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Table of contents :
PART I
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
I. HISTORICAL REVIEW
1. Origins: motherland
2. Rugiland
3. Pannonia
4. The Lombards in Italy between 568 and 774
I. ANALYSIS OF LOMBARD GRAVES AND CEMETERIES (ANTHROPOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION)
1. Finds of bones from Germany and cemeteries in Bohemia
2. Cemeteries in Rugiland
3. Pannonia
4. Migration to Italy
III. ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
1. Palaeode mography
2. Height of the Lombards
3. Calculation of the duration time of the cemeteries
4. Anthropometry
5. Taxonomy
6. Ethnic analysis of Lombard cemeteries:
7. "Intentional cranial formation of the Lombards"
8. The teeth of the Lombards
9. Lombard portraiture
10. Comparative biometrical examination of the Lombard cemeteries, and comparison between Lombards and other Germanic peoples
APPENDIX: SCHEMATIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL MAPS
SUMMARY
Tables 1-107
PART II
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART I: ANTHROPOLOGY
PART I: HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
Plates 1-88
Figures 1-79
Citation preview
The Anthropology of the Lombards Part i
Istvcln Kiszely Translated from the Hungarian by Catherine Siman
B A R International Series 6 I (i) 1979
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
B.A.R.,
B.A.R.
122 Banbury Road,
Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, E.Se., :\LA., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, :\1.A.
B.A.R. -S61 (i), 1979: "The Anthropology of the Lombards", Part i © István Kiszely, 1979. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389271 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389288 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860540618 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407349251 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Par t i Page 1
I n troduc tion I .
H istorica l r eview
8
1 .
8
2 .
3 .
4 . I .
O r ig ins: mo ther land a .
S ources f ro m t he Midd le Ages
8
b .
C lassica l s ources
9
c .
Curren t v iews
1 0
d .
The mean ing o ft he n a me 'L angobard '
1 2
e .
The mo ther land o ft he L o mbards n ear t he E lbe
1 2
f .
The L o mbards f i rst e n ter Pannon ia
1 5
g .
The L o mbards l eave t heir mo ther land
1 5
h .
Through Maur inga t o Rugi land
1 5
R ug i land
1 6
a .
1 6
The L o mbards e n ter European h istory
Pannonia
1 8
a .
O ccupa tion o f P annon ia
1 8
b .
H istorica l e ven ts i n Pannon ia
1 9
The L o mbards i n I t a ly b e tween 5 68 a nd 7 74
2 1
Ana lysis o f L o mbard g raves a nd c e meteries
2 5
1 .
F inds o f b ones f ro m G er many a nd c e me teries i n Bohe mia
2 5
a .
G er many
2 5
b .
Bohe m ia
2 6
Praha-Podbaba
2 7
S ve tec
2 8
Za luzi ( Ce lakov i ce )
2 8
Mochov
2 9
K lucov
3 0
K o lin .
3 1
L ulec
3 1
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Page 2 .
The c e meteries i n Rug i land
3 1
a .
3 1
S ke le ton f inds f ro m Moravia i .
Ce meteries a nd s ke letons w i th i n ten tiona l ly f or med s ku lls
3 1
Novy g a ldorf
3 1
Ve la tice
3 2
Brnenske I vanovice
3 3
Zno j mo
3 3
Vib mi li ce
3 4
Ra lg i ce
3 4
Se d legovice
3 4
Polkovice
3 4
VaZenovice
3 4
Vygkov
3 5
Nova Veg
3 5
S lapanice
3 5
S tare Mesto
3 5
Näk lo-
3 5
Drglavice
3 6
S ara tice
3 6
i . Ce meteries i n S outh Moravia w i th p reserved b one ma teria l
3 6
S aratice
3 6
S oko lnice
3 7
i i . I nhu ma tion g raves f ro m Moravia , t he ma ter ia l o f
i v. v .
which h as b een l ost
3 8
Graves o f " noble men"
4 0
Published a n thropologica l ma teria l o ft he L o mbards i n Austria
b .
Ce meteries i n t he Austrian p ar t o f Rugi land
4 1 4 2
Neu-Ruppersdorf
4 2
Poysdorf
4 5
Hauskirchen
4 6
Rohrendorf
4 9
Er pe r sd or f
5 2
Oberbierbau m
5 5
S trass
6 6
Ansberg
6 7
Gneixendorf
6 7
Tul in-L isthof
6 8
Hol lab r unn
6 8
S o m merein
6 8
Hobe r sd or f
6 9
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
P age S keletons a nd g raves i n L ower Austr ia t he ma ter ia l f ro m
3 .
which i s n ow l ost
6 9
Pannon ia
7 1
a .
7 1
b .
c .
F inds a round V ienna a nd i n Burgen land Wien I . S a lva torgasse
7 1
S chwecha t
7 2
Manne r sd or f
7 4
Gr odhöf le i n
7 5
S te inb r unn
7 8
N ik i tsch
8 0
Graves f ro m t he v ic in i ty o f V ienna a nd i n Burgen land f ro m wh ich t he b ones h ave b een l ost
8 3
L o mbard b one ma teria l f ro m Hungary
8 4
Hegykö "
8 4
Bezenye-Papre tpuszta
9 1
Vers
9 1
Värpa lo ta
9 5
S zen tendre
1 05
Tamäs i
1 07
Ka jdacs
1 13
Käpo lnäsnyek
1 17
Budapest I I .
d .
9 8
R ic a l mäs
S zepve lgyi u t.
1 18
Gyönk-Väsär ter u t.
1 18
Dr
1 19
Mohäcs
1 20
Mosonszen t jä nos
1 21
Ta tabänya-Ker tväros,
1 21
Kädär ta
1 21
I s zk as ze n tgye r gy Z si döhegy
1 22
L o mbard c e me ter ies i n H ungary f ro m wh ich t he b ones a re l ost
e .
4 .
1 18
Gyugy
1 22
Pre-Lo mbard s ke le ton f inds f ro m P annon ia
1 23
Epe l-Köku t i d u l6
1 23
F er toszen tm ik los
1 24
Za las z en tgrö t
1 24
S oponya
1 25
Häcs Bendekpuszta
1 26
Tä cGo r si um
1 28
Migra tion t o I ta ly
1 28
a .
1 29
S kele ton f inds f ro m 'L o mbard ' c e me teries i n S lovak ia
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
P age
b .
K ran j
1 29
R ifnik Drav l je
1 36 1 36
B e la C er kev
1 37
Mihovo
1 37
V e lik i Orehek
1 37
Pod me lc
1 37
B led-Pristava
1 37
S ke leton f inds f ro m I ta lian L o mbard c e meteries
1 38
Ci vi da le
1 38
O f fan .engo
1 41
V icenza-Sovizzo
1 42
V erona-Va ldonega
1 42
B rescia
c .
d .
S an S a lva tore
1 42
Testona
1 43
R eggio Emi lia
1 47
F ieso le
1 48
Nocera Umbra
1 49
Caste l Trosino
1 50
Graves i n I t a ly f ro m wh ich t he b ones a re l ost
1 54
N or th I ta ly
1 54
Cen tra l I ta ly
1 56
S ou th I ta ly
1 56
N on-Lo mbard g raves f ro m' Etä . b arbarica ' i n I ta ly
1 57
Brescia Gussago
1 57
Vobarno
1 57
C o mac i na
1 58
Va l d i F ie m me
1 58
Aqui lea
1 58
Verona
1 59
Muggia Vecch ia
1 59
Ca nfanaro
1 59
Gran .c i a
1 59
Caset ta d i Mo ta
1 59
Do l ianova
1 60
Badia d i Cava d ei T irreni
1 60
I I . An thropo log ica l a na lysis
1 61
1 .
Pa laeode mography
1 61
2 .
H eigh t o ft he L o mbards
1 65
3 .
Ca lcu la tion o ft he d ura tion t ime o ft he c e me teries
1 67
S ocia l o rgan isa t ion o ft he L o mbards
1 70
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
P age 4 .
5 .
An thropo me try
1 72
Ana lysis o ft he me trica l d a ta
1 72
S ta tic a na lysis o f me trica l d a ta
1 78
D yna m ic a na lysis o ft he measure men ts a nd i ndices
1 79
Taxono my
1 80
The t axono m ic p icture o ft he L o mbards
1 80
R ei ch eng r äb er
1 80
The most f requen t t ypes i n t he L o mbard c e meteries
1 82
1 . Pro tonordic t ype
1 82
2 . N ordic t ype
1 83
3 . Brachycran ic Nordic t ype
1 84
4 .
1 85
Graci lised Crö- Magnon id t ype
5 . N ordic Cr 6- Magnon id t ype
1 85
6 .
1 87
Medi terran ian-Nord ic t ype
7 . Cr 6- Magnonid-A t lan to- Medi terran ian t ype
1 87
8 . Graci l- Medi terran ian t ype
1 88
9 . A t lan to- Medi terran ian t ype 1 0 .
A lp ine t ype
1 1 . A lp ine C
6 .
7 .
1 88 1 89
-Magnonid t ype
1 90
1 2 . A lp ine- Medi terran ian t ype
1 90
1 3 . Taurid t ype
1 91
1 4 . Ta u ri d-C r ö -Magnon id t ype
1 93
1 5 .
Graci l- Medi terranian-Taurid t ype
1 93
1 6.
" Frank ish-Thürg inian" t ype
1 93
E thn ic a na lysis o ft he L o mbard c e me ter ies
1 96
B ohe mia
1 96
R ugi land
1 97
P annon ia
1 98
Yugoslavia
2 01
I t a ly
2 01
I n ten tiona l c ran ia l f or ma tion o ft he L o mbards
2 02
B ohe m ia
2 02
R ugi land
2 03
a .
Moravia
2 03
b .
L ower Austria
2 03
P annon ia
2 03
a .
V ienna-Burgen land
2 03
b .
Hungary
2 03
Yugoslavia
2 04
I t a ly
2 04
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
P age 8 .
The t ee th o ft he L o mbards
9 .
1 0 .
2 06
The n u mber o ft eeth
2 06
Caries
2 06
Tee th l ost d ur ing l i fe t i me
2 07
Abrasion o ft he t ee th
2 08
Pa tho logy
2 08
L o mbard p or tra i ture
2 10
F ibu lae
2 10
G o ld c rosses
2 10
O ther L o mbard p or traya ls
2 12
I ndica tions o ft he o u tward a ppearance o f t he L o mbards
2 13
C o mpara tive b io me trica l a na lysis
2 16
Me thod
2 16
1 .
The n u mber o f g roups
2 16
2 .
Nu mber o ft he f ea tures
2 18
3 .
Average d ispersion
2 19
4 .
The P enrose f or mu lae
2 21
5 .
S ign if icance e xa m ina tion
2 22
R esu l ts Append ix :
2 24
s che ma t ic a n thropo log ica l maps
S u m mary
2 29 2 30
Tab les 1 -107
2 35-359 P ar t i
B ib liography :
Par t
I : An thropo logy
P ar t I :
H istory a nd Archaeo logy
3 61 4 06
P la tes 1 -88
4 57-544
F igures 1 -79
5 45-622
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
I NTRODUCTION
E very d ay more a nd more a rchaeo logica l a nd a nthropologica l f i nds c o me t o l i gh t ; d a ta s o f ar a ccu mu la ted a bou t d if feren t p eop les h as r eached s uch a v o lume t ha t n o o ne p erson i s c apable o f s yn thesiz ing i t .
Ih ave c hosen o ne o f
t he e thn ic g roups o f t he M igra t ion P er iod , t he t ota l l i tera ture a nd a l l t he s ke le ton f i nds o f which Imyse lf c ou ld c ol lect . These p eop le were t he L o mbards. Ie xam ined t he m i n b o th s pace a nd t ime : If o l lowed t he m f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f o ur e ra t o A .D . 7 74 ; f ro m N or th G ermany t o I t a ly . ( Ethnic g roup ( peop le ) , mean ing a d yna mic u n i ty o fp eop le w i th a n i den t ica l c u l ture a nd l anguage a nd h av ing s i mi lar a n thropo log ica l f ea tures.
The p opu la t ion i s t he a ctua l r epro-
d uc t ive c o m mun i ty o f h the s a me s pecies l i v ing i n t he s ame a rea . s et t ing o f i ndiv idua ls w i th in a p opu la t ion i s n o t i den t ica l .
The g ene-
Race ( t ype) i s t he
g roup o f i nd ividua ls w i th mu tua l , h ered i tory s o ma tic f ea tures.) A l l a vai lable - Pre lo mbard G erman ic -G erman ic o f L o mbard P er iod -L o mbard ( grouped a ccording t o B o-n a ) s ke le tons o f d i f feren t d a tes a nd f ro m d i f feren t p oin ts a long t he migra t ion r ou te o ft he L o mbards h ave b een c o l lected t oge ther .
They a re e xamined f ro m o ne
c om mon a ng le w i th c o m mon methods, w i th t he a im o ft e l l ing whe ther a p eop le c an b e s epara ted f ro m i t s s urround ings ; whe ther o r n o t t he L o mbards h ave a ny d ef inab le a n thropo log ica l f ea tures ( e thn ic f ea tures) . Ih ave t r ied t o e st ab l ish e very th ing t ha t c an b e s ta ted w i th a bso lu te c er ta in ty a bou t t he L o mbards u sing t he s cien ti f ic me thods o f a n thropo logy . Imyse lf d ea l w i th h istor ica l a n thropo logy . The s ke leta l f i nds Ig et f ro m a rchaeo logists, a nd t he r esu l t o f my work i s p r imari ly t o p rovide n ew d ata f or t he a rchaeo logists.
I n o rder t o h ave a c lear h istorica l v iew , Ih ave h ad t o
d ea l w i th t he h istor ica l b ackground b efore a rr iv ing a t t he ma in c hap ters o f t he work , a nd I h ave a lso h ad t o e xp lore t he c on troversies o f t he s cien ti f ic, h istor ica l a nd a rchaeo log ica l l i tera ture .
The a ncien t s ources a nd t hose o f
t he Midd le Ages wh ich r efer t o t his t op ic Ih ave r ead a nd h ave q uo ted t he r e lev an t s ect ions i n f u l l . s eemed n ecessary .
The l oca t ion o ft he r ou te o f t he L o mbard migra t ion a lso
My ma in t op ics were a s f o l lows: — Or ig ins : where t he L o mbards c ame o r c ou ld h ave c o me f ro m .
The e thn ic
o r ig in o f ap eop le i s n o t i den tica l w i th t he p lace where t he f i rst c haracterist ic f i nds h ave c o me t o l i gh t . d ea ls w i th o b jects.
E thnogenesis must g o f ur ther t han a rchaeo logy , wh ich
I n t h is r espect t he G erman l i tera ture was b iased : t he
f a lse t heories o f r acia lis m a f fected r esearch o n t he o r ig ins o ft he Ger manic p eIstván. op le s Anthropology u nfavou ab ly . Parts I and Ii. Kiszely, The ofr the Lombards, E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1
— T here i s n o u n if ied a n thropo taxono m ic n o mencla ture .
Ir earranged t ypes
d escr ibed u nder d i f feren t n a mes b y o ther a u thors a nd p u t t he m i n to K isze ly i s t axono m ica l s yste m . — I th ad t o b e e stab lished wha t p eop les t he L o mbards e ncoun tered a t v ar ious t imes a nd p laces. The b asic P re-Lo mbard G erman ic p opu la tion a nd t he G erman ic p opu la t ion o ft he L o mbard P er iod h ad t o b e s epara ted f ro m t he L o mb ards ; t he l i tera ture o f ten a t tr ibu ted t he n ame "L o mbard" t o a l l t hree g roups. —
T he mongo lo id f ea tures a nd t he "c rania l d efor ma t ion" o ft he L o mbards i s
wrong ly men t ioned i n t he l i tera ture . Ih ad t o p rove t he i naccuracy o f t hese t wo t heor ies. A s f or t he l a t ter Ih ad t o d ef ine ( a s f ar a s p ossib le ) t he e thn ic f ea tures o ft he Merov ing ians, Thuringians , R ugi i , F ranks, S uebi , Marco mann i , Bavar ians, G o ths e tc. — It r ied t o h armonise t he s cien t if ic p icture o f t he L o mbards ( t he b io log ica l r econstruct ion ) w i th t he wr i t ten s ources a nd c on te mporary p or traya ls. — The n u mber o f s ke le tons e xamined i s 8 70 . This i s s uf f icien t ly l arge a s a s a mp le o f a u then t ic f i nds o f L o mbards f ro m t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies f or u se when e xa m in ing o ther p eop les. Therefore f ro m d a ta o n i nd iv idua ls a nd c e me ter ies Ic a lcu la ted t he s u m mar ised measure men t- a nd i ndex-averages, g ave t he d en ta l s ta tus, t he p a laeodemographic d istr ibu tion , t he t axono m ic g rouping a nd o ther i mpor tan t f ea tures. Most o ft he a n thropo log ica l a nd a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l o f t he L o mbards was u npub lished . If o l lowed t he r ou te o ft he L o mbard migra t ion f ro m G o th land t o S a lerno .
The s ke le ton f i nds Imost ly e xamined o n t he s po t ; t he c ircu mstances
o ft heir d iscovery a nd a u then t ici ty Id iscussed w i th t he a rchaeo log ist r esponsible . This work t ook t en y ears a nd 1 5 j ourneys a broad , t hese h av ing b een made p oss ib le b y t he Archaeo log ica l I nst i tu te o f t he Hungar ian A cade my o fS ciences.
I
mysel ft ook p ar t i n as er ies o f e xcava t ions , b e ing p resen t a t t he d iscovery o f t he ma ter ia l . T he e xcava ted s ke le tons , e xcep t t he B ohe m ian H egykö a nd Ha-c s-Bendekpuszta P re-Lo mbard ma ter ia l , which h as b een d estroyed , were e xam ined f ro m o ne c o m mon s tandpoin t .
F or t he e labora t ion o ft he t o ta l a n thro-
p o logy o f ap eop le n o b ase was p rovided ; Ih ad a f ree c hoice among t he v ar ious me thods o f e xamina t ion u sed i n h istor ica l a n thropo logy . My d ocu men ta tion , p la tes o fp ho tographs, d escr ip t ions o ft he g raves a nd t he q uo ted l i tera ture a re a l l " taxono my-cen tred" . Wi th t his me thod Ii n tended t o f orm a t axonomic p icture o ft he i ndividua ls, t he c eme teries, t he l arger a reas a nd a lso o f t he who le o ft he L o mbards, t o g ive t heir c harac terisa tion a nd t o s epara te t he m f ro m o ther p eop les. s a me a im a re r educed t o a min imu m .
Me tr ica l c a lcu la tions s erving t he
The s tudy c onsists o ft hree p ar ts. 1 .
H istor ica l
a . Orig ins : When d ea l ing w i th t he o r ig ins o ft he L o mbards, a t ten t ion must b e p a id t o t he s ources f ro m t he a ncien t wor ld a nd f ro m t he Midd le Ages ( Or igo g en tis L angobardoru m , H istor ia L angobardoru m c odic i s G o than i , Pau lus D iaconus :
H istor ia L angobardorum , Gregor ius Magnus, S trabo , Taci tus,
Kiszely, István. The Lombards, Partsa I and P tAnthropology o le my ,of the N e nn ius) n d Ii.a lso t o t he r e levan t E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2
p apers o f h istorians, a r t-histor ians,
a rchaeo logists a nd a n thropo log ists. The n ex t t ask was t o e xam ine t he a n throp o log ica l ma ter ia l o ft he p eop les ( Chauci , Cherusci , S emnones, R eudign i , A viones, Ang les, S axons, Var ini , e tc. )l i v ing i n t he mo ther land n ear t he E lbe ( S cor inga ) .
T he t ime ( c irca 3 80) a nd t he c ause o f t he L o mbards migra t ion , l i ke
t he g eograph ica l a nd c hrono log ica l i den ti f ica t ions o ft he Maur inga , G ola ida , An tha ib , Bainha ib , Burgundha ib a re d ubious.
The f i rst s ke le ton f i nds f ro m
L o mbard c eme ter ies i n B ohe mia ( Praha-Podbaba , Z a luzi , Mochov , K lucov , S ve tec) were e xa mined f ro m a n e thn ic p o in t o fv iew . b .
R ug i land .
*
This h istor ica l a nd a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion i s c o mposed
o ft wo p ar ts : S ou thern Moravia a nd L ower Austria ( i ncorpora t ing t err i tor ia l ly a nd e thn ica l ly t he F e ld , T u l in ) . T his i s t he t ime when t he L o mbards e n ter h istory ( 488) ; t he p lace a nd t ime a t wh ich t he Marcomanni , H eru li , S uebi a nd Rug i i i nhabi ted t his t err i tory h as t o b e e stab lished . i n Moravia :
a t :
S ke le tons were e xamined
N ovy S a ldor f , Ve la tice , Brnenske I vanovice , Z no j mo , V ice mi lice,
R aksice , S ed lesovice , P o lkovice , Vacenovice , V iskov , Nova- Ves, S lapan ice , S tare Mesto , Nk l , Drslavice , S ara t ice , S oko ln ice .
T here i s more ma ter ia l
f ro m L ower Austr ia : Neu R uppersdorf , P oysdor f , Hausk irchen , R ohrendorf , Erpersdorf , O berbierbau m ( t he F e ld , T u l in ) , S trass, A bsberg , G ne ixendorf , Tu l ln , H o l labrunn , Hobersdorf . T he e xamina tion o f t he Grafenwör th c eme tery ( poss ib ly Heru lic) was v ery i mpor tan t f ro m a n e thn ic p oin t o fv iew . c .
Pannon ia .
The d a ta a nd t he d i f feren t o p inions o f a u thors c oncern ing
L ombards ' r esidence f or 2 2 o r 4 2 y ears h ave h ad t o b e c o mpared .
A l l t he
l i t t le t ha t i s k nown a bou t p eop les l i v ing o n t he t erri tory o f P annonia f ro m t he e nd o ft he Ro man Emp ire t o 5 26-7 o r 5 46-7 , h as h ad t o b e s urveyed .
Af ter a
s hor t r eview o ft he h istor ica l e ven ts i n P annonia t he f i nds were d ea l t w i th i n t wo g roups: t hose f ound i nt he v icin i ty o f V ienna a nd i n Burgen land ( W ien I , S a lva torgasse , S chwecha t , Mannersdorf , Groshöf le in , S te inbrunn , N iki tsch ) a nd t hose f ound i n H ungary .
This i st he a rea where Ic ou ld most r eadi ly e x-
am ine t he b one ma ter ia l a ccording t o B o-n a ' sg roup ing ( Lo mbards, Pre lo mbard G erman ic a nd G erman ic p opu la t ion o ft he L o mbard P er iod ) . The most i mp or tan t f i nds a re : H egykö , B ezenye , Vörs, Värpa lota , K a-p o lnäsnyek , G yugy , G yönk , D ör , Moha-c s, Mosonszen t jänos, Ta tabany a , K ädär ta , I szkaszen tgyörgy , t he Pre lo mbard Epö l , Za laszen tgro-t , F er töszen t mik lo-s , S oponya , Ha-c s Tic, e tc . d .
I t a ly .
I t a ly s aw t he l ast p hase i n t he h istory o f t he L o mbards.
The
ma in p ar t o ft his c hap ter i s c oncerned w i th t heir a ssimi la tion i n to t he l oca l p opu la t ion a nd t he ama lga ma t ion o ft he n ew ly-arr ived L o mbards w i th o ther p eop les. Exa mina t ion o ft he b one ma ter ia l f o l lows t he h istory o f t he L ombards t o 7 74 , t hough t he l a test f i nds a re a s d i f f icu l t t o s epara te a s t hose f ound n ear t he E lbe .
Before d ea l ing w i th I ta ly we c an l ook a t t he f i nds f ro m S loven ia
( Kran j, R i fn ik , B led , P odmo lec) . The l i tera ture i s mislead ing . I n I t a ly t he f ew s ke le ton f i nds e xcava ted many y ears a go h ad t o b e i den ti f ied . The ma in a reas e xamined a re :
C iv ida le, O f fanengo , V icenza , Verona , Brescia , Testona ,
R egg io Emi lia , F ieso le, N ocera Umbra , Caste l Trosino a nd a lso Gussago o f r a ther d ubious o r ig in , Vobarno , Va l d i F iem me , Aqui lea , Grancia , Caset ta , D ol ianova . Af ter a c onsidera t ion o ft he h istor ica l p rob le ms a nd t he l i terature , t here Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. o l low s BAR t he a n thr1979, opo log ica l e xamina t ion o f E-book,f Oxford, UK: Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
t he f i nds, e ach c hap ter c o mp le te
F or ag eograph ica l d ef ini t ion o f Rugi land , s ee p . 1 6 b e low . 3
•w i th a f u l l b ib liography .
The d e term ina tion o f t he a ge , s ex , s ta ture a nd t ype
i s d escr ibed a s we l l a s p a tho log ica l f eatures a nd t he ma in d iscr im ina t ive v ar ie t ies. T his a n thropo log ica l c haracter isa t ion i s a n a bstract o ft he s urvey l i sts c on tain ing 2 50 measure men ts e ach ( approx ima te ly 1 8 ,000 p ieces o f d a ta ) . The a n thropo log ica l e st ima t ion i s b ased o n t he h istorica l a nd d escr ip t ive s ec t ions a nd o n t he d ocu men ta t ion . The me thods u sed a re t rad i tiona l ( "c lass ica l" ) ,b u t t he message i s n ew . P a laeodemography . T his s ect ion c on ta ins t he d ist inc tion b etween t he s exes, t he c a lcu la tion o f a verage a ges, d iscussion o f t he u nrea l i ty o f c rea t ing a ge d iagra ms, a nd c omparisons w i th o ther G er man ic c e me teries. o ft he e xa m ined i nd ividua ls i s : Or ig ins :
The n umber
2 3
Rugi land :
2 68
Pam ion ia :
4 17
I t a ly :
2 62
To ta l :
8 70 i nd ividua ls
( 430 men a nd 4 40 wo men )
I n t he s ect ion o n t he s ta ture o f t he L ombards, t heir s ta ture i s c o mpared w i th t ha t o f T ht tr ingian , Bavar ian , S axon , A la mannic , F rank ish a nd Merov ing ian p opu la t ions ( on t he b asis o f c r i tica l s epara t ion o f t hese p eop les) .
The c o mpara-
t i ve ma ter ia l i s c onver ted a ccord ing t o t he Bach-Brei t inger s chedu les, t he o nes which s eemed t he most r ea list ic f or t he d e termina t ion o f s ta ture . The c a lcu la t ion o ft he l eng th o f u se o ft he c eme ter ies was c arr ied o u t b y i nver t ing t he c a lcu la tion o f Acsädi-Nemeskery ' sa nd G e jva l l ' sp opu la tiond emographic f ormu lae , a ssu m ing t ha t we a ccep t t he a rchaeo log ica l e stima t ion a ccord ing t o wh ich t he L o mbards r esided i n P annon ia f or 2 2/44 y ears.
C or-
r ect ions h ad t o b e i ncluded b ecause o f t he missing i n fan ts a nd n ewborn c hi ldren : t he r ea l n u mber o ft he g raves h ad t o b e c onver ted i n to a " theore t ica l" o ne . T he n u mber o ft he p opu la t ion a t o ne s i te i so n a verage 5 5, t ha t o ft he d eceased i n o ne y ear 2 .8 , t he mor ta li ty r a te a ccord ing t o G e jva l l i s 4 5, t he mor ta li ty r a te o f i nfan ts i s 2 0% a nd t ha t o f i nd ividua ls who d ied b y t he a ge o f 1 5 i s 4 6% . T he s ocia l o rganisa t ion o ft he L o mbards h ad t o b e d ea l t w i th b ecause o f t he c haracter ist ic t axono m ic p icture .
The t axono m ic a ssemb lage o f t he
Ada l ing i i , Ara mann i i , A ldiones a nd S ervi i ( Aka lks) s ee med v ery d i f feren t . An thropo me try .
T he me tr ica l d a ta was e va lua ted s ta tist ica l ly a nd d yna-
mica l ly . This c hapter h as a s i t s a im t he more p recise f ormu la tion o f t he t axono mic p ara me ters. The s urvey l i sts o f 2 50 measure men ts ( a l toge ther 1 8 ,000 p ieces o f d a ta ) c on ta in ma in ly R . Mar t in 's measuremen ts ( 1928 ) c o mp le ted , when n ecessary , w i th f ur ther o nes. The measuremen ts ( excep t i n a f ew c ases) were made f ro m a c o mmon s tandpo in t u sing a c o mmon method s o d if ferences a nd s i mi lar i t ies a re s igni f ican t .
Iu sed t he Paris ian n o menc la ture ;
i n s o me r espects i td i f fers f ro m Mar t in ' sb u t i tc orresponds t o t he t echnica l a na to mica l t erm ino logy u sed t hroughou t t he wor ld . The measuremen ts o ft he c ran iu m a nd t he f acia l p ar t o ft he s ku l l a nd t hose o ft he s ke le ta l b ones t aken f ro m 8 70 i nd ividua ls, t ogether w i th t he a verage o f t he i nd ices, a re g iven i n Kiszely, István. The Anthropology the Lombards, I and Ii.on w t ab les. ofTh ei r c o Parts mpa r is i th t he ma ter ia l f ro m E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on w behalf 38.67.221.43 i thof r e la tive ly l ow n u mbers o f i nd ividua ls d id n ot
4
o ther p ub lished c eme ter ies s eem u sefu l .
T he g raphs b ased o n i nd ices a nd measuremen ts o ft he s ke le tons p rovided ab asis f or d yna mic e va lua t ion o ft he measure men ts ( ma le a nd f e ma le s epara te ly ). The g raphs f o l low t he c hanges i n t he s izes o ft he s ke le tons w i th t ime a s t he L o mbards moved f ro m t he n or th t o t he s ou th .
These c hanges a re l arge s o t he
s e t t ing o ft he t rend l ine i s s eem ing ly u nrea listic .
The g raphs c on ta in t he
measuremen ts a nd i ndices o ft he c ran iu m a nd t he f acia l p ar t o f t he s ku l l a nd t hose o ft he s ke le ta l b ones p ropor t iona l ly , a s i s t he c ase w i th t he i nd ices f or t he r obustness a nd g raci li ty o f s ta ture . The ma in p ar t o ft he p aper g ives a t axono mic p icture o f t he L o mbards. P eop les, t hough t hey d o n o t r epresen t at axono m ic u ni ty , h ave f ea tures c hara cter ist ic o ft hem , t hus mak ing s epara tion p ossib le . C o mpar ing p apers b y a u thors d ea l ing w i th t he b one ma ter ia l o f G erman ic p eop les Id escr ibed ( w i th p horographs a nd d raw ings) u n i t ies ( t ypes a nd t ransi t iona l t ypes) o ccurring f requen t ly among t he L o mbards.
Ic hose my own t ypo logy a s t he t axono mic
b asis a nd Ia lso u sed my n o mencla ture . Id epar ted f ro m i to n ly o nce :
when
d escr ibing t he of ten q uo ted a nd r ea l ly f requen t ly o ccurr ing "F rank ishTh f er ing ian" t ransi t iona l t ype ( subtype ) . I n t he p ar t e n t i t led "Taxono m ic a na lysis o f L o mbard c eme ter ies" Id ef i ned i n e ach a rea ( accord ing t o t he t ypes c haracteristic o f t he L ombards) which c eme ter ies c an b e a ccep ted a s L o mbard o nes, which a re t he b uria l p laces o fo ther G ermanic t r ibes a nd wh ich b e long t o t he l oca l p opu la t ion . Id ea l t w i th t he "s ku l l d eforma tion" o f t he L o mbards i n d e tai l , p roving t hese s ku l ls t o b e o ther t han L o mbard , s ince t his w idespread f ash ion g o t i n to t he t echn ica l l i tera ture i ncorrect ly . Ih ad t o e xam ine t he i n ten tiona l ly f or med
The s ect ion a bou t t he t ee th o ft he L o mbards i s i nser ted , o n o ne h and t o g ive ac omp le te p icture o ft he p eop le , a nd o n t he o ther b ecause t he g rea t q uan t i ty o f d a ta a dds i mpor tance t o t he ma ter ia l . S ect ions i nt his c hap ter a re a bou t c ar ies, t he t ee th l ost i n l i fe t i me , t he a brasion o ft ee th a nd t he p a tho logy o f t ee th . The a n thropo log ica l a im o ft he e xa m ina t ion o f L o mbard p or tra i ts i s t o c o mpare t he b one ma ter ia l w i th wr i t ten s ources c oncern ing t he L o mbards a nd a lso w i th t heir o u tward a ppearance a s i l lustra ted o n g o ld c rosses, f i bu lae a nd o ther r epresen ta t ions. There a re 9 2 n ew , o r ig ina l e xp lana tory f i gures a nd a n u mber o f t ab les i n t he t ex t .
Most o ft he p lans o f c eme ter ies Iwas g iven b y t he a rchaeo logists
who c arr ied o u t t he e xcava t ions. A l l t hese p lans a re t ransfor med t o t he s ame s cale a nd o r ien ta ted t o t he n or th i n o rder t o f aci l i ta te t he r ea listic c o mparison . A s a n i n tegra l v o lu me Ig ive a c o mp le te b ib liography o f t he L o mbards ( near ly 2 ,000 p apers) , t he a n thropo log ica l ( na tura l s cien ti f ic) a nd h istorica l l i tera tures b e ing t rea ted s epara te ly .
T he d ocu men ta t ion i s r epresen ted b y 1 20 t ables a nd
8 8 p la tes w i th p ho tographs o f 2 10 s ku l ls i nt hree a xes. It r ied t o f i n ish my work i n t ime f or a n a nniversary :
i t was a pprox ima te ly
1 200 y ears a go ( i n 7 74) t ha t Char le magne , k ing o f t he F ranks, was r a ised t o t he L o mbard t hrone a t Pavia , i nd ica t ing t he o f f icia l e nd o f t he i ndependence o f t he István. L om ba rds. of Er ns t K le be l wr te ( 1939) t ha t Kiszely, The Anthropology the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. o E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 5
" the h istory o f t he M igra tion
P er iod c an b e c onsidered a s b eing e xp lored a s r egards s cience .
T he s ources
c on ta in b u t l i t t le i nforma t ion a nd a re e xhausted i n e very r espec t ; c an b e s a id i n t his f i e ld?" s tud ies f or a l ong t ime . r esearch .
wha t more
Th is n ega t ive c oncep t ion p ara lysed L o mbard
An ew g enera tion h ad t o g row u p t o r estar t s cien ti f ic
This was t he g enera t ion o f B . S ch mid t ( 1961) , Werner ( 1962) ,
Ha mp l ( 1965) , S voboda ( 1963) , Mi tscha- Märhe im ( 1963 , 1 965) . B o-n a ( 1956) , Brozzi ( 1968 , 1 969 ) , O t to v . Hessen ( 1968 , 1 971) a nd o thers.
N ew ly e xcava ted
c e me teries a nd r econsidera t ion o f t he o ld s tudies g ave a n ew b asis f or r esearch . Wi thou t t he ir work t his monograph c ou ld n ot h ave b een wr i t ten .
Ih ave r e lied
o n t heir p ub lica t ions a nd t he b one ma ter ia l e xcava ted b y t he m . If ol low B lase ! ' sa im ( 1909) :
"t he t ask s hou ld b e u nder taken , b ased o n t he
work o f o ur f orerunners a nd c o l leagues, g u ided b y c lear a nd s ober c r i t icis m . Where o ur work r eaches t he b orders o f o ther b ranches o f s cience , o ur j udgemen t h as t o c ease a nd t ru th a s a cknow ledged b y t he m s hou ld s erve a s t he mat er ia l f or o ur s tudy .
O ur t heor ies d o n o t h ave i m mense , v ast i mpor tance ; we
t ry t o g ive c orrect a nswers t o o pen q uest ions u sing t he n a tura l ly a vai lable means.
It h ink t here a re q uest ions Ic an t ru ly a nswer , a nd Ic a l l a t ten t ion t o
s o me minor p rob le ms wh ich h ave s o f ar b een n eg lected"
( p . 2 3 ) .
Ih ave t o t hank I stvän BO-n a f or c a l l ing my a t ten t ion t o t he f ac t t ha t t he c lue t o t he p roble m o f t he L o mbard e thn ic g roup i s t o b e s ough t i n H u mgary .
He
was t he f irst t o g ive me b one ma ter ia l f ro m a L o mbard c e me tery ( Szen tendre) a nd t o i n troduce me t o c o l leagues who d ea l t w i th t he L o mbards. It hank N i ls-Gustaf G e jva l l , t he d irector o f t he O steo log iska F orkn igsl abora tor ie t i n S tockho lm f or o f fer ing t he o therw ise i naccessib le a n thropo log ica l l i tera ture f or S cand inav ia , a nd a l l t he s ke le ton f inds i n c onnect ion w i th t he p lace o f o r ig in o f t he L o mbards.
Is pen t al ong t ime i n K ie l :
Ib eca me a cqua in ted
w i th t he h u man a spects o f t he f i rst h o me o f t he L o mbards.
I n t his Iwas h e lped
b y t he l a te J ohann S cheub le , Hermann He l lmu th a nd C ar l Voge l .
I n G er many
Ih ave t o t hank I l se S chw ide tzky ( Ma inz) , G ot tfr ied K ur th ( Braunschweig ) , G isela A s mus ( Kö ln ) a nd H erber t U l lr ich ( Ber l in ) .
I n C zechoslovak ia Mi lan S t louka l
( Praha ) , J aro m ir Chocho l ( Praha ) , J an P ave lc ik ( Uherski Brod ) a nd Anna L orenzova ( Brno) h e lped me w i th i nfor ma t ion a nd b y p assing o n t o me t heir u npub lished ma ter ia l .
I n Austr ia Ig ot b one ma ter ia l f ro m H erber t Mi tscha-
Märhe im , R ichard P i t tion i , Horst Ad ler , F ranz Ha mp l , F rau S tig l i tz-Ta l ler , ( Vienna ) A lois Ohrenberger ( Eisenstad t a rchaeo logists) ; t he a n thropo logica l a na lysis o f wh ich was u nder taken b y J ohann J ungwir th ( Vienna ) , Emi lian K lo iber ( L inz) a nd He lga- Mar ia P acher ( V ienna ) . I n Hungary my f irst l ecture Ir ead a bou t t he L o mbards i n L a jos Bar tucz ' s p resence ; i t was h e who e ncouraged me t o p ursue t he s ub ject , a nd who i nst ructed me i n t he work .
T ibo t T o-t h g ave me s evera l s ke le tons, whi le P ä l
L ip täk h e lped me w i th h is t axono mic work , a nd J a 'n o s Ne meskery w i th h is p ub l ica t ions o n p a laeode mography .
It hank K orne l Bakay , I stvän t ry , I stva 'n
H orvä th , A t ti la K iss, Gyu la Meszäros,
a ler t Wi l ler , Käro ly S ag ia nd Pe ter
To mka f or t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l e xcava ted b y t he m . I n Yugoslavia , Z denko V insk i ( Zagreb ) , I vo P irkovic ' ( Lkub l jana ) L o jze Bo l ta ( archaeo logists) a nd Z la ta Do l inar a nd Tone P ogacn ik ( L jub l jana ) g ave me t heir a ssistance .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6
I n I t a ly Ic arr ied o u t my work i n t he C en tro p er l o S tudio d e l le C ivi l ta Barbar iche i n I t a ly ( F irenze) , d irected b y C ar lo A lber to Mastre l li . I t was h e who made my work p ossib le i n I t a ly . Ir eceived a dvice f ro m P ie tro Messen i ( F irenze ) ;
h e h e lped i n t he a ppearance o f my p ub lica t ions.
Venerando C orren ti
( Ro me ) , Raf fae l lo Paren t i ( Pisa ) , C ar lo Maxia ( Cag liar i ) , Mar io C app ier i ( Ro me) , V i t tor io Marcozzi ( Ro me) a nd An ton io S cag lion i ( Modena ) ( an throp o log ists) h e lped me, a nd Iam g ra tefu l t o t he m f or t he g enerosi ty .
Ih ave
much f or which t o t hank O t to v on H essen ( F irenze ) , Mar io Brozzi ( Civida le ) Gae tano P an .azza ( Bresia ) , Mar io Dogan i ( Reggio Emi lia ) , Ange lo P asa ( Verona ) , C once t ta d ' Amore ( Sa lerno) ( archaeo logists) , a nd t hank many o thers f or t heir f r iend ly h e lp . My i m med ia te c o l league was my w ife , I l d iko- H an .ko-,a n thropo log ist ;
It hank
h er f or a l l s he h as d one f or me a nd f or t he L o mbards e ven i n h er s er ious i l lness.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7
I . H ISTOR ICAL REVIE W
1 .
Or ig ins: mo ther land a .
S ources f ro m t he Midd le Ages c oncern ing t he o r ig ins o f t he L o mbards
Or igo g en tis L angobardoru m , t he e ar liest s ource f ro m t he Midd le Ages, was t he f oreword o ft he Ed ictus Ro thar i ( 636-652 ) wr i t ten i n 6 43 . Two v ersions a re k nown : o ne i s t he Modena C odex ( Codex Mu t inensis) which d a tes f ro m 6 68 ( B lase l 1 909 ) ; t he o ther i s k nown f ro m t wo c odices, t he Madr id C odex ( Codex Ma tr irensis) a nd t he Cava C odex ( Codex C avensis) , d a t ing f ro m 6 71 . o ldest o ft hese , t hough n o t t he o r ig ina l, i st he Modena v ersion .
The
Accord ing t o
Mo m msen ( 1880) t he manuscr ip t was t ransformed a nd c o mp le ted w i th g loss ar ies a t t he e nd o ft he 1 0 th c en tury . Wa i tz ( ?) , Vog ler ( 1887 ) a nd L . S ch m id t ( 1888 ) t h ink t ha t t he Or igo was j ust a n e x trac t f ro m S ecundus o f Tr ien t , a nd t here must h ave b een a " pr i mary o r igo". The Madr id a nd Cava C odices -beg in :
" Est i nsu la q u i d ici tur S cadanan q uod
i n terpre ta tur e xcid ia i n p a tr ibus a qui lonis". The Modena v ersion r eads : "q uod i n terpre ta tur e x indis", c orrected b y ah and : e xcindia". Thus t he o ldest s ource f ro m t he Midd le Ages wr i tes a bou t a n i s land i n t he Nor th c a l led S cadanan . Mo m msen ( 1880 ) u nderstands S ca thanavia a s "n or thern" a nd i nsu la a s "l and washed b y wa ter".
Adamus Bremensis ( ?) b e l ieves t his t er-
r i tory t o b e E ston ia . L . S ch mid t ( 1941) , s u m mar ising t he v ar ious i n terpre tat i ons, s ays t ha t we h ave n o r eason t o t h ink o f i ta s a ny o ther t han S cand inavia . T he e xpression 'S ca tenauge t i s i den t ica l w i th t he Ang lo-Saxon word ' Scand ina v ia /; l a ter t he e xodus f ro m S candinavia a nd f ro m t he a rea o ft he E lbe b eca me i n term ing led . The H istor ia Tngobardoru m c odicis G o than i e xists i n al a ter v ersion : t he C odex G o thanus o r Chron icon G o thanu m . This i s t he h istory o f t he L o mb ards, b e ing a c tua l ly a n i n terpre ta t ion o ft he Or igo c o mp leted w i th o ra l t radit i ons wr i t ten b y a monk i n 8 08-809 ( B lase l 1 909 , S chwarz 1 956, 1 964) .
I th as
s urvived i n aG o tha C odex o ft he 1 1th c en tury . I t wr i tes o f t he o r ig ins o ft he L o mbards: "Vin .di licus d ici tur amn is a b e x tre mis g a l liae f i n ibus ; i ux ta e unde m f l uv iu m i n p r imis h abi ta t io e t p rocer i tas e oru m f ui t ... Hic s upra d ici tus l i gur is a lbiae f l uvi i c ann .a lis i n .un .dans, e t n o men f in i tur .
Postqua m d e e odem
r ipa , u t s upra d ictu m e st . l angobard i e xierun t , s ic s ca tanauge a lbiae f l uvi r ipa p r im is n ova m h abi ta tione m p osuerun t" ( 6 42 ) . The C odex G o thanus d oes n o t men tion t he a ncien t o r ig ina l h o me o f t he L o mbards, b u t a bou t t he ir d epar ture f ro m t he mother land n ear t he E lbe , f ro m t he "p r imis h abi ta tion. f l uv i ) .
Th is was S ca tenauge o n t he b anks o f t he E lbe ( a lbiae
The H istor ia L angobardoru m was wr i t ten b y P au lus D iaconus, " the l ast P au lus Wernefr id was t he s on
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. L oBAR mb ard",1979, b e tw een 7 70 a nd 7 90 i n Aqui lea . E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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o f aL o mbard n oble man .
H e was b orn i n a bou t 7 20 i n F riu li.
H e l i ved i n t he
c our t o f A isu lf a nd Desider ius, t he L o mbard k ings, t hen i n t he c our t o f Arichis, p r ince o f Beneven to . Af ter l eaving i ti n 7 83 h e wen t t o t he Monastery o f Mon te Cassino a nd l i ved t here a s a monk t i l l 7 87 . He a lso v isi ted t he c our t o f C har le magne , k ing o f t he F ranks. c haracters c on tended i n h im :
Pau lus d ied o n t he 1 3 th o f Apr i l , 7 97 .
t he n oble L o mbard a nd t he c a tho l ic monk .
Two A s
an ob le L o mbard h e p laced t he o r ig ins o f h is p eop le i n t he a ncien t p ast , j ust a s d id J ordanes i n t he c ase o f t he G o ths, i n S cand inavia , wh ich was n ob le a nd p leasan t .
The e xpression "o f f icina n a t ionu m a tque v ag ina g en tiu m" c o mes
f ro m J ordanes ( Hist . G o th . 4 .25 . ) . A s a monk h e o ver looks v ar ious e ven ts i n t he h istory o f h is r ace wh ich were u naccep tab le f ro m a c a tho lic p o in t o f v iew , a nd s o f or e xamp le h e d oes n o t wr i te a bou t t heir a t t i tude t o r e l igious i mages. Pau lus ' s ource was t he Or igo g en tis L angobardoru m , b u t h e a lso u sed works b y a ncien t a u thors.
The L o mbards c a me "a b i nsu la q uae S cand inavia
d ici tur" ( H ist . L ang . I .1 .2 .) . H e a lso makes u se o f t he s tories o f e yew i tnesses, t rave l lers a nd c orresponden ts, e specia l ly i ft heir e xpressions a re u n in te l lig ib le t o h im
F or e xa mp le when men tion ing t he word " Scand inavia"
h e r efer t o p eop le h av ing b een t here a nd t e l l ing h im t ha t t he t err i tory was n ot i n t he s ea , b u t i t s s hores were j ust washed b y t he t ide o f t he s ea .
Eventua l ly
h e t ransfor med t he ' Scadanan ' o f t he Or igo a nd t he S ca tanavia ' o f P l iny t o S cand inavia , a nd i den ti f ies i tw i th t he S cand inavian p en insu la . Gregor ius Magnus ( 590-604) c o mes f ro m "L angobardoru m g ens d e v ag ina s uae h abi ta tion ibus"
( 39) , b u t we k now t ha t J ordanes u nder " vag ina n a tionu m"
means S cand inav ia ( " Ex h ac i g i tur S candza i nsu la q uasi o f f icina g en t iu m a u t c er te v e lu t v ag ina n a tionu m" ) . F redegar ius wrote h is c o mpi la t ion a t t he b eginn ing o f t he 7 th c en tury , b etween 6 24 a nd 6 42 ( Krusch 1 881, S chnürer 1 900 , Wat tenbach 1 904) .
Accord ing
t o h im "L angobardoru m g ens, q uae e st i n ter Danubiu m e t mare O cianu m c um u xoros e t l i ber is Danuviu m t rans mean t"
( Cron icae l i b . 1 1 .65.) .
He d oes n ot
wr i te a bou t t he o r ig ins o ft he L o mbards b u t a bou t t he p lace t hey h ave l ef t . Theophanes C onfessor , Gro t ius, Prae tor ius, G iaconne , Don ina , Constant inus P orphyrogen i tus, L andu lfus S agax , Anastasius B ib lio thecar ius a nd many o thers c onsidered t he o r ig inal h o me o ft he L o mbards t o h ave b een i n S cand inavia . The s ources o f t he Midd le Ages e i ther wr i te a bou t t he mother land a nd n o t t he o r ig in o f t he L angobards, o r p lace t he o r ig ins o f t he L o mbards i n S cand inavia , t hough t hey h ave o n ly o bscure k now ledge o f t his a rea . b .
C lassica l s ources c oncern ing t he o r ig ins o f t he L o mbards
Ve l leius Pa tercu lus men t ions t he L o mbards i n h is H istoria R o mana i n a bou t A .D . 3 0. He was a s oldier l ead ing T iber ius ' s econd G er man c a mpa ign i n A .D . 5 .
H e c rossed t he R iver Weser , s ubdued s evera l p eop les, f ough t a ga inst t he
Chauci , a Ger man ic p eop le , a nd t he L o mbards, a ga inst a p eop le t ha t "f racti L angobardi , g en s e t ia m g ermana f er i ta te f erocior" ( 106) .
H e d oes n o t men t ion
t he o r ig ins o f t he L o mbards. t ra bo wri t sLombards, a bou tParts t he o mbards i n A .D . 1 6. Kiszely, István.S The Anthropology ofe the I andL Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. S t r a b o h a d a l r e a d y f i n i s h e d h i s w o r k i n 2 9 2 7 B . C., Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 9
Accord ing t o Pais ( 1890 ) , a nd f ro m A .D . 1 8 h e o n ly
made a f ew a dd i tions.
H e wr i tes a bou t t he n u merous S uebi l i ving b e tween t he
R h ine a nd t he E lbe , s o me o ft he m o n b o th b anks o ft he E lbe , a nd t hese c a l led t he H eru l i a nd t he L angobard i .
H e d oes n o t men tion t heir o r ig ins.
Taci tus men t ions t he L o mbards s evera l t imes, t hough h e k new f i rst o f a l l t he I s taevones ( Western G erman ic t r ibes) .
H e wr i tes a bou t t he Chauci ( f ig . 1 ) ,
Cherusci , S emnon i , R eud igni , Aviones, A ng les a nd Var in i l i ving a round t he L angobard i ( 40) .
The S e mnones w ere s o p opu lous t ha t t hey c onsti tu ted t he
ma in p ar t o ft he S uebi " bu t t he L angobard i a re e nnob led b y t heir sma l l n u mbers" ( 40) :
"Con tra L angobardos p auci tas n obi li ta t : p lur imis a c v a len tis -
s i mis n a tion ibus c inct i n on p er o bsequium , s ed p roe li s e t p er ic li tando t u ti s un t". Taci tus i n h is Anna les wr i tes a bou t t he p o li t ica l r ole o ft he L angobardi ( I I , 4 5) . He h imse lf h ad n ever b een t o G ermany , a nd h e g o t h is i n forma tion f ro m merchan ts, s o ldiers, c ap t ives a nd o f f icia ls.
H e d oes n o t men tion t he
o r ig in o ft he L ombards. P to lemy ' sG eographia d a tes f ro m t he 2 nd c entury .
He wr i tes a bou t
" Suebi L angobard i" ( H , 1 1 , 6 ) l i v ing t o t he west o ft he Ang les, l a ter u sing t he s ame n ame i n t he v ic in i ty o ft he Chauci a nd t he S uebi n ear t he E lbe , n or th o ft he Angivas
( i de m 9 ) .
H is s ources a re u nre liable , t he b lanks o n h is maps
a re f i l led w i th t he n a mes o fu nknown p eop les. "L accobard i".
He a lso c a l ls t he L o mbards
Most o f a u thors d o n o t a ccep t h is d a ta ( L . S ch m id t 1 885,
Chr ist 1 905, Z euss 1 837 , Mü l lendorf 1 898 , Manner t 1 824, B luhme 1 866, a nd many o thers) . Nenn ius, b ecause o f h is l ack o f r e liab le i n forma tion , c anno t b e c onsidered a s as ource . The a ncien t wr i ters d ea l o n ly w i th t he t erri tory o ccup ied b y t he L o mbards i n t he ir own t ime , t hey d o n o t men tion t he ir o r ig ins, a nd t hus t hey a re n o t a ga inst a S cand inavian o r ig in . c .
C urren t v iews c oncern ing t he o rig ins o f t he L o mbards
The p rob le m i s t o d ecide whe ther t he L o mbard p eop le c o me f ro m S cand ina via o r whe ther i t s o r ig ina l h o me land i st he mother land n ear t he E lbe . The Midd le Ages r e ly o n P au lus ; n ei ther h is s ources n or h is a u then t ici ty were q uest ioned . S icardus ( 1213 ) A imon icus F lor iacensis ( 1603) , E ckhardus Magister ( 1100?) , F reising ius ( 1 143 ) , S ig iber ti G e mb lacensis ( + 1112 ) , Ar iprandus ( 1120) , Benzo E piscopus ( 1085 ) , G oti fredus V i terbensis ( 1 178 ) a nd R o mua ldus S a lern i ta tis ( 1181) u sed a u then t ic s ources. The o p in ions o f h istor ians a nd a r t-histor ians d if fer .
Those a u thors who
a re a ga inst t he S cand inavian o r ig ins o ft he L o mbards a re : P u taneus
( 1678 ) ,
K e l ler ( 1867 ) , L ef in i tz ( 1720) , B ust ( 1772 ) , G ro t ius ( 1 655) , Duff t ( 1832 ) , T i Irk ( 1834) , V irchow ( 1888 ) a nd H odk in ( 1 895) among t he h istor ians o f e ar lier t imes.
Presen t-day h istor ians d o n o t e xc lude t he p ossibi li ty o f aS cand inavian
o r ig in , f or e xamp le K ossina ( 1936) ( "I hre S ta m mesaga b ereich te t v on d em U rsprung d es F o lkes i n S kand inavien u nd s o l l t e s v on e iner k le inen I nse l s ta mmen" p . 2 92) , I L . S ch m id t ( 1888 ) , S chu l tz ( 1932 ) , A l mgren-Nerman ( 1923) . A ccord ing t o P epe ( 1963) "a f f ir ma t i d i t erre n on p o tevano r i torn .aro i n S candr i cordo" ( p . 10) . The L o mbards
Kiszely, István. The of the Lombards, Parts r Ie and i nAnthropology avia , d e l la q ua le stIi.ava s o lo u n v ago E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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c ame "a us d em s ogehaf ten N ord land S kadanan" a ccord ing t o S chaf fran ( 1936) , f rom S cand inavia ( p . 6 5) a ccord ing t o K lebe l ( 1 939) , "weder a us D eu tsch land , n och a us S chweden-Norwegen , s ondern v on d en I nse l F ühnen" a ccord ing t o R ich ter ( 1840 ) , f ro m Denmark a ccord ing t o S chneider ( 1926) . T he a ncien t d ocu men ts c onfused t he work o f t he h istor ians: t hey c ou ldno t f i nd t h e s o lu t ion o ft he q uest ion o ft he o r ig ins o f t he L o mbards, whi le t he l oca t ion i n wh ich t hey were f i rst men tioned a s r esid ing t hey i den ti f ied w i th t he o r ig in . The a rchaeo logists b ase t heir s ta temen ts o n o b jects.
They u sua l ly d o n ot
d ea l w i th t he r ea l o r ig ins o f ap eop le . Werner ( 1962 ) c a lls t he S cand inavian o r ig in "s agenhaf t" . B o-n a h as n o o p inion a bou t t he ma t ter ( 1971) ; a ccording t o h i m "t he L o mbards c ame —on t he b asis o f t heir t radi tions —fro m t he i s land o fS candia ...the n or th G erman ic n a me o f s o me L o mbard c lans ( e .g . Harodus) s eem t o s uppor t t his t rad i t ion ." o fS candinavia ( 1 973 , p . 3 55) ,
L a ter h e wr i tes a bou t t he o rig ins i n t he a rea
a nd i n h is d octora l d isser ta t ion h e d ea ls w i th
a" peop le o fn on-Scand inavian o r ig in".
A ccord ing t o Mi tscha- Märhe im ( 1963 ,
p . 1 12 ) "Die U rhei ma t d er L angobarden was S kand inavien"; 6 73 ) men tions "warsche in l ich S üdskand inavien";
Flip ( 1966, p .
B ohn ( 1935) s ays "s üds-
wädische L andschaf t". Archaeo logy , t hen , d oes n ot d eclare i t se lf i n t he p roble m o f t he S candin avian o r ig ins, s ince t h is b ranch o f s cience i s n o t c oncerned w i th a nswer ing s uch q uest ions. T he n a mes o f t he k ings, G austus ( Gau ton ) , Arodus ( Harudons) , an u mber o f p lace-na mes l i ke "wede l", " bü t te l" a nd t hose e nd ing w i th " i ngen" ,a nd a lso p ersona l n a mes e nd ing w i th "ing" o r "i nger", a re o f S candinavian o rigin a s i s L o mbard l aw ( o f G o th land ic o r ig in ) ( F icker 1 891, R udbeck 1 675, Rad lof 1 822 , O bermayer 1 853, B ruckner 1 895, K jor 1 901, P appenhe im 1 901, Brunner 1 906 a nd many o thers) . S um m ing u p t he s ta temen ts o ft he h istor ica l s ciences c oncern ing t he o r ig in o f t he L o mbards : t hey n e i ther p rove t he S candinav ian o r ig in o f t he L o mbards, n or e xc lude i t s p ossibi l i ty . The c urren t v iew i sb est e xpressed b y S chaf fran ( 1938 , p . 1 3 ) : "K ein J ahreszah l , n och k ein G rabfund , k ein K unstwerk , u nd k e in a rchiwa lischer B e leg h i lf t u ns j ene f rüheste Z ei t n ähezubr ingen . D unkel h errsch t , n ur d ie S age u nd u rä lteste , münd liche U ber lieferung b er ich ten , u nd i n I hnen w ird d a u nd d or t e in K örnchen Warhei t e ingesch lossen s e in". A n thropo logy i n i t se lf i s a lso i ncapable o f s o lv ing t he p rob lem, t hough i t c an g ive d a ta w i th t he h e lp o f i t s c o mpara t ive me thods. C o mparison o f t he L o mbards ' b one ma ter ia l w i th t ha t f ro m S cand inavia l i es o u tside t he s cope o f t his p aper . We c an t e l l i n a dvance o f t his s tudy t ha t t he who le o f t he S cand ina vian , e specia l ly t he G o th land ic, a n thropo log ica l b one ma ter ia l makes t he o rig in o ft he L o mbards i n G oth land p ossib le a nd e ven p robab le . G o th land , d own t o t he p resen t d ay , h as b een o ne o f t he r ichest a gr icu l tura l p ar ts o f Sweden .
I th as a lways b een d ense ly p opu la ted
( Herman 1 935, 1 969) .
A t
a bou t t he b eg inn ing o f o ur e ra a " na tura l c a tastrophy" must h ave o ccurred i n S cand inavia ( Moberg 1 968 ) : t he p ossibi l i ty o f s urviva l d ecreased a nd t he p eop les s tar ted moving s ou thwards.
"Many p eop le l ef t , b ecause t he l and c ou ld n ot
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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n our ish a nd s upp ly t he m ... The i s land g o t s o o verpopu la ted t ha t n o more r oo m c ou ld b e f ound" ( Pau lus, I , 1 ) .
I n t he n or thern p ar t o f Goth land a v ast s tone
f ort if ica t ion h as b een f ound d a t ing f ro m t h is p eriod .
A ccord ing t o t he s agas
t hose who r e ma ined a t h o me d efended t hemse lves w i th in t hese wa l ls f ro m t he p ossib le r e turn o f t he p opu la t ion t ha t h ad l ef t t he l and .
Bone ma ter ia l f ro m
Va l lhagar , S li te Torge t , Habl ingsbo Havor , E te lhe m Tag lings, Hvadhe m , L ev ide a nd F ardho m a lso d a tes f ro m t his ( or a s o mewha t l a ter ) t i mes : c an b e a scr ibed t o t he p opu la t ion wh ich r ema ined i n G o th land .
t hey
This b one ma-
t er ia l b o th i n measure men ts a nd i n i t s v ar ia t ions r ese mb les t he L o mbard b one ma ter ia ls.
I td oes n o t n ecessari ly p rove t ha t t hey were L o mbards who
were l ef tb eh ind b u t o ne t h ing i s c lear ly d e monstra ted : t he a n thropo log ica l p icture o ft he l a ter L o mbards i s i den t ica l w i th t he a n thropo log ica l f ea tures o f c on te mporary l oca l p opu la tion o f G o th lan .d .
B . S ch m id t ( 1941) i n h is work
q uo tes f ro m S chu l tz ( 1932 ) a nd A l mgren-Nerman ( 1923) , s peak ing o ft he g rea t migra t ion i n t he L a Tene p er iod , wr i tes: f ro m t his t err i tory i n t his p er iod". d .
"T he L o mbards must h ave o r ig ina ted
The mean ing o ft he n a me IT angobard '
The Or igo , Pau lus a nd t he Chron icon G o thanu m c a l l t his p eop le V inni l . ( Accord ing t o t he Or igo t he V inni l wo men l e t t heir h air f a l l o ver t heir f aces l ike b eards a nd wen t t o war a longside t he men .) I n N e l modus ( p . 1 2 ) a nd i n Ada m o f Bre men ( 1 .2 .18 ) t hey a ppear a s "Wanda li" , "Winni li" ,o r "Wenden" i n t he 1 1th c en tury . Pau lus ' v ersion , "l angen Bar t" ( " a b i n tactae f erre b arbae l ong i tudino" —Pau lus: H ist . L ang . I , 1 , 9 ) i s t he most p robab le s o lu tion . The n a me must h ave c o me f ro m t he n e ighbour ing S axons who h ad s hor t b eards ( W iduk ind I , 3 6) . F or a l ong t ime t hey were c a l led "Barden" ,a nd l a ter , i n o rder t o d ist inguish t he m f ro m o ther p eop les wear ing b eards ( e .g . t he l a ter Headebeardans) t he a d ject ive "l ong" was a dded .
O ther a u thors ( Turk 1 835, B lase l 1 909) d er ive
t he o r ig ins o ft he n a me f ro m "T angär t" , "L ange land" , "L angbadr" , "T and wa ter" a nd "Barden" f ro m I sidorus ( Ety m , I X , 2 , 9 5 ) .
( I n Eng l ish t he word
"L o mbard" i s n orma l ly u sed i nstead o f "L angobard" . ) e .
The mo ther land o f t he L o mbards n ear t he E lbe
The f i rst a rea where t he L o mbards c an b e d e tected w i th c er ta in ty i s t he l ower E lbe ( f ig . 2 ) . The f i rst o ccupa t ion was o n t he l ef t bank o ft he l ower E lbe , s urrounded b y t he E lbe t o t he N or th-east , t he h eadwa ters o f t he I lmenau o n t he s ou th a nd L t ineburger Heide t o t he s ou th-west . d id n o t r each t he N or th S ea ( f ig . 2 ) . a longside ;
The L o mbard empire
We d o n ot k now wha t p eop les t hey l i ved
i t may b e t hey were t he S uebi ( Ormions) a nd Chauci ( I ngveons) .
The a rchaeo log ica l f inds i nd ica te t he S uebi ( Wegew i tz 1 972) . a nd P to le my a lso g rouped t he L o mbards among t he S uebi . p eop les c an b eg rouped a s f o l lows :
S trabo , Taci tus
The Ger man ic
West G erman ic p eop les - S uebi G ermanic p eop les n ear t he E lbe - T angobardi ( I staevones)
-S eranones ( l a ter A la manni ) - Hermundur i
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
( Herm ions) 1 2
West G erman ic p eop les — S uebi G erman ic p eop les n ear t he E lbe — ( I staevones)
-
L angobardi
-
S e mnones ( l a ter A lamanni )
-
Herraun .dur i ( Her mions)
-
Marco manni ( t he ir western b ranch b e ing t he B avar ians) — Q uad i i ( Suebi )
N or th a nd East G erman ic p eop les :
G erman ic p eop les b y t he N or th S ea :
-
F ranks
-
Th t lr in .g ians
-
F r isians, S axons
-
Vanda ls Burgund ians
-
Gep id i
-
Go ths ( East- a nd West-go ths)
-
Rugi i
-
L e movi i
-
Chauci
-
Bastarn i
-
V ik ings
T he p opu la tion n ear t he l ower E lbe h ad u ndergone l i t t le c hange s ince t he Bronze Age .
I n t he J asdorf p eriod a n i ncrease i n p opu la t ion c an b e s een , t he
o n ly e xp lanat ion o f which i s i mm igra t ion ( Wegew i tz 1 972 , p . 2 7 ) . c a l ls t his i mm igra t ion t he " Suebian o ccupa t ion"
Archaeo logy
a nd f ro m t h is t ime o n we c an
s peak o f aG erman ic p opu la t ion n ear t he E lbe ( Wegew i tz 1 972) .
I n t h is p er iod ,
a round t he b eg inn ing o f o ur e ra , t he L angobardi a ppear i n t he a rea .
( Pau lus I ,
1 0 ) S cor inga s ee ms t o b e i den t ica l w i th t he mo ther l a nd n ear t he E lbe . S cor inga p rov ince , where t he T angobard i s uf fered f ro m a t re mendous f am ine ( Pau lus I , 1 0 ) must h ave b een s o mewhere n ear S ch ier ingen n ear B leckede .
H ere i n
S cor inga ( Barbengau ) t he L angobard i f ough t a ga inst t he Vanda ls ( Pau lus I , 7 ) , who were l i v ing a t t ha t t ime b e tween t he E lbe a nd t he Oder . The L angobardi , u n ti l t he w i thdrawa l o ft he C i m mer ians, l i ved o n t he l ef t b ank o ft he r iver a nd o n ly l a ter o verran t he r igh t b ank o f t he E lbe . "emp ire" o ft he L angobard i was v ery sma l l .
The
They f irst me t t he R o mans i n
A .D . 5 when T iber ius wen t t o h is w in ter r esidence t o t he Chauci .
Th is i m-
med ia te p rox i mi ty f orced t hese sma l l t r ibes t o f igh t : t hey f ough t t oge ther w i th t he S e mnones u nder t he l eadersh ip o f Armin ius, k ing o ft he Marco manni . The L angobard i l i v ing n ear t he E lbe a re a l most u nknown t o a rchaeo log ists a nd a re t o ta lly u nknown t o a n thropo log ists. They l i ved i n l arge v i l lages o n t he s a me s po t f or c en tur ies.
Ac lass o f wea l thy s o ldiers emerged f ro m t he f ree
p easan try ; t his n ew warrior c lass e xpanded i t s r u le o ver o ther sma l l g roups i n t he n e ighbourhood .
B y t he 2 nd c en tury we mee t t he f irst p er manen t mi l i tary
l eaders ( graves i n Marwende l ) , c a l l ing t he mse lves ( kun ing ' ,t ransla ted b y t he R omans a s k ings ( Bo-n a 1 973) .
Their c e me ter ies a re l arge , e .g . i n t he o ne
a t Harsefe ld 8 ,000-10 ,000 p eop le were b ur ied d ur ing 7 00 y ears ( ye t o n ly 3 03 g raves h ave b een e xcava ted ' . ) . E specia l ly l arge a re t he c e me ter ies i n West Meck lenburg ;
i n t he wo men 's c eme tery a t Darzau we c an c oun t 4 ,000 g raves
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. ( Weg i tz 1 964) . Downloaded onew behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 3
F o l low ing S chwan tes ( 1939) , Wegew i tz ( 1972) g roups o n t he b asis o ft he f i nds ( ma le a nd f e ma le r espect ive ly ) t he u rnf ie ld c e me ter ies o ft he L a T ene P er iod a nd t he Imper ia l P er iod i n to t wo l arge g roups. t ype :
Ce me ter ies o f R ieste-
Hersefe ld ( Wegew i tz 1 964) , Ehestorf-Vahrendor f ( Wegew i tz 1 962 ) ,
Ha mburg- Mar mstor f 9( Wegew i tz 1 964) , Ha mburg-Togenbok 1 ( Wegew i tz 1 965) , Hamburg-Ha mburg 1 3 , A shausen , P utensen ( Wegew i tz 1 958 , 1 972 ) , R ieste , N ienbüt te l , B o l tersen , Bahrendor f ( Kee tz 1 906) , K örehow ( Be l tz 1 920-1922) , Hamfe lde .
C e meter ies o f Darzau-type :
Bargsted t , Neuk loster , Ardersdorf ,
T osted t- Wüstenhofen ( Wegew i tz 1 944) , Ha mburg-Ha mburg , Pu tensen 1 .B , We tsen ( Wegew i tz 1 967 ) , S eedorf , Darzau ( Host man 1 874) , R ebensdorf ( Mi l ler 1 973 , K örner 1 939) , Hornbeck , Ha mburg- Marmstorf 1 1 ( f ig . 2 ) . g rave c e me tery w i th R o man i mpor t g oods :
U rn-
Apensen ( Wegew i tz 1 929) .
S ke le ton g raves a re k nown o n ly f ro m t he u rn c eme ter ies o f R ieste a nd Apens en , a nd a lso f ro m g raves o f n ob le men a t Marwende l , b u t a l l t he b ones h ave b een l ost . f .
The L o mbards f i rst e n ter P annon ia
"The L o mbards a ga in made d irect c on tact w i th t he Ro man wor ld i n 1 66-167 . B y t his t ime t hey were a lready i nvaders" ( B6na 1 973 ) .
Their v en ture c an a t
t he s ame t ime b e c onsidered a s ar a id ing c a mpa ign ( Blase l 1 909) , when 6 ,000
L o mbards a nd O bi i ( t he "Av iones" o f Taci tus) , march ing a bou t 1 ,000 k i lo me tres, b roke t hrough t he l imes b etween Arrabona ( Györ ) a nd Br ige t io ( S zöny ) ( F i tz 1 959 ) .
The b arbar ians e n tered Pannon ia t hrough t he v a l ley o ft he R iver Väg .
The a uxi liar ies a long t he r iver c ou ld n o t s top a n a r my wh ich s o g rea t ly o u tn u mbered t he m , s o t he L o mbards c ou ld p ress o n s ou thwards w i thou t r estra in t . They wen t a long t he ma in r oad b e tween Br ige t io a nd S opianae ( Graf 1 936) t o K ä lo-z , t hrough F lor iana a nd G orsiu m , l y ing b eside t he r oad a t t he S ärviz c onn ect ing G orsiu m w i th S op ianae , t hen a long t he r oad o n t he western b ank o f t he K apos ( F i tz 1 959 , Tho mas 1 955) .
G orsiu m was d estroyed e i ther d ur ing
o ne o ft he S ar ma t ian i nvasions b etween 1 69 a nd 1 71 o rb y t he L o mbard-Obi i a rmy .
Th is a rmy me t t he u nprepared R o mans, t o j udge f ro m t he g raves w i th
h orses a t Kä lo-z , s o mewhere i n t he v ic in i ty o f Kä lo.z . The l eg ion s ta t ioned a t Aquincu m o r ac oncen tra ted f orce f ro m t he n or thern f ron t ier t oge ther w i th t he Ca mpona a nd Ma tr ica a lae a nd a f orce o f i n fan try f or med f ro m c ohor ts f ro m t he s ou th which j oined t he ma in f orce a t G orsium q uick ly d efea ted t he i nvaders.
The e xact d a te o ft he L angobard-Obi i i nvasion
h as l ong b een d eba ted ( Pa l l mann 1 864, Borowsku 1 885, Hodgk in 1 895, P oesche 1 898 , Westberg 1 904 , B lase l 1 909 , Mö l ler 1 937 , B luh me 1 866, Wiese 1 907 , Mo m msen 1 880 , 1 910 , Dettner 1 872 , Do maszovsky 1 895, L . S ch m id t 1 899) , b u t i ti s c lear t ha t t he i nvasion o ccurred a t t he s a me t ime a s t he s peech o f Marcus Aure lius i n t he S ena te a t t he e nd o f 1 66 o r t he b eg inn ing o f 1 67 ( Zw ikker 1 941) .
The L o mbard-Obi i i nvasion o f Pannon ia c an b e c onsidered
a s t he o pen ing p hase o ft he Marco mann ic-Sar ma tian wars ( Bo-n a 1 973 ) .
P eop les
n or th o f Pannon ia ( f ig . 4 ) l e t t hrough t he a r my b ound f or t he s ou th a nd h e lped t h e m a s we l l , s ince t heir men were n o t a t h o me ( Alfö ld i 1 942 ) .
P erhaps r epor ts
o ft he s uccessfu l r aids o f t he S uebi i nf luenced G er man ic p eop les t o t heir r ear . ( A lfö ld i 1 942 ) . ( 500-560 ) .
Our s ource f or t his c a mpa ign i s Cassius D io ( Pe trus Pa tr icius )
C assius D io ( Proconsu l f ro m 2 26-228 ) was i n for med a bou t e ven ts
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. o fBAR 6 0Publishing, y ears1979, b ef ore h is t ime b y S ep t i mius E-book, Oxford, UK: https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 4
S everus ( Cassius D io LXX I , 3 , 1 ) .
H e wr i tes t ha t t he a rmy , c o mposed o f 6 ,000 warr iors b esides t he L ombards a nd t he O bi i s en t n ego tia tors t o A e lius Bassus, t he G overnor o f P annon ia S uper ior . T hey c hose Ba l lo mar ius, k ing o f t he Marco manni a nd 1 0 p eop le, o ne f rom e ach t r ibe . g .
Af ter t he p eace h ad b een c onc luded t hey r e turned h o me .
The L ombards l eave t heir mother land
T he L o mbard p opu la t ion , sma l l i nn u mber ( Taci tus, G erman ia XL . 7 2 , P to lemy : G eographia I , 1, 9 ; Procop ius : D e b e l lo g e tico I I , 3 4 ; Or igo I , 2 ) c o mposed o n ly a sma l l p ar t o ft he S uebian emp ire .
Their n u mber i ncreased ,
b u t t hey c ou ld n ot e xpand t heir t erri tory b ecause o f t he s urround ing p eop les. T he d iscip line a nd mi li tary o rganisa t ion o f t he R o man emp ire h ad a lready b roken d own a t t he e nd o ft he 4 th c en tury , s o t he way t owards t he s outh l ay o pen . Ano ther r eason c ou ld h ave b een t he worsen ing o f t he c l ima te a t t he e nd o ft he 2 nd c en tury ( A l mgren-Norman 1 923 ) : "d er g rausa me K ön ig S chnee" ( Schaf fran 1 938) , a nd t he e x tensive a nd f requen t f l ood ing o f t he E lbe . p eop le t han t he l and c ou ld s uppor t .
There were more
When a mi l i tary p opu la t ion t akes o ver s tock-
b reed ing i tn eeds more t err i tory a nd a s ub juga ted p opu la tion ( Dahn 1 889 ) . Pau lus ( I , 1 ) men tions o ther r easons:
"l i ce t e t a l iae c ausae a gressionis e oru m
a sserverentur", p erhaps t he e xpansion o f t he S axons o r t he German ic s pir i t o f wander ing , " deren Z ie l d eu t l ich d er l ockende S i lden war" ( Behn 1 963 , S chaff ran 1 938) .
Af ter t he C i mbr i , Teu tons, G oths, Ambrons, Gep idi , Rugi i ,
Vanda ls a nd Burgundian .s t he L o mbards were t he l ast t o s tar t : t he ir r ou te h ad b een c losed b y t he Burg-w ad ians t o t he s ou th u n ti l 4 00 ( f ig . 5 ) . The t r ibes o f Midd le Europe s tayed r e la t ive ly s ta t ic o n t heir o r ig ina l t erri tor ies. The S lays a rr iv ing f ro m t he East h ad c ap tured more a nd more t erri tory n ear t he E lbe , s o t he L o mbards r e trea ted f i rst t o t he emp ty l ands t o t he e ast . "This em igra t ion t ook p lace, a ccord ing t o t he u nan imous e vidence o ft he a rchaeo log ica l d a ta a nd g enea log ies wr i t ten i n I t a ly , b e tween 3 80 a nd 4 00" ( Bo-n a 1 973) .
( Th is
i s a lso s uppor ted b y o ther a u thors l i ke S chu ltz 1 940, 1 958 , Much 1 000, K lebe l 1 939 , B lase l 1 909 , Wa i tz 1 989 , e tc .) On ly a sma l l p ar t o f t he L o mbards l ef t t he E lbe , t he ma jori ty r ema in ing i n t he v icin i ty o f Bardow ieck ( i n Bardengau ) . h .
Through Maur inga t o R ugi land
T he L o mbards wen t f ro m S cor inga t hrough Maur inga , where t hey r an i n to t he A ssip i teres ( Pau lus I , 1) .
Maur inga , l y ing e ast-nor th-east o f t he E lbe
c an b e c onsidered a s t he s econd t err i tory o ccup ies b y t he L o mbards.
This
t erri tory o ccup ies t he t r iang le ( f ig . 2 )b e tween Bardow ieck a nd t he Meck lenb urg g u lf o n t he N or th S ea , a nd f ur ther e astern l ands b are ly e x tending b eyond t he R iver S cha le t o t he n or th-west . The A ssipi teres d id n o t wan t t o l e t t he L o mbards t hrough , b u t t hey were b ea ten i n t he f i gh t . We c anno t i den t i fy t his p eop le ( t he Va lda ls h ad a lready l ef tt he t err i tory b y t ha t t ime ) ;
maybe i ti s ap eop le o therwise u nknown t o u s.
I f , a nyhow , t hey were t he V anda ls t hen t he b at t le t ook p lace n ot b e tween 3 804 00 „ b u t a t t he t ime when t he L o mbards a rr ived o n t he C on t inen t f ro m S cand inav ia a t L ibau ( L iepa ja ) , which t err i tory ( a ccording t o S ch mid t 1 904) was G o la ida .
U nder t he n a me A ssipi ter ( cynocran ic = d ogheaded ) , a n thropo logy
means p eop le w i th i n ten t iona l ly f or med h eads — in t his p eriod t he Huns. ( H ipp oc ra tes; of the Am mianParts us I and MaIi.rce l l inus ; Tacitus, Ger man ia Kiszely, István. The Anthropology Lombards, E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. 7 , 2 ; P r o c o p i u s , B e l l . G o t h . I I , 2 7 ; S a i n t A u g u s t i n e , L i b. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 5
3 2 ;
P l iny , N .H .
nn { ,
8 , e tc . )
We d o n o t k now h ow l ong t he L o mbards s pen t i n Maur inga
Their c e me-
t er ies a nd g rave g oods a re a scr ibed t o "G erman ic p eop le f ro m t he E lbe" ( Sch m id t , B . 1 961, p . 1 73) .
T he G erman ic p eop les n ear t he E lbe p ract ised
c re ma t ion a round t he b eg inn ing o fo ur e ra w i th t he s o le e xcep t ion o ft he v ery r ich ( Sch let te 1 972 , S chu ltz 1 922 , Mi ldenberger 1 939) .
F ro m t he 3 rd c en tury
o nwards s ke le ton g raves a re more f requen t w i th s o me p eop les b u t n o t among t he S axons,Lo mbards a nd o ther G erman ic t r ibes n ear t he E lbe . The n ex t h a l t ing-p lace o n t he L o mbard Migra t ion was G o la ida ( li t tera l ly : l and o ft rees) , p robab ly a p ar t o f Maur inga , f ro m which t err i tory a sma l l p ar t o ft he L o mbards s tar ted t owards t he e ast a nd t hen t he s ou th . The n ex t s tops were : An tha ib ( An thabus, An tha ip ) , ap ar t o fS i lesia , p erhaps t he midd le p ar t , Ba ina ib ( Ban tha ib) , Bavar ia a nd Burgundha ib , t he o ldest o ccupat i on s i te o ft he Burgund ians, p erhaps t he u pper i ndustr ia l c en tre o fS i lesia , n or th o ft he Carpa thian moun tains, o n t he l ef tb ank o ft he V istu la . Here i n Burgundha ib Agelmund was e lected k ing o ft he L o mbards, s ince t hey d id n o t wan t t o l i ve a ny l onger u nder t he r u le o f p r inces.
One n igh t t he "Bu lgar ians"
r ushed o n t he m ( Pau lus I , 1 ) , i .e . t he Huns ( Zeuss 1 837 , K lebe l 1 939 ) a t t he Oder , n ear P oznan . Age l mund d ied i n t he f i gh t , a nd h is d augh ter was c ap tured . H is s uccessor L e mission t ook r evenge f or t he d ea th o f h is f oster-fa ther a nd d efea ted t he Huns ( 'B u lgar ians ' ) . The L o mbard migra tion f o l lowed t he r ou te o f t heir p redecessors i n 1 66-167 d ur ing t he r eign o f Marcus Aure lius ( t he H eru li a lso l a ter f olowed t h is r ou te n or thwards) . They c ou ld n ot g o t owards t he e ast b ecause o ft he S lays, s o t hey h eaded s ou th t hrough t he f orest o f L ausi tz , t he Moravian Ga te a nd Bohemian S ude ten t o Rugi land . The j ourney h ere f ro m t he mo ther land t o R ugi land t ook 9 0-100 y ears: "t hey s low ly wound u pstream a long t he E lbe , s tay ing we l l c lear o ft he g rea t b a t t les o ft he c entury" ( B c ina 1 973) .
Here t hey me t , d ur ing
Age l mund ' sr e ign , t he Amazons, t he wo men who l i ved b y warfare a nd h un t ing ( Pau lus I , 1 7 ) . 1 939) .
T his must h ave h appened i nt he v icini ty o f Magdeburg ( K lebe l
Before r each ing R ug i land t he L ombards p assed t hrough B ohem ia , b u t t heir r esidence t here "was v ery r estr icted b oth i n s pace a nd i n t ime" ( Pre ide l 1 928 , p . 2 65) .
"Die J ahrhunder te d er V ö lkerwan .derungszei t
g ehören z u d en d unke lsten
Abschn i t ten i n d er G esch ich te Böhmens" wr i tes S voboda ( 1965, p . 3 09) . 2 .
Rug i land a .
The L o mbards e n ter European H istory
S o f ar t he L o mbards h ad t aken n o p ar t i nt he g rea t wars o ft he t ime . I n 4 87 O doacer ( Odowaker ) , k ing o ft he G o ths, a t tacked F e le theus ( Feva ) , k ing o ft he Rug i i , a nd d efea ted h im o n t he 1 4 th o f N ove mber .
Ap ar t o f t he R ug i i
f l ed t o I ta ly , t he o thers f ough t w i th t he G o ths a s c ap t ives ( Jordanes: De o r ig . a ct ib . Ge taru m 2 3) .
I n t he n ex t y ear F eva ' ss on F r iederich r e turned , b u t h e
t oo was d efea ted b y Ornu lf ( Hunwu lf ) , Odoacer ' sb ro ther , a nd t h is mean t t he e nd o ft he Rug ian Emp ire . Rugi land was s i tua ted b e tween t he Brno r idge a nd t he D anube , K re ms a nd t he L ower Austr ian r eedy-forest t o t he West a nd i te x tended t o t he D anube b end Kiszely, István. The Anthropology oft the Lombards, Parts Ie and Ii. b t o t h e e a s , i t s g r e a t s t r e a d t h b e i n g 1 6 0 k i l o m e t r e s . T h e R u g i a n Em p i r e E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 6
d id n o t o ccupy t he who le o f L ower Austria : t o t he west i te nded a t t he e astern s ide o ft he "Wa ldvier te l" whi le t o t he e ast i te x tended t o t he R iver Morva ( March ) where t he D anubian H eru li h ad l i ved s ince A .D . 4 00.
L ower Austria ,
u n t i l a bou t 4 00 , was o ccup ied b y t he Marco mann i a nd Q uad i ( Danubian S uebi ) , l a ter b e ing a ssimi la ted i n to t he L o mbards a nd s urviv ing i n t he t err i tory af ter t he L ombards h ad l ef t f or P annon ia i n 5 68 . E ug ippus wro te i n V i ta S . S everin i a bou t e ven ts i n R ug i land ; t he most i mpor tan t i n forma tion i n i tc oncerns t he warfare b etween t he G oths a nd t he R ug i i . When t his t erri tory s udden ly b eca me emp ty t he L o mbards l i v ing i n Bohe mia marched i n u nder k ing G odeoc ' s( Godehoc) l eadership a nd s o t hey r eached t he R oman f ron tier , e n ter ing t he h istory o f Cen tra l Europe ( Wa i tz 1 878 ) .
The
L o mbards p a id w i th t heir i ndependence f or t he n ew t err i tory : t hey b ecame s ub juga ted t o t he v ast H eru l ian p eop le who o ccup ied t he t err i tory i n 4 88 ( Proc op ius :
Be l l . G o th . I , 1 4 ; Wiese 1 877 , p . 4 3 ;
Har tmann 1 900 , p . 2 8 ;
L .
S chm id t 1 910 , 1 918 , p . 3 12 ) . G odehoc ( Godeeoc) , t he L o mbard k ing , was f o l lowed o n t he t hrone b y h is s on , C laf fo , a nd t hen b y T a to . A s t he L o mbards l i ved i n "r ugorum p a tria" ( Pau lus, I , 1 9) , d ur ing T a to ' sr e ign t hey moved ( par t ly o r t ota l ly ) t o t he "F e ld" , "c a mp i p a ten tes, q ui s ermone b arbar ico f e ld a ppe la tur" —(Pau lus I , 2 0) . T he e xact t opograph ica l l oca tion o f F e ld i s d eba ted . Af ter a s er ies o f i mpossib le l oca t ions ( Chr ist 1 905 , B lase l 1 909 , Much 1 900, Wiese 1 907 , A be l 1 849 , B o lze 1 855, Z euss 1 839 , K ossina 1 936 , Preide l 1 940 ) a u thors ( B lase l 1 909 , S ch mid t 1 910-1918 ) t hough t f i rst o f t he s o c a l led P est L ow land , t he n or thern p ar t o ft he l and b e tween t he Danube a nd t he T isza , t he i mpossibi l i ty o f o f which h ad a lready b een p roved b y Märk i ( 1899 , 1 900) a nd B orovszky ( 1885) . T he n ex t i dea was t he March-Fe ld b e tween t he Morva a nd t he Danube ( Borovszky 1 885, Märk i 1 900, Wa i tz 1 878 , B en inger 1 940 , Werner 1 962 e tc. ) . Then Böna ( 1973) , c hang ing h is f or mer o p in ion , p laced "F e ld" o n t he F e ld o f Tu l in .
The
e xcava t ions o ft he O berbierbau m c eme tery o n t he F e ld o f Tu l in , c arried o u t b y Ad ler , s ee ms t os uppor t t h is t heory i ft he L o mbards u sed t he c e me tery f or 4 0-45 y ears. T his p resupposes t ha t t he L o mbards c rossed t he Danube b efore t he d ea th o f Theodor ic t he G rea t ( 526) .
B en in .ger ( 1940) t h inks "F e ld" t o b e i n
western Transdanubia a nd i n Burgen land :
"Wenn i n d en L angobardischen Que l len
a uch s pä terh in öf ters v on "F e ld" d ie Rede i s t , s o h ande l te e s s ich g ew iss n ich t um d es h eu t ige A lfö ld , s ondern um Pannon ien ( Westungarn u nd Burgen land ) , d ass s ie j edoch um d ie Mi t te d es 6 . J ahrhunder t b esiede l te" . A ccord ing t o P re ide l ( 1928 , p . 2 75) "F e ld must b e s ough t s o mewhere i n modern Hungary". The O strogo ths g rew s tronger a nd s tronger ; t hey d efea ted t he G ep id i a t V inkovci , o verran Pannon ia I , S avia a nd N or icu m Med i terraneu m , a nd s ubd ued t he Pannon ians a nd S uebi .
The ir a l lies were t he Heru li a nd t he n e ighbours
o ft he L o mbards, t he Thär in .gians.
The Heru lian a rmy s uf fered a c rush ing
d efea t i n 5 09 a t t he h ands o ft he L o mbards u nder Ta to ' sl eadersh ip , l eav ing R odu lf , t he H eru lian k ing , d ead o n t he b a t t le-f ie ld .
The H eru li , k nown a s
s ome o ft he b est warr iors, s p li t u p . Most o ft he m r eturned t o t he n or th , a nd a sma l ler p ar t f l ed t o t he G ep idi , t he G o ths a nd t he East R o man t erri tor ies. The more i n terest ing e p isodes o ft he war b e tween t he Heru li a nd t he L o mbards a re t o ld b y Cassiodorus ( Varia I V , 2 ) , whi le P aulus wri tes a bou t ma t ters o f e sseThe r Anthropology i mpor ta ce . J oParts rda es Be l l . G o th . Kiszely,l István. ofn the Lombards, In and Ii. ( E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 7
2 3) t e l ls u s t ha t "t he H eru li h ad a n
o u tstand ing r epu ta t ion among a l l t he n a t ions o f S candia d ue t o t heir i m mense b od i ly s ta ture" . Ta to was k i l led b y Wacho , who was t he s on o f h is b ro ther , Z uchi lo ;
Ta t& s
s on , H i ld ig is f l ed t o t he G ep id i , where h e l a ter d ied . Wacho t r ied t o g a in p ower f or t he L o mbards n o t t hrough war fare b u t b y u sing d ip lo ma tic s ki l l . s treng thened h is p ower t hrough marr iages .
He
H is f i rst w i fe was R um icunda , a
Th i lr ing ian p r incess ; t he s econd was Austr igusa , aG ep id p r incess. Austr ig usa b ore h im t wo d augh ter , who marr ied t he t wo g randsons o f Theudepar t I , t he F rank ish k ing . H is t hird w i fe was S a l in .ga , Heru l ian p r incess, who g ave b ir th t o t he h eir t o t he t hrone : Wa ltari ( 5 40-546) . I n t he mean t ime Wacho r ea lised t ha t t he r ea l ly g rea t p ower was B yzan tiu m . He r ema ined n eu tra l t i l l h is d ea th . H e was p robab ly b ur ied u nder t he Z uran t u mu lus( M i tscha- Märheim 1 950 , Bo-n a 1 973 , p . 2 53) . Wacho a scended t he t hrone i n 5 10 .
We h ave n o p roof f ro m t he f i rst 1 7
y ears o f h is r eign t ha t t he L o mbards e n tered P annon ia .
The L o mbard s tay i n
R ug i land l asted f ro m 4 88 ( 487 ) t o 2 9th August , 5 26, i .e . t o t he d ea th o f Theod or ic t he G rea t . This e ven t s tar ted t he L o mbards ' i nvasion o f P annon ia . 3 .
P annonia a .
T he O ccupa t ion o f P annon ia
The d a te o ft he L o mbard i nvasion o f Pannon ia i s o ne o ft he most h o t ly d eb a ted a nd a t t he s ame t ime t he most i mpor tan t p rob le ms o ft he C en tra l Europ ean h istory o ft he L o mbards. T he s ources f ro m t he Midd le Ages g ive d iff eren t d a tes:
a ccord ing t o t he Or igo t he L o mbards l i ved 4 2 y ears i n Pannon ia
( "e t h abi taverun t l angobardi i n P annon ia a nnis q uadr ig in to d uo" ) ,t he f i gure i s 4 0 y ears i n t he C ava manuscr ip t , 1 2 i nt he Modena o ne . The C odex G o thanus g ives 2 2 y ears ( "e t v ig in ti e t d uo a nnos i b i h abi tare" )whi le P au lus s ays 4 2 y ears ( "h abi taverun t a u te m i n P annon ia a nn is q uadr ig in ta d uobus" ) . A s t he d a te o ft he ir d epar ture f ro m P annon ia i s c erta in ly 5 68 , t he d a te o f e n ter ing Pannon ia c ou ld b e e i ther 5 26/527 o r 5 47/548 a ccord ing t o whether Audo i n l ed h is p eop le i n to P annon ia i n t he f i rst o r s econd y ear o f h is r eign ( Pau lus I , 2 2 ; P rocop ius :
B e l l . G o th . I I , 3 3 ;
C odex G o th . 2 ) .
T he O strogo ths s en t o f f icia ls
t o Wacho i n 5 39 t o d iscuss t he war a ga inst B yzan t iu m ( Procop ius:
B e l l . G o th .
V I , 2 2 ) .
B e tween Wacho a nd Audoin h is s on Wa l tar i must a lso h ave r u led f or
7y ears.
Audo in , Wa l thar i ' sf oster-fa ther , moun ted t he t hrone n o t e ar l ier
t han 5 46 . We a lso k now f ro m Procopius ( Be l l . G oth . I I , 3 3 ) t ha t t he "E mperor J ust in ian p resen ted N or icu m , c aste l li i n P annon ia a nd a g rea t s um o f money t o t he L o mbards i n 5 47/548 ; t he L o mbards i n t urn l ef t t heir e ar lier l oca tion a nd w i thdrew s ou thwards a long t he Danube , n o t f ar f ro m t he G epid i". B o-n a ( 1956) d ivided t he "e n try" i n to P annon ia i n to t wo p hases o n t he b asis o ft he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds a nd e xa m ina t ion o ft he c eme ter ies.
I n t he f i rst
p hase t he L o mbards h ave a lready o ccup ied P annon ia u p t o t he l i ne o f Ba la ton , i n t he s econd o ne t he g rea ter p ar t o f t he L o mbards c a me t o Pannonia u nder Audo in ' sl eadership .
He e nnu mera ted s evera l p ieces o f e vidence t o s upport
t he e x istence o ft he f i rst p hase : "many o ft he L o mbard f i nds a re t o b e d a ted t o a n e ar lier p er iod" ( 1956, p . 2 34) ; H ist . L ang . C odex G o than i , I I , men t ions Kiszely, István. The Anthropology the Lombards, Parts If andt Ii.e 5 Pa nnon iaof a t t he e n d o h th c en tury E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
a s t he h o me land o ft he L o mbards; 1 8
Procop ius wr i tes t ha t Ta to p ursued t he d efea ted Heru li s ou th o ft he Danube , e tc.
Bu t t he p rob le m o f wha t t err i tory Audo in o ccup ied i n 5 46 s t i l l e xists.
Bo 'na s o lves i tw i th J ust in ian , s ay ing t ha t h is wr i ting i s n o th ing e lse b u t a l a ter j udica l j usti f ica t ion o f h is o ccupa t ion .
One o ft he B yzan t ine d ip lo ma tic
d evices was t o g ive t erri tor ies o ccupied b y t he Barbar ians t o t he m ( Bo 'na 1 956 , p . 2 36) .
Werner , c lose ly f o l low ing t he s ources, a t tacks B o-n a ' sl og i-
c a lly c orrec t d ivision : h inauslesen"
" d iese Deu tung l gsst s ich a us d en S chr i f tque l len n icht
( 1962 , p . 1 2 ) , t hen o n t he n ex t p age h e wr i tes a bou t a "Nord-
d anubischb P hase" ( 489-526/527 ) a nd a "p annon ische Phase"
( 526/27-568 ) ,
a nd a ssocia tes 5 47/48 o n ly w i th t he o ccupa t ion o f i nner Nor icu m ( Pe t tau , C i l li ) a nd S av ia .
Mi tscha- Mgrheim ( 1963 ) a grees w i th Bo-n a , who d escr ibes h is l ast
s o lu t ion i n h is d octora l d isser ta t ion : i s 5 26/527" ( 1973 , p . 2 81) .
" the n ew d a te o ft he L o mbard i nvasion
I t was T ibor Nagy ( 1962) who f irst r ea lised t ha t
t he L o mbards u sed t he d ea th o f Theodor ic t he Grea t i n o rder t o g e t i nvo lved i n n or th Pannon ian e ven ts. De mograph ic c a lcu la tions c arried o u t r ecen t ly p rove Bo-n a ' st heory o f a "d ouble i nvasion", s ince i n t he L o mbard c e me ter ies o f Pannonia p eriods o f u se o f 2 0-22 a nd o f 4 0-42 y ears c an b e d e monstra ted . b .
H istor ica l e ven ts i n Pannon ia
The v ery f i rst e ven t o ft he i nvasion was t ha t t he "L o mbards s ubdued t he b arbar ian S uebi ( Quadi i )" ( Pau lus I , 2 1) .
F ro m t his t ime o n t he S uebi l i ved
w i th t he L o mbards a nd a lso wen t w i th t he m t o I ta ly i n 5 68 .
The C arpa thian
Basin f ro m t he e vacua t ion o f t he R o mans ( 410-430) t o t he Avar o ccupa t ion ( 568 ) f or 1 38 o r 1 58 y ears l acked a ny r ea l o rgan isa t ion . p er iod was d ue t o t he Huns.
The o n ly o rganised
Af ter t heir d epar ture ( 454) t hree t r ibes o f East
G o ths i nvaded Transdan .ubia i n 4 56. S oon t hey b eca me a l lies w i th t he S uebi a nd t he S k irs t oge ther w i th t he S ar ma tians, G ep ids a nd Rug i . T hese p eop les i n f i l tra ted s low ly i n to P annonia . a nd t he Rug i i wen t o n t o I t a ly . wandered i n t he l and .
The G o ths l ef t t he a rea i n 4 72 , t hen t he S kirs
Then o n ly H eru lian , S k ir a nd Rugian t r ibes
Very l i t t le i s k nown o ft he P annonian "Bu lgar ians"
( S imonyi 1 959) , who s et t led i n t he C arpa th ian Basin b e tween 4 72 a nd 4 80 .
I n
t he wars b e tween 4 70 a nd 4 80 t hey were p robab ly r eferred t o a s S ar ma tians. L a ter , h aving l ef t t oge ther w i th t he L o mbards, t hey were men t ioned u nder t he n a me
Bu lgarians o f P en tapo lis '.
A la mann i were s e t t led i n S avia .
A ccording t o v ague r eferences t he
I n t he western p ar t o f t he c oun try , I n S cara-
b an t ia ( Sopron ) a nd S avar ia ( Szo mba the ly) , "R o man l i fe s ti l l g lim mered" 1 973 ) ; t hese were t he t err i tor ies a voided b y t he L o mbards.
( Bo-n a
The western p ar t
o f T ransdanubia b e longed .to t he West R o man Empire i n A t ti la ' st ime ( Priscus Exc . d e L eg ., F rag m . 7 ) .
On t he Rh ine a nd t he u pper Danube ( Bah mer 1 954)
t he a r my , mun icipa l a dm inistra tors a nd l andowners were r ep laced b y p easan ts a nd a r t isans who , t hough s low ly i mpoverished , l ong s urvived .
The s a me c ou ld
h ave h appened i n Pannon ia p erhaps u n ti l t he A var o ccupa t ion i n 5 68 . A p ar t o ft he Ro man p opu la t ion r e ma ined a nd was ama lga ma ted i n to o ther p eop les a s u sua l ly h appens w i th a s urviv ing l oca l p opu la t ion ( e .g . i n I n tercisa we d o n o t f i nd " barbar ian"
g raves e ven i n t he 5 th c en tury .
Audoin , af ter a scending t he t hrone i n 5 46 , b eca me a l lied w i th Byzan tiu m , Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. s ince t he p o li tica l s i tua tion g o t more a nd E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
a nd t he Gepidi .
more t ense b e tween t he L o mbards
J ustinian g ave t he t owns o f Pannonia a nd Eastern Nor icu m t o 1 9
t he L o mbards, whi le i n t urn t he L o mbards, w i th Eastern European h e lp , h ad t o e xpe l t he G epidi f ro m Pannon ia S ir m iensis. k i lo me tres o fS ir miu m .
The L o mbards g o t w i th in 5 0
Their a r my was f o l lowed b y t he p eop le .
( S ir miu m
was t he c ap i ta l o ft he f or mer Pannonia S ecunda , a nd was a mi l i tary , t rading , a nd c o m mun ica tions c en tre o ft he Carpa th ian Basin , a nd was s ti l l f unct ion ing a t t ha t t ime .) The L o mbards, t oge ther w i th 1 0,000 B yzan t ine c ava lry a nd 1 ,500 c a tho lic Heru lian warr iors, won a b a t t le o n A s-Fe ld b e tween S ir miu m a nd C ibe lae i n 5 52 ;
t he s ub-k ing o fS irmiu m , Thosis mu th , was k i l led b y
A lbo in , Audo in ' ss on .
T hen t he L o mbards, b y o rder o ft he Byzan t ines, made
p eace a nd w i th 5 ,500 warriors a nd w i th 4 00 G ep idi j oined Narses ' a rmy a nd d efea ted t he G o thic T o ti la ' sc ava lry a rmy i n J u ly 5 52 . The p o l i t ica l h istory o ft he L o mbards af ter t h is war c an b e c a l led t he " Lo mbard-Gep id warfare" ( K lebe l 1 939 ) . S ir m iu m .
I n a u tu mn 5 65 t he L o mbards a t tacked
O n 1 4th N ove mber , 5 65, J ustinian d ied , a nd h is s on J ust in Ibroke
t he a l liance w i th t he A vars a ndthe L o mbards. The G ep id-Byzan t ine f orces d efea ted t he L o mbards. Thus t he i n terest o f t he Avars a nd t he L o mbards b ecame t he s a me : t o d estroy t he Gepidi a nd t ake r evenge o n B yzan tiu m ( Bo-n a 1 973 ) .
The a l liance was s oon a rranged : t he Avars t ook t he l and o ft he Gep idi
a t t he b eg inn ing o f 5 67 .
The L o mbards u t ter ly d efea ted t he Gep idi s o mewhere
n ear t he T isza , k i l ling K un imund t he G ep id k ing .
This was t he t ime when t he
L o mbards f irst c rossed t he Danube b e tween B udapest a nd t he Dräva . Avars a nd t he L o mbards c arr ied away t housands o f c ap tives.
The
The Gepid h eir
t o t he t hrone , Rep t i la , g ave S ir miu m t o B yzan t iu m , a nd was a t tacked i n t he s a me y ear b y t he Avars, b u t l ack ing t he h e lp o f t he L o mbards t hey c ou ld c ap ture i to n ly i n 5 82 .
The L o mbards were s urrounded : t o t he n or th were t he h i ther to
p eacefu l S lays, t o t he west were t he F ranks, s ou th-east t he Avars, e xpand ing r ap id ly .
The L o mbards a sked f or h e lp wh ich t hey g ot f ro m t he ir S axon r e la-
t ives i n t he t err i tory o ft he Harz , Bode , a nd S aa le .
T hey made a n "e terna l"
a l liance w i th t he Avars a ga inst B yzan tiu m a nd o f fered t he m Pannonia .
Ba jan ,
k agan o f t he Avars, p ro mised A lboin t ha t t hey c ou ld r e turn i n 2 00 y ears o r whenever t hey wan ted t o a nd a sk f or h is h e lp ( Chron . G o th . 5 ) . A s A lbo in w ished , more t han 2 0 ,000 S axon f a mi l ies j o ined t he m t o g o t o I t a ly ( Pau lus I , 6 ) .
S o t he L o mbards l ef t P annon ia t oge ther w i th t heir f a mi lies a nd a l l t heir
g oods a nd wen t t o I ta ly t o c onquer i t ( Pau lus I , 7 ) .
"They l ef t i n Apri l af ter
Easter , which i n t ha t y ear f e l l o n t he F irst o f Apri l when 5 68 y ears h ad p assed s ince t he b ir th o ft he L ord"
( Pau lus I , 7 ) .
The L o mbards l ef t t oge ther w i th 2 0 ,000 S axons, P annon ians ( aborig ina ls o f Pannon ia ) , S uebi Bu lgarians ' ( perhaps K u t igurs f l ee ing f ro m t he Avars) , G ep idi , Thür ing ians ( Werner 1 962 ) a nd i nhabi tan ts o f N oricu m . e very thing b eh ind t he m ( Marius Aven ticus C hron . I , 2 4) .
They b urn t
L o mbard g oods
must h ave r ema ined i n Pannon ia , b u t n o c oheren t L o mbard p opu la tion c an b e d e tected af ter 5 68 .
Their p lace was t aken b y t he Avars whi le i n t he western
p ar t o f Transdanubia t he Merovingians c ame f ro m Moravia .
The t wo g rea test
e ven ts a t t he e nd o f t he G erman ic migra tion were t he Bavarian s e t t le men t a nd t he L o mbards ' migra t ion t o I ta ly .
The s a me y ear s aw t he e nd o ft he East
Merovingian migra tion a nd t he r ise o f g rea t n ew p eop les ( S lays, Avars) b eg inn ing i n C en tra l Europe . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 0
4 .
The L o mbards i n I ta ly b e tween 5 68 a nd 7 74 The L o mbards l ef t t oge ther w i th t heir wo men a nd c hi ldren , c oun ting
t housands o f p eop le .
Au thors g ive d i f feren t n u mbers.
S chaf fran t sc a lcu la t ion
( 1938 ) s eems t he most r ea l ist ic, h e e st i ma tes 5 0 ,000 p eop le , 1 5,000 o f who m were warr iors. Their r ou te f o l lowed t he R o man r oads, t rave l ling o n f oo t a nd o n h orseback . The mee t ing p lace o f t he L o mbards i n Apri l 5 68 was s o mewhere i n t he midd le o f Transdanubia , p erhaps a t t he s ou th-western e nd o f L ake Ba la ton , where t he R o man r oads me t :
n ow i ti s i n t he v icin i ty o f K eszthe ly a nd Vörs, e .g . i n
F enekpuszta ( Mor . 1 964, p . 1 80) .
The d istance f ro m h ere t o t he f oo t o ft he
A lps was 1 65 k i lo me tres, i .e . a week o f t rave l i f we a ssu me 2 5 k i lo me tres a d ay .
I ts ee ms p robab le t ha t L o mbards l i ving a t S irmiu m d id n o t g o n or thwards
b u t wen t s tra igh t t hrough Brezice a long t he R iver S ava t o t he R o man r oad a t Emona .
This may b e t he e xp lana t ion o ft he s ca t tered L o mbard g raves b e tween
Brezice a nd N ove Mesto , a nd a lso o f t he f i nds a t S ve t i G ora , o n t he r oad l eadi ng t o C e leia a nd Emona . A t Ka lce t here were t hree p ossible r ou tes:
o ne l ead ing n or thwards ( 58 km)
t o I dr ia , a nother westwards t o A idussina ( 22 .5 km ) a nd a t h ird f irst s ou thwards t o Postun ia a nd t hen t hrough t he v a l ley o f V ipacco t o P reva i l° a nd t hrough V ipacco t o A iduss ina ( 49 .6 km ) .
A l l t hree r oads l ed t o t he v a l ley o f I sonzo .
The L ombards h ad b eco me a cqua in ted w i th t he r ou te t hrough A idussina 1 5-16 y ears b efore o n t he o ccasion o f Narses , c ampa ign ( Pau lus I , 8 ) .
Pau lus wri tes
t ha t "mon te m q ui e isde m l ocis p ro minen t a scend i t i ndeque p rou t c onspicere p o tui t , p arte m I t a l iae c on te mp latus e st .
Q ui mons p rop ter h ac, u t f er tur c ausa m
e x e o t e mpore Mons R egis a ppe la tus e st ."
Thi s moun ta in i s Mon te Re ( 1285
me tres h igh ) , t he p eak o f P reva l lo , wh ich i s 1 0 k i lo me tres f ro m t he Ka iceA idussin .a r oad . •A lboin me t n o r esistance i n t he p rov ince o f Venezia , a nd s o c ou ld e asi ly t ake C ivida le ( Foreiu lio ) .
The Emperor J ust inian p resen ted s everal e ar lier
mi li tary f or t if ica t ions t o t he L o mbards i n 5 47-548 t wo o f which a re s ti l l k nown : Ve l ike Me lance ( Noviodo mu m ) a nd C aste l C arn iu m , a t t he f oot o f which i s t he g rea t c e me tery o f K ran j ( Kra inburg ) .
These f or ti f ica tions were u sed b y t he
L o mbards f or a l ong t ime a s o u ter d efences o f t he F r iu li Pr incipa li ty u n ti l t he a ppearance o ft he S lays, who d estroyed t he c a tho lic R o man p opu la tion i n t he v a l leys o f t he Drava a nd t he S ava . I n t he b a t t le a t Vesuvius t he l ast Go this k ing , T eias, was k i l led . The f o ll owers o f t he G o ths i n I t a ly w ere t he L o mbards. s treng thened ;
The r u le o f t he East Ro mans
ap ar t o f n or th I ta ly b e longed t o t he F rank ish Emp ire. Though
Narses, b efore t he a rr iva l o ft he L o mbards, a f ter t he d efea t o f t he Vanda ls i n Nor th A fr ica , s treng thened t he i n terna l f orces i n I t a ly , t he p o l i tica l s i tua t ion a t t he a rr iva l o ft he L o mbards was s ti l l v ery d isturbed .
The p opu la tion o f
Nor th I ta lian t owns c ou ld h ard ly b ear t he h eavy Byzan t ine t axes, t he a buse o f t he f oreign b arbar ian warr iors a nd t heir p o li t ica l f orce. r esisted w i th s uccess d ue t o F rank ish h e lp ; g iven i n t o Byzan t iu m .
S o me o f t hese t owns
o n ly a f ew y ears e ar lierthey h ad
The r u th less Narses was f o l lowed b y t he d irect r u le o f
t he Empress S oph ia , whi le t he e xarch , L ong inus, was j ust a n i nsigni f ican t " c lerk" who c oun ted o n h is s tra tege m o f s e t t ling t he L o mbards i n I ta ly . S o Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. t i s c leBAR arPublishing, t ha t i n t h e d isturbances o f t he E-book,i Oxford, UK: 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
l a te 5 60s i t was t he L o mbards who
o ffered n ew l i fe t o I ta ly w i th t heir o rgan isa tion , l eg isla tion a nd c oncep tions. 2 1
T he L o mbards a rr ived i n I t a ly a lready m ixed w i th o ther p eop les, a nd t he L o mbard b lood b eca me e ven more d i lu ted b y i n termarr iage w i th t he p eop les o f t he Meroving ian c ivi lisa t ion , t he A la mann i , F ranks, Thar ingians, Bavarians a nd O strogo ths. S o me mon ths af ter t heir a rr iva l A lboin t ook t he ma jor t owns o f N or th I ta ly : M i lan i n 5 69 a nd P avia ( Ticinu m ) i n 5 71 , where h e b ased h is k ingdom a nd h ad h i mse lf c rowned i n 5 72 .
H is w i fe h ad h im k i l led i n 5 72 .
s uccessor o n t he t hrone was C lef , b u t h e t oo was k i l led i n 5 74.
H is
Af ter t his t he
L ombards ' o rganisa t ion was b ased o n p r incedo ms. The p r incedo ms o f I t a ly c hanged i n d i f feren t p er iods. P o li tica l i mpor tance was a t tached t o C ivida le , Verona , Tren to , I vrea , T or ino , L ucca , S po le to a nd Beneven to .
T he L o mbards r u led i n Venezia ( excep t P adova a nd Monceise ,
E ste , Man tova a nd Cre mona ) i n I nsubria a nd L igur ia ( excep t G enova u n t i l t he 8 th c en tury ) a nd o n t he c oast . They c ap tured C en tra l I ta ly, e xcep t Ravenna a nd t owns o n t he e ast c oast . N o L o mbard k ing r u led i n Nap les, i n many t owns o n t he west c oast a nd i n R o ma . b ards.
The o ld R o man c en tres were a voided b y t he L o m-
R o man l i fe was c arr ied o n i n R o ma , G ae ta , Nap les a nd Ravenna ;
n ew
c en tres o f Ro man l i fe f ormed i n G rado , C aor le, Erac l ina , T orce l lo , e tc . ( Pepe 1 963) . Dur ing C lef ' sr e ign t he S axon f orces r eturned h o me s o t he s treng th o f t he L o mbards d ecl ined . T he B yzan t ines t urned t he F ranks a ga inst t he L o mbards. When t he L ombards s aw t ha t t hey were l osing t heir s trength d ue t o t he l ack o f u n i ty t hey e lected a n ew k ing , Au thari , who made p eace w i th t he F ranks.
Dur ing
Au thar i ' sr e ign t he c ap tured l ands were r edistr ibu ted a nd t he e cono my was o rganised a new .
H is a im was t o d i minish o r s top t he h osti li ty b e tween t he
G erman ic a nd t he R oman p opu la tions.
Then t he L ombards, t oge ther w i th t he
Byzan t ines, d efea ted t he F ranks i n 5 87 b u t l a ter , j ust b efore Authar i ' sd ea th , t hey a t tacked t he L o mbards f ro m t he n or th . The L o mbards h ad t o g ive u p t heir f or t if ica t ions o ne a f ter a nother .
L a ter t he F ranks a lso d ecl ined i n s treng th ,
r e trea ted , a nd c ou ld h o ld o n ly S usa , Aosta a nd Tr iden t inu m a nd i t s v icin i ty . Au thari was f o l lowed o n t he t hrone b y Ag iwu lf ( 5 90-615) , p r ince o f Mi lan , . who b ehaved t owards P ope Gregor ius w i th c a tho lic f r iendship .
Dur ing h is
r eign p eace a nd o rder p reva i led . Au thari ' sp lans c ame t o f rui tion d ur ing t he r eign o f Agiwu lf . The G er man ic t r ibes l i v ing i n I t a ly b eca me a l lies, i so la ted t he mse lves f ro m t he R o mans a s f ar a s p oss ib le ; t his b eing t he o n ly p ossibi li ty o f i ndependence ( Pau lus I I , 3 2 ) . P epe ( 1962 ) wr i tes a bou t " la s eparazione i n v i ta e i n mor te d ei d om ina tori d a i v inct i" ( p . 2 86) , a nyhow " imbarbarimen to d ei l a tin i , mai p oi 1 'umanizzarsi d ei L angobardi" h appened s low ly a nd u nnot i cab ly . A ccording t o t he s agas A u thar i w en t t o t he s ou thern e nd o f I t a ly a s f ar a s R eggio where h e s a id : " Le t t he L o mbards ' emp ire e xpand t i l l t his p o in t"
Af ter s ome i nsigni f ican t k ings ( Ada lwa ld , Ar iwa ld ) R othari , a n Arian , a scended t he t hrone ( 636-652 ) . A t t his t ime t he I t a l ian L o mbard k ingdo m r eached i t s p eak . When t he o ld l aws l ost t heir f orce R othar i p roduced h is b ook o fl aws i n 6 43 ( Edic tu m R o thari ) , c o mp le ted b y h is s uccessors o n t he t hr one ( L i tp rand,PartsRa hi , A istu lf ) . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology ofu the Lombards, It and Ii.s E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
F rom t his C ode we l earn many t h ings
2 2
a bou t t he l i fe, o rgan isa tion a nd t radi tions o f t he L o mbards. Pau lus D iaconus p robab ly wro te h is H istoria L angobardoru m af ter L iu tprand i sd ea th . A istu lf b esieged R o me a nd s o t he a nger o ft he P ope a nd h is a l lies f e l l o n h im . T he l ast L o mbard k ing was Desider ius ( 7 58-778 ) , who a lready h ad a R o man n ame .
H e o verest ima ted h is s treng th a nd t a len t .
T he c on troversies w i th P ope
P au l s harpened , a nd h e a sked f or h e lp a ga inst t he P ope f ro m B yzan tiu m , b u t when t hey r e jected h is p lea , h e t urned a ga inst t he Byzan t ine c en tre o f Ravenna . Desider ius a lso t r ied t o s treng then h is r u le t hrough marriage . d augh ters was marr ied b y C har les, k ing o f t he F ranks.
One o f h is
B u t when C har les
b ecame t he o n ly r u ler o ft he F rankish Emp ire h e s en t h is w i fe I r mingard ( Desideria o r S ibi l la ) h o me , a nd t hus t he t wo n a t ions c ame i n to c onf lict . The a l liance b e tween t he P ope a nd P ep in , t he F rank ish k ing , mean t t he e nd o ft he L ombards ' r u le a nd e xpansion . T his was t he f i rst t ime t ha t t he weakness o ft he L o mbards was r ea lised b y t heir e ne mies. I n J u ly 7 73 t he F ranks d efea ted t he L o mbards a s "manca s in d a i p r imordi u ni ta d i e serci to ed i p opo lo" ( Pepe 1 963 , p . 2 28 ) . T he l ast t hree-day b a t t le b e tween t he L ombards a nd t he F ranks was a t G iovanno F ie ld i n t he v a l ley o f Dora R ipar i b e tween Mon te P r ishir iano a nd Mon te Caprasio . A t t he e nd o fS ep te mber , 7 73 , C har lemagne marched i n to P av ia u nresisted . Ade lgis, Desider ius ' s on , t r ied t o h o ld Verona b u t t hen h e s urrendered a nd f l ed t o t he B yzan t ines.
We k now
n o th ing f ur ther o fD esiderius a nd P avia . The s ources a re s i len t . A ccording t o u nre liab le s ources t he k ing was b l inded b y o rder o f C har le magne a nd t aken b eyond t he A lps t oge ther w i th t he r oya l j ewe l lery . "L angobard i c h iusero l a l oro s tor ia i t a liano" wr i tes P epe ( 1963 , p . 2 28 ) , b u t we d o n o t a gree w i th h is f o l lowi ng words:
"s enza meanche 1 'ombra d e l la g lor ia".
I n 7 74 Char lemagne h ad
h i mse lf c rowned i n P avia w i th t he i ron c rown o ft he L o mbards.
Wi th h is a ct ion
h e p u t a n e nd t o t he L o mbards ' r u le i n I ta ly . T he G erman ic L o mbards were d estroyed b y t he G erman ic F ranks, a s t hey h ad b een f orced t o l eave t heir mo ther land 4 00 y ears e ar l ier b ecause o f G erman ic i nvasions. I n b a t t les t heir e ne mies were most ly a lso t heir G erman ic b ro thers : t he G ep id i a nd t he G o ths. Tuscia , S po le to a nd B eneven to r e ma ined f or a t ime i ndependen t . The f i rst t o s urrender was Tuscia . S po le to b eca me a F rankish p r incedo m o n ly a round 9 00 . T hey c ou ld c ap ture e ven t he P ope , b u t P ope I nnocen t I I a nnexed S po le to ( H irsch-Schippa 1 968 ) . s ou th I t a ly s ince 5 71 .
B eneven to was t he c ap i ta l o f t he L o mbards l i ving i n I tb ecame a f l ourish ing t rad ing c en tre a nd i n t his t own
P au lus l i ved f or a l ong t ime . Ar ichis ( 591-641) .
I t s most g lor ious t ime was d ur ing t he r eign o f
The l ast p r ince was L ando lf i n 1 075, who g ave B eneven to
t o t he P ope d ur ing t he N orman a t tack . r u lers o f An jou a nd Aragon .
L a ter t he t own f e l l i n to t he h ands o f t he
T he o n ly f ur ther t h ing we k now a bou t t he L o mbards i n I t a ly i st ha t t hey l i ved f or a l ong t ime i n sma l ler u n i ts i n monaster ies, i n e cono mic c en tres i so la ted f ro m t heir s urround ings.
S o me l arger g roups s urvived i n Nor th I ta ly
j ust l i ke t he F ranks who d efea ted t he m .
