp rox ima te ly N -S . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 62587 E , 1 550972 N R e search H i s tory : N op r ev iou sr e co rd S i te b u i l ta rea : 6 437 .44 m2 S i te t o ta la rea : 1 .98 h ec t . S i te L ayou t T he s i t e c en te r e x tend s o ve r a n e l onga ted N -S r i dge f l anked b y ar i ve r t ot h e w e s t a nd a s wamp t ot h e e a s t a nd n or th ( F ig . 4 . 27 ) . A tt h e n o r th e nd o ft h e r i dge i s a6m h i gh a c ropo l i sp l a tf o rm t h a ts uppo r t s f ou r2 3 mh i gh s t ruc tu re s o n e a ch s i de . A p o s s ib le s l op ing a cce s s t o t h e t op o f t h e a c ropo l i s i sv i s ib le o n t h e s ou th s i de . Two p y ram id s , 4a nd 5 m i n h e igh t , f l ank t h e a c ropo l i s t o t h e s ou thea s t . Sma l le r s t ruc tu re s a r e s c a t te red a l ong t h e l e ng th o ft h e r i dge . A t t h e s ou ther n e nd o ft h e r i dge s t and s a1 m h i gh p y ram id . T he a c ropo l i s a nd mo s t o ft h e m ino r s t ruc tu re s a tt h e s i te a ppea r

F i g . 4 . 27 . S i te p l an o fD u razno s i te .

t o b e o r ien ted t o 2 3° ( NNE -SS W ) . B ecau se t h e t e r ra in s u r round ing t h e s i te c en te r i s s ub jec t t o f l ood ing i t i s p r e sen t ly d i ff icu l t t oa s ce r ta in t h e s i ze o ft h e s e t t lemen t a r ea o ft h e s i te . T he s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s s how t h a t t h e s i te w a s o ccup ied u n in te r rup ted ly f r om t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic C e iba p ha se ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 2 00 ) t o t h e e nd o f t h e L a te C la s s ic C h iqu imu l i l la p ha se ( A .D . 6 50 -900 ) a nd t h a t t h e E sc lavo s p ha se w a s t h e p e r iod o f mo s t i n ten se a c t iv i ty a tt h e s i te ( F ig . 4 . 28 ) . T he c e ram ic a s semb lage f r om D u razno o ve r lap s s t y l i s t ica l ly t h a t o ft h e o t he r l a rge c en te r s a nd t h e r eg ion i n g ene ra l . L ike L a Maqu ina a nd Maneade ro , t h e D u razno c en te r i sf l anked b y t wo s ma l le r p o s s ib ly c i v ic /ce remon ia l p l a tf o rm g roup s a t af ew k i lome te r s d i s tance : P i la r t o t h e n o r th a nd C hagü i te 3t ot h e s ou th ( F ig . 4 . 2 ) . T he se , h oweve r ,

F ig . 4 . 28 D is t r ibu t ion o fs he rd c oun t s b ym ound a nd t ime p e r iod a tD u razno .

7

f l ood s t h a t h ave r epo r ted ly r a ised t h e g round l e ve l b y af ew m e te r s . A s c on sequence , t h e o r ig ina l h e igh t o f t h e s i t e 's m ound s t ruc tu re s m ay h ave b een c on s ide rab ly r educed . T he g ene ra l ly e l onga ted l a you to ft h e s i te a nd t h ec on ica l s hape o f s ome o f t h e mound s a ppea r s t o b e t y p ica l o f aP rec la s s ic l a you t . T he c en t ra l p l aza , h oweve r a ppea r s t o c onf o rm t o t h e p a t ter n o fC la s s ic p e r iod p l aza s w i th n o r the rn p y ram id s a nd s ou the rn r ange s t ruc tu re s o b se rved a to t he r S ou thea s t er n C oa s ts i te s ( e .g . L a Maqu ina , Maneade ro ) .

Monumen t s N o monumen t sa r e k nown f r om t h i s s i t e .

D i scus s ion o fD urazno T he s i te o f D u raz no i s t h e s ma l le s t a mong t h e S ou thea s tern C oa s t l a rge c en te r s w hen b o th t o ta l a r ea a nd s i ze o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l b u i ld ing s a r ea c on s ide red . N eve r the le s s , t h e p re sence o f a n a c ropo l i s p l a tf o rm -and p y ram id a r ch i tec tu re c omp lex i n d ica te s t h a t i tm ay h ave s e rved a s c i v ic /ce remon ia l c en t e r f o r al a rge c ommun i ty e x tend ing b eyond t h e s e t t lemen t 's b ounda r ie s . A r ch i tec tu ra l c omp lexe s s im i la r i n s hape a nd b u i ld ing o r ien ta t ion o ccu r e xc lu s ive ly a t l a rge c en te r s o n t h e S ou thea s t er n C oa s t . P e rhap s t h e r e la t ive ly s ma l le r s i z e o fD u razno i sd ue t ot h e f a c t t h a t i tl i es a tt h e m a rg in s o f al a rge s phe r e o fi n f luence c en te red o n t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r( La Maqu ina c en te r ) , a nd m ay t h e ref o r e h ave o ccup ied ab uf f e rz one w i th a no the rs phe re o f i n f luence t ot h ew e s t . S i te sa tt h ee dge s o fp o l i t ica l /econom ic s y s tem st e nd t ob e s ma l le rb ecau se o ft h e c o s t o fi n te rac t ion s w i th t h em a in c en te ra nd t h e i n secu r i ty i n vo lved i nb e ing i na b ounda ry z one ( Kowa le sk i e ta l . 1 983 ) . Ap o s s ib le w e s ter n s phe re o f i nf luence m ay h ave b een c en te r ed a t t h e l a rge c en te ro fL o s C e r r i to sN o r t e ( Ch inch i l la 1 996 ) l o ca t ed 4 0 k m n o r th -we s t o f Du razno o r e ven a tt h e l a rge c en te r o f L o s C ha to s -Manan t ia l /Mon tana ( Bove 1 995 , G enove s 1 993 , Med rano 1 995 )6 0k m f u r the rt ot h ew e s t . Wh i le s ma l le r i ns c a le a s ac i v ic /ce r emon ia l c en te r , w hen c ompa red t o t h e r e g ion 's o t he r c en te r s , D u razno a ppea r s t o h ave c on t ro l led a r e la t ive ly l a rge t e r r i to ry , t h a t e x tend s o ve r a bou t 1 3 ,159 h ec ta re s o n t h e o f t h e P a ja l d ra inage a nd b o rde r s al a rg e s wampy a r ea t ot h e s ou th ( F ig . 4 . 2 ) . Sma l lC en te r s S i te : L o sC err i to s L oca t ion : O n t h e w e s te rn b ank o ft h e L o s E sc lavo sr i ve r , 1 k m s ou th o ft h e i n ter na t iona l h i ghway t oE l S a lvado r a nd 9 k m n o r thea s to fL a Maqu ina , o n a luv ia l s o i ls , a t3 0 ma bove s e a l e ve l . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 9 1989 E , 1 544238 N R e search H i s tory : F ranz T erme r ( Te rme r 1 948 ) a nd E d S hook ( 1975 ) ( s ee L a te P r ec la s s ic s e c t ion i nc hap te r3 ) . S i te b u i l ta rea : 4 428 .5 1 m2 S i te t o ta la rea : 1 8 .77 h ec t . S i te L ayou t T oday , a moder n v i l lag e o ccup ie s t h e s i t e o f t h e a nc ien t s e t t lemen t . T h i s h a s c au sed s e r iou s d amage t om any mound s t ruc tu res . T he p r e sen t -day l a you to ft h e s i t e a ppea r s t o i n c lude a bou t 2 5 m ound s o f C la s s ic p e r iod c on s t ruc t ion a r ranged o n al ow N -S r i dge o n t h e r i gh t b ank o f t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r . As ma l l p l aza g roup i sl o ca ted a tt h e c en te r o ft h e s i te , c on s is t ing o ff i ve p y ram id s 4t o 5m e te r s i nh e igh t a nd ar ange s t ruc tu re 5 2 mi nl e ng th , 8m i nw id th a nd 3m i n h e igh t ( F ig . 4 .29 , Mound s 1 5 ) . O ne 5 m h i gh p y ram id l i e s 2 00m n o r th o ft h e ma in g roup . Ag roup o fs ma l l , a ppa ren t ly r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu re s l i e i mmed ia t e ly t ot h e s ou th o ft h e m a in p l aza , a nd o t he r s a r ed i spe r sed i n ar a d iu s o f 1k mt ot h e w e s t a nd s ou th . T he s i te h a s b een r e pea ted ly s ub jec t t o s e r iou s 7 8

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T h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f s u rf a ce m a te r ia l s how s t h a t a lmo s t a l o ft h e 2 5 s t ruc tu re s m apped a tt h e s i te i n c luded a s ub s tan t ia lM idd le C la s s ic E sc lavo sc omponen ta nd r e la t ive ly l i t t le E a r ly C la s s ic O scu ro a nd L a t e C la s s ic C h iqu imu l i l la c omponen t s ( F ig . 4 . 30 ) . A l a rge n umbe r o f L a te P rec la s s ic C e iba p ha s e s h e rd s w e r e a l so f ound a t mo s t mound l o ca t ion s s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e s i t e 's C la s s ic l a you t f o l lowed t h e P rec la s s ic p a t t e rn .

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F ig . 4 . 30 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace p o t te ry c oun t s a tL o s C e r r i to sb ym ound a nd b yp ha se . T he s i t e 's a gg rega te mound a r ea a nd t h e s i ze a nd s hape o f i t s c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu r e s i n d ica te t h a t L o s C e r r i to s m ay h ave s e rved a s as ma l l c en te r . I t s l o ca t ion w i th in t h e n o r ther nm a rg in o ft h e T h ie s sen p o lygon o ft h e L a Maqu ina p o l i ty s ugge s t s t h a t i tm ay h ave s e rved a s a 7 9

d ependency o f t h a t c en te r d u r ing t h e C la s s ic p e r iod . I t s p opu la t ion m ay h ave b een t h e 4 00 -500 r a nge a nd i t s i mmed ia te t e r r i to ry m ay h ave i n c luded s u r round ing v i l lage s s u ch a s U n ion ( s ee a ppend ix 2 ) . T he s i te l o ca t ion o n t h e E sc lavo s r i ve ru p s t r eam f r om L a Maqu ina a l so s ugge s t s t h a t i tm ay h ave c on t ro l led t h e a cce s s f r om t h e n o r th t ot h e l owe r E sc lavo sp l a in a nd t ot h a tl a rge c en te r .

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S i te : L imone s L oca t ion : O n al ow r i dge i n al a rge m a r shy a r ea 4 . 5 km SW o fL a Maqu ina a nd 4k mf r om t h eo cean .

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UT M c oord ina te s : 7 85427 E , 1 536972 N R e sear ch H i s tory : N op r ev iou sr e po r t . S i te b u i l ta rea : 1 972 .00 m2 S i te t o ta la rea : 3 . 40 h ec t . S i te L ayou t T he s i te e x tend s o ve r al ow r i dge s u r rounded b y l a rge s wamp st ot h en o r th a nd s ou th . A tt h e c en te ro ft h e s i te i s ar e c tangu la r 4m h i gh p l a tf o rm s uppo r t ing t wo mound s t h a t r e a ch 8a nd 6m i nh e igh t . T o t h e n o r th o ft h e p l a tf o rm a r e t wo p a ra l le l s t ruc tu re s : ap o s s ib le b a l l c ou r t . Two t h e e a s t a nd w e s t a r e s e ven a dd i t iona l s t ruc tu re s a ppa ren t ly r e s iden t ia l i n n a tu re ( F ig . 4 . 31) . T he s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s s how s as ub s tan t ia l L a te P r ec la s s ic C e iba p ha se c omponen t u nde r ly ing a g r ea te r M idd le C la s s ic E sc lavo s o ccupa t ion ( F ig . 4 . 32 ) . T he p r e sence a nd s i z e o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l a r ch i tec tu r e a tt h e s i te a nd i t s l o ca t ion s ugge s t t h a t i tm ay h ave s e rved a ss ma l l c en te r w i th in t h e s phe re o fi nf luence o f t h e L a Maqu ina l a rge c en te r . I n p a r t icu la r , i t s l o ca t ion s ugge s t s t h a t i tm ay h ave c on t ro l led as t ra teg ic p o in t o n t h e e s tua ry w a te rway s t h a t l e d a cce s s f r om t h e s ou th t ot h e a r ea o ft h e L a Maqu ina c en te r( F ig .4 . 2 )

11 00

F ig . 4 . 32 D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace p o t te ry a tL imone sb y mound a nd b yp ha se . S i te : T a lpe ta te L oca t ion : 8k m s ou th o ft h e t own o fT ax isco , a t2 0 m e te r s a bove s e a l e v e l ( F ig . 4 . 2 ) . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 74483 E , 1 548957 N R e search H i s tory : N op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l t a rea : 2 051 m2 S i te t o ta l a rea : 4 . 10 h ec t S i te L ayou t : I ti sf o rmed b y 1 0 s t ruc tu re s , 1t o 3m i n h e igh t , a r rang ed a r ound as ma l l p l aza , w i th r ange s t ruc tu re s o n t h e s i de s a nd as ma l l p y ram id i nt h e c en te r . I na dd i t ion , a r t if ac t s s ca t t e r s f u r the r t o t h e e a s t ( c i r c led i n F ig . 4 . 33) i n d ica te t h a t t h e s i te e x tended f o r a bou t 3 00 m i n t h a t d i r ec t ion . T he s u rf ace p o t te ry f r om t h i s s i te i n d ica t e s a n o ccupa t ion f r om t h e L a te P rec la s s ic t o t h e L a t e C la s s ic p e r iod ( 400 B .C . - A .D . 9 00 ) w i th a r e la t ive ly g r ea te r c omponen t o f M idd le C la s s ic E sc lavo s p ha se ( F ig . 4 . 34 ) . T he s i ze o ft h e s i t e 's m a in s t ruc tu re s i n d ica te t h a t t h ey m ay h ave s e rved a c i v ic /ce remon ia l p u r po se . T he s i t e m ay t h e r ef o re h ave s e rved a s as ma l l c i v ic / ce remon ia l c en te r w i th in t h e Maneade ro p o l i ty . I t s p opu la t ion may h ave b een i nt h e 2 00 -300 r a nge . I t s l o ca t ion o n t h e Maneade ro r i ve r , 4 k m s ou th o f t h e l a rge c en te r , s ugg e s t s t h a t i tm ay h ave c on t ro l led a c ce s st ot h e c en te rf r om t h es o u th .

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s e rved c i v ic /ce remon ia l f u nc t ion s . T he ref o r e t h e s i te m ay h ave s e rved c i v ic /ce remon ia l f u nc t ion s a s ap e r iphe ra l c en te r a tt h e d ependency o ft h e L aN ueva c en te r . I t s l o ca t ion a tt h e s ou thern p e r iphe ry o ft h e L aN ueva p o l i ty 's t e r r i to ry s ugge s t s t h a t i tm ay h ave c on t ro l led a c ce s s t o L a N ueva f r om t h e e s tua r ie s ( F ig . 4 . 36 ) . P a r a i so 1 C0

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F ig . 4 . 33 S i te p l an o fT a lpe ta te . C i rc le s i n d ica te a r t if ac t s ca t te ra r ea s . A dd i t iona l a r t if ac ts c a t t e r sl i eo u t s ide t h em ap t ot he e a s t .

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F ig . 4 . 34 . D i s t r ibu t ion o fs u rf ace p o t t e ry a tT a lpe ta te b y mound a nd b yp ha se . F ig . 4 . 36 A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i t ep l an o fP a ra i so Mound 1 s how ing i t sl o ca t ion a tt h ej unc tu r eo ft wo b r anche so ft h e P az r i ve r l i nk ing L aN ueva a nd a s soc ia ted s i t e st ot h en or th a nd t h ee s tua r ie st ot h e s ou th .

S i te : P ara i so L oca t ion : O n t h e l ef t b ank o ft h e P az r i ve r 3k m f r om t h e e s tua ry a nd 5k m f r om t h e L aN ueva c en te r . UT M C oord ina te s : 8 03113 E , 1 528943 N R e search H i s tory : B r ief d e sc r ip t ion b yT e rme r( 1948 ) . S i te b u i l ta rea : 2 129 .00 m2 S i te t o ta la rea : 1 9 .28 h ec t . S i te L ayou t : T he s i te c on s is t s o f a5m h i gh r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm . Two a dd i t iona l mound g roup s a r e l o ca ted a f ew h und red m e te r s t ot h e n or th , u p s t ream o n t h e P az r i ve r . T he s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion s i n d ica te t h a t Mound 1 ,t h ep l a tf o rm , w a sb u i l ta nd o ccup ied d u r ing t h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic E sc lavo s /Ch iqu imu l i l la p ha se s ( F ig . 4 . 35 ) . T he s i ze , h e igh t a nd r egu la r s hape o ft h e p l a tf o rm s u gge s t t h a t i tm ay h ave

S i te : A s tur ias D o s L oca t ion : O n t h e r i gh t b ank o ft h e R io G rande r i ve r , 3 km s ou th o f t h e t own o f C h iqu imu l i l la a t 1 68 m e l eva t ion o n p i edmon ts o i l s( a l luv ia l f a ns o i l s ; s e eF ig . 1 . 5 ) . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 8362 1 E , 1 5546 11 N R e search H i s tory : S hook ( 1975 ) . S i te B u i l ta rea : 3 , 442 m2 S i te t o ta l a rea : 3 . 60 h ec t . S i te L ayou t : 8 1

s t ruc tu re s l i e i mmed ia te ly t ot h e e a s ta nd w es to ft h e p l a tf o rm ( F ig . 4 . 38 ) . A dd i t iona l r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu re s t ha t m ay h ave e x is ted a r ound t h e p l a tf o rm , may h ave b een o b l i te ra ted b y e r o s ion . T he s u rf a ce p o t te ry c o l lec ted f r om t h e s i te i n d ica te s as t rong o ccupa t ion d u r ing t h e C la s s ic p e r iod , w i th t h inne r L a te P rec la s s ic a n teceden t s( F ig . 4 . 31 , Mound s 1 3 ) . T he s i t e l i e s o n ly as ho r t d i s tan ce s ou th o ft h e m a in Maneade ro p l aza ( G roup 1 ) , a nd t h e r ef o r em ay b e p a r t o ft h e s ame e x tended s e t t lemen t a r ea a l ong t h e r i ve r . T he s i ze a nd s hape o f t h e p l a tf o rm i n d ica te a p o s s ib le c e r emon ia l / a dm in is t ra t ive f u nc t ion . T he s i te m ay h ave t h e ref o r e s e rved f o r c e r emon ia l /adm in i s t ra t ive f unc t ion s o n t h e s ou ther n p e r iphery o f t h e Maneade ro s e t t lemen t a r ea . A s im i la r p a t te rn h a s b een i n d ica ted f o r t h e C an ta r rana a nd B one te p l a tf o rm g roup s i nt h e L a Maqu ina s e t t lemen ta r ea ( F ig . 4 . 9 )

T he s i te c on s i s t s o f a1 4 m h i gh d ome l ike r i dge l i t te r ed w i th b ou lde r sr i s ing s ha rp ly f r om t h e o t herw i se r a the r f l a t g round ( F ig . 4 . 37 ) . U pon c l o se i n spec t ion , t h i s f e a tu r e a ppea r s n a tu ra l p e rhap s w i th s l igh t h uman mod if ica t ion s . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t i ta c commoda ted s t ruc tu re s o n i t s t o p , a l though n o d i rec t e v idence c ou ld b e f ound . I nf r on t o ft h e mound , t ot h e s ou th , i s a4 5 ml o ng r ange s t ruc tu r e o r ien t ed N -S . A l though l i t t le e v idence o fo ccupa t ion w a s f ound o n t h e s u rf ace , t h i s s i t e a ppea r s t o h ave b een o ccup ied d u r ing t h e C la s s ic p e r iod . A n a dd i t iona l l ow r e c tangu la r s t ruc tu r e w a s f ound 1 50 m t ot h en or th o ft h em a in m ound . I ti sl i ke ly , b ecause o ft h e s h ee r s i z e o ft h e A s tu r ia s m ound , t h a t i tm ay h ave s e rved c i v ic / ce r emon ia l f u nc t ion s . T he l a rge r a nge s t ruc tu re i nf r on t o ft h e m ound m ay h ave a l so b een o ccup ied b y e l i te r e s idence s o rc i v ic /ce r emon ia l s t ruc tu re s . T he s i t e i s l o ca ted a bou t 5k m NE o ft h e l a rge c en te ro f Maneade ro o n a r i ve rt h a tj o in s t h e Maneade ro r i ve r i mmed ia te ly s ou th o ft h e l a rge c en te r . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e s i t e s e rved a s a c i v ic /ce remon ia l c en te r i n t h e n o r ther n p e r iphe ry o f t h e Maneade ro p o l i ty a nd t h a t c on t ro l led a cce s s t o t h e l a rge c en te r f r om t h e n o r th . I n a dd i t ion , t h e n or ther n r ou te t h a t l i nk s Maneade ro t oA s tu r ia s l e ad s n or th t ot h e E sc lavo sr i ve r p a s st ot h eh igh land s .

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F ig . 4 . 38 S i te p l an o f Maneade ro G roup 2 .

S i te : Maneadero G roup 3 L oca t ion : O n t h e l ef tb ank o ft h e Maneade ro r i ve r a bou t 1 . 5 k m n o r th o f Maneade ro G roup 1 ,o n p i edmon t s o i l s a t7 0 m e l eva t ion . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 7880 1 E , 1 552484 N R e search H i s tory : No p r ev iou s r e co rd . S i te b u i l ta rea : 7 6 1 .45 m2 S i te t o ta l a rea : 0 . 92 h ec t . S i te L ayou t : I tc on s i s t s o ft wo 1 0 a nd 1 m h i gh p y ram id s a nd t h ree s ma l l r e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re s a r rang ed i regu la r ly o n a r e c tangu la r p l aza o pen t ot h e s ou th . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e t wo p y ram id s s e rved c e remon ia l /adm in is t ra t ive f unc t ion s , w h i le t h e s u r round ing s t ruc tu re s m ay h ave b een r e s iden t ia l i n n a tu re ( F ig . 4 . 39 ) . T h i s g roup l i e s a t as ho r t 1 . 5 k m d i s tance n o r th o ft h e Maneade ro m a in p l aza . I ti st h e r ef o re l i ke ly t h a t i ts e rved a s am ino r c e remon ia l /adm in i s t ra t ive n ode i nt h e n o r the rn p or t ion o ft h e l a rge r Maneade ro s e t t lemen t a r ea a nd a s ac oun terpa r t t o Maneade ro G roup 2 t ot h e s ou th o ft h e m a in p l aza .

F ig . 4 . 37 A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i te p l an o fA s tu r ia s .

S i te : Maneadero G roup 2 L oca t ion : O n t h e l e f t b ank o ft h e Maneade ro r i ve r a bou t 1 k m s ou th o f Maneade ro G roup 1 ,o n p i edmon t s o i l s a t5 0 m e l eva t ion . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 77593 E , 1 5506 14 N R e search H i s tory : N op r ev iou sr e co rd S i te b u i l ta rea : 2 243 .45 m2 S i te t o ta la rea : 0 . 85 h ec t . S i te L ayou t : I t c on s i s t s o f a 4 m h igh L shaped p l a tf o rm s uppo r t ing l ow s t ruc tu r e s o n i t s t op . Two a dd i t iona l s ma l l 8 2

F ig . 4 . 40 . E s t ima ted s u rf ace o fs i t e d en s i ty i nt h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic p e r iod ( magen ta 7s i te s /km 2;y e l low : 1 o rl e s s s i te /km2 ) . At o ta l o f7 6 s e pa ra te s e t t lemen t s h ave b een f ound i nt h er eg ion t od a te t ot h i sp e r iod ; a st h e se r a nge i ns i ze f r om i s o la t ed h am le t s t o l a rge c en t e r s w i th p opu la t ion i n t h e t hou sand s . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fs i t e s i ze s s how s t h a t m o s t o f t h e s e t t lemen t s f a l l i no ne o ft h r ee c a tego r ie s : v i l lage s , s ma l l c en te r s , a nd l a rge c en te r s ( F ig . 4 . 40 ) . V i l lage s i n c lude i s o la t ed mound s o f a r ea a s s ma l l a s 2 00 m2,t h e s pace o f a m in ima l h ou seho ld , a nd h ou se g roup s o fu p t o 1 0 s t ruc tu re s o fv a r iou s s i ze s r e ach ing am ax imum a gg r ega te m ound a r ea o fa bou t 2 000 m2. Sma l l c en te r s i n c lude l a rge r v i l lage s w i th t e n s o fs t ruc tu re s , s ome o fw h ich m ay b e o fc i v ic /ce r emon ia l f unc t ion a nd h ave a n a gg rega te m ound a r ea u p t o4 000 m2. L a rge c en te r s i n c lude s i t e s t h a t h ave l a rge c i v ic /ce r emon ia l p l aza g roup s w i th ac en t ra l a c ropo l i s p l a tf o rm a nd e x ten s ive s u r round ing s e t t lemen t a r ea s o fa gg rega te m ound a r ea u p t o 8 0 ,000 m2.

F ig . 4 . 39 S i te p l an o f Maneade ro G roup 3 . V i l lage s s e eA ppend ix 2f o rc omp le te l i s t . D i scu s s ion o fC la s s ic P er iod S e t t lemen t S e t t lemen tH ie rarch ie s A s n o ted e a r l ie r , o u r c h rono log ica l a s se s smen t s b a sed o n c e ram ic d a ta i n d ica te t h a t t h e E a r ly C la s s ic O scu ro p ha se ( A .D . 2 00 -400 ) w a s ap e r iod o fp opu la t ion d ec l ine i n t h e S ou thea s t e rn C oa s t . T he p o s s ib i l i ty h oweve r e x i s t s t h a t s ome L a t e P r ec la s s ic d i agno s t ic t y pe s c on t inued i n u s e t h rough t h e f o u r th c en tu ry A .D . a tS ou thea s tern c oa s ta l s i te s t h e r ef o r e " ob scu r ing " ar a the r s moo th t r an s i t ion i n to t h e E a r ly C la s s ic p e r iod . Wh i le f u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion s w i l l c e r ta in ly c l a r if y t h is m a t t e r , t h e c u r r en t e v idence s hou ld b e t a ken a t f a ce v a lue t o i n d ica te a p e r iod o f p o l i t ica l a nd d emog raph ic d i srup t ion . T he h ypo the s i s t h a t t h e e rup t ion o f t h e I l opango v o lcano a ta bou t A .D . 2 60 e f ec t ive ly c au sed a t wo c en tu r ie s l o ng p opu la t ion h i a tu s i n t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t d e se rve s f u r the r a t ten t ion a nd m ay b e s uppor ted b y a dd i t iona l s t ra t ig raph ic e v idence f r om S ou thea s te rn C oa s ta l s i te s . G eo -a r chaeo log ica l s t ud ie s i nn e ighbo r ing r eg ion s o f w e s ter n E l S a lvado r h ave p o in ted t o t h i s c a ta s t roph ic p henomenon a st h e c ause o fl o ca l p opu la t ion d ec l ine ( Shee t s 1 983 , F ow le r a nd E a rne s t 1 985 ) . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t ac l o se r s t udy o ft h e r e cen t v o lcan ic a nd e r o s iona l p roce s se s o f t h e S ou thea s t e rn C oa s t may e l uc ida te t h i sp rob lem .

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T he M idd le /La te C la s s ic E sc lavo s /Ch iqu imu l i l la p ha se sc omp r i se c e r ta in ly a p e r iod o fg r ea tr e su rgence o nt h e S ou thea s t er n C oa s t . S e t t lemen t d en s i ty r e ached p eak l e ve l s t h roughou tt h er eg ion , b u te spec ia l ly i nt h e a r ea s o ft h e l owe r E sc lavo s r i ve r , i t s e s tua ry , a nd t h e l owe r P az r i ve r a nd i t s e s tua ry ( F ig . 4 . 39 ) . I n t h e se a r ea s l a rge c i v ic /ce remon ia l c en te r sw e r eb u i l ta nd t h e p opu la t ion i nt h e l a rge rs e t t lemen t s g rew t os e ve ra lt hou sand s .

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l o ca ted v i l lag e s . Among t h e s oc ia l p r oce s se s t h a t a r e b e l ieved t o b e r e la ted t o i n c rea se i n f u nc t iona l s i ze o f c en t ra l ly l o ca t ed s i te s a r e t h e d i f f e r en t ia l i n vo lvemen t o f e l i te s i ns t a tu s re inf o r c ing a c t iv i t ies s u ch a s p a r t ic ipa t ion i n l o ng d i s tance t r ade ( s ee b e low ) a nd c oncen t ra t ion o f c e r emon ia l a r ch i tec tu r e u nde r t h e i r c on t ro l ( J ohn son 1 980a ) . I tt h e ref o r e a ppea r s t h a t t h e g r ea te r f u nc t iona l s i ze o f t h e c en t ra l ly l o ca t ed L a Maqu ina s i t e m ay b e t h e r e su l t o fh i ghe r i n vo lvemen t o fi t se l i te s i ns t a tu s r e inf o r c ing i n te rac t ion w i th o u t s ide g roup sa nd c oncen t ra t ion o fr e l ig iou s a c t iv i t ie sw i th in i t sc e r emon ia lc o r e .

F i g . 4 . 4 1 H is tog ram o fs i ze so fM idd le /La te C la s s ic p e r iod s i t e s . T he a bove h ypo the t ica l s i te c l a s s if ica t ion b a sed o n s i t e a r ea ( agg rega te mound a r ea ) s hown i n F ig . 4 . 4 1 , i d en t if ie s t h e t h ree m a in g roup s o f s i te s ize s . T h i s p o in t i s f u r the r s uppor ted w hen t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu r e s i sc on s ide red . A s F ig . 4 . 4 1 s how s , i ta ppea r s t h a t m o s t s i te s w i th a gg rega te mound a r ea l a rge r t h an 4 , 000 m2 h ave a l so c i v ic /ce r emon ia l s t ruc tu re s . Two s i te s o f a r ea a bou t 4 , 000 m2 a r e e xcep t ion s i n t h a t t h ey h ave n o c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s , w h i le t h ree s i te s h ave a r ea s s ma l le r t h an 4 , 000 m2 b u t d o h ave i d en t if iab le c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s ; n ever the le s s , t h e g ene ra l p a t t e rn s uppor t s t h e h ypo the s i s t h a t s i te f u nc t iona l s i ze i sd i r ec t ly r e la ted t o s i te s i z e . T he ref o re , v i l lage s m ay h ave s e rved a f ew f u nc t ion s , m e re ly i n t h e r e s iden t ia l a nd p roduc t ive s phe re s , w h i le s ma l l c en te r s a nd l a rge c en te r s m ay h ave s e rved a l a rge r n umbe r o f f unc t ion s i nt h e c e remon ia l a nd a dm in i s t ra t ive s phe r e s . 5 0000 4 0000 3 0000

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A cco rd ing t o t h e a bove d i scu s s ion i t i s h e re p o s tu la ted t h a t M idd le /La t e C la s s ic s e t t lemen t s i n t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t w e r e o rgan ized i n a t h ree t ie r ed h i e ra r chy . T he s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e f o ur l a rge c en te r so f L a Maqu ina , L a N ueva , Maneade ro , a nd D u razno ( F ig . 4 . 2 ) i n d ica te t h a t t h e se m ay b e c on s ide r ed c en te r s o f f o u r s ub sy s tem sw i th in t h e c oa s ta lr e g ion . T h ie s sen p o lygon sw e re c on s t ruc ted a r ound e ach c en te r t o i d en t if y t h e e x ten t o ft h e t e r r i to ry o f e a ch p u ta t ive p o l i ty . T h r ee w e igh t ing c r i t e r ia i d en t if y t h e a moun t o f l a nd s u i tab le t o a g r icu l tu r e a nd s e t t lemen t a va i lab le w i th in e a ch p o l i ty 's T h ie s sen p o lygon , t h e se a r e p rox im ty t o r i ve r s , s l ope l e s s t h an 6 d eg ree s , a nd d i s tance f r om t h e n ea re s t l a rge c en te r a l ong w a te r cou r se s ( on ly f o re s tu a ry l a nd s ) .

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F i g .4 . 42 R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o fM idd le /La te C la s s ic s i t e b yp r e sence /ab sence o fc i v ic /ce r emon ia ls t ruc tu re s . When s i ze o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a mong l a rge c en te r s i sc on s ide red i ti sa ppa ren t t h a t t h e d if e rence s i nv o lume t r ic s i ze o fc i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a mong s i t e s c o r r e la t e w i th t h e d if e rence s i ns i te a r ea s i ze s . A s s hown i n F i g . 4 . 42 , L a Maqu ina , t h e l a rge s t c en t e r , h a s t h e g r ea te r v o lume o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s , f o l lowed b y L a N ueva , t h e s e cond l a rge s t c en t e r i n t h e r e g ion , a nd s o o n . F rom t h is p a t tern , i tc an b e d e r ived t h a t t h e re i s ad i rec t r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e c en t ra l l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te o f L a Maqu ina , i t s r e la t ive l a rge r p opu la t ion s i ze a nd f u nc t iona l s i ze . I n f a c t , a s J ohn son ( 1977 : 4 93 ) n o ted r ega rd ing s e t t lemen t f unc t iona l s i ze s , c en t ra l ly l o ca t ed v i l lage s w ou ld h ave a n a dvan tage o ve r mo r e p e r iphe ra l s i te s i n t h e d eve lopmen t o f d ec i s ion -mak ing h i e ra r ch ie s b ecau se o f t h e r e duc t ion o fi n te rac t ion c o s t s w i th n e ighbo r ing c ommun i t ie s . T he ref o re , t h e d eve lopmen t o f l e ade r sh ip a nd s t a tu s

F igu r e4 . 2 s how st h a tt h e L a Maqu ina a nd L aN u eva c en te r s a r e m u tua l ly s epa ra ted b y ag r ea t e r d i s tance t h an t h e o t he r c en te r sa nd t h e ref o re t h e i r T h ie s sen p o lygon s i n c lude a l a rge r t e r r i to ry t h an t h e o t he r c en te r s . F u r the r rno re , ac h i s qua r e a na ly s i s o f l a nd v s . n umbe r o f s i t e s w i th in e a ch T h ie s sen p o lygon ( p re sen t ed i nT ab le 4 . 1) s ugge s t s t h a t t h e o ccur r ence o fs i t e s i nt h et e r r i to r ie so ft h et wo s ma l le rc en t e r s ( Maneade ro a nd D u razno ) w a s l owe r t h an e xpec ted u nde r

d i f f e rence s w ou ld i n c rea se t h e f unc t iona l s i ze o f c en t ra l ly 8 4

c ond i t ion s o fr a ndomne s s a nd t h a t m o re s i t e s w e r e c l u s te r ed i nt h et e r r i to r i e so ft h et wo l a rg e rp o l i t ie s .

8 5

I no rde rt oe xp lo r e f u r the rt h e i n te rna l a r t icu la t ion o f t h e a bove d e sc r ibed s e t t lemen t s y s tem a r a nk s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e t o ta l n umbe r o f M idd le /La t e C la s s ic s e t t lemen t w a s c a lcu la ted a nd p lo t ted o n al oga r i thm ic s c a le . A s n o ted i nc hap te r 2a nd 3 ,t h e b a s ic m ea su re o fp opu la t ion s i ze u sed h e r e i sa gg r ega te mound a r ea ( s i te b u i l t a r ea ) , w h ich i sc on s ide red ab e t te r e s t ima to r o f as i te 's p opu la t ion s i ze . R ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion s a r e c on s t ruc ted b y r a nk ing s i te s i nd e scend ing o rde r b a sed o n t h e i r s i ze . T he s y s t em r ank s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion i s t h en c ompa r ed t o a l o g -no rma l d i s t r ibu t ion w he r e as i te r a nk s ize i se qua l t ot h e s i z e o ft h e l a rge s ts i te d i v ided b y i t sr ank r ,s uch t h a tt h e s i te i nr a nk t wo i s1 / 2 t h e s i z e o ft h e f i r s t , t h e t h i rd i s1 / 3 o ft h e f i r s t a nd s o o n . L og -no rma l d i s t r ibu t ion s a r e b e l ieved b y g eog raphe r s t o o ccu r w hen s e t t lemen t s i nh i e ra rch ica l s y s tems a r ea a lowed t o g row u nde r n on iso t rop ic c ond i t ion s ( J ohnson 1 980a ,b ) . I n o t he r w o rd s , i nn o rma l d i s t r ibu t ion s as i te i sa lowed t o g row u p t ot h e s i ze p r ed ic ted b y i t s r a nk p o s i t ion r e la t ive t o t h e l a rge s t s i t e i n t h e s y s tem . N o rma l d i s t r ibu t ion s a r e b e l ieved t ob e c ommon i nw e l l in teg ra ted s e t t lemen t s y s tem s t y p ica l o f t h e m a rke t e conom ies o f p o s t indu s t r ia l s t a te s . D ev ia t ion s f r om t h e l o g -no rma l l i ne a r et a ken t or e p r e sen tt h e a bno rma l g row th o fs i te s d ue t oe i the r l a ck o fi n teg ra t ion o r e xce s s ive c en t ra l iza t ion . A s n o ted i nC hap te r 3( s ee a l so J ohn son 1 977 , 1 980b ) , c onvex d i s t r ibu t ion s o ccu rw hen s i te s g row l a rge r t h an p r ed ic ted b y t h e i r r a nk p os i t ion i nr e la t ion t ot h e s i t e o fr a nk 1 . T h i s h a s b een i n te rp re ted a s as i gn o f l i t t le i n te rdependence a mong c en te r s , a nd h a s o f t en b een d ocumen ted i ns y s tem s t h a t i n c luded a u tonomou s s e t t lemen t s ub sy s tem s . I n c oncave d i s t r ibu t ion s , o n t h e o t he r h and , s i te s a r e i n h ib i ted f r om g row ing u p t ot h e s i ze p r ed ic ted b y t h e i r r a nk p o s i t ion r e la t ive t ot h e l a rge s t c en te r , w h ich a tt h e s ame t i me a ppea r s t o b e a bnorma l ly l a rger t h an t h e o t he r c en te r s . T h is t y pe o fd i s t r ibu t ion , c a l led p r ima te d i s t r ibu t ion , h a s b een d es c r ibed a s o ccu r r ing i n t h e i n c ip ien t s t age s o f s t a te f o rma t ion , s u ch a s i nt h e Me sopo tam ian s t a te s o f t h e E a r ly U ruk p e r iod ( J ohnson 1 980a ) , t h e C la s s ic p e r iod T eo t ihua cän s t a te i nC en t ra l Mex ico ( Cowg i l l 1 997 ) , o r t h e Mon te A lbän s t a te i n O axaca , M ex ico ( B lan ton 1 976 , K owa le sk i e ta l . 1 983 ) . T he r a nk s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o f M idd le /La t e C la s s ic S ou thea s ter n C oa s t s e t t lemen t ( F ig . 4 . 45 A ) s how s L a Maqu ina a st h e l a rge s t s e t t lemen t o ft h e s y s tem f o l lowed b y L aN ueva . T h e s y s tem a s aw ho le s how s v e ry l i t t le d ev ia t ion f r om t h e l o g -norma l d i s t r ibu t ion i n d ica t ing a h i gh d eg r ee o f s y s tem i n teg ra t ion a nd a w e l l e s tab l ished s e t t lemen t a r t icu la t ion a r ound L a Maqu ina . T he s i te o f L a N ueva a ppea r s t o b e o n ly s l igh t ly a bove t h e p red ic t ed s i ze , i n d ica t ing o n ly as l igh t t e ndency t os e pa ra t e f r om c on t ro l b y t h e L a Maqu ina c en te r s . B e low t h e f i r s tt wo r anked s i t e s t h e d i s t r ibu t ion f a l l s b e low t h e n o rma l l i ne i n d ica t ing ac e r ta in d eg r ee o f c en t ra l iza t ion e xer ted b y L a Maqu ina o n t h e s ma l le r p o l i ty c en te r s t ot h e w e s t ( Maneade ro a nd D u razno r ank 5a nd 6 ) , a nd b y L a N ueva t owa rd s i t s s ma l l c en te r t o t h e s ou th ( Pa r a i so , s e ea bove ) . S i te s o fs ma l le r s i z ea ppea rt o d i s t r ibu te t h em se lve s a l ong a c onvex d i vergence f r om t h e n o rma l d i s t r ibu t ion i n d ica t ing ar e la t ive l e ve l o fi n teg ra t ion i n t h e s y s tem b eyond t h e f i r s t t wo t i e r s o ft h e h i e ra r chy . T h i s c an b e e xp la ined a s m ean ing t h a t t h e se s ma l l v i l lag e s w e r e f r ee t o g row r e a la t ive ly mo re i n dependen t ly t h an l a rge r c en te r s . T h i s i sp e rhap s d ue t ot h e i mp rac t ica l i ty o n t h e p a r t

T ab le C hap te rF ou r. 1F requency o fC la s s ic p e r iod s i t e o ccur rence w i th in c en te r 's t e r r i to r ie s s e lec ted b yw e igh ted T h ie ssen p o lygon s .

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1 5306 2 249 1 1 6733

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6 7689

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6 1 .462

3

T he s ame p a t ter n c an b e d e r ived v i sua l ly f r om F igu re 4 . 2 . I nf a c t t h e d i ag ram s i nF ig . 4 . 44a a nd b i n d ica te t h a t t h e re i s ap o s i t ive c o r re la t ion b e tween c en te r s i ze a nd a s soc ia ted s e t t lemen t s i z e ( a gg rega te mound a r ea ) w i th in e ach p o l i ty a nd c en te r s i ze a nd a r ab le l a nd a va i lab le i ne ach p o l i ty . T h i s s uppo r t s t h e h ypo the s i s t h a t a l l S ou thea s te rn C oa s ta l s e t t lemen t s w e r e o rgan ized i nt h e f ou r p o l i t ica l u n i t s i d en t if ied b yt h eT h ie s sen p o lygon sc en te red a tt h e s i te so fL a Maqu ina , Maneade ro , D u razno a nd L aN ueva , a nd , a sn o ted e a r l ie r , e a ch c en t e r w a s s u r rounded b y an umbe r o fs e cond a nd t h i rd l e ve l s e t t lemen t s p ropo r t iona l t o t h e c en t e r s i ze ( a gg rega te m ound a r ea ) .

R sq -0 . 9097 0

2 0000 1 0000

4 0000 3 0000

6 0000 5 0000

A

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7 0000

6 0000

5 0000

4 0000

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3 0000.

2 000 3.

1 0000

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2 00 00 1 8000

2 4000 2 2000

Assoc ia ted l and i n h ec t .

F ig . 4 . 44 A )R e la t ion sh ip b e tween c en te rs i ze a nd a s soc ia ted s e t t lemen t . B )R e la t ion sh ip b e tween c en te rs i ze a nd a s soc ia ted l a nd s u i tab le f o rs e t t lemen t .

8 6

o f t h e c en te r 's l e ade r sh ip o f c on t ro l l ing s ma l l h am le t s d i spe r sed a tg rea td i s tance f r om t h ec en te r s . T he s i te s o fr a nk s 3a nd 4 ,B one te a nd C an ta r rana , c an a r guab ly b e c on s ide red p a r t o ft h e L a Maqu ina e x ten s ive s e t t lemen t a r ea , s i nce t h ey a r e c onnec ted b y c on t inuou s s e t t lemen t t o i t , a s t h ey w e r e t o N ueve C e r ro s i n t h e L a te P rec la s s ic ( s ee c hap te r 3 ) . When t h e L a Maqu ina , B one te a nd C an ta r rana s i te a r ea s a r e c omb ined t h e r e su l t ing r ank s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion i sn o t a f f ec ted b y ag r ea t d eg ree , h oweve r ( F ig . 4 . 45B ) . T he r e i s as l igh t ly mo r e m a rk ed d i f f e rence i n s i ze b e tween L a Maqu ina a nd L a N ueva , s ugge s t ing mo r e v e r t ica l i n teg ra t ion b e tween t h e t wo , b u t t h e i r o ve ra l l r e la t ion sh ip i su nchanged ; t h e d i f f e r ence b e tween t h e f i r s t t wo s i t e s a nd t h e s ma l le r p o l i ty c en te r s i s much mo r e p ronoun ced , o n t h e o t he r h and . T h i s s c ena r io c an b e i n te rp re t ed t oi n d ica te ap r ima te r o le f o rL a Maqu ina w i th t h e p o l i t ie s t o t h e w e s t ( Maneade ro a nd D u razno ) a nd t h e i r a s soc ia t ed s e t t lemen t , t o a g r ea te r d eg ree t h an w i th t h e L a N ueva p o l i ty w i th w h ich t h e r e la t ion sh ip m ay h ave b een l e s s e x t reme ly c en t ra l ized a nd l e s sv er t ica l .

T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween L a Maqu ina a nd t h e o t he r p o l i ty c en te r s c an b e a na lyzed t h rough t h e u s e o f g r av i ty m ode l s t ot e s t w he the r c en t ra l iz ing o r c en t r if uga l f o rce s h ave s haped t h e g row th o fs e t t lemen t s . G rav i ty m ode l s h ave b een u sef u l i nd ef in ing t h e d eg ree o fi n te rac t ion b e tw een g roup s b y c on s ide r ing t h e r e la t ive s i ze o ft h e p opu la t ion s i n vo lved , t h e n a tu r e o f t h e i n te ra c t ion a nd t h e d i s tance b e tween t h e i n te ra c t ing g roup s ( P log 1 976 ) . I f , a s s ugge s t ed b y t h e r ank s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion , t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t s e t t lemen t s w e re i n teg ra ted t h rough c e remon ia l a nd /o r a dm in i s t ra t ive f u nc t ion s a tt h e p r ima ry c en te r o fL a Maqu ina , t h en w e w ou ld e xpec t t o s e e ad ec rea se i n t h e s i ze o f c i v ic /ce remon ia l c en te r s a nd a s soc ia ted s e t t lemen t a sd i s tance i n c rea se s f r om L a Maqu ina . T h i s i sb ecau se o ft h e a s sump t ion t h a t m in im iza t ion o fe ne rgy e xpend i tu re c au se s i n te rac t ion s w i th t h e s y s tem 's c en te r t o d ec r ea se i ni n ten s i ty a nd f r equency a sd i s tance f r om t h e c en te r i n c r ea se s . A s F ig . 4 . 46 s how s , i n t h e S ou thea s t er n C oa s t s e t t lemen t s y s tem , ar a the r c l ea r g r av i ty mode l i sc en te red a t L a Maqu ina i n d ica t ing a h i gh d eg ree o f d ependency o f s ub sy s tem c en te r s f r om t h ep r ima ry c en te r , o ri no t he rw o rd s a " demog raph ic p u l l" t owa rd s L a Maqu ina ( Kowa le sk i 1 983 ) . T he d eg ree o fc en t ra l iza t ion e xe r ted b y L a Maqu ina o ve r t h e o t he r S ou thea s te rn C oa s ta l p o l i t ie s t o i t s e a s t a nd w e s t i s e xemp l if ied b y t h ree l i ne s o f e v idence . 1 )T he v o lume o f c i v ic / ce remon ia l a r ch i tec tu r e a t l a rge c en t e r s a ppea r s t o b e i n ve r se ly p ropo r t iona l t od i s tance f r om L a Maqu ina ( F ig . 4 . 46 A ) . 2 )L ikew ise , t h e t o ta l s i ze o fl a rge c en te r s a nd t h e a moun t o f v i l lage s i ze s e t t lemen t s i ne ach a s soc ia t ed s ub sy s tem a r e a l so n ega t ive ly c or re la ted t od i s tance f r om L a Maqu ina .

5 0000 4 0000 3 0000 2 0000 1 0000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000

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1 000 5 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 1 00

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8 8

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8 0

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5 0000 4 0000 3 0000

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2 000 1 000 5 00 4 00 3 00 2 00

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F ig . 4 . 45 . R ank s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion so fM idd le /La t e C la s s ic s e t t lemen ti nt h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t . L a Maqu ina r ank 1 ,L a N ueva r ank 2 . A )B one te a nd C an ta r rana i n c luded a s s epa ra te s e t t lemen t s( r ank 3a nd 4 ) . B )B one te a nd C an ta r rana i n c luded i nL a Maqu ina s e t t lemen ta r ea

8 7

V o lume o fC e r em . s t r s . m 3

I n te re s t ing ly , J ohn son ( 1980a ) n o ted ad i ame t r ica l ly o ppo s i t e s i tua t ion i nh i s s t udy o ft h e E a r ly U ruk s e t t lemen t a r t icu la t ion a r ound U ruk ; v i l lage s i ze t e nded t oi n c rea se w i th d i s tan ce f r om U ruk . H e i n te rp r e ted t h i s u nexpec ted p a t te rn w i th t h e p o s s ib le e me rgence o ff u nc t iona l d i f f e r ence s a mong v i l lag e s a nd t h e i r r e la t ive i n dependence f r om t h e p r ima te c en te r d u r ing t h e e a r ly s t age o fd eve lopmen t . A cco rd ing t o J ohn son , t h i s p a t ter n o f i n i t ia l c ompe t i t ion a mong v i l lage s w ou ld l e ad t owa rd s t h e f o rma t ion o f n ew " c en t ra l p l a ce s" w i th in a s e t t lemen t s y s tem i n w h ich m a rke t d emand s a nd e ff i c ien t d e l ive ry o f s e rv ice s a r e t h e f o r ce s t h a t s hape s e t t lemen t g row th t ou n if o rm ly c ove r a l l i n te r s t i t ia l s pace s i n t h e t e r r i to ry . I n s tead t h e S ou thea s ter nC oa s t d a ta ( F ig . 4 . 46 ) s how a h igh d eg ree o f s e t t lemen t i n teg ra t ion t h rough L a Maqu ina a s ap r ima te c en te r l e ad ing t o t h e d if e ren t ia l g row th o fc en te r sc l o se rt oi t . T he c ompa r ison w i th t h e U ruk d a ta s ugge s t s t h a t t h e t y pe o f i n te rac t ion s t h a t s haped t h i s c en t ra l iz ed s y s tem m ay n o t b e r e la ted t oc en t ra l p l ace f o r ce s t oo p t im ize t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fp roduc t s a nd s e rv ice s . C en t ra l p l a ce f o r ce s w ou ld i n f a c t c au se d ecen t ra l iza t ion , a nd n o t f u nc t iona l n uc lea t ion a tt h e p r ima ry c en te r . G iven t h e e f ec t o f t h e g rav i ty mode l o n c i v ic /ce remon ia l a r ch i tec tu r e t h roughou t t h e r eg ion d e sc r ibed a bove , w e c an i n f e r t h a t c en t ra l ized i n s t i tu t ion s a tL a Maqu ina a f f ec t ed t h e g row th o f o t he r s y s tem c en te r s a nd t h a t t h e se s hap ing f o r ce s p e r ta ined p r ima r i ly t o t h e c e remon ia l a nd a dm in i s t ra t ive s phe r e . T he l a ck o f s i gn if ican t d ecen t ra l iz ing t e ndenc ie s m ay a l so i n d ica te a l e s s ma tu re a nd m o re s t a t iona ry s y s tem t h an t h e o ne p r ed ic ted b y an o rma l d i s t r ibu t ion . A s n o ted e a r l ie r i n t h e d i scu s s ion o f t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic p r imo -convex s y s tem s , t h e c en t ra l iza t ion o f c e remon ia l a nd p o l i t ica l i n s t i tu t ion s a tt h ep r ima te c en te rm ay h ave s e rved t h e p urpo se o f p rov id ing a u n if ied s t age f o r r i tua l s a nd o t he r a c t iv i t ie s d evo ted t o t h e e n t i r e r e g iona l p opu la t ion , r e inf o rc ing g roup i d en t i ty w i th in t h e r e g iona l " sphe r e o f i nf luence" o f L a Maqu ina . I n a dd i t ion , r i tua l v i s i t s a nd l o ng d i s tance t r ade m is s ion s w ou ld b e d i r ec ted t o a nd f r om t h e c en t ra l ized i n s t i tu t ion s , t h u s r e inf o r c ing t h e s y s t em s h i e ra rch ica l s t ruc tu r e ( Kowa le sk i 1 982 ) . I n t h i s r e spec t , w hen t h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic r a nk s iz e d i s t r ibu t ion i sc ompa r ed t ot h a t o ft h e L a te P rec la s s ic p e r iod ( F ig . 3 . 44 ) , t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic t h a t i s m o s t e v iden t , a s ide f r om t h e c on t inued r e la t ive p r ima cy i nt h e s y s tem s hown i nF ig . 4 . 45 B , i st h a t t h e s hape o ft h e l i ne c onf o rm s m o re c l o se ly t ot h e n o rma l d i s t r ibu t ion . T h i s s ugge s t s n o t o n ly a n i n c r ea s ing ly w e l l i n teg ra ted s e t t lemen t s y s tem a round L a Maqu ina , b u t a l so t h e g oodne s s o ff i t o ft h e a r b i t ra r i ly c ho sen b ounda r ie s o ft h i s s t udy r eg ion w i th t h e b ounda r ie s o fa n e conom ica l ly , p o l i t ica l ly a nd c u l tu ra l ly u n if ied s e t t lemen t s y s tem o f t h e M idd le C la s s ic p e r iod .

A R sq = 0 .9506

C en te rS i z e i nm 2

D i s tance k m

R sq = 0 . 8054 10

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

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D i s tance i nk m

R sq = 0 . 7 123

S e t t lemen t I n te rac t ions

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O ne o ft h e f a c to r s t h a t c au se s p r ima te d i s t r ibu t ion s i st h e p a r t ic ipa t ion o f t h e p r ima te c en te r 's p opu la t ion i n i n te ra c t ion s w i th c en te r s w i th in a l a rge r , s up ra reg iona l s e t t lemen t s y s tem ( J ohn son 1 977 , B lan ton 1 976 ) . S uch i s t h e c a se , f o r e xamp le , o fm ode rn c ap i ta l s o ff o rme r e mp i r e s ( e .g . G rea t B r i ta in ) , o r o f d eve lop ing c oun t r ie s ( e .g . G ua t ema la C i ty ) . I t i s f u r the rmo re p o s s ib le t h a t t h e L a

F ig . 4 . 46 . A )S ca t te rp lo to fv o lume o fc i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu r e sa tl a rge c en te r sa nd d i s tance f r om L a Maqu ina . B ) S ca t te r -p lo to fl a rge c en te rs i ze a nd d i s tance f r om L a Maqu ina . C ) S ca t terp lo to fs e t t lemen ta s soc ia ted w i th l a rge c en te r sa nd d i s tance f r om L a Maqu ina

8 8

s t y le p o t te ry t h roughou t t h e r eg ion o f We s tern H ondu ra s , We s ter n E l S a lvado r , U ppe r Mo tagua V a l ley , S ou thea s te rn G ua tema lan H igh land s ( Beaud ry 1 984 ) a nd t o al e s se r e x ten t a l so o n t h e S ou thea s ter nP a c if ic C oa s t . T he a r ch i tec tu ra l s t y le o fc i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a nd t h e g ene ra l l a you t o f M idd le /La t e C la s s ic S ou thea s ter n c en te r s h ave p a ra l le l s i nc en te r s l o ca ted i nr eg ion s t ot h e e a s t a nd w e s t . T he p l aza l a you t , o f al a rge a c ropo l i s p l a tf o rm s u r rounded b yp y ram id st ot h en o r th a nd e a s ta nd ab a l l -cou r t t o t h e s ou thea s t , f ound a t L a Maqu ina a nd i n p a r t a t Maneade ro , D u raz no a nd L aN ueva h a s i t s c l o ses t p a ra l le l i n t h e a c ropo l i sc en te ro f Mon tana i nt h e E scu in t la r eg ion ( Bove 1 995 , G enovez 1 997 ) , a bou t 8 0 k m t o t h e w e s t o f L a Maqu ina , a nd L o s C e r r i to s -No r te a bou t 6 0 k m n o r th -ea s t o f L a Maqu ina ( Ch inch i l la 1 996 ) . T he re i sa l so amo re g ene ra l r e semb lance i nt h e l a you t o f a c ropo l i s s t ruc tu re s a nd t h e i r s upe r s t ruc tu re s w i th t h e C o tzuma lguapa n uc lea r z one c en te r s o fB i lbao , E l B au l a nd E l C a s t i l lo ( Pa r son s 1 969 , C h inch i l la 1 996 ) . T ot h e e a s ta tC a ra S uc ia a n a c ropo l i s i na l l e s sen t ia l s s im i la r t o t h e L a Maqu ina o ne i s a t t h e c en te r o f a c i v ic /ce remon ia l c omp lex w i th t wo p y ram id st ot h e e a s ta nd a b a l l -cou r tt ot h e s ou thea s t( Ama ro l i 1 984 ) . T he s c u lp tu ra l s t y le o f M idd le /La te C la s s ic m onumen t s f ound a tL a Maqu ina , Maneade ro a nd L a N ueva , a ppea r s t ob e m o s t c l o se ly l i nked w i th t h e s cu lp tu ra l s t y le o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa N uc lea r Z one ( Pa r son s 1 969 , C h inch i l la 1 996 ) . T he c o rpu s o f M idd le /La te C la s s ic S ou thea s ter n C oa s t s cu lp tu re s i n c lude s o ne s c u lp tu re ( t enoned h uman h ead ) f r om Maneade ro , t h r ee l a rge h ead s f r om L a Maqu ina , a nd a tl e a s tt wen ty th ree s c u lp tu re s i n c lud ing t wo l a rge s t e lae a nd s eve ra l o t he r i n the round f i gu re s r e p r e sen t ing r e p t i l ian a nd D ea th d e i t ie s f r om L a N ueva ( s ee a bove ) . A s n o ted e a r l ie r , t h e s t y le o ft h e se m onumen t s i sc on s is ten t w i th s ome o ft h e mo s t c anon ica l t r a i t s o ft h e C o tzuma lguapa s t y le s u ch a st h e b ow t ie s c a rf w o rn b y z oomorph ic f i gu re s , t h e D ea th 's H ead mo t if , a nd t h e r e p t i l ian t e noned -head , w h i le s ome d i f f e rence s e x i s t i nd e ta i l s o fc a rv ing s t y le a nd i c onog raphy , s u ch a s t h e u nu sua l f r on ta l p o s tu re o f ar u le r w ea r ing a c omp lex f e a the r h eadd r e s s a nd b rand ish ing a n u nu sua l s wo rd l ike w eapon i nh i s r i gh t h and . T he se d i f f e rence s m ay n o t s e em t o a moun t t o m u ch mo re t h an a d i f f e rence i nt h e a b i l i ty o f t h e c r af t spe r son , p o s s ib ly o f as l igh t ly d i f f e ren t b ackg round f r om t h e a r t i s t s o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa r eg ion , b u t s t i l l f o l low ing t h e s ame i c onog raph ic c anon s . A s cu lp tu re mo re s t r ic t ly a dhe r en tt ot h e t y p ica l C o tzuma lguapa s t y le w a s f ound a tt h e p i edmon t s i te o f L a G ab ia , a bou t 2 0 k m NW o f D u razno , r e p r e sen t ing a l o ng -ha i red f i gu r e i n p rof i le ( E s t rada B e l l i e t a l . 1 998 , C h inch i l la 1 996 ) . T he o ccu r rence o fs u ch al a rge n umbe ro fs c u lp tu re s a tL aN ueva , r a the r t h an a tL a Maqu ina , q ue s t ion s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t L a Maqu ina h ad e xc lu s ive t i e s w i th o u t s ide r eg ion s a nd e ven a p o s i t ion o f p r imacy o ve r L a N ueva w i th in t h e r eg iona l s e t t lemen t s y s tem . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t L a N ueva e l i te s h ad mo re d i rec t s t ra teg ic t i e s w i th t h e p owe rf u l e l i te s o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa r e g ion i n o rde r t o b a lance t h e t h rea t f r om t h e i r L a Maqu ina n e ighbo r s . A l ter na t ive ly , s i nce t h e e xa c t c h rono log ica l p l a cemen t o f t h e L a N ueva s cu lp tu re i ss t i l l v ague , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e L a N ueva s cu lp tu ra l f l o re scence o ccu r red a t at i me w hen L a N ueva e xpe r ienced as hor t l ived p r imacy o ve r t h e r eg iona l s y s tem a nd m ay h ave a s sumed c on t ro l o ve r L a Maqu ina , s ho r t ly b ef o re t h e e nd o f t h e

Maqu ina c en te r ( a nd /o r L a Nueva ) , m ay h ave s e rved a s a g a teway c en te r ( H ir th 1 978 ) f o r t h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic S ou thea s te rn C oa s t( s ee s im i la rc a se i nc hap t e r3 ) , c hanne l ing i n te rac t ion s t o a nd f r om c en te r s o f o t he r r eg ion s o f Me soame r ica . I ft h i s w e r e t h e c a se , o ne w ou ld e xpec t t os e e ah i gh d eg ree o fs im i la r i ty i nt h e a r cha eo log ica l a s semb lage s o f t h e c en te r s i n vo lved i n t h e i n te r a c t ion s . I n o rde r t o c onf i rm t h er o le o f ap r ima te c en te r , o n ew ou ld e xpec tt of i nd e v idence o fd i r ec tt r ade o fr a re a r t if ac t sa tt h e p r ima te c en te r . T he c e ram ic a s semb lage o f L a Maqu ina a nd a l l o t he r S ou thea s te rn C oa s t c en t e r s s how s ah i gh d eg ree o fs im i la r i ty w i th t h a t o f M idd le /La te C la ss ic c oa s ta l c en te r s o f t h e E scu in t la r e g ion t o t h e w e s t , s uch a s C ha to s /Manan t ia l /Mon tana i n t h e c oa s ta l p l a in ( Med rano 1 995 ) , a nd B i lbao , E l B au l a nd o t he r s i te s o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa n uc lea r z one ( Ch in ch i l la 1 996 ) . T h i s i s e v iden t i n t h e h i gh f r equency o f T iqu i sa te o range s l ipped c e ram ic g roup s , h ema t i t e red p a in ted P e rd ido g roup s , v e s se ls w i th T eo t ihua can s t y le h uman e ff igy m o lded s l ab f e e t ,a nd o t he r u t i l i ta r ian c e ram ic t y pe s o ccu r r ing i n b o th r eg ion s ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 , s e e F ig s . i nA ppend ix 3 ) . B eyond t h e P az r i ve r , t o t h e e a s t , c e ram ic s im i la r i t ie s a r e s t rong w i th t h e s i t e s o fC a ra S uc ia ( Ama ro l i 1 984 ) , T azuma l ( Sha r e r 1 978 ) a nd t h o se i nt h e w e s t -cen t ra l E l S a lvado r b a s in s ( Shee t s 1 983 , F ow le r a nd E a rne s t 1 985 ) . C opado ra nd G ua lpopa p o lych rome t y pe st h a t a r e d i s t r ibu ted t h roughou t w e s ter n E l S a lvado r a nd i n t h e C opän V a l ley ( Beaudy -Co rbe t t 1 984 ) a r e a l so p re sen t i nl i m i ted n umbe r s a t L a Maqu ina a nd L aN ueva c en te r s ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . Ar e cen t s t udy o ft h e se t y pe s h a s s ugge s ted a n uc lea r p roduc t ion z one i n w e s ter n E l S a lvado r a nd h a s d e l inea ted ad i rec tr e la t ion sh ip b e tw een S a lvado ran s i te s a nd t h e C opän V a l ley ( Nef fe ta l . 1 998 ) . T he o ccu r rence o ft h e se t y pe s o n t h e S ou thea s te r n C oa s t d i r ec t ly l i nk s L a Maqu ina a nd /o r L a N ueva t o w e s te rn E l S a lvado r c en te r s a nd t h e C opän V a l ley . A l so f ound a tL a Maqu ina w e re l i m i ted q uan t i t ie s o f i mpo r ted P e th s ty le p o lych rome p o t te ry ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . T he n ea re s t p o s s ib le p l ace o fo r ig in f o r t h e se t y pe s i st h e s i t e o f A sunc ión M i ta i nt h e S an ta R o sa h i gh land r eg ion o fG ua tema la (Wauchope a nd B ond 1 986 ) . T h i s s i te i sk nown t oh ave b een a n o u tpo s to fL ow land Maya g roup s i nt h e S ou ther n H igh land s o fG ua tema la ( Thomp son 1 970 ) . A sunc ión M i ta i s ,i nf a c t , t h e s ou thernmo s ts i te w he re L ow land Maya s ty le c o rbe l led v au l t m a son ry w a s f ound ( S t rom sv ik 1 950 ) . T h i s c ommun i ty m ay h ave p l ayed a n i mpor tan t r o le i nt h e e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e I x tepeque o b s id ian b ed s , l o ca ted o n ly af ew k i lome te r s f r om t h e s i te , o n b eha lf o f i t s L ow land Maya t r ade p a r tne r s . I x tepeque o b s id ian i s r e la t ive ly c ommon a tC opän a nd i t se nv i ron s ( Ha rbo t t le e ta l . 1 994 ) a nd t h roughou tt h e e a s te rn Maya L ow land s i nt h e L a te C la s s ic p e r iod ( Hammond 1 972 ; D r e i s s a nd B rown 1 989 ) , s ugge s t ing ad i rec t l i nk b e tween A sunc iön M i ta , C opän , a nd t h e r e s t o f t h e Maya L ow land s ( F ig . 1 . 4 ) . Mo reove r , a s S hee t s ( 1986 ) p o in t s o u t , i ti sl i k e ly t h a t t h e L a te C la s s ic Maya e xpan s ion i n to s ou the rn G ua tema la w a s i n p ar t s t imu la ted b y C opän 's i n te re s t i n c on t ro l l ing t h e h igh land o b s id ian s ou rce a nd i t s t r ade r ou t e s t ot h e Maya L ow land s . O ne p o s s ib le i n d ica to r o ft h i s s ou thwa rd e xpan s ion o f L a te C la s s ic Maya C ho r t i g r oup s i st h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f C opado r 8 9

C la s s ic p e r iod . S uch as ho r t l ived p o l i t ica l t u rnove r m ay n o t b ed i scern ib le i no u rl o ng te rm c e ram ic p ha se c h rono logy . A f ew e xamp le s o f C o tzuma lguapa s t y le s cu lp tu re a l so o ccu r a tC a ra S uc ia , E l S a lvado r ( Ama ro l i 1 984 , B ogg s 1 976 ) . T he S a lvado ran e xamp le s , n o t s u rp r i s ing ly , h ave b een mo r e c l o se ly r e la ted t o t h e L a N ueva c orpu s i n s t y le t h an t o t h e m o r e d i s tan t e xamp le s o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa Nuc lea rZ one ( Ch inch i l la 1 996 ) . I ns um , t h e s im i la r i t ie s i nc e ram ic , a r ch i tec tu ra l a nd s cu lp tu ra l s t y le s o ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t i n d ica te t h a t t h e E scu in t la a nd C o tzuma lguapa a r ea s w e re t h e p rom inen t i n te ra c t ion p a r tne r s . Wh i le i ti sr a the r d i ff icu l t t o s pecu la te o n w ha t e t hn ic g roup s m ay c o r r e la te w i th t h e se s t y l i s t ic s im i la r i t ie s , i ti ss a f e t o s ay t h a t b eg inn ing i n t h e M idd le C la s s ic p e r iod t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t w a s p a r t o f av a s t a nd c u l tu ra l ly h omogeneou s i n te ra c t ion s phe r e t h a t h ad i t s e p icen te r i n t h e C o tzuma lguapa N uc lea r Z one , a nd t h a t s t re tched f r om t h e N ahua la te r i ve r i n w e s ter n P ac if ic G ua tema la t ow e s ter n P ac if i c E l S a lvado r , r e ach ing a l so i n to t h e h i gh land A n t igua V a l ley ( Ch inch i l la 1 996 ) . B ecau se o f t h e p o s i t ion o f L a Maqu ina a nd L a N ueva n ea r t h e e a s te rn ma rg in o ft h er e g iona l s phe re t h er u l ing e l i te s o fS ou thea s ter n C oa s t c en te r s w e re i n a n i d ea l p o s i t ion t o i n te rac t w i th c en te r s o f t wo p a r t ia l ly o ve r lapp ing i n te rac t ion s phe re s o pe ra t ing i n t h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic p e r iod . O ne , i st h e P ac if ic C oa s t ( Co tzuma lguapa ) s phe re a nd i si d en t if ied b y t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f T iqu i sa te a nd P e rd ido g roup c e ram ic s , a c ropo l i s type c i v ic /ce remon ia l a r ch i tec tu r e a nd C o tzuma lguapa s ty le s cu lp tu r e ; t h e s e cond i s t h e S ou thea s te rn L a te C la s s ic Maya s phe re t h a t c ove r s t h e M idd le Mo tagua V a l ley , h i gh land s ou thea s tern G ua tema la , h igh land w e s te rn E l S a lvado r , a nd t h e C opän V a l ley w he re i t h a s i t sp o l i t ica l e p icen te r . T h is a r ea i si d en t if ied p r ima r i ly b y t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fc r eam p a s te p o lych rome p o t te ry ( Copado r s t y le p o t te ry ; B eaud ry 1 984 ) . O n t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t t h e n ew ly u ncove red d i s t r ibu t ion o f " Sa lvado ran" c r eam p a s te c e ram ic s ( Nef fe ta l . 1 998 ) a nd t h e e ven m o re s c a rce P e t& I s t y le p o lych rome s h ave t h e i r s ou ther nmo s t o ccu r rence , a nd o ve r lap w i th a mo re t y p ica l c oa s ta l c e ram ic a s semb lage ( T iqu i sa te a nd P e rd ido g roup s : K o sakow sky e t a l . 1 998 ) , t h e ref o re s ugge s t ing d i rec t c on ta c t s w i th c en te r s t o t h e e a s t a nd n o r th . I n s um , t h e t wo a bove d e l inea ted s epa ra te i n te rac t ion s phe re s o f t h e M idd le C la s s ic p e r iod f ound c ommon g round i nt h e S ou thea s ter nC oa s ta lr eg ion w he re t h e c en te r s o f L a Maqu ina a nd L a N ueva a r e l o ca ted . T he se c en te r sw i th t h e i r l o ng -d i s tance i n te rac t ion s m ay h ave p l ayed a n i mpo r tan t r o le i nl i nk ing t h e p owe rf u l C opän Maya e l i te a nd i t s a l l ie s i nH igh land G ua t ema la a nd E l S a lvado r t ot h e n or th a nd e a s t w i th t h e e l i te s o fP ac if ic C oa s t o fG ua tema la t o t h e w e s t . A t t h e e nd o ft h e L a t e C la s s ic p e r iod , a s t h e f o r tune so ft h eC opän e l i te b egan t of a de , s im i la rp roce s se so f s oc ia l d i s rup t ion a nd s e t t lemen t s y s tem d i s in teg ra t ion w e re i n o pe ra t ion o nt h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s ta nd n ea rby r eg ion s .

9 0

Chap ter F ive

Med rano a nd B ove ( p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion , 1 996 ) i n n e ighbo r ing E scu in t la . O ft h e o ne h und red a nd f i f ty s i te s w e h ave c o l lec ted , o n ly f ou r c on ta in p o t te ry f r om t h i s t i me p e r iod . E xcava t ion sa tt h e s i te o fA t iqu ipaque p roduced t a l l n ecked j a r s s im i la r t ot h e S uma tan C e ram ic G roup r epo r ted b y P a r son s ( 1969 ) i nt h e P o s tc la s s ic C omp lex a tB i lbao , a nd i nt h e L a te P o s t c la s s ic i nt h e I x tacapa C omp lex i nE scu in t la , d a t ing t ob e tween A .D . 100 a nd 1 500 b y Med rano ( p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion , 1 995 ) . T he s ame d epo s i t s p roduced r ed -on o r ange o r buf f p o t te ry : s ma l l b ow l s w i th p a in ted d i agona l a nd h o r izon ta l l i ne s , p robab ly d a t ing a t t h e l a te s t t o t h e e a r l ie r p a r t o f t h e L a te P o s t c la s s ic . N one o f t h e p o t te ry e xh ib i ted t h e t y p ica l e l abo ra t ion o f v e s se l f o rm o r d e s ign c ha rac te r i s t ic o f L a te P o s tc la s s ic C h inau t la G roup c e ram ic s f ound i n t h e G ua tema lan H igh land s o r e l sewhe re o n t h e P ac if ic C oa s t , a nd t h e r e w a sn o e v idence o ft h e c ommon L a te P o s tc la s s ic w h i te -on red t y pe s ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) .

T he P o s tc las s ic P er iod

O u rm app ing p ro jec t l o ca ted s i x a r chaeo log ica l s i te s w i th s i zab le c e ram ic s amp le s d a t ing t o t h e E a r ly a nd L a te P o s tc la ss ic U xuna a nd I x caf lo re s p ha se s ( A .D . 9 00 1200 , 1 200 -1500 s ) . S po rad ic f i nd s o fP o s tc la s s ic p o t te ry w e re a l so m ade a t af ew o t he r s i te s i nt h e r eg ion , L o s C e r r i to s , H awa i i , L a Maqu ina , a nd U jux t e . O n ly s i ng le P o s tc la s s ic s he rd s w e re r e cove red a t e a ch o f t h e a bove e x ten s ive ly s u rveyed s i te s , a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e P o s t c la s s ic o ccupa t ion t h e re m ay h ave b een e qua l ly s pa r se ; o u r c e ram ic s amp le r ema in s r a the r s ma l l f o r t h e se p ha se s . We h ave n o t b een a b le t o d e term ine h ow l a te t h e C la s s ic p e r iod p o t te ry c on t inued i n u se o r w hen t h e E a r ly P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod b egan o n t h e S ou thea s t e rn C oa s t , a l though t h e re i s ac l ea r b reak i n o ccupa t ion p a t te rn s b e tween A .D . 8 50 a nd 100 . A s im i la r a t tern o f c e ram ic m anuf ac tu re h a s b een r es o r ted b

F ig . 5 . 1 D i s t r ibu t ion o fP o s t c la s s ic s e t t lemen t . A t t h e L a t e P rec la s s ic p i edmon t s i t e o f U jux te , p rev iou s ly d e sc r ibed , aP o s t c la s s ic c r ema to ry o f f e r ing i n a t a l l n ecked j a r w a s p l a ced i n f r on t o f as t i l l s t and ing L a te P r ec la s s ic s t e la ( F igu re 3 . 13) . S im i la r v e s se l f o rms h ave b een r e por ted f r om t h e G ua tema lan h i gh land s a s c r ema to ry u rn sd u r ing t h e P o s t c la s s ic . 9 1

F ig . 5 . 2 S i te p l an o fA t iqu ipaque d r awn i n1 976 b y Wa l te r s ( r ed rawn a f te rF e ldman a nd Wa l te r s 1 9 80 ) s how ing l o ca t ion o fG roup A , B ,c hu r ch S t r . 3 7 , 5 7 a nd e x cava t ion s .

S i te D e scr ip t ions S i te : A t iqu ipaque

S i te b u i l t a rea : 3 063 .56 m2 S i te t o ta l a rea : 1 5 h ec t . S i te L ayou t : T he s e t t lemen t i so rgan ized a r ound t wo m a in g roup s o f s t ruc tu r e s . A t t h e c en te r o f e a ch g r oup a r e 1 4 r a nge s t ruc tu re s a bou t 1t o 2m h igh a nd 1 5 -20 m l ong f r am ing a r e c tangu la rp l aza . I nt h e c en te r o ft h e p l aza a r e t h ree o rf ou r s ma l l mound s . T h i s g ene ra l p a t te rn i sr e pea ted i ns hape a nd s i ze a tb o th g roup s a nd i n at h i rd g roup l o ca ted a bou t 1 . 5 k m NE o ft h e s i t e . S ur round ing t h e p l aza s a r e a my r iad s ma l l s qua red h ou se m ound s . Al a rge b ou ld e r n ea r G roup A ( t he n o r the rn o ne ) h a s s e ve ra l s p i ra l shap e p e t rog lyph s a nd s ha l low c oncav i t ie s . Two c hu rch f ounda t ion s w e re i d en t if ied b y Wa l te r sa ts t ruc tu re s3 7 a nd 5 7 , n ea rG roup A .