I n t he 1 3 th c en tury t hey were men tioned
a s "e de l ingi" i nG enova a nd a lso t hey were t he L ombard i" ( Ch iape l li 1 928 , S chneider 1 924) . S o me o ft he m s ti l l l i ve i n t he s ou thern v a l leys o ft he L ess ma A lp s a ndAnthropology a t t heof e as tern Parts f ee t f te R osa i n Macugnaga Kiszely, István. The the Lombards, I ando Ii. Mon E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. e l l i 1 9 2 4 ) . S o m e m o r e c o h e r e n t L o m b a r d g roups c an b e Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 3
( Bianchi 1 924, Chuchf ound i n t he o u ter
_ L
t err i tor ies o f C osenza . h ave s urvived .
Al o t o f L o mbard g eograph ica l a nd p ersona l n ames
The n a me o f t he o u tsk ir ts o f C osenza ( Tim mefredde) was
C i t ta L angobarda t i l l 1 937 ; t here a re a l o t o f L o mbard s urnames o n t he a rea a nd f i rst n a mes l i ke Er iber to , F i liber to , G ua lber to , e tc., a re s t i l l c o m mon . Caste l lo S uero i n C osenza , wh ich was t he p lace where t he L o mbards s urvived t he l ongest a ccord ing t o t radi tion , s ti l l s tands .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 4
I .
ANALYSIS OF LOMBARD GRAVES AND CE METERIES ( A NTHROPOLOGICAL DESCR IPTION )
1 .
F inds o fb ones f ro m G er many a nd c e meter ies i n Bohe m ia a .
G er many
The f i rst g rave o f an oble man was f ound i n Marwendel ( kr. Dannenberg ), o n t he t err itory o f t he L o mbard mo therland ( f ig. 2 ) i n 1 928 , b u t t he b ones a re n ow l ost. The f i nds w ere f i rst d a ted t o t he 2 nd c en tury a nd t hey s ee med t o b elong t o af oreign p opu la t ion ( Kruger 1 928 ). t he b on es :
K ruger ( 1928 ,
P .
8 ) wr i tes a bou t
"Mit ten i n d er G efässgrube l ag d er S chädel , v on d e m Frag men te
u nd e in U n terkeifer m i t 2Z ähnen e rha l ten s ind" .. " an e iner S tel le f anden s ich w en ige Knochenreste, d ie v on Dr. v an G if fen Gron ingen a ls Teile v on Menschenknochen b est i m mu t wurden . ..In e iner a bgegrabener S andmasse z eigten s ich v ereinzel t Holzknochenst t icken , a n e iner S tel le w en ige S k elet treste. End l ich k onn ten d ie K nochen f reigel legt w erden .
S ie l agen h or izon ta l n ebenein-
a nder , z ie m l ich g u t e rha l ten , b raun g efärbt , e in S tuck f äh l te • Dr. v an G if fen Gron ingen h a t s ie a ls B ein— u nd Fuss k nochen e ines menschl ichen S kelet ts f estges tel l t". made.
N o f ur ther e xa m ina t ion was c arr ied o u t n or was a n i nven tory
Ag rave w i th impor ted g oods was d iscovered n ear t he e ar l ier g raves f ro m Marwendel i n 1 944 a nd 1 945 ( Körner 19 52 ). The f inds c an b e d a ted t o 1 75, t he t ime o f t he Marcomann ic wars ( Eggers 19 65 ). " Von d er L eiche war n ur w en ig e rha l ten u nd z u e rkennen .
D ie S tel le , wo d er K op f e inst g elegen
h a t te , war d urch e ine a u ffä l l ige Häu fung f e iner Würzelchen , d ie h ier i n d en v on Nährstöf fen a ngereich teren B oden h ineinreichen , mark ier t. Vo m S chädel waren i nS puren s kelet t iger Ende u nd k leinsten Knochen te ile d er K o mpak teren Part ien e in ige Reste e rha l ten , d azu d ie f rag ilen S ch melzkronen w en iger Z ähne. Von d en K nochen d er S chu l ter u nd d er Brust war n ur d as b ewahr t was d urch Bronze —oder S ilbersa lze u nm i t te lbar a n leigender K leinob jek t ive i n u nbestim mb ar ten R esten k onservier t w ar . Auserde m wurde i n d er Gegend d es l inken O berar ms e in Tei l d er Knochen a ls d unk ler Doppelstr ich t s ich tbar .
Von
a nderen Tei len d er L e iche f and s ich n ich ts" ( Körner 19 52, p . 3 6 ). Ih ave b een g iven i n for ma t ion c oncern ing t he o ther L ombard s keleton f inds f ro m t he E lbe ( Apensen , R ieste ) b y Pro fessor Gerhard t K ur t. He s u mmed u p h is r esearch work a s f olows : " Aus d er Z eit d er h erausgeb ildeten u nzweifelhaf t l angobard ischen K u ltur g ib t e s k eine S chädel i n Deu tsch land"... " D ie Vor fahren d er L angobarden w erden i n d en E lbger manen g esucht.
D ie
d or t igen Gräberfelder h aben a ber l e ider n ur s ehr w en ig S kelet t ma ter ia l , d a d er Boden f ürErha l tung d er K nochen u ngünst ig i s t . Auch d ie k u l turel le Z u te ilung n och r echt p roble ma t isch" ( i nfor ma t ion b y l e t ter ). Wegew i tz ( 1964 ) t r ied t o c o l lect e very th ing c harac ter ist ic o f t he L o mbards t r ied t o d escr ibe t he L ombards
l i v in g i n he mo th rl and Parts n ear h lbe. H e Kiszely, István. The t Anthropology ofe the Lombards, I andt Ii.e E E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 5
r e ma in ing i n t h is t err itory f ro m a n on-an thropo log ica l a ngle : d if fered f ro m t he S axons i n t he ir s ta ture.
" The L o mbards
Their b on es a re e specia l ly f i rm ...
The h ead i s l ong. The f ace i s w ider t han t ha t o f t he S axons , where t he f ace i s l arger a nd b roader.
The ir e yes a re b lue , t heir h a ir i s l i gh t b lond .
Th ick
r edd ish-yel low h a ir i s v ery c o m mon among wo men a nd g ir ls l iv ing o n t he t err itory i nhab i ted b y t he L o mbards. The L o mbards d if fer f ro m t he S axons n ot o n ly i n o u tward a ppearance b u t a lso i n t he ir b ehav iour" ( Wegew i tz 1 964, p . 8 15 ). b .
Bohe m ia
Dur ing t he L o mbards ' r esidence i n B ohe m ia , Thur ing ian , Bavar ian a nd l a ter t he Frank ish i n f luences must h ave b een c ons iderable ( L . S ch m id t 1 904 , 1 909 ).
The "Lo mbard" c e me ter ies i n Bohe m ia a re o f ten a scr ibed t o t he
Marco mann i a nd t he Th i lr ing ians.
Accord ing t o Werner ( 1962, p . 1 32 ) t he
Bohe m ians f inds a re n ever c lear ly Th i lr ing ian o r L o mbard , b u t t hey a re a lways o f m ixed c haracter.
N o e xclus ively L o mbard c e metery h as b een r epor ted
f ro m t he t ime o f t he "Merov ing ian c u l ture" i n Bohe m ia.
There a re s o me c e me-
t er ies l ike Z a luZi (.e lakov ice ), Praha-Podbaba , g vetec , Mochov a nd K luC 'ov d a t ing f ro m t he l ast d ecades o f t he 5 th c en tury t o t he m idd le o f t he 6 th c en tury ( Svoboda 1 965 , p . 3 58 ), a bou t wh ich S voboda wr ites a s f o l lows :
" D ie r eichen
Gräber v on Z a lun , g vetec , Mochov a nd K lu6ov k ann mann m itdieserGräber v erg leichen , d ie am ö st l ichen Rande d es merow ing ischen K u l turkre ises z u f inden s ind u nd s chöne k ostbare B eigaben , Impor twaren o der ö r t l iche Nachahmungen e rha l ten u nd d ie e rste Hä l f te d es 6 . J ahrhunderts o der n och s pä ter z u d a t ieren s ind .
Es i s t umbest i mmbar , z u w elchen S tä m men d ie Toten d ieser
Gräbern g ehör ten" ( Svoboda 1 965, p . 3 58 ). I ft hey a re r ea l ly L o mbard c e met er ies , t hey c an b e a scr ibed t o am ixed p opu la t ion c ons ist ing o f t he l oca l p opu la t ion , t he L o mbards a nd t he Th i lr ing ians.
N o c ons iderable m igra t ion c an b e
d etected i n t he a rea u n t il t he e nd o f t he 5 th c en tury. v ived o n t he l and f ro m t he t ime o ft he Ro mans.
The l oca l p opu la t ion s ur-
S o me i n f luences c an b e s hown
t o b e d ue t o t he L o mbards. Bohe m ia d ur ing t he V inar ic i c u l ture ( f ro m t he f i rst d ecades o f t he 5 th c en tury t o t he e nd o f t ha t c en tury ) was a b order l ine c ase :
i tp reserved i t s
a nc ien t c u l ture a nd i n t he s a me t ime a bsorbed s evera l n ew i nf luences.
" Zum
Re ich d er L angobarden , d ie i rgendwann am Ende d es 5 , J ahrhunder t h ier d urchg ezogen g ehörte Böh men n ie ma ls" wrote S voboda ( 1965 ).
" I t i s d if f icu l t t o
s how t he Ger man ic i n f luences i n Bohe m ia b ecause o f t he c onstancy o f t he p opu la t ion , a nd s u itable f inds a nd wr it ten s ources a re m issing" ( Svoboda 1 965, p . 3 56 ).
I n a ny c ase, n o s ign i f ican t g roup o f t he L o mbards r e ma ined l ong i n
t he t err itory , i ft here w ere a ny t here a t a l l , s ince " a f ter t he m idd le o f t he 6 th c en tury n o G er man ic r el ics c an b e f ound i n Bohe m ia" ( Svoboda 1 965, p . 3 58 ).
We d o n o t k now i ft he r ea l c ause o f t he d isappearance o f t he " Re ichen-
g r eer" ( abou t 5 68 ) w as t he a ppearance o f t he Bavar ians , t he r u in o f t he Thür ing ian emp ire o r t he L o mbards ' i nvas ion o f Pannon ia. A p art o f t he L ombards , a ccord ing t o Ben inger ( 1940 ) , r e ma ined i n Bohe m ia a nd were c u l tura l ly c onnected w ith t he L o mbards i nt he t err itory o f t he Rug i i i n Wacho 's r e ign . There a re o n ly 5 s i tes i n Bohe m ia ( Praha-Podbaba , Mochov , l üu6ov , Z a luA (elakov ice ) a nd g vetec ) where c e me ter ies c on ta in f inds p ossibly b eo ng ing t ooft h eLombards, L o mb arId s. Kiszely, István.l The Anthropology the Parts and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 6
Praha-Podbaba :
As er ies o f g raves w ere d estroyed a nd o n ly a f ew o b-
j ec ts w ere r escued a nd p laced i n t he Bohe m ian Museum i n Prague i n t he c ourse o f t he y ears. I n t he a u tu mn o f 1 891 mater ia l f ro m 5 f ur ther g raves was t aken t o t he Museum f ro m t he b r ick f actory a t Podbaba. a nd p ubl ished b y P ie ( 189 1892 ). ( Svoboda 1 965 ).
Th is ma ter ia l was e xa m ined
The n umber o f p ubl ished g raves i s 4 1
The g raves w ere s i tuated i n r ows ( Re ichengr 'hber ) a nd t he
f inds, a ccord ing t o P it , d ate f ro m t he 6 th c en tury a nd s how "Merov ing ian" c haracter ist ics. N iederle c o l lected 5 s ku l ls a nd 3 f ur ther o nes f ro m e arl ier e xcava t ions ( 8 s ku l ls a l together ) a nd p ubl ished t he m i n 1 891. ' D ie n euen td eck te Gräber v on Podbaba u nd d er e rste k t inst l ich d efor m ier te p räh istor ische S ch äd el a us Böh men" was t he t i t le o fh is p aper wh ich i s t he b est a nd i ndeed t he o n ly p ub l ica t ion a bou t t h is t err itory. B efore a rr iv ing a t t he t echn ica l d escr ip t ion h e r e marks t ha t t he s ku lls r epresen t " c lear t ypes" s uch a s r arely o ccur ( Hel l ich d escr ibes t he s kele tons a s Merov ing ian i n 1 898-1899 ).
N ieder le
c arr ied o u t h is e xa m ina t ions a ccord ing t o t he B roca-Manouvr ier measure men ts, wh ich c an b e t ransfor med t o t he p resen t n o mencla ture, a nd h is p ho tographs a nd d a ta a re s u i table f or a na lysis.
Metr ica l d ata o n 4g raves were p ubl ished b y
Ma t iegka ( 1911) ( f ig. 6 , p la te 1 ) .
The p hotographs It ook f ro m N ieder le's p ub-
l i ca t ion ( 1891). On t he b asis o f t he a n thropo log ica l f ea tures o f 8s ku l ls N e ider le c haract er ises t he p opu la t ion a s f o l lows ( as f ar a s was p ossible w ith s o sma l l a n umber ) :
" Do l ichocran ia l s ku l ls w ith a n arrow f ace, o pen , h igh o rb its , h igh ,
n arrow n ose , z ygo ma t ic b ones s tand ing c lose t o t he f ace , a nd w ith o rthognat ous, s o met i mes p rogna thous f aces" ( 1891, p p . 5 -6 ). The s ku l ls w ith Merov ing ian c harac ter ist ics d id n o t b elong t o t he l oca l p opu la t ion , b u t c o me f ro m l a ter s et t le men t .
N ieder le c onsiders t he p ossib il i ty o f t he Marco mann i :
" the
r e ma in ing Marco mann ic p opu la t ion may h ave b een b ur ied i n t he Podbaba c e met ery" ( p . 9 ) . S ku l l N o. 1 ( f ound i n 1 887 ) The c o mp lete , w el l-preserved s ku l l o f a n o ld wo man t oge ther w i th t he l ower j aw. Do l ichocran ia l ( 7 2,43 ) , o r thocran ia l ( 70 , 2 7 ) , meso-hyps ichonch ic ( 8 4, 2 1), mesorrh ine ( 40 , 0 3 ). a nd r ec tangular.
F ro m t he l a tera l v iew t he s ku l l s ee ms f l a t
I tb elongs t o t he "Merov ing ian" t ype.
S ku l l N o. 2 The s ku l l o f ay oung man a ged a bou t 2 0. c onch ic ( 8 6, 8 4 ), mesorrh ine ( 49 , 0 1).
Mesocran ia l ( 78 , 2 8 ) , h ypsi-
I tb e longs t o t he Cro-Magnon id t ype.
S ku l l N o. 3 ( f ound i n 1 888 ) The who le s ku l l a nd t he l ower j aw o f a n 1 8 y ear-o ld man . Do l ichocran ial ( 7 3 , 0 3 ), o r thocran ia l ( 70 , 2 2 ). I tb elongs t o t he N ord ic t ype w ith s o me C roMagnon id i nf luence. S ku l l N o. 4 The c o mp lete s ku l l o f a n 1 8-20 y ear-o ld man . Do l ichocran ia l ( 7 3, 9 1), l ep terene ( 57 , 1 4 ), h yps iconch ic ( 98 , 6 0 ), c ha maerrh ine ( 5 1, 0 2 ) , n ear t o t he N ord ic t ype , a ccord ing t o N ieder le :
" schöne Reichengräbertype".
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 7
S ku l l N o . 5( p la te 1 ) As trong y oung man ( 20-25 y ears o ld ). The f ace i s e xpressed ly p rognat hous , t he z ygo ma t ic p rocess i s l ow , t he p a la te i s h igh , h yperdo l ichocran ia l ( 69 , 9 2 ), o r thocran ia l ( 7 1, 4 0 ), l ep terene ( 5 6, 7 1). Hypsiconch ic ( 94 , 5 9 ), l ep torrh ine ( 45, 2 8 ).
I tb elongs t o t he N ord ic t ype, b e ing a l i t t le more r ect-
a ngu lar t han t he a verage, c lose t o t he s o-cal led "Merov ing ian" t ype. S ku l l N o. 6 Cran ium o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man . S l igh t ly d eveloped t ubera f ron ta l ia a nd t ubera p ar ieta l ia , t he i n terorb i ta l d istance i s v ery l arge. The n asal b one i s p rof i l ied , t he mertu m i s p o in ted , t he p a la te i s h igh .
Mesocran ia l ( 75, 6 7 ),
d o l icho-ovo ides , l ep terene ( 55, 6 4 ), h ypsiconch ic ( 8 6, 9 0 ) , l ep torrh ine ( 4 6, 9 4 ). I tb elongs t o t he N ord ic t ype, m ixed w ith a no ther t ype o f s horter s ku l l . S ku l l N o. 7 The i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l o f ay oung ( 18 y ear-o ld ) woman , w i thou t t he j aw.
Do l ichocran ia l ( 7 4 , 4 2 ), h ypsicran ia l ( 8 1, 3 9 ), meserene ( 5 2, 4 5 ),
mesoconch ic ( 80 , 5 5 ), mesorrh ine ( 50.00 ). I t s p robable o r ig ina l t ype i s N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id w i th s o me " Thur ing ian" i nf luence. The med ium f or mat i on was c arr ied o u t , a ccord ing t o N ieder le, w i th e nc ircl ing b andages i n a c ircu lar o r c rossing way . S vetec u Tep l ic :
" Graves" w ere f ound i n 1 903 o r 1 904 , s ome g rave-
g oods, f ro m wh ich were p ubl ished b y P ie ( 1904-1 9 04 ) ( Svoboda 1 965, p p . 27 427 5 ). The u npubl ished s keletons w ere l ost o r d estroyed d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War.
1 -2 ).
Z a lui i ( Praha-vYchod ). ( S ince 19 4 0c al led e lakov ice ) ( t ables 1 -3 , p la tes F irst , i n 19 30-1931, L . Hä jek e xcava ted 5 g raves , l a ter S chrän il ( 1932 )
f ound 5 4 more; s o t he t o ta l n umber o f t he G er man ic g raves d at ing f rom t he 6 th c en tury ( Svoboda 1 965, p p . 2 75-295 ) i s 5 9.
S chrän il d a ted t he m t o t he 4 th-
6 th c en tur ies ( Neustup e 1 931 ,S chr4n il 1 930 , Knerr 1 931).
The v ery s hor t
a rchaeo log ical p ubl ica t ion o f t he e xcava t ion was wr it ten b y F ranz ( 1935 ).
A
d eta i led p ubl ica t ion o ft he t wo i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls f rom t he c e metery was wr it ten b y Ma lt i n 19 35.
I n t h is p aper h e a lso p ubl ished t he d a ta o n 7
f ur ther s keletons ( graves 1 6 , 1 8 , 2 6 , 3 3, 4 1 a nd 4 9 ). A l l t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he c e me tery , e xcep t t he t wo i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls p ubl i shed b y Ma li ( 1935 ), were d estroyed d ur ing t he S econd World War ( oral i nfor ma t ion ). Ma lt d ef ined a l l t he s ku l ls a s " Pa laeo-Ger man ic-Re ichengräbert yp". On t he b asis o f p ho tographs a nd o ther d a ta t he Ce lakov ice c e metery c an b e a na lysed . Grave N o . 1 6 The c o mp lete, w el l-preserved s ku l l o f aj uven i le wo man .
Do l icho- meso-
c ran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a krocran ic , e urymetop ic , l ep toprosop ic , l ep terene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine.
I tb elongs t o t he b rachycran ia l
N ord ic t ype. Grave N o. 1 8 S l igh t ly f rac tured s ku l l t ogether w ith t he l ower j aw o f a ma ture man . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology the Lombards, Parts Ie and Ii.p Do l i chocraofn i al , e ur ym to ic , mesoconch ic , E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded p on behalf of 38.67.221.43 erhaps b rachycran ia l N ord ic o ne.
2 8
l ep tostaphy l ine.
I t s t ype i s d ub ious,
Grave N o . 2 6 The c o mp lete s ku l l w i th f ractured f ac ia l p art a nd t he l ower j aw o f a ma ture-sen i le man . Hyperdo l icho-do lichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic, e uryme top ic , h ypsiconch ic , mesorrh ine, mesostaphy l ine.
I tb elongs t o t he
p ro tonord ic-Nord ic t ype. Grave N o . 2 8 A wo man , p robably j uven i le. g rea t e x ten t.
Her s ku l l was i n ten t iona l ly f or med t o a
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e urymetop ic, h yper-
l ep toprosop ic , l ep terene-hyperlep terene, h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine, l ep tos taphy l ine.
I t s o r ig ina l t ype must h ave b een p ro tonord ic-Nord ic.
t a l is i s s trong.
Cr ista f ron-
The f or ma t ion was c arr ied o u t w i th a f orehead p il low.
Grave N o . 3 3 The c o mp lete , w el l-preserved s ku l l w ith s l ight ly f ractured f ron ta l p ar t o f aj uven i le-adu l t man . Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , metr ioc ran ic , metr io metop ic, h ypsiconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine.
I tb elongs
t o t he N ord ic- Med iterran ian t ype w ith "Merov ing ian" c harac ter ist ics. Grave N o. 3 9 The wel l-preserved s ku l l w i th f ractured f ron ta l p art a nd t he l ower j aw o f aj uven i le-adu l t wo man . Do l icho mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ic , a crocran ic , e urymetop ic , mesoconch ic , l ep tostaphy l ine , l ep torrh ine. I tb elongs t o t he Cro- Magnon id-Frank ish t ype. Grave N o. 4 1 C ran ium , f ractured f ron ta l p ar t a nd j aw o f aj uven ile-adu l t man . Mesoc ran ia l , o r thocran ial , a crocran ic , metr io metop ic , mesoconch ic, mesorrh ine , mesostaphy l ine. I t s t ype i s C ro-Magnon id w ith " Frank ish" f eatures. Grave N o. 4 6 The w el l-preserved i n ten t iona l ly f or med ( w i th e nc irc l ing b andages ) s ku l l o f a n a du l t wo man . Do l icho- mesocran ia l , o r tho-hypsicran ia l , a crocran ic , metr io metop ic , meseren e-lep terene, mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine. I t s o r ig ina l t ype i s N ord ic. Grave N o . 4 9 The c a lo t te a nd t he f rag men tary j aw o f a ma ture-sen ile man . d o l ichocran ia l , e uryme top ic. I t s t ype i s p ro tonord ic-Nord ic. Mochov ( Praha-v f rhod ) d . i n 1 955 ( Ze man 1 958 ).
e sky-Brod :
Hyperdo l icho-
The c e me tery was e xcava ted
1 7 g raves were f ound i n t ha t y ear , a nd 1 8 i nt he n ex t .
The e xcava t ions w ere l ed b y J . Z e man a nd i tw as a lso h e who p ubl ished t he ma ter ia l . H e d a ted t he c e metery t o t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies a nd a scr ibed i tt o t he G er man ic p opu la t ion . The c era m ic mater ia l h e c onsiders o r ig ina ted " aus d em G eb iet a n d er u n teren E lbe" ( p . 4 71) , " von d or t k a m warschein l ich j ene e thn ische Gruppe , d ie i hre To ten i n Mochov b esta t tete". He e nds h is p aper : " Das Gr eerfeld v on Mochov t rug j eden fa ls z ur K lärung e ines d er d a mals v orhandenen E le men te b e ider u n tere t h ischen Gruppe, d ie v iel le ich t mit d en Kiszely, István. Anthropology the Lombards, Parts Ia and Ii. z L an gobThe ar den i nofZ us a m me nh ng ub r ingen E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 9
i s t" ( p . 4 71).
The a n thropo log ica l
ma ter ia l f ro m t he c e me tery was s tud ied b y C hocho l ( 1956 ), B la jerova ( 1958 ) a nd t hen b y Chocho l a ga in ( 1958 ).
U n fortuna tely n o me tr ica l d a ta o r p ho tographs
a re g iven i n t he p ubl ica t ions. The b one ma ter ia l , b ecause o f t he u n favourable s o i l c ond i t ions a nd s econdary d isturbance, i s s o b ad ly p reserved t ha t n o e thn ic d ef in i t ion i s p oss ible. The a u thors c ou ld n o t d ef ine t ypes. The ir r esu l ts c an b e s um med u p a s f o l lows : o f t he 1 5 s kele tons 7b e longed t o men , 5t o wo men a nd 3 t o c h i ldren . A l l t he s keletons c a me f rom d isturbed g raves. The s ta ture c ou ld b e d ef ined o n ly f or t he men : t he a verage h e igh t was 1 70 cm. They w ere s trong , muscu lar men .
The h e igh t o f t he wo men was e spec ia l ly s tr ik ing , t hough e xact d a ta c ou ld
n o t b e c a lcu la ted . " Taxono m ische Ana lysen u nd Verg le iche s ind i nb ere i tere m Masstab w egen d es f rag men tar ischen Zustandes n ich t Mögl ich" ( Chocho l 1 958 , p . 4 77 ). Chocho l , h owever , t r ies t o d raw s o me c onclus ions f rom t he f rag men tary s ku l ls. These a re a s f o l lows ( p . 4 77 ):
" we c an , a nyhow , t el l f ro m t he v ery f rag men-
t ary b one ma ter ia l t ha t t he p opu la t ion h ad v ery s trong f ea tures a nd t ha t i tw as m ixed. The l ong measure men ts a re c harac ter ist ic o f t he p opu la t ion , s o t hey h ad l ong s ku l ls , a nd l ong f aces w ith l ong , n arrow n oses. t he c losest t o t hese f ea tures. t ures c an a lso b e d etected.
The N ord ic t ype i s
Bu t Ar men id ( Taurid ) a nd Medi terranian f ea-
For l ack o f c ompara t ive ma ter ia l n o f ur ther c on-
c lusions c an b e d rawn f ro m t hese f ea tures" . C hocho l 's o bservat ion t ha t t he v ery l ong a nd t h in s keleta lb ones s how s trong muscu lar a dhesion s urfaces i s worthy o f a t ten t ion .
I n ser t ion s urfaces o f t h is k ind a re c haracter ist ic o f p op-
u la t ions c arry ing o u t c onstan t a nd h eavy p hysica l work .
Exa m ina t ion o f t he
t eeth a l lows u s t o t h ink o f ap opu la t ion wh ich "m i t s tarke m An the il f e l tha l t iger u nd r ohrer E le men te g esch lossen w erde".
N o p a tho logy , e xcep t ah ealed
l ower-ar m f racture , was f ound . S o t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l o f Mochov i s t oo l i t t le a nd t oo f rag ment ary t o a l low u s t o d raw c onclusions; t he t h inness o f t he b ones a nd t he " Taur id" f eatures r epresen t aL ombard e thn ic g roup. K luC "ov ( d . 6 * esk 3 r-Brod ) :
S o me g raves f ro m t he Migrat ion P er iod were
f ound East o f P rague i n 1 951. I n t he n ex t y ear J . K abd t r escued 5 g raves w ith s kele tons i n e x tended p os ture ; l a ter N ehä l ik f ound 1 3 a nd K udrna 65 more. Thus t he n umber o f e xcava ted g raves i s 2 3 ( Svoboda 1 965, p p . 2 45-248; K udrna g1 952, 1 953 ).
Ap ar t o f t he c era m ic ma ter ia l , a ccord ing t o K udrnac ,
h as "Merov ing ian c haracter ist ics" , a nd h e d ates t he c e metery t o t he 6 th c ent ury . The b one ma ter ia l i sb ad ly p reserved .
One o f t he f i rst 5 g raves , l a ter
l abel led N o. 1 , c on ta ined a n i n ten t ional ly f or med s ku l l ( p late 3 ).
Th is s ku l l ,
c o mpared w i th t he s ku l l f ro m g rave 1 8 , was p ubl ished b y V iCek i n 1 952 . The i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l lb elonged t o ay oung w o man . The b ase o f t he s ku l l a nd t he j aw a re m iss ing. The f or mat ion i s o f sma l l e x ten t , a nd i s o f t he s oc al led " a i mara" t ype.
O r ig ina l ly i t must h ave b elonged t o t he "Merov ing ian-
Taurid" t ype. V 16ek c o mpares i tw ith o ther "Merov ing ian" f or ma t ions , e ndi ng h is p aper w i th t he s ta te men t t ha t t he t ype o f f or ma t ion , t he s ku l l e xa m ined f or med a nd a lso t he s ku l l f ro m g race 18 " belonged t o t he Merov ing ian p opu lat ion o f K lucov" ( V16ek 1 952, p . 1 30 ).
A ccord ing t o B en inger ( 1940 ) t h is
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 0
ma ter ia l c an b e a scr ibed t o t he "Marco mann ic-Thur ing ian" g roup . The met r ical a nalyses o f t he c e metery h as b een c arr ied o u tb y Chochol . B eforehand h e s a id ( i n al e t ter ) : " Hard ly a ny th ing c an b e s a id a bou t t h is ma ter ia l f ro m a n a n thropo log ica l p o in t o f v iew. The g raves w ere most ly d isturbed , t he b ones a re f ractured a nd o n ly a p ar t o f t he f rag men ts w ere r escued.
The e xa m ined
f ractured b ones g ive n o f ur ther i n for ma t ion r elat ing t o t he a n thropo logy o f t he Migra t ion Per iod" . K o l in : An " inhu mat ion c e metery o f t he e arly Migra t ion P er iod" was e xcavated i n 1 943-1944 ( Kundrac 1 950 ) , f o l lowed b y f urther g raves i n 1 947. The a rchaeo log ists r ely ing o n a rchaeo log ical a na log ies d a ted t he c e metery c irca 4 00 , o r p robab ly b etween 3 50 a nd 4 50. ( Svoboda 1 965 ).
The n umber o f g raves was 1 2
The a n thropo log ical ma ter ia l h as n o tb een p reserved .
L uiec N ad V l tavou ( d . Meln ik ) :
I n 1 955 t he Archaeo log ica l I nst i tu te o f
Prague c arr ied o u t a n e xcava t ion u nder 0 . K y tl ikova is l eadersh ip i n L uZec n ad V ltavou , where a l arge c e metery was f ound . t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies.
Ky t l ikova d ated t he c e metery t o
N o a rchaeo log ical p ubl ica t ion i s a va i lable a s y et , o n ly
t he i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l o f ad isturbed d ouble g rave o f c h ildren ( No. 1 8 ) was d escr ibed b y Chocho l i n 1 969 , a s t he f i f th i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l f ro m Bohe m ia .
The c h ild was 3 y ears o ld , a nd t he method o f f or ma t ion was e nc ircl ing
w i th b andages. 2 .
The r est o f t he b one ma ter ia l i s s t il l =publ ished.
C e me ter ies i n R ugi land a .
S ke le ton f inds f ro m t he Migra t ion P er iod i n Morav ia i . Ce meter ies a nd s i tes where s keletons w ith i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls h ave b een f ound
N ovy g a ldor f ( d . Zno j mo ) ( p la tes 6 ,7 ,8 ,9 a nd 1 0 ) :
7 5 g raves w ere e x-
c ava ted i n 1 923-1934 ( Ben irger-Fre is ing 1 937 , b ' erv inka 1 936, 1 937 , S chrgn il 1 923, Ben inger 1 937 ), wh ich w ere d a ted b y ü ' erv inka t o t he e nd o f t he 5 th c ent ury a nd b y B en inger-Fre ising t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury . The a n throp o log ica l e xa m ina t ion was c arr ied o u t b y A . L orenzovg . S he h as s o f ar p ub l ished 7g raves o f wo men w ith i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls a nd a lso s ku l ls f rom 6 o ther g raves ( 1963 ). Grave N o. 8 ( Museum 6 1oveka Praha ). An a du l t- ma ture wo man . The who le s ku l l w ithou t t he j aw. "Merov ing ian" , t he f or ma t ion i s o f med ium e x ten t.
I t s t ype i s
Grave X i ( Museu m 6 -l oveka Praha ) The wel l-preserved s ku l l o f a n a du l t wo man w i thou t t he j aw. I tb elongs t o t he Med iterran ian-Taur id t ype. The f or ma t ion o f t he s ku l l i s o f med ium e xt en t . Grave X2 ( Museum 6 'l oveka Praha ) The wel l-preserved s ku l l o f a ma ture wo man w i thou t t he j aw. med ium f or med s ku l lb elongs t o t he N ord ic-Med i terran ian t ype. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 1
The
Grave X 3 ( Museum g loveka Praha ) The c o mp lete, wel l-preserved s ku l l o f a n a du l t wo man ; t he o rb i to-fron tal p ar t i s s l igh t ly f ractured. The c onsiderab ly f or med s ku l l b elongs t o t he Nord ic t ype. Grave X4,( An thropo l . d stay. Brno ) The s ku l l o f a n a du l t wo man w ithou t t he j aw ; b o th p ar ieta l p ar ts a nd t he r igh t max i l la a re b roken .
I tb elongs t o t he "Merov ing ian" t ype, t he f orma t ion
i s o f med iu m e x ten t . Grave 3 0 ( Museu m 6 'l oveka Praha ) The w el l-preserved c a lvar ia o f a n a du l t- ma ture wo man . b e d ef ined .
The t ype c anno t
I ti s med ium f or med .
Grave X5 ( Museum C loveka P raha ) The c a lvar ia o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld woman .
The t ype c anno tb e d ef ined.
The f or ma t ion i s o f med ium e x ten t. Grave 9 ( Museum 6 loveka Praha ) The wel l-preserved s ku l l o f a mature man w i thou t t he j aw . I t s t ype i s N ord ic. The z ygo ma t ic p rocesses s tand o u t f ar o n t he s ides; d o l ichocran ia l , l ep toprosop ic. Grave 1 4 ( Museu m C loveka Praha ) The c a lva o f a ma ture man . l ongs t o t he Cro-Magnon id t ype.
I ti s o f r obust s tructure a nd p robably b e-
Grave 1 7 ( Museu m C loveka Praha ) The s kul l a nd l ower j aw o f a n a du l t man . The o ssa n asa l ia , t he l ef t max il lo-orb i ta l p ar t a nd t he l e f t w ing o f t he j aw a re b roken . I tb elongs t o t he Nord ic- Merov ing ian t ype; meso-lep topropop ic , meso-do l ichocran ia l . Grave 2 3 ( Museu m 6 1oveka Praha ) The wel l-preserved s ku l l a nd j aw o f a n a du l t man . Progna thous , t he n asa lb one i s s lan t ing. I tb e longs t o t he " Taur id- Merov ing ian" t ype. O s i ncae b ipart itum. Grave 2 7 ( Museu m 6 1oveka Praha ) The c a lvar ia o f a n a du l t -ma ture woman .
I tb elongs t o t he g raci l- Med i ter-
r an ian t ype. Grave X6 ( Museum g loveka Praha ) A sma l l f ractured c a lva o f a ma ture wo man .
I tb e longs t o t he Cro-
Magnon id t ype m ixed w ith t he Med iterran ian t ype. V ela t ice " Zadn i Pu l läny u l ." ( d . Brno ) ( p lates 4 ,5,10 a nd 1) : A . Dvoracek a nd T . Ondräcky , a f ter t he d iscovery o f as er ies o f f inds , e xcav a ted 9g raves f or t he ir p r iva te c o l lect ions.
Th is work was t aken o ver b y t he
Brno museum i n 1 937 , f ind ing 9 f ur ther g raves. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 2
The t o ta l n umber o f e xp lored
g raves w i th s ke letons i ne x tended p osi t ion i s o ver 2 0 (&rv inka 1 939 , Pou l ik 1 950 ,
b erv ink a
( 1951) a nd
1 937 , Werner 1 962 ).
The c e metery was d a ted af ter Pou l ik
e rv inka ( 1936 ) b y Werner ( 1962 ) t o t he e nd o f t he 5 th o r t he b eg in-
n ing o ft he 6 th c en tury . F irst t he t hree i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls w ere p ubl i shed b y J el inek ( 1960 ), t hen a l l t he s ix i n ten t iona l ly f ormed o nes were p ubl i shed b y L orenzovl ( 1960 , 1 962 ); t he r est o f t he mater ia l i s u npubl ished , a nd i t s f a te i s u nknown . Grave X 1 ( Museu m C ' loveka Praha 2 93 ) The we l l-preserved s ku l l o f a ma ture man w ithout t he j aw . O r ig inal ly i t must h ave b elonged t o t he N ord ic t ype. The i n ten t iona l f or ma t ion i s o fg rea t e x ten t , a nd a d ouble b end c an b e s een o nt he f orehead . Grave X 2 ( Morayske Museum Brno Pa . 9 7/37 ) Mature man . The s ku l l i s b roken , t he l ef t t e mpora l p art i s f rag men tary , t he j aw i s m iss ing. O r ig ina l ly i t must h ave b elonged t o t he Nord ic t ype , t he f or ma t ion i s med ium. Grave X3 ( Morayske Museum Brno Pa. 5 3/37 ) The f ractured s kul l o f a1 6 y ear-o ld b oy w ithou t t he j aw.
I t s t ype i s
N ord ic- Merov ing ian , a nd i ti s med ium f or med . Grave X4 ( Museum C loveka P raha 2 94 ) The c o mp lete, wel l-preserved s ku l l o f a n a du l t woman w ithou t t he j aw. The c onsiderab ly f or med s ku l lb elongs t o t he N ord ic t ype. Grave X5 ( Morayske Museum B . n o ) The c a lvar iu m o f a n a du l t wo man .
The b asa l p ar t a nd t he t e mpora l
b ones a re m iss ing a s i s t he j aw. The o r ig ina l t ype must h ave b een "Nord ic Merov ing ian" ; i ti s c ons iderably f or med , n o t l ong i tud ina l ly b u t u pwards. Grave X6 ( Morayske Museum Brno Pa . 9 6/36 I-2-3 ) The who le, w el l-preserved s ku l l o f a n a du l t wo man ; t he l ef t mand ibu lar w ing i s m issing. The e x tre mely f or med s ku l l must h ave b elonged t o t he N ord ic t ype. B rnenske I vanov ice ( d . Brno ) :
The f inds c o me f ro m P . R ich ter , t he
s ite was men t ioned b y 6 ' erv inka ( 1936, 1 939 ) a nd B en in ger-Freis in g ( 1933). An i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l g o t i n to t he An thropo l . u stav i n Brno w i thou t f ur ther i n for ma t ion . B en inger-Fre is ing ( 1933 ) d a tes t he g rave, o n t he b asis o f t he g rave-goods, t o t he e nd o f t he 4 th c en tury .
The i n ten t iona lly f or med
s ku l l was e xam ined b y L orenzovä ( 1963 ) ( p la te 1 3 ). The c a lvar ia o f a na du l t wo man .
The a bso lu te measure men ts a re smal l ,
a nd p erhaps i tb elongs t o at ype w ith r ounded s ku l l l ike t he A lp ine o r t he A lp ine- Med i terran ian o nes. The f or ma t ion i s s l igh t . Zno j mo ( p late 1 2 ) :
An e x tensive c e metery was d iscovered i n 1 870 ( Trapp
1 872, e rv inka 1 902, Pa l l iard i 1 888 , B en inger-Fre is ing 1 933 ). The f inds were d a ted b y e rv inka t o t he e nd o f t he 4 th c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he Kiszely, The Anthropology ofl the Parts It and Ii.na 5 thIstván. c en tu ry . On yLombards, o ne i n ten io l ly f or med E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 3
s ku l l h as b een p reserved i n t he
The f rag men tary c alvar ium o f a n a du l t man w i thou t t he j aw . The s urr ound ings o f t he a per tura p ir ifor m is a nd t he l ef t t e mporal p ar t a re miss ing. Or ig ina l ly i tb elonged t o t he N ord ic t ype , t he f or ma t ion i s v ery c onsiderable ( p la te 1 2 ). V iCe m i l ice ( d . Bu6ov ice ) : The workers a t t he V i6e m i l ice c lay-p it f ound 4g raves o ne o f wh ich t hey p reserved ( Ch leborad 1 914, Rzahäk 1 918 , B en ingerFreising 1 933 ).
The f inds were d a ted b y B en inger-Freising ( 1933 ) t o t he b e-
g inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury , a nd b y Werner ( 1962 ) t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 5 th c en tury . The s urv iv ing s ku l l ( Moraysk Museum Brno ) was t w ice e xa m ined b y L orenzovä , i n 1 959 a nd i n 1 963. The s econdar i ly f ractured c a lvar ium o f a2 0 y ear-o ld woman . Or ig ina l ly i tb elonged t o t he N ord ic- Merov ing ian t ype; i ti s med ium-con siderably f or med ( p la te 1 4 ). Rakgice ( d . K rum lov ) : The g rave o f a wo man was f ound i n 1 924 ( Beni nger-Freising 1 933, & s rv inka 19 39 , Wener 1 956 ). On t he b asis o f t he g raveg oods Ben inger-Fre ising d ated i tt o a bou t 5 00 , Werner t o t he 5 th c en tury . The i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l f ound i nt he g rave was e xa m ined b y J el inek i n 1 960 a nd b y L orenzovä i n 1 963 ( p la te 4 ). The c a lvar ia o f a n a du l t- ma ture wo man . O r ig ina l ly i t must h ave b elonged t o t he N ord ic- Med i terran ian t ype. The e x tre me f or ma t ion h e ightened t he s ku l l ; mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ic , metr iocran ic. S ed legov ice ( d . Zno j mo ) :
The g rave w as f ound a t t he l oca t ion d escr ibed
b y Ben inger-Fre ising ( 1933 ) a t ad ep th o f 1 .90 m i n 1 963.
The a rchaeo log ica l
f inds f ro m t he s i te were d a ted b y Werner t o t he 5 th c en tury .
The s ku l l
( An thropo l . u stav Brno ) was p ubl ished b y L orenzova i n 1 963. The who le s ku l l o f a ma ture man t ogether w ith t he j aw. The r ight p ar ie ta l p art i s s l ight ly f rac tured . O r ig ina l ly i tb elonged t o t he N ord ic t ype. I t i s med ium f or med ( p la te 1 2 ). L orenzovä ( 1963-1965 ) p ubl ished t he i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l a lso b y i t sel f a s " i t i s an ew f or m i n t he e thn ic g roups o f t he Migra t ion P er iod i n Morav ia". The s keleta lb ones a re g rac il , t he n asa l p ar t i s e x tre mely h igh , t he s ku l l i s " brachykran , h ypsikran ,
a krokran" , t he s ta ture i s h igh.
I n ten-
t iona l c ran ia l f or ma t ion o f t h is t ype i s v ery r are i n men . Po lkov ice ( d . K o jet in ) :
An i so lated g rave was f ound i n 1 929 ( Cerv inka
1 931, S ku t il 1 931, B en inger-Freis ing 1 933, ' erv inka 19 36 ).
B en inger d a tes
i tt o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 5 th c en tury , Werner ( 1962 ) d ef ines i ta s " langob ard isch um 5 00". The s ku l l f ound i n t he g rave was p ubl ished b y L orenzovä i n 1 958 a nd i n 1 963 ( p la te 1 1).
The f inds a re i n Museum C loveka P raha .
The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a2 0-30 y ear-o ld wo man . The l ef t p ar t o f t he f ace i s s l igh t ly d a maged . O r ig ina l ly i tb elonged t o t he "Merov ing ian-Nord ic" t ype.
The s ku l l i s med ium f or med .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 4
Va6enov ice ( d . K y jova ) : Posp ig i l-Ka lus 1 957 ).
An i so la ted g rave was f ound i n 1 954 ( Lorenzovä-
K a lus , who e xa m ined t he who le s kele ton , a nd d ated i t
t o t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies.
L orenzovä . r epubl ished t he s ku l l i n 1 963 ( Okresn i
Museum Go t twa ldov ). The c ran ium o f aj uven i le-adu l t wo man , s l ight ly f rac tured o n t he max ill ary p art ( p la te 1 2 ).
O r ig ina l ly i tb elonged t o t he N ord ic- Merov ing ian t ype.
The f or ma t ion i s med iu m-cons iderable. Vygkov ( d . Brno ) : I n t he c lay-p it , a n e spec ia l ly r ich l ayer h as b een f ound w ith more t han 5 0 i nhu ma t ion g raves f ro m t he Eneo l i th ic Age, t he Bronze Age a nd t he Migra t ion Per iod .
The e xcava t ions w ere c arr ied o u t b y G . K r ivanek .
1 8 o ft he g raves d a ted f ro m t he Migra t ion Per iod ( Sku t i l 1 946 ).
J . Te jra l , o n
t he b as is o f t he g rave-goods , d a tes t he m f ro m 5 00 , o r t he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury ( Te jral 1 973 ).
I nh is f irst r epor t S ku t il ( 1946 ) d ates t he f inds t o t he
5 th c en tury a nd a ssoc ia tes t he m w ith t he Go th ic e thn ic g roup .
The a rchaeo-
l og ica l mater ia l h as n o t y et b een p ubl ished , t he t wo i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku lls f ro m g raves 3 5 a nd 4 2 w ere p ubl ished b y S t louka l ( 1965 ), wh ile t he a n thropol og ica l a na lys is o f t he o ther 1 6 s keletons i s i n t he p ress ( p late 5 ) . Grave 3 5 The c o mp lete , wel l-preserved s kele ton o f a2 0-30 y ear-o ld wo man . b ones a re g rac i l , h er c alcu la ted h e igh t i s 1 52.2 cm.
The
Mesocran ial , h ypsicra-
n ia l , a crocran ic , e urymetop ic , e uryprosop ic , meserene , meso-hypsiconch ic , c ha maerrh ine, o r thogna thous.
S t louka l d ef in ed i t s o r ig ina l t ype a s East-
European , b u t i tb elonged , w ith more c er ta in ty , t o t he N ord ic- Med i terran ian t ype w i th "merov ing irn" f ea tures.
The s ku l l i s med iu m f or med .
Grave 4 2 The f rag men tary s keleta l b ones ( accord ing t o wh ich h er h eight was 1 58.5 cm cm ) a nd t he c o mp lete s ku l l o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man , w i thou t t he j aw.
Dol i-
c hocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , metr io me top ic , l ep terene, h yps i- mesoc onch ic , l ep torh ine , p rogn a thous. Taur id .
The s ku l l h ad s uf fered e x tre me f or ma t ion .
N ova Veg ( d . P ehorel ic ) : f ound a s as tray f ind i n 1 956. b y L orenzovä ( 1963 ). Museum Brno ). p ar t i s m iss ing.
The c a lva o f a n 1 1-13 y ear-o ld g ir l .
I t was
I t was f irst p ubl ished b y J el inek ( 1958 ), t hen
J el inek d ated i tt o t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies ( Morays g
The c a lva i s t h in , s o mewha t f rac tured , a nd t he t e mpora l I t was e x tre mely f or med ( p la te 1 3).
S lapan ice ( d . Brno ) : 1 941 ).
The o r ig ina l t ype c ou ld b e Med iterran ian-
An i so lated g rave was f ound i n 1 934 ( Pou l ik 1 937 ,
C erv inka ( 1936 ) d a ted i tf ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury.
c a lva o f ay oung c h i ld ( age 7 -14 );
The
i t was e xa m ined b y L orenzovä ( 1963 ).
s ku l l i s i n t he Museum c loveka Praha.
The s ex c anno t b e d e ter m ined , t hough
t he morpho log ica l f ea tures may i nd icate a g ir l . b een o ne o f t hose w ith r ounded s ku l ls.
The
The o r ig ina l t ype must h ave
The i n ten t iona l f or ma t ion i s s l ight
( p la te 1). S tare Mesto ( d . U harske Hrad iste ) :
Grave 4 3 o f t he g rea t c e metery o f
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. t heOxford, Mig ra t io n Per i od , c onsist ing o f 8 9 g raves , E-book, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 5
e xcava ted i n 1 948 , c on ta ined
t he s keleton o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man w i th a n i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l . Pavelcik ( 19 49 ) d a ted t he g rave t o t he 4 th c en tury , b elong ing e i ther t o t he H eru l i o r t o t he Merov ing ians. O ther g raves i n t he c e metery e xcava ted b etween 1 867 a nd 1 951 ( PavelC ik 1 949 , Hruby 19 55 ) c a me f ro m t he 9 th-10 th c en tur ies.
The
a n thropo log ica l p ubl ica t ion , wr it ten b y PavelC ik ( 1949 ), i s s hor tb u t v ery u sef u l . The f irst a n thropo log ica l r eport was p ubl ished b y Ma lafa ( 1934 ). The l ef t o cc ip i ta l p art , t he mand ibu lar p art a nd t he l e f t r a mus mand ibu lae o f t he i n tent i ona l ly f or med s ku l l f ro m g rave 4 3 a re m iss ing. O r ig ina l ly i t must h ave b el onged t o t he "Merov ing ian" t ype ( p la te 1 4 ). N äk l6 ( d . L itovel ) : The f ind was e xcava ted d ur ing t he d igg ing o f ag rave i nt he p resen t c e me tery i n 1 907. The g rave h ad r ich g rave-goods. I tc on ta ined t he s ku l l o f a n a du l t wo man w ithou t t he max i l lary a nd mand ibu lar p arts.
On
t he l e f t t e mpora l p ar t r ed p ig men t c ou ld b e s een ( Lorenzovä 1 963-1 9 64 ).
O r i-
g ina l ly t he i n ten t ional ly f or med s ku l l must h ave b elonged t o t he N ord ic- Merov ing ian t ype ;
c ran ia l f or ma t ion i s med ium-considerable (&rv inka 1 939 ,
L orenzovä 1 963 ).
Okresn i museum O lo mouc ( Pla te 1 3).
Drglav ice ( d . U hersk i Brod ) : The i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l o f a wo man was f ound i n 1 933 . Werner d a tes i tt o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 5 th c en tury (&rv inka 1 956, Werner 1 962 ). S ara t ice :
Grave 2 1b o f t he c e metery ( s ee b elow ) c on ta ined a n i n ten t ion-
a l ly f or med s ku l l . i .
I t was e xa m ined b y L orenzovä.
C e meter ies i nS ou th Morav ia f ro m wh ich b one ma ter ia l h as b een p reserved
S ara t ice ( Auster l itz ) ( d . Brno-venkov ):
The s i te i s k nown s ince 1 928.
I n 1 935 2 g raves a nd i n 1 948-1949 8g raves w ere e xcava ted b y Pou l ik , wh i le S tana e xcava ted 2 6 "Lombard" g raves i n 1 954. C erv inka ( 1936-1 9 37 ) d a ted t he g raves t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury a nd c ons idered t he m t o b e " the o n ly L o mbard f ind i n Morav ia". S tana ( 1956 ) d a tes t he m t o t he 5 th c en tury . The who le c e metery must h ave b een c onsiderably g rea ter , b u t many g raves h ave b een d estroyed. A l l t he g raves s uf fered s econdary d isturbance , a nd t hey w ere a l l r obbed ( Ben inger-Fre is ing 1 933, Freis ing 1 938 , ( erv inka 1 937 , 1 938 , S tana 1 956, Werner 1 962 ).
The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he
c e metery i s i nt he An thropo log ica l I nst itu te i n Brno , a nd t he e xa m ina t ions h ave b een l ed b y L orenzovä. ( Al l t he d a ta e numera ted b elow a re t he r esu l ts o f p ersona l o bserva t ion , a nd a re o n ly o f i n for ma t iona l v a lue; p late 1 0.) Grave 1 :
Man .
Grave 2 :
Probably man .
Grave 3 :
A man w ith Cro- Magnon id f ea tures.
Grave 4 :
Wo man .
Grave 5 :
G ir l .
Grave 6 :
Man ; b rachycran ia l n ord ic.
Cro- Magnon id-Nord ic.
Kiszely, István.G The Anthropology Parts I and Ii.N ra ve 7 a : of the Lombards, Wo m an ; ord ic-Med iterran ian . E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 6
Grave 8 :
Woman ; b rachycran ia l N ord ic.
Grave 1 0 :
Man , t he s ku l l i s m issing.
Grave 1:
C h i ld .
Grave 1 2 :
Woman ; b rachycran ia l Nord ic.
Grave 1 3 :
Man ;
Grave 1 5 :
Woman ; t he s ku l l i s m issing.
Grave 1 7 :
Bad ly p reserved b ones o f a wo man .
Grave 1 8 :
Wo man ; N ord ic- Med iterran ian .
Grave 1 9 :
Woman .
Grave 2 1a :
Wo man ; N ord ic;
Grave 2 1b :
The i n ten t iona l ly f or med s kul l o f a wo man .
Grave 2 3:
Woman ; C ro-Magnon id-Nord ic.
Grave 2 5a :
Man ; Cro- Magnon id-Nord ic.
Grave 2 5b :
Man ; Nord ic-Cro- Magnon id.
Grave 2 6a :
The b ad ly p reserved b ones o f a n a du l t.
Grave 2 6b :
N ord ic; p robably a wo man .
Grave X i:
Hydrocran ic p erson , p erhaps a wo man .
Grave X 2 :
Robust s ku l l o f a man .
Nordic-Cro- Magnonid .
t he s ku l l i s v ery n arrow.
Many g raves h ave b een f ound i nS ara t ice w ith b urn t b ones i n 1 947 , b u t t heir e thn ica l c onnec t ions a re d ub ious ( Trnackova 1 960 ). g rea t t ob e s o lved . S ara t ice.
" The p roble m i s t oo
I ti s i nd ispu table t ha t German ic p eop les were b ur ied a t
F irst o f a l l we c an t h ink o f t he Quad i i , t hen o f d i fferen t warr ior
g roups , t hen o f t he Ger man ic p eop les o f t he E lbe" ( S i mek 1 934 ).
H is p roble m
i s t ha t a tt he v ery t ime when t he t radi tion o f c re ma tion d ied o u t ( t he b eg inn ing o ft he 5 th c en tury ) t here b eg ins t he g rea test G ermanic c e me tery i n Moravia ( 5 th-6th c en tur ies) . S oko ln ice ( d . Brno ) : The f i rst g raves were e xcava ted i n 19 03 ( Schran il 19 28 , ö erv inka 1 936 ). More e xcava t ions w ere c arr ied o u t i n 19 32 ( Sku t il 19 40 ) , a nd t hen i n 19 49 ( R ihovsky 1 951). On ly t he b one ma ter ia l f ro m t he e xcava t ions o f 19 49 h as s urv ived. Three o ft he 8g raves were d isturbed a nd r obbed , t he o ther f i ve were p ubl ished b y Pave lZ ik ( Rihovsky 19 51 ).
The e ar l ier f inds w ere
d a ted b y Ben inger-Freising t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 5 th c en tury , a nd t he l a ter f inds w ere d a ted b yR ihovsky t o t he 6 th c en tury . Grave 1 ( Morayske Museum Brno ) 6 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
S he must h ave b een 1 57.9 cm t al l ; t he s ku l l i s
f rag men tary .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 7
Grave 2 4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . f ound.
Her h e ight was 1 49.8 cm. The w ho le s keleton was
The s ku l l i s b rachycran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t apeinocran ia l .
Grave 3 4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . S he was 1 56.2 cm t a l l . The who le s keleton was f ound. The s ku l l i s b rachycran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t apeinocran ia l . Grave 4 The c o mp lete w el l-preserved s keleton o f a6 0-year-o ld man .
He was
1 69.3 cm t a l l ; h yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic. Grave 5 The f rag men tary s ku l l a nd s keleta l b on es o f a6 0 y ear-o ld wo man . was 1 46.8 cm t a l l .
S he
Brachycran ia l .
" The t hree wo men a nd t he man w ere t axono m ica l ly d if feren t , t he wo men b elonged p robably t o t he A lp ine-Cro-Magnon id t ype, t he man t o t he N ord ic t ype" ( PavelC ik ). i i.
I nhu ma t ion g raves o f t he Migra t ion P er iod i n Morav ia ( t he f inds h ave e i ther b een l ost o r a re u npubl ished )
Brno K o t larska u l ica : The g rave o f ag o lds m ith was f ound i n 19 31 ( Sku t il 1 931, Ben inger 1 934 , B en inger-Fre is ing 1 933, Fre is ing 19 38 , ü ' erv inka 1 937 ). The f inds w ere d a ted f ro m t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 6 th c en tury ( Sku t i l 1 946 ), b u t t he s keleton h as n o tb een p reserved. Brno Merhau tova u l ica :
An i nhuma t ion g rave w as f ound i nt he 19 30s.
N o th ing f urther i s k nown a bou t i t . Ho lasky ( d . Brno ) :
2g raves , a nd l a ter o n 1 0 more , f rom t he Migra t ion
Per iod were f ound i n 19 46 a nd i n 1 954.
Novo tny ( 19 55 ) d a ted t he f inds t o t he
b eg inn ing o ft he 6 th c en tury a nd c ons idered t he m t o b e e thn ica l ly d iferen t f ro m t he S ara t ice f inds.
I ti s u nder a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion .
K oby l i ( d . Breclav ) : Three i nhuma t ion g raves w ere f ound i n 19 38 ( Sku t il 19 46 ). The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia lh as n o t y et b een e xa m ined . Miku lov : Three r obbed g raves were f ound b etween 19 30 a nd 19 34. Three f urther g raves were f ound i n 19 50 , o ne o f w h ich d ated , a ccord ing t o J i i ttner ( 1954 ) , f ro m t he "Migra t ion Per iod".
The e ar l ier s keletons w ere d estroyed
d ur ing t he S econd World War, t he o ther t hree w ere p ubl ished b y J e l inek . Milfron ( d . Zna im ) :
The g rave o f a man was f ound i n 1 927 ( Freising
1 938 , B en inger-Freising 1 933, t erv inka 1 937 , V ildomec 19 30 ). t her i s k nown a bou t t he s keleton . Mistr in ( d . K y jov ) :
N o th ing f ur-
The g rave o f a woman was f ound i n 1 930-1 9 31 ( der-
v inka 1 933, 1 937 , S ku t i l 19 46 ).
N oth ing f ur ther i s k nown a bou t t he s keleton .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 8
Morays ie Kn in ice ( d . B rno-Venkov) :
The o n ly t h ing w e k now a bou t t he
s i te i s t ha t " so me i nhu ma t ion g raves" w ere f ound ( Werner 19 62 ).
Accord ing
t o L orenzova 's p ersona l i n for ma t ion t he b ones w ere d estroyed d ur ing t he S econd World War. N e mc ice n a Hanou ( d . Proste jov ): An i nhumat ion g rave was f ound i n 1 900 , t he g rave-goods f ro m wh ich w ere t aken t o t he O lo mu tz museum ( Freising 1 938 ).
N o th ing i s k nown a bou t t he s keleton . N e mc icky u Z id lochov ic ( d . Brno-Venkov) :
Bruckner e xcava ted t he g rave
i n 19 27 ( üerv inka 1 936 ) b u t n o th ing i s k nown o f t he f inds.
Today t he p lace i s
c a l led Velkych N e mc ic. Rebesov ice ( Zid lochov ice ) ( d . Brno-Venkov ):
6 2 g raves f ro m t he Bronze
A ge a nd 1 47 S lav ic g raves were e xcava ted -b y N ekvasi l ( 1954) i n 1 952-1953. 1 1 o f t he g raves i nt he c e metery may d ate f ro m t he 9 th-10 th c en tur ies a nd b elong t o t he Migra t ion P er iod ( graves N os. 2 2,139 ,168 ,170 ,180 ,184,186 ,195 a nd 1 99 ). N ekvas il ( 1954 ) d a tes t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l i ng raves 1 68 a nd 1 99 t o t he m idd le o f t he 5 th c en tury o r f ro m t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury .
The
h uman b ones h ave n o tb een p ubl ished. S laykov u Brna ( d . Vyskov ):
We k now o f t he d iscovery o f "more" i n-
h uma t ion g raves o f t he Migra t ion P er iod ( Werner 1 963 ).
N o th ing i s k nown o f
t he b one ma ter ia l . Smo l in ( Moh le is ) ( d . Breclav ) :
3 2 g raves f rom t he Migra t ion P er iod a nd
4g raves o f t he B el l-beak er c u lture w ere e xcava ted b y N ovo tny ( 1957 ) i n 1 951. I nt he s a me y ear R ihovsky e xcava ted t he g rave o f ar ich wo man ( Novo tny 1 957 ), d escr ibed b yh im a s Go th ic. Most o f t he g raves were r obbed. N ovo tny c o mp ares t he g raves w i th t hose o f t he L ombards b u t a t t he s a me t ime h e d oes n o t a t tach t he m t o a ny e thn ic g roup. c en tury .
They a re d a ted t o t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 5 th
Grave 3 2 o f t he c e metery d a ted , a ccord ing t o Te jra l ( 1973 ) , f ro m
s ome y ears b efore t he m idd le o f t he 5 th c en tury a nd a lso b elonged t o t he Go th ic e thn ic p opu lat ion " a ls e in Ref lex d er Retarda t ionsen tw ick lung v on i so l ierten Gruppen i nf re mden Mil ieu". S o me o ther g raves i nt he c e me tery h e d ates t o t he v ery e nd o f t he 6 th c en tury . The u npubl ished a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l i s w ith J . J el inek . S tara Breclav ( d . Breclav ): A l l we k now i s t ha t " inhuma t ion g raves" w ere f ound , t he a rchaeo log ica l f inds f ro m wh ich , a ccord ing t o B en ingerF reis ing , d a te f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury ( ü 'erv inka 1 937 , B en ingerFre is ing 1 933, Werner 1 962 ). Tagov ( d . S trazn ice ) :
N eustupny ( 1960 ) p ubl ished f inds f ro m a n i nhuma-
t i on g rave o f a wo man , b u t n o th ing i s k nown o ft he b ones. V elke Pav lov ice ( d . Bre da *
Pou l ik ( 1948-1950 ) r eports t he f ind ing o f
1 2 wel l-preserved g raves a nd a s er ies o fs tray f inds i n t he e xcava t ion r epor t o f t he Brno museum. The a rchaeo log ical p ubl ica t ion a ppeared i n 19 48-1 9 50 i n wh ich h e d ates t he a rchaeo log ica l f inds t o t he e nd o f t he 5 th a nd t he b eg inn ing Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii.
E-book, Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. o f t heOxford, 6 thUK: c eBAR n tu r ies.1979, Th e a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ial i s i nt he Z id lochov ice museum . Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 9
B es ides t he f inds o f r a ther d ub ious o r ig in a nd d a te, many g raves o f t he "M igra t ion P er iod" a re l abe lled i n t he Museu ms a s "L o mbard" . S uch s ke letons a re f ro m Dyke ( d . Z no j mo ) , K ur im ( d . Brno-venkov ) , Hodon ice ( d . Z no j mo ) , M iku l6ice ( d . Hodon in ) , N fu ov ( d . Brec lav ) , O b lekov ice ( d . Z no j mo) , S akv ice ( d . Brec lav ) a nd Z no j mo . S ke letons o f t he 5 th c en tury i n S lovak ia a re f ro m Ma lych Dvorn ikoch ( Kraskovskä 1 951) , Ga jary ( d . Bra t is lava-v id iek ) a nd Z ohor ( d . Bra t islava-v id iek ) .
6s ke le tons were f ound a t
Dev inske J azero ( d . Bra t islava-v id iek ) i n 1 959 a nd 1 962 ( Kr askovskä . 1 963 ) , a bou t wh ich Kraskovskä wro te :
" the f i nds c ame f ro m t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 6 th
c en tury , t hey may h ave b een c onnected w i th t he L ombard i nvasion" ( p . 7 00 ) . i v .
Graves o f "n ob le men"
P odo l i ( d . Brno) :
Th is s i te , 1 0 l cms f ro m Brno , i s r eferred t o i n t he
l i terature ( Pou l ik 1 949) a s t he n ob le man ' sg rave i n "Z uran" . Fro m t he s hor t r epor t wr it ten b y P ou l ik we l earn t ha t h e i den t if ied t he s i te , f irst d isc overed i n 1 853 , i n 1 948-1949 , which h ad y ie lded " bones o f h orses a nd men". The mound was 7me tres h igh , a nd b eside i ts tood a no ther sma l ler o ne w ith a max i mu m h e igh t o f 6 .5 me tres . "The g rave c an b e d a ted f ro m t he e nd o f t he 5 th o rt he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tur ies ." D ur ing h is e xp lora tory s urv eys P ou l ik f ound r e ma ins o f h u man b ones, g o lden t hread a nd i vory e ngrav ings . The f i rst e xcava t ion o f t he mound was r eported i n t he s a me y ear b y Ch lu mezky ( 1853 ) . The i vory e ngrav ings h e c o mpared w i th t he o rna men ts o f t he C ivezzano c of f in , wh ich i s c er ta in ly L o mbard . The g rave h ad 'been r obbed d ur ing t he M idd le Ages, b u t t he e xcava t ions i n 1 853 c aused e ven g raver d a mage . Ch lu mezky wr ites a bou t "z usa mmengewor fene K nochenreste" t hen t ha t "n ahe a n d er S te l le , wo s ich a ngeb l ich d ie S ch e tde l d er Begrabenen b ef anden". Ch lu mezky , t he h istor ian , wrote d own n o t h is own o bserva t ions b u t t he i n forma t ion h e r ece ived f ro m t he p eop le who d isturbed t he g rave . I ti s a lso u nc lear whe ther o ne o r more g raves were e xcavated i n 1 853 .
H e
wr ites i n h is d iary a t t he d a te o f t he f ind ing o f t he s ke leton : "af ter r e mov ing t he wooden p ar ts, b one f ragments were f ound . I f we t ake t h iA p oin t , where t he f oo t o f t he c orpse l ay , a s t he b asis f or t he h e igh t o f t he mound ..." "E in n ich t minder i n terresan tes Ergebn is d ürf te , wenn d ie z usa mmengewor fenen K nochenüberreste e s g estat ten , d ie Un tersuchung ü ber d as G esch lech t u nd d ie Race d er Begrabung l i efern" ( p . 2 20) . "O n t he 2 0 th o f J anuary" h e wr ites, "a f ur ther f ragmen t o f as ku l l was f ound ... Accord ing t o t he p lace o f t he s ku l l a nd t he v er tebrae t he c orpse was l y ing o n i t s b ack i n a n e x tended p ost ure, o r ien ted t o t he Nor th" "D ie Knochenüberreste s ind z ie m lich woh l e rha lten" ,t hen i n c on trast t o t h is h e wr ites o n t he s a me p age ( p . 2 20 ) : ..des S ke le ts, s ich n ich t mehr e rh ie lten ,
u nd u ngeach tet j enes s chü tzendes
Ho lzbaues s o s tarke V er änderungen e r l it ten , d ass man d arüber n ur Hypo thesen machen k ann". I ti s i n terest ing t o c o mpare wha t Werner wrote ( 1962 , p . 1 06) .
When h e
wen t t o t he s i te, i n t he v icin i ty o f Ve la t ice a nd S lavkov , where t he L o mbard c e me ter ies were, h e r e la ted t he mound t o t he r oya l mound a t o ld Uppsa la . I n g rave It here l ay a man a nd a h orse, i n g rave I t here was a wo man .
The
b eaker f ound i n . t he g rave Werner ( 1962 ) c ompared w ith s i mi lar f inds f ro m Upp lan .d a nd i n J ü t land . F or d a t ing h e r el ies o n t he O t tars-h il l i n Sweden ,
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 0
a nd p o in ts t o t he e nd o f t he 5 th c en tury a s t he l a test d a te f or i t s o r ig in ( p . 1 07 ) . "Der H üge l s e lbst m it s e iner g ewa lt igen S te inkonstruk tion , z u d eren Er r icht ung s ehr v ie le Arbe itskräf te b enö t ig t würden , i s t i n M it te leuropa e inz igar t ig u nd b es itzt n ur i n S chweden En tsprechungen" ( p . 1 07 ) .
"The o n ly a na log ies
o f t h is b ur ia l a re t he r oya l mound o f o ld Uppsa la , t he O t tarsh i l l i n Upp land a nd t he I ng ja lshuge l o n S odermans land".
Then Werner wr ites t he f o l low ing :
" I t c anno t b e d eba ted t ha t t he g raves i n Z uran a re c on te mporary w ith t he c e meter ies i n Ve la t ice , S arat ice a nd S lavkov , a nd t he t heory , f i rst men t ioned b y M itscha- Märhe im , t ha t t he me mbers o f t he L o mbard r oya l f am i ly were b ur ied i n t h is mound i s t rue".
( W ith t h is r eason ing Werner c la i ms a S cand i-
n avian o r igin f or t he L o mbards: ) A ccord ing t o Werner ( p . 1 08 ) , C lef ' sf a ther o r H odehoc, Ta to ' sg randfa ther , i sb uried i nt he g rave . ( I n o rder t ha t t he L o mbards s hou ld n o t b e t he maker o ft he g rave Werner wr i tes t ha t a" Heru l" h ad c onstruc ted i t . ) P ou lik ( 1949) d ef ines t he g rave a s "d ie Nekropo le e iner u nbekannten F ürsteno der v ie l le ich t a uch K ön igstd inast ie a us d er Z e it n ach d e m Un tergang d es r öm ischen Re tches". Hauck ( 1954) a dds: "t he f inds a re t o b e d ef ined a s L ombard" ( p . 2 7 ) , t hen g oes o n : "The g rave o f t he n ob le man i n Z uran must , u ndoubted ly, b e a t tached t o a n o u tstand ing L ombard p erson". B lucina ( d . Z id lochov ice) : A t C ezavy f i e ld T ihe lka ( 1954) u near thed t he v ery r ich g rave o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man i n 1 953 .
On ly t wo r epor ts h ave b een
p ub l ished a bout t he e xcavat ions, a nd a d eta i led p ubl ica t ion c an b e wr it ten o n ly a f ter a t horough s urvey o f t he v ic in ity . The h u man b ones a re v ery b ad ly p reserved . The a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion was c arr ied o ut b y J . J e l inek , wh ile t he t ee th were e xa m ined b y J . Pav l ikovä .
The b ur ied p erson was "a
man a ged a bout 4 0 o f a verage h e igh t a nd n o t v er y r obust s ta ture . The j aw i s c ons iderab ly h igh . The s ku l l c annot b e r estored", wrote J e linek . The g rave was d isturbed . T ihe lka d a ted i tt o t he v ery e nd o f t he 5 th c en tury o r t he v ery b eg inn ing o ft he 6 th c en tury . "The f ore ign o r ig in [ o f t he r ich f inds ] h in t a t t he h igh r ank o f t he b ur ied man".
Accord ing t o T ihe lka t he d ead man
was e i ther L o mbard o r Heru l, a nd h e t h inks i tp ossib le t ha t t he g rave i s c onnec ted w ith t he n e ighbour ing c e metery a t Rebegov ice . J ust b efore h is d ea th , Prof . V . Ondruch r ead a l ec ture o n t he e thn ic p lace o f t he g rave o f a n ob le man i n B luc ina ( Ondruck 1 963-1965) .
I n h is l ecture h e s ta ted t ha t t he
g rave was c er ta in ly t o b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he L ombards . o f h is d eta i led r eason ing h ave s urv ived . v .
O n ly r ough n otes
P ub l ished a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l o f t he L ombards i n Austr ia
The o ldest a uthen t ic L ombard c e meter ies a re f ro m Austr ia ; t he ma ter ia l, h owever , h as n o t y et b een p ub l ished . S o f ar 5 a n thropo log ica l p apers h ave b een wr i t ten a bout L o mbard a nd G erman ic p opu la t ions o f t he L o mbard p er iod , t ota l l ing a bout 5 0 p ages a l together ( i nc lud ing t he t ables a nd t he f i gures) . O n t he b asis o f t he Neu-Ruppersdor f a nd t he N ik itsch f inds L ebze l ter a nd Mi l ler ( 1935) t hough t t he u near thed b one mater ia l "e nough" t o make a t horough a na lysis .
They h ave made i to n h a lf a p age u nder t he t i t le:
g l iederung d er L angobarden".
"ü ber d ie Rassen-
A f ter t h is Mü l ler ( 1936) p ubl ished t he b one
ma ter ia l f ro m 1 6 g raves e xcava ted u p t o t ha t t ime i n N ik i tsch . H e was p uzz led b y s ku l l No . 6 053 b e ing i n ten t iona l ly f ormed . He d ef ined i ta s "mongo lo id ? ' Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BARa Publishing, 1979, a nd s po ke b ou t " mohttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. ngo lo id i n f luence" among Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 1
t he L ombards.
I n 1 953 Ehgar tner , i n M i tscha- Märhe im ' sa r t ic le ( 1953) , d escr ibed t he i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l l f ro m Hobersdor f , t hen Pacher ( 1965) a nd Neu mann ( 1965) p ub l ished 4 f ur ther i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l ls f ro m t he c e me tery a t Wien-Sa lva torgasse .
The f irst modern p ub l ica t ion was wr it ten b y J ungw ir th
( 1968 ) a bout a p ar t o f t he P oysdor f c e metery .
Then G eyer g ave t he d ef in i t ion
o f t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l o f 4g raves i n S chwecha t i n S erasin t sp ub l ic a t ion ( 1929) f ro m t he An thropo log ica l a nd E thno log ica l I nst itute o f V ienna U n ivers ity . Archaeo log ists l ike Werner ( 1962 ) a nd M itscha- Märhe im ( 1957 , 1 966)g ive o n ly s ke tches o f t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l t o a cco mpany t he r ich a rchaeo log ica l f inds .
The most t ha t M i tscha- Märhe i m was a b le t o wr i te was:
" the L o mbards i n Austr ia b e longed t o t he l ong-headed t ype f requen t ly o ccur ing i n C en tra l Europe" ( p . 9 7 ) . The s ta te men t t hat t he p ersons b ur ied i n N ik i tsch were Avars o r ig ina ted i n a misunderstand ing (Ma i ler 1 936) . Ben inger , b e ing a s cho lar o f t he modern s choo l o f t hough t ( he r estored a s ku l l f ro m Neu-Ruppersdor f a nd o ne f ro m L angen lois f or h is p ub l ica t ion ) , wro te f u l ly : "s yste ma t ic a n thropo log ica l r esearch i s l ack ing i n Austr ia". I n h is s u m mary Ben inger ( 1940 ) c ou ld wr i te a bou t t he e thn ic g roup o n ly t he f o l low ing : "a ccord ing t o e xa mina t ions c arr ied o u t o n L o mbards o f t he 6 th c en tury , t he a verage h e igh t o f t he men was 1 69 cms a nd o f t he wo men 1 58 ems.
Th is i s
impor tan t b ecause t he "Re ichengräber" o f S outh Germany c on ta in s ke letons o f s hor ter p eop le". b .
C e me ter ies i n t he Austr ian p ar t o f Rugi land
Neu-Ruppersdor f ( d . Laa a .d . Thaya ) :
3L o mbard i nhu ma t ion g raves were
f ound i n 1 907 , b ut t he b one ma ter ia l was n o t c o l lected .
Dur ing h is e xcava t ions
b etween J u ly a nd August 1 930 Ben inger d ug 2 0 g raves ( Ben inger 1 934) .
The
b ones, e xcep t t he s ke leton o f Grave 1 2 , t he r ichest g rave, were t aken t o t he An thropo log ische Abte i lung d er Na turh istor isches Museu m i n Wien .
The
b ones o f Grave 1 2 g ot i n to t he He i ma ts museu m i n Laa a .d . Thaya i n 1 930 ; l a ter i t was l ost . p reserved .
A l l t he g raves were d isturbed , a nd t he b ones were b ad ly
I n t he 1 930s, a s i t was u sua l
a t t ha t t ime , t he b ones were im-
p regna ted w ith a 1 0% s o lu t ion o f g lue , t hus t he b ones c anno t b e e xa m ined c he m ica l ly .
The b ones were s tored i n t he d o me o f t he Na turh istor isches
Museu m i n Wien , wh ich p art o f t he b u i ld ing s uf fered b o mb d a mage d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War , s o s ubsequen t ly i t was d if f icu lt t o r e la te t he b ones t o t he g ravelabe ls ( Be l l inger 1 934, 1 940, Werner 1 962 ) .
Ben inger d ef ines t he
c e me tery a s "s o f ar t he e ar l iest c e me tery i n Austr ia"
( p . 1 02 ) a nd d a tes i t
b efore 5 00 . The b one ma ter ia l f ro m t wo e xcava ted c e meter ies h ad a lready b een u sed i n Ben inger ' sr esearch : Neu-Ruppersdor f a nd Poysdor f .
Fro m t hese c e me-
t er ies h e f or med t he "L o mbard" f ace, a nd Prof . R . C zech made a s ketch o f ar econstruct ion o f aL o mbard man a nd a L o mbard wo man .
The s ketches
a re o n p p . 1 19 a nd 1 21 o f h is 1 934 p ub l ica t ion . Grave 1 ( Na t . H ist . Wien , An throp . Abt . 9 .501) 3 0-35 y ear-o ld man , Nord ic- Cro- Magnon id .
He was 1 76 ems t a l l .
The
s ku l l h as a f rag men tary f ace ; t he j aw a nd f rag men tary s ke le ta l b ones s urv ive . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 2
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l ,o r thocran ia l, metr iocran ia l, e ury me top ic, e uryprosop ic, e uryene , mesoconch ic , mesuran ic, mesogna thous.
The l ong b ones a re t h in ,
f ossa o lecran i p er fora t io . Grave 2 ( 9 .502 ) 4 5 y ear-o ld wo man .
S he was 1 63 ems t a l l .
The s ku l l was d estroyed
d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War . Who le b u t f ractured s ke le ton .
The i nven tory
b ook s ays o f t he s ku l l : "C a lvar iu m mässig l anger o va ler S chäde l, z ie m l ich s ch ma l, i n d er Bas is j edoch b re iter i s t , b re i tes G esich t , Un terk iefer b esond ers b rei t". P erhaps i t was Cro- Magnon id-Nord ic . F ossa o lecran i p erf ora t io . Grave 3 ( 9 .503 ) 4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man . H er h e igh t : 1 75 ems . On ly t he j aw o f h igh f orm h as s urv ived o ft he s ku l l . A l l s ke leta l b ones h ave b een p reserved . Nordic f ea tures a nd v ar ia t ions a re c haracter ist ic o f h er , e specia l ly i n t he j aw . Men tu m : l ow p yra m id .
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
The f e mur i s b en t .
Grave 4 ( 9 .504 ) 4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man .
H er h e igh t :
1 64 ems .
S he b e longed t o t he Cro-
Magnon id-A lp ine t ype, t he o cc ip i ta l b one p ro jects s trong ly b ackwards . c ran iu m s uf fered s l igh t s econdary d e forma t ion . t ape inocran . ia l . Eurycne m ic .
The
Brychycran ia l , c ha maecran ia l,
Grave 5 ( 9 .505) 3 0 y ear-o ld wo man , j aw , max i l la a nd f ragmen tary s ke leton . mer le, mesocne m ic .
Hyperp la ty-
Grave 6 ( 9 .506) 5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man . b ones a nd 1 7 t ee th .
F ractured s ke le ta l b ones, f rag men ts o f t he p ar ieta l
Hyperp la tymer ic, mesocne m ic .
Grave 7 ( 9 .507 ) 2 5-30 y ear-o ld man .
Bad ly p reserved s ke le ta l b ones, f ractured mad ibu le .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re t h in . P la ty mer ic, mesocne m ic . Grave 8 ( 9 .508 ) 1 3-14 y ear-o ld g ir l .
S o me f rag men ts o f t he c a lot te, mand ib le w i thou t
r am i, t ee th . Grave 9 ( 9 .509) 4 0 y ear-o ld man , Nord ic . He was 1 67 ems t a l l . S ku l l w i th t he j aw , t he f ac ia l p ar t f ragmen tary, a nd t he who le s ke le ton . F ossa a long s uture l a mbd o idea .
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ia l, a crocran ic, e ury metop ic,
h yper lep toprosop ic, h yper lep terene , mesoconch ic, o r thogna thous. o lecran i p er fora t io . P la ty mer ic, e urycne m ic .
F ossa
Grave 1 . 0 ( 9 .510) A ma ture wo man . S he was 1 51 ems t a l l. b een p reserved . Mesocne m ic . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 3
On ly t he s ke le ta l b ones h ave
G rave 1 1 ( 9 .511) A 1 67 cms t a l l ma ture wo man . who le s ke leton .
Fragmen tary s ku l l a nd f ractured b ut
A lso t he s ke le ton o f a4 -5 y ear-o ld c h i ld was f ound i n t he
g rave . G rave 1 2 ( 9 .512 ) The g rave c on tained t he we l l—preserved s ke leton o f ag ir l b e long ing t o t he Nord ic t ype .
I t was g iven t o t he L aa a .d . Thaya Museu m o n 1 2th O ctober ,
1 933 f or a n e xh ibi t ion , where i t was d estroyed d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War . Ben inger ( 1934 ) wr ites a bout t he g rave : "a 1 5 y ear-o ld g ir l was l y ing i n t he g rave, wh ich was o n ly s l igh t ly d isturbed" ( p . 1 06) . G rave 1 3 ( 9 .513 ) A 1 65 cms t a l l, 4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . The s ku l l was l ost d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War . The i nven tory b ook s ays o f i t : "Cran iu m ma turus, T Angsch t tde l, mi t n iedr ig-bre i ten G es ich t , s tarkgebogene n asa l ia , l e ich ter e inse it iger G au mwu lstung , k le in d erber mand ibu la . Basis a bgebrochen". p robab ly t o t he Cro- Magnon id-Nord ic t ype .
I tb e longed ,
The s ke le ta l b ones a re t h in ,
p la ty mer ic, e urycne m ic . Grave 1 4 ( 9 .514) A 3 0-40 y ear-o ld man b e long ing t o t he b rachycran ia l Nord ic t ype . I t was b roken i n t he e ar th . Hyperdo l ichocran ia l, o r thocran ia l, a crocran ic, e uryp rosop ic, e uryene , h yps iconch ic , mesuran ic, o r thogna thous. Hyperp la tymer ic, e urycne m ic .
S u tura me top ica .
Grave 1 5 ( 9 .515) The d iaphyses o f t he t wo f e murs a nd t i b iae o f a ma ture wo man . Grave 1 6 ( 9 .516) A 2 0 y ear-o ld wo man b e long ing t o t he Cro- Magnon id t ype . S he was 1 69 e ras t a l l . We l l-preserved s ku l l w i th j aw ; s utura metop ica . D o l ichocran ia l , o rthocran ia l, me tr iocran ic , e uryprosop ic , l ep terene, h ypsiconch ic, l eptostap hy l ine , b rychyuran ic , mesognathous. monopar t itu m .
O ssa s uturaru m , p . 1 .
The s ke leta l b ones a re f ractured .
O s i ncae
P latymer ic, e urycne m ic .
Grave 1 7 ( 9 .517 ) A4 0-45 y ear-o ld man b e long ing t o t he Nord ic t ype .
H e was 1 72 cms t a l l .
We l l-preserved s ku l l w i th j aw , t he f ac ia l p ar t s l igh t ly f ractured . s ke leton .
D o l ichocran ia l, h ypsicran ia l, a crocran ic, e ury metop ic .
The who le S tre tched
r a mus mand ibu lae . A lveo lar p rogna th ia . Hyper lep toprosop ic, h yper lep terene, mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachyuran ic, mesogna thous; h yperp la tyraer ic, e urycne m ic . Grave 1 8 ( 9 .518 ) A5 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
The mand ibu le s hows t he d oub le a ng le o f s en i li ty .
Grave 1 9 ( 9 .519) A 3 5 y ear-o ld wo man b e long ing t o t he N ord ic-grac i l- Med iterran ian t ype . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 4
S he was 1 62 ems t a l l . Do lic h oc r an ia l
We l l-preserved s ku l l w i th j aw , f rag men tary o cc ip i ta le .
h ypsicran ia l, e ury metop ic, mesoprosop ic, l ep te r ene ,meso -
c onch ic ,l ep torrh ine
br achyuran ic, p rogna thous
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ;
O ss a s utura m m ,d: 1 , s: 11 .
h yperp la ty mer ie, p la tycne m ic .
Grave 2 0 ( 9 .520) A 2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man b e long ing t o t he Cro- Magnon id-A lp ine t ype . Her h e igh t :
1 63 ems .
On ly t he r igh t s ide o f t he c a lot te, t he j aw w ith t he t eeth
a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones a re p resen t . or thoc r an ia l , t ape inocran ia l , s teno metop ic
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l,
h ypsiconch ic ; p la tyr aer ic
e ury-
c ne m ic . P oysdor f ( d . M iste lbach ,
ö . ) : (Tab les 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 1, p la tes 1 5 a nd 1 6) :
Two L o mbard g raves were f ound 1 ,400 me tres f ro m t he c en tre o f P oysdor f , i n t he w in ter o f 1 93 1 /32 .
Grave 1 was l ost wh i le g rave 2was r escued b y
K ar l H e inr ich , a n amateur .
Ano ther g rave was f ound i n 1 932 , a nd t hen K .
He inr ich u near thed a f our th o ne . i n 1 933 .
Ben inger l ed e xcava t ions i n t he c e metery
Af ter e xcava t ing t he 8 th g rave h e t hough t n o more g raves wou ld b e
d iscovered ( Ben inger 1 934, 1 940 , M itscha- Märhe im 1 953 , Werner 1 962 ) . Ben inger s en t t he s even we l l-preserved s ke letons t o t he An thropo log ische Abte i lung d . Naturh ist . Museu m i n Wien , where t hey were f irst e xa mined b y J . J ungw ir th ( 1968 ) .
We e xa m ined t he ma ter ia l t ogether o nce a ga in , n ow
c ons ider ing t he c o m mon a spect o f a ll L o mbard b one ma ter ia ls.
The a rchae-
o log ica l p ubl ica t ion was wr it ten b y M itscha- Märhei m mak ing u se o f Ber inger ' s n o tes ( he h ad d ied b y t ha t t ime ) . g raves were d isturbed .
( Ben inger- M itscha- Märhe im 1 966) .
A l l t he
The b ones were i mpregna ted w ith a 5% s o lut ion o f
g lue s o c he m ica l a na lysis c annot b e c arr ied o ut . Grave 2 ( An throp . Abt . Na turh ist . Mus . i n Wien 1 2 .118 ) . The c o mp le te , we l l—preserved s ke le ton o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man ( p la te 1 5) . The l ef t s ide o f t he j aw i s missing , t he b ase a nd t he t e mpora l p ar t a re b roken . I t s t ype i s p ro tonord ic .
He was 1 70 .5 ems t a l l .
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ia l , a crocran ic, e ury metop ic, h ypsiconch ic, mesorrh ine, b rachyuran ie, o r thogna thous.
S l igh t a lveo lar p rogna th ia ;
musc le a dhesion p o in ts a re we l l d eve loped . s how d istor t ions o f a r throsis;
f ossa c an ina i s v ery d eep .
The
The o s p ub is a nd t he o s s acru m
h yperp la tymer ic, mesocne m ic .
Grave 3 ( 12 .174, p la te 1 5) . The s econdar i ly s o mewha t d eformed s ku l l o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones. ems t a l l.
I tb e longed t o t he Nord ic-Cro- Magnon id t ype .
He was 1 74 .5
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l, me tr iocran ia l , e ury me top ic .
The s ke leta l b ones a re r obust ; p la ty met ic, mesocne m ic . Grave 4 ( 9 . 8 73 ; p la te 1 6) . The s ku l l o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld wo man . The max i l lary r idge i s a bsorbed .
The l ef t s ide o f t he j aw i s miss ing .
I t s t ype i s b rachycran ia l Nord ic .
Do l icho-
c ran ia l , c ha maecran ia l, me tr iocran ia l , e ury me top ic, mesoprosop ic, h yps ic onch ic , mesorrh ine, o r thogna thous . F ossa c an ina i s f i l led ; o steoporosis g enera l is c an b e s een o n t he s ke le ta l b ones. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 5
Grave 5 ( 12 .985, p la te 1 5) . T he c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld man . The l ef t t e mpora l p art a nd t he m idd le p ar t o f t he mand ib le a re miss ing . I tb e longs t o t he Nord ic t ype . Hyperdo l ichocran ia l-do l ichocran ia l , o r thocrania l, a crocran ic, metr iome top ic, h yper lep toprosop ic, h yper lep terene, h ypsiconch ic, l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic . S l igh t c r ista a t s utura s ag it ta lis. O ssa s uturaru m , d :1, s :2 . T he s ke leta l b ones a re t h in ; p la tymer ic , e urycne m ic . Grave 6 ( 1 2 .985, p la te 1 5) . The we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man ( ag o lds mi th ) , o n ly t he r igh t o rb i ta l b r im a nd t he mand ib le a re s l igh t ly f ragmen tary . I tb e longs t o t he Cro- Magnon id-Nord ic t ype . H e was 1 72 ems t a l l . The o cc ip i ta l b one i s s tand ing o u t c on ica l ly ; d o l ichocran ia l, c hamaecran ia l, me tr iocran ic, me tr io-eury metop ic, e uryprosop ic, e uryene , mesoconch ic, meso-cha maerh ine, b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous . D eep f ossa c an ina . The s ke leta l b ones a re s trong a nd smoo th , t he t ors ion o f t he f e mur i s g rea t . Trochan ter t er t ius; p la tymer ia , e urycne m ia . Grave 7 ( 13 .078 ) The we l l-preserved c a lot te, t he j aw a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a4 -5 y earo ld c h i ld , p robab ly a g ir l . The f orehead i s v ery n arrow a nd p ro f i led . S he was 1 19 cms t a l l . Brachycran ia l , h ypsicran ia l, t ape inocran ia l, s tenome top ic, Grave 8 ( 13 .079) The we l l-preserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld man .
The s ku l l i s
miss ing . H e was 1 69 ems t a l l . The l ong b ones a re s hor t a nd r obust . f e mur i s a rched ; h yper-p la tymer ic, e urycne m ic . Hausk irchen ( d . Ganzernsdorf ,
The
N .ö . ) (p la te 1 8 , T ab les 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4, 1 5) :
Graves o f t he M igra t ion P er iod were f ound d ur ing s and e x tract ion i n 1 966 . H . K ö lbl g ave t he mater ia l f ro m 3g raves t o Prof . H . M itscha- Märhe im , who t ook t he s ke le tons t o t he An thropo log ische A bte i lung d . Naturh istor isches Museu m i n Wien . M i tscha- Märhe im g ave 3n umbers t o t he g raves u near thed i n t ha t y ear : g rave 1 c on ta ined 3 s ke letons, g rave 2 c on ta ined 1 s ke leton , a nd g rave 3 c on tained 2 s ke letons, s o a l together 6 h u man s ke leton s were s en t t o t he c o l lect ion i n 1 966 .
I n t he n ex t y ear M i tscha- Märhe im a sked t he a rch-
a eo log ist Ad ler , o f t he ö sterre ich isches Bundesdenkma la m t , t o c on t inue t he e xcava t ions . Ad ler d iscovered 1 7 g raves ( graves N os. 4 -20) , s o we h ave t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m 2 3 g raves.
M i tscha- MArhe im d a ted t he c e me-
t ery t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury a nd a scr ibed i tt o t he L ombards . Ad ler c ou ld n o t c on t inue t he e xcava t ions f or l ack o f money , s o o n ly a p art o f t he c e me tery i s k nown .
The s and e x tract ion h ad a lready d a maged t he ma jor i ty
o f t he g raves, s o t he e xcava t ions c anno t y ie ld t he mater ia l f ro m t he who le c e me tery . l i shed .
B oth t he a rchaeo log ica l a nd a n thropo log ica l mater ia l a re u npub-
Grave 1 / 1 ( 2 1.990/ 1966 .
Wien . Naturh ist . Mus. An thropo l . A bt . )
T he we l l-preserved s ke leton o f a1 4-15 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robably a b oy . I tb e longs t o t he b rachycran ia l N ord ic t ype, w ith Cro- Magnon id f eatures . Kiszely, István.T The Anthropology I and Ii.r he o rb itsof the a nLombards, d t he Parts a pe r tu a p ir ifor m is E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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a re sma ll .
He was 1 58 ems t a l l .
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l, me tr io metop ic, e urymetop ic, e uryene- meserene , mesoconch ic, l ep to- mesorrh ine, l ep tostaphy l ine ,brachyu ran ic, o r thognathous .
L ab iodon t ia . Hyperp la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
Grave 1 /2 ( 2 1.991) The l e f t f e mur o f a1 27 cms t a l l 8 -9 y ear-o ld c h i ld . Grave
1/3
( 2 1.992 )
The l ef t c lav ic le, d iaphyses o f t he f e mur a nd t he t i bia a nd s o me s ke leta l b ones o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man . Grave 2 ( 2 1.993 ) The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a6 -7 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p erhaps a g ir l .
The s ku l l,
s l igh t ly s econdar i ly d eformed i n t he e ar th , i s f ragmentary a t t he b ase .
Meso-
b rachycran ia l, h ypsicran ia l , me tr iocran ia l , s teno metop ic, h ypsiconch ic, p la tyrrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyuran ic, mesogna thous. Grave 3 / 1 ( 2 1.994) Frag men ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he r obust l ong b ones o f a n a pprox i mate ly 3 5 y ear-o ld man .
I tb e longs t o t he Nordic t ype .
H is h e igh t :
1 80 ems.
l ower p ar t o f t he f e mur was o ssi f ica ted t o t he u pper p ar t o f t he t ib ia ; v era .
The a ncy los is
N o s ign o f a r thros is c an b e d e tec ted o n t he s ke leta l b ones.
Grave 3 /2 ( 2 1.995) The l ef t d iaphys is h u mer i o f a7 -8 y ear-o ld c h i ld . Grave 4 ( 22 .188/ 1967 ) Metacarpa l a nd p ha l lang i o f a2 0-30 y ear-o ld man . Grave 5 ( 22 .189) The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a1 4 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robably a b oy .
The l ef t
z ygo ma t ic p rocess i s f ractured . The s ur face o f t he b ones i s r ach i t ica l ly s eq ues tered . i s s teep .
Perhaps i tb e longs t o t he Cro- Magnon id-A lp ine t ype . He was 1 58 cms t a l l .
The f orehead
Mesocran ia l, o r tho-hypsicran ia l, s teno metop ic,
mesostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic, o r thogna thous, o ssa s uturaru m , d :2 , s :3 . P la tymer ic, p latycne m ic . Grave 6 ( 22 .190) The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a2 5 y ear-o ld wo man .
The f ac ia l p ar t i s s o mewha t
d e formed .
I tb e longs t o t he Cro- Magnon id-Nordic t ype w ith s o me Taur id
i n f luence .
S he was 1 64 cms t a l l .
Mesocran ia l, h ypsicran ia l, metr iocran ic,
s l igh t ly b a throcran ic, h yper lep toprosop ic, h yper lep terene, h ypsiconch ic, p la tyrrh ine , messuran ic, p rogna thous.
O ssa s uturaru m , d :2 , s :3 .
a per tura p ir iform is i s w ider b e low , s utura metop ica . i s r obust ;
Bad t ee th .
The The c lav ic le
h yperp la ty mer ic, e urycne m ic.
Grave 7 ( 22 .191) The c o mp le te s ke le ton w i thout t he p e lv is a nd t he f e murs o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . The who le s ke le ton s hows a r throsis, e xostoses, c a lcina ted v er tebrae . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Brachveran ia l N ord ic .
Her h e igh t :
1 59 ems .
Do l icho- mesocran ia l, h ypsi-
c ran ia l, a crocran ia l, s teno me top ic, h yper lep toprosop ic, meserenelep terene, mesoconch ic, l ep tostaphy l ine , mesuran ic , o r thogna thous . d :1, s :2 .
S qua ma o n o s o cc ip i ta le .
f ossa c an ina i s d eep . microdon tes .
O ssa s uturaru m ,
Aper tura p ir ifor m is i s v ery n arrow ,
O l igodon t ia : o n ly t he u pper i st i nc isive i s p resen t ;
The d if ference b etween t he s ke leta l b ones o f t he t wo s ides i s
c ons iderab le .
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
Grave 8 ( 22 .192) The c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a1 0-11 y ear-o ld c h i ld . i s m iss ing .
The l ef t p ar t o f t he j aw
Brychycran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me triocran ic , s teno me top ic, l ep to-
mesoprosop ic ,l ep terene , h yps iconch ic, l ep torrh ine . l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyu ran ic, o r thogna thous . r um , d :1 , s :i .
Rach i t is c an b e s een o n t he l ong b ones.
O ssa s u tura-
The a per tura p iri for mis i s n arrow , f ossa c an ina i s d eep .
Eurymer ic, e uryene m ic .
He igh t :
1 42 ems .
Grave 9 ( 22 .193 , p la te 9 ) The c o mp le te, we l l-preserved s ke le ton .of a 3 0-40 y ear-o ld man . h is h e igh t i s 1 70 ems .
Nord ic,
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l, a crocran ic, e uryme top ic,
l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene-hyper lep terene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine, mesos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic, h yperor thogna thous. n ear ly b end i nwards .
The t ee th o nt he f ron ta l p ar t
The s ke leta l b ones a re s trong , we l l d eve loped .
f e mur i s n ot t orsioned , s trong p i laster f e mor is .
The
P laymer ia , e urycne m ia . .
Grave 1 0 ( 22 .194) The c o mp lete, we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a n 8 5 y ear-o ld wo man . b e longs t o t he l bero- Med iterran ian-A lp ine t ype . Her h e igh t :
1 61 ems .
I t
S trong a lveo lar p rogna th ia .
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ia l, t ape inocran ia l, e ury me top ic,
l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l eptostaphy l ine , mesur an ic, b rachyuran ic, o r thogna thous . c an ina .
L ow t ubera p ar ie ta lia , f i l led f ossa
The s ke le ta l b ones a re t h in ; h yperp la tyr aer ic, e urycne m ic.
Grave 1 1 ( 22 .195) The r igh t w ing o f t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 30 ems t a l l 8 -9 y ear o ld c h i ld . Grave 1 2 ( 22 .196) F rag men ts o f t he s ku l l o f a7 -8 y ear-o ld c h i ld . t he t ee th a re o fb rown c o lour .
S l igh t a lveo lar p rogna th ia ,
H e igh t 1 20 ems.
Grave 1 3 ( 22 .197 ) The s ke leta l b ones o f a1 69 ems t a l l , 2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man . Grave 1 5 ( 22 .202) The f ractured s ku l l, t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 6 y ear-o ld c h i ld ( perhaps a b oy ) .
Nord ic
h e igh t :
1 62 ems.
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l,
e uryme top ic, mesoprosop lc, meserene , mesoconch ic, l eptorrh ine , b rachyu ran ic, o r thogna thous.
O ssa s uturaru m , d :1, s :2 .
t h in ; p la tymer ic,euryene m ic . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 8
The s ke leta l b ones a re
Grave 1 6 ( 22 .203) The l ong b ones o f a mature man . a r thros is .
H is h e igh t :
The s ur face o f t he v er tebrae s how
1 64 cms.
G rave 1 7 ( 22 .204) The mand ib le a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a1 1 . y ear-o ld c h i ld . Grave 1 8 ( 22 .204) The f ractured s ku l l, t he j aw a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld . H e igh t : 1 09 cms . We l l d eve loped t ubera p ar ieta l ia , b rown c o loura t ion o n t he t eeth , t he u pper i nc isors g rew o n t he p a la te . F i l led f ossa c an ina . Eurymer ic, e urycne m ic . G rave 1 9 ( 22 .205 ; p la te 1 8 ) The who le s ku l l, t he j aw a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . The s ku l l may h ave b een s l igh t ly i n ten t iona l ly f ormed . I t s t ype : "Merovingia n", c lose r ese mb lance t o t he wo man w ith i n ten t iona l c ran ia l f orma t ion f ro m R egö ly ( Pannon ia ) .
H e igh t : 1 63 cms .
Mesocran ia l, h ypsicran ia l,
metr iocran ic, e ury me top ic, mesoprosop ic, meserenelep terene, h ypsiconch ic, l ep torrh ine, l ep tostaphy l ine , mesuran ic-brachyuran ic, o r thogna thous . T ubera p ar ieta l ia s tand ing o ut o n t he s ides, v ery n arrow a per tura p ir iform is s tand ing o u t o n t he s ides i n t he l ower h a lf , d eep f ossa c an ina , s l igh t a lveo lar p rogna th ia .
P la ty mer ic, e uryne m ic .
Grave 2 0 ( 22 .206) T he f ractured s ke leton o f a1 1 y ear-o ld i n fan t . R ohrendor f ( d . Kre ms; t ab les 1 6, 1 7 , 1 8 a nd 1 9 ; p la tes 1 9, 2 0 a nd 2 1) : S ome h u man s ke le tons were f ound i n t he s andp i t 1 km e ast o f Rohrendor f o n t he r aod l ead ing t o S ta tzdor f i n 1 956 .
The r escue e xcava t ions were l ed f irst
b y F . Ha mp l f ro m t he N ieder t isterre ich isches L an .des museu m i n Apr i l 1 957 , The n u mber o f g raves must h ave b een 2 0-22 . Ha mp l ( 1965) e xcava ted 1 4 . I n August 1 957 H . Wa lter f ound a f ur ther g rave f o l lowed b y 1 5 more g raves f rom t he M igra t ion Per iod e xcava ted b y Ha mp l i n O ctober 1 963 ( a lso g raves o f t he Ha l lstat t P er iod a nd 3 o fu nknown a ge) .
S o t he g raves e xcava ted w ith
c er ta i t y amoun t t o 3 0 . Hamp l c onsidered t he c e metery t o h ave c on ta ined a bout 6 0 g raves . t urbed .
The b ones a re b ad ly p reserved , o n ly 6 g raves were u nd is-
M itscha- Märhe im a scr ibed t he c e metery t o t he L o mbards .
The
h u man b ones a re i n t he An thropo log ische Abte i lung d . Naturh istor isches Museu m i n Wien . They a re u npub l ished . Grave 1 ( 2 1. 7 52 ) T he b roken c a lo t te o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man . c ran ia l , o r thocran ia l, a crocran ic, e urymetop ic . a nd t h in . Hyperp la ty rner ic, e urycne m ic .
Nord ic.
Hyperdo l icho-
The s ke le ta l b ones a re l ong
Grave 2 ( 2 1. 7 53 ) T he b roken s ku l l a nd t he we l l p reserved s ke leta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld Cro- Magnon id t ype . The s ke le ta l
ma n . TheT he 1 73of c mLombards, s t a l lParts ma n Ii.b e longed t o t he Kiszely, István. Anthropology the I and E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf 38.67.221.43 b ones a re ofs t rong ; p la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia . 4 9
Grave 3 ( 2 1. 7 54) T he s l igh t ly f ractured s ku l l o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld .
S ke le ta l b ones,
ma in ly d iaphyses . Mesocran ia l, h ypsicran ia l, a crocran ic, me tr io me top ic, h yper lep toprosop ic, e uryene, h ypsiconch ic, l eptorrh ine, b rachy r an ic, p rogna thous .
The s ur faces o f t he s ke leta l b ones s how r ach it is .
Grave 4 ( 2 1. 7 55) The s ku ll a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 5 y ear-o ld b oy . t ured .
He was 1 62 ems t a l l .
The c a lva i s f rac-
Hypereuryprosop ic, e uryene , mesoconch ic,
p la tyrrh ine , b rachyuran ic, p rogna thous.
T he s ur faces o f t he s ke leta l b ones
a re s equestered . Grave 5 ( 2 1. 7 58 ) T he f ragmen tary c a lo t te , t ee th a nd d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a6 -7 y ear-o ld c h i ld . Grave 6 /a ( 2 1. 7 59) T he n ear ly c o mp le te s ke leton o f a2 -3 y ear-o ld c h i ld . Grave 6 / 1 3 ( 2 1. 7 60 ) T he c a lot te, s econdar i ly d eformed i n t he g rave, t he f ac ia l b ones a nd s ke let a l b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld p erson , p robab ly a man . He must h ave b e longed t o t he N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id t ype . Grave 8 ( 2 1. 7 61) The n ear ly c o mp le te s ke leton o f a3 -4 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 9 ( 2 1.762 ) T he j aw a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a2 5-30 y ear o ld wo man . ems t a l l .
Eurymer ic, mesocne m ic .
S he was 1 61
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
Grave 1 0 ( 2 1. 7 63 , p la te 2 1) T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man . Cro- Magnon id t ype .
H eigh t :
1 67 ems
H e b e longed t o t he Taur id-
Mesoc r an ia l, or thocran ia l ,metr io-
c ran ic, metr io me top ic, meserene , mesoconch ic, b rachyuran ic . r um , d :2, s :l.
O ssa s utura-
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ; p la ty mer ic, p la tycne m ic .
Grave 1 1 ( 2 1. 7 64) Frag men ts o f t he s ku l l, t he mand ibu le a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 5 y ear o ld man .
He igh t :
1 74 ems .
Eury mer ic, e urycne m ic .
Grave 1 2 ( 2 1. 7 65 ; p la te 2 1) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . Med iterran ian .
H e igh t :
1 74 ems .
I t s t ype i s T aur id-
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l, o r thocran ia l, a cro-
c ran ic, s teno me top ic, h yper lep toprosop ic, l ep terene, mesoconch ic, l ep torrh ine ,
l ep tostaphy line , b rachyuran ic, mesogna thous .
p las ia ;
s trong s ke leta l b ones;
Den ta l e na me l h ypo-
h yperp la tymer ia , e urycne m ia .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 0
G rave 1 3 ( 2 1.766 ; p la te 2 0 ) A3 5-40 y ear-o ld p erson , p robab ly a man . H e b e longs t o t he C ro magnon id"Merov ing ian" t ype. d e for ma t ion .
H is h e igh t :
1 74 ems .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l ,
The s ku l l s u f fered s l igh t s econdary
metr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , meso-
p rosopic , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous .
T he s ke le ta l b ones a re b en t w i th t races o f r ach i t is .
G rave 1 4 ( 2 1.767) A4 0-45 y ear-o ld p erson , p robab ly a wo man . b ones .
Mand ible a nd s ke leta l
H eigh t : 1 60 ems . P la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
G rave 1 5 ( 2 1.768 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l , t ee th a nd d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a y ear-o ld i n fan t . G rave 1 6 ( 2 1.769 ) T he s ke le ta l b ones o f a 2y ear-o ld c h i ld .
The s ur faces o f t he l ong b ones
a re s eques tered . G rave 1 7.(21.770 ) The mand ibu lar f ragmen ts a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t wo man . mus t h ave b e longed t o t he N ord ic t ype . p la tycne m ia , f ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
H eigh t :
1 61 ems .
S he
S teno mer ia ,
G rave 1 8 ( 2 1 .771) ( p la te 1 9 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man .
H e igh t :
1 62 ems .
I t
b e longed t o t he T aur id t ype . B ad t ee th .
Do l ichocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l ,
s teno me topic , mesoprosop ic , mesene .
Cha maeconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep to-
s taphy l ine ,do lichouranic , mesogna thous .
H yperp la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 1 9 ( 2 1.772 ) The c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld man . n on id .
H eigh t :
1 69 ems .
G raci l ised C ro- Mag-
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , metr iocran ia l ,
me tr io me topic , mesoprosop ic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphyl ine , o r thogna thous .
S l igh t d epress ic o be l ica .
The t ee th a re b ad ly
p reserved , t he s ke le ta l b ones a re r obus t . Trochan ter t er t ius f e mor is ; h yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . C r is ta o ss is o n t he e nd o f t he f i bu la . G rave 2 0 ( 2 1.773 ) S o me s eques tered d iaphyses o f l ong b ones o f a1 -2 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 2 1 ( 2 1.774 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he l arger l ong b ones o f a1 0-14 y ear-o ld c h i ld , who h ad h yperdo l ichocran ia l s ku l l a nd s eques tered l ong b ones . G rave 2 2 ( 2 1.775 ; p la te 1 9 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-old man b e long ing t o t he Taur idMed i terran ian t ype .
H e igh t : 1 65 ems .
The l e f t s ide o f t he s ku l l i s s l igh tly
f ra ctur ed . Mes cr an ia l , thIi.ocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury metop ic , e uryKiszely, István. The Anthropology ofo the Lombards, Parts o Ir and E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 1
p rosopic , me s erene , h . yps iconch ic , l eptorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , d o l ichuran ic , o r thogna thous, o s i ncae monopar t i tu m .
E ury mer ic , e urycn e mic .
Grave 2 3 ( 2 1.776) The r igh t r adius , u lna a nd o ther s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 69 ems t a l l , 3 0-40 y ear-old wo man . G rave 2 4 ( 2 1.777) The c a lo t te a nd t he s kele ta l b ones o f a1 2-14 y ear-old c h i ld . q uadra tum , t he s kele ta l b ones s how r ach i t is .
Heigh t :
Capu t
1 50-155 ems .
Brachy-
c ran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t apeinocran ia l , s teno metopic . G rave 2 5a ( 2 1.778 ) The c o mple te s ke leton o f a n 8y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a g ir l . i s s o mewha t f ragmen tary o n t he r igh t s ide .
The s ku l l
Brachycran ia l , h ypsicran ia l ,
t ape inocran ia l , metr io metopic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic a nd h ydrocrania l . Hypereuryprosop ic, h ypereuryene , h yps iconch ic , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . G rave 2 5b ( 2 1.779 ) S o me s ke leta l b ones o f a n a du l t wo man . H e igh t :
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
1 61 ems .
Grave 2 6 ( 2 1.780 ;
p la te 2 0 ) ,
The c o mple te , we l l-preserved s kele ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . Brachycran ic C ro- Magnon id ;
h eigh t : 1 71 ems .
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , h yps i-
c ran ia l , metr iocran ia i , e ury metopic , e uryprosopic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesuran ic , o r thogna thous .
P la ty mer ic , mesocne mic .
G rave 2 7 ( 21.781) A c h i ld o f 1 4 , p erhaps a b oy .
Fragmen tary s ku l l a nd s ke le ta l b ones .
Mesoconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachuran ic .
H e igh t :
1 60-165 ems .
G rave 2 8 ( 21.782 ) The mand ible a nd t he s kele ta l b ones o f a n a du l t wo man . e urycne mic .
H eight :
P la ty mer ic ,
1 60 ems .
Grave 2 9 ( 2 1.783 ) The t eeth a nd f rag men ts o f t he l ong b ones o f a 5y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 3 0 ( 2 1.784 ) The s l igh t ly f ractured s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a n a pprox ima te ly 4 0 y ear-old wo man .
H eigh t :
1 64 ems .
The t ype i s c lose t o t he
A lpine b rachycran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr iocran ia l e ury metopic , e uryprosopic , mesene , mesoconchic , p la tyrrh ine , l eptos taphy line , b rachyuran ic .
P la ty-
mer ic , e urycne mic. Erpersdorf ( d . Zwen tendor f ) ( P la te 2 2 ; t ables 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 a nd 2 3).
The
c e metery l i es 5 0 km f ro m t he r oad l ead ing f ro m Erpersdor f t o Tra is mauer a t t he market i ndica t ing t he e nd o f t he v i l lage i n t he f ield o f t he " Freihe i t o f
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Er per dor f" c o-opera t ive. The f irst Downloaded on behalf ofs 38.67.221.43
4g raves were f ound i n J u ly 1 961. 5 2
The e xcava t ions b egan , u nder Frau Dr S t ig l i tz-Tha l ler 's l eadersh ip , o n Augus t 1 8 th , 1 961 ( Os t . Arch . I ns t . Wien ).
S t ig l i tz-Tha l ler u near thed 6
f ur ther g raves ( graves n o . 6 -10 ) , t hen F ranz H a mp l ( N iederds terre ich isches L andesmuseum , Wien ) c arr ied o n t he e xcava t ions i n 1 962 a nd c oncluded when h e h ad e xcava ted t he 2 3rd g rave . i s u nknown .
The t o ta l n umber o f g raves i n t he c e metery
On ly o ne o f t he e xcava ted g raves was u nd is turbed ;
ma ter ia l i s f rac tured a nd f ragmen tary .
t he b one
The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l was
t aken t o t he An thropo log ische Ab te i lung d . N a turh is tor isches Museu m ( W ien ) , where i t was e xa m ined .
The b ones o f t he f irs t 4g raves were n o t c o l lec ted ,
a nd t hey h ave b een l ost .
The s cien ti f ic ma ter ia l h as n o t y e t b een p ub lished ,
a nd o n ly t he a rchaeo log ica l r epor t i s a va i lable ( Ha mp l 1 965 ). G rave 5 ( 2 1.962 ) The c a lo t te a nd f rag men ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld man . O steoporosis g enera l is .
I tb e longs t o t he N ord ic t ype .
H yperdol ichocran ia l ,
o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , c ha maeconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesogna thous ,
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic ( p la te 2 2 ).
G rave 6 ( 2 1.963 ) The j aw a nd t he t ee th o f a n a du l t p erson , p erhaps a wo man . G rave 7 ( 21.964 ) The f ragmen tary s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 7 y ear-o ld wo man . P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
H e igh t : 1 67 ems .
G rave 8 ( 2 1 .966 ) The c o mp le te , b u t b ad ly p reserved , s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . On ly s o me f ragmen ts o f t he f acia l p ar t h ave b een p reserved .
N ord ic- Med i-
t erran ian . H yperdo l ichoncran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e yry me topic . The f e mur i s c ons iderab ly b en t . P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic. G rave 9 ( 2 1.967 ) R amus mand ibu lae a nd s kele ta l b ones o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld man . 1 75 ems .
H e igh t :
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 1 0 ( 2 1.968 ) The f ractured s ku l l a nd t he f ragmen tary s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a pprox ima te ly 5 0-year-o ld p erson , p erhaps a man .
H yperp la ty mer ic .
G rave 1 2 ( 2 1 .969 ) The f ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l , t he r a mus mand ibu lae a nd t he f rac tured s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id f ea tures p reva i l.
H e was 1 64 ems t a l l .
I n t he t ype t he
G rave 1 3 ( 2 1.970 ) The s ke le ton w i thou t t he s ku l l o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . The s ke le ta l b ones a re l ong a nd t h in . S he was 1 65 ems t a l l . G rave 1 4 ( 2 1.971) Kiszely, István. The Anthropology ofe the Lombards, Parts and Ii. The f rag m n t s o f t he I p ar ieta l b ones a nd E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded behalf b onesono f a nof 38.67.221.43 a pprox i ma te ly 3y ear-o ld c h i ld .
5 3
t he f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l
G rave 1 5a ( 2 1.972 ;
p la te 2 2 )
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . n id-" Merov ing ian" .
H e igh t :
1 77 cm .
I t s t ype i s C ro- Magno-
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t ape i-
n ocran ia l , metr io me top ic , e uryprosop ic , e uryene , c ha maeconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous .
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 1 5b ( 2 1.973 ) A lso t he f ragmen ts o f t he c a lo t te o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld w o man a re l abe l led ' grave 1 5 ' . G rave 1 6 ( 2 1.974 ) The c o mp le te , s l igh t ly f rac tured a nd s econdar i ly d e for med s kele ton o f a1 4-15 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 1 7 ( 2 1.975 ) The mand ib le a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a ma ture-sen i le man . 1 73 ems t a l l .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re s trong .
H e was
The l e f t f i bu la was b roken
i n l i fe a nd h ea led , w i th a c a l lus . G rave 1 8 ( 2 1.977 ) The s ke le ta l b ones w i th s trong musc le-adhes iona l s ur faces o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man .
There a re a lso t wo d iaphyses f e mor is a nd f ragmen ts o f a
c a lo t te l abe l led " 18" .
They a lso b e longed t o a man .
G rave 1 9a ( 2 1.982 ) The f ragmen tary s ku l l a nd t he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld wo man .
I ts t ype :
N ord ic-" Merov ing ian" .
S he was 1 58 ems t a ll .
Meso-
c ran ia l , c ha maecran ia l , t apeinocran ic , me tr io me top ic , t he j aw a troph ied b ys en i l i ty .
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 1 9b ( 2 1.980 ) The c a lo t te o f a3 5-45 y ear-o ld wo man . t ype .
I tb e longed t o t he Med i terran ian
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic .
G rave 1 9c ( 2 1.981 ) Fragmen ts o f t he c a lo t te o f a n i n fans I . c h i ld , l abe l led " dep th o f 8 5 cms" . G rave 1 9d ( 2 1.983 ) The c a lo t te o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man . S u tura me top ica , d o l ichoncran ia l .
S he was s l igh t ly h ydrocran ia l ,
The who le s ku l l i s v ery l ow a nd f la t .
G rave 2 0 ( 21.984 ) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s kele ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . Med i terrn ian .
Nord ic-
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , c hamaecran ia l , me tr iocran ic , s l igh t ly
b a throcran ic ( p la te 2 2 ).
The g on ions s tand o u t f ar o n t he s ides .
Mesopro-
s op ic , h yps iconch ic , l eptorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . P rogen ia . The s ke le ta l b ones a re t h in ; h yperpla ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 4
G rave 2 1a ( 2 1.985 ) T he s ke le ta l b ones o f a6 -7 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 2 1b ( 2 1.986 ) The r igh t r a mus mand ibu lae a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t p erson , p robab ly a w o man . G rave 2 2 ( 21.987) The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw a nd t he we l l p reserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a 3 5 y ear-o ld man . 1 63 ems .
I tb elongs t o t he N ord ic-"Frank ish" t ype , h is h e igh t was
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , metr io metopic , mese-
r ene , c ha maeconch ic , mesorrh ine , o r thogna thous .
Hyperp la ty mer ic , e ury-
c ne mic . C a lo t te f ragmen ts o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld wo man were n o ted i n t he i nvent ory b ook ( 2 1.989 ) a s s tray f inds .
I th ad t he f o l low ing a rchaeo log ica l d es-
c r ip t ion : "Grab i n d er Was trund d es K e l lers z ers tör t b e im K e l leraushob" . O berbierbaum ( Mar ia P onsee ) ( d . Zwen tendor f ).
S evera l s ke le tons
were f ound d ur ing s and e x trac t ion i n 1 965 . The workers h ad a lready n o t iced t he m e ar l ier , b u t h ad n o t r epor ted t he f inds . The s ke le tons t aken i n t he Museum b e longed t o t wo men a nd were l abe l led d ur ing t he e xa mina t ions a s s tray f inds .
Me lzer r escued t he a n thropo log ica l a nd a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l
f ro m 6 g raves .
A f ter t h is e xcava t ions u nder A . H ors t 's l eadersh ip ( Ös ter-
r e ich isches Bundesdenkma la m t , Wien ) were s tar ted o f f ic ia l ly .
I n 1 966 h e
e xcava ted t he 6 8 th , i n 1 968 t he 8 2nd a nd i n 1 969 , e xcava t ing 7 more g raves , t he 8 9 th g rave .
H e f ound 6 more g raves i n t he n or th-eas tern p ar t o f t he
c e metery i n 1 972 .
Thus h e f ound 9 5 g raves a nd c ons idered t he c e me tery t o
b e e xcava ted . H e c a lcu la ted t he n u mber o f d es troyed g raves a s 2 5 , s o we c an c oun t o r ig ina l ly 1 20 g raves i n t he Oberbierbaum c e me tery . c e metery t he l arges t e xcava ted i n Rug i land o r i n P annon ia . g ica l ma ter ia l i s u nder e xam ina t ion ; a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l .
Th is makes t h is The a rchaeo lo-
i tw i l l b e p ubl ished t oge ther w i th t he
T he l as t 6g raves c on ta ined t he s kele tons o f p ersons
w i th b ad ly p reserved b ones , a nd t heir e xa m ina t ion h as n o t y e t b een c arr ied o u t ;
f or t he ir d escr ipt ion Ir e l ied o n Ad ler 's ( 1972 ) d a ta .
Ad ler t ook t he
a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l t o t he An thropo log ische Ab te i lung d . Na turh is tor isches Museu m i n Wien , where i t was e xa m ined a nd t aken i n to t he i nven tory t here . ( P la te 2 3 ;
t ab les 2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 a nd 2 7) .
S tray f ind 1 ( 22 .069 ) C orpus mand ibu lae o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man . S tray f ind 2 ( 22 .069 b ) T he c orpus mand ibu lae , c ons iderab ly s tretched a t t he men tum , o f a 3 0 y ear-o ld man . G rave 1 On ly a n i ma l b ones .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 5
G rave 2 ( 22 .073 ) The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . The r igh t r a mus mand ib u lae i s miss ing . C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic . D o l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury me topic , mesoprosopic , mesene , mesoconch ic , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous . e urycne m ic.
D eep f ossa c an ina , f ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
E ury mer ic ,
H e was 1 69 ems h igh .
G rave 3 ( 22.074 ) The c a lo t te , f ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0 y ear-o ld p erson , p robably a man . metr i me top ic , b rachyuran ic .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
O ssa s u turarum , s : l .
Mesocran ia l ,
A lveo lar p rogna th ia .
P la ty mer ia . G rave 4 ( 22 .075 ) The d iaphys is f e mor is a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l o f a2y ear-o ld c h i ld . H e igh t :
8 8 ems .
G rave 5 ( 22 .076 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld wo man . 1 61 ems t a l l . P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
S he was
G rave 6 ( 22 .077) The s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld w o man . H yperp la ty me r ic .
H eigh t : 1 62 ems .
G rave 7 ( 22.078 ) The _c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld woman . a r i ly b roken .
G raci l- Med i terran ian-Nord ic-A lpine .
The s ku l l i s s econd-
H er h e igh t : 1 64 ems .
The t races o f e ncepha l i t is o n t he s inc ipu t o f t he c ran ium .
D o l icho- meso-
c ran ia l , h yps icran ia l , a crocran ic , s teno me topic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , e uryprosopic , mesenelep tene , meso-hyps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous . O ssa s u turarum , s :1 . H yperpla ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 8 ( 22 .079 ) T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . Taur id t ype .
I tb e longs t o t he
B rachycran ia l , o r thocran ia l , metr iocran ic , meso-euryproso-
p ic , meserene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesuran ic , mesogna thous. O ssa S u turarum , d: 1 , s :1 , D eep f ossa c an ina , s l igh t d ias te me b e tween t he t ee th ; p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
H e igh t : 1 62 ems .
G rave 9 ( 22 .080 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . t he f orehead h ea led d ur ing h is l i fet i me .
N ord ic .
H e igh t : 1 75 ems .
A wound o n Do l ichocran ia l ,
o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , me tr io metopic , mesoprosopic , e uryene- meserene , mesochonch ic , mesorrh ine , l eptos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous, s tegodon t ia .
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
H yperpa l ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 1 0 ( 22 .082 ) The ofs k e l e ta l Parts b on sIi. o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld Kiszely, István. The Anthropology the Lombards, Ie and E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. l ty m r ic , e urycne m ic . Downloadedp ona behalf ofe 38.67.221.43 5 6
man .
H e igh t ;
1 76 ems . H yper-
G rave 1 1 ( 22 .084 ) The c a lo t te a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd s o me s ke le ta l b ones o f a 4 0 y ear-o ld man . d on tes .
H e igh t :
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic . 1 76 ems .
Os i ncae t r ipar t i tu m , h yper mega-
Os teoporos is g enera l is .
Mesocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ia l , t apeinocran ia l , me tr io me top ic , mesoprosop ic , me s erene .
P sa l i-
d on t ia . G rave 1 2 ( 22 .085 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . d ur ing l i fe t i me , o n t he f orehead . ems .
A wound , h ea led
T ype : b rachyeran ic N ord ic .
H e igh t :
1 67
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , e ury-
p rosop ic , e uryene , c ha maeconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesuran ic , mesogna thous . O ssa s u turaru m , d :2 , s :2 .
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
H yperp la ty mer ic ,
p la tycne m ic . G rave 1 3 ( 2 2.086) The mand ibu la a nd t he max i l la a nd t he f rac tured s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . r um , d :2 , s :2.
A lveo lar p rogna th ia .
S he was 1 64 ems t a l l .
Ossa s u tura-
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 4 ( 22 .087) The f rac tured s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a6 0-65 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic .
S en i le a troph ia o n t he s ku l l .
H e igh t :
1 75 ems .
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , t ape inocran ic , s teno me topic , t he l ong b ones a re a troph ied .
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urynce m ic .
G rave 1 5 ( 22.088 ) The s econdar i ly d e formed s ku l l a nd t he f rac tured s ke le ta l b ones o f a 4 0-45 y ear-o ld wo man .
N ordic-Alp ine .
H e igh t :
1 67 ems .
H yperdo l icho-
d o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury me topic , e uryprosopic , e urye ne , h yps iconch ic , o r thogna thous . mesocne m ic .
F i l led f ossa c an ina .
H yperp la ty mer ic ,
G rave 1 6 ( 22 .090 ) The c a lo t te a nd f rag men ts o f t he s kele ta l b ones o f a6 0 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
B rachycran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr iocran ic , me tr io me to-
p ic , p la ty- mesocne m ic . G rave 1 7 ( 22 .091) The f rac tured s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . t he p ar ie ta l b ones were p er fora ted d ur ing l i fe t i me .
O s teoporos is s y m me tr ica ,
A lp ine-Nord ic .
Brachy-
c ran ia l , h yps icran ia l , t ape inocran ic , me tr io me top ic , f ossa o lecran i p er fora t io , o s teoporos is g enera l is .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 8 ( 2 2.092) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic .
H e igh t :
1 71 ems .
Type : p ro tonord ic-
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l ,
me tr io metopic , h yper lep toprosopic , h yper lep terene , h yps ioconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. d eve lope d , l igh t 1979, f oss a p raenasa l is , f i l led f ossa E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR s Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 7
The l ineae a sperae a re we l l c an ina . P la ty mer ic , e yrycne m ic .
G rave 1 9 ( 22 .093 ) The j aw a nd t he c ons iderab ly b en t r igh t c lav ic le o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man . G rave 2 0 ( 22 .094 ) The s l igh t ly s econdar i ly d e for med s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he we l l-preserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man .
Taur id .
H eigh t :
1 69 ems .
Brachy-
c ran ia l , h yps icran ia l , metr iocran ic , e ury me topic , e uryprosop ic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taph .y l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . Ossa s u turaru m , d :3 , s :5 .
Os i ncae monopar t i tum , f i l led f issa c an ina .
H yperp la ty mer ia , p la tycne m ia . G rave 2 1 ( 22.095 ) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a n 1 8-20 y ear-o ld wo man . A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id w i th s trong a lveo lar p rogna th ia .
H e igh t :
1 69 cms .
H yper megadon tes , meso-brachycran ia l , h yps icran ia l , metr iocran ic , me tr ioe ury me topic , l ep toprosopic , meserene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous .
S u lcus p raenasa l is .
The l e f t
r ad ius was b roken i n h er l i fet i me , a nd h ea led w i th c a l lus . G rave 2 2 ( 22.096) The s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 5-year-o ld man .
The s ur faces o f t he b ones
a re r ach i t ica l , a nd t he t i bia i s a ccre ted t o t he c a lcaneus .
H e igh t :
1 76 ems .
Very r obus t . G rave 2 3 ( 22 .097) The f ragmen tary s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . The f e mur i s v ery much b en t .
H eigh t : 1 66 ems .
H yperp la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 2 4 ( 22 .098 ) F ragmen t o f t he j aw a nd t he v ery b ad ly p reserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a 3 0 y ear-old man . t o t he f i bu la .
F rac ture i n l i fe t i me o n t he l e f t t i bia , wh ich i s a ccre ted
An thropo log ica l v ar ia t ions o f t he Taur id- Med i terran ian t ype
c an b e d e tec ted o n t he b ones .
H e igh t :
1 83 ems .
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 2 5 (? ) S o me f rag men ts f ro m t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a8 -9 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p erhaps ag ir l . G rave 2 6 ( 22 .099 ) F rag men ts o ft he s kele ta l b ones o f a6 -7 y earTo ld c h i ld , p robably ab oy . G rave 2 7 ( 22 .101) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 69 ems .
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic .
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr iocran ic , s teno me top ic ,
mesoprosopic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesur an ic , mesogna thous , s l igh t s u lcus p raenasa l is . mer ic , e urycne m ic .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 8
F i l led f ossa c an ina .
P la ty-
G rave 2 8 ( 2 2 .103 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id . wards .
H e igh t :
1 72 ems .
The o cc ipi ta le p ro jec ts b ack-
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me triocran ic, me trio me top ic .
The
r igh t f e mur i s much t h inner t han t he l e f t o ne , j us t a s i n t he c ase o f t he t i bia ; i t may b e t he r esu l t o f p ara lys is .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 2 9 ( 22.105 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . ems .
Th in s kele ta l b ones .
H e igh t :
1 62
E ury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 3 0 ( 22 .106 ) The f ragmen t o f t he mandib le
a nd s o me s kele ta l b ones o f a2 0 y ear-o ld
man . G rave 3 1 ( 22 .107) S o me sma l l f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5-year-o ld man . G rave 3 2 ( 22 .108 ) F rag men ts o f t he s ku l l a nd o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a pprox i ma te ly 4 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 3 3 ( 22 .109) 2t i biae a nd u lnae o f a ma ture man .
H eigh t :
1 65 ems .
P la tycne m ic .
G rave 3 4 ( 22 .110 ) The t h in d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
Eury-
mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 3 5 ( 22 .11 ;
p la te 2 3 ).
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5-year-o ld wo man , o n ly t he l ef t f e mur i s miss ing .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
1 65 ems .
D o l ichocran ia l ,
o r thocran ia l , ma tr iocran ia l , e ury me topic , l ep toprosop ic , l epterene , mesoc onch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . l ar p rogna th ia .
A lveo-
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 3 6 ( 22.112 ) The l e f t r a mus mand ibu lae a nd f ragmen ts o f t he l ong b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld p erson , p robab ly a wo man .
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
G rave 3 7 N o h uman b ones were f ound i n i t . G rave 3 8 ( 22 .113 ) S o me f rag men ts o f t he s ke le ton o f ab aby o f 1 2-16 mon ths . G rave 3 9 ( 22 .114 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a man a ged more t han 6 0 . 1 74 em s .Anthropology F ract re o f t h e If e l n eck d ur ing l i fe t i me ; Kiszely, István. The ofu the Lombards, Parts andm Ii.ora E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. d ex tra ebehalf a cc r38.67.221.43 eted t o t he a ce tabu lum o f t he p e lv is . Downloaded on of
5 9
N ord ic .
H eigh t :
t he c apu t f e mor is
Frac ture o f t he l ower t hird
o f t he r igh t t i bia a nd f ibu la , h ea led w i th c a l lus . s en i l is .
A lveo lar p rogna th ia .
O s teoporos is g enera l is
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic ,
e ury me topic , e uryprosopic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , d o l ichor an ic , p rogna thous , s tegodon t ia .
C r is ta o n t he f e mur .
H yperp la ty mer ic ,
mesocne m ic . G rave 4 0 ( 2 2.115 ) D iaphys is f e mor is o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 4 1 ( 22 .116) The c a lo t te , t he mand ibu la , a troph ia s en i l is , a nd t he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man .
I ts t ype i s b rachycran ic N ord ic . H eigh t :
1 70 cms .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l , e ury metopic , s l igh t ly b a throc ran .
Os i ncae b ipar t i tu m .
P la ty mer ic , p la tycne m ic .
G rave 4 2 ( 22.117) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld man . G raci l ised-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
1 72 cms . O l igodon t ia .
D ol icho- meso-
c ran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury me topic , t orus p a la t inus , e urypros op ic , e uryene- mesene , mesoconch ic , meso-p la tyrrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous .
The a per tura p ir i for m is i s w ider b elow .
h ave n o t g rown o u t .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re s trong ;
The u pper i ncisors
p la ty mer ic , eu rycne m ic .
G rave 4 3 ( 22 .118 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0-year-o ld wo man . Med i terran ian .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id-
D ol ichocran ia l , c ha mae-or thocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l , e ury-
me top ic , mesoprosop ic , e uryene- mesene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , d o l lc huran ic , o r thogna thous . M icrodon tes , f ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ; p la ty mer , e urycne m ic . G rave 4 4 ( 22 .119 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton w i th s l igh t ly f ractured f ac ia l p ar t , o f a4 5 _yearo ld man .
N ord ic-graci l- Med i terran ian .
H eigh t : 1 70 cms . Do l ichocran ia l ,
o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic . e ury me topic , t he o rbi ts a re r ounded , mesoprosop ic , mesene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , o r thogna thous , d eep f ossa c an ina , a lveo lar p rogna th ia .
C r is ta o n t he f e mur ;
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 4 5 ( 22 .121 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man . I t r epresen ts a f oreign e le men t i n t he c e me tery . b e low , h ypermegadon tes .
A lveo lar p rogna th ia , a per tura p iri for mis w ide D o l icho mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic ,
s teno metopic , mesoprosopic , meserene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachyu ran ic , p rogna thous . O ssa s u turarum d :9 , s :6. F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io . P la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia . G rave 4 6 ( 22 .122 ) The s kele ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . f ea tures , p erhaps A lp ine .
Cro- Magnon id mixed w i th l oca l
F i l led f ossa c an ina .
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ia l ,
me tr iocran ia l , mesoprosopic , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , meso-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, s UK: Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. taBAR phy l ine , 1979, b ra chyran ic , o r thogna thous . Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
p ir i for m is w ide b e low .
H e igh t :
T orus o n t he o cc ipi ta le , a per tura
1 69 cms . 6 0
P la tycne m ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 4 7 ( 22 .123 ) The mand ibu lar p ar t a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a5 0-year-o ld wo man . H e igh t :
1 68 ems .
The l ong b ones a re t h in .
G rave 4 8 ( 2 2 .124 ) The mand ibu lar p ar t a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 3-25 y ear-o ld wo man . H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
The s ke leta l b ones a re weak , f ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ;
h yperp la ty mer ic , e uryene m ic . G rave 4 9 ( 22 .125 ) F rac tured p ar ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld wo man . F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io . G rave 5 0 ( 22 .126 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 6-17 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 70 ems .
G rave 5 1 ( 22 .127) The d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a n a pprox i ma te ly 1 0 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 5 2 On ly t he b ones o f ah orse. G rave 5 3 ( 22 .130 ) The c a lo t te a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man . Os teoporos is g enera l is p raecox .
B rachycran ia l N ord ic t ype .
D o l icho- meso-
c ran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr iocran ic , s teno metopic . G rave 5 4 ( 22.132 ) B one f ragmen ts o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 5 5 ( 2 2 .133 ) The c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f 4 5-50 y ear-old wo man .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
Mesocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ia l , t ape inocran ia l , me tr io metopic , f ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ;
p la ty-
mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 5 6 ( 22 .135 ) The s econdar i ly d e formed s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f 9 -10 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a b oy . Brachycran ia l N ord ic . H eigh t : 1 38 ems . Mesocran ia l , e ury metop ic , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyran ic . A lveo lar p rogna th ia .
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 5 7 ( 22 .126) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . ems .
N ord ic .
H eigh t :
1 74
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ia l , e ury metopic , meso-
p rosopic , h yper lep terene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , mesuran-brachyuran ic , o r thogna thous .
Th inn ing o f t he a lveo lar r idge ;
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 1
e ury mer ia , e urycne m ia .
G rave 5 8 ( 22 .137 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 75 cms .
B rachycran ic N ord ic t ype .
D o l icho- mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , metr iocran ic , metr io-
me top ic , l ep toprosop ic , l ep tene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , o r thogna thous , t he a per tura p ir i for m is i s v ery n arrow ;
h yperp la ty mer ic , meso-eurycne m ic .
G rave 5 9 ( 22 .139) The s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a pprox i ma te ly 5 0-year-o ld wo man . H e igh t : 1 63 ems .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne mic .
G rave 6 0 ( 2 2.141) The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld man . Magnon id f ea tures .
H e igh t :
1 70 cms .
N ord ic w i th s o me C ro-
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr io-
c ran ic , metr io me top ic , l ep toprosopic , mesene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous . f ea tures , o ssa s u turarum , d :3 , s :2 .
The j aw i s o f " pr im i t ive"
S u lcus p raenasa l is .
P la ty mer ia ,
e urycne m ia . G rave 6 1 ( 22 .142 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 67 cms .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l ,
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id . me trocran ia l , e ury metopic ,
mesoprosopic , meserene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thog na thous .
O ssa s u turarum , d :3 , s :3 .
l ower j aw , h yper megadon tes .
S u lcus p raenasa l is .
C lus ter i n t he
H yperp la ty mer ia , mesocne m ia .
G rave 6 2 ( 22 .143 ) The s econdar i ly s l igh t ly d e for med s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a 2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . N ord ic . H e igh t : 1 73 cms . S l igh t c apu t q uadra tum , h yper megadon tes , f i l led f ossa c an ina , t he t ee th s tand i n az igzag l ine .
A lveo-
l ar p rogna th ia . The d i f ference b e tween t he t wo s ides i s c ons iderab le . mer ic , e urycne m ic .
P la ty-
G rave 6 3 ( 2 2.145 ) The c a lo t te a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld wo man . A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
C livus o n t he t op o ft he s ku l l ,
o steoporosis g enera lis. Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l , e ury met opic ; p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 6 4 ( 22 .146) The c a lo t te , t he mand ibu le a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld wo man . Taur id-Nord ic . H e igh t : 1 67 ems . Mesobrachycran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr ioc ran ic , e ury me topic , p a l ty mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 6 5 ( 22 .147) The f rac tured s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . s l igh t mongo lo id f ea tures .
C ro- Magnon id t ype w i th
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t ape inocran ia l ,
me tr iocran ic , mesoprosop ic , mesenelep tene , mesoconch ic , l eptorrh ine , mesogna thous ,
O ssa s u turarum :
d :1 , s :1.
idAnthropology er b e low , Lombards, t he f o ssIa an ina i s f i l led . Kiszely, István.w The of the Parts andc Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. m e s o c n e m i c . Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 6 2
The a per tura p ir i for m is i s
H e igh t :
1 74 cms .
P la ty mer ic ,
G rave 6 6 ( 22 .148 ) The mand ib le a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 4-year-o ld c h i ld , p robably a g ir l .
H eigh t :
1 50 ems , e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 6 7 ( 22 .149 ) The f ractured s ke le ton o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 71 ems .
s evera l p laces .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
The t ee th a re b ad , t he a lveo lus h as a lready r esorbed o n
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t apeinocran ia l , metr io metopic ,
e uryprosopic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , o r thogna thous ; p la ty mer ic e urycenm ic . G rave 6 8 ( 22 .150 ) The s ku l l a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s kele ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . s ke le ton s hows t ubercu los is .
H e igh t :
1 70 ems .
The
H yperp la ty mer ic , e uryc-
n em ic . G rave 6 9 ( 2 2 .151 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f 4 0-45 y ear-old wo man . H e igh t :
1 67 ems .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t ape inocran ia l , metr io me to-
p ic , l ep toprosopic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , mesogna thous . d :4 , s :4.
S u lcus p raenasa l is .
B ad t ee th .
O ssa s u turarum
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io , p la ty-
mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 7 0 ( 22.152 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a n 8 -9 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a g ir l . H e igh t :
1 30 ems .
N ord ic .
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic,
e uryprosopic , e uryene , h yps iconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous . S l igh t s u lcus p raenasa l is ;
e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 7 1 ( 22 .153 ) The j aw a nd s ke leta l b ones o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld man . P la ty m er ic , me s ocne m ic .
H e igh t :
1 70 ems .
G rave 7 2 ( 22 .154 ) On ly a n i ma l b ones . G rave 7 3 ( 22 .156) Af ragmen t o f t he j aw a nd t he b ones o f t he p e lv is a nd o s s acrum . 1 66 ems .
H yperp la ty mer ic , p la tycne m ic .
H e igh t :
A5 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
G rave 7 4 ( 2 2.157) The s ke le ton o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . b ir th ;
t he u nborn c h i ld i s i n h er p e lv is .
g enera l is p raecox ;
1 57 ems .
Narrow p e lv is a nd o s teoporos is
o s teoporos is s y m me tr ica o n t he p ar ie ta l b one s uppos ing
a nae m ia i n t he s a me t ime . t ion a s t he v er tebra l
Th is wo man d ied d ur ing c h i ld-
The mo ther mus t h ave d ied i n ac onvu ls ive p os i-
c o lu mn i s b en t .
Type :
g raci l ised N ord ic .
H eigh t :
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , e ury me topic , e uryprosopie ,
mesene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b aachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . s u turarum d :6 , s :5 .
The f ace i s a sy m metr ica l .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. b u t t heUK:a d he s iona l s uhttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. r faces a re we l l d eve loped . E-book, Oxford, BAR Publishing, 1979, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 3
Ossa
The l ong b ones a re t h in ,
G rave 7 5 ( 22 .159 ) F ragmen ts o f t he j aw a nd o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0 y ear-o ld p erson , p robab ly a wo man . F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ;
p la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
O s teo ma o n t he u pper t h ird o f t he r igh t f e mur .
H e igh t :
1 65 ems .
G rave 7 6 ( 22 .160 ) T ee th a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l o f a6 -7 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly ab oy . G rave 7 7 ( 22 .161 ) The f rac tured s ku l l a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld wo man . Magnon id-Nord ie , h e igh t :
1 61 ems .
The s ku l l i s a sy m metr ica l .
c ran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l , me tr io me top ic , h yps iconch ic . s u turarum d :2 , o s i ncae monopar t i tum , f i l led f ossa c an ina .
C ro-
Do l ichoO ssa
Eury mer ic ,
mesocne m ic . G rave 7 8 ( 22 .163 ) The s ke le ton o f a1 6-17 y ear-o ld man f ro m t he h ips u p .
I ts t ype i s
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id . H e igh t : 1 68 ems . Meso-brachycran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t ape inocran ic , e uryprosopic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous .
F i l led f ossa c an ina .
G rave 7 9 ( 22.165 ) The j aw a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ;
H e igh t :
1 69 ems .
e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 8 0 ( 22 .167) The j aw , t he r igh t mas to idea a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 3-14 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a b oy . The s ur faces o f t he b ones a re r ach i t ica l . H e igh t : 1 57 ems .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 8 1 ( 22 .169 ) The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a1 0-11 y ear-o ld c h i ld . me top ica ; e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
N ord ic .
S u tura
G rave 8 2 ( 22 .171 ) F ragmen ts o f t he l ong b ones a nd t he s ku l l o f a6y ear-o ld c h i ld .
H e igh t :
1 06 ems . G rave 8 3 ( 22 .230 ) The c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . Brachycran ic N ord ic t ype w i th Taur id e le men ts .
Ar throsis g enera l is . H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
Do l icho-
c ran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e uryprosp ic , o r thogna thous , l ep toprosop ie , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , d o l ichuran ic . The a lvero lar r idge h as r esorbed d ur ing l i fe t i me .
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urye-
n em ic . G rave 8 4 ( 22 .231 ) The who le s ku l l a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5 y ear-o ld woAnthropology man . ofT he v er tParts ebr a lIi.c o lu mn i s a r thr i t ica l . Kiszely, István. The the Lombards, I and E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 6 4
O s i ncae monopar t i tu m .
B rachycran ia l N ord ic t ype .
H e igh t :
1 67 cms .
Do l ichocran ia l , c ha mae-
c ran ia l , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic , mesogna thous , e uryene , h yps iconch ic , c ha maerrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic .
Hyperp la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 8 5 ( 22 .232 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . f rac tured .
The s ku l l i s s l igh t ly
B rachycran ia l N ord ic-pro tonord ic t ype .
Mesocran ia l , h yps i-
c ran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury metopic , l ep to- mesoprosop ic , me s erene , c onch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic . p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic.
H eigh t :
meso-
A lveo lar p rogna th ia ;
1 64 cms .
G rave 8 6 ( 22.234 ) The j aw a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . G rave 8 7 ( 22 .235 ) The s ku l l w i th t he j aw a nd t he f ragmen tary s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0 y earo ld man .
N ord ic- Med i terran ian .
A lveo lar p rogna th ia .
D o l ichocran ia l ,
o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , mesogna thous , h yper lep toprosopic , l epterene , mesoconch ic , d o lchuran ic , f ossa p raenasa l is . e urycne mic.
H e igh t :
S teno mer ic ,
1 62 cms .
G rave 8 8 ( 22.237) T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . men tary .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
The b as is c ran i i i s f rag-
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a cro-
c ran ic , e ury me top ic , o r thogna thous , l ep toprosopic , meserene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic . S u tura t ransversa :2 .
H e igh t :
1 69 cms .
O ssa s u turaru m d :5 ,
s: 5 .
P la ty mer ic , e urynce m ic .
G rave 8 9 ( 2 2.238 ) T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . w i th s o me C ro- Magnon id f ea tures . d ea .
H e igh t :
B rachycran ia l n ord ic
1 60 cms .
D epress io l a mbdoi-
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , l ep toprosopic ,
l eptene , meso-hyps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic . d :4 , s :3 .
O ssa s u turarum
Eurycne m ic.
G rave 9 0 O n ly s o me b one s p l in ters h ave s urv ived f ro m t he v ery much d is turbed g rave . G rave 9 1 O n ly s o me b one s p l in ters h ave s urv ived f ro m t he d is turbed g rave . G rave 9 2 D is turbed g rave o f a man . G rave 9 3 D is turbed g rave o f aw o man . G rave 9 4 Kiszely, István. The of the Lombards, I and Ii. n w D iAnthropology s turbed g r ave , Parts s ke l e to i thou t g rave-goods . E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 5
G rave 9 5 D is turbed g rave o f a wo man .
( Da ta t aken f ro m A d ler f or 9 0 t o 9 5 )
S trass ( d . L angen lois; p la te 1 7 ; t ab les 2 8a , 2 9a , 3 0a a nd 3 1a ) . A l l B en inger ( 1 934 ) wro te a bou t t he f inds i s : " Severa l g raves were r escued o np lo t 7 45 i n 1 933 . Lo mbard , t he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c ." . Werner ( 1962 ) wr i tes a bou t more g raves i n t he L angen lo is Museu m , n o t men t ion ing a ny d a te , a nd t ha t t he j ewe l lery d isappeared d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War .
Accord ing
t o t he i nven tory b ooks 4 g raves were f ound a nd t he s ke le tons a re u nder i nv en tory n umbers 1 46 , 1 47 , 1 48 a nd 1 49 i n t he N iederös terre ich isches L andesmuseum i n V ienna , a nd t hese were t aken t o t he An thropo log ische A bte i lung d . N a turh is tor isches Museum ( V ienna ) f or e xa m ina t ion .
One s ke le ton was
f ound i n t he H ei ma ts museum i n Tu l in , a nd a no ther i n L angen lo is Museu m . A l toge ther t he s ke le tons o f 7p ersons ( 6 g rave n umbers ) h ave b een r escued f ro m t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t b e tween 5 th J anuary a nd 1 0 th F ebruary , 1 933 .
On ly 5 s ke le tons c ou ld b e i den t i f ied o n t he b as is o f
t he g rave n u mbers ( la , l b , 2 , 3a nd 5 ) .
We h ave n e i ther a p lan o f t he c e me-
t ery n or a n e xact d escr ipt ion . G rave l a ( N iederös t . Landes museum :
1 46/4547;
p la te 1 7 ) ( Na turh is tor isches
Museum , 2 2.182 ) Labe l led " d is turbed g rave" . s ke le ta l b ones a nd t he mand ib le . N ord ic .
H e igh t :
1 67 ems .
F ron ta l p ar t o f t he s ku l l , f ragmen ts o f t he 3 0-35 y ear-o ld man .
S u lcus p raenasa l is ;
T ype :
C ro- Magnon id-
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave l b ( N .L.: 1 47/4547, N a t . H is t .: 2 2 .184 ) The s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he l e f t t i bia o f a1 5-16 y ear-o ld b oy .
The t ype
mus t h ave b een N ord ic- Meroving ian , i ft ype c an b e d e f ined a t t h is a ge .
H yper-
d o l icho-dol ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , h yper lep top rosop ic , h yper lep terene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyu ran ic , o r thogna thous . S u tura metop ica .
Ossa s u turarum , d :6 , s :4.
F i l led f ossa c an ina .
O ssa o n s u tura s ag i t ta l is .
E urycne m ic .
G rave 2 ( N .L. 1 48/4548 , Na t . H is t . 2 2 .185 ) The s ku l l w i th t he j aw a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic .
H e igh t :
1 76 cm s .
H yperdol icho-do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l ,
me tr iocran ic , me tr io-eury me topic , h yper lep toprosop ic , l ep terene , h yps ic onch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . mer ic , mesocne m ic .
Eury-
( P la te 1 7 ) .
G rave 3 ( N . L. 1 49/4551 , Na t . H is t . 2 2.186 ) The l e f t mas to idea a nd s evera l f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones . ma ture wo man . H eigh t : 1 59 cms . E urycne m ic . G rave 4 ( An throp . Ab t . 2 2 .043 ;
Adu l t-
p la te 1 6 )
The s ku l l a nd j aw o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic , t he
o cc ip i ta l b one p ro jec ts b ackwards , t he n asa l b one was b roken d ur ing l i fet i me , microdon tes .
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ia l , t apeinocran ia l , e ury me topic ,
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 6
s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , mesoprosopic , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogn a thous .
Deep f ossa c an ina .
G rave 5 ( Hei ma ts museu m i n Tu l in ) Mand ib le a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 1 8-20 y ear-o ld wo man . j aw i s v ery b road , a nd b e longed t o o ne o f t he t ypes w i th r ounded h ead . G rave " 6" ( Langen lo is Museu m ;
p la te 1 7)
T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . s he was 1 77 ems t a l l .
The
I t s t ype i s N ord ic ;
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l , me tr io-
metop ic , mesoprosopic , l ep terene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , mesos taphyl ine , b rachyuran ic , meso-or thogna thous . n arrow ;
t he s ke le ta l b ones a re s trong ;
Ansberg ( S t . Pö l ten d is tr ic t ;
The a per tura p ir i for m is i s v ery h yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
t ables 2 8a , 2 9a , 3 0a a nd 3 1a )
The ma-
t er ia l f ro m 3 " graves" h as b een t aken i n to t he i nven tory w i th t he n o te "M igrat ion P er iod , 5 th-6th c c ." i n t he N iederös terre ich isches L andes museu m i n V ienna .
The d a te o f t he e xcava t ions i s 1 933 .
n o g rave-goods .
The g raves s ee m t o h ave h ad
N o th ing f ur ther i s k nown a bou t t he s ke le tons .
G rave 1 ( N.L. 1 56/5898 ) B ones o f 5p ersons i n ab ox . i s t p erson :o s f ron ta le o f a ma ture man ; 2 nd p erson : r igh t p ar ie ta le o f a n a du l t man ; 3 rd p erson : f ron ta le a nd mand ib le o f a ma ture wo man ; 4 th p erson : f ron ta l a nd mand ibu lar f ragmen t o f a ma ture wo man ; 5 th p erson : t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones a nd t he l e f t p ar t o f t he mand ib le o f a6 -8 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 2 ( N .L. 1 57/5899 ) T he s kele ta l b ones o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t : 1 69 cms . The s urf aces o f t he l ong b ones a re we l l d eve loped . P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 3 ( N .L. 1 55/5900 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-old wo man . The s ku l l i s s l igh t ly f rac tured . N ord ic , h er h e igh t i s 1 73 cms . H yperdo l ichocran ia l , c ha maec ran ia l , t ape inocran ia l , e ury me top ic , t he j aw i s v ery h igh . G neixendor f ( d . Kre ms )
H yperp la ty mer ic .
S o me g raves were f ound i n Gneixendor f i n
1 915 ( Ben inger 1 940 , Werner 1 962 ) , t he a n thropo log ica l a nd a rchaeolog ica l ma ter ia l f ro m wh ich was t aken t o t he N a turh is tor isches Museum i n V ienna . The f inds were d escr ibed b y B en inger ( 1940 ) : Kre ms N . n ächs t G ne ixendor f . Kre ms 2 8/6 1 915" .
"Gräbern b e i m Br t ickenkopfe
E ingesende t v on d er B e fes t igungsabte i lung
G rave 1 ( Na turh is . Mus. 5 /048 ) The mand ibu lar c orpus o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . i s c losed . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 7
Ap ar t o f t he r idge
Tu l in-L is tho f ( Tab les 2 8a , 2 9a , 3 0a a nd 3 1a ) Tu l in-L is tho f i n 1 937.
6g raves were f ound i n
The b one ma ter ia l f ro m t he p reserved g raves ( Numbers
3a nd 4 ) was t aken t o t he An thropo log isches Ab te i lung d . N a turh is tor isches Museum i n V ienna .
The l abe l w i th t he b ones s ays :
" Langobard isch" ( Werner
1 962 ). G rave 3 ( Na t . H is t . Mus . 1 1.628 ) The f rag men tary s ku l l a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 6-18 y ear-o ld wo man . S he was 1 66 ems t a l l . G rave 4 ( 11 .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
2 9 )
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a2 5 y ear-old man ; s econdary d e for ma t ion i n t he e ar th .
t he s ku l l s u f fered s l igh t
I tb e longed t o t he C ro- Magnon id—brachy-
c ran ic N ord ic t ype ; h is h e igh t was 1 68 ems . Mesocran ia l , o r tho-hyps icran ic , t ape ino- metr iocran ic , s teno metopic , l ep toprosop ic , l ep tene , h yps iconch ic , mesuran ic , o r thogna thous .
S u lcus p raenasa l is , d eep f ossa c an ina .
P la ty-
mer ic , mesocne m ic . H o l labrunn ( d . H o l labrunn ;
t ables 2 8b , 2 9b , 3 0b a nd 3 1b )
G raves w i th
s ke letons h ave b een f ound e very y ear s ince 1 925 , b u t n o s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ions h ave b een c arr ied o u t . The s ke le tons r escued b y t he H o l labrunn Museu m i n J anuary 1 953 were t aken t o t he An thropo log ische Ab te i lung d . Na turh is tor is ches Museum .
The t wo s ke le tons a re u npubl ished .
G rave 1 ( Na t . H is t . Mus . 1 2 .116 ) The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0 y ear-old wo man .
N ord ic-Cro- Magno-
n id . Do lichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , s l igh t ly b a throc ran ic , mesoconch ic .
O ssa s u turarum d :2 , s :2 ;
o s i ncae monopar t i tum .
G rave 2 ( 12 .115 a nd 1 2 .117) The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones h ave a lso s urv ived .
Protonord ic .
H e igh t :
S o me
1 64 ems .
H yper-
d ol ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , mesoconch ic , b rachyu ran ic , meso-or thogna thous .
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ;
p la ty mer ic , meso-
c ne m ic . S o m mere in am L e i thagebirge . Many g raves were e xcava ted i n S o m mer e in i n 1 917-1918 ( S eracs in 1 936) . S eracs in e xcava ted o f f ic ia l ly 2 g raves i n t he s um mer o f 1 918 .
The f irs t g rave c on ta ined t he s ke le ton o f a man i n a n e x-
t ended p os i t ion , h e wr i tes , o r ien ted t o t he n or th ; The o ther g rave was o r ien ta ted e as t-wes t .
i th ad n o g rave-goods .
" D ie g anze G rablage mach t d en
E indruck e ines mi t g rosser F lüch t igke i t u nd E i le v orgeno m menen Begräbn isses ; e s s ieh t a us w ie wenn d ie T o te e in fach i n d ie G rabgrube g ewor fen worden wäre" ( Seracs in 1 936 ) . wanderungsze i t a n" . 1 940 .
" Ze i t l ich d ie g ehören d ie G räber d en s pä ten Vö lker-
F ur ther g raves were f ound d ur ing s and e x tract ion i n
Z ink l , t he man i n c harge o f t he e x tract ion , s en t t he f inds t o t he
Na turh is tor isches Museu m i n V ienna . g raves were f ound a ccord ing t o h im .
B es ide t hese t wo s ke le tons, s evera l M i tscha- Märhe im d escr ibed t he f inds
i n May 1 961 a s " langobard isch" a nd d a ted t he m t o t he 6 th c . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 8
G rave 1 ( Na t . H is t . Mus . 2 1 .445 ) T he c a lo t te o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man .
I t h as C ro- Magnon id f ea tures .
Wound o n t he o s f ron ta le h ea led d ur ing l i fe t i me . t ape inocran ia l , s teno metop ic , mesoconch ic .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l ,
O s o n s u tura c orona l is ;
o ssa
s u turarum d :1 , s :2 . G rave 2 ( 21 .446 ) O s o cc ip i ta le o f a n a pprox i ma te ly 3 0 y ear-o ld man . H obersdor f ( d . Mis te lbach , p la te 1 6 )
The s ke le ton o f as trong man was
d es troyed i n t he s andpi t 4 00 me tres f ro m t he V ienna-Poysdor f r oad i n 1 950 . The r e ma in ing s ke le ta l b one f ragmen ts were t aken b y F . B o l iha m mer o f t he M is te lbach Museum t o t he N a turh is tor isches Museu m i n V ienna . s kele ton w i thou t as ku l l was f ound 2 metres e as t o f t h is g rave ; l onged t o a man .
Ano ther i ta lso b e-
The mark o f a no ther g rave c ou ld b e s een , b u t i t was empty .
The s ku l l f ro m G rave 1 was p ub l ished b y W. E hgar tner o n o ne p age i n M i tschaMärhei m 's work ( 1953 ) .
The f rac tured a nd s l igh t ly f ragmen tary s ku l l was
t ha t o f a n a du l t man ( p la te 1 6 ) .
Meso-brachycran ia l , mesoprosop ic , meso-
c onch ic , b rachyuran ic , microdon tes . P lag iocran ia l ( Na t . H is t . Mus. 2 1.187 ) . The s ku l l was i n ten t iona l ly f or med . Ehgar tner d escr ibed t he f inds a s L o mbard . M i tscha- Märhe im c hanged t h is d a t ing , a s h e i den ti f ied t he a rrowhead f ound i n t he g rave a s c om ing f ro m t he Hun P er iod ;
c onsequen t ly h e d a ted t he f ind t o
much e ar l ier t imes ( I am i ndebted t o h im f or h is o ra l i n for ma t ion ) . v i i .
S ke le tons a nd i nhu ma tion g raves t he b one ma ter ia l o f wh ich h as n o t b een p reserved :
L ower Austria
Bau mgar ten ( Marchegg , d . G änserndor f , N .0 .)
G raves were f ound i n
Bau mgar ten i n 1 908 ( M i tscha- Märhe im 1 954 , S zo mba thy 1 925 ) .
S zo mba thy
r ecorded t he d iscovery o f a bou t 2 0 g raves 5 -10 metres f ro m e ach o ther i n 1 908 .
H e h i msel f e xcava ted a g rave ;
d i t ion t ha t h e d id n o t p reserve i t .
t he b one ma ter ia l was i n s uch b ad c on-
L a ter a no ther g rave o f ay oung p erson was
f ound , t hen 2 more n or th o f i t ( a l toge ther 4 ) .
S zo mba thy f ound c re ma t ion
g raves a s we l l . The f inds f ro m t he f irs t 2 0 g raves were v ery r ich ; S zo mba thy wr i tes a bou t t he m ( p . 3 3 ): " Für d as A l ter G r eer k omm t n ach a l le m , was s ich v on d en a u fgezäh l ten Funds tücken a b lesen l äss t , d ie ä l tere S tu fe d er merow ing ischen P er iode , a lso e twa d ie zwe i te H ä l f te d es 5 . J ahrhunder ts n . Ch . i n Be trach t ...In d ieser Z ei t , n ach A t t i las T od ( 454 ) u nd n ach d er Z er fa l l s e iner H errscah f t , s assen a bwechse lnd v ersch iedene g er man ische S täm me , w ie d ie Rug ier , d ie L angobarden , d ie H eru ler u .a . i n d em L ande a n d er mi t t leren Donau" .
La ter M i tscha- Märhei m a scr ibed t he f inds ( 1954 ) t o t he L o mbards
o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury , a s d id B en inger ( 1934) . Three k i lo me tres f ro m t h is s i te i n t he f ie lds o f B au mgar ten a nd Marchegg t he g rave o f a man was f ound i n 1 946 . I t was r es tored a nd p repared f or e xh ibi t ion , t hen s en t b ack t o t he Marchegg H e i ma ts museu m .
The b one ma ter ia l
h as n ever b een e xh ib i ted a nd i t s f a te i s u nkown ( M i tscha- Märhe im 1 953 ) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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H ochenau a .d . March ( d . G änserndor f , N .0 .) The g rave o f a1 6-18 y ear o ld man was f ound d ur ing t he b u i ld ing o f ah ouse i n May 1 949 . The s ku l l was n o t i n t he g rave .
The s urround ings o f t he g rave were d ug t o ag rea t d epth i n
t he c ourse o f bu i ld ing , b u t n o more g raves were f ound ( M i tscha- Märhe im 1 953 ). The f inds wen t t o t he H ochenau Museu m . Braunsdor f ( d . H o l labrunn )
S evera l g raves were d es troyed i n 1 907.
B en inger e xcava ted 2 g raves i n 1 932 ( Ben inger 1 934 ). L o mbard f ro m t he 6 th C .
H e i den t i f ied t he m a s
The f a te o f t he s ke le tons i s u nknown .
G ross-Harras ( d . L aa a .d . Thaya )
The v ery r ich g rave o f a wo man
was f ound i n 1 876 , wh ich was a scr ibed b y B en inger ( 1934 ) t o t he L o mbards a nd d a ted t o t he f irs t h a l f o f t he 6 th c .
N o th ing f ur ther i s k nown a bou t t he
s ke le ton . We k now h ard ly a nyth ing a bou t t he Rug i i f ro m a n a rchaeo logica l o r a n thropo log ica l p o in t o f v iew ( S tefan 1 953-1954 ). t o t he " Rug i i" i s G ra fenwör th ( L ipper 1 968 ) .
The o n ly c e me tery a scr ibed
" Gra fenwör th um d ie Mi t te d es
5 . J ahrhunder ts Rug ier b es ta t te t wurden" h e wr i tes ( 1968 ) . G ra fenwör th ( d . Tu l in ; p la te 2 9 ).
G ra fe nwör th i s o n t he s ou thern b order
o f Rug i land , n or th-wes t o f Tu l in n ear t he Danube , i n t he a rea which was i nh abi ted b y t he Rug i i f or 3 0-50 y ears .
Th is was t he c e me tery o f ap eople
l i v ing h ere b e fore t he L o mbards a nd p ar t ly c on te mporar i ly w i th t he m .
The
L o mbards were e nr iched w i th c ons iderab le " Rug i i" e thn ic f ea tures d ur ing t he ir r es idence h ere . p ubl ished c e me tery .
8c o mp le te s ku l ls h ave s urv ived f ro m t he s o f ar u nTwo o f t he m ( 25% , s o f ar a s ap ercen tage o f 8c an b e
c ons idered s ign i f ican t ) were i n ten t iona l ly f or med ;
t hey may h ave b een t he
p eop le who p rac t ised i n ten t iona l c ran ia l d e for ma t ion i n L o mbard t err i tor ies l a ter o n . The i n ten t iona l c ran ia l f or ma t ion o f t he Rug i i L ipper t t r ies t o e xp la in w i th t he " fash ion-absorp t ion" o f p eop les u nder Hunn ish r u le ( p . 4 6 ):
" D ie
G räber fe lder v on G ra fenwör th b e i e ine m männ l ichen ( Grab 3 ) u nd b e i e ine m we ibl ichen S ke le t t f es tges te l l ten S chäde lde for ma t ionen l egen a usserde m e indeu t ig d ar , d ass d ie B es ta t te ten z u e iner Z e i t l eb ten , i n d er h unn ische u nd o s tger man ische Modeersche inungen n och s ehr s tark v erbre i te t waren" . We k now t ha t t he Rug i i were among t he l i eges o f t he Huns i n t he C arpa th ian Bas in a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 5 th c .
L ipper t wr i tes o f t he s urv iva l o f t he
Rug i i : " es i s t n ich t a usgesch lossen , d ass d ieses Vo lk ( Langobarden ) d as s icher l ich n ur mehr b esche idene B evö lkerungsres te r ug ischer E inwohner a n tra f ..." The c e me tery was f ound i n 1 921 . 7g raves were p reserved i n t h is y ear . Two g raves ( nos . 8a nd 9 ) were e xcava ted b y E . K lo iber ( Linz ) . S ys te ma t ic e xcava t ion b egan i n 1 940 . 1 8 th g rave . b ui lt o ver .
K lo iber f in ished t he e xcava t ions b y e xcava t ing t he
Dur ing t he war t he e xcava t ions s topped a nd l a ter t he s i te was Most o ft he g raves were r obbed.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 0
3 .
P annon ia a .
Hu man b one ma ter ia l f ro m p re-Lo mbard , Lo mbard a nd G er man ic c e meter ies o f t he L o mbard P er iod i n t he v ic in i ty o f V ienna a nd i n Burgen land .
Wien I . B ezirk ; S a lva torgasse ( p la te 2 4 ) : A . N eu mann d ur ing t he e xcav a t ions o f R o man wa l ls u nder No . 1S a lva torgasse i n V ienna , f ound 4 " Lo mbard" i nhuma t ion g raves a t t he e nd o f Augus t , 1 951 ( Neu mann 1 952 , 1 965 ). d a ted t he f inds t o t he e nd o f t he 6 th c en tury.
H e
The g raves mus t h ave b e longed
t o al arger c e metery b u t t he s i te i s b u i l t o ver , s o n o e xcava t ion c an b e c arr ied o u t .
A ccord ing t o N eu mann t he L o mbards l i ved i ns ide t he R o man wa l ls .
The b one ma ter ia l f ro m t he g raves was p ub l ished ( t ogether w i th t he a rchaeo log ica l p ub l ica t ion ) b y H e lga- Mar ia P acher o f t he An thropo log ica l I ns t i tu te o f V ienna U n ivers i ty ( 1965 ). H er work r equ ires c orrec t ion , a s s he i den t i f ied t he o ccupan ts o f g raves 1 a nd 2 a s men t hough t hey a re c er ta in ly wo men . Pacher was mis led b y t he g labe l lar r eco mpensa t iona l g row th o f t he o s f ron ta le a nd t he d is tor t ion o f t he o cc ip i ta le i n c ourse o f i n ten t iona l c ran ia l f or ma t ion . The f inds , t o j udge f ro m t he i n ten t iona l f or ma t ion a nd t he s trange t ype , s ee m n o t t o b e L o mbard . G rave 1 ( S tad t museu m Wien ) T he s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a5 5 y ear o ld wo man . s l igh t ly b roken .
The r igh t o rbi ta l p ar t i s
The o r ig ina l t ype mus t h ave b een T aur id-Cro- Magnon id .
I ti s med iu m f or med .
B rachycran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr iocran ic, s teno me top ic
mesoprosop ic , mesene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine p rogn a thous ( P la te 2 4 ) . G rave 2 ( S tad t museu m Wien ;
p la te 2 4 )
The who le s ke le ton o f a6 0-65 y ear-o ld wo man . i n t he f ron ta l p ar t , i s f rac tured a nd f ragmen tary . b een T aur id-Pa m ir id , h er h e igh t was 1 66 ems . b e low , a lveo lar p rogna th ia .
The s ku l l , e spec ia l ly I t s o r ig ina l t ype mus t h ave
A per tura p ir i for m is i s w ider
H yperbrachycran ia l , h yps icran ia l , t ape inocran ic ,
me tr io me top ic , l ep toprosop ic , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , h yperp rogna thous . Fracture i n l i fe t i me o n t he d is ta l e nd o f t he t i bia . The s ku l l was med iu m f or med . G rave 3 ( S tadt museu m Wien ;
p la te 2 4 )
The who le s ke le ton o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man . r igh t r a mus mad ibu lae i s miss ing . Taur id .
H e igh t :
1 70 cms .
T he b as is i s f rac tured , t he
The o r ig ina l t ype mus t h ave b een P am ir id-
Do l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , a crocran ic , e ury-
me top ic , h yp er lep toprosop ic , l ep tene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , o r thogna thous . The s ku l l i s med iu m f or med . G rave 4 ( S tad t museum Wien ) The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man . The l e f t s ide i s f rac tured , I t s t ype : A t lan to- Med i terran ian . Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , mesene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , o r thognat hous .
T ubera p ar ie ta l ia s tand o u t o n t he s ides .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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S chwecha t ( W ien ) ( t ab les 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 3 5 ;
p la te 2 3 ) :
S evera l g raves were
f ound d ur ing e ar th- mov ing work i n t he s um mer o f 1 928 . r u th less ly d es troyed" ( Seracs in 1 929 ).
" The g raves were
Many o ther g raves were a lso d es-
t royed b efore t he b eg inn ing o f t he s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ions .
The N iederds ter-
r e ich ische L andes museu m c arr ied o u t o f f ic ia l e xcava t ions o n ly i n 1 929-1930 . 8g raves were e xcava ted i n t he f irs t y ear , af ur ther 1 3 i n t he n ex t y ear ( Seracs in 1 929 ) .
I n h is f irs t p ubl ica t ion S eracs in i den ti f ied t he g raves a s "Merov ing ian" .
The b one ma ter ia l f ro m g raves 1 , 2 1 , 5 , a nd 8was e xa m ined b y E . G eyer . T he a rchaeo log ica l p ubl ica t ion was a lso wr i t ten b y S eracs in i n 1 936 ; h e d a tes t he c e metery t o t he b gg inn ing o f t he 6 th c en tury a nd " ends" i t s o mewha t e ar l ier t han t he L o mbards ' w i thdrawa l f ro m P annon ia i n 5 68 , t hough h e c ons iders i tp oss ib le t ha t t he c e me tery was u sed e ven l a ter . The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l was h eld f or e xa m ina t ion i n t he N iederös terre ich ische L andes museu m , a nd t hen i t was s en t o t t he An thropo log ische A bte i lung d . Na turh is tor isches Museu m where i t was g iven n ew i nven tory n u mbers . G rave 1 ( N .L .33 ) Fragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a g ir l . G rave 2 ( N .L .21;
H er h e igh t :
1 10 cms .
p la te 2 3 )
The who le s ku l l a nd a t i b ia o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . A t lan to- Med i terran ian w i th s o me A lp ine c haracter is t ics .
T he t ype i s
Mesocran ia l ,
o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l , me tr io me top ic , e uryprosop ic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous .
The a per tura
p ir i for m is i s med iu m w ide , t he d en ta l e na me l i s f issured . G rave 4 ( N .L .20 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l , t he s acrum a nd t wo t i biae o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man . G rave 5 ( N .L .22 ) The s ku l l a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld wo man . I tb e longs t o t he C ro- Magnon id- Merov ing ian t ype . B rachycran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr iocran ic , s teno metopic , mesolep toprosopic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , o r thogna thous .
Ossa s u turaru m d :2 , s :2 .
Bad t eeth .
G rave 6 ( N .L .23 , 3 4 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones , o f t he max i l la a nd o f t he mand ib le o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man , who was 1 71 ems t a l l . G rave 8 ( N .L .21, 2 4 ) The b ad ly p reserved c a lo t te a nd s ke le ta l b ones s how ing s en i le a troph is m . I t mus t h ave b e longed t o t he A t lan to- Med i terran ian t ype .
Dol ichocran ia l ,
c ha maecran ia l , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic . G rave 9 ( N. L .67) The c a lot te o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man t oge ther w i th t he j aw . Pro tonord ic. H yperdol ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me topic . The j aw i s e x tAnthropology re me lyof the h ig h ; t o ru la t inus . Kiszely, István. The Lombards, Parts Is and p Ii.a E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 7 2
G rave 1 0 ( N .L .68 ) The s ku l l , t he f e mur a nd t he j aw o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man . t o t he C ro- Magnon id-" Merov ing ian" t ype .
H e igh t :
H e b e longed
1 71 ems . Do l icho-
mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , e uryprosopic , e uryene , c ha maeconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , mesos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . L inaee n ucha les s tand o u t l i ke a t orus. Os s u turaru m :
d :l.
H yperp la ty mer ic .
G rave 1 4 ( N .L.69 , 7 0 ) The f rac tured s ku l l a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y ear o ld wo man .
The s ke leton i s a troph ised , weak .
"Merov ing ian" .
H eigh t :
1 56 ems .
I t s t ype i s g rac i l- Med i terran ian-
D o l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , a crocran ic ,
me tr io-eury me top ic , l ep torrh ine , o ssa s u turarum d :1 , s :2 .
Hyperp la ty mer ic .
G rave 1 5 ( N . L.50 ) The who le s ke le ton o f a3 5-40 y ear-old wo man . A lp ine-"Merov ing ian" .
H e igh t :
1 61 ems .
T ype :
g rac i l- Med i terran ian-
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , me tr io-
c ran ic , me tr io me top ic , e uryprosopie , e uryene- mesene , c a maeconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , mesogna thous .
The c lav ic le i s l ong a nd t h in .
H yperp la ty mer ic ,
mesocne m ic . G rave 1 6 ( N .L .51) The c a lo t te , f ragmen ts o f t he f ac ia l p ar t a nd t he l e f t f e mur o f a4 0 y earo ld man ( ?).
H e b e longed t o t he C ro- Magnon id t ype , h e igh t :
1 66 ems .
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ia l , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic , h yps iconch ic . Ossa s u turaru m d :3 , s :2 .
P la ty mer ic .
G rave 1 7 ( N .L.52 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l o f a7 -8 y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 1 8 ( N .L .53 ) The who le s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man . f ragmen tary .
"Meroving ianm-Cro- Magnon id .
T he l e f t p ar t o f t he f ace i s H eigh t :
1 69 ems .
Brachy-
c ran ia l , h yps icran ia l , t ape inoreran ic , s teno me top ic , meso-hyps iconeh ic , o s s u turaru m d :l.
D eep f ossa c an ina .
H yperp la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 1 9 ( N .L.54 ) The c a lo t te a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 5 y ear-o ld b oy . H e igh t : 1 43 ems . H yperdo l ichocran ia l . G rave 2 0 ( N .L.55 ) Fragmen ts o f t he c a lo t te a nd o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld wo man .
S he mus t h ave b e longed t o t he C ro- Magnon id t ype , t he s ur faces o f
t he b ones a re a troph ised .
Mesocran ia l ; p la ty mer ie .
H eigh t :
1 63 ems .
Erave 2 1 ( N .L .56) The who le s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man .
C ro- Magnon id-Taur id.
Do l ico- mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , metr iocran ie , e ury me topic , mesorrh ine , mesoconch ic ,
Ossa s u turarum d :1 , s :2.
Very d eep f ossa c an ina .
H e igh t :
1 69 ems . P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . The l e f t t i bia was f rac tured i n l i fe t i me Kiszely, of d the Parts Ii and Ii. c i nIstván. t he The l oAnthropology wer t h ir ,Lombards, h ea le d w th a l lus . E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 3
Mannersdor f ( Gö tzendor f ) am L ei thageb irge ( d . Bruck a . L e i tha ; 3 6 , 3 7 , 3 8 , 3 9 ;
p la tes 2 5 a nd 2 6 ):
H ochenegger i n t he s pr ing o f 1 937.
Af ur ther 9 g raves were e xcava ted i n t he
s a me y ear b y t he N ieder t is terr iech isches L andes museu m i n Wien . v a t ions were l ed b y A . S eracs in a nd K . H e izer . a lso t ook p ar t i n t he work .
T ables
6g raves were f ound i n t he s andp i t o f An ton The e xca-
J ose f Was t l , a n thropo log is t ,
H e t ook p ho tos , p repared t he a n thropo log ica l
ma ter ia l o n t he s po t , t ook i tf irs t t o t he N iederös terre ich isches L andes museu m i n Wien a nd t hen t o t he An thropo log ische A bte i lung d . N a turh is tor isches Museu m . Mi tscha- Märhe i m wrong ly c ons idered t he ma ter ia l t o h ave b een l os t , i n h is p ub l ica t ion ( 1957) , a s t he b one ma ter ia l was l a ter i den t i f ied w i th t he h e lp o f J . Wast l ' sp ho tographs a nd s ketches . J . Was t l a lso a ss is ted i n t h is work . A ccord ing t o M i tscha- Märhe im ( 1957 ) t he c o mp le te c e me tery mus t h ave b een c ons iderab ly g rea ter .
"W ird man s agen d ur fen , d ass i n Mannersdor f mi t
e ine m k le inen F re idhof e iner s icher l ich g er man ischen ( woh l l angobardisch S ippe s er z we i ten H a ll te d es 6 . J ahrhunder t z u t un h aben"wr i tes Mi tschaMärhei m .
The b one ma ter ia l , impregna ted w i th g lue s olu t ion , c anno t b e
e xa m ined b y c he m ica l me thods . G rave 1 ( Na t . h is t . Museu m . 2 1.205 ) The f ragmen tary s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . N ord ic- Med i terran ian t ype .
I tb e longs t o t he
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic .
G rave 2 ( 2 1.207 ) The c a lo t te a nd f rac tured s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id .
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury metop ic ,
s l igh t ly b a throcran ic .
Ossa s u turafum d :2 .
Eurycne m ic .
G rave 3 ( 21.208 ) The t op o f t he s ku l l a nd a f rag men t o f t he j aw o f a ma ture p erson , p rob ab ly a man . G rave 5 ( N .L. 7 .590 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld man . p erhaps t o t he A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id t ype ;
h e igh t :
me tr iocran ic , e ury metopic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic . 2 :2 .
Os i ncae t r ipar t i tum .
1 79 ems .
I tb e longed
Mesocran ia l ,
Ossa s u turaru m d :2 ,
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 6 ( 2 1.208 ) The d iaphyses o f t he f e mur a nd t he h umerus o f a n a du l t man . G rave 7 ( 2 1.457 ) ( p la te 2 6 ) The whole s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
1 73 ems .
I t s t ype :
"Merov ing ian"-
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l ,
me tr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , l ep toprosop ic , l ep terene , mesoconch ic , l ep torr h ine , mesos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , p rogna thous . G rave 9 /b ( 2 1.458 a nd N .L. 8 .129 ;
Eury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
p la te 2 5 )
The who le s ke le ton o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man . The t ype i s N ord ic-" Merov ing ian" . H e igh t : 1 70 cms . The s ku l l h ad s uf fered s l igh t s econdary d eforKiszely, István.ma Thet Anthropology ofo the Parts Io and Ii.an i on . D l iLombards, cho- m es cr ia l , o r thocran ia l , E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic ,
l ep toprosop ic , l ep tene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , o r thogna thous . o lecran i p er fora t io ;
F ossa
p la ty mer ia , mesocne m ia .
G rave 1 0 ( 2 1.206) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 8 y ear-o ld b oy. Brachycran ic N ord ic .
Tapeinocran ia l , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic .
G rave 1 1 ( 2 1.209 ) The a troph ised j aw a nd f ragmen ts o f t he l ong b ones o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld wo man . G rave 1 2 ( N. L . 7 .810 ;
p la te 2 5 )
T he ' s l igh t ly f rac tured s ku l l a nd s ke leta l b ones o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man . N ord ic-" Merov ing ian" .
H e igh t :
1 58 ems .
S u tura me top ica ;
b rachycran ia l ,
h yps icran ic , t ape inocran ic , me tr io me top ic , o ssa s u turaru m d :1 ,
s: 1 .
Eury-
mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 1 3 ( 2 1.459 ;
p la te 2 5 )
The s l igh t ly f ractured s ke le ton o f a2 5-30 y ear-old wo man . The t ype i s N ord ic-" Merov ing ian" . H e igh t : 1 63 ems . D o l icho- mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic ,
s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , mesoprosop ic , mesene , h yps iconch ic ,
l ep torrh ine , o r thogna thous . a re m iss ing .
Os s u turaru m d :1,
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
The u pper s econd i ncis ives
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 4 T he mand ib le w i thou t t he c ondy lus a nd t he r igh t d iaphys is r ad i i o f a 3 0-40 y ear-o ld man . G rosht i f lein ( d . E isens tad t ;
t ables 4 0 , 4 1 , 4 2 a nd 4 3 ) :
An ton G rass f ound
ag rave i n h is f i eld a t ad ep th o f 1 .40 m o n 3 rd O c tober , 1 960 . o n t he r oad f ro m G roshd f le in t o E isens tad t . s evera l A var g raves h ad b een f ound . o f t he E isens tad t Museu m .
T he f ie ld i s
On t he o ther s ide o f t he r oad
Th is g rave was e xcava ted b y t he D irec tor
A . Ohrenberger , o n t he 1 1th S ep te mber , 1 961.
G rass r epor ted a bou t 6 more g raves i n F ebruary 1 962.
They were e xcava ted
b y Ohrenberger a nd G . Me lzer ( Bundesdenk ma la m t , Wien ) , when w i th t he a ss is tance o f s tuden ts o f a rchaeo logy f ro m t he V ienna Un ivers i ty t hey f ound t he 1 1th g rave i n March , 1 962 .
The e xcava t ions were c on t inued i n A pr i l 1 963 ,
when Ohrenberger f ound 3 more g raves ( nos . 1 2 , 1 3 a nd 1 4 ) .
Then h e e xca-
v a ted , w i th t he h e lp o f t wo a rchaeo logy s tuden ts , Kraus a nd N eu fe ld , 3f ur ther g raves i n t he n e ighbour ing f i e ld i n O ctober o f t he s a me y ear . b er o f t he e xcava ted g raves i s 1 7. b ards .
The t o ta l n um-
Ohrenberger a ss igned t he m t o t he L o m-
The e xcava t ions h ave b een s uspended f or l ack o f t ime a nd money .
The a n thropo log ica l a nd a rchaeolog ica l ma ter ia l i s u npubl ished . G rave 1 ( Landes museu m E isens tad t .
N o i nven tory n umber
F or a t ime i t
was i n t he An thropo log ische A bte i lung d . Na turh is tor isches Museu m i n Wien , a lso w i thou t a n i nven tory n umber ) The we l l-preserved s ke leton o f a2 1-23 y ear-o ld man . n on id .
H e igh t :
1 67 ems .
N ord ic-Cro- Mag-
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , a crocran ic ,
e ury metop ic , mesogna thous , l ep toprosopic , l ep terene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 5
l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic . s :4.
0s sa s u turaru m d :4 ,
P la ty mer ic , meso-eurycne m ic .
G rave 2 The we l l-preserved s kele ton o f a2 5 y ear-old man . was 1 66 ems .
N ord ic ;
h is h eigh t :
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr io-acrocran ic , e ury me top ic ,
mesogna thous , h yper lep toprosop ic , l ep terene , c ha mae- mesoconch ic , l ep torr h ine , b rachyuran ic , s l igh t ly s u lcus p raenasa l is . t h in ;
T he s ke leta l b ones a re
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 3 The f rac tured s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-old man . H e igh t :
1 72 ems .
H e mus t h ave b e longed t o t he Nord ic t ype .
P la ty mer ic ,
e urycne m ic . G rave 4 The l e f t s ide o f t he c ran iu m , t he z ygo ma t icu m a nd f ractured s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . N ord ic t ype .
S he mus t h ave b e longed t o t he b rachycran ic
Os teoporos is g enera l is .
S u tura metop ica .
h yps icran ia l , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic .
B rachy- mesocran ia l ,
H yperpla ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 5 The c o mple te s ke le ton o f a1 7 y ear-o ld g ir l .
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id .
Brachycran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t ape inocran ic , me tr io metop ic , o r thogna thous, mesoprosop ic , mesene , meso-hyps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic . D en ta l c lus ter .
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 6 The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . i s f rac tured .
The r igh t s ide o f t he f ace
C ro- Magnon id-brachycran ic N ord ic .
H e igh t :
1 75 ems .
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , o r thogna thous , e uryprosop ic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyu ran ic . P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic . The l e f t f i bu la a nd t ib ia a re f ractured i n t he l ower p ar ts a nd a re h ea led w i th c a l lus . G rave 7 F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 7-18 y ear-o ld g ir l . H e igh t :
1 50 ems .
S teno mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 8 The f rac tured s ku l l a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 1 8 y ear-o ld b oy. 1 65 ems .
H e igh t :
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 9 T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
C r is ta me top ica .
c ran ic , me tr io me top ic , h yps iconch ic . Ossa s u turaru m d :2 , s :2 .
Brachycran ic n ord ic .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , metr ioT ee th o f b rown c o lour , p rogen ia .
Hyperp la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
i s p a tho log ica l ly b en t . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 6
T he r igh t f i bu la
G rave 1 0 T he s l igh t ly f ractured s ku l l a nd s kele ta l b ones o f a1 6-17 y ear-o ld g ir l . N ord ic .
H e igh t :
1 56 cms .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , e ury me top ic , mesoconch ic ,
c ha maerrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 1 1 T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . n ord ic t ype.
H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
G rac i l- Med i terran ian-
H yperdo l icho-do l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic ,
a crocran ic , me tr io metop ic , o r thocran ic , h yper lep toprosopic , l ep terene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o s e p ip ter icu m s in . mer ic , h yperp la tycne m ic .
H yperp la ty-
B one c res t o n t he r igh t f e mora l n eck ;
t he t i b ia
i s p orous d ue t o t ubercu los is . G rave 1 2 T he s ku l l , f ractured i n t he g rave , a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a1 5-16 y ear-old c h i ld , p robab ly ab oy . 1 50 ems .
Brachycran ic N ord ic.
H e igh t :
Mesocran ia l , s t eno me top ic , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , e ury mer ic ,
e urycne m ic . G rave 1 3 T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a1 0 y ear-o ld c h i ld .
H e igh t :
1 32 ems .
Do l icho-
mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic, o r thogna thous , e urypros op ic , e uryene , h yps iconch ic , l eptorrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic ; e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 1 4 T he c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ton b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . Magnon id .
H eigh t :
1 66 ems .
Ar thr i t ic v er tebra l c o lu mn .
C ro-
Mesocran ia l ,
s teno me top ic , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , t orus p a la t inus .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 5 The f rac tured s ku l l a nd a l l t he s kele ta l b ones o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . Pro tonord ic-Cro- Magnon id. H eigh t : 1 71 ems . Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury me topic , mesogna thous , mesoprosop ic , mesene , h yps ic onch ic , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic . b a throcran ic .
Ossa s u turarum d :10 , s : 10 .
S l igh t ly
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 6 The b ad ly p reserved f ragmen ts o f t he s kele ton o f a1 2 y ear-o ld c h i ld . H e igh t : 1 40 ems . E ury mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 1 7 T he c o mple te s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man . H e igh t :
1 49 ems .
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id .
Meso-brachycran ia l , o r thocran ic , t apeinocran ic , s teno-
me tr io me top ic , o r thogna thous , mesoprosop ic , mesene , h yps iconch ic , c ha maer rh ine , mesostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic . e urycne m ic .
O ssa s u turaru m d :1, s :1 .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 7
Eury meric ,
S te inbrunn ( S t inkenbrunn , d . E isens tad t ; a nd 2 8 ) :
t ab les 4 4 , 4 5 , 4 6 ;
p la tes 2 7
S evera l g raves were f ound f ro m t he Migra t ion P er iod d ur ing e ar th
mov ing o pera t ions b e tween S ep te mber a nd O ctober 1 949. ( Eisens tad t ) r epor ts e very y ear o n t he e xcava ted g raves .
Ohrenberger H e c o l lected t he
ma ter ia l f ro m t he g raves a nd made a p lan o f t he c e me tery .
( I n 1 948 g raves
1 -9 ; o n ly a rchaeo log ica l f inds i n 1 950 ; g raves 1 0-12 i n 1 951; g raves 1 3-22 i n 1 953 ; a nd l a ter g rave 2 3 ). T he a rchaeo log ica l p ub l ica t ion was wr i t ten b y M i tscha- Märhei m ( 1953 , 1 966) o n t he b as is o f Ohrenberger 's r epor ts a nd t he e xa m ina t ion o f t he f inds .
The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m 1 5 g raves was
s en t b y Ohrenberger f ro m E isens tad t t o t he An thropo log ische A btei lung d . Na turh is tor isches Museum ( W ien ) , where t he ma ter ia l o f 4o ther g raves , s en t i m med ia te ly a f ter t he e xcava t ions , c ou ld b e i den t i f ied w i th t he a id o f s ke tches o f t he g raves .
The d e ta i led s tudy was c arr ied o u t h ere .
Märhe im ( 1966 ) wr i tes a bou t t he c e me tery :
Mi tscha-
" An d er l angobard ischen V o lks-
z uged dr igke i t d es G räber fe ldes v on S teinbruhn i s t s om i t s icher l ich n ich t z u z we i fe ln" ( ) . 1 09) .
The f inds were d a ted f ro m t he midd le o f t he 6 th c en tury .
The s urround ing o f S te inbrunn " see ms t o b e t he mos t impor tan t t err i tory o f t he M igra t ion P er iod" , wr i tes Mi tscha- Märhe im ( 1966 ). G rave 3 /a ( Na t . h is t . Mus . 2 1.863 ) T he we l l-preserved s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man ( p la te 2 8 ). t ype :
The s ku l l may h ave b een s l igh t ly i n ten t iona l ly f or med ( ? ).
"Merov ing ian-grac i l- Med i terran ian .
I t s
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic ,
me tr io me top ic , l ep terene , mesoconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous . G rave 3 /b ( 2 1.864 ;
Ossa s u turaru m d :5 , s :4 .
p la te 2 4 )
The we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . s ide i s s o mewha t f ragmen tary . r e ma ined .
T he l e f t
On ly s o me f rag men ts o f t he d ip loe h ave
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic ,
h yper lep toprosop ic , l ep terene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , o r thogna thous ;
i t s t ype i s N ord ic .
G rave 4 ( 2 1. 8 65 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd o f t he s capu la o f a1 0-12 y ear-o ld c h i ld . The s ur faces o f t he b ones a re r ach i t ica l .
D o lichocran ia l , o r thocran ic ,
me tr iocran ic , e ury metop ic , h yps iconch ic , b rachys taphyl ine , b rachyuran ic , p rogna thous .
The t ype s ee ms t o b e N ord ic .
G rave 5 ( 2 1.866 ) The v ery f ractured s ku l l o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man ; b een s l igh t ly f or med .
h er s ku l l may h ave
D o lichocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , h yps i-
c onch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachyuran ic , h yperor thogna thous .
T he t ype i s
"Merovingian" -Medi terran ian . G rave 6 /a ( 2 1.876 ) T he c ran iu m o f a4 0-50 year-o ld man w i th t he j aw . N ord ic ; t he l e f t 2 nd i nc isor i s impac ted . a crocran ic , s teno me top ic , b rachyuran ic . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Med i terran ian-
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic ,
G rave 6 /b ( 2 1.868 ) F ragmen ts o f t he c a lo t te , t he max i l la a nd t he e p is tophaeus o f a n a du l t p erson , p robab ly a wo man . G rave 1 0 ( 2 1.869 ) The r igh t f e mur o f a n a du l t ma ture wo man . C MS
H er c a lcu la ted h e igh t :
1 64
•
G rave 1 1 ( 2 1.870 ) The v ery f ragmen tary a nd f ractured s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld p erson , p robab ly a man . o f t he s ku l l .
On ly t he c a lo t te a nd t he max i l lary p ar ts h ave s urv ived
H e igh t :
1 67 ems .
P erhaps N ord ic , N ord ic- Med i terran ian .
Do l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic , mesuran ic . G rave 1 2 ( 2 1.871) The f ractured s ku l l o f a1 2-13 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 1 3 ( 2 1.872) The t wo t i biae a nd f ibu lae o f a3 0-35 y ear-old man . G rave 1 4 ( 2 1.873 ;
H e igh t :
1 70 ems .
p la te 2 8 )
T he s ku l l , s l igh t ly f ragmen tary o n t he f ac ia l p ar t , o f a5 5-60 y ear-old wo man .
The s ku l l i s s l igh t ly i n ten t iona l ly f or med , t he b ody o f t he j aw i s
a troph ised .
I tb e longs t o t he Medi terran ian 7 ' Merov ing ian" t ype .
Me s o-
c ran ia l , o r thocran ic , t ape inocran ic , me tr io me top ic , e uryprosopic , l ep tene , mesoconch ic , h yperp la tyrrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine , d o l ichuran ic . monopar t i tu m .
Os i ncae
Os teo ma 7 m m i n d ia me ter o n t he t abu la e x terna o n t he f orhead .
G rave 1 6 ( 2 1.874) The f rac tured c a lot te o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . The l arger l ong b ones h ave a lso s urv ived . I t s t ype :
"Merov ing ian"-Cro- Magnon id .
I t was med ium f ormed .
The c a lcu la ted h e igh t :
1 59 ems .
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic , me tr io-
c ran ic. G rave 1 7 ( 2 1.875 ) The we l l-preserved , o n s o me p ar ts s l igh t ly f ragmen tary , c a lo t te a nd max i l lar f rag men t o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . The s ku l l was med ium f or med .
Os teoporos is s en i l is g enera l is .
I t s t ype i s Taur id-A lp ine .
Brachycran ia l .
h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic , s teno me top ic , mesos taphy l ine , d ol ichuran ic . o ssa s u turau m s :3 , d :4. G rave 1 8/a ( 2 1.876 ) The s ku l l a nd j aw o f a n 1 8-20 y ear-o ld man . a nd t he z ygo ma t icu m a re miss ing . among t he s ke le ta l b ones .
The l e f t r a mus mand ibu lae
On ly t he l arger l ong b ones h ave s urv ived
I tb e longed t o t he T aur id-" Merov ing ian" t ype.
The u pper i nc is ives a re o f s hove l f or m .
Myelo ma mu l t ip lex o n t he s ku l l .
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , l ep toprosop ic , mesene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , d o l ichuran ic , o r thogna thous . P la tyrner ic , e urycne m ic . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
7 9
G rave 1 8/b ( 2 1.877) The f rac tured s ku l l o f a2 y ear-old i n fan t . G rave 1 9 ( 2 1.878-
p la te 2 7 )
The s ku l l , s l igh t ly f ragmen tary o n t he l e f t f ron ta l p ar t , o f a4 0-45 y ear o ld man .
The r igh t f ac ia l p ar t i s a lso f ragmen tary .
C ro- Magnon id t ype .
I tb e longs t o t he N ord ic-
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic ,
o r thogna thous , b rachyuran ic , s u tura me top ica , o ssa s u turarum d :3 , s :3 . G rave 2 0/a ( 2 1.879;
p la te 2 7)
The s ku l l a nd j aw o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . f ragmen tary .
The r igh t z ygo ma t icu m i s
On ly t he l arger b ones h ave s urv ived f ro m t he s ke le ta l b ones .
T he t ype i s Taur id-Nord ic .
H e igh t :
1 60 cms .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic , a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , mesoprosop ic , meserene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , o r thogna thous .
Ossa s u turarum d :2 , s :2 .
G rave 2 0/b ( 2 1.880 ) The we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd j aw o f a 3y ear-o ld c h i ld . at ype w i th a l ong h ead ;
I tb e longed t o
s teno metopic , l ep torrh ine .
G rave 2 3 ( 2 1.881) The c a lo t te o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . f or ma t ion .
The t ype :
Taur id-l ike .
N ik i tsch ( F t t les d . D eu tschenkreus ; a nd 3 1 ) :
T he c a lo t te s hows s l igh t i n ten t iona l
Mesocran ia l , e ury metop ic . t ab les 4 7 , 4 8 , 4 9 a nd 5 0 ;
p la tes 3 0
G raves o f t he M igra t ion P er iod were f ound i n N ik i tsch i n 1 925 .
A ccord ing t o t hese r epor ts J . B ayer i n 1 927 , a nd l a ter V . L ebze l ter i n 1 930 , b egan e xcava t ion , f ind ing 2 3 g raves a nd t hen 3 more i n 1 936. g raves were f ound w i th r ich g rave-goods i n O ctober 1 965 ; o f t he g raves 2 9 , a ccord ing t o Ohrenberger .
S o me more
s o t he t ota l n u mber
The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l
f ro m t he f irs t 2 3 g raves was d epos i ted b y L ebze l ter i n t he N a turh is tor isches Museu m i n Wien , where G . M t / l ler ( 1 935 ) p ubl ished t he m i n o ne p age .
L a ter
M t / l ler ( 1 936 ) p ub l ished t he c e me tery o nce more i n more d e ta i l , b u t w i th many mis takes .
The t hree g raves f ro m t he 1 936 e xcava t ions were d es troyed .
The a rchaeo log ica l p ubl ica t ion , a f ter a p re l im inary r epor t ( Ben inger 1 934 ) was p ub l ished b y M i tscha- Märhei m ( Ben inger- Mi tscha- Märhe im 1 970 ) .
T he
d a t ing o f t he c e me tery i s u ncer ta in . G rave 1 ( Na t . h is t . Mus . An throp . Ab t . 6 065 ) The d iaphys is f e mor is a nd t he r igh t t i bia o f a n a du l t wo man . was 1 59 cms .
H er h e igh t
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 2 o r 2 /a ( 6053 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a n a du l t ( 40 y ears o ld ) wo man . F rank ish-Thü 'r ing ian ;
h er h e igh t :
b ones r ese mb le t hose o f a man . d oub le b andages .
1 60 cms .
T he t ype :
The s ku l l a nd t he s kele ta l
The s ku l l was i n ten t iona l ly f or med w i th
The v er tebrae a nd a ncy lo t ica l . Meso-brachycran ia l , c ha mae-
c ran ic , t ape inocran ic , s teno me topic , mesene , mesoprosop ic , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh in , d o l ich urIa n i , o r thogna thous . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology ofe the Lombards, Parts and Ii.c E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded onm behalf onoof p38.67.221.43 ar t i tum . S l igh t mongo lo id f ea tures 8 0
Ossa s u turaru m d :l.
Os i ncae
c an b e s een , e spec ia l ly i n t he f la t
r oo t o f t he n ose , d ue t o t he i n ten tiona l f or ma t ion . n arrow .
P la ty mer ic , p la tycne m ic .
The c lav icu le i s l ong a nd
M i l l ler mis led b y t he r obus t n a ture o f
t he s ke le ton , a t tr ibu ted t he g rave t o a man ( p la te 3 0 ). G rave 3 ( 6051;
p la te 3 0 )
T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld wo man .
I t s t ype :
"Mero-
v ing ian"-Taur id . H e igh t : 1 56 ems . S u tura me top ica ; t he who le s ku l l i s s l igh t ly h ydrocran ic . H yperbrachycran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic , s teno metop ic , mesoprosop ic , meserene , mesoconch ic , b rachyuran ic , mesog na thous .
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
G rave 4 ( 6055 ) The s ku l l , s l igh t ly s econdar i ly d e for med , a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 8y ear-o ld c h i ld ( probab ly a b oy ).
H e igh t :
i t mus t h ave b e longed t o t he N ord ic t ype .
1 25 cms .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l ,
Eury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 5 ( 6072 ) The f rac tured s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 -3 y ear-o ld c h i ld . i nner wa l l o f t he t ubera p ar ie ta l ia a bsorbed d ur ing l i fe t i me ;
The
t h is i s p robab ly
t he r esu l t o f men ing i t is . G rave 6 ( 6061) The s ke le ton o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld man ; d e for med i n t he e ar th .
t he s ku l l was s l igh t ly s econdar i ly
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
H eigh t :
1 67 cms .
H yper-
d ol ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , s l igh t ly b a throc ran ic , h yper leptoprosop ic , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogn a thous . G rave 7 ( 6063 ) F ragmen ts o f t he j aw w i th t ee th a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y earo ld man .
P la ty mer ia .
were f ound i n t he g rave .
E urycne m ia . H e igh t :
A lso t he t ee th o f a1 1 y ear-o ld c h i ld
1 74 ems .
G rave 8 ( 6056) The c o mple te , wel l-preserved s ke le ton o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man . b e longed t o t he C ro- Magnon id-" Merov ing ian" t ype.
H e igh t :
I t
1 79 cms .
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic , l ep toprosopic , mesene , h yps icran ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogn a thous .
S u tura me top ica .
Tre ma o n t he u pper j aw .
P la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
G rave 9 ( 6071) The max i l la , mand ib le a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a1 5-16 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a g ir l .
P rogna th ia , h yper megadon tes ;
e urycne m ia .
G rave 1 0 ( 6060 ) The we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man . t ured .
The max i l la i s f rac-
B rachycran ic N ord ic w i th s l igh t C ro- Magnon id f ea tures .
1 72 ems .
H e igh t :
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic , meso-
c onch ic , b rachuran ic .
Ossa s u turarum d :2 .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology the Lombards, Partst Ii and Th e i n ve n tory ofn um ber o f h s Ii.g rave i s t he E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 1
P la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
s a me a s t ha t o f " s tray f ind N o . 2 " .
The s ku l l was o n e xh ib i t ion a t E isens tad t museu m f or a l ong t ime , wh ich i s why M t i l ler wro te :
" Schäde l i s t n ich t v orhanden" .
G rave 1 3 ( 6068 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd l ong b ones w i th r ach i t ica l s ur faces o f a 5y ear o ld c h i ld . G rave 1 4 ( 6058 ) The c a l lo t te a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man . 1 66 ems .
H e igh t :
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , e ury me top ic , me tr iocran ic , s l igh t ly
b a throcran ic , s l igh t d epress io o be l ica . monopar t i tu m . G rave 1 5 ( 6052 ;
O ssa s u turaru m d :4 , s :3 .
F ora men s upracondy lo idaeu m ;
Os i ncae
h yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
p la te 3 1 )
The c a l lo t te , t he max i l lar b one , t he j aw a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a 3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic ; h is h e igh t was 1 73 ems . Hyperdo lichocrania l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic . O ssa s u turarum d :2 , s :4. G rave 1 6 ( 6057;
p la te 3 1 )
The c o mple te s ke leton o f a7 -8 y ear-o ld c h i ld . The s ur faces o f t he b ones a re r ach i t ica l .
N ord ic , h e igh t :
1 20 ems .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic ,
t ape inocran ic , e ury metop ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , mesoprosopic , mesene , c ha maeconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous . d :1 , s :l.
T rochan ter t er t ius f e mor is ;
O ssa s u turarum
p la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
G rave 1 7 ( 6054 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld wo man . w i th s o me C ro- Magnon id i n f luence .
H e igh t :
1 58 ems .
Brychycran ia l n ord ic Mesocran ia l ,
h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury metopic , l ep toprosop ic , h yps iconch ic , l ept orrh ine , mesogna thous ;
e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 8 ( 6064 ) The f rac tured s ku l l a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 0-22 y ear-o ld wo man . Ename l- h ypop las i a ; G rave 1 9 ( 6059 ;
h yperp la ty mer ia .
p la te 3 1)
The c o mp le te , wel l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . n ord ic-Nord ic , h e igh t :
1 72 ems .
Pro to-
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a cro-
c ran ic , e ury me top ic , mesene , l ep toprosop ic , mesoconch ic , l eptorrh ine , l ep tos taphyl ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous .
Eury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 2 0 ( 6050 ) The b ad ly p reserved c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd s o me s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 5 y ear-o ld man .
I t mus t h ave b e longed t o t he Taur id t ype.
Brachycran ia l , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic ; p la ty mer ia .
H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
o s i ncae b ipar t i tum , s u tura me top ica ;
M t i l ler , wrong ly i den t i f ied i ta s wo man ( 1 936 ).
G rave 2 1 ( 6062 ) The f rac tured s kele ta l b ones o f a2 5 y ear-old man .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, t UK: Publishing, 1979, o BAR t he N ord i c https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. t ype . S u tura me top ica . Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
a wo man ;
I t mus t h ave b e longed
M t i l ler a lso i den t i f ied t h is s ke le ton a s
h e d id n ot k now o f t he o ther s ke le ta l b ones . 8 2
G rave 2 2 ( 6067) The f rac tured s ke le ton o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld .
H e igh t :
1 10 ems .
G rave 2 3 ( 4049 ) The c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 6-17 y ear-o ld g ir l . I t mus t h ave b e longed
t o t he b rachycran ic-Nord ic t ype .
H e igh t :
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , t apeinocran ic , me tr io me topic .
1 62 cms .
Ossa s u turaru m
d :1. G rave 2 7 S o me u n iden t i f iab le b one f ragmen ts . G rave 2 8 ( Eisens tad t 2 5 .110 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l , t he l e f t mas to ideu m a nd s evera l s ke le ta l b ones o f a ma ture p erson , p robab ly a man .
H e igh t :
1 72 cms .
P la ty mer ic ,
mesocne m ic . G rave 2 9 ( E isens tad t 2 5 .112 ) The f rac tured s ku l l a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 1 8 y ear-old man . 1 56 ems .
H e igh t :
H yperp la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
S tray f ind 1 ( 6069 ) F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l o f a n a du l t , p robab ly a man . S tray f ind 2 ( 6060 ) T he f e murs , t ib iae a nd t he p e lv is o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man .
H e igh t :
1 70 cms.
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . b .
G er man ic i nhuma t ion g raves o f t he Migra t ion P er iod f ro m t he v ic in i ty o f V ienna a nd i n B urgen land , where t he s ke letons h ave n o t b een p reserved .
P ersch toldsdor f ( W ien . L ies ing ) :
A ccord ing t o B en inger ( 1 934 ) o ne ,
a nd a ccord ing t o Werner ( 1 962 ) s evera l , i nhuma t ion g raves o f t he 6 th c en tury were f ound i n 1 899 . Wien V I .
N o th ing i s k nown a bou t t he b ones .
B ezirk ( W ien , Mar iah i l fer-Gär te l ) :
2 0 r obbed g raves o f a
l arger c e metery were f ound b e tween t he Kurz- a nd t he M i t te lgasse i n 1 8791 898 ( Much 1 898 , B en inger 1 934 , Werner 1 962 ). B en inger d a ted t he m t o t he midd le o f t he 6 th c en tury , a nd Werner a t tr ibu tes t he m t o t he L o mbards o f t he 6 th c en tury .
One o f t he s ku l ls i s i n ten t iona l ly f or med ;
e xh ibi t ion o f t he S tad t museum Wien .
i ti s i n t he p er manen t
The ma ter ia l i s u npubl ished .
( 1898 ) wr i tes a bou t t he s ku l l t ha t i tb e longed t o a n o ld p erson .
Much
H e i den t i f ied
i t , f o l lowing F i tzinger ( 1853 ) , a s " Avar" , a nd t hough t i ta s b e long ing t o t he Avars who r obbed t he L o mbards .
A l l t he o ther s ku l ls h ave b een l os t , a nd
a l l we k now a bou t t he m f ro m Much ( 1894 ) i s t ha t " no s ku l ls h ad a r ounded f or m ;
mos t o f t he m b e long t o d i f feren t t ypes".
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 3
MOd l ing- M t ins terberg ( W ien ) :
The g rave o f a warr ior , o r ien ted wes t-
e as t , was f ound o n t he c orner o f t he V iech t l a nd B ee thoven G asse i n 1 907. N o t f ar f ro m t h is s i te , t he s ku l ls o f a wo man a nd a g ir l ( t he f or mer i n ten t iona l ly f or med ) were f ound i n 1 968 a bou t wh ich M i tscha- Märhe im r epor ted . S ig less ( Burgen land ) :
The a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m s evera l g raves
was t aken t o t he E isens tad t Museu m a t t he e nd o f t he 1 940s .
N o th ing i s k nown
o f t he b one ma ter ia l ( Werner 1 962 , Mi tscha- Märhe im 1 951). Ma t tersburg b ei m B ahnhof ( Burgen land ) :
We k now o f 7i nhuma tion g raves ;
n e i ther t he t ime o f t heir d iscovery n or t he f a te o f t he b one ma ter ia l i s k nown ( Werner 1 962 , B en inger 1 942 ). J ois ( Burgen land ) : e x trac t ion i n 1 924.
An i nhuma t ion g rave h as b een f ound d ur ing s and-
The a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l wen t i n to E isens tad t Museum .
The a rchaeo log ica l r epor t was l ost d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War . were p ub l ished b y M i tscha- Märhe im ;
The f inds
h e i den t i f ied t he m a s " Fränk ish" o f
t he L o mbard Per iod f ro m t he midd le o f t he 6 th c en tury , t he t ime when Wacho 's d augh ter a nd t he l a ter k ing A lboin marr ied F ranks . The s ke le tons , i ft hey were s aved ,were d es troyed i n t he S econd Wor ld War . c .
T he b one ma ter ia l o f t he L o mbard a nd G er man ic c e me ter ies o f t he L o mbard P er iod i n Hungary
The a n thropo log ica l e labora t ion o f t he L o mbard c e me teries i n Hungary i s n o t a ny b e t ter t han i n o ther c oun tr ies .
The b one ma ter ia l o f c e me ter ies
e xcava ted a l ong t ime a go h as n ot b een c o l lected ; p ub l ished .
t he l a ter ma ter ia ls a re n o t
4p apers h ave b een wr i t ten c oun t ing a l together 9 3 p ages .
f irs t o ne was wr i t ten b y Ma
The
( 1953 ) a bou t 1 2 g raves o f t he Värpa lo ta c e me tery .
Ma län d id n o t work t oge ther w i th a n a rchaeo log is t , s o 5o f t he 1 2 s ku l ls w i tho u t t he s ke le ta l b ones h e a t tached t o A vars . u nders tand ings l a ter o n .
Th is c aused a s er ies o f mis-
The n ex t p ub l ica t ion was wr i t ten b y T b th ( 1964 )
a bou t s o me s keletons o f t he g rea t c e metery i n H egykö .
He d ea l t i n d e tai l w i th
2 0 s ke le tons, o thers a re o n ly men tioned . K iss-Ne mesker i ( 1966) wro te a v ery g ood a nd u p-to-da te p ub lica t ion o ft he L o mbard c e metery i n Mohacs, b u t t he ma ter ia l t hey p ub lished was sma l l.
K isze ly ( 1966) —on ly i n Hungarian —pub-
l i shed t he L o mbard c e me tery o f S zen tendre ; t he v ery i mpor tan t d escr ip tions o ft he g raves were l ef t o u t b ecause o f t echn ica l r easons.
The a uthor c ou ld
n o t a t tach t he "myxo morph r ound-headed" t ype t o t he L o mbards . L ip täk p ubl i shed a c e me tery o f ap re-Lo mbard G er man ic p opu la tion i n 1 961. I n t h is work a l l t he L o mbard a nd G er man ic c e meter ies o f t he L o mbard P er iod h ave b een l i s ted w i th t he b one ma ter ia l wh ich h as s urv ived .
S o me o f
t he p re-Lo mbard G er man ic c e meter ies a re n o t d ea l t w i th ( e .g . M t S zs , S zekszärd-Pa länk , T äc ( Hercu l ia ) 1 7-20 a nd 5 5 th g raves ) .
S o me o f t he i n-
t en t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls f ro m p re-Lo mbard c e meter ies i n Transdanubia a re a lso a bsen t , a s Ih ave i nser ted o n ly t hose d a t ing f ro m t he e ar l ies t t imes . H egyk i5 ( c . G yör-Sopron , d . S opron ) :
The g rave o f a warr ior was f ound
i n t he y ard o f h ouse N o . 2 1 i n Mez 45-a t . B öna e xcava ted 2 5 g raves i n 1 959 ( Böna 1 961) a nd 1 5 more n or th o f t he
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. ( Böna 1 960 ) a nd a f ur ther 2 4 i n 1 960 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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e ar l ier d iscover ies.
H e f in ished t he e xcava t ion o f t he c e metery b y e xcava-
t ing 1 2 g raves i n 1 961 a nd 5 g raves i n 1 962.
Th is e xcava t ion was t he f irs t
a u then t ic a nd t o ta l e xcava t ion o f a Lo mbard c e me tery. e xcava ted g raves i s 8 1 ( B6na 1 963 ).
The t o ta l n u mber o f
"Ger man ic p opu la t ion o f t he f irs t t wo-
t h irds o f t he 6 th c en tury u sed t he H egyk6 c e me tery.
A t t ha t t ime t he Lo mbards
c om ing f ro m t he b anks o f t he E lbe l i ved i n Transdanub ia .
The o bserva t ions
made i n t he c e me tery a nd t he f inds , h owever , d i ffer i s s o me ma jor r espects f ro m t he L o mbard c e meter ies =ear thed e ar l ier i n Transdanubia" ( Bbna 1 961, p . 2 33 ) . I n t he s ou thern a nd s ou th-wes tern p ar t o f t he c e metery o n ly men , wh i le i n t he o ther p ar t o n ly wo men , were b ur ied .
The s a me c ou ld b e s een i n t he
mo ther land o f t he Lo mbards n ear t he E lbe where t here a re s epara te c e met er ies f or men a nd o f wo men ( t ogether w i th t he c h i ldren , t he h a l f-free p eop le a nd t he s laves ).
B bna c onnects i tw i th t he Wo tan-cu l t ( B6na 1 969 ,
P .
1 33 ).
The a r is tocracy o f t he c lan was r epresen ted b y 4 men w i th h eavy weapons a nd 4 wo men w ith p rec ious me ta l j ewel lery.
Tö th ( 1964) p ublished 2 0 wel l-pre-
s erved g raves a nd made s o me g enera l r e marks c oncern ing t he o ther g raves. My d a ta t or t he c e me tery h as b een t aken f ro m h i m.
The a ge a nd s ex , miss ing
f ro m To-t h ' sp ub lica tion , were d e termined b y c he mica l a na lysis.
Grave 1 ( Tab les 5 1 , 5 2 a nd 5 3 ;
p la tes 3 2 a nd 3 3 )
Man . G rave 2 2 5 y ear-old wo man . Grave 3 4 0-50 y ear-o ld wo man . Grave 4 Wo man . G rave 5 C h i ld .
I n fans I .
Probab ly ab oy.
Grave 6 Man . G rave 7 ( An thropo log ica l C o l lect ion o f t he Na tura l H istory Museu m , Budapes t , 1 1.103 ) The c o mp lete s ke leton o f a ma ture wo man .
Dolichocran ia l , h ypsicran ic,
a crocran ic, e ury metopic, mesoprosop ic, e uryene, c ha maerrh ine , c ha maec onchic, o r thogna thous.
Heigh t :
1 63.4 ems.
w i th s l igh t Cro- Magnon id f eatures.
I t s t ype i s A t lan to- Medi terranean
S ligh t a lveo lar p rogna thia .
G rave 8 J uven i le , p erhaps a b oy. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 5
G rave 9 6y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 1 0 S en i le , 7 0 y ear-o ld man .
I t s t ype i s C ro- Magnon id-A lpine.
G rave 1 1 4 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
C ro- Magnon id .
G rave 1 2 5 0 y ear-o ld man . G rave 1 3 S en i le wo man ;
A lp ine w i th s o me C ro- Magnon id e le men ts .
G rave 1 4 3 5 y ear-old man . G rave 1 5 ( 1 1.111) T he f a ir ly wel l-preserved s ke leton o f a n a du l t wo man ; a nd t he o ccip i ta l b one a re s l igh t ly d efor med . N ord ic.
H eigh t :
1 57.2 ems .
The t ype :
t he b asa l p ar t
A t lan to- Medi terran ian ;
Lep torrh ine , mesoconch ic , d ol ichocran ia l ,
mesoprosopic , G rave 1 6 4 -5 y ear-old g ir l . G rave 1 7 ( 1 1.113 ) The c o mp lete wel l-preserved s kele ton o f a n a du l t wo man . A lp ine ;
h eigh t :
1 58 .1 ems .
C ro- Mag •non id-
Mesocran ia l , o r tho-hyps icran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
e ury metopic , e uryprosopic , e uryene , c ha maeconch ic , l eptorrh ine , mesoo r thogna thous , s l igh t a lveolar p rogna th ia .
D epressio l a mbdo idea , t he g on ions
s tand o u t f ar . G rave 1 8 4 0 y ear-old wo man .
C ro- Magnon id- " Frank ish" .
Grave 1 9 6y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 2 0 ( 1 1.116) The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a ma ture man . 1 61.5 ems .
C ro- Magnon id-A lp ine.
H eigh t :
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , metr iocran ic , metr io metopic , meso-
p rosop ic , mesene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesogna thous , p rogna thous . Deep f ossa c an ina . G rave 2 1 2 0 y ear-old wo man . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 6
G rave 2 2 3 0 y ear-old wo man .
A lpine- Med i terran ian .
G rave 2 3 Wo man . Grave 2 4 ( 11.120 ) The c o mplete s ke le ton o f a n a du lt wo man . Med i terran ian .
H eigh t :
1 56.5 ems .
Cro- Magnon id-A t lan t ic-
Dol ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , metr io-
me topic , mesolep toprosopic , mesene , mesoconchic , l eptorrh ine , p rogna thous . Ossa s u turaru m s : l. G rave 2 5 ( 1 1.121;
Deep f ossa c an ina .
p la te 3 2 )
The c o mple te s ke leton o f a n a du l t man . Magnon id.
H eigh t :
1 59.6 ems .
A t lan to- Med i terran ian- Cro-
Dol ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , metr iocran ic ,
metr io metopic , mesoprosopic , e uryene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesog na thous ;
f i l led f ossa c an ina a nd s o b ears s o me "mongo l id . "f ea ture .
Grave 2 6 ( 1 1.122 ;
p la te 3 3 )
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a ma ture man . 1 67.5 ems .
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic .
H eigh t :
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , metr iocran ic , metr io me top ic ,
e uryprosop ic, e uryene mesene , c ha maeconch ic , c ha maerrhine , meso-or thog na thous ;
d eep f ossa c an ina , s l igh t d epress io p rela mbdo idea .
Grave 2 7 1 3 y ear-old b oy . G rave 2 8 ( 1 1.657) The s ku l l , s l igh t ly f rac tured o n t he f ac ia l p ar t , t he j aw a nd t he s keleta l b ones o f a mature wo man .
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic , h eigh t :
1 63 ems .
Dol i-
c hocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , c ha maeconch ic , mesoo r thogna thous .
A lveolar p rogna th ia .
G rave 2 9 1 4-15 y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 3 0 ( 1 1.659) The f ractured s ku l l a nd t he s keleta l b ones o f a n a du lt wo man . Magnon id ;
h eigh t :
1 66.4 ems .
G rave 3 1 I n fans I -I I .
Probab ly a b oy.
Grave 3 2 I n fans I . G rave 3 3 6 0 y ear-old man .
Cro-
Mesocran ia l , e ury metopic , o r thogna thous.
Cro- Magnon id-A lpine.
G ra ve The 3 4Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. Kiszely, István. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 Man .
8 7
G rave 3 4 Man . G rave 3 5 1 6 y ear-old b oy. Grave 3 6 6 5 y ear-old wo man .
C ro- Magnon id .
G rave 3 7 I n fans I b oy. G rave 3 8 I n fans Ig ir l . Grave 3 9 1 4 y ear-old g ir l ;
C ro- Magnon id .
Grave 4 0 I n fans I g ir l . G rave 4 2 ( 11.671;
p la te 3 3 )
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f as en i le man . Heigh t :
1 64.6 ems.
I th as Cro- Magnon id f ea tures .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , metr iocran ic , e ury metop ic ,
e uryene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , p rogna thous- mesogna thous . d eveloped l ineae n uchae s uper iores ;
Wel l
d epress io o be l ion is .
Grave 4 3 1 5 y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 4 4 1 6 y ear-old b oy.
Brachycran ia l .
G rave 4 5 1 5 y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 4 6 C h i ld . G rave 4 7 I n fans I . G rave 4 8 4 0 y ear-old man .
C ro- Magnon id .
G rave 4 9 ( 11.678 ) The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a n a du l t man . Magnon id-Nord ic.
H eigh t :
1 64.2 ems .
A t lan to Med i terran ian-C r_ o_ __ Do lichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , metr io-
c ran ic , metr io me topic , meso-lep toprosopic , mesene , l eptorrh ine , mesogna-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford,t UK: BAR 1979, h ou s .Publishing, S u tu rahttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. metop ica . S trong t r igonu m Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 8
men ta le .
Grave 5 1 ( 1 1.680 ;
p la te 3 3 )
The c o mplete s keleton o f a ma ture wo man . Magnon id .
H eigh t :
1 53.6 ems .
A t lan to- Med i terran ian-Cro-
Dol ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , metr iocran ic ,
e ury metopic , mesoprosop ic , e uryene , c ha maeconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesognat hous.
S l igh t a lveolar p rogna th ia .
G rave 5 2 7 -8 y ear-o ld b oy . G rave 5 3 ( 1 1.912) The s ku l l o f a n a du l t wo man .
The f ac ia l p ar t i s s o mewha t f ractured ,
t he l e f t r a mus mandibu lae i s missing .
C ro- Magnon id-A t lan to- Med i terran ian .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , metr iocran ic , s teno metopic , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesogna thous , s l igh t a lveolar p rogna th ia , t r igonum men ta le . G rave 5 4 ( 1 1.913 ;
p la te 3 2 )
The c o mp lete s ku ll a nd t he j aw o f a n a du lt wo man . A t lan to- Med i terran ian ;"Frank ish" t ype.
I tb elongs t o t he
Mesocran ia l , metr iocran ic , o r tho-
c ran ic , metr io me topic , mesoprosopic , mesene , h yps iconch ic , l eptorrh ine , mesogna thous .
D epress io a t t he o be l ion .
G rave 5 5 B oy. G rave 5 6 Man . G rave 5 7 6 -7 y ear-old b oy . G rave 5 8 B oy . G rave 5 9 Adu l t man . Grave 6 0 1 5 y ear-old b oy. G rave 6 1 J uven i le , p erhaps a b oy.
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id .
G rave 6 2 6 0 y ear-old man .
C ro- Magnon id.
G rave 6 3 . P erhaps a y oung man. G rave 6 4 Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. A UK: ma n Publishing, e xh ib i ted i n i tu i n t he p er manen t E-book, Oxford, BAR 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. . . _ s Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
8 9
e xh ibi t ion o f t he Hungar ian
Na t iona l Museu m .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
H eigh t :
1 73 cm s .
H yperdol i-
c hocran ia l , l ep toprosopic. G rave 6 5 ( 12.661;
p la te 3 2)
The c o mple te s ke leton o f a n a du l t wo man . 1 62.3 ems .
S u tura metop ica .
Med i terran ian-Nord ic .
H eight :
Do lichocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , o r thocran ic ,
e ury metopic , h yper leptoprosopic , l ep tene , mesoconch ic , l eptorrh ine , mesog na thous , s l igh t a lveo lar p rogna th ia . Grave 6 6 Wo man . G rave 6 7 4 5 y ear-old man .
Cro- Magnon id-A lpine.
G rave 6 8 1 1-y ear-old i n fan t. Grave 6 9 2 0 y ear-old man . G rave 7 0 ( 12.666 ) The s ku l l o f a n a du l t man . Med i terran ian .
The f acia l p ar t i s f ragmen tary.
Cro- Magnon id-
D ol ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , c hamae-
c ran ic , c ha maerrh ine , o r thogna thous .
S u tura metopica , s trong t r igonurn
men ta le. G rave 7 1 ( 12.667) The c o mple te s ke leton o f a ma ture man . i s s l igh t ly f ragmen tary.
The f acia l p ar t o f t he s ke le ton
I th as C ro- Magnon id f ea tures .
H eigh t :
1 70 .5 ems .
Do l ichocran ia l , c ha mae-or thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury metopic , c ha maec onch ic , mesorrh ine , mesogna thous . G rave 7 2 ( 12.668 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a n a du l t wo man . 1 61.3 ems.
I t s t ype i s A lp ine.
H eigh t :
Brachycran ia l , s teno me topic , mesoconch ic , mesogna thous .
Deep f ossa c an ina , s l igh t a lveolar p rogna th ia , d epress io p rela mbdo idea . G rave 7 3 Adu l t man . Grave 7 4 I n fans I b oy . Grave 7 5 1 6-17 y ear-o ld b oy . G rave 7 6 I n fans I . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Gr av ePublishing, 7 7 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 0
G rave 7 7 A du l t wo man . G rave 7 8 ( 1 2 .996 ) T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a ma ture man . C ro- Magnon id- Med i terran ian .
H eigh t :
T he f acia l p ar t i s f ractured .
1 69 .3 ems .
Do l ichocran ia l ,
c ha maecran ic , me tr iocran ic , me tr io metop ic , c ha maeconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesogna thous . We l l d eve lopped l i neae t e mpora les , s trong t r igonum men ta le . G rave 8 1 ( 12 .998 ) T he f rac tured s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t wo man . Magnon id-A lpine w i th "mongo lo id" e le men ts ( accord ing t o T5 th ). 1 54 .2 ems . Mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine .
C roH e igh t :
D eep f ossa c an ina .
B ezenye-Paprttpuszta ( c . G yör-Sopron , d . Ra jka ) :
O b jec ts were f ound
l ong a go o n t he P apre t- ma jor ( t oday : L a jtahansäg c o-opera t ive ) .
A . S& r
b egan e xcava t ions i n F ebruary 1 885 a nd b y 4 th A pr i l h e h ad e xcava ted 6 7 g raves .
H e p ub l ished t he ma ter ia l i n 1 893 .
g rea tes t c are:
H e l ed t he e xcava t ions w i th t he
" as s oon a s t he d irec t ion o f t he s ke le ton c an b e s een , Ib eg in
t he e xcava t ion a t t he f ee t i n o rder t ha t t he s ku l l s hou ld e as i ly b e r escued" , h e wr i tes .
The c e me tery was i n ag rave l-p i t , s o t he b one ma ter ia l was i n a
b ad c ond i t ion :
" the h u man r el ics h ad t o ta l ly r o t ted i n t he we t s oi l o f t he s and-
f i l led g rave l , a nd o n ly o ne s ku l l c ou ld b e r ecovered f ro m t he 6 7th g rave" ( p . 2 12 ).
H e d id n ot e xcava te t he who le c e me tery :
" the p over ty o f t he l as t
g raves a nd ma in ly t he l ack o f money i n t he s ocie ty c aused u s , a f ter t he e xcav a t ing o f 6 7 g raves , t o p os tpone t he e xcava t ions u n t i l b e t ter t i mes" .
The o n ly
s ku l l , men t ioned b e S g ter , h as b een l os t , a nd we c anno t e xpect a ny g ood ma ter ia l f ro m a n ew e xcava t ion . " these p eop le were G er man ic" .
S ö ttr wr i tes a bou t t he e thn ica l a spects : The s i te was p ub l ished b y H a mpe l ( 1905 ) i n
G er man . A s S 4 5 ttr wro te i n 1 893 :
" excava t ions s hou ld b e c arr ied o u t b e tween t he
g rave l p i t a nd t he l im i t o f B ezenye" ;
B öna a ccep ted t h is i n 1 964 .
H e v er i f ied
S ö tdr 's e xcava t ions a nd e xcava ted 1 0 more g raves ( nos . 6 8-77) a nd t hus e nded t he e xcava t ion o f t he c e me tery. o f p reserva t ion o f t he b ones ;
S ö ter was r igh t i n wr i t ing a bou t t he b ad s ta te
t he n ew ly e xcava ted ma ter ia l i s n o t s u i table
f or a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion ( Excava t ion r epor t , Arch t r t . XCI I ( 1965 ) p . 2 38 ) . The f ew f ractured b ones B öna d epos i ted i n t he Moson magyarövär Museum , where t hey h ave b een l os t . Wirs ( c . S o mogy , d . Marca l ;
p la tes 3 4 , 3 5 ;
t ab les 5 4 , 5 5 , 5 6 a nd 5 7) :
Ag rave o f t he 6 th c en tury was f ound d ur ing t he o pen ing o f as andp i t wes t o f Vörs r a i lway s ta t ion i n Augus t 1 958 . t he B a la ton Museum i n K eszthe ly .
The a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l wen t t o
Fur ther g raves h ave b een f ound i n 1 959
a nd r escued b y K . S äg i ( 1960 ) , t he D irec tor o f t he museu m .
A f ter r escu ing
9g raves ( 1959 ) S äg i e xcava ted t he who le c e me tery b e tween 1 960 a nd 1 963 ( Säg i 1 964 ) .
The t o ta l n umber o f t he e xcava ted g raves i s 3 7.
A f ter p rel im i-
n ary r epor ts , S äg i p ubl ished t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l i n 1 964 .
I n t he s a me
y ear M . F i lzes p ub l ished t he b o tan ica l a nd wood f inds . ( F i lzes 1 964 ). Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. t hr opo lUK: og i ca l ma te r ia l i s u npubl ished . A l l E-book, Oxford, BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 1
t he g raves were r obbed ;
The a nt he b one
ma ter ia l i s f ractured a nd f ragmen tary . T he b ones a re i n t he An thropo log ica l C o l lec t ion o f t he N a tura l-h is tor ica l Museu m ( Budapes t ) , a nd a re i n t he i nvent or Y • G rave 1 ( 11 .401 , 1 959 ) Fragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man .
H e igh t :
1 68 ems .
G rave 2 ( 1 1.403 , 1 959 ;
S teno mer ic , mesocne m ic . p la te 3 4 )
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . Med i terran ian .
H e igh t :
1 73 cms .
T he t ype :
C ro- Magnon id-
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic ,
e ury metopic , mesoprosop ic , mesene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic , o r thogna thous . F i l led f ossa c an ina . o lecran i f er fora t io ; e ury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
M icro- mesoden tes , f ossa
G rave 3 ( 11.402 , 1 959 ) The f ron ta l p ar t o f t he s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 1 8-20 y ear-o ld man .
A t lan to- Med i terran ian-Cro- Magnon id ;
The s ur faces o f t he b ones s how r ach i t ica l s eques ters .
h e igh t :
1 66 ems .
Mesoprosopic , mesene ,
mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic , p rogna thous- mesognat hous .
Ossa s u turaru rn o n s u tura c orona l is .
s ides .
D oub le u pper c an ines o nb o th
P rogen ia , s lan t ing t ee th , p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 4 Wi thou t b one ma ter ia l . G rave 5 The g rave o f a man w i th a h orse .
N o a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l h as s ur-
v ived . G rave 6 ( 11 .404 , 1 959 ) The f rac tured c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man . Med i terran ian-Nord ic .
H e igh t :
1 57 ems .
S l igh t ly h ydrocran ic .
c ran ia l , me tr io me top ic , s l igh t ly p lag iocran ic .
Do l icho-
F oramen s upracondy lo ideum . •
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 7 ( 11.405 , 1 959 ;
p la te 3 5 )
The c o mple te , wel l-preserved s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . i s mongo l id ,
mos t p robab ly Yen ise i .
t he r oo t o f t he n ose i s w ide , a per tura p ir i for m is i s w ide b e low . 1 59 ems .
I t s t ype
F i l led f ossa c an ina , p rogna thous ,
The s ke le ta l b ones a re g rac i le .
H e igh t :
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr io-
c ran ic , me tr io me top ic , h yper lep toprosop ic , l ep tene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesuran ic , o r thogna thous , d epress io o be l ica ; p la ty mer ic, mesocne m ic . G rave 8 ( 11.865 , 1 960 ) The s ku l l w i thou t t he b as is a nd t he j aw , a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man . H eigh t :
1 61 ems .
A lpine-Cro- Magnon id w i th s o me mongo lo id e le men ts . D o l ichocran ia l , me tr io me top ic , mesoconch ic , p la tyrrh ine ,
t he h ead o f t he f e mur e burn iph ica ted , r idge-exos tos is o n t he b od ies o f t he v er tebrae , t rochan ter t er t ius f e mor is .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 2
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 9 ( 1 1 .866 , 1 960 ) The f ac ia l p ar t o f t he s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5 y earo ld man .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
1 73 ems .
L eptoprosop ic , meso-
c onch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous , o s i ncae b ipar t i tum , h ypermegadon tes , f ora men s upracondylo idaeum , t rochan ter t er ius f e mor is ; p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 1 0 ( 1 1.867, 1 960 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man ( p la te 3 4 ). n ord ic .
H e igh t :
1 64 ems .
B rachycran ic
D o l ichocran ic , c ha maecran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachyuran ic , masogna thous , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic . Ossa s u turaru m s : 1.
S u lcus p raenasa l is .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 2 ( 1 1.869 , 1 960 ) The b ad ly p reserved f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f as en i le wo man . Eurycne m ic , e ury mer ic . G rave 1 3 The g rave was d es troyed many y ears a go , a nd o n ly i t s l oca t ion c ou ld b e d eter m ined . G rave 1 4 The c a lo t te a nd t he f e murs o f a5 5 y ear-o ld wo man . N ord ic ;
h e igh t :
1 68 ems .
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
e ury me topic , d epress io o be l ica ; G rave 1 5 ( 1 1.870 ) 1 960 ;
C ro- Magnon id-
p la ty mer ic .
p la te 3 4 )
The s ku l l w i thou t r am imand ibu lae ,
a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f
a5 5 y ear-o ld wo man . Medi terran ian-Cro- Magnon id . Mesocran ia l , c ha maec ran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic , l ep toprosopic , mesene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , d o l ichuran ic , o r thogna thous . d epress io o be l ica , o ssa s u turarum d :2 , s :2 . r idge h as b een c ons iderab ly a bsorbed .
S u tura me topica ,
D eep f ossa c an ina ;
t he a lveo lar
H yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 6 The g rave o f ac h i ld ( I n fans I )w i thou t h uman b ones . G rave 1 7 The t ee th a nd s o me b one f ragmen ts o f a n o ld wo man . G rave 1 8 ( 1 1.871 , 1 960 ;
p la te 3 5 )
The s ku l l , t he midd le p ar t o f t he mand ible a nd a l l t he s ke leta l b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld wo man . A t lan to- Med i terran ian-Nord ic . A wound , h ea led d ur ing l i fet i me , o n t he r igh t f ron ta l b one . Do l ichocran ia l , c hamaecran ic , me tr iocran ic , me tr io-eury me topic , e uryprosopic , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , d o l ichuran ic . O ssa s u turaru m d :3 , s :3 . a re t h in ; p la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 3
The s ke le ta l b ones
G rave 1 9 ( 11.872 , 1 960 ) The f rac tured s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic .
H eigh t :
1 69 ems .
Meso-brachycran ia l , o r thocran ic ,
t ape inocran ic , s teno me top ic , d o l ichuran ic , s l igh t f ossa p raenasa l is , megad on tes .
F ora men s upradondy lo ideum , p la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
G rave 2 0 ( 1 1.873 , 1 960 ) The s l igh t ly d e for med s ku l l w i th t he j aw o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . Magnon id-A t lan to- Med i terran ian .
Do l ichocran ia l , e ury me top ic , e uryprosopic ,
mesene , c ha maeconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , d o l ichuran ic . s :1 .
Os i ncae b ipar t i tu m .
C ro-
Ossa s u turaru m d :1 ,
The t eeth a re b ad .
G rave 2 1 ( 1 2.734 , 1 962 ) The f ragmen tary s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 5 y ear-o ld wo man . ems .
P robab ly N ord ic .
H eigh t :
1 68
P rocessus e n tep icondy lo ideu m , p la ty mer ia .
G rave 2 2 I n fan t , t he b ones were n ot p reserved . G rave 2 4 ( 12 .735 , 1 962 ) The j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . ems .
H e igh t :
1 63
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 2 5 I n fans I .
On ly sma l l f ragmen ts o f b ones .
G rave 2 6 ( 1 2 .737 , 1 962 ) The v ery b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . 1 67 ems .
H e igh t :
E ury mer ic .
G rave 2 7 ( 1 2 .738 , 1 962 ) The s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he b ad ly p reserved s ke le ta l b ones o f as en i le wo man . Med i terran ian ;A lp ine . H e igh t : 1 62 ems . Do l ichocran ia l , c ha maec ran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic , d epress io o be l ica , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic ; e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 2 8 ( 12 .739 S o me f ragmen ts o f wo man .
t he s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0 y ear-o ld
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 2 9 ( 12 .736 , 1 962 ) The b ad ly p reserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a6 0 y ear-o ld wo man . 1 63 ems .
H e igh t :
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 3 0 ( 12.740 , 1 962 ) Two f rag men ts o f t he max i l la a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 66 ems .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 3 1 Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR T Publishing, 1979, he g ra vehttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. o f ag ir l w i thou t h u man Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
b ones .
9 4
G rave 3 2 ( 12 .741 , 1 962 ) The c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . A lpine-Cro- Magnon id ;
H eigh t :
1 63 ems .
me top ic , o ssa s u turarum d :3 , s :2 .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , metr io-
The l ong b ones a re v ery b en t ;
f ora men
e n tep icondy lo ideum , p la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia . G rave 3 3 The g rave o f a wo man w i thou t b ones . G rave 3 4 ( 12 .743 , 1 962 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld man . 1 68 ems .
H eigh t :
Mesocran ia l , me tr iocran ic , a per tura p ir i formis w ider b e low ;
s trong p i las ter f e mor is , t rochan ter t er t ius f e mor is ;
p la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G raves 3 5-37 N o th ing i s k nown o f t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l . Värpa lo ta ( c . V eszpre m , d . Värpa lo ta ; a nd 6 0 ) :
p la tes 4 0 , 4 1;
t ab les 5 8 , 5 9
Wes t-sou th-wes t o f t he t own , o n t he l and o f t he Un to s and-p i t , 3
G er man ic g raves were f ound i n t he s pr ing o f 1 933 .
G yu la Rhe , t he D irec tor
o f t he Veszprt m museum , c arr ied o u t s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ions o n t he s i te . H e e xcava ted 3 3 g raves , 2 5 o f wh ich a re Lo mbard a nd 8 Avar a ccord ing t o Werner ( 1962) ( 2 2 L o mbard a nd 1 1 A var a ccord ing t o B öna ( 1963 ) . t ery was p roved l a ter b y B öna t o h ave b een t o ta l ly e xcava ted ( 1 963 ) . miss ing g raves were d es troyed d ur ing s anu e x tract ion .
The c e meT he
( Werner wr i tes :
" 33 r ich g raves o f t he L o mbards were e xcava ted w i thou t e xhaus t ing t he c e met ery" ).
Rh ed ied b e fore t he S econd Wor ld War , a nd t he p lan o f t he c e metery
was t aken a broad , s o t he d ocumen ta t ion was h e ld i n t wo p laces. Bo-n a ( 1956) worked w i th a u then t ic ma ter ia l r e lying o n R he is i nco mp le te manuscr ip t , t he d a ta o f t he s ke letons c o l lec ted l a ter i n t he museu m a nd t he p ho tograph ( 1963 ). H e c arr ied o u t v er i f ica tory e xcava t ions i n t he a rea o f t he c e me tery e xcava ted b y Rh ei n Augus t 1 963 ;
h e f ound t he a u then t ic c opy o f t he p lan wh ich h ad b een
t aken a broad b y a n ama teur a rchaeo log is t , L enär t , a nd n umerous p ho tographs . Dur ing h is e xcava t ions h e p o in ted o u t t ha t Rh er ea l ly h ad e xcava ted t he who le c e me tery i n 1 933 ( B5na 1 963 ) . G raves f ro m d i f feren t p er iods were f ound i n d i f feren t p laces i n t he s andp i t , b u t t hey h ave n o th ing t o d o w i th t he L o mbard c e me tery . o bserve t he r ela t ion o f t he A var g raves t o t he L o mbard o nes ; t he l a t ter ( B5na 1 973 ) .