S i te L oca t ion : O n t h e s l ope s o fT ecuambu r ro v o lcano a t7 0 ma l t i tude ( F ig . 1 ) , o n b o th b ank s o fa n a nc ien t c ou r se o ft h e J obo r i ve r . I tl i e s a t8 8 .6 k i lome te rm a rke ro n t h e n ew CA -2 h i ghway t o E l S a lvado r b y w h ich i ti st o day b i sec ted . T he o l de r t r ack o f t h e CA -2 h i ghway p a s se s o n t h e n or ther n f r inge so ft h es e t t lemen t . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 61465 E , 1559024 N R e search H i s tory : T h i s s e t t lemen tw a s f i r s tr epo r ted b y D on P ed ro d e A lva rado a s A t iepa r i nh i s a ccoun t o f t h e c onque s t o f G ua tema la t o C or te s ( A lva rado 1 924 ) . F uen te s yG uzmän l a te r g ave a mo re d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o f A t iqu ipaque a nd o t he r s e t t lemen t s i nt h e P a r t ido d eG ua zacapan i nh i sR ecordac iön F lor ida o f 1 699 ( Fuen te s y G uzmän 1 882 ) . Af t e r t h e a bandonmen t o f A t iqu ipaque t h e f i r s t r e co rded v i s i t s w a s m ade b y E d S hook i n 1 942 ( Shook 1 975 ) a nd b y I nocenc io B u s to ( 1962 ) w ho m ade t h e f i r s t a r chaeo log ica l d e sc r ip t ion a nd s k e tch p l an . S hook r e po r ted t h a t i tw a s l o ca ted i n H ac ienda E l J obo , o wned b y P r e s iden t U b ico ( Shook 1 975 ) . T he s i te w a s f u r the ri n ve s t iga ted b y F e ldman ( Fe ldman 1 975 ) a nd Wa l te r sw ho m ade s ome t e s te xcava t ion s i nt h ef o l low ing y ea r( Fe ldman a nd Wa l te r s 1 980 ) . Wa l te r s ' w o rk p roduced a s c a led s i te p l an ( F ig . 5 . 2 ) , a nd a c o l lec t ion o f e xcava ted m a te r ia l s f r om p r eh i s to r ic a nd c o lon ia l p e r iod c on tex t s . H i s p ropo sed c h rono logy o f o ccupa t ion w en t f r om t h e L a te C la s s ic ( 550 -900 , b a sed o n " T iqu i sa te Wa re" ) t o t h e E a r ly P o s t c la s s ic ( 900 1200 b a sed o n " S i lho F i ne O range" a nd " Toh i l P lumba te" ) , t h e L a te P o s tc la s s ic ( 1 200 1525 , b a sed o n " Ch inau t la P o lych rome" a nd " Ch inau t la B ic h rome" ) , a nd t o t h e C o lon ia l p e r iod ( 1 525 1820 , b a sed o n Ma jo l ica a nd m e ta l a r t if ac t s ) . Wa l te r s i d en t if ied t wo s t ruc tu r e s a s " t he C hu r ch" ( S t r s . 3 7 a nd 5 7 ) t h a t a ppa ren t ly h ad b een i n u se s equen t ia l ly . Mo s t o f t h e C o lon ia l p e r iod m a te r ia l w a s r e cove red a tt h e se l o ca t ion s . T he s i te 's n ame d e r ive s f r om t h e N ahua A : t ik " t ow e t" , " t o i r iga te" ( " i r r iga ted p l a ce"? ) . Mo s t s i te s i nt h e r eg ion w e re r e f e r red t o i nN ahua s i nce t h i s w a s t h e l a nguage o f t h e Mex ican s cou t s t h a t l e ad A lva rado . A lva rado p robab ly a l so h ad ( Nahua speak ing ) P ip i l i n d ian s f r om I z qu in tepeque t og u ide h im t h rough S an ta R o sa a nd E l S a lvado r . A cco rd ing t o F e ldman ( 1975 ) t h e s i te 's X inca n ame w a s S zam iepuey .

F ig . 5 . 3 S i te p l an o fA t iqu ipaque d rawn i n1 9 96 s how ing l o ca t ion o fr ema in ing s t ruc tu re s( G roup B )a nd l o ca t ion o f e xcava t ion s .

K EY: m ound m onum ent e xcavation u nit

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9 2

F ig . 5 . 4S i t ep l an o fA t iqu ipaque a nd a s soc ia ted r i ve r sa nd m ode rn h ighway t r ac t s s how ing e r a sed a r ea o fG roup A a nd s u rv iv ing s t ruc tu re s o fG roup B . d amage s s uf f e red b y t h e s i te . T he o r ig ina l s i te ( G roup s A a nd B ) m ay h ave o ccup ied a n a r ea o fa tl e a s t 1 5 .4 h ec ta r e s . T he c umu la t ive a r ea o f G roup B s t ruc tu re s i s3 036 .56 m2. Ac on serva t ive e s t ima te b a sed b o th o n mound a r ea a nd t o ta l o ccup ied a r ea , a t2 00 p eop le p e r 1 0 h ec ta re s , w ou ld g i ve a t l e a s t 3 00 i n hab i tan t s t o G roup B . J udg ing f r om Wa l te r s ' m ap ( Fe ldman a nd Wa l te r s 1 975 ) , t h e n ow l o s t G roup A w a s e qua l t oG roup B i ns i ze . T he ref o r e , e x t rapo la t ing f r om t h e k nown mound a r ea o f G roup B , t h e c umu la t ive s i te m ound a r ea w ou ld b e a bou t 6 000 m2.T h i s w ou ld g i ve ap opu la t ion e s t ima te o f 6 00 + p eop le f o r t h e t wo p l aza g roup s . I n a dd i t ion , al a rge n umbe r o f s t ruc tu re s m ay h ave e x i s ted a r ound t h e se g roup s t h a t a r e n ow l a rge ly l o s t ( F ig . 5 . 2 ) . A n a l ter na t ive p opu la t ion e s t ima te b a sed o n t h e t o ta l p u ta t ive e x ten t o ft h e s e t t lemen t ( 15 .37 h ec t . ; 2 00 p e r s . xh ec t . ; s e e c hap . 2 )c ou ld h ave b een a sh igh a s3 000 p eop le .

S i nce t h e 1 975 1976 i n ve s t iga t ion s b y Wa l te r s a nd o t he r s ( F e ldman a nd Wa l te r s 1 980 ) t h e s i te h a s b een h eav i ly d amaged b y m echan ized l e ve l ing a nd t h e c ons t ruc t ion o f a n ew p aved h i ghway r unn ing t h rough t h e m idd le o ft h e s i te . A s ar e su l t , t h e w ho le n o r thern h a lf o f t h e s i te h a s b een o b l i te ra ted . O n ly o ne r a nge s t ruc tu r er ema in s o ft h e p l aza o f G roup A s e rv ing a s b a semen t f o r a n e l ec t r ic l i ne p o s t . T he p e t rog lyph b ou lde ri sa l so s t i l l i ns i tu . G roup B , t h e s ou ther n o ne , h a s b een p re se rved f o r t h e m o s t p a r t i n i t s o r ig ina l c ond i t ion , a l though t h e mound s a tt h e c en te r o f t h e p l aza h ave b een h eav i ly d amaged b y l o o t e r 's t r enche s . T he se mound s a r e f a ced w i th m ed ium s i z e c obb le s . T he r a ng e mound sh ave t wo r ow s o fc obb le s r u nn ing o nt h e i r l o ng a x i s , s ome c l o se r t o t h e b ack s i de , o t he r s n ea r t h e c en te r o f t h e mound . T he se a ppea r t ob e s t one b r ac ing s f o r t imbe r w a l l s . T he t h i rd g r oup i d en t if ied b y S hook i sl o ca ted 1 . 5 km e a s t o f A t iqu ipaque , a nd t h e ref o re i tm ay b e c on s ide red a s epa ra te s e t t lemen t ( E l J obo ) . A p opu la t ion e s t ima te b a sed o n m apped s t ruc tu re s i sr ende red d i ff i cu l t , d ue t o t h e r e cen t

E xcava t ions : Two t e s t p i t s w e re e xcava ted a tA t iqu ipaque . T e s t p i t 1 0w a sp l aced o no ne o ft h e s ou the rnmo s tr a nge s t ruc tu re s o ft h e p l aza g roup a nd t e s t p i t 1 w a s l a id o u t o n a0 . 5 h i gh 9 3

r e s iden t ia lm ound s ou th o ft h e p l aza g roup . A cco rd ing t oo u r s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion s t h i s p a r t o ft h e s i te w a s o ccup ied d u r ing t h e P o s t c la s s ic U xuna a nd I x caf lo re s p ha se s f r om A .D . 9 00 1 500 .

S i te t o ta l a rea : 4h ec t . S i te L ayou t A l l 1 2v i s ib le s i te s t ruc tu re s a r ea r ranged a r ound t h e s i de s o f ar e c tangu la r p l aza t o f r ame i t . A t t h e c en t e r o ft h e p l aza a r e t h r ee s ma l l c on ica l mound s w h ich a r e a bou t 23m h i gh . T he se a r e c omp le te ly l i ned w i th m ed ium s iz e c obb le s . A l ignmen t s o f t wo r ow s o f c obb le s a r e a l so v i s ib le o n t h e s hor t a nd b a ck s i de s o f a l 1 2 r a ng e s t ruc tu re s . T he se a r e l i ke ly t o b e s t one b rac ing s f o r p e r i shab le s t ruc tu r e s . A s u rf ace c o l lec t ion o f s ma l l a nd h i gh ly e r oded c e ram ic s w a s r e cove red f r om t h e s i te a nd a l lowed t h e d a t ing o f t h e se s t ruc tu re s t ot h e P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod . T he s i te a ppea r s t ob e l o ca ted o n t h e e dge o f at erace , f l ank ed b y s t eep r a v ine s o n t h e e a s t a nd w e s t s i de s f a c ing t h e p l a in b e low . T he c umu la t ive a r ea o f mapped mound s t ru c tu r e s i so f2 0 16 .4 m2. T h i s w ou ld g i ve ap opu la t ion e s t ima t e o fa bou t 2 00 p eop le . A n a l te rna t ive e s t ima te , b a sed o n t o ta l p u ta t ive a r ea o ccup ied b y t h e p l aza g roup a nd a d jacen t s ma l l r e s idence s , f o l low ing t h e A t iqu ipaque a nd N anc in ta mode l , w ou ld b e i nt h e 8 00 p eop le r ange ( 200 p e r s . xh ec t . ) .

S t ra t ig raphy . T e s t p i t 1 0 w a s a1 x2 u n i t p l aced o n t h e s ou the rn s l ope o f t h e 2m h i gh r a nge s t ruc tu r e 3o ft h em a in p l aza g roup . L eve l 1r e vea led t wo s t one f ounda t ion s n ea r t h e s u rf ace . T he f i r s t w a s o n t h e c en t ra l a x i s o ft h e mound a nd w a s m ade o ft h ree c ou r se so fw e l l s haped l a rge r i ve rc obb le s . T he s e cond w a s a l e s s w e l l b u i l t c o l lec t ion o fr ock s p a cked t or e ta in t h e s l ope o ft h e m ound i nl e ve l s 1 ,a nd 3 . B e low L eve l 3w a s ah a rd c l ay f l oo r ( l eve l 4 ) a l so a s soc ia ted w i th ar e ta in ing w a l l o n t h e s ou th s l ope . T he t wo u nde r ly ing l e ve l s 5a nd 6 i n c luded l a rge r o ck sa nd s a ndy s i l tt h a tr e s ted o nt h e b ed rock , f ound a t 2 . 14 m . T e s t p i t 1 w a s a3 x3 m u n i t p l aced o n t h r ee q ua r te r s o ft h e a r ea o f ar e s iden t ia l m ound . T he f i r s t t h ree l e ve ls i n c luded d a rk b rown c l ayey s i l t a nd t i gh t ly p acked m ed ium s i ze r i ve r c obb le s . L eve l 4i n c luded al e n s o fb u rn t m a te r ia l i nt h e s ou the rn h a lf o ft h e u n i t a nd l a rge n umbe r o f p o t te ry s h e rd s . B e low l e ve l 4 , a t 1 . 3 m d ep th t h e s t e r i le p a leo so lw a sf o und . D i scus s ion o fA t iqu ipaque T he t wo e xcava t ion s a t A t iqu ipaque f a i led t o r e cove ra ny e v idence o fp o s t -conque s to ccupa t ion . T h i s m ay b e d ue t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s p a r t o f t h e s i t e , t h e o ne t h a t s u rv ived f r om t h e r e cen t l a nd m od if i ca t ion , w a s o n ly o ccup ied i np r eh ispan ic t ime s . A cco rd ing t ot h e U n ive r s i ty o f M i s sou r i m ap o ft h e s i te , i nt h e p a r t o ft h e s i te t h a t i sn ow l o s t t h e re w a s as im i la r r e c tangu la r p l aza w i th f r am ing r a nge s t ruc tu r e s s u r rounded b y m any s ma l le r h ou se m ound s . T he r e c tangu la r l a you t o f t h e se p l aza g roup s a nd t h e s i ze a nd s hape o ft h e i r b u i ld ing s a r e t yp ica l o fo t he r P o s tc la s s ic s i t e s f o und d u r ing o u r s u rvey i n S an ta R o sa s u ch a s E l P a ja l , S i nacan tän , N anc in ta a nd C h iqu iu i tän ( F ig s . 5 . 5 , 5 . 10 , 5 . 12 , 5 . 13 ) . T he a r ch i tec tu re o ft h o se mound s a nd r a nge s t ruc tu r e s i n c lude s s t one b ra ce s a nd /o r f a c ing s m ade o f r e ad i ly a va i lab le r i ve r c obb le s . T he se m ay h ave s uppo r ted s ub s tan t ia l t imbe rs t ruc tu re s . T he s t ra t ig raphy h a s r e vea led a t l e a s t t wo s t age s o f c on s t ruc t ion i n t h e t wo m ound s t e s ted . A cco rd ing t oo u rp re l im ina ry c e ram ic a na ly s is t h is p a r to ft h e s i te w a s o ccup ied mo s t ly d u r ing t h e L a te P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod ( A .D . 1 200 1500 ) . Mo s t d i agno s t ics a r e s im i la r t o t y pe s r e po r ted f r om B i lbao a nd E scu in t la ( Pa r son s 1 961 , Med rano p e r s . c omm . 1 995 ) , h oweve r , t h e a b sence o fC h inau t la s t y le f i ne p o t te ry , o t herw i se c ommon i nt h e G ua tema lan h i gh land s a nd e l sewhe re o nt h ec oa s t , i sn o t iceab le h e r e . T h is h oweve r m ay b e af unc t ion o f o u r s ma l l s amp le s i nce t h e U . o f M i s sou r i e xcava t ion s a ppa ren t ly d i d p roduce s ome C h inau t la

F ig . 5 . 5 S i te p l an o fE lP a ja l .

R ed -on - Wh i te p o t te ry ( Fe ldman a nd Wa l te r s 1 98 1 : 9 7 ) . S i te : E l P a ja l S i te L oca t ion : O n as l op ing t e r race o f t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano a t1 30 m e l eva t ion , i np rox im i ty t ot h eP a ja l r i ve r . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 63407 E , 1 556 108 N R e search H i s tory : N op r ev iou sr epo r to ft h i ss i t ee x i s t s . S i te b u i l ta rea : 2 0 16 .4 n i 12 9 4

S im i la r ly , o u r 1 995 a nd 1 996 s u rvey s f a i led t o r e co rd a ny s ub s tan t ia l p r eh i span ic o ccupa t ion i nt h e v i c in i ty o fT ax i sco . T he a nc ien t v i l lage m ay h ave b een b u r ied o r d e s t royed b y mode rn c on s t ruc t ion s .

S i te : G uazacapän S i te L oca t ion : O n at e r race o n t h e s l ope o ft h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano o ve r look ing t h e c oa s ta l p l a in . T he s i te i s am ode rn t own l o ca ted o n p aved h ighway CA -2 a bou t 5k m e a s t o f T ax i sco . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 79000 E , 1 5557000 N R e search H i s tory : T he s i te o r " pueb lo" o f G uazacapän i s f i r s t m en t ioned b y F uen te s yG uzmän ( 1882 ) i nt h e R eco rdac iön F lo r ida . A s ide f r om b e ing t h e c ap i ta l o f t h e P a r t ido d e G ua zacapan t h i s s i te w a s a l so t h e l a rge s t c ommun i ty i nt h e a r ea i n e a r ly c o lon ia l t ime s , a s F uen te s yG uzmän ( 1 882 ) n o te s i n 1 699 a nd a l so a cco rd ing t o o the r e t hnoh i s to r ica l s ou r ce sr e v iewed b yF e ldman ( 1974 ) . I t sn ame m ay o r ig ina te f r om t h e N ahua w a t sa " t o d ry" a nd a pan " r ive r " ( Campbe l l 1 985 ) . A cco rd ing t oF e ldman ( Fe ldman a nd C ampbe l l 1 975 ) i t sX inca n ame w a s T z ima ja . D on P ed ro d e A lva rado ( 1924 ) d oe s n o t m en t ion G uazacapän i nh i s J u ly 2 8 , 1 524 d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e c onque s t o ft h i s p a r t o ft h e c oa s t i n al e t te r s e n t t oH eman C o r ti s . H e s t a t e s t h a t a f t e r l e av ing T ax i sco h e h eaded t o" Nancende lan" ( Nanc in ta ) . H oweve r , F uen te s y G uz s nän ( 1 882 : 19 ) m en t ion s G uazacapän a s ac ommun i ty w he re a b a t t le w a s f ough t a ga in s t t h e i n vad ing A lva rado b y ag r ea t m u l t i tude o f i n d ian s , b u t h i s a ccoun t o f t h e c onque s t h oweve r i so f t en i n accu ra t e a nd l a rge ly c on t rad ic t s A lva rado . T h i s i s e spec ia l ly c l ea r r ega rd ing t h e s eve ra l o t he r e ncoun te r s b e tween A lva rado a nd t h e l o ca l p eop le i n t h i s r e g ion . A lva rado d e sc r ibe s b e ing w e lcomed b y t h e p eop le o f A t iqu ipaque , T a cu i lu la a nd T ax i sco , a nd t h en h ow i ne ach i n s tance , a t n i gh t t h e t own i s s e c re t ly a bandoned b y t h e i n hab i tan t s ( A lva rado 1 924 : 7 7 ) ,w he rea s F uen te s yG uzmän g oe s i n to a l e ng thy a ccoun t o f s t renuou s b a t t le s A lva rado f ough t i no rde rt oe n te r a l l o ft h e se v i l lage s ( 1882 : 15 119 ) . F uen te s yG uzmän ( 1882 ) a l so f a i l s t o m en t ion A lva rado 's a r r iva l a nd e i gh t d ay long s t ay a t N ancende lan ( A lva rado 1 924 : 7 8 ) ; i n s tead , h e h a s A lva rado t r ave l ing d i r ec t ly f r om G uazacapän t o P a saco ( Fuen te s y G uzmän 1 882 : 12 ) . G uazacapän l i e s b e tween T ax i sco a nd N anc in ta , a nd i ts e em s i mp robab le t h a t A lva rado w ou ld h ave m i s sed i t ,e spec ia l ly s i nce a cco rd ing t oF uen te s yG uzmän i tw a s t h e l a rge s t t own a t t h e t i me . T he r ef o re , i ti s c l ea r t h a t G uaza capän w a s f ounded a f t e r t h e f i na l c onque s t o ft h e r eg ion ( a ccomp l i shed b y A lva rado 's l i eu tenan t D on P ed ro P or toca r r e ro i n1 526 ) a s ar educc iön o fs e ve ra l d i spe r sed i n d igenou s c ommun i t ie s b y t h e S pan i sh c onqu i s tado r e s . T he G uazacapän b a t t le m ay t h e ref o r e b e af a b r ica t ion o f F uen te s yG uzmän o r o f h i s s ou rce s .

F ig . 5 . 6 V iew o ft h et opog raphy o ft h ea r ea s u r round ing E l P a ja l s i te .

S i te T acu i lu la S i te L oca t ion : O n av o lcan ic t e r race o n t h e s l ope s o f t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano a t2 00 m e l eva t ion . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 68800 E , 1 560800 N R e search H i s tory T h i s s i te w a s f i r s t e ncoun te r ed b y A lva rado 's 1 524 e xped i t ion ( A lva rado 1 924 ) . H e m en t ion s t h e s i te n ame a s T acu i lu la i nN ahua . A cco rd ing t oF e ldman ( 1975 ) ,t h e X inca n ame f o r t h e s i te i s U nu l . T he s i te w a s v i s i t ed b y F ranz T erme r ( 1 948 ) a nd l a te r e xcava ted b y F e ldman a nd Wa l te r s ( Fe ldman a nd C ampbe l l 1 975 , F e ldman a nd Wa l te r s 1 980 ) . F e ldman 's d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s i te l i s t s s e ven m ound s a nd a 1 8 th c en tu ry c hu rch . P o s s ib ly t h e n ame p robab ly o r ig ina te s f r om t h eN ahua t a kw i lua , " t ow r i te" ( Campbe l l 1 985 ) . S i te L ayou t : T he mo s tp rom inen tf e a tu re o ft h e s i t e i st h e c hu r ch , o f w h ich t h e r e c tangu la r f ounda t ion s u rv ive s a nd a c o rne r w a l l u pt o 4m i nh e igh t . O the r mound f e a tu r e s a tt h e s i te a r e a ranged i n ag r id p a t te rn i n d ica t ing ac o lon ia l p e r iod l a you t . Wh i le p r eh i span ic o ccupa t ion a tt h i s l o ca t ion c anno tb e r u led o u t , l a ck o f v i s ib le s u rf ace m a te r ia l s ugge s t s t h a t t h e p reh i s to r ic v i l lage e ncoun te red b y A lva rado m ay b e c l o se t o t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry c hu r ch . S hook 's s k e tch m ap p ub l ished i n F e ldman a nd Wa l te r s ( 1975 , F ig . 9 ) s how s af ew r ange s t ruc tu r e s t h a t m ay b e p a r t o f ar e c tangu la r p l aza s im i la r t o t ho se o f A t iqu ipaque , P a ja l , S ina can tän , N anc in ta a nd P a saco . S i te T ax i sco : S i te L oca t ion : O n at e r race o n t h e s ou the rn s l ope o f t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano a t2 00 m e l eva t ion . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 74000 E , 1 5547000 N R e search H i s tory : A lva rado ( 1924 ) men t ion s a r r iv ing a tt h e I n d ian v i l lage o f T ax i sco ( Nahua n ame ) a f t e r l e av ing T a cu i lu la a nd A t iqu ipaque . T erme r ( 1948 ) v i s i ted t h e m ode rn t own o f T ax i sco b u t f a i led t o n o te a ny p r eh ispan ic r ema in s t h e re .

S i te : C h iqu imu l i l la S i te L oca t ion : O n at e r race o n t h e e a s te rn s l ope o f t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano a ta bou t2 00 m e l eva t ion . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 83000 E , 1 558500 N 9 5

C ampbe l l 1 985 ) . A ppa ren t ly , m any b a t s f i nd s he l t e r u nde r t h eg rea tl e dge so ft h e c anyon b e low t h es e t t lemen t .

R e search H i s tory : T he s i te i sm en t ioned i nt h e J uan d e P ineda 's 1 594 D e sc r ipc iön d e l aP rov inc ia d e G ua tema la ( Fe ldman 1 974 ) . S hook n o ted o ne mound n ea r t h e t own i n h i s f i e ld n o te s ( IDAEH ) . I t s v i l lage a ppea r s t o h ave b een f ounded a s a S pan ish R educc iön a f t e r t h e c onque s t . T he n ame d e r ive s f r om N ahua c h iqu iw i t " r eed s" , m u lun i " d ry" ( Campbe l l 1 985 ) . No X inca n ame i sk nown f o rt h i st own .

A : F r om

7 6 0 84 .6 8 , 15 5 97/ 8 7 0 ) t o (7 8 5 15 5 .7 2 . 15 0 10 9 3 .5 2 )

3 1 5

2 0 0 D .F

(M 3 40 17 .4 9 ,5 6 0 36 2 .0 7 ) t o () 1 3 58 6 1 .3 4 . 15 8 0 0 4 4 .6 2 )

3 1 5

2 0 0 Fo n (7 t 4 ü 40 .3 7 . 15 5 08 $ 8 .0 6 ) t o (7 8 8 06 8 .3 6 . 15 6 0 4 3 7 4 7 )

S i te L ayou t : T he s t ruc tu re n o ted b y S hook w a s s a id t o b e n ea r t h e e n t rance t ot h et own . I tw a sn o tp o s s ib le t or e loca te i td u r ing o u rs u rvey . T he a r ea i sn ow o ccup ied b y as occe rf i e ld .

3 1 5

\\ \\_ 2a °

D : Fo n (7 6 0 25 4 .8 6 , 75 5 882 2 .5 5 ) t o (7 0 57 7 9 :7 0 . 15 6 0 160 4 1 3 )

,

3 1 5

2 0 0

F ig . 5 . 8 T opog raph ic m ap a nd c ro s ss e c t ions o ft h eo f S inacan tän r i dge ( a ss e en i nF ig . 5 . 6 )s how ing t h e s t eepne s s o fi t ss i de s s u i tab le f o rd ef en se a nd c on t ro lo ft h e E sc lavo s c anyon . S i te L ayou t : P resen t ly , r ema in s o ft h e a nc ien t s e t t lemen t a r e p re se rved i n t wo g roup s . T he se a r ea bou t5 00 m a pa r to n al o ng r i dge t h a t n a r row s d own t o ap o in t o ve r look ing t h e j unc tu r e o f t h e E sc lavo sa nd t h eQ ueb rada d eA u ar i ve r s 1 00 m b e low .

F ig . 5 . 7 V iew o ft h et opog raphy s u r round ing S i na can tän . T he E sc lavo sr i ve rf l ow ss ou thwa rd i n a1 00 m d eep c anyon b e low t h es e t t lemen t . T he a r ea sh i gh l igh ted h ave v i s ib le a r ch i tec tu re .

S i te : S inacan tän S i te L oca t ion : O n a s t eep ly s i ded r i dge b e tween T ecuambu r ro v o lcano a nd C on su l ta moun ta in , a t 3 00 m e l eva t ion o ve r look ing ac anyon f o rmed b yt h e E sc lavo s r i ve r . T he moder n v i l lage l i e s a bou t 5 00 m u ph i l l f r om t h e a nc ien t s i t e .

F ig . 5 . 9 Map o fS i na can tän G roup A . E x i s t ing s t ruc tu r e sa r e i nb l ack . P o s s ib le a dd i t iona l s t ruc tu re sa r e i nw h i te . C o lo r t one s i n d ica te 3 m e l eva t ion c on tou r s .

UT M C 000rd ina te s : 7 85212 E , 1 560950 N S i te b u i l ta rea 1 079 .36 m2 S i te t o ta la rea : 5b ee t . R e search H i s tory : T he s i te i sm en t ioned i n a1 549 h i s to r ica l d ocumen t b y A lon so C e r ra to ( Fe ldman 1 974 ) a l though i tw a s n o t v i s i ted b y A lva rado , s i nce i ti s l o ca ted af ew m i le s a way f r om h i s c oa s ta l r ou te t oC uxca t län . S inacan tän i sc i ted b y F uen te s y G uzmän a sa n a l ly o f N anc in ta , T ecua co a nd P a sa co a ga in s t t h e S pan ia rd s i n t h e b a t t le o f P a sa co ( Fuen te s yG uzmän 1 882 : 1 22 ) a nd a l l ied t o I xhua tän , C omapa , J a lpa tagua a nd E sc lavo s i nt h e J umay b a t t le ( 1882 : 1 4 3 ) . T he n ame m ean s " p lace o ft h e b a t s" ( t s inacan " ba t " ) i nN ahua ( Pef iaf ie l 1 885 ,

G roup A i nt h e n o r th h a lf o ft h e s e t t lemen t , l i e s o n t h e h ighe s t r i se o n t h e r i dge o ve r look ing a l a rge p o r t ion o f t h e v a l ley o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r . I t s s t ruc tu r es i n c lude o ne 2 0 m l o ng s t ruc tu re o n t h e n o r th a nd t h r ee 2 3 mh igh c on ica l mound s t ot h e s ou th l i ned w i th c obb le s . T he se s t ruc tu r e s a r e p resen t ly v i s ib le i n am a ize f i e ld . A ppa r en t ly , t h e f i e ld h a s u nde rgone e x ten s ive l a nd l e ve l ing t h e ref o r e i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t a dd i t iona l r a nge s t ruc tu re s m ay h ave s urounded t h e t h ree c en t ra l mound s a s s hown i n F ig . 5 . 9 . T h i s h ypo the t ica l r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e o r ig ina l p l aza o fG roup A i sb a sed o n t h e o ccu r rence o f s im i la r r e c tangu la r p l aza g roup s a t A t iqu ipaque , T a cu i lu la ( Fe ldman a nd C ambe l l 1 975 , F ig . 9 ) , P a ja l , N anc in ta a nd P a sa co ( F ig s . 5 . 2 , 5 . 5 , 5 . 12 , 5 . 13 ) . 9 6

A dd i t iona ls ma l lh ou se mound s may a l so h ave e x i s ted a r ound t h i s p l aza g r oup , h oweve rt a l l ma ize p l an t s a tt h e t ime o ft h e s u rvey o b scu r ed t h em f r om v i ew .

F ig . 5 . 11 Map s how ing t h e l o ca t ion o fN anc in ta . R ive r s a r e i nb l ue , mode rn r oad sa r e i nr e d . C o lo rt o ne s i n d ica te 3m e l eva t ion c on tou r s .

F ig . 5 . 10 Map o fS inacan tän G roup B . E x i s t ing s t ruc tu r e s a r e i nb l a ck ;h ypo the t ica l s t ruc tu re sa r ei nw h i te . C o lo rt o ne s i n d ica t e 5m e l eva t ion c on tou r s .

UT M C oord ina te s : 7 9 1155 E , 1 552511 N S i te b u i l ta rea : 5 026 .92 m2 S i te t o ta la rea : 2 5 .94 h ec t .

G roup B l i e sa tt h e e x t r eme s ou th e nd o ft h e S inacan tän r i dge ( F ig . 5 . 7 , 5 . 8 , 5 . 10 ) . I ti sa cce s s ib le t h rough ap a s sage o n t h e w e s te rn s i de o ft h e r i dg e w he re t h e r i dge i se x t reme ly n a r row b e tween ah i ghe r t e r ra ce a nd t h e c l if fb e low . A pp roach ing t h e w id e r p a r t o f t h e r i dge o ne f i nd s ar a nge b u i ld ing b l ock ing t h e a ccess t o t h e g roup s o t h a t o ne h a s t o p a s s b e tween t h e b u i ld ing s t o e n te r t h e p l aza . F ive r a nge s t ruc tu re s f r ame t h e a lmo s t r e c tangu la r p l aza f o l low ing t h e r i dge c on tou r . A t t h e c en te r a r e t h r ee 2 3 m h igh c on ica l m ound s ,f a ced w i th c obb le s a nd s ma l l s l ab s . Ap e t rog lyph o f s p i ra l sa nd c up m a rk sw a sf ound o n a2m w ide b ou lde ra tt h e c en te ro ft h ep l aza . Add i t iona lr ange m ound s l i n ing t h e s ou th e nd o ft h e g r oup may h ave e x i s ted a ss hown i nF ig . 5 . 9 , a s w e l l a ss ma l l h ou se mound s . T he se a r eh oweve rh ypo the t ica l s i nce t h eo ve rg rown f i e ld o b scu red t h ev i ew . As ma l l s amp le o fp o t te ry d a t e s t h is s i te t ot h e P o s t c la s s ic U xuna / Ixca f lo re s p ha se s . Ap opu la t ion e s t ima te f o rt h ep l aza g roup s b a sed o n t h e a r ea o ft h e e x is t ing mound s ( 1p e r s . x1 0 m2)w ou ld g i ve as ma l l f i gu re o f 1 00 -200 p eop le . A l te rna t ive ly , a n e s t ima te b a sed o nt h ep u ta t ive t o ta l e x ten s ion o ft h e s e t t lemen t a r ound t h e p l aza g r oup s o f5 10 h ec ta re s ( 200 p eop le xh ec t . ) w ou ld b e i nt h e 1 0 00 -2000 p eop le r ange .

R e search H i s tory : N anc in ta i s o ne o f t h e v i l lage s t r ave r sed b y A lva rado i nh i s 1 524 c onque s t o f s ou thea s tern G ua tema la . H e s t ayed a t N anc in ta f o r e i gh t d ay s a f t e r h av ing b een a mbu shed o n t h e w ay f r om T ax i sco t oN anc in ta a nd h av ing l o s t p a r t o f h i s m i l i ta ry s upp l ie s t o t h e i n d ian s ( A lva rado 1 924 : 7 8 ) . I ti sl a te r c i ted b y A lon so C r e spo i nh i s 1 740 r e po r t o ft a x -pay ing c ommun i t ie st oK ing P h i l ip V o fS pa in ( s e e R e lac iön G eog räf i ca d e l P a r t ido d e E scu in t la e d i ted b y F e ldman 1 974 ) a s a f a s t d epopu la t ing X inca speak ing c ommun i ty . A p re l im ina ry u npub l ished s u rvey o f t h e s i te w a s c a r r ied o u t i n 1 987 b y U n ive r s idad S an C a r lo s , G ua tema la ( Y . P u tzey sp e r s .comm . 1 995 ) . I t sN ahua n ame i s c ommon i nC en t ra l Mex ico a s < Nan tz in t län> w h ich m ean s p l ace o ft h e < nan tz in> mo the ro rf e r t i l i ty a nd i t sp i c tog raph i s r e p re sen ted a s a w oman 's l owe r b ody o n p reh i span ic d ocumen t s (P ef taf ie l 1 885 ) . A cco rd ing t oF e ldman i t sX inca n ame w a s K ue sza ( Fe ldman a nd C ampbe l l 1 975 ) .

S i te : N anc in ta S i te L oca t ion : O n ar e la t ive ly f l a t a r ea a t 8 0 m e l eva t ion b e tween h i l l s t o t h e n o r th a nd e a s t a nd t h e U a lapa a nd E sc lavo s r i ve r s t o t h e w e s t a nd s ou th . T he mode rn v i l lage l i e sa bou t5 00 m u ph i l l( no r th )o ft h ea nc ien ts i te .

9 7

s t ruc tu re s ( 1 p e r s . / 10 m2)a bou t 4 00 -500 p eop le m ay h ave l i ved w i th in t h e p l aza g roup s . A w id e r rang ing e s t ima te b a sed o n t h e p u ta t ive t o ta l e x ten s ion o f t h e s i te w i th r e s idence s o ccupy ing t h e a r ea a r ound a nd b e tween p l aza g roup s m ay b e a s h igh a s 4 000 -5000 p eop le f o r t h e e n t i re s e t t lemen t . T h i s s i te i st h e l a rge s ti nt h e s u rv ey r e g ion f o rt h e P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod a nd N anc in ta 's h i gh p opu la t ion e s t ima te s e em s p l au s ib le i nl i gh t o ft h e h i s to r ica l a c coun t s o fa rm ie s c ompo sed o f t h ou sand s o f I nd ian s o ppo s ing A lva rado ( Fuen te s yG uzmän 1 882 ) .

G roup A

g

g

G roup B

.

•

• **• • .

S i te : P a saco

G roup C

•

l te me te rs

S i te L oca t ion : O n t wo l ow -g rad ien t t e r ra ce s o n t h e f oo th i l l s o ft h e Moyu ta v o lcan ic g roup , a t2 0 me l eva t ion o n t h e r i gh t b ank o ft h e R io G rande d e P a saco r i ve r , i nt h e p rov ince o f J u t iapa . T he m oder n t own l i e s a bou t 5k m u ph i l l t o t h e n or th . T he m ode rn h ighway r un s a bou t 1 . 5 k m n o r th o ft h e a nc ien ts i t e . UT M C oord ina te s : 8 00978 E , 1 54 1245 N S i te b u i l ta rea : 1 079 m2 S i te t o ta l a rea : 1 0 .42 h ec t .

I

F ig . 5 . 12 S i te p l an o ft h ea nc ien ts i te o fN anc in ta . G roup sA a nd C a ppea rt ob e i n comp le te ( pa r t ia l ly d e s t royed )p l aza s s im i la ri ns hape t oG roup B . S i te L ayou t : T he s i te i sc ompo sed o ft h ree m a in p l aza g roup s ( G roup s A , B ,C ; F ig . 5 . 12 )t h a t o ccupy a n a r ea o f2 5 .94 h ec ta r e s s ou th o f t h e moder n t own . T he s ma l l s u rf a ce s amp le i n c luded P o s tc la s s ic U xuna / Ixcaf lo re s p ha se d i agno s t ic p o t te ry s im i la r t o t h a t f ound a t A t iqu ipaque a nd e l sewhe re i n t h e s u rvey r eg ion . G roup A i n c lude s f i ve r ange m ound s , 1 5 -20 m i n l e ng th a nd 1 2 m h i gh , a r ranged t o f o rm t wo s i de s o f a r e c tang le . I nt h ea r ea e nc lo sed b yt h e se s t ruc tu re s a r e f o u r2 3m h i gh s ma l l c on ica l mound s l i ned w i th c obb le f a c ing . T h ree a dd i t iona l s ma l l s qua r ed s t ruc tu r e s , n o mo re t h an 1m h igh , a r e t ot h e n o r th o ft h i s g roup . S t ruc tu re s i nG roup B i n c lude 1 5 r a nge s t ruc tu re s a bou t 1 5 -20 m i nl e ng th f r am ing t h e s i de s o f ar e c tangu la r p l aza . O n t h e s u rf a ce o f t h e se s t ruc tu re s , a l ong t h e b ack a nd s hor t s i de s , a r e t h e r ema in s o f c obb le s t one b r ac ing s . A t t h e c en te r o f t h e p l aza a r e f i ve s ma l l 2 3 m h i gh c on ica l mound s w i th c obb le f a c ing s . A l a rge n umbe r o fs ma l l 1m h i gh s qua red mound s l i e o u t s ide o ft h i s e nc lo su re i n ar a the r d i so rde red f a sh ion . G roup C i s c ompo sed o fs i x r a nge s t ruc tu re s 1 5 -3 m l o ng a nd 1 2 m h igh . T he se a ppea r t ob e p l aced i nl i ne s p a r t ia l ly f r am ing a r e c tangu la r p l aza . A t t h e c en te r a r e t wo c on ica l mound s 3 a nd 4m h igh w i th c obb le f a c ing . I ta ppea r s f r om t h e p r e sen t l a you t t h a t b o th G roup A a nd C m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een c ompo sed o fa dd i t iona l s t ruc tu r e s f r am ing r e c tangu la rp l aza s s im i la r t o G roup B . G roup C a ppea r s t o h ave t h e l a rge s t r ange s t ruc tu re s a nd c en t ra l mound s c ompa red w i th G roup s Aa nd B , a s w e l l a s e nc lo s ing a l a rge r a r ea . G roup A m ay a l so h ave b een f o rmed b y a dd i t iona l , n ow l o s t , r a nge s t ruc tu re s o n i t s e a s t a nd s ou th s i de s t o f o rm a r e c tangu la r p l aza s im i la rt oG roup B a nd o t he r s s e en s o f a r e l sewhe r e i n t h e c oa s ta l s u rvey a r ea . A l l t h ree g roup sm ay a l so h ave b een s u r rounded b y s ma l l s qua red mound s a si nG roup B , b u t o u r m app ing p ro jec t d i d n o t d e tec t a dd i t iona l s t ruc tu re s . T oday , t h e a nc ien t s i te i sc r o s sed b y ap aved h i ghway ( CA -2 , F i g . 5 . 1 ) , w h ich c e r ta in ly a ccoun t s f o r t h e d e s t ruc t ion o fp a r t o f t h e s i te . Ap opu la t ion e s t ima te i sd i f f icu l t d ue t ot h e l a ck o f mo re e x ten s ive d a ta . H oweve r , b a sed o n t h e m apped

R e search H i s tory : A lva rado p a ssed t h rough P a sa co a f t e r l e av ing N anc in ta d u r ing h i s 1 524 e xped i t ion ( A lva rado 1 924 : 7 8 ) . A s k irm i sh t o ok p l ace h e r e b e tween A lva rado a nd t h e i n hab i tan t s f o l low ing w h ich A lva rado c on t inued t ot h ee a s ta s d e sc r ibed a l so b y F uen te s yG uzmän ( 1 882 : 1 240 ) . I tw a s l a te r v i s i ted b y A lon so C re spo i n 1 740 ( F e ldman 1 974 ) w ho n o te st h a ti t si n hab i tan t s s poke t h e" Popo luca " l a nguage . No p r io r a r chaeo log ica l r e po r t s a r e k nown a bou tt h e l o ca t ion a nd c ompo s i t ion o ft h is a nc ien ts e t t lemen t .