B öna c ou ld t hey were a bove
Werner ( 1 953 ) , h av ing t aken t he p lans a broad , r ead .
al ec ture a bou t t he c e me tery i n S w i tzer land , a nd t hen i n h is monograph o n t he L o mbards ( 1 962 ) h e p ub l ished t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he c e met ery r e lying o n f a lse d a ta , f ar r e moved f ro m t he t ru th a nd t he g enu ine d a ta . Thus h e i n troduced s evera l m is leading p oin ts i n to t he t echn ica l l i tera ture . One o f h is mistakes was t ha t h e i n terpreted t he f ind ing o f t he Avar g raves i n t he i nner p ar t o f Värpa lo ta ( where t he s econdary s choo l n ow s tands ) i n 1 9431 944 i n t he f ol lowing way :
( 1 962 , p . 2 3 ) :
" In d en J ahren 1 943-44 wurden i n
Värpa lo ta we i tere 3 7 g er man ische u nd a war ische G räber a ufgedeck t , d eren I nven tar b ei Kr iegsende a ber g r t issen tei ls v er loren g ing .
M i t i ngesa m t 7 3
a usgegrabene B es ta t tungen ( 3 6 v on 1 933 u nd 3 7 v on 1 943-44) s che in t d er Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 5
Fr iedho f n ich t e rscht ip f t z u s e in" .
H is o ther mis take was t ha t h e d e f ined
t he r e la t ion o f t he Avar g raves t o t he L o mbard o nes u nsa t is fac tor i ly :
h e d id
n o t d is t ingu ish b e tween t he m . The f a te o f t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he c e me tery i s t he s a me a s t ha t o f t he a rchaeo log ica l f inds .
Ma lin ( 1953 ) e xa m ined 1 2 s ku l ls f ro m
t he 3 6 e xcava ted g raves : 6o f t he m were L o mbard , 3" dub ious" a nd 3 Avar ( t he s ku l ls o f t he Avar g raves , l y ing c loser t o t he s ur face , r ema ined i nb e t ter c ond i t ion t han t he L o mbard o nes ) .
The g raves were n o t r obbed .
Ma lä ,n s a id c oncern ing t he t ypes i s :
A l l t ha t
" Nord ischen R eichengrf tber typus .
D ieser Typ i s t mi t a nderen n ord l ichen R e ichengraber typen i den t isch".
H e
d id n o t r e la te t he ma ter ia l t o o ther G er man ic c e me ter ies , a nd d id n o t n o t ice t he d i f feren t c haracter is t ics o f t he Avar g raves .
Wha t i s more , i ti s n o t
c er ta in t ha t t he s ku l ls ( no t o n ly i n Ma lin 's p ub l ica t ion ) a re a u then t ic , a s g rave No . 2 3 c on ta ined a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l a ssocia ted w i th a wo man , wh i le t he s ku l l a l leged ly f ro m t h is g rave was t ha t o f a man . Ic o mp le ted t he d a ta g iven b y Ma lin , wh ich was t he s a me a s t he d a ta o b ta ined b y my e xa mina t ions .
We mus t s ay t ha t , t hough we d o n o t h ave t he
s ke le ta l b ones , t he c a lcu la ted h e igh ts g iven b y Ma lin a re u nrea l is t ic .
We
mus t t ake 8 ems o f f h is f igures u n less t h is i s t he c e me tery o f a n e x traord inary p opu la t ion o f a n e x tre me s ta ture s uch a s h as s o f ar n ever b een e ncoun tered e lsewhere i n Europe . H e p robab ly measured t he h e igh t n o t t o t he t ha lus , b u t i nc luded t he p ha lang i a s we l l .
( The Avar g raves a re a lso p resen t o n t he p lan ;
we c ou ld n o t s epara te t he m f or l ack o f t he n ecessary a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l ). The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he c e me tery i s i n t he Bakony museum i n Veszprg m . Grave 4 /b ( p la te 4 0 ) The c o mp le te we l l-preserved s ku l l w i th t he j aw o f a5 5 y ear-o ld wo man . T ype : A lpine- Med i terran ian . H eigh t : measured i n t he g rave : 1 72 ems ( probably i t was 1 64 ems ). Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e uryme top ic , l ep toprosopic , mesene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesos täphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous .
S l igh t c r is ta a t t he b regma ;
i s s o mewha t w ider b e low , d eep f ossa c an ina . al arge p ar t d ur ing l i fe t i me .
a per tura p ir i for m is
The a lveo lar r idge r esorbed o ver
Grave 1 7 The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man . miss ing .
A lpine-Cro- Magnon id .
1 62 ems ) .
H eigh t i n t he g rave :
The o cc ip i ta l b one i s 1 70 ems . ( probab ly
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , mesogna thous , l ep topro-
s op ie l ep terene , e ury me top ic , mesorrh ine , c ha maeconch ic , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic.
Med iu m d eep f ossa c an ina ;
mand ibu lae o f t he r igh t s ide .
a r thro t ic p rocessus a r ticu lar is
Depresse io p rae la mbdo idea , o ssa s u turaru m
d :1 s :l. G rave 1 8 The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a6 0-year-o ld wo man . t ured .
Measured h eigh t :
The z ygo ma t icum i s f rac-
1 65 ems ( probab ly 1 53 ems ).
Mesocran ia l ,
me tr iocran ic , mesogna thous , l ep toprosop ic , mesene , metr io me top ic , l epKiszely, István.t The Anthropology the Parts I, and Ii.mesos o rr h ine , ofh y pLombards, s icocc h ic taphy l ine , E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
9 6
b rachyuran ic .
Ossa e pip ter ica ,
s l igh t d epress io p rae la mbdoidea , o s i ncae monopar t i tu m , d eep f ossa c an ina . G rave 1 9 ( p la te 4 0 ) The we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . i n t he g rave :
1 70 ems ( probab ly 1 62 ems ) .
H e igh t :
Meso-brachycran ia l , h yps icran ic ,
metr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , mesogna thous , mesoprosop ic , mesene , h yps ic onch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic . Med i terran ian-Taur id-Nord ic . P lanoo cc ipi ta l , s l igh t f ossa p raenasa l is , o ssa s u turarum d :2 , s :l. G rave 2 0 The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . f rac tured .
The r igh t z ygo ma t icu m i s
Brachycran ic n ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
ems ( rea l ly 1 82 ems a t mos t ) .
H e igh t i n t he g rave 1 80
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic ,
e ury me top ic , mesogna thous , l ep toprosop ic , mesene , mesorrh ine , b rachyuran ic. Os e p ip ter icum , o ssa s u turarum s :3 , d :3 .
Megadon tes .
G rave 3 3 ( p la te 4 1 ) The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . p ar t i s s l igh t ly f ractured . 1 58 ems .
( probab ly 1 50-152 ems ) .
me ly h igh .
The b as is a nd t he p ar ie ta l
C ro- Magnon id-"Frank ish" .
H eigh t i n t he g rave :
S u tura me topica , t he f orehead i s e x tre-
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , meso-
g na thous , meso-lep to prosop ic , mesene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , d o l ichuran ic ; o ssa s u turaru m d :1 , s :l.
S l igh t d epress io o be l ica .
G raves t ha t t axono m ica l ly may b e long t o t he L o mbards G rave 1 0 ( p la te 4 0 ) The c o mp lete s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man .
G raci l-
Med i terran ian-Cro- Magnon id-Taur id . H e igh t i n t he g rave : 1 55 ems , s o mewha t l ess i n r ea l i ty. Do l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , me tr iocran ic , s urymetop ic , mesoprosopic , e uryene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachys taphyl ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous .
S l igh t f ossa s upra tora l is ;
f i l led f ossa c an ina ;
s l igh t s u lcus p raenasa l is . G rave 1 6 ( p la te 4 1 ) T he c o mp le te we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . Nord ic-Cro- Magnon id . r obus t .
H e igh t i n t he g rave :
1 60 ems .
The s ku l l i s v ery
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , mesoprosopic ,
mesene , mesoconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous .
S l igh t
d epress io o be l ica , o ssa s u turarum s :2 , s l igh t ly t orus o cc ip i ta l is t ransversa . A per tura p ir i for m is i s w ider b e low , s l igh t s u lcus p raenasa l is ; d eep f ossa c an ina , t he t ee th a re b ad , a nd t he e na me l i s d e fec t ive ;
s l igh t a lveo lar p rog-
n a th ia . G rave 3 4 T he c o mp le te s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man .
A lpine-Cro-
Magnon id-"Frank ish" . The s ku l l i s s l igh t ly h ydrocran ic . Brachycran ic , h yps icran ic , t ape inocran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me topic , mesoprosop ic , mIstván. es er eAnthropology ne , h yp s i cLombards, onch ic , Im es ine , b rachyuran ic , Kiszely, The of the Parts and Ii. orrh E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. metoon p i ca ;of 38.67.221.43 o ssa s u turaru m d :2 . F i l led f ossa c an ina . Downloaded behalf
9 7
mesogna thous .
S u tura
S zen tendre ( c . P es t , d . S zen tendre ;
p la tes 4 2 , 4 3 ;
t ables 6 2 , 6 3 a nd 6 4 ):
The c e me tery l i es t o t he s ou th o f t he t own o n t he l and o f t he f oun ta in p en f ac tory , 2 0 me tres e as t o f t he R oad 1 1. 7g raves ( I -VI I ) i n J u ly 1 961. S opron i .
An e ar th- mov ing mach ine c u t t hrough
The g raves were r escued b y D . G äb ler a nd S .
S ys te ma t ic e xcava t ions were l ed b y I s tvän Böna i n J u ly a nd Augus t
1 961 , a nd a ga in o n O c tober o f t he s a me y ear , l a ter i n May 1 962 a nd a ga in i n May a nd J une 1 963 .
Th is c e me tery i s k nown among t he Lombard c e me ter ies
a s t he p ro o type o f t he " ce me ter ies o f S zen tendre t ype" ( Böna 1 973 ) .
The
8 9 e xcava ted g raves r epresen t t he who le c e metery , o n ly 1 o r 2g raves may h ave b een missed i n t he c en tra l p ar t .
The c he m ica l a na lys is o f t he b one
ma ter ia l was c arr ied o u t b y Imre L engye l . Hu man b ones were o n ly f ound i n 7 6 o f t he 8 9 g raves ;
we c an a dd g raves
I -VI I , t he e xact l oca t ion o f wh ich i s n o t k nown ( t he r escued ma ter ia l c on ta ined t he b ones o f 5p ersons ) . S o t he t ota l n u mber o f t he s ke le tons was 8 1 ; 3 8 .5% o f t he g raves were d es troyed ( 3 2 g raves o f t he 8 1 ) .
The b one ma ter ia l was
f irs t t aken t o t he S zen tendre Museum a nd t hen t o t he Archaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te o f t he Hungar ian A cada my o f S c iences .
A f ter e xa m ina t ion i tw i l l b e d epos i ted
i nt he An thropo log ica l c o l lec t ion o f t he Na tura l H is tory Museu m , where i tw i l l b e p u t i n to t he i nven tory . ( Böna 1 968 , 1 970-71 , 1 973 , 1 973 , K isze ly 1 966 ). The a n thropo log ica l p ubl ica t ion o f t he c e me tery a ppeared i n 1 966 ( K iszely 1 966 ). G rave 1 The j aw a nd t he l arger s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5-50 y ear-old man . Magnon id-Nord ic ; o be l ica ;
h e igh t :
1 68 cms .
Do l ichocran ia l , e ury me top ic , d epress io
d eepen ing o f h a l f moon f or m o nt he o s p ar ie ta le .
1 :1 , f ossa s upra tora l is .
C ro-
O ssa wor m ina :
The r igh t r a mus o f t he mand ible was b roken d ur ing
l i fe t i me , a nd s o b ecame a sy m me tr ica l . G rave 2 The s ke le ton o f a6 0-70 y ear-o ld wo man . N ord ic ;
h e igh t :
1 70 cms .
The f ac ia l p ar t i s f ractured .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic ;
o s
i ncae b ipar t i tum . G rave 3 o r 4 The s kele ton o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man ; C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic .
H e igh t :
1 69 cms .
t he l e f t s ide o f t he f ace i s f rac tured . Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic ,
a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , mesoprosop ic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , d o l icuuran ic , mesogna thous .
Ossa s u turaru m s :1 , e ury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 5 o r 6 The f rac tured a nd f ragmen tary s ke le ton o f a n a pprox i ma te ly 6 0 y ear-o ld man .
The t ype may h ave b een N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
1 66 cms .
Eury mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 7 The f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t man .
H e igh t :
1 80 ems .
I t s t ype i s p robab ly A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id. G rave 8 Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. T he f ractured f ac ia l p ar t a nd t he Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man . I tb e longed p robab ly t o t he C ro- Magnon id t ype . H e igh t : 1 67 cms . 9 8
G rave 9 The c ran ium , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-40 y ear-old man . N ordic .
H e igh t :
1 68 cms .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , e ury me top ic , p la tycne m ic .
G rave 1 0 The s ke le ton o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man . H eigh t :
1 64 ems .
I tb e longed t o t he N ord ic t ype .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury-
me top ic , l ep toprosop ic , e uryene , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphyl ine , d o lichuran ic , mesogna thous ;
e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 1 The s keleton o f a4 5-55 y ear-o ld man . Cro- Magnon id-nord ic .
H e igh t :
o r thocran ic , e ury me top ic ;
1 65 ems .
The f acia l p ar t i s f ragmen tary . D o l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic ,
p la ty mer ic .
G rave 1 3 The b ones o f t he f ee t o f a n a du l t man . G rave 1 4 The we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 5-55 y ear-o ld man .
N ord ie-Cro-
Magnon id . H e igh t : 1 72 ems . Do l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , l ep toprosopic , l ep terene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesogna thous ;
e ury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 1 5 The f ractured s kele ton o f a1 4-16 y ear-o ld b oy .
H e igh t :
1 55 ems .
Grave 1 6 The s ke leton o f a5 5-65 y ear-o ld man .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re f rac tured .
H yperdol ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , l ep terene , h yps iconch ic , mesogna thous .
I t s t ype :
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic .
H e igh t :
1 68 ems . G rave 1 7 ( p la te 4 2 ) The s ke le ton o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld man . i n t he e ar th ;
t he l e f t s ide i s b roken .
The s ku l l was s l igh t ly d e for med
N ord ic ;
h eigh t :
1 79 ems .
Hyperdol i-
c hocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , h yper lep toprosop ic , l epterene , c hamaeconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , o r thogna thous . Eury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re v ery r obus t .
G rave 1 9 ( p la te 4 2 ) The b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton o f a1 4-16 y ear-o ld g ir l .
H eigh t :
1 60 ems .
On ly s p l in ters o f t he s ku l l h ave r e ma ined . G rive 2 0 The g rave o f ac h ild w i th s o me sma l ler f ragmen ts . G rave 2 2 Kiszely, István.T The Anthropology of Parts I5 and Ii. he s kelet othe nLombards, o f a2 0-2 y ear-o ld wo man . G rac i l- Med i terran ian . The E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 s ke leta l b ones a re b adly p reserved . Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
e ury me topic , c hamaeconch ic , d epress io o be l ica . 9 9
Microdon tes.
G rave 2 3 The f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f a3 5-45 y ear-o ld wo man . ems .
Megadon tes .
H eigh t :
1 65
The s ke le ta l b ones a re g rac i l .
G rave 2 4 ( p la te 4 2 ) The s ke leton o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld man . 1 70 ems . c h ic ;
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic ;
h e igh t :
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , mesocon-
megadon tes ;
e ury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
Ancy los is v era o n t he b ack
v er tebrae. G rave 2 5 The we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a3 5-45 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic ;
h e igh t :
1 68 ems .
C ro- Magnon id-
Do l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury-
me top ic , l ep toprosop ic , mesene , c ha maeconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesogan thous ; s teno mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 2 6 The s ke le ton o f a1 5-18 y ear-o ld g ir l ; f or med i n t he e ar th .
t he f ac ia l p ar t was t ota l ly d e-
A lpine-brachycran ic-nord ic .
H eigh t :
1 49 ems .
G rave 2 8 The b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton o f a n 8 5 N ord ic .
H e igh t :
1 53 ems .
s en i l is o n t he p ar ieta l b one ;
e ar-o ld wo man .
C ro- Magnon id-
The a lveo lar r idge h as t o ta l ly a bsorbed , d epress io f ossa h yper trochan ter ica .
Os teoproros is
g enera l is s en i l is . G rave 2 9 ( p la te 4 3 ) T he we l l-preserved s kele ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man . h e igh t :
1 60 ems .
G rac i l- Med i terran ian :
Do l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic ,
l ep toprosopic , meserene , c ha maeconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic , mesogna thous .
Ossa s u turarum d :2 , s :2.
Microdon tes .
G rave 3 0 The s ke le ton o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld man . f or med .
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic ;
h e igh t :
The l e f t s ide o f t he s ku l l i s d e1 70 ems .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , c ha maeconch ip , d epress io p rae la mbdo iea . G rave 3 1 The whole s ke le ton o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man . G rac i l ised C ro- Magnon id ;
h e igh t :
1 70 ems .
The f acia l p ar t i s miss ing .
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic , metr iocran ic , e ury metop ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , c ha maeconch ic , s l igh t d epress io o be lica , o ssa s u turaru m d :1 , s :1. G rave 3 2 The f rac tured p ar ts o f t he s ke leton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . h ave b een A lpine-Cro- Magnon id ; t op ic , o ssa s u turarum d :3 , s :3 . f i s t u l a , o s t e o m y e l i t i s . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii.
h e igh t :
1 71 ems .
I ts t ype mus t
Mesocran ia l , e ury me-
The r igh t t i b ia was b roken d ur ing l i fet i me ,
E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 00
G rave 3 3 The c ran ium a nd t he s kele ta l b ones o f a4 0-50 y ears o ld wo man . Magnon id-Nord ic ;
h e igh t :
1 51 ems .
C ro-
D o l ichocran ic , o r thocran ic , me tr io-
c ran ic , e ury me top ic , meso-lep toprosop ic , mesene , c ha maeconch ic , mesorr h ine , mesogna thous , microden tes .
The s ke leton s hows mye lo ma mu l t ip lex ,
i tc an b e e spec ia l ly wel l s een o n t he s ku l l a nd o n t he p e lv is b o th o n t he f or m a nd o n t he s ur face . G rave 3 4 The s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man . Brachycran ic n ord ic-A lp ine ;
h e igh t :
The f ac ia l p ar t i s miss ing .
1 70 cms .
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic ,
t ape inocran ic , e ury metop ic , mesoprosop ic . mesene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , s l igh t ly p rogna thous . G rave 3 5 T he f rac tured s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-40 H e igh t :
1 52 ems .
e ar-o ld wo man .
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , s tene me topic , t he t ype s tands
c losest t o t he Medi terran ian o ne . G rave 3 6 The who le b u t f ractured s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . a nd A t lan to- Med i terran ian .
H e igh t :
1 53 ems .
T ype :
G rac i l-
H yperdo l ichocran ia l ,
o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , l ep to- mesoprosop ic , l ep tene , mesoconch ic , mesorr h ine , mesos taphy line , d o l ichuran ic , s l igh t ly p rogna thous . G rave 3 7 B one s p l in ters f ro m t he s ke le ton o f ag ir l . G rave 3 8 The c a lot te a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-60 y ear o ld wo man .
Med i terran ian .
H e igh t :
1 54 ems .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic , metr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , c ha maeconch ic , mesogna thous , microdon tes .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re g raci le .
G rave 3 9 T he who le b u t b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld wo man . G rac i l- Med i terran ian-Nord ic ;
h e igh t :
1 59 ems .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic , me tr iocran ic , metr io me topic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , mesogna thous , p rogan thous . G rave 4 0 S p l in ters f ro m t he s ke leta l b ones o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man . h e igh t :
1 60 ems .
A lp ine ;
Meso-brachycran ic , me tr io me top ic .
G rave 4 1 F ragmen ts f ro m t he s kele ta l b ones a nd t he c a lo t te o f a1 6-18 y ear-o ld b oy . -I t mus t h ave b e longed t o t he A lpine-Nord ic t ype .
H eigh t :
1 51 ems .
Brachycran ia l , h yps icran ic , t ape inocran ic , me tr io me top ic , mesoconch ic . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 01
G rave 4 2 The s ke leta l b ones o f a6 -8 y ear-o ld g ir l .
H e igh t :
1 20 ems .
G rave 4 3 The f ractured b u t c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a1 2 y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 4 4 The f rac tured s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic ;
h e igh t :
1 68 ems .
G rave 4 5 The f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f a1 5 y ear-o ld b oy . G rave 4 6 T he c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld man . f rac tured .
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic ;
h eigh t :
The f ac ia l p ar t i s
1 67 ems .
Do l ichocran ia l ,
h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , mesoprosop ic , mesene , c ha maec onch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesogna thous . G rave 4 8 The j aw a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld wo man . H e igh t :
1 55 ems .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re g raci le .
G rave 4 9 S o me f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-old man . G rave 5 0 The s ke le ton o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld man . 1 65 ems .
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic.
H e igh t :
Do l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic , mesolep toprosop ic ,
me s erene , c ha maeconch ic , meso-or thogna thous .
Ena me l-hypop las ia .
G rave 5 1 T he c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a6 0 y ear-o ld man . t he A lp ine t ype .
H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
I tb e longs t o
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , h yps icran ic .
G rave 5 3 The s ke le ton o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man . d i t ion .
Nord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
The f ac ia l p ar t i s i nb ad c on-
1 66 ems .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic , me tr io me top ic , me tr iocran ic . G rave 5 4 The f rac tured s ke le ton o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . h e igh t .
N ord ic , 1 65 ems
Do l ichocran ic , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury metop ic , mesoprosop ic ,
l ep terene , h yps iconch ic , l ep tos taphy l ine , o r thogna thous .
Traces o f c u t t ing
d ur ing l i fet i me o n t he midd le p ar t o f t he r igh t h u merus . G rave 5 6 F ractured b u t who le s ke le ton o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man .
C ro- Magnon id-
or d ic , 1 6 h igh . PartsDo l ic ia l , o r thocran ic , metr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , Kiszely, István. N The Anthropology of4 the Lombards, I and Ii. hocran E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. e u ryp r38.67.221.43 osop ic , mesene , c ha maeconch ic , l ep torrh ine , mesos taphy l ine , o r thoDownloaded on behalf of g na thous .
Ossa s u turaru m d :1 , s :l. 1 02
G rave 5 7 The t ota l ly b roken s ku l l a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld man . G rac i l ised C ro- Magnon id , 1 65 ems t a l l . G rave 5 8 B oy . G rave 5 9 Fragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f a1 5 y ear-o ld g ir l .
H yperdol ichocran ia l ,
o r thocran ic , me tr io metop ic . G rave 6 0 The f rac tured a nd f ragmen tary s ku l l a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l arger l ong b ones .
T hey mus t h ave b e longed t o o ne o f t he t ypes w i th r ounded h eads .
5 5-60 y ear-o ld wo man .
H e igh t :
1 69 ems .
B rachycran ia l , o r thocran ic ,
metr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic . G rave 6 1 The c a lo t te a nd s o me s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-50 y ear-old wo man . Magnon id-Nord ic ;
h e igh t ;
1 67 ems .
C ro-
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , me tr io-
c ran ic , me tr io me top ic , s l igh t ly t r igonocran ic ;
d epress io p rae lambdo idea .
G rave 6 2 The f rac tured b ones o f a1 2-14 y ear-o ld g ir l .
H e igh t ;
1 40 ems .
G rave 6 3 The b ad ly p reserved a nd f rag men tary s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic , 1 68 ems t a l l .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , metr io-
me topic , a bsorbed a lveo lar p ar t o n t he mand ib le , d epress io p rae la mbdo idea . G rave 6 4 The f ac ia l p ar t a nd f rag men ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 5 year-old man . C ro- Magnon id- Nord ic, 1 69 ems t a l l . s teno me topic , s l igh t ly p lag iocran ic .
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
G rave 6 5 Fragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 2-14 y ear-o ld g ir l .
H e igh t 1 45 ems .
G rave 6 6 The r igh t t i bia o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . G rave 6 7 The c o mp le te b u t b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton o f a5 0-60 y ear-old wo man . A lpine-Grac i l- Med i terran ian , 1 55 ems t a l l . me top ic . Microden tes w i th r educed r oo ts .
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , s teno-
G rave 6 8 The f rac tured s ku l l a nd s o me s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . •They mus t h ave b e longed t o at ype w i th r ounded h ead .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, UK: Publishing, HyOxford, pov i t aBAR m in os is .1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 03
H eigh t ;
1 67 ems .
G rave 6 9 The who le b u t b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton o f a6 -7 y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 7 0 The b ad ly p reserved b ones o f a1 3 y ear-o ld g ir l .
Rach i t ica l s eques ters
o n t he s ke le ton . G rave 7 1 F ragmen tary a nd b roken s ku l l a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-45 y earo ld man .
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id , 1 76 ems t a l l .
Hyper megadon tes .
G rave 7 2 The f rac tured s ku l l a nd a l l t he t h in , g rac i le s ke leton b ones o f a4 0-50 y ear-old wo man . d e for med ;
H e igh t :
1 50 ems .
T he l e f t p rox i ma l e p iphys is h umer i
t he l e f t a rm i s 6 ems s hor ter t han t he r igh t o ne .
Trochan ter
t er ius f e mor is , f ossa h yper trochan ter ica . G rave 7 3 The c a lo t te a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . H e igh t : 1 64 ems . Mesocran ia l , me tr io me top ie . S en i le a n throp ia o n t he max i l la .
I t mus t h ave b e longed t o at ype w i th r ounded h ead .
G rave 7 4 Fragmen ts o f t he s kele ta l b ones a nd s o me t ee th o f a1 y ear-o ld i n fan t . G rave 7 5 F ragmen ts o f t he s ke leta l b ones o f a3 0 y ear-old man .
Megadon tes.
G rave 7 6 The c a lo t te a nd t he b ad ly p reserved s ke le ta lb ones o f a4 5-50 y ear-old wo man .
Nord ic.
1 60 ems t a l l .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic .
G rave 7 7 S p l in ters f ro m t he l ong b ones o f a1 -2 y ear-o ld i n fan t . G rave 7 8 The c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-60 y ear-old man .
A lp ine-
C ro- Magnon id , 1 60 ems t a l l . Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , s teno metop ic . T races o f ac u t o n t he r igh t f e mur . G rave 7 9 T he b ad ly p reserved , c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . H e igh t : 1 52 ems . G rave 8 0 The d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a n 8 -10 year-o ld c h i ld . G rave 8 1 .
The c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. 8 0BAR ePublishing, ms t a l l . https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Do l ichocran ia l , s teno metop ic . E-book, Oxford,1 UK: 1979, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 04
N ord ic .
G rave 8 2 ( p la te 4 3 ) The c o mple te , we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man .
G rac i l-
Med i terran ian , 1 60 ems t a l l . H yperdo l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , a crocran ic , l ep to- mesoprosop ic , l ep terene , mesoconch ic , o r thogna thous . G rave 8 3 The f ractured s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man .
H e igh t :
1 72 ems .
Do l icho-
c ran ia l , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesos taphy l ine , meso-or thogna thous The t ype i s N ord ic . G rave 8 4 T he f ractured s ku l l a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 73 cms .
G rave 8 5 The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man . f rac tured , t he s ke le ton i s f ragmen tary.
The f ac ia l p ar t i s
Med i terran ian , 1 67 cms t a l l .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , mesoprosop ic , l ep tene , h yps iconch ic , l eptorrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , o r thogna thous .
C r is ta i n t he u pper t h ird o f t he h umerus .
G rave 8 6 S o me b one-sp l in ters o f a 5y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 8 7 B one-sp l in ters o f a n 8 -9 y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 8 8 The l ong b ones w i th r ach i t ica l s ur faces a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l o f a 1 5 y ear-o ld b oy .
H e igh t :
1 48 cms .
G rave 8 9 The c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . Magnon id ; h e igh t : 1 78 cms . Mesocran ia l , me tr io me top ic.
A lp ine-Cro-
R äca l mäs ( c . F e jer , d . Dunau jväros ) Käro ly i M ihä ly s treet ) p la te 4 4 ; t ab les 6 5 , 6 6 , 6 7 a nd 6 8 ) : i n 1 931 .
A s ta mped L o mbard v esse l was f ound i n Räca l mäs
B öna e xcava ted 3 r ich g raves i n N ove mber 1 957;
t he 2 0 th g rave .
i n 1 958 h e f ound
Th is r epresen ted a l l t he Lo mbard ma ter ia l i n t he c e me tery.
On ly p re l im inary r epor ts h ave b een p ub l ished ( B6na 1 958 , 1 959 , 1 971 , 1 973 ). The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l i s i n t he S ztkes fehgrvär Museum . G rave 1 N o h u man b ones were p reserved . G rave 2 ( p la te 4 4 ) T he c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man ; s l igh t ly f rac tured .
Med i terran ian-Nord ic ;
s eques ters o n t he s ur faces o f t he b ones .
h e igh t :
t he max i l lary p ar t i s
1 61 ems .
R ach i t ica l
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , t apeino-
c ran ic , me tr io me topic , mesogna thous , e uryprosop ic , mesene , mesoconch i , Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. meOxford, sorrUK: h iBAR ne ,Publishing, l ep to s tahttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. phyl ine , d o l ichuran ic. E-book, 1979, Downloaded one behalf of e urycn m ic .38.67.221.43
1 05
A lveo lar p rogna th ia ;
e ury mer ic ,
G rave 3 I n fans I . G rave 4 T he c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 5-60 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic , h e igh t :
1 68 ems .
Do l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic ,
e ury metop ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , d :1 , s :1.
D epress io o be l ica , o ssa s u turaru m
D ias te ma , t rochan ter t er tius f e mori s, p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 5 I n fans I .
N o b ones .
G rave 6 The r ach i t ica l b one-fragmen ts o f a 6y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 7 I n fans I .
N o b ones .
G rave 8 The r ach i t ica l s ku l l o f a 8y ear-old c h i ld . G rave 9 I n fans I .
N o b ones .
G rave 1 0 S o me f ragmen ts o f t he p ar ie ta l b ones a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a7 0-75 y ear-o ld wo man .
The a lveo lar p ar t i s a trophysed , f ora men s upracondy lo ideu m ,
e urycne m ic . G rave 1 1 I n fans I .
N o b ones .
G rave 1 2 S kele ta l f ragmen ts o f a4 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 1 3 S o me s p l in ters o f t he s ke leton o f a n I n fans I II . G rave 1 4 The f rac tured c a lo t te a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld man . p oros is g enera l is .
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id , 1 63 ems t a l l .
Os teo-
Do l ichocran ia l ,
c hamaecran ic , t apeinocran ic , e ury me top ic , e ury meric , e urycne m ic . G rave 1 5 ( p la te 4 4 ) T he c o mple te , wel l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id , 1 76 ems t a l l .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic ,
a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , mesoprosop ic , mesene , c ha maeconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic , o r thogna thous . Kiszely, István. The the Lombards, Parts I and Ii.eu m F oAnthropology ra menof s up racon dy l o id , p la ty mer ic , E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 06
Ossa s u turaru m d :2 , s :2 .
e urycne m ic .
G rave 1 6 T he f rac tured s ku l l a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 5 y ear-o ld wo man . N ord ic- Med i terran ian , 1 57 cms t a l l .
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr io-
c ran ic , e ury me top ic , s l igh t ly b a throcran ic , e uryprosop ic , meserene , h yps ic onch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , d o l ichuran ic , o r thogna thous . Ossa s u turarum d :3 , s :3. F i l led f ossa c an ina ; h yperp la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 1 7 On ly t he b ones o f ad og . G rave 1 8 The t o ta l ly f ractured s ke leton o f a ma ture wo man . G rave 2 0 The c o mple te we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . Magnon id-Nord ic , 1 65 cms t a l l .
C ro-
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic ,
e ury metop ic , mesoprosop ic , mesene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , p rogna thous Depress io o be l ica , o ssa s u turarum d :1 , s :l .
Os i ncae monopar ti tu m ,
h yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . T amä .s i -" Cs ikö lege lö" ( c . T o lna , d . Ta mäs i ; p la tes 3 5 , 3 6 , 3 7 , 3 8 a nd 3 9 ; t ab les 6 9 , 7 0 , 7 1 a nd 7 2 ) : S ta mped L ombard v esse l a nd s evera l s ke le tons were f ound i n t he s and-p i t a t " Cs ikö lege 16" i n Ta mäs i v i l lage i n t he a u tumn o f 1 969.
G yu la Meszäros , t he D irec tor o f t he S zekszärd Museum ,
a sked I s tvän B ond t o g o t o t he s i te a nd b eg in t he r escue e xcava t ions im med iat e ly .
T he g raves , f ound i n t he l as t p er iod o f s and e x trac t ion , were i den t i f ied
b y B öna ( graves 1 -4 ). H e e xcava ted t he 1 3 th g rave i n S ep te mber a nd October o f t he s ame y ear . H e c arr ied o n t he e xcava t ions i n May , J une , J u ly a nd S ep te mber o f 1 970 , r each ing t he 5 0 th g rave . o f t he c e me tery a nd e xcava ted t he b au lks . v a ted i n t ha t y ear .
I n 1 971 h e s earched t he e dges
Three f ur ther g raves were e xca-
The t o ta l n u mber o f g raves i n t he c e me tery was 5 3.
On ly s o me s p l in ters h ave b een f ound s ince t hen d ur ing s and e x trac t ion . They mus t b e t he r e ma ins o f t he b ones t hrown o u t o f t he r obbed g raves . B o th t he a rchaeo log ica l a nd t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia ls a re u npub l ished . The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l was e xa m ined i n t he Archaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te o f t he Hungar ian A cade my o f S c iences , a nd t hen was s en t b ack t o t he Ba logh Ä cr a m Museum i n S ze ks z är d . G rave 1 ( ob ta ined f ro m t he s uper in tendan t o ft he s and-pi t ) The f rac tured c a lo t te a nd o ccip i ta le , a nd t he l e f t d iaphys is f e mor is o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man .
The c a lo t te i s o f mesocran ic f ea tures .
G rave 2 T he d iaphyses o f t he h u merus, t i bia a nd f e mur o f a n a du l t wo man . G rave 3 F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd b ones o f t he f eet o f a n a du l t wo man ; 1 59 cms . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 07
h eigh t :
G rave 4 The p elv is , t he p rox i ma l d iaphys is f e mor is . t he p a te l la a nd t he s capu la o f a ma ture man . G rave 5 The f ractured s ku l l a nd t he med ium p reserved s ke leton b ones o f a1 6-18 y ear-old wo man .
A t lan to- Med i terran ian , 1 61 ems t a l l .
Mesogna thous , e ury-
mesoprosop ic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , c ha maerrh ine , mesuran ic , b rachyuran ic ; Aper tura p ir i for mis w ider b elow;
t h in s keleta l b ones .
G rave 6 Fragmen ts o f t he s ku l l , d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones a nd t eeth o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man .
Heigh t :
1 59 ems.
G rave 7 The modera te ly we l l-preserved f rac tured s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he s keleta l b ones o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man .
N ord ic-A lpine , 1 64 ems t a l l .
Do l icho-
c ran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t apeinocran ic , r esorp t ion o f t he d en ta l r oo t ;
p la ty-
mer ic , e urycne mic. G rave 8 Fragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a1 6 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a b oy.
Dol ichocran ia l , e urycne m ic.
G rave 9 The who le , we ll p reserved s ke leton o f a2 5 y ear-old man . N ordic , h eigh t :
1 73 ems .
B rachycran ic
Do lichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , metr iocran ic ,
e ury metopic , mesoconch ic , s u tura metop ica , megadon tes . i n d ia me ter o n t he r igh t a rcus s uperci l iar is .
Os teo ma 5 m m
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic.
The t i bia was b roken d ur ing l i fe t i me i n t he l ower t h ird , a nd h ea led w i th t he f or ma t ion o f a n a ppos i t iona l c a l lus . G rave 1 0 The c o mple te s ke le ton o f a2 5-28 y ear-old wo man . men tary .
Med i terrana in-A lpine.
c onch ic , d o l ichuran ic ;
H eigh t :
1 63 ems .
The c ran iu m i s f ragOr thogna thous , h yps i-
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic.
G rave 1 1 The c alot te , t he f ractured f acia l p ar t a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear o ld man .
C ro- Magnon id .
H eigh t :
1 63 ems.
metr iocran ic , e ury metopic , o r thogna thous . s l igh t ly b a throcran ic.
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic ,
Ossa s u turarum d :3 , s :2 ;
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic.
G rave 1 2 The f ractured c a lot te , t he j aw w i thou t t he l e f t r a mus a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 year-o ld wo man . h yps icran ic , a crocran ic ;
N ord ic- Medi terran ian .
p la ty mer ic , e urycne mic.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 08
H yperdo l ichocran ia l ,
G rave 1 3 The c o mple te , wel l-preserved s ke le ton o f a2 5 y ear-old wo man ( p la te 3 7). Brachycran ic N ord ic w i th C ro- Magnon id f ea tures a nd w i th s o me A t lan toMed i terran ian v ar ia t ions .
1 68 ems t a l l .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr io-
c ran ic , e ury me top ic , o r thogna thous , e ury- mesoprosop ic , e uryene , c ha maemesoconch ic , b rachyuran ic ;
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
Trace o f r ecovered
o s teo mye l i t is o n t he u pper t h ird o f t he t i bia ( seques tered s ur face ). G rave 1 4 F ragmen t o f t he j aw a nd o f t he l ong b ones o f a4 -5 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p rob ably ab oy . G rave 1 5 ( p la te 3 6 ) The c o mple te , wel l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . i s d i f feren t f ro m t he p receding o nes : f ea tures ;
h e igh t :
1 65 ems .
The t ype
Eas t- Med i terran ian w i th p r im i t ive
H yperdo l icho-do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic ,
a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , mesogna thous , mesoprosopic , me s erene , h yps iconc h ic , mesuran ic ;
p la ty mer ia , e urycne m ia .
G rave 1 6 3t ee th o f a 3y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 1 7 The f rac tured s kele ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man . Th i lr ing ian" . h igh .
H e igh t :
1 58 ems .
I ts t ype :
" Frank ish-
The r oo t o f t he n ose i ff la t , t he o rbi ts a re
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury metopic ,
o r thocran ic , meso lep toprosop ic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , d epress io p rae lambd oiea ;
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G raye 1 8 ( p la te 3 5 ) The who le s ke le ton o f a2 5-30 y ear-old wo man . h eigh t :
1 69 ems .
N ord ic-"Th t ir ing ian" ;
D ol icho- mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , metr iocran ia l ,
me tr io me top ic , p rogna thous , h yper lep toprosopic , l ep terene , h yps iconch ic , c hamaerrhine , mesos taphy l ine , mesuran ic ;
p la ty met ic , mesocne m ic
Grave 1 9 The c ran iu m o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones . Taur id-A lpine . Brachycran ic , h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic , s teno me top ic . The a lveo lar p ar t o f t he j aw h as r esorbed ; p i las ter f e mor is .
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
S trong
G rave 2 0 The f rac tured s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a man a ged more t han 4 0 . Brachycran ic , c ha maerrh ine . Os i ncae monopar t i tu m . d :3 , s :2 . Eury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
Ossa s u turarum
G rave 2 1 The c o mple te s ke leton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . men tary .
Brachycran ic N ord ic , 1 65 ems t a l l .
The f ac ia l p ar t i s f ragMesobrachycran ia l , h yps iThe a dhes iona l s ur faces
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. c raOxford, n ic ,UK:mBAR e tr iocra1979, n ic , me tr io me top ic , h yps iconch ic . Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
a re was ted o n t he l ong b ones .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . 1 09
G rave 2 2 ( p la te 3 6 ) T he c o mp le te , wel l-preserved s ke le ton o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld wo man . Brachycran ic N ord ic-"Th i ir ing ian" .
H e igh t :
1 66 ems .
Do l ichocran ia l .
h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , mesogna thous , mesoprosop ic , l ept erene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , mesos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic . d eve loped t ubercu lu m men ta le , microdon tes ;
We l l
p la tymer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 2 3 ( p la te 3 6) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved E ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld wo man .
N ord ic-Taur id , 1 55 ems t a l l .
Meso-brachycran ia l ,
h yps icran ic , metr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , mesogna thous , mesoprosopic , meserene , mesoconch ic d :2 , s :1.
mesorrh ine , b rachyuran ic .
Eury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
Ossa s u turarum
The r igh t c lav icu le was b roken d ur ing
l i fe t i me , a nd h ea led w i th c a l lus . G rave 2 4 T he s ke le ton o f a5 5 y ear-o ld man .
T he f ac ia l p ar t i s f ragmen tary .
C ro- Magnon id-brachycran ic N ord ic , 1 70 cms t a l l . Al ong c u t o n t he f orehead a cqu ired d ur ing h is l i fe t i me c aused t he d ea th o f t he man . Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , metr iocran ic , e ury metop ic , o r thogna thous , e uryprosop ic , mesoc onch ic .
Ossa s u turarum d :2 , s :l.
Micro- mesodon tes ;
e ury mer ic , meso-
c ne m ic . G rave 2 5 F ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 2 6 ( p la te 3 7) T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man . Med i terran ian-"Frank ish" .
H eigh t :
1 66 ems .
C ro- Magnon id-
The r igh t t e mpora l b one was
d efor med d ur ing l i fe . Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , e urypros op ic , o r thogna thous , mesoprosop ic , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , c ha maerrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic.
S l igh t f ossa p raenasa l is ;
e ury mer ic ,
e urycne m ic . G rave 2 7 Urn g rave . G rave 2 8 ( p la te 3 7) The c o mple te we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id ;
h e igh t :
1 67 ems .
a nd h ea led d ur ing l i fe t i me.
Taut id-
The r igh t a rcus z ygo ma t icus was b roken
Brachycran ia l , h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
me tr io me top ic ,o r thogna thous , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachys taph .y l ine , b rachyuran ic . t he l e f t o ne . e urycne m ic .
The l ower r igh t s ide o f t he a per tura p ir i for m is i s l arger t han S u tura me top ica , o ssa s u turarum d :3 , s :2 .
H yperp la ty mer ic ,
G rave 2 9 The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld wo man . Med i terran ian-CroMa g n o n i d . B r a c h y c r a n i a l , o r t h o c r a n i c , t a p e i n o c r a n i c , m e t r i o m e t o p ic , Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. mbehalf esop osop ic , h yps iconch ic , mesuran ic . Downloaded on of r 38.67.221.43
p la tycne m ic . 1 10
Ossa s u turaru m s :l.
P la ty mer ic ,
G rave 3 0 ( p la te 3 9 ) The c o mp le te s kele ton o f a4 0 y ear-old wo man .
I tb e longs t o t he
" Frank ish" t ype w i th s o me T aur id c haracter is t ics .
H e igh t :
1 67 cms .
D o l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic . a crocran ic , e ury me topic , mesogna thous , e uryenemeserene , mesoconch ic . c hamaerrh ine b rachys taphy l ine , mesuran ic .
P la ty-
mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 3 1 ( p la te 3 8 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld man .
Taur id-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t : 1 73 cms . D o l ichocran ia l , c ha mae-or thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , me tr io me top ic , o r thogna thous , mesoprosop ic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , d o l ichuran ic . s acru m .
Depress io p re la mbdo idea ;
t he l as t v er tebra h as g rown t o t he
S tenomer ic , e urvene m ic .
G rave 3 2 The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a1 8-20 y ear-o ld wo man ; s ku l l a nd t he j av , a re miss ing . ems t a l l .
t he r igh t s ide o f t he
Med i terran ian-Taur id-" Merov ing ian" , 1 64
S teno metop ic , p rogna thous , l ep toprosopic , mesene , mesoconch ic ,
c ha maerrhine , mesos taphyl ine , b rachyuran ic , c ro taphos tenos is . me top ica .
S u tura
P er fora t io o n t he midd le o f t he l e f t p ar ie ta le , p erhaps t he r esu l t
o f men ing i t is .
The s ur face o f t he b ones a re s eques tered .
P la ty mer ic ,
e urycne m ic . G rave 3 3 The c a lo tte , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man . N ord ic- Med i terran ian .
H e igh t :
1 62 cms .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , c ha mae-
c ran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , o s i ncae monopar t i tum , o ssa s u turaru m d :2 , s :2.
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 3 4 ( p la te 3 9 ) The c o mple te s ke le ton o f a2 5-30 y ear-old man . Magnon id-"Frank ish" t ype .
H e igh t :
1 74 ems .
I tb e longs t o t he C ro-
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , o r thogna thous , mesoprosop ic , mesene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic . o ssa s u turaru m d :1.
F ossa p raenasa l is ,
Eury mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 3 5 ( p la te 3 9 ) The c o mple te s ke le ton o f a3 9 y ear-o ld wo man .
I t s t ype i s b rachycran ic
N ord ic w i th a l ow a nd n arrow f orehead . Brachycran ia l- mesocran ia l , o r thoc ran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic , o r thogna thous , e uryprosop ic , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine .
Ossa s u turaru m s :l.
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic.
G rave 3 6 The c a lo t te , f ragmen ts o f t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0-55 y earo ld man .
Brachycran ic N ord ic .
e ury me top ic .
Do l ichocran ic , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
Ossa s u turarum d :2 , s :2.
H yperp la ty mer ic .
G rave 3 7 The f ractured s ke le ton o f a1 0 y ear-old c h i ld , p robab ly a g ir l .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. 1 33 em s .BAR Publishing, Do l ich1979, o- m esocran ia l , h yps icran ic , Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 11
H eigh t :
a crocran ic , e ury me topic ,
mesogna thous , mesoprosop ic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyu ran ic .
Traces o f i n f la m ma t iona l p rocess o n t he l ower t h ird o f t he t i b ia .
G rave 3 8 F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he t ee th o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a b oy . G rave 3 9 T he c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld man . Brachycran ic N ord ic-pro tonord ic . p ro jec ts f ar b ackwards .
The f orehead i s n arrow , t he o cc ip i ta le
H yperdol ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
e ury metop ic , e ury mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 4 0 ( p la te 3 6) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a5 5 y ear-o ld man . h e igh t :
1 72 cms .
Taur id-Cro- Magnon id ;
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic ,
o r thocran ic , mesoprosop ic , me s erene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine , mesuran ic . c ne m ic .
Wel l d eve loped l ineae n ucha les ;
p la ty mer ic , e ury-
S pondy los is c an b e s een o n t he who le s ke le ton .
G rave 4 1 Af ragmen t o f t he s ku l l a nd t he l ong b ones o f a2 5 y ear-o ld wo man . Brachycran ic N ord ic-A lpine . H e igh t : 1 63 cms . H yperbrachycran ia l , o r tho-hyps icran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic , d o l ichuran ic . D eep f ossa c an ina , o ssa s u turarum d :2 , s :2 .
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 4 2 Sma l ler f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . G rave 4 3 T he s ku l l , s econdar i ly d e for med i n t he e ar th , a nd s o me f ragmen ts o f t he l ong b ones o f a ma ture p erson , p robably a wo man .
S u tura me top ica , o ssa
s u turaru m d :l. G rave 4 4 S o me f rag men ts o f t he s ke leton o f a n a du l t p erson , mos t p robab ly a wo man . G rave 4 5 T he f rac tured s ke le ton o f a1 1-12 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 4 6 T he t ee th o f a 1y ear-o ld i n fan t . G rave 4 7 T he c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id c haracter is t ics . me tr iocran ic , me tr io me topic . c ran ic .
H eigh t :
1 67 cms .
Ossa s u turarum d :5 , s :l.
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic ,
S l igh t ly b a thro-
Ancylos is o n t he b ack v er tebra .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 12
I th as
Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic ,
G rave 4 8 The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ke leton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . c ran ic n ord ic , 1 71 ems t a l l .
Brachy-
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr io-
c ran ic , e ury metop ic , mesogna thous , e uryprosop ic , e uryene , c ha maeconch ic , d o l ichuran ic , s u tura me top ica , o ssa s u turarum d :1 , s :l.
The l e f t r adius
was b roken d ur ing l i fe t i me a nd b eca me d is loca ted d ur ing r ecovery .
Eury mer ic ,
mesocne m ic . G rave 4 9 The c ran iu m , t he j aw a nd t he s kele ta l b ones o f a1 3 y ear-o ld c h i ld . A lp ine-Taur id w i th s trong a lveo lar p rogna th ia .
Processus e n tep icondy lo ideus .
G rave 5 0 ( p la te 3 9 ) The c o mple te s ke leton o f a4 0-45 y ear-old wo man . Med i terran ian-"Frank ish" t ype .
H e igh t :
1 65 ems .
I tb e longs t o t he
Do l ichocran ia l , c hamae-
c ran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , meso-or thog r ia thous , mesoprosop ic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic F ossa p raenasa l is .
Ossa s u turarum d :3 , s :2 .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 5 1 The f ractured c a lot te a nd t he f ragmen tary s kele ta l b ones o f a2 5 y ear-o ld wo man .
Graci l- Medi terran ian-Alp ine . D o l ichocran ia l , c ha ma3cran ie , t ape ino-
c ran ic , e ury me top ic , s u tura me top ica , t he o cc ip i ta le p ro jec t ing f ar b ackwards . P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 5 2 The s econdar i ly d e formed s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 5 y ear-o ld wo man .
C ro- Magnon id- Med i terran ian-"Merov ing ian" , 1 64 cms t a l l .
Or thogna thous , e uryprosop ic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , l ep tos taphyl ine , mesuran ic, p la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 5 3 Fragmen t o f t he j aw a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a n a du l t man . I ti s o f C ro- Magnon id c harac ter is t ics . Ka 'dacs ( c . T o Ina , d . N agydorog ;
Eurycne m ic . t ables 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 a nd 7 6 ;
p la te 4 5 ) :
A s ta mped L o mbard u rn was f ound w i th c a lc ined b ones o n t he l and o f t he Aranyka läsz C o-opera t ive i n Ka jdacs i n 1 965 .
G yu la Meszäros , t he D irec tor
o f t he Museum i n T o lna c oun ty a sked I s tvän B onä t o e xcava te t he c e metery. B ona e xcava ted 2 6 g raves i n A ugus t o f t ha t y ear . u rn g raves , 2 were g raves o f h orses .
3g raves were c re ma t iona l
I n J une 1 966 h e e xcava ted more g raves ,
a nd i n 1 967 a nd 1 968 h e r eached t he 4 3rd g rave .
On ly 5 more u rn g raves were
f ound a f terwards , s o t he t o ta l n umber o f e xcava ted g raves i s 4 8 .
The l and was
p rev ious ly o ccup ied b y a cacia-forest , a nd t he r oo ts o f t he t rees d es troyed , a nd a s i t were d isso lved , t he b ones .
Thus o n ly t he v ery f ew b ones h ave r e-
ma ined f ro m t he r iches t L o mbard c e me tery.
I . L engye l c arr ied o u t t he
c he m ica l a na lyses d ur ing t he morpho log ica l e xa m ina t ions ;
i n mos t c ases t he
s ex- a nd a ge-de f in i t ions were t aken f ro m h is r esu l ts ( The u rn g raves a nd t hose f ar ther n or thwards , N os . 3 3 a nd 3 4 , a re n o t i nd ica ted o n t he p lan ). Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 13
G rave 1 Ca lcined b ones .
S en i le man .
G rave 2 Adu l t p erson , p robab ly a wo man . t i biae a nd d iaphys is h umer i .
P ar ts o f t he o cc ip i ta l b one , d iaphys is
S he was 1 60 ems t a l l .
G rave 3 S o me b one s p l in ters o f a4 -5 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robably a g ir l . G rave 4 S o me f ragmen ts o t t he s ke le ton o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . 1 52 ems t a l l .
S he was
G raci l- Med i terran ian .
G rave 5 B one s p l in ters o f a4 -5 y ear-o ld c h i ld ( perhaps ab oy ) . G rave 6 B one s p l in ters o f a4 -5 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly ab oy . G rave 7 D iaphyses t i biae a nd f e mor i o f a n a du l t p erson , p robably a man .
H e was
1 66 ems t a l l . G rave 8 H orse. G rave 9 B one-sp l in ters o f a2 -3 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 1 0 Frag men ts o f t he b ones o f a2 5-30 y ear-old wo man . S l igh t a lveo lar p rogna th ia ;
H eigh t :
1 58 ems .
microdon tes; p la ty mer ic , p la tycne m ic .
G rave 1 1 S o me f ragmen ts o f t he l ong b ones o f a1 6-17 y ear-old c h i ld ( probab ly a b oy ) .
H eigh t :
1 54 ems .
G rave 1 2 F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld man .
H e igh t :
1 56 ems .
Brachycran ic .
G rave 1 3 C h i ld . G rave 1 4
G rave 1 5 Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. B one s p l in ters o f a2 -3 y ear-o ld E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
c h i ld .
1 14
G rave 1 6 The b ad ly p reserved f rag men ts o f t he b ones o f a n a pprox i ma te ly 5 0 y earo ld man .
B rachycran ia l .
1 70 ems t a l l .
G rave 1 7 ml a ns G rave 1 8 The b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 0-22 y ear-o ld wo man . G raci l- Med i terran ian-A lpine , 1 53 ems t a l l . Do l ichocran ia l , e uryprosop ic , e uryene- meserene , h yps iconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , s l igh t ly p roden ic . P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 1 9 The c a lc ined b ones o f a n o ld p erson . G rave 2 0 The c a lc ined b ones o f a ma ture-sen i le p erson .
Probab ly a man .
G rave 2 1 Os o ccip i ta le , j aw a nd l ong b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . Megadon tes .
1 68 ems t a l l .
E ury mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 2 2 The c a lo t te a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld man . H e igh t :
1 75 ems .
I t s ee ms t o b e long t o t he C ro- Magnon id t ype .
The r igh t
t i b ia was b roken d ur ing l i fe , a nd h ea led w i th c a l lus . G rave 2 3 The j aw a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . Brachycran ia l , o s teo ma o n t he f e mur .
The c lav iu la b roke d uring h is l i fe ,
a nd h ea led w i th c a l lus. G rave 2 4 C orpus mand ibu lae a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke leta l b ones o f a n a du l t man . G rave 2 5 H al f o f t he mand ible a nd s o me d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a4 5 y earo ld man . 1 72 ems t a l l . E uryene m ic . G rave 2 6 F ragmen ts o f t he l ong b ones o f a5 0-55 y ear-o ld man .
1 51 ems t a l l .
G rave 2 7 F ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . r obus t . 1 69 ems t a l l . G rave 2 8 G rave w i thou t h u man b ones . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 15
The b ones a re
G rave 2 9 S o me f ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l , 2f e murs a nd t he d iaphys is t i b iae o f as en i le wo man .
1 52 ems t a l l .
G rave 3 0 T he c a lc ined b ones o f a ma ture-sen i le p erson , p robab ly a man . G rave 3 1 F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 5 y ear-o ld man . H yperdo lichocran ia l ;
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 3 2 Fragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t , p robab ly a man . G rave 3 3 ( nor th o f t he c e me tery ) T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . f ragmen tary .
The f acia l p ar t i s s l igh t ly
I tb e longs t o t he F rank ish- Med i terran ian t ype , 1 69 ems t a l l .
Do l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , metr iocran ic , e ury me top ic , mesogna thous , e uryprosopic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , mesorrh ine , mesuran ic , S teno mer ic , e urycne m ic .
Megadon tes ,
The r igh t r ad ius was b roken d ur ing h er l i fe i n
t he l ower t h ird , a nd h ea led w i th c a l lus . G rave 3 4 N o h u man b ones . G rave 3 5 N o h uman b ones . G rave 3 6 Fragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd o f t he b ad ly p reserved s ke le ta lb ones o f a 3 0-40 y ear-o ld man . G rave 3 7 ( p la te 4 5 ) The f rac tured s ku l l w i thou t t he l e f t p ar ie ta l p ar t a nd t he b ad ly p reserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld man , B rachycran ic N ord ic , 1 74 ems t a l l . Do l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , mesogna thous , e uryp rosop ic , l ep tene , h yps iconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic . p raenasa l is .
Ossa s u turaru m s :1.
Megadon tes ;
S l igh t f ossa
e ury mer ic , e urycne mic.
Grave 3 8 S p lin ters f ro m t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t , p robab ly a wo man . G rave 3 9 ( p la te 4 5 ) The c o mple te , wel l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man .
Taur id-
N ord ic ; p lano-occ ip i ta l ; 1 66 ems t a l l . Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr ioc ran ic , e ury me top ic , mesogna thous , e uryprosopic , c ha maeconch ic , l ep torrh ine , d o l ichuran ic . The u pper i ncisors a re o f s hove lfor m . Mesodon tes . P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
16
G rave 4 0 The f rac tured s ku l l a nd f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a man o ver 5 0 y ears .
B rachycran ic N ord ic .
Mesocran ia l o r thocran ic , t apeinocran ic ,
s teno me top ic ; s teno mer ic . G rave 4 2 F ragmen ts o f t he p ar ie ta l b one a nd t he r ad ius o f a ma ture
p erson ,
p robab ly a wo man . The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l o f t he Ka jdacs c e metery i s i n t he Ba logh Ada m -
Museu m i n S zekszärd .
Käpo lnäsnybk ( c . F e j6r , d . S zgkes feh6rvär ; 8 3a a nd 8 4a ):
p la te 4 6 ;
t ables 8 1a , 8 2a ,
The g rave o f av ery r ich wo man was f ound a t Dabas i Ha läsz
G edeon 's c as t le i n Käpo lnasnyek o n t he 2 3rd S ep te mber , 1 931.
La ter F et t ich
t r ied t o v er i fy i t , b u t h e d id n o t f ind a ny more g raves ( Maros i 1 932 , 1 938 ) . Maros i wro te a bou t t he g rave ( 1932 , p . 1 5 ) : f or m o f t he s ku l l i s i n teres t ing . c en tury.
" The i n ten t iona l ly d is tor ted
The f ind i s aG er man ic g rave o f t he 6 th
A ll t h is we h ave g o t t o k now o n ly f ro m n ewspaper r epor ts a nd b y
t he k indness o f t he N a t iona l Museum .
I ti s ap i ty t ha t t here a re p eop le i n
Käpo lnäsnytk who i gnore t he museu m mos t c oncerned w i th t he c ol lec t ion o f f inds i n t he c oun ty o f F e j6r" .
The i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l , s een a nd d es-
c r ibed b y s evera l p eop le , h as b een l os t , a nd i td id n ot g e t i n to a ny o f t he c ol lect ions . J en5 F i tz , c ons ider ing t he r ecords , f ound t he s i te n ear t he h ead b u i ld ing o f t he p resen t Vörös mar ty Agr icu l tura l C o-opera t ive .
The d irec tor o f t he
S zekes fehervär Museu m i n for med I s tvän Böna a bou t h is r esu l ts , a nd B öna t hus e xcava ted 3 g raves i n 1 957 ( Bona 1 959 , 1 971 , 1 973 ) .
Four g raves were
i ndependen t b ur ia ls , t he sma l l c eme ter ies o f f arms ( cur t is ) n ear e ach o ther ( B6na 1 971 ).
The f arms e x is ted f or a bou t 2 0 y ears .
The b ur ia ls b e longed
t o t he mis tress o f af ar m a nd t hree o ther p ersons who were n o t t he owners . The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m g raves 2 -4 was t aken i n to t he i nven tory o f t he N a tura l H is tory Museum An thropolog ica l C o l lec t ion , a nd t hen was t aken t o S zekes fehtrvär , where t hey c an b e f ound t oday .
The a n thropo log ica l
ma ter ia l o f t he f irs t g rave h as b een l os t . G rave 2 ( p la te 4 6;
An thropo log ica l C o l lect ion 7 0 .61.1 )
The c o mp le te b u t s econdar i ly f ractured s ku l l a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld wo man . S he was 1 63 ems t a l l .
I tb e longs t o t he "Merov ing ian-Frank ish" t ype.
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , o r thocran ia l , t ape inocran ic ,
me tr io me top ic , mesoprosopic , mesene , h yps iconch ic , meso-or thogna thous ; p la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic . G rave 3 ( 70 .61.2 ;
p la te 4 6 )
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man ; f rag men tary . 1 73 ems .
t he s ku l l i s s l igh t ly
Brachycran ic N ord ic w i th C ro- Magnon id f ea tures .
H eigh t :
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , mesoprosop ic ,
e uryene , h yps iconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , d ol ichuran ic , o r thogna thous . p rae la mbdo idea , o ssa s u turaru m d :2 , s :2.
Depressio
S l igh t f ossa p raenasa l is .
P la ty-
me r ic , e urycne m iLombards, c. AParts r thIr i t i l e xos tos is o n t he c apu t o f t he r igh t f e mur . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the and Ii.ca E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 17
G rave 4 ( 70 .61.3 ;
p la te 4 6 )
C o mp le te b u t b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . n ord ic-Nord ic , 1 65 ems t a l l .
Pro to-
H yperdo l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , a crocran ic ,
s teno me top ic , l ep toprosop ic , mesene , h yps iconch ic , d o l ichuran ic , o r thog na thous ;
e urycne m ic .
Budapes t I I .
S zepvö lgy i -s treet 4 1 ( t ables 8 1a , 8 2a , 8 3a , 8 4a ) :
3
g raves were f ound b y T ibor Nagy ( Budapes t H is tory Museu m ) i n 1 953. more L o mbard g raves h ave b een f ound .
N o
The f inds were d escr ibed i n t he
i nven tory b ook a s " ske letons w i th s words a nd b ronze t weezers f ound o n t he t err i tory o f t he U jlak i , t ha t i s S a lgö tar jän , b r ickfac tory" . p ubl ica t ion h as b een wr i t ten .
N o a rchaeo log ica l
The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l i s i n t he An thro-
p o log ica l C o l lec t ion o f t he Na tura l H is tory Museum .
I tt oo i s u npubl ished .
G rave 1 ( 8 718 ) The c a lo t te a nd b ones o f t he f ee t o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld man . N ord icC ro- Magnon id , 1 67 ems t a l l . The r igh t f e mur was b roken i n l i fe t i me , i t h ea led b u t was s hor ter t han t he l e f t o ne . t ape inocran ic , me tr io me top ic . f e mor is .
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic ,
Ossa s u turaru m d :2 , s :l.
T rochan ter t er ius
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 2 ( 8 719 ) The s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he r igh t f e mur a nd t i b ia w i thou t t he d iaphyses o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man .
The f ac ia l p ar t i s s econdar i ly b roken .
C ro- Magnon id , 1 68 ems t a l l .
Pro tonord ic-
Do l icho- mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic ,
e ury me top ic , t he f orehead i s " narrowed" ;
mesolep toprosop ic, l ep terene ,
h ypsiconch ic , lep torrh ine , d o l ichuran ic , o r thogna thous .
Deep f ossa c an ina
s u lcus p raenasa l is .
P la ty mer ic , e ury-
The t ors ion o f t he f e mur i s g rea t .
c ne m ic . G rave 3 ( 8 720 ) S o me b ones o f t he we l l-preserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld man . 1 67 ems t a l l .
P la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
C eugy ( c . S o mogy , d . F onyöd ) :
S ke le tons a nd v esse ls were f ound d ur ing
r oad-bu i ld ing a t 1 , D özsa G yörgy S treet i n S epte mber 1 961.
Ba läzs
Draveszky , a rchaeo log is t i n Kaposvä .r , c ou ld s ee o n ly o ne d is trubed g rave . The g rave c on ta ined t he r obus t s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t man ; miss ing .
H e igh t :
1 72 ems .
t he s ku l l was
The b one ma ter ia l i s i n t he a n thropo log ica l
c o l lec t ion o f t he K aposvgr Museum . G yönk Vgsär t6r S tree t ( c . T o lna , d . Tamäs i ) ( Tab les 8 1a , 8 2a , 8 3a a nd 8 4a ;
p la te 4 8 ) :
AL o mbard f ibu la was t rans ferred t o t he H ungar ian
Na t iona l Museum f ro m C eönk i n 1 887. o u t e xcava t ions i n 1 967 a nd 1 968 .
Bdna l oca ted t he s i te a nd c arr ied
The a rchaeolog ica l a nd a n thropo log ica l
ma ter ia l f ro m a no ther g rave was f ound d ur ing g arden ing wh i le t hree more were e xcava ted b y G yu la R osner ( S zekszärd Museu m ) i n a n Avar c e me tery ( Rosner 1 970 , 1 972 ) . The L o mbard g raves a re h ere u nder t he Avar o nes j us t a s a t Värpa lo ta , Dör , Räca l mas a nd J u tas . The e xcava t ion o f t he Avar Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. c eBAR me tery i s s t i l l c on t inu ing b u t t he E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
d iscovery o f many L o mbard g raves i s 1 18
improbab le a s t he l oess-wa l l where t hey were h as b een r e moved . c on ta ins s i l icic a c id a nd s o t he b ones a re b ad ly p reserved .
The s o i l
The a n thropo log ica l
ma ter ia l i s i n t he Ba logh A da m Museu m i n S zekszärd . G rave l abel led " 0" ( p la te 4 8 ) T h is was t he g rave f ound d ur ing g arden ing i n 1 967. b ard s ta mped v essel .
I tc on ta ined a L o m-
T he c a lot te o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man b e long ing p robab ly
t o t he C ro- Magnon id t ype .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , t ape ino-
c ran ic , s teno me top ic , o ssa s u turarum d :4 , s :6. G rave 1 9 T he c a lo t te a nd f ragmen ts o f t he l ong b ones o f as en i le p erson , p erhaps a wo man .
P la ty mer ic , p la tycne m ic .
G rave 3 2 F ragmen ts o f t he c a lo t te a nd o f t he j aw o f a4 0-year-o ld p erson , p robab ly a wo man . G rave 5 1 ( p la te 4 8 ) T he f a ir ly we l l-preserved c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a1 0 y ear-o ld c h i ld , p robab ly a g ir l .
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me topic ,
e uryene , h yps iconch ic .
O s i ncae b ipar t i tum .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
The n umbers a re t hose o f t he Avar c e me tery i n G yönk ( Rosner 1 970 , 1 972 ) . Dör ( c . ( Z rör-Sopron , d . Csorna ; 8 0a ) :
A
p la te 4 7;
t ables 7 7a , 7 8a , 7 9a , a nd
L o mbard b owl was t aken t o t he museum a t G yör f ro m Dör i n 1 949.
La ter t he a rchaeo log is t Be la S zöke e xcava ted a g rave w i th a n i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l o f t he Hun P er iod n o t f ar f ro m t he f ind ing p lace o f t he b owl . Böna c arr ied o u t f ur ther e xcava t ion i n 1 957 , f ind ing s evera l Avar g raves a nd t wo d is turbed L o mbard g raves among t he m ( Nos . 3 , 4 .
G rave 1 was
t he s upposed g rave y ield ing t he b owl , N o . 2 was t he g rave w i th t he i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l ). T he o n ly p reserved s ku l l was s to len d ur ing t he e xcava tions, a nd t he s kele ta l b ones were n o t p reserved .
B öna c on tinued w i th t he e xcava-
t ions i n t he s and-p i t o n t he Käpo lna-d i l lö i n D t ir i n S epte mber 1 969 when h e f ound 2 more L o mbard g raves a longs ide 1 8 Avar g raves .
The g raves l ay
d eeper t han t he A var o nes .
The s ke letons
B o th g raves were d is turbed .
were we l l p reserved b u t t he j aws were miss ing . i s u npub l ished .
The a rchaeolog ica l ma ter ia l
T he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l , n ow b eing e xa m ined i n t he
Archaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te o f t he Hungar ian A cade my o f S c iences , w i l l b e s en t b ack t o Kapuvär Museu m .
A rchaeo log ica l r epor t :
B öna 1 958 a nd 1 970 .
G rave 5 ( p la te 4 7 ) The c o mple te s ke le ton w i thou t t he j aw o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man . I tb elongs t o t he C ro- Magnon id t ype w i th h igh , a rcha ic f or ma t ion ; 1 66 ems t a l l . Do l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me top ic , o r thogna thous , mesene , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , s l igh t f ossa p raenasa l is , t he o ccip i ta l b one i s s tand ing o u t b ackwards . P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
The u pper i ncisors a re o f s hove lfor m .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 19
G rave 6 ( p la te 4 7) The c o mp le te s ke le ton w i thou t t he j aw o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . Magnon id-A lpine ;
1 59 ems t a l l .
C ro-
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
e ury metopic , mesene , h yps iconchic , b rachyuran ic ;
o l igodon t ia , t he r igh t
u pper 2 nd t ooth h as n ot g rown o u t . Mohäcs ( c . B aranya , d . Mohges ; 8 0a ) :
p la te 4 3 ;
t ab les 7 7a , 7 8a , 7 9a a nd
G raves were f ound d ur ing t he b u i ld ing o f t he p lywood f ac tory i n Mohäcs
i n 1 958 .
The f inds f irs t wen t t o t he museum i n Mohäcs a nd t hen t o t he J anus
Pannon ius Museu m i n P 6cs .
A tt i la K iss , a n a rchaeo log is t i n P gcs , e xcava-
t ed l a ter 6 g raves o n t h is s i te , b e ing j us t a sma l l p ar t o f t he c e me tery.
The
a rchaeolog ica l a nd a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion o f t he f inds a ppeared i n t he s a me p ub l ica t ion i n 1 966 ( K iss-Ne mesktr i 1 966) .
T he a n thropo log ica l
ma ter ia l h as b een t aken i n to t he i nven tory o f t he J anus Pannon ius Museum . G rave 1 ( p la te 4 3 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a2 5 y ear-o ld wo man ; f rac tured . t a l l .
t he s ku l l i s s l igh t ly
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic , i n av ery g rac i l ised f or m .
1 51.6 cms
Mesocran ic , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , me tr io metop ic , s l igh t ly
b a throcran ic , e uryprosopic , e uryene , h yps iconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogn .a thous .
Ossa s u turarum d :4 , 2 :4 .
p ir i for m is i s w ider b elow.
D eep f ossa c an ina , t he a per tura
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io .
Eury mer ic , meso-
c ne m ic . G rave 2 The b ad ly p reserved s ke le ta l b ones w i th s eques tered s ur faces o f a1 5-16 y ear-o ld g ir l . G rave 3 The j aw , a troph ised b y s en i l i ty a nd t he s kele ta l b ones o f a6 5-70 y ear o ld wo man .
H e igh t :
1 54 ems .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 4 The b ad ly p reserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a6 0-70 y ear-o ld wo man . 1 62 ems .
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ;
H eigh t :
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 5 F ragmen ts o f t he s ku l l a nd t he b ad ly p reserved s ke leta l b ones o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . ems t a l l .
I t mus t h ave b e longed t o t he N ord ic t ype .
S u tura me top ica , microdon tes .
S he was 1 68
F ossa o lecran i p er fora t io ;
p la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic . G rave 6 B one s p l in ters f ro m t he s ke le ton o f ac h i ld . G rave l abel led " A" I t was f ound a t t he t ime o f t he d iscovery o f t he c e me tery . t he s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
F rag men ts o f
The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m
s evera l g raves may h ave b een d es troyed a t t he t ime o f t he d iscovery o f t he Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. em e t ery a s g r ave-goods f ro m t he g raves E-book, Oxford,c UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 20
o f men a nd wo men were f ound .
Mosonszen t jänos ( c . G yör-Sopron , d . Mosonmagyarövär ; t ab les 7 7a , 7 8a , 7 9a a nd 8 0a ) :
p la te 4 7;
The g rave o f ar ich man was f ound 3 0 me tres
s ou th o f t he g rea t Avar c e me tery a t Mosonszen t janos i n 1 965 .
I t was e xcava-
t ed b y R ers6 Puszta i , a rchaeo log is t f ro m t he museum o f Moson magyarbvär ( Puszta i 1 966).
H e d escr ibed t he g rave a s f o l lows :
" Das A l ter d es r e ichen
v ie l le ich t F t irs tengrab z u n ennenden F undes s etzen w ir mi t v orbeha l t a u f d as 6 -7 J h . a n" .
The s ke le ton i s i n Moson magyarövär Museum .
t urbed , g rave was f ound o n t he s a me s i te . o f t he f ee t were f ound .
Ano ther , d is-
On ly t he v er tebrae a nd t he b ones
The b ones were t aken t o t he museu m , b u t t hey s ee m
s ince t o h ave b een l os t .
Two f ur ther g raves were f ound i n t he s and-p i t b u t
t he workers, i n o rder t ha t t he a rchaeo log ists s hou ld n o t d isturb t heir o pera tions, d id n o t r epor t t he m .
The a n thropo log ica l a nd a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l i s n o t
p reserved . G rave 1 ( p la te 4 7 ) The c o mple te s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-old man . i s miss ing .
C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic .
H e was
The r igh t r amus mand ibu lae
1 82 ems t a l l.
Brachycran ia l,
o r thocran ic , t ape inocran ic , metr io me top ic , p rogna thous , e uryprosopic , e uryene , mesoconch ic , l eptorrh ine , l ep tos taphyl ine , b rachyuran ic , p raenasa l is , o ssa s u turarum d :1 ;
S u lcus
p la ty meric, mesocne mic .
Ta tabänya-Ker tväros ( c . K o märo m , d . Ta tabänya ) :
I s tvan Böna , i n
c onnec t ion w i th t he f inds c arr ied i n to t he Hungar ian Na t iona l Museu m , c arr ied o u t v er i f ica tory e xcava t ions o n t he s i te i n t he a u tumn o f 1 965 ( B5na 1 973 ). The e xcava t ions r esu l ted i n t he r escu ing o f t he s kele tons wh ich h ad r e ma ined i n t he g raves .
A s t he b ones h ad a lready b een d isturbed d ur ing t he e ar l ier
e xcava t ions , t hey were i n av ery b ad c ond i t ion .
On ly t he f ractured p ar ts o f
t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man h ave s urv ived . Kädär ta ( d . V eszprg m , d . Veszprg m ,
t ab les 7 7a , 7 8a , 7 9a a nd 8 0a ) :
Two g raves were e xcava ted a nd t he g rave-goods o f t wo more were r escued f ro m t he g rave l p i t a t t he ü rge meze i d i i lö i n Kädär ta b y Veszprt m Museum i n 1 962 . o ther ;
B öna e xcava ted a f ur ther t hree g raves l y ing f ar a par t f ro m e ach t hey mus t h ave b een g raves f ro m a l arge , u n f in ished c e me tery .
The L o mbards a bandoned t he c e metery f or a r eason u nknown t o u s ( Böna 1 964 , 1 973 ) .
B ones o f o n ly 3 p ersons c ou ld b e f ound i n t he museum a t Veszprg m .
G rave 1 ( Veszpre m muse m :
6 3.3.1 )
The f ractured f ragmen ts o f t he s ke le ton o f a5 5 y ear-o ld man . Nord ic .
1 70 cms t a l l .
H yperdo l ichocran ia l .
Probably
T rochan ter t er t ius .
G rave 3 ( 63 .3.3 ) The s ke leta l b ones o f a3 8 y ear-o ld man . t er t ius f e mor is ;
H e igh t :
1 67 ems .
T orchan ter
p la ty mer ic , mesocne m ic .
G rave 4 The s ku l l o f a n a du l t man . C ro- Magnon id-Nord ic .
The b as is a nd t he p ar ieta ls a re miss ing .
D o l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t apeinocran ic ,
e ury me topic , mesogna thous , l ep toprosopic , mesene , c ha maeconch ic , c ha maerr h iIstván. ne , Thel eAnthropology p tos tapofhthe y l i ne , d o l ic hu ic. Os i ncae Kiszely, Lombards, Parts I and Ii.ran E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 21
b ipar t i tum .
I szkaszen tgyargy Z sidöhegy s andp i t ( c . F e jer , d . S zekesfehervär ; t ab le 5 4 ; t ab les 7 7 1 3 , 7 8b m 7 9b , 8 0b) . A "h u man s ku l l was f ound" ( Marosi 1 935) i n t he s and-p i t a t t he f oo t o ft he S zidöhegy o n 2 8 th J u ly , 1 934 . When A . Marosi , t he D irector o ft he S zekesfehervär Museu m , a rr ived a t t he c emet ery , " the h u man s ke le ton h ad b een s ca t tered". E xcava t ions were c arried o u t o n 1 6th August , " on ly t he d ecayed r ema ins o ft he s ke le ton o f ac hi ld d a t ing f ro m t he 5 th c en tury c ame t o l i gh t" ( Marosi 1 935) .
T he b ones h ave
n ow b een l ost . Böna f o l lowed u p t his r epor t i n 1 960 . The l arger p ar t o ft he c eme tery h as b een d estroyed d ur ing s and e x tract ion , s o B öna f ound o n ly t he l ast t wo r obbed g raves ; w i th t hese h e v eri f ied t he e xistence o ft he c eme tery a nd d ef ined t he o r ien ta t ion o ft he g raves a nd t heir p osi tions ( Böna 1 961) . The a n thropolog ica l ma ter ia l was s en t f i rst t o t he An thropo log ica l C ol lect ion o ft he Na tura l H istory Museum ( Budapest ) a nd l a ter t o t he I s tvän K irä ly Museu m . Grave 2 ( p la te 5 4) The c o mp le te s ke leton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . N ordic-Taur id , 1 69 cm t a ll . Do lichocran ia l , h yps i cran ic ,a cr oc r an ic e ury me top ic, o r thogna thous, h ype r l ep toprosopic, mesene , mesoconchic, l ep torrhine , l ep tostaphy l ine , mesuran ic. S l igh t f ossa p raenasa li s. O steo ma o f a bou t 2 cm d ia meter o n t he r igh t s ide o f t he f orehead . The n asa l s eptu m i s i nc lined . P la ty mer ic . ( S zekesfehervär Museu m 7 0 .29 .1 .) Grave 3 ( 70 .29 .2 ; p la te 5 4) The c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a n 1 8-20 y ear-o ld wo man . Nordic-graci lMed i terran ian w i th mongo lo id f ea tures. H e igh t : 1 65 cm . D o lichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic, me tr iocran ic, e ury metop ic , o r thogna thous, h yper lep toprosop ic, l ep terene , mesoconchic, l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic. i ncae , t he u pper i ncisors a re o f s hove l f orm .
d .
O s
P la ty mer ic, mesocne m ic .
L o mbard c e me ter ies i n Hungary f ro m which t he a n thropo logica l ma teria l h as n o t b een p reserved
J u tas ( c . Veszpre m, d . Veszpre m) G rave N o . 1 96 .
The g rave o f av ery
r ich L ombard wo man was f ound i n t he e nd o ft he g rea t Avar c e me tery ( RhF et t ich 1 931) . When d iscovered t he g rave c on ta ined t he c o mp le te s ke le ton w i th t he s ku l l we l l-preserved .
The b one ma teria l h as b een l ost ( Böna 1 956,
Werner 1 962 ) . K eszthe ly ( c . Veszpre m , d . K eszthe ly ) . S evera l L o mbard f i nds were d iscovered b etween t he P o lacsek g arden a nd t he G eorg ikon g arden . Two o f t he g raves c an b e i den ti f ied ( Böna 1 956) ;
G rave * , a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man ;
g rave B , a lso a woman ( L ipp 1 884) . C serku t ( c . Baranya , d . P ecs) .
S evera l L o mbard g raves were f ound i n
J än .os Ädä m t sv ineyard b etween 1 932 a nd 1 935. The g rave-goods f ro m 2 8 g raves were t aken i n to t he museu m a t P ecs. The ma teria l c anno t b e v er i f ied , a nd t he e thn ic s tatus o ft he c e me tery i s s carce ly d e term inab le .
B öna c onsiders
t hem G er man ic, a nd t hey a re c er ta in ly n o t L o mbard . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of Lombards, Ii.szpr S om lthe yö hegy Parts ( c .I and Ve em , d . Devecser ) . S evera l f inds d a t ing f ro m t he E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf 38.67.221.43 6 thofc en tury c a me f ro m g raves. The c ircumstances o ft heir d iscovery a re
u ncer ta in ( Böna 1 956) . 1 22
P i lisvörb ' svär ( Budapest ) .
S evera l g rave-goods were f ound i n t he g rave
o f a warr ior ( Bona 1 956, Werner 1 962) . S zekszärd ( c . ToIna ) .
S evera l f i nds f ro m g raves h ave b een d iscovered
i n t he v icin i ty o ft he t own . Mäza ( c . T o lna , d . B onyhäd ) . f ound a l ong t ime a go .
B o-n a f ound t he s i te o n t he b asis o f af i bu la
I t was a c e me tery w i th o ne r ow o fg raves ( Bo 'na 1 973) ,
many o f wh ich h ave b een d estroyed .
The f i nds f ro m t he l ast f ew g raves were
r escued a nd t he l ast g rave , t ha t o f a man , c ou ld b e e xcava ted .
N o more g raves
h ave b een f ound , a nd we c anno t e xpect a ny more i n t he f uture . S zabadba t tyän-Vasu tä l lo mäs ( c . F e jer , d . S zekesfehervär ) . o ft he 5 th-6th c en turies was d isturbed i n a bou t 1 910 .
A r ich g rave
F i tz s ee ms t o c onnect
t he g raves w i th t he d escr ip t ion o f t he 1 8 g raves f ro m S zabadba t tyän , t o t he East-Go ths ( F i tz 1 955, 1 958 , B o-n a 1 971) . C säkvär ( c . F e jer , d . B icske ) .
J ewe l lery f ro m t he g rave o f aL o mbard
wo man was f ound a t t he e nd o f t he l ast c en tury . S zo mba the ly ( c . Vas) .
T . S zen t le leky , t he D irector o f S zo mba the ly
Museu m , e xcava ted a Ger man ic g rave o f t he 6 th c en tury d ur ing t he e xcava tions o ft he I seum o f S avaria i n t he 1 950s ( Szen t le leky 1 960) . Noth ing i s k nown o f t he b one ma ter ia l . T he t wo g raves c on ta in ing h orses o r ig ina te f ro m t he t ime when t he L o mb ards i nvaded Pannon ia d ur ing Marcus Aure lius ' r e ign ( 167-168 ) ( Marosi 1 931 , B o-n a 1 955, F i tz 1 959 , Möcsy 1 972 , T , Nagy 1 971, A lfö ld i 1 942 ) .
The
e thn ic p lace o f t he t wo warr iors f ound i n K ä löz was d ef ined b y Bo-n a ( 1955) : "o ne o ft he t wo warr iors i n K ä löz c an b e d ef ined a s L o mbard", t he o ther o ne c ou ld b e Q uadic, Dacian o r a lso L o mbard. The f i nds were e xcava ted b y Marosi ( 1931) .
The b ones, we l l p reserved a t t he t ime o ft heir d iscovery ,
h ave n o t b een k ep t , a nd n o a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion was c arr ied o u t o n t he m . e .
S ke le ta l f inds f ro m g raves o f P re lo mbard G er man ic p opu la t ion i n Pannon ia
We n ow c onsider s ke le ton f inds o f t he Ger man ic p opu la t ion o f P annon ia d a t ing f ro m t he t imes af ter t he Hun e ra ( af ter 4 54) a nd b efore t he L o mbard P er iod ( 526) .
T he e xact t ime l imi ts a re d i ff icu l t t o f i x .
The d a t ing o f i n ten-
t i ona l ly f or med s ku l ls f ro m g raves w i thou t g rave-goods i s p roble ma t ic a nd f or t hi s r eason o n ly a f ew o f t he f ormed s ku l ls f ro m Transdanubia , d a ted b y t he a rchaeo logists t o l a ter t imes, a re men tioned i n t his p ar t .
The a im o f
t his s ect ion i s o n ly t he e thn ic e xa mina t ion o f t he G erman ic p opu la t ion , s o n ei ther t he g raves o f t he R o man p opu la t ion ( even i ft hey s urv ived i n to t he 6 th c en tury , e .g . a t K eszthe ly-Fenekpuszta , P ecs G eis ler-Eta s tree t , e tc.) n or t he c eme ter ies o f t he Avars wh ich p reserve G er man ic e thn ic e le men ts ( e .g . K örnye , P ökaszepe tk , H ird , e tc . )a re d ea l t w i th h ere . Epö l-Köku t i d t t lö ( c . K o märon , d . Dorog ; 8 3b , 8 4b) .
p la tes 5 3, 5 4 ; t ab les 8 1b, 8 2b ,
Graves were d isturbed d ur ing t he b u i ld ing o f t he r oad s ou th o f t he
v i l lage i n 1 970 .
Mar ta H . K e le men , a rchaeo logist f ro m t he Ba lassa Museu m
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 23
a t E sztergo m , e xcava ted 4 g raves o f men , a nd a lso f ound t he s ke le ton o f a n i n fan t I . I s tvan Bona s earched f or more g raves b u t c ou ld n o t f i nd a ny ; p erh aps t hese were i so la ted b ur ia ls a nd n o t p ar t o f ac oheren t l arge c e me tery . G rave 1 ( p la te 5 4) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . w i th D inar id a nd Pa mir id f ea tures, h e igh t : 1 78 cm .
Brachycran ic N ord ic Mesocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic, me trio-acrocran ic, s teno me top ic, l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene , mesoc onchic , l ep torh ine , l ep tostaphy line , mesuran ic. A s tra igh t c u t o n t he l ef t s ide o ft he f orehead , p ene tra tes a l l t hree l ayers o ft he b one , a nd a lso a p ar t o ft he f ron ta l b ones a re missing The b low was r igh t-handed a nd c aused t he d ea th o ft he man .
S teno mer ic, mesocnem ic.
Grave 2 ( p la te 5 3 ) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld man .
Graci lised C ro- Magnon id ,
h e igh t : 1 74 cm. Mesocran ia l , o r tho-hypsicran ic, t apeinocran ic, s teno met opic, e uryprosop ic, e uryene , mesoconch ic, l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyuran ic .
S l igh t f ossa p raenasa lis ;
e ury meric, e urycne m ic .
G rave 3 ( p la te 5 3) The med iu m p reserved s ke le ton o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man .
The l ef tt e mpora l
a nd t he o rbi ta l p ar ts a re f ractured . Taur id-Nordic, h e igh t : 1 71 cm . Mesoc ran ia l, h ypsicran ia l , me tr iocran ic, h ypsiconchic, l ep torrh ine , b rachystaphyl i ne , me tr io me top ic .
O s e p ip ter icum ; p la ty mer ic, e ury meric , e urycne mic .
Grave 4 ( p la te 5 3 ) The s ku l l , s l igh t ly c rushed a t t he t e mpora l p ar t , s l igh t ly f rag men tary a t t he b ase, a nd a l l t he s ke leta l b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man .
Cro- Magnon id-
Taur id . H e igh t : 1 72 cm . Mesocrania l , h ypsicran ic, t apeino-me trio-cran ic , me tr io me top ic, mesoprosop ic, l ep torrh ine , b rachystaphy line ; e ury mer ic . mesocne mic . Z a laszen tgrö t ( c . Z a la , d . Z a laszen tgrö t ; 8 4b) .
p la te 4 8 ; t ab les 8 1b, 8 2b , 8 3b ,
Av ery r ich g rave was f ound i n t he e nd o fI stvän Gerencsär ' sp lot i n
Z a laszen tgrö t o n 1 5th August , 1 970 . museu m .
The owner r epor ted t he d iscovery t o t he
R öber t Mi l ler e xcava ted t he g rave .
G rave 1 ( p la te 4 8 ) The c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . i an
h e igh t :
1 67 cm .
N ord ic-At lan to- Med i terran-
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ic , me triocran ic, me trio me top ic,
l ep toprosop ic, mesene , h ypsiconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyu ran ic . S ligh t f ossa p raenasa l ia , megadon tes, c rests o n t he v er tebrae , t he c lavicle was b roken d ur ing l i fe t ime i n t he p rox ima l t h ird .
E ury mer ic, meso-
c nemic . F er töszen t mik lös S zere ti d i t lö ( c . G yör-Sopron , d . K apuvär ) .
Al arge
G erman ic c e me tery was f ound i n t he s and-p i t o ft he "New L i fe" c oopera tive i n March 1 971 .
The a rchaeo logists, J änos G ö mör i a nd P e ter T on ika , were
a ble t o r escue o n ly a f ew o ft he r e ma ins ; t hese were f ro m t he l ast g raves. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. he u mber1979, o fhttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. g raves l a ter i den ti f ied E-book, Oxford,T UK: BARn Publishing, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
i s 9 , 6o ft he m were G erman ic ( one o f 1 24
ad oub le g rave) .
T he o n ly s urviv ing s ku l l was t aken t o K aposvär Museu m .
I ti s as tray f i nd which c annot b e r e la ted t o a ny o ft he g raves. I st s tray f i nd ( p la te 5 1 ; t ables 8 1b, 8 2b , 8 3b a nd 8 4b ) . The we l l-preserved s ku l l o f a2 5 y ear-old man . The j aw i s missing . The l ef t maxi l lar p ar t a nd t he p a la te a re f ractured .
T he s ku l l was medium i n ten t iona lly f ormed ;
o rig ina l t ype must h ave b een Medi terran ian-A lp ine .
i t s
Mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ia l ,
me triocran ic, s teno me topic , mesogna thous, h ypsiconchic , l ep torrhine , d o lic huran ic .
O s e p ip ter icu m o n b o th s ides .
S u tura me top ica t i l l t he midd le p ar t ,
o ssa s u turaru m d :1 , s :1 . S op onya ( c . F e jer , d . S zekesfehervär ) ( p la te 5 2 ; t ab les 8 5, 8 6, 8 7 a nd 8 8) . T he g rave o f ag ir l w i th r ich g rave g oods was f ound i n t he "sw ine p asture b eside t he r et tery" a t t he e nd o ft he v i l lage s and-p i t . a t t he e nd o f A ugust , 1 937 . On ly t he b ones o ft he f ee t , t he j aw a nd s o me f ragmen ts o f t he s ku ll h ave s urvived o f t he s ke le ton . On 2 0 th August , i n t he s ame y ear , Marosi s tar ted e xcava t ions i n t he a rea b u t h e e nded w i th t he s ta te men t : " the g rave p roved t o b e a n i so la ted b ur ia l" ( Marosi 1 937 ) .
B o 'na , i n t he c ourse o fv er i f ica tory e xcava tions, f ound
t he l ast t hree g raves o ft he c e me tery ( Bo-n a 1 960 , 1 971 , 1 973) .
The n umber
o f d estroyed g raves i s a bou t 2 0-25. "The p ersons b ur ied i n t he c eme tery were t he Pre lo mbards o fn or thern Transdanubia ; t hey were b ur ied b e tween t he e nd o ft he 5 th a nd t he b eg inn ing o ft he 6 th c en tury , t hey p robably b e longed t o t he S uebi o r t he H eru li e thn ic g roups".
The b one
ma ter ia l f ro m t he g rave e xca-
v a ted i n 1 936 h as b een l ost . The ma ter ia l f ro m t he g raves e xcava ted b y B o-n a was t aken f i rst t o t he An thropo log ica l C o l lect ion o ft he Na tura l H istory Museu m ( Budapest ) a nd t hen t o t he I stvän K irä ly Museum i n S zekesfehervär . The i n tent i ona l ly f or med s ku l ls f ro m g raves 2 a nd 4 a re i nt he p ermanen t e xh ibi tion o f t he museum . Grave 2 ( p la te 5 2 ) The s ku ll , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 6-17 y ear-o ld g ir l . r igh t s ide o fo s f ron ta le a nd t he b asis a re f ractured .
The
The s ku l l was mediu m-
c onsiderab ly f ormed . I t s o r ig ina l t ype must h ave b een Nordic-graci l- Medi terr an ian , h e igh t : 1 67 cm . Do l ichocran ia l , h ypsicran ic, a crocran ic , e urymet op ic, mesoprosop ic, meserene, h ypsiconch ic, l ep torrh ine , b rachyuran ic, o r thogna thous.
O ssa s u turaru m d :2 , 2 :2 .
Deep f ossa c an in .a ;
p la ty meric,
mesocnemic. Grave 3 ( p la te 5 2) The f ragmen tary c a lot te a nd t he l ong b ones o f a n a du l t wo man . Med i terr an ian-Alp ine , h e igh t : 1 59 cm . Mesocran ia l . The s ku l l was s l igh t ly i n tent i ona l ly f or med ;
e urycnemic .
G rave 4 ( p la te 5 2 ) The s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 1 8-20 y ear-o ld man . r igh t z ygo ma t ic a nd t he b asa l p ar ts a re f ractured .
The
The s ku l l was c onsiderab ly
f ormed . I t s o r ig ina l t ype must h ave b een g raci l- Medi terran ian-" F rank ish", h e igh t : 1 70 cm . Do l ichocran ia l , h ypsicran ia l , a crocran ic, e ury metop ic, e uryprosop ic, e uryene, h ypsiconchic, p la tyrrhn ie, mesuran ic b rachyuranic , r thoThe gn a tous. of the S u t ura m e tIo piIi.ca , o ssa s u turaru m d :1 , s: 1 . O s i ncae b ipar t i tu m . Kiszely,o István. Anthropology Lombards, Parts and E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Deep f ossof a38.67.221.43 c an ina . P la ty mer ic, e urycne m ic . Downloaded on behalf 1 25
H adc s-Bendekpuszta ( c . S o mogy , d . F onyöd ; p la tes 4 9 a nd 5 0 ; t ables 8 5a , 8 5b, 8 6a , 8 6b , 8 7a , 8 7b , a nd 8 8 ) . Graves were f ound i n t he A lso-Bendek p ar t o f Ha-c s v i l lage i n 1 954. The r escue e xcava t ions were c arried o u t b y R ersö Puszta i , a rchaeo logist , a nd h e a lso e xcava ted i n 1 955, 1 956 a nd 1 957 w i th Ä . S a la mon . T he n u mber o f e xcava ted g raves i s 2 5. , a nd i n a ddi t ion a bout 2 5 g raves h ad b een d estroyed i n t he c ourse o f e arth-works b efore t he e xcavat i ons b egan . The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l was d iscussed b y L ip ta-k ( 1961) p ay ing s pecia l a t ten t ion t o t he c o mpara t ive e xam ina t ion o ft he i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l o f a wo man f ro m g rave No . 2 3 . The a n thropo logica l ma ter ia l i s i n t he An thropo log ica l C o l lect ion o ft he Na tura l H istory Museu m ( Budapest ) . The c eme tery was u sed b y t he Pre lo mbard G erman ic p opu la t ion . b one ma ter ia l i s f rag men tary .
The r escued
G rave 1 ( 9441) The f ractured a nd f ragmen tary s ku l l o f a 2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man . c ran ic N ordic .
Brachy-
Mesocran ia l , o rthocran ic, me tr iocran ic, me tr io me top ic,
mesoprosop ic, h ypsiconch ic , mesorrh ine . f ractured . G rave 4 ( p la te 4 9 ;
O s a p icis .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re
8 877 )
The c o mp le te , we ll-preserved s ke le ton o f a5 0-55 y ear-old wo man . N ordic-Frankish , h e igh t : 1 58 cm . Do lichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic, me tr io me top ic , mesoprosop ic, mesene , mesoconch ic, c ha maerrh ine . o r thog na thous, t he s ku l l i s p or t iona l ly r e lief-formed ; t he a per tura p iri formis i s mediu m w ide . Grave 5 ( p la te 4 9) ( 8878 ) The c o mp le te s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man . r an ian-" F rank ish" w i th a ngu lar f orms.
Nordic- Medi ter-
Mesocran ia l , metrio metopic, meso-
p rosop ic, mesene , mesoconchic, c ha maerrh ine , t he s ku l l i s wel l p ropor t ioned . Grave 1 0 ( 8879) The c a lva a nd t he j aw o f a n i n fans I . . Brachycran ia l . c ran ia l f orma tion c an p erhaps b e d e tected .
Traces o f i n ten t iona l
Grave 1 3 ( 8880 ) The b ad ly p reserved s ku l l a nd t he f a ir ly we l l-preserved , f rag men tary s ke leta l b ones o f a3 0-35 y ear-old wo man .
Brachycran ic Nordic.
Meso-
b rachycran ia l , s teno me top ic, h ypsiconchic , l ep torrh ine , d epressio p rae lambd oidea . Grave 1 5 ( p la te 4 9 ;
9 314)
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a5 5-60 y ear-old man .
N ordic-Cro- Magnon id ,
h eigh t : 1 79 cm. Do lico- mesocran ia l ,c ha maecran ic me tr ioc r an ic ,me tr iome top ic, l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene , mesoconchic, l ep torrh ine , o r thogna thous. The r e liefline o ft he s ku l l i s r ough ; b ones.
a r throsis c an b e s een o n t he s ke le ta l
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 26
Grave 1 6 ( 9315) The f air ly t o we l l-preserved s ku ll a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld wo man .
Cro- Magnon id-Alp ine , h er h eigh t :
1 56 cm .
Mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ic,
a crocran ic, e ury me top ic, e uryprosopic, meserene, mesoconch ic, c hamaerr h ine .
The s ku l l was d estroyed i n N ove mber 1 956.
Grave 1 7 ( 9316) The med iu m we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man .
A lp ine-
g raci l- Medi terran ian , h er h eigh t : 1 54 cm . Mesocran ia l , c hamaecran ic, t ape inocran ic, me tr io me top ic, l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene . The s ke le ta l b ones a re g rad . Grave 1 8 ( 9317 ) The s ku l l , t he j aw a nd t he b ad ly p reserved s ke leta l b ones o f a3 0-35 y earo ld woman .
Cro- Magnon id- Medi terran ian , h er h eigh t :
o r thoc r an ic ,a cc r oc r an ic
1 59 cm .
Mesocran ia l ,
e ury me top ic , e uryprosopic- mesopropic , meserene ,
mesoconch ic, c ha maerrh ine , mesogna thous, s ligh t ly b a throcran ic . Grave 1 9 ( 9318 ) The c a lva a nd t he j aw o f a ma ture wo man .
I ti s o f d o licho morphic s ty le,
t ubera p ar ie ta lia t h in . Grave 2 0 ( 9319) The f ractured s ku l l a nd t he f ragmen tary s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld wo man .
Brachycran ic N ord ic, h er h eigh t :
1 58 cm .
Brachycran ia l , h ypsi-
c ran ic, me tr iocran ic, s teno- me tr io metop ic ,l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene h yps c onch ic , mesorrh ine , r am i mand ibu lae a re l ow , t he s ke leta l b ones a re s trong . Grave 2 1 ( 9320 ) The f rag men tary s ku l l o f a2 -3 y ear-o ld c hi ld .
I ts hows d o licho morph ic
f ea tures. Grave 2 2 ( 9321) The s l igh t ly f ractured s ku l l a nd t he f a ir ly we l l-preserved s ke leta l b ones o f a2 0-30 y ear-old man .
B rachycran ic n ordic.
Meso-brachycran ia l , me tr io-
e uryme top ic, mesoprosop ic , mesene, h ypsiconchic, mesorrh ine .
H igh c orpus
men t i , s u tura me topica , d epressio p rae lambdoidea , t he s kele ta l b ones a re g raci l . Grave 2 3 ( p la te 5 0 ;
9 439)
The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a2 0-30 y ear o ld wo man . a bly f or med .
The s ku l l was c onsider-
This s ku l l was u sed b y K äro ly Ärpa 's f or r econstruct ing t he f ace .
This r econstruction c an b e f ound i n t he p ermanen t e xh ibi t ion o ft he museum a t K aposvär .
The o r igina l t ype must h ave b een N ordic-graci l- Med i terran ian , h er
h eigh t : 1 60 cm . O s e pip ter icu m o n b o th s ides. Mesocran ia l, h ypsicran ic, a cr oc r an ic ,s teno me top ic , l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene , h yps i conch ic , o r thogna thous ; a lveo lar p rogna thia .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re mediu m s trong .
Grave 2 4 ( 9440) Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. Th eBARf rPublishing, acture d a nd f rag men tary s ku l l o f E-book, Oxford, UK: 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 27
a5 -6 y ear-o ld c hi ld ( probably ab oy ) .
Brachycran ia l , c ha maecran ic , t ape inocran ic, me tr io me top ic , h ypsiconchic, c ha maerrh ine ; o s e p ip ter icu m o n b o th s ides. Grave 2 5 ( 10 ,000) T he b ad ly p reserved , f rag men tary s ku l l a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a mature wo man .
Mesocran ia l .
P erhaps Cro- Magnon id , h eigh t :
1 58 cm .
Ta 'c-Gorsiu m ( c . F e jer , d . S zekesfeherva-r ) . S evera l g raves o ft he 5 th6 th c en tur ies were f ound among t he r u ins o f R o man G orsiu m . Graves 1 7-20 ( t he l ast w i th a sword ) , e xcava ted b eside b ui ld ings, a nd a lso g raves 5 3 a nd 5 5 c an b e i nc luded among t he m ( F i tz 1 960 , 1 963 , Bo-1 a 1 971) . The L o mbards may h ave l i ved f or a s hor t t ime i n s o me o ft he s t i l l s tand ing r oo ms o ft he v i l la o f H ercu lia I( Bo-1 a 1 971) .
Graves 1 7 , 2 0 a nd 5 3 b e longed t o men , g raves 1 8
a nd 1 9 t o wo men , whi le t he 5 5th g rave h ad b een r obbed , s o we d o n o t k now who was b ur ied t here .
B o-n a d a tes t he f i nds f ro m t he t urn o f t he 5 th-6th
c en tur ies a nd a t tr ibu tes t he m t o t he S uebi .
A s R o man l aw p roh ibi ted b ur ia ls
i n i nhabi ted p laces s uch a s t owns, v i l las a nd o ther b ui ld ings a nd s ince t he "i n fra muros" b ur ia ls were i n troduced i n t he Ro man t err i tory b y t he Ar ian G erman ic p eop les, t he g raves c an b e a ssigned t o aG erman ic p opu la t ion . Grave 1 7 . T he s ke le ton o f a man .
The s ku l l was missing .
Grave 1 8 The med iu m p reserved s ke le ton o f ac h i ld , o f which o n ly t he b ones f ro m t he waist d own h ave r e ma ined . Grave 1 9 The b ad ly p reserved b u t u ndisturbed s ke le ton o f a wo man . Grave 2 0 T he c o mp lete , we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a man . ( F i tz 1 960 ) . Grave 5 3 The f a ir ly we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a wo man . Grave 5 5 O n ly t he l ower p ar t o ft he s ke le ton h as s urvived ( F i tz 1 963 ) . Z sibo-t -Do molospuszta ( c . Baranya , d . S zigetvär ) .
The g rave o f a wo man
w i th a n i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l , a scr ibed b y Dombay t o t he G o ths ( Do mbay 1 956) was f ound . 4 .
I ti s n ow u nder e xa m ina tion .
M igra t ion t o I ta ly A s r egards d e tai led a na lyses o ft he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l , I t a ly a nd
J ugoslavia a re i n n o worse p osi t ion t han o ther c oun tries.
I n J ugoslavia S ker l j
( Sker l j 1 953 , K aste lic-Sker l j 1 950 ) p ub lished t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he B led Ic e me tery , t hough i td id n o t b e long t o t he L ombards b u t t o t he i nd igenous l oca l p opu la t ion o ft he L o mbard P eriod . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 28
I n I t a ly G . S ergi p ub lished i n o ne p age 1 9 f rag men tary s ku l ls i n Mengare l li ' sp aper o n C aste l Trosino ( 1902 ) .
C orra in-Piccin ino p ubl ished t he d a ta
( 1965-66) o n 1s ke le ton f ro m Verona a nd 6 f ro m V icenza . p ubl ished d a ta o n 1 2 s ku l ls i n 3p ages ( 1 961) .
Corra in- Marco
These a re n ot L ombard f i nds.
C orra in c haracter ises t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l i n t he a rchaeo logica l p aper wri t ten b y O t to v on Hessen ( 1 968 ) .
S cag l ion i ( 1967 ) p ub lished t he o ther a n thro-
p o log ica l f i nds f ro m R egg io Emi l ia , a nd a lso t he s ke le tons f ro m t wo g raves f ro m O f fanengo ( 1967 ) .
K isze ly t hen p ub lished t he d a ta o n ma ter ia l f ro m Brescia
( 1969 , 1 971, 1 972 ) , F ieso le ( 1970) , Do lianova ( 1970 ) , Caste l Trosino ( 1971) , Vobarno ( 1971) , C ivida le ( 1 972 ) a nd , t oge ther w i th S cag lion i , t he d a ta o n t he ma ter ia l f ro m Testona ( 1 969) . a .
S ke le ton f i nds f ro m "L o mbard" c eme ter ies i n S lovenia
K ran j ( Krainburg ) .
Ag rea t c eme tery was f ound i n t he s ou thern o u tsk ir ts
o f K ran j n ear t he S ava a t t he t urn o ft he c en tury . S o me r ela tive ly s hor t d esc r ip t ions a nd r epor ts h ave b een p ub lished a bou t t he p hases o ft he e xcava t ions. On ly f ragmen tary p lans a re a vai lab le . b y Werner .
The "r econstruction" p lan was d rawn
The c e me tery was e xcava ted i n t he f o llow ing p er iods :
i st Phase o f e xcava t ion ( Neu man 1 900) . The owner o ft he s i te , T . Payslar , c arr ied o u t a "p r iva te e xcava t ion" b e tween 1 891 a nd 1 898 , d estroy ing a bou t 1 50-200 g raves. e xper t .
He "s ca t tered t he b ones", a nd d id n o t s how t he f i nds t o a ny
A l l t ha t h e n o t iced was t ha t " the s ku l ls were l ong a nd p rogna thous".
He t ook t he measure men ts o f as ku l l : i t s l eng th was 1 8 cm , a nd t he w id th was 1 1 cm ( Mar t in 8 :1 = 6 1 .11 ; h yperdo l ichocran ia l ) . Neu man , o n t he b asis o f t he f i nds, a scr ibed t he c eme tery t o t he "L o mbards" . 2 nd P hase o f e xcava tion ( S zo mba thy 1 902 ) . J . S zo mba thy , a n a rchaeo logist f ro m V ienna , e xa mined t he c e me tery w i th t he s uppor t o ft he An thropo log ica l I nsti tu te i n V ienna i n 1 901 . H e g a thered t oge ther t he e ar l ier f i nds, e xcavat ed 5 8 g raves a nd d e tected 5 more . H e wro te a bou t a" do lichoid p opu la tion o f med ium h e igh t" ( S zo mba thy 1 902) .
H is manuscr ip t i s i n t he Na turhistorisches
Museum i n Wien , b u t h is c ryp tography c anno t s o f ar b e d ecoded . t he s ke le tons t o V ienna .
He r emoved
T hey were p ub lished b y K isze ly i n 1 970 .
I n t he s a me y ear ( 1901) P ayslar , f o l low ing S zo mba thy ' s me thods, c ont inued t he e xcava t ions ; h e s howed t he f i nds t o S zo mba thy b u t d id n o t g ive t he m t o h im .
H e a dmi t ted t o h av ing d estroyed 6 -20 g raves.
A lso i n t ha t y ear t he
D irector o ft he L jubl jana S av ings Bank , u nderstand ing t he i mpor tance o ft he s i te , o f fered t he museu m 6 00 K . 5 8 f ur ther g raves were e xcava ted u nder W. Sm id ' sl eadersh ip ( Sm id 1 905, 1 907 ) . 3 rd P hase o f e xcava t ion .
T hese e xcava t ions were c arried o n b y t he e n thusias-
t i c t eacher o ft he K ran j s econdary s choo l J . Zmauc ( 1904) . s ke tches o ft he g raves a nd a lso t heir d escr ip t ions.
H e p ub lished
He e xcava ted 12 g raves
b e tween 1 903 a nd 1 904 ; t he f i nds were p laced i n t he museu m o f K ran j, where t hey were l a ter d estroyed . 4 th ( f ina l ) p hase o f e xcava tion . Smid ( 1907 ) , o ft he L jubl jana Museu m , e xcavat ed 2 13 more g raves i n 1 905 , a nd a lso g ave a s hor t b u t r e liable d escr ip t ion o f t he s i te .
He t ook t he f i nds t o Graz, b u t t hey t hen d isappeared .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 29
H e o bserved
the orientation and the depth of the graves and noted the robbed graves, and also took note of lengths of the skeletons (men: 160-17 0 cm, women: 150160 cm). He mentions sorne extremely tall people (over 177 cm). Riegl (1903) in his short paper calls attention to the importance of the Kranj cemetery. Only 73 of the 7 00 skeletons were to be found in the Anthro pologische Abteilung of the Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna). He grouped them as follows : 11 persons without a grave number 57 persons with numbers 1- 68 (from Szombathy' s excavations) 5 persons labelled A, B, D, E and O (From Szombathy' s excavations) The material was taken into the inventory only in 1934; thus the finds acquired new and different inventory numbers. The anthropological material was stored in the dome of the hall of Vienna museum. The dome suffered bomb damage during the Second World War, and subsequently the bones could hardly be identified . The cemetery was used, first of all, by the Romanised indigenous popula tion (Vinski 1970-71), then among others by Ostrogoths (to 54 0), then Lombard after 568. The period of use of the cemetery can be dated between 500 and 6 00 (Vinski 197 0- 71, Werner 196 2) (Plates 55-57). Grave Xi (5 849) The calotte and the jaw of a 5 0- 55 year-old woman. Dolichoc ranial, hypsicranic, acroe ranic, stenometop ic. Grave X (5 850) 2 The calotte and fragments of the skeletal bones of a 20-30 year-old perso� Grave
x3- (5 851)
Fragments of the skull of a Grave
x4
(585 2)
x5
(5 855)
x6
(5 854 and 5 851/a)
x7
(5 855)
x8
(5856)
1½ year-old child.
The calotte and the jaw of a 5 0-6 0 year old man. Hyperdolichocranial, chamaecranic, acrocranic, eurymetopic. Grave
Fragments of the skull of a juvenile person. Grave
Fragments from the calotte and the skeletal bones of a 25 year-old man. Height: 176 cm. Grave
Fragments from the skull and from the skeletal bones of a juvenile womag Grave
The fractured calotte of an adult man. It shows C ro-Magnonid features. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
130
G rave X9 ( 5857 ) F ragmen ts f rom t he s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a ma ture man .
He igh t :
1 66 cm . Grave X1 0
( 5858 )
The f ractured b u t c o mp le te s ke leton o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld man . Cr o- Magnon id- Med i terran ian , h e igh t : Grave X1
( 5913)
The s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t man . Grave X1 2
A lp ine-
1 76 cm .
H eigh t :
1 77 cm .
( 12 .182)
The who le s ku l l o f a1 5-16 y ear-o ld g ir l .
N ord ic.
Do lichocrania l , o r tho-
c ran ic, me tr iocran ic, e uryme top ic, c ha maeconchic, mesorrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic . Grave 1 ( 13 .900) F rag men ts f ro m t he c a lot te a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a3 5-45 y ear-old man . Do licho- mesocran ia l . H e igh t : 1 68 cm . Hyperp la ty mer ic, e urycne m ic . Grave 2 ( 13 .895) The c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he l ong b ones o f a4 5-50 y ear-old man . 1 72 cm .
Mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ic, me tr iocran ic ;
He igh t :
h yperp la ty mer ic, e ury-
c ne mic . Grave 4 ( 13 .901) The f ractured s ku l l o f a2 -3 y ear-o ld c hi ld . Grave 5 ( 13 .902) The c a lot te , t he j aw a nd t he l ong b ones o f a1 6-17 y ear-o ld b oy . 1 52 cm .
Do l ichocran ia l .
Heigh t :
T he s ur faces o ft he b ones s how r ach i tica l
s equesters. Grave 6 ( 13 .903 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he j aw o f a6 y ear-o ld c h i ld .
A lso t he l ong b ones o f a n
a du l t man were f ound i n t he g rave . Grave 7 ( 13 .898 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t man .
He igh t :
Brachycran ia l , h ypsicran ic, t ape inocran ic, me tr io me top ic. d :1, s :i . Hyperp la ty mer ic , e urycne mic .
1 57 cm .
O ssa s u turaru m
Grave 9 ( 13 .896) The c a lo t te , t he max i l la a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 8y ear-o ld c hi ld . Hyperbrachycran ia l , h ypsicran ia l, t ape inocra _n ic, s teno me topic, mesuran ic. Grave 1 0 ( 13 .897 ) ( p la te 5 5) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man . i s f ractured .
Brachycran ic .
The l ef tt e mpora l p ar t
N ordic-" F rankish" t ype ; h eigh t :
1 72 cm .
Do l ic ho - mesoof cthe ra n ia l , Parts h yp ic ia l , me tr iocran ic, e ury metopic, mesoprosop ic, Kiszely, István. The Anthropology Lombards, Is and Ii.ran E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 31
meserene , mesorrh ine, b rachyuran ic, o r thogna thous.
E ury mer ic ,
e ury-
c ne mic . Grave 1 1 ( 13 .899 ;
p la te 5 7 )
The s ku l l w i th f rag men tary l ef t t empora l p ar t a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones .
I tb e longed t o a2 0-25 y ear-o ld A lp ine-Frank ish wo man .
Meso-
c ran ia l , h ysp icran ic, a crocran ic, e uryme top ic, mesoprosop ic . meserene , meso-hypsiconch ic, l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyuranic, mesogna thous. Grave 1 2 ( 13 .904 ;
p la te 5 5)
The we l l-preserved s ke le ta l b ones a nd t he f ractured s ku l l o f a5 0-60 y earo ld wo man .
The b asis a nd t he l ef t p ar ie ta l p ar t a re missing .
Taur id-Frank ish , h e igh t :
1 58 cm .
The t ype i s
Meso-do lichocran ia l, h ypsicran ic, a cro-
c ran ic, e ury me top ic, mesoprosop ic, meserene, mesoconch ic, l ep torrh ine , mesostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic, mesogna thous. Grave 1 3 ( 13 .905) The f rac tured c a lot te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man .
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id ;
h eigh t :
t apeinocran ic , o s i ncae b ipar t i tu m .
1 69 cm .
Brachycran ia l, o r thocranic ,
P la ty meric, e urycne mic .
Grave 1 4 ( 13 .906) The c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t man . A lp ine .
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic, t apeinocran ic .
He igh t :
Cro- Magnonid-
1 71 cm .
Grave 1 5 ( 13 .907 ) Fragmen ts f ro m t he s ke le ton o f a4 -5 y ear-o ld c h i ld . Grave 1 6 ( 13 .908 ) The j aw , f rag men ts f ro m t he p arie ta lia a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man . G rave 1 7 ( 13 .909) The c a lot te a nd t he j aw o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man . Med i terran ian ; e uryme top ic ;
h e igh t :
1 57 cm .
Graci lised N ord ic-
Mesocran ia l, h ypsicran ic, a crocran ic,
p la ty mer ic, mesocnemic .
Grave 1 8 ( 13 .910) F rag men ts o f t he j aw , t ee th a nd s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 -3 y ear-old c hi ld . Grave 1 9 ( 13 .911) The c a lot te , t he j aw a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a2 5-30 y ear o ld wo man .
N ordic-A lp ine ;
h eigh t :
1 70 cm .
Mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ic,
t ape inocran ic, s teno me top ic , b rachyuran ic . Grave 2 0 ( 13 .912) The f rag men tary s ku l l o f a 6y ear-o ld c hi ld .
Do lichocran ia l .
G rave 2 1 ( 13 .913) The f ra cture d Ic a lo te a nd t he l ong Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts and Ii.t E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
b ones o f a5 0-60 y ear-o ld wo man .
1 32
A lp ine- Medi terran ian ; u ran ic .
h eigh t :
1 54 cm .
Brachycran ia l , e ury me top ic , b rachy-
H yperp la ty mer ic , mesocne mic .
G rave 2 3 o r 2 4 ( 13 .914) The f ractured b u t n ear ly c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld man . N ordic-At lan to- Medi terran ian ;
h eigh t :
1 68 cm .
Mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ic,
a crocran ic, e ury metop ic, mesoconchic , h yperp la tyrrh ine , mesogna thous; h yperp la ty meric , mesocnemic ( p la te 5 6) . G rave 2 5 ( 13 .915) The c a lot te a nd t he d iaphyses o ft he l ong b ones o f a n a du l t wo man . A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id ;
h eigh t :
1 61 cm .
H yperbrachycran ia l , h ypsicran ic,
me tr iocran ic, me trio me top ic, p la ty mer ic, mesocne mic . Grave 2 7 ( 13 .916) g rave a : t he j aw o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man ; g rave b : t he j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 5 y ear-o ld wo man . G rave 2 9 ( 13 .917 ) The f ractured s ku l l a nd t he f rag men ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 6-17 y ear-o ld b oy . H e igh t : 1 65 cm . P la ty mer ic . G rave 3 1 ( 13 .918 ) g rave a : t he c a lot te a nd f ragmen ts o ft he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5-50 y earo ld woman .
B rachycran ic N ordic ;
h e igh t :
1 61 cm .
Do licho-
mesocran ia l ; p la ty mer ic, e urycne mic . g rave b : t he j aw o f a6 5 y ear-o ld man . G rave 3 4 ( 13919) The c a lot te , t he j aw a nd t he l ong b ones o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man . A lp ine-Graci l- Med i terran ian ; h e igh t : 1 62 cms. Mesocran ia l , o r thocranic, t ape inocran ic, e ury me top ic . Grave 3 5a ( 13 .920 ) The f ractured s ke le ton o f a n 8y ear-o ld c hi ld .
Mesoconch ic, mesorrh ine ,
b rachyuran ic, p la ty mer ic, e urycne m ic . Grave 3 5b ( 13 .920 ) The s ku l l w i th f ractured f acia l p ar t o f a n 1 8 y ear-o ld b oy . Med i terran ian .
Type :
Grave 3 6 ( 13 .921 ) The f ractured s ke le ton o f a4 -5 y ear-o ld c hi ld . G rave 3 7 ( 13 .922 ) The f ractured s ku l l o f a 3y ear-o ld c hi ld . Grave 3 8 ( 13 .923) The l on gb ones w i th r achi t ica l s urfaces o f a 6y ear-o ld c hi ld . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 33
F rankish-
G rave 3 9a ( 13 .924 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he l ong b ones o f a5 5 y ear-o ld man . Magnon id ;
h e igh t :
1 70 ems .
Taur id-Cro-
H yperbrachycran ia l , h yps icran ic , t ape ino-
c ran ic , metr io metop ic . G rave 3 9b ( 1 3.924 ) The s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t wo man . G rave 4 0 ( 13.925 ) Fragmen ts f ro m t he c a lo t te a nd f ro m t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man .
Os i ncae monopar t i tu m .
G rave 4 1 ( 14.926) The c a lo t te o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man .
O ssa s u turaru m d :3 , s :3.
I th as
C ro- Magnon id f ea tures . G rave 4 2 ( 13.927) The c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a pprox i ma te ly 3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . Tapeinocran ia l , e ury metop ic , b rachyeran ie . G rave 4 3a ( 13 .928 ) T he j aw a nd f ragmen ts f ro m t he s ku l l o f as en i le man . G rave 4 3h ( 13.928 ) The c o mple te s ku l l a nd t he f ractured s ke le ta l b ones o f a1 2-13 y ear-o ld b oy . N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id ; h e igh t : 1 45 ems . B rachycran ia l , h yps icran ic , me tr iocran ic , metr io me top ic , mesolep toprosopic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , l eptorrhine , b rachyuran ic , p rogna thous ;
p la ty mer ic ,
e urycne m ie .