G roup A i e 7

f

c e

G roup B

I c ze

00

c=m t

G roup C

RI OP eseco

5 00 r eters

F ig . 5 . 13 Map o ft h et h ree m a in g roup so fs t ruc tu r e sa t P a saco . T he a nc ien t s i te i sf o rmed b y t h ree g roup s ( A , B , a nd C ) t h a t o ccupy t wo g en t ly s l op ing t e r race s . G roup A i s a tl owe r e l eva t ion a nd i nc l o se rp rox im i ty t ot h e P a sa co r i ve r b ank . E igh tr a nge s t ruc tu re s 1 0 15 m i nl e ng th a nd 1m h i gh e nc lo se a r e c tangu la r p l aza . O n t h e s u rf a ce o f t h e se s t ruc tu re s a r e c obb le s t one b rac ing s a l ong t h e b ack a nd s hor t s i de s . A t t h e c en te r a r e t h ree 1 2 m h i gh c on ica l m ound s w i th c obb le f a c ing . G roup B i s f o rmed b y 1 0 r ange 9 8

s t ruc tu re s s l igh t ly l a rge r t h an t ho se o fG roup A b u t s im i la r ly a r rang ed i n ar e c tangu la r p l aza . T he c en t ra l m ound s a r e u p t o 2m h igh a nd a l so s im i la r ly f a ced w i th c obb le s . G roup C , t h e w e s te rnmo s t , i so n s l igh t ly h ighe r g round a nd i sf o rmed b y f i ve r a nge s t ruc tu r e s u p t o 1 0 m i n l e ng th . O the r s t ruc tu re st h a t m ay h ave e x i s ted o n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e p l aza c ou ld n o t b e a cce s sed b ecau se o f o ve rg row th . T he c en t ra l mound s a r e u p t o 2m h i gh , f a ced w i th c obb le s . A l though G roup C w a s n o t c omp le t e ly m apped t h e re i s r e a son t o b e l ieve t h a t i tf o l low s t h e g ene ra l p a t ter n o ft h e r e c tangu la r p l aza w i th t h r ee c en t ra l mound s o ft h e o t he r g roup s s e en s o f a r . T he s i t e o ccup ies a t o ta l a r ea o f 1 0 .4 h ec ta re s . M ino r mound s t ruc tu r e s a round t h e se g roup s w e re a l so n o t m apped d ue t ol ow g round v i s ib i l i ty , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e i n terven ing a r ea s b e tween t h e p laza g roup s w e re o ccup ied b yr e s idence s , a s a to t he r P o s tc la s s ic s i te s i nt h e s u rvey r e g ion . T he t o ta l mound a r ea a moun t s t o 1 079 .3 m2( r ange s t ruc tu re s ) . T he e s t ima te b a sed o n mound a r ea ( 10m 2/ p e r s . , a d ju s ted ) w ou ld g ive 1 00 p eop le f o r t h e p l aza g roup s o n ly . A n a l te rna t ive p opu la t ion e s t ima te b a sed o n t o ta l a r ea ( 200 p e r s . / h ec t . ) w ou ld b e i nt h e 2 000 p eop le r ange . T he s u rf ace c o l lec t ion f r om t h e s t ruc tu re s i n c lude s R ed -on -buf fb ow l s , o u tcu rv ing h igh n ecked j a r s , a nd s t rap h and le s , d i agno s t ic o f t h e P o s tc la s s ic U xuna / Ixca f lo r e sp ha se s s im i la rt ot h o se f ound a t A t iqu ipaque a nd a t o t he r P o s tc la s s ic s i t e s i n t h e s u rvey r eg ion .

4-1 5 0 r eters

F ig . 5 . 14 S i te p l an o fC h iqu iu i tän s t ruc tu re s 1t o1 2 . S i te L ayou t : T he s i te c on s i s t s o fe l even r a nge s t ruc tu re s a bou t 1m h i gh a nd 1 0 t o 1 5 m l o ng a r ranged t o f o rm a 1 50 m w ide r e c tangu la rp l aza . A tt h e c en te r i s a3m h i gh c on ica l mound . E xcep tf r om h av ing o ne c en t ra l s t ruc tu re i n s tead o ft h ree , t h i s l a you t c l o se ly f o l low s t h e p a t ter n o b se rved a tA t iqu ipaque a nd o t he r P o sc la s s ic s i te s i nt h e s u rvey r eg ion , a l though , t h e g roup a ppea r s t ob e t h e s ma l le s t o ft ho se s e en s o f a r i nt h i s s u rvey r eg ion . I t s p opu la t ion m ay n o t h ave e xceeded t h e 2 00 s ou l s( ba sed o n mound a r ea ) .

S i te C h iqu iu i tän S i te L oca t ion : O n al ow r i dge w i th in t h e C h iqu imu l i l la m ang rove l a goon o n t h e r i gh t b ank o ft h e c ana l o ft h e s ame n ame a nd 1 k m f r om t h e O cean 's s ho re . C h iqu iu i tän i s l o ca ted a bou t 1km s ou thea s t o f t h e C h iqu iu i tän g roup o f mound so fE a r ly P rec la s s ic d a te ( s ee c hap . 3 ) . I ns p i te o ft h e s ame n ame b e ing u sed h e r e , t h i s s i te r ep r e sen t s ac omp le te ly s epa ra te s e t t lemen t u n i t f r om t h e P rec la s s ic s i t e w h ich w a s a bandoned a tt h ee nd o ft h e M idd le P r ec la s s ic .

S i te : L o s C err i to s S i te L oca t ion : o n t h e E sc lavo s a l luv ia l p l a in ( F ig . 3 . 9 ) a t3 0 m e l eva t ion . T he moder n v i l lage o ccup ie s t h e a r ea a nd s t ruc tu r e so ft h e a nc ien ts e t t lemen t . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 9 1989 E , 1 544238 N R e search H i s tory : s e ec hap te r3 . S i te L ayou t : T he c h rono log ica l a t t r ibu t ion o ft h is s i te t ot h e P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod i sb a sed o n o ne s he rd f r om t h e s u rf ace c o l lec t ion . T he s i te h a s e x ten s ive L a te P rec la s s ic a nd C la s s ic p e r iod o ccupa t ion , a s w e l l a s al a rge moder n c ommun i ty . B ecau se o ft h e s u rf ace d i s tu rbance a nd t h e l a ck o fe v idence i t i sp o s s ib le o n ly t oh ypo the s ize aP o s tc la s s ic o ccupa t ion . T he s i te l i e sw i th in a5k m d i s tance o fN anc in ta .

UT M C oord ina te s : 7 68733 E , 1 539582 N S i te b u i l ta rea : 1 948 .1 m2 S i te t o ta la rea : 1 . 9h ec t . R e search H i s tory : T he s i te m ay b e i d en t if ied w i th t h e P o s t c la s s ic /Co lon ia l p e r iod s e a -po r t o f M ich iqu iz t län o f t h e h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s ( Fe ldman 1 974 ) ; w h ich n ame d e r ive s f r om t h e N ahua m ich in " f i sh" ( Campbe l l 1 985 ) . I tw a s t h e o n ly p or t e a s t o fI t zapa , t h e p o r t i n E scu in t la a l so u sed b y A lva rado . T h is a r ea s ome t ime s w a s r e f e r red t o a s L a I s la i n 1 7 th c en tu ry h i s to r ica l d ocumen t s . R igh t s t of i sh w i th b a rba sco " po i son" a nd c o l lec t ing s a l t w e r e c on tended b y t h e m un ic ipa l i t ie s o f T ax i sco a nd G uazacapän ( Fe ldman 1 974 : 5 9 -86 ) . L oca l p eop le s t i l l r e f e r t ot h e r i dge o n w h ich t h e s i t e i sl o ca ted a s " La I s lona " . T he C h iqu iu i tän n ame i sm o r e c ommon ly u sed f o rt h is a r ea t o day a nd i tp robab ly o r ig ina t e s f r om t h e N ahua c h iqu iw i t" r eed s" .

S i te : L a Maqu ina S i te L oca t ion : 8km s ou th o fL o s C e r r i to s a l ong t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 77593 E , 1 5506 14 N , Mound 1 . R e search H i s tory : s e ec hap t e r4 S i te L ayou t : Two s ma l l mound s w i th in t h e v a s t r e s iden t ia l a r ea s u r round ing t h e L a Maqu ina c e remon ia l c en te r b ea r P o s t c la s s ic d i agno s t ic s he rd s ( 1 e ach ) , mound s 1a nd 4 6 . T he se a r e l o ca ted s eve ra l h und red m e te r s a pa r t . A l though a l mound s i nt h e i n te rven ing a r ea h ad b een e qua l ly s e a rched f o r s u rf a ce p o t te ry , n o a dd i t iona l P o s tc la s s ic s he rd s w e re f ound . T he P o s tc la s s ic o ccupa t ion i nt h is a r ea n eed s t ob e s uppo r ted b ya dd i t iona l e v idence .

9 9

S i te H awa i i S i te L oca t ion : o n ad ry l ow r i dge i nt h em idd le o ft h e c oa s ta l e s tua ry l a goon . A cce s s i so n ly p o s s ib le b y w ay o f w a te r t h rough n a r row c hanne l si nt h em ang rove f o re s t . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 80073 E , 1 535920 N S i te H i s tory : N op r ev iou sr e co rd e x i s t s . S i te L ayou t : T he s i te o ccup ied a 2 00 m w ide a r t if ic ia l p l a tf o rm , p o s s ib ly b u i l t i nt h e C la s s ic p e r iod ( s ee c hap . 4 ) . T he P o s t c la s s ic r ema in s a moun t t o 1s he rd . T he s i t e m ay h ave b een u sed t os uppor t ah ou se a nd as ma l l c rop f i e ld .

S i te : U jux te S i te L oca t ion : o n at e r race o n t h e s ou thea s te rn s l ope o ft h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano . UT M C oord ina te s : 7 83604 E , 1 556796 N R e search H i s tory : s e e C hap . 3 . S i te L ayou t : T he r ema in s o f P o s tc la ss ic o ccupa t ion a t U jux te a moun t t oo ne w ho le v e s se l b u r ied i n a5 0 c m d eep p i t i nf r on t o fs t e la 6 o n t h e w e s te rn s i de o ft h e m a in p l aza . T h i s w a s ar ed s l ipped o u tcu rv ing h i gh n eck j a r w i th t h ree s t rap h and le s . I tc on ta ined t h e r ema in s o f ac r ema ted h uman b ody . T he f o rm a nd f i n i sh o ft h i sj a r a r e d i agno s t ic o ft h e L a te P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod e l sewhe re i n Gua tema la ( Pa r son s 1 969 ) . J a r s o fs im i la r f o rm ( h igh n eck , t h ree s t rap h and le s ) w e re p roduced u n t i l r e cen t ly b y m oder n X inca p o t te r s a t G uaza capän ( Mo ra le s H ida lgo 1 980 ) . T he re w a s n o o t he r f i nd o f P o s tc la s s ic d a te a t t h i s s i t e i n s p i te o f e x t en s ive s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s a nd e xcava t ion ( 7t e s t p i t s ) , n o r w a s a ny C la s s ic p e r iod p o t te ry f ound . T h i s d epo s i t t h e ref o r e a ppea r s t ob e t h er i tua l i n te rmen to fa n i n d iv idua l w i th in a n o t he rw i se l o ng a bandoned c e remon ia l c en t e r . A t t h e t ime o f t h e i n termen t t h e s i te h ad b een a bandoned f o r a bou t 1 000 y ea r s a nd w a s o ve rg rown w i th r a in f o r e s t . S t e la 6 w a s p robab ly b u r ied f o rt h e mo s tp a r t , a si tw a sw hen f ound b yu s , h oweve r k now ledge o f i t s s ymbo l ic m ean ing w a s o bv iou s ly r e ta ined b yt h ea nc ien tv i s i to r st ot h e s i te f o ra bou t am i l lenn ium . T he s i te l i e s a t 4k m f r om S i na can tän , 1 3 km f r om N anc in ta , a nd a bou t 1 0 k m f r om T ax isco . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e r i tua l i n te rmen t w a s m ade b y t h e i n hab i tan t s o f o ne o f t h e se P o s tc la s s ic s e t t lemen t s . S eve ra l c a se sh ave b een d ocumen ted b y a r chaeo log i s t s i n w h ich l o ng a bandoned c e r emon ia l c en te r s w e re v i s i ted d u r ing r i tua l p i lg r image s o f t h e P o s tc la s s ic /Co lon ia lp e r iod . S uch r i tua l s t e nd t of o cu s o n t h e r e se t t ing a nd v ene ra t ion o fa nc ien ts t one monumen t s a nd m ay b e d ue t o t h e u ncer ta in t ie s a nd d i s rup t ion s c au sed t o t h e i n d igenou s p eop le s b y c on ta c t w i th t h e E u ropean s ( Hammond a nd B obo 1 994 , K o sakow sky e ta l . 1 998 ) .

1 00

D iscus s ion o fP o s tc la s s ic S e t t lemen t S e t t lemen t c ons ide ra t ions .

H ie rarch ie s

a nd

c u / lure -H i s tor i ca l

T he P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod i s , b a sed o n p re sen t e v idence ,t h ep e r iod o fl owe s ts i te d en s i ty i nt h e S ou thea s t e rn C oa s t r eg ion , a nd i n s p i te o ft h e e x i s t ing h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s t h e re a r e s t i l l m any u nce r ta in t ie s a bou t i t ,p e rhap s d ue t ot h e v e ry l im i ted e xcava ted a nd s u rf ace m a t e r ia l a va i lab le f o r a na ly s is . I nt e rm so ft h er e g iona l c e ram ic s equence , w eh ave s o f a r n o t b een a b le t o d e term ine e xa c t ly a t w ha t p o in t b e tween A .D . 8 50 a nd 100 ab reak b e tween t h e L a te C la s s ic a nd t h e E a r ly P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod o ccu r s . T homp son ( 1948 : 5 0 ) s ugge s ted t h a t L a te C la s s ic p o t te ry o n t h e c en t ra l c oa s t c on t inued n o l a te rt h an A .D . 9 00 . I na dd i t ion , r e cen ta b so lu te d a t ing o f L a te /Te rm ina l d epo s i t s i n t h e C o tz tuna lguapa r eg ion s uppo r t s t h i s v i ew ( Ch inch i l la 1 997 , Med rano a nd B ove p e r s . c omm . 1 996 ) T he s ou thea s te rn c oa s tc e ram ic d a ta a s soc ia ted w i th C o tzuma lguapa s cu lp tu r e s e em t o s uppor t t h i s c oa s ta l -w ide t r end , w h ich , h oweve r , r ema in s t ob e t e s ted b ya b so lu te d a t ing m e thod s i no u rr eg ion . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f L a te C la s s ic p o t te ry s how s t h a t o n t h e S ou thea s ter n c oa s t w e w ou ld h ave a l so c on t inu i ty o f o ccupa t ion a t m any s i t e s i n c lud ing L a Maqu ina a nd L a Nueva u n t i l c a . A .D . 1 000 . T he E a r ly P o s tc la s s ic w ou ld t h en r ep r e sen t a1 00 -200 y ea r r e ce s s ion i nt h e r eg ion d u r ing w h ich L a te C la s s ic s i te s w e re a bandoned a nd n ew o ne s f ounded . T he r e m ay h ave b een a s hor t p e r iod o fo ve r lap b e tween t h e o l d ( C la s s ic ) s e t t lemen t a nd t h e n ew s e t t lemen t s o n t h e p i edmon t ( Po s tc la s s ic ) s i nce s ome o ft h e l a t te r s e em t oh ave s ome L a te C la s s ic p o t t e ry . T he L a te P o s tc la s s ic p o t te ry ( A .D . 1 200 1524 ) i s c ha ra c te r ized b y t h e p r e sence o f d i agno s t ic s c ommon e l sewhe r e i n G ua tema la a t t h a t t ime ( Ko sakow s l cy a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 , P a r son s 1 969 ) . A tt h e momen t , w ec an r e ly o n s i t ep l an s f r om s even s i te s t h a tc e r ta in ly w e r e o ccup ied d u r ing t h e L a te P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod , A t iqu ipaque , T acu i lu la ( F ig . 9 , F e ldman a nd C ampbe l l 1 975 ) , P a ja l 2 ,S i na can tän , N anc in ta , P a saco a nd C h iqu iu i tän ( F ig s . 5 . 2 , 5 . 5 , 5 . 12 , 5 . 13) . F ou r a dd i t iona l s i t e s h ave p roduced v e ry s pa r se r ema in s t h a tm ay o n ly a ccoun t f o r ad i spe r sed h ab i ta t ion . T he mode rn t own o fT ax i sco , w he re r eg re t tab ly w e c ou ld n o t l o ca te t h e a nc ien t s i te , a ppea r s h oweve r t o h ave e x i s t ed a s as e t t lemen t i n 1 524 ( A lva rado 1 924 ) . T he s ame c anno t b e s a id w i th c e r ta in ty a bou t G uazacapän a nd C h iqu imu l i l la . T he se t own s a ppea r t oh ave b een f ounded b y t h e S pan i sh i mmed ia te ly a f t e r t h e c onque s t a sR educc ione s , p e rhap s a se a r ly a s 1 526 , w hen t h e a r ea w a s f i na l ly s ub juga ted b y P ed ro P or toca r r e ro 's s e cond e xped i t ion ( Fuen te s yG uzmän 1 882 ) . I ns um , t h en umbe ro fs e t t lemen t s i nt h e r eg ion d rop s f r om 7 6 i nt h e C la s s ic p e r iod t oe i gh t ( o r t we lve ) i nt h e P o s tc la s s ic . S im i la r ly , t h e p opu la t ion a ppea r s t o d rop f r om 2 0 -30 ,000 t o 2 , 000 i n t h e mo s t c on se rva t ive e s t ima te s( ba sed o n mound a r ea ) . T he s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f P o s tc la s s ic s e t t lemen t i d en t if ie s t h e a bove m en t ioned s even m apped s i te s p l u s T ax i sco a s e i gh t s epa ra t e s e t t lemen t a nd p o s s ib le p o l i t ica l e n t i t ies . T he se a ppea r t ob e o fv a r iab le s i z e . A t iqu ipaque , N anc in ta , a nd P a saco m ay b e g rouped i n al a rge v i l lage 1 0 1

c a tego ry , w h i le P a ja l , S i nacan tan a nd C h iqu iu i tän a r e s ma l l v i l lage s . L a rge v i l lag e s h ave t h ree p l aza g roup s , S i ncan tän h a s t wo , a nd P a ja l a nd C h iqu iu i tän h a s o ne . P opu la t ion a t t h e l a rge v i l lage s m ay h ave b een e ven a sh i gh a s3 000 -5000 p eop le ; s ma l l v i l lage s m ay h ave h ad p opu la t ion o f5 00 o r s o i nt h e mo s t o p t im i s t ic e s t ima te . T he d i s tance b e tween t h e se s i t e s i s s uch t h a t i t i s d if i cu l t t o d e te rm ine w he the r h i e ra r ch ica l r e la t ion s w e r e i n e x i s tence b e tween t h e se c ommun i t ie s . C on se rva t ive ly , t h ey m ay b e c on s ide red h igh ly n uc lea ted i n dependen t c ommun i t ie s . I nt e rm s o fl a nd u se , a c l ea r b reak f r om t h e C la s s ic p e r iod i sa ppa r en t . S i te s a r e l o ca ted o n t h e p i edmon t b e l t , o n t e r race s , r i dge s o rf l a t a r ea s t u cked a ga in s t t h e f oo th i l l s . A t s ome l o ca t ion s , s uch a s S i nacan tän , t h e e mpha s i s s e em s g r ea te r o n d ef en se r a the r t h an a cce s s t o g ood s o i l s . T h i s l o ca t ion i sa l so i d ea l f o r c on t ro l l ing a cce s s t o t h e H igh land s v i a t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r v a l ley . P rox im i ty t o r i ve r s i s ac on s tan t r e qu i remen t i n a l l c a se s . A t t h e t ime o f t h e c onque s t , p i edmon t s o i l s w e re l a rge ly d ed ica ted t o c a cao c u l t iva t ion b y i n d igenou s c ommun i t ie s , b ecau se o f f a vo rab le c ond i t ion s o f s o i l a nd c l ima te , a s n o ted i n h i s to r ica l d ocumen t s ( Fe ldman 1 974 ) . O n ly o ne s e t t lemen t e x i s t s a l ong t h e c oa s t p rope r , C h iqu iu i tän . T he e conomy t h e re m ay h ave f o cu sed o n s a l t p roduc t ion , f i sh ing a nd t r ade o ft h o se c ommod i t ie s . B o th t h e p opu la t ion d en s i t ie s a nd l a nd u se p a t te rn s o ft h e P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod c on t ra s t w i th t h o se o b se rved f o r t h e C la s s ic P e r iod i n t h e s ame r eg ion . Wh i le t h e c e ram ic s e quence a l one , w i thou t t h e b enef i t o f r a d iome t r ic d a t ing , d oe sn o tg i ve u st h e e xa c tt im ing o ft h et r an s i t ion b e tween t h e e nd o ft h e L a te C la s s ic a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e P o s tc la s s ic o ccupa t ion , s eve ra l c hange s e v iden t ly o ccu r red s ome t ime b ef o re t h e L a te P o s t c la s s ic . T he C la s s ic p e r iod a c ropo l is c en te r s , a nd t h e f e r t i le a r ea s o f t h e c oa s ta l a luv ium w e re a bandoned i n f a vo r o f s ma l l c ommun i t ie s o n t h e p i edmon t w i th l i t t le c e remon ia l a r ch i tec tu re . T he E a r ly P o s tc la s s ic i s c e ram ica l ly s t i l l o b scu r e ; t h e r eg ion s e em s t o s uf e r f r om d r a s t ic d epopu la t ion , r e cove r ing o n ly m a rg ina l ly i nt h e L a te P o sc la s s ic p e r iod , i n a c co rdance w i th p a t t er n s o b se rved e l sewhe re i n t h e H igh land s o f C h iapa s , G ua tema la a nd E l S a lvado r ( d e Mon tmo l l in 1 995 , F ow le r 1 989 ) . T he L a te P o s tc la s s ic c e ram ic s s how t i e s w i th t h e G ua tema lan h i gh land s a nd t h e c en t ra l c oa s t r e g ion s ( B i lbao , P a r son s 1 969 , Med rano a nd B ove p e r s . c omm . 1 996 ) t h a t h ad u nde rgone s im i la rd epopu la t ion a nd r e s t ruc tu r ing . I n t e rm s o f t h e c u l tu re -h i s to ry o f t h is p a r t o f t h e G ua tema lan C oa s t , w e k now f r om A lva rado , o u r b e s t C on tac t -Pe r iod s ou r ce , t h a t h i s 1 524 e xped i t ion f i r s t l e d h im a ga in s t t h e P ip i l p eop le . T he se p eop le h ad t h e i r c ap i ta l a t I z qu in tepeque , t h e mode rn E scu in t la . F rom t h e re h e c ro s sed t h e M icha toya r i ve r a nd a pp roached A t iqu ipaque , w ho se i n hab i tan t sw e re o f ad i f f e r en t" l anguage a nd r a ce" ( A lva rado 1 924 : 7 6 ) . T he ref o r e ,t h e i n hab i tan t so ft h o se t own sw e r en o t ( p robab ly n eve r )N ahua s peake r s , a sw e r e t h e P ip i l . T he f i r s t d i r ec t r e f e rence t o l a nguage s poken i no n t h e S ou thea s tern C oa s t i sp robab ly a s l a t e a s 1 740 , w hen w e a r e t o ld b y A lon so C re spo t h a t t h e i n hab i tan t s o f t h e r eg ion f r om t h e M icha toya t o t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r s peak X inca ( Fe ldman 1 974 ) . T he c o lon ia l p e r iod X inca w e re s t i l l l i v ing a t mo s t s i t e s i n c lud ing G uazacapän , t h e c ap i ta l o f t h e P a r t ido a l though p opu la t ion d ec l ined d rama t ica l ly b y t h e m id 1 8 th c en tu ry . A t I xua tän af ew m i le s n o r th e a s t f r om G uazacapän

w a s a no the r l a rge X inca c ommun i ty . A n 1 8 th c en tu ry m anu sc r ip tc once rn ing t h eX inca l a nguage i ss a id t oo r ig ina te f r om t h i s a r ea ( Ma ldonado d e Ma to s 1 770 ) . B eyond t h e E sc lavo s r i ve rt ot h e e a s t , t h e p eop le o fP a saco a nd Moyu ta , s poke y e t a no the r l a nguage , t h e P opo luca o r Moyu ta , a sa l so c onf i rmed b y l a te r s ou rce s ( Fe ldman 1 974 ) . I t s e em s p l au s ib le t h e ref o re t os e e t h e i n hab i tan t s o fA t iqu ipaque a nd o f t h e o t he r p r e -H ispan ic s i te s b e tween t h e M icha toya a nd t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r s a sX inca , w h i le t h e i n hab i tan t s o fP a saco w e re i n f a c t Moyu ta s peake r s . T he a r chaeo log ica l a s semb lage s , t h e s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd u se p a t ter n s o f t h e e n t i re s u rvey r eg ion , d o n o t h oweve r s how much d if e rence b e tween P a saco a nd t h e o t he r s i te s . N o r d oe s t h e c e ram ic a s semb lage o ft h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s t s e em t od i f f e rf r om t h a t o f t h e n e ighbo r ing r eg ion s o f t h e G ua tema lan C oa s t a nd H igh land s . T he s i te l a you t r ema in s t h e u n ique t r a i t o f t h e P o s t c la ss ic o f t h e S ou thea s ter n c oa s ta l r e g ion . T he r e c tangu la rp l aza s l i ned b y l ow mound s s e em s t oc ommon t o a l s ou thea s te rn c oa s t s i te s , X inca o r Moyu ta , a nd n o t f ound e l sewhe re ( Fe ldman p e r s . c omm . 1 995 , F ow le rp e r s . c omm . 1 996 ) . R eg re t tab ly , m any s i te p l an s o f n e ighbo r ing I z qu in tepeque a nd o the r L a te P o s tc la s s ic c oa s ta l s i t e s r ema in u npub l i shed . T he q ue s t ion o fw he the rX inca s peake r sw e r e i nf a c t l i v ing i ns ou thea s ter nc oa s ta lG ua tema la i nt h e C la s s ic p e r iod i sl e s s e a s i ly a n swe red . A n a l ter na t ive h ypo the s i s i st h a t g roup s o f X inca n ewcome r s m ay h ave d e scended o n t h e p i edmon t f r om t h e H igh land s , a t t rac ted b y t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f c u l t iva t ing c acao t h e re w h i le l e av ing t h e ( ma iz e -f er t i le ) a luv ia l p l a in d e ser ted . T he a r chaeo logy o ft h e r e g ion d oe s p rov ide i n d ica t ion s o f ac l ea rb reak i na r ch i tec tu r e , c e ram ic s , s e t t lemen t p a t ter n s a nd l a nd u se b e tween t h e C la s s ic a nd P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod s , w h ich s e em t o h ave o ccu r r ed r a the r a b rup t ly a f t e r t h e T e rm ina l C la s s ic p ha se ( 900 1000 A .D . ) . T he se c hange s s e em t o h ave b rough t a n e nd t o al o ng s e quence o f a u toch thonou s d eve lopmen t t h a t b egan i n t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic a r ound 1 300 B .C . o n t h i s p a r t o ft h e c oa s t . A s e l sewhe re i n Me soame r ica , t h e E a r ly P o s tc la s s ic o f s ou thea s te rn G ua tema la i s ap e r iod o f d epopu la t ion a nd o f g r ea t m ig ra t ion s . A l l t h e P o s tc la s s ic s e t t lemen t s a ppea r a s n ew f ounda t ion s i np rev iou s ly e mp ty l o ca t ion s . O n t h e o t he r h and , i nt h e c a se o fc u l tu ra l c on t inu i ty b e tween t h e C la s s ic a nd P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod s ac e r ta in d eg r ee o fc on t inu i ty i nt h e s e t t lemen t p a t te rn w ou ld b e e xpec ted . S uch , f o r e xamp le , i s t h e c a se o f t h e P rec la s s ic t o C la s s ic p e r iod t r an s i t ion f o r w h ich t h e s e t t lemen t p a t te rn r e ta ined much o f i t s d ef in ing c ha rac te r i s t ic s o fl o ca t ion , s i ze , s hape a nd o r ien ta t ion . I ti s p o s s ib le t h e r ef o re t h a t t h e P o s tc la s s ic a r cha eo log ica l a s semb lage o ft h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s t i st h e p roduc t o fn ew ly a r r ived c u l tu ra lg roup s , X inca a nd Moyu ta s peake r s , i n to t h i s p a r t o ft h e c oa s t d u r ing ap roce s s o fc omp lex r e o rgan iza t ion o f t h e c u l tu ra l l a nd scape o f S ou ther n Me soame r ica i n t h e p e r iod a r ound A .D . 1 200 .

1 02

Chap ter S ix

O verv iew a nd C onc lus ions

T he p re sen t s t udy h a s a pp roached l o ng te rm p roce s se s o f d eve lopmen t o f c omp lex s oc ie t ie s b y e s tab l i sh ing t h ef i r s tc h rono log ica l f r amewo rk f o r a1 278 km 2 r eg ion o f t h e P ac if i c c oa s t o f S ou thea s te rn Gua tema la . Among i t s g oa l s w a s t og a the r much n eeded a r chaeo log ica l e v idence t op rove o rd i sp rove s eve ra l t h eo r ie s o n t h e c u l tu ra l e vo lu t ion o f t h is r eg ion . G ood c h rono log ica l c on t ro l i sa b a s ic r equ i remen t f o r ad i ach ron ic s t udy t h a t w ishe s t o g o b eyond t h e mo s t g ene ra l t r end d e sc r ip t ion s . Ou r c u r ren t c h rono logy i s l a rge ly b a sed o n al i m i ted , a l be i t w e l l s t ra t if ied , s e t o f e xcava ted m a te r ia l i n teg ra ted b y c ompa r i son sw i th t h er e g iona l s equen ce so fn ea rby E scu in t la , H igh land G ua tema la , a nd E l S a lvado r , a nd s upp lemen ted b y as ma l l s amp le o fo b s id ian h yd ra t ion a nd r ad ioca rbon d a te s ( Ko sakow sky a nd E s t rada B e l l i 1 997 ) . C lea r ly , o u r e f o r t s p rov ide o n ly a n i n i t ia l f r amewo rk t h a t n eed s much f u r the r w o rk t o a dd re s s s eve ra l i s sue s t h a t h ave b ecome a ppa ren t . U l t ima te ly , i tw i l l a l so b e n ece s sa ry t ob r ing t h e l e ng th o ft h e t ime p e r iod s b e low t h e p r esen t 4 00 -500 y ea r s pan i fo ne h ope st ou nde r s tand s hor t te rm d i ach ron ic c hange s . My i n ten t ion w a s t oa na lyze l o ng term p roce s se s a s w e l l a s s ho r t term p roce s se s o f s e t t lemen t a nd c u l tu ra l e vo lu t ion , a nd o ve rcome t h e l im i ta t ion s o fo u r c h rono log ica l r e so lu t ion a nd o u r l a rge s pa t ia l c ove rage b y f o l low ing t h e r e commenda t ion s o f A nna l is t h i s to r ian s . I n t h e Anna l i s t v i ew , s ho r t te rm p roce s se s m ay n o t b e v i s ib le i n t h e a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd f o r l a ck o fp r e se rved m a te r ia l r ema in s o r c h rono log ica l r e so lu t ion , b u t i t i s t h e i n te r lock ing r e la t ion sh ip b e tween s hor t a nd l o ng t e rm p roce s se s t h a t c an b ecome a ppa ren t i nt h e l o ng r un . W i th t h e se c on s t ra in t s i n m ind , If o rmu la ted h ypo the se s o n t h e e vo lu t ion o fc omp lex s oc ie t ie s ( l ong term ) a nd t h e c u l tu re -h i s to ry ( s hor t term ) o f t h i s r eg ion g rouped w i th in a f r amewo rk o f l o ng term a nd i n te rmed ia te t erm p roce s sua l mod if i ca t ion s a nd a d ju s tmen t s t h a ta r e s umma r ized b e low . Adap t ive mod i f i ca t ions . D emograph ic T rend s :l i near v s . moda lg row th T he S ou thea s te rn C oa s t S u rvey p rov ide s b o th e x t en s iv ea nd i n tens ive ly o b ta ined d a ta t ot e s t mode l s o fl a nd u se a nd p opu la t ion g row th . I tw a s a s sumed t h a t s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion a nd s i ze r e f lec t t h e l o ca t ion a nd s i ze o f as i te 's c a tchmen t a r ea . B y i n f e rence , s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion a nd s i ze c an b e l i nked t os ub s i s t ence p rac t ice sa nd p opu la t ion s i ze . T he p resen t ly p r eva i l ing m ode l s f o r t h e o r ig in s o f s e t t led l i f e a nd o n t h e s ub sequen t d emog raph ic t r end s i n P ac if i c G ua tema la h ave b een d e r ived f r om f i nd ing s i n t h e w e s t er n a nd c en t ra l s e c to r s o ft h e c oa s t ( Coe a nd F lanne ry 1 967 , B ove 1 989a , 1 989b ) a nd a r e i nc on t ra s t w i th r e levan t m ode l s o fh igh land d eve lopmen t s ( Ma cNe i sh 1 964 , F lanne ry 1 968 ) . T he c en t ra l i s sue r ega rd ing t h e c oa s ta l mode l i st h e t r an s i t ion f r om t h e e a r ly s eden t ism o fh un t ing a nd g a the r ing g roup s w i th in t h e e s tua ry e nv i ronmen t a t t h e e nd o f t h e a r cha ic p e r iod ( e .g . C han tu to , V oo rh ie s 1 976 ; B lake e t a l . 1 995 ) t ot h e a dop t ion o fa g r icu l tu re a nd t h e c o lon iza t ion o f 1 03

t h e i n te r io r b y t h e s ame c oa s ta l c ommun i t ies . Ak ey r o le i n t h i s mode l i s p l ayed b y t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f y ea r round r e sou rce s w i th in t h e e s tua r ie s a nd t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f c u l t iva t ion i nn ea rby i n land f i e ld s w i thou t n eed o f s e a sona l m ob i l i ty . T he p r e -ag r icu l tu ra l s eden t i sm mode l c on t ra s ted w i th t h e s e a sona l m ob i l i ty o f h i gh land h un te r -ga the r s a nd t h e i r r e l iance o n g eog raph ica l ly d i s t inc t e co log ica l z one s . T he a dop t ion o fc u l t igen s e ven tua l ly c hanged t h e s e t t lemen t p a t te rn t o s eden ta ry v i l lage s i n t h a t r eg ion . C oe a nd F l anne ry 's mode l p r ed ic ted t h e g row th o f v i l lage l i f e c o inc iden t w i th t h e a ppea rance o fe a r ly p o t te ry w i th in as t i l l l a rge ly h un t ing -ga the r ing e conomy i n t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic ( c a . 1 700 B .C . ) . T he i r s u rvey d a ta f r om t h e O co s r eg ion o f S ou thwe s te rn G ua t ema la s howed a s ub sequen t b imoda l p opu la t ion g row th w i th p eak s i nt h e L a te P rec la s s ic a nd L a te C la s s ic a nd l ow s i nt h e E a r ly C la s s ic a nd E a r ly P rec la s s ic p e r iod s . B ove 's E scu in t la s u rvey ( Bove 1 989 , 1 993 , 1 995 ) a l so s how s ab imoda l g row th w i th p eak s i n t h e L a t e P r ec la s s ic a nd M idd le /La te C la s s ic . T he s ou thea s te rn c oa s t d a ta s uppo r t C oe a nd F l anne ry 's ( 1967 ) m ode l f o r t h e m o s t p a r t . E a r ly s e t t lemen t o ccu r s i nt h e e s tua r ie s a nd d a te s t ot h e e nd o ft h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e E a r ly P r ec la s s ic p e r iod ( Hu i scoyo l p ha se , c a . 1 300 B .C . ) . T he c a tchmen t a r ea a s soc ia ted w i th t h e e a r ly s e t t lemen t s a nd t h e e xcava ted f a una l r ema in s ( pa leobo tan ica l d a ta n o t y e t a va i lab le ) d emon s t ra te a s ub s is tence e conomy b a sed o n t h e e x t rac t ion o f av a r ie ty o f w i ld l if e r e sou rce s c omb ined w i th s ub s tan t ia l d ome s t ic s t ruc tu re s a nd t h e u se o f w e l l -made p o t te ry w i th in a w e l l -e s tab l ished s eden ta ry c ommun i ty ( Ch iqu iu i tän , s e e c hap . 3 ) . T he a gg rega te mound a r ea o ccup ied i n t h i s p e r iod m ay b e u sed a s a n i n d ica to r o f p opu la t ion s i ze w h ich a ppea r s t ob e q u i te l a rge f o r af i sh ing c ommun i ty . P e rhap s , t h e u se o f a d jacen t f i e ld s f o r a g r icu l tu re m ay d a te t ot h i s p ha se , b u t mo r e c e r ta in ly t ot h e s ub sequen t C ang r e jo p ha se ( 1 100 -850 B .C . ) i n w h ich s e t t lemen t s i ze d oub le s ( F ig . 6 . 1) a nd n ew a r ea s a r e o ccup ied , i n c lud ing t h ep i edmon t( U jux te ) . I nt h e f i r s t p a r t o ft h e M idd le P rec la s s ic T ama r indo p ha se ( 850 -600 B .C . )t h e re i s at wof o ld g row th o fs e t t lemen t i nt h e e s tua ry s i nce t h e f i r s t p ha se ( a t C h iqu iu i tän , s e e F ig . 3 . 3 ) a nd a t t h e s ame t ime t h e r e i s f u r the r e xpan s ion o f s e t t lemen t i n t h e i n t e r io r . D u r ing t h e s e cond p a r t o f t h i s p ha se ( 600 -400 B .C . ) mo re s e t t lemen t s a r e e s tab l i shed i n land w he re t h e r e a r e r ema in s o f e a r l ie r b u i ld ing s u nde r L a t e P r ec la s s ic c e remon ia l s t ruc tu re s . I n t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic p e r iod , p opu la t ion g row s c on s ide rab ly a nd many s ma l l n ew s i t e s a r e d i s t r ibu t ed a r ound l a rge r c en te r s w i th i mp re s s ive c i v ic /ce remon ia l p l aza s m a rk ing t h e d eve lopmen t o f s e t t lemen th i e ra r ch ie sa nd a dm in is t ra t ive n e two rk s . Ac r uc ia l p o in t i n t h i s s e quence r ega rd s t h e t r an s i t ion f r om t h e L a te P rec la s s ic t ot h e C la s s ic p e r iod . I f , a s i ti sh ypo the s ized i n c hap te r 3 , L a te P r ec la s s ic d i agno s t ic c e ram ic m a rke r s c on t inue i nu se i nt h i s a r ea a st h ey d o i nn ea rby E l S a lvado r ( B i shop e t a l . 1 989 , D ema r e s t 1 986 ) t h rough t h e f ou r th c en tu ry , t h e s h if ti np opu la t ion s i ze s f r om t h e L a te P rec la s s ic

p opu la t ion d en s i ty i ss t i l l b e low t h e l e v e ls o f t h e C la s s ic p e r iod .

t owa rd s t h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic p e r iod b ecome s l i nea r ( F ig . 6 . 1) . I f , o n t h e o t he r h and , f u tu re d a ta s how t h a t t h e L a te P rec la s s ic c omp lex d i d n o tc on t inue i nu se t h rough t h e f ou r th c en tu ry , o ne w ou ld h ave t oa c cep t t h e f a c t t h a t i nt h e E a r ly C la s s ic p e r iod t h e s ou thea s ter nc oa s t p opu la t ion e xpe r ienced ah i a tu sa nd t h a tt h er e su l t ing p opu la t ion t r end i sb imoda l .