G rave 4 5 ( 13 .929 ) T he s ke leta l b ones o f a 3y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave 4 6 ( 13.931) T he c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he s ke leta l b ones o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id- Med i terran ian ;
1 68 ems t a l l .
G rave 4 9 ( 13 .930 ) T he c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he l ong b ones o f a man o ver 6 0 . N ord ic .
C ro- Magnon id-
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic , t ape inocran ic , e ury me top ic .
G rave 5 0 ( 13 .932) F ragmen ts f ro m t he c a lo t te a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 1 8 y ear-o ld man . G rave 5 1a ( 13 .933 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he j aw o f a5 5-60 y ear-o ld wo man . t i ona l ly f or med .
The s ku l l was i n ten-
G rave 5 1b ( 13.9 : 32 ) Fragmen ts f ro m t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 1 8 y ear-o ld wo man . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 34
G rave 5 2 ( 13 .934 ) T he b ad ly p reserved s ke le ton o f a n 1 8 y ear-o ld man . G rave 5 3 ( 13.935 ;
p la te 5 6)
T he s ku l l a nd t he f rac tured s ke le ta l b ones o f a4 5 y ear-o ld man . l e f t p ar ie ta l a nd t he z ygo ma t ic p ar ts a re miss ing .
The
G raci l ised N ord ic ;
d o l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury me topic , mesoprosop ic , me s erene , mesoconch ic , l ep torrh ine , b rachys taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic mesogna thous . G rave 5 4 ( 13 .936) T he c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he l ong b ones o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . A lpine-Cro- Magnon id .
H e igh t :
1 63 ems .
Brachycran ia l , h yps icran ic ,
me tr iocran ic , s teno metop ic . G rave 5 5 ( 13 .937) T he f rac tured b u t c o mp le te s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man .
B rachycran ic N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id ;
o r thocran ic , t ape inocran ic ;
1 81 ems t a l l .
Mesocran ia l ,
h yperp la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 5 6 ( 13 .938 ) ( P la te 5 6) T he we l l-preserved s ku l l
a nd t he j aw o f a2 5 y ear-o ld wo man .
Frank ish -
Mongo l id ;
h e igh t 1 65 ems .
s ke le tons .
H yperbrachycran ia l , o r thocran ic , t apeinocran ic , s teno metopic ,
I t s t ype i s v ery d i f feren t f ro m t ha t o f t he o ther
l ep toprosopic , mesene , c ha maeconch ic , p la tyrrh ine , b rachycran ic , o r thognat hous .
S l igh t d epress io o be l ica .
G rave 5 7 ( 13.939 ) T he c a lo t te , t he j aw a nd t he l ong b ones o f a5 0 y ear-o ld man . Magnon id-Nord ic ;
1 74 ems t a l l .
C ro-
D o l ichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic ,
me tr io me top ic. G rave 5 8a ( 1 3.989 ) T he b ad ly p reserved b u t r estorab le s ku l l o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . r igh t r a mus mand ibu lae i s missing . t iona l ly f or med .
The
Med i terran ian-Nord ic , med ium i n ten-
Mesocran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic.
G rave 5 8b ( 13 .026) T he l ong b ones o f a n a du l t man . c ne m ic .
H eigh t :
1 74 ems .
P la ty mer ic , e ury-
G rave 5 8c ( 13.026) The d iaphyses o f aj uven i le-adu l t wo man . G rave 6 8 ( 13 .941) T he s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man .
N ord ic .
l ep toprosopic , l ep torrh ine , l eptos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 35
Dol ichocran ia l , C r ibra o rbi ta l ia .
G rave A ( 13 .940 ) The c a lo t te , t he f ractured j aw a nd t he s ke le ta l b ones o f a6 0 y ear-o ld man . N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id , 1 65 cms t a l l .
D o l ichocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , a cro-
c ran ic , e ury metop ic , c ha maconch ic . G rave B ( 13 .942) The s econdar i ly d e for med c a lo t te o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man .
H is h e igh t :
1 77 ems . G rave D ( 13 .943 ) The j aw a nd t he d iaphyses o f t he l ong b ones o f a5 -6 y ear-o ld c h i ld . G rave E ( 13 .945 ;
p la te 5 7) .
The c o mp lete s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-old wo man . C ro- Magnon id-Frank ish ;
h eigh t :
1 64 ems .
The s ku l l i s f rac tured .
Brachycran ia l , h yps icran ic ,
t apeinocran ic , me tr io me top ic , b rachys taphy l ine , d o l ichuran ic , p rogna thous . S u tura me top ica .
P la ty mer ic , e urycne m ic .
G rave 0 ( 13 .945 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he l e f t s ide o f t he f ace o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man .
Meso-
c ran ia l , h yps icran ic , a crocran ic , e ury metop ic , l eptorrhine , b rachyuran ic . ( Tab les 8 9 , 9 0 , 9 1 a nd 9 2 ) . R i fn ik ( d . S en t jur ):
An I l lyr ian u rn-grave c e me tery c o mpr is ing a bou t
2 00 g raves was f ound i n R i fn ik , 1 2 l uns e as t o f C e l je i n t he 1 880s . ( Bo l ta 1 967). N ear t h is c e me tery S chm id e xcava ted a n o ccupa t ion s i te d a t ing f ro m t he 2 -6th c en tur ies , a f ter t he S econd Wor ld War . f ro m t he 6 th c en tury . i n 1 962-1963 .
H e a lso f ound t he c e me tery d a t ing
The f irs t 2 9 g raves o f t h is c e me tery were e xcava ted
B o l ta ( 1 967) a scr ibed t he c e me tery t o t he G o ths .
e xcava ted t he 9 3rd g rave ( Bo l ta 1 967) .
I n 1 966 t hey
The a rchaeo log ica l d a t ing o f t he
c e metery i s o f d ub ious v a lue a s b es ide a n i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l l ( grave 5 6 ) , ac oin o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd o ne o f t he L o mbard P er iod were f ound t og e ther ( K le f 5 72-574 ) .
I n h is s econd a r t ic le B o l ta ( 1 970-1971) a t tr ibu tes t he
c e me tery t o t he R o man ised l oca l p opu la t ion , b el iev ing t ha t i t was a lso u sed b y t he G oths a nd l a ter b y t he L o mbards .
N o weapons a re among t he f inds ;
p oss ib ly R i fn ik was t he b ur ia l p lace o f t he l oca l a grar ian p opu la t ion . l as t g raves o f t he c e me tery d a te f ro m 5 87.
The
B ol ta a lso p ub l ished t he p lan o f
t he c e me tery : i ti s p opu lous , s o me t i mes w i th r ows o f g raves , a nd i s n ot c hara cter is t ic o f t he b ur ia l p ract ices o f t he L o mbards . N ei ther a n thropo log ica l n or a rchaeo log ica l d e ta i ls h ave b een p ub l ished f or t he c e me tery . V insk i ( 1970-71) a t tr ibu ted t he c e me tery o n ly t o t he G o ths . T . P ogacn ik d ea l t w i th t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l i n L jub l jana , b u t t he d e ta i led s tudy was d e layed b y h is d ea th . The ma ter ia l i s h igh ly f rac tured a nd v ery b ad ly p reserved ( persona l i n for ma t ion f ro m P ogacn ik ) . Dravre : i n 1 968 .
A r e la t ive ly l arger c e metery was f ound n or th-wes t o f L jubl jana
S labe ( 1 970-71) e xcava ted 4 9 g raves ;
1 0 o r e ven more g raves h ad
b een d es troyed d ur ing e ar th-works . Accord ing t o t he p re l im inary r epor t , S labe i den ti f ies t he c e me tery a s O s trogo th ic , s howing s o me " Frank ish" i n f luence ,
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 36
H e d a tes i tt o t he s econd h r l f • ) f t he 6 th c ( ‚rury .V insk i ( 1 970-71 ) a lso a scr ibed i tt o t he G oths .
T he a rcha
19 g ica l
o u t i n L jub l jana Museu m .
a nd : I n thropo log ica l s tudy i s b e ing c arr ied
n e p ersons w i th i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls
h ave a lso b een f ound i n t he c o me tery . B e la-Cerkev ( d . N ovo Mes to ) :
P ecn ik e xcava ted 6 L o mbard g raves i n
1 968 , -t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m wh ich was d epos i ted i n t he Na turh ist or isches Museu m i n V ienna . M ihovo ( d . K os tan jev ica ) :
N oth ing i s k nown o f t he a n thropolog ica l ma ter ia l . T he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m s o me " graves"
f ro m s ou th o f S t . J erne j was d epos i ted i n L jub l jana Museu m i n 1 888 . l abe l led a s " Lo mbard" .
I t was
N o th ing i s k nown o f t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l
(W i l ler 1 900 , Werner 1 962 ) . Ve lik i Orehek :
3 3 L o mbard g raves were f ound d ur ing e ar th- mov ing
work a t V e l ik i Oherek , 1 5 kms s ou th o f B e la C erkev , i n 1 910 a nd i n 1 911. N o th ing i s k nown o f t he b ones ( P irkov ic 1 970-1971 ) . P od me lc ( d . B ask i ) :
S evera l g raves were f ound a t P od me lec v i l lage o n
t he r oad l ead ing t o T o mb l in , wh ich may h ave b een t he r ou te t he L o mbards t ook t o I ta ly.
S r ibar l ed e xp lora tory e xcava t ions i n 1 966.
f ive g raves 8 0 me tres f ro m t he f irs t d iscover ies . o f s evera l d es troyed g raves .
H e e xcava ted
H e c ou ld d e tec t t he t races
The e thn ic s ta tus o f t he g raves i s n o t k nown ;
S r ibar a ss igned t he g raves t o t he G er man ic p opu la t ion o f t he 6 th-7th c en tur ies . S vo l jsak ( 1970-1971) d a ted t he m t o b e tween t he 5 th a nd t he 7 th c en tur ies . Krus ic ( 1970-1971 ) p ub lishes t he m mis lead ing ly , h av ing e xa m ined t he t eeth , a s " Lo mbard" .
T he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l was p ubl ished b y S r ibar ( 1967).
The u npub l ished a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l i s i n L jubl jana . B led-Pr is tava :
Kas te l ic e xcava ted 2 03 g raves i n 1 948 ( B led I ) .
9 6 g raves were e xcava ted i n 1 949 , 1 9 more i n 1 951. e xcava ted g raves i s 3 18 .
Ano ther
The t ota l n u mber o f
1 03 o f t he m b e long t o t he l a ter B led Ip er iod ( 9 th-
1 0 th c en tur ies ) a nd 2 15 ( B led I ) t o t he 5 th-7th c en tur ies .
G raves 1 -205 ,
2 94 , 3 00 a nd 3 08 b elong t o B led I ( Kas te l ic-Sker l j 1 950 , Kas te l ic 1 953 , 1 960 ). The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he c e me tery was e xam ined b y S ker l j ( Kaste l ic-Sker l j a nd S ker l j 1 950 , 1 953 ) .
Accord ing t o V insk i ( 1970-71 ) , B led
I was t he b ur ia l p lace o f t he R o man ised l oca l p opu la t ion mixed w i th s o me G er man ic e le men ts , l ike C as tel Tros ino a nd K eszthe ly-Fenekpuszta . Krus ic ( 1970-1971) p ub l ished t he t eeth f ro m B led I f a lse ly a s " Lo mbard" , t hus i n troduc ing a s er ies o f misunders tand ing i n to t he t echn ica l l i tera ture .
Typo lo-
g ica l ly t he A t lan to-Nord ic , p ure A lpine a nd D inar id f or ms a re d om inan t , t hese b eing d i f feren t f ro m t he L o mbards . 4 9 g raves f ro m t he 6 th c en tury were e xcava ted i n t he Aus tr ian Kar in th ia ( Kärn ten ) p rov ince ( DoLenz 1 960 ) , p ubl ished p ar t ly a s L o mbard ( Gra fens tein , Kra iger , S ch lösser , La mbrech tskoge l , V i l lach-Judendor f , F ork ) .
B o th t he
a rchaeo log ica l a nd a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l i s p roble ma t ic . N o L o mbard s ke leton i s k nown f ro m I s tr ia .
1 44 g raves were e xcava ted
i n Brezac ( Buze t ) b e tween 1 848 a nd 1 896 , t he b ones f ro m wh ich a re l os t ( Marus ic 1 955 ) .
A l l we k now a bou t t he m i s t ha t " the t a l les t man was 1 93 ems".
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 37
A ccord ing t o Marusic " typ ica l L o mbard f i nds a re missing f ro m I stria". He a ssocia tes s o me a typ ica l L o mbard f i nds t o s o ld iers l i v ing t here b e tween 5 68 a nd a nd 6 02 . The b ur ied p ersons a re me mbers o f t he l oca l p opu la t ion . As i mi lar c e me tery was f ound i n P inguen te ( Aberg 1 923) . b .
S ke le ton f i nds f ro m I ta lian L o mbard c e me teries
C ivida le ( Fr iu li )( p la te 5 8 ; t ab les 1 03a , 1 04a a nd 1 05a ) :
C ivida le , a s t he
c en tre o ft he p r incedom, was o ne o ft he most i mpor tan t c en tres o ft he L o mb ards i n N or th I ta ly .
S evera l f i nds h ave b een made ( De l la T orre 1 906 ; S tucchi
1 951 , T orp 1 956-57 e tc . ) . Many g raves h ave b een e xcava ted , b u t t he b ones o fo n ly 5 p ersons h ave b een p reserved , d isregard ing To mba d i G isu lfo ( K isze ly 1 974 ) To mba d i G isu lfo ( Virchow 1 889 , Arboi t 1 874, De B izzarro 1 874) . d iscovery was made a t P iazza d i Pao lo D iacono o n 2 8 th May , 1 874 .
The
V irc
r epor ts o ft he d iscovery ( 1889) : "Man f and d ie R este e ines h or izon ta l mi t d en F f issen g egen O sten g er ich teten S ke le ts, v on d em j edoch d ur d ie Armknocken e in iger massen e rha l ten waren .
D er S chäde l , d ie Wirbe l , d ie K nochen d er
Brust u nd d ie U n terex tre mi tä ten waren g anz v erzehr t".
A s t he h ead was p laced
h igher i n t he g rave, t he p lace o ft he l egs c ou ld b e e xa m ined : K örpers wurde a uf 1 .80 m g eschä tzt".
"D ie L änge d es
D e B izzarro ( 1874) r efers t o a "f a ther
T orre" a ccord ing t o who m s evera l L o mbard g raves were f ound .
Three s tone
c of f ins were f ound b eh ind t he a l tar d ur ing t he r estora t ion o ft he "i n Va l le" monastery i n 1 852 . One o ft hem c on ta ined t he s ke leton o f a1 5 y ear-o ld c hi ld a nd t he o ther t wo t he s ke le tons o f a du l t p ersons.
4 -5 g o lden c rosses were
a lso f ound i nt he f irst g rave ( cryp t ) a nd a lso a l arger e ngraved g o lden c ross b eside a n a du l t . L o mbard i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls h ave b een f ound a t t he f o l low ing p oin ts o ft he t own ( Brozzie 1 968 , 1 961 , 1 969 , 1 970-71, Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 958 , 1 960-61, Pasqui 1 907 e tc .) : 1 . S an G iovann i i n Va l le 4 g raves, t hen 3g raves i n t he c hoir i n 1 751, l a ter "more g raves". 2 .
Do me-square 4 g raves west o f t he B ap t istery .
3 .
S . P ie tro d ei Vo l t i ( Via Dan te) f i rst 1 , t hen l a ter more g raves.
4 .
P iazza P ao lo D iacono The g rave o f Pr ince G isu lf was f ound i nt he n or th-
e astern p ar t o ft he t own t oge ther w i th 2g raves o n V ia R istor i a nd 3 g raves o n S tret ta S an Va len t ino . 5 .
P iazza S . F rancesco
S evera l r ich g raves were f ound .
Graves w i th L o mbard g rave-goods were f ound a t s evera l s i tes o u tside t he t own : 1 .
P or ta S . G iovann i
1 27 g raves o f t he L o mbard P er iod were f ound i n a
R oman c eme tery ( Brozzi 1 964) . 2 .
Two L o mbard c e me ter ies were f ound a t C hiesa d i S . Mar tino o n t he r oad
l ead ing t o Aqu i lea i n 1 661 . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 38
3 .
6g raves were f ound a t F oro B oar io .
Cemeter ies u sed o n ly d ur ing t he L o mbard P er iod o u tside C ivida le a re a s f o l lows : 1 .
S . S tefano i n P er tica ( f ig . 3 3 )
S evera l g raves h ave b een f ound s ince 1 960 .
A ccord ing t o Tag l iaferr i i t was a f a mi ly c e me tery b etween 6 20 a nd 6 40 . 2 .
S evera l o ld g raves a re k nown f ro m V ia R o mana .
1 7 f ur ther g raves were
e xcava ted b e tween 1 949 a nd 1 951 ( Ga l lo—f ig . 3 4) . 3 . 6g raves a re k nown f ro m b eside t he g oods-sta tion .
Accord ing t o Brozzi
t he l ast t hree s i tes were c onnected w i th e ach o ther . S evera l o ther p laces a re k nown o u tside C ivida le w i th g raves c on ta in ing L ombard g rave-goods, f or i nstance F irman .o ( Brozzi 1 960-61 , 1 971, 1 975) . 7 7 g raves were f ound b eside t he C orrado P i t t ia i n 1 953 .
A lso t here a re s o me
g raves w i th L ombard g rave-goods among t he l a te R o man g raves ( graves 1 2 a nd 1 6) . P erhaps i t was t he b ur ia l p lace o f t he i nd igenous p opu la tion s erv ing t he L o mbards ( Brozzi 1 971, 1 975) . A r ich g rave was f ound s ou th o f C ivida le o nS . P an ta leone h i l l i n 1 826 .
Another r ich g rave was f ound n or th o f C ivida le
a t G rupp ignano . C ivida le , S an G iovann i . Grave 3 8 ( t he b ones a re i n t he Museo C ivico , C ivida le ; p la te 5 8 ) . The we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a n 1 8-20 y ear-o ld woman .
The l ef t maxi l lary p ar t i s f ragmen tary .
Taur id- Med i terran ian .
H yperbrachycran ia l , o r thocran ic, t ape inocran ic , s teno me topic . l ep toprosop icmesoprsop ic, mesene , mesoconchic, mesorrh ine , b rachyuran ic, o r thognat hous. C ivida le , S an G iovann i Grave 1 24. o f a1 6 y ear-o ld b oy .
The c a lot te , t he maxi l la a nd t he mand ible
I ti s o f Med i terran ian f ea tures.
C ivida le , S an G iovann i G rave X 1 ( p la te 5 8 ) . 1 7-18 y ear-o ld wo man . Med i terran ian .
The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a
The l ef tp ar t o ft he f orehead i s missing .
A lp ine-
Hype r br ac h yc r an ia l , o r thocran ic ,t ape i nocran ic, s teno me-
t op ic , mesoconchic, l ep torrh ine, m e so staphy li ne ,br achyuran ic C ivida le , F r i rnano Grave X2 ( p la te 5 8 ) . y ear-o ld man .
The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a5 0-55
The r igh t f ron ta le h as b een b roken i n s evera l p laces.
w i th s ome Med i terran ian f ea tures.
A lp ine
Mesocran ia l, c ha maecran ic, t apeinocran ic,
e uryme top ic , mesoprosopic, e uryene , mesoconch ic, mesorrh ine , b rachystaphyl i ne , d o lichuran ic . C ivida le , F irmano Grave X3 ( Perhaps g rave 1 5?) . o f a3 0-40 y ear-o ld wo man .
The s ku l l a nd t he j aw
The l ef t t empora l p ar t i s f ractured .
Cro- Magnon id
A lp ine . Brachycran ia l , o r thocran ic, t ape inocran ic, mesoprosop ic, mesoconchic, mesorrh ine, b rachystaphy line , b rachyuran ic . S evera l s ke le tons were f ound a t F r iu li , b u t t he b ones h ave n ot b een p res erved .
S imi lar f i nds a re k nown f ro m :
Andrazza . As ke le ton was f ound b eside G eremia C ordonazzi i n 1 890 , a no ther o ne o n t he l and o f Gae tano Da l le Mu le i n 1 899 ( Brozzi 1 975) . Bo th Kiszely, s István. The ofg the Lombards, Parts and ke le t oAnthropology ns b e lon ed t o w o mIe n .Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 39
Ampezzo. 4 skeletons were found at the villa of Amadeo Nigris in 1912, then 4 more on Mulentet hill in 1963 (Toller 1951). Luint. Several graves were found at the church of Luint in 1917 (Pelle grini 1969). Luincis (Ovaro).
A grave was found in 1880 (Brozzi 1975).
Paluzza. Several graves were found in 1911, then one more grave was found in 1912 (Brozzi 1975). Arta.
Several graves were found in 1840 (Cortani 1903).
Illegio (Tolmezzo). (Cantarutti 1957). Gemona.
12 graves were found by the Tolmezzo road in 1956
A grave was found in 1876 (Brozzi 1975).
Casanova (Tolmezzo). Several graves were found o n the land of Cort dal Salvan (Marinelli 1924). Cavazzo. Several graves were found at Cuel de Vile (Brozzi 1972). Colosomano di Buia. A very rich grave was found on the land of Borgo Colsoman in 1880 (Brozzi 1975). S. Salvatore di Maiano. One grave was excavated in March 1920, then 63 more in 1943 and a further 16 (80 graves altogether) on S. Salvatore hill on the land of Campo Zampar (Brozzi 1961). Tricesimo. First 9, then several more graves were found in the vicinity of the bridge over the River Cormore in 1886 (Brozzi 1975). Torreano di Cividale. Several graves were found in the vicinity of Sotto Castello in 1908 (Brozzi 1972). San Pietro al Natisone. Several graves were found on the land of Bevilacqua in 1912 (Leicht 1912). Rodeano Alto (Rive d' Arcano). (Fuchs 1938, Brozzi 1969). Godia (Udine). (Brozzi 1975). Remanzacco.
A grave was found in Fornace in 1915
Severa! graves were found on the land of Molino Boemo Several graves were found in 1968 (Brozzi 1975).
San Vito di Fagana. 12 graves were found on the land of Valentino Lauz zana in 1949, then two more beside the church in 1962 (Someda 1951, Menis 1972). Passons. Several graves were found on the land of Casanova in 1885 (Brozzi 1975). Udine. Several graves were found on the land of Planis in 1874 and three graves were found on the land of Colle del Castello in 1943 (Someda 1953, Brozzi 1975). A further grave of a woman was found in 1960 (Brozzi 1960-61). Premariacco.
A grave was fo�d beside Del Fabro in 1924 (Brozzi 1975).
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
140
Mere to d i T o mba .
S evera l g raves were f ound i n L a F ra t te i n 1 880
( Brozzi 1 969 ) . Bassag liapen ta .
Ag rave was f ound b eside t he S trada l ta i n 1 848 ( Brozzi
1 975) . Orsar ia ( Pre mar iacco ) .
Ag rave was f ound o n t he l and o f A lfonso Orgnacco
i n 1 959 ( Brozzi 1 969) . A zzano d 'I pp lis.
Two g raves were f ound o n t he l and o f P on te d i A zzono ,
t hen a no ther g rave was f ound i n "Toron t".
The f i rst t wo were f ound i n 1 957 ,
t he t hird i n 1 957 ( Brozzi 1 975) . V i sina le d e l lo J udrio .
S evera l g raves o f u nknown d a te were f ound ( Brozzi
1 975) . C odrop io .
S evera l g raves were f ound i n t he P iazza Gar iba ld i i n 1 956
( Brozzi 1 969 , 1 975) . V ireo ,
S evera l g raves were f ound i n 1 897 ( Brozzi 1 975) .
G onars.
S evera l g raves were f ound o n t he l and o f C e mbri i n 1 948 ( Brozzi
1 975) . F aug lis.
Ag rave o f u nknown d a te was f ound ( Brozzi 1 975) .
F la mbruzzo ( R ivignano) . R ivignano .
Ag rave was f ound i n 1 947 ( Brozzi 1 975) .
5g raves were f ound o n t he V ia Dan te i n 1 956 ( Brozzi 1 969) .
G or izia .
2g raves were f ound o n t he V ia Orzon i i n 1 943 ( Fuchs 1 938 ) .
Moraro .
S evera l g raves were f ound i n t he U rsu la C loister i n 1 947
( Brozzi 1 963 , 1 975) . F arra d 'I sonzo . 1 0 L o mbard g raves were f ound a t Mon te F or tin i n 1 942 ( Dreossi 1 943 , Brozzi 1 975) . Er to-Casso .
Ag rave was f ound o n t he l and o f "C ia mpuz" i n 1 958 ( Brozzi
1 975) . S an G iovann i d i Casara . O f fanengo ( Cre mona ) . O t to v on Hessen 1 965) . s urv ived .
Ag rave was f ound i n 1 956 ( Brozzi 1 975) .
The g raves were f ound i n May 1 963 ( Pace 1 965,
On ly t he r e mnan ts o ft he s ku lls o f t wo p ersons h ad
They were p ub l ished b y S cag lion i i n 1 967 .
I st p erson ( i n t he Museo C ivic° d i Cre ma i n C re mona ) .
The o s f ron ta le ,
t he p ars s qua ma lis, a p ar t o f t he p ar ie ta le a nd t he o ccipi ta le a nd t he a lveo lar p ar ts o ft he maxi l la . e ta le .
The t race o f as traigh t c u t c an b e s een o n t he r igh t p ar i-
I th ea led d ur ing l i fe t i me .
Do lichocran ia l, h ypsicran ic, d o lichuran ic .
The r estored s ku l l s ee ms t o b e N ord ic. 2 nd p erson .
T he h igh ly f ractured b u t n ear ly c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a n a p-
p rox i ma te ly 4 0 y ear-o ld man .
N ordic-Cro- Magnon id .
o n t he l ong b ones a re we l l d eve loped .
The a dhesion s urfaces
The s ke le ton i s i n t he S opr in tendenza
a l le An t ichi ta d e l la L o mbard ia ( Cre mona ) . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 41
V icenza-Sovizzo ( Tab les 1 03b, 1 04b, 1 05b) . G iovann i C ur ti e xcava ted s evera l L o mbard g raves o n t he "C ampo d e l le b at tag lien i n t he c en tre o f S ovizzo a t t he b eg inn ing o ft h is c en tury .
S ix o f t hese g raves were c arr ied i n-
t act t o t he Museo C ivico d i V icenza , where t hree were p laced i n t he p ermane n t e xh ibi t ion a nd t hree o ft he m were d eposi ted i n t he c e l lar . A l l s ix s ke le tons a re t oday v ery f ractured . The a n thropo log ica l p ubl ica t ion was wr i t ten b y C orra in-Piccin ino ( 1964-65) , a nd Imyse lf h ave e xamined t he r e mains. i st p erson . p ar t i sb roken . Taur id t ype .
T he c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man ; t he f acia l Medi terran ian-Nordic, t he n ose i s b en t a s a re t hose o f t he
He igh t :
1 72 cm .
D o lichocran ia l .
S u tura me top ica .
2 nd p erson ( on t he r igh t h and a t t he e n trance i n to t he e xh ibi tion ) .
T he
c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man ; t he s ku l l i s s econdar i ly b roken . B rachycran ic N ord ic w i th Taur id f ea tures. H eigh t : 1 71 cm . 3 rd p erson ( l ef t o ft he e n trance i n to t he e xh ibi t ion ) . o f a1 7-18 y ear-o ld man . C ro- Magnon id .
T he s ku l l i s f ractured .
Mesocran ia l .
The c o mp le te s ke le ton
S u tura me top ica .
The o ccipi ta l b one b u lges o u twards.
N ordicH eigh t :
1 72 cm . 4 th p erson ( i n ac ase i n t he y ard ) . s ke le ton o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man . t ubera p ar ie ta lia .
He igh t :
1 60 cm .
5 th p erson ( i n t he c e l lar ) . o f a
5 0 y ear-o ld man .
N ordic ;
h e igh t :
1 73 cm .
Very l arge
S u tura me top ica .
T he c a lo t te a nd a l l t he s ke le ta l b ones ( f ractured )
Brachycran ic N ord ic.
6 th p erson ( i n t he c e l lar ) . man .
T he c o mp le te b u t h igh ly f ractured
G raci l- Medi terran ian-Nord ic.
Do lichocran ia l .
Heigh t :
1 65 cm ,
The c o mp le te b u t f ractured s ke leton o f a n a du lt Do l ichocran ia l , s u tura me topica .
C orra in-Piccin ico e stab l ished t he a verage measure men ts o f t he s ix men f ro m V icenza ( 1964-65) : mesocran ia l , me tr iocran ia l , o r thocrania l , e ury met op ic, mesoprosop ic, mesene , mesoconch ic, mesorrh ine , p la ty mer ic, e uryc ne m ic .
A verage h e igh t :
Verona-Va ldonega .
1 70 .5 cm . V ia Mon tesue l lo ( t ab les 1 03b, 1 04b , 1 05b) .
The g rave
o f ar ich L o mbard man was d isturbed d ur ing t he b u i ld ing o ft he d ra inage s yste m i n 1 945 . T he man , who was b ur ied w i th f our g o lden c rosses a nd many o ther g rave g oods, was c arr ied "i n s i tu" i n to t he Museo C ivico d i S o t ira Na tura le i n Verona , where Ange lo Pasa p assed o n t he b ones f or e xamina t ion .
The e ar th-
mov ing mach ines h ad d a maged t he s ke le ton s o o n ly t he b ones f ro m t he f e mur h ave s urv ived .
Ear lier 3g raves were k nown f ro m t he s a me c eme tery ( O t to
v on Hessen 1 968 ) , b u t n o th ing i s k nown o ft he b ones. Thus t he g rave was n u mb ered 4 . T he g rave was d escr ibed b y C orra in i n O t to v on Hessen 's p aper ( 1968 ) . Grave 4 The s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld man d own t o t he midd le p ar t o f t he f e mur . N ordic-Cro- Magnon id .
Heigh t :
1 77 cm .
Hyperdo lichocran ia l, h ypsicranic.
Brescia , S an S a lva tore ( p la te 5 9 ; t ab les 9 3, 9 4, 9 5 a nd 9 6) .
F irst f our
a nd t hen o ne more g rave were f ound i n t he y ard o f S . G iu l ia , S an S a lva tore , Brescia , i n May 1 968 ( K isze ly-K isze ly 1 969) . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. i de t he w a l ls i n O ctober 1 971. I t s E-book, Oxford, UK: s BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Ano ther g rave was f ound o u t-
c onnect ion w i th t he o ther g raves was p roved 1 42
b y c he mica l a na lysis ( K isze ly 1 972 ) .
The d a t ing a nd t he e thnic p lace o ft his
"L o mbard" g rave i s d eba tab le a nd i s r a ther d ubious ( Panazza 1 961 , Bognet t i 1 964 , B öna 1 964 ) .
The ma ter ia l i s s tored i n t he Monastery o f S . G iu lia
( Brescia ) . Grave 1 ( p la te 5 9) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man .
The l ef t s ide o ft he s ku l l was
d istor ted i n t he e ar th , t he p ar ie ta l b one i s f rag men tary . w i th s l igh t mongo lid f ea tures.
Heigh t :
1 53 cm .
N ord ic- Med i terranian
Do lichocran ia l , c ha mae-
c ran ic, t apeinocran ic, e ury me top ic , mesoprosop ic, l ep terene , mesoconchic, l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , d o lichuran ic, o r thogna thous. 2 :1.
O ssa s u turaru m
P la ty mer ic, e urycne m ic. Grave 2 ( p la te 5 9) The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a1 6-18 y ear-o ld g ir l .
A lp ine ;
h e igh t :
1 53 cm .
I bero- Medi terran ian-
B rachycrania l , o r thocran ic, t apeinocran ic, e ury-
me top ic, e uryprosop ic, mesene , h ypsiconchic, p la tyrrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyuran ic, mesogna thous, s u tura me top ica ,
e ury mer ic, e urycne mic .
Grave 3 The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . a nd s ligh t ly d efor med i n t he g rave .
The s ku l l was b roken
N ordic-Cro- Magnon id .
Heigh t :
1 72 cm .
Do lichocran ia l, c ha maecran ic, t ape inocran ic, e ury metop ic , h yper lep toprosop ic, o r thogna thous.
P la ty mer ic , e urycne mic.
Grave 4 The s ke le ton o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man . a re f rag men tary .
The l ef t p ar ie ta le a nd t he o ccipi ta le
Graci l- Med i terranian-Nord ic .
Heigh t :
1 56 cm .
Do licho-
c ran ia l , c ha maecran ic, me tr iocran ic, e ury me topic, mesoprosopic, meserene , h ypsiconchic, l ep torrhine , l ep tostaphy line , d o lichuran ic .
P la ty meric, e ury-
c ne mic . Grave 5 The f ractured s ku ll a nd a l l t he we l l-preserved s ke leta l b ones o f a3 0-35 y ear-o ld man .
Medi terran ian-Taur id .
Heigh t :
1 66 cm .
Mesocran ia l ,
o r thocran ic, t ape inocran ic, s teno me topic, e uryprosopic, meserene , c ha maec onch ic, l ep torrh ine , mesostaphy line , o r thogna thousThe f e mur i s h igh ly b en t , w e l l d eve loped p i laster .
p la ty mer ic, e urycne mic .
Grave 6 ( ou tside t he wa l ls) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld wo man . Magnon id-At lan to- Medi terran ian .
Heigh t :
1 56 cm .
Cro-
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ic,
t ape inocran ic, e ury me top ic , e uryprosopic, e uryene , mesoconchic, c ha maerrh ine , d o l ichuran ic .
P la ty meric, e urycne mic.
Testona ( Mon tca lier i ) (Pie mon t ) . o n t he a ncien t R o man r oad .
Testona l i es a bou t 2 0 km s ou th o f Tor ino
Once i t was a n i mpor tan t Ro man t own .
S evera l
g raves were f ound b y t he r oad t o t he r ai lway-sta t ion l ead ing t o Testona i n Rev ig l iasco i n s pr ing 1 878 .
The owner r epor ted t he d i scovery t o G iorgo Rat tone ,
a med ica l s tuden t , who p assed t he n ews t o Eduardo C a landra , a n a rchaeo log ist . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 43
T hey e xcava ted t he c e me tery i n 1 878 . T hey r ecorded s o me d escrip tions o f t he g raves a nd r escued t he a rchaeo logica l ma ter ia l . T hey a lso s en t 3 1 we l lp reserved s ku l ls t o T estona . An t ich i ta ( Tor ino ) .
I n 1 884 t he b ones w ere b ough t b y R . Museo a l le
The a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m t he 3 1 g raves was
p laced i n t he I nst i tu to e Museo d i An thropo logia e t E tno logia , Un iversi ta d i T or ino , where S cag lion i a nd K isze ly c arr ied o u t a n e xam ina t ion ( K isze lyS cag lion i 1 969) . The e xcava t ions were c arr ied o ut i nt wo p hases ; O ctober 1 878 .
i n J u ly 1 878 a nd i n
C a l landra t hough t t he c eme tery t o b e e xhausted w i th "more
t han 3 50 g raves" ( Ca landra 1 880 ) . He d id n o t a ssign t he b ones t o a ny o ft he e thn ic g roups. T heir b e ing "L o mbard" was d iscovered o n ly 1 0 y ears a f ter t he p ub lica t ion b y De B aye ( De B aye 1 888 ) . i n 1 923 .
The l ast word was s aid b y A berg
C a landra "s en t t he s ku l ls s o t ha t t hey c ou ld b e measured a nd e xam ined
a nd t hus t he n a ture o ft he b uried r ace migh t b e d ef ined" . I n t he d escr ip tion o f t he b ones h e men tions t ha t most o f t he b ones a re v ery b ad ly p reserved a nd s o t hey were n o t c o l lected . S ince C a l landra ( 1880 ) , t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l h as b een p ub lished b y O t to v on H essen ( 1971) ; t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l was p ub lished b y K isze lyS cag lion i ( 1969 ) . I n a ddi tion I mre L engye l p ub lished t he r esu l ts o f h is b loodg roup e xamina t ions ( 1 969 ) a nd S a t inof f h as p ub lished t he p a tho logy o f t he b ones ( 1969 ) .
( P la tes 6 1, 6 2 a nd 6 3 ; t ab les 9 7 , 9 8 a nd 9 9 . )
Grave 1 T he we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd j aw o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man ( p la te 6 1) . N ord ic . D o l ichocran ia l , c ha maecranic, a crocran ic , e ury me top ic, l ep toprosopic mesene , mesoconchic, mesorrhine , l ep tostaphy l ine , mesuran ic, mesogna thous. A sy m me tr ica l mand ib le . Grave 2 ( p la te 6 1 ) The we l l-preserved s ku l l o f a3 5-40 y ear o l c : man . Pro tonordic-CroMagnon id . H yperdo lichocrania l, c ha maecran ic, me triocran ic, l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene, c ha maeconchic, l ep torrhine , l ep tostaphy line , mesuran ic, o r thog na thous. An i nv ivo h ea led wound o n t he l ef t s ide o f t he f orehead . D epressio p rae la mbdoidea . Grave 3 The s ku l l w i th t he j aw o f a 5y ear-o ld b oy .
S u tura me top ica .
Grave 4 ( p la te 6 2 ) The we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man . Med i terranean w i th Mongo lid f ea tures. c l ivus.
A t lan to-
S l igh t s add le o n t he t op o ft he s ku l l ;
D o lichocrania l , c ha maecran ic, t ape inocran ic, me tr io metopic, h yper-
l ep toprosop ic, meserene , mesoconchic , mesorrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyu ran ic, o r thogna thous. The t ee th h ave s o me b rown ish c o loura t ion . Grave 5 ( p la te 6 3 ) The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo men .
I bero- Med i terran ian .
Do l ichocran ia l, o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic, me tr io me top ic, l ep terene , h ypsic onchic, p la tyrrhine , l ep tostaphy line , d o lichuran ic, o r thogna thous.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK:p BAR Publishing, 1979, l ag iocran ic ,https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. o ssa s u turaru m d: 2 , Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
s: 2 . 1 44
S l igh t ly
G rave 6 The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a3 8 y ear-o ld wo man . r an ian .
Cro- Magnon id- Med i ter-
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ic ,me tr ioc r an ic, e uryene- mesene ,h yps
c onch ic, l ep torrh ine, l ep tostaphy l ine , d o lichuran ic, o r thogna thous . s u turaru m d :1, s :1.
O ssa
O s i ncae .
G rave 7 ( p la te 6 1) The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld wo man . N ordic .
Cro- Magnon id-
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ia l, t apeinocran ic, me tr iocran ic, l ep terene,
c hamaeconch ic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyuran ic . G rave 8 The c a lo t te o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld wo man . o r thocran ic, a crocran ic .
Cro- Magnon id .
O s i ncae monopar t i tu m .
Dolichocran ia l,
A wound h ea led d ur ing
l i fe t ime o n t he l ef t p ar ie ta le . G rave 9 The c a lo t te a nd t he f acia l p ar t o f t he s ku l l o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . Magnon id- Med i terran ian .
Cro-
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic, me tr iocran ic, mesene ,
h ypsiconchic , p la tyrrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , d o lichuran ic, o r thogna thous. s u turaru m d :5 , s :6 .
O ssa
Brown ish c o loura t ion o f t he t ee th .
G rave 1 0 The f ractured s ku l l o f a4 8 y ear-o ld wo man . r an ian .
Cro- Magnon idlbero- Medi ter-
Mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ic, a crocran ic, mesenelep terene , mesoconchic,
l ep torrh ine , d o l ichuran ic , o r thogna thous.
S l igh t t orus o ccip i ta lis.
G rave 1 1 The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0 y ear-old wo man . r an ian .
Cro- Magnon id- Med i ter-
D ol ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic, t ape inocranic, s ligh t ly b a throcran ic,
e uryene , h ypsiconch ic, mesorrh ine , d o lichuran ic, o r thogna thous.
O s i ncae
monopar ti tu m . Grave 1 2 The f ractured s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 3 y ear-o ld man . r an ian .
A lp ine- Medi ter-
Mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ic, t apeinocran ic, l ep terene , h ypsiconch ic,
mesorrh ine, b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous. Grave 1 3 The c a lo t te , t he r igh t s ide o ft he f ace a nd t he j aw o f a wo man more t han 6 0 y ears o ld .
Med i terran ian-Cro- Magnon id .
Dol ichocran ia l , h ypsicran ic ,
a crocran ic, e uryprosop ic, e uryene , h ypsiconchic, p la tyrrh ine , d o lichuran ic, o r thogna thous. Grave 1 4 The c a lo t te a nd t he z ygo ma tic b ones o f a4 5-50 y ear-o ld man . Cro- Magnon id . o r thogna thous.
A lp ine-
Brachycran ia l , o r thocran ic, t apeinocran ic, h ypsiconchic,
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 45
Grave 1 5 The c a lo t te o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
A lp ine- Medi terran ian .
o r thocran ic, me triocran ic, s l igh t ly b a throcran ic .
Mesocran ia l ,
O ssa s u turaru m d :3 , s :3 .
S l igh t t orus o ccipi ta l is. Grave 1 6 The c a lo t te o f a5 5 y ear-o ld man . h ypsicran ic, me tr iocran ic .
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id .
Mesocran ia l,
O ssa s uturaru m d :3 , s :3 .
Grave 1 7 The l ef t s ide o f t he c a lo t te o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
Cro- Magnon id-Nordic.
D o lichocran ic , h ypsicran ic , a crocran ic . Grave 1 8 The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man .
l bero- Med i terran ian .
Do lichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic, t apeinocran ic, meserene , h ypsiconch ic, mesorr h ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , mesuranic, mesogna thous. Grave 1 9 Ap ar t o f t he c a lo t te o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . Brachycrania l, s teno me top ic .
A t lanto- Med i terran ian .
O ssa s u turaru m d :4, s :2 .
Grave 2 0 The c a lo t te o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
Taurid .
Mesocran ic, o r thocran ic,
t ape inocran ic, me tr io me topic. Grave 2 1 . The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a4 5 y ear-o ld wo man .
Taur id .
B rachycran ia l ,
o r thocran ic, t apeinocran ic, me tr io me top ic , l ep toprosopic, l ep tene ,
me so -
c onchic , mesorrhine , l ep tostaphy l ine, b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous ( p la te 6 2 ) . Grave 2 2 The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a3 8 y ear-o ld wo man .
Med i terranian-A lp ine .
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ic, me tr iocran ic ,e uryene ,h ypsiconch ic ,p la ty r rh ine , mesostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic, mesogna thous. Grave 2 3 The we l l-preserved s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man . Medi terran ian .
I bero-
Do lichocrania l, o r thocran ic, me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic,
e ury me top ic, e uryprosop ic, meserene , h ypsiconch ic , o r thogna thous. Grave 2 4 The c a lo t te o f a n 8y ear-o ld g ir l .
S l igh t ly t r igonocran ia l .
Grave 2 5 The f ractured c a lot te o f a7 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
Cro- Magnon id-Alp ine .
Do lichocran ia l, c ha maecran ic, t apeinocran ic, me tr io me top ic. s en i lis g enera l is, s en i le a trophia . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 46
O steoporosis
Grave 2 6 F rag men ts o ft he s ku l l o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . r anian .
Cro- Magnon id- Medi ter-
D o lichocran ia l , e ury me top ic, meserene , h ypsiconch ic, h yperp la tyr-
r h ine, l ep toprosop ic, mesuran ic .
O ssa s u turaru m d :1, s :4.
Grave 2 7 The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0-45 y ear-o ld man . f ormed i n t he e ar th .
A lp ine-At lan to- Med i terran ian .
I t was s ligh t ly d e-
Mesocrania l, o r thocran ic,
me tr iocran ic, e ury me top ic, e uryene , mesoconch ic, l ep torrh ine , br achyuranic , o r thogna thous. Grave 2 8 The who le s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld wo man . r an ian-" F rank ish".
A t lan to- Med i ter-
Mesocran ia l , h ypsicran ic, a crocran ic, mesoprosopic,
e uryene , h ypsiconchic, l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyuranic , o r thog na thous.
S ligh t ly p roden ic .
Grave 2 9 The a troph ied c a lot te o f as en i le wo man . o r thocran ic, me tr iocran ic, e ury me top ic.
Med i terran ian .
Do lichocrania l,
O ssa Wor miana , o s i ncae monopar ti-
t um . Grave 3 0 The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
Med i terran ian-A lp ine .
Do lichocran ia l, o r thocran ic, me triocran ic, e uryme topic, l ep terene . h ypsic onchic , p la tyrrh ine , b rachystaphy line , d o lichuran ic, mesogna thous.
The
t ee th a re b ad ly p reserved . Grave 3 1 The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a ma ture-sen i le wo man . h ydrocran ic .
A lp ine- Med i terran ian .
I t i s p a tho log ica lly l arge ;
Mesocran ia l, c ha maecran ic, t ape ino-
c ran ic, s teno me top ic, l ep terene , h ypsiconchic, mesorrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , d o lichuran ic . Regg io Emi lia ( p la te 6 0 ; t ab les 1 03a , 1 03b , 1 04a , 1 04b , 1 05a a nd 1 05b ) . S ke le tons o f 8p ersons were p reserved i n t he Museo C ivico d i Regg io Emi lia . They were c o l lected p ar t ly b y A ba te C h ier ici a nd p ar t ly b y Mar io Degan i i n t he l ast c en tury .
The a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion o f t he b ones was c arried
o u t b y S cag lion i ( 1967 ) .
4o ft he s ke le tons b e longed t o t he L o mbards, 2more
may h ave b e longed t o t he m , 2a re n o t L o mbard . Regg io Emi lia V ia F ranchet t i eV ia Mazzin i . F ound b y Degan i i n 1 958 ( Degan i 1 962 ) .
i st p erson ( p la te 6 0 )
The s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a3 5 y ear-o ld
man . The maxi llary p ar t i s missing . Nord ic-Cro- Magnon id . Do lichocran ia l , o r thocran ic, me tr iocran ic, me tr ioeury me top ic, l ep toprosopic, l ep terene . The g on ions s tand f ar o u t t o t he s ides. 2 nd p erson .
The b ad ly-preserved r igh t h u merus o f a n a du l t wo man .
3 rd p erson .
The we l l-preserved s ke le ta l b ones o f a n a du l t man .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, BAR Publishing, 1979, 1 78 Oxford, cm . UK:E ury cne mi c .https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. They d o n o t b e long w i th Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 47
Heigh t :
t he s ku l l o ft he I st p erson .
R egg io Emi lia Terra mara " I l Mon te" ( t ab le 6 0 ) . The s ke le ton was e xcava ted b y Ch ier ici i n August o f 1 871 . T he s ku l l was l y ing i n ag rave w i tho u t g rave g oods, b u t t he o ther g raves wh ich c on ta ined n o b ones, y ie lded " barbar ian" g rave g oods. i st p erson .
The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man .
a nd a p ar t o ft he a lveo lus a re missing .
The b asis
A t lan to- Med i terran ian-Cro- Magnon id .
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ic, t apeinocran ic, me tr io me topic, o r thogna thous, meserene , mesoconchic , l ep torrh ine , l ep to-mesostaphy line , b rachyuran ic . There i s al arge wound o n t he r igh t p ar ie ta le . 2 nd p erson .
The r igh t o s f ron ta le a nd t he r igh t t e mpora l p ar t o f aj uveni le
man . Caste l larano ( p la te 6 0 ) . Degan i e xcava ted 5 g raves f ound d ur ing t he b ui ldi ng o f as an i tary e stab lish men t a t Regg iane h i l l o n t he R iver S ecch ia i n 1 958 . On ly o ne s ku l l was p reserved . i s n o t d ef ined : I st p erson . y ear-o ld man .
The a ge a nd t he e thn ic p lace o ft he s ke le tons
"p ossib ly L o mbard", n o ted Degani i nt he i nven tory b ook . The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a4 0-45 N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id .
Hyperdo licho-do lichocran ia l , o r tho-
c ran ic, me tr iocran ic, e ury me top ic, mesoprosop ic, meserene , mesoconch ic, l ep torrh ine , b rachystaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic, o r thogna thous. D eep f ossa c an ina , t he g on ions s tand o u t a t t he s ides. F ieso le ( F irenze ) ( p la te 6 7 ; t ab les 1 03a , 1 04a , 1 05a a nd 1 06a ) . Beside t he n u merous a rchaeo log ica l f i nds, t he b ones o f 8p ersons h ave b een p reserved f rom t wo n e ighbour ing c e me ter ies o ft he L o mbards o r t he L o mbard P eriod , i n t he Museo d e l t ea tro R o mano a t F ieso le .
T he e xcava t ion was d irected b y
Ga l li ( 1 914) ; t he a rchaeo log ica l ma teria l was e xa m ined b y O t to v on H essen ( 1966, 1 971) , whi le t he a n thropo logica l ma ter ia l was e xa mined b y K isze ly ( 1970) . One g roup o f ma teria l was f ound i n 1 873 . T he n a me o ft he s i te was P iazza Umber to I ° ( now : P iazza Mino) . I tc on ta ined t wo g raves. The o ther c eme tery was e xcava ted b y G a l li i n 1 909-1910 ;
h e p ub lished i ti n 1 914 .
The e xact l oca-
t i on o ft he s i te i s V ia R iorbico , a nd n ow i ti s o n t he l and o ft he Museo C ivico . The t o ta l n u mber o ft he e xcava ted g raves i s 2 7 , b u t t he c e me tery i s n ot whol ly u ncovered .
O t to v on Hessen wr i tes o ft he d a t ing o ft he c eme tery ( p . 1) :
nDas
Gräberfe ld i s t d urch d ie F unde i n d as 7J ahrhunder t z u d a tieren , i s t a lso l angob ardenze i t lich u nd n ich t g o t isch , w ie E . G a l li v ermu te te .
O b d ie T o ten a ber
t a tsAch lich L angobarden waren i s t h eu te n ich t mehr z u e rmi t te ln". I n h is e xcava t ion n o te-book , f ound i n 1 906, P asqu i men t ions a no ther g rave ( O t to v on Hessen 1 971) f ro m t he t ime when h e e xcava ted t he a ncien t p ar t o f F ieso le . This i s o ne o ft he r econstruc ted g raves, which c an b e s een e ven n ow a t t he e n trance o ft he Museo d e l T ea tro R omano i n F ieso le . A s t he g rave i s f i t ted w i th a l ock , t he s ke le ton o ft he wo man l y ing i nside c ou ld n ot b e e xa m ined . Two o ft he s ke le tons p reserved i n t he Museo d e l T ea tro R omano h as t he l abe l : "Due t o mbe b arbar iche s coper te i n F ieso le n e l 1 879 s u l la p iazza Umber to J O" . The r est o ft he s ke le tons a re l abe lled "e ta b arbar ica". The f i rst i nscr ip t ion e i ther h in ts a t al a ter wrapp ing a nd l abe l ling s ince t he t wo p ersons( a man a nd a wo man ) a re t he f i nds o f 1 873 , o r t hey i nd ica te t ha t more a re u nknown t o u s. The i nscr ip tions
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. f i n dsBARm ade a t t ha t t ime d e tai ls o f which Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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o n t he o ther 6 s ke le tons were wri t ten i n a no ther h and a nd o n d i f feren t , much n ewer , p aper ; t hey s eem t o h ave c o me f ro m Ga l li t se xcava t ions ( perhaps p ar t ly f ro m h is 1 907 e xcava t ions) . F ieso le , P iazza Umber to I o. I st p erson ( p la te 6 7 ) . p reserved s ke le ton o f a3 0y ear-o ld wo man .
The c o mp le te , we l l-
The s ku l l was s l igh t ly- med iu m
i n ten t iona l ly f ormed . Taur id- Med i terran ian , h e igh t : 1 63 cm . D o lichocrania l, c hamaecran ic, t ape inocranic, s teno me top ic, l ep toprosop ic, l ep terene , c hamaec onch ic, mesorrhine , l ep tostaphy line , b rachyuran ic, o r thogna thous. p raenasa lis.
F i l led f ossa c an ina .
2 nd p erson ( p la te 6 7 ) .
F ossa
Eury mer ic, mesocnemic .
T he c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd t he s ke le ta l
b ones o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man .
Graci lised N ord ic.
Heigh t :
1 76 cm .
Meso-
c ran ia l , a crocran ic, h ypsicran ic, e ury me top ic, l ep toprosopic, l ep terene , mesoconchic, l ep torrh ine, l ep tostaphy line , mesuranic . P la ty mer ic, e uryc nemic . F ieso le .
V ia R iorbico .
1s t p erson .
The mand ibu lar b ody a nd t he l ong
b ones o f a6 -7 y ear-o ld c hi ld . 2 nd p erson .
T he l ef t t i bia o f a n 8 -9 y ear-o ld c hi ld .
3 rd p erson .
F ragmen ts f ro m t he p e lvis, t he f e mur a nd t he t i bia o f a
2 0 y ear-o ld wo man . 4 th p erson .
F ragmen ts f ro m t he r igh t h umerus a nd f emur o f a n a du l t man .
5 th p erson . The c o mp le te b u t h igh ly f ractured s ke le ton o f a3 5 y ear-o ld wo man . H e igh t : , 1 58 cm . P la ty mer ic, e urycne mic . 6 th p erson .
An i n s i tu g rave t o t he r igh t o ft he e n trance .
An a du lt man
N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id . N ocera Umbra .
The Museo Naziona le R omano e xcava ted , u nder Ang io lo
Pasqu i ' sl eadersh ip , 1 65 g raves i n N ocera Umbra i n 1 897-1898 . s ke tches o ft he g raves were p roduced .
Ap lan a nd
The d e tai led a rchaeo log ica l p ub lica tion
was made b y Par iben i ( Pasqui -Per iben i 1 918 ) .
A l l a vai lable a nd p ossib le a reas
were e xcava ted . S o me g raves o ft he I ron Age were a lso f ound t oge ther w i th t hose o ft he L o mbard Per iod . N o b ones h ave s urvived f ro m t he c eme tery s o i ti s n o t v a luab le f ro m a n a n thropo logica l p o in t o fv iew . I ts ee ms t ha t t he s ke let ons were l ef t i n t he g raves. F ro m t he d e tai led s ke tches o f g raves we c an s ee t ha t most o ft he s ke le tons h ad l ong s ku l ls ( e .g . i n g raves 1 6,17 ,23 ,27 ,29 ,30 , 3 8 a nd 6 4) .
I n s o me c ases t he o ccip i ta l b one b u lges o u t a nd t he f ace i s l ow .
This p heno menon c ou ld n o t r e ma in u nno ticed b y t he a r tists, a s t his t ype o f s ku l l i s c haracter istic o ft he l oca l Med i terran ian Ro man p opu la tion .
A h igher
f ace i s a lso f requen t ly p resen t e .g . i n t he 1 6th g rave. T he d o lichocran ia l a nd l ep toprosop ic s ku l l i s c haracterist ic o ft he N ord ic t ype ; i n g raves w i th s uch s ku l ls t he a u thors n o te t he e specia l ly h igh s ta ture o f t he s ke le ton , s o me; t imes e ven e xceed ing 1 90 cm . "L e o ssa d i mostravano a vare a ppar tenu to a d a n i nd ividuo d i e cceziona le r obustezza p oiche i lf e more e ra l ungo m m . 5 20 [ h igher t han 1 80 cm ] el argo n e l l 'a r t ico lazione i n feriore m m 9 8 ." t i ona l ly f ormed s ku l l c an b e s een i n t he g rave s ke tches. b een n o ted . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 49
N o i n ten-
This a lso wou ld h ave
V ery of ten t he a u thors ( Pasqu i-Par iben i ) p ub lish t he h eigh t ( l ength o ft he s ke le ton ) o r o n ly t he l eng th o ft he f e mur .
We c an j udge t he a ccuracy o ft heir
measure men ts i n t he c ase o ft he 3 0 th g rave : b o th t he h e igh t a nd t he l eng th o f t he f e mur a re g iven , t he t wo g iv ing t he s a me r esu l t .
I f we e xamine t he c on-
n ect ion b e tween t he r ichness o f t he g rave a nd t he s ta ture o ft he b ur ied p erson ( especia l ly i n t he c ase o f men ) we c an s ee t ha t i n g raves y ie ld ing r ich g raveg oods t a l l p ersons were b ur ied , whi le i n t hose c on tain ing s hor t p eop le t he g rave g oods were n ot s o n u merous. F ro m t he h eigh ts, t he a ges o ft he c hi ldren c an a lso b e c a lcu la ted . N o n ewborn c hi ld i s men tioned . The f o l low ing a verage h e igh ts c ou ld b e c a lcu la ted :
men
wo men
g rave 1 7
1 80 cm
g rave 2 2
1 63 cm
g rave 3 0
1 67
g rave 2 3
1 63
g rave 3 2
1 79
g rave -2 4
1 65
g rave 4 8
1 60
g rave 2 5
1 55
g rave 4 9
1 66
g rave 2 6
1 59
g rave 5 1
1 72
g rave 3 1
1 60 1 50
g rave 5 2
1 72
g rave 3 7
g rave 8 6
1 70
g rave 4 2
1 66
g rave 9 8
1 90
g rave 4 4
1 66
g rave 1 00
1 65
g rave 5 4
1 54
g rave 1 15
1 72
g rave 7 0
1 69
g rave 1 19
1 78
g rave 1 05
1 69
g rave 1 38
1 58
g rave 1 10
1 64
g rave 1 52
1 56
g rave 1 18
1 60
Average h eigh t :
1 70 cm
1 66.5 cm
We must b e c au t ious a bou t t hese d a ta b ecause o f t he sma l l n u mbers o f measure men ts.
The t a l l b rachycranic N ordic men p erhaps r epresen t t he war-
r ior s tra tu m o ft he L o mbards p resen t i n o ther L o mbard c e me ter ies a s we l l . Those o f Med i terranian ( At lan to o r I bero o nes) must h ave b een t he Romanised l oca l p opu la t ion o f I ta ly . Caste l Trosino ( P la tes 6 4, 6 5, 6 6 a nd 6 7 ; t ab les 1 00 , 1 01 a nd 1 02) Caste l Trosino l i es n or th-east o f A sco l i P iceno , a bou t 1 5 k i lo me tres n or the ast o f Aquasan ta , t he f a mous G o th ic s i te . i n 1 872 .
The f irst s ke letons were r epor ted
The f i rst g raves were f ound i n S an S tefano , e ast o f C aste l Trosino
a nd a bou t 4 00 me tres d istan t f ro m i t .
The f i rst e xcava t ions were l ed b y Emid io
Amadio , p rovost o f Tros ino , i n 1 893 .
He e xcava ted a bou t 5 0 g raves, b u t h e d id
n o t make n o tes o n t he m .
L a ter o n ly 1 6 g raves c ou ld b e i den ti f ied .
The u n-
a u thorised e xcava t ions were s topped b y G . G abr iel l i , e xcava t iona l s urveyor f ro m A sco li P iceno , a nd t he a rea was h anded o ver t o t he Ro man Na t iona l Museu m . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 50
The e xcava t ions, f i nanced b y t he Min istry o f Educa tion , were l ed b y E duardo B rizio a nd R . Mengare l li ( 1902) . They e xcava ted 1 90 g raves i n a l l, s o t he t o ta l n u mber o f e xcava ted g raves i n a n a rea o f 5 ,000 m 2 i s a bou t 2 40 . T he e xcava t ions were c arried o n i n t he s ou th-western p ar t o f t he c e metery i n 1 896 , u ncover ing 2 9 r a ther p oor g raves.
The t opography d icta tes t he l imi ts
o f t he c e me tery , a nd i ts ee ms t o h ave b een e xhausted .
Excava t ions were c ar-
r ied o u t o n t he o ther s ide o ft he h i l l a s we l l , b u t o n ly 1 9 v ery p oor g raves were f ound .
I n l a ter t imes a c hurch was b ui l t o ver t he c e me tery, a nd t he
b ones r escued f ro m t he c e me tery were f ound most ly a round t he modern c hurch . The d e ta i led p ub lica t ion o ft he c e me tery was wr i t ten b y Mengare l li ( 1902 ) . A s a n a ppend ix G iuseppe S erg i wrote u p t he a n thropo logica l s tudy o f 1 9 r escued s ku lls u nder t he t i t le "N o ta s u i t esch i d i C aste l Trosino".
These s ku l ls a re
n ow i n t he b one s tore o f C i t ta U n iversi tar in I nst i tu to d i An tropo log ia i n Ro me .. Most o ft he m a re i n t he o r ig ina l wrapp ing w i th t he i nscrip t ion "Cran io a n tic° N ecropo l i L ongobarda d i Caste l Trosinon. 1 3 o f t he m b ear t he g rave n u mber o n t hem , s o t heir p lace i n t he c e me tery c an b e i den ti f ied . ma ter ia l f ro m t he c e me tery was e xa mined b y K isze ly
T he a n thropo logica l
( 1971) .
Un for tuna te ly
t he b one ma ter ia l o ft he a rchaeologica l ly r ich g raves h as b een l ost .
The d a-
t ing o ft he g raves c an b e b ased o n c o ins ; t he l a test c o in i s o ne o f T iberius C onstan t ine ( 578-582 ) , i to r ig ina tes f ro m s o me y ears l a ter t han t he f ormat ion o ft he k ingdo m o f P avia . A sco l i , a f ter T heodor ic ' si nvasion o f I t a ly ( 493 ) , t hough s ub ject t o t he G o ths, p reserved i t s i ndependence a s at own a nd i t s s e lf-govern men t .
I n 5 52
t he p opu la t ion o f A sco l i , h aving h eard t ha t Narses was c om ing w i th a l arge a rmy , r evo l ted a ga inst t he G o ths, e xpe l led t hem, a nd made s ub mission o f t hemse lves t o t he Emp ire . Imper ia l g arrison t roops c a me i n to t he t own a nd i n to s o me n e ighbour ing f or t i f ica tions, e specia l ly i n to Transu ino o r Trosino a nd Murcia , t ha t i s modern Murro . T i l l 5 78 A sco l i b e longed t o t he R avenna e xarcha te . Dur ing t his t ime t he Imper ia l g arrison was p laced i n t he t owns a nd t he c aste l li ( among o thers i n C aste l Trosino ) , a l l r u led b y a n a rchan tes o r ap r ince . I n 5 68 t he L o mbard F aroa ldo , Pr ince o f S po le to , "af ter c hanging t he f or t if ica t ions o f T rosino a nd Murro i n to t he c e me ter ies o f t he Greeks" c ap tured w i th h is a rmy A sco l i , a nd o ver threw i t s wa l ls. u nder t he r u le o ft he Pr ince o fS po le to .
Thus A sco li c ame
Af ter 7 73 , t ha t i s a f ter Char le magne ' s
v ictory o ver t he L ombard Desider ius, A sco l i s hared i n t he S po le to p r incedo m ' s f a te : i t was a nnexed t o t he F rank ish emp ire . Anyhow we h ave n o r epor t o f t he p resence o f F rank ish s o ld iers i n Caste l Trosino . The L o mbard i nf luence o ft he c ast le, f i gh t ing s o l ong a ga inst t he B yzan t ine Emperor f ro m 5 78 t o 6 10 , s urvived f or a l ong t ime . Ag arrison was s ta t ioned i n t he C aste l lu m a ga inst t he Byzan t ine a t tacks . The l oca l p opu la tion h e lped t he g arr ison i n t his s trugg le .
P robab ly n o t o n ly t he s o ld iers, b u t , a ccord ing t o t he c usto m o f t he
b arbar ians, t heir f am i lies, l i ved i n Caste l Trosino . Mengare l li ( 1 902 ) , r e ly ing o n a rchaeo log ica l e vidence , d a tes most o f t he g raves a t S an S tefano b etween 5 78 a nd 6 20, a nd a lso t he g raves i n t he midd le p ar t o ft he c e me tery f ro m which n o b ones h ave s urvived . The p ublished g raves ( around t he c hurch ) h e d a ted t o t he e nd o ft he 7 th c en tury . t he g raves o ft he c e me tery i n t he f o l low ing way : Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 51
We c an n ow s um u p
Amad io 's i den t if ied g raves:
1 6 g raves N o .: A-Q
Graves i n S an S tefano e xcava ted b y Brisio- Mengare l l i :2 18 g raves N o . 1 -218 Graves o n t he t err i tory o f "F on te" :
1 6 g raves No . 2 19-234
G raves o n t he t err i tory o f "Campo" :
3g raves No . 2 35-237 2 53
The n u mber o fg raves w i th g rave-nu mbers : The n u mber o fg raves e xcava ted b y Amadio which
3 4
c anno t b e i den ti f ied :
2 87
T he t o ta l n umber o f e xcava ted g raves:
D isregard ing t he g raves e xcava ted b y Amad io wh ich c anno t n ow b e i den ti f ied , t he t o ta l n u mber o f s ke le tons f ro m t he t hree p ar ts o ft he c eme tery i n Caste l Tros ino i s 2 59 .
The ir d istr ibu t ion i s a s f o l lows:
Men : Wo men : U n iden t i f ied :
6 8 1 06 8 5
To ta l
2 59
c h i ldren : a du l ts :
6 2 1 67
U niden t i f ied : To ta l
f ro m t hese :
3 0 2 59
We c anno t b e p recise a bou t t he d ivid ing l i ne b etween t he c a tegor ies o f "c h i ld" a nd "a du l t" ,o r a bou t t he a ccuracy o f t he s ex .
Probab ly Brisio a nd
Mengare l l i r e lied o n t heir own a n thropo log ica l k now ledge . There a re t oo many wo men f or t he n u mber o f men ( 60 :92 ) ; t his i s p ossib le i f Caste l T rosino r ea l ly was t he b ur ia l s i te f or t he l oca l p opu la t ion , a nd n o t j ust t ha t o ft he g arrison . The s o ld iers l i ved h ere t oge ther w i th t heir w ives a nd c hi ldren . The s ke le tons o f 1 9 p ersons p reserved f ro m t he c eme tery i s o n ly 6 .62% o ft he t o ta l n umber ; t hese were among t he p oor g rave ea nd s o t hey c anno t b e r egarded a s t yp ica l o ft he p opu la t ion o f C aste l Trosino i n t he 6 th-7 th c en tur ies. Grave 5 6a ( I nst . An tr . Ro ma 1 944) ( p la te 6 6) The we l l-preserved s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0-50 y ear-o ld wo man . l ichocran ia l , c hamaeA t lan . to- Med i terran ian—East- Med i terran ian . Hyperdo c ran ic , me tr iocran ic, e ury me top ic, meserene , c hamaeconchic , p la tyrrh ine, b rachyuran ic, mesogna thous. Grave 1 22 ( 1945) The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a5 0 y ear-o ld wo man . The p ar ie ta l b one i s f ractured . A t lan to- Medi terran ian . Do lichocran ia l , o r thocranic , me triocran ic, e ury me tr iocran ic, e ury me top ic, h yper lep terene , h ypsiconch ic, mesorrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , mesogna thous.
The f orehead i s e specia l ly s teep .
Grave 5 6b ( 1946) The f ractured s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a man a ged o ver 5 0 . A t lan to- Medi terr a n i a n -N o r d i c -C r o M a g n o n i d . D o l i c h o c r a n i a l , c h a m a e c r a n i c , t a p e i n o c r a n i c , Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 52
e ury me top ic, h ypereuryene ( because o f a lveo lar r esorp t ion ) , h ypsiconchic, b rachyuranic, o r thogna thous. Grave X 1 ( 1947 ; p la te 6 6) The who le s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a2 5 y ear-old wo man . r an ian .
A t lan to- Med i ter-
D o l ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic, me triocran ic, e ury me top ic, l ep terene,
mesoconch ic , mesorh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic, mesogna thous. Grave X2 ( 1948) The c a lvar ia o f a ma ture wo man . A lp ine t ype .
I tb e longed i n i t s ma in f ea tures t o t he
Mesocran ia l, h ypsicran ic, a crocran ic , e ury me top ic .
Grave X3 ( 1949 ;
p la te 6 6)
The we l l-preserved s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0-50 y ear-old wo man . S l igh t c rista a long t he s u tura s ag i t ta lis. o n t he v er tex p ar t .
The f orehead i s h igh , s ligh t c livus
One o ft he most p roblema t ic t ypes o ccurr ing i n t he L o m-
b ard c e me ter ies, a s i tc on ta ins n egroid e le men ts t o as ign i f ican t d egree . Perhaps t he O r ien toInd id-East- Med i terran ian wou ld b e most s ui tab le . H yperd ol ichocran ia l , c ha maecran ic, a crocran ic, e ury me topic, l ep terene , h ypsic onchic , l ep torrh ine , l ep tostaphy line , b racyuran iC, mesogna thous. Grave 7 2 ( 1950 ) The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a4 0-45 y ear o ld man . p ar t i s f ractured .
S ligh t ly s caphocran ic .
A t lan to- Medi terran ian f ea tures.
The r igh t maxi l lary
Graci l- Med i terran ian w i th s o me
Do lichocran ia l, c ha maecranic, t apeinocran ic,
mesoconch ic, b rachystaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , h yperor thogna thous. Grave 4 9 ( 1951) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ku l l a nd t he j aw o f a3 0 y ear-old man ( p la te 6 5 ) .
Cro- Magnon id- Med i terran ian .
Mesocran ia l , o r thocran ic, t apeino-
c ran ic, me tr io me top ic, mesoprosop ic, meserene , p la tyrrh ine , mesoconch ig , l ep tostaphy l ine , mesuran ic, o r thogna thous.
O ssa s uturaru m d :i .
Torus
p a la t inus, s ep ta l d evia tion . Grave 6 7a ( 1952 ;
p la te 6 5)
The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a man a ged o ver 5 0 . i s f rag men tary a nd f ractured .
The r igh t p arie ta l p ar t
Cro- Magnonid- Med i terran ian .
Do l ichocran ia l ,
h ypsicran ic, me triocran ic, e ury me top ic, meserene , c ha maeconch ic, p la tyrr h ine, l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic , o r thogna thous.
Torus p a la t inus.
The
n asa l b one was b roken d ur ing l i fe t i me . Grave 6 7 1 9 ( 1953 ;
p la te 6 7 )
The s ku l l w i thou t t he j aw o f a3 0 y ear-old wo man . r an ian .
Cro- Magnonid- Med i ter-
Mesocran ia l, o r thocran ic, me triocran ic, e ury metopic, e uryene ,
c ha maeconch ic, mesorh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic, o r thogna thous. A r ounded wound , r ecovered d ur ing l i fe t ime r igh t o f s u tura s agi t ta lis, n ear t he b reg ma .
I t s d ia me ter i s 1 5 mm .
c a l a per tura p ir i for m is.
O ssa s u turaru m d :1, s :1 .
A sy m me tri-
The t race o f r ad icu li t is o nthe r oo ts o f t he r igh t
u pper i ncisors. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 53
Grave X 4 ( 1953 ) The c a lo t te o f a man a ged o ver 5 0 .
C ro- Magnon id-At lan to- Med i terran ian .
Do lichocran ia l , o r thocran ic , me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic. Grave 1 10 ( 1955) The c a lo t te o f a2 5-30 y ear-o ld wo man .
A lp ine- Medi terran ian .
Do licho-
mesocran ia l, c ha maecran ic, t apeinocran ic , e ury metop ic. Grave X 5 ( 1956) The c a lo t te , f ractured o n t he f ron ta l p ar t , o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . t e mpora l l ines.
C ro- Magnon id , b rachycran ic f eatures.
S trong
Brachycran ia l,
o r thocran ic, a crocran ic, me tr io me top ic . Grave 8 1 ( 1957 ) The c a lot te o f a wo man a ged o ver 6 0 . t erran ian t ype .
The b ase-for m b e longs t o t he Med i-
Do lichocran ia l , o r thocran ic, a crocr a n ic, e uryme t ,op ic.
Grave X 6 ( 1958 ) The f acia l p art a nd t he j aw o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man . f ea tures.
I th as Med i terranian
L ep toprosop ic, meserene , c ha maeconchic, mesorrh ine , b rachy-
u ran ic, p robab ly o r thogna thous. Grave 5 6c ( 1959) The c a lot te a nd t he j aw o f a2 0-25 y ear-o ld man .
The r igh t r a mus mandi-
b u lae was b roken d ur ing l i fe t i me a nd h ea led w i th c a l lus, s o i tr e ma ined a symme tr ica l .
A lp i ne Cr o- Magnon id .
a ru m d :2 ,
s :2 .
Brachycran ia l , e uryprosop ic .
O s sa s utu r -
Grave 2 8 ( 1960 ) The c a lo t te a nd t he j aw o f a3 0 y ear-o ld wo man .
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id .
Mesocran ia l, c ha maecran ic, t ape inocran ic , s teno metop ic . Grave 1 30 ( 1961) The c a lot te w i thou t t he b asis o f a4 5 y ear o ld man . w i th e specia l ly l ong h ead .
A t lan to- Med i terran ian . Hyperdo lichocran ia l , o r thocran ic, a crocranic,
me tr io me top ic . Grave 3 9 ( 1962 ) The s ku ll w i thou t t he j aw o f a3 0 y ear-o ld man . c ase i n t he An thropo log ica l I nsti tu te .
I t
i s
s tored i n a n u npacked
A t lan to- Med i terran ian w i th e x tre me ly
l ong h ead w i th s o me East- Med i terran ian f ea tures.
Hyperdo l ichocran ia l , c ha mae-
c ran ic, me tr iocran ic , e ury me top ic, h yper lep toprosop ic, l ep terene , mesoc onch ic, p la tyrrh ine , p rogna thous. c .
L o mbard i nhu ma t ion g raves i n I t a ly , t he b one ma ter ia l f ro m wh ich h as n o t b een p reserved
N or th I ta ly : Kiszely, István. The Anthropology Lombards, Parts I and Ii. Tar vi sio-grofathe ve s ( Aberg E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded onm behalf of38.67.221.43 G e ona graves ( Aberg
1 54
1 923 ) 1 923 )
U d ine graves
( Aberg 1 923)
Tren to graves
( Aberg 1 923)
Pordenone-graves
( Aberg 1 923)
Pa l manova graves
( Aberg 1 923)
G or izia-graves
( Aberg 1 923)
Aqui lea-graves
( Aberg 1 923)
L ignano-graves)
( Aberg 1 923)
Grado-graves
( Aberg 1 923)
R odeano-graves
( Aberg 1 923)
Vo ltago-graves
( Aberg 1 923)
Be l luno-graves
( Aberg 1 923 )
C olese mano d i Bu ia ( Ge mona )
( Aberg 1 923)
Mi lzane l lo ( Brescia )-ce metery
( Aberg 1 923)
F ornova S an G iovanni ( Berga mo) ce metery
( Aberg 1 923)
Marsag lia ( Modena )-grave
( Aberg 1 923)
Mon tecch io ( Reggio)-grave
( Aberg 1 923)
Brescia .
Bo t ticino S era -
c e me tery 1 887-1892
( Panazza 1 964)
Brandico-1 g rave o n Caste l G one l la Col le C idneo-graves 1 886. Ch iesa d i S . P ie tro i n O liveto
( Aberg 1 923 , Panazza 1 964)
S . Ba trolo meo-1 g rave 1 900 Vol ta Bresciana-1 g rave 1 938 Ca lvisano-ce metery
( Lechi
1 959)
Carpenedo lo-1 g rave 1 903 "A ida d e l L upo" Caste l me l la-1 g rave 1 906 C o ma d i Darfo-graves 1 939 Erbano-1 g rave 1 958 F lero-grave
( Aberg 1 923, Panazza 1 964)
Pavone MeI la-1 g rave 1 888 S . Eustachio g rave
( Aberg 1 923 , Panazza 1 964)
Cor ta lta ( Verona ) Pa lazzo Misisca lchi-1 v ery r ich g rave o f a wo man ( Ot to v on Hessen 1 968 ) f ound 1 906 ( Ghiardin i 1 908 ) C el lore d ' lasi ( Verona )
Graves were f ound i n 1 878 ( Aberg 1 923, O t to v on
Hessen 1 968) S . Mar ia d i Z evio ( Verona ) av ery r ich g rave o f a man ( Ot to v on Hessen 1 968 ) f ound 1 928 . C ivezzano .
Another g rave o f a man was f ound i n P i la i n 1 880 .
Two g raves were f ound a t t he e n trance o ft he Va lsugana v a l ley i n
1 885 ( Wieser 1 886) . g rave :
Both g raves b e longed t o men .
Wieser wrote o f t he s econd
"t he s econd g rave a lso c on ta ined t he wel l-preserved s ke leton o f a man ,
u nfor tuna te ly d estroyed b y t he workers;
o n ly a p ar t o f h is s kul l h as s urvived ;
i ti s l ong a nd n arrow —though a p ar t o f t he o ccipi ta l b one i s missing —and n ot l onger t han 2 10 cm . g r e tber typ ."
The b ack v iew i s o f r oof-for m , i th in ts a t t he Reichen-
This v ery r ich g rave, d ating f ro m t he 6 th-7 th c en turies ( W ieser
1 886 p . 2 82) i s k nown i n t he l i tera ture a s t he g rave o f an ob le man .
According
t o t he d escrip tion i t must h ave b e longed t o a Nordic-protonordic t ype .
A s f or
t he b ur ia l Wieser wri tes ( p . 2 85) t ha t t he c of f in was r e markab ly l ong , p ar t ly Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 55
b ecause o ft he s ta ture o f t he man a nd p ar t ly b ecause o f h is weapons.
Another
g rave o f a man was f ound 2 me tres f ro m t he p reced ing o ne i n a u tu mn 1 885 . On ly t he b ones o f t he n ob le man ( f rag men ts o f t he s ku l l ) h ave s urvived f ro m t he f our
r aves.
Verucca ( Tr ien t ) .
Th is must h ave b een a l arge L o mbard c e me tery f ro m wh ich
ag o lden c ross was r emoved t o Tr ien t Museu m i n S ep te mber 1 838 ( W ieser 1 886) .
The p ub lica tion d escr ibed s evera l o ther g raves a s we l l a s t he c ross:
"..in P iedicaste l lo p resso l a c asa d i R occo S ega la s opra u n s che le tro i n s epo lcro d i p ie tra p resso mo l t i a l tr i s epo lcr i n e l la f i la medesima , ma q uest i d i t erra c ot ta".
The b ones h ave n o t b een p reserved .
C en tra l I t a ly : Mi lano graves
( Aberg 1 923 )
Monza grave
( Aberg 1 923 )
Mande l l° V i t ta ( Pied mon t )-grave (Aberg 1 923 ) A lice Caste l lo ( Pied mon t )-grave ( Aberg 1 923 ) L ignot to ( Pied mon t ) -grave
( Aberg 1 923)
B or _go masino ( Pied mond ) ce me tery
( Aberg 1 923 )
Marzag lia ( Modena )-grave
( Aberg 1 923 )
Casc ina le Marcur ina ( Pavia ) A sma l l c e me tery was f ound b etween 1 869 a nd 1 878 ( Ot to v on H essen 1 967 ) , c on ta in ing among o ther f inds 3 g o lden c rosses . B org° d 'A le Cape l la d i S . G ermano ( Pie mon t ) Ag rave a o fv ery r ich man was f ound i n 1 960 ( O t to v on H essen 1 962-1963) .
When Carducci a rriving o n
t he s i te c ou ld o n ly c ol lect t he f i nds ; n oth ing r e ma ined o ft he b ones b ecause o f t he h igh wa ter t ab le .
I tp roved t o b e a n i so la ted g rave .
I ti s d a ted t o
t he 7 th c en tury . S ou th I t a ly : Chiusi-graves
( Aberg 1 923 )
R ie t i ( Umbr ia )-grave w i th h orse ( Aberg 1 923 ) S u tr i ( Prov . Ro ma )-grave
( Aberg 1 923)
B o lensa ( Prov . R o ma )-grave
( Aberg 1 923)
S en ise ( Po tenza)-grave
( Aberg 1 923 )
Va l d i N ievo le-grave
( Aberg 1 923)
Chiusi-Arcisa ( Toscana )( Aberg 1 923) .
1 0 g raves were f ound d ur ing t he b ui ld-
i ng o f ar oad a t Arcissa h i l l n ear C hiusi i n 1 913 a nd 1 914 .
The a rchaeo-
l og ica l ma ter ia l was p ub l ished f i rst b y Ga lli ( 1942 ) a nd t hen b y O t to v on Hessen ( 1971) .
T he a n thropo log ica l ma teria l h as b een l ost .
I t s d a te i s
7 th c en tury . B eneven to . S evera l L o mbard r ema ins were f ound b e tween 1 889 a nd 1 962 . S o me s ke le tons were u ncovered i n F ebruary , t hen more i n March , 1 927 : f i rst i n V ia P ie tro P iperno , t hen o n V ia Va lfor tore , a nd l ast ly o n V ia le Pr incipa d i Napo l i .
The f i nds, d a ted t o t he 7 th-8 th c en turies, were p ub-
l i shed b y A . Z azo ( 1928 ) .
The b ones h ave n o t b een p reserved , a nd t hey c an
o n ly b e r econstructed w i th t he h e lp o f s o me o ld p hotographs o f b ad q ua li ty ( Ro ti li 1 977 )
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 56
d .
N on-Lo mbard g raves o ft he "E ta b arbarica" i n : I t a ly
B rescia Gussago ( P la tes 6 3 a nd 6 4) . Three g raves, c overed w i th s tone s labs, were d isturbed d ur ing t he b ui ld ing o f ar oad 5 00 me tres west o f P ieve , i n t he v ic in i ty o f Brescia i n Gussago i n O ctober 1 968 . t he 6 th c en tury .
The g raves d a ted f ro m
N o a rchaeologica l p ub lica tion h as a ppeared , b u t t he a n thro-
p o log ica l ma ter ia l was e xa m ined b y K isze ly ( 1970 ) .
The g raves b e longed t o
t he l oca l p opu la t ion o ft he t ime o ft he L o mbards i nvasion o f I t a ly . Grave 1 ( p la te 6 3) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ke leton o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld wo man . CroMagnon id-A lp ine ; h e igh t : 1 61 cm . Mesocran ia . 1 , o r thocran ic, t ape inocran ic, s teno me top ic , h ypereuryprosopic, h ypereuryene , mesoconchic, p la tyrrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic, o r thogna thous; p la ty meric, mesocnemic . Torus p a la t inus, much s ca le o n t he t ee th . Grave 2 ( p la te 6 4) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a4 0 y ear-o ld man . Magnon id- Medi terran ian ;
h e igh t :
1 73 cm.
Cro-
Sma l l o steo ma o n t abu la e x terna
o ft he s ku l l , t orus p a la t inus, s l igh t s u lcus p raenasa lis, v ery w ide p ir i for mis. Mesodo lichocrania l , o r thocran ic, t ape inocran ic, s teno me top ic, mesoprosop ic, e uryene , mesoconch ic, p la tyrrh ine , mesostaphy line , b rachyuran ic, o r thog na thous ; e ury mer ic, e urycne mic. Grave 3 ( p la te 6 4) The c o mp le te , we l l-preserved s ke le ton o f a2 4 y ear-o ld wo man . i sh-At lan to- Med i terran ian ; h e igh t :
1 57 cm .
"F rank-
Brachycran ia l , h ypsicranic,
t apeinocran ic , me tr io me top ic, mesoprosop ic, meserene , mesoconch ic, p la tyrr h ine , b rachystaphy l in .e , b rachy n iran ic, p rogna thous.
Eury mer ic, mesocnemic.
Vobarno ( Brescia) . F our s ke le tons were f ound o n V ia Boisis i n Vobarno i n J u ly 1 971. The f i rst s ke leton was d estroyed . The g raves b e longed t o t he R o man ised l oca l p opu la t ion o ft he l a te R o man p er iod . The a rchaeo log ica l p ubl i ca t ion h as n ot b een wr i t ten y e t , b u t t he a n thropo log ica l p ub lica t ion was p rod uced b y K isze ly ( 1971) . Grave 2 The c a lot te , t he j aw a nd t he f rag men tary s ke le ta l b ones o f a n 1 8 y ear-old wo man . Cr o- Magnon id- Med i t e rr an ian ; h eigh t : 1 65 cm . Mesoc r ania l , h yps i c ran ic, metriocran ic, e uryr ae top ic meso-hyps i conch ic ,h ype r p la tyme r ic , mesocne m ic. O ssa s u turaru m d :3 , s :3 . Grave 3 The c o mp le te s ke le ton o f a3 5-40 y ear-o ld man . D inar id-Cro- Magnon id . H e igh t : 1 64 cm . Brachycran ia l , o r thocran ic, t ape inocran ic, metrio me topic, o r thogna thous, e uryprosop ic, mes e rene ,mesoconchic , c ha maerrh ine , l ep tos taphy l ine d o l ichuran ic ; h yperp la ty mer ic, e urycne m ic. O s e pip ter icu m .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 57
Grave 4 The f ractured c a lot te a nd t he f ractured b u t o therw ise c o mp le te s ke le ta l b ones o f a2 5 y ear-o ld man .
Medi terran ian ; h e igh t :
1 61 cm .
E ury mer ic ,
mesocne mic . Co mac ina ( I so la C o macina ) . An e xcava t ion was c arr ied o u t b y t he S opr int endenza a l le a n t ich i ta p er l a L o mbardia u nder B el lon i ' sa nd Z ecch ine l li l s l eadership o n t he i s land o f C o macina i n 1 958-1959 ( Be l lon i 1 958 , Z ecch ine l li 1 959) .
1 2 s ku l ls were p reserved d ur ing t he e xcava t ions; t hey were p ubl ished
b y C orra in- Marco ( 1961) . N ei ther t he n umbers o ft he g raves n or a ny d a t ing a re t o b e f ound i n t heir p aper , t he s ku l ls b eing l abe l led "d i e poca p a leoc hr ist iana" o r "d i e poca b arbarica". The b ones — though t herefore v a lue less s cien ti f ica l ly—have i n g enera l t he f o l low ing c haracterist ics: Mar t in 8 :1 i ndex = 7 9 .49 ( meso-brachycran ic) , e ury me top ic, e ury mesoprosopic, e uryenemesene . The a verage h eigh t o ft he men i s 1 68 .6 cm , a nd t ha t o ft he wo men 1 56 .9 cm .
The f e mur i s s teno meric, t he t i b ia e urycne mic.
n o t c haracter ist ic o ft he L o mbards.
T hese d a ta a re
The b ones a re t aken i n to t he i nven tory
o f 1 'I nsti tu to d i An tropo log ia d e l l ' U n iversi ta d i Padova . Va l d i F iem me .
S evera l g raves f ro m t he 4 th-10 th c enturies were u ncovered
i n Casa Cavada , Caste l lo a nd i n Cava lese b e tween 1 948 a nd 1 958 . t i ons were p ub lished b y L eonardi ( 1949 , 1 951, 1 958 ) .
The e xcava-
The a n thropo logica l ma-
t er ia l, w i thou t t he n umbers o ft he g raves, d escr ip tion o f t heir c onnections o r a rchaeo logica l d a tes, was e xa m ined a nd p ub lished b y Marcozzi ( 1962) . H e a dded t he d e ta i led d escr ip t ion o f ag rave o f a wo man f ro m Caste l lo d i F iem me ( Leonardi- Marcozzi 9 1963) . H e wri tes a bou t t he ma ter ia l : " In b ase a l la s o mig l ianza c on o gge t t i l ongobard i p ure i lL eonardi e i ncl ine a p ensare c he l a n ecropo l i d i C aste l lo p ossa a t tr ibuirsi a l p er iodo l ongobardo ( V I-VI II d . C.)" ( p . 1 62 ) . The a u thor c o mpares t he b one ma ter ia l o f 1 3 p ersons w i th n onL o mbard b one ma ter ia l ( e .g . t o t hose ma ter ia ls among wh ich t here a re b ones f ro m p rehistoric t imes, f ro m R eggio Emi lia ) . He i den ti f ies t he L o mbards w i th " the N ord ic" t ype . The b ones a re i n Museo d e l Caste l lo B uoconsig lio i n Tren to . Aqui lea . U . Vra m d escr ibes t he e xamina tion o f 5 0 s ku l ls f ro m Aqui lea i n t wo p apers ( 1899 ,1900) b asing h is work o n S erg i ' ss kul l f or m f ro m t he u pper v iew . The s econd p aper ( 1900 ) i s t he G erman v ersion , a ctua l ly a n a bstract o ft he f i rst o ne . He g o t t he b ones f ro m Ma ion ica , D irector o f t he Aqui lea Museu m , who c o l lected t he s ku lls ( 44 i n t o ta l ) i n h is e xcava t ions.
Among t hese
s ku l ls Vram a lso e xamined 4 s ku l ls f ro m t he Tr ieste Museum ( Muse° d i An t iqu i ta d i Tr ieste) , a nd t wo more f ro m t he Trieste t own museum which h ad c o me f ro m Aqui lea . The t o ta l n u mber o f p ub lished s ku l ls was 5 0 . 1 9 o ft he m d a ted f ro m t he 8 th-12 th c en tur ies ( 1-16 , I V , Va nd V I ) , t he r est were e i ther e ar l ier o r l a ter . The f i nds a re c haracter ised b y Vra m a s "s phenoides, a phaeroides, p la thycepha li" a nd h e a ssigns t he m t o t he "G erman ic, C e l t ic a nd S lavic" e thn ic g roups.
I ti s c lear t ha t t he ma teria l c on ta in s G er man ic
e lemen ts, a t l east a ccord ing t o t he p ub lished f igures.
However , a s t hey c an-
n o t b e a ssocia ted w i th a s peci f ic s i te o r g rave , t hey a re v a lueless s cien ti f ica l ly . Most o ft he s ku l ls h ave s ince b een d estroyed . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 58
The n ex t D irector o f t he Aqui lea Museu m , G . Brusin , c on t inued t he c o ll ection o f s ku l ls, a cqu ir ing 9 R o man s ku l ls o ft he 2 nd c en tury f ro m V ia Anna a nd 1 s ku lls o ft he 8 th-14th c en tur ies.
Beside t hese t here a re 2 9 s ku l ls i n
t he museu m w i thou t a ny i nd ica t ion o ft he s i te d a te .
A l l t hese s ku l ls were e x-
am ined b y B a t tag lia ( 1938) , who g ave t he d a te a s "med ioeva li".
C orra in p ub-
l i shed ( 1957 ) 6 4 o ft he m, c onsider ing t he m t o c o me f ro m Aqui lea .
9o f t hem
c ame f ro m t he l st-2nd c en tury f ro m V ia Anna , 1 8 a re "c ran i r o man i" o f t he 5 th c en tury , 8c a me f ro m t he 8 th-14th c en tur ies a nd 2 9 s kul ls were i nde termi na te . There i s n o a u then t ic L o mbard s ke le ton among t he b ones i n Aqui lea Museu m . The 6 4 s ku l ls b e longed t o t he l oca l p opu la t ion . Verona "L a C oncola".
F . Z orzi e xcava ted s evera l g raves n ear V igo d i
L egnano i n 1 954 . The g raves were o f d if feren t p er iods, s o me o f t he m d a t ing f rom t he B ronze Age , o thers f ro m t he Ro man P eriod , a nd t here a re s o me wh ich c an b e d a ted t o t he L o mbard P eriod .
These we l l-preserved s ke le tons
must h ave b e longed t o t he l oca l p opu la t ion . The e xcava t ions were p ub l ished b y G . d ei F ogo lar i . C orra in-Piccin in .o ( 1964-1965) p ub lished s ke le tons o f t hree p ersons.
They d id n o t r epor t t he d a ta o n t he i ndividua ls ( a l l t hree s ke le-
t ons b e longed t o men ) .
Ad iaphysis t i biae, l ack ing a g rave n u mber , was p ub-
l i shed b y G . Grazia t i ( 1963 ) f ro m p a tho log ica l p o in t o fv iew ( acu te h ypert roph ica l o steoporosi tis) . T he "a verage measuremen ts a re a s f o l lows: d o lichomesocran ia l , o r thocran ic, a crocran ic, me tr io me topic, e uryene , c ha maeconchic . H e igh t i s 1 66 cm .
P la tymer ic, e urycne mic.
The a u thors ( Corra in-Piccin ino
1 964-1965) c o mpared t he s ke le tons w i th Burgund ian , A la mann ic a nd H ungarian ma teria ls a nd a rr ived t o t he c onclusion t ha t t he p eop le i n q uest ion were o f "Transa lp ine o r ig in" ( p . 2 3 ) .
The s tudy i s n o t f u l l o r r e liable .
Mugg ia Vecch ia ( I str ia ) . There a re s evera l s ku l ls c ol lected b y C . Marcheset t i a nd p ub lished b y B a t tag lia ( 1934, 1 938 ) i nd ica ted a s "medioevo" i n t he Museo C ivico d i S tor ia Na tura le d i Trieste . t ery o ft he l oca l p opu la tion . Canfanaro ( I str ia ) .
They c a me f ro m t he c eme-
9s ku l ls l abe l led "medioeva li" were c o l lected b y C .
Marchese t ti a nd p ub lished b y B a t tag lia ( 1938 ) . p opu la t ion . Grancia ( Grosse to)—Toscana .
They b e longed t o t he l oca l
S evera l g raves were f ound i n 1 955 d ur ing
t he d igg ing o f ad i tch 2 k i lo me tres f ro m Grosse to a t t he R iver O r abrone . The r escue e xcava t ions were c arr ied o u t b y t he D irector o f t he Museo Archeo logica c ivico d i G rosse to A . Mazzo la i a nd D . Ghost i i n v ery b ad wea ther .
The e xca-
v a t ion was l a ter v eri f ied b y Ma tzke ( 1959) , who a lso r epor ted o n t he work . The a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l was p ub lished b y O t to v on H essen ( 1971) . The c eme tery b e longed n o t t o t he L o mbards b u t t o t he R o mani sed l oca l p opu la t ion s how ing L o mbard c u ltura l i nf luence . I ti s d a ted t o t he s econd h a lf o ft he 7 th c en tury .
N o th ing i s k nown o ft he b ones.
Caset ta d i Mo ta ( Grosse to-Toscana ) .
A sma l l c eme tery w i th 1 4 g raves
was f ound ( Mae tzke 1 959 , O t to v on Hessen 1 971) . Probab ly i t was t he c e met ery o ft he Ro man ised l oca l p opu la tion d ur ing t he L o mbard P er iod . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. 1 59 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Do l ianova ( Cag liar i ) . 1 959 .
Graves o ft he 7 th c en tury were f ound i n S u mmer
T he c e me tery was e xcava ted b y t he S opr in tendenza a l le An tiqui ta d e l la
Provoncia d i Cag liar i . The b one ma ter ia l i s i n t he Museo S ardo d i An tropol og ia e d E tnograf ia d e l l 'I nst i tu to d iS cienze An tropo log iche U n iversia d i Cag liar i . The a n thropo logica l ma ter ia l was e xam ined b y K isze ly- Maxia ( 1971) . G erman ic f ea tures c an b e f ound i nt he ma teria l , b u t t he c e me tery d id n o t b e long t o t he L o mbards.
O t to v on H essen ( 1972) , among h is c r i t ica l n otes
o n t his e xa mina t ion , l ays s pecia l emphas is o n t he f act t ha t t he e xpression " barbar ian" i n t he 7 th c en tury means n o th ing more t han " non i t a lian i";
i tc an
b e Vanda l , G o th ic, L o mbard o r e ven a member o f t he l oca l p opu la t ion . Thus t he Do l ianova c eme tery b e longed t o ab arbar ian g roup o ft he 7 th c en tury . Bad ia d i Cava d ei T irren i ( Sa lerno) .
T he S an ta Tr in i ta a bbazia o f t he
B enedict ines i s a bou t 1 2 k i lo me tres f ro m S a lerno a nd 3 k i lo me tres f ro m C ava d ei T irren i . There a re t wo g roups o f c ryp ts o n t he l and o f t he a bbey d a t ing , p robab ly , f ro m t he v ery e nd o f t he f i rst mi l lenn iu m . b ones o f 1 23 a du l t p ersons ( 90 men a nd 3 3 wo men ) .
The c ryp ts c on ta ined t he T he f i nds were e xamined
b y C . D ' Amore a nd B . Mora ldo , a n thropo logists f ro m N ap les U n iversi ty , t hen b y I . K isze ly
Amore- Mora ldo 1 973 ) .
T hey c a me t o t he c onc lusion
t ha t among t he b ur ied p ersons t here a re s ome who were n o t p ar t o f t he l oca l p opu la t ion , b u t must h ave b e longed t o t he s ou thernmost L o mbard p r incedo m ( Sa lerno ) . Though t here were n o g rave g oods i n t he c ryp ts, n umerous s ke let ons b e longed t o t he Da lo-Nordic t ype , wh ich i s c haracterist ic o f t he L o mbards i n o ther p ar ts o f E urope . e thn ic r e la t ions a s we l l .
The s ke le tons, a t t he s ame t ime , may h ave h ad o ther D ' Amore a nd Mora ldo c a lcu la ted t he b io me tr ic
c haracter istics o ft he f i nds, b u t t hey d id n o t p ub lish t he measure men ts a nd f eatures o ft he i ndividua l s ke letons. K isze ly 's p aper , b ased o n i den ti f ica t ions made o n t he s po t , i s s ti l l i n p repara tion .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 60
I T I .
1 .
ANTHROPOLOG ICAL ANALYS IS
Pa laeode mography ( average b io log ica l a ge, d istr ibu t ion o f t he s exes)
The d iferen t ia t ion o f t he s exes i n t he L ombard ma ter ia l was c arr ied o u t u sing t he c lassica l morpho log ical methods. Iwas e xam in ing t he p eop les ( e thn ic g roups ) o f t he s a me p er iod , s o d iferen t ia t ion b etween men a nd wo men was n o t d if icu l t.
I ft he who le s keleton was p resen t Iu sed t he c a tegor ies
"man" a nd " wo man" ; i ft he b ones w ere f ractured o r f rag men tary Iu sed t he e xpressions " probab ly man" a nd " probab ly wo man". The ma in morpho log ica l f ea tures o f t he s ku l l wh ich h elped t o d iferen t ia te b etween t he s exes w ere a s f o l lows :
t he s teepness o f t he f orehead , t he s ize
o ft he t ubera p ar ieta l ia a nd t ubera f ron ta l ia , t he s ize o f t he b ase o f t he p rocess us masto ideus , t he s ize o f t he g label la , t he f or m o f t he men tum , t he p ro ject i on o ft he g on ions , t he mand ibu lar a ngle, e tc.
Among t he s keleta lb ones t he
f e mur ( t he s ize o f t he c apu t , i t s a ngle, t he s ize o ft he p ilaster , t he c urva ture o f t he f e mur ) w ere t he g reatest h elp . Ic ou ld a lso make u se o f t he h umerus , e spec ia l ly o ft he r obustness o f t he a dhesiona l s urface o f muscu lus d el to idaeus, t he s ize o ft he c apu t h umer i a nd i t s a bso lu te measure men ts. Ic ou ld u se t he b read th o ft he i nc isura ma jor i sch iad ica , t he r obustness o f t he c lav icle a nd t he a dhas iona l s urfaces o f t he l ong b ones.
The c a tegory
" sex i ndeter m inate" i s u sed ma in ly i n t he c ase o f i n fan ts Ia nd I , when t he s ex c anno tb e d eter m ined f ro m t he b ones. The L o mbard men w ere v ery mascu l ine : t hey w ere s trong , t al l , t heir b ones w ere r obust , t he a dhes iona l s urfaces were r ough. The wo men were much more g rac ile, g racefu l ly s haped a nd , a s f or t he f or m o ft he l ong b ones, t hey d id n o t e ngage i nh ard p hysica l work .
The d egree o f r obustness d ifers
g rea tly b e tween men a nd wo men o f t he N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id t ype. I fp ersons, whose s ex c an b e d eter m ined , a re c ompared w i th in a c e met ery , c ons ider ing h a l f o f t he c h i ldren w ith i ndeter m ina te s ex a s b oys a nd h a lf a s g irls, t he r at io o f wo men t o men i s 4 40 :430 , t ha t i s i ft he n umber o f men i s 10 00 t he n umber o f wo men w i l lb e 1 023. I n Ger man ic c e meter ies t he r a t io i s d i f feren t : 5 3.8% a re men a nd 4 6.2% a re wo men ; S o lo thurn ( Hug 1 940 ), E lgg ( Trudel 1 938 ) , Ha i ld ingen ( Schlunk 1 934 ), M t inchen ( Kra mp 1 938 ), Mengen ( Meny 1 941 ), " Reichengräber" i n Cen tra l Ger many ( Hug 1 940 ), Franks ( Ma t thäus 1 940 ) e tc. Th is r a t io i s c haracter ist ic o f ap eop le l iv ing i n p eace.
However , t h is
r a t io i s n o t c harac ter ist ic o f t he L o mbards b ecause ( a ), i n f u l ly e xcava ted c e meter ies t here a re more wo men t han men ;
( b ) t here a re more men among
t he s tray f inds s ince t he ir b ones a re b et ter p reserved i n t he e ar th;
( c ), i n
c e meter ies where t he b ones w ere n o t p reserved t he i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls ( wh ich b elonged t o wo men ) were c o l lected ; a nd ( d ), w e k now t he c usto m o f " a d p ert icas" o f t he L ombards : t hose d y ing f ar f ro m t heir f am il ies w ere Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 61
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Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 62
O r ig in , 2 3; Rug i land , 2 68; Pannon ia , 4 17 ;
Cz
N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls :
Toge ther
p r i mar i ly men .
Pau lus wr ites a bou t i t( Hist . L ang. V . 3 4.) :
" accord ing t o
t he L o mbard c usto m i fs o mebody d ied f ar f ro m h is h o me i nb a t t le o r f ro m a ny o ther c ause , h is k in p laced a p o le o nh is g rave p u tt ing a wooden d ove o n t he t op a nd o r ien t ing i tt owards t he p lace where h e h ad d ied , t o t e l l where t he d ead man l ay ." The a na lysis o ft he mor ta l ity c urve o f t he b ur ia ls a nd i t s c ompar ison w ith t hose o f o ther p opu la t ions ( f ig. 4 0 ) i s more i mpor tan t t han t he d istr ibu t ion o ft he s exes.
I ti s u nrea l ist ic w ith t he L o mbards a s n o i n fan t u nder 1 y ear o ld
h as e ver b een f ound i n a ny o f t he c e meter ies.
We k now o f o n ly f our c h ildren
u nder 2 y ears ( Hausk irchen g rave 1 7 ; Hausk irchen g rave 2 0 ; g rave 3 8 a nd Ta mäsi g rave 4 6 ).
O berb ierbaum
We c anno t b el ieve t ha t t he l eaders o f t he e x-
c avat ions m issed t he g raves , s ince a t t he s a me t ime t hey n ot iced much sma ll er r e ma ins t han t he g rave o f a n i n fan t.
Thus i t must b e d ue t o as pec ia l
b ur ia l r i te ( " Sonderbesta t tung" ); t he L o mbards e i ther p u t t heir d ead i n fan ts i n t he wa ter o r b urn t t he m a nd s ca t tered t he a shes , o r b ur ied t he m i ndepende n t ly w i th s pec ia l c ere mon ies. No s ource s peak o f s uch c usto ms. Th is i s why a l l t he a ge-graphs, a ge-pyram ids , c a lcu la t ion o f t he a vera ge a ge , a nd a na lyses o ft he a ge-curves a nd t he ir c o mpar ison w ith o ther p eop les a re u nrea l ist ic a nd f a lse.
I fw e c oun t t he a verage b io log ica l a ge
( average morta l i ty a ge ) o n t he b as is o f 8 70 i nd iv iduals w e g et t he f o l low ing r esu l t : men : 3 4 y ears a nd 9 mon ths wo men :
3 4 y ears a nd 2 mon ths.
How u nrea l ist ic t hese n umbers a re i s w el l d e monstra ted i fw e c ompare t he m w ith o ther p opu la t ions o f C en tra l Europe. I n Ger many d ur ing t he Imper ial A ge ( Fr icke 1 960 ) t he a verage mor ta l i ty a ge was 2 7 y ears ;
among t he e arly
S lays ( Mi l ler 1 967 ) i t was 2 7.2 y ears a nd among t he Merov ing ians 1 961 ) i t was 2 7.8 y ears.
l ler
N ow i fw e c onsider t he n umber o f i nd iv iduals who
d ied i n i n fancy o r u nder 1 5 y ears w e c an s ee t ha t i n t he L ombard c e meter ies n o t o n ly a re t he i n fan ts m issing , b u t a lso t he p ercen tage o f c h ildren i s t oo l ow .
Accord ing t o K urth ( 1963 ) 6 0% o f t he p eop le d ied i n t hese t imes b efore
r each ing t heir 2 0 th y ear. Pavelcok ( 1948 ) d eter m ined t he n umber o f p ersons who d ied b efore 1 3 y ears a s 6 1.8% i nS tare -Mesto , a nd a ccord ing t o S kerl j ( 1950 ) a t B led 4 2% d ied b efore 1 5 y ears, wh i le a ccord ing t o U l lr ich 3 6.1% o f d ied u nder 1 4 y ears , a nd S t loukal ( 1962) d eter m ines t he f i gure a s 3 9% , wh i le Brei t inger ( 1939 ) d eter m ines t he n umber o f p eop le who d ied u nder 1 5 y ears a s 4 2.5% .
Con sider ing a l l t hese f i gures we must b e c lose t o t he t ru th i f we
r ely o n Acsady-Ne mesk r i 's ( 1957 ) c a lcu la t ions , a ccord ing t o wh ich t he mort a l ity r a te o f i n fan ts i n t he 1th c en tury was 1 5.2% , a nd t ha t o f c h i ldren ( under 1 5 y ears ) 4 6.2% . Correc t ing t hese f i gures f or t he Ger man ic p eop les o f Cen tra l Europe , t he morta l ity r a te o f i n fan ts i s 2 0% i n t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies , a nd t he mor ta l i ty r a te o f c h i ldren i s 4 6% , i n c on trast t o t he 1 6.6% o f t he L o mbards. I fw e a dd t he 2 9.4% o f t he m iss ing c h ildren , t he a verage b io log ica l a ge w i l l b e a t men 2 4 y ears, 8 mon ths women 2 4 y ears, 3 mon ths. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 63
We h ave o ther p roble ms w i th t he c a lcu la t ion o f t he a verage a ge o f mor ta l i ty . We h ave d isregarded t he s ymbo l ic g raves ( ad p et icas ) , i nd ica t ive o f t he warr iors.
Ano ther s ource o fe rror i s t ha t w e d id n o t g ive t he e xac t a ge i n t he
6 0+ c a tegory , o ur c lass ica l methods b e ing i nadequa te f or t h is p urpose. The r ecen t ly i n troduced c he m ica l methods t el l u s t ha t v ery o ld p eop le w ere t o b e f ound i ne ar l ier t imes a s w el l ; t hose who d id n o t d ie y oung c ou ld o vercome t he u nhea l thy i n f luences o ft heir s urround ings a nd c ou ld l i ve t o o ld a ge ( af ac t a lso p roved b y t he i nscr ip t ions o n Ro man g ravestones , wh ich men t ion p eop le d y ing a t 8 0-90 y ears o f a ge ). The b io log ica l a ge d istr ibu t ion b etween men a nd wo men i s e ven .
I ti s
c aused b y t he l arge n umber o f i nd iv idua ls ( 870 ), a nd b y t heir p eacefu l way o f l i fe. The c urve ( f ig. 40 ) r ises i n t he ma ture-adu l t a ge, b ecause t he b ones a re b est p reserved i nt h is a ge-group . O steoporos is d estroys b ones a nd o f ten s uch b ones were n o t c o l lected i ne arl ier e xcava t ions. For t he d eter m ina t ion o fb io log ica l a ge Iu sed t he c lass ical morpho log ica l me thods. Even i ft here a re d i f ferences i n c o mpar isons w ith modern p opu la t ions ow ing t o d iferen t ways o f l i fe , t he c o mpar ison among t he L o mbards l i v ing am id s im ilar c ond i t ions ( soc ia l s et t ing , n our ish men t , n a tura l s urround ings ) i s r ea l is t ic.
The a ppearance o f t he m ilk t eeth a nd t he s econdary t eeth a ccord ing
t o Ba logh ( 10 .szely 1 969 ) h elps t o d ef ine t he a ges o f c h i ldren .
We c an d raw
c onclusions f rom t he l ength o f t he d iaphys is f e mor is a ccord ing t o S tewar t 's s yste m ( 1954 ). Be tween t he a ges o f 1 4 a nd 3 0 t he b est i n for ma t ion i s g iven b y t he o ssif icat i on o f t he c hondrus, a nd t he o ssif ica t ion o f e p iphys is-d iaphys is t o t he l ong b ones ( Acsad i-Ne mesker i 1 970 , e tc.). The a bras ion o f t he t eeth g ives v a luable i n for ma t ion t hough i ti s n ever e xac t. The b est r esu l ts a re g a ined f ro m t he a bras ion o f t he f irst a nd s econd mo lars a ccord ing t o K i irber 's ( 1957 ) , Z uhr t 's ( 19 28 ) a nd Eu ler 's ( 1931,1939 ) methods. L a tely s everal a u thors a rgue a ga inst d eter m in ing a ge f ro m t he o ss if icat i ona l s tage o f t he i nner a nd o u ter s urfaces o f t he c ran ia l s u tures ( S inger 1 953, Eränko-lü .h lberg 19 55 ).
Imysel f e xa m ined a s er ies o f e xhu med s keletons
f ro m t he Rakoskeresztur c e metery i n Budapest.
We k now t he e xac t a na mnese
a nd mor ta l i ty a ge. I n t hese c ases t he o ss if ica t ion o f t he s u tures c orrela ted w ith o ther f ea tures wh ich h elp i n a ge d eter m ina t ion , a nd t hey w ere o n ly r arely a nd s l igh t ly d iferen t f ro m t he k nown d a ta. S o Ih ave c onstrued d eter m in ing a ges w i th t he h elp o ft he s u tures a ccord ing t o Va l lo is ' ( 19 37 ) , R ibbe 's ( 1885 ) , F reder ic 's ( 1906, 1 910 ) a nd O ppenhe im 's ( 1907 ) s che mes. The s ta te o f t he t rabecu lar s yste m o f t he p rox i ma l e p iphyses o f t he h u merus a nd o f t he f e mur a lso h elp i n t he d e ter m ina t ion o f a ge i n t he ma turea du l t y ears.
H ere Ir el ied f irst o f a l l o n N eumesker i-Acsäd i-Harsäny i 's
( 19 60 ) a nd Hansen 's ( 1954 ) works. The c hang ing f or m o f t he f ac ies s y mph isia lis o ssis p ubis c ou ld b e u sed o n ly i n 7 % o ft he ma teria l a s t he b ones were f ractured a nd f rag men tary ( Vlcek 1 971, Broca 1 875, Angel 19 47 , 1 969 , Arno ld-Bart leyTon tJenk ins 19 66, Baume 1 943, B ernd t 19 47 , Bugy i 19 62, 1 963, B t ich i 1 950 , D erry 1 923-24, Dhe m 1 967 , Dok ladal 1 971, ErUnköü h l berg 1 9the 55 , Eu lParts erWe er 1 936 , Kiszely, István.l The Anthropology of Lombards, I and Ii.hn E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
F ranz- W ink ler 1 936, Freder ic 1 906 , 1 64
G enoves 1 959 , 1 962, Go ldstein 1 953, Gr imm 1 956, Gr t iner 1 952, Han ihara 1 952, Her t 1 971, H jor tsö 1 956, I ordan id is 1 961, K el lner 1 957 , K nak 1 962, K nuss mann 1 969 , L ie 1 971, L indegard 1 951, McKern 1 957 , N e meskgr iHarsä .ny i 1 958 , Oppenhei m 1 907 , Ro th-Lu thra 1 965 , S cho t t 1 962 , S er ry t trek 1 947 , S tewar t 1 957 , Todd 1 920 , V a l lo is 1 957 , Vyhnanek 1 969 , e tc.). 2 .
He igh t o f t he L o mbards I n d e ter m in ing h eigh t Iu sed Brei t inger 's t ab les ( 1937 ) f or men a nd Bach 's
t ables ( 1965 ) f or wo men . It ransfor med ma ter ial p ubl ished b y o thers i n to a cc ordance w i th t hese t ables. They a re e spec ia l ly s u itab le f or t h is p urpose a s t hese d a ta w ere g iven o nt he b as is o f t he measure men ts o f 5 ,000 Ger man ic p eop le ( Bre i t inger measured t he h eigh t o ft he p ar t ic ipan ts o f t he Mi in ich Gy mn ast ic Games i n 1 923 ).
Id id n o t u se Manouvr ier 's ( 1894 ) , Pearson 's ( 1899 ),
P earson- Wo lansk 3 r 's ( 1953) Ta lkkä 's ( 1950 ) , Tro t ter-Gleser 's ( 1958 ), Duper t iusHaddon 's ( 1951) a nd L undman 's ( 1952 ) t ab les a s t hey w ere b ased o n French , S lav ic , N egro , Amer ican , e tc. p opu la t ions.
I t was Bach 's a nd Brei t inger 's
t ables wh ich c on ta ined d eta iled d ata ( o fh umerus, r ad ius, f e mur , t i b ia ) w i th t he sma l lest v ar ia t ion among t he G er man ic p opu la t ions : a bou t 2 .2 cm a s o pp osed t o 3 .4 cm i n Manouvr ier 's s yste m , 2 .8 cm i n Pearson 's a nd 3 .6 cm i n Telk le 's t ab les ( Kur th 1 950 , 1 953, 1 954 ). Bach 's a nd Bre i t inger 's t ables a re, o f c ourse , a lso i mperfect . I f we c o mpare t he m w ith t he measure men ts o f o ther a u thors a nd t ry t o d raw p ara ll e ls b e tween t he o vera l l g row th o f t he p erson a nd t he g row th o f t he l ong b ones w e c an s ee ( i n ac oord ina te s yste m ) t ha t t he h eights , g row ing a s t he b one measure men ts i ncrease , d o n o t d o s o l inear ly , b u t t he c orrela t ion c urve f l att ens i nt he r anges o f t he l argest a nd sma l lest h e igh ts. Th is means t ha t p ers ons w i th e spec ia l ly l ong o r e spec ia l ly s hor t l ong b ones w ere n o t n ecessar ily e x tre mely t a l l o r e x tre mely s hor t.
I tr a ises d if icu l t ies i n e st i ma t ing t he i n-
d iv idua l man b u t d oes n o t c hange t he i n terpreta t ion o f p opu la t ions where t he l arge n umbers n eu tra l ise t he e x tre me. Ic a lcu la ted t he a verages f ro m t he d a ta o n t he l engths o f t he h umerus, r ad ius , f e mur a nd t i b ia. I ti s a lso d esirable t o c a l l a t ten t ion t o t he t ype wh ich t he man i nq uest ion b elongs t o.
I ti s e spec ia l ly s u i table f or d ist ingu ish ing t he
N ord ic p eop le w ith l ong u pper a r ms a nd l ong l imbs f ro m t he Cro- Magnon ids w i th l ong l ower a r ms a nd l egs ( co mpar ing t he u pper a rm t o t he l ower a rm , t he l imb t o t he l eg ) ( Kur th 1 964 ). The a verage h e ight o f t he L ombards o n t he b as is o f 8 70 i nd iv iduals i s : men :
1 71.1 cm
wo men :
1 61.6 cm
I n Mart in 's c a tegory f or h istor ica l p opu la t ions i t means t ha t b o th men a nd women o f t he L o mbard p opu la t ion w ere t a l l ( 170.0-179.9 f or men a nd 1 59 .0-167.9 f or wo men ).
I fw e c o mpare t h is p opu la t ion o f t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies
w i th t he p resen t-day p opu la t ion , i nS ch m id t 's c a tegory ( Sa i ler 1 964 ) men a re med ium t a l l ( 170-179 ,9 ) , a nd t he wo men a re t a l l ( 1 60-169 .9 ).
Co mpar ing i t
w ith t he p resen t-day G er man p opu la t ion ( Brugsh ) b o th L o mbard men a nd L o mbard wo men were o f med iu m h eight ( t he r anges o f t he c a tegory a re 1 70.01 72.9 f or men , a nd 1 58.0-161.9 f or wo men ).
I fw e c onsider t ha t t he p opu la-
The Anthropology then Lombards, Parts It and Ii. t i oKiszely, n o fIstván. mod er n Ger ofma y i s a bou 7 cm t a l ler t han t he p opu la t ion o f t he 5 th-6th E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 65
c en tur ies t hen t he h e ight o f t he L o mbard men wou ld b e 1 78.1 cm , t ha t o f t he wo men 1 68.1 cm.
Then men wou ld b e t al l , a nd t he wo men wou ld b e e x tre mely
t a l l ( Mar t in-Sa i ler 1 969 ). Brei t inger ( 1940 ) d iscusses t he h eight o f t he L o mbards o n t he b as is o f n ew d a ta.
He d ef ines t he h e ight o f t he men a s 1 69 cm , a nd t ha t o f t he wo men
a s 1 58 cm , a dd ing " d ies i st a u f fel l ig weil d ie Ger manen d er s t iddeu tschen Re ichengräber i n a l lge meinen k le inw t ichsiger s ind". I ti s u seless t o c o mpare t he d a ta w ith t he measure men ts f ro m o ther Ger man ic c e meter ies i n C en tra l Europe f ro m t he s a me p eriod , a s t he n u mber o f p ersons i s t oo l ow c o mpared t o t ha t o f t he L o mbards.
I n a n thropo log ical
p ubl ica t ions a u thors ( e .g. Hausch ild 1 926 , 1 940 , B jörn 1 972 , e tc. ) h ave d es cr ibed o n ly s ku l ls.
The a verage h e igh ts g iven b elow Ic a lcu la ted b y c onver t ing
t he p ar t ia l d a ta a ccord ing t o Bach-Brei t inger 's t ables , a nd t hen Ic a lcu la ted t he a verages.
men 's
wo men 's
h eigh t
h eigh t
E thn ic g roup
( cm )
( cm )
Th t ir ing ians
1 72.0
1 62.7
Au thor K ur th 1 950 , 1 954, 1 953-1954 , 1 965 , F röh lich 1 965, Ho l ter 1 925, K au f mann 1 955
Bavar ians
1 72.0
1 62.7
R ied 1 909 , K ra mp 1 938 , L eh man-N ie tsche 1 895, Bre it inger 1 938 , Wies inger 1 939 , Am t mann 1 903 , Fr izz i 1 910 , Harsten 1 913 , Kk iber 1 973, K rogh 1 939 , Ranke 1 876
S axon s
1 72.0
1 64.0
Hug 1 940 , Hausch ild 1 925, K rogh 1 938
A la manns
1 72.0
1 63.0
S chwerz 1 912, 1 916, 1 917 , S ch lunk 1 934 , Meny 1 941, Eble 1 955 , F leury-Cue l lo 1 932, Huber 1 965 , 1 968 , Z iegel mayerL iebr ich-Scharz-Fischer 1 964 , Trudel 1 938 , Hauser 1 938 , Creel 1 966 , K ra mp 1 939 , N euf fer- M t t l ler 1 966 , S chrö ter 1 937 , G lowatzky 1 971, Abels-Gaebele-Schrö ter 1 72, K el ler-Tarnuzzer 1 935, Mandrach 1 867 , S chne iter 1 939 , F ischer 1 928 , Hö lder 1 866, H itzeroth 1 963
Frank s
1 71.5
1 59 .2
Z iegel mayer 1 968 , Ma t thäus 1 940 , Bauermeister 1 955, S cha ffhausen 1 883
Merov ing ians
1 71.6
1 65.3
J anssens 1 961, 1 964 , 1 965 , 1 967 , Hel l ich 1 888-1889 , Ma t iegka 1 895, 1 911, Ranke 1 897 , Re inecke 1 897 , Pa l l iard i 1 894, E ichhorn 1 928 , N i ldasson 1 929 , Frank 1 960 , Fröh l ich 1 965 , Ha my
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 66
Thus t he L o mbards i n t he ir s ta ture d id n o t d i f fer g reat ly f ro m o ther G er man ic p opu lat ions o f t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies.