Adap t ive a d jus tmen t s . D if f u s ion v s . A u toch thonous C hange : c on t inu e v s . d i scon t inu i t y Mod e l s f o r c u l tu ra l c hange s t imu la ted b y " d if f u s ion" , f o re ign i n f luence o rm ig ra t ion sv e r su s mode l sf o r a u toch thonou s c hange c an b e t e s ted t h rough o b se rva t ion o f p a t t er n s o f c on t inu i ty o r d i scon t inu i ty i n t h e l o ng t e rm s equence o f d ev e lopmen t s . T he b a s ic a s sump t ion o f t h i s a na ly s i s i st h a t a u toch thonou s c hange m ay b e i n f e r red f r om l o ng te rm c on t inu i ty i n i n termed ia t e t e rm p a t ter n s o f s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion a nd o rgan iza t ion , i nt h e r eg ion 's m a te r ia l c u l tu r e a s semb lage , i n c lud ing a r ch i t ec tu re , c e ram ic s a nd i c onog raphy , a nd f r om c on t inu i ty i nl o ng d i s tance i n te ra c t ion l i nk s . C onve r se ly , c hange s b rough t a bou t b y f o r e ign i n t ru s ion i n t h e f o rm o f e l i te takeove r s o r m a s s -m ig ra t ion , m ay b e i n f e r red f r om d i scon t inu i t ie s i ns ho r t te rm p a t t e rn s a nd c u l tu ra lm an if e s ta t ion s .

3 00000

2 00000"

•

1 0 0 0 ;

0 ;

T ama r indo

H u i scoyo l C ang re jo

E sc livo s C e iba

C hange s i n c omp lex i ty .

U xuna / ixca

P ha se

F ig . 6 . 1 t ime .

C ha r t o fg row th o fa gg rega te m ound a r ea t h rough

T he s ub sequen t C la s s ic p e r iod E sc lavo s a nd C h iqu imu l i l la p ha se s ( A .D . 4 50 -900 ) r e p r e sen t t h e h ighe s t p eak o f p opu la t ion d en s i ty i n t h e r e g iona l s equence . C on se rva t ive ly , Ie s t ima t e o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e a gg rega te mound a r ea s hown i nF ig . 6 . 1 , t h a t t h e r e g ion 's p opu la t ion may h ave r a nged b e tween 1 00 ,000 t o 1 50 ,000 . Ap rob lem i n o u r s equence c oncer n s t h e t i m ing o ft h e e nd o ft h e C la s s ic p e r iod a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e P o s tc la s s ic ; i no t he rw o rd s , i t i s n o t c l ea r w he the r t h e L a t e C la s s ic p e r iod c e ram ic s c on t inue i nu se u n t i l a bou tA .D . 1 000 . I ft h ey d o , p opu la t ion s ha rp ly d ec l ine s a f t e r 1 000 A .D . a tL a te C la s s ic s i te s , w h i le a tt h e s ame t ime , s ma l l n ew c ommun i t ie s a r e f ounded o n t h e p i edmon t b e l t a nd c on t inue i n to t h e L a t e P o s tc la s s ic . A l te rna t ive ly , t h e r e m ay b e a n a c tua l h i a tu s b e tween t h e a bandonmen t o f t h e L a t e C la s s ic s i te s w i th l i t t le o r n o s e t t lemen t i n t h e r eg ion b e tween A .D . 9 00 1200 , a nd n ew p opu la t ion s e t t l ing o n t h e p i edmon t b e l t b y t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e L a t e P o s tc la s s ic ( A .D . 1 200 1524 ) . Wh i le r ef inemen t o f t h e c e ram ic c h rono logy i sn eeded , a nd al a rge r s amp le s i ze f o r t h e P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod , r ad iome t r ic d a t ing w ou ld u ndoub ted ly h e lp t o s o lve s ome o ft h e se q ue s t ion s . A t a ny r a te , t h ed if e rence i np opu la t ion s i ze f r om t h eL a te C la s s ic t o t h e L a t e P o s tc la s s ic i ss o m a rked t h a t , w he the r o r n o t t h e h i a tu s i si n o u r s amp le r a the r t h an i n r e a l i ty , b y t h e L a te P o s tc la s s ic t h ep opu la t ion d ec l ine a ppea r st ob e d rama t ic a nd d ef in i t e i nt h e w ho le r eg ion . F i na l ly , a cco rd ing t oh i s to r ica l s ou rce s ( Fe ldman 1 974 ) af u r the r p opu la t ion d ec l ine o f a lmos t c a ta s t roph ic p ropo r t ion s o ccu r red i nt h e r eg ion i nt h e m id 1 8 th c en tu ry b ecau se o f e p idem ic s i n t roduced b y t h e E u ropean s ( Lowe l l a nd L u tz 1 995 ) a nd t h e c u r ren t

1 04

s e t t lemen t

h ierarch ie s

a nd

s oc ia l

T he s e t t lemen t s o ft h e E a r ly a nd M idd le P rec la s s ic p ha se s o f t h e s ou thea s ter n c oa s t w h i le s how ing a s t eady g row th i n s i ze a nd n umbe r o f s i te s d o n o t s e em t o b e a r t icu la ted i na n i n teg ra ted s e t t lemen t s y s tem . T he l a rge s t s i t e t h roughou t t h i s 9 00 y ea r s l o ng s pan ( 1 300 -400 B .C . ) i s C h iqu iu i tän w h ich i sc ompo sed o fn ume rou s l a rge p l a tf o rm s . T he r ema in ing s e t t lemen t s i nt h e r eg ion a r e a l c ompo sed o f o n ly o ne o r t wo s t ruc tu re s a nd a r e l o ca t ed a tc on s ide rab le d i s tance s f r om e a ch o t he r . T he o ve ra l l p i c tu re i so ne o f m any i n dependen t c ommun i t ie s d i s t r ibu t ed o ve r av e ry l a rge a r ea a nd l a ck ing a ny c en t ra l p la ce t h a t i n teg ra te s t h em h i e ra r ch ica l ly . A l ter na t ive ly , C h iqu iu i tän m ay b e v i ewed a s t h e p o s s ib le u ppe r t i e r c and ida te i n at wo t ie r ed s e t t lemen t h i e ra r chy . T he d i f f e rence i ns i ze b e tween C h iqu iu i tän a nd t h e o t he r s i t e s i sg r ea t , b u tt h e re i sn o q ua l i ta t ive o ra ppa ren t f u nc t iona l d i f f e r ence s a mong s t ruc tu r e s w i th in t h e s i te s o r b e tween s i te s . T he l i m i ted d a ta o n t h e s ma l le r s i te s s e em t o i n d ica te c ommun i t ie s o ft h e o rde r o fs ma l l h am le t s a nd t h e i r r e la t ive d i s tance f r om C h iqu iu i tän w ou ld m ake a ny t y pe o f d i r ec tc on t ro lu neconom ic . A t t h e e nd o f t h e M idd le P r ec la ss ic p e r iod ( Tama r indo p ha se , 8 50 -400 B .C . ) C h iqu iu i tän i sa bandoned w h i le o n ly s c a t t e red l o ca t ion s w i th in t h e e s tua r ie s a r e s t i l l o ccup ied . V i l lage s e t t lemen t s a r e n ow f i rm ly e s tab l i shed a t U jux te , Nueve C e r ro s a nd Ma r ia L inda , w he re t h e e a r l ie r p ha se s o fs ome o ft h e i mp r e s s ive c i v ic / ce r emon ia l s t ruc tu re s o f t h e n ex t f ew c en tu r ie s a r e b u i l t . N o i n d ica t ion s o f s e t t lemen t h i e ra r ch ie s a r e e v iden t a t t h i s t ime f r om o u r r e la t ive ly l i m i ted M idd le P r ec la ss ic p e r iod d a ta . I ns um , t h e t r an s i t ion b e tween t h e E a r ly t o M idd le P rec la s s ic i s c ha ra c te r ized b y c on t inu i ty o f s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion , w i th p a r t ia l o ve r lap f r om t h e e a r ly c oa s ta l m od e o fs e t t lemen t a nd t h e l a te ri n land a g r icu l tu ra l v i l lage s a nd t h e i rc e ram ic s t y le s . T he L a te P rec la s s ic ( Ce iba p ha se , 4 00 B .C . - A .D . 2 50 ) i s ap e r iod o f g r ea t s e t t lemen t e xpan s ion a nd o f t h e

e me rg ence o f at h ree t ie red s e t t lemen t h i e ra rchy . F ou r g roup s o f s e t t lemen t s a r e c en te r ed a tt h e l a rge c en te r s o f Ma r ia L inda , U jux te , N ueve C e r ro s a nd L a Nueva w h ich h ave i mp r e s s ive c i v ic /ce remon ia l b u i ld ing s a nd c a rved monumen t s . O ne o rt wo s ma l l c en te r s w i th c i v ic /ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a r e l o ca ted c l o se t ot h e b ounda ry o fe ach p o l i ty 's t e r r i to ry . T he r ank s ize s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion s how s t h a t Nueve C e r ro s e me rge s a s t h e c en t e r o f ap r ima te s e t t lemen t s y s tem i nb o th s i ze o f c i v ic /ce r emon ia l a r ch i tec tu re a nd o f r e s iden t ia l s e t t lemen t . S i ze o f c i v ic / ce remon ia l s t ruc tu re s a nd o fs e t t lemen t s p rog re s s ive ly d ec r ea se s a to t he rc en te r s a s d i s tance f r om Nueve C e r ro s i n c r ea sed . I n t e rm s o f a dm in is t ra t ive e xchange n e two rk s , t h i s p a t ten p o in t s t o t h e k ey r o le p l ayed b y Nueve C e r ro s a st h e p r ima te c en te r o fa r eg iona l s y s t em . A s s uch , N ueve C e r ro s i n teg ra te s i t s n e ighbo r ing p o l i t ies i n to a d end r i t ic s y s tem w he re c on tac t b e tween p o l i t ie s a nd o u t s ide r eg ion s a r e c hanne led t h rough t h e p r ima t e c en te r 's e l i te . T he L a t e P r ec la s s ic p e r iod a l so s how s t h e g r ea tes t c on t inu i ty i ns e t t lemen t l o ca t ion w i th t h e p reced ing p ha se , w i th 9 0 % o ve r lap , a nd i n t h e s moo th e vo lu t ion o fc e ram ic s t y le s . I nt h eC la ss ic p e r iod t h e re i sa ne ven g r ea te rn umbe r o f s e t t lemen t s a nd a h i ghe r l e ve l o f s e t t lemen t i n teg ra t ion t h an i nt h e p r ev iou s p ha se . T he r e i sa n o ve ra l l c on t inu i ty o f s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion , l a nd u se a nd e xpan s ion i n to n ew mo re ma rg ina l a r ea s . T he c i v ic /ce remon ia l c en te r s o f N ueve C e r ro s , U jux te , a nd Ma r ia L inda a r e a bandoned , b u t s e t t lemen t c on t inue s i n t h e s ame a r ea s a r ound n ew c i v ic /ce r emon ia l l o c i . C on t inu i ty o fl o ca t ion i ss t ronge ra tL a Nueva , a nd i nt h e L o s E sc lavo s p l a in w he r e L a Maqu ina 's " new" a c ropo l i s i s b u i l t o n ly 1 k m a way f r om t h e " o ld" Nueve C e r ro s p laza , w h i le mo s t r e s iden t ia l s t ruc tu re s a r e c on t inuou s ly o ccup ied . E l sewhe r e i nt h er eg ion , n ew c en te r s e me rge i n l o ca t ion s p rev iou s ly o ccup ied b y s ma l l c ommun i t ie s , s uch a s D u razno a nd Maneade ro . T he l o ng e s tab l ished p a t te rn o fa g r icu l tu ra l u s e o fa luv ia l p l a in s o i l s , mo s t a p t f o r i n tens ive m a ize ( a nd c o t ton ) a g r icu l tu re , i s u nchang ed . T he e n t i re r e g ion i s a ga in s ub -d iv ided i n to f ou r t h ree t ie r ed p o l i t ies . T he D u razno , Maneade ro a nd L a Nueva p o l i ty c en te r s ,a r ea r t icu la ted i n to ap r ima te s e t t lemen ts y s tem c en te red a tt h e L a Maqu ina p o l i ty c en t e r . A s i nt h e p rev iou s p e r iod , s ma l l c en te r s a r e l o ca t ed f a r i n to t h e p o l i t ie s ' p e r iphe r a l a r ea s . T he r ank s ize d i s t r ibu t ion o f s e t t lemen t s how s ac l o se t o l i nea r d i s t r ibu t ion t y p ica l o f mo r e h igh ly i n teg ra t ed s y s tems . T he c i v ic /ce r emon ia l a r ch i tec tu re a nd s e t t lemen t s i ze s o f t h e s ubo rd ina te p o l i t ie s s how a ma rked c or re la t ion w i th d i s tance f r om t h e L a Maqu ina c en te r , a s f r om N ueve C er ro s i n t h e p reced ing p ha se . T he l a rge r n umber o fi n t e rmed ia te s i ze s e t t lemen t a l so i n d ica te s h ighe r v er t ica l i n teg ra t ion a c ro s s t h e r e g ion . T he h ighe r l e ve l o f i n teg ra t ion m ay b e i n te rp re ted a s i n t en s if ied i n te rac t ion b e tween c en te r s a nd p e r iphe r ie s a nd a m o re d ecen t ra l ized c on t ro l o ft h e t e r r i to ry . T h i s p roce s s i s mo s t e v iden t i nt h e h ighe r g r ow th o f l a rg e c en te r s ( Du razno , Maneade ro , L a Nueva ) c ompa red t ot h ep r ima te c en t e r( La Maqu ina ) a nd t h e o ccu r rence a t t h e se s i te s o f c a rved monumen t s ( Co tz tuna lguapa s t y le ) a nd p re s t ig e g ood s ( po lych rome p o t te ry ) . T he l a you t o ft h e C la s s ic p e r iod c i v ic /ce remon ia l c en te r s f o cu se s o n a c ropo l is p l a tf o rm s s uppor t ing e nc lo sed p a t io s o f c i v ic , r i tua l a nd /o r f u ne ra ry s t ruc tu re s , a nd e l i te 1 05

r e s idence s . T h i s f o rma t i ss t r ic t ly a dhe red t o i n a l o f t h e p o l i ty c en te r s . B a l l -cou r t s a r e a l so p r e sen t n ex t t o t h e a c ropo l i sa tL a Maqu ina a nd L aN ueva . I n t h e P o s tc la s s ic p e r iod w e o b se rve a d r ama t ic c hange i nt h e s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s . A lmo s t a l l L a t e C la s s ic s i tes a r e a bandoned ( 95 % ) a nd v a s t a r ea s o f t h e c oa s ta l p l a in s a r e d evo id o f s e t t lemen t . A f ew e ven ly s paced s e t t lemen t s a r e d i s t r ibu ted a l ong t h e p i edmon t b and . No a ppa ren th i e ra r ch ica lr e la t ion sh ip i si n f e rab le f r om t h e i rr ank s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion , n o r i st h e re m en t ion o f " cap i ta l s" i n t h e h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s ( e xc lud ing C o lon ia l p e r iod G uazacapän ) . S e t t lemen t s a r e h i gh ly n uc lea ted v i l lage s , s ome t ime s o f c on s ide rab le s i ze . T he p l aza f o rma t i s n ow c omp le te ly c hanged , f o cu s ing o n l ow mound e nc lo su re s w i th s ma l l c en t ra l s h r ine s . T h i s n ew f o rma t i sr e pea t ed i n e ve ry s i te w i th l i t t le o rn o v a r ia t ion i nt h e s i ze , f o rm a nd o r ien ta t ion o f t h e p l aza s , d emon s t ra t ing t h e c u l tu ra l u n i ty o ft h e r eg ion a t t h is t ime a nd a s i gn if ican t d i scon t inu i ty w i th t h e p r eced ing p e r iod .

Change s i n i n terac t ion n e twork s s phere s . P rec la s s ic t oP o s tc las s ic .

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T he P rec la s s ic p er iod I n t h e E a r ly P rec la s s ic p e r iod t h e p o t te ry f r om C h iqu iu i tän ( a nd a f ew i s o la ted s i t e s ) s how s ad i s t inc t l o ca l ized s t y le t h a t n ever the le s s s ha r e s g r ea t s im i la r i t ie s w i th c on tempo ra ry c omp lexe s d i s t r ibu ted t o t h e w e s t i n c oa s ta l G ua tema la a s f a r a s C h iapa s , a nd p e rhap s e ven mo re m a rked ly t o t h e e a s t w i th c oa s ta l E l S a lvado r ( E l C a rmen s i te ) . B eyond t h e c e ram ic s im i la r i t ie s , t h e s e t t lemen tp a t te rn s a nd s ub s is tence e conomy a l so i n d ica te s t r ik ing s im i la r i t ie s a mong a l l e a r ly P ac if ic c oa s ta l v i l lage s . When t h e f o cu s o f s e t t lemen t s h if t s t o t h e i n te r io r c oa s ta l p l a in , v i l lage s a nd c e remon ia l c en t e r s a c ro s s t h e r eg ion c on t inue t o p a r t ic ipa te i n a c oa s t -w ide i n te rac t ion n e two rk t h a t i n t h e M idd le P rec la s s ic i n c lude s n ew f o rm s a nd d eco ra t ive mo t if s t h a t a r e w ide sp read a c ro s s Me soame r ica s u ch a s t h e d oub le l ine b reak a nd f l ame -eyeb row mo t if s . Wh i le a r ch i tec tu ra l g row th i sn o t a s g r ea t o n t h e s ou thea s ter n c oa s t a se l sewhe re o n t h e G u lf C oa s t , i n C h iapa s , S ou thwe s ter n G ua tema la a nd We s tern E l S a lvado r t h e f ounda t ion s a r e l a id a tt h is t ime f o r t h e af o l low ing p e r iod o f m a jo r d eve lopmen t . I n t h e L a te P rec la s s ic p e r iod t h e c e ram ic s , c i v ic /ce r emon ia l a r ch i tec tu re a nd s t one s c u lp tu re o f t h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s t s how g r ea t s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h o se o fn e ighbo r ing r e g ion s o ft h e P ac if ic C oa s t , H igh land G ua tema la a nd E l S a lvado r ( Po tbe l ly s t y le , s e e L a Nueva , c hap . 3 ,P a r son s 1 986 , Ama ro l i 1 997 ) . A tt h i s t ime , t h e s ou thea s ter n s e t t lemen t s y s tem i si n teg ra ted i n to a s up ra reg iona l e xchange n e two rk k nown a s t h e S ou the rn Maya S phe re ( B i shop e ta l . 1 989 ) . T he c i rcu la t ion o f p re s t ige g ood s t h rough i n te r reg iona l e xchange may b e i n te rp re t ed a si n duced b y e l i te i n te rac t ion s . E l i te l o ng -d i s tance i n t e ra c t ion s i nt h e f o rm o f t h e e xchange o f p r es t ige i t em s m ay b e a imed a t s t a tu s l e g i t im iza t ion t h rough t h e p ub l ic d i sp lay o fr a re o r e l abo ra te g ood s ( F lanne ry 1 968 ) , o r a ta l l iance b u i ld ing a nd t h e ref o re a s a n i n s t rumen t f o r p eacef u l n ego t ia t ion s t o s o lve r e g iona l d i spu te sa nd f o rt h ep rov i s ion o fs uppo r ti nt ime s o fc r i s i s . I n

t ur n , t h e a b i l i ty o f t h e e l i te t o p rov ide p eace a nd e x ter na l s uppo r tr e inf o r ce st h e i rp rom inen tp o s i t ion w i th in t h e s oc ie ty ( H i r th 1 992 ) .T he e v idence f o r t h e e xchange o f c e ram ic s a nd o b s id ian w i th in t h e S ou the rn Maya S phe re ( P rov idenc ia /M i ra f lo re s S phe re , D ema r e s t 1 986 ) s how s d i r ec t c on tac t s b e tween t h e e l i te s o f Nueve C e r ro s , a s t h e r eg ion 's g a teway c ommun i ty ( H i r th , 1 978 ) , w i th t h e o u t s ide c oa s ta l a nd h igh land c en te r s o f Mon te A l to , K am ina l juyü , C ha lchuapa a nd S an ta L e t ic ia . T he ref o re , t h e Nueve C e r ro s e l i t e 's a b i l i ty t om a in ta in c on tac t s w i th d i s tan t a nd p owe rf u l e l i te s m ay h ave r e inf o r ced t h e i r p o s i t ion w i th in t h e r eg ion a l low ing t h em t ob u i ld al a rge r c on sen su s w i th in t h e s i te a nd t o c o l lec t t h e l a bo r t o b u i ld t h e s i te 's c omp lex c i v ic /ce remon ia l a r ch i tec tu re a t as c a le c ompa rab le t o t h e o u t s ide c en te r s .

T he C las s ic p er iod T he b eg inn ing o ft h e M idd le C la s s ic p e r iod b r ing s c e r ta in c hange s i n t h e s e t t lemen t p a t t e rn s a nd t h e c i v ic /ce remon ia l a r ch i tec tu re , a s n o ted a bove . T h i s d i scon t inu i ty f r om t h e L a te P rec la s s ic t ot h e C la s s ic p e r iod i s b e t te r u nde r s tood f r om t h e p e r spec t ive o f t h e s t ruc tu ra l e vo lu t ion o f c omp lex s oc ie t ie s t h roughou t s ou the rn Me soame r ica t h an a sf o re ign i n t ru s ion s i n to t h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t . T he re i s as h if t i nt h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s t a r ch i tec tu re f r om o pen p l aza w i th c a rd ina l ly o r ien ted p y ram id s , r a nge s t ruc tu r es a nd s t one m onumen t s ( Nueve C e r ro s , U jux te , C hap . 3 ) t o c l o sed s pace a c ropo l i s p l aza s w i th a c en t ra l p y ram id temp le s u r rounded b y l ow s t ruc tu re s . T he s ame a r ch i tec tu ra l p a t te rn i sf ound t h roughou t t h e r eg ion f r om t h e C en t ra l C oa s t ( Lo s C ha to s , B ove 1 993 , 1 995 ) t oc oa s ta l E l S a lvado r ( Ca ra S uc ia , Ama ro l i 1 984 ) w he re i tc on t inue s t h rough t h e L a te C la s s ic p e r iod . T h is s h if ts e em s t or ef lec t a c hange i ne mpha s is f r om c o smo log ica l ly o r ien ted p l aza s t o mo r e s e cu la r s t ruc tu ra l f o rm s a r ound d yna s t ic f une ra ry t emp le s . D u r ing t h eL a te C la s s ic p e r iod C o tzuma lguapa s t y le s cu lp tu r e m ake s i t s a ppea rance a t s ou thea s te rn s i te s ( Maneade ro , L a Maqu ina , a nd L a N ueva . c hap . 4 ) a s w e l l a s t h roughou t P ac if i c G ua tema la a nd i n E l S a lvado r ( Ca ra S uc ia , Ama ro l i 1 984 ) w i th s ome e xamp le s i nt h e H igh land s , a sw e l l ( Ch inch i l la 1 996 ) . T he h ypo the s i s o fr e p lacemen t o f t h e l o ca l p opu la t ion b y f o re igne r s i sn o t s uppo r ted b y t h e M idd le /La te C la s s ic c on t inu i ty i nt h e a r chaeo log ica le v idence p r e sen t ed i nc hap te r 4 . T he a ppea rance o fC o tzuma lguapa s t y le i c onog raphy i sm aybe b e t te r e xp la ined a st h e a dop t ion b y a l o ca l a nd w e l l -e s tab l ished e l i te o f w ide ly u sed i c onog raph ic mo t if s t h roughou t Me soame r ica . A l ter na t ive ly , t h e s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f C o tzuma lguapa a r t may b e e xp la ined a s t h e r e su l t o f s ma l l s c a le t a keove r s b y " mex ican ized" e l i te g roup s t h a t m ay h ave e n te red t h e a r ea f r om t h e G u lf C oa s t ( Ha t ch 1 989 , McV icke r 1 985 ) . T h i s h ypo the s is f i nd s s uppo r t i n s ugge s ted c oeva l i n cu r s ion s o f G u lf C oa s t " mex ican ized Maya" (Chon ta l -Pu tun ) g roup s i n to t h e Maya L ow land s ( Se iba l : S ab lof f a nd W i l ley 1 967 , G raham 1 973 , W i l ley 1 975 ) , n or the rn Y uca tan ( Ch ichen I t zä , T ozze r , 1 957 , M i l le r 1 977 , C ogg in s a nd S hane I I 1 984 ) H igh land G ua tema la ( Fox 1 987 , F ox e t a l .1992 ) , a nd E l S a lvado r ( Que lepa , F ow le r 1 989 : 4 0 -4 1) d u r ing t h e L a te C la s s ic /Ep i -C la s s ic p e r iod s( c a . 8 50 1000 A .D . ) .

1 06

T he S ou thea s ter n c oa s t c e ram ic s s how s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e G ua tema lan c en t ra l P ac if i c c oa s t a nd E l S a lvado r mo re t h an w i th t h e G ua tema lan H igh land s , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e T iqu i sa te a nd s p ecu la r h ema t i te r ed p a in ted P e rd ido c e ram ic g roup s w h ich o ve r lap s t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e C o tzuma lguapa s c u lp tu ra l s t y le . T he s ou thea s ter n c en te r s s e em t o h ave p a r t ic ipa ted i n a no the r o ve r lapp ing i n t e ra c t ion n e two rk t h a te x t end s f r om t h e C opan V a l ley i n to S ou thea s te rn G ua tema la a nd Wes te rn E l S a lvado r a nd w h ich i sc ha ra c ter ized b y t h e o ccu r r ence o f C opado r s t y le p o t te ry . I n a dd i t ion , s ma l l b u t s i gn if i can t s amp le s o f P e ten s ty le p o ly ch rome ( s ee F ig s . i n A ppend ix 3 ) m a in ly f r om L a Maqu ina s ugge s t a no the r r o u te o f i n te ra c t ion t owa rd s t h e Maya L ow land s t h rough t h e Maya e nc lave o f A sunc ion M i ta ( s ee F ig s . i n A ppend ix 3 ; Whaucope a nd B ond 1 989 , S t röm sv ik 1 950 ) . T he c e ram ic i n te rac t ion w i th A sunc iön M i ta i s u nde r sco red b y t h e i mpor tance o f t h e n ea rby I x tepeque s ou r ce o f o b s id ian w h ich r ep resen t s a bou t 9 0% o f t o ta l o b s id ian u sed d u r ing t h i s p e r iod o n t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t . I ns um ,w h i le t h eh ypo the s i so fl a rge s ca le m ig ra t ion i sn o ts uppo r ted , e l i te i n cu r s ion s i nt h er e g ion c anno tb er u led o u t a t S ou thea s te rn c oa s ta l s i te s a s e l sewhe re i n s ou the rn Me soame r ica . T he e nd o ft h e L a te C la s s ic p e r iod a ppea r s a s ap e r iod o fg ene ra l " mex ican iza t ion" i ns e cu la r a r t , a nd t h u s , t h e a ppea rance o fn ew s cu lp tu ra l s t y le s a tt h i s t ime m ay a l so m ay b e d ue t ot h e c en t ra l p o s i t ion o ft h e S ou thea s t e rn C oa s t i n i n te rac t ion n e two rk s t h a t l i nk t h e s ou thea s ter n Maya o f H ondu ra s a nd E l S a lvado r t ot h e p eop le s o ft h e G u lf C oa s t a nd C en t ra l Mex ico t o t h e n o r thwe s t . T h is n e two rk o f i n te rac t ion a ppea r s t oo pe ra te i nt h e g eog raph ica l r e g ion o f c oa s ta l p l a in s t h a t l i nk t h e P ac if i c w i th t h e G u lf C oa s t , t e rmed b y P a r son 's ( 1964 , 1 986 ) a s " pe r iphe ra l c oa s ta l l ow land s" , a nd t h rough w h ich p e rhap s e t hn ica l ly d ive r se , b u t c u l tu ra l ly c l o se s o c ie t ie s e xchanged i d ea sa nd g ood s f r om t h e P rec la s s ic t ot h e P o s t c la s s ic p e r iod .

T he P o s tc la s s ic p er iod T he p r e sen t d a ta c anno t f i rm ly e s tab l ish w he the r L a te C la s s ic p a t t er n s o f s e t t lemen t , l a nd u se , s cu lp tu r e a nd c e ram ic p roduc t ion c on t inued b eyond 9 00 u n t i l A .D . 1 000 o r 100 . H oweve r , t h e e n su ing E a r ly P o s t c la s s ic i st h e p e r iod o f mo s tc l ea r -cu td i scon t inu i ty i nt h e s e quence . A s ide f r om a d rama t ic p opu la t ion d ec l ine , t h e re i sc omp le t e a bandonmen t o f l ow ly ing a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd s a nd d i s rup t ion o f s e t t lemen t o rgan iza t ion . T he e n t i re r eg ion m ay h ave b een e mp ty o f s i gn if ican t s e t t lemen t u n t i l A .D . 1 200 . T h e f o l low ing p e r iod b r ing s ac omp le te ly n ew s e t o f a r ch i t ec t u ra l , c e ram ic a nd s cu lp tu ra l s t y le s . T he d i scon t inu i ty i n a l c a tego r ie s o f m a te r ia l c u l tu re p r e sen t s t h e b e s t c a se f o r t h e h ypo the s i s o f p opu la t ion m ig ra t ion a tt h i s t ime . O the r a r ea s o f S ou ther n Mesoame r ica u nde rgo ap e r iod o fd i s rup t ion a nd m ig ra t ion s f r om t h e G u lf C oa s t r eg ion d u r ing t h e E a r ly P o s tc la s s ic t h a t c r y s ta l l ize i nt h eL a te P o s tc la s s ic f o rma t ion o f" hyb r id" s t a te s i nh igh land G ua tema la a nd i nt h e e s tab l i shmen to fc o lon ie so f f o re ign N ahua s p eake r s , i n c oa s ta l G ua tema la a nd E l S a lvado r ( e .g . Q u iche -Maya , C a rma ck 1 9 8 1 , F ox 1 987 , F ox e ta l . 1 992 ; P ip i l ,T homp son 1 948 , F ow le r 1 989 ) . B a sed o n t h e a va i lab le a r cha eo log ica l e v idence o ne c anno tr u le o u ta b so lu te ly as t ab le p r e sence o fP ip i l g roup s i n

t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t , s i nce t h e i rm a t e r ia l c u l tu re s e em s n o t t o h ave b een d i f f e ren t f r om t h a t o ft h e n e ighbo r ing X inca . H oweve r , h i s to r ica l s ou rces i n d ica t e t h a t t h e p opu la t ion l i v ing o n t h i s l a nd a tt h e t ime o ft h e C onque s t w e r e X inca a nd P opo luca speak ing p eop le , a nd t h e se a r e o u r b e s t c and ida te s f o r t h e L a te P o s tc la s s ic o ccupa t ion o n t h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t . Wh i le t h e c e ram ic e v idence c anno t b e u sed t o p rove o r d i sp rove e t hn ic / l ingu i s t ic a f f i l ia t ion s , n e ighbo r ing g roup s o fX inca i nt h e n ea rby h i gh land r eg ion s o fs ou thea s t e rn G ua tema la a nd w e s te rn E lS a lvado rm ay h ave s ha red mo re t h an c e ram ic s t y le s w i th t h e S ou thea s ter nc oa s ta l s i t e s . I n te re s t ing ly , F ow le r( 1989 : 4 4 ) n o te sp la zue la l a you t s l i ke t ho se i n o u r s u rvey a t L a te P o s t c la s s ic s i t e s n ea r C ihua tän i n w e s te rn E l S a lvado r a nd P r eh i span ic /Co lon ia l p e r iod X inca s i te s n ea r L ake Gü i ja . I ns um , t h e a va i lab le a r chaeo log ica l a nd h i s to r ica l i n f o rma t ion s e em t os uppo r tt h e a r r iva l o fX inca g roup s o n t h e s ou thea s t e rn c oa s t p e rhap s a s e a r ly a st h eb eg inn ing o ft h e L a te P o s t c la s s ic .

i n s ma l l p a r t , t h i s s t udy h a s h a s c on t r ibu ted t o ab e t te r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e c u l tu ra l l a nd scape o f s ou thea s ter n Me soame r ica b y u ncove r ing c u l tu ra l t r end s a nd a r t if ac t a s semb lage s t h a t s pan s eve ra l m i l lenn ia . If e e l t h a t , i n c on t ra s t t h e mo s t f r equen t ly h e ld v i ew s i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l l i t e ra tu r e a bou t t h is r eg ion , t h e a ch ievemen t s i na r ch i tec tu re a nd a r t a nd t h e c u l tu ra l a sw e l a sp o l i t ica l i n teg ra t ion o ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t 's c omp lex s o c ie t ie s s how t h a t t h i s w a s n eve r a r u ra l b ackwa te r n o r p e rhap s a f r on t ie r o f Me soame r ica u n t i l t h e mu l t i r eg iona l c o l lap se o f S ou the rn Me soame r ica 's C la s s ic p e r iod c i v i l iza t ion o ccu r r ed a r ound A .D . 9 00 .

C onc lud ing R emark s T he p i c tu r e t h a t e me rge s f r om a r e v iew o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l d a ta o ft h e S ou thea s ter n C oa s t o fG ua tema la i so ne o f ac u l tu ra l ly u n if ied r eg ion t h roughou t i t sh i s to ry , i n s p i te o fo u r i n i t ia l a rb i t ra ry c ho ice o ft h e b ounda r ie s o ft h i s r e g iona l s t udy . F rom t h e b eg inn ing s o fv i l lage l i f e o nwa rd , i t i sc l ea r t h a t t h e i n hab i tan t s o f t h e c oa s ta l p l a in s f r om t h e Ma r ia L inda t o t h e P az r i ve r s h ave c r ea ted t h e i r o wn i d io sync ra t ic m a te r ia l c u l tu re , a l be i t i ns ynch rony w i th t h e c u l tu ra l d eve lopmen t s o f t h e i r n ea r a nd m o r e d i s tan t n e ighbo r s . I n m uch mo re s imp l i s t ic t e rm s , i t s s e t t lemen t s p a t ter n s a nd m a te r ia l c u l tu re a ppea r t o b e e qua l t o i t s n e ighbo r s ' , b u t al i t t le d i f f e ren t . T h i s s t udy h a s s hown h ow t h e r eg ion 's r i ch n a tu ra l e nv ironmen t a nd l o ca t ion s t imu la ted a nd s uppo r ted t h e r i se o f c omp lex s o c ie t ie s a nd h ow i t s e me rg ing c en t e r s o f p owe r w e r e l i nked t o m o r e d i s tan t c en te r s a nd r e g ion s . I ta ppea r s t h a t f r om t h e b eg inn ing o f v i l lage l i f e t o t h e e nd o f t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic p e r iod t h e r e g ion 's c u l tu ra lu n i ty w a s f i rm ly i n teg ra t ed i n to ac u l tu ra l

s phe re c ha ra c t e r ized b y s ha red p l anned a r ch i tec tu ra l s t y le s a nd l a you t s , c e ram ic s t y le s , o b s id ian t e chno logy , s cu lp tu ra l s t y le s a nd , b y i n f e rence , s oc ia l s t ruc tu r e a nd r e l ig ion , a l o f w h ich e l emen t s w e m ay r e cogn ize a sp a r t o fa n e a r ly Maya c u l tu ra l t r ad i t ion . T h i s w a s at ime w hen t h e s ou thea s te rn c oa s ta l p eop le s p l ayed a n a c t ive r o le i nt h e m ak ing o f Maya c i v i l iza t ion a nd s ub sequen t ly c on t inued t od o s o t h roughou t t h e L a te C la s s ic , b u t i n amo re c omp lex c u l tu ra l l a nd scape , w hen t h e r e g ion f ound i t se lf c l o se r t o t h e f r inge s o f t h e C la s s ic Maya w o r ld . Af t e r t h e C la s s ic p e r iod c o l lap se , t h e o nce u n if ied c u l tu ra l l a nd scape o ft h e S ou thea s te rn c oa s t a nd o f H igh land G ua tema la w a s p rof ound ly c hanged a nd i t s s o c ia l s t ruc tu r e s d i s so lved i n to s imp le r f o rm s . T he C oa s t 's i n hab i tan t s a nd t h e i r n e ighbo r s , p o s s ib ly a l r e la t ive ly r e cen t n ewcome r s , w e r e s peake r s o f X inca , P opo luca a nd P ip i l l a nguage sa nd w e r eo rgan ized i nv i l lage s ize p o l i t ie s . I n c onc lu s ion , w h i le a t temp t ing t o r e con s t ruc t t h i s r e g ion 's h i s to ry o ne c an a pp rec ia te t h e a c t ive r o le p l ayed b y i t s i n hab i tan t s i nt h e m ak ing o fc i v i l iza t ion . It h ink , p e rhap s 1 07

L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r c ou r se o ft h e P az r i v e r , 3 . 3 k m f r om t h e o cean a nd 9k mf r om L aN ueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 07944 E , 1 525688 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S hook n o te s i nI DAEH S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:5 18 S i te L ayou t : Two l ow r e c tangu la r mound s 2 0 a nd 4 0 m i nl e ng th ( F ig . 6 ) .

APPEND IX 1 . L a te P rec lass ic P er iod V i l lage s 1S i te Descr ip t ions

S i te : S a lama r L oca t ion : 4k m s ou th o fC iudad P ed ro d eA lva rado UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 12354 E , 1 531731 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2 : S i te l a you t : O ne 9 m h igh p y ram id a nd a 7 0 m w ide 2 m h igh p l a tf o rm ( F ig . 1 i na ppend ix 2 )

S i te : Mon te V e rde Mound 3 L oca t ion : F o rme r ly a tt h e e dge o ft h e m ang rove e s tua ry , n ow o n a b ranch o ft h eP az r i ve r , 3 . 4 km f r om t h eo cean a nd 7 . 2 km f r om L a N ueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 07944 E , 1 525688 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S hook n o te s i nI DAEH a r ch ive S i te L ayou t : Al a rge r e c tangu la r p la tf o rm m ea sur ing 3 m i nh e igh t a nd 3 0 x 3 0 i n w id th . I t c u r ren t ly s uppor t s t h ree s e pa ra t e h ou seho ld s( F ig . 7 ) .

S i te : P o t re r i l lo L oca t ion : w i th in t h em ang rove e s tua ry o ft h e P az r i ve r , 1 . 8 km f r om t h eo cean a nd 6 . 2 k ms ou th o fL a Nueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 030 11 E , 1 526228 N , Mound 1 ; 8 02998 E , 1 525837 N , Mound 4 R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S hook ' sn o te s i nI DAEH a r ch ive S i te L ayou t : Mound 1i s al a rge r ound p l a tf o rm 1 50 m d i ame te r r i s ing f r om t h e l a goon w a te r s .2 00 m t ot h ee a s t a6 2 mw ide p o t te ry s c a t te r i d en t if ie s ad e s t royed mound . Mound 4 i s al ow r e c tangu la r p l a tf o rm 2 0 mo nt h es i de . ( F ig . 1 ) .

S i te : Mon te V e rde Mound 5 L oca t ion : 3 00m s ou th o f Mound 6 UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 06680 E , 1 526225 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : A l ow r e c tangu la r p l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 3 9 m o n t h e l o ng s i de , s u r rounded b y s wampy a r ea st ot h en or th a nd s ou th ( F ig . 8 ) .

S i te : C ua ren t iuna Mound 2 L oca t ion : O n t h e l owe r p l a in o f t h e P az r i ve r , 3 km e a s t o f C ua r en t iuna v i l lage . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 10472 E , 1 527667 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 663 .84 S i te L ayou t : I t i s al ow i s o la ted mound , r e c tangu la r i n s hape m ea su r ing 5 0 mo nt h e l o ng s i de ( F ig . 2 ) .

S i te : C ua ren t iuna Mound 1 4 L oca t ion : i nt h e m ode rn v i l lage o fC ua r en t iuna , o n af o rme rb r anch o ft h e P az r i ve r , 5 . 6 km n o r th o ft h e o cean , a nd 4 .6 km s ou thea s to f L aN ueva . E leva t ion 1 4ma s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 07699 E , 1 528782 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : N op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : I ti s al a rge o va l s haped mound , l o ca ted o n al e vee o f af o rme r c hanne l o f t h e P az r i ve r . I ti s al a rge r mound i nt h e s u r round ing a r ea o fC ua ren t iuna , t h a t c ove r s t h e m idd le p l a in s ou th o fL a N ueva . I tm ea su re s 6 0 ma c ro s s a nd 2m i nh e igh t . I ti sc u t b y ad i r tr oad o nt h ew e s ts i de ( F ig . 9 ) .

S i te : C anada Mound 1 L oca t ion : t wo k m e a s t o fL a Maqu ina , n ea r r o ad f r om L o s C e r r i to s t oA gua ca t e . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 9 1325 E , 1537743 N R e sea r ch H is to ry : S i te L ayou t : A 1 . 5 h i gh r e c tangu la r p l a tf o rm s m ea su r ing 4 0 x1 0 mi nd imen s ion a nd as ma l le ra s soc ia ted p l a tf o rm ( F ig . 3 ) .

S i te : B uena snoche s L oca t ion : o n t h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la m ang rove l a goon , n ea rt h e E sc lavo s r i ve r e s tua ry . 1 . 5 km f r om t h e o cean a nd 1 2 k m f r om L a Maqu ina . E leva t ion 2m a s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 75746 E , 1 538164 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 900 S i te L ayou t : Two l a rge 1m h igh o va l s haped p l a tf o rm s , m ea su r ing a bou t 1 00 i nm ax imum w id th ( F ig . 1 0 )

S i te : Maqu ina Mound 3 L oca t ion : o nt h e l owe rp l a in o ft h eE sc lavo sr i ve r , 3k m s ou th o fL a Maqu ina c en te r . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 87027 E , 1 534125 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : Al a rge 2m h i gh p l a tf o rm w i th t wo s ma l le ra s soc ia ted s t ruc tu r e st ot h ew e s to fi t .( F ig .4 )

S i te : R ama V e rde L oca t ion : i nt h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la m ang rove l a goon , 5 00 m s ou thwe s tf r om L aA ve l lana , a nd 5 00 m n o r th o f Mon te r r ico . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 72803 E , 1 539211 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t : O ne l a rge 1 00 m w ide mound a nd t wo s ma l le r 4 0 m w ide mound st ot h ew e s t( F ig . 1)

S i te : L a Maqu ina Mound 1 L oca t ion : o na no l de rc ou r se o ft h eE sc lavo sr i ve r , 4km s ou th o fL a Maqu ina c en te r . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 87556 E , 1 536597 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd S i te L ayou t : O ne i regu la r ly r e c tangu la r 2m h igh mound m ea su r ing 5 3 mi nl e ng th . Two a dd i t iona l s ma l le rs t ruc tu r e s a r e l o ca ted 8 00 m t ot h ee a s t( F ig . 5 ) .

S i te : P a ra i so L oca t ion : o n t h e e dge o f t h e mang rove l a goon o f t h e P az r i ve r e s tua ry , 2 . 6 k m f r om t h e o cean a nd 6 00 m s ou th o ft h e m oder n v i l lage o fP a ra i so . E leva t ion 5m a s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 03400 E , 1 526846 N

S i te : Mon te V e rde Mound 1

1 08

R esea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:8 50 S i te L ayou t : G roup o ft h ree s ma l lp l a tf o rm s( F ig . 1 2 ) .

L oca t ion : o nt h e l owe rp l a in o ft h eP az r i ve r , 4 . 4 k m f r om t h eo cean a nd 4 . 6k ms ou th o fL aN ueva . UTM C oo rd ina t e s : 8 05854 E , 1 527659 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : A n i s o la ted r e c tangu la r mound m ea su r ing 2 m i n h e igh ta nd 3 6 x2 0 mi nd imen s ion ( F ig . 1 6 ) .

S i te : B i lbao Mound 2 L oca t ion : o n t h e a l luv ia l p l a in o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , 8km s ou th o f t h e L o s C e r r i to s v i l lage , 6 km f r om t h e o cean , 8 00 m f r om t h e p re sen tc ou r se o ft he E sc lavo sr i ve ra nd 6 . 4 k m f r om L a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 93958 E , 1 534525 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 633 S i te L ayou t I ti s as ma l l 2m h igh r e c tangu la r mound m ea su r ing 2 2 m o n t h e s i de a s soc ia ted t o as ma l l a nc i l la ry s t ruc tu r e 5 0 mt ot h e e a s t ( F ig . 1 3 ) .

S i te : O b ra je L oca t ion : O nt h ep i edmon t ,n ea rC iudad P ed ro d eA lva rado UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 08874 E , 1 536738 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne 5 m h igh p y ram id s u r rounded b y as t r ing o f h ou se -mound sr unn ing N -S ( F ig . 1 7 ) .

S i te : S an ta C la ra L oca t ion : n ea r al a rg e b end i na n o l d c ou r se o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , 1 . 5 k m s ou thwe s to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 87040 E , 1 536839 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n o p rev iou s r e co rd o f t h i s p a r t icu la r mound g roup . T e rme r ( 1948 ) r epo r t s a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s f r om F inca S an ta C la ra . S i te L ayou t : T h ree m ound s , t h e h i ghe s t m ea su r e s 3 . 5 m i nh e igh t t h eo t he r 2a nd 1m . A l l a r er ough ly r e c tangu la rm ea su r ing 1 2 16 m i nl e ng th ( F ig . 1 8 ) .

S i te : P a ja l L oca t ion : o n p i edmon t , j u s t n o r th o f t h e C a -2 h ighway t o E l S a lvado r ,a tk m9 4 , n ea rT ax i sco . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 63407 E , 1 556108 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : C oe ( 1965 ) S i te L ayou t : O ne 4 m h igh p y ram id a nd t wo s ma l le r s t eep s i ded mound s ( 2 -3 m h igh ) , s u r rounded b y 3 9 h ou se -mound s ( Coe 1 965 , F ig . 1 ) .

S i te : C hagu i te s Mound s 1a nd 2 L oca t ion : o nt h eL a sV aca sr i ve r , 5k m e a s to fD u razno . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 67823 E , 1 550548 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:6 00 S i te L ayou t : t wo s ma l l mound s , m ea su r ing 1 0x 15 m i nw id th a nd 1 mi nh e igh t .

S i te : C ana l L oca t ion : o n t h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la , 7 km s ou thwe s t o f L a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 81277 E , 1 537739 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne i s o la ted i mh igh s t eep s i ded mound ( F ig . 1 4 ) .

S i te : C inco P a lo s L oca t ion : o n l owe r c oa s ta l p l a in 1 3 k m s ou th o f G uaz acapan a nd 1 2 .7 k me a s to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 77364 E , 1 54395 1 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : Two s ma l l r e s iden t ia lm ound s .

S i te : P i taya L oca t ion : o n t h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la , n ea r P apa tu r ro , 1 2 k m s ou thwes to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 78235 E , 1 537667 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t : O ne w ide p l a tf o rm , a bou t 2 00 i n max imum w id th , s uppor t ing o ne 4m p y ram id a nd o ne 2m h igh p l a tf o rm o nt h ew e s t e nd ( F ig . 1 5 ) .

S i te : S an A n tof i i to L oca t ion : o n l owe ra luv ia l f a n s o i ls , 1 2k m s ou th o fC h iqu imu l i l la a nd 6k me a s to f Maneade ro . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 847 11 E , 1 547384 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : o ne i s o la ted s ma l lr e s iden t ia l mound ( F ig . 1 9 ) .

S i te : A gua D u lce L oca t ion : O n t h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la m ang rove l a goon , s ou th o fB uena snoche s . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 75706 E , 1 537248 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : Two w ide ly s paced 2m h igh p l a tf o rm sr i s ing f r om t h e l a goon w a t e r s ,m ea su r ing a bou t 1 00 i nm ax imum w id th ( F ig . 1 0 ) .

S i te : H awa i i L oca t ion : i nt h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la m ang rove l a goon , n ea r S . R i ta a nd P a lo saden t ro . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 80073 E , 1 535920 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd ( F ig . 2 0 . S i te L ayou t : Two l a rge l ow p l a tf o rm s , m ea su r ing a bou t 1 00 m i n m ax imum w id th .

S i te : Maneade ro G roup 2 L oca t ion : S ee C la s s ic p e r iod , c hap te r4 . UT M C oo rd ina te s : 7 77593 E , 1 5506 14 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t :

S i te : A s tu r ia s L oca t ion : o n t h e a l luv ia l f a n 3 km s ou th o fC h iqu imu i l la a nd 7 . 7 km ENE o f Maneade ro . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 83659 E , 1 554493 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2:5 00 R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd .

S i te : C ua r en t iuna Mound 9

1 09

S i te L ayou t : O ne s ma l l mound , 5x 10 m i n d imens ion , n ea r r oad s ide .

S i te : S inacan tän L oca t ion : s e e P o s tc la s s ic , c hap te r5 . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 85675 E , 1 559954 N R e sea r ch H is to ry : S i te L ayou t :

S i te : C o s ta R ica L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r E sc lavo s r i ve r p l a in , 3 . 8 km s ou th o f L a Maqu ina a nd UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 88692 E , 1 534 185 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2:4 25 R e sea rch H is to ry : S i te L ayou t : s i x s ma l l m ound s a r ranged i n ap a t io , o ne mound f u r the rt ot h e s ou th .

S i te : L a Maqu ina Mound 4 L oca t ion : o nt h e l owe rc ou r se o ft h e E sc lavo sr i ve r ,4 . 4 km s ou th o f L a Maqu ina a nd 2 . 2k m f r om t h eo cean . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 8767 1 E , 1 533560 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2:3 2 1 R e sea rch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne s ma l l m ound m ea su r ing 2m i nh e igh ta nd 2 0 x1 2 mi nw id th .

F ig . 2A e r ia l v i ew o fC ua ren t iuna Mound 2 .

S i te : A t iqu ipaque L oca t ion : s e eP o s tc la s s ic ,C hap te r5 . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 6 1465 E , 1 559024 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t : S i te : Maneade ro G roup 3 L oca t ion : s e eC la s s ic , C hap te r4 . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 7880 1 E , 1 552484 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t :

5 0 me te rs

2I lus tra t ion s

F ig . 3 .S i te p l an o fC anada Mound 1a nd a nc i l la ry s t ruc tu r e .

F ig . 4S i te p l an o fL a Maqu ina Mound 3a nd a nc i l la ry s t ruc tu r e s .

F ig . 1A e r ia l v i ew o ft h e P u l ido a r ea s how ing mound s w i th L a t e P rec la s s ic p o t te ry o nt h es u rf ace .

10

,

5 0 m eters

F ig . 8S i te p l an o f Mon te V e rde Mound 5 . F ig . 5S i te p l an o f Maqu ina Mound 1 .

F ig . 8A e r ia l v i ew o f t h e m ang rove l a goon s how ing l o ca t ion o f B uena snoche s Mound s 3a nd 4a nd A guadu lce Mound s 1a nd 2 .

F ig . 6S i t ep l an o f Mon te V e rde Mound 1

I

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F ig . 7S i te p l an o f Mon te V e rde Mound 3

11

F ig . 1A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i te p l an o fR ama V e rd e .

F ig . 9 .S i te p l an o fC ua r en t iuna Mound 1 4

F ig . 1 2 A e r ia lv i ew o fP a ra i so .

F ig . 1 0 A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i te p l an s o fB uena snoche s ( 3 a nd 4 ) a nd A guadu lce ( 1a nd 2 ) .

12

F ig . 1 5 A e r ia l V iew o ft h e m ang rove l a goon a r ound t h e P i taya s i te ( h igh l igh ted i nw h i te ) s how ing c hanne l s i nb l ue a nd a c ce s s r oad i n r e d .

a

5 0 m eters

F ig . 1 3S i te p lan o fB i lbao Mound s 1a nd 2 F i g . 1 6 S i te p l an o fC ua r en t iuna Mound 9 .

OBRAJE

• •

POND

1

5 0m e te rs

F ig . 1 4S i te p l an o fC ana l m ound .

r ! J F ig . 1 7 . S i te p lan o fO b ra je .

13

1 00 r eters

I

1 0 m eters F ig . 2U Aer ia l V iew o t t he Hawa i i s i te (Mounds ( Mound 3 )a nd P a lo saden t ro ( Mound s 1a nd 2 ) .

F ig . 1 8S i te p l an o fS an ta C la ra .

1 00 m eters

F ig . 1 9S i te p l an o fS an A n ton i to .

14

4a nd J ) , S . K i ta

UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 03400 E , 1 526846 N R e sea rch H is to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:2 , 427 . S i te L ayou t : Mound 1i s a2m h igh r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 7 0 mo n t h e l o ng s i de . Mound 2 i sa l so r e c tangu la r , 1 . 5 mm h igh a nd m ea su re s 2 0o nt h e l o ng s i de .

APPENDIX 2 . Midd le /Late C lass ic P er iod V i l lages . 1S i te d escr ip t ions

S i te : Mon te V e rde Mound 6 L oca t ion : o n a n o lde r b r anch o ft h e P az r i ve re s tua ry , 1 . 5 k m f r om t h ec u r ren te dge o ft h em ang rove l a goon , 3 . 5 k mn o r th o ft h e o cean a nd 5 . 5 km s ou th o fL aN ueva s i te c en te r . E leva t ion 1 4 ma s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 06462 E , 1 526655 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : No p rev iou sr e co rd S i te L ayou t I ti s a3m h i gh r ound p l a tf o rm , 15 m i nd i ame t e r , s u r rounded b y l ow l y ing a r ea s , f o rme r ly o n t h e b ank s o f ac hanne l o ft h e P az r i ve r ( s een o n a e r ia l p ho to ) . T he p l a tf o rm a ppea r t o h ave s uppo r ted a t l e a s tt wo 1m h igh r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm s , m ea su r ing a bou t 2 0 mo n t h e s i de , a nd r e s iden t ia l i nn a tu r e . I tw a s l i ke ly p a r t o f as ma l l c ommun i ty w i th Mound 5 , l o ca ted 3 70 m s ou th o n t h e s ame c hanne l , a nd Mound 4 8 20 m t ot h ee a s t .

S i te : C hagu i te s Mound 3 L oca t ion : o nt h e l ef tb ank o ft h eL a sV a ca sr i ve rt h a tf l ow s f r om t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano , 6 . 5 k ms ou th o fT ax i sco . E leva t ion 1 0ma s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 69998 E , 1 551539 N R e sea rch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:2 , 240 S i te L ayou t : I ti s a3m h igh r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 9 0 x4 0 mo nt h e s i de .

S i te : T ama r indo ( Sa l ina ) L oca t ion : a t t h e e dge o f t h e mang rove l a goon o f t h e P az r i ve r e s tua ry , 2k i n f r om t h e o cean , 2 . 5 k m s ou thea s t o f t h e P a ra i so v i l lage . E leva t ion 3m a s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 04496 E , 1 525720 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 , 985 S i te L ayou t : I ti s a4 m h igh t r apezo id shaped p l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 7 0 x9 0 mo n t h es i de . T he mound i ss u r rounded b ys a l tb ed so nt h e s ou th a nd b y al a goon s t ream o n t h en o r th .

S i te : C ua r en t iuna Mound s4 -7 L oca t ion : o n t h e a l luv ia l p l a in s ou th o fL aN ueva , 1 . 5 km s ou thea s t o ft h e moder n v i l lage o fC ua r en t iuna ( C .una Mound 1 4 ) , 4 00 s ou th o f af o rme rb ranch o ft h eP az r i ve r . E leva t ion 1 4 ma s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 08669 E , 1 527633 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : No p r ev iou sr e co rd S i te L ayou t : I ti s as ma l l g roup o f 4l ow r e c tangu la r p l a tf orm s , a ppa ren t ly r e s iden t ia l i nn a tu re , m ea su r ing 5 0 -60 m o n t h e l o ng s i de . Mound s 4 , 5a nd 6 c l u s te r a r ound as ma l l o va l s haped r e se rvo i r . Mound 7 , l i e s af ew m e te r st ot h ee a s t .

S i t e : C ua r en t iuna Mound 1 4 L oca t ion : i nt h e mode rn v i l lag e o fC ua ren t iuna , o n af o rme rb ranch o ft h e P az r i ve r , 5 . 6 km n o r th o ft h e o cean , a nd 4 . 6 k m s ou thea s t o f L aN ueva . E leva t ion 1 4 ma s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 07699 E , 1 528782 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : No p r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : I ti s al a rge o va l s haped m ound , l o ca ted o n al e vee o f af o rme r c hanne l o ft h e P az r i ve r . I ti s al a rge r mound i nt h e s u r round ing a r ea o f C ua ren t iuna , t h a t c ove r s t h e m idd le p l a in s ou th o f L a N ueva . I tm ea su re s 6 0 ma c ro s s a nd 2 m i nh e igh t . I ti sc u t b y a d i r tr o ad o nt h ew e s ts i de .

S i te : S a l ina S an ta R i ta L oca t ion : o n t h e n o r ther n b ank o ft h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la , n ea r t h e E sc lavo s e s tua ry , 1 . 2 k m f r om t h e o cean a nd 8 . 2 k m s ou thwe s t f r om L a Maqu ina . E leva t ion 2m a s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 80551 E , 1 535333 N R e sea rch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 905 S i te L ayou t : as ma l l e l onga ted p l a tf o rm s u r round ing a n o va l s haped c our tya rd w i th a4m h i gh r e c tangu la rm ound o nt h en o r th s i de .

S i te : B uena snoche s L oca t ion : o n t h e C ana l d eC h iqu imu l i l la m ang rove l a goon , n ea rt h e E sc lavo s r i ve r e s tua ry . 1 . 5 k m f r om t h e o cean a nd 1 2 k m f r om L a Maqu ina . E leva t ion 2m a s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 75746 E , 1 538164 N R e sea rch H is to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . s i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 900 S i te L ayou t : Two l a rge 1m h i gh o va l s haped p l a tf o rm s , m ea su r ing a bou t 1 00 i nm ax imum w id th ( F ig . 8i na pp . 1 )

S i t e : Emba r cade ro Mound s 1 4 L oca t ion : i n t h e e s tua ry o f t h e P az r i ve r , 3k m f r om t h e o cean . E leva t ion 1 0ma s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 0165 1 E , 1 527808 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : No p r ev iou sr e co rd . S i t e L ayou t : Mound 1i s al a rge o va l s haped 1 2 mh i gh mound o n t h e b ank o f t h e P az r i ve r t h a t m ea su re 15 m o n t h e l o ng s i de . Mound 2 i sl o ca ted 8 00 m s ou th o f Mound 1( t he r ef o r e , s epa ra te s i t e ) . I ti s ar e c tangu la r p l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 1m i nh e igh ta nd 6 2 m o n t h e l o ng s i de . I t s uppo r t s t wo s ma l l r e s iden t ia l p l a tf o rm s . Mound s 3a nd 4 a r e l ow 1 m l o ng r e s iden t ia l m ound s a d jacen t t o Mound 2 .

S i te : S a lama r L oca t ion : o n t h e l ef t b ank o f t h e P az r i ve r , 5k m s ou th o f t h e mode rn t own o f C iudad P ed ro d e A lva rado ( bo rde r w i th E l S a lvado r ) , a nd 1 0 km f r om t h eo cean a t2 4 me l eva t ion . UTM C oo rd ina te s : R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t : O ne 9 m h igh p y ram id a nd a 7 0 m w ide 2 m h igh p l a tf o rm ( F ig . 1) .

S i te : P a ra i so Mound 2a nd 3 L oca t ion : o n t h e e dge o f t h e mang rove l a goon o f t h e P az r i ve r e s tua ry , 2 . 6 km f r om t h e o cean a nd 6 00 m s ou th o f t h e moder n v i l lag eo fP a ra i so . E leva t ion 5m a s l .

S i te : R amave rde L oca t ion : i nt h e mang rove l a goon a l ong t h eC ana ld eC h iqu imu l i l la , n ea rt h e v i l lage o f Mon te r r ico , e a s t o ft h e C h iqu iu i tan s i te , 2 . 2 km f r om t h eo cean . E leva t ion 2m a s l . 15

S i te L ayou t : I ti sa n i s o la ted r e c tangu la r m ound m ea su r ing 3 0 x2 0 mo n t h e s i de s a nd 2m i nh e igh t . T he h ighe s t mound ( no . 1 3 ) i sa t t h en o r th s uppo r t ing t wo s t eep p l a tf o rm so f 6m i nh e igh t .

UTM C oo rd ina te s : R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne l a rge 1 00 m w ide mound a nd t wo s ma l le r 4 0 m w ide mound st ot h ew e s t( F ig . 1 i na pp . 1 )

S i te : C a sa sV ie ja s( s a l ina s ) L oca t ion : i na r ea o f s a l t f l a t s i mmed ia te ly w e s t o ft h e L a s L i sa s v i l lage , 1 .5 k m s ou thea s to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 95540 E , 1 528636 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : T e rme r ( 1948 ) make s m en t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l r ema in sh e r e . S i te L ayou t : I ti s ag roup o f 1 4 mound s o f d if e ren t s hape a nd h e igh t , s t rung a l ong al ow r i dge s u r rounded b ys a l tb ed s .

S i te : P apa tu r ro L oca t ion : o n t h e e dge o ft h e m ang rove l a goon , a l ong t h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la , 3 . 9 km f r om t h e o cean , 1 8 s ou th o f t h e t own o f G uazacapan , a nd 1 0 km s ou thwe s tf r om L a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 77320 E , 1 538987 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i t e L ayou t : F ou r l ow mound s , t h e l a rge s t m ea su r ing 5 0 m o n t h e l o ng s i de , a nd 3m i nh e igh t .

S i te : P i la r L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r p i edmon t , 4 . 7 k m n o r th o fD u razno , a l ong t h eP a ja lr i ve r . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 62379 E , 1 555937 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : A 4m h igh r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm 7 0mo nt h es i de .

S i te : C ua r en t iuna Mound 2 L oca t ion : o n t h e m idd le p l a in o ft h e P az r i ve r , 2 . 7 k m e a s t o ft h e C ua r en t iuna v i l lage a nd 6k mf r om t h eo cean . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 10472 E , 1 527667 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 663 .84 S i te L ayou t : I ti s al ow i s o la ted mound , r e c tangu la r i ns hape m ea su r ing 5 0 mo n t h el o ng s i de .

S i te : A guadu lce ( s ee C hap . 3 ) L oca t ion : UTM C oo rd ina te s : R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t

S i te : B i lbao Mound 2 L oca t ion : o n t h e a l luv ia l p l a in o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , 8k m s ou th o f t h e L o s C e r r i to s v i l lage , 6k m f r om t h e o cean , 8 00 m f r om t h e p r e sen tc ou r se o ft h eE sc lavo sr i ve ra nd 6 . 4 km f r om L a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 93958 E , 1 534525 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 633 S i te L ayou t I ti s as ma l l 2m h igh r e c tangu la r mound m ea su r ing 2 2 m o n t h e s i de a s soc ia ted t o as ma l l a nc i l la ry s t ruc tu re 5 0 mt ot h ee a s t .

S i te : L a Maqu ina Mound s3 -6 ( s ee A pp . 1 ) L oca t ion : UTM C oo rd ina te s : R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t

S i te : S a l ina s Ma r ina s L oca t ion : a tt h e e dge o ft h e m ang rove l a goon , 5k m e a s t o f t h e mou th ft h e E sc lavo s e s tua ry , 1 . 5 k m f r om t h e o cean , 2k m w e s t o f L a s L i sa sv i l lage , a nd 1 0k ms ou thea s to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 94253 E , 1 529924 N ( G roup 1 ) R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea : 1 6 11 S i te L ayou t I ti sf o rmed b y t h ree Mound g roup s s epa ra ted b y a6 00 -700 m d i s tance w i th in a n a r ea o fs a l tp roduc ing f l a t s . G roup 1i sf o rmed b y a n o va l s haped 3m h igh p l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 5 7mo nt h e l o ng s i de . T o t h e e a s t i sr a nge s t ruc tu re m ea su r ing 5 m i nh e igh t a nd 2 5 i n l e ng th . T o t h e n or th i s ar e c tangu la r mound m ea su r ing 3 i nh e igh t

S i te : C ua r en t iuna Mound s 1 0_ 13 L oca t ion : o n t h e m idd le p l a in o f t h e P az r i ve r , 3 . 4 k m f r om t h e o cean a nd 5 . 2 k m s ou th o fL aN ueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 05569 E , 1 526523 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : Al a rge o va l s haped 1m h igh , 12 m l o ng p l a tf o rm s uppo r t s t wo s ma l l s qua r ed s t ruc tu re s , 1 80 m t ot h e s ou th i s al ow , 2 0ml o ng r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm n ex tt o ar e se rvo i r .

S i te : Mon te V e rde Mound 4 L oca t ion : UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 07336 E , 1 526487 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . s i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 3 12 S i te L ayou t : A r ound s haped mound , 3 8 m d i ame te r a nd 2 m i n h e igh t .

a nd 3 1 mi nl e ng th . G roup 2 i sf o rmed b y a5m h igh a nd 4 1 l o ng r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm a nd l owe r , 2m h igh p l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 2 5 m o n e a ch s i de . G roup 3i sf o rmed b y an a r row p l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 6 0 i nl e ng th s uppo r t ing t wo 5m h igh s t ruc tu r e sa te ach e nd .

S i te : B i lbao Mound 1

S i te : P o t r e r i l lo Mound 1 L oca t ion : w i th in t h em ang rove e s tua ry o ft h eP az r i ve r , 1 . 8 km f r om t h eo cean a nd 6 . 2 km s ou th o fL a Nueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 030 11 E , 1 526228 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S hook ' sn o te s i nI DAEH a r ch ive . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 287 S i te L ayou t : al a rge r ound p l a tf o rm 1 50 m d i ame te rr i s ing f r om t h e l a goon w a te r s . 2 00 m t o t h e e a s t a6 2 m w ide p o t te ry s c a t te r i d en t if i e s ad e s t royed mound .

L oca t ion : 3 00 m f r om t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , 8k m s ou th o f L a s C e r r i to s v i l lage a nd 6 km f r om t h e o cean , a nd 6 k m e a s t o f L a Maqu ina . E leva t ion 5m a s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 93581 E , 1 535107 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 550

16

UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 579 13 E , 1 549590 N R e sea r ch H is to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd S i te L ayou t : as ma l l g roup o f f ou r s t ruc tu r e s . Two p a ra l le l r a ng e mound sm ay b e ab a l lc ou r t .

S i te : P o t r e r i l lo Mound 7 L oca t ion : a tt h e e dge o ft h e mang rove l a goon , 7 00 m n or th e a s t o f Mound 1 . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 02707 E , 1 526806 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : i d em S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:1 263 S i te L ayou t : A 1m h igh ,p l a tf o rm mea su r ing 2 3 x3 8 mo nt h es i de s .

S i te : C ovadonga L oca t ion : a l ong a no l dc ou r se o ft h e E sc lavo sr i ve r , 3 . 5 k m n o r th o f L a Maqu ina c en te r , a nd 1 . 4 km n o r th o fB one te p l a tf o rm . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 89625 E , 1 541146 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd S i te L ayou t : Al ow r e c tangu la r p l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 1m i nh e igh t , a nd 4 2 x1 5 m o n e a ch s i de , w i th s ma l l a nc i l la ry s t ruc tu r e t o t h e n o r th .

S i te : L a Maqu ina Mound s 7 -9 L oca t ion : o n l owe r p la in o f t h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , 1 . 3 km f r om L a Maqu ina c en t e r . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 88245 E , 1 53690 1 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : Two r e c tangu la r mound s m ea su r ing a bou t 2 0 m o n e ach s i de a nd 2m i nh e igh t .

S i te : Mon t eV e rde Mound 3 L oca t ion : F o rme r ly a tt h e e dge o ft h e m ang rove e s tua ry , n ow o n a b ranch o ft h eP az r i ve r , 3 . 4 km f r om t h e o cean a nd 7 . 2 km f r om L a N ueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t

S i te : P a c i f ico L oca t ion : i n as a l t b ed a r ea i nt h e e s tua ry , 1 2 .5 km s ou thea s t o fL a Maqu ina . l a goon , 9 km e a s t o ft h e mou th o ft h e E sc lavo s a nd 3 k m w e s t o f t h e mou th o ft h eP az r i ve r . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 96588 E , 1 528851 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd s i te b u i l ta r ea i nT I 1 2 :8 02 S i te L ayou t : A g roup o f t h r ee 2 3 m h igh p l a tf o rm s , m ea su r ing 6 0 -70 m i n l e ng th , a nd r i s ing f r om t h es a l tf l a t s .

S i te : Mon te V e rde Mound 5 L oca t ion : 3 00m s ou th o f Mound 6 UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 06680 E , 1 526225 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : a l ow r e c tangu la r p l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 3 9 m o n t h e l o ng s i de , s u r rounded b ys wampy a r ea st ot h en o r th a nd s ou th .

S i te : C inco P a lo s L oca t ion : o n l owe r c oa s ta l p l a in 1 3 km s ou th o fG uazacapan a nd 1 2 .7 k m e a s to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t

S i te : P umpo L oca t ion : o n t h e r i gh t b ank o f t h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la , o n f o rme r s a nd b a r t e r ra in , 1 4 km s ou th o f Maneade ro a nd 1 8 k m s ou thea s to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 69937 E , 1 538076 N R e sea rch H i s to ry : F e ldman ( 1975 ) i d en t if i e s i tw i th M ich iqu iz t län . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2 : 110 .55 S i te L ayou t : T he s i de h a s b een s ub jec t t o g r az ing f o r r oad c ons t ruc t ion . I tw a s i d en t if ied o n t h e b a s i s o f aw ide a r t if ac t s c a t t e r a r ea .

S i te : I s la L oca t ion : i n t h e C ana l d e C h iqu imu l i l la m ang rove l a goon , n ea r Mon te r r ico v i l lage , 1 7k m s ou th o fT ax i sco . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 70 144 E , 1 539234 N R e sea r ch H is to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : Ar ough ly r ound i s land w i th in t h e mang rove l a goon , m ea su r ing 1 72 m i nd i ame te r . P re sen t ly c u l t iva ted a nd i n hab i ted b y af am i ly .

S i t e : Maneade ro G roup 3 L oca t ion : UTM C oo rd ina te s : R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t

S i te : P u l ido L oca t ion : a tt h e e dge o f t h e mang rove l a goon , 3 . 5 km f r om t h e o cean a nd 7 . 6 km s ou thwe s to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 81529 E , 1 537 192 N R e sea rch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd S i te L ayou t : O ne i s o la ted mound , 4m i nh e igh ta nd

S i te : C ua r en t iuna Mound 1 L oca t ion : o n t h e l ow p l a in o ft h e P az r i ve r 1 . 8 km s ou thwe s t o ft h e C ua ren t iuna v i l lage . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 06755 E , 1 527159 N R e sea rch H is to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : A 1m h igh r e c tangu la rp l a tf o rm m ea su r ing 3 5 x2 1 m o nt h es i de s .

S i te : A r ea 4T ransec t 1 L oca t ion : 3k mw e s to f Maneade ro UTM C oo rd ina tes : 7 79714 E , 1 551404 N R e sea rch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou s S i te L ayou t : I ti s a 15 m w ide a r t if a c t s c a t te ra r ea i na n o pen f i e ld ( p loughed ) .N o mound w a s f ound i nt h ev i c in i ty .

S i te : P a ja l L oca t ion : UTM C oo rd ina te s :

S i te : E spe ranza L oca t ion : a l ong a no ld r i ve rb ed 4 .7 km w e s to fD u ru m .

17

L oca t ion : o np i edmon ta r ea , 1 0 km n o r th o fD u raz no UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 67035 E , 1 559993 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:6 00 : S i te L ayou t : s e eP o s tc la s s ic , c hap te r5 .

R e sea r ch H i s to ry : C oe ( 1965 ) S i te L ayou t : O ne 4 m h igh p y ram id a nd t wo s ma l le r s t eep s i ded mound s ( 2 -3 m h igh ) , s u r rounded b y 3 9 h ou se -mound s ( Coe 1 965 , F ig . 1 ) .

S i te : U n ion L oca t ion : o n t h e m idd le p l a in o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , n ea r as wamp , 1 0 km n or th o fL a Maqu ina c en t e r .

S i t e : C ua r en t iuna Mound 3 L oca t ion : o n t h e m idd le p l a in o ft h e P az r i ve r , o n a n o lde rb ranch , 5 . 5 k ms ou thea s to fL aN ueva a nd 7 . 7 km f r om t h eo cean . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 09829 E , 1 529543 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd S i t eb u i l ta r ea i n m2:5 9 1 .18 S i te L ayou t : A n i s o la ted r e c tangu la r mound m ea su r ing 1 m i n h e igh t ,2 7 x2 0 i nw id th .

UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 90545 E , 1 547947 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S hook 's n o te si nI DAEH a r ch ive S i te L ayou t : G roup o f 8 s ma l l mound s , a ppa ren t ly r e s iden t ia l i n n a tu re . D imen s ions r a nge f r om 1 0t o2 0 mi nl e ng th a nd 1t o 2m i nh e igh t .

S i te : L a Maqu ina Mound 1 L oca t ion : o n a no lde rc ou r se o ft h eE sc lavo sr i ve r , 4k m s ou th o fL a Maqu ina c en te r . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 87556 E , 1 536597 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd S i te L ayou t : O ne i regu la r ly r e c tangu la r 2m h igh mound m ea su r ing 5 3 m i n l e ng th . Two a dd i t iona l s ma l le r s t ruc tu re s a r e l o ca ted 8 00 m t ot h e e a s t .

S i te : Mon te V e rde Mound 3 L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r P az r i ve r p l a in , 3 . 2 k m f r om t h e o cean a nd 7 . 2 k m s ou thea s to fL aN ueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 09474 E , 1 524519 N R e sea r ch H is to ry : S hook n o te s i nI DAEH a r ch ive . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2: S i te L ayou t : al a rge r e c tangu la r mound m ea su r ing 3m i nh e igh ta nd 2 4 mi nw id th .

S i te : C ua ren t iuna Mound 9 L oca t ion : o nt h e l owe rp l a in o ft h eP az r i ve r ,4 . 4 k m f r om t h eo cean a nd 4 . 6k ms ou th o fL a Nueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 05854 E , 1 527659 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : A n i s o la ted r e c tangu la r mound m ea su r ing 2 m i n h e igh ta nd 3 6 x2 0mi nd imens ion .

S i t e : Mon te V e rde Mound 1 L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r c ou r se o f t h e P az r i v e r , 3 . 3 km f r om t h e o cean a nd 9k m f r om L aN ueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 07944 E , 1 525688 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S hook n o te s i nI DAEH S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:5 18 S i te L ayou t : Two l ow r e c tangu la r mound s2 0 a nd 4 0 mi nl e ng th .

S i te : S an ta C la ra L oca t ion : n ea r al a rge b end i na n o l d c ou r se o ft h e E sc lavo s r i ve r , 1 . 5 k m s ou thwe s to fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 87040 E , 1 536839 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n o p rev iou s r e co rd o f t h is p a r t icu la r m ound g roup . T e rme r ( 1948 ) r e po r t s a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s f r om F inca S an ta C la ra . S i te L ayou t : T h ree mound s , t h e h i ghe s t m ea su r e s 3 . 5 m i nh e igh t t h eo t he r 2a nd 1m . A l l a r e r ough ly r e c tangu la rm ea su r ing 1 2 16 m i nl e ng th .

S i te : A rea 4T ran sec t 1 ,z one 1 L oca t ion : o nt h ep l a in 1 . 2 k mw e s to f Maneade ro . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 80685 E , 1 551305 N R e sea r ch H is to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i t eb u i l ta r ea i n m2:5 00 S i te L ayou t : T h i s i sa1 33 m w ide a r t if a c t s c a t te r a r ea . N o o t he r f e a tu r e s f ound a s soc ia ted .