Nor i s t here a ny c ons iderable
d i f ference among L o mbards o f d i f feren t t imes a nd p laces; i n L ower Austr ia a re
i den t ical w i th t he I t al ian o nes.
t he a verage h eigh ts
The mix ing w ith o ther
p opu la t ions l ike t he F ranks a nd t he Thüring ians d id n o t c ause c hanges i n h eigh t .
There a re n o e x tre me measure men ts —ne ither h igh n or l ow — in t he
c e meter ies ( f igs. 5 5 a nd 5 6 ). 3 .
Ca lcu lat ion o f t he d ura t ion t ime o f t he c e meter ies Werner wr i tes i n h is monograph o n t he L o mbards ( 1962, p . 1 18 ):
" Erst
d ie v o l lständ ige Ausgrabung mehrer l angobard ischer G räberfelder i n Westunga rn w ird a usrechende Anha ltspunk te f ür d ie Z ah l d er z ub etreffenden S ied lung g ehörenden u nd während d es p annon ischen Au fen tha ls b esta t tete I nd iv iduen u nd f ür i hre F am i l ienzusa m menhänge e rbr ingen .
D ie Aussichten h ierfür s ind
g ünst ig , d enn b e i d en modernen G rabungen l i eg t d ie B est i m mung v on A l ter u nd G esch lech t a ls Voraussetzung z u e iner e inwand freien Ana lyse i n d en Händen d es An thropo logen"... " Im F a l le v on B ezenye u nd Värpa lota g ehören e twa j e 7 0 G r ner ( Männer , F rauen u nd K inder ) i n d ie Z ei t zw ischen 5 26/27 a nd 5 68.
Würden f t ir a l le d iese Gräber a n thropo log ische Gu tachten v orl iegen ,
s o wäre e s e in L eich tes, d ie G rösse d er S ied lergruppe f ür d ie umgefär v ierz ig jähr ige B elegungszeit d er F riedhö fe b is z ur Abwanderung n ach I t al ien z u B erechnen"... " D ie a n d en p annon ischen Gri lberfeldern g ewonnenen Erkenn tn ismögl ichke i ten w erden a uch f ür Böh men , Th i lr ingen u nd d en merow ing ischen Westen f ruch tbar w erden". I ts ee ms i ncreasingly n ecessary t o c on s ider t he l i v ing a nd d ead p opu lat ions t ogether.
These c a lcu lat ions c oncern t he d ura t ion t i me o f t he c e meter ies;
i n d ea l ing w i th t h is p roble m t he a n thropo log ists r ely o n t he a rchaeo log ists. Bu t i fi n a ny way w e c an d eter m ine h ow many p eop le l ived i n t he s et t le men t a ssoc ia ted w i th t he c e metery , w i th a c onvers ion f or mu la we c an c a lcu late t he d ura t ion t ime o f t he c e metery . One o f t he c h ief a nd most impor tan t p roble ms a ssoc iated w i th t he L o mb ards i s t he l ength o f t ime o f t he ir o ccupa t ion o f Pannon ia. Th is i s i n c onnect ion w i th t he t ime t he L o mbards s pen t i n t he " Feld". u s t ha t t he L o mbards a rrived i n Rug iland i n4 88.
H istor ica l s ources t el l
We a lso k now t ha t t hey l eft
Pannon ia a t Easter 5 68 , s o t hey s pen t 8 0 y ears i n Rug iland a nd i n Pannon ia. The p roble m l i es i n d ec id ing whether t here i s ad e mograph ic method which w il l e nab le u s t o d eter m ine h ow many y ears t hey s pen t i n e ach o f t he t wo p laces , o r t o d ec ide what i s t he b order b etween t he t wo. There a re s evera l d e mograph ic f or mu lae s u itable f or t he c alcu la t ion o f t he n umber o f p ersons l i v ing i n as et t le men t , t he c e metery o f wh ich i s e xcavat ed .
The b est k nown o nes a re t hose o f Acsäd i-Ne mesker i ( 1957 ) a nd G e jval l
( 1960 ) , b o th a pp l icable t o h istor ica l p opu la t ions. Acsäd i-Ne mesker i ts ( 1957 , 1 970 , 1 972 ) f or mu la i s a s f o l lows :
P =K+
D •e0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 67
where
P =t he a verage n u mber o f t he p opula t ion t o b e c a lcu la ted K =t he c orrect iona l f actor , a bout o ne t en th o f D •eo / t D =t he t o ta l n u mber o f t he b ur ia ls eo = t he a verage mor ta l i ty r ate o f t he i n fan ts t=t he d ura t ion t ime o f t he c e me tery .
G e jva l l ' sf ormu la ( 1960) i s a s f o l lows: x •4 0 Y-1 ,000
o r
x •5 0 Y-1 ,000
I f5 0 o r 4 0 p ersons o f t he 1 ,000 d ie i n ay ear ( 4% o r 5% ) .
where y = t he n u mber o f p ersons b ur ied i n ay ear , x =t he a verage n u mber o f t he p opu la t ion . A csa-d i-Ne meske-r i ' sf ormu la i s b ased o n t he d a ta f ro m e xcava ted c e met er ies, wh i le G e jva l l ' sr e l ies o n t he c a lcu la ted mor ta li ty r a tes o f o ther p op u la t ions.
A ccord ing t o S cho t t 's ( 1964) a na lysi s, f or t he n u mber o f p ersons
d eceased i n ay ear G e jva l l ' sf ormu la y ie lds l ower v a lues.
Accord ing t o Bach
( Bach-Dusek 1 971) t he t wo me thods l ead t o a pprox i ma te ly t he s a me r esu lt .
A s
t he mor ta l i ty r a te i s k nown f ro m o ther C en tra l European c e me ter ies o f t he 5 th-6 th c entur ies ( Dona t-U l lr ich 1 971) , G e jva l l ' sf or mu la c an b e u sed a s we l l . We must c ons ider s o me p recond it ions f or u s t o b e a b le t o emp loy t hese f or mu lae . ( 1 ) We must s uppose t ha t t he L o mbards o f t he c e me ter ies w i th wh ich w e a re c oncerned l i ved i n a pprox i ma te ly s im i lar c o m mun i t ies. p roofs o f t h is .
We h ave s evera l
T ac itus wr i tes o f t he G erman ic p eop les i n g enera l :
l ocan t n on i n n ostru m more m c onex is e t c ohaeren t ibus a ed if ic i is: d o mu m s pa t io c ircu mda t ...." .
( 16) " vicos s ua m q u isque
The n u mber o f me mbers i n ac o m mun i ty c an
b e c a lcu la ted f ro m t he c e me ter ies o f k nown d urat ion t ime .
S uch a re , among
o thers, Vörs a nd K a jdacs i n P annon ia, u sed f or 2 2 y ears .
H ere t he d ura t ion
t ime o f t he c e meter ies c an b e r evea led o n ly b y a rchaeo logy . ( 2 ) A s n ewborn c h i ldren a re n o t b ur ied i n t he L o mbard c e me ter ies t he n u mber o f I n fan ts Ii s n o t r ea l ist ic .
We must c onsider t he d e mograph ic a ver-
a ges o f o ther G er man ic c e me ter ies, a ssu m ing t hat n o s ign if ican t d if ference e x isted b e tween t he c h i ld mor ta l ity r ates o f t he L o mbards, T hür ing ians, Franks, A la mann i, e tc .
Thus t he t o ta l n u mber o f t he p ersons b ur ied i n a
c e me tery must b e c o mp le men ted b y t he a dd it ion o f t he n u mber o f n ewborn b ab ies a nd c h i ldren ( 29 .4% ) . ( 3 )
O n ly c o mp le te ly e xcava ted c e me ter ies c an b e c onsidered .
I n R ug i land
a nd i n P annon ia t here a re t he f o l low ing : O berb ierbau m :
The n u mber o f e xcava ted g raves i s 9 5 .
2 5 g raves were d a maged d ur ing s and e x tract ion . g raves:
1 20 .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 68
A ccord ing t o Ad ler
The t o ta l n u mber o f
H egykö : I tc an b e c ons idered c o mp le te ly e xcava ted w i th i t s 8 1 g raves t hough i td id n o t , p robab ly , b e long t o t he L o mbard e thn ic g roup . B ezenye :
I tc an b e c ons idered c o mp lete ly e xcava ted w ith 7 7 p lus s o me d a m-
a ged g raves t hough t he a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l h as n o t s urv ived .
Fro m
d e mograph ic c a lcu la t ions w e c an t e l l t ha t t he n umber o f d amaged g raves was a bou t 1 3 . S zen tendre : I tc an b e c onsidered c o mp le te ly e xcava ted w ith i t s 8 9 g raves. On ly o ne o r t wo g raves c ou ld h ave b een missed . T amäsi : I tc an a lso b e c onsidered c o mp le te ly e xcava ted w i th i t s 5 0 g raves, t hough e thn ica l ly i t was n o t L o mbard ic . K a *dacs:
T ota l ly e xcava ted w i th 4 8 g raves.
Because o f t he b ad s ta te o f p re-
s erva t ion o f t he b ones Ir e l ied o n I mre L engye l ' sc he m ica l a ge d eterm inat i on . V örs:
C o mp le te ly e xcava ted c eme tery w ith 3 7
g raves.
Raca l mäs: T he t o ta l n u mber o f e xcava ted g raves i s o n ly 2 0 .
P erhaps a sma l-
l er c o m mun ity l i ved h ere , o r al arger c o m mun i ty b ut o n ly f or a s hor t t ime . Thus c orrect ing t he u nrea l ist ic a verage a ge o bta ined f rom t he 8 70 L o mbard s ke letons o r G er man ic o nes o f t he L o mbard p er iod , t he mor ta l i ty r a te o f i nf an ts c an b e d ef ined a s 2 0% a nd t ha t o f t he c h i ldren u nder 1 5 y ears a s 4 6% , c ons ider ing Cree l 's ( 1 966) , H uber 's ( 1965) , Dona t-U l lr ich ' s( 1971) a nd o ther a u thor ' sc a lcu la t ions f or h istor ica l b ones f ro m t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies. With t h is c orrect ion t he t o ta l n u mber o f L o mbard c e meter ies f or d e mograph ic c a lc u la t ions i s a s f o l lows:
N u mber o f i nd iv idua ls C e metery
Nu mber o f i nd iv idua ls
c orrected f or r ea l ist ic
b ur ied i n t he c e me tery
mor ta l i ty-ra te
O berb ierbau m
9 5
1 26
B ezenye
7 7
1 00
S zen tendre
8 9
1 15
Tamäs i K a jdacs
5 0 4 8
6 5 6 2
Vörs
3 7
4 8
Räca l mäs
2 0
2 4
I f we u se Acsäd i-Ne mesker i ' sf ormu la ( 1957 ) a nd we s tar t b y a ssu m ing t ha t t he K a jdacs a nd Vörs c e meter ies were u sed b y t he L ombards f or 2 2 y ears a nd 3o r 4f am i les ( f ara o r S ippe) were l i ving t oge ther ( see l a ter ) , t hen t he a vera ge n u mber o f t he p opu la t ion o f as et t le men t was a bout 5 5 p ersons a nd t he n umber o f d ea ths was 2 .8 p ersons y ear ly .
I f we t ake G e jva l l ' s mor ta li ty
r a te o f 4 5, t hen t he d ura t ion t ime o f t he a bove- men t ioned c e meter ies i s a s f o l lows : Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 69
C e me tery
Dura t ion t ime ( ± 1 -2 y ears)
O berb ierbau m Bezenye S zen tendre
4 4 y ears 3 6 y ears 4 1 y ears
Ta mäs i
2 3 y ears
K a jdacs
2 2 y ears ( i n it ia l a ssu mp t ion )
Vörs
2 2 y ears ( i n it ia l a ssu mp t ion )
Räca l mäs
9y ears o r 1a ct ive y ear
I f we c ons ider t he d ura t ion t ime o f t he Bezenye c e me tery t o h ave b een 2 2 y ears, t he n u mber o f miss ing g raves i s a bout 1 3 .
F ro m t h is s hor t a na lys is we c an
s ta te t ha t t he d ura t ion t ime o f t he L o mbard c e meter ies i s e i ther 2 2 o r 4 2 y ears i n Pannon ia .
The d ura t ion t ime o f t he O berb ierbau m c e metery i s a pprox i-
ma te ly i den t ica l w i th t ha t o f t he S zen tendre c emetery, a nd s o i ft he a rchaeol og ica l f inds f ro m t he c e me ter ies d a te f rom t he s a me t ime , t hen t he L o mbards l ived a tb o th s i tes b e tween 5 26/27 a nd 5 68 .
I ft he a rchaeo log ica l f inds d a te
f ro m a n e ar l ier t ime, t he L o mbards c rossed t he Danube much b efore 5 26 a nd "F e ld" must mean t he f e ld a t T u l ln where t he O berb ierbau m c eme tery i s s i tua ted . I f we c o mpare t he p lans ( pub l ished a t t he s ame s ca le) o f t he L o mbard c e meter ies we c an s ee t ha t t hose i n Pannon ia wh ich were u sed f or 2 2 y ears o ccupy n o sma l ler a reas t han t he o nes u sed f or 4 2 y ears, b u t t he g raves a re f ar ther a par t f ro m o ne a nother .
Fro m t h is we c an d educe t ha t t he L o mbards
b ur ied t he ir d ead f ro m more t han o ne c en tre , a nd t ha t t hey d id n ot l oca te t he g raves o ne a f ter t he o ther s tar t ing f ro m o ne p o in t . S oc ia l o rgan isa t ion o f t he L o mbards Fro m Mar ius Aven t icensis we l earn t ha t t he L o mbards l i ved i n t r iba l c o mmun i t ies ( f ara) .
"P annon ia m s ua m p a tr ia m c u m mu lier ibus v e l c um
omn i p opu lo i n f ara I t a l iam o ccupav it" ( Chron . min . I . p . 2 38 ) . F ra o r ig ina l ly mean t ac lan o r k insh ip , b ut t h is k insh ip s yste m d isso lved d ur ing t he migra t ions . I n Pannon ia f ära a lready mean t a mi l i tary u n it t oge ther w i th t he a ssoc ia ted f am i lies, a nd i tt ook i t s n a me f ro m t he l eader o f t he f ara . I n I ta ly f ära mean t t he n ob les o r t he f am i ly s yste m o f t he f ree p eop le a nd a lso t he ir l ands. I tc ons isted o f t he h ead o f t he f am i ly , t he me mbers o f t he f am i ly , t he f ree a nd h a lf-free p eop le l i v ing i n t he h ouse a nd t he s ervan ts . I n I t a ly s evera l n a mes p reserved t he word f ara ( Gam i lscheg 1 935) , l i ke F ar la ( Ud ine) , Farra d 'A lpago ( Be l luno ) , Farra d i S o l igo ( Trev iso) , Farra d i G era d ' Adda ( Trev ig l io ) , Farra V icen t ina ( V icenza) , F a l lavecch ia ( M i lano) , F ara Navarese ( Novara ) , Fara i n S abina ( Perug ia ) , Fara f i l ioru m P etr i ( Ch iet i ) , Va l lefara ( Tera mo) . We e spec ia l ly o f ten mee t s uch n ames i n t he 8 th c en tury . Examp les a re Fara B iana , F ara Bo lderocco , Fara i n P enne , Fara Ba ldura , S an ta Mar ia d e l la F ara , S an C le men te d i Fara e tc .
Th is k insh ip , a nd l a ter mi l itary , b ond
d is in tegra ted i n I t a ly , a nd c iv i ta tes were f ormed u nder t he l eadersh ip o f t he d ux . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 70
The w ord f ä 'ra i s a lso e ncoun tered i n Pau lus:
"Faras, h oc e st g enera ti-
o nes v e l l i neas" ( I . 9 ) . Bognet t i ( 1 968 ) a nd B eyer le ( 1947 ) men t ion f ära o n ly a s a mi l itary u n i t , wh i le S chne ider ( 1924) makes a d ist inct ion b e tween f ära a nd t he I t a l ian a r i mann ia ( garr ison ) .
I n b o th c ases t he w ives, c h i ldren a nd
s ervan ts were p resen t . We k now much l ess a bout t he s ize o f af ara . As a n e x tended f am i ly , "f are c ou ld c onsist o f a pprox ima te ly 1 2-15 p eop le a t o ne t ime . I n Franki sh a nd A la mann ic c e meter ies t wo o r t hree h ouses were t oge ther ( B . S ch m id t 1 961) , a nd o ne h ouse c on ta ined 1 0-15 p ersons ( Dona t-U l lr ich 1 971, e tc.) . T he b ur ia l c usto m o f t he L o mbards a ccord ing t o f äras i s p roved b y t he f act t ha t r icher o r p oorer g raves, e thn ica l ly t he L o mbard g raves a nd t hose o f t he l oca l p opu la t ion , a re n ever f ound i n t he s a me p lace, b ut t hey a re s epara te . Thus o ne f ära c on ta ined t he r epresen ta t ives o f d i fferen t s ocia l c lasses .
The
s oc ia l c lasses o f t he L o mbards w ere a s f o l lows: k ing a nd p r ince ( kun ing ) n obles ( barok ) :
a da ling i ( ada ling a nd a da l inga ) a nd t he ir f am i l ies ( i n
L o mbard l anguage b arok = f ree man ) .
They a re t he l eaders o f t he g rea t a nd
r ich f aras, t he owners o f l and , f ro m among who m t he mi li tary l eaders, t he p r inces ( duces) , migh t h ave emerged . f ree p eop le ( l iber i, i ngenu i , n ob i les) , i n mi l itary o rder : e xerc ita l i . T hey a re t he a r i mann i o r h ar ir nann i , "t he p eop le w i th weapons" ,t he ir w ives, t he f ree wo men , fr eas . b ir th o r w ird iboras . were "f u lboran"
The a r i mannae ( or h ar imannae) who were o f wor thy
T he ir s ons were a lso b orn w i th f u l l r igh ts, i .e . t hey
( L iu tprand ' s Book o f L aws 7 12-743 ) .
The me mbers o f t he
f ree p eop le were a du lts w ith f u l l r igh ts f ro m t he ir 1 2 th b ir thday . s ion "a r i mann i" i s n o t who l ly c lear . h ad t h is n a me .
The e xpres-
I n I t a ly g roups d efend ing t he b orders
Th is was i den t ica l w i th "mi l ites l im i tane i" i n t he Byzan t ine
m i l i tary s yste m , wh ich p roves t ha t t he L o mbards t ook o ver s o me o f t he ir o rgan isa t ion f ro m Byzan t iu m . were a lso warr iors . o n t he m ;
Th is n a me was g iven t o a l l f ree L o mbards who
The s ecur i ty o f t he L o mbard emp ire was r ea lly b ased
i n war t hey l ef t t heir l ands i n t he c are o f t he ir s ervan ts .
I n I t a ly
t he Ro mans were t o lera ted , a nd h ad t o l i ve a ccord ing t o t he ir own l aws .
I fa
L o mbard wo man marr ied a Ro man man s he was e xpe lled f ro m t he L o mbards, a nd s he was u nder t he R o man l aws i n t he f uture . A L ombard man c ou ld h ard ly marry a R o man wo man .
There were many f ore ign p opu la t ions o n t he b orders .
Wh i le t hey were f oo t-so ld iers, t he a r i mann i were moun ted , a nd o n ly l a ter h ad t he p oorer L o mbards t o s erve a s f oot-so ld iers . h a lf f ree p eop le ( ha ld ios, a ld iones o r Ha ld iones o r a lad i) who "a ccord ing t o t he ir o r ig in" d id n o t b e long t o t he L o mbard p eop le ( Pepe p . 2 79) . P ersona l ly t hey were f ree, b ut t hey h ad n o p o l it ica l o r mi l i tary r igh ts. most ly v i l lage f o lk l i v ing i n w i th t he L o mbards . c oun ted among t he m .
They were
L a ter t he Ro mans were a lso
S o me t i mes t hey c ou ld a lso b eco me f ree t hrough mar-
r iage , more f requen t ly t hrough a dop t ion a nd p aymen t o f money .
The h a lf-
f ree p eop les ( na me a ld ios) s urv ived i n I t a ly f or a l ong t ime i n t he f orm A ldo . s ervan ts ( "s laves" ,s erv i, mun ic ip i i, p uer i o r g uarach i ; s trangers u nder t he k ing ' sp rotect ion o r a ka lks) . Th is n u merous c lass was n eeded i n work a nd i n war .
The ir f ur ther d iv isions were : min ister ia les ( do mest ic
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 71
s ervan ts) a nd massar i i o r r ust ican i , i .e . p easan ts. ( puer i r eg is) were p laced h igher .
The s ervan ts o f t he k ing
They c onsisted o f p r isoners o f war , s ub ject
p eop le a nd t hose who h ad s o ld t he ir f reedo m, a s i s a lready r eadi ly d e tecta b le n ear t he E lbe ( Bo-n a 1 973 ) . b ut t hey t oo were i n f aras .
They h e ld a l ower s ta tus t han t he f ree p eop le
S ervan ts c ou ld a lso b e l i bera ted o n p ay men t o f a
r anso m , b ut t he ir l i ber ty was n ot t hen f u l l, a nd t hey b eca me i nstead "h a lff ree p eop le", h a ld i .
They h ad n o r igh ts ( ska lks) a nd t he ir c h i ldren a lso b e-
c a me s ervan ts ; t hey mere ly h ad a p r ice .
The I t a l ian s ervan ts a lready h ad
L a t in n a mes:
i .e . ap ar t o f t he Ro man c o lonus
s ervus, manc ip ius, a nci l la ;
c lass a lso b eca me t he ir s ervan ts . Th is c lass s carce ly b e longed t o t he f aras, s ince t hey were b ur ied o n t he e dges o f t he c e me ter ies, s o me t i mes f ar ther o f f i n s ha l low g raves ( Oberb ierbau m , S zen tendre ) . 4 .
An thropo metry Ana lysis o f t he me tr ica l d ata The a n thropo log ica l c haracter isa t ion o f ap eop le c an b e c arr ied o ut u s ing
v ar ious me thods .
We may c hoose wh ich sma l l a rea o f a n thropo logy we s e lect
a nd emphas ise, p erhaps e ven a t t he c ost o f t he o thers, i n o ur a t te mp ts t o g et c loser t o t he t ru th .
We c an p ay a t ten t ion t o t he c he m ica l c onst itut ion o fb ones,
we c an c onver t o ur d ata w i th t he h e lp o f t he methods o f b io me try a nd t hus we c an c o mpare o ur me tr ica l d ata , a nd a lso we c an u se a l l t he me tr ica l d a ta w ith t he a im o f o bta in ing t he t axono m ic p ara meters . a pproach .
I n my work Ic hose t he l at ter
Ic onsidered more t han 2 50 measure men ts a nd a na to m ica l v ar iables
o f a l l t he s ke le tons t o d ef ine , a s p rec ise ly a s p oss ib le , a l l t he t ypes, s ubtypes a nd t rans it iona l t ypes .
The mere me tr ica l d a ta c an e as i ly mislead ; t he a ver-
a ges c an c o me f ro m n on-Lo mbard g raves o f t he L o mbard c e me ter ies, a nd c an c on ta in d istor ted r esu lts n o t a lways c haracter ist ic o f t he i nd iv idua ls.
Ih ad
t o c ons ider t he h istor ica l b ackground a nd t he q uest ion o f a u then t ici ty t o g et a b et ter u nderstand ing o f t he e thn ic p rob le ms o f t he e xa m ined ma ter ia l, i t s c onn ect ion w i th o ther p eop les a nd mix ing w i th t he l oca l p opu la t ion .
I n o rder t o
p roduce d ata f or h istor ica l s c iences we must h ave a c lear v iew o f t he t ask a nd t he p rob le m t o b e s o lved . F or t he me tr ica l d a ta ( t ab les) Iu sed t he c lass ica l measure men ts, a s a re n orma l ly u sed b y a u thors f or a na lys is o f c e me ter ies i n Cen tra l Europe .
The
measure men ts a nd t he i nd ices c orrespond t o R . Mar t in ' sn orms ( 1928 ) . S o met i mes Ip ub l ish s o me sma l ler g roups t oge ther .
S tandards o f r eference
were t he a uthen t ic L o mbard c e me ter ies o f Rug i land a nd Pannon ia ( e .g . S zen tendre , Ra-c a l ma 's p ared w ith t hese .
O berb ierbau m ) , t he l a ter a nd e ar l ier f inds b e ing c o m-
Au then t ic b one ma ter ia l i n l arge q uan t i t ies c ou ld b e f ound
o n ly i n t hese t wo a reas;
i n Bohe m ia t he L o mbards l i ved o n ly f or a s hor t
t ime , a nd t he ma ter ia l i s sma l l i n q uan t ity a nd i l l-deter m ined , a nd a lso h igh ly f ractured .
I n G er many t he r e ma ins c onsists o ft he c re ma ted a shes i n u rns.
I n S loven ia a nd i n I t a ly t here a re c eme ter ies w i th many s ke le tons, b u t h ere t he L o mbards l i ved t oge ther w i th t he l oca l p opu la tion , a nd t he t wo c an h ard ly b e s epara ted . T o e nsure t he s ign if icance o f t he c o mpar ison Imyse lf t ook most o f t he measure men ts a nd p ho tographs, s o Ic ou ld e xc lude minor i naccurac ies d ue t o t he s ub ject iv i ty o f t he measure men ts .
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A s f or t he a na to m ica l v ar ia t ions o f t he b ones Ir e l ied o n t he 3 rd i ssue o f No m ina Ana to m ica ( 1966) f o l low ing t he d ec ision o f t he I n terna t iona l Ana to m ica l No menc la ture C o mm it tee .
I t s b ases a re t he Congresses h e ld i n New York i n
1 960 a nd i n Par is i n 1 955 .
I n b r ief Iu se t he Par isian n o menc la ture .
S o me-
t imes If ound myse lf i n c on trad ict ion w i th t he 2 nd i ssue o f Mar t in ' sL ehrbuch d er An thropo log ie ( 1928 ) ;
i n t hese c ases Iu sed t he Par isian n o menc lature
f or s ake o f i n terna t iona l u n i form i ty . I n t he e xa m ina t ion o f t he s ke le tons Ip a id a t ten t ion t o t he man :
It r ied t o
c o l lect d a ta c oncern ing t he man , f or Iwan ted t o r econstruct t he L o mbard man . Ip ub l ish a s many measure men ts a s a ppear n ecessary t o c haracter ise a p ers on , b u t n o t s o many a s t o g e t l ost i n a mass o f n u mbers .
Beside t he " usua l"
measure men ts Ig ive t he t angen t ia l a ng le a ccord ing t o Mo l l ison ' s 32 /a meas ure men t wh ich i s u sefu l f or d ist ingu ish ing t he s exes . Ip ub l ish more measure men ts o f t he f ace t han i s u sua l t o e stab l ish t axon om ic d if ferences .
Id o n ot u se s pecia l measure men ts l i ke t he f ac ia l p rof i le-
a ng le o f D ebe tz a nd t he c hords t o t e l l t he f l atness o f t he f ace ; t ures h ave n o p lace among t he L o mbards .
Mongo lo id f ea-
Imos t ly u sed t he t axono m ic i nd ices,
b ut i gnored t hose c harac ter ist ic o f t he i nd iv idua l, s uch a s t he p a la te i ndex ( 63 :62) a nd T urner ' s max i l lo-a lveo lar i ndex ( 6 1:60 ) .
In oted more t han 5 0
a na to m ica l v ar ia t ions i n e ach o f t he p ersons, b u t d escr ibed o n ly t he s pec ia l f eatures i n t he i nd iv idua l c haracter isa t ions, t ha t i s t hose wh ich h e lp t he i dent i f ica t ion o f t he s ke le ton i fn eeded , o r wh ich a re u n ique f ro m s o me p o in t o f v iew .
The ma in morpho log ica l f eatures In oted a re a s f o l lows: t he t h ickness
o f t he c a lva a ccord ing t o Beddoe , t he f orm o f t he s ku l l f ro m n orma o cc ip ita l 's a nd n or ma v er t ica l 's .
The l a t ter was s ui tab le f or s epara t ing t he Med iterran ian
t ype u s ing S erg i ' s me thod ( 1902 , 1 918 ) .
In oted t he v isibi l i ty o f t he f ace a nd
o f t he z ygo ma t ic p rocess f ro m n or ma v er t ica l 's a ccord ing t o Mar t in , t he f orm o f t he f orehead c o mpared t o t ubera p ar ie ta lia , t he s ize o f t ubera p er ie ta l ia a nd f ron ta l ia t o h e lp t he s epara t ion o f t he s exes.
The v ar ia t ions o f t he p ter ions
a re u n ique a nd h igh ly c haracter ist ic o f t he s ku l l .
The e xa m ina t ion o f t he
c onvex i ty o f t he o cc ip i ta l h ad i mpor tance f ro m a t axono m ic p oin t o f v iew , e sp ec ia l ly i n t he d e term ina t ion o f t he Cro- Magnon id t ype a nd t he s epara t ion o f t he Med i terranean t ype .
F ur ther f eatures were t he s tage o f t he d eve lop men t
o f t he g labe l la a ccord ing t o Broca- Mar t in , t he s ize o f t he masto ideus a ccordi ng t o Mar t in , t he t h ickness o f t he o rbi ta l r i ms a s c haracter ist ic o f t he s ex , t he f or m o f t he o rb ita l c av it ies a nd t he s ize o f t he n asa lia t o t e l l t axono m ic d if ferences a nd a lso t he f orm o f a per tura p r iformis .
The s ize o f t he n asa l
s p ina ( Broca ) i s i nher itab le , t he f orm o f t he l ower p ar t o f a per ture p ir iformis i s c haracter ist ic o f t he t ype t oge ther w ith t he d epth o f f ossa c an ina .
The
s ize o f t he a rcus z ygo ma t icus i s c haracter ist ic o f l arger t axono m ic u n its; f orm o f t he men tu m i s u n ique b u t d e term ines s ex a t t he s a me t ime .
t he
The f orm
o f t he p a la te was r a ther u n if ied t ogether w i th t he s utura p a la t ina t ransversa . T he d ep th o f t he p a la te c ou ld b e u sed t o s epara te t he Nord ic g roup .
T he f or m
a nd t he s ize o f f ora men o cc ip ita le magnu m i s a lso u n ique a s i s t he p resence a nd t he f or m o f s utura metop ica a nd d i f feren t o ssa e p ip ter icu m .
O s i ncae i s
u n ique ; d epress io p rae la mbdo idea i s c haracter ist ic o f t he t ype , c hang ing w ith b io log ica l a ge .
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1 73
The a verage o f t he c ran ia l measure men ts o f t he t ota l L o mbard ma ter ia l
Nu mber
Men
a ccord ing t o Mar t in 1
Measure men ts G labe llo-occ ip ita l l eng th
Wo men
N
M
N
M
3 10
1 88 .21
2 94
1 79 .88
2
G labe l lola mbda l eng th
3 10
1 71.11
2 94
1 74 .65
5
Nasion-basion l eng th
2 51
1 04 .99
2 21
9 9 .37
7
L eng th o f f ora men magnu m
2 00
3 5 . 3 5
1 87
3 4 .50
8
Max . b read th o f c ran iu m
3 10
1 36 .79
2 94
1 36 .95
9
An ter ior f orehead b readth
3 30
9 7 .09
3 00
9 4 .64
1 0
Poster ior f orehead b read th
3 30
1 19 .39
3 00
1 16 .25
1 1
B iaur icu lar b read th
3 08
1 18 .34
2 80
1 16 .59
1 2
Max . o cc ip ita l b read th
3 10
1 12 .65
2 82
1 10 .80
1 3
Masto idea l b read th
3 10
1 05 .60
2 82
1 05 .79
1 7
Basis breg mat ic h e igh t
2 50
1 33 .98
2 60
1 27 .62
2 0
Aur icu lar-breg mat ic h eigh t
3 10
1 12 .91
2 94
1 09 .38
2 3
Hor izon ta l c ircu mference
3 00
5 30 .67
2 86
5 15.18
2 4
Transverse a rch
3 00
3 09 .39
2 85
3 00 .08
2 5
S ag it ta l s ku ll a rch
3 00
3 79 . 7 5
2 85
3 69 .60 o
3 2/ 1
Nas ion-breg mat ic a ng le
2 40
48 .10 o
2 21
4 7 .3 8o
3 2/2
G labe lla-breg ma t ic a ng le
2 40
4 3 .28
2 21
4 3 .54
32 /3
Tangen t ia l a ng le (Mo l l ison )
2 70
7 7 .01 0
2 45
7 6.54 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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T he a verage o f t he f ac ia l measure men ts o f t he t o ta l L o mbard ma ter ia l
Nu mber
Men
a ccord ing t o Mar t in 4 0
Wo men
Measure men ts Nas ion-prosth ion l eng th
1 93
9 8 .35
1 80
9 4 .28
4 2
L ower-face l eng th
1 93
1 14.34
1 80
1 07 .48
4 3
Upper-face b read th
2 30
1 09.37
2 24
1 06 ,01
4 4
B iorb ita l b read th
2 30
9 6 .12
2 24
9 4 .24
4 5
B izygo ma t ic b read th
2 30
1 32 .0 3
2 24
1 26 .5 6
4 6
M idd leface b read th
2 30
9 4 .51
2 24
9 1.73
4 7
Nasion-gna th ion h eigh t
1 90
1 16.60
1 67
1 10 .29
4 8
Nasion-prosth ion h e igh t
2 30
7 0 .0 0
2 24
6 7 . 8 0
5 0
Max i l lofron ta l b read th
2 50
2 4 .02
2 01
2 3 .45
5 1/d
Bread th o f t he r igh t o rbi t
2 46
3 9 .08
1 99
3 7 .98
5 2/d
He igh t o f t he r igh t o rbi t
2 46
3 2 .44
1 99
3 2 .57
5 4
Nasa l b read th
2 30
2 3 .94
2 24
2 3 .12
5 5
Nasa l h e igh t
2 40
5 0 .99
2 36
4 8 .45
6 0
Max i l loa lveolar l eng th
2 27
5 3 .2 9
2 26
5 1. 6 7
6 1
Max i l loa lveo lar b read th
2 27
6 2 .38
2 26
5 8 .28
6 2
Pa la te l eng th
2 00
5 0 .17
1 97
4 8 .06
6 3
Pa la te b read th
2 00
3 8 .26
1 97
3 7 .14
6 5
Condy lar b read th
2 30
1 20 .26
1 80
1 17 .03
6 6
Mand ibu lar b read th
2 10
1 00 ,91
1 70
9 4 .67
6 8
Mand ibu lar l eng th
2 30
1 04 .86
1 80
1 01.99
6 9
Men tu m h e igh t
2 40
3 2 .41
1 91
2 9 .31
7 0/a , d
Heigh t o f t he r igh t mand ibu lar 2 40
6 7 .77
1 90
6 2 .50
w ing 71 /a , d
M in . b read th o f t he mand ibu lar 2 40
3 265 0
1 90
3 1.02
7 2
Tota l f ace a ng le
2 19
8 5049
2 04
8 5o2 9
7 3
Med iu m f ac ia l a ng le
2 19
7 9
Mand ibu lar a ng le
2 19
w ing
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 75
8 6 °4 9 1 21 2
2 04
8 6°2 9
2 03
1 23 o 6
The ma in s ke leta l measure men ts o f t he t ota l L o mbard mater ia l
Wo men
Men
Nu mber a ce . t o Mar t in
d ex t .
Measure men ts
s in .
d ext .
s in .
1 48 ,87
1 73
1 38 .59
1 36 .36
3 7 .27
3 5.96
2 96
3 0 .90
3 0 .41
2 51 3 32 .56
3 29.26
1 73
3 07 .98
2 99.50
1
C lav ic le l eng th
1 81 1 47 .09
6
C lav ic le c ircumference
3 00
1
Hu merus max . l eng th
2
t ota l l eng th
2 51 3 25 .38
4
d ist . e p iphysis b read th
2 41
6 1.55
3 24 .37
1 73
3 05 .59
2 97 .98
6 0 .55
1 61
5 5 .13
5 4.53
2 0 .46
1 9,34
5
d iaphys is max . midd le 0 '2 51
2 3 .38
2 2 .64
2 96
6
d iaphys is min . midd le 0 1 2 51
' 1 9 .46
1 9 .14
2 96
1 6 .80
1 6.23
5 8 .29
5 7 .65
7
d iaphysis min . c ircu m .
2 51
6 8 .27
6 6 .12
2 96
9
c apu t t ransv .
2 00
4 6 .51
4 4.99
1 96
4 0 .25
3 9.92
2 60 2 51.65
2 48 .13
2 40
2 35 .36
2 32 .61
1
Rad ius max . l eng th
4
d iaphys is t ransv .
2 50
1 6 .41
1 5.13
2 31
1 4 .27
1 4 .59
5
d iaphys is s ag it ta l
2 50
1 2 .14
1 1.93
2 31
1 0 .77
1 0.81
2 60 2 72 .77
2 65 .76
2 40
2 45 .96
2 46.26
1
U lna max . l eng th
1
S acru m f ronta l a rch l eng th 6 3
1 19.75
5 5
1 13 8 9
1
S acru m s traigh t l eng th
6 3
1 12 .51
5 5
1 10 .90
5
S acru m u pper s tra igh t1 .
6 3
1 18 .83
5 5
1 15.80
1
Pe lv is h e igh t
4 1
2 26.21
4 1
2 05 .22
1 59 .20
4 1
1 48 .02
6 2 .40
1 98
7 5 .04
2 1 2 6
i n tercr ista l
4 1
s exua l i ndex
2 10
2 51 2 64 .42
4 71.94
2 14
4 32 .66
4 31.49
n atura l l eng th
2 51 4 64 .56
4 68 .79
2 14
4 30 .42
4 32 .84
med iu m s ag it ta l
3 01
2 9 .14
2 9.39
2 99
2 6 .44
2 6 .62
Fe mur max . l eng th
7
med iu m tr ax tsv .
3 01
3 8 .03
2 8 .03
2 99
2 5 .54
2 6.12
9
u pper t ransv .
3 00
3 4 .07
3 3 .86
2 96
3 0 .41
3 0 .70
1 0
u pper s ag it ta l
3 00
2 6 ,57
2 6 .89
2 96
2 4 .49
2 4.16
1 9
u pper s ag it ta l d ia m .
2 23
4 7 .37
4 7 .61
2 05
4 2 .96
4 2 .50
T ib ia max . l ength
2 80 3 83 .30
3 82 .40
2 54
3 54 .59
3 49.71
Mo ll ison l eng th
2 80 3 65 .55
3 72 ,31
2 54
3 44 .41
3 40.72
3 0 .38
2 8 .56
2 2 .21
2 1.97
1 1A o s 8 a
s ag it ta l
9 a
t ransv .
a t f or . n utr .
3 00
3 3 .89
3 4 .46
2 30
3 00
2 4 .71
2 5.12
2 30
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 76
Cran ia l- a nd s ke leta l i nd ices o f t he t ota l L o mbard ma ter ia l
Nu mber
Men
a ccord ing
Wo men
Measure men ts
t o Mar t in 8 :1
L eng th-bread th i ndex
3 09
7 3 .49
2 89
7 6 .5 0
1 7 :1
L eng th-he igh t i ndex
2 50
7 0 .06
2 60
6 7 .79
2 0 :1
L eng th-heigh t i ndex p or ion
3 10
6 0 .81
2 94
6 2 .09
1 7 :8
Bread th-he igh t I ndex
2 50
9 3 .99
2 60
9 0 .33
2 0 :8
Bread th-heigh t i ndex p or ion
3 10
8 2 .87
2 94
8 1.07
9 :10
Transversa l f orehead i ndex
3 30
8 1. 7 3
3 00
8 1.07
9 :8
Transversa l f ron topar ieta l i ndex
3 30
7 1.42
3 00
6 9.02
4 7 :45
Morpho log ica l f ace i ndex 2 18
9 0 .43
1 99
8 7 .85
( Ko l l mann ) 4 8 :45
Upper f ace i ndex ( Ko l l mann )
1 90
5 3 .97
2 24
5 3 .12
5 2 :51
R igh t o rbi ta l i ndex
2 46
8 1.71
1 99
8 8 , 2 2
5 4 :55
Nasa l c av i ty i ndex
2 30
4 3 .36
2 24
4 7 .52
5 0 :44
L u te r or bi ta l i ndex
2 30
2 4 .90
2 24
2 4 .09
6 3 :62
Pa la te i ndex
2 00
7 8 .70
1 97
7 7 .32
6 1:60
Max i l lo-a lveo lar I ndex ( Turner )
2 27
1 17 . 3 6
2 26
1 18 .1 8
6 :1
I nd . r obist ic itas c lav icu lae d ex t .
1 91
2 5 .50
1 81
2 3 .0 4
1 91
2 4 ,42
1 81
2 1,95
6 :5
I nd . h u merus d iaphysis t ransv . d ex t .
2 88
8 3 .02
2 66
8 0 .92
s in .
2 88
8 4,49
2 66
8 2 .09
s in .
7 :1
Hu merus l eng th-transv . i ndex d ex t .
2 00
1 9 .94
1 96
1 9 .22
s in .
2 00
1 9.61
1 96
1 9 .25
5 :2
S acru m br ead thleng th i ndex
6 3
1 08 .40
5 5
1 07 .72
2 :1
S acru m i ndex
6 3
9 3 ,41
5 5
9 7 .92
1 :2
Pe lv is b read th-he igh t i ndex
6 :7
Fe mur i nd . p ilaster icus d ex t .
9 a :8a
T ib ia I nd . c ne micus d ex t .
s in . s in.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 77
4 1
1 37 .85
4 0
1 34.05
2 88
1 02 .08
2 66
1 00 .64
2 88
1 02 .08
2 66
1 00 .64
3 06
7 1.23
2 98
7 3 .29
3 06
7 1.63
2 98
7 4.85
Id o n o t p ub l ish measure men ts o f t he t ee th :
Ig ive o n ly t he most i mpor-
t an t f eatures i n as epara te c hap ter f ro m t he p o in t o f v iew o f t he l i tera ture . The measure men ts a nd i nd ices o f t he s ke leta l b ones a re s e lect ive .
I
s e lected t hose wh ich s ee med s u itab le f or d eterm in ing h e igh t , s y m metry , s ex , s tature a nd way o f l i fe ; t he c onst i tu t iona l-b io log ica l e xa m ina t ion o f t he s ke let ons a ccord ing t o S chne ider ' s( 1943 ) a nd U l lr ich ' s( 1972) t heor ies s ee med I mpor tan t .
Th is made s epara t ion o f t he s ocia l c lasses i n t he c e meter ies p os-
s ib le . The s ta ture c an b e d e termined b y e xa m ina t ion o f t he c lav ic le a nd i ndex r obustici tis.
The f our b as ic v ar ia t ions o f t he l eng th a nd b read th o f t he
c lav ic le l ead t o t he f our b asic c onst i tut iona l t ypes . h e lps t he s epara t ion o f s exes ; p hysica l work ;
Caput h u mer i a nd f e mur i
f ossa o leeran i p er fora t io h in ts a t monotonous
i to ccurs most ly i n b oth a rms e spec ia l ly i n wo men a nd i n t he
r igh t a rm i n men , t he warr iors.
I ts ee ms i ncreas ing ly u se less t o e xa mine
t he s acru m a nd t he p e lv is i n h istor ica l ma ter ia l , s ince t hese b ones a re r are ly we l l p reserved .
T he s exua l i ndex a ccord ing t o O l iv ier ( 1960) was a
g rea t h e lp i n d e term in ing s ex . t he r igh t a nswer .
Th is was t he o n ly me thod wh ich a lways g ave
The p e lv is i ncisura li s i s u sua l ly p reserved .
The 2 nd measure men t ( Mar t in ) o f t he f e mur a nd t he 1 /b measure men t ( Mo l lison ) o f t he t i b ia Ig ave f or c a lcu la t ion o f h e igh t .
Imeasured t he i ndex
p la ty mer icus f e mor is a nd t he i ndex c ne m icus t i b iae ( Manouvr ier-Verneau) , b ut t hey d id n ot s how s ign if ican t d i f ferences i n t he r e la t ive ly h o mogenous p opu la t ion o f t he N ord ic-CroI V Iagnon id- Med iterran ian g roup .
These i nd ices
were h yperp la tymer ic-p la ty mer ic a nd mesocne m ic-eurycne m ic i n t he a du lts . Ic ou ld n o t e va luate , a nd s o Id id n ot p ubl ish , t he s ect ion f orms o f t he l ong b ones a ccord ing t o Hrd l icka ;
t hey s how d i f ferences o n ly b etween t he ma in
g roups, a nd i n t he h o mogenous L o mbard ma ter ia l Ic ou ld o bserve o n ly d if fere nces i n a ge a nd t he v ar ia t ions o f t he a dhes ion s ur face . I n s o me f or m a l l t he 8 70 p ersons a re r epresen ted i n t he t ab les. a l l t he f ractured b ones.
Imeasured
The r esu lt ing d a ta, ow ing t o t he l arge n u mber o f
t he e xa mp les, c an b e t aken t o r epresen t t he G erman ic p opu la t ion o f C en tra l Europe i n t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies, a nd i ti s u nd isturbed , o r n ear ly s o, b y t he l oca l, Ro man a nd o ther f ore ign e le men ts .
The c o mpar ison o f t h is d ata w i th
t ha t f or o ther G erman ic p opu la t ions s ee ms u nrea l ist ic, b ecause t here i s n o b ody o f d a ta o f c o mparab le s ize .
T he r ea l ly u sefu l c o mpar ison was h idden
w ith in t he ma ter ia l —ce me ter ies i n d if feren t t err itor ies a nd o f d if feren t p er iods. Here t he s im i lar f eatures i nd ica te t he L o mbard e le men ts wh i le t he d i f ferences c o me f ro m t he l oca l p opu la t ion a nd f ore ign e le men ts.
I n s hor t , i t means t ha t
t he c loser t he c e me tery i s t o t he "s tandard" t he g rea ter t he L o mbard e le men t i n i t .
The 1 06 t ab les a re p ub lished t o i l lustra te t h is o bserva t ion .
S ta t ic a na lys is o f me tr ica l d a ta The who le o f t he L o mbard b one ma ter ia l g ives t he f o l low ing a n thropo log ic a l p icture :
d o l icho- mesocran ia l ( men : d o l ichocran ia l, wo men :
l ower l im i t
o f mesocran ia li ty ) , o r thocran ic, metr iocran ic, e ury metop ic, mesolep topros op ic ( men : ma in ly l ep toprosop ic, wo men : b order ing o n mesoprosop ia a nd l ep toprosop ia) , mesene, mesoconch ic, l ep to- mesorrhine , l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic .
The s ku l ls o f t he men a re g enera lly l onger , n arrower a nd
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 78
h igher ( a lso t he f ace ) , t here i s n o s pec ial d iference i n t he a bso lu te measuremen ts o ft he s ku lls o f men a nd women . l ow c losely t hose o f men .
The measure men ts o f t he wo men f o l-
The d iscr im ina t ion b etween men a nd wo men i s g iven
b y Mar t in 's 3 2/a measure men t a nd Mo l l ison 's t angen t ia l a ngle t ogether w ith t he mand ibu lar a ngle. The d i f ference b etween t he t wo s exes i s more e xpressed i n t he s keletal b ones d ue t o t he d i f feren t ways o f l i fe. Men a re s trong , a nd t hey c arr ied o n o ne-handed work ( t he d i f ference b etween t he t wo s ides i s c onsiderable ) , wh ile wo men worked w i th b o th h ands w i th s im ilar s trength a s i s p roved b y t he f oramens o n f ossa o lecran i , a nd t he i ndex r obust ic i tas o f t he c lav icle.
The a d-
h es iona l s ur faces o n t he b ones o f wo men d o n o t s how s igns o fh ard p hysica l work .
I ndex p laty mer icus i s p latymer ic o nb oth s exes , w i th a pprox i ma tely
t he s a me v a lues.
I ndex c n em icus t i b iae i s e urycn em ic i nb o th s exes, b u t w i th
much sma l ler n umbers i n men t han i n wo men . I ndex r obust ic itas c L av icu lae i s h igher i n men t han i n wo men . Ia lso measured t he s capu la t hough i t s o ccurrence i n t he ma ter ia l i s i n frequen t . The s acrum a nd t he p elv is a re a lso r arely p resen t.
The Hrd l icka f or m o f t he l ong
b ones i s n ear ly a lways 3 a t t he r ad ius a nd t he h umerus , 2a t t he u lna , 2 -4 a t t he f e mur , 5 -6 a t t he t i bia a nd 4 a t t he f i bula . Dyna m ic a na lys is o f t he measure men ts a nd i nd ices I ft he s ta t ic a na lysis o f t he metr ical d a ta g ives a c oheren t p ic ture o f t he L ombards , c on siderat ion o f t he c e meter ies a nd c ompar ison o f t heir c haract er ist ics d isrup t t h is p icture , a nd make i t s v alue d ub ious:
i s i ti n f ac t r ea l ist ic?
The d i ff icu l ty i n p roduc ing a r ea l ist ic c o mpar ison l i es i n t he f o l low ing : The L o mbard c e meter ies t o b e c o mpared a re n o t i den t ical e i ther i n n umb er o fb ur ia ls o r i n t heir ma ter ial .
The c e metery e xcavated u s ing t he l a test
methods i s c o mpared w i th t he ma ter ia l f ro m a n e arl ier e xcavat ion t he b ones o f wh ich h ad a lready b een s elected s evera l t imes.
I ti s m islead ing i fo n ly t he
d a ta g ets i n to t he l i tera ture w i thou t ad escr ip t ion o f t he c ircumstances. Id el iberately g ave a l o t o f a t ten t ion t o sma l l d if ferences t o u nder l ine t he n on-co mparab il i ty o ft he d ata.
I t wou ld b e p ossible t o work o n a sma l ler s ca le
a nd t o d raw t rend l ines o r t rend c urves , b u t t hey wou ld d irect o ur a t ten t ion away f rom t he a ctua l r eal i ty .
Metr ical a na lys is i s v a l id o n ly i n t he l i ght o f
ak now ledge o f t axono m ic a na lysis a nd o f t he h istor ica l b ackground .
This e x-
p la ins t he o bserved d iferences b etween ma ter ia l f ro m d iferen t t err i tor ies, s ince t he a ppearance o f t he L o mbards h ard ly c hanged d ur ing t he 2 00 y ear p er iod w i th w h ich w e a re c oncerned . ( Ih ave omi t ted t he d a ta o n ly i ft he q uant i ty o fb one ma ter ia l was t oo sma l l .) 1 . ( f ig. 4 1) The a bso lu te l eng th o f t he s ku l l o f t he L ombard men s hortens f ro m n or th t o s ou th , wh ich a lso r epresen ts t ime c hanges. much sma l ler w i th wo men . o f t he Rug i i.
Th is t endency i s
Ex tre mely l ong h eads a re o n ly s een i n t he t err i tory
2 . ( f ig. 4 2) Measure men ts o f t he a bso lu te b read th c anno t b e e st i ma ted . U sua l ly t he measure men ts o f w o men a re t he g reater. 3 .
( f ig. 4 3) The h or izon ta l c ircumference s hows b est t he d iference
Kiszely, István. The ofa the Ii. b e twee n t h eAnthropology metr ic lLombards, d ata Parts f orI and men a nd f or wo men . E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded ofo 38.67.221.43 b e tweenont hbehalf e t w s exes i s s ign if ican t. 1 79
The q uan t ita t ive d iference
4 .
( f igs. 4 4 &4 5 )
w i th wo men .
The b read th o f t he f ace i ncreases s low ly , e spec ia l ly
The h eight o f t he f ace , a t t he s a me t ime, i s r educed .
The mea-
s ure men ts o f men a nd o f wo men c onverge. 5 .
( f ig. 4 6 ) The l eng th-height i ndex , e spec ia l ly i n men , i ncreases, a nd
t he s horten ing t endency o f t he s ku l l g ets c learer.
Th is i s n o t ag enet ic b u t a n
e thn ic f ea ture, s how ing t he i ncreased m ix ing w ith t he l oca l b rachycran ic p opu la t ion . 6 .
( f igs. 4 7 &4 8 )
The l ength-heigh t a nd b read th-height i nd ices c anno t
b e e va lua ted . 7 .
( f igs. 4 9 &5 0 )
The c hanges i n t he morpho log ical f ace i ndex a nd i n
t he u pper-face i ndex d oes n o t s how a c lear t rend i n e ither t ime o r s pace.
There
a re f ewer l ep terene a nd l ep toprosop ic f ea tures i n men , a nd s o met i mes t he i nd ices f or men a nd f or wo men c onverge. 8 .
( f ig. 5 1)
The i ndex r obust ic itas c lav icu lae h as h igh v a lues i n wo men
t oo , s o met i mes a pproach ing v ery c losely t ha t o f t he men . 9 .
( f igs. 5 2, 5 3 &5 4) The measure men ts o f t he l ong b ones s how a
h igher d istr ibu t ion ( t he measure men ts u sed i n t he g raphs a re t hose o f t he r ights ide b ones ).
The c hange i n t he l ength measure men ts o f t he f e mur a nd o f t he
t i b ia w i th t ime a re n o t c orrela ted w ith o ne a no ther ;
i ti s c aused b y t he c hang ing
d om inance o f t he N ord ic a nd t he Cro- Magnon id t ypes. 1 0. s pace.
( f igs. 5 5 &5 6 )
He ight d oes c hange i nsign if ican t ly w i th t ime a nd
N either t he a verage h eight o f t he men n or t hat o f t he wo men c hanges
c ons iderably , a nd t hey a re a t t he s a me t ime n o t c orrelated w i th e ach o ther d ue t o t he d iferen t e thn ic i nvo lve men t w i th t he l oca l p opu lat ion .
I n t he e ar l ier
c e meter ies b o th men a nd wo men w ere t al ler t han i n l ater o nes.
The a verage
h eight o f t he L o mbards i s r a ther h eterogenous a s i th as many c oef f ic ien ts. 5 .
Taxono my The Taxono m ic p icture o f t he L o mbards
Reichengräber
I n t he Migrat ion Per iod ( Vö lkerswanderungszeit ) a nd i n t he Merov ing ian Per iod ( Merow ingzeit ) t he G er man ic p eop les , e spec ia l ly t he w estern Ger man ic t r ibes, b ur ied t he ir d ead i n r ows.
French a nd ma in ly Ger man a u thors i n t he
s econd h al f o f t he l ast c en tury c al led t he g raves o f " Ger man ic" c e meter ies a rranged i n r ows ( Reichengrfber ) ( L indensch m id t 1 880-1889 ). g ists a dop ted t h is e xpression .
The a n thropo lo-
Eck er ( 1863-1864 ) d ur ing t he e xa m ina t ion o f
a n thropo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m s ou th-west G er many ( Baden ) o bserved t ha t t h is p opu la t ion i s c haracterised b y d o l ichocran ia l f or ms , a nd r eferred t o t he m i n h is p ubl ica t ion ( 1863, 1 865 ) s i mp ly a s b elong ing t o t he " Reichengr eertyp". I nh is d escr ip t ion h e men t ions t ha t t hey h ad " long , s tretched , n arrow , f ro m t he b ack v iew h igh , s ku l l f or m , t he o cc ip i ta l p ar t b u lges b ackwards , t he f oreh ead i s n arrow , s hort a rcus s uperc i l iar is i s w el l d eveloped , t he a rch o f t he t op o f t he s ku l l i s o f r oof f or m , t ubera p ar ieta l ia a re i nsign if ican t".
He j ust
men t ioned t he f ac ial p art s ay ing t ha t i ta lso was l ong ( t h is d escr ip t ion i s a ccord ing t o o ur c a tegor ies t he " pro tonord ic" t ype ). Ecker ( 1863 , 1 865 ) wro te :
A t t he e nd o f h is p aper
" an e xpressed ly d o l ichocran ia l f or m i s d om inan t
i nt he Re ichengräber , wh ich i s t o b e c ons idered t he o r ig ina l f or m o f t he F rank s Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. ndBARt h e A le 1979, man n i". E-book, Oxford,a UK: Publishing, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 80
I nt he n ex t d ecades t he a u thors ( Hö lder 1 867 , K o l lmann 1 873 , 1 876 , V irhow 1 874 ,
1 877 , To ld t 1 912, S chl iz 1 912, 1 915-16 , S chwerz 1 912 , 1 916,
Hausch ild 1 921, 1 926, S a i ler 1 927 , 1 939 , e tc.) c al led a l l t he d o l ichocran ial , a nd l a ter a lso t he mesocran ia l a nd b rachycran ia l , s ku l ls f ound i nG er man ic c e meteries " Reichengräbertyp". Many o f t he a u thors u sed s pec ial n a mes f or t he m l ike K o l l mann ( 1873 , 1 876 ) who wro te a bou t " do l ichokepha ler Typ" , Hö lder ( 1876 ) " Ger man ischer Typ" , wh i le V irchow u sed t he n a me ( 1874-1877 ) " Franken typus".
Hausch ild i nh is p ubl icat ion o f t he Gö t t ingen s ku l ls ( 1921)
makes a d is t inct ion b etween t he "Norden for mer" , " Crone" a nd " Rosdorfer" Reichengr eer t ypes , a nd d escr ibes t he m s epara tely . Hug ( 1940 ) t r ied t o s um u p t he n a mes a nd s et u p n ew g roups. A s mus ( 1937 ) i nV ik ing mater ia l s ets u p 3s ubgroups : " Reichengr eertyp" , " Sukower Typ" a nd "Weich model l ierter f l achgesich t iger Typ". K ra mp ( 1939 , 1 940 ) t r ies t o d iferen t ia te b etween t he e thn ic g roups o nt he b ases o f t he measure men ts o f t he Bavar ians , A la mann i , Frank s a nd S axons.
A l l t he a bove- men t ioned a u thors a re " Ger manocen tr ic" :
t hey wou ld l ike t o a scer ta in t he e thn ic p lace o f t he c e meter ies f ro m t he German ic t ype a nd s how t ha t t hey o rig inated f ro m i t , wh ile t hey d o n o t r eal ise t ha t t he "Nord ic t ype" , o n ly a p art o f w h ich c a me f ro m G er man ic t err i tory , i s b u t o ne among t he 4 9 (o r e ven more ) t axono m ica l u n i t ies o f t he s a me v a lue a nd t ype ( K isze ly 1 976) . Most G er man a u thors d o n o t wan t t o r ea l ise t ha t t he f oreign f ea tures i nt he Ger man ic p eop le a re d ue t o t he mix ing o f t he Nord ic t ype w ith o ther t ypes, o r t o t he a ppearance o f f oreign e le men ts f rom o ther p arts o f Europe.
Th is f act was f i rs t n o t iced b y K ra mp ( 1939 ) when h e s um med
u ph is t houghts a bou t t he d iferences o ft he Reichengräberbevölkerung : " Innerha lb d es F or menkreises d er n ord lisch-fä l ischen R asse , a ls d eren t yp ische Ver treter w ir d ie F rähgesch ich t lichen Reichengräberbevö l lmrungen b isher s ch lech th in a uf fassten , b e merkenswer te Gruppen- u nd S ta m mens i in ters ch iede b estehen , d ie a u f e ine B ei m ischung a ndere
e uropä ischer Rassenele-
men te s ch l iessen l assen u nd d ie u ns z eigen , d ass e s s ich b ei d en B ezeichnungen " Reichengräberleu te" a nd " Nord ische Rasse" n icht im mer um B egr if fe g leichen I nha l ts h andeln muss" ( 1 3 . 3 07 ). There i s n o f ina l a nd t o ta l ly f or med n o mencla ture i n a n thropo taxono my . Au thors o f ten men t ion t he s ame t ype o r i t s v ar ian ts u nder d iferen t n a mes. S ince t he S econd World War many a u thors d o n o t u se t he c ategory o f " race" a t a l l ; t hey t ry t o d escr ibe a l l t ha t h as a lready b een e stabl ished u s ing a n ew n o mencla ture.
I n s o me p ubl ica t ions w e e ncoun ter n ew n a mes f or t he v ar ian ts
o f aw el l-def ined t ype, n eglec t ing t he s hor ten ing o ft he h ead , s ubst i tu t ion ( m igrat ion , met isa t ion , t ransfor ma t ion ; c l i ma t ic , s oc ia l , g eograph ic ), c hanges d ue t o d iferences i n n our ish men t , mechan ical c hanges ( e .g. s ku l l d efor ma t ion ) a nd p a tho log ica l c hanges. Ib ased my t axono mic d escr ip tion o n my own ( 1979) t axono my ; Iu se my n o menc la ture a nd "t ype" a nd "r ace" a re p resen t i n t his p aper a ccordi ng t o my c a tegories. Bu t s ince h is t ypes a re n o t s uf f ic ien t f or t he L ombards, o r t hey a re n o t s uf f ic ien tly d iscr im ina tory i n t he mselves f or a h o mogenous p opu la t ion , Ih ave s e t u p c o mp lex c a tegor ies c harac ter ist ic o f t he L o mbards. The t ypes b u ild ing u p t he c omp lex c a tegor ies c orrespond t o K isze ly . Rac ia l a n thropo logy i s i n c r isis t oday . I nt he s econd h a lf o f t he l ast c en tury a u thors , when c onst i tu t ing t he t ypes, r el ied o n t he ir v isua l o bservaKiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. t i ons . S i nc ePublishing, t he 1 9 20s ma the ma t ics h as p layed E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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a n i ncreasingly impor tan t
r o le i n a n thropo logy . I n t he l ast d ecade , h owever , t he n umbers h ave r ep laced t he p eop le a nd s o me h ave p ubl ished n umbers a nd f or mulae i nstead o f t he a c tua l ma ter ia l . method .
The l ast p ubl ica t ions h ave a l l c on ta ined s ome n ew c o mpu ta t iona l S carce a nd r arely a u then t ic ma ter ia l h as b een p ubl ished a s n umbers.
S ince t here a re n o g enera l ly a ccep ted c ompu ta t iona l methods a s y et , Ir e ma in l oya l t o t he c lassica l methods , t hese h av ing b een i n u se f or t he l ast 1 20 y ears, i n o rder t o b e a ble t o u se t he d a ta o f e ar l ier a u thors, a nd s o t ha t my c o l leagues s hou ld a lso u nderstand my d a ta. " Race-type" c anno tb e e xp la ined f rom a s ta t ic p o in t o f v iew , o n ly f ro m a d yna m ic o ne, c hang ing i n t ime a nd i n s pace.
A s pec ia l r ace-type i s p resen t
o n ly i n as pecia l t ime s equence o n ag iven t err itory ( U l lr ich 1 972 ). " The o u tward a ppearance o f man i s n ever a s ta t ic f or m ; i ta lways c hanges a ccord ing t o t he c ircumstances o f l i fe a nd r ap id ly a dop ts n ew i n f luences" ( Hausch i ld 1 926 ).
The c a tegor ies o f t he f olow ing p ages a re v a l id f or t he L o mbards a nd
t he n e ighbour ing G er man ic p eop les f ro m a bou t t he b eg inn ing o f o ur e ra u n t il t he f a l l o f t he L o mbard emp ire ( 774 ). " A G er man ic p eop le i s n o t a n e thn ic u n i ty , y et t here a re f ea tures c harac ter ist ic o f t he m w h ich a re s u itable t o s epara te t hese p eop les f ro m e ach o ther" ( S ch m id t 1 961).
Th is i s t he t heore-
t i ca lb asis o f o ur t axono m ic s tud ies. The most f requen t ly o ccurr ing t ypes i n t he L ombard c e meter ies N o t o n ly t he t ypes d escr ibed i n t he n ex t p ages , b u t a lso f oreign o nes, a re p resen t i n t he c e meter ies b u t t he l a t ter a re i nsign if ican t a nd s o w e d o n o t d ea l w ith t he m ( f or e xamp le t he D inar id s ke leton i n t he P relombard c e metery a t Epö l , t he N or th-Afr ican o ne i n t he Castel Tros ino c e metery , e tc.). There a re s evera l European t ypes a bsen t f ro m t he L ombard c e meter ies , a nd w e om it t he m t oo.
The mongo lid e le men t i n t he L o mbards,
i n troduced f alsely i n to
t he l i tera ture b y Wi l ler ( 1936 ) , h as a lready b een d isproved b y J ungw ir th ( 1968 ). The mongo lid s ku l l i n grave 5 6 o f Kran j c e metery may b elong t o a no ther p opu la t ion ; t he K ran j c e metery c anno t b e a scr ibed t o t he L o mbard e thn ic g roup . I t was o n ly L ebzel ter ( 1935 ) w ho d ea l t w i th t he r ac ial a n thropo logy o f t he L o mbards i nh is work e n t it led " Über d ie Rasseng l iederung d er L angobard en".
H is s ta te men ts a re n ow o u t o f d a te.
Mu l ler ( 1936) i nh is p aper s ets u p
t wo g roups i nt he N ik itsch c e metery : "m i t tel langköp f ige Gruppe d es n ord ischen K reises" a nd " rundköp f ige Gruppe , d ie mongo l ide Z t ige h a t". L a ter h e i dent i f ies t he l a t ter g roup a s Cro-Magnon ids ( " fä l ische" ) a nd e nds h is p aper w i th t he s ta te men t :
" zw ischen d en n ach S t iden z iehenden G er manenstä m men z ie m-
l i ch w ei tgehende r assenmässige U n tersch iede b estanden , d ie n icht a l le in a us d e m Vorhandensein z weier Rassen , d er n ord ischen u nd d er f ä l ischen e rk lär t w erden K önnen". B en inger r el ies o n t he a n thropo log ists ( 1934 ) when h e h as t wo L ombard f aces r econstructed o n t he b asis o f s ku l ls.
One o f t he m i s a man
f ro m N eu-Ruppersdor fb elong ing t o t he C ro-Magnon id t ype, t he o ther i s a wo man f ro m S trass a nd b elongs t o t he C ro-Magnon id-Alp ine t ype. 1 .
t ype .
Pro tonord ic t ype ( f ig. 5 7 ) :
Th is i s t he a nc ien t f or m o f t he N ord ic
I t may o r ig ina te f ro m t he B rno-Predmost r ace , p erhaps f ro m i t s
S candinavian v ar ian t .
Most a u thors d o n o t d i f feren tia te b etween t he N ordic
Kiszely, István. The ofr the Lombards, Parts a n dAnthropology p ro tono di c t ype s.I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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I ti s f requen t i n L o mbard c e me ter ies ( Poysdor f , g rave 2 ) , wh i le i ti s a bsen t f ro m Frank ish , Merov ing ian , A la mann ic, Bavar ian a nd G o thic c e met er ies.
I tc an b e f ound i n S cand inav ia where i ti s most f requen t ly p resen t i n
I ron Age g raves a nd i n t he M igra t ion P er iod ( e .g . a t Va l lhagar—Ge jva l l 1 955) . I f we d o n o t l ook a t i tf ro m t he d yna mic p o in t o f v iew , a s t he f orerunner o f t he N ordic t ype , i tc an b e c onsidered a s ar obust , r ough t ype-var ian t o f t he N ord ic t ype w i th " pr im i t ive" f ea tures. The c ran iu m i s e x treme ly l ong : h yperdo lichocran ia l , a t t he a rch ing o f t he o s f ron ta le a nd p ar ie ta le , b eh ind t ubera f ron ta lia , t he l i ne o f t he s ku l l g oes u pwards a nd i s s ligh t ly c urved , t he o s o ccipi ta le i s c urv ing , b u lg ing b ackwards b u t n o t b a throcran ia l .
Arcus s uperci l iaris i s we l l d eve loped a nd
f orms s o me th ing c lose t o t orus s upraorbi ta lis t ogether w i th t he a lso we l l d eve loped g labe l la .
L inae n uchae , o n t he e qua l ly b u lg ing o s o ccip i ta le , a re
s trong , " torus" l ike .
The f orehead i s c on tracted j ust l i ke t ha t o f t he Nordic
t ype . The c ran iu m i s l onger t han i n t he Nordic t ype ; t he f ace , t hough h yperl ep tolep toprosop ic, l ep terene , i sn ot e x treme ly l ong . The who le f ace h as a r ough , s eeming ly p r i mi tive f orm , t he o rbi ts a re more a ngu lar t han i s t he c ase w i th t he N ordic t ype , a per tura p ir i formis i s s ligh t ly w iden ing b e low , u sua l ly w i th s l igh t f ossa p raenasa lis. The g on ions s tand o u t s ligh t ly o n t he s ides a t t he N ordic t ype whi le t hey a re f l a t tened i n to t he l i ne o f t he f ace o n t he p ro tonord ic o ne . Fossa c an ina i s d eep . The s ke le ta l b ones a re s i mi lar t o t he N ord ic t ype .
The a verage h e igh t o f men i s 1 72 cm , a nd o f wo men
1 65 cm . The b ones a re s tronger , t he a dhesiona l s ur faces a re r ougher . The b ody i s more r obust , t he c lav icles a re l onger a nd , wha t i s more i mpor tan t , w ider . The r e la t ion o f t he l ower a nd u pper a rms i s more h armon ious f or t he l ower a rm . A l l t he b ones a re t h icker t han t hose o f t he Nordic t ype , a nd t his i s e specia l ly s tr iking i n t he s ku l l . 2 . Nord ic t ype ( f ig . 5 8) :
I t s s ynony ms a re :
"Nord ic r ace" ( Ecker 1 863-
1 865) , ag raci lised v ar ie ty o ft he "Reichengräber typus", "Hochberg" t ype ( His-R i t t imeyer 1 864) , "Kymri l r ace" ( Broca 1 868) , "Ang lo-Saxon t ype" ( Davis, Thun mann ) , " lep toprosop d o lichocepha ler Typus" ( Ko l l mann 1 873) , "Franken typus" ( V irchow 1 874, 1 877 ) , "Reichengräber typus" ( Gi ldermeister 1 879) , R eche ' s" I I . Typus", "H o mo t eu to-nord icus" ( Rip ley ) , a "s ord ino" v ar ie ty o ft he "Chance lade" t ype . The p ure N ordic t ype i s o f ten p resen t i n L o mbard c eme ter ies ( Poysdor f , g rave 5 ; S zen tendre , g rave 1 7 ) , t hough i t s b rachycran ic v ar ie ty o r t he o ne mixed w i th o ther t ypes i s more f requen t . The p ure t ype i s c haracteristic a t t he E lbe ( As mus 1 938 , 1 939) , b u t i s n o t c haracteristic o f a ny o f t he p eop le who m t he L o mbards e ncoun tered s uch a s t he Meroving inns, t he Franks, t he A lamann i , e tc .
Probab ly i tc an b e g rouped among t he most a ncien t c harac-
t er ist ics o f t he L o mbards. The c ran iu m i s h yperdo l ichrocran ia l , d o l ichocrania l ;
i n t ime i tb eca me
s hor ter . The l eng th-bread th i ndex o f t he s ku l l i sb e tween 7 1 a nd 7 4. o f t he s ku l l a re med iu m t hick , mascu l ine b u t n ot p r i mi tive o r r ough . h ead i s med iu m w ide, s lan t ing b ackwards i n men .
The b ones The f ore-
The l i ne o f t he s ku l l r ises
n ear ly s traigh t b ackwards, r each ing i t s h ighest p o in t a t t he midd le p ar t o f t he p ar ie ta ls.
The a bso lu te measure men ts o f t he s ku l l a re l arge , o ccipi ta le i s
b u l g ing ack- a n d ownw ard ,Ii. l inae n ucha les a re o f ten we l l d eve loped , b u t t he Kiszely, István. The b Anthropology ofd the Lombards, Parts Is and E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 83
o ccip i ta l p ar t i s a lways c urved . n arrow ;
The f ace , e specia l ly t he f orehead , i s v ery
h yper lep toprosopic, l ep terene .
o u t i n ah armon ious way .
The midd le p ar t o f t he f ace s tands
Z ygo ma t ic p rocesses a re f la t , t he z ygo ma t ic b one
i s i n t he l i ne o f t he t e mpora l b one .
F ossa c a .n ina i s v ery d eep .
The r oo t o f
t he n ose i s h igh , t he n asa l b one i s s traigh t , a per tura p ir i formis i s l ong a nd n arrow .
Arcus s uperci liar is i s medium d eve loped ; t he f ace i s mascu l ine ,
a s i s a lso s ligh t ly t ha t o f t he wo men . i s p o in ted f ro m l a tera l v iew ;
H igh mand ib le , t he p ro ject ing men tu m
g on ions s tand o u t s l igh t ly o n t he s ides.
o rb i ts a re med iu m h igh , o f ten a ngu lar ;
The
t he c orners a re r ounded , t hey a re
med iu m l arge i n c o mpar ison t o t he f ace. They were t a l l p eop le, t he a verage h eigh t o f men b eing 1 68-174 cm , s o met imes e ven more . 1 72 cm.
The a verage h eigh t o f t he wo men v ar ies b e tween 1 61 a nd
The l ong b ones a re l ong , t h in f or t heir s ize, t he a dhesiona l s ur faces
a re mediu m d eve loped .
The l ower a rm , t he t i bia a nd t he f i bu la a re r e la tive ly
s hor t ( co mpared t o t he u pper a rm a nd t he l imb) , t he h ands a nd t he f ee t a re l ong , t he c lav icle i s s hor t b u t s trong . Their a ppearance i n l i fe :
t a l l , s lim , n arrow h ips, l ong a r ms a nd l egs.
The h air i s most ly b lond , t he h a ir o f t he b ody a nd t he b eard i s o f ar eddish s hade , t he e yes a re b lue o r g rey ish b lue . b urned when i tb eco mes r ed .
Their s k in i s t h in , f air , e asi ly s un-
The h air o f t he b ody i s medium t hick .
i s s l igh t ly waved , s traigh t h airs a re t h in a nd s i lky .
The h air
The moustaches a nd
t he b eards o f t he men a re t h ick , whi le t hey a re t ota l ly missing o n wo men . S exua l matur i ty a rr ives l a ter a nd t hey a lso g e t o ld l a te ;
t he men ta l a nd
b io log ica l p r ime l ast a l ong t ime . 3 .
Brachycranic Nordic t ype ( Fig . 5 9) : We h ave t o d iscuss t h is "c a tegory"
b ecause i tf requen t ly o ccurs i n western G ermanic c e me ter ies.
The me mbers
o f t he g roup h ave a l l t he c haracterist ics o f t he Nord ic t ype e xcep t i n t he f orm o f t he s ku l l : t he h yperdo l ichocran ia l i ty a nd t he h yper lep tolep toprosopy .
The
a uthor s c anno t d ef ine t h is t ype , s ince t hey c anno t u se t he measure men ts c hara cter istic o f t he Nord ic t ype . They h ave p ropor t iona l ly a rch ing s ku l ls, where a lso t he o ccip i ta l i s c urvoo ccipi ta l .
The g labe l la a nd t he a rcus s uperci liaris a re s trong , f ace i s meso-
p rosop ic, c lose t o l ep toprosop ia , t he o rbi ts a re s ligh t ly s lan t ing w i th r ounded r i ms, a per tura p ir i for m is i s med ium n arrow .
Fossa c an ina i s a lways d eep ,
t he z ygo ma t ic p rocess i s n o t c haracterist ic, t he j aw i s mediu m h igh b ut s trong a nd massive , t he g on ions d o n o t s tand o u t o n t he s ides.
The f or m o f t he men-
t un a i s al ow p yra m id , t hey h ave t he s o-ca l led " doub le c h in". j aw o f wo men i s a lso sma l l . r ough .
The a ng le o f t he
The t ype i s n o t g raci le , t he l ines o f t he s ku l l a re
The t ype f requen t ly o ccurs i n t he a ncien t h o me land o f t he L o mbards i n
S cand inavia a nd i n n or th G ermany .
The a nato mica l v ar ie ties a nd morpho logica l
f eatures c orrespond t o t hose o f t he N ordic t ype . The s ta ture i s mediu m s trong a s w i th t he N ordic t ype , b ut t hey were s hor ter ; men were 1 69-170 cm t a l l . T h is t ype i s c o m mon i n t he L o mbard c e me ter ies, a nd i td id n o t c hange d ur ing t he migra tions; t he t ype i s p resen t i n Rugi land a s we l l a s i n P annon ia a nd I t a ly ( e .g . i n Testona , g rave 1 ) . Most ly warr iors o f t he midd le c lass b e longed t o t h is t ype .
On s i tes where t h is t ype a re
f ound t hey h ave n ever b een e ncoun tered f ro m e ar lier t imes. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. o f h e Publishing, l oca l 1979, p opu la t ion r epresen ts a more E-book, Oxford, UK:t BAR https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 84
The s i mi lar f orm
p r i mi t ive v ar iety w i th a t h icker s ku l l
a nd n arrow o rbi ts. The "Nord ic" t ype o f t he C e lt ic p eop le i s h yperdo lichoc ran ia l , l ep toprosop ic w i th s trong s tature ; i ti s i den tica l w i th my N ordic t ype . 4 .
G raci lised Cro- Magnon id t ype ( F ig . 6 0) :
I t s s ynonyms :
"Groner -
T yp" ( Hauschi ld 1 921) , "H i lge lgr äber typus" ( Ecker 1 863-1865) , l 'Sion typus" ( His-R f i t imeyer 1 864) , "Mesokepha ler Typus" ( Ko l l mann 1 876) , "Da l t ype" ( na med f ro m t he Da larne Va l ley i n Sweden ) , "F a l t ype" ( na med af ter Westf a lia ) . I ti s f requen t i n t he M igra t ion P er iod i nn or th G ermany ( Gronen , O bermö l lern , Ander ten , e tc. ) ,t he Graci l ised Cro- Magnon id t ype i s a lways p resen t i n L ombard c e me ter ies, a nd p erhaps i ti s o ne o f t he e ar l iest f orms o f t he p opu la tion . The f orm i s p resen t f ro m n or th E urope t o t he s ou th . I n G o t land i tc an b e f ound a t E te lhe m Täg l ings ( 6258/C , 1 09 , 11, X i,X2 )a nd a t K ä l lunge S kä l lhorns.
I tc an e asi ly b e s epara ted f ro m t he c lassica l Cro- Magnon id t ype
o f Cen tra l European o r ig in , which i s p resen t i n t he L ombard c e me ter ies o n ly a s t he r epresen ta t ive o f t he l oca l p opu la tion . w i th t he s t i l l e x ist ing Tyda ltype o f Sweden . Meck lenburg a nd P o m mern f i nds :
The t ype i s p robably i den tica l A s mus ( 1939) wr i tes a bou t t he
" beside t he N ord ic t ype t he Cro- Magnon id
f eatures a re a lways d om inan t o n t h is t err i tory i n t he Ro man Per iod" ( p . 1 50) . The s ku l l i s c haracter ised b y a n i ndex a pproach ing d o licho- mesocran ia li ty , of ten s hi f t ing t o d o l icocran ia li ty . The s hape o ft he c raniu m r ises p or tiona l ly b ackwards, t hen s udden ly d rops b eh ind t he t ubera p ar ieta lia a nd h as a p lanoo ccip i ta l f or m t o t he o ccipi ta l b one , where i tb eco mes b u lg ing , n ear ly b a throc ran ic . The b ack p ar t o ft he c ran iu m i sv ery h igh . The f orehead i s r a ther s teep a nd s eems v ery h igh b eside t he v ery s hor t f ace . The f ace i s l ow , t he g on ions s tand o u t f ar o n t he s ides.
The o rbi ts a re l ow a nd a ngu lar , t he u pper
r i ms a re n ear ly h or izon ta l . Arcus s uperci liar is a nd g label la a re mediu m d eve loped , f ar d if feren t f ro m t he c lassica l Cro- Magnon id t ype . The r oo t o f t he n ose i s f l a t a nd w ide ; t he z ygo ma tic b one i s h igh c o mpared t o t he f ace , a nd i ts tands o u t o f i t s l i ne . l ow .
Aper tura p iri form is i s mediu m w ide a nd v ery
I te nds h igh , t hus t he a lveo lar p ar t o f t he maxila i s h igh .
s traigh t .
The n ose i s
Men tu m i s p yra mida l , we l l d eve loped , u sual ly p ro ject ing f orwards.
The j aw i s massive b u t n o t p r i mi tive.
The f ace s eems a ngu lar , o r tho- meso-
g na thous, e ury- mesoprosop ic , e uryene- mesene . The s ke le ta l b ones a re s trong a nd we ll d eve loped ; t he l ower a rms a nd t he l egs a re l ong .
The a rms a nd l egs a re s hor t i n who le b u t n o t r obust , t he a dhe-
s iona l s ur faces a re r ough , we l l d eve loped .
S ta ture i s c haracter ised b y w ide
s hou lders ; t hey were b u lky , b u t n ot a s b u lky a s t he c lassica l Cro- Magnon ids. The a verage h eigh t o f men i s 1 68-172 cm , o f wo men 1 63 cm . The wo men a re r a ther mascu l ine a nd r e la t ive ly t a l l . Their c o lour ing i sn o t k nown ; t hey may h ave h ad l i gh t b londe h air , w i th g ray-b lue e yes l i ke t he r ea l Cro- Magnon ids, b u t t hey may h ave h ad t heir d arker v ar ie ty a s we l l . 5 .
N or d ic-C r o- Magnon id , Cr o- Magnon id-Nord ic t ype-group ( Fig . 6 1) :
This "m ixed" t ype o ccurs most f requen t ly i nt he L o mbard c eme ter ies, a nd s o d ea l t w i th s epara te ly .
F or a l ong t ime i t was c a l led t he "Nordendor fer"
t ype ( Ecker 1 865, Hauschi ld 1 921, 1 926, K ramp 1 938 , 1 939 , Bauermeister 1 9 5 5 ) , a s a s p e c i a l t y p e o f t h e R e i c h e n g r ä b e r f e l d e r s . E c k e r men t ions t his Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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t ype a s t he o r ig ina l f or m o ft he F ranks a nd t he A lamann i , t hough i tr are ly . o ccurs i n F rank ish o r A lamann ic c eme teries. I ti s more p robably t rue t ha t t he t ype was f ormed i n t he a ncien t t err i tory o f t he F ranks, t he A lamann i a nd t he Burgundians, a nd i ts low ly l ost i t s "r obust ici ty" . A s mus ( 1939) wro te t ha t i n Meck lenburg a nd i n P o m mern ( p . 1 49) t here were many s ku l ls d a t ing f ro m t he Ro man p er iod i n which t he c ran iu m h as N ord ic f ea tures b u t t he f ace i s a lready v ery l ow .
H e c a l led t his t ype "o stdeu tsche L angschäde l«.
H e s ays
i n h is p aper t ha t t he N ord ic a nd t he C ro- Magnon id t ypes h ave s evera l mixed f orms f ro m t he e ar l iest t imes, a l l c haracter ist ic o f g iven p er iods.
T he
marked ly N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id t ype was c a l led b y A s mus ( 1 938) S c lu iurkeramiker-Typ f l. S a l ler ( 1 934) c a l led t he "C ro- Magnon ised" f orm o f t he Nord ic t ype " long-headed C ro- Magnonids". S a l ler ( 1934) c onsidered t he mixed a nd g raci lised v ar ie t ies o ft he C o mbe C ape l le , C hance lade a nd C ro- Magnon id t ypes t he most c haracter ist ic o ft he a ncien t G erman ic p opu la t ion .
Th is t ype
may h ave b een c haracter ist ic i n t he mo ther land o ft he L o mbards n ear t he E lbe a s i ti sv ery r are i n t he S cand inavian ma teria l . I n t he L ombard c eme ter ies t his t ype c an b e a ssocia ted b o th w i th t he h a lf-free warr iors a nd w i th t he f ree p eop le ( l ike t he g o lds mi th a t P oysdor f ) .
T here a re e specia l ly many C ro-
Magnon id f ea tures i n t he N ordic t ypes o ft he Ander ten c e me tery ( Hauschi ld 1 926) . I t s n a me i s c hanged a ccording t o whe ther t he N ord ic o r t he Cro- Magnon id e le men ts a re 'do m inan t i nt he a ppearance ; b o th t ypes a re r epresen ted i n i t . The f orm o ft he s ku l l i sd o lichocran ia l , a pproach ing mesocran ia li ty . The c ran iu m i s c lose t o t he b rachycran ic o r s hor tened N ordic t ype ; i ti s a rch ing p or t iona l ly , b u t h as n o b a thocranic o ccipi ta l . I ft here a re more b rachycranic N ordic f eat ures i n t he c ran iu m t he C ro- Magnonid e lemen ts a re d om inan t i nt he f ace .
The
f ace i s mesoprosop ic h av ing t he midd le v a lues o ft he c a tegory , i ti s n ever l ep toprosopic . The a ngu lar , f l a t f ace, c haracter ist ic o f t he Cro- Magnon id t ype , c an b e f ound b u t t he o rb i ts a re h igh , a nd t he a per tura p ir i formis a lso e nds l ower . T he j aw i sv ery massive a nd s trong , a nd t he g onions s tand o u t b u t n o t s o f ar a s a t t he r ea l Cro- Magnon ids. The z ygo ma tic p rocesses a re n o t f l a t b u t s tand o ü t a t t he s ides .
F ossa c an ina i s medium d eep .
The h e igh t o ft he men i s 1 73 cm , t ha t o f wo men i s a bou t 1 65 cm . The p ropor t ions o ft he l ong b ones c orresponds t o t he v a lues o f Bach-Brei t inger ts t ab les, w i th o n ly s o me minor d ivergences.
The s ta ture i s s tronger t han t ha t
o ft he g raci lised Cro- Magnon id t ype f ound i n G ermanic c e me ter ies.
The
c lavic le i s s trong , t he s ke le ta l b ones a re r are ly r obust ; t his i s a lso s trik ing . i n t he wo men . The a dhesiona l s urfaces a re r ough , a nd t hey were s trong p eop le . T he d i f ference b e tween t he t wo h ands i s c onsiderab le i n men , whi le i n w o men , ow ing t o h ard a nd mono tonous work , f ossa o lecran i p erfora t io a re of ten e nc oun tered .
A s f or t heir s ta ture, t hey migh t h ave b een t he wo men "f i gh t ing
i n b eards" a nd t he Bränh i ldas o ft he Wo tan-sagas.
Wi th t his t ype t he L o mbards
a rr iv ing i n f ore ign t err i tor ies c ou ld r eadi ly b e s epara ted f ro m t he l oca l p opu la t ion , l i ke t he O strogo ths o r t he G ep ids a voided a t t he E lbe . Their c o lour ing i s n ot k nown ; p erhaps t hey were f air a s b o th c o mponen ts a re c haracter ised b y f a irness. I ts ee ms p robab le t ha t t he Cro- Magnon ids d id n ot b e long t o t he Tyda l v ar ie ty w i th d ark c o loura tion , s ince t his v ar ie ty i s v ery r are i n S candinavia .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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6 .
Medi terran ian-Nord ic, a nd Nord ic- Medi terran ian t ypes ( f igs. 6 2
a nd 6 3 ) : A s t h is t ype i s c o mmon i n t he A la mann ic c e me ter ies i t must h ave f ormed f ro m t he a ncien t p opu la tion l i ving n ear t he E lbe .
This N ordic- Medi ter-
r an ian t ype was c a l led b y A s mus ( 1939) i n Meck lenburg a nd i n t he P o mmern c eme ter ies t he "Aun je tizer" t ype , we l l k nown i n t he a rea f ro m much e ar l ier t imes a s we l l . S a i ler ( 1934) e xamined t he b one ma ter ia l o ft he Bavar ian O stmark f ro m t imes af ter t he Roman p er iod .
S ince o n ly t he Roman l eaders
a nd s o ld iers l ef t t he l and , t he p eop le a nd t he c raf ts men r e ma ined . u lh . t ion l a ter ming led w i th G ermanic p opu la t ions.
Th is p op-
S a i ler c ou ld f i nd a s er ies
o f mixed f orms o ft he N ord ic t ype w i th A lamannic-Frank ish- Meroving ian a nd Bavar ian e le men ts. On t he b asis o ft he d o minance o ft he t ypes t wo f orms c an b e d i f feren tia ted i n t his g roup . I ti s no t o ne o ft he most c haracterist ic L o mbard ic t ypes, y e t i ti s o f f requen t o ccurrence i n t he " genuine ly L o mbard" c eme ter ies. I ti s a med iu m s trong t ype , which c an b est b e d escr ibed a s ag raci lMed i terran ian t ype w i th a l ep to-hyper lep toprosop ic f ace , ah igher j aw a nd w i thou t t he b u lg ing o ccip i ta le . t ype ;
The c ran ium i s c loser t o t he Medi terran ian
i fl ower i ti s l bero- Med i terran ian , i fh igher A t lan to- Med i terran ian .
I n n orma v er t ica lis n o p en tagonoid f or m , c haracterist ic o f t he Medi terran ian t ype , c an b e s een . G labe l la a nd a rcus s uperci liar is a re mediu m d eve loped . The f ace i s n arrow , g rad i ll ep to-hyper lep toprosopic .
The o rbi ts a re medium
a ngu lar , a per tura p iri formis i s med iu m w ide , t he a lveolar p ar t o f t he maxi l la i s h igh , c orpus man .d ibu lae i s e specia l ly h igh . F ro m f ron ta l v iew t he f ace n arr ows d ownwards.
The mediu m d eve loped g onions o f t he Nord ic t ype a re mis-
s ing b u t i ft hey a re p resen t , N ord ic f ea tures d om ina te i n t he f ace .
The h e igh t
o ft he men i s a bou t 1 66 cm , a nd o ft he wo men a bou t 1 58 cm , t ha t i s t o s ay b etween t he N ordic a nd t he Medi terran ian t ypes. A lso t he a dhesiona l s ur faces s how d eve lopmen t i n ter media te b e tween t he t wo t ypes. 7 .
Cro- Magnon id-At lan to- Med i terran ian a nd A t lan to- Medi terran ian-Cro-
Magnon id t ype ( f igs. 6 4 a nd 6 5) :
I n Pannnia a nd i n I t a ly t he L o mbard c eme-
t er ies of ten c on ta in a f orm c onsist ing o f av ery r obust , b road-faced A t lan toMedi terran ian t ype , p robab ly b e long ing t o t he b asic R o man p opu la tion . I n N orth I t a ly t his f or m i s c o mmon i n n on-Lo mbard c eme ter ies o f "e ta b arbar ica" ( e .g . B rescia , BresciaGussago) .
I n Pannon ia i tc an b e f ound a t I szkaszen t-
g yörgy , Ta ma-s i a nd Vörs. I ti s s o mewha t r em in iscen t o f t he "C o mbe-Cape l le" t ype . P öch ( 1912) c haracterising t he B avar ians wri tes a bou t as hor t-faced , l ong , e l lip tica l s ku l l, t he o rbi ts o f which a re medium h igh , t he a per tura p irif ormis i s n arrow , t he j aw i s r e markab ly h igh , t he g on ions s tand f ar o u t a t t he s ides. The o ther t ype c harac teristic o ft he Bavar ians h as, a ccord ing t o h im , w ider f ace , h igher o rbi ts, w ider a per tura p ir i for mis, s hor ter j aw a nd med iu m s trong g on ions o n a mediu m l ong s ku l l . T he ma in i ndices o ft he c ran iu m a nd o f t he f ace v ary d epending o n t he r e la t ive d om inance o f t hese t ypes.
T hus t he
s ku l l c an b e d o l ichocrania l v erg ing o n mesocran ia li ty , o r mesocran ia l v erg ing o n d o lichocran ia l i ty . The s ku l l i s p or t iona l ly a rch ing , t he o ccipi ta l p ar t i s s l igh t ly b u lg ing . F ro m a v er t ica l v iew i ti s c lose t o t he b rachycranic Med i terr an ian t ype ; t he p en tagonoid f orm i s most ly c haracteristic. The f ace i s h igh ly c harac ter ist ic o ft his mixed t ype , a s i fi t was t he f ace o f av ery r ough , r obust A t lan to- Med i terran ian p erson : g labe l la i s we l l d eve loped t oge ther w i th a r cusThes u perci l i athe r is . Th e If a ce s mesoprosop ic, s o me t i mes c lose t o l ep toKiszely, István. Anthropology of Lombards, Parts and Ii. i E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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p ropop ia .
T he o rbi ts a re c loser t o t he C ro- Magnon id f orms, s o me t imes
h igher , t he o rbi ta l r i ms a re t h ick .
Aper tura p ir iformis i s w ide, l ow , s tand-
i ng c lose t o t he o rbi ts, b u t t he a lveo lar p ar t o f t he maxi l la i s h igh .
The f orm
o ft he j aw i s Cro- Magnon id j ust l i ke t he g on ions which s tand o u t a t t he s ides. I n l i fe t his t ype i s c haracter ised b y aw ider n ose t han t ha t o ft he c o mpone n t t ypes ; t he c o lour ing i s d ark . T he a verage h eigh t o ft he men i s a bou t 1 70 cm . The b ones a re s trong , massive , c o mpact , n ear ly "p r im i tiven. They a re of ten more p r imi t ive t han t hose o f t he g raci lised C ro- Magnon id t ype o ft he L o mbards. 8 .
Graci l- Med i terran ian t ype ( I bero- Med i terran ian ) ( f ig . 6 6 . ) : I t s s yn-
o ny ms a re :
"H o mo med i terranensis" ( U jfa lvy 1 896) , "l beroinsu lar is"
( Den iker ) , "Ho mo merid iona lis" ( Lapogue) , "Western r ace" ( Gün ther ) , t he Eng lish a u thors u sua l ly u se t he n ame "I ber ian r ace", t he I t a lian a nd F rench a u thors c a l l i t "L igur r ace" , "H o mo e uafr icanus s pecies medi terranea" , " proto medi terranian",
C o mbe-Cape l le-race".
T his t ype n ever o ccurs c lear ly
among t he L ombards, b u t o n ly mixed w i th o ther t ypes ( Alp ine , N ord ic) , b u t p lays a g rea t r o le i n t he f orma t ion o f t he L o mbard e thn ic g roup .
We d o n o t
k now when a nd where i tb eca me a p ar t o ft he L o mbards, p erhaps f ro m F rance , b u t more l ike ly , a s o ne o ft he ma in e le men ts o f t he C e l ts, t hrough t he l oca lised p opu la t ion o ft he C e ltic g roups.
I ti s more f requen t among wo men , b ecause
f em in ine e le men ts a re most ly i nheri ted t hrough t he f e ma le . I ti s ad ishar mon ic t ype .
A l l t he b ones a re g raci l .
The c ran iu m i sv ery
l ong , t he s ku l l i ndex i s of ten u nder 7 2 , t he b order l ine o f h yperdol ichocran ia li ty . The a bso lu te measure men ts o ft he s ku l l a re sma l l , i t s f orm i s l i gh t e ven i n men . The f orehead o fb o th s exes i s l ow a nd s teep ( af e min ine f eature ) ,s ligh t ly b u lg ing f orwards. The o ccip i ta le b u lge f ar o u t , of ten c on ica l ly, Beh ind t he s teepness o ft he f orehead t he l i ne o ft he t op o ft he s ku ll— in c on trast t o t he Nordic t ype —is s tra igh t . The f ace i s o n ly mesoprosop ic, meserene . Arcus s uperci l iaris i s o n ly s l igh t ly d eve loped o n men , t he o rbi ts a nd t he a per tura p ir i form is a re l arge . The r oo t o ft he n ose i s mediu m w ide a nd f l a t , t he z ygoma t ic b one i s f l a t b e ing i n t he l ine o f t he f ace . The wo men a re e ven more g raci l . The a lveo lar i s n arrow . The b ody o f t he j aw i s l ow , t he men tum i s u nderd eve loped , most ly r ounded . They were t he s hor test p eop le i n Europe : t hey were s hor t o r med iu m t a l l .
The a verage h e igh t o ft he men i s 1 60-164 cm , t ha t o f t he wo men 1 50 cm .
T he p ropor t ions o ft he a rms a nd t he f ee t c o mpared t o t he b ody i s c lose t o t ha t o ft he N ordic t ype , b u t t hey a re much more g raci l . The b ones a re t h inner , a nd t he a dhesiona l s urfaces a re l ess d eve loped . I n l i fe t hey a re c haracterised b y d ark c o lour ing , t he h air i s d ark b rown a nd t he s k in i s l i gh t o live-brown .
T he f a t u nder t he s k in i s we l l d eve loped
o n wo men , a nd t he h ips o ft he wo men a re w ide . a rr ives e ar ly b u t t hey l i ve l ong . 9 .
S exua l ma turi ty a nd s eni l i ty
A t lan to- Medi terran ian o r Western- Med i terran ian t ype ( f ig . 6 7 ) :
s . p e lag icus merid iona lis ( F ischer 1 829) .
H o mo
This t ype was p resen t among t he
L o mbards f ro m Rugi land t hrough Pannonia t o I t a ly , t hough i ti s n o t among t he ncien t of t ythe pe s o f t h e I and L oIi.mbards. I to r ig ina tes Kiszely, István. Thea Anthropology Lombards, Parts E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 1 88
i n t he Ro man p opu la t ion r e ma in ing
i n t he t err i tories i nvaded b y t he L o mbards.
A s R o man b ui ld ings were u sed
b y t he L ombards ( Vindabona-Vienna , U lcisa Castra-Szen tendre , Aqu incu mBudapest , S zepvö lgyi I t , A la Nova-Schwecha t , S op iane-Szo mba the ly , Gorsiu mTäc, F enekpuszta , Kran j, C ivida le , C aste l T rosino , N ocera Umbra , e tc.) i t s eems p robab le t ha t t he R o man p opu la t ion a lso f ound i t s p lace among t he L o mbards.
There a re many e xamp les o ft he p ure A t lan to- Medi terran ian t ype
i n t he L ombard c e me ter ies n ear R o man s et t lemen ts l i ke t hose a t V örs a nd K ran j. H ere t he l oca l p opu la t ion c onsisted ma in ly o ft he Ro man p opu la tion , t hough t he L ombards may h ave b rough t R o man e lemen ts f ro m t he E lbe a s we l l . Morpho log ica l f ea tures o ft he A t lan to- Medi terran ian t ype a re : d o lichoc ran ia l , of ten mesocran ia l ; t he c ran iu m i s d i f feren t f ro m t he Graci l- Medi terr an ian o ne .
F irst ly i ti s n arrower , h igher a nd r ougher .
The l i ne o f t he s ku l l
d i f fers f ro m t he g raci l- Med i terran ian t ype i nt he f o l low ing r espects :
1 .
i t
h as t uber-parie ta l f ea tures, i n l a tera l v iew t he l i ne o ft he s ku l l d rops af ter t ubera p ar ie ta lia ; 2 . t he o ccip i ta l b one i s o n ly med iu m b u lg ing . The u pper v iew a ccord ing t o S ergi h as t he c haracter ist ic p en tagona l f orm .
T he c en tra l
p osi t ion o ft ubera p ar ie ta l ia c an e specia l ly we l l b e s een f ro m t his v iew .
The
f ace i s h igher : mesolep toprosop ic . T he l i ne o f t he f ace i s r ougher , t he o rbi ts a nd t he a per tura p iri formis a re sma l ler , t he r i ms o f t he o rbi ts a re r ounded b u t t heir f orm i s n o t r ound .
Aper tura p iri formis i s w ider b e low ,
meso-brachyrrh ine , i ti s e specia l ly w ide i n t he N or th I t a l ian t ypes. c an ina i s mediu m f i l led .
F ossa
The j aw i s l ow , t he men tu m i sb u lbous o r mediu m
h igh p yra mid . G la .be l la i s a lso more d eve loped t han t ha t o ft he g raci lMedi terran ian t ype ; i ti s med iu m d eve loped i n c o mpar ison t o t he Nord ic t ype . They were t a l l ; t he a verage h e igh t o ft he men i s 1 67-171 cm, t ha t o f t he wo men 1 62-163 cm .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re s tronger t han t hose o f t he g raci l-
Med i terran ian t ype .
The a dhesiona l s urfaces a re mediu m d eve loped , t he s ta-
t ure a ccording t o t he c lavicle w as med ia l .
T he c o lour ing i s medium d ark a s
r egards t he e yes, s k in a nd h a ir , t he l ast b e ing most ly s parse a nd waved . 1 0 .
A lp ine t ype ( f ig . 6 8) :
I t s s ynony ms a re :
"C e l t ic r ace"
( Broca ) ,
" Slavic o r Rh i t t ian-race" ( Re tzius) , "H o mo a lp inus" ( Lapogue 1 889) , d iss en tistype" ( His-R t l t i meyer ) , "Auvergne t ype" ( Beddoe ) , "western A lp ine o r C enevo le-race" ( Den iker 1 900) , "r ound-headed r ace" ( W i lser ) , 1!s ou thG erman ic b rachycran ia l" ( Virchow ) , e tc. I ti s n ever c lear ly r epresen ted i n t he L ombard c e me ter ies, l i ke t he g raci l- Med i terranian t ype ; i t of ten o ccurs mixed w i th o ther t ypes. I ti s n o t o ne o ft he a ncien t t ypes o ft he L o mbards, b u t i tb e longed t o f ore ign p opu la t ions.
I ti s o n ly c haracter istic o f s o me c eme teries.
The L ombards g o t i tf ro m t he l oca l p opu la t ion of ten mixed w i th Medi terran ian , Cro- Magnon id , N ord ic o r Taur id t ypes.
I ti s c haracteristic ma in ly o f p opu la-
t i ons l i v ing among h i l ls. The C e l ts d issem ina ted t he g rad -A lp i ne v ar ian t a s ac o mbina t ion o ft he A lp ine a nd g raci l- Med i terran ian t ypes. The s ke le ton i s mediu m g rad , t h in . c ran ic , i t s i ndex i s b e tween 8 2 a nd 8 6.
The s ku l l i s r ounded , s hor t , b rachy-
A l l t he b ones o ft he c ran ium a re w ide .
The f orehead , a lso i n men , i s s teep , t he p ar ie ta l a nd f ron ta l t ubers a re we l l d eve loped , t he o ccipi ta l i s f l a t , p lanooccip i ta l . meso-euryprosopic, l ow a nd r ounded .
The f ace i s mediu m-w ide ;
T he o rbi ts a re med iu m l arge , r ounded ,
s tand ing f ar f ro m e ach o ther ; t he r oo t o f t he n ose i s w ide , a per tura p iri formis
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 89
i s mediu m w ide .
T he who le f ace s ee ms f l a t .
The n ose i s s hor t , s l igh t ly
p ro ject ing f ro m t he p rof i le o f t he f ace , i t s r oo t i s f l a t . S
u nderdeve loped e ven o n men .
Arcus s uperci liaris
The w ing o f t he j aw i s l ow , n o t c haracteris-
t i c, men tu m i s t uberc led . T hey were mediu m t a l l, t he a verage h e igh t o f t he men b e ing 1 60-164 cm ; t he d i f ference b e tween t he s exes i s sma l l . a dhesiona l s ur faces a re smoo th .
T he s ke le ta l b ones a re t h in , t he
The s ta ture i s s qua t a nd s hor t , t he n eck i s
s hor t , t he a rms a nd l egs a re s hor t a nd c lu msy .
The d ispropor t ion a nd t h ick-
n ess o ft he l egs i s c haracter ist ic e specia l ly o f t he wo men . a lso s hor t a nd b road ;
T he f ingers a re
t he p e lv is i s r e la t ive ly n arrow , t he t rochan ter ic f a t
p ads a re we l l d eve loped .
S exua l ma tur i ty a rr ives e ar ly a s d oes s eni l i ty .
s k in g e ts wr ink led i n o ld a ge , a nd t hey a re i ncl ined t o o besi ty . i s r ich i n t he h a ir , t he s k in a nd a lso i n t he e yes. s k in a l l s how s o me f orm o f l i fe lessness. b u t i s s parse ;
The
P ig men ta tion
The e yes, t he h a ir a nd t he
T he h a ir o f t he b ody i s n ot d eve loped,
t he h a ir o f t he h ead i s t h ick a nd s ti f f , t he b eard i s s parse w i th
t hick h a irs, t he b row i s mediu m d eve loped . 1.
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id t ype , C ro- Magnon id-A lp ine t ype ( f ig . 6 9) :
This
t ype was f or med i n t he C en tra l G er man ic H igh land , i n t he A lps a nd i n western F rance i n h istor ica l t imes. a lso a ppears i n p ictures. t i on P er iod a s we l l .
I ti s men t ioned b y s evera l a u thors i n t ex ts a nd
I tc an b e c onsidered a s al oca l t ype af ter t he Migra-
T he A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id t ype i s c a l led b y S a l ler ( 1934)
"r ound-headed o f t he O fne ttype" o r "r ound-headed w i th l ow f ace".
This
"C ro- Magnonid-Alp ine" o r "B orreby" t ype i s n o t i den t ica l w i th t he CroMagnon id C t ype .
I ti s c lose t o t he "e astern European"
( Eastern Ba l tic, Cro-
Magnon id B t ype , t hough a na lysing t he c o mponen ts t hey c an e asi ly b e s eparat ed .
A s f or i t s o r ig in , i tc anno t b e d er ived f ro m Eastern Europe .
Accord ing
t o Pe ters ( 1937 ) i ti s r e min iscen t o f t he g raci lised v ar ie ty o f t he "Ho mo d a lof a licus" . I t of ten o ccurs i n L o mbard g raves w i th i n fer ior g rave g oods, t hough i ti s n o t c haracter ist ic o f t he L o mbards. d o lichocran ic A lp ine t ype ;
I tc an b e c onsidered a s ar obust a nd
t he A lpine f ea tures a re a lways d om inan t .
c ran iu m i s mesocran ia l , c lose t o t he A lp ine f orm .
The
T he f orehead i s s teep ,
t he t ubera p arie ta lia a re we l l d eve loped a lso o n men .
F ro m t he l a tera l v iew
t he wa l l o f t he s ku l l i s n o t p or t iona l ly b u lg ing , b u t f or a t ime i tr uns s traigh t , wh ich i s p ecu liar b o th t o t he A lp ine a nd t o t he Cro- Magnon id t ypes.
The o c-
c ip i ta l i s o n ly s l igh t ly c urved , n ever b u lg ing l i ke t ha t o f t he Cro- Magnon ids. The ma in f ea tures o ft he f ace a re t hose o ft he A lp ine t ype , b u t t he o rbi ts a re n o t r ounded a nd l arge b u t sma l ler a nd w i th r ounded c orners . j ust l i ke t ha t o f t he A lp ine a nd o f t he C ro- Magnon id t ypes, i s l ow . d o n ot s tand o u t a t t he s ides. b e o bserved .
The f ace , The g on ions
S l igh t a lveo lar p rogna th ia o f t he A lp ine t ype c an
The s ta ture was a lso g iven b y t he A lp ine t ype ;
t he a verage
h e igh t o f t he men i s 1 66-167 cm , s l igh t ly t a l ler t han t ha t o f t he A lp ine men . The s ke le ta l b ones a re t h in b u t n o t g raci l , t he a dhesiona l s urfaces a re r ough . 1 2 .
A lp ine- Medi terran ian a nd Med i terran ian-A lp ine t ype ( f ig . 7 0 ) :
This
t ype f requen t ly o ccurs i n t he western European G er man ic c e me ter ies b u t i tc ann ot b e a ssigned t o a ny o ft he G erman ic p eop les.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford,m UK: BAR Publishing, 1979,l https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. ix i ng o f t he o ca l p opu la t ion o f t he h i l ls Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 90
I tp robab ly o r igina tes i n t he
w i th t he C e lts, t he R o mans a nd p ar t ly
w i th o ther p eop les. I ti s p resen t i n S lavic ( Bach-Dusek 1 971) , A lamannic ( Abe ls-Gaebe le-Schrö ter 1 972) a nd Thur ingian ( Ho l ter 1 925) c eme teries a s we l l a s i n L o mbard o nes.
T he A lp ine t ype i s most of ten mixed w i th g raci l-
o r I bero- Med i terranian t ypes, s o me t i mes a lso w i th t he A t lan to- Medi terran ian t ype .
I ti s a s i ft hey h ad a n A lp ine c ran iu m a nd a Med i terranian f ace .
Accord-
i ng t o t his t he c ran iu m i s meso-brachycran ia l w i th t uber-par ie ta l f eatures, h igh f orehead a nd t he l i ne o ft he s ku l l d rops a brup t ly o n t he p lanooccip i ta l j ust b eh ind t ubera p ar ie ta lia , t hen i th as t he b u lg ing o ccip i ta l o ft he Medi terran ian t ype .
The f ace i s a l most t o ta l ly Med i terranian .
The r oo t o ft he n ose i s f l a t-
t ened , t he n ose i s sma l l, t he f orehead i s h igh , t he o rbi ts a re mediu m h igh , a per tura p ir i for mis i s mediu m w ide, n arrow . The j aw i s n o t c haracter istic, t he men tu m i s t uberc led . The h e igh t o ft he men i s 1 62 cm , t ha t o ft he wo men 1 54-156 cm .
The
a dheasiona l s ur faces o ft he s ke le ta l b ones a re mediu m d eve loped ; t he s ke leta l b ones a re mediu m s trong . T he c o lour ing , a s t he Med i terran ian f ea tures a re d on inan t , was p robab ly d ark . 1 3 . Taur id t ype ( f ig . 7 1) : T he most p roblema tic a nd g ene tica l ly t he l east k nown t ype o ft he Migra t ion P er iod o f N or thern , Western a nd Cen tra l Europe o f t he Reichengräber .
I ti s p resen t o n t he German ic t err i tor ies s ince p reh is-
t or ic t imes ( Go t land :Hab lingsbo Havor 8 064/145, G erhar t 1 953) .
I tc annot b e
a ssigned t o t he "R eichengrä .ber-Typ" ,a nd i ti s v ery d i f feren t f ro m t he "r ea l Taur id" t ype o fA sia Minor a nd t he Caucasus. G erman a u thors a re a t al oss when t hey h ave t o d ef ine i t , b u t t hey a lways men tion a nd d escr ibe i t . L ip täk ( 1969) i den t if ies, i nb racke ts, t he T aur id t ype w i th t he "G lockenbechertype" , b u t G erhard t ( 1957 ) wr i tes o ft he d i f ferences:
"a Taur id s ku l l o f t he G locken-
b echer c u l ture c anno t b e c o mpared w i th a D inar id o r a n Ar men id o ne"
( p . 4 6) .
Hauschi ld ( 1921) wan ts t o p lace t he t ype i n t he s o-ca l led "Rosdor fer" type a nd wr i tes o f i tt ha t "i t s o r ig ins c anno t b e f ound i n a ny ma ter ia l" ( p . 4 27 ) . He n a mes i tp lanofron ta l-p lanoorbi ta l ( p . 4 241 a nd t r ies t o t race i tb ack t o d o lichocran ia l f orms t hrough s hor ten ing . H e c ann & e xp la in t he d if feren t a na to m ica l v aria tions a nd t he c urved "h awk n ose". Bauermeister ( 1955) mee ts s evera l s uch s ku l ls i n t he K ö ln- M t ingersdorf F rank ish c e me tery, b u t h e t oo c anno t g roup t he m ;
h e
p laces t he m i n Hauschi ld ' sR osendorfer g roup , l i ke t he o ne w i th n u mber 2 8 .844, a nd wr i tes t ha t i td if fers f rom t he R osdor ft ype i n i t s f l a tness a nd i n many o ther f ea tures. A be ls-Gaebe le-Schröter ( 1972 ) f ound c onsiderable "D inar id" mix ing i n t he G iesing c eme tery . Henke l ( 1925) d escr ibing t he Bavar ian c e met ery a t R iegerang g ives t he l i st o ft he ma in r esu l ts, t hen wr i tes i nstead o f a n i den ti f ica t ion :
"t ypischer S chäde l v on G iesing", t hen "a typ ischer S chäde l v on
G iesing" ( p . 2 96) . I tc an b e s een f ro m t he p ictures a nd f ro m t he measuremen ts t ha t h is "a typ isch" s ku l l i st he Taur id t ype . We c an f i nd t h is t ype a lso i n Z iege l mayer-L iebr ich-Schwarzf ischer ' sp ub lica tion ( 1964) .
K ramp ( 1939) c a l ls
t h is t ype i n t he M t inchen-Giesing c e me tery t he nb rachycran ic D inar id" t ype, a nd wr i tes c oncern ing t he A lamann it ha t wh i le Hauschi ld ( 1926) f ound CroMagnon id c o mponen ts b eside t he "R eichengräber-Typ" a nd S chwerz ( 1912 ) s hows "e astern" e lemen ts among t he A lamann i i n Swi tzer land , h e o bserves "D inar id" i n f luence i n t he G iesing c e me tery . Miszk iew icz c arr ies o u t h is t ype a na lysis w i th t he h e lp o f Wanke ' sa pprox iKiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, 1979, ma t iona l BAR c a l cu la t io nshttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. a nd c onver ts t he d a ta Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 91
o f o ther a u thors f or 5 t ypes ( Nordic,
Med i terran ian , Armen id , L appon id a nd P a laeoeuropean ) .
A s h e u sed n o
t ransi t iona l t ypes h e g rouped t he l ong-headed v aria t ions o f t he Taur id t ype i n w i th t he Med i terran ian t ype a nd t he s hor t-headed o nes i n w i th t he Armen id t ype, a s c an b e s een f ro m t hree o f h is t ab les ( nos. 2 9, 8 4 a nd 1 23 ) .
A be ls-
Gaebe le-Schrö ter o n ly p ub lish d ata f ro m t he A la mann ic c eme tery a t D onzdorf ; h ere g rave 1c on ta ined a Taur id s ke le ton ( 1 972) . Z iege lm .ayer ' s( 1968 ) , Cree l ' s( 1966) a nd Huber ' s( 1967 ) ma ter ia ls a re t oo sma l l a nd f ragmen tary , e specia l ly t he n asa l p ar ts a re missing . S a l ler ( 1934) d ea ls w i th t he c hanges i n t he measuremen ts w i th t ime i n d e ta i ls i n h is p aper t i t led nR assengesch ich te d er b ayerischen O st mark", a nd a t t he e nd h e d escr ibes t wo t ypes w i th r ounded h ead c a l led "K urzkopf formen v on B orreby" a nd "K urzkopf formen v on O fne t", w i thou t d escr ib ing t heir c hange w i th t ime a nd t heir a ppearance . He h in ts t ha t "s i mi lar f i nds h ave b een d iscovered i n E l Argar i n S pa in" a nd t ha t h e s tud ied t wo s ku l ls o ft h is t ype a t S af ferstet ten a . I nn ( p . 2 41) .
K ur th ( 1953-1954) , i n
t he c ourse o f h is a na lysis o f G erman ic c eme teries i n Th t lr ingia , d ea ls, b eside t he N ordic t ype , w i th g raci l- Med i terran ian a nd A lp ine t ypes, men t ion ing a lso a Taur id s ku l l which h e c anno t g roup among t he A lp ine o nes. Af ter a l l t hese i ts eemed n ecessary t o d escr ibe a t ype s o of ten o ccurr ing i n L o mbard c e me ter ies; a t ype c lose t o t he Taurid t ype , a s i fi t were n one o f i t s l oca l v ar ian ts, o r a" graci lised G lockenbecher" t ype . T he Rosdorf n a me i s n o t s u i tab le ( Hauschi ld 1 921, 1 926) , p ar t ly b ecause i ti s d i f feren t , a nd p ar t ly b ecause i ti s t oo w ide . Th is t ype i s n o t o ne o ft he a ncien t L o mbard t ypes a ppear ing i n t he mo therl and n ear t he E lbe , b u t i to ccurs, t hough o n ly r are ly , i n d ef ini te ly L ombard c eme ter ies. I ti s o f f requen t o ccurrance a t Erpersdor f , R ohrendorf a nd o ther c e me ter ies i n Austr ia a nd i ti s a lso r epresen ted b y s evera l v ar ian ts i n t he Ta mäsi c e me tery ( one o ft he r easons why i ti s n o t g rouped among t he "L ombard c eme ter ies".
The L o mbards p robab ly g o t t h is t ype i n Rugi land f ro m s o me
o ther p eop le a nd t ook p eop le o ft his t ype w i th t he m t o I t a ly . The s ku l l f . sb rachy- mesocran ia l .
The f orehead r uns s tra igh t b ackwards
b eh ind t he r e la t ive ly we ll d eve loped g labe l la , t hen d rops b eh ind t he v er tex .
The
o ccip i ta l i s f l a t , o r s l igh t ly c urved . The f orehead i s "c o mpressed", n arrow c o mpared t o t he b ack p ar t o f t he c ranium . D epressio p rae lambdoidea i s f req uen t .
The f ace i s l ong , n arrow ing d ownwards, t he l ower p ar t o f t he f ace
"s tands b ack" c o mpared t o t he n ose .
T he r oo t a nd b ack o f t he n ose a re n ar-
r ow , t he n asa l b one i s p ro ject ing , s o c a l led "h awk n ose", h igh ly c urved .
The
n asa l b ones s tand f ar o u t f ro m t he p rof i le o ft he f ace . The o rbi ts a re medium h igh , s l igh t ly s lan t ing , t he n asa l c avi ty i s n arrow , b u t s eems a ngular . The z ygo ma ticu m i s l ow , of ten s tand ing o u t f ar t o t he s ides, f ossa c an ina i s u sua l ly v ery d eep , t he maxi l la i s h igh . T he j aw i s s trong , t he men tu m s tands o u t b o th f ro m f ron ta l a nd l a tera l v iew . They were med iu m t a l l, t he a verage h eigh t o ft he men b eing 1 64-166 cm , a nd t ha t o ft he wo men 1 56 cm . The s ta ture i s s qua t , t he a rms a nd t he l egs a re s hor t , t he a dhesiona l s ur faces a re medium d eve loped . T he c o lour ing o f p eop le l i v ing i n t he G erman ic P er iods i s n o t k nown , b u t p robab ly t hey h ad t he d arkest c o lour ing i n C en tra l Europe d ur ing t he Migra t ion P er iod . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Parts and Ii. g I tc an e aLombards, si ly b e Ir e co nised among E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
t he G erman ic p opu la t ion o ft he Migra tion
P er iod , t he o n ly d isturbing f ea ture i s t ha t t he f l a tness o ft he o ccipi ta l b one 1 92
d isappeared when i tb eca me m ixed w i th Cro- Magnon id a nd t he Medi terranian t ypes.