S i te : C hagu i te s Mound s 1a nd 2 L oca t ion : o nt h eL a sV a ca sr i ve r , 5k me a s to fD u razno . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 67823 E , 1 550548 N R e sea rch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:6 00 S i te L ayou t : t wo s ma l l mound s ,m ea su r ing 1 0x 15 m i nw id th a nd 1 mi nh e igh t .

S i te : L o sC e r r i to sD o s L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r c ou r se o f t h e L a s V aca s r i ve r , s ou th o f C hagu i te sa nd 6km s ou thwe s to fD u razno . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 67316 E , 1 547070 N S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:6 00 S i te l a you t : ag roup o fs ma l l s t ruc tu r e s 1 3 mi nh e igh t a r ranged i n p a t io , a nd aw ide l ow p l a tf o rm , n ow g raz ed , l o ca ted t ot h e s ou th o f t h e mound g roup .

S i te : A r ea 4T ran sec t 1 ,z one 4 L oca t ion : o n t h ep l a in 3km w e s to f Maneade ro . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 80676 E , 1 551300 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:5 00 S i te L ayou t : T h is i s a2 25 m w ide a r t if ac ts c a t t e ra r ea .

S i te : S o l i s L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r a l luv ia l f a n 6 . 6 k m s ou th o fC h iqu imu l i l la a nd 4k me a s to f Maneade ro . E leva t ion 1 03 m a s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 82331 E , 1 552266 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2: S i te L ayou t : t wo l ow mound s , 1 0x20 m i nd imen s ion .

S i t e : A s tu r ia s L oca t ion : o n t h e a luv ia l f a n 3k m s ou th o fC h iqu imu l i l la a nd 7 . 7 k m ENE o f Maneade ro . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 83659 E , 1 554493 N S i t eB u i l ta r ea i n m2:5 00

S i te : P a ja l 3 18

R e sea rch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne s ma l l mound , 5x 10 m i n d imen s ion , n ea r r o ads ide .

UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 02570 E , 1 525948 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i nm 2 : 3 29 . R e sea r ch H i s to ry : T e rme r( 1948 ) S i te L ayou t : O ne 3m h igh mound , m ea su r ing 2 3 x1 2 mi nw id th .

S i te : J obo L oca t ion : o n l owe rp i edmon t , 6 . 2 km n o r th o fD u rum° a nd 2 . 3 k m s ou th o fA t iqu ipaque . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 6 1996 E , 1 55714 1 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2:5 00 R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne i s o la ted mound , 5x 1 0 m i n d imen s ion , a nd a s soc ia ted a r t if a c ts c a t te ra r ea .

S i te : L a Maqu ina Mound 4 L oca t ion : o nt h e l owe rc ou r se o ft h e E sc lavo sr i ve r ,4 .4 km s ou th o f L a Maqu ina a nd 2 . 2 km f r om t h eo cean . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 8767 1 E , 1 533560 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2:3 21 R e sea rch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne s ma l l mound m ea su r ing 2m i nh e igh ta nd 2 0 x1 2 mi nw id th .

S i te : C ua r en t iuna Mound 1 2 L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r p l a in o ft h e P az r i ve r , 5 . 2 km s ou thea s t o f L a Nueva a nd 4 . 1 km f r om t h eo cean . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 06333 E , 1 527 180 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2:4 86 .11 R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne i s o la ted 1m h igh mound m ea su r ing 2 0 x2 0 mi n d imen s ion .

S i te : T re s Ma ma s L oca t ion : o n t h e m idd le p l a in o f t h e P az r i ve r , o n a n o ld r i ve r c ou r se , 2 . 8 km e a s to fL aN ueva a nd 8 . 5 km f r om t h eo cean . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 08149 E , 1 531227 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op rev iou sr e co rd . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:3 00 S i te L ayou t : Two s ma l l r e s iden t ia l mound sn ea ro l dr i ve rb ed .

S i te : P o t r e r i l lo Mound 3 L oca t ion : o n t h e e s tua ry o ft h e P az r i ve r i ns a l t f l a t a r ea , 2 . 3 k m f o rm t h e o cean a nd 6k m s ou th o fL aN ueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 02357 E , 1 526544 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2:4 49 R e sea r ch H i s to ry : T e rme r( 1948 ) S i te L ayou t : G roup o ft h r ee s ma l l mound s ,u pt o 2m h igh , a nd 1 5x 1 5mo nt h es i de .

S i te : P o t r e r i l lo Mound 4 L oca t ion : i n as a l t b ed a r ea w i th in t h e P az e s tua ry l a goon , 1 . 4 km f r om t h eo cean a nd 6 . 5 k m s ou th o fL aN ueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 02998 E , 1 525837 N R e sea r ch H i s to ry : T e rme r( 1948 ) S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2:2 18 S i te L ayou t : O ne 3 7 ml o ng a nd 2m h igh mound , w i th ar i se o nt h e w e s te rn e nd u pt o 4m h igh .

S i te : C os ta R ica L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe r E sc lavo s r i ve r p l a in , 3 . 8 k m s ou th o f L a Maqu ina a nd UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 88692 E , 1 534185 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2:4 25 R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t : s i x s ma l l mound s a r ranged i n ap a t io , o ne mound f u r the rt ot h es ou th .

S i te : C o s ta r r ica l L oca t ion : o n t h e p i edmon t 1k m s ou th o f G uazacapan a nd 5 k m n o r th o f Maneade ro , o nt h er i gh tb ank o ft h e U z a r in r i ve r . E leva t ion 2 14 m a s l . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 79 129 E , 1 556 116 N R e sea rch H i s to ry : S i te n o te s i nI DAEH a r ch ive . S i te b u i l ta r ea i n m2: S i te L ayou t : T h r ee s ma l l s t ruc tu r e s a r ranged i n ap a t io , t h e l a rge s t m ea su r ing 4m i nh e igh ta nd 1 4 x9m i nw id th .

S i te : A humado L oca t ion : a l ong e s tua ry c hanne l 2 . 4 k m e a s t o ft h e mou th o ft h e E sc lavo sr i ve r , 7km s ou th o fL a Maqu ina . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 7 89815 E , 1 53079 1 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2: R e sea r ch H i s to ry : S i te L ayou t : G roup o f 7s ma l l r e s iden t ia l m ound sa r ranged a r ound a p a t io .

S i te : C ua r en t iuna Mound 8 L oca t ion : o n t h e l owe rp l a in o ft h e P az r i v e r , 4k m f r om t h e o cean a nd 5km s ou thea s tf r om L a Nueva . UTM C oo rd ina te s : 8 06939 E , 1 527696 N S i te B u i l ta r ea i n m2: 3 37 R e sea r ch H i s to ry : n op r ev iou sr e co rd . S i te L ayou t : O ne s ma l l i s o la ted m ound r e s iden t ia l i n n a tu r e m ea su r ing 1 3 x1 8m .

1I lu s tra t ion s

F ig . 1 .A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i te p l an o f Mon te V e rde Mound s 4t o 6 . B lue l i ne i n d ica te sf o rme rb ranch o fP az r i ve r .

S i te : P o t re r i l lo Mound 6 L oca t ion : i n as a l t f l a t a r ea i nt h e e s tua ry o ft h e P az r i ve r , 2k m f r om t h eo cean . 19

F ig . 2 .A er ia l v i ew o fC ua ren t iuna Mound s 4t o 7n ea r o l d c ou r se o f P az r i ve r( t op , b lue )

F ig . 5A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i te p lan o fA s tu r ia s D o s Mound s Ia nd 2 .

50 m eters

F i g . 3 .S i te p l an o fC ua ren t iuna Mound 1 4 , F ig . 6 .S i te p l an o fP a ra iso G roup 2

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F ig . 7 .S i te p l an o f Maneade ro G roup 2 F ig . 4 . A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i te p l an o f Emba r cade ro Mound s 1 4 . 1 20

5 0 meters

F ig . 8A e r ia l V iew a nd s i te p l an o fP a ra i so G roup 1 . F ig . 1 0 S i te p l an o fS a l ina s S an ta R i ta

M aneede ro r i ve r

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F ig . 9 .S i t ep l an o fT a lpe ta te

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F ig . 1 S i t ep l an o fS a lama r .

1 21

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F ig . 1 2 A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i te p lans o fP apa tur ro Mound s I to 4 .

F ig . 1 4 . S i te p l an o fB i lbao G roup 2

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5 00 m eter

F ig . 1 5 S i te p l an o f Ma r ina s .

F ig . 1 3 A e r ia l v i ew a nd s i te p l an o fC ua ren t iuna Mound 2 .

1 22

F ig . 1 6 S i te p l an o f Ma r ina sG roup 12a nd 3

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F ig . 1 7 . S i te p l an o fC a sa sV ie ja s . r 1 J

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F ig . 1 9 . P lan o fC ua r en t iuna Mound s 1 3a nd 1 0 .

F ig . 1 8 . P lan o fL a Maqu ina Mound 3a nd a nc i l la ry s t ruc tu re s .

F ig . 1 9A e r ia lV iew a nd p l an o fL a Maqu ina Mound s 1 10 .

1 24

15 0

m eters

F ig . 2 0P lan o f Mon te V e rde Mound 3

F ig . 2 2 . Aer ia l v iew a nd p lan o t l ' u l ido Mound 8 .

F ig . 2 1 . S i te p l an o fC inco P a lo s .

71 0 meters F ig .2 3 . P lan o fC ovadonga Mound 1a nd a nc i l la ry s t ruc tu r e .

1 25

100 m eters F ig . 2 4 . S i te p l an o fP ac i f ic° Mound s 1 4 i ns a l tb ed s .

r i li

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F ig . 2 5 . P lan o fL a Maqu ina Mound 1 .

F ig . 2 3 . P lan o f Maneade ro G roup 3 .

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F ig . 2 9 . P lan o fL a Maqu ina Mound 4 .

F ig .2 7 .P lan o f Mon te V e rde Mound s 1a nd 2 .

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F ig . 3 0 S i te p l an o fC o s ta r r ica l .

5 0 m eters

F ig . 2 8 . P l an o fP o t re r i l lo Mound s3 , 4a nd 5

1 27

15 0 m eters

APPEND IX 3 P o t tery o ft he S ou thea s tern C oa s t Ana l y s i sa nd i lus t ra t ion sb yL aura J .K o sakow sky 2

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F ig . 3T ecoma te so ft h eH u i scoyo l p ha se ( 1 300 1100 B .C . )w i th r e d r im b and sa nd l o of ah i mp r e s s ions .

4 00 4. 00 000 4 0. m for •

a rm 1. 12 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 12 1 112 . 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 11. 1 82 1•1M 4

F ig . 1T ecoma te so ft h e H u i scoyo lp ha se ( 1 300 1100 B .C . )w i th r ed r im b and sa nd f i nge rna i lp unc ta t ion s .

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' F ig . 5T yp ica l m ode led a nd a pp l iqee d eco ra t ion o n C ang re jo p ha se t e coma te s( 1 100 -850 B .C . )

F ig . 2 . T ecoma te s o ft h e H u i scoyo l p ha se ( 1 300 1100 B .C . ) w i th r ed r im b and sa nd f i nge rna i lp unc ta t ion s .

1 28

5cm

F ig . 8B ow l a nd b a s in f o rm s o f t h e T ama r indo p ha se ( 8 50 -400 B .C . ) .

F ig . 6T ecoma te f o rm s o ft h e C ang re jo p ha se ( 1 100 -850 B .C . )w i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion .

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F ig . 9J a r f o rm s o f t h e T ama r indo p ha se ( 850 -400 B .C . ) w i th c omp lex i n c i sed d eco ra t ion .

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F ig . 7T ecoma te f o rm s o ft h e C ang re jo p ha se ( 1 100 -850 B .C . )w i th i n c ised a nd a pp l iqee d eco ra t ion . T op : Wh i te r immed b l ack b ow l .

1 29

1 t

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F ig . 1 0 B ow l a nd b a s in f o rm s o f t h e T ama r indo p ha se ( 850 -400 B .C . ) .

F i g . 1 U su lu tän d eco ra ted b ow l so ft h e C e iba p ha se ( 400 B .C .2 00 A .D . ) . S ee S ha r e r( 1978 )a nd D ema r e s t( 1986 )f o rc ompa r i son .

1 30

i

5cm F ig . 1 4 . I mp re s sed r im j a r f o rm s o f t h e O scu ro p ha se ( 200 -400 A .D . )

F i g . 1 2 F ine r e d a nd P urp le -on -F ine r e d p o t te ry o ft h e C e iba p ha se ( 4 00 -B .C . -600 A .D . ) S ee We the r ing ton ( 1978 ) , S ha re r ( 1978 ) a nd D ema r e s t( 1 986 )f o rc ompa r i son .

. -. • . e .4 . f

F ig . 1 5 I mp re s sed r im j a r f o rm s o f t h e O scu ro p ha se ( 200 -400 A .D . )

F ig . 1 3B la ck i n c i sed p o t te ry o ft he C e iba p ha se f r om N ueve C e r ro s ( 400 B .C . -200 A .D . ) S ee We the r ing ton ( 1978 ) , S ha re r ( 1978 ) a nd D ema re s t( 1 986 )f o rc ompa r i son .

1 3 1

F ig . 1 6 . Mo lded s l ab f e e to fE sc lavo sp ha se ( 400 -600 A .D . )

F i g . 1 8 T h ree o r ange b ur n ished p ede s ta l b ow l s ( t op ) o ne r e d b a sa l f l ang ep ede s ta l b ow l ( c en te rr ow )a n o range b u r n i shed c y l inde rv a se a nd r e db u rn ished b ow l o ft h e E sc lavo s p ha se ( 4 00 -600 A .D . ) .

F ig . 1 7 O range b ur n i shed , b rown , a nd b l ack i n c ised ( bo t tom c en te r o n ly )b ow ls o ft h e E sc lavo sp ha se ( 400 -600 A .D . )

1 32

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F ig . 1 9R ed o nb uf fm ed ia l f l ange b ow l s( P e rd ido G roup )o ft h eE sc lavo sp ha se ( 400 -600 A .D . )

tbee P er . P .p. L a

F ig . 2 1 R ed a nd b l ack o n o range p o lych rome b ow l w i th ah uman h ead w ea r ing h e lme t w i th s c ro l l s f r om L a Maqu ina . ( E sc lavo s p ha se 4 00 -600 A .D . )

1 4« l id lo t i enup I na , u t i* a e

F ig . 2 0 R ed o n b uf f p ede s ta l a nd m o lded f e e t b ow l s ( Pe rd ido G roup )o ft h eE sc lavo sp ha se ( 400 -600 A .D . ) .

1 33

5cm

F ig . 2 2 T iqu i sa te o range i n c i sed p o t te ry o ft h e E sc lavo sp ha se ( 400 -

F ig . 2P e t6n s ty le p o lych rome s o ft he E a r ly a nd L a te C la s s ic ( 300 9 00 A .D . )

6 00 A .D . )

5a c e

F ig . 2 3 F o rm so ft h eC h iqu imu l i l la p ha se ( 600 -9 00 A .D . )

1 34

F ig . 2 4 C opado r s t y le p o lych rome s o f t h e L a te C la s s ic ( 6 00 -900 A .D . )

F ig . 2 5 S an J uan p lumba te p o t te ry o ft h eC h iqu imu l i l la p ha se ( 600 9 00 A .D . )

F ig . 2 6 H igh n eck j a r s f o rm s o ft h e U xuna / Ixca f lo r e s p ha se ( 900 1 500 A .D . ) 1 35

5a n

4 1 1 1

4 iNe e _

F ig . 2 9 C oma l f o rm s o f t h e U xuna / I x caf lo r e s p ha se ( 9 00 1500 A .D . )

F i g . 2 7 H igh n eck j a r e xcava ted a t U jux t e c on ta in ing c r ema t ed r ema in s( Uxuna / Ixca f lo re sp ha se 9 00 1500 A .D . )

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5cm

F ig . 2 8 R ed o n b uf ff o rm s o ft h e U xuna / 1xcaf lo r e s p ha se ( 9 00 1500 A .D . )

1 36

APPEND IX 4 . L a te P rec la s s ic P er iod S cu lp ture .

F ig . 2U jux te : A ) T e s t p i t 1 3 , S t e la 7 a nd A l ta r 1 ;B ) T e s t p i t 1 4 , S t e la 4a nd A l ta r 2( a r row s c a le p o in t st on or th ) .

F ig . 1E xcava t ion o fT e s t p i t 3u nde r S t e la 1a tN ueve C e r ro s ( t op l e f t ) e xpo s ing w h i te a sh /c lay f l oo r o ft h e C e iba p ha se ( 400 B .C . A .D . 2 00 ) .

F ig . 3U jux te T e s t P i t 1 5 , S t e la 6a nd A l ta r 3o n e a s t s i de o fS t r . 2 ( t op ,v i ew f r om e a s t , b o t tom v i ew f r om s ou th ) . 1 37

F ig . 5U jux te T e s tp i t 1 6 , S t e la 8a nd A l ta r5 ,v i ew f r om n o r th .

F ig . 4C lo se u p o fc a rved f i gu re ( f ac ing l e f t ) o n e a s t f a ce o fU jux te S t e la 6 .

1 38

F ig . 9L a Nueva a c ropo l i s : S in C abe za s s c u lp tu r e ;h e igh t 5 0 c m . R igh ta rm a nd h ead a r em i s s ing .

F ig . 6U jux te T e s tp i t 1 8 , ( t op )A l ta r 6i ns i tu ; ( bo t tom ) S t e la 3( t op ) a nd 1( c en te r )a f t e rr emova l .

F ig . 1 0L a Nueva a c ropo l i s :P o tbe l ly s cu lp tu re ( f ac ing l ef t ,u p r igh t ) , h e igh t6 0c m .H ead a r ea i sm i s s ing . F ig . 7U jux t eT e s tp i t 1 9 , S t e la 9( l ef t ) ,A l ta r 4( c en te r )a nd S t e la 1 ( b e low A .4 ) , a nd S t e la 1 0( r igh t ) .

1 39

4 5

F ig . 1 L a N ueva A ) P o tbe l ly Monumen t 2( MNAE # 2 019 ) , B ) P o tbe l ly Monumen t 3( MNAE # 2 021) , D ) P o tbe l ly Monumen t 3 ( MNAE # 2 020 ) , i n Mu seo N ac iona l d e A rqueo log ia y E tno log ia , G ua tema la . C ) L aN ueva Monumen t2 2 , p l a in s t e la f ound a nd r e se t b yt h i sp ro jec to na c ropo l i s .

133 F ig . 1 2 H ead f r om S an ta C la ra ( t op ) a nd f r om K am inahuyü ( bo th f r om P a r son s 1 986 ) .

1 40

APPEND IX 5 .C las s ic P er iod S cu lp ture ( s ee a l so i lus t ra t ions i nc hap te r4 )

B

› 92 1 0 .Y . Ve m i l i n

1 97 F ig . 2 Monumen t F inca S an ta C la ra , S an ta R osa ( La Maqu ina ) , p re sen t ly i n M r . J orge C o rde ro 's p r iva te c o l lec t ion a t t h e s ame l o ca t ion ( Pho to f r om P a r sons 1 986 ) .

F ig . 1 . A ) P ueb lo Nuevo V iäa s , S an ta R o sa ( La G ab ia ) Monumen t 1 ,t e noned h uman h ead ( MNAE #2 036 ) . B ) P ueb lo N uevo V i l la s , S an ta R o sa ( La G ab ia ) Monumen t 2 , t e noned h uman h ead w i th h e lme t (MNAE # 2 037 ) . C ) Maneade ro G roup 1( a .k .a . E l T e so ro , E l C e r r i to ) t e noned h ead r e p re sen t ing a h a lf h uman h a lf d ea th

1 99

f i gure (MNAE # 2 038 ) . D ) L a G ab ia , S an ta R osa , S t e la 1 , r ep resen t ing l o ng -ha ired h uman f i gure i np rof i le ( f ac ing l ef t , f a ce i s m iss ing ) .

1 99

F ig . 3 Monumen t s 2a nd 4 , F inca S an ta C la ra , S an ta R o sa ( La Maqu ina ) , p r e sen t ly i n Mr . J o rge C o rde ro 's p r iva te c o l lec t ion a tt h e s ame l o ca t ion ( Pho to f r om P a r sons 1 986 ) .

1 41

F i g . 4S erpen t h ead f r om L aN ueva .

F ig . 5A ) S ku l l h ead s phe re . 1 3a nd C ) S ku l l f i gu re w i th h o l low o n b o t tom , L aN ueva .

1 42

F ig . 6F igu r ew i th f e l ine f e e t , L a Nueva .

F ig . 8 . A ,B a nd D ) C o lumna r c o i led s e rpen t s , L a N ueva . F o rwa rd f a c ing s e rpen th ead , L aN ueva .( Ca nd D i nl V fNAE ) .

F ig 7R ound s t one w i th r ad ia l t ongue s f r om P a saco ( La N ueva ) , B ) R ound s t one w i th d ea th f a ce mo t if , c ) R ec tangu la r b l ock w i th e roded f a ce w i th h ead s (o rt o ad mo t i f ) .

1 43

C )

APPEND IX 6 T he S urvey

T ransec ts A r ea 1T ran sec t 2w a s l o ca ted i nt h e med ium s l ope o ft h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano a t4 00m a l t i tude f o r a1 3 .8 km d i s tance . T h i s t r an sec tw a sn o ts u rveyed . A r ea 1T ransec t 3w a s l o ca ted i nt h e l owe r s l ope o ft h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano , c r o s s ing t h e t own a r ea s o f T ax i sco a nd G uazacapan a nd e nd ing i n C h iqu imu l i l la a t a1 0 .6 km d i s tance . T h i st r an sec tw a sn o ts u rveyed . A r ea 2T ran sec t 1w a s l o ca ted i nt h e n a r row v a l ley o ft h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r b e tween t h e T e cuambu r ro a nd C on su l ta v o lcanoe s . T h i st r an sec tw a sn o ts u rvey ed . A rea 2 T ran sec t 2w a s l o ca t ed f r om t h e C ampamen to v i l lag e t o a1 3 .8 k m d i s tance t o t h e e a s t , c ro s s ing p a s tu r e s o n m ed ium s teepne s s moun ta in s l ope s . T h i s t r ansec t i n te r sec ted t h e U jux te s i te i nt h e 4 00 1100m z one ( La t e P r ec la s s ic ) . T he t r an sec t w a sn o ts u rveyed b eyond t h a tp o in t . A r ea 2T ran sec t 3w a s l o ca ted f r om t h e CA -2 h ighway t o ad i s tance o f5 . 2 k mt ot h ee a s t . T h i st r an sec tw a sn o ts u rveyed . A r ea 2T ran sec t 4w a s l o ca ted f r om t he CA -2 h ighway t o a2 . 9k m d i s tance t ot h ee a s t . T h i st r an se c tw a sn o ts urveyed . A rea 3 T ran sec t 1w a s s u rveyed f r om t h e CA -2 h ighway t o a2 . 8 k m d i s tance , c r o s s ing s l op ing t e r race s a l ter na ted t o s t eep r av ine s o f t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcan ic s l ope . N o a r t if ac t s w e r e r e cove red i nt h i su n i t . A rea 3 T ran sec t 2w a s s urvey ed f r om t h e G uazacapan Maneade ro r o ad t o a8 , 100m d i s tance t ot h e w es t , c r o s s ing p lowed f i e ld sa nd p a s tu r e s . N oa r t if ac t sw e re r e co rded i nt h i s u n i t . A rea 4 T ran sec t 1w a s s u rvey ed f r om t h e e a s te rn m a rg in o f t h e Maneade ro s e t t led a r ea , o n t h e l owe r c oa s t . I tm ea su re s 5 00m i n w id th a nd 1 0 .2 k m i n l e ng th . T he f i r s t 4 00m o f t h e t r an sec t c r o s sed t h e o u t sk i r t s o f t h e Maneade ro s e t t lemen t ( La te P rec la s s ic -La t eC la s s ic 4 00 B .C . -A .D . 9 00 ) . T h r ee a r ea s o fa r t if a c t c oncen t ra t ion s ( non -mound o ccupa t ion )w e r e r e co rded a tt h e 1 400 1 500m d i s tance ( no a va i lab le d a t ing ) , 2 100 -2500m d i s tance ( M idd le C la s s ic A .D . 4 00 -600 ) , a nd 3 100 -3400 ( M idd le /La te C la s s ic A .D . 4 00 -900 ) . A r ea 5 T ransec t 1w a s s u rvey ed f o r a2 . 3 k m d i s tance f r om t h e C h iqu imu l i l la -Lo s C e r r i to s r oad t ot h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r , c r o s s ing p l owed f i e ld s . N o a r t if ac t s n o r m ounds w e re r e co rded i n t h i su n i t . A rea 5 T ran sec t 2m ea su red 3 . 5 k m i n l e ng th f r om t h e C h iqu imu l i l la -Lo s C e r r i to s r oad t ot h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r , c r o s s ing p lowed f i e ld s , p a s tu r e s a nd a l luv ia l s o i l s . N o a r t if ac t s n o r mound s w e r er e co rded i nt h i su n i t . A rea 5T ran sec t 3m ea su red 2k m i nl e ng th f r om t h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r t o t h e e a s t ma rg in o f t h e r e g ion , c r o s s ing a luv ia l s o i l sa nd p a s tu r e s . N oa r t if ac t sw e re r e co rded i nt h i su n i t . A r ea 6 T ran sec t 1w a s s u rvey ed f r om t h e h i ghway T ax i sco -La A ve l lana t o 4 . 4 k m d i s tance t o t h e w e s t . I tc r o s sed p lowed f i e ld s a nd p a s tu re s a nd i n te r sec t ed as ma l l mound g roup i n t h e 4 , 200 -4 ,300 m z one ( Chagu i te s ) . T he a r t if ac t s r e cove r ed d a te t h eg roup t ot h eM idd le t oL a te C la s s ic p e r iod s( A .D . 4 00 -900 ) . A r ea 6 T ran sec t 2 w a s s u rveyed f r om t h e G uaz acapan C inco P a lo s r o ad t ot h e w e s t f o r a6 . 6 k m d i s tance . T h i s t r an sec t c r o s sed d ry s c rubby b u sh -cove red s o i l s a nd p lowed f i e ld s . N o a r t if ac t sw e r er e co rded i nt h i su n i t . A rea 6 T ransec t 3 w a s s u rveyed a l so f r om t h e G uazacapan -C inco P a lo s r oad t o t h e w e s t f o r a6 . 6 k m d i s tance . T h i s t r an sec t c r o s sed d ry s c rubby b u sh -cove r ed s o i l s a nd p lowed f i e ld s . No a r t if a c t sw e re r e co rded i nt h i su n i t . A r ea 7 T ran sec t 2w a s s u rvey ed f r om t h e 0p o in t i nt h e e a s te r n m a rg in z one o f t h e s i te o f T a lpe ta te ( La te P r ec la s s ic M idd le /La te C la s s ic 4 00 B .C . -A .D . 9 00 ) , o n t h e l owe r c oa s t a nd e nd ing 6 k m t ot h e e a s t a tt h e r oad C h iqu imu l i l la -Papa tu r ro . T h i s t r an sec t c r o s sed p l owed c or n f i e ld s , al a rge m ango t r ee p l an ta t ion , a nd p a s tu r e s . I nt h e f i r s t 3 00m o ft h e t r an sec t L a te P rec la s s ic a nd

D e sc r ip t ion . T he c oa s ta l s u rvey r e g ion o fS an ta R o sa w a s s ubd iv ided i n to 9 d i sc r e te s u rvey a r ea b l ock s ( o r s t ra ta ) e ach r e p re sen t ing ad i s t inc te nv i ronmen ta l z one b a sed o n s o i l t y pe , s l ope s t eepne ss , a nd v ege ta t ion c ove r( F ig . 1 ) . Ar a ndom s amp le o fi n te r s i t e s u rvey t r an sec t s w a s s e lec ted f o r s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion a nd m app ing f r om e ach b l ock . E a ch t r an sec t w a s d e s igned t oc r o s s -cu t t h e e nv i ronmen ta l b l ock e a s t -we s t . T he a r ea s amp led i n a l l t r ansec t s i n e ach b lock a moun ted t o a bou t 1 0% o ft h e b lock a r ea a nd c onsequen t ly t h e a r ea s amp led o ve ra l t h e b l ock s a moun ted t o 1 0% o ft h er eg ion 's a r ea . G round s u rvey w a s p e rf o rmed b y 5c r ew m embe r s a l ong 5 0 m spaced l i ne s c o l lec t ing f i nd s w i th in e a ch 1 00m i n te rva l a s t h ey a dvanced . E ach m embe r c o l lec ted a r t if ac t s a nd b agged t h em s e pa ra te ly l a be l ing e a ch b ag a cco rd ing t o t h e d i s tance p rog re s sed a nd t h em embe r 's l i ne o fs u rvey . Af i r s tp a s so f 2 50 m w id th w a s p e r f o rmed o ve r t h e e n t i r e l e ng th o ft h e t r an sec t a nd as e cond 2 50m p a s s w a s m ade i nt h e o ppo s i te d i rec t ion t ot h e s t a r t ing p o in t t hu s c omp le t ing a 5 00m w ide t r an sec t s eve ra l k i lome te r s l o ng . T he t r an sec t d a ta a r e c u r r en t ly b e ing a na lyz ed s t a t i s t ica l ly , i no rde rt oe x t rac t s i te -den s i ty e s t ima te s f r om e ach a r ea a nd f o rt h er eg ion a s aw ho le , a nd t oc on s tr uc tp opu la t ion e s t ima te s f o r s ucce s s ive t ime p e r iod s i n e a ch a r ea . T he f o l low ing i s a d e sc r ip t ion o fe ach t r an se c t . T ran sec t s i na r ea s o ne a nd t wo w e r e l o ca ted b u tn o ts u rveyed i n1 996 d ue t ol o g i s t ica l p rob lem s .

F ig . 1Map o ft h e S ou thea s te rn C oa s t s how ing c omponen t s o ft h e i n t ens ive s u rvey s t ra t if i ed r andom s amp l ing p rog ram a nd a r chaeo log ica l s i te s . L abe l s i d en t if ys u rvey a r ea s a nd t r an sec t s ( s ee a l so F ig .2 . 1) . A rea 1T ran sec t 1w a s l o ca ted i nt h e u ppe r s t eep s l ope o f t h e T ecuambu r ro v o lcano a t6 00m a l t i t ude f o r a1 . 4 km d i s tance . T h i st r an sec tw a sn o ts u rveyed .

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M idd le C la s s ic p o t te ry c o l lec ted f r om t h e o u t sk ir t s a r ea o f t h e T a lpe ta te s i te . A n a r ea o fa r t if ac t c oncen t ra t ion w a s l o ca ted i nt h e 1 900 t o 2 400m d i s tance z one , w i thou t a ny v i s ib le mound o n t h e s u rf ace , a nd d a t ing t o t h e L a te P r ec la s s ic a nd C la s s ic p e r iod s . F u r the r t o t h e e a s t t h ree z one s o fp o s s ib le n on -mound s e t t lemen t w e re f ound ( o f s ma l l a r ea ) a t 2 700 -2900 , 4 800 -4900 a nd 5 800 6 200m d i s tance f r om d a tum . A r ea 7 T ran sec t 3w a s s u rvey ed f r om t h e r oad t o C inco P a lo st ot h er o ad t oS an R af ae l f o r al e ng th o f 5km a c ro s s d ry s c rub v ege ta t ion a nd p a s tu re s o ft h e c en t ra l l owe r c oa s t . N o f i nd w a s m ade w i th in t h i st r ansec t . A r ea 7 T ran sec t 4w a s s u rvey ed f o r t h e a cce s s r oad b e tween t h e L a Maqu ina a nd P u l ido r a nche s f o r a3 . 7 km d i s tance . A rchaeo log ica l f i nd s w e r e m ade i n t h e 4 00 -500m z one i n c or re spondence t o a5m h igh mound d a t ing t o t h e l a te E a r ly P rec la s s ic ( 1 000 -800 B .C . ) t oL a te P r ec la s s ic ( 400 B .C . -A .D . 2 00 ) t ime s . A r ea 8T ran sec t 1i s a1 0 .5 k m l o ng t r an sec t t ha t c r o s se s t h e c en t ra l l owe r c oa s ta l a l luv ia l s o i l s . T h i s t r ansec t w a s s u rveyed f r om S an R af ae l t o t h e L o s C e r r i to s v i l lage . T he o n ly a r chaeo log ica l r ema ins f ound w e r e mound s w i th in t h e L o s C e r r i to s s i te i n t h e 1 0 , 100 t o 1 0 ,500 z one d a t ing t o L a te P rec la s s ic t o M idd le C la s s ic t ime s . A r ea 8 T ransec t 2w a s s u rveyed b e tween t h e r oad f r om L o sC e r r i to st oA guaca te t ot h er oad t oS an R af ae l f o r at o ta l l e ng th o f8 . 6 km . T h i s t r ansec t c ro s sed p lowed f i e ld s a nd ma r she s . T he f i r s t p a r t o f t h e t r ansec t i n te r sec ted t h e s e t t lemen t a r ea o f L a Maqu ina , C an ta r rana a nd C anada i nt h e 8 00 -3 ,500m z one b eyond w h ich n of u r the rf i nd sw e re m ade . A r ea 8 T ransec t 3w a s s u rveyed i n t h e l owe r c oa s t m a r she s 3k m f r om t he P ac if i c O cean w i th in t h e L a Maqu ina a nd P u l ido r a nche s f o r al e ng th o f4 . 5 km . A r t if ac t s a s soc ia ted w i th 5 a nd 6m h i gh m ound s w e re r e cove r ed i nt h e 0 100 a nd 2 00 -400 z one s d a t ing t ot h e l a te E a r ly P rec la s s ic ( 1 000 -800 B .C . ) a nd L a te P rec la s s ic ( 4 00 B .C . -A .D . 2 00 ) t ime s . N o a dd i t iona l f i nd w a s m ade f u r the rb eyond . A r ea 9 T ransec t 1w a s s u rvey ed f r om t h e r oad f r om C h iqu imu l i l la t o A guaca te t o t h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r , a c ro s s i t s a l luv ia l p l a in . T h i s 5 00m w ide a nd 4 k m l o ng t r ansec t c ro s sed p lowed f i e ld s a nd p a s tu r e s . N o a r t if a c t c oncen t ra t ion a r ea s o r mound a r ch i tec tu re w e re r e co rded i nt h i s t r an sec t , a l though a nc ien t r i ve rb ed sw e r ee ncoun te red . A r ea 9T ransec t 2c r o s sed a r ea s o fp lowed f i e ld s , m a r she s a nd s eve ra l s t r eam s i n c lud ing t h e l owe rc ou r se o ft h e L o s E sc lavo s r i ve r , o n ly 2 . 5 k m f r om t h e O cean . T h i s t r ansec t i s8 , 400 m l o ng a nd d id n o t i n te r sec t a ny a r t if a c t c oncen t ra t ion o r a ny o t he rw i se n o tab le a r cha eo log ica l r ema in . D i scu s s ion . O n ag ene ra l l e ve l t h e t r an sec t s h ave f a i led t o s how s ub s tan t ia l ( b o th mound a nd n on -mound ) o ccupa t ion i nt h e a r ea s b e tween a l r eady k nown s i te s . T he m ound o ccupa t ion s r e co rded , s e em t oo ccu ri nc or re spondence w i th s t ream s o rm a r she s . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o fA r ea 4 t r an sec t 1a nd A r ea 7t r an sec t 2 , v i r tua l ly n o n on -mound o ccupa t ion h a s b een r e co rded t h roughou t t h e r eg ion . T he n on -mound o ccupa t ion s o f t en t e nd t oo ccu r n ea r n ow e x t inc t w a te r s p r ing s o rs t ream s a l ong t h e p l a in . T he r ef o r e i ta ppea r s t h a t t h e t r ansec t d a ta s how s ah ighe r c oncen t ra t ion o f s i te s n ea r t h e m a jo r r i ve r s ( E sc lavo s , Maneade ro ) a nd t h e e s tua ry , w he r ea s t h e a r ea s i nb e tween a nd f a rf r om t h em a jo rr i v e r s s how l owe ro rn o s i te c oncen t ra t ion p e rhap s d ue t o l a ck o fr e l iab le a l-yea r round w a te r s ou r ce s . I n a l i n s tance s , t h e a r chaeo log ica l s i te s e ncoun te r ed w i th in t h e m a rg ina l a r ea s a r e t y p ica l ly s ma l l a nd i s o la ted f a rm ing u n i t s .