R ecogn i t ion wou ld b e much more d i f f icu l t i fD inar id o r Taurid t ypes
h ad b een p resen t i n t he a rea ;
c o mpared t o t hese t he o ccipi ta l i s l ower , t he
c ran iu m i s w ider , t he t ubera p ar ieta lia a re more a ngu lar , t ubera f ron ta lia a re n o t s o we l l d eve loped .
T he h ighest p oin t o f t he s ku l l i s b eh ind p orus
a cust icus, whi le i ti s more f ron ta l i n t he D inarid t ype .
The n asa l b one o f
t he Taur id t ype i s s trong ly b en t a nd n arrow , wh i le t ha t o f t he D inarid t ype s tra igh ter .
i s
I ti s more a ngu lar i n t he Ar men idtype a nd sma l ler i n t he Taurid
t ype .
The z ygo ma t ic b ones s tand c loser t o t he c en tre o f t he f ace i n t he Taur id
t ype .
I n a bso lu te measure men ts t he D inar id t ype i s sma l ler , more g raci l .
The f ace o f t he Taurid t ype i s l onger , t he j aw i s n arrower , t he f orehead i s more c o mpressed . 1 4.
Taur id-Cro- Magnon id a nd Cro- Magnon id-Taur id t ypes ( f ig . 7 2 ) :
mixed t ypes a re t he c o m monest Taurid t ypes s ou th o f Rug i lan .d .
These
They a re e spe-
c ia l ly c haracteristic o f t he Grafenwör th c e me tery i n Austr ia , t he e thn ic g roup o f which i s d ubious, p erhaps H eru li o r Rugi i .
L a ter i ti s a lso c o m mon a t
I szkaszen tgyörgy , a t Va-r pa lota a nd a lso a t K ran j.
The Taur id f ea tures a re
r epresen ted b y t he " hawk n ose", t he n arrow z ygo ma t ic p rocesses s tanding o u t a t t he s ides, t he s lan t ing f ro m t he c ran iu m a nd t he p ar ie ta l-tubercen tr ic f or m .
The C ro- Magnon id f eatures l i ke t he mesocran ia l i ty a nd t he s l igh t ly
c urvooccip i ta l f orm ( bu t n o t t he b a throcran ic f orm c haracteristic o f t he CroMagnon ids) a re more d om inan t .
The most c haracter ist ic C ro- Magnon id f ea-
t ure i s t he f orm o ft he g on ions s tand ing o u t al ong way a t t he s ides.
The c orpus
mand ibu lae i s n o l onger s trong , y e t i t s f ron ta l p ar t i s n o t p oin ted d ownwards. The o rbi ts a re s ligh t ly s lan t ing , a per tura p ir i formis i s med iu m w ide a nd a ngu lar .
The f ace -i s l ow b u t n o t s o much s o a s t ha t o f t he Cro- Magnon ids.
The a verage h e igh t o ft he men i s 1 68 cm .
The s tature i s s qua t , t he s ke le-
t a l b ones a re t h ick b u t n o t s trong , t he t rans-sect iona l f or ms a re u sua l ly r ounded ; 1 5. ( f ig . 7 3 ) :
t hey a re l arge a nd massive b u t n o t t oo d i f feren tia ted . Graci l- Med i terran ian-T omr id a nd Taur id-Graci l- Med i terran ian t ype The most f requen t v arie ty o f t he Taur id t ype i n t he A le mannic a nd
i n t he l a ter L o mbard c e me ter ies ( Va-r pa lo ta , Ta ma-s i , Caste l Trosino , Brescia , Testona , e tc .) .
I tt oo d id n o t c o me f ro m t he mo ther land o ft he
G erman ic p eop les n ear t he E lbe ;
i ti s n ot p resen t i n c e me ter ies o n t he western
s ide o f t he r iver ( Grone , R osdorf , Änder ten , O ber mö l lern e tc.) .
I t i s c o m mon
i n A le mannic c e me ter ies, a nd p robab ly i tg o t t o t he L o mbards f ro m among t he A le mann i i .
The g raci l- Med i terran ian t ype i s d om inan t .
This g ives t he f or m
o f t he s ku l l t hough , p erhaps, t he o ccip i ta l i s n o t s o b u lg ing .
The f ace i s
Taur idlike : t he o rbi ts a re a ngu lar , t he n ose i s t he c urved "h awk n ose", t he men tu m t ends d ownwards a nd f orwards, a nd i s n ear ly p oin ted . b ones
The z ygo ma tic
s tand o u t a t t he s ides, t he whole f ace n arrows d ownwards ;
we l l-propor t ioned t ype .
The s tature was i nher i ted f ro m t he g raci l- Med i terran ian t ype : a re t h in , t hough n o t s o g raci l . 1 6.
i ti s ag raci l,
The s ku l l i s d o lichocran ia l a nd l ep toprosopic . t he b ones
The a verage h eigh t o ft he men i s 1 66 cm .
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t h is t ype a s b eing d i f feren t f ro m a l l t he p reced ing o nes.
I t i s c o m mon i n
Th t ir ing ian , F rank ish a nd Meroving ian c e me ter ies ( Hadersleben-Scho t t 1 961 ; Z iege l 1 939 ;
Grossörner- Mo lbeck-Ziege l 1 939 ;
L u tzen-Ziege l 1 939 ; S cho t t 1 961 ;
S chön ingen-Thaer ingen 1 939 ;
b ach-Scho t t 1 961 ;
S tössen-Ziege l 1 939 ;
O bermö l lern-Hol ter 1 925 ; S chot t 1 961 ;
Phoeben-Hoffman 1 939 ;
K ö ln- M t inersdorf-Bauer meister 1 955 ;
Gaebe le-Schrö ter 1 972 ;
T ngersleben-
O bermö l lern-Ho lter 1 925 e tc .) .
S it t ichen-
Donzdorf-Abe lsI tc haracterises t he
L o mbard c e me ter ies o f B ohe m ia , a nd i ti s t he b asic t ype f or t he f inds w i th i n ten tiona l c ran ia l f or ma tion o f t he M igra tion Per iod i n B ohe mia a nd Moravia , a nd f ro m t his t ime o n i ti s p resen t i n s o me L o mbard c e me ter ies ( Ta mäsi , Hegykö ) . I tc an b e a ss igned t o al oca l p opu la tion o r p opu la tions wh ich d id n o t f o l low t he L o mbards o n t heir r ou te i n l arge n u mbers.
We k now t ha t t he L o m-
b ards l i ved f or a l ong t ime i n "Thuring ian" t err i tory a nd e ven l a ter i n t he Rug ian a nd Pannon ian p hase t hey h ad o f f icia l c on tact w i th t he Thür ing ians. F or e xa mp le , Wacho t sf i rst w i fe was a Thür ing ian p r ince ' sd augh ter ( 537-538) . The t ype c ou ld a lso b e c a l led "c orded" g raci l- Med i terran ian-Cro- Magnon id . The g raci l- Med i terran ian f eatures a re d om inan t , b u t t he f ace i s most ly l ong , l ep toprosop ic, t he o rbi ts a re h igh a nd a ngu lar , a per tura p ri for mis i s w ide a nd a ngu lar .
The f orehead i s v ery h igh , e ven s teep i n men .
The c ran iu m i s d o li-
c hocran ia l , t he o ccip i ta l i s p or t iona l ly c urved . I n s o me c ases t he s ku l l c an b e meso-do lichocran ia l . The who le f ace i s a ngu lar , r e min iscen t o f as tand ing o b long .
The w ide r oo t o f t he n ose , t he n asa lia s l igh t ly p ro ject ing f ro m t he
p rof i le , a nd t he h igh z ygo ma tic p ar t a re c haracterist ic ; t he maxi l la i s a lso h igh .
t he a lveo lar p ar t o f
The g on ions s tand o u t a t t he s ides, b u t t he f ace s ee ms
a ngu lar a nd mascu line . They were t a l l , n ear ly a s t a l l a s t he N ordic p eop le .
The a verage h eigh t o f
t he men i s a bou t 1 70 cm , a nd t ha t o f t he wo men i s n ear ly t he s a me :
1 67 cm .
The s ke le ta l b ones a re s trong , t he s ta ture , e specia l ly o ft he wo men , i s r obust , n o t b ecause o ft he f or m o ft he b ones, b u t d ue t o t heir t hickness.
The s ku l l
r econstructed b y K äro ly Ärpä .s ( P la te 8 8 ) f ro m g rave 1 8 i n t he Ta mäsi c e met ery a lso b e longed t o t his t ype . 6 .
E thn ic a na lysis o f L o mbard c eme ter ies :
T he s ta te men ts i n t his c hap ter
a re b ased o n t he b one f inds, a nd a re n o t n ecessari ly i den tica l w i th t he r esu lts o f a rchaeo logy .
Ap eop le o f t he L o mbard P er iod may h ave h ad L o mbard a r tefac t
( grave g oods) w i thou t t he a ctua l p resence o f t he L o mbard e thn ic g roup a nd a lso v ice v ersa :
ag rave w i thou t g rave g oods may h ave b e longed t o aL o mbard . This
l a t ter s i tua t ion i s much r arer s ince s uch g raves a re d i ff icu l t t o d a te a nd of ten t hey a re n o t p reserved .
C o mpar ison o f t he a n thropo logica l f inds w i th a rchae-
o log ica l r esu l ts i s n o t p ossible s ince most o f t he a rchaeo logica l f inds h ave n ot b een p ub lished , o r t he a u thors o f e ar lier t imes d id n o t c onsider i tn ecessary t o r e la te t he f i nds t o a n e thn ic g roup .
I n t hese c ases t he a n thropo log ica l p ub-
l i ca t ion a ppears e ar l ier t han t he a rchaeo log ica l o ne s o t he c o mpar ison o f t he t wo may y ie ld n ew r esu lts. B ohe mia The L o mbardic a n thropo logica l ma ter ia l f ro m B ohe mia i s sma l l i n q uan ti ty , o n ly p ar t ia l ly e xcava ted , a nd b ad ly p reserved , s o a ny c r i tica l a na lysis h as t o Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. b eBARc a rr ied1979, o u thttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. w i th s pecia l c au t ion , E-book, Oxford, UK: Publishing, Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
a nd we must b e c arefu l a bou t t he c onclusions 1 96
d rawn f ro m s uch a n a na lysis.
There a re l eve ls i n t he Praha-Podbaba , Za luzi
a nd Mochov c e me ter ies which c an b e a ssigned t o t he L o mbards. t o t hese t he F rank ish-Th d r ing ian f eatures a re s ign if ican t . c o me f ro m t he l oca l p opu la t ion .
I n a ddi t ion
These may h ave
Accord ing t o He l lich ( 1888-1889) i n Bohe mia
t hese e thn ic g roups c an b e a ssigned t o t he Merov ingians.
P ersons w i th i n ten-
t iona l ly f or med h eads d id n o t b e long t o t he L o mbards, n o t b ecause o f t he i nt en t iona l c ran ia l f orma t ion , b u t b ecause o f t he r ace o f t he p eop le c oncerned . Rugi land The L o mbard c e me ter ies a nd g raves o f S ou th Moravia d o n o t a dd a ny th ing t o t he e thn ic s tudy o f t he L o mbards.
The u ncer ta in ty o f t he i den ti f ica t ions,
i ncorrect d a t ing , a nd t he u npub lished ma ter ia l f ro m c eme ter ies a re a l l o bst ac les t o o ur f or m ing a c lear v iew .
I n e ar lier t imes t he f i nds were n o t s aved
a nd most were d estroyed . 1 .
On ly t wo o f t he c eme ter ies c an b e a ssigned t o t he L o mbards :
S ara t ice
a nd S oko ln ice 1 3 s ke le tons f ro m t he f ormer , a nd 5 f ro m t he l a t ter c an b e d ef ined t axono m ica l ly .
Fro m t hese —consider ing t he a ppearance o f t he L o mbard
t ypes —Sara t ice i s p robab ly L o mbard , b u t S okoln ice c anno t b e a scr ibed t o t he m . 2 .
The e thn ic i den ti f ica t ion o f t he i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls i s more
p rob le ma t ic, p ar t ly b ecause t he g rave f i nds w i th i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l ls h ad a lready b een s epara ted f ro m t he r est ;
most o f t he m c o me f ro m c e meter ies
where t here were s evera l g raves b u t o n ly t he i n ten t iona lly f or med s ku l ls were p reserved .
A lso t he e thnic p lace o f t he f or med s ku l ls i s much more d i ff icu l t
t o d ef ine t han t ha t o ft hose w i thou t f or ma t ion , e specia l ly i ft he s ku l l i s b roken o r d efen t ive .
The c ase i s e ven more d i f f icu l t s ince most o ft he f i nds ( wi thou t
g rave g oods) a re u nda ted ;
many o ft he m d a te f ro m t he 4 th-6th c en turies.
A s
t he L o mbards l i ved i n S ou th Moravia b e tween 4 88 a nd 5 26/27 ( or a t t he l ongest u n ti l 5 68 ) , i ts ee ms p robab le t ha t t he p eop le w i th t he c usto m o f i n ten tiona l c ran ia l f orma tion were n o t L o mbards. A s f or t he o r ig ina l t ype o ft he i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls t wo g roups c an b e i so la ted : 1 . g roup ; 2 .
P ersons w i th f eatures o f t he F rank ish-Thar in gian- Meroving ian e thnic t hese c anno t b e d ef ined a s L o mbardic. T here a re s evera l p ersons w i th i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls , the o rig ina l
t ype o f wh ich i s e x tre me ly h yper lep toprosopoc, h yper lep terene, h ypsiconch ic, l ep torrhine-hyper lep torrh ine , h yperdo l ichocran ia l , g raci lised p rotonordic. Tha t i s t o s ay , t hey c an o ccur i n L o mbard c e me ter ies a s wel l , b u t t he c haract er ist ic f ea tures a re F rankish , Th f ir ingian o r A la mannic .
They a lso c an n ot
b e c onsidered a s L o mbardic . We h ave l arger , b et ter e xcava ted c e me teries w i th more a nd b et ter p res erved b ones f ro m Austr ia . o rder . Neu-Ruppersdorf .
H ere we g ive t he e thn ic a na lyses i n t opograph ica l
There a re t ypes c haracterist ic o f t he L o mbards.
The
A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id mixed f or ms h in t a t t he e ar lier l oca l e le men ts d ust a s a t Va-r pa lo ta ) , t hey d o n o t c hange t he L o mbard ic e thn ic p icture o ft he c e me tery . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 97
P oysdorf .
The s ku l ls f ro m t his c eme tery a re t he l ongest h eaded a nd
"most N ordic" o nes. Hausk irchen . i s t ic L o mbards.
There a re n o f ore ign e le men ts i n t he ma ter ia l .
6o f t he t axono m ica l ly d ef inab le 1 0 p ersons a re c haracterTaxono m ica l ly t he c eme tery i s c lose t o t he P oysdor f o ne .
Grave 1 9 , t ha t o f a wo man , a s we l l a s 3f or ms mixed w i th l oca l t ypes, s ee ms t o b e u n ique i n t he c e me tery ; t he s ku l l i s s ligh t ly i n ten t iona l ly f or med ( "F rank ish" t ype) . Rohrendorf .
B eside 1 -2 u ncharacterist ic t ypes which a lso o ccur i n L o m-
b ard c e me ter ies, most o f t he s ke le tons b e longed t o t he Taur id "G lockenbecher" t ype . I tw as p robab ly t he c e me tery o f ap eop le l i v ing i n t he L o mbard P er iod , p erhaps Heru li , Rugi i o r S uebi . Erpersdorf . l arge c e me tery . a re missing .
There a re o n ly f ew t axono m ica l ly v a luab le s ke le tons i n t h is Un for tuna te ly o ssa n asa l ia , i mpor tan t f or e xact d ef in i t ion ,
The c e metery a s a who le i s n o t c haracter istica l ly L o mbard .
i s a lso d if feren t f ro m t he Rohrendorf ma teria l .
I t
I f we o n ly c onsider t he i nd ices,
most o ft he s ke letons a re d o lichocran ia l , t he f orm o f t he s ku l l a nd t he a na to mic a l v ar ia t ions s how ing mix ing w i th f oreign e lemen ts.
These "f ore ign" e lements
c annot b e a scr ibed t o a ny o f t he e thn ic g roups, b u t i f we t h ink o ft he h eigh t o f t he Heru li a nd t heir s trong s ta ture , we c an p ostu la te t heir p resence i n t he c e me tery t hough a Marco mann ic e thn ic g roup i s a lso p ossib le ; we d o n o t k now a ny th ing a bou t t heir e thn ic f ea tures. O berbierbau m .
Th is i s t he most a u then t ic L o mbard c e me tery i n Rugi land
( i f F e ld i n Tu l ln b e longs t o t ha t t err i tory ) , t o ta l ly e xcava ted .
There a re n o
e x tre me p ro tonordic t ypes i n i ta s t here a re i n t he Poysdorf c e metery , a nd t he Thür ingian , F rank ish a nd Ro man ised l oca l e le men ts a re a bsen t .
S o me
mix ing w i th t he l oca l p opu la t ion c an b e d e tected , b u t i td oes n ot d isturb t he e thn ic p icture o f t he L o mbard c e me tery . L Asser f inds i n Rugi land S trass
On ly 5 t axono mica l ly v a luab le s ke le tons h ave s urvived , a nd t hey a l l b e longed t o t he L o mbards.
Absberg
There a re o n ly a f ew a nd f ractured b ones, wh ich c anno t b e a na lysed .
Gne ixendor f
c anno t b e a na lysed .
Tu l ln-L isthof Grave n o . 4c an b e a ssigned t o t he L o mbards. Ho l labrunn
i s s i mi lar t o P oysdorf .
G ood L o mbard ma ter ia l .
S o m merein
The s ke le tons a re n o t c haracterist ic .
Hobersdorf
i s n o t L o mbard .
P annon ia Wien I . Bez . S a lvatorgasse .
N o t L o mbard ma ter ia l .
There a re s uch
e x treme ly h yper lep toprosop ic , h yper lep terene , b rachycran ic, Taur id , n ear ly P amir id f ea tures a s h ave n ever b een f ound among t he L o mbards. Grave 4 b el onged t o as urviv ing Ro man . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 98
S chwecha t .
There were n o s ke letons c haracterist ic o f t he L o mbards.
There a re Ro mans a nd p ersons w i th "F rankish-Thl ir ing ian" f ea tures, a nd a lso Cro- Magnon id t ypes o ccur i n n ear ly a l l t he c e meter ies o ft he t i me .
The
c e me tery c anno t b e i ncluded among t he d ef in i te ly L o mbard o nes . Mannersdorf .
Ha lf o f i t may b e long t o t he L o mbards, a nd t he o ther h a lf
c an b e a scr ibed t o a "F rank ish-Ther ing ian" p opu la t ion . Grosshöf lein .
I ti s s imi lar t o Mannersdorf .
Most o f t he g raves c an b e
a scr ibed t o t he L o mbards, t he r est b e longed t o t he l oca l p opu la t ion , which c ame f ro m t he e astern s ide o f t he A lps.
This l a t ter g roup i s o n ly o ne t hird
o f t he L o mbards. S teinbrunn .
The most h e terogeneous c e me tery i n B urgen land .
i ti s n o t c lear ly d ef inab le . t he c e me tery .
E thn ica l ly
There a re many "G er man ic" e lemen ts p resen t i n
B eside s o me t ypes c haracterist ic o f t he L o mbards, p ersons o f
F rank ish-Th t lr ing ian , Taur id , e tc . t ypes a re f ound .
The c e me tery c anno t b e
a ssigned t o t he L o mbards. N ik i tsch (F t l les) .
N ew e le men ts a ppear i n t he c e metery ; t he F rank ish-
Th t tr ing ian t ype i s mixed w i th a Taur id t ype .
They were p eop le w i th s trong ,
t h ick b ones, l ike t hose i n t he Grafenwör th c e me tery i n Austr ia . p lace o ft he Grafenwb ir th c e me tery i s n o t k nown ;
The e thn ic
a ccord ing t o t he me thod o f
e xclusion i tc an e i ther b e P re lo mbard o r Heru li o r R ugi i . Hegykö .
The s i te i s o n ly a f ew k i lo me tres f ro m N ik i t isch , b u t i t s e thn ic
p icture i s v ery d if feren t . o n ly a f ew o ft he m .
The r ea l L o mbard t ypes a re missing , o r t here a re
The A t lan to- Medi terran ian e le men t , c haracter istic o f
t he Ro man p opu la tion , i s r e markab ly we l l r epresen ted .
The b est i den ti f ica t ion
wou ld b e t ha t ap opu la t ion o ft he Ro man p er iod l i ved t here t ogether w i th o ther G erman ic p eop les, b u t t his G er man ic p opu la t ion was n o t n ecessar i ly L o mbard . There a re n o "Grafenwör th" t ypes i n t he c e me tery . Vörs.
The s urviving R o man p opu la tion ming led w i th t he L o mbards.
A t lan to- Med i terran ian t ype i s more f requen t i n wo men t han i n men . t he men were L o mbards.
The
Most o f
The h e igh t o ft he Ro man p opu la tion was much s hor ter
t han t ha t o f t he L o mbards .
The p erson i n t he g rave 7 ( p la te 3 5) i s t he o n ly r epre-
s en ta tive o f t he r ea l Mongo l id
t ype f ro m t he L o mbard P er iod .
H e must h ave
c o me f ro m o ne o ft he mongo lid p eop les s uch a s t he r e ma in ing Huns ( Säg i [ 1964 ] d a tes t he c e me tery f ro m b etween 5 46 a nd 5 68 ) . Värpa lo ta .
On ly 9 s ku l ls were s ui table f or t axono m ic a na lysis f ro m t he
L o mbard p ar t o ft he c e me tery .
The e thn ic p lace o f t he who le c e me tery c annot
b e i den ti f ied f ro m t hese s ku l ls.
S o me o f t he s ku lls a re s i mi lar t o t hose f ro m
O berbierbau m ( graves 1 0 , 1 6 a nd 3 4) .
B eside t h is L o mbard g roup t he l oca l
p opu la t ion a lso u sed t he c eme tery , a nd e specia l ly wo men c an b e g rouped among t he m . S zen tendre .
Ah o mogeneous, g ood L o mbard c eme tery , w i th many g raves
o ft he l oca l p opu la t ion ;
t here a re a lso s o me f ore ign e lemen ts.
The l a t ter was
d escr ibed h ypo the tica l ly i n t he f irst p ub lica tion a s a "myxo morph ic r ound h eaded" g roup . N ow p erhaps we c an a t tach i tt o t he A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id t ype , av ar ie ty l i v ing o n t he e astern s lopes o ft he A lps, which c ou ld h ave b een D anub ian S uebi a s we l l-
i th as i n n o c ase "Grafenwör th" o r "F rankish-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. Th ür in g i anPublishing, " f ea t1979, urehttps://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. s. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Räca l mads .
The t ypes o f o n ly 6 g raves c ou ld b e i den ti f ied, a l l o f which
c ou ld b e long t o t he L o mbards.
The a na to mica l v ar ia tions o ft he p ersons a re
c lose t o t hose f ound i n t he O berbierbau m c e me tery . Tamäsi . I ti s t he most p rob le ma t ic c e me tery i n P annon ia . There a re s o me men who c ou ld b e a ssigned t o t he L o mbards b u t most o f t he m b e longed t o t he "F rank ish-Th t tr ing iann t ype , a nd a lso t here a re s evera l Taur idv ar ia tions.
They a re a lso G erman ic p eop le , most ly F ranks o r Th f ir ing ians;
t hey a re s i mi lar t o t he B ohe m ian German ic f i nds.
The R o manised l oca l p op-
u la t ion i s missing f ro m t he c e me tery . Ka jdacs.
F ro m t he f ew ma teria ls i tc an b e g rouped among t he g ood L o m-
b ard c e me ter ies.
Grave 1 8 i s s i mi lar t o , f or e xamp le , g rave 2 9 a t S zen tendre
a nd t he g rave 2 a t Räca l mäs, a nd t he t ype o f g rave 4 i s a lso f requen t ly p resen t i n g ood L o mbard c e me ter ies. K äpolnäsny6k .
On ly 3 g raves c an b e e xa mined ;
o ne o f t he m i s c haracter-
i s t ic o ft he Th t tr ingian-Frankish t ype ( grave n o . 2 ) , g rave 4 c on ta ins t he s ke let on o f aN ordic man w i th a v ery n arrow f orehead a nd a s hor tened s ku l l ; t his i s n ot c harac terist ic o f t he L o mbards, t hough i to ccurs among t he m . Budapest-Szepvölgyii s t .
On ly t wo o f t he g raves c ou ld b e e xa mined .
This
ma ter ia l i s c lose t o t he g ood L o mbard ma ter ia l o f t he O berbierbau m c e me tery . G yönk .
There a re o n ly t wo s ku l ls w i thou t j aws ;
Cro- Magnon id , t he o ther i s Cro- Magnon id-A lp ine .
o ne o f t he m i s a rcha ic N one o f t he m i s c harac-
t er ist ic o f t he L o mbards b u t t hey a re among t he a ncien t t ypes o ft he t err i tories i nhabi ted b y t he Ger man ic p eop les. Mohäcs.
The ma teria l i s s can ty , b u t g ood L o mbard .
Mosonszen t jänos. Kädär ta .
One g ood L o mbard g rave .
A l l t he t hree p ersons were L o mbards.
I szkaszen tgyörgy .
N ei ther o f t he t wo p ersons were L o mbards.
Epö l . T here i s af or m ( D inar id) which h as n ever o ccurred i n L o mbard c eme ter ies, a nd t he Taur id e le men ts a re a lso a gainst L o mbard e thn ic g roup . Za laszen tgröt .
Ro man ised G erman ic, a nd n o t L o mbard , p opu la t ion .
F er töszent rnik lös. F ore ign , A lpine-graci l- Med i terran ian p opu la tion , wh ich c anno t b e a t tached t o a ny p eop le . N e i ther c an t he f or med s ku l ls b e a scr ibed t o ap opu la t ion . S o me s i mi lar f i nds were f ound a t S zen tendre , where t hey were a scr ibed t o t he Danubian S uebi . S oponya . b ards
I ti s v ery d i f feren t f ro m a l l t he t ypes p resen t among t he L o m-
I l incs-B& Idekpuszta . G erman ic p opu la t ion , which c anno t b e a scr ibed w i th c er ta inty t o a ny o ft he e thnic g roups. Wh i le a rchaeo logy c an d ef ine c e me ter ies f ro m t he g rave g oods, a n throp o logy of ten o n ly h as s o me d efect ive s ke le tons o f u ncer ta in v a lue t o work o n . The b asis o fo ur g roup ing a nd d ef ini t ions i s u sua l ly t axono mic . U sing t his me thod t he f o l low ing c a tegor ies c an b e s een i n t he L o mbards i n P annon ia : Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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1 .
L o mbard , o r most ly L o mbard c eme ter ies: Types c haracter istic o f
t he L o mbards a re d om inan t , t hough t he b asic R o man p opu la t ion a nd l oca l e lemen ts a re a lso p resen t . S uch c e me teries a re : Groshöf le in , Vörs, Värpa lo ta , S zen tendre, R ca l m s ,Budapest-Szepvö lgyi-u t , G yönk , Mohäcs, Mosonszen tj änos , K ädär ta , K a jdacs a nd p erhaps Mannersdorf . 2 .
N on-Lo mbard c eme ter ies, b u t t here a re L ombards among t he s ke le tons.
They b e longed t o p eop les t he L o mbards were i n c on tact w i th d ur ing t heir migrat ions : F rank ish , Merov ing ian , Th f 1r ingian , H eru li , Rug i i , a nd Ro man e lemen ts.
S uch c eme ter ies a re : S chwecha t , S te inbrunn , N ik i tsch , Hegykö ,
Käpo lnäsnyek , Ta mäsi a nd a p ar t o f Mannersdorf . 3 .
C e me ter ies o f N on-Lo mbard e thn ic g roups.
They a re t he c eme ter ies
o f t he P re lo mbard G er man ic p opu la t ion . S uch a re : Wien I . S a lva torgasse , I szkaszen tgyörg y , EP8 1 , Z a laszen tgröt , F er töszen tmik lös, S oponya , HäcsB endekpuszta , Tamäsi-Ador jänpuszta , R egö ly , e tc . I n Yugos lavia K ran j.
Ex tensive b u t f ractured ma teria l .
There a re "g ood L o mbard"
g raves i n i t , b u t most o ft hem b e longed t o t he R o man ised l oca l p opu la tion a nd t he p opu la tion o f "Häcs-Bendekpuszta", p erhaps a n e thn ic g roup f ormed b y mix ture w i th G o th ic e le men ts. i n t he c emetery .
There a re s evera l i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l ls
I n I t a ly C ivida le .
On ly a f ew o ft he many g raves h ave b een p reserved ; t hese g raves
a re n ot e nough t o p roduce f ar-reach ing r esu l ts.
Most o ft he ma ter ia l we h ave
c ame f ro m t he g raves o ft he R o man ised l oca l p opu la t ion l i v ing w i th t he L o mbards. O f fanengo . V icenza .
G ood L ombard ma ter ia l . L o mbard
s i mi lar t o Oberbierbaum a nd S zen tendre .
Brescia , S an S a lva tore .
The L o mbards c oex isted w i th t he l oca l p opu la tion .
The Ro mans h ere a re r epresen ted b y av ar ian t c haracter istic o f Nor th I ta ly . Testona . 3 2 p ersons c ou ld b e s tud ied ; most o ft hem were Ro mans. t hird o ft he f i nds b e longed t o t he L o mbards.
One
Regg io Em i l ia . A t V ia F ranche t t i a nd Caste l larano t here a re g ood L o mbard g raves ; t he s ke le ton f ro m T erra mara , I l Mon te , b e longed t o a Ro man p erson . Verona .
T here i s o n ly o ne g ood L o mbard g rave .
F ieso le .
The ma ter ia l f ro m P iazza Umber to c anno t b e a t tached t o t he
L o mbards ( an i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l l b e longed o r ig ina l ly t o t he Taur id t ype) , b u t t he g rave f ro m V ia R iorbico i s L o mbard . Caste l Trosino .
On ly o ne g rave ( f ound i n 1 956) c an b e a scr ibed t o t he
L ombards, a l l t he o ther f i nds a re Med i terran ian o r R o man , a nd N or th A fr ican c an a lso b e f ound . The ma ter ia l e xamined , c o mpared t o t he whole o f t he c e met ery , c anno t b e c onsidered a s c haracter ist ic. BresciaGussago .
Graves o ft he Ro man ised l oca l p opu la tion .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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Vobarno. Also Romanised local population. Finds from the "eta barbarica" such as Dolianova, Comacina, Val di Fiemme, Aquilea. Verona La Concola, Muggia Vecchia, Canfanaro, etc. are not Lombard. The constant change in the taxonomic picture of the Lombards shows that L. Schmidt's statement (1910-1918) that (p. 612): "Die Langobarden erscheinen bis in spn.te Zeit als ein einheitliches reinrassiges Volk" ..."Ihre abgeschlossen heit habes sie auch der r�mischen Bev�lkerung Italiens gegenffber geltend ge macht und zu behaupt gewusst" is false. Their number was at first small. During their migrations they liberated their slaves, so that the number of the warriors would increase (Paulus I. 13 ). They subdued different nations, and absorbed the Heruli after having defeated them (Paulis I. 20). They were en riched with many populations, and their numbers increased fast; when they went to Italy, Pannonians, Gepids, Suebi, Noricans, Thffringians, Saxons and Rugii went along with them, and later the Sarmatians and the Goths joined them in Italy. The strict rules to defend racial purity of the people were in vain, for the "empire", work and wars united them in both life and death, as is well demonstrated in the cemeteries. 7. "Intentional cranial formation of the Lombards" The Lombards during their migrations met several peoples who practised the custom of intentional head formation on their newborn children. These peoples had already inhabited the land before the arrival of the Lombards as a Prelombard ethnic groups. They lived at the time of the Lombard occupa tion, and lived alongside them. Tµe problem of the intentionally formed skulls in Lombard cemeteries is caused on the one hand by the fact that we do not really understand the Prelombard populations, and, on the other hand, the dating is often in error. Bohemia Klucov 7 Grave 1. The grave is a young woman (Vlcek 1952). Vlcek writes of the ethnic place of the grave that it "belongs to the Merovingian population of Klucov". Praha-Podbaba, grave 7. (Niederle 1891, 1892). An 18 year old woman; her type is " Frankish-Thffringian". She cannot be assigned to the Lombards. Zaluci (Celakovice ). The skull of two women of Merovingian type from graves without numbers (Maly 1935 ). Luzec 7 grave 18. A 3 year-old child. The cemetery cannot be assigned to to the Lombards (Chochol 1969). Only 5 intentionally formed skulls are known from Bohemia in the Migration Period. They probably belonged to the local Frankish and Merovingian ethnic groups.
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Rugiland a. Moravia Novy SaldorC graves 8, X1, x2, 30 and X4 and X5 (Lorenzova 1963): All of them are women. Velatice, graves X1 (man), x2 (man), x3 (boy), X4) (woman), x5 (woman), x6 (woman) (Lorenzova 1963). Brnenske Ivanovice, grave X. A woman (Lorenzova 1963). Znojmo, grave X. A man (Lorenzova 1963). Vicemilice, grave X. A woman (Lorenzova 1963). Raksice grave X.
A woman (Jelinek 1960).
Vyskov, graves 35 and 42. Both were women (Stloukal 1965). Seftlesovice, grave X. A man (Lorenzova 1963, 1958, 1963-65). Polkovice, grave X. A woman (Lorenzova 1963). Vacenovice, grave X. A woman (Pospisil-Kalus 1957, Lorenzova 1963). Nova Ves, grave X. A girl (Lorenzova 1963). Slapanice, grave X. A child (Lorenzova 1963). Saratice, grave 21/b. A woman; unpublished. Thus there are 25 intentionally formed skulls in Moravia from the Migra tion Period. None of the sites can be defined as Lombard, only Saratice can perhaps be grouped among them. None of the skulls had a characteristic Lombard original form. Usually they can be dated to an earlier period. ' b. Lower Austria Hobersdorf, grave X. A man, Prelombard (Ehgartner 1953). Hauskirchen, grave 19. A woman. The finds are unpublished. She is the only Frankish-Thtlringian type in the whole Lombard cemetery. Pannonia a. Vienna-Burgenland Steinbrunn, graves 3/1, 5, 1 4, 16, 17 and 23. All the graves belonged to old women. The finds ate not published. The skulls belong to the Frankis� Thtlringian and the Taurid types. Nikitsch, grave 2/a. The grave of a woman (Muller 1935). The cemeterv was not Lombard; it belonged, perhaps, to the Heruli or the Rugii. The inten tionally formed skull was not Lombard. b. Hungary There is no intentionally formed skull in any of the Hungarian Lombard cemeteries, only sites from much earlier times yielded some, mainly isolated g.raves like the one in Fert6szentmiklos. This as yet unpublished grave belonged Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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to a man. Such are also Kapolnasnyek, grave 1 (known only from the litera ture: Marosi 1932), Soponya, graves 2, 3 and 4 (unpublished), Hacs-Bendek puszta, graves 10 and 23 (Liptak 1961), Tamasi-Adorjanpuszta (Hank:o-Kiszely 1971-1972), ReglHy 1968), etc.
(Hanko
Yugoslavia Kranj, graves 12 (woman), 51/a (woman), 58/a (woman) (Kiszely 1970). Neither the cemetery nor the persons with intentionally formed skulls can be ascribed to the Lombards. Italy Fiesole, Piazza Umberto 1° , 1st person (Kiszely 1970). to the Lombards.
It did not belong
The intentionally formed skulls found in Bohemia belong to the Thtlringian formational group according to the new form of the head. They cannot be dated exactly since we do not know when the Thtlringian empire fell and when the Bavarian rule began. The intentionally formed skulls of Bohemia, in terms of the types of the skull and the method of formation, resemble closely the German finds. Such are: Haderslebe (Schultz 1940, Ziegel 1939), GrossklJmer-Molmecl (Ziegel 1939), Stossen (Ziegel 1939), Ltltzen (Ziegel 1939), Obermffllern (Holter 1925), Naumburg (Mildenberger 1948, 1959), Rachewitz (Schmidt 1961, Schott 1961), Ingersleben (Drost 1953-1954, Grossfahner .1956), Weimar (Hoffmann 1939), SchlJninger (Thaeringen 1939), Ph eiben (Hoffman 1939) etc� In the territory of the Rugii the cemeterie ceased to be used in the latest phase of the Pannonian occupation (Werner 1962 p. 07), that is in 546. There are men, women and also children among the finds with intentional cranial formation, which originate from a time when the custom was rather frequently used., The question of where the Lombards with intentionally formed skulls, who left Rugiland in 526 at the latest, are buried is a valid one. They did not reach Pannonia, as there are no such bones in the cemeteries. The authors do not mention the custom of intentional formation among the Lombards either, though the sources, also those of the Middle Ages would not have be n silent about uch an interesting feature If we cast a glance at the map of the distribution of the intentionally formed kulls in Europe (Werner 1956, Kiszely 1969, ctc. ) it stands out clearly that on of the latest centres of intentional formation was in Moravia. Thus the e ple with intentional cranial formation are to be sought the . After '14� the Huns cannot be considered as a coherent group, and the skulls with intentional formation do not show mongolid features, the formation merely causing some similariti s insofar as the face flattens and widens, and the zygomaticum also flattens and stand out farther. This form often called by authors "mong loid11 So we have to seek a nation or nations which took over the custom from the Huns and practised it afterwards until the Lombard occupation. Such a people could be, for example, the Rugii or the Heruli; we know hardly anything ut t em history being silent (only perhaps Jordanes mentions them in describing the Heruls, and Procopius mentions them). Eugippius in Vita Sevcrini did not pay attep.tion to the characteristic features of the Rugii, and so does not mention the custom ofof intentional The Quadi (Suebi) can be · red t gether Kiszely, István. The Anthropology the Lombards, Parts I andformation. Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. the remains of the Alans and the Goths. Downloadedwith on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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A ccord ing t o S chneider ( 1 926) t he L o mbards were d ivided i n to t wo g roups i n n or th-western B ohe m ia ; o ne g roup j o ined t he Bardors a nd t he An tals who h ad f ough t t oge ther w i th t he Huns a nd who dwe l t i n An ten land b e tween t he Dn ieper a nd t he Dn iester .
L a ter t hey r eturned t o Bohe m ia a nd o n ly t he l a ter
P annon ian L o mbards wen t t o I t a ly .
S chneider d id n ot g ive d a ta t o s uppor t
h is h ypo thesis a nd s o h is t heory e xp la in ing t he i n ten tiona l f orma t ion i n t he B ohe m ian c e me ter ies c anno t b e a ccep ted . A ccord ing t o Marquard t ( 1903 ) o ne b ranch o ft he H eru li r ema ined u n ti l t he 6 th c en tury n ear t he B lack S ea , where t hey were c al led
Eudusi t
"Before
t he f orma t ion o ft he g rea t Heru lian emp ire t here h ad b een s evera l p eop les l i v ing i n Moravia a nd i n B ohe mia : t he Rug i i i nt he n e ighbourhood o f Z no j mo a nd Brno , f ro m H orn t o t he Morva , t he S uebi i n t he V ienna-Bra tislavaL undenburg a nd t he S k irs, k nown a s Turk i l ing ', i n t he O lo mu tz a rea" N ebe l 1 939 p . 6 7 ) . The c usto m o f i n ten t iona l c ran ia l f orma t ion i s t o b e s ough t f irst o f a l l among t hese p eop les.
T hus t he L o mbards l i ved t oge ther w i th a p eop le
o r p eop les i n Rugi land , among which i n ten t iona l f orma t ion was s ti l l p ract i sed , b u t t hese p eop le d id n ot f ol low t he L ombards o n t heir mass migra tion . They r ema ined i n s i tu a nd af ter a t ime a bandoned t h is c usto m . A ccord ing t o Werner ( 1962 p . 1 16) t he sma l l n umber o f i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l ls i n B urgen land p roves t ha t t he L o mbards h ad a lready a bandoned t his c usto m i n Rug i land . I to ccurs o n ly among wo men , whose h eads h ad a lready b een f ormed i n c hi ldhood i n t he t err i tory o f t he Rugi i . Th is t heory wou ld b e j ust i f ied i ft he L o mbards h ad e ver f or med t he h eads o ft heir n ewborn c hi ldren ; b u t we h ave n o i n for ma tion a bou t t ha t .
Werner b ased h is h ypo thesis o n t he
Wien I , Wien V I a nd N ik i tsch c e me teries which a re n o t L o mbard , a nd t he i n ten t iona l ly f or med s ku l ls d id n o t b e long t o wo men i n a l l c ases. The e thn ic a nd c hrono log ica l p lace o ft he Grafenwör th c e me tery ( L ipper t 1 968 ) i s d ubious, d eba ted a nd u ncer ta in .
The a u thor d ef ined i ta s "Rugi"
f ro m t he midd le o ft he 5 th c en tury . I t was t he c e metery o f ap eop le n ei ther Th t er ing ian n or F rank ish n or Morov ing ian . , n o t e ven Hun o r L o mbard , b u t o ne t h ing makes t he c e me tery u n ique :
2 5% o ft he s ku l ls a re i n ten tiona l ly f or med .
The a n thropo log ica l mater ia l f ro m t he N ik i tsch c e metery i s i n many r espects c lose t o t he Grafenw t ir th ma ter ia l , a nd e ven t he s ty le o f f or ma t ion i s i den t ica l . I f we s uppose t ha t Grafenwör th b e longed t o t he Rug i i t hen t he c usto m o f t he f orma t ion c an b e a ssigned t o t he Rugi i , a nd i f Grafenwör th i s Heru lian , t he c usto m c an b e a ssigned t o t he H eru li . The i n ten tiona l ly f or med s ku l ls f ound i nt he c eme ter ies o ft he Pre lombard German ic p eop les i n P annon ia g o b ack t o 'peop les c onnected w i th t he Huns ( e .g . t he G o ths, A lans, e tc . ) , a nd t he c usto m d isappeared b efore t he a rriva l o ft he L ombards. The p rob le m o f K ran j i s d i f feren t f ro m t ha t o f Pannon ia . I ft here were n o L o mbards w i th i n ten tiona l ly f or med s ku l ls i n Pannonia , s uch p eop le c ou ld n ot g o o n t o K ran j f ro m t here . The L o mbards must h ave l i ved a longside a p eop le i n K ran j, which h ad h ad t he c usto m o f i n ten t iona l c ran ia l f orma tion b efore t heir a rr iva l , s ince t here a re s evera l s uch f i nds i n Yugoslavia f ro m "Gep id" a nd "G o th ic" c e meter ies.
We k now t ha t t here were a lso Go ths l i ving
Kran j b eside t he l oca l R o man ised p opu la t ion ; t he i n ten tiona l c ran ia l f ormat i o n ma y h a v e c o m e f r o m t h a t p o p u l a t i o n . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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I t a ly , F ieso le . H ere t he p rob le m i st he s a me a s a t K ran j. I ft he L ombards d id n o t f orm t he h eads o ft heir n ewborn c h i ldren b efore a rr iv ing i n I t a ly why s hou ld t hey d o i ta f terwards? I ti s c er ta in t ha t ap opu la t ion u sing t h is c usto m h ad a lready b een l i v ing o n t he s i te a t P iazza Umber to I ° .
T he d a t ing a nd t he
e thn ic g roup ing o ft he i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l ls i n I t a ly ( Tom inz , Padova , C asa lecch io , F usco a nd I sne l lo ) a re p rob lema t ic ( Be l lassi 1 962) . S umm ing u p , we h ave t o s ta te t ha t u n t i l a n i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l l o f ac haracter ist ica l ly L ombard t ype o ccurs i n ar e liab ly L ombard c eme tery , we h ave n o p roof t ha t t he L ombards h ad t he c usto m o f f orm ing t he h eads o ft he ir n ewborn c h i ldren . D ur ing t he ir migra t ions t he L ombards me t p eop les p ract i sing t h is c usto m ( Th f ir ing ian , F rank ish , Merov ing ian , G o th ic, R ug i i , R erun , S ueb i ) , b u t t hey n ever a dop ted t he c usto m . 8 .
T he t ee th o ft he L ombards
The t oo th i st he h ardest ma ter ia l o ft he h uman o rgan is m ; i t i s t he most r esisten t t o t he d estruct ion f orces o ft ime . I n many c ases o n ly t he t ee th s urv ive f ro m a s ke le ton . I n s uch c ases t hese a re t he o n ly r ema ins t o y ie ld i n forma t ion a bou t t he man . A l l t ha t w e c an d o i s t o g ive a s er ies o fd a ta ; c o mpari son w i th t he t ee th o fo ther G erman ic p eop les o ft he 5 th-6th c en tur ies i sn o t p oss ib le a s t he ir t ee th h ave n o t b een e va lua ted . The n umber o ft ee th :
A l toge ther 8 1 48 t ee th h ave s urv ived f ro m t he 8 70
p ersons e xamined . I f we a dd t he a lveo lar p ar ts a bsorbed d ur ing l i fe t ime we c an e xam ine t he s ta te o f 87 09 t ee th . T h is n umber i s 3 0 .42% o fa l l p ossib le t ee th ( 32 .51% t oge ther w i th t ee th l ost d ur ing l i fe t ime ) . "A l l p ossible t ee th" h ere means t ha t 8 70 p ersons wou ld h ave h ad 2 6,792 t ee th i fa l l o ft he m h ad b een f ound ( 8t ee th a t t he e nd o ft he f i rst y ear ,20 t ee th a t t he e nd o ft he 2 nd , 2 4 a t t he e nd o ft he 7 th y ear , 2 8 a t t he e nd o ft he 1th y ear a nd e ven tua l ly 3 2 ) . We c anno t t e l l a ny th ing a bou t t he missing t ee th , most ly b ecause t he a lveo lar p ar ts ' a re a lso missing . The c ause o ft he l oss can b e s econdary d isturbance , i nven tory work , r estora t ion o r a ct iv i t ies o f sma l l a n i ma ls i nt he g rave a s we l l a s c are less e xcava t ion . Car ies: T o measure t he f requency o fc ar ies s o-ca l led "c ar ies-ind ices" h ave b een i n troduced . T he o ne most g enera l ly u sed i st he "Ad ler-index" c a l led f or s hor t CER ( Ba logh 1 964, K isze ly 1 969 ) , c o mpr is ing t he n umber o f t ee th w i th c ar ies ( C) , t he n umber o f l ost o r e x tracted t ee th ( E ) a nd t he n umber o f r econstruc ted t ee th ( R ) .
S uch a n i ndex i sg ood f or a modern p opu la t ion b u t
c anno t b e a pp lied t o h istor ica l p opu la t ions ; t he n umber o f e x tracted t ee th i s u nrea l , a nd we c an r are ly c oun t t he r econstruc ted t ee th . Much s imp ler a nd p rov id ing ab e t ter f i t i s a measuremen t me thod wh ich t e l ls s imp ly wha t p ercen tage o ft he t ee th h ave c ar ies . The c ar ies-perce e m _ e o ft he L o mbards i s 2 .41 wh ich means t ha t 2 .41% ( i .e . 1 96 t ee th ) o ft he 8 ,148 t ee th e xa m ined h ave c ar ies . Th is n umber i sv ery l ow , l ower t han t ha t o f c ont e mporary p eop les ( Ro mans, S lays e tc .) . I f we c onsider t he p lace o ft he c ar ies, we c an s ee t ha t i to ccurs most ly i n t he max i l lar t oo th-basin ( 5 5 .27% ) r a ther t han i n t he mand ibu lar ( 4 4 .73% ) .
I t
i s most f requen t , o f c ourse , o n t he mo lars a nd t he p re mo lars, a nd i ti s r are i n i nci sors a nd c an ines .
A l l t hree
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
v ar ie t ies o f c ar ies ( super f icia lis, med ia 2 06
a nd p rofunda ) a re p resen t , a nd t here i sn o s igni f ican t d i f ference b e tween men a nd wo men ( 93 :103 ) . I f we c o mpare t he p lace o f c ar ies a lt he L o mbards w i th t ha t o fo ther , c on te mporary p opu la t ions i n C en tra l Europe ( Husza-r -Schranz 1 955 , B a logh 1 964, K isze ly 1 969) , t he d if ference i s n o t s igni f ican t .
The o n ly
d i f ference i s t ha t c ar ies o n t he n eck o ft he t oo th i s r are among t he L o mbards. This h as a ppeared, p erhaps, d ue t o e a t ing s wee ts a nd u sing t oo thbrushes.
F requency o f t he p lace o f c aries I n modern Hungary ( Ba logh 1 964 , K isze ly 1 969)
I n t he L ombards o f t he 5 th-6th c en tur ies
2 2 .40%
8 .12%
1 9 .0 0%
1 0 . 7 1%
1 6. 8 0%
2 .04%
1 6 . 8 0%
1 .53%
1 4 .8 0%
1 5. 2 5%
1 0 .3 0%
1 3 . 2 6%
8 .8 0%
8 .66%
8 .8 0%
1 0 . 2 0%
2P2
5. 80%
6 .10%
1P 1
5. 80% 1 .04%
8 .12%
11 2M 2 2M 2
1 1 2 2
0 .7 0%
3 .06% 1 .02%
11 1
0 .7 0%
0 .51%
21 2
0. 70%
1 .53%
' C ' Ct
The r emarkab ly l ow r a t io o f c ar ies i mp lies f eed ing o n h ard f ood a nd a d ie t r ich i nv i tamin D , wh ich i s r equ ired t o p roduce h ard d en t ine ( L i t t le-Ke l ly-Cour ts 1 962) .
T h is s eems t o b e s uppor ted b y t he f act t ha t i n o ther p opu la t ions b efore
a nd a f ter t he L o mbards, r ach i t is i s f requen t , whi le i ti s t o ta l ly a bsen t i n t he L ombards. T he e ar ly d eve lopmen t o ft he d en ta l b u lb a nd t he e ar ly d eve lopmen t o f t he t ee th c an b e e xp la ined b y t he p resence o fv i ta m in A which h e lps t he d ev e lopmen t o ft he t ee th ( L i t t le-Ke l ly-Cour ts 1 962 ) .
The g ood s upp ly o fv i tamins
Aa nd D i ndica te a d ie t r ich i n mea t , f i sh o r mi lk p roducts ( Passwa ter 1 962 ) . T ee th l ost d ur ing l i fet ime : C on trary t o modern d en ta l p ract ice where most l ost t ee th a re t he e x trac ted o nes, l oss i nh istor ica l p opu la tions u sua l ly o ccurred i n o ld a ge , o r a s ar esu lt o f d isease t oge ther w i th t he l oosening o f t he d en ta l b ed a nd t he r esorp t ion o ft he a lveo les.
I n s uch c ases n o p a tho log ica l
p rocess i s t o b e s upposed b u t s i mp ly a c a tabo lic p hase .
The t oo th c an b e mis-
s ing d ue t o at rau ma tic wound ( af ter p er iodon ti t is, p er iosti tis, p aradon tosis) ; t heir a f terma th , o steopoeosis af ter i nf la mma tory p rocesses, c an b e s een o n t he
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR h i stor i ca l Publishing, b ones.1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
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The n u mber o f t ee th l ost d uring l i fe t i me f ro m t he L o mbard s ku l ls was 5 61, t ha t i s 6 .44% o ft he t ee th a nd a lveo lar p ar ts p resen t i n t he ma ter ia l . This n u mber i s ag ood a verage , b u t r a ther h igh c o mpared t o t he t ee th w i th c ar ies.
This i s o ne r eason f or s upposing t ha t p ersons w i th r esorbed a lveo lus
a re much o lder t han we t h ink .
S eni le a trophy o f t he r oo t o f h ea l thy t eeth a nd
l oosen ing o ft he a lveo lus h appen , i n we l l-nour ished c ases, o n ly i n v ery o ld a ge . Abrasion o f t he t ee th :
The c ar ies-ra t io a nd t he n a tura l a brasion o f t he
t ee th a re i n i nverse p ropor t ion t o o ne a no ther . c ar ies, t he g rea ter t he a brasion .
The l ower t he p ercen tage o f
This a brasion i s c aused b y h ard c hew ing ,
b y t he e a t ing o f t ough f ood w i th l arge t oo th s urfaces c lean ing t he mse lves. S o lid mater ia l t oge ther w i th a g ood s upp ly o fv i ta mins A a nd D , h as a n a n t ic ar ious e f fect .
The a brasion o f t he d en t ine d own t o t he p u lp , a s at oo l f or a ge
d e ter m ina t ion , c anno t b e b ased o n c o mpar isons w i th p resen t o r c on te mporary p opu la t ions. Th is me thod o f c a lcu la ting b io logica l a ge ( Körber 1 957 ) i s h indere d b y s trong a brasion ( Bru3zt 1 960 , Huszär-Schranz 1 955, e tc . ) . Pa tho logy : Ig ive t he l i st , w i thou t a t te mp t ing c o mp le teness o r p a tho logica l a na mnesis, o f s o me d en ta l p a tho logies o f t he L o mbards. T ota l a lveo lar r esorp t ion :
S teinbrunn , g rave 1 7 , O berbierbau m , g rave 6 3 Ta mäsi , g rave 3 3 V örs, g rave 8 C aste l Trosino 1 951 ( 49) g rave
C ar ies i n t he d en ta l n eck :
Vörs, g rave 1 2 O berbierbau m , g rave 3 2 Värpa lo ta , g rave
4/ a
P er iodon ti ti ' s, p er iost i tis, o steo mye li tis, e tc ., d iseases c ausing o steo ma lacia : S te inbrunn , g rave 6 N ik i tsch , g raves 1 9 a nd 2 0 O berbierbau m , g rave 5 7 Vörs, g rave 2 7 C aste l Trosino , g rave 1 953 ( 67 ) Hyperdon t ia :
N eu Ruppersdor f , g rave 1 6 K ran j, g rave 1 0
Hypodon t ia :
Mannersdor f , g rave X O berbierbau m , g rave 4 2 V örs, g rave 3 C ivida le , g rave X 1 S teinbrunn , g rave 6 /1
P osi tiona l d isorder :
P oysdorf , g rave 6 , c an ine Vörs, g rave 3 4, M 2 Caste l Trosino , g rave 3 9 C iv ida le , g rave X 1 , 2I , G ussago , g rave 3 , P2
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O berbierbau m , g rave 1 .
H yper megadon tes:
O berbierbau m , g rave 6 1 S zen tendre, g rave 8 9 Ena me l h ypop lasia : 9 .
R ohrendorf , g rave 1 2 .
L o mbard p or trai ture
S evera l L o mbard p or tra i ts h ave s urvived e specia l ly f ro m t he I t a lian p hase .
The e x tensive l i tera ture d escr ib ing a rchaeo logica l f i nds, h owever ,
h as n eg lec ted p or trai ture .
Aberg ( 1923 ) i n h is c lassica l monograph p ub lished
s evera l f i bu lae w i th h u man h eads o n t he m ‚ bu t h e d id n ot men tion t h is a spect b eside t he d e ta i led d iscussion o f t he "a n ima l mo ti f ", F uchs ( 1938 ) i n h is p aper a bou t t he g o lden c rosses f ound S ou th o f t he A lps d evoted a s pecia l s ection ( pp . 3 5-41) t o t hose w i th h u man h ead d ecora t ion .
He s upposes t ha t t he h eads p or tray
Chr ist , a nd t r ies t o h ar monise t he o rna men t , d ress a nd h air w i th
B7 ,antine
s ty les. S chaf fran ( 1941) d ea ls main ly w i th t he a rch i tectura l monu men ts o f t he L o mb ards;
h e f o l lows t he L o mbard i nf luence t o t he 9 th-10 th c en turies.
H e i s
s truck b y t he r eappearance o f t he "p ear-shaped" f ace ( p . 8 5) : "Die l angobard ische f igura le B i ldnere i h a t e inen s ehr c haracteristi schen Menschenkopf a ufg ebi lde t , d er i n s e iner Ar t k au m e n liches i n d er ü brigen z ei tgenössischen g ermanischen P last ik f i nde t .
D ieser K opf z e ig t d ie F orm e iner B irne mi t d er
S p i tz n ach u n ten mach t ig v ö lbt s ich d er S t irnschede l v on v erk-um mer t w irk t d agegen d ie K innpar tie .
Mi t d er b rei te n ach u nden i s t i n d iese m Gesich t d ie
s treng d re iech ige Nase e ingese tzt , d ie Augen s ind l Angsova le S ch li tze , t i ef e ingehöh l t u nd meist mi t e ine m d erben Wu lst g erah m t . Das H aar h eng t n assen S trehnen g leich i n d icken Masses z u b eiden S ei ten d es K opfes of t b is z ur S chu l ter h inab .
S o mehr b ei s o lchen K öpfen j eder V ersuch e iner i ndividue l len G esta l tung
f eh l t , s o l ebend ig e rfasse t ( im Rah men n ordischer K unstauf fassung n a tür lich ) s ind h ingegen B ewegungen u nd G ewender" Werner ( 1962) wr i tes a bou t L o mbard p or trai ture i n r e la t ion t o t he h orse t rapp ings f ro m Veszkeny a nd t he g o ld b racea tes f ro m g rave 2 1 a t Värpa lo ta . He c a l ls a t ten t ion t o t he i mpor tance o ft hese f i nds s ince t hey a re e ar lier t han t he h u man p or trai ts o n t he I t a lian g o ld c rosses a nd f i bu lae .
Werner a lso p oin ts
t o t he S cand inavian o r ig in o f t hese p or tra i ts ( pp . 1 02-104) . F ibu lae :
The c o m monest among t he we l l d ef ined a rchaeo logica l f i nds f ro m
t he g raves a re f i bu lae .
The f ee t a nd h eads o f t he l arge L o mbard f i bu lae a re
of ten d ecora ted w i th p or traya ls o f h u man h eads o r f aces ( p la tes 6 877 2 ) .
Whi le
t he a n ima l p or traya ls a re f requen t o n t he f ee t o ft he f i bu lae t he k nobs a round t he h ead p ar t a re of ten d ecora ted w i th h u man f aces o r s ty l ised h u man h eads. I n t hese p ortraya ls ( p la tes 6 8 , 6 9 a nd 7 2 ) t he h air i s c u t s tra igh t a t t he l eve l o f t he e ars, a nd t he b eard a nd t he moustache a re s i mi lar .
The f o l low ing f i b-
u lae d epict h u man h eads: C aste l Trosino , g raves I , K , a nd 2 2 ( p la te 7 1) N ocera Umbra , g races 2 , 1 1, 2 9 , 6 8 , 1 50 , 1 58 , 1 68 ( p la te 7 0 ) Arcisa , g rave 3 ( p la te 6 9) S an Maoro , C ivida le , L igno t to , Toscana e tc. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 10
( Aberg 1 923 , H essen 1 971, F uchs 1 938 ) .
I n s o me c ases t he o rna men t o f t he
midd le p ar t o f t he f i bu lae a lso c on ta ins h u man h ead o r h u man f ace ( e .g . Nocera Umbra , g raves 2 9 , 6 8 a nd 1 58 ;
p la te 7 2 ;
F uchs 1 938 ) .
On f i bu lae f ound i n
e ar lier g raves h u man p or traya l i s r are . A h u man mask i s o n t he f i bu la o f Hegykö ( grave 2 0 ; u npub l ished ) . G o ld c rosses: o f t he L o mbards.
G o ld c rosses a re k nown o n ly f ro m t he l a test I t a lian p hase They a re most ly i n t he g raves o f men , p erhaps s ewn o n to
t heir g ar men ts, o r t hey may h ave h ung a bou t t heir n ecks ( Caste l Trosino , g rave 4 2 ; B e l luno-Fuchs 1 938 , p . 1 8) . T he p urpose a nd t he o r ig in o ft hese c rosses a re d eba tab le . They o n ly o ccur i n g raves o f n ob le men ( n N ich t g anz l eich t z u b ean twor ten i s t d ie F rage n ach d em e igen t lichen S inn d ieses B i ldt ypus" —Fuchs 1 938 ) .
S o me a u thors s uggest t ha t t he p erson d epicted o n t he
f our a rms o ft he c ross o r i n t he c en tre i s Chr ist .
A ccord ing t o F uchs ( 1938 ,
p . 3 7 ) t he h u man f ace i s mere o rna men t . The o r ig ina l L o mbard h u man p or traya l was c hanged b y l oca l a nd Byzan tine i nf luences.
The f or m o f t he h ead o n l a te g o ld c rosses c hanges.
The f ace o n
t he c ross f ro m Ca lvisano ( p la te 7 7 ) i s meso-euryprosopic, t he h air a nd t he f ace a re r e miniscen t o f t he p or trai t o f t he s o lidus o f T iber ius Constan t ine , f ound i n g rave 1 15 a t Caste l T rosino ( p la te 7 7 ) .
S imi lar ly t he f ace o n t he g o ld
c ross f ound a t V i l la Mon tp la i sir i n Tor ino r em inds u s o f t he Car magno la , t he s ta tue o f t he emperor J ust in ian I i n Ven ice . The c haracter ist ic "p ear-shaped" f ace ( "birnförm iges G esich t" )o f t he e ar ly L o mbard h u man p or traya ls s how ing t he h igh z ygo ma t ic p ar t o f t he n or thern G ermanic p eop le , i s d if feren t f ro m a l l C e l tic h u man p or traya ls which t he f ace i s e qua l ly n arrow a nd l ong .
i n
The C e l tic p or traya ls s how a f i ner ,
more g raci l Nordic t ype , whi le t he L o mbard f aces r e mind u s o f t he b rachyc ranic N ord ic Cro- Magnon id t ype.
To s how t his P ro tonordic-Cro- Magnon id
f ea ture t he a r tists a lways s tress t he we l l d eve loped a rcus s uperci liar is a nd t he w ide z ygo ma tic p ar t . I n I t a ly t he p ub lished g o ld c rosses w i th h u man p or trai ts a re a s f o l lows ( so me o ft he m a re a s y e t u nda ted ) : C iv ida le , "G isu lfo ' sc ross" 1 938 ) Da te :
( p la te 7 4 ;
Orsi 1 887 , Aberg 1 923 , F uchs
7 00-750 .
C iv ida le , S . Mar ia i n Va l le ( Orsi 1 887 , Aberg 1 923 , F uchs 1 938 ) .
Very
l a te . Rodeano ( Fr iu l i ) , C ivida le ( p la te 7 3 ; 6 25-675 .
Aberg 1 923 , F uchs 1 938 ) .
Da te :
L avis ( Tren to) ( p la te 7 3 ; Orsi 1 887 , F uchs 1 938 , Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) .
Da te :
Monza ( Fuchs 1 938) .
5 72-574 . Da te :
6 88-701.
S urround ings o f Mi lano ( i n Nurnberg Museu m ) ( p la te 7 3 ; Hase lof f 1 956, Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) . Ca lv isano ( Brescia ) ( p la te 7 3 ;
Da te :
F uchs 1 938 ,
6 25-675 .
R izzini 1 914, A berg 1 923 , F uchs 1 938 ,
Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) .
Da te :
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 11
5 80-625.
Ca lvisano I ( Brescia ) ( Rizz in i 1 914 , A berg 1 923 , F uchs 1 938 , BrozziTag l iaferr i 1 961) .
Da te : b efore 6 10 .
Ca lvisano I I ( Brescia ) ( Rizzini 1 914 , A berg 1 923 , F uchs 1 938 , BrozziTag liaferr i 1 961) .
Da te :
?
Ca lvisano I V( Brescia ) ( R izzini 1 914 , A berg 1 923 , F uchs 1 938 , BrozziTag liaferr i 1 961) .
Da te :
Rodano ( Me lzo) ( p la te 6 3 ;
?
F uchs 1 938 , Brozzi-Tag liaferri 1 961) .
Da te :
6 25-685. Pavia ( Orsi 1 887 , F uchs 1 938 , Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) .
Da te : b eginn ing
o f t he 7 th c en tury . Be inasco ( p la te 6 3 ;
F uchs 1 938 , Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) .
Da te :
5 90-
6 15 . Tor ino ( p la te 7 6 ; Da te :
Orsi 1 887 , F uchs 1 938 , Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) .
7 00-750 .
S urround ings o f Mi lano ( p la te 7 3 ; 1 961) .
Orsi 1 887 , F uchs 1 938 , Brozzi-Tag liaferr i
Da te i s u ncer ta in .
Con trada S . V i ta le ( Beneven to) ( Fuchs 1 938 ) .
Da te :
P ieve d e l Ca iro ( da l P on te ) ( Ot to v on H essen 1 967 ) .
7 17-741. Da te :
2 nd h a lf o f t he
7 th c en tury . C ivida le , S an S tefano ( Mu t ine l li 1 960-1961) . C ivida le , S an S tefano , g rave 1 2 ( Mu t ine l li 1 960-1961) . S . Mar ia i n Va l le ( Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) . Ch iesa S . G iovann i Ba t t ista , C ivida le ( Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) .
Da te :
7 th-8 th c en tur ies . V icenza ( p la te 7 6 ;
Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961) .
L odi Vecchio ( Brozzi-Tag l iaferr i 1 961 ) . O ther L o mbard p or traya ls :
The a rch i tectura l a nd o ther f i gura tive h u man
p or traya ls o f t he L o mbards a re k nown o n ly f ro m I t a ly .
I n t he e ar ly s tages o f
t heir r esidence i n I t a ly t he p or traya ls a re d if feren t f ro m Ro man a nd Byzan t ine a r t .
Probab ly t heir a r t , r ea l ist ic t hough t echnica l ly l imi ted , was s im i lar i n
e ar l ier t imes.
The L o mbards, a s i s a lso s hown i n t he c e me ter ies, d isso lved
i n to t he l oca l p opu la t ion , a nd af ter 7 74 t heir a r t l ost i t s c u ltura l i mpor tance a nd t he " barbar ian" h u man p or traya ls g radua l ly b eco me "c hri st ianised" . F irst t he g ar men ts, a nd t hen t he h air s ty le c hanges ; t he b eard a nd t he moust ache a ssimi la te i n to t he s urroundings a nd s low ly t he G erman ic c haracteristics d isappear ( p la tes 8 4 a nd 8 5) .
T he " p ear-shaped" b arbar ian f ace i s r arer a s
i s t he s trong ly marked f igure o ft he "s avage" German ic warr ior . The e ar l iest l arger f i gured p iece was f ound a t C ivida le . L ' a l tare d i Ra tchis ( Civida le , Museo Chr istiano) . Christ , Mary , a nge l , magi , ( p la te 8 2) ; f t he Parts 8 th I and c en tury ( Brozzi-Tag liaferri Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of theo Lombards, Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 12
I th as s evera l f igures:
i tc an b e d a ted t o t he midd le 1 961) .
Te mpie t to l ongobardo ( Civida le ) F igures o f G ermanic wo men , ( p la te 8 3) . P lu teo d i S igua ldo ( Ba t t isterio d i C a l listo ) F igure o fS t . Ma t thew t he e vange list ( p la te 8 1) . P lu teo c on f i gura n e l t ra lcio d i v i te o ft he 7 th-8 th c en tur ies ( PanazzaTag liaferr i 1 966) . Re l ievo c on S irena o f t he 7 th c en tury . A l tare d i P e m mo o f t he 7 th c en tury . Careen il ongobardi o f t he 8 th c entury . The f o l low ing c an b e men t ioned among t he f igura tive L o mbard s cu lp ture f ro m o ther p ar ts o f I ta ly : The h ead o f a man c arved f ro m Nor thI ta lian , I str ian s tone ( s i te u nknown ) . Now i n t he V ictor ia & A lber t Museu m ,
L ondon , ( P la te 8 0) .
H i lder ich a l tar ( Feren t i l lo ) C isano ;
Ada m a nd E ve r e lief o f t he 8 th c en tury .
Beneven to .
C a mpani le d e l Duo mo ( Testa-r i trat to d i p ersonaggio l ongobardo) ,
p robab ly p or tra i t o f aL o mbard l eader ( Ro thi 1 966) . A isto lfo o n t he Ravenna s o lidus ( Bernaregg i 1 960 ) . Equestr ian f ro m Gussago o ft he 8 th c en tury ( p la te 7 9) . S arcofago d i C a lvi o f t he 8 th c en tury . I l Cristo ( Treviso ) o ft he 8 th c en tury . The e questr ian f ro m C isano , t he h un t ing s cene f ro m C iv i ta Caste l lana , t he A brosian s ta tues i n Mi lano , t he r e liefs i n C apua , Capena , t he s ta tues i n t he S po le to b ap tistery , a nd t he B lasius s arcophagus i n S po le to s how much l a ter i nf l uences .
( Schaf fran 1 941, Brozzi-Tag liaferr i 1 961 ) ( p la tes 8 4 a nd 8 5) .
The h e l me t o rna men t o f k ing Ag i lu lf s hows many f i gures ( p la te 7 8 ) whi le t he "Va l d i N ievo le" p la te p or tray ing 9 p eop le d a tes f ro m t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he 7 th c en tury . The r e liquary o f Tren to w i th a r e lief o f S . Appo l lonar ius ' d a tes f ro m t he v ery b eginn ing o f t he 7 th c en tury . The e questr ian d isc i n C ivida le d a tes f ro m t he 7 th c en tury . The s i lver d ish o f t he L o mbard Per iod f ro m I so la R izza ( Verona ) ( O t to v on Hessen 1 968) ( p la te 7 9) . I ndica tions o ft he o u tward a ppearance o ft he L o mbards: t he a ppearance o ft he L o mbards s evera l t imes. 1 ,2 m . I , 2 8 ) :
Pau lus men t ions
He wr i tes o f k ing A lboin ( Hist .
( "A lboin was t a l l a nd h e was c rea ted t hroughou t f or war".
wr i tes o f k ing Au thar i :
( I I I ,30 ) "A t t ha t t ime Au thar i was i n h is p r i me ;
as ta te ly man w i th b lond h a ir , a nd g racefu l i n h is a ppearance ." c ap tured b y a n Avar who r e jo iced o ver h is c ap t ive ( IV , 3 7 ) : Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 13
He h e was
Gr i mau ld was
" because t he c hi ld
was o f af i ne s ta ture , w i th b r igh t e yes a nd f l ow ing b lond h air". "k ing G r imau ld was l arge i nb ody ;
And l a ter :
h is h ead was b a ld , h is b eard t h ick" ( V , 3 3) .
"P erc tar i h ad a n ob le a ppearance a nd was o f s tou t b ui ld , h e a ppeared p eacefu l a nd c a lm ( V , 3 7 ) . "C un incper t was d ar ing , a nd h is b odi ly s treng th was a stoni sh ing" ( V , 4 0 ) ..." o f f i ne o u t look" ( V , 1 7 ) . Pau lus ( IV , 2 2 ) men t ions t he p a lace a t Monza b ui l t b y Theode linda , t he wa l ls o f wh ich were d ecora ted w i th p ictures f ro m L o mbard h istory . I n t hese p ictures "i tc ou ld c lear ly b e s een h ow t he L ombards h ad t heir h air c u t , wha t g armen ts t hey wore a nd wha t t heir o u ter a ppearance was a t t ha t t ime .
They
c u t o f ft he h a ir f ro m t heir n eck a nd t he b ack p ar t o f t heir h ead , s epara ted t he h a ir i n t he midd le o ft he f orehead a nd wore i ta bou t t heir f ace f a l ling t o t he mou th" ( S iguide m c ervice m u sque a d o ccip i tum r aden tes n udaban t , c api l los a f acie u sque a d o s d im issos h aben tes, q uos i n u tra mque p ar te m i n f ron tis d isc r imine d icideban t ) . Their g ar men ts were r ich , made most ly o f f l ax , a nd f or d ecora t ion t hey i n terwove i tw i th w ide s tr ipes o f d i f feren t c o lours, j ust l i ke t he Ang lo-Saxons.
T heir s anda ls w ere a l most e n t ire ly o pen t o t he b ig t oe
a nd b ound w i th c rossed l ea ther s traps. L a ter t hey b egan t o wear t rousers which , when t hey r ode , were c overed w i th woo l len s tock ings. Bu t t h is c usto m was t aken o ver f ro m t he R o mans" . P au lus men t ion s h air-sty le b ecause t he G oths h ad l ong c ur ly h air , whi le t he Meroving ians l e t t heir h a ir f a l l t o t heir s hou lders.
The G o ths c u t t heir h air a t t he l ower p ar t o ft heir n eck ( S idon ius
Ep iscopus I , 2 , 2 ) . r igh t s ide .
The S uebi men b raided t heir h a ir a nd c o mbed i to n t he
( Taci tus, G er man ia 3 8 ) .
T aci tus d oes n ot men t ion t he o u tward a ppearance o f t he L o mbards s epar a te ly . H e g ives a g enera l ised c haracter isa t ion o f a l l t he G erman ic p eop les l i ving i nt he G er man ic p ar t o f N orth Europe i n h is G erman ia ( 4 ) :
" truces e t
c aeru le i o cu l i , r u ti lae c o mae , magna c orpora e t t an tum a d i mpe tum v a lida". The s ame f a irness a nd h e igh t were n ot iced b y S trabo ( 6 ) . P l iny a lso wro te o f " b lond n obles a nd d ark s ervan ts" . Apar t f ro m P au lus ' H istor ia L angobardoru m t here i s h ard ly a ny s ource which men tions t he a ppearance o ft he L ombards.
L iu tprand ,s Book o f L aws
( Mon . G erm . C oncordiae t i t . XLV I I ) s ays t ha t g ir ls a t t he a ge o f 1 2-13 a re a lready ma ture a nd f i t f or marr iage . " Si q uis p ue l lam a n te 1 2 a nnos s ponsav er i t , q u t t u ler i t , t une he q ui e am t u leri t , a u t s ponsaver i t c o mpona t s icu t i n h oc e d ictu d e r ap tu s cr ip tu m e st ... De p ue l la ( 6 ) , u nde j am a n tea d ix imus u t i n d uodec i mo a nno l eg i t ima s i t a d mari tandu m , s ic modo s tatu ir aus u t n on i nt rare d uodecima a nno , s ed e xp le to s ic s i t l eg i t ima a d mari tandu m ( 9 ) ... q ua lisc u mque f e mina a n tequa m p uer t er tio d ecimo c o mp le to a nno c opu lare p raesumps er i t , d icendu m , q uod l eg i t i mus mar i tus e ius e sse d ebea t ...." B etween t he t wo c onf l ict ing i n terpre ta t ions o f L ombard p or tra i ture we h ave t o t ake a n i n termed ia te s tand . F or a n e x treme e va lua t ion o f t he a r t o f t he L o mb ards ( a s t he a r t o f aG er man ic p eop le ) t he h ighest o p in ion i s r epresen ted b y t ha t o f Em mer ich S chaf fran .
Desp i te h is g ood k now ledge o f t he ma ter ia l h is
works a re c haracterised b y h is u nrea l ist ic p re jud ice . Referr ing t o t he h u man r epresen ta tions, h e wr i tes i n h is G esch ich te d er L angobarden , p ub lished i n 1 938 , a s f o l lows;
( pp . 9 3-94) "F ar d ie Menschenköpfe h aben s ich d ie L ongo-
b arden e inen e igenen S chönhei tstypus g eschaf fen , e s weich t d ieser v on d em Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. d urch d ie S ke let tfunde g enugend g ek lar ten E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 14
e thnographischen B efund s tark a b .
D ieser I dea lkopf , of t g anz o rna men ta lgraphisch g ezeichne t , i s t b irnen för m ig , d ie S p i tze n ach u n ten , d as H aar h ä s 'ng t e ine m n assen Tau g leich o der p er t ickenä n l ich a n d en S ei ten t ief h erab d ie Nase i s t s char f d reieck ig u nd d ie k reisrunden Augen t re ten v or .
S o lche K öpfe e n tha l ten a usser d en Grabbe igaben u nd d en
Kruzi f ixusdarste l lungen d er P e m moa l tar d es K a l lix tusbap tister iu m i n C ivida le , d as Ada m-Eva-Re lief i n C isano , u nd d ie H i lder ichp la t te i n F eren t i l lo ( um d ie w ich t igsten Beispie le z u n ennen )". The o ther e x tre me i s r epresen ted b y h istorian Pepe ( 1963 ) , who e va lua tes t he d a ta f ro m t he p oin t o fv iew o f t he Ro mans a nd d en ies t he e xistance o f a r t a s s uch among t he L o mbards when h e a sks t he q uest ion ( p . 3 18) :
"E siste
i m 'a r te l angobard ica , c rea ta c ioe d a a r t ist i l angobard i i n P annon ia e s u l s uo lo d 'I ta l ia o e siste u n ' a r te c he f i or i i n I ta lia s ot to iL angobard i s e o pera d i a r tist i i ndigen t i? "
Then h e c on t inues ( p . 3 22 ) :
"I , ' a r te b arbar ica r i trova ta
i n I ta lia c i d a d efor m i f igure umane , a n i ma l i c he p iu s ti lizza ti , c o me o sserv ava a cu ta men te i lF on tana , s ono d eforma t i , p over t i o gge t t i i n v e tro .
I l
c apo lavoro e l a f a mosa l am ina d i Agi lu lfo , l a c u i c o mposizione i lc on ta t to c on l 'a r te c lassica n e l la s i rn me tria d ei p ersonagg i i n torno a l t rono d e l r e .
Ma
l e f igure d i q uesta l a mina s e f ossero r ea listiche s arebbero i n fa man t i p er l a b e l lezza d e i c onqu ista tor i : i dea l i d i q uesta g en te".
s e f ossero i dea lizzar iono d ir ibbero mostruosi g li
I ti s af act t ha t t here i s L o mbard f i gura t ive a r t ,
t hough o ur k now ledge o f i ti s r a ther d efect ive .
T hi s t ype o f a r t p reserves i t s
a ncien t f ea tures u n ti l t he t ime when t he L angobards b ecame a ssimi la ted i n to t heir I t a lian s urround ings.
I ti s n o t t he s urround ings which d e termine t he
f igura t ive a r t , b u t t he o ld , u n ique s ty le o f a r t wh ich i s i den t ica l o n t he s tone r e liefs, o n t he g old c rosses a nd o n t he f i bu lae .
L a ter t hey l ost t h is, a nd t he
o r ig ina l L o mbard a r t d isappears i n I ta ly , t he "me lt ing-po t" o f many p eop les. I f we r econstruct t he L o mbard f ace o n t he b asis o f t he s ku l ls u s ing a nat om ica l me thods ( K isze ly 1 973 ) , we c an g e t c loser t o t heir r ea l a ppearance ( p la tes 8 6, 8 7 a nd 8 8 ) .
H ere we c an s ee t ha t a par t f ro m a l l modera te v iews,
t he L o mbard a r tists c ou ld g rasp t he c haracter ist ic f ea tures wh ich d ist inguish t he m f ro m o ther p eop les.
The s l i m, t a l l f e ma le f i gures i n t he C iv ida le
Te mp ie t to ( p la te 8 3 ) a re l ep toprosop ic a nd l ep terene w i th we l l d eve loped z ygoma tic p ar ts, l ong , s traigh t n oses, l ep torrh ine , w i th l ong f oreheads a nd n arrow , h igh mand ib les; t hey a re s i mi lar t o t he f igures o n t he f i bu la 2 9 f ro m Nocera Umbra ( p la te 6 8 ) , t he f i gure o n G isu lfo ' sg o ld c ross ( p la te 7 4) , t hose o n t he Ra tch is a l tar f ro m C ivida le ( p la te 8 2) a nd o n t he L a mina d i Agi lu lf ( p la te 7 8 ) . Thus S chaf fran ' sv iew ( 1938) t ha t t he g raves ( 93 ) c on ta in a p eop le d i fferen t f ro m t he h u man r epresen ta t ions i s f a lse ;
i n h is t ime t he "g enügend g ek lär ten
e thnograph ischen B efund" c onsisted o f af ew more o r l ess a u then t ic s ke le tons. Nei ther i s Pepe r igh t ( 1963 ) i n s aying t ha t t he L o mbards a cquired t heir a r t i n I ta ly ;
L o mbard a r t was i nf luenced b y i t s s urround ings a nd n o t t he o ther way
r ound , a s i tc an b e s een i n t he h u man p or trai ts o n t he f i bu lae ( t he h ead i n Byzan t ine s ty le s hor tens, a nd t he h air , o rna men ts a nd g ar men ts c hange) . This p icture o ft he L o mbards w i l l b e c o mp le ted b y a u then t ic f i nds f ro m t he e ar ly p hase , l i ke t he b ucke t d ecora t ion f ro m O berbierbau m ( persona l i n for ma tion f ro m A d ler ) , t he h u man masks o n f i bu lae f ro m Hungary ( Bo-n a ' su npub lished ma ter ia l ) a nd b y f i nds f ro m g raves which w i l l b e e xcava ted i n t he f u ture . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 15
1 0 .
C o mpara t ive b io me tr ica l e xa m ina t ion o f t he L o mbard c e me teries, a nd c o mparison b e tween L o mbards a nd o ther G er man ic p eop les The b io me tr ic l i tera ture i nc ludes t he p ub lica t ions o f s evera l me thods f or
c o mpar ing c e me ter ies a nd p eop les ( Bro thwe l l 1 958 , C ava l l i 1 945, F ischer 1 936 , H owe l ls 1 968 , Hui zinga 1 965, Knuss mann 1 962 , Maha lanobis 1 936 , Miszk iew i tz 1 957 , P earson-Davis 1 924, P earson 1 926 , P enrose 1 947 , 1 954 , Rah man 1 962 , S chw ide tzky 1 972 , Rao 1 948 , S j f ivo ld 1 973 , Van B ork-Fe ltka mp 1 950 , Van Vark 1 970 , e tc. ) , a l l o f t he m h aving t heir a dvan tages a nd d efects. We c an b est u se P enrose ' sa na lysis ( Penrose 1 947 , 1 954) f or t he a n thropol ogica l c o mpar ison o f European p opu la t ions a nd t heir sma l ler g roups.
F .
R a ising ( Rösing 1 975) d uring t he s tudy o f t he Mannhei m -Voge lstand F rankish c e me tery c arr ied o u t t he a na lysis o f G er man ic p eop les u sing P enrose / s me thod a s modi f ied b y K nuss mann ( Knuss man 1 962 , 1 967 , 1 971) .
F or t he s ake o f
u n ifor mi ty Ic arr ied o u t t he c o mpara tive a na lysis o f t he L o mbards u sing t he P enrose-Knuss mann me thod . Is e t u p t wo g roups f or e xa mina t ion : 1 .
2 .
Ic o mpared t he L o mbard c e me ter ies a nd t he c oheren t g roups ( f or i ndividua l d a ta s ee Par t I , t ables 1 -106) . The me tr ica l d ata f or 4 30 L o mbard men a nd 4 40 L o mbard wo men were c o mpared w i th t he a verages f or t he p ub lished G er manic c e me ter ies. Me thod Two b io log ica l g roups c an b e c o mpared i f we t ake t he a verages o ft he
r espect ive f ea tures a nd e xpress t heir d i f ferences i n magni tude a nd i n f or m . F ro m t hese t wo t ypes o f d i f ference we c an c a lcu la te t he"genera li sed nd i f fere nce .
The c o mpar ison i ncreases i n s igni f icance
a ) t he l arger t he n u mber o f t he i nd iv idua ls i n e ach g roup , b ) t he g rea ter t he n u mber o f f ea tures which a re c o mpared , a nd t he c loser t he measure men ts a re t o e ach o ther , c ) t he g rea ter t he n u mber o f i ndividua ls i n t he d ispersion ( 1 )a t t he c a lc u la t ing s tandardisa tion . 1 .
T he n u mber o f g roups 1 .
The n u mber o f g roups:
The n u mber o f g roups i s d i f feren t i n t he c ase
o f L o mbard c e me ter ies a nd i n t he c ase o fo ther Germanic p opu la t ions.
I n
L o mbard g roups, b ecause o ft he sma l l n u mber o f i t e ms t he c a lcu la ted P enrose G enera lised D istance o n ly t e l ls u s t he d if ference b e tween a sma l ler a nd a sma l ler o r l arger g roup ; s ign i f ican t
a t t he s a me t ime t he c o mpar ison s ee ms t o b e more
i n G er man ic c e me ter ies w i th more i t e ms, t hough f or i nstance
t he c o mpar ison o f aS axon p opu la t ion w i th 5 2 i t e ms ( men ) w i th a n A la mann ic p opu la t ion o f 8 69 i t e ms ( men ) c an l ead t o s evera l i naccuracies ( F igs. 7 7-79 ) . Iwas e specia l ly c arefu l t o u se o n ly t hose p opu la t ions wh ich a re u ni la tera l ly a t tached t o av ery G ermanic p eop le b y a rchaeo logy , h istory a nd a n thropology . One o ft he g rea test f au l ts o f R ösing t s work ( Rösing 1 975) i s t ha t h e d id n o t a scer ta in t he e thn ic p lace o f t he c e me tery u nder e xa mina tion , t hus f or i nstance h e a scr ibed t he Bavar ian c e me tery a t L inz t o t he L o mbards. Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 16
o l low ing G erman ic p opu la tions ( a l l d a t ing f ro m t he "e ar ly Ic o mpared t he f r "Merow ingzei t" )w i th t he L o mbards ( t he a verage o f a l l Migra t ion Per iod" o t he L o mbard b one ma ter ia l ) : Ang lo-Saxon :
Burwe l l ( Layard-Young 1 935, Mun ter 1 936) B id ford o n Avon ( Brash-Young 1 935) Dunstab le ( Dingwa l l-Young 1 933 ) L ondon ( Moran t 1 926)
S axon :
Ander ten ( Hauschi ld 1 926)
Thur ingian :
Obermö l lern ( Ho l ter 1 925) I ngersleben ( Kaufmann 1 955) S tray f i nds ( Kur th 1 953/54)
F rank ish :
Mannheim-Voge lstang ( Rösing 1 975) Bou lonna is ( Ha my 1 893) Basse-Normandie ( Doran . lo 1 921) Hau te-Normandie ( Hamy 1 908 ) Andresy ( Manourvrier 1 890) C ip ly ( Houze 1 913) Rhe ingau ( Ma t th 2 tus 1 940 ) Mf th l ta l ( Ziege l mayer 1 968 ) K ö ln- Müngersdorf ( Bauermeister 1 955) Darmstad t ( Schaf fhausen 1 883) We t terau ( Schwidetzky 1 961 )
Burgundian :
S o lo thurn ( Hug 1 940) J ura ( Sau ter 1 942 ) S tray f i nds f ro m Sw i tzer land ( Schwerz 1 917 )
A la mann .ic :
Wur t te mberg ( L ieven 1 948 ) Ha i lf ingen ( Sch lunk 1 934) Donzdorf ( Abe ls-Gaebe le-Schröter 1 972) S on theim ( Cree l 1 966, 1 967 ) Nusp lingen ( Eb le 1 955) Nordwar t te mberg ( Federau 1 970) Mengen ( Meny 1 941, I hm 1 941) We ingar ten ( Huber 1 967 ) Epfach ( Ziegel rnayer-L iebr ich-Schwarzf ischer 1 964) E lgg ( Trude l 1 938 ) Oer l ingen ( Hauser 1 938 ) Bonaduz ( Brunner 1 972 ) S tray f i nds f ro m Sw i tzer land ( Schwerz 1 909/10 , 1 912 , 1 913 , 1 917 ) Oberro twei l ( F leury-Cue l lo 1 932 ) De t tingen ( Schrö ter 1 973) D ir lewang b ei Minde lhe im ( G lowa tzky 1 971) S teckborn ( Ke l ler-Tarnuzzer-Pool 1 935) S ch lei thei m ( Mandrach 1 867 ) L i m ma t u . G la t ta l ( Schn .ei ter 1 939) Regensburg ( Hö lder 1 881)
S c hrIe tzIi. he im ( Hi tzeroth Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts and E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 17
1 963 , 1 965)
Bavarian :
R iegeraranger ( Kramp 1 938 , H encke l 1 925, Krogh 1 940) Tet t lha m ( R ied 1 909 ) S tray f inds ( Brei tinger 1 938 ) Har tk irshen ( Am tmann 1 903) S tray f inds ( Fr izzi 1 910 , R anke 1 876) H e theim ( Harsten 1 913) L inz-Zizlau ( K lo iber 1 973)
Western G o th ic :
C o mbined ( Barras 1 927 , 1 933 , S chw ide tzky 1 957 ) S i lveirona ( Cunha-Ne to 1 955, S erra-Albuquerque-Ne to 1 952
2 .
Nu mber o f t he f ea tures :
Though many a u thors ( Ery 1 970 , e tc.) u se
Penrose ' s me thod w i th 1 0 f ea tures, i ti s more s a tisfactory t o u se a t l east 2 0 . Id o n o t a gree w i th R ösing ' s( 1975) c hoice o f f ea tures, b u t Ih ave u sed t he m n ever the less f or s ake o fu sefu l c o mpari son w i th in t he L o mbard e thnic g roup , a nd c o mpar ison o f t he L o mbards w i th o ther G erman ic f ea tures.
These f ea-
t ures a re a s f o l lows:
Number a ccord ing t o Mar t in 1
F ea ture G labe l lo-occipi ta l l eng th
5
Nasion-basion l ength
8
Cran ia l b read th
9
I nfer ior f orehead b read th
1 7
Cran ia l h eigh t ( Basion-breg ma h eigh t )
2 0
P or ion-breg ma tic h eigh t
2 3
Hor izon ta l c ircu m ference
2 5
S ag it ta l c ran ia l a rch
4 0
Nasion-gna thion h eigh t
4 5
Byzygo ma t ic b read th
4 8
U pper f ace h e igh t
5 1
Orbi ta l b read th
5 2
Orbi ta l h eigh t
5 4
Nasa l b read th
5 5
Nasa l h eigh t
6 2
Pa la te l eng th
6 3
Pa la te b read th
6 5
C ondy lar b read th
6 6
Mand ibu lar b read th
6 9
Men tu m h eigh t
It h ink t hese measure men ts u nsui tab le f or t he f o l low ing r easons : a ) t he 5 1-52 measure men ts ( orbi ta l b read th a nd o rbi ta l h eigh t ) a re u sua l ly b e tween 3 2 a nd 3 9 , whi le t he 2 3rd measure men t ( hor izon ta l c ircu mference ) a nd t he 2 5th measure men t ( sag i t ta l c ran ia l a rch ) a re a bou t 5 30 a nd 3 70 .
N o
ma t ter h ow h ard It ry t o s tandard ize t he g enera lised d ispersion o f a ll t he G er-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. ma n i c b one ma ter ia l , t he v ar iance o f Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
t he o rbi ts s how d ivergences wh ich c annot 2 18
b e c orrected u sing t he sma l l d ivergences o f t he o ther f ea tures.
The l arger
d ivergences c an b e a bove 1when c a lcu la t ing t he S d, whi le t he sma l ler o nes a re u nder 0 , t hus when s quar ing t he m t he d i f ferences o f S d2 c an make t he r ea l ist ic d ivergences e ven more d istor ted .
The s a me i s t rue o f t he h igh ly
v ar iable 6 2nd measure men t ( pa la te l eng th ) a nd 6 3rd measure men t ( pa la te b read th ) . b ) The measure men ts were n ot t aken f or t he s a me n u mber o f i t e ms i n e ach c ase ( or t hey were o n ly a pprox ima te ly t he s a me) ;
whi le Mar t in ' si st
measure men t ( g labe l lo-occip i ta l l eng th ) a nd 8 th measure men t ( cran ia l b read th ) c an b e t aken i n most c ases, t he 5 th measure men t ( nasion-basion l eng th ) i s r are ly measureab le d ue t o t he d efect iveness o f t he f ora men o ccip i ta le . c ) Ap opu la tion c an b e c haracterized n o t o n ly b y s ku l l measure men ts b u t a lso b y ac onsidera t ion o f h e igh t , r obustness, r a tio o ft he u pper a nd l ower a rm , t he r a t io o f t he t ibia t o t he f e mur , t he l eng th o f t he c lavicle , e tc ., t hat i s u sing t he s ke le ta l b ones.
T hese a re a bsen t f ro m Rösing ,s measur men ts.
There i s n o d oubt t ha t c o mparison o f s e lected f ea tures ( i n t hi s c ase 2 0 i n n u mber ) y ie ld p ropor t iona l d i f ferences, b u t i ti s n o t c er ta in t ha t t hese f ea tures a re s uf f icien t t o c haracterise a p erson ; i n d i f feren t d istances.
d i f feren t f eatures c an r esu l t
Iemp loyed t he 2 0 f ea tures u sed i n t he G ermanic l i tera-
t ure t o c o mpare G erman ic p opu la t ions.
Ic hose 2 0 f urther f ea tures f ro m among
t he measure men ts a nd i nd ices o ft he s ku l l a nd o f t he s ke le ta l b ones ( t ab les 1 05- 1 07 ) . f i gs. 7 7-79 ) . The r esu l ts o btained f ro m t he t wo g roups a re d i fferen t ( f ig . Thus we a re r igh t t o a sk whe the t he f eatures u sed i n t he G er man ic l i tera ture d ef ine a t ype .
F ur ther more we c an a sk whether i t wou ld n o t b e b et ter t o u se
t he s a me f ea ture-group a s t he P enrose a na lysis f or a l l p opu lat ions. 3 .
Average d ispersion :
A s n e i ther B ork Fe ldkamp ( 1950 ) n or Howe l ls
( 1958 ) n or A lekseyev-Debe tz ( 1964) p ub lished a verage d ispersions f or Ger man ic p eop le ( Mean a nd S tandard D evia t ion ) s ui table f or u se w i th t he L o mbards a nd o ther G ermanic p eop les, Imyse lf made a d ispersion t ab le c on ta in ing t he d isp ersion o f a l l g roups c onsist ing o f more t han 1 0 i t e ms a nd t ha t o f l arger g roups which a re c lose t o o ne a no ther i n t ime a nd s pace ( Pearson-Dav in 1 924 , Hooke 1 926, Wagner 1 927 , Moran t 1 931 , Young 1 931, S toessing- Moran t 1 932 , Co l let t 1 933 , F ischer 1 933 , S chre iner 1 935, 1 939 , 1 946, R osdon 1 939, Hug 1 940 , H owe l ls 1 941, Ba travi 1 945, Ba travi- Moran t 1 947 , S tef fensen 1 953 , Abdusche li shvi l i 1 960, Ge jva l l 1 960, S chafer 1 963 , S chw ide tzky 1 963 , S t louka l 1 963 , 1 964, 1 967 , 1 969 , Gonza les 1 968 , K ei 1 970 , N ie lsen 1 970 , Bach-Dusek 1 971, Henke 1 971 a nd R ösin .g 1 972 , 1 975) . The mean d ispersions u sed f or s tandardisa tion were : Mean d ispersions N =t he n u mber o f g roups e xa mined ( ce me ter ies) S n =t he t o ta l n u mber o f i t e ms g =s tandardised mean-dispersion ( ar i th met ica l mean v a lue )
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 19
Nu mber a ccord ing t o Mar t in 1
Men
Wo men
N
Sn
N
8 7
9 ,498
6 .41
7 9
Sn 6 ,602
6 .06 4 .27
5
7 8
7 ,577
4 .71
7 1
5 ,260
8
8 7
9 ,390
5 .38
8 0
6 ,540
5 .05
9
8 2
8 ,848
4 .57
7 4
6 ,266
4 .19
1 0
4 5
2 ,696
5 .46
4 1
2 ,090
5 .17
1 2
4 8
4 ,050
5 .04
4 7
2 ,884
4 .68
1 7
8 2
8 ,170
5 .53
7 3
5 ,613
5 .11
2 0
5 7
5 ,197
4 ,84
5 1
3 ,650
4 .5
2 3
7 3
6 ,456
1 4.11
6 7
4 ,717
1 3 .47
2 4
5 5
4 ,816
1 1 .15
4 9
3 ,494
1 0 .69
2 5
6 6
6 ,809
1 2 .96
6 0
4 ,750
1 2 .19
3 1
5 5
4 ,428
5 .37
5 0
3 ,248
5 .01
4 0
5 8
4 ,155
5 .14
5 6
3 ,074
4 .65
4 5
7 9
6 ,272
5 .43
7 1
4 ,191
4 .78
4 7
3 9
1 ,322
6 .45
3 0
8 50
6 .20
4 8
8 0
6 ,830
4 .27
7 3
4 ,713
4 .07
5 1
7 9
6 ,938
1 .84
7 1
4 ,795
1 .83
5 2
8 1
6 ,926
2 .10
7 4
4 ,832
2 .06
5 4
7 9
7 ,052
1 .81
7 3
4 ,741
1 .85
5 5
8 1
6 ,997
3 .13
7 3
4 ,784
2 .97
6 2
4 2
3 ,097
3 .08
3 8
2 ,349
2 .77
6 3
4 6
2 ,953
2 .75
4 3
2 ,248
2 .75
6 5
3 5
1 ,475
6 .37
3 0
9 81
6 ,45
6 6
5 2
2 ,382
6 .51
4 4
1 ,540
5 ,56
6 9
3 7
1 ,525
2 .94
3 1
1 ,074
2 .94
8 :1
& 4
8 ,964
3 .48
7 5
6 ,191
3 .50
1 7 :1
7 8
7 ,010
3 ,22
6 8
4 ,758
3 ,12 4 .60
1 7 :8
6 2
4 ,955
4 .91
5 7
3 ,275
2 0 :1
3 3
2 ,397
2 .78
3 1
1 ,758
2 .77
2 0 :8
2 8
2 ,069
3 .75
2 7
1 ,533
3 .62
9 :10
3 0
1 ,802
3 .40
2 7
1 ,429
3 .27
9 :8
6 6
5 ,189
3 .54
6 1
3 ,626
3 .29
4 7 :45
2 3
8 21
5 .19
2 0
5 58
4 .67
4 8 :45
5 7
3 ,737
3 .57
5 4
2 ,357
3 .21
5 2 :51
7 0
4 ,971
5 .19
6 3
3 ,475
5 .13
5 4 :55
7 4
5 ,690
4 .27
6 5
3 ,680
4 .34
6 3 :62
3 6
1 ,760
7 .19
3 4
1 ,356
7 .03
1C lavicle
1 0
4 70
4 .37
5
2 22
8 .51
1 29
2 .44
3
1 24
2 .22
6 :1
4
1h u meri
2 0
1 ,227
1 6.09
1 4
7 57
1 5.53
1r adi i
1 9
9 01
1 3.00
1 4
5 46
1 3.16
1u lnae
1 4
6 65
1 3.89
1f e mur
1 7
1 ,025
2 2 .58
2
1 4
1 ,238
2 2.22
9
3 76
1 .11
4
2 1.47
1 2
8 :1
5
i t ibiaeof the Lombards, Parts I and1 8 1 ,336 Kiszely, István. The Anthropology Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. 1 /bof 38.67.221.43 8 4 44 Downloaded on behalf
2 1.24 2 20
9 1 1
6
3 76
1 2 .41
5 90
2 2.78
7 77
2 0 .08
2 92
1 .26
8 90
1 8.02
3 28
1 9.11
Unfor tuna te ly most a u thors d id n o t p ub lish measure men ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones, t hus i ts ee med u nnecessary t o g ive t he r est o f t he mean d ispersions f or t he s ke le ta l b ones. 4 .
T he P enrose f ormu lae :
P enrose a t te mp ted t o f ind a n a pprox i ma tiona l
f or mu la f or c o mparison o f p opu la t ions ( 1954) , which i s "s i mp le e nough" t o b e u sed b y n on- ma the ma t icians.
H is work was p receded b y t ha t o f Cava l li ( 1945) ,
F ischer ( 1936) 1 936) , Howe l l ( 1936) , Maha lanobis ( 1936) , P earson ( 1926) , P earson-Davin ( 1924) a nd Rao ( 1948 ) , who g ave methods f or c a lcu la t ing t he b io log ica l " distance"
a nd b y Wanke ' s( 1952 ) t axono mic a na lysis.
The Penrose
f ormu la i s u sed i n t he Eng lish-speak ing wor ld i n i t s o r ig ina l f or m ( Penrose 1 954) , whi le i n G ermany i ti s u sed a s modi f ied b y Knuss mann ( Knuss mann 1 967 , S chw ide tzky 1 967 , 1 972 , 1 972 , R ösing 1 975, e tc.) .
I n o rder t o u nder-
s tand b o th c a tegor ies o f p ub l ica t ion Ig ive a c onversion k ey . P enrose f ormu lae a ccord ing t o K nuss mann ( 1967 )
1 .
D istance i n l argeness:
CQ
2
= 2
2 .
D istance i n f or m :
Cp2 - 1md2
3 .
G enera lised
CR 2 - vm d2
a n
i .e .
-
(1 d ) m
(m Id )
4_K
( I s z l m
CR2 = Cp2 + K CQ2
where : dx -
A x ,A-
A
x ,B
g
A ,B = a verages o f t he g roups i
=f ea ture ( measure men t )
g
=mean d ispersion
m
=n u mber o f t he measure men ts ( here 2 0)
K
=c orrect ion f actor
1 -R K-
1 -R +mR
where : R = i n tercorrect ion c oef f icien t o r mean i n tercorre la tion , d ef ined b y P earson-Davin ( 1924) o n t he b asis o f 2 44 s ku l ls a s 0 .233 . Ia lso h ave u sed t his n u mber .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 21 .
Thus K i n t he c ase o f
2 0 measure men ts i s 0 .1412 1 9 measure men ts i s 0 .1278 1 8 measure men ts i s 0 .1545 1 7 measure men ts i s 0 .1622 1 6 measure men ts i s 0 .1706 1 6 measure men ts i s 0 .1706 1 5 measure men ts i s 0 .1799 1 4 measure men ts i s 0 .1904 1 3 measure men ts i s 0 .2020 1 2 measure men ts i s 0 .2153 1 1 measure men ts i s 0 .2303 1 0 measure men ts i s 0 .2477 9 measuremen ts i s 0 .2678
P enrose ' s( 1954) o r ig ina l f ormu la was a s f o l lows: [m G enera lis 'ed d istance :
D 2 = P
Z i =1
( m d2 R i 1 -R +Rm
Z i =1
2 1 1 -R
di )
I f we c o mpare P enrose ' s( 1954) a nd Knuss mann t s( 1967 ) f ormu lae , af ter r ea rrang ing t he f or mu la we g e t t he f o l low ing r e la tionship : D 22 0 P 1 -0 .233 ( Penrose)
c 2 R ( Knuss mann )
Tha t i s : Dp = 2 6 .0756 x C2
t ha t i s t o s ay a l l Penrose-Knuss mann g enera lised d istances a re t o b e mu l t ip lied w i th 2 6 .0756 t o g e t t he f i gures o b ta ined f ro m Penrose ' so r ig ina l f or mu la . Ih ave c a lcu la ted t his t o f our p laces o f d ecima ls.
This was i mpor tan t , b e-
c ause Ic arr ied o u t a l l t he d i f feren t ia l-ana ly t ica l c a lcu la tions o n G erman ic p eop les, a nd i t was p ossib le b ecause Imyse lf t ook a l l t he measure men ts o f t he L o mbard p eop le , t hus e xclud ing t he p ossibi li ty o f e rrors d ue t o s ub jectivi ty i n t he measure men ts.
The c a lcu la t ions were c arried o u t b y ATAIO C o mpucorp 3 44
S ta t ist ician a nd S tudiu m 1 2 c o mpu ters. 5 .
S igni f icance e xa mina t ion :
The t ru th o f ah ypothe t is c an b e d ef ined w i th
s ta t ist ica l t est ing . F irst t he a ppropr ia te s ta tistica l t est i s c hosen , f o l low ing X
2
d ispersion
i n c ase o f g enera lised P enrose-distance a ccord ing t o Rah man t s( 1962 ) e xaminat ions .
Then Is e t t he z ero h ypo thesis ( 1 10 ) a nd t he a l terna tive h ypo thesis ( H 1) .
My h ypo thesis i s i den t ica l w i th t he l a t ter , t hough , i n s o me c ases, t heore t ica l ly , i tc an b e i den tica l w i th t he z ero h ypo thesis a s we ll .
I n t h is c ase i t wou ld mean
t ha t t he t wo p opu la t ions were t o ta l ly i den t ica l a nd t here was n o d i f ference b eween t hof ethe m . Kiszely, István. Thet Anthropology Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 2 22
The d e ter m ina tion o ft he s igni f icance l eve l d epends o n t he e xa miner .
Bu t
a s o ne f au l t l eads t o a no ther i ts ee med b et ter t o c hoose t he a = 0 .05 p robabi l i ty l eve l .
T he e xamina tions p roved t ha t t he 5% s ign if icance l eve l p rovides t he b est
b a lance b e tween t he f i rst- a nd s econd-order e rror s ince a t t h is l eve l , i ft he d iv ergence i s r ea l ly s igni f ican t , we c an s how i tw i thou t d ropp ing t he f irst , r ea l h ypo thesis ( f irst g rade f a lse ) t oo of ten .
Thus t he c hoice o f t he s igni f icance l eve l
c an b e made w i th a c o mpro mise , when we c onsider whe ther f irst o r s econd o rder e rrors w i l l c ause g raver mistakes.
I f we c onsider t he z ero h ypothesis t o b e
t he more i mpor tan t t o r e main , we h ave t o c hoose l ower s igni f icance l eve l . A s Ih ave a lready men t ioned t he g enera lised P enrose-d istance f ol lows X d isperson .
2 .
S ince Ia pp lied i n my c a lcu la t ions t he Penrose g enera lised d istance
( G .D .) a ccord ing t o K nuss mann ' s modi f ica tion , Iu sed t he s igni f icance l eve l modi f ied w i th a c onstan t v a lue .
The c orre la t ion b e tween Penrose ' sa nd
Knuss mann ' sg enera lised d istance i n c ase o f 2 0 f eatures b eca me a s f o l lows:
D /
2 0 2/P 1 -0 .233
C 2 R
U sing t his f or mu la Io bta ined t he f o l low ing v a lues : t he l ower l imi t o f s igni f ic ance : 0 .4162 , whi le t he u pper l eve l :
1 .2047 .
Tha t i s a lways when t he v a lue
o f C if i s 0 .4162 ( C R2 < 0 .4162) o r i ti s u nder t his v a lue , t he p airs o f s er ies i s s ign i f ican t ly s i mi lar . I ft he v a lue o f CR 2 i s 1 .2047 ( CR 2 > 1 .2047 ) o r i ti s a bove t h is v a lue t he p airs o f s er ies a re s igni f ican t ly d i f feren 7 . I ft he v a lues o f CR 2 i s i n t he i n terva l o f t he t wo v a lues ( t ab les 1 05-107 ) s imi lar i ty o f t he p a irs o r t he ir d i f ference c anno t b e t o ld f or s ure .
I n t he l a t ter c ase Ic an g a in i nfor-
ma t ion o n ly a bou t t he f irst o rder e rror . The r esu l t o ft he s ign i f icance e xa mina t ions o f d if feren t L o mbard c e met er ies was a s f ol lows ( Genera lised P enrose-distance modi f ied b y Knuss mann ) : CR 2min ima l .v a lue b y men :
0 .2061
CR 2 max i ma l v a lue b y men :
2 .6641
CR 2min i ma l v a lue b y wo men :
0 .1507
CR2 maxi ma l v a lue b y wo men : 4 .6947 Ig o t s ign i f ican t ly s i mi lar p airs o f s er ies i n 1 1 c ases among t he men a nd i n 1 9 c ases among t he wo men . This r epresen ts, c o mpared t o t he t o ta l n u mber o f p a irs ( 702 ) , 3 .1339% o f t he men a nd 5 .4131% o ft he wo men .
CR2 i s s igni f ican t ly
d i f feren t i n t he men i n 1 17 c ases, a nd i n t he wo men i n 1 67 c ases, which i s 4 7 .57% .
Most o f t he CR 2 v a lues, 2 23 c ases o f t he men ( 63 .53% ) a nd 1 65 c ases
o ft he wo men ( 47 .00% ) , a re i n termedia te . The f o l low ing i nfor ma t ion was g a ined f ro m c o mparison o f 8p a irs o f as eries o fd if feren t G ermanic p opu la t ions. CR 2min . -max .
men :
2 • CR2 min . -max . wo men :
0 .1650-0 .8753 0 .1023-0 .5379
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 23
5p airs were s igni f ican t ly s im i lar among t he men a nd 6 p airs o f s er ies were s igni f ican t ly s i mi lar among t he wo men . N one o f t he p airs was s igni f ican t ly d i f feren t . ( Tab les105-107 ) .3 p airs o f s er ies among t he men a nd 1p air among t he wo men a re i n ter med ia te . Ic a lcu la ted t he v a lue o f CR 2 o btained b y u sing i nd ices a nd measuremen ts o ft he s ke le ta l b ones. Io bta ined t he f o l low ing r esu l t : a l l p a irs o f s er ies f or men a nd 6 p a irs f or wo men a re s igni f ican t ly s im i lar . N o p a irs f or men a re s ign .i f ican t ly d i f feren t , wh i le f or o ne p a ir o f wo men CR
2
> 1 .2047 .
Accord ing t o P enrose ( Penrose 1 954) i n t he c ase o f 2 0 f ea tures a s igni f ic ance l eve l o f 9 5% ( 1-a = 0 .95 = 9 5% ) i s 1 0 .85 , whi le a l eve l o f 5% ( a =0 .05 = 5% ) i s 3 1 .41 . The Eva lua t ion o ft he R esu lts Ic arr ied o u t t he most g enera l ly a ccep ted b io me tr ic g roup-distance a na lysis ( Penrose-ana lysis) among t he L o mbard c eme ter ies, a nd t hen Ic o mpared t he L o mbards w i th o ther G ermanic p eop les. 1 .
The a na lysis o f sma l l c e me ter ies o f p ar t ly-excava ted c eme ter ies d oes n o t
g ive r ea l ist ic r esu l ts i ft hey a re c o mpared w i th l arge , who l ly e xcava ted c emet er ies. The d a ta o n ly t e l ls u s wha t t he b io me tr ic d istance i sb e tween t he e xa m ined i nd iv idua ls a nd c er ta in l arger u n i ts. 2 .
The L o mbards n ever were me tr ica l ly ( t axono mica l ly ) h o mogeneous, b u t
a lways c on ta ined s evera l c o mponen ts;
o ne o f t hem was a d o l icho-hyperdo li-
c hocran ia l , l ep toprosop ic p opu la t ion ( protonordic, Nordic) a nd t he o ther was a meso-brachycran ic g roup ( brachycran ic C ro- Magnon id a nd Taurid t ype ) . T hese t wo c o mponen ts a re r epresen ted i n t he c eme ter ies i n d i f feren t p roport i ons c ausing t he m ixed c haracter o f t he L o mbard p opu la t ion . 3 .
The L o mbard b eca me mixed w i th s evera l p opu la t ions d ur ing t heir migra-
t i on . The f ar ther t he g roups a re f ro m e ach o ther i n t ime a nd s pace t he l arger t he g enera lised P enrose-distances ( G .D .) w i l l b e . 4 . T here a re more d if ferences among men t han among wo men . c aused b y marr iages w i th t he l oca l p opu la t ions. 5 .
This i s
Though b io me tr ica l d istance o r c loseness i s n o t a lways i den tica l w i th
t axono m ic d istance , i tc an b e s ta ted , a nyhow , f ro m t he r esu l ts t ha t : a . I n C e lakovice t he men a re s i mi lar t o t hose i n t he t rue L o mbard c e met er ies, whi le wo men a re u n like t hem . b .
P oysdor f , Hausk irchen , O berbierbau m a re s i mi lar t o t he L o mbard
c e me ter ies i n P annon ia . C .
F ro m among t he s tray f i nds i n H ungary ,
Mohacs, D ör , Mosonszen t jänos
K ädar ta , I szkaszen tgyörgy a re L o mbard , whi le Gyönk , K äpo lnäsnyek a nd Budapest I I a re u n like t he L o mbards. d .
N ik i tsch a nd H egykö a re u n like t he l arge L o mbard c emeter ies, a nd
t hey a re a lso v ery d if feren t f ro m e ach o ther . e .
Kran j i s d if feren t f ro m a l l t he g rea t L o mbard c eme teries, a nd i tc on-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK:t BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. a i n s s ign i f ica n t amoun t o f f oreign e lemen ts. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 24
f . Brescia i s u n like t he L o mbard c e me teries, e specia l ly f ro m t he e ar ly o nes, b u t i ti s more s i mi lar t o o ther I t a lian " barbar ian nma ter ia l .
6 .
E .
I n Testona t he men a re L o mbard , b u t wo men a re u n l ike t he L o mbards.
h .
I n C aste l T rosino b o th men a nd wo men a re u n l ike t he L o mbards.
The c o mparison o f t he L o mbards w i th o ther G erman ic p eop les g ives v a lu-
a b le r esu lts ( t ab les o n t he n ex t t hree p ages;
f igures 7 7-79 ) .
The L o mbards,
f ro m a b io me tr ic p o in t o fv iew , a re c losest t o t he F ranks, t he Th t lringians a nd t heSaxons, wh i le t hey a re d issimi lar t o t he B avar ians , t he A la mann i a nd t he Burgundians. 7 .
The d i f ference b e tween t he 2 0 f ea tures o f t he G erman l i tera ture a nd my
i ndices a nd t he measure men ts o f t he s ke le ta l b ones was s igni f ican t ;
t he l a t ter
s ee ms more r ea li stic t han t ha t b ased o n t he 2 0 f ea tures o f t he G erman l i terat ure , f or i nstance f or t he A la manni a nd t he western G o ths where t he d istance i s sma l ler . 8 .
Wo men , e xcep t f or t he T heringians, a re more d issimi lar t o t he f ea tures
o f men ( f ig . 7 9) . T he Ther ingian wo men a re a bou t t w ice a s d i f feren t f ro m t he L o mbards a s a re t he ir men . 9 .
Penrose-ana lysis i s o f n o v a lue w i thou t ak now ledge o ft he h istorica l b ack-
g round a nd t axono mic a na lysis ; n ew s cien ti f ic r esu l ts c an b e g ained o n ly b y t he s i mu l taneous a pp lica t ion o f t he d if feren t me thods.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 25
The d if ference i n s ize ( Penrose) b etween t he L o mbards a nd o ther Ger man p opu la tions 4 30 ma les Men
L o mbards Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .0327
F e ma les
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0387
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .0775
1 26 0 .0033 0 .0004
5 2
S axons Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0189
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .0433
N
0 .0017 2 24
Ang lo-Saxons
3 8 0 .0123
1 00
Th i lringians Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0208
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .0181
F ranks
0 .0016 5 40
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0335
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .0129
A le manni
4 24 0 .0004 0 .0041
8 69
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0006
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .0222
Bavar ians
6 72 0 .0305 0 .0027
6 8
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0037
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .0000
Burgundians
5 1 0 .0016 0 .0161
1 55
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0085
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .0235
West G oths Af ter 2 0 i ndices
N
4 40 f e males
9 6 0 .0284 0 .0594
2 23 0 .0000
0 .0007 2 231
Tota ls
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 26
1 26
1 533
The d istances o f s hape ( Penrose) b etween t he L o mbards a nd o ther Ger man p opu la t ions 4 30 ma les L o mbards Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
men
4 40 f e ma les
N
f e ma les 0 .1998
0 .2855
1 26
2 24
Ang lo-Saxons Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .2940
0 .0531
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .1672
0 .2048 3 8
5 2
S axons Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .1668
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .1589
0 .3835
1 00
Th t tr ingians Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .3706
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .1835
0 .1021 424
5 40
F ranks Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .1208
0 .3730
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .5109
0 .3953
A le manni
6 72
8 69
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0934
0 .2235
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .8722
0 .5375
Bavar ians
6 8
5 1
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .1735
0 .2087
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .4601
0 .3377
Burgundians
1 55
9 6
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .3792
0 .4569
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .3538
0 .3952
West Go ths Af ter 2 0 i ndices
N
2 23 0 .2408 2 231
Tota ls
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 27
1 26 1 .2359 1 533
The g enera lized d if ferences ( Penrose ) b etween t he L o mbards a nd o ther G er man p opu la tions L o mbards
4 30 ma les men
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .2901
f e ma les
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .3029
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .1681
1 26 0 .0538 0 .2049
5 2
S axons Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .1711
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .1650
Th i lringians
N
0 .2004 2 24
Ang lo-Saxons
3 8 0 .3863
1 00
Af ter 2 0 i nd ices
0 .3760
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .1909
F ranks
0 .1023 5 40
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .1277
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .5127
A le manni
4 24 0 .3731 0 .3959
8 69
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .0953
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .8753
Bavarians
6 72 0 .2304 0 .5379
6 8
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .1742
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .4601
Burgundians
5 1 0 .2091 0 .3612
1 55
Af ter 2 0 i ndices
0 .3811
Af ter 2 0 measure men ts
0 .3571
West Go ths Af ter 2 0 i ndices
N
4 40 f e ma les
9 6 0 .4634 0 .4036
2 23 0 .2408
1 .2361 2 231
Tota ls
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 28
1 26
1 533
APPEND IX SCHE MAT IC ANTHROPOLOGICAL MAPS I n C hap ter I ( Ana lysi s o f L o mbard g raves a nd c e me ter ies, a n thropo log ica l d escr ip t ion ) Ih ave i nc luded t he s che ma t ic p lans o ft he e xcava ted L o mbard c e met er ies i n a l l c ases where s uch p lans were a va i lab le .
S ince most o f t he p lans
h ave n o t b een p ub lished e ven i n a rchaeo log ica l p apers Ig ive o n ly t hose n eeded f or t he a n thropo log ica l a na lysis o f t he s ke le tons.
I n o rder t o b e a ble t o g ive
ar ea list ic c o mpar ison Ih ave h ad t o -o r ien ta te a l l t he maps t o N or th , -u se t he s a me s ize s y mbo ls f or a l l t he g raves, -d raw t he p lans t o t he s a me s ca le .
F or work ing c opies Ih ad a l l t he
p lans d rawn a t 1 :200 , a nd t hey h ave b een r educed t o f i t t he BAR p age s ize .
Thus t he s ca le o f t hese p lans i s 1 :400
- wr i te t he n u mbers b eside t he h ead . Ih ave u sed t he f o l low ing s y mbo ls:
1 1 1
man wo man g rave w i thou t b ones o r w i th s ke le ton o f i nde ter mina te s ex
W M
b oy
r2
g ir l
C : 3
c hi ld o f i nde ter m ina te s ex .
These p lans a re p ub l ished t o s how t he l oca t ions o f t he d i f feren t s exes, t ypes, a nd c hi lden i n t he c e me tery .
The e va lua tion o f t he p lans o f c e meter ies
i s n o t at ask f or t he a n thropo logist , b u t t he f o l low ing p oin ts a re i m med ia te ly a pparen t : 1 . T he o r ien ta t ion o f a l l L o mbard g raves i s west-east ; t he h ead b eing o n t he west a nd t he f ee t t o t he e ast ; t here a re o n ly minor d ivergences. 2 .
The g raves o f c hi ldren a re n ot p laced s epara te ly .
3 .
S epara t ion o f men a nd wo men c an b e d e tected o n ly a t Mannersdor f .
4 .
The r ows o f g raves ( Re ichengräber ) c an b e s een e specia l ly we l l i n t he
e ar l ier L o mbard c e meter ies ( main ly i n Rugi land ) ;
t hese r ows b egin t o l ose
t heir d ef in i t ion i n Pannon ia .