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L ow land s . P .T . C u lbe r t a nd D .S . R ice ( ed s . ) p p . 1 36 . A lbuque rque : U n ive r s i ty o fN ew Mex ico P re s s . C ova r rub ia s , M . , 1 957 . I nd ian A r t o f Mex ico a nd C en t ra l Ame r ica . N ew Y o rk : A lf red K nopf . D ema re s t , A .A . , 1 986 . T he P reh i s tory o f S an ta L e t ic ia . M idd le Ame r ican R e sea r ch I n s t i tu te P ub l ica t ion , 5 2 . N ew O r lean s : T u lane U n ive r s i ty . 1 989 . T he O lmec a nd t h er i se o fc i v i l iza t ion i n Me soame r ica . I nR eg iona lP e r spec t ive s o n t h e O lmec . R .J . S ha r e r a nd D .C . G rove ( ed s . ) p p . 3 03 -344 . A lbuque rque : S choo l f o r Ame r ican R e sea r ch . D ema re s t , A .A . a nd R . J . S ha r e r , 1 986 . L a te P rec la s s ic C e ram ic S phe re s , C u l tu re A rea s , a nd C u l tu ra l E vo lu t ion i nt h e S ou th -ea s te rn H igh land so f Me soa rme r ica . I nT he S ou thea s t Maya P e r iphe ry . P .A . U rban a nd E . S cho r tman ( ed s . ) p p . 1 95 -223 . A u s t in : U n ive r s i ty o f T exa sP re s s . d e Mon tmo l l in , 0 . , 1 995 . S e t t lemen t a nd P o l i t ic s i n T h ree C la s s ic Maya P o l i t ie s . Mad i son : P reh i s to ry P r e s s D re i s s , M .L . a nd D .O . B rown , 1 989 . O b s id ian E xchange P a t te rn s i n B e l ize . I nP reh i s tor ic Maya E conom ie s o f B e l i ze . P .A . Mcanany a nd B .L . I s aac ( ed s . ) p p . 5 7 -90 . G r eenw ich : J a i P re s sI n c . D uf f ie ld , W .A . , 1 991 . G eo log ic Map o f T ecuambur ro V o lcano a nd S ur round ing A rea , G ua tema la . R e s ton , VA : U SG eo log ica l S u rvey . E a r le , T .K . , 1 976 . A N ea re s t -Ne ighbo r A na ly s i s o f Two F o rma t ive S e t t lemen t S y s t em s . I n T he E a r ly Me soame r ican V i l lage , K . F lanne ry ( ed . ) p p . 1 96 -22 1 . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r e s s . E s t rada B e l l i , F . , 1 99 1 . L e S cu l tu re Maya d e l lo S t i le d i Mon te A l to n e l F o rma t ivo d e l la C o s ta S ud d e l G ua tema la . T he s i s o n f i l e . U n ive r s i ta ' d i R oma " La S ap ienza " , I t a l ia . 1 997 . G PS A nd G IS a s A id s F o r Mapp ing A r chaeo log ica l S i t e s . A rchaeo log ica lC ompu t ing N ew s le t te r4 7 : 5 10 . E s t rada B e l l i , F . a nd L . J . K o sakow sky , 1 996 . E l P royec to S an ta R o sa : R e su l tado s d e l aP r ime ra T empo rada . I nI X S impo s io d e I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s d e G ua tema la , J . P . L apor te a nd H .L . H e scobedo ( e d s . ) p p . 5 65 -582 , Mu seo N ac iona l d e A rqueo log ia y E tno log ia , G ua tema la . E s t rada B e l l i F . , L . J . K o sakow sky , a nd M . Wo lf . 1 998 . S urvey a nd E xcava t ion i n P a c if ic C oa s ta l J u t iapa , G ua tema la 1 997 . Mex icon 2 0 (3) : 5 5 -59 E s t rada B e l l i F . , L . J . K o sakow sky , B . T homa s , A . E . L ew i s , J .S chu l tz , M . Wo lf , a nd K . B e r ry , 1 997 . L aA rqueo log ia d e S an ta R o sa 1 996 . I nXS impo s io d e I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s d e G ua tema la , J . P . L apor te a nd H .L . H e scobedo ( ed s . ) , p p . 1 93 -2 10 Mu seo N a c iona l d e A rqueo log ia yE tno log ia , G ua tema la . E s t rada B e l l i F . , L . J .K o sakow sky , M . Wo lf , a nd D . B lank , 1 996 .Pa t rone sd ea s en tam ien to yu so d e l at i e r ra d e sde e l P rec lä s ico a l P o s tc lä s ico e n l a c o s ta d e l P ac i f ico d e G ua tema la : L a a r queo log ia d e S an ta R o sa , 1 995 . Mex icon 1 8 (6 ) : 10 115 . F a sh , W .L . , 1 991 . S c r ibe s , W a r r ior s a nd K ing s . T he C i ty o f C opän a nd t h e A nc ien t Maya . L ondon : T hame s a nd H ud son . F e ldman , L .H . , 1 974 . P aper so nE scu in t la a nd G ua zacapan . A C on t r ibu t ion t o t h e H i s to ry a nd E thnog raphy o f

S ou th -Ea s te rn G ua tema la . G r ee ly : U n ive r s i ty o f N or the rn C o lo rado Mu seum o fA n th ropo logy . 1 985 . A T ump l ine E conomy . C u lve r C i ty : L aby r in tho s P r e s s 1 989 . I nt h e B a ck o fB eyond : C o lon ia l D ocumen ta t ion f o ra R u ra l B ackwa te r . I nN ew F ron t ie r s i nt h eA rchaeo logy o ft h e P ac i f ic C oa s t o fS ou the rn Me soame r ica . . F . J . B ove a nd L . H e l le r ( e d s . ) , p p . 2 42 -252 . A r izona S t a te U n ive r s i ty A n th ropo log ica l R e sea r ch P ape r s n o . 3 9 . T empe : A r izona S t a te U n ive r s i ty 1 992 . l ndan P aymen t i n K ind : T he S i x teen th -Cen tu ry E ncom ienda s o fG ua tema la . C u lve r C i ty : L aby r in tho s P re s s . F e ldman , L .H . a nd L .C ampbe l l ( ed s . ) , 1 975 . P ape r s o n t h e X inca o fE a s te rn G ua tema la . C o lumb ia : U n ive r s i ty o f M i s sou r i , Mu sem o fA n th ropo logy F e ldman , L .H . a nd G .R . Wa l te r s , 1 980 . T he A n thropo log y Mu seum ' s E xcava t ion s i n S ou thea s te rn G ua tema la . P re l im ina ry R epor t s . M i sce l laneou s P ub l ica t ion s i n A n th ropo logy , n o . 9 . S pec ia l R epo r t s 1 a nd 2 . C o lumb ia : U n ive r s i ty o f M i s sou r i , Mu sem o f A n th ropo logy . F l anne ry , K .V . , 1 968 . T he O lmec a nd t h e V a l ley o fO axaca : amode l f o r i n te r reg iona l i n te rac t ion i nF o rma t ive t ime s . I n D umba r ton O ak s c onf erence o n t h e O lmec . E . B en son ( e d . ) p p .79 117 . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : D umba r ton O ak s . 1 972 . T he C u l tu ra l E vo lu t ion o f C iv i l iza t ion . A nnua l R ev iew o fE co logy a nd S y s tema t ic s3 :3 99 -426 . 1 976a . E vo lu t ion o fC omp lex S e t t lemen t S y s tem s . I n T he E ar ly Me soamer ican V i l lage . K .V . F l anne ry ( e d . ) p p . 1 62 173 . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r e s s . 1 976b . L inea r S t ream P a t tern s a nd R ive r s ide S e t t lemen t R u le s . I n T he E a r ly Me soame r ican V i l lage , K .V . F l anne ry ( e d . ) , p p . 1 73 -180 . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P r e s s . F l anne ry , K .V . a nd J . Ma rcu s ( ed s . ) , 1 983 . T he C loud p eop le : t h e d i ve rgen t e vo lu t ion o f t h e Z apo tec a nd M ix tec c i v i l i za t ion s . N ew Y o rk :A cadem ic P r e s s , 1 983 . F ox , JW ., 1 987 . Maya P o s tc la s s ic S ta te F orma t ion : S egmen ta ry L ineag e M ig ra t ion i nA d vanc ing F ron t ie r s . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . F ox , J .W . , D .T . Wa l lace a nd K . L .B rown„ 1 992 . T he Eme rgence o f t h e Q u iche E l i te : T he P u tun -Pa lenque C onnec t ion . I n Me soame r ican E l i te s . A na rchaeo log ica l A s se smen t . D .Z . C ha se a nd A .F . C ha se ( e d s . ) p p .169 1 90 . N o rman : U n ive r s i ty o f Ok lahoma P re s s . F ow le r , W .R . J r . , 1 989 . T he C u l tura l E vo lu t ion o fA nc ien t N ahua C iv i l i za t ion s . T he P ip i l N ica rao o f C en t ra l Amer ica . N o rman a nd L ondon : U n ive r s i ty o fO k lahoma P re s s . F ow le r , W .R . J r . , a nd H .H . E a rne s t J r . , 1 985 . S e t t lemen t P a t ter n s a nd P reh i s to ry i n o f t h e P a ra i so B a s in o f E l S l avado r . J ourna lo fF ie ld A rchaeo logy 1 2 : 1 9 -32 F uen te s yG uzman , F . A . , 1 882 . H i s to r ia d e G ua tema la : o R ecordac ion F lor ida . Mad r id : L .N ava r ro . G enovez , J .V . , 1 993 . A r ea s h ab i tac iona le s e n e ln uc leo L o s C ha to s -Manan t ia l , L a Gome ra S i paca te , E scu in t la G ua tema la . I n V I S impo s io d e I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo log ica s e n G ua tema la , p p . 3 65 -376 . Mu seo d e A rqueo log ia yE tno log ia , Gua tema la .

1 997 . A na l i s i s d e r a sgo s f une ra r io s p a ra l ai n terp re ta c iön d e S oc iedade s C lä s ica s e n l a C o s ta P a c if i ca C en t ra l d e G ua t ema la . T he s i s o n f i le . U n ive r s idad d e S an C a r lo s d eG ua tema la , E scue la d e H is to r ia . G raham ,J .A . , 1 973 . A spec t s o f Non -C la s s ic P r e sence s i nt h e I n sc r ip t ion s a nd S cu lp tu ra l A r t o fS e iba l . I nt h e C la s s ic Maya C o l lap se , T .P . C u lbe rged . ) p p . 2 07 -20 . A lbuque rque : U n ive r s i ty o fN ew Mex ico P re s s 1 981 . A ba j T aka l ik : T he O lmec S ty le a nd i t sA n tecenden t s i n P ac if i c G ua tema la . I n A nc ien t M e soame r ica : S e lec ted R ead ing s . J .A . G raham ( ed . ) p p .163 176 . P a lo A l to : P eek P ub l ica t ion s . 1 982 A n teceden t s o fO lmec S cu lp tu r e a tA ba j T aka l ik . I n P re -Co lumb ian A r t H i s tory : S e lec t ed R ead ing s . A . C o rdy -Co l l in s , ( e d . ) p p .7 -22 . P a lo A l to : P eek P ub l ica t ion s . 1 989 . O lmec D if f u s ion : A S cu lp tu ra l V iew f r om P ac if ic G ua t ema la . I n R eg iona l P er spec t ive s o n t h e O lmec . R . S ha r e r a nd D . G rove ( ed s . ) p p . 2 27 -246 . A lbuque rque : U n ive r i s ty o fN ew Mex ico P re s s . 1 992 . E s cu l tu ra e n B u l to O lmeca y Maya e n A ba j T aka l ik : S u D e sa r ro l lo y P or ten to . I n I V S impo s io d e I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s d e G ua tema la . J . P . L apo r te , H . E scobedo , a nd S .V i l lag ran d e B rady ( e d s . ) p p .353 -366 . Mu seo N ac iona l d e A rqueo log ia y E tno log ia ,G ua tema la 1 990 . G rove , D . , 1 989 . C ha lca tz ingo a nd i t sO lmec c onnec t ion . I n R eg iona l P er spec t ive s o n t h e O lmec . R . S ha re r a nd D .G rove ( ed s . ) p p . 1 22 -47 . A lbuque rque : S choo l o f Ame r ican R esea r ch . H agge t t , P , 1 966 . L oca t iona l A na ly s i s i n Human G eog raphy . N ew Y o rk : S t . Ma r t in ' s P re s s . H ammond , N . , 1 972 . O b s id ian T rade R ou te s i n t h e Maya A rea . S c ience 1 78 : 1 092 1093 . 1 988 . C u l tu ra H ermana : R eapp ra is ing t h e O lmec . Q ua r te r ly R ev i ew o fA rchaeo logy . 9 (4 ) : 1 4 . H ammond ,N . a nd M . B obo , 1 994 . P i lg r image s ' l a s t m i le : L a t e Maya monumen t v ene ra t ion a t L a M i lpa , B e l ize . W o r ld A rchaeo logy 2 6 : 1 9 -34 . H ansen , R .D . , 1 992 . E lP roce so C u l tu ra l d e N akbe ye lA rea d e l P e te r ' No r -Cen t ra l : L a s ü poca s T emp rana s . I n V S impo s io d e I n ve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s e n G ua tema la , 1 99 1 . J . P . L apor t e a nd H . E scobedo ( ed . ) p p .8 1-96 . Mu seo N a c iona l d e A rqueo log ia y E tno log ia , G ua t ema la . 1 993 . I n ve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s e n e l s i t io N akb6 : L o s e s tud io s r e c ien tes . I n V I S impo s io d e I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s e n G ua tema la , 1 992 . J . P . L apo r te a nd H . E scobedo ( e d . ) p p .115 122 . Mu seo N a c iona ld eA rqueo log ia yE tno log ia ,G ua tema la . H a rbo t t le , G . , H . N ef f , a nd R .L . B i shop , 1 994 . A ppend ix C : T he S ou rce s o fC opän V a l ley O b s id ian . I nC e ram ic a nd A r t if ac t s f rom E xcava t ion s i n t h e C oän R e s id en t ia l Z one . G .R . Wi l ley , R .M . L even tha l A .A . D ema re s t a nd W .L . F a sh , p p .445 -457 . P ape r s o ft h e P eabody Mu seum o fA r chaeo logy a nd E thno logy , H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty , V o l . 8 0 . H a tch , M . P openoe d eH a tch , 1 989 . A n A na ly s i s o ft h e S an ta L uc ia C o tzuma lhuapan S cu lp tu r e s . I nN ew F ron t ie r s i n t h e A rchaeo lgoy o f t h e P ac i f ic C oa s t o f S ou thern Me soamer ica . F . B ove a nd L . H e l le r ( e d s . ) , p p . 1 67 -

1 94 . A r izona S t a te U n ive r s i ty , A n th ropo log ica l R e sea r ch P ub l ica t ion n .3 9 . 1 989 . O b se rvac ione s s ob r e e lD e sa r ro l lo C u l tu ra l e n l aC o s ta S u r d e G ua tema la . I nI nve s t igac ione sA rqueo log ica s e n l a C o s ta S ur d e G ua tema la . M .P . B eaud ry a nd D .S . Wh i t ley ( ed s . ) p p .4 -37 . U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if o rn ia L o s A nge le s , P ub l ica t ion n o .31 . L o s A nge le s : U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if o rn ia . 1 995 . C o r recc ione s S uge r ida s p a ra e lR epor te C e ram ico d e B i lbao , P ub l icado p o r L .A . P a r son s e n 1 967 . I n V I I S impo s io d e I n ve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s e n G ua tema la , 1 994 . J . P . L apo r te a nd H . E scobedo ( ed . ) p p .101105 . Mu seo N ac iona l d e A rqueo log ia y E tno log ia , G ua tema la . 1 997 . K am ina l juyü /San J orge . E v id enc ia A rqueo lög ica d e l aA c t iv idad E conöm ica e n e l V a l le d e G ua tema la 3 00 a .C . A3 00 d .C . U n ive r s idad d e lV a l le d e G ua tema la . H e l lmu th , N . , 1 975 . T he E scu in t la H oa rd s : T eo t ihuacan A r t i n G ua tema la . F ounda t ion f or L a t in Ame r ican A n thropo log ica l R e search , P rog re s s R epor t s 1 ( 2 ) . G ua tema la . 1 978 . T eo t ihua can A r t i nt h e E scu in t la , G ua tema la R eg ion . I n M idd le C la s s ic Me soame r ica : A .D . 4 00 -700 . E . P a sz to ry ( e d . ) p p . 7 1-85 . N ew Y o rk : C o lumb ia U n ive r s i ty P re s s . H igg s , E .S . a nd C .V i ta F i nz i , 1 972 . P reh i s to r ic E conom ie s ; a t e r r i to r ia l a pp roa ch . I n P aper s i n E conom ic P reh i s to ry . E .C . H igg s ( ed . ) p p .27 -36 . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . H ir th , K . , 1 978 . I n te r r eg iona l T rade a nd t h e F orma t ion o f P reh i s to r ic G a t eway C ommun i t ie s . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 4 3 : 3 5 -45 . 1 992 . , I n te r reg iona l E xchange a s E l i te B ehav io r . I n Me soamer ican E l i te s . A n a rchaeo log ica l A s se s smen t . D .Z . C ha se a nd A .F . C ha se ( e d s . ) p p .18 -29 . Norman : U n ive r s i ty o fO k lahoma P re s s . H odde r , I .( ed . ) , 1 987 . A rchaeo logy a s l ong te rm h i s to ry . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s . H odde r , I . a nd C . O r ton , 1 976 . S pa t ia l A na ly s i s i n A rchaeo logy . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s . H odge s , R . , 1 987 . S pa t ia l Mode l s , A n th ropo logy , a nd A rchaeo logy . I nL and scape a nd C u l ture : G eog raph ica l a nd A rchaeo log ica l P e r spec t ive s . J .M . Wag s taf f ( ed . ) p p . 118 133 . N ew Y o rk : B a s i l B lackwe l l . I c hon , A . a nd R . G r ignon , 1 989 . R econoc im ien to A rqueo log ico e n e l O r ien te d e G ua tema la : D epa r tamen to s d e S an ta R o sa y J u t iapa . R epo r t s ubm i t ted t ot h e I n s t i tu to D e A n t ropo log ia eH i s to r ia d e G ua tema la , G ua tema la . I DAEH , S i te f i l e a r ch ive . I n s t i tu to d e A n t ropo log ia e H i s to r ia d eG ua tema la . I NS IVU MEH , 1 967 -87 . C l ima te a nd h yd ro logy d a ta o n f i l e . I n s t i tu to N ac iona l d e S i smo log ia , V u lcano log ia , Me te reo log ia eH id ro log ia , G ua t ema la . J imenez Mo reno , W . , 1 970 . Me soame r ica b ef o re t h e T o l tec s . I n A nc ien tO axaca . J .P addock ( ed . ) , p p . 1 82 . S t anf o rd : S t anf o rd U n ive r s i ty P re s s . J ohn son , G .A . , 1 973 . L oca l E xchange a nd E a r ly S t a te D eve lopmen t i n S ou thwe s te rn I r an . A nn A rbo r , M ich igan .

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H e l le r ( e d s . ) p p .209 -220 . A r izona S t a te U n ive r s i ty A n th ropo log ica l R e sea rch P ape r sN o . 3 9 N ef f , H . , F . J . B ove , B . L ou , a nd M . P i echw sk i , 1 992 . C e ram ic R aw Ma te r ia ls S u rvey i n P a c if i c C oa s ta l G ua tema la . I n C hem ica l C ha rac te r i za t ion o fC eram ic P a s te s i n A rchaeo logy , H . N ef f ( e d . ) , p p . 5 9 -84 . Monog raph s i n N ew Wo r ld A r chaeo logy . Mad i son : P reh i s to ry P re ss . N ef f , H . , F . J . B ove , E . J . R ob in son , a nd B . A r royo . 1 994 . A C e ram ic C ompo s i t iona l P e r spec t ive o n t h e F o rma t ive t o C la s s ic T ran s i t ion i n S ou the rn Me soame r ica . L a t in Ame r ican A n t iqu i ty 5 (4 ) : 3 33 -358 . N ef f , H . , J .W . C og swe l l , L . J . K o sakow sky , a nd F . E s t rada B e l l i , 1 998 ( n .d . )A N ew P e r spec t ive o n t h e R e la t ion sh ip s a mong C ream P a s t eC e ram ic T rad i t ion s o f S ou the s te rn Me soame r ica .A nc ien t Me soamer ica . O h i K . , N . I t o , S . S h iba ta , y H . M inam i , 1 997 . L o s R esu l tado s d e L a s I nves t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s e n K am ina l juyü . I n X S impo s io d e I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s e n G ua tema la . J . P . L apo r te a nd H .L . E scobedo ( ed s . ) p p .81-92 . Mu seo N ac iona l d e A rqueo log ia yE tno log ia , G ua tema la . O r rego C o rzo , M . , 1 988 . I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s e n A ba j T aka l ik , R epo r te n o . 1. P royec to N ac iona l A ba j T aka l ik , I DAEH , G ua tema la . P a r son s , L .A . , 1 964 . T he M idd le Ame r ican c o t r ad i t ion . P h .D . t h e s is . P eabody Mu seum , H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty . 1 967 . B i lbao , G ua tema la : A n A r cha eo log ica l S tudy o ft h e P ac if i c C oa s t C o tzuma lhuapa R eg ion . , v o l . 1 . P ub l ica t ion s i n A n thropo logy I . M i lwaukee : M i lwaukee P ub l ic Mu seum . 1 969 . B i lbao , G ua tema la : A n A r cha eo log ica l S tudy o f t h e P ac if i c C oa s t C o tzuma lhuapa R eg ion . , v o l . 2 . P ub l ica t ion s i n A n thropo log y I . M i lwaukee : M i lwaukee P ub l ic Mu seum . 1 976 . E xcava t ions a t Mon te A l to , E scu in t la , G ua tema la . N a t iona l G eog raph ic S oc ie ty R e sea rch R epor t s ; 1 968 P ro jec t s :325 -332 . Wa sh ing ton . 1 986 . T he O r ig in so f Maya A r t : AS t udy o ft h e Monumen ta l S cu lp tu re o fK am ina l juyu , G ua t ema la a nd t h e S ou the rn P ac if i c C oa s t , S t ud ie s i n P r e -Co lumb ian A r t a nd A rchaeo log y P ub l ica t ion n o . 2 8 . Wa sh ing ton , DC . : D umba r ton O ak s . P ef iaf ie l ,A . , 1 885 . N ombre sg eog rä f ico s d e Mex ico . Mex ico :Of i c ina t i p . d e l aS ec re ta r ia d e f omen to . P l og , S . , 1 976a . Mea su remen t o f P reh i s to r ic I n te rac t ion b e tween C ommun i t ie s . I n T he E a r ly Me soamer ican V i l lag e . K . F lanne ry ( ed . ) , p p . 2 55 -271 . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re s s . P y e , M .E . a nd A .A . D ema re s t , 1 99 1 . T he E vo lu t ion o f C omp lex S oc ie t ie s i nS ou thea s t er n Me soame r ica . N ew E v idence f r om E l Mesak . I n T he F orma t ion o f C omp lex S oc ie ty i nS ou thea s te rn Me soamer ica . W .R . F ow le rJ r . ( ed . ) , p p . 7 7 100 . B oca R a ton : CRC P re s s . R edman , C .L . a nd P . J . Wa t son , 1 970 . S y s tema t ic , I n ten s ive S u rf a ce C o l lec t ion . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 3 5 (3 ) : 2 80 -291 . R enf rew , C . , 1 975 . T rade a sA c t ion a t aD i s tance : Q ue s t ion s o f I n teg ra t ion a nd C ommun ica t ion . I n A nc ien t C iv i l i za t ion a nd T rad e . J .A . S ab lof fa nd C .C . L ambe rg -

K a r low sky ( e d s . ) p p .3 -59 . A lbuque rque : U n ive r s i ty o f N ew Mex ico P re s s . R enf rew C . , a nd Wag s taf fM . ( ed s . ) , 1 982 . A nI s land P o l i ty : t h e A rchaeo logy o fE xp lo i ta t ion i n Me lo s . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s . R ob in son , E . a nd P . F a r re l l , 1 998 . ( i n p re s s ) P rec la s s ic S e t t lemen t s a nd G eomo rpho logy i n t h e H igh land s o f G ua t ema la : E xcava t ion s a t t h e s i t e U r ia s , V a l ley o f A n t igua . I n C ur ren t G ua tema lan A rchaeo logy : N ew p e r spec t ive s o n t h e Maya . F . E s t rada -Be l l i ( e d . ) . B ou lde r : We s tv iew P re s s . R oo rda , I .M . a nd W ieme rR . , 1 992 .T owa rd s a n ew a r chaeo log ica l i n f o rma t ion s y s tem i n T he N e the r land s . I n C ompu te r A pp l ica t ion s a nd Q uan t i ta t ive Me thod s i n A rchaeo logy , 1 991 . G . L ock a nd J . Mof f e t t ( e d s . ) p p .85 -8 , B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s S 577 . O xf o rd : T empu s R epa ra tum . S ab lof fJ .A . a nd G . T ou r te l lo t I I , 1 988 . T he A nc ien t Maya C i ty o f S ay i l : t h e Mapp ing o f aP uuc R eg ion C en te r . M idd le Ame r ican R e sea r ch I n s t i tu te P ub l ica t ion , 6 0 . N ew O r lean s : T u lane U n ive r s i ty S ab lof f , J .A a nd G .R . W i l ley , 1 997 .T he C o l lap se o f Maya C iv i l iza t ion i nt h e S ou the rn L ow land s : AC on s ide ra t ion o f H i s to ry a nd P roce s s . S ou thwe s tern J ourna l o f A n thropo logy 2 3 : 3 11-36 . S ande r s W . T . a nd M ichae l s J .W . ( ed s . ) , 1 977 . T eo t ihuacan a nd K am ina l juyü : A S tud y i n P reh i s tor ic C u l tu re C on tac t . U n ive r s i ty P a rk : T he P ennsy lvan ia S t a te U n ive r s i ty P re s s . S ande r s , W .T . , J . P a r son s , a nd R .S . S an t ley , 1 979 . T he B a s in o fM ex ico . E co log ica l P roce s se s i nt h e E vo lu t ion o f aC iv i l i za t ion . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re s s . S ande r s , W .T . a nd B . J . P r ice , 1 968 . Me soame r ica . T he E vo lu t ion o f aC iv i l i za t ion . N ew Y o rk : R andom H ou se . S an t ley , R .S . , 1 983 . O b s id ian T rade a nd T eo t ihuacan I n f luence i n Me soame r ica . I n H igh land -Low land I n te rac t ion i n Me soame r ica . I n te rd i sc ip l ina ry A pproache s . A . M i l le r ( ed . ) , p p . 6 9 124 . Wa sh ing ton D .C . : D umba r ton O ak s . S ha re r , R . J . , 1 978 . P o t te ry a nd C onc lu s ion s . I n T he P reh i s to ry o f C ha lchuapa , v o l . 3 , R . J . S ha re r ( e d . ) . P h i lade lph ia : U n ive r s i ty o fP enn sy lvan ia P re s s . S hee t s , P .D . , 1 979 . E nv i ronmen ta l a nd c u l tu ra l e f f ec t s o ft h e I l opango e r up t ion i n C en t ra l Ame r ica . I n V o lcan ic A c t iv i ty a nd H uman E co logy . P .D . S hee t s a nd D . G rau son ( e d s . ) p p . 5 25 -654 . N ew Y o rk : A cadem ic P re s s . 1 983 . A rchaeo logy a nd V u lcan i sm i n C en t ra l Ame r ica . A u s t in : U n ive r s i ty o fT exa s P re s s . 1 986 . N a tu ra l H aza rd s , N a tu ra l D i s ta s t e r s a nd R e sea r ch i n t h e Z apo t i tän V a l ley o fE l S a lvado r . I n T he S ou thea s t Maya P e r ipher .y P .A .U rban a nd E .M . S cho r tman ( e d s . ) p p . 2 24 -338 . A u s t in : U n ive r s i ty o fT exa s P re s s . S hook , E .M . , 1 965 . A r chaeo log ica l S u rvey o f T he P ac if ic C oa s t o fG ua tema la . I n Handbook o fM idd le Ame r ican I nd ian s . , v o l . 2 G .R . W i l ley ( ed . ) , p p . 1 80 -94 . A u s t in : U n ive r s i ty o fT exa sP re s s . 1 975 . F i e ld N o te s o n aT r ip t ot h e S ou th P ac if ic C oa s t o f G ua tema la , w i th J a ck G i l l in , J une , 1 942 . I nP ape r s o n t h eX inca o fE a s te rn G ua tema la . L .H . F e ldman a nd L .

C ampbe l l ( ed s . ) , p p . 1 3 16 . C o lumb ia : U n ive r s i ty o f M is sou r i Mu seum o fA n th ropo logy . S hook , E .M . a nd M .P . H a tch , 1 978 T he R u in s o f E l B a lsamo , J ourna lo fN ew W or ld A rchaeo logy , I I , n o . 1 . U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if or n ia , L o s A nge le s . L o s A nge le s , CA . 1 979 T he E a r ly P r ec la s s ic S equence i nt h e O cö s -Sa l ina s L a B lanca A rea , S ou th C oa s t o f G ua tema la . C on t r ibu t ion s t o t h e U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if o rn ia , A rchaeo log ica lR e sea rch F ac i l i ty 4 1 : 1 43 -75 . S hook , E .M . a nd A .V . K idde r , 1 952 . Mound E I I I -3 . K am ina l juyü , G ua tema la . C a rneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f W a sh ing ton P ub l ica t ion 5 96 , C on t r ibu t ion s t o Ame r ican A r chaeo logy N o . 5 3 . Wa sh ing ton D .C . S immon s , C .S . , J . S . T a rano , a nd J .H .P in to , 1 959 C la s i f ica c iön d e R econoc im ien to d e l o S ue lo s d e la R epub l ica d e G ua tema la . G ua tema la : M in i s te r io d e E ducac ion P ub l ica . Sm i th , M ,E . , 1 992a . B raude l 's t empo ra l r hy thm s a nd c h rono logy t h eo ry i n a r chaeo logy . I n A rchaeo logy , A nna / e s , a nd e t hnoh i s to ty , B .A . K napp ( e d . ) p p .23 -34 . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . 1 992b . R hy thm s o f c hange i n P o s tc la s s ic c en t ra l Mex ico : a r cha eo logy , e t hnoh i s to ry , a nd t h e B rode l ian mode l . I n A rchaeo logy , A nna /e s , a nd e t hnoh i s to ty , B .A . K napp ( e d . ) p p . 5 1-74 . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . S t anc ic , Z .J .D u la r , V .Gaf f ney a nd S .Tecco -Hva la , 1 995 . A G ISb a sed a na ly s i s o f L a te r P reh i s to r ic s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s i n D o le jn ska , S loven ia . I n C ompu te r A pp l ica t ion s a nd Q uan t i ta t ive Me thod s i nA rchaeo logy 1 993 . J .W i lcock a nd K . L ockyea r ( e d s . ) p p .16 1164 . B r i t i sh A rchaeo log ica l R epor t s I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s N o . 5 98 . O xf o rd : T empu sR epa ra tum . S t röm sv ik , G . , 1 950 . L a r u ina s d e A sunc iön M i ta , i n f o rme d e s u r e conoc im ien to . A n t ropo log ia eH i s tor ia d eG ua tema la . 2 ( 1 ) : 2 3 -39 . T e rme r , F . , 1 948 . R ec i td ' un V oyage A r chaeo log ique d an s l e s ud -e s t d e l a R epub l ique d e G ua tema la . I n A c te s d u XXV I l l e C ong rd s I n te rnac iona l d e Amer ican i s te s , P a r i s , 1 947 ,p p . 5 13 -528 , 2 8 : 5 11-528 . P a r i s . T homp son , J . E . S . , 1 948 . A n A r chaeo log ica l R econna i s sance i nt h e C o tzuma lhupa R eg ion , E scu in t la , G ua tema la . C a rneg ie I n s t i tu t ion o f W a sh ing ton , P ub l ica t ion 5 74 , C on t r ibu t ion 4 4 . Wa sh ing ton D .C . 1 970 . Maya H i s to ry a nd R e l ig ion . N o rman : U n ive r s i ty o f O k lahoma P re s s . T our te l lo t I I , G . , 1 988 . E xcava t ion s a tS e iba l : P er iphe ra l S ur vey a nd E xcava t ion . S e t t lemen t a nd C ommun i ty P a t te rn s . Memo i r s o f t h e P eabody Mu seum , H a rva rd U n ive r i s ty , Vo l . 1 6 . C amb r idge : P eabody Mu seum . T ozze r , A . M . , 1 957 . C h ichen I t zä a nd i t s C eno te o f S ac r i f ice : A C ompa ra t ive S tud y o f C on temporaneou s Maya a nd T o l tec . P eobody Mu seum Memo i r s , V o l s . 1 a nd 1 2 . C amb r idge : H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty . V a lde s , J .A . , 1 997 . E l P royec to M i ra f lo re s I D en t ro d e l Ma r co d e l P rec lä s ico d e K am ina l juyü . I nXS impo s io d e I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s e n G ua tema la . J . P . L apo r t e a nd H .L . E scobedo ( ed s . ) p p .81-92 . Mu seo N a c iona ld eA rqueo log ia yE tno log ia , G ua tema la .

V an

A nde l T .H .and C . R unne l s , 1 987 . B eyond t h e A c ropo l i s : A R ura l G reek P a s t S t anf o rd : S t anf o rd U n ive r s i ty P re s s . V oo rh ie s , B . , 1 976 . T he C han tu to P eop le : A n A rcha ic P e r iod S oc ie ty o ft h e C h iapa s L i t to ra l , Mex ico . P aper s o f t h e N ew W or ld A rchaeo log ica l F ounda t ion 4 1 . P rovo : B r igham Y oung Un ive r s i ty . 1 989 . S e t t lemen t P a t ter n s i n t h e Wes ter n S oconu sco : Me thod so fS i t e R ecove ry a nd R e su l t s . I n N ew F ron t ie r i n t h e A rchaeo logy o f t he P ac i f ic C oa s t o fS ou thern Me soame r ica . . F . J . B ove a nd L .H e l le r ( ed s . ) p p . 1 03 1 23 . A r izona S t a te U n ive r s i ty A n th ropo log ica l R e sea r ch P ape r s n o . 3 9 . T empe : A r izona S t a te U n ive r s i ty . Wauchope R . a nd M B ond , 1 989 . A rchaeo log ica l I nve s t iga t ion s i nt h e D epa r tmen t o fJ u t iapa , G ua tema la . M idd le Ame r ican R e search I n s t i tu te , P ub l ica t ion n . 55 . N ew O r lean s : T u lane U n ive r s i ty . We the r ing ton , R .K . , 1 978 .T he C e ram ic s o f K am ina l juyü . U n ive r s i ty P a rk : T he P enn sy lvan ia S ta te U n ive r s i ty P re s s . W i lk , R .R . , D .C . P r ing , a nd N . H ammond , 1 975 S e t temen t P a t tern E xcava t ion s i nt h e No r the rn S ec to r o fN ohmu l . I n A rchaeo logy i n N or thern B e l i ze : B r i t i sh Mu seum C ambr idge U n ive r s i ty C oraza l P ro jec t 1 974 -75 I n te r im R epor t . N . H ammond ( ed . ) p p . 7 3 115 . C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty C en t re o f L a t in Ame r ican S t ud ie s , C amb r idge . W i l l iam s , H . , A .R . McB i rney , a nd G ab r ie l D engo , 1 964 . G eo log ica l R econa i s sance o fS ou thea s tern G ua tema la . B e rke ley : U n ive r s i ty o fC a l if o rn ia P r e s s . W i l ley , G .R . , A . L edya rd Sm i th , G . T our te l lo t I I , a nd I . G raham , 1 975 . E xca va t ion s a t S e iba l , D epa r tmen t o f P e tdn , G ua tema la . I n troduc t ion : T he S i te a nd I t s S e t t ing . P eabody Mu seum o f A n th ropo logy a nd E thno logy Memo i r s , V o l . 1 3 n o . I .C amb r idge : H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty W i l ley G . R . , W .R . B u l la rd J r . , J .B . G la s s a nd J .C . G if f o rd , 1 965 . P reh i s to r ic Maya S e t t lemen t i nt h e B e l i ze V a l ley . P eabody Mu seum o f An th ropo logy a nd E thno logy Memo i r sV o l . 5 4 . C amb r idge : H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty . Wr igh t , H . , 1 984 .P re s ta te P o l i t ica l F o rma t ion s . I n O n t h e E vo lu t ion o f C omp lex S oc ie t ie s : E s say s i n H onor o f Ha rry H o i je r 1 982 . Ma l ibu : U ndena P ub l ica t ion s .

S ITE I NDEX

A A guadu lce , 3 0 , 3 5 , 11 , 12 , 16 A humado , 19 A s tur ias , 8 1 , 8 2 , 1 09 , 18 , 1 20 A t iqu ipaque , 1 0 , 1 , 9 1 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 9 8 , 9 9 , 1 01 , 10 , 19

1 05 , 1 06 , 1 08 , 1 09 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 1 39 , 1 40 , 1 42 , 1 43 L imones , 5 4 , 6 2 , 8 0 L os C e r r i tos , 1 0 , 1 4 ,4 0 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 5 , 6 0 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 7 1 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 8 9 ,9 1 ,99 ,108 ,109 ,116 ,118 ,126 ,145

Ma r ia L inda , 1 ,1 3 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 3 8 , 3 9 ,4 0 ,4 6 ,4 7 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 1 04 , 1 05 , 1 07 Ma r inas , 16 , 1 22 , 1 23 B one te , 1 5 ,4 3 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 4 , 6 7 ,6 9 , 7 0 , 7 1 , 7 7 , 8 2 , 8 7 , 17 B o rdos , 1 5 ,4 7 N ueve Ce r ros , 1 4 , 1 5 ,2 9 , 3 8 , 3 9 ,4 0 ,4 1 ,4 2 ,4 3 ,4 6 ,4 7 ,4 9 , 5 0 , 5 4 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 6 2 , 7 0 , 7 6 , 8 7 , 1 04 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 3 1 , 1 37 C anada , 1 08 , 10 , 1 45

0

C ana l , 3 4 , 3 9 , 1 08 , 1 09 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 C an ta r rana ,4 3 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 4 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 7 1 , 7 7 , 8 2 , 8 7 , 1 45 Casas V ie jas , 16 , 1 24 Ce r r i tos , 1 0 , 1 4 , 16 , 1 44 , 1 45 C inco P a los , 1 09 , 17 , 1 25 , 1 45 C os ta r r ica l , 19 , 1 27 Covadonga , 17 , 1 25

Ob ra je , 1 09 , 13

P ac i f ico , 17 , 1 26 , 1 46 , 1 48 P a ja l , 1 0 , 1 , 5 2 , 7 7 , 7 8 , 9 4 , 9 5 ,9 6 , 1 0 1 , 1 09 , 16 , 18 P apa tu r ro , 1 8 , 1 09 , 16 , 1 22 P i la r , 7 7 , 16 P u l ido , 3 0 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 3 8 , 3 9 ,4 0 , 10 , 17 , 1 25 , 1 45 P umpo , 17

D u razno , 1 5 , 5 2 , 5 3 , 6 0 , 7 7 , 7 8 , 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 1 05 , 1 09 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 R ama , 1 08 , 12 R amave rde , 15 Emba rcade ro , 15 , 1 20 E spe ranza , 6 1 , 17

H awa i i , 3 5 , 9 1 , 1 00 , 1 09 , 14

S . R i ta , 3 4 , 3 5 , 1 09 , 14 S a lama r , 1 08 , 15 , 1 2 1 S a l inas S an ta R i ta , 3 0 , 3 4 , 1 2 1 S an ta C la ra , 6 2 , 7 0 , 1 09 , 14 , 18 , 1 40 , 1 4 1 S o l is , 18

I s la ,9 9 , 17 T acu i lu la , 1 0 , 1 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 1 0 1 T a lpe ta te ,4 6 ,4 9 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 8 0 , 8 1 , 1 2 1 , 1 44 J obo ,9 2 ,9 3 , 19

L a Maqu ina , 9 ,1 4 , 1 5 ,2 7 ,6 0 , 6 1 , 6 2 , 6 3 ,6 4 , 6 5 ,6 6 , 6 7 , 7 0 , 7 1 , 7 2 ,7 3 , 7 6 , 7 7 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 8 2 , 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 8 8 , 8 9 ,9 0 , 9 1 , 9 9 , 1 0 1 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 08 , 1 09 , 10 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 1 24 , 1 26 , 1 27 , 1 33 , 1 4 1 , 1 45 L a N ueva , x i i , 9 ,1 0 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 ,4 9 , 5 0 , 5 4 , 5 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 6 0 , 6 1 ,6 3 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6 , 8 1 , 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 1 0 1 ,

T ama r indo , 3 4 , 3 8 , 3 9 ,4 0 ,4 3 ,4 7 , 1 03 , 1 04 , 15 , 1 29 , 1 30 T res Ma r ias , 19

U jux te , 9 ,1 , 1 9 , 3 0 , 3 4 , 3 6 , 3 8 ,3 9 ,4 0 ,4 4 ,4 5 ,4 6 ,4 7 ,4 9 , 5 4 , 5 5 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 9 1 , 1 00 , 1 03 , 1 04 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 36 , 1 37 , 1 38 , 1 39 , 1 44 U n ion , 8 0 , 18 , 1 26