I n Yugoslavia a nd i n I t a ly t he r ows a re a rranged
a ccording t o Ro man s yste m .
I den tica l t ypes a re c lose t o e ach o ther i n t he
c e me ter ies o f Pannon ia , i n t he b ur ia l p laces o f f a mi l ies. 5 .
C e me ter ies i n Pannon ia u sed f or 4 2 y ears a re t w ice a s d ense ly o ccup ied
a s t hose u sed f or 2 2 y ears.
The o n ly e xp lana tion i s t ha t p eop le were b uried i n
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 29
f a mi ly g roups.
F a mi lies l i ving t here f or a s hor ter t ime b ur ied f ewer me mbers
t han t hose f or a l onger t ime . A s t he L o mbards l i ved i n a l most i den tica l c o mmun i ties, t he d ensi ty o fb ur ia ls i n t he c e me ter ies c an i ndica te t he d ura t ion o f t he ir r esidence . 6 .
I n t o ta l ly e xcava ted c e me ter ies ( e .g . S zen tendre ) t he t ypes c haracteristic
o ft he L o mbards a re f ound i n t he c en tre o ft he c e me tery , wh i le s ke le tons o f t he l oca l p opu la t ion a re a t t he s ides ( i n S zen tendre , a t t he s ou thern s ide ) . SU M MARY The s ources o f t he Midd le Ages d o n o t e xclude t he p ossibi li ty o f aS cand in .avian(Scadanan ) o r ig in f or t he L o mbards.
Thus t he s ources d o n o t e xclude ,
a nd a n thropo logy s uppor ts, a S candinavian ( Go th land ic) o r ig in . We h ave n o a n thropo log ica l ly v a luab le b one ma ter ia l f ro m t he l ower p ar t o f t he E lbe ;
i n t his a rea t he L o mbards p ractised c re ma tion .
B ones f ro m t he
i nvasion o f Pannon ia ( 167-168 -16 16z) h ave n o t b een p reserved .
We c an e x-
amine L o mbard b one ma ter ia l o n ly af ter t heir e xodus f ro m t he mo ther land ( i n a bou t 3 80 ) . Ap ar t o f t he L o mbards l ef t t he mo ther land . was Maur ing ia , Go la ida , An tha ib , B urgundha ib .
The r ou te o f t heir migra tion B efore r eaching R ugi land
t hey were i n Bohe mia o n ly f or a s hor t t ime i n ar a ther r estr icted a rea a nd t heir r e ma ins a re d i f f icu l t t o s epara te f ro m t hose o f t he l oca l i nhabi tan ts a nd t he Th t lr ingians.
To j udge f ro m l a ter , c er tain ly L o mbard , c e me ter ies a t
Praha-Podbaba , Z a luzi a nd Mochov ( perhaps a lso a t K lucov) , b eside t he F rank ish-Thf tr ingian b uria ls t here a re a lso s o me L o mbard s ke le tons. The L o mbards a rr ived i n Rug i land (Sou th Moravia a nd a p ar t o f L ower Austr ia ) b efore 4 88 , a nd t hus t hey e n tered h istory .
B o th a rchaeo logy a nd
a n thropo logy c onsiders F e ld t o b e o n t he t erii tory o f Tu l in .
I n R ugi land t he
L o mbards b eca me mixed w i th Heru li , R ug i i , Danubian S uebi a nd Marco mann i . S ke le ta l r e mains f ro m c e me ter ies i n Moravia a re d efect ive , t he e xcava t ions a nd p ub lica t ions a re p oor , a nd o n ly S ara t ice c an b e i ncluded among t he L o mb ard c e me ter ies.
I n L ower Austr ia , P oysdorf , Hausk irchen , Neu-Ruppersdor f , O berbierbau m l S trass a nd H o l labrunn c an b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he L o mbards ( or most ly t o t he m ) ; R ohrendorf b e longed e i ther t o t he H eru l i o r t o t he R ugi i o r t o t he Danubian S ueb i , a nd Erpersdorf c an b e a scr ibed most p robably t o t he Marco mann i o r t he H eru li . A s f or t he t ime o f a rr iva l i n Pannon ia , a n thropo logy s uppor ts B o-n a ' s " double o ccupa t ion";
i n 5 26-27 t here were a lready s o me L o mbards i n t he
western p ar t o f Pannon ia , whi le t he l arger p ar t o f t he L o mbards, l ed b y Audoin , a rr ived i n 5 46-48 . I n "Pannon ia" Mannersdorf ( 50% ) , G roshöf le in , Vörs, Värpa lo ta , S zent endre , Ra-c a l mäs, Budapest-Szepvö lgyi-u t , Gyönk , Mohäcs, Mosonszen t jänos a nd K ädär ta c e me ter ies b e long t o t he L o mbards. C e me ter ies, where t here a re s o me L o mbards, b u t which b e long p r imari ly t o p e o p l e s t h e y me t d u r i n g t h e i r m i g r a t i o n ( F r a n k i s h , M e r o v i n g i a n s , Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 30
Thür ingians, H eru l i , Rugi i , R o mans, Danubians, S uebi , Marco mann i e tc. ) la re : S chwecha t , 5 0% o f Mannersdorf , S teinbrunn , N ik i tsch , H egykö , K po , nsny k , Tamasi a nd Dör . C e me ter ies w i th n on-Lo mbard ma teria l ( preLo mbard G erman ic p eop les) a re : Wien , S a lvatorgasse , I szkaszen tgyörgy , Ta ma-s i-Ador jänpuszta , Epö l, Z a laszen tgro-t , S oponya , l i a-c s-Bendekpuszta , R egö ly , e tc . I n I t a ly t he L o mbards a rr ived i n 5 68 t oge ther w i th t he S axons, Pannonians, Danubian S uebi ,
Bu lgarians ' ( Ku tigurs) , F ranks, East G oths e tc .
There,
t hough p ro tected b y t heir l aws, t hey b eca me a bsorbed i n to t he l oca l p opu la tion o f I t a ly .
There a re L o mbard s ke le tons a t K ran j, b u t most o f t he g raves b e longed
t o t he East G oths a nd t o t he l oca l p opu la t ion .
The a n thropo logica l ma teria l
f ro m C ivida le, O f fanengo , R eggio Emi l ia , Verona a nd F ieso le V ia R iorbico i s L o mbard .
I n Brescia S an S a lva tore , i n T estona a nd i n Ca lste l Trosino t he
L o mbards a nd t he Ro man ised l oca l p opu la t ion u sed t he s a me c e me tery .
The
g raves a t Brescia Gussago a nd V obarno b e longed t o t he l oca l p opu la tion . N on-Lo mbard c e me ter ies o f t he 'e ta b arbarica ' a re Dolianova , C o macina , Va l d i F ie m me , Aqui lea , Verona ( La C onco la ) , Muggia Vecchia , Canfanaro . I n F ieso le P iaz2a Umber to I 0 f oreign " barbarian" p eop le ( perhaps Eastern G oths) were b ur ied . Pa leode mography 4 30 o f t he s ke le tons b e longed t o men , 4 40 t o wo men ( t he r a t io i s 1 .000 : 1 .023 i n f avour o f wo men ) .
T he c o mponen ts o f t he r a t io a re u nrea li st ic :
t here a re more wo men i n t he c eme teries, whi le t he s tray f inds b e longed most ly t o men ( because o fb e t ter p reserva t ion ) ;
most o f t he i n ten t ional ly
f ormed s ku l ls b e longed t o wo men , whi le i n t he c ase o f "a d p er t icas" g raves) we must c oun t ma in ly w i th men .
( Sy mbo lic
N o c hi ldren u nder 1y ear o ld h ave
b een f ound , a nd t here were o n ly 4 c h i ldren u nder 2y ears.
This meaas
" Sonderbesta t tung" ; t he u nrea list ic a verage a ge o f men c a lcu la ted o n t he b asis o ft he s ke le tons i s 3 4 y ears a nd 4 mon ths.
I f we c orrect i tb y a dd ing
i nfan t a nd c h i ld mor ta l i ty r a tes wh ich a re r ea list ic f or Ger man ic c e me teries i n t he 5 th-6th c en turies, t he a verage a ge o f t he L o mbards i s 2 4 y ears a nd 8mon ths ( wo men :
2 4 y ears a nd 3 mon ths) .
The t wo l imi t ing v a lues o f t he
a ge c urve a re u nrea list ic . H e igh t The a verage a ccord ing t o B ach-Bre i t inger l s me thods i s 1 71.1 cm f or men a nd 1 61 .6 cm f or wo men .
The d i f ference b e tween t he m a nd t he Thar ingians,
Bavar ians, S axons, A la mann i , F ranks a nd Merovingians o f t he 5 th-6th c en turies i s o n ly a f ew mi l l i metres. Dura t ion t ime o f t he c e me ter ies I n R ug i land a nd i n Pannon ia 3 -4 f aras l i ved o n o ne s i te ; t he a verage n u mber o f t he p eop le l i v ing i n af ara was a bou t 5 5. There was more t han o ne c en tre i n ac e metery . The a pprox i ma te d ura tion t ime o f s o me c e meter ies ( i f WI 's a nd K a jdacs were u sed f or 2 2 y ears) were : O berbierbau m , 4 4 y ears ; B ezenye , 4 2 y ears ( t he n u mber o f missing g raves i s a bou t 1 3 ) ; S zen tendre , 4 1 y ears ;
Ta mäsi , 2 3 y ears.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 31
Ana lysis o f me trica l d a ta The f o l low ing f ea tures a re c haracteristic o f t he L o mbards: d o lichomesocran ia l, o r thocran ic, me tr iocran ic , e ury me topic, meso-lep toprosop ic, mesene ,mesoconch ic, l ep to- mesorrh ine , l ep tostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic . The h eads o ft he men a re r e la t ive ly l onger , n arrower a nd h igher t han t hose o ft he wo men . The d if ference b e tween t he t wo s exes i n measure men ts i s s l igh t . T he r obust ici ty i ndex f or men i s much h igher t han t ha t o f wo men . Dyna m ic a na lysis o ft he measure men ts a nd i ndices g ives much more i nf orma t ion t han s ta tic a na lyses, t hough t he c e me ter ies c o mpared ( ca tegor ies) a re o f d i f feren t v a lue . The a bso lu te l eng th o f t he h eads o f t he men ( no t o ft he wo men ) s hor tens a s t hey migra te f rom t he n or th t o t he s ou th . Brachycran ia li ty i n t he men ( no t g ene t ic b u t e thn ic) b eco mes more marked t han t ha t o ft he wo men .
T he v a lue o ft he l eng th-bread th i ndex g rows.
l ep toprosop ia b eco mes r arer .
Ex treme l ep ten ia a nd
T he r a t io o f t he l ong b ones i s f i rst N ord ic, t hen
a cqu ires C ro- Magnon id f ea tures.
T he a verage h e igh t f a l ls b u t o n ly b y al i t t le .
T axono mic p icture The "R e ichengr g tber typ" u sed b y a u thors wr i t ing a bou t G erman ic c e met er ies c on ta ins 1 6 f orms. T he f o l low ing f or ms a re c haracter ist ic o f t he L o mb ards n ear t he E lbe ( w i th s l igh t l oca l i n f luence ) : p rotonord ic, N ordic, b rachyc ran ic N ord ic, g raci lised C ro- Magnon id ( GronerTyp ) , N ord ic-Cro- Magnon id ( Nordendorfer-Typ ) , N ord ic- Med i terran ian ( f ro m e ar ly R o man mix ing ) , a nd C ro- Magnon id-At lan to- Med i terran ian ( f ro m R o man mix ing ) . Graci l- Med i terran ian ( i n t he e ar liest t imes) , A t lan to- Med i terran ian ( f ro m t he R omans) , A lp ine ( l oca l p opu la t ion o ft he h i l ls a nd e nde mic C e l t ic p opu lat i on ) , A lp ine-Cro- Magnon id ) l oca l p opu la t ion o f Rugi land , H eru li a nd Rug i i ) a nd A lp ine- Med i terranian ( Ro man ised l oca l p opu la tion ) were t aken o ver b y t he L o mbards f ro m t he l oca l p opu la tion . The "Taur id" t ype which o ccurs a f ter t heir s tay i n B ohemia h as a s pecia l p lace among t he L o mbards ( t he g raci lised v ar ie ty o f t he G lochenbecher t ype) . I ti s f requen t among t he A la mann i , Meroving ians, F ranks a nd Thür ingians; i tp robab ly r eached t he L o mbards f ro m t hem .
The mix ing o f t he g raci lised
G lockenbecher t ype w i th t he C ro- Magnon id t ype i s f requen t , b u t o n ly i n t he s ou thern p ar t o f Rugi land , among t he R ugi i . This i s t he d ominan t t ype i nt he G rafenwör th c e me tery .
The mix ing o ft he "T aur id" a nd t he g raci l- Medi ter-
r anean t ypes i s a lso f requen t ; b eside t he L o mbards i ti s of ten r epresen ted i n A lamann ic c e me ter ies. I n B ohemia t he L o mbards l i ved t oge ther ( " mixed") w i th t he F rank ish ; T hür ingian- Merovingian e thn ic g roup . T hey a cqu ired f ea tures p resen t among t he m i n a l l t he ir l a ter h istory .
Th is "c orded" r obust t ype i s l ep toprosopic,
d o lichocran ic, a nd h as a n a ngu larlook ing s ku ll .
I n f ore ign l i tera ture i ti s
c a l led t he "F ranken type" ,a nd Ic a l l i tt he "F rank ish-Thür ing ian" t ype .
I t
i s n o t c haracter ist ic o ft he a ncien t L o mbards. The c ran ia l f or ma tion o ft he L ombards was f a lse ly i n troduced i n t he l i tera ture .
There a re o n ly 5 i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l ls i n B ohe m ia f ro m t his
Kiszely, István. The the Parts Ii.r t iAnthropology me a ndoft h oLombards, ugh t h eyI and we e a l l f ound E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
i n c eme ter ies where t here a re L o mbard
2 32
g raves, t he t ype a nd me thod o ft he f or ma tion b e longs t o t he "Th f ir ingian f orma t ion c ircle". I n Moravia 2 5 i n ten t iona l ly f ormed s ku l ls were f ound . On ly t he o ne f ound i n g rave 21/b a t S ara t ice b e longed t o L o mbard e thn ic g roup , b u t i t s t ype i s "F rankish-Th i ir ingian". A l l t he o ther c e me teries a nd s i tes a re n o t we l l d a ted o r we l l p ub lished a nd t hey a re n o t L o mbard . Rug i land was t he t hird c en tre o f i n ten t iona l c ran ia l f orma tion i n Europe . T he c usto m was p ractised b y ap eop le l i v ing t here b efore a nd af ter t he a rriva l o f t he L o mbards. Th is p eop le c ou ld b e t he H eru li o r t he Rugi i . They c ou ld h ave a cqu ired t he c usto m f ro m t he H uns, o f who m t hey were d ependen ts. I n Pannon ia t here were n o i n ten tiona l ly f or med s ku lls i n L o mbard c e met er ies. Wien-Sa lva torgasse i s e ar l ier , t he S te inbrunn f i nds b e longed t o F rank ish-Th f Ir ing ian p eop le , a nd N iki tsch i s e i ther H eru li o r R ug i i . F er tös zen tmik lös i s p robab ly D anubian S uebi , t he o ther f i nds d a te f ro m e ar lier t imes. T he f ormed s ku l ls a t K ran j ( Yugoslavia ) b e longed t o t he G oths a s d id t he f i nd f ro m F iezo le P iazza Umber to I ° . The t ee th o ft he L o mbards The n umber o ft ee th e xam ined i s 8 ,148 ; t oge ther w i th t he a bsorbed a lveo lar s ur faces :
8 ,709 .
T h is i s 3 0 .42% o ft he t o ta l p ossible n u mber .
The
c ar ies p ercen tage i s 2 .41 , l ess t han t ha t o ft he p resen t d ay . The r a tio b etween men a nd wo men i s n ear ly e qua l . The l ow i ndex i s d ue t o t he f ood r ich i nv i tamin A . The p ropor t ion o ft ee th l ost d ur ing l i fe time i s 6 .44% . The a brasion l eve l i s h igher t han t he p resen t o ne . L o mbard h u man r epresen ta t ion s On t he f ee t a nd t he h ead o f f i bu lae a nd g o ld c rosses, o n r e lief s a nd s ta tues t here a re s evera l L o mbard h u man r epresen ta tions. The h eads o ft hese c an b e c orre la ted w i th t he c o m men ts o n t he L o mbards i n wri t ten s ources, a nd w i th t he b ones f ro m t heir g raves. The most f requen t i s t he N ord ic-CroMagnon id t ype ( "p ear-shaped" h ead , l ep toprosopic, l ep terene w i th s trong z ygo ma tic p ar t , l ep torrh ine , "r unn ing" f orehead , h igh , n arrow mand ib le, mesocran ic, t a l l p ersons
w hich t ype was f ound ma in ly i n r ich g raves.
Wi th
t he d isappearance o ft he L o mbard h a ir-sty le a nd g armen ts t he c haracteristic L o mbard f ace a nd h ead b eg ins t o c hange . The p lans o f L o mbard c e me teries p rove t ha t t he c eme ter ies g rew f ro m f a mi ly c en tres.
I nstead o ft he Ep i logue We c an r each t he s pr ing le t o n ly i f we s tr ive a ga inst t he s trea m .... ( Andre G ide )
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 33
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Table 1
Celakov ice ( Ma l Y1 935 )*
Measure m ,q i ts o f t he c ran ium c erebrale Nu mbers a f ter Mar t in
Males N
Vm in -V max
F e ma les M
N
Vm i nV max
1
5
1 84-187
1 86.60
4
1 69-180
1 75.00
3
5
1 74-182
1 80.80
4
1 66-171
1 68.75
8
5
1 31-136
1 35.80
4
1 19-135
1 29.50
9
5
8 9-104
9 4.80
4
8 9-94
1 0
5
1 07-120
1 14.40
3
1 01-116
1 10.66
1 1
5
1 06-110
1 08.33
4
8 3-101
9 5.60
1 2
4
1 00-111
1 03.25
4
9 2-110
1 01.75
1 3
3
19-128
1 24.33
4
1 04-128
1 17.50
9 1.25
1 7
3
1 35-137
1 36.00
4
1 20-133
1 29.50
2 3
5
4 99-521
5 12.20
4
4 42-485
4 91.75
2 4
5
3 00-321
3 10.50
4
2 87-332
3 08.00
2 5
4
3 35-370
3 63-50
4
3 51-372
3 59.00
The missing d a ta was n o t p ubl ished b y Ma ly ( 1935 ); t he s ke letal mater ial h as s ince d ecayed. Table 2
Celakov ice ( Malt 1 935 )
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f acia le
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
Males N
Vm in V m
4 0
5
9 2-94
4 3
5
10-112
4 4
5
9 4-102
4 5
1
1 31-131
4 6
5
8 7-96
4 7
4
1 11-120
4 8
5
5 0
5
5 1 5 2
Fe ma les M
N
Vm in -Vmax
4
9 1-98
9 6.25
11.33
4
1 05-116
1 09.00
9 6.50
4
9 1-98
1 31.00
3
1 14-132
9 3.00
9 4.00 1 22.00
9 1.25
4
8 8-93
1 14.66
3
1 10-116
9 1.50
6 6-73
6 9.75
4
6 3-72
6 4.75
1 9-22
1 9.50
4
2 0-26
2 3.50
5
3 8-40
3 9.00
4
3 6-45
4 0.00
5
3 1-35
3 3.00
4
3 1-36
3 0.00
5 4
5
2 3-24
2 3.50
4
2 3-25
1 9.00
5 5
5
5 0-55
5 1.50
4
4 6-53
5 0.00
6 1
5
5 6-62
5 9.25
4
5 5-62
5 8.75
6 2
5
4 8-53
5 0.75
4
4 8-52
5 0.75
6 3
5
3 6-45
4 0.50
4
3 4-41
3 7.75 1 15.00
1 12.33
6 5
5
1 14-126
1 20.00
3
1 07-123
6 6
3
9 9-104
1 04.25
2
9 0-107
9 8.50
6 9
5
2 6-32
3 0.00
3
2 7-30
2 9.00
7 1/a
5
3 0-35
3 2.50
3
2 7-29
2 8.33
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 35
Table 3
Celakov ice ( Mali 1 935 )
I nd ices f e ma les
males
Numbers
V . -V min max
a fter Mart in
N
V V min max
8 :1 1 7 :1
5 3
7 0.41-75.40 7 72.34-74.29
1 7 :8
3
1 00.00-100.84
9 :10
5
7 8.33-85.95
8 2.89
3
8 0.00-88.12
8 3.05
5
6 5.44-74.79
7 0.82
4
6 6.67-70.68
6 9.30
2
9 2.50-101.75
9 7.13
4 8 :45
1
5 4.96-54.96
5 4.96
3
5 4.55-59.65
5 6.40
5 2:51 d
5
7 9.49-89.74
8 0.70
4
8 0.00-86.11
8 3.31
5 4:55
5
4 5.10-48.00
4 5.73
4
4 5.28-50.00
4 8.07
4
2 1.51-28.57
2 5.01
4
6 6.67-79.17
7 4.44
7 2.35 7 3.93
4 4
7 4.86-75.57 7 1.01-75.57
1 00.49
4
9 9.24-100.74
7 5.11 7 3.97
2 0 :1
9 :8 4 7 :45
5 0 :54
4
1 8.09-22.92
2 0.23
6 3:62
4
7 5.00-84.91
7 9.69
Table 4
1 00.20
N eu-Ruppersdor f
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le Males
Numbers a f ter Mart in
N
Vm in-V max
1
4
1 82-220
F e ma les Vm in-V max 1 97 .00
4
1 77-187
1 80.50
3
4
1 75-197
1 88.50
2
1 73-175
1 74.00
5
3
1 00-119
1 10.33
1
1 01-101
1 01.00
7
3
3 7-38
3 7.50
1
3 7-37
8
4
1 27-137
1 32.33
4
1 28-145
9
4
8 8-114
9 7 .75
4
9 2-100
9 6.75
1 0
4
1 11-116
1 14.00
4
1 15-123
1 19.50
1 1
4
1 14-121
1 16.75
3
1 06-116
1 13.33
1 2
4
1 08-126
1 13.75
3
1 09-113
1 12.00
1 3
4
8 3-106
9 6.50
4
9 8-119
1 07.50
1 7
3
1 31-137
1 34.67
1
1 08-108
1 28.00
2 0
4
1 07-121
1 16.00
4
1 02-111
1 08.85
2 3
4
4 95-542
5 28.75
4
5 08-526
5 17.50
2 4
4
2 80-318
3 03.50
4
2 90-312
3 00.50
2 5
4
3 60-388
3 74.50
1
3 88-388
3 88.00
3 7.00 1 34,75
3 2/ 1
4
4 5 049 °
4 5 047°
4 6.00 °
4
4 2°-44 °
4 70. 75 4 3.00°
3
3 2/2
3
4 0°-42 0
4 1.00 0
32 /a
4
7 2 °81°
7 7 .33°
3
6 8 °88°
7 2.00 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 36
Table 5
N eu-Ruppersdorf
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f aciale
Nu mbers a f ter Mar t in
Ma les N
F e males
V min-V max
M
N M Vm in-V max
M
4 0
1
9 8-98
9 8.00
-
-
-
4 2
3
1 10-123
1 16.67
-
-
-
4 3
5
1 05-118
1 10.00
3
1 07-116
4 4
4
9 1-93
9 2.75
3
9 2-93
4 5
4
1 28-136
1 31.00
3
1 15-129
4 6
3
8 6-96
9 0.67
3
9 2-98
4 7
4
1 05-123
1 12.00
2
1 05-109
4 8
3
6 5-80
7 2.25
3
6 5-73
6 9.00
5 0
3
1 9-23
2 2.33
2
2 0.25
2 2.50
10.33 9 2.67 1 20.33 9 6.00 1 07.00
5 1/d
4
3 9-41
4 0.25
3
3 9-41
3 9.67
5 2/d
4
3 1-36
3 3.50
3
3 3-37
3 4.67
5 4
1
2 7-27
2 7.00
3
2 1-24
2 2.33
5 5
2
4 8-51
4 9.67
3
4 8-49
4 8.50
6 0
3
5 1-55
5 2.33
3
4 2-53
4 7.00
6 1
3
5 9-61
6 0.33
3
5 9-60
5 9.33
6 2
-
-
-
1
4 5-45
4 5.00
6 3
3
3 6-38
6 5
5
1 08-119
6 6
4
8 4-94
6 8
5
9 8-108
6 9
5
2 5-37
7 0/a ,d
4
7 1/a ,d
4
7 2 7 3 7 9
5
3 7.00
3
3 6-38
1 13.40
4
1 14-119
3 5.67 1 16.75
9 0.00
4
8 5-98
1 08.80
4
9 3-104
9 9.60
3 0.40
4
2 2-30
2 6.00
6 6-72
6 9.00
4
5 8-73
6 4.00
2 4-34
3 1.60
4
2 8-32
3 1.20
3
8 0 082 0
8 1.00 °
2
7 8 °79 °
7 8.50°
3
8 4 °86 °
8 5.00 °
2
8 5 °85 °
8 5.00 °
1 05-134°
1 19.80°
4
1 17 ° 134°
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 37
9 3.60
1 21.40 °
Table 6
N eu-Ruppersdorf
I nd ices f e ma les
ma les
Numbers
V . -V min max
a fter Mart in
N
V .V min max
8 :1 c ran iu m
4
6 7.10-70.37
6 9.78
4
7 2.32-94.44
8 0.24
1 7 :1
4
5 8.88-72.49
6 6.29
4
5 7.30-63.28
6 0.27
2 0 :1
3
5 5.00-63.49
5 8.88
1
6 0.56-60.56
6 0.56
1 7 :8
4
9 0.63-103.15
9 9.02
4
6 5.29-87.50
7 6.00
2 0 :8
3
8 4.25-90.23
8 7.60
9 :10
5
7 9.25-102.70
8 5.25
3
8 1.30-81.51
8 1.27 6 5.91
9 :8
5
6 9.17-89.06
7 4.04
3
5 8.82-67.59
4 7 :45
5
8 1.82-110.19
9 3.24
1
8 4.50-84.50
8 4.50
4 8 :45
5
4 5.45-65.63
5 5.38
1
5 9.59-59.59
5 9.59
5 2:51 d
5
7 7.50-90.00
8 3.51
2
8 7.18-90.24
8 8.71
5 4:55
2
4 5.83-50.94
4 8.38
1
4 2.86-42.86
4 2.86
5 0 :44
4
2 0.88-27.47
2 3.65
1
2 6.88-26.88
2 6.88
1
7 3.73-73.73
7 3.73
1
1 28.26-128.26
1
2 0.45-20.45
6 3:62 6 1:60
4
6 :1 c lav icu la 6 :5 h u merus
1 4
1 10.09-140.48
1 21.47
2 2.09-22.09
2 2.09
7 3.91-99.99
8 2.96
7 :1
5
1 7.66-20.30
5 :2 s acru m
1
1 10.78-110.78
2 :1
1
9 0.09-90.09
9 0.09
3
3 9.34-73.68
5 7.35
2 0.45
7 5.00-88.89
8 3.86 1 7.78
1 8.88
1
1 7.78-17.78
1 10.78
1
1 16.67-116.67
1
1 52.30-152.30
5
6 0.00-88.89
1 :2 p elv is s ex.
1 2
1 28.26
1 16.67 1 52.30 7 2.03
6 :7 f e mur
1 5
8 1.25-108.00
9 9.77
1 2
8 4.62-108.33
1 0 :9
1 5
6 6.67-84.37
7 4.69
1 2
7 1.87-92.31
8 0.25
9 a :8a t i bia
1 5
5 9.37-80.00
7 0.40
1 2
6 5.71-76.92
6 8.73
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 38
1 00.88
Table 7
N eu-Ruppersdorf
Measure men ts o f t he p osteran ial s keleton
Numbers a f ter
Males
Mart in
N
F e males
Vm in-V max
1 , e lav icu la
1
1 63-163
6
7
3 1-39
1 , h u merus
2
2 4
N 1 63.00
1
Vr n i nV max 1 32-132 2 7-32
1 32.00
3 3.00
1 0
3 35-340
3 37.50
4
3 13-337
3 24.33
3 1.16
2
3 30-332
3 31.00
3
3 04-306
3 05.00
4
5 6-64
6 1.00
3
3 8-54
5 3.50
5
1 1
1 8-23
2 1.60
1 4
1 5-20
1 9.67
6
1 1
1 3-20
1 8.20
1 4
1 5-19
1 6.37
7
1 1
5 1-68
6 2.00
1 4
4 8-49
4 8.50
9
2
4 8-64
5 7.12
2
4 1-41
4 1.00
6
2 38-268
1 , r ad ius
-
-
-
4
6
1 2-15
1 4.00
1 7
1 3-17
1 4.40
5
6
9 -12
1 0.50
1 6
9 -13
1 0.50
1 , u lna
1
2 75-275
1 , p elv is
-
-
2 75.00 -
-
-
1
2 01-201
2 54.25
2 01.00
2
1
1 56-156
1 56.00
1
1 32-132
1 32.00
1 , f e mur
4
4 34-489
4 38.00
7
4 20-472
4 45.80
4
4 32-478
4 35-00
7
4 16-468
4 35.00
2 6
1 1
2 6-32
2 6.67
1 6
2 4-27
2 5.00
7
1 1
2 5-33
2 8.33
1 6
2 3-32
2 6.12
9
1 1
2 9-36
3 2.50
1 6
2 2-35
2 9.50
1 1
2 3-27
2 5.87
1 6
2 1-26
2 2.86
4 5.33
1 6
1 0 1 9 1 , t ibia
6
2 1-46
4
3 59-419
3 89.00
4
4 1-46
4 2.80
3 22-369
3 45.50
8 a
1 0
2 6-34
3 0.60
1 6
2 6-35
3 0.88
9 a
1 0
2 0-26
2 2.80
1 6
1 9-23
2 1.11
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 39
Table 8
Poysdorf
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
.Numbers a f ter Mar t in
g .2
g .3
g .4
g .5
g .6
g .7
3 0-35
5 0y
5 0-55
2 5-30
4 0y
5 y
Males
Fe ma les
m
1
2 01
1 96?
1 81
1 97
1 96
1 65
1 97.75
1 81
3
1 97
1 82
1 73
1 93
1 85
-
1 89.20
1 73
5
-
-
1 05
1 12
1 02
8 2
1 03.00
1 05
7
-
-
-
3 5
4 1
_
2 8.00
-
8
1 27
1 36
1 33
1 41
1 39
1 38
1 36.75
1 33
9 0
9 6
9 9
9 4
9 6
8 4
9 5.00
9 9
1 0
9
1 12
1 20
1 17
1 21
1 21
1 15
16.75
1 17
1 1
1 04
-
1 20
_
1 25
_
1 14.50
1 20
1 2
9 5
-
1 06
1 11
1 18
-
1 08.00
1 06
1 3
1 10
-
1 28
_
1 33
1 15
9 7.50
1 28
1 7
1 34
-
1 26
1 45
1 36
1 26
1 39.50
1 28
2 0
1 21
1 16
1 08
-
1 15
1 08
1 17.33
1 08
2 3
5 41
5 40
5 08
5 40
5 51
4 77?
5 33.25
5 08
2 4
3 12
3 06
3 00
-
3 01
-
3 03.00
3 00
-
4 00 -
2 5 3 2/1 3 2/2 32 /a
4 5 4 2
7 9
3 75
o o
0
4 3 3 8o
3 9 0 4 3 o
-
8 5
_
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 40
3 83 o 4 8
4 3 8 0
o 0
3 58 _
3 94.00 o 4 5.00 4 0.66 o
390
7 9.50 o
8 5o
Table 9
Poysdorf
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f aciale
g -2 Nu mbers a fter Mart in 4 0
g .3
g .4
g .5
g .6
3 0-35
5 0y
5 0-55
2 5-30
4 0y
m
m
f
m
m
-
-
1 05
1 05
g .7 5 y
1 02
-
Ma les
Fe ma les
1 03.50
1 05
4 2
-
-
1 07
1 27
19
-
1 23.00
1 07
4 3
1 04
1 16?
1 09
1 08
1 15
-
1 10.75
1 09
4 4
9 4
9 8?
4 5
-
-
9 5 1 31
-
8 9
1 01
-
9 5.50
9 5
1 23?
1 37
-
1 31.00
1 31
4 6
9 2
9 3
9 3
1 08
4 7
1 18
1 14?
1 12
1 39
1 10
-
4 8
6 9
6 9?
6 7
8 6
6 8
-
5 0
1 8
-
1 9
-
-
-
1 8.00
1 9
5 1/d
4 1
-
4 1
4 0
4 3
-
3 8.50
4 1
5 2/d
3 5
-
3 6
3 5
3 5
-
3 2.00
3 6
5 4
2 0
-
2 5
2 5
2 7
-
2 4.00
2 5 5 2
-
9 7.67
9 3
1 20.00
1 12
6 9.00
6 7
5 5
5 2
5 3?
5 2
6 2
5 3
-
5 2.00
6 0
5 2
5 2
-
5 2
5 5
-
5 6.00
-
6 1
6 3
5 3
5 9
6 4
6 5
-
6 1.00
5 9
6 2
-
-
3 4
5 3
4 6
-
4 9.50
5 4
6 3
3 8
3 2?
3 5
3 9
4 2
-
3 7.85
3 5
6 5
1 02
6 6
8 0?
1 29
1 00?
1 14?
1 18
-
1 15.00
1 10?
1 02
9 2?
1 08?
9 3
8 1
9 5.25
9 2?
6 8
1 15
1 05
6 9
3 3
3 1
2 2?
7 0/a ,d
6 3
6 3
6 7
7 1/a ,d
3 6
3 2
3 1
-
-
-
1 27 o
1 31 0
7 2 7 9
8 7 1 16
0 o
1 18
1 03
o
1 21
1 10
-
1 12.75
3 9
2 9
2 5
3 1.75
7 3
7 0
4 3
7 0.00
6 7
3 4
3 0
3 0
3 3.00
3 1
8 2 o
-
8 4.50 o
-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 41
1 22 o
1 34 o
1 21.75 o
1 03 2 7?
1 27 o
Table 1 0
Poysdorf
I nd ices
g . 2
g . 3
g . 4
g . 5
g . 6
g . 7
a f ter
3 0-35
5 0 y
5 0-55
2 5-30
4 0 y
5y
Males
Mar t in
m 6 3.18
6 9.39
7 3.48
7 1.57
7 0.92
8 3.64
6 8.76
6 9.61
7 3.60
6 9.39
7 6.36
7 1 . 49
6 9.61
6 0.20
5 9.18
5 9.61
5 8.67
6 5.45
5 4.94
5 9.61
9 8.74
9 7.84
9 1.30
9 7.84
9 4.84
2 0 :8
9 5.28
8 5.29
8 1.29
8 2 . 73
7 8.26
8 7.77
8 1.20
9 :10
8 0.36
8 0.00
8 4.62
1 02.84
7 9.34
7 3.04
7 9.90
8 4.62
9 :8
7 0.87
7 0.59
7 4.44
6 6.67
6 9.67
6 0.87
6 9.30
7 4.44
4 7 :45
9 9.12
8 5.50
1 13.01
8 0.29
9 7.44
8 5.50
4 8 :45
6 0.53?
5 1.15
6 9.92?
4 9.64
6 0.03
5 1.15
8 3.33
8 7.80
8 7.50
8 1.40
8 4.40
8 7.80
Numbers
8 :1 C r. 1 7 :1 2 0 :1 1 7 :8
Fe ma les
7 3.48
5 2 :51 d
8 5.37
5 4 :55
5 0.00
4 8.08
4 0.34
5 0.94
4 7.08
4 8.08
5 0 :44
1 9.15
2 0.00
2 5.84
2 4. 75
2 3.25
2 0.00
6 3:62 1 21.16
1 01.92
6 :1 c l .
2 4.84
2 0.69
6 :5 h u .
7 9.17
6 1:60
1 02.94
7 3.58
9 1.30
8 2.44
1 02.94
1 22.94
1 16.36
1 18.18
1 14.40
1 22.94
2 4.64
2 3.39
7 7.27
8 1.82 1 7.94
7 :1 5 :2 s a. 2 :1 1 :2 p e.
8 1.82
8 2.31
1 8.05
2 0.94
1 08.33
1 08.33
9 8.36
9 8.36
1 46.87
12 7.98
1 37.44
6 :7 f e.
8 4.85
9 0.00
1 00.00
1 07.41
8 9.29
8 7.36
1 00.00
1 0 :9
6 7.57
7 7.78
8 2.76
8 1.25
7 5.76
7 3.40
8 2.76
9 a :8a t i .
6 8.42
6 3.64
8 3.33
7 8.12
7 4.07
7 0.65
8 3.33
K ey :
c r. = c ran iu m; c l. = c lav icu la ; h u . =h u merus; p e. = p elv is;
f e. = f e mur ;
s a. = s acru m ;
t i . =t i b ia ; g . =g rave.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 42
Table 1 1
Poysdorf
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton g .2
g .3
g .4
Nu mbers
3 0-35
5 0y
5 0-55
2 5-30
4 0y
a f ter Mart in
m
m
f
m
m
1 , c lav icu la 1 53 6 3 8
1 45 3 0
g .5
g .6
g .7 5 y m
1 42 2 9
3 5
3 5
Males M
3 8
3 5.20
1 ,hu merus
3 31
3 40
2
3 24
3 36
3 30
4
-
6 1
5 9
6 4
6 2.50
5
2 4
2 2
-
2 2
2 2
2 5
2 3.50
6
1 9
1 8
-
1 8
1 7
2 3
1 9.67
6 2
6 7
6 8.35
2 43
2 61.50
7 1
6 1
4 7
6 8
9
4 1
4 7
-
-
4 6
3 28.67
2 56
2 62
-
-
1 7
1 4
-
1 5
1 7
1 7
1 6.00
5
1 4
1 2
-
1 2
1 2
1 3
1 2.67
2 83
2 85
-
2 97
2 83
2 85.00
-
1 22
1 22.00
2
-
1 20
1 20.00
5
-
1 30
1 30.00 2 25.90
1 , u lna
1 , p elv is 2
2 27
2 20
-
2 35
2 15
-
-
-
1 60?
1 68
1 64.00 4 71.00
1 , f e mur
4 52
-
-
4 96
4 70
2
4 46
-
-
4 95
4 69
6
2 8
2 7
2 5
2 9
2 5
4 7.00
4 4.63
4
2 , s acru m
2 9.00
3 35.56
2 58
1 , r ad ius
M
1 46.67
3 38
7
Fe ma les
4 68.70 2 9
2 7.80
2 6.00
7
3 3
3 0
2 5
2 7
2 8
3 4
3 0.40
2 5.00
9
3 7
3 6
2 9
3 2
3 3
4 0
3 3.50
2 9.00
1 0
2 5
2 8
2 4
2 6
2 5
2 9
2 6.25
2 4.00
1 9
5 1
5 2
-
4 7
4 4
5 1
4 8.25
1 , t i bia
3 75
-
-
4 00
1 /b
3 72
-
-
4 02
3 80
8 /a
3 8
3 3
2 4
3 2
2 7
3 4
3 4.60
2 4.00
2 5
2 0
2 6
2 3.80
2 0.00
9 /a
2 6
2 1
2 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 43
3 93.50 3 84.00
Table 1 2
Hausk irchen
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium c erebrale
g .6
g .7
g .9
g .10
g .15
g .19
Nu mbers
2 5y
4 0y
4 5y
2 5y
1 6y
3 5y
a f ter Mar t in
f
1
1 85
1 90
1 90
1 76
1 80
1 72
1 80.75 1 74.50
F e ma les
3
1 79
1 84
1 85
1 66
1 72
1 69
5
9 3
1 02
1 09
9 0
-
9 7
9 5.50
7
3 6
3 6
3 9
3 4
-
3 6
3 5.50
8
1 45
1 43
1 36
1 34
1 25
1 37
1 39.75
9
1 03
9 3
9 9
9 4
9 7
9 7
9 3.00
1 0
1 24
1 19
1 21
17
1 13
1 20
1 20.00
1 1
1 24
1 14
1 20
12
1 04
1 18
1 17.00 1 06.00
1 2
1 06
1 08
1 17
1 02
1 02
1 08
1 3
1 13
1 01
1 10
9 6
9 4
1 00
1 02.50
1 7
1 41
1 49
1 39
1 20
-
1 28
1 34.50
2 0
1 18
1 25
1 19
1 06
1 12
1 16
1 16.25
2 3
5 38
5 30
5 40
5 03
5 10
5 05
5 19.00
2 4
3 16
3 26
3 06
2 98
2 92
3 18
3 14.50
2 5
3 92
3 85 o
3 58 o
3 2/1 3 2/2
5 1
0
4 6
o
4 6
o
32 /a
8 3
o
8 0
o
4 02
5 2
o
5 4 4 5o 7 4 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 44
4 5o 3 9 7 5 o
-
o
5 1
0
8 1
0
4 8
3 64
o
3 79.00 o
5 0 o 4 5o
4 9.50 o 4 4.00 o
6 7
7 6.25 °
Table 1 3
Hausk irchen
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f acia le
Numbers a fter Mart in
g .6
g .7
g .9
g .10
2 5y
4 0y
4 5y
2 5y
g .15
g .19
3 5y
f
1
n a
f
n a
3 5y
1 02
8 5
9 7
9 4
9 2.77
Fe ma les
4 0
9 6
9
4 2
1 09
1 11
1 24
1 00
1 08
1 09
1 07.25
4 3
1 15
1 05
1 13
1 05
1 07
1 12
1 06.75
4 4
1 05
9 5
9 5
9 4
4 5
1 15
1 24
1 34
1 21
4 6
9 6
9 1
9 8
8 6
4 7
1 13
1 21
1 27
4 8
7 0
6 7
8 0
9 8
9 8.00
1 31
1 22.75
9 0
9 3
9 1.00
1 14
1 08
1 15
1 15.75
6 7
7 4
7 3
6 9.25
2 5
9 4 1 25?
5 0
2 5
2 2
2 5
2 5
2 2
2 7.00
5 1/d
4 0
4 3
4 0
4 1
3 9
3 9
4 0.75
5 2/d
3 5
3 4
3 2
3 3
3 1
3 6
3 6.00
5 4
2 6
2 3
2 2
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 2.75
5 5
5 0
5 1
5 6
4 7
5 2
5 2
5 0.00
6 0
5 5
5 4
5 4
4 8
5 2
5 2
5 2.75
6 1
6 2
6 1
6 8
6 0
6 7
6 0
6 0.75
6 2
-
4 9
5 2
4 7
-
5 1
4 9.00
6 3
4 1
3 5
4 3
3 1
4 2
3 6
3 7.50
6 5
1 21
1 12
1 25
1 01
1 13
1 19
1 13.25
6 6
9 5
9 7
1 06
8 9
9 5
1 00
9 5.25
6 8
1 03
1 10
1 08
8 9
9 5
1 03
1 02.50
6 9
3 0
3 3
3 7
3 3
3 0
3 0
3 2.00
5 0
7 0/a ,d
7 0
5 5
6 8
5 6
5 4
7 1/a ,d
3 0
3 2
3 4o
2 8o
3 3o
7 2 7 3 7 9
8 2
8 2 1 18
o o o
8 7
8 9 1 23
o 0 o
9 5
o
9 5 1 13 o
8 7
8 90 1 17
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 45
o
9 0
o
9 0 1 17 o
5 7.75
3 0
o
8 6
o
8 5
1 21 o
3 0.00 o 8 3.75 o 8 6.50 o 1 21.25 °
Table 1 4
Hausk irchen
I nd ices
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
g rave 6
g rave 7
g rave 9
g rave 1 0
g rave 1 5
g rave 1 9
2 5 y
4 0 y
4 5 y
2 5 y
1 5 y
3 5 y
f
f
m
f
m
f
Fe mal M
8 :1 c ran iu m
7 8.38
7 5.26
7 1.58
7 6.14
6 9.44
7 9.66
7 7.71
1 7 :1
7 6.22
7 8.22
7 3.16
6 8.18
-
7 4.42
7 1.81
2 0 :1
6 3.78
6 5.79
6 2.63
6 0.23
6 1.67
6 7.44
6 4.32
1 7 :8
9 7.24
1 04.20
1 02.21
8 9.55
-
9 3.43
9 6.10
2 0 :8
8 1.38
8 7.41
8 7.50
7 9.50
8 8.89
8 4.67
8 4.14
9 :10
8 3.06
7 8.15
8 1.82
8 0.34
8 5.84
8 0.83
8 0.59
9 :8
7 1.03
6 5.04
7 2.79
7 0.15
7 7.60
7 0.80
6 5.28
4 7 :45
9 8.26
9 7.58
9 4.78
9 4.21
8 6.40
8 7.79
9 4.46
4 8 :45
6 0.87
5 4.03
5 9.70
5 5.37
5 1.20
5 5.73
5 6.50
5 2:51 d
8 7.50
7 9.07
8 0.00
8 0.49
7 9.49
9 2.31
8 4.84
5 4 :55
5 2.00
4 5.09
3 9.39
4 2.55
4 4.68
4 2.31
4 5.49
5 0 :44
2 3.81
2 3.16
2 6.32
2 6.52
2 6.59
2 2.44
2 4.00
6 3:62 6 1:60 6 :1 c lav icu la
7 1.43
8 2.69
6 5.96
7 0.58
6 9.32
1 12.73
-
1 12.96
1 25.96
1 15.38
1 39.58
-
1 15.38
1 14.11
2 7.13
3 0.77
2 7.63
2 4.62
2 2.14
2 1.98
2 6.12
6 :5 h u merus
7 7.27
7 5.00
8 5.19
8 4.19
8 1.81
7 7.28
7 8.84
7 :1
2 0.30
2 5.94
2 4.93
2 0.93
2 0.06
1 8.87
2 2.34
5 :2 s acru m 2 :1
1 11.30
-
1 24.21
1 03.77
1 12.04
-
1 07.53
9 5.83
-
8 4.08
9 4.64
8 8.52
-
9 5.23
-
1 41.15
1 :2 p elv is
1 44.37
-
1 38.55
1 37.93
1 28.57
6 :7 f e mur
8 9.65
-
1 06.45
1 13.04
1 07.41
1 0 :9
7 1.42
_
7 8.38
6 9.96
9 a :8a t i b ia
7 7.41
7 4.19
7 2.22
8 3.87
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 46
1 00.00
9 8.42
8 1.82
8 0.65
7 3.92
6 7.65
8 7.09
7 7.04 -
Table 1 5
Hausk irchen
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton
g .6
g •7
g .10
g .11
g .15
g .19
2 5y
4 0y
4 5y
2 5y
2 8y
3 5y
Males
a fter Mart in
f
f
n a
f
n a
f
M
M
1 , c lav icu la
1 29
1 30
1 52
1 30
1 41
1 52.00
1 32.50
Numbers
Fe ma les
3 5
4 0
4 2
3 2
3 1
3 6.50
3 6.00
1 , h u merus
3 13
2 93
3 45
3 10
-
3 45.00
3 05.33
2
3 11
2 90
3 41
3 06
-
3 41.00
3 02.33
4
5 9
5 7
6 2
5 5
5 6
5 9.00
5 7.00
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 4.00
2 2.50
6
5
2 2
2 4
2 7
6
1 7
1 8
2 3
1 8
1 8
1 7
2 0.50
1 7.50
8 6
6 5
6 2
6 5
7 4.00
6 7.25
7
6 3
7 6
9
4 1
3 9
4 6
4 0
4 6.00
3 9.75
2 34
2 19
2 68
2 19
2 47
-
2 57.50
2 24.00
4
1 5
1 6
1 9
1 6
1 5
1 6
1 7.00
1 5.75
5
1 1
1 2
1 5
1 1
1 1
1 3.00
1 0.75
2 37
2 78
2 37
2 78
2 32
2 78.00
2 41.50
1 , r ad ius
3 9
9
1 , u lna
2 60
1 , s acru m
1 20
1 13
1 12
1 22
-
1 17.50
1 16.00
2
1 15
9 5
1 06
1 08
-
1 01.50
1 10.05
5
1 28
1 18
1 10
1 21
-
1 19.50
1 19.00
1 ,pelv is
2 18
2 30
2 00
2 07
-
2 18.50
2 09.00
2
1 51
1 66
1 50
1 61
-
1 63.50
1 48.00
1 ,fenum r
4 40
4 80
4 19
4 80
4 29
4 80.00
4 29.33
2
4 34
4 72
4 16
4 77
4 27
4 74.50
4 25.66
6
2 6
3 3
2 6
2 9
2 5
3 1.00
2 5.66
7
2 9
3 1
2 3
2 7
2 7
2 9.00
2 6.33
9
3 5
3 7
3 3
3 3
3 1
3 5.00
3 3.00
2 5
2 9
2 3
2 7
2 5
2 8.00
2 4.33
4 7.00
4 2.66
1 0
4 9
4 1
4 5
4 3
3 36
3 89
3 55
3 81
3 45
3 85.00
3 49.00
3 37
3 16
3 66
3 38
3 60
3 30
3 63.00
3 30.00
S a
3 1
3 1
3 6
3 1
3 4
3 3
3 5.00
3 1.50
9 a
2 4
2 3
2 6
2 6
2 3
2 4
2 4.50
2 4.25
1 9
4 4 3 60
1 / 1 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 47
Table 1 6
Rohrendorf
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le Nu mbers af ter
ma les
Mart in
N
f e ma les
Vm in-V max
M
N
Vm in-V max
M
1
7
1 72-199
1 83.43
2
1 65-180
1 72.50
3
7
1 71-181
1 67 .26
2
1 66-168
1 67.00
5
3
9 8-113
1 03.33
-
-
-
7
3
3 3-38
3 5.00
-
-
-
8
7
1 28-140
1 36.28
2
1 28-133
9
7
8 6-100
9 6.27
2
9 2-97
1 0
7
1 08-125
1 17.11
2
1 09-120
1 14.50
1 1
7
1 14-119
1 17.67
2
1 05-121
1 13.00
1 2
7
9 0-122
1 06.67
2
9 0-98 1 00-110
1 3
5
9 0-116
1 04.67
2
1 7
3
1 26-143
1 33.67
-
-
1 30.50 9 4.50
9 4.00 1 05.00
-
2 0
7
1 07-125
1 13.87
2
1 10-110
1 10.00
2 3
7
4 95-556
5 20.70
2
5 00-500
5 00.00
2 4
7
2 92-326
3 01.43
2
2 88-292
2 90.00
2 5
5
3 52-400
3 73.75
-
3 2/1
7
4 4 °50 °
4 6.14 o
3 2/2
7
4 4 055 °
32 /a
7
6 3°-89 °
-
-
1
5 1 °51 °
4 1.00 o
1
4 5 °45 ° 4 5.00 °
6 9.12 o
1
8 1 °81 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 48
5 1.00 ° 8 1.00 °
Table 1 7
Rohrendorf
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f ac ia le
f e males
ma les
Nu mbers af ter
N
Vm in-V max
Vm i nV max
Mart in
N
4 0
2
8 6-100
4 2
4
1 02-123
1 10.00
4 3
9
9 6-128
1 15.38
4 4
9
8 8-104
9 5.55
4 5
9
1 27-141
1 33.00
4 6
9
8 3-106
9 4.55
4 7
8
1 08-120
1 13.87
4 8
8
6 6-73
5 0
8
2 0-26
2 1.71
5 1/d
8
3 7-44
4 1.87
5 2/d
8
2 8-37
3 3.14
5 4
8
2 1-24
2 2.50
5 5
8
4 7-55
5 2.12
6 0
8
5 1-66
6 1.67
6 2
8
5 2-54
5 2.80
6 3
6
3 3-41
3 7.22
6 5
9
1 08-130
1 20.40
4
1 13-129
6 6
9
8 7-110
1 01.55
5
9 4-122
9 8.00
6 8
9
1 01-118
1 05.00
5
9 5-111
1 01.40
6 9
9
2 7-32
3 0.70
5
2 3-29
2 6.00
7 0
9
6 1-75
6 7.33
5
5 7-68
6 1.00
7 1/a
9
3 1-38
3 1.90
5
2 8-32
3 1.20
7 2
6
8 1 °89 °
8 6.33 o
1
7 7 °77 °
7 7.00 °
7 3
6
8 2 °90 °
1
7 2°-72 °
7 2.00 °
7 9
9
1 20 ° 428 °
8 6.80° 1 23.00 o
9 3.00
6 8.50
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 49
5
1 23.50
1 13° 424 ° 1 23.40 °
Table 1 8
Rohrendorf
I nd ices Numbers
f e ma les
males
a f ter Mart in
N
8 :1 c ran iu m
7
V .V min max
V . -V min max 6 8.75-77.33
7 7.75
2
6 8.88-86.61
7 7.74
1 7 :1
7
6 2.16-73.74
6 6.62
1
6 1.11-61.11
6 1.11
2 0 :1
3
6 2.21-63.69
6 2.90
1
6 6.66-66.66
6 6.66
8 9.48
1 7 :8
7
8 0.00-97.95
2 0 :8
3
8 0.45-85.71
8 3.93
2
8 2.71-88.71
8 5.71
9 :10
7
8 3.33-86.66
8 2.39
2
8 0.40-84.40
8 2.62
9 :8
7
6 7.67-81.25
7 0.74
2
7 2.93-74.19
7 3.56
4 7 :45
7
8 3.72-97.20
8 7.08
1
8 1.30-81.30
8 1.30
4 8 :45
7
4 9.61-55.20
5 2.19
1
5 0.41-50.41
5 0.41
5 2:51/d
7
6 8.29-90.24
8 0.78
1
7 8.57-78.57
7 8.57
5 4:55
7
3 8.46-50.00
4 2.92
1
5 4.76-54.76
5 4.76
5 0 :44
7
1 9.32-26.26
2 2.73
1
2 2.92-22.92
2 2.92
6 3:62
5
6 3.46-74.07
7 0.42
1
7 3.08-73.08
7 3.08
1 15.75
1
1 16.67-116.6
1 16.67
2 4.52
6
1 1.54-26.20
2 0.16
6 1:60
8
9 1.07-137.78
6 :1 c lav icu la
3
2 3.35-25.20 8 2.46-104.00
8 7.20
5
6 9.57-80.00
7 6.20
7 :1
3
1 9.12-22.29
2 1.00
1
1 809-18.09
1 8.09
5 :2 s acrum
2
1 06-48-113.01
1 04.74
2 :1
2
9 6.09-120.00
1 08.04
1 :2 p elv is
3
1 26.63-144.37
1 33.78
1
1 32.8-132.8
1 32.89
5
6 3.38-89.83
6 6.65
6
6 9.35-96.36
8 0.97
1 03.20
7
7 2.73-108.7
9 5.72
6 :5 h umerus
s exua l
1 0
6 :7 f e mur
1 0
9 2.59-114.29
1 0 :9
1 0
8 9.44-90.00
8 0.04
7
6 6.66-99.99
6 8.67
9 a :8a
1 0
6 5.71-80.00
7 1.31
7
6 5.63-80.77
7 0.55
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 50
Table 1 9
Rohrendor f
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ia l s keleton
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
Vm i n Vm
1 ,c lav icu la
2
1 36-151
6
7
3 3-42
1 ,hu merus
2
f e ma les M
V min V max
1 43.50
6
1 35-140
3 7.57
6
2 4-36
1 38.50 3 0.83
3 24-340
3 32.00
3
3 03-333
3 13.67 3 00.00
2
2
3 14-336
3 25.00
1
3 00-300
4
4
5 8-66
6 3.00
2
5 0-53
5 1.50
5
8
2 2-27
2 4.25
8
1 9-23
2 0.75
6
8
1 9-26
2 4.00
8
1 5-18
1 6.12
7
8
6 5-77
7 1.00
8
5 5-65
5 6.39
9
3
4 0-47
4 3.33
2
3 7-38
3 7.50
1 , r ad ius
5
2 32-279
2 56.80
5
2 17-225
4
7
1 5-20
1 6.57
9
1 4-16
2 28.20 1 4.44
5
7
1 2-17
1 3.12
9
9 -12
4 0.22
1 , u lna
3
2 66-284
2 74.54
1
2 45-245
2 45.00
1 , p elv is
2
2 18-233
2 25.50
3
1 95-219
2 05.33
2
2
1 51-153
1 52.00
3
1 62-168
1 58.00
1 , f e mur
5
4 65-489
4 77.00
6
4 29-488
4 40.60
2
5
4 63-484
4 73.50
6
4 06-482
4 38.16
6
9
2 7-32
3 0.14
9
2 5-32
2 6.40
7
9
2 5-33
2 8.75
9
2 5-30
2 6.33
9
9
3 0-40
3 4.17
9
2 7-36
3 0.90
1 0
9
2 6-28
2 6.67
9
2 4-33
2 5.40
1 9
6
4 7-54
4 9.50
6
3 9-51
4 3.12
1 , t ib ia
6
3 68-405
3 92.51
6
3 52-385
3 65.60
1 /b
6
3 56-395
3 84.50
6
3 61-372
3 67.67
8 a
9
3 0-37
3 3.71
9
2 6-32
3 0.00
9 a
9
2 3-27
2 5.14
9
1 7-27
2 0.70
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 51
Table 2 0
Erpersdorf
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
males
f e ma les
N
Vm in-V M a X
1
4
1 73-200
1 98.00
4
1 82-187
1 85.00
3
4
1 63-190
1 88.16
4
1 74-180
1 77.82
5
2
1 10-113
11.50
-
-
-
7
2
3 6-42
3 9.00
1
3 6-36
3 6.00
8
4
1 31-144
1 36.50
4
1 27-137
9
4
9 3-100
9 5.75
4
9 1-96
4
1 16-127
1 20.50
3
1 15-120
1 0
Vm in-V max
1 33.75 9 3.25 1 17.00
1 1
4
1 10-128
1 19.50
4
1 11-115
1 13.75
1 2
4
1 04-120
1 14.75
4
1 05-118
1 10.50
1 3
4
1 01-119
1 09.50
4
9 9-112
1 05.25
1 7
2
1 35-145
1 40.00
1
1 23-123
1 23.00
2 0
4
1 08-118
1 14.00
3
9 7.113
1 05.33
2 3
4
5 00-548
5 33.25
4
5 14-545
5 26.00
2 4
4
2 95-310
3 03.25
4
2 92-336
3 15.00
2 5
3
3 80-397
3 89.50
3
3 50-382
3 63.33
3 2/1
4
4 7 °51 °
4 9.00 o
3 2/2
4
4 3°-45 °
4 4.25 °
3 2/a
2
7 0° 81 °
7 5.50 0
o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 52
1 -
Table 2 1
Erpersdorf
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f ac ia le
N u mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
V
f e ma les
V m in max
M
N
V .V m in max
M
4 0 4 2
2 2
1 05-108 1 14-125
1 07.00 1 19.50
_
-
_
4 3
4
1 03-120
1 14.75
-
-
-
4 4
4
8 8-101
9 7.25
-
-
-
4 5
3
1 20-139
1 29.00
-
-
4 6
3
8 2-110
9 9.00
-
-
4 7
2
1 13-114
1 13.50
-
-
4 8
3
6 0-67
6 4.00
-
-
5 0
4
2 1-25
1
2 3-23
5 1/d
4
3 9-44
4 2.25
-
-
5 2/d
4
2 9-37
3 2.25
-
-
5 4
4
2 3-26
2 3.50
-
-
5 5
4
4 8-52
5 0.25
-
-
6 0
2
5 4-55
5 4.50
-
-
6 1
3
5 6-67
6 3.00
-
-
6 2
2
5 3-56
5 4.50
-
-
6 3
3
3 2-40
3 7.33
_
-
6 5
1
1 20-120
1 20.00
1
1 23-123
6 6
2
9 2-110
1 01.00
1
9 9-99
6 8
2
1 08-109
1 08.50
1
1 07-107
6 9
3
2 8-33
3 0.33
1
2 7-27
2 7.00
7 0/a
2
6 6-74
7 1/a
2
3 5-36
7 2
2
7 3 7 9
2 4.25
_ 1 -
2 3.00
1 _ -
1 23.00 9 9 .00 1 07.00
7 0.00
1
6 8-68
6 8.00
3 5.50
1
3 4-34
3 4.00
8 0°-86
8 3.00 o
-
-
-
2
8 30-90 o
8 6.50 o
-
-
-
2
1 14°-124 °
1 19.00 o
1
0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 53
1 20 °120 °
1 20.00 °
Table 2 2
Erpersdorf
I nd ices Numbers
ma les
f e males
a fter Mart in
N
8 :1 c ran iu m 1 7 :1
4
6 5.99-78.03
7 1.41
3
6 9.78-70.05
7 2.25
4
5 9.90-73.60
6 5.86
3
5 3.30-67.58
6 0.44
2 0 :1
2
5 7.50-58.38
5 7.94
1
5 8.24-58.24
5 8.24
1 7 :8
4
9 0.77-100.00
9 2.50
3
6 9.29-86.26
8 4.13
2 0 :8
2
7 9.86-83.94
8 1.90
1
8 3.46-83.46
8 3.46
V .V min max
M
N
V .V min max
M
9 :10
4
7 5.60-81.97
7 9.52
3
7 9.13-80.00
7 9.23
9 :8
4
6 6. 67-76 . 92
7 0.27
3
6 9.90
4 7 :45
2
8 1.29-89.06
8 5.18
4 8 :45
3
4 6.76-50.00
4 9.70
5 2:51/d
4
6 9.77-86.05
7 6.29
5 4:55
4
4 6.15-50.00
4 7.75
5 0 :44
4
2 3.76-25.00
2 4.91
a -
6 8.57-71.65
7 2.56
-
_
1 22.03
-
_
_
-
1 a _
-
6 3:62
2
6 9.64-75.47
6 1:60
2
1 20.00-124.07
6 :1 c lav icu la
1
2 7.22-27.22
2 7.22
1
2 2.86-22.86
2 2.86
6 :5 h umerus
8
8 0.96-92.85
8 5.50
5
7 1.43-85.00
8 0.48
7 :1
1
2 2.54-22.54
2 2.54
s exua l p elv is
2
5 2.78-58.82
5 5.80
1
6 9.84-69.84
6 9.84
6 :7 f e mur
9
9 0.32-109.68
1 02.49
2
1 00.00-107.41
1 03.71
1 0 :9
9
6 5.79-82.14
7 5.99
2
7 0.59-76.92
7 3.76
9 a :8a t i b ia
8
6 0.00-80.65
6 9.67
3
7 5.86-75.86
7 5.86
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 54
Table 2 3
Erpersdorf
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton
Nu mbers a f ter
males
f e ma les
Mart in
N
V . -V m in max
M
N
V .V min max
1 ,c lav icu la
1
1 58-158
1 58.00
1
1 40-140
6
4
2 6-43
3 6.50
3
2 35-41
1 , h u merus
1
3 55-355
3 55.00
1
3 09-309
3 09.00
3 01-301
3 01.00
1 40.00 2 7.68
2
1
3 48-348
3 48.00
1
4
1
7 0-70
7 0.00
-
-
-
5
6
2 1-28
2 5.00
3
2 0-21
2 0.33
6
6
1 7-26
2 1.00
3
1 5-17
1 6.33 5 7.00
7
4
7 0-84
7 6.75
2
5 6-58
9
1
5 1-51
5 1.00
-
-
-
1 , r ad ius
5
1 3-18
1 6.40
3
1 4-15
1 4.67
5
5
1 0.00
3
1 0-11
1 0.67
1 , u lna
2
2 70-274
9 -14
2 72.00
-
-
-
1 , f e mur
3
4 20-495
4 65.67
2
3 94-448
4 21.00
2
3
4 13-491
4 61.33
1
3 84-384
3 84.00
6
9
2 6-34
3 0.33
4
2 3-29
7
9
2 5-32
2 9.78
4
2 3-27
2 4.75
9
9
2 8-40
3 5.44
4
2 6-34
3 1.00
2 5.50
1 0
9
2 5-31
2 6.67
4
2 0-26
2 3.33
1 9
4
4 6-56
5 0.75
1
4 2-42
4 2.00
1 , ü lda
4
3 47-413
3 76.00
1
3 59-359
1 /b
4
3 40-410
3 64.00
-
-
8 a
9
2 7-38
3 4.75
3
2 9-29
2 9.00
9 a
9
2 0-28
2 4.00
3
2 2-22
2 2.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 55
3 59.00 -
Table 2 4
O berb ierbaum
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Numbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V .V min max
M
N
V .V m in max
M
1
3 0
1 77-195
1 87 .17
1 5
1 63-193
1 81.74
3
3 0
1 66-188
1 80.47
1 4
1 58-190
1 74.36
5 7
2 1 2 0
9 1-124 3 3-41
1 04.38 3 6.05
9 6-105 3 1-36
1 00.29 3 5.17
8
3 1
1 24-151
1 39 .87
1 4
1 31-144
1 37.14
9
3 0
9 1-103
9 7.70
1 5
9 2-110
9 6.94
i 0
3 0
1 17-128
1 20.87
1 5
1 10-121
1 18.40
1 1
2 8
1 00-130
1 18.68
1 4
1 04-120
1 16.93
1 2
2 9
9 5-121
1 12.07
1 4
1 03-116
1 12.50
1 3
2 9
9 1-123
1 06.55
1 1
1 03-123
1 06.64
1 7 2 0
1 9 2 8
1 34-143 1 13-122
1 38.95 1 17.46
8 1 3
1 24-133 1 10-120
1 30.75 1 14.30
2 3
3 0
5 16-551
5 35.27
1 4
4 88-535
5 21.21
2 4
2 9
2 95-325
3 12.55
1 4
2 90-313
3 01.86
2 5
2 5
3 71-389
3 80.80
1 2
3 73-388
3 76.75
3 2/ 1 3 2/2
2 2 2 3
4 5 °55 ° 4 1 °57 °
4 9.59 4 5.39 0 o
1 0 9
4 8 °53 ° 4 10-49 0
4 9.70 o 4 4.89 0
32 /a
2 2
6 6 °85 °
7 6.23 o
9
7 3°-85 °
8 1.39 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 56
7 6
Table 2 5
O berb ierbau m
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f acia le
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
males N
f e ma les
V .V min max
M
N
V .V min max
4 0
1 8
8 7-110
9 9.10
5
9 2-97
4 2
1 8
1 11-130
1 17.33
4
1 04-119
1 11.25
4 3
2 4
1 06-117
1 10.71
1 0
1 00-113
1 07.30
4 4
2 4
9 3-107
9 6.29
1 1
9 2-100
9 5.36
4 5
2 3
1 21-144
1 33.09
1 1
1 17-132
1 29.09
4 6
2 4
8 1-105
9 3.54
1 1
8 4-100
9 2.96
4 7
2 4
1 07-135
1 17.25
9 7-114
1 11.00
4 8
2 4
6 5-83
7 0.12
5 0
2 3
1 9-29
2 2.70
5 1/d
2 0
3 9-43
4 0.50
5 2/d
2 0
3 2-36
5 4 5 5
2 5 2 2
6 0
2 2
6 1 6 2 6 3
2 2
3 6-45
3 8.54
6 5
2 4
1 17-134
1 24.75
1 7
1 01-128
1 18.65
6 6
2 9
9 0-112
1 05.74
1 7
8 5-106
9 7.06
6 8
2 9
9 9-115
1 06.77
1 8
8 3-115
1 04.10
6 9
3 7
2 6-37
3 1.24
1 9
2 0-35
7 0/a ,d
2 0
6 1-76
6 4.85
1 3
5 2-71
6 4.30
7 1/a ,d
2 0
2 8-34
3 2.90 o
1 9
2 8-35
3 0.94
7 2
1 8
8 1 °85 °
8 3.75
6
8 4 °85 °
& 4.50 o
7 3
1 8
8 2°-88 °
8 5.25 o
6
8 5 °87 °
7 9
2 8
1 09°-133 °
8
5 7-75
6 7.10
2 0-27
2 3.50
7
3 7-40
3 8.71
3 4.20
7
3 3-36
3 3.71
2 1-27 4 6-54
2 4.44 5 2.36
9 9
2 2-24 4 2-57
2 2.67 4 8.55
4 5-58
5 3.82
1 0
4 7-56
5 2.40
2 3
5 6-70
6 2.61
1 1
1 2
4 2-60
5 2.58
1 22.11 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 57
9
9 4.40
1 2
5 9
1 9
5 8-70
6 1.36
4 5-53
4 9.60
3 2-40
1 17°-136 °
3 7.22
2 8.26
8 6.00 o 1 25.53 °
Table 2 6
O berb ierbau m
I nd ices f e ma les
ma les
Numbers a f ter Mart in
V . -V min max
V .V min max
8 :1 c ran iu m
3 0
6 8.72-80.79
7 5.86
1 4
7 1.28-80.70
7 5.46
1 7 :1
2 7
6 0.32-74.27
7 4.56
1 4
5 8.51-70.94
6 7.28
2 0 :1
2 1
5 9.28-69.41
6 3.42
6
5 8.82-63.74
6 1.10
1 7 :8
2 7
7 8.62-116.8
9 3.84
1 4
7 6.64-95.11
8 9.38
7 8.99-87.17
8 1.14
2 0 :8
2 1
7 6.64-86.96
8 4.08
1 4
9 :10
2 9
7 6.03-86.09
8 1.04
1 6
7 5.15-83.90
8 1.29
9 :8
2 9
6 7.55-79.20
6 9.45
1 5
6 8.28-71.75
7 0.52
4 7 :45
2 3
8 7.31-99.99
8 7.95
8
8 3.59-90.63
8 6.43
4 8 :45
2 3
4 7.45-60.90
5 7.08
9
4 9.62-55.55
6 3.25
5 1:51/d
1 9
6 5.71-90.00
7 8.93
7
7 8.58-90.00
8 2.86
5 4:55
1 9
4 3.40-54.00
4 7.97
9
4 0.74-52.38
4 6.89
5 0 :44
2 1
2 0.65-27.66
2 3.13
1 0
2 3.00-28.83
2 4.77
6 3:62
1
5 9.26-80.85
6 2.75-78.43
7 1.59
6 1:60
2 0
9 6.51-124.0
9
1 05.36-125.0
1 19.21
6 :1 c lav icu la
1 3
2 0.65-27.54
2 5.86
1 6
1 9.55-22.06
2 1.11
6 :5 h u merus
3 7
7 8.57-99.99
7 9.86
2 1
6 3.64-99.99
8 4.92
7 :1
1 4
1 7.94-22.06
5
1 8.47-21.30
1 3:14 r ad ius
2 9
9 0.91-131.5
7 4.00 1 18.3
2 0.40
9 4.12-131.25
1 9.90
1 12.4
2 0
1 17.62
2
1 11.9-124.3
1 18.08
1
1 03.3-103.3
1 03.3
2 :1
1
1 07.1-107.1
1 07.1
2
1 13.1-117.2
1 15.16
1 :2 p elv is
6
1 41.5-154.9
1 51.8
2
1 26.1-131.8
1 28.93
5 :2 s acru m
s exua l
2 1
5 5.41-80.00
6 :7
3 3
9 0.00-113.3
6 2.50 1 04.1
2 0
6 6.15-120.0
8 2.17
2 6
9 2.31-108.0
9 9.50
1 0 :9
3 4
6 4.51-91.67
7 4.69
2 3
6 0.97-88.00
7 3.26
9 a :8a
3 5
6 7.86-80.00
7 4.27
2 5
7 3.63-84.00
7 4.69
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 58
Table 2 7
Oberb ierbau m
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton ma les
Nu mber a f ter Mar t in
f e males
N
V .V min max
M
1 , c lav icu la
1 2
1 38-173
1 41.42
6
2 8
3 0-41
3 6.64
N
V . -V min max
6
1 36-148
1 5
1 7-31
1 42.00 2 7.40
1 , h u merus
1 5
3 04-375
3 35.73
4
2 90-314
3 03.00
2
1 3
2 99-370
3 22.88
4
2 84-310
2 98.33
4
2 4
5 2-67
6 4.37
7
4 8-62
5 5.15
5
3 8
1 9-28
2 3.84
2 2
1 8-24
2 0.41
6
3 7
1 7-24
2 0.41
2 2
1 4-20
1 7.46
7
3 5
6 1-75
6 8.91
2 1
5 8-62
5 9.48
9
1 4
4 6-53
4 6.93
6
3 5-44
4 0.83
9
2 27-259
2 33,50
1 , r ad ius
1 2
2 37-278
4
3 1
1 3-26
5
3 1
1 1-13
1 , u lna
8
2 59-272
2 47.33 1 6.39
2 0
1 2.10
2 0
1 1-18 9 -12
2 65.50
4
1 40-161
1 3.55 1 0.05 2 52.67
1 , s acru m
1
1 13-113
1 13.00
2
9 3-112
1 02.50
2
1
1 21-121
1 21.00
2
9 9-109
1 04.00
5
6
1 16-125
1 20.50
3
1 18-127
1 22.33
1 , p elv is
7
2 19-234
2 18.71
2
1 55-207
1 81.00
2
6
1 42-159
1 51.17
2
1 23-157
1 40.00
1 , f e mur
2 3
4 17-530
4 75.00
1 5
3 90-483
4 36.75
2
2 3
4 15-525
4 65.59
1 5
3 89-480
4 45.33
6
3 3
2 5-34
2 8.88
2 7
2 3-31
2 6.33
7
3 1
2 8-36
2 8.37
2 7
2 3-30
2 5.48
9
3 3
2 7-40
3 4.36
2 6
2 4-33
3 1.54
1 0
3 3
2 5-32
2 8.23
2 6
2 1-25
2 3.46
1 9
4 2.68
1 9
3 1
4 4-54
3 8-47
4 3.84
1 , t i b ia
1 7
3 50-423
3 90.97
8
3 30-374
3 56.00
1 /b
1 7
3 26-422
2 71.16
8
3 04-347
3 31.50
8 a
3 5
2 8-41
2 7.80
2 5
2 6-31
2 5.04
9 a
3 5
1 9-26
2 4.06
2 5
2 0-24
2 1.68
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 59
Table 2 8/a
L ower Austr ian s porad ic f inds
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium c erebrale
S trass
S trass
S trass
S trass
g rave l b g rave 2 g rave 4 g rave 6 Nu mber a fter Mart in
1 6y m
Absberg
Tul in
g rave 3
g rave 4
3 5y
3 5y
3 5y
3 0y
2 5y
m
f
m
m
m
1
1 88
1 92
1 85
1 87
1 95
1 95
3
1 83
1 85
1 75
1 80
1 87
1 84
5
1 12
1 08
1 00
1 00
-
7
3 7
3 7
3 5
3 8
_
-
8
1 33
1 36
1 41
1 44
1 33?
1 51
9
1 04
9 4
9 8
9 8
1 02
9 5 1 13
1 0
1 19
1 24
1 19
1 20
1 17
1 1
1 07
1 21
1 24
1 19
-
1 21 ?
1 2
1 03
1 16
1 22
1 28
-
1 12 ?
1 3
1 00
1 12
1 06
1 05
-
1 16?
1 7
1 41
1 34
1 27
1 35
-
-
2 0
17
1 16
1 09
1 16
9 5
1 22
2 3
5 28
5 39
5 38
5 40
5 25
5 42
2 4
3 10
2 5 3 2/ 1
3 74
4 5
3 01 o
3 78
4 3
3 2/2
4 3
o
3 8
3 2/a
6 7
o
6 8
3 01 o
3 58
3 10 o
4 3
3 85
3 23 o
-
o
-
4 5
o
4 0
o
o
7 9 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 60
4 2
8 8o
6 6
3 30 4 08
6 0o o
53
0
9 5
o
Table 2 8/ 1 3
L ower-Austr ian s porad ic f inds
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium c erebra le
Ho l labrunn Numbers a f ter Mart in
Hol labrunn
g rave 1
g rave 2
4 0y
4 0y
Males
F e ma les
f
m
M
M
1
1 90
1 88
1 91.00
1 87.50
3
1 81
1 75
1 82.20
1 78.00
5
1 01
-
1 04.00
1 00.50
7
3 9
_
3 7.50
3 7.00
8
1 29
1 28
1 38.40
1 37.50
9
9 4
9 1
9 8.00
9 6.00
1 0
1 14
1 02
1 15.20
1 16.50
1 1
1 12
1 03
1 16.00
1 18.00
1 2
1 07
1 06
1 13.00
14.50
1 3
1 06
9 4
1 06.75
1 06.00
1 7
1 37
-
1 34.50
1 32.00
2 0
1 12
1 15
1 12.80
1 10.00
2 3
5 24
5 22
5 38.00
5 31.00
2 4
3 05
2 95
2 5 3 2/ 1 3 2/2
3 80
5 1
3 2/a
4 7
o
4 3
o
o
4 7
7 90
8 3o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 61
'
3 19.67
3 03.00
3 90.33 4 9.75 o o45.00 0
3 74.00 4 5.00 o 4 1.50 o
8 0.00 o
7 9.00 o
Table 2 9/a
L ower Austrian s porad ic f inds
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f acia le
S trass g rave l b N u mbers
S trass
S trass
S trass
g rave 2
g rave 4
g rave 6
1 6 y
3 5 y
m
m
4 0
9 8
1 00
4 2
1 00
1 15
4 3
1 08
1 11
4 4
9 6
9 4
4 5
1 20
1 32
af ter Mart in
3 5 y
Tu l in g rave 4
3 5 y
2 5 y
m
m
8 8
9 8
-
1 01
1 17
-
12
1 24
1 13
9 7
9 8
1 34
1 29
f
9 4 1 27?
4 6
9 3
9 3
9 8
9 1
9 7
4 7
1 18
1 18
17
1 14
1 17
4 8
7 6
7 7
7 3
7 3
7 2
5 0
2 8
1 7
2 3
2 2
2 5
5 1 d
4 1
4 1
4 2
4 1
3 9
5 2 d
3 8
3 8
3 9
3 7
3 6
5 4
2 3
2 5
2 4
2 1
2 6
5 5
5 5
6 0
5 7
5 5
-
6 0
5 1
5 6
4 7
4 9
5 4
6 1
6 3
6 2
6 2
6 0
6 2
6 2
5 1
5 7
-
4 8
-
6 3 6 5
3 5 1 03
3 9 1 23
4 2 15
3 9 1 22
3 8 1 20
6 6
1 13
9 4
1 03
9 6
6 8
1 02
1 13
1 00
1 10
1 03
6 9
3 0
2 8
3 2
3 1
3 2
7 0/a ,d
5 9
5 5
7 0
6 8
7 0
7 1/a ,d
3 3o
7 2
8 6
7 3 7 9
9 0?
8 8
3 3
o
8 7
o
1 19 0
3 4 8 8
8 8
o
3 3
o
o
9 0
1 26 o
o
12 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 62
3 3 9 2
8 5
8 4o 1 18 o
9 5 1 24
o o o
Table 2 9/b
L ower-Austr ian s porad ic f inds
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f aciale
Nu mbers a f ter
T io l labrunn
Ho lLibrunn
g rave 1
g rave 2
4 0y
4 0y
Ma les
f
m
M
4 0
1 02
-
9 9.00
9 5.00
4 2
-
-
1 16.00
1 01.00
4 3
1 14
1 01
1 12.25
1 13.00
Mart in
Fe ma les M
4 4
9 8
9 4
9 5.00
9 7.00
4 5
1 36
1 20
1 27.00
1 35.00
4 6
9 8
9 0
9 2.52
9 8.00
4 7
_
-
1 15.67
1 17.00
4 8
_
6 7
7 2.25
7 3.00
5 0
2 3
2 5
2 2.25
2 3.00
5 1/d
3 8
3 9
4 0.00
4 0.00
5 2/d
3 2
3 2
3 5.75
3 5.50
5 4
-
2 2
2 3.50
2 4.00
5 5
_
-
5 7.50
5 7.00
6 0
_
5 4
5 3.25
4 7.00
6 1
_
6 1
6 1.25
6 2.00
6 2
_
-
5 2.50
6 3
_
3 6
3 8.00
4 2.00
6 5
_
-
1 21.67
15.00
6 6
-
-
1 04.00
9 4.00
6 8
_
-
1 08.67
1 00.00
6 9
_
-
3 0.39
3 2.00
7 0/a ,d
_
-
6 4.33
7 0.00
71 /a , d
-
-
3 3.00
3 4.00
7 2
_
-
8 8.00 o
8 8.00 o
7 3
_
-
8 9.00 o
9 0.00 o
7 9
_
-
1 22.67 o
1 12.00 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 63
-
Table 3 0/a
L ower Austr ian s porad ic f inds
I nd ices
S trass Numbers a f ter Mart in
S trass
S trass
S trass
g rave l b
g rave 2
g rave 4
g rave 6
Absberg g rave 3
1 6 y
3 5 y
3 5 y
3 5 y
3 0 y
m
m
f
m
m
8 :1 c ran iu m
7 0.74
7 0.83
7 6.22
7 7.00
1 7 :1
7 5.00
6 9.79
6 8.65
7 2.19
-
2 0 :1
6 2.23
6 0.42
5 8.92
6 2.03
5 8.72
1 7 :8
1 06.02
9 8.52
9 0.07
9 3.75
_
2 0 :8
8 7.96
8 5.29
7 7.31
8 0.56
7 1.43
9 :10
8 7.39
7 5.80
8 2.36
8 1.67
8 7.18
9 :8
7 8.19
6 9.12
6 9.50
6 8.06
7 6.69
4 7 :45
9 8.33
9 6.97
8 7.31
8 8.37
4 8 :45
6 3.33
5 8.33
5 4.48
5 6.59
5 2:51 d
9 2.68
9 2.68
9 2.86
9 0.24
5 4 :55
4 1.81
4 1.67
4 2.11
3 8.18
5 0 :44
2 2.50
1 8.08
2 3.71
2 2.45
6 3:62
6 8.63
6 8.42
6 1:60
1 23.53
1 10.71
1 31.71
6 8.21
8 1.25 1 22.45
6 :1 c lav icu la
2 2.93
-
-
2 1.25
6 :5 h umerus
-
-
-
8 1.82
8 2.61
7 :1
-
-
-
2 0.06
1 7.39
5 :2 s acru m
-
-
-
9 9.22
2 :1
-
-
-
1 01.72
-
1 :2 p elv is
-
-
-
1 47.31
-
6 :7 f e mur
1 06.89
-
-
1 00.00
9 6.43
1 0 :9
8 8.57
-
-
7 2.22
7 4.19
9 a :8a
6 4.86
-
-
7 1.43
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 64
Table 3 0/b
L ower Austrian s porad ic f inds
I nd ices
Nu mbers
Tu l ln
Ho l labrunn
Ho l labrunn .
g rave 4
g rave 1
g rave 2
2 5 y
4 0 y
4 0 y
7 8.24
7 0.53
6 8.09
Ma les
F e males
a f ter Mar t in 8 :1 c ran iu m
7 2.11
1 7 :1 2 0 :1
6 3.21
6 1.17
7 2.57
7 3.37
7 0.99
7 3.38
6 1.11
5 8.93
1 02.24
9 6.30
9 6.15
8 0.79
8 3.58
8 9.84
8 1.58
8 0.44
9 :10
8 1.90
8 1.03
8 9.22
8 3.11
8 1.69
9 :8
6 2.91
7 0.15
7 1.09
6 9.58
6 7.82
9 2.82
8 7.31
5 5.83
5 6.86
5 4.48
1 7 :8 2 0 :8
4 7 :45
9 2.13
4 8 :45
5 6.69?
5 2:51 d
9 2.31?
5 8.95
8 4.21
8 2.05
5 4:55 5 0.44
2 6.60
2 6.60
6 3:62
8 9.32
8 8.53
3 9.92
4 2.11
2 3.56
2 3.71
8 3.83 1 14.81
1 12.96
1 15.23
1 31.92
6 :1 c lav icu la
2 4.44
2 2.76
2 3.18
2 1.05
6 :5 h u merus
8 8.71
7 7.27
8 0.68
8 8.89
1 8.87
2 0.13
6 1:60
7 :1
1 8.30
1 3.51
1 00.00
9 9.81
9 5.44
1 01.72
1 39.42
1 36.30
5 :2 s acru m
1 04.24
2 :1
1 02.61
1 :2 p elv is
1 29.70
1 41.26
6 :7 f e mur
1 08.70
1 00.00
1 00.92
9 2.31
1 0 :9
7 7.42
7 1.87
7 6.66
7 0.97
9 a :8a
6 5.71
6 4.71
6 6.47
7 0.34
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 65
Table 3 1/a
L ower Austr ian s porad ic f inds
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s ke leton
S trass g rave 1 /a N umber a f ter Mart in 1 , c lav icu la 6 1 , h umerus 2 4
3 0y m
-
S trass
2 5y m
-
3 2
3 6
3 3
3 00
3 44
-
3 36
3 08
2 97
3 38
6 3
6 0 2 2
5 3
6 1
_
1 8
2 2
2 2
-
-
2 5 2 0
1 7
1 6
1 8
1 8
7 2
6 0
5 1
6 9
6 2
-
-
3 8
4 2
4 8
2 70
-
2 32
2 67
-
1 5
1 6
1 3
1 6
1 2
1 3
1 0
1 0
1 3
-
2 45
2 69
-
1 16
1 45
-
1 18
1 28
-
1 18
1 27
-
1 99
2 17
-
1 46
1 54
-
4 19
4 97
4 54
4 15
4 94
4 53
2 4
2 9
2 9
2 6
2 9
3 1 2 7
4 39
4 92
4 37
4 89
6
2 9
3 1
7
2 8
2 9
-
1 , s acru m
2 1 , f e mur 2
9 1 0
1 46
3 2
-
1 , u lna
1 57
3 10
-
5
-
-
1 , p elv is
4
1 52?
f
3 38
1 23 -
1 , r ad ius
g rave 2
m
-
9
A bsberg
3 5y
5
7
S trass
f
m
2
6
S trass
g rave 6
-
5
S trass
rave 2 g rave 5 g rave 2 g 4 0y 2 0y 3 5y
2 94 -
3 3
3 5
-
3 1
3 6
2 7
3 1
_
2 2
2 6
2 8
3 8
3 8
4 8
4 6
4 9
1 , t i b ia
3 54
4 01
-
3 40
4 09
-
1/ b
3 35
3 80
3 60
3 22
3 80
-
8 a
3 5
3 7
3 3
2 8
3 5
3 2
9 a
2 5
2 4
2 4
1 9
2 5
2 1
1 9
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 66
Table 3 1/b
L ower Austr ian s porad ic f inds
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton
Absberg Nu mbers af ter
Tu l ln
Hol labrunn
g rave 3
g rave 4
g rave 2
3 0 y
2 5y
4 0y
Mart in 1 , c lav icu la
ma les
f e males
1 45.75
1 52.00
n i -
1 35
1 45
3 7
3 3
3 3
3 4.40
3 2.00
1 , h u merus
3 45
3 10
3 08
3 20.66
3 05.00
3 08
6 2
3 42
3 03
3 05.50
3 02.50
4
6 7
4 9?
5 6
5 7.50
5 6.50
5
2 3
2 2
2 2
2 2.44
1 8.00
6
1 9
1 8
1 7
1 8.33
1 6.00
7
6 3
5 8
6 2
6 4.33
5 1.00
9 1 , r ad ius
4 7
4 3
3 7
4 3.40
3 8.00
2 45
2 40
2 29
2 45.25
2 32.00
4
1 7
1 6
1 6
1 5.33
1 3.00
5
1 2
1 2
1 1
1 2.20
1 0.00
1 , u lna
-
-
2 45
2 79.33
2 45.00
1 , s acru m
-
1 15
1 21
1 27.00
1 16.89
2
-
1 18
-
1 23.00
1 18.95
5
_
1 23
-
1 24.33
1 18.00
1 , p elv is
-
2 14
2 02
2 14.33
1 99.00
-
1 65
1 43?
1 54.00
1 46.00
4 76
4 39
4 29
4 55.00
4 19.95
2
-
4 32
4 25
4 59.20
4 15.00
6
2 7
2 5
2 7
2 8.09
2 4.96
7
2 8
2 3
2 7
2 8.17
2 6.00
9
3 1
3 1
3 2
3 2.00
3 1.00
2 3
2 4
2 3
2 5.83
2 2.00
2 1 , f e mur
1 0
4 8
4 6
4 2
4 7.33
3 8.00
1 , t ib ia
3 66
3 60
3 60
3 84.50
3 40.00
1 /b
1 9
3 56
3 55
3 51
3 66.25
3 41.00
8 a
3 5
3 5
3 4
3 4.60
3 0.50
9 a
2 4
2 3
2 2
2 3.00
2 1.50
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 67
Table 3 2
S chwecha t
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Numbers a f ter
males
Mart in
N
1
6
3 5 5
f e males
V . -V m in max
M
N
1 72-210
1 89.85
5
1 68-188
1 77.00
6
1 68-200
1 82.40
5
1 62-177
1 74.20
3
8 7-105
9 8.33
3
9 4-99
7
3
3 1-35
8
6
1 25-142
9
V . -V min max
9 6.67
3 3.67
3
3 1-32
3 1.33
1 36.83
5
1 31-144
1 36.83
6
8 9-105
9 5.67
5
8 7-93
1 0
6
1 05-124
1 17.50
5
1 06-122
1 14.80
8 9.50
1 1
6
1 17-132
1 22.50
5
1 12-119
1 14.25
1 2
6
9 2-112
1 08.33
a
1 06-110
1 07.50
1 3
6
1 05-123
1 09.00
4
9 9-106
1 02.50
1 7
3
1 22-138
1 29.67
3
1 20-140
1 28.33
2 0
5
1 05-117
1 14.20
4
1 10-115
1 13.25
2 3
6
5 08-532
5 36.33
5
4 92-512
5 14.20
2 4
6
2 88-380
3 09.33
5
2 85-305
2 92.45
2 5
5
3 70-412
3 86.00
5
3 54-370
3 63.25
3 2/1
4
4 5°-510
4 7.50 0
4
4 7 °_ 53 °
4 7.30 o
3 2/2
4
4 1 °49 °
4 3.75
4
4 3 °46 °
4 3.28
32 /a
4
7 3 °83 o
7 6.66 o
4
7 2 °79 °
7 6.29 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 68
o
Table 3 3
S chwecha t
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f aciale
Numbers af ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V .V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
4 0
1
1 00-100
1 00.00
3
8 6-93
4 2
1
1 11-111
1 11.00
3
9 2-108
1 02.00
4 3
4
1 12-118
1 15.00
3
1 02-106
1 04.33
4 4
4
9 6-100
4 5
3
1 35-138
4 6
3
4 7
1
3
6 5-90
1 36.67
9 8.50
3
1 20-127
9 6-100
9 7.67
4
8 3-94
1 08-108
1 08.00
4
9 8-115
8 8.67
8 3.25 1 23.00 8 9.25 1 06.25
4 8
1
6 4-64
6 4.00
4
6 3-76
6 6.75
5 0
4
2 2-28
2 4.50
4
1 9-22
2 1.25
5 1/d
4
3 7-41
3 9.25
3
3 6-37
3 6.67
5 2/d
4
2 9-35
3 2.50
3
2 7-36
3 0.50
5 4
3
2 6-38
2 7.33
4
1 7-25
2 1.85
5 5
2
4 7-51
4 9.00
4
4 6-50
4 7.50
6 0
2
5 5-56
5 5.50
3
4 5-50
4 7.33
6 1
9
4 J
6 3-64
6 3.50
3
5 6-60
5 8.00
6 2
1
5 0-50
5 0.00
-
6 3
2
3 6-40
3 8.00
1
3 5-35
6 5
3
1 18-126
1 23.00
4
1 07-116
6 6
4
1 04-112
6 8
3
6 9
4
7 0/a ,d
5
5 4-75
6 8.66
5
5 1-63
6 1.75
71/a , d
5
2 6-39
3 2.20
5
2 6-35
3 0.20
7 9
3
1 17-124
1 20.33
4
1 15-136
9 7-115 2 5-37
-
3 5.00 1 12.75
1 00.00
4
9 4-99
9 5.75
1 03.33
4
9 4-104
9 7.50
2 9.25
5
2 6-30
2 7.40
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 69
1 24.00
Table 3 4
S chwechat
I nd ices males
Nu mbers
f e males
a f ter Mart in
N
V .V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
8 :1 c ran iu m
6
5 9.52-82.56
7 2.52
5
7 6.59-80.23
7 6.84
1 7 :1
3
5 7.69-70.49
6 2.45
4
6 5.71-79.70
7 1.75
2 0 :1
6
6 0.11-65.70
6 2.71
4
6 4.48-65.48
6 4.67
1 7 :8
3
5 8.00-99.28
8 5.57
4
8 8.89-95.42
9 3.19
2 0 :8
6
7 9.58-84.17
8 1.35
4
8 0.28-83.97
8 2.90
9 :10
6
7 8.07-86.78
8 1.47
4
7 3.73-93.96
7 9.09
9 :8
6
6 9.78-75.00
6 9.96
4
6 7.94-69.53
6 6.91
4 7 :45
1
7 8.83-78.83
7 8.83
3
8 0.33-90.00
8 4.07
4 8 :45
1
4 6.72-46.72
4 6.72
3
4 9.61-53.28
5 1.79
5 2:51/d
4
7 8.50-86.49
8 2.88
3
7 5.00-81.08
7 8.15
5 4:55
2
4 7.00-55.32
5 1.16
4
4 0.00-53.19
4 5.83
5 0 :44
4
2 2.00-25.51
2 4.87
3
2 4.44-24.72
2 4.62
6 3:62
1
8 0.00-80.00
8 0.00
6 1:60
2
1 12.50-116.4
1 14.43
1
1 20.00-120.0
1 20.00
6 :1 c lav icu la
1
2 4.29-24.29
2 4.29
1
2 4.32-24.32
2 4.32
6 :5 h u merus
1
8 4.00-84.00
8 4.00
2
7 7.27-85.00
8 1.13
7 :1
1
2 2.71-22.71
2 2.71
2
2 7.54-17.81
1 7.67
5 :2
1
9 9.19-99.19
1 :2 p elv is
1
1 47.27-147.27
3
8 0.65-104.35
9 2.62
9 9.19 1 47.2
s exua l
1
7 7.69-77.69
7 7.69
6 :7 f e mur
3
7 4.29-111.53
9 5.27
1 0 :9
1
7 3.53-73.53
7 3.53
1
6 5.71-65.71
6 5.71
9 a :8a t i bia
3
6 8.57-69.70
6 9.32
3
5 5.38-66.67
6 3.22
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 70
Table 3 5
S chwecha t
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V .V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
1 40.00
2
1 48-151
3 3.00
2
3 5-36
1 , c lav icu la
2
1 40-140
6
2
3 2-34
1 , h u merus
1
3 17-317
3 17.00
-
-
1 49.50 3 5.50
2
1
3 13-313
3 13.00
-
4
1
6 3-63
6 3.00
-
-
6
1
2 1-21
2 1.00
2
1 7-17
1 7.00
7
1
7 2-72
7 2.00
2
6 0-64
6 2.00
9
1
4 3-43
4 3.00
1
3 8-38
3 8.00
1 , r ad ius
-
-
-
2
2 36-240
4
3
1 4-16
1 4.68
2
1 2-14
5
3
1 0-13
1 1.33
2
1 0-12
1 , u lna
-
-
-
1
2 56-256
1 , s acru m
1
1 31-131
1 31.00
-
-
2
1
1 23-123
1 23.00
-
-
5
2
1 09-122
1 15.50
-
-
2 38.00 1 3.00 1 1.00 2 56.00
1 , p elv is
1
2 04-204
2 04.00
-
2
1
1 63-163
1 63.00
-
-
1 , f e mur
3
4 64-475
4 70.33
1
4 25-425
4 25.00
2
3
4 53-473
4 62.66
1
4 19-419
4 19.00
6
3
2 9-30
2 9.00
4
2 4-30
7
3
2 6-30
2 8.00
3
2 0-26
2 7.33
9
3
3 4-36
3 5.00
3
2 8-37
3 2.34
2 6.25
1 0
3
2 4-26
2 5.00
3
1 8-26
2 2.33
1 9
3
4 5-48
4 6.33
-
-
-
1 , t i bia
2
3 85-395
3 90.00
-
-
-
8 a
3
3 3-35
3 3.66
3
2 6-33
3 0.33
9 a
3
2 3-24
2 3.33
3
1 7-22
1 9.33
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 71
Table
3 6
Mannersdor f
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Numbers a f ter
ma les
Mar t in
N
1
4
3
4
5
1
f e males
V . -V min max
M
N
1 88.25
3
1 80-184
1 82.33
1 73-188
1 80 .75
3
1 74-182
1 78.00
1 06-106
1 06 .00
1
9 5-95
1 82-193
V . -V min max
-
M
9 5.00
7
1
3 3-33
3 3.00
-
8
4
1 32-144
1 39.00
3
1 38-159
1 45.67
-
9
4
9 3-104
9 8.75
2
9 2-108
1 00.00
1 0
4
1 13-126
1 21.50
1
1 10-110
1 10.00
1 1
3
1 14-126
1 18.33
3
1 00-128
1 17.33
1 2
4
1 08-135
1 18.25
3
1 11-123
1 18.33
1 3
4
8 3-116
1 03.25
3
9 0-113
1 03.00
1 7
1
1 37-137
1 37.00
1
1 27-127
1 27.00
2 0
4
1 02-113
1 10.75
3
1 06-117
1 11.67
2 3
3
5 10-556
5 27 .33
3
5 16-533
5 24.67
2 4
3
2 90-310
2 98.00
1
2 82-282
2 82.00
2 5
2
3 66-392
3 79.00
2
3 68-380
3 74.00
3 2/1 3 2/2
3 2
4 60 0490 0 3 8 42
4 8.67 4 0.00 o
2 2
4 8 °48 ° 3 8 °42 °
4 8.50 o 4 3.00 °
3 2/a
3
7 1 °79 °
7 7.18 o
2
7 5°-76°
7 5.50 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 72
Table 3 7
Mannersdorf
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f ac ia le
Mart in 4 0
f e males
ma les
Nu mbers af ter
V . -V m in max
V .-V m in max 1
1 04-104
1 04.00
_
4 2
1
1 09-109
1 09.00
1
1 06-106
1 06.00
4 3
2
1 06-115
1 10.50
2
1 04-108
1 06.00
4 4
2
9 3-100
9 6.50
2
4 5
2
9 4-94
9 4.00
4 6
2
8 1-93
8 7.00
2
7 8-93
4 7
2
1 14-123
1 18.50
1
1 12-112
4 8
2
7 2-75
7 3.50
1
6 8-68
5 0
2
2 3-25
2 4.00
1
2 5.25
2 5.00
5 1/d
2
3 5-36
3 5.50
1
3 5.35
3 5.00
5 2/d
2
3 0-36
3 3.00
1
3 3-33
3 3.00
5 4
2
2 3-25
2 4.00
1
2 0-20
2 0.00
9 4-94 1 30-130
9 4.00 1 30.00 8 5.50 1 12.00 6 8.00
5 5
2
5 0-57
5 3.50
_
6 0
1
5 5-55
5 5.00
1
5 2-52
5 2.00
6 1
2
6 4-66
6 5.00
1
6 4-64
6 4.00
6 2
-
-
-
-
6 3
2
3 9-42
4 0.50
1
3 8-38
3 8.00
6 5
2
1 29-150
1 19.50
2
1 04-150
6 6
1
1 09-109
1 09.00
2
8 4-96
6 8
2
1 05-107
1 06.00
2
1 05-107
6 9
2
3 1-36
3 3.50
3
2 2-32
2 8.00
7 0/a ,d
2
7 1-72
7 2.00
2
5 8-63
6 0.50
7 1/a ,d
3
3 2-33
3 2.33
3
2 6-33
2 9.67 o
7 2
3
8 40 860
85.00 o
3
& 4 °87 °
7 3
3
8 5 o_ 87 o
8 6.00 o
3
8 5 °86 °
8 5.50 o 8 5.50
7 9
3
1 34 ° 131 0
1 27.67 o
3
1 23 ° 136 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 73
1 27.00 9 0.00 1 06.00
1 28.67 o
Table 3 8
Mannersdorf
I nd ices f e ma les
males
Numbers a f ter Mart in
N
V . -V m in max
V .V min max
8 :1 c ran iu m
4
6 9.84-75.82
7 3.85
3
7 5.00-86.89
7 9.89
1 7 :1
1
7 0.06-70.06
7 0.06
1
6 6.79-66.79
6 6.79
2 0 :1
4
5 3.97-70.90
6 1.89
3
6 2.22-63.93
6 5.05
1 7 :8
1
9 2.08-92.08
9 2.08
1
8 9.99-89.99
8 9.99
3
7 3.58-92.03
8 1.87
2 0 :8
4
8 1.25-101.5
8 4.12
9 :10
4
7 7.78-83.20
8 0.95
1
8 3.64-83.64
8 3.64
9 :8
4
7 0.42-71.11
7 1.02
2
6 6.67-67.92
6 7.29
4 7 :45
2
9 1.94-92.48
9 2.21
1
8 6.15-86.15
8 6.15
4 8:45
2
5 6.39-58.06
5 7.22
1
5 2.31-52.31
5 2.31
5 2:51/d
2
7 7.50-90.69
8 4.09
1
8 5.37-85.37
8 5.37
5 4:55
2
4 0.98-44.23
4 2.60
1
3 8.46-38.46
3 8.46
1
2 6.60-26.60
2 6.60
5 0 :44
2
2 4.73-25.00
2 4.86
6 3:62
1
8 2.98-82.98
8 2.98
6 1:60
1
1 16.36-116.3
6 :1 c lav icu la
1
2 3.24-23.24
2 3.24
2
1 9.48-22.54
2 1.01
6 :5 h u merus
4
7 8.26-95.45
8 7.00
3
7 3.68-85.00
8 0.67
2
5 6.14-69.64
6 2.89
1 16.3
7 :1
1
1 8.77-18.77
1 8.77
s exua l p elv is
2
4 9.21-57.53
5 3.37
6 :7 f e mur
3
1 00.00-129.2
3
1 00.00-104.55
1 0 :9
3
7 8.79-83.87
8 4.23
3
6 1.29-75.00
7 4.16
9 a :8a
4
6 5.71-78.79
7 0.46
3
6 2.41-82.61
7 8.03
1 12.2
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 74
1 02.91
Table 3 9
Mannersdorf
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V .V m in max
1 , c lav icu la
1
1 42-142
6
3
3 3-38
M
3 4.67
2
2 6-28
-
1
3 57-357
3 57.00
2 7.00 3 54.00
-
1
3 54-354
6 5-65
6 5.00
1
5 8-58
5 8.00
3
1 8-22
2 0.00
2 1
V . -V min max
1 42.00
1 , h u merus 4
N
5
5
2 3-24
2 3.50
6
5
1 8-22
1 9.75
3
1 5-21
1 7 67
7
3
6 7-70
6 9.00
3
5 0-67
6 9.00
-
1
4 7-47
4 7.00
1 , r ad ius
1
2 62-262
4
4
1 4-19
1 6.75
5
4
1 1-14
1 2.00 1
1 10-110
1 10.00
1 , f e mur
2
4 76-515
4 95.50
2
4 72-503
4 87.50
2
2
4 66-507
4 86.50
2
4 66-491
4 78.50
6
2
2 9-29
2 9.00
3
2 3-21
2 6.33
7
2
2 7-29
2 8.00
3
2 2-24
2 3.33
9
9
2 62.00
1 , s acru m
2
3 0-31
3 0.50
3
2 8-33
3 0.00
1 0
2
2 6-27
2 6.50
3
2 1-26
2 4.00
1 9
2
4 8-50
4 9.00
2
3 9-48
4 3.50
1 , t i bia
1
3 97-397
3 97.00
-
-
-
1 /b
1
3 89-389
3 89.00
-
-
-
8 a
4
3 3-35
3 3.75
2
2 4-29
2 6.50
9 a
4
2 3-26
2 3.75
2
1 9-21
2 0.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 75
Table 4 0
Groshö f lein
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
N u mbers a f ter
ma les
Mart in
N
1
6
1 87-199
f e ma les
V .V m in max
M
N
V .V m in max
1 90.00
5
1 68-182
1 79.80 1 75.60
3
6
1 78-189
1 67 .66
5
1 67-197
5
5
9 8-108
1 00.60
3
8 7-94
9 3.33
7
4
3 6-40
3 6.25
2
3 3-33
3 3.00
8
6
1 35-146
1 23.17
6
1 29-148
1 38.20
9
6
9 2-109
9 9.16
5
9 2-107
9 6.20
1 0
6
1 14-121
1 20 .00
5
1 14-119
1 16.00
1 1
6
1 09-128
1 19 .83
5
1 10-130
1 18.50
1 2
6
1 08-120
1 13.00
'
1 06-132
1 15.66
1 3
6
9 7-117
1 07 .50
4
9 7-124
1 05.50
1 7
5
1 33-139
1 35.80
3
1 21-127
1 24.66
2 0
5
1 15-123
1 18.00
4
1 10-115
1 11.75
2 3
6
5 28-548
5 40.00
4
5 00-518
5 08.80
2 4
6
3 06-322
3 16.33
4
2 95-306
3 00.25
2 5
6
3 76-395
3 90.33
3 60-387 4 5-54 o
3 73.00
3 2/ 1
5
4 5-50 o
4 8.74 o
5 4
3 2/2
5
4 1 °43 °
4 2.40 o
4
4 1°-510
4 8.50 o 4 4.50 0
32 /a
5
7 0 °83 °
7 5.80 o
4
72-86 °
8 2.00 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 76
Table 4 1
Groshöf lein
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f acia le
Numbers a f ter Mar t in 4 0
f e males
males N
V .V min max
4
9 4-100
V . -V min max 8 7.33
9 7.75
3
8 0-92 1 06-111
1 08.00
4 2
5
1 10-122
1 16.40
3
4 3
5
1 08-111
1 09.00
5
1 02-109
1 04.20
5
9 0-100
9 4.80
4 4
5
8 6-108
1 00.40
4 5
5
1 25-142
1 35.00
4
1 23-140
1 29.25
9 1.80
5
8 7-104
9 1.60 1 11.75
4 6
5
8 5-96
4 7
5
1 12-127
1 19.25
4
1 07-113
4 8
4
6 6-78
7 0.00
4
6 3-71
6 5.50
5 0
4
2 2-28
2 6.00
5
2 1-26
2 3.60
5 1/d
6
3 7-44
3 9.66
5
3 7-43
3 3.00
5 2/d
6
3 1-38
3 4.33
5
3 0-34
3 3.00
5 4
3
2 2-24
2 3.00
2 1-25 4 1-54
4 7.00
2 3.25
5 5
4
5 0-52
5 0.50
4 4
6 0
5
5 2-55
5 3.20
4
4 9-52
5 0.25
6 1
6
5 9-70
6 4.83
4
6 0-63
6 1.75
6 2
4
5 0-55
5 3.25
2
4 8.58
5 3.00
6 3
6
3 6-41
3 8.66
4
3 4-43
3 7.50
6 5
5
1 25-142
1 12.40
3
1 16-120
1 18.66
6 6
7
1 00-116
1 06.85
3
9 5-102
9 8.33
6 8
7
9 7-114
1 09.42
3
9 2-109
1 02.00
6 9
7
3 0-37
3 2.57
5
2 8-32
3 0,40
7 0/a ,d
7
5 2-68
5 6.65
3
4 1-52
4 7.66
71 /a , d
7
2 6-36
3 2.00
5
2 7-32
2 9.20
7 2
4
8 3 °85 °
8 4.50 o
3
8 5 90 °
9 3.66 o
7 3
4
8 3 °87 °
7
1 12 °138 °
8 4.75 o 1 22.33 0
3
7 9
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 77
3
8 5 °91 1 27 ° 136 °
9 4.33
o
1 30.00 o
Table 4 2
Groshö f lein
I nd ices f e ma les
ma les
Numbers
V .V m in max
a f ter Mart in
N
V .V m in max
8 :1 c ran ium 1 7 :1
6
6 6.33-76.44
7 3.66
5
7 0.85-80.57
7 7.29
5
6 0.85-78.19
7 1.26
3
6 9.78-72.02
7 1.26
2 0 :1
5
6 0.30-64.40
6 1.90
4
6 0.07-66.07
6 4.18
1 7 :8
5
9 3.00-105.30
9 9.42
3
8 7.68-98.44
9 1.82
2 0 :8
5
8 1.81-90.90
& 4.63
4
7 5.00-85.27
8 0.55
9 :10
6
7 7.31-85.34
8 2.75
4
7 4.78-81.41
8 0.67
9 :8
6
6 5.24-76.77
7 0.98
5
6 5.24-74.07
6 9.60
4 7 :45
4
7 6.71-91.54
8 8.88
3
8 5.71-96,74
9 0.24
5 0.00-57.72
5 2.83
4 8 :45
4
4 5.21-55.38
5 1.80
3
5 2:51/d
5 3
7 5.61-90.47 4 4.00-46.15
8 4.13
4
8 5.00-91.89
8 6.30
4 4.71
4
4 4.68-56.09
4 9.80
5 0 :44
4
2 2.91-28.00
2 5.95
4
2 3.66-27.08
2 4.52
6 3:62
4
7 0.34-75.95
7 3.25
2
6 3.63-79.16
7 1.39
6 1:60
5
1 11.32-134.6
1 23.78
4
1 19.23-128.5
1 22.95
6 :1 c lav icu la
2
2 1.65-24.83
2 3.24
2
1 7.69-19.29
1 8.49 8 1.53 1 7.71
5 4:55
6 :5 h u merus
6
7 3.91-81.81
8 1.47
6
7 8. M-94.12
7 :1
4
1 9.17-19.94
1 9.67
4
1 6.51-18.39
5 :2 s acru m
1
1 24.47-124.47
2
1 20.00-128.75
1 24.4
1 24.4
2 :1
1
8 9.52-89.52
8 9.52
2
9 2.23-92.02
1 :2 p elv is
2
1 35.33-138.7
1 37.01
1
1 54.30-154.30
1 54.3
6 :7 f e mur
6
9 9.99-130.0
1 08.08
6
8 9.29-113.6
1 05.2
1 0 :9
6
6 6.67-88.75
7 5.25
6
6 1.11-82.14
7 3.83
9 a :8a
6
6 5.78-80.00
7 4.58
6
6 2.50-78.57
7 1.73
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 78
9 2.62
Table 4 3
Groshö f le in
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V .V m in max
1 , c lav icu la
3
1 32-153
6
6
3 0-38
M
N
V -V min max
1 44.00
3
1 30-147
3 5.28
5
2 5-29
1 39.00 2 6.80
1 , h u merus
5
3 00-340
3 28.40
4
2 95-351
3 15.25
2
5
2 98-353
3 28.25
4
2 93-313
3 03.75
4
3
6 1-71
6 6.33
2
5 1-56
5
8
2 0-26
2 3.12
6
1 7-22
1 9.16
6
8
1 5-21
1 8.75
6
1 5-16
1 5.50
6
7
8
5 5-72
6 3.75
9
6
4 2-53
4 5.93
1 , r ad ius
3
2 42-261
4
8
1 4-20
5 0-58
5 3.33
3 641
3 9.25 2 27.50
2 51.61
2
2 27-228
1 6.62
5
1 2-14
5
8
1 0-19
1 2.62
5
1 , u lna
5
2 36-297
2 45.20
2
5 3.50
9 -10
1 3.20 9 .60
2 30-247
2 38.50 9 4.50
1 , s acru m
3
9 5-110
1 03.30
2
8 6-103
2
3
9 2-100
9 5.33
2
8 0-95
5
3
1 00-118
1 11.66
2
1 03-114
1 08.50
8 7.50
1 , p elv is
2
2 26-293
2 29.50
1
2 30-230
2 30.00
2
2
1 67-168
1 67.50
1
1 49-149
1 49.00
1 , f e mur
5
4 44-501
4 68.00
5
3 95-438
4 18.75
2
5
4 42-499
4 65.50
5
3 98-432
4 13.30
6
8
2 6-32
2 8.87
6
2 3-29
2 5.50
7
8
2 0-28
2 8.25
6
2 1-28
2 4.50
9
3 1.20
8
2 7-38
3 2.62
6
2 8-34
1 0
8
2 0-29
2 5.25
6
2 2-25
2 3.20
1 9
5
4 6-53
4 8.83
6
3 7-44
4 1.00
1 , t i bia
5
3 47-432
3 81.2
3
3 27-358
3 45.00
1 / 1 3
6
3 26-400
3 53.45
3
3 02-339
3 26.00
8 a
8
2 8-37
2 4.00
6
2 9-35
3 0.00
9 a
8
2 2-27
2 4.12
6
1 9-23
2 1.33
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 79
Table 4 4
S teinbrunn
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Numbers a f ter Mart in
males N
females
V . -V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
1
5
1 73-192
1 86.00
5
1 72-190
1 79.40
3
5
1 65-185
1 76.40
5
1 69-182
1 73.20
5
1
1 02 1 02
1 02.00
2
9 3-102
9 7.50
7
1
3 5-35
3 5.00
2
3 2-35
3 3.50
8
5
1 20-145
1 33.00
7
1 29-145
9
4
8 8-110
9 7.50
6
9 2-97
9 4.33
3
1 08-122
1 13.00
6
1 07-119
1 12.67
1 1
5
1 12-126
1 21.40
6
1 16-120
1 . 18.67
1 2
5
1 02-117
1 10.20
7
1 01-108
1 06.29
1 3
5
1 04-111
1 07.80
6
9 8-107
1 05.40
1 7
1
1 36-136
1 36.00
2
1 26-128
1 27.00
1 0
1 36.29
2 0
5
1 13-118
1 15.40
6
1 07-116
1 10.83
2 3
4
5 18-546
5 28.50
5
5 02-518
5 10.60
2 4
5
3 04-318
3 09 .00
5
2 92-312
3 03.83
3 60-395
3 75.00
5
3 50-370
3 61.50
2 5
3
3 2/1
3
4 7 049 °
4 8.33 o
4
4 7 °56 °
4 9 75 0
3 2/2 3 2/a
3 3
3 9 045 ° 62-81 0
4 4.25 o 7 7 .19 0
4
42-50 °
4 3.82 o
4
6 0 °72 °
7 5.82
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 80
Table 4 5
S teinbrunn
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f acia le
Nu mbers a f ter Mar t in 4 0
f e ma les
ma les N
V . -V min max
1
9 7-97
V . -V min max 9 7.00
2
8 9-92
9 0.50
4 2
1
1 09-109
1 09.00
2
1 03-106
1 04.50
4 3
2
1 10-112
1 11.00
4
1 05-114
1 07.75
4 4
2
9 3-98
9 5.50
4
9 1-98
4 5
1
1 34-134
1 34.00
3
1 22-128
4 6
3
9 2-106
9 7.33
4
8 8-92
4 7
3
1 21-125
1 22.67
3
1 02-113
4 8
3
7 3-74
7 3.77
5
6 0-68
5 0
3
2 4-26
2 5.00
5
2 2-26
2 4.40
5 1/d
2
3 5-39
3 7.00
4
3 2-37
3 5.75
5 2/d
2
3 1-32
3 1.50
4
2 9-32
3 1.00
5 4
4
2 1-25
2 3.50
5
2 3-30
2 5.40
5 5
1
5 3-55
5 3.00
2
5 0-53
5 1.50
6 0
4
5 5-57
5 6-50
5
5 2-58
5 5.20
6 1
4
6 1-60
6 3.00
4
5 0-62
5 7.00
6 2
1
5 0-50
5 0.00
3
4 4-52
4 7.00
6 3
5
2 2-37
3 4.00
5
3 2-41
3 7.20
6 5
3
1 11-123
1 18.00
2
1 13-117
6 6
4
9 4-109
1 00.25
3
8 3-97
6 8
4
9 7-118
1 07.25
3
1 03-108
6 9
4
3 0-37
3 4.25
4
2 7-31
2 9.00
7 0/a ,d
3
6 7-72
6 8.67
3
6 1-67
6 4.33
7 1/a ,d 7 2
4 4
2 8-32 8 3 °87 °
3 0.50 o 8 5.00
4 4
2 6-34 & 4 o87 0
3 1.20 o 8 4.96 °
7 3
4
& 4 °87 °
7 9
4
1 17 ( 3126 °
8 5.96 o 1 21.95
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 81
4
8 5 °88 °
4
1 22 ( 3128 °
9 3.25 1 25.00 9 0.50 1 07.33 6 5.40
1 15.00 9 1.00 1 05.67
8 5.80 o 1 25.20 o
Table 4 6
S teinbrunn
I nd ices males
Nu mbers
f e ma les
a f ter Mart in
N
V . -V min max
8 :1 c ran iu m
5
6 8.75-76.32
7 1.85
2 0 :1
5
5 9.90-74.05
2 0 :8
5
7 4.05-90.15
V . -V m in max 7
6 7.20-83.14
7 5.68
6 4.74
5
6 2.96-75.00
6 7.79
8 5.57
6
8 1.06-93.70
8 9.18
9 :10
4
7 9.49-89.39
8 4.03
6
7 6.03-82.76
7 9.37
9 :8
5
6 5.91-75.86
7 0.46
5
6 6.43-72.73
6 9.42
4 7 :45
2
9 3.28-96.15
9 4.71
2
8 4.80-88.28
8 6.54
4 8 :45
2
5 4.48-56.92
5 5.70
3
5 3.12-55.74
5 4.68
5 2:51/d
2
8 0.49-87.80
8 4.14
4
7 7.27-85.37
8 0.78
5 4:55
2
4 3.40-44.00
4 3.43
4
4 3.40-73.27
5 1.43
5 0 :44
2
2 1.43-25.81
2 3.62
4
1 8.68-25.51
2 1.12
6 3:62
1
7 8.00-78.00
7 8.00
3
7 8.85-82.22
8 2.48
6 1:60
4
9 8.41-119.6
1 11.09
4
8 9.29-124.0
1 19.09
6 :5 h u merus
1
7 8.26-78.26
7 8.26
1
8 5.71-85.71
8 5.71
7 :1
1
2 1.18-21.18
2 1.18
1
2 0.91-20.91
2 0.91
6 :7 f e mur
3
9 8.71-108.9
1 04.22
3
9 6.91-104.1
1 01.89
1 0 :9
3
1 10.00-120.1
1 15.00
3
7 0.97-92.86
8 2.73
9 a :8a t ibia
2
7 0.19-74.19
7 2.39
1
7 5.00-75.00
7 5.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 82
Table 4 7
N ik itsch
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Nu mbers a f ter Mar t in 1
ma les
f e males
N
V . -V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
5
1 78-207
1 91.60
4
1 62-185
1 76.77 1 71.00
3
5
1 70-197
1 82.20
4
1 60-179
5
2
1 04-114
1 09.00
1
9 7-97
7
2
3 7-39
3 8.00
1
3 3-33
8
5
1 29-150
1 36.00
4
1 34-150
1 41.25
9
4
9 1-102
5 .25
4
9 3-102
9 6.00
1 0
4
1 05-129
1 18.00
4
1 07-125
1 16.75
1 1
3
1 01-138
1 20.67
3
1 18-123
1 20.00
1 2
3
1 10-121
1 15.67
4
1 05-131
1 13.75
1 3
3
9 4-106
1 02.00
3
9 3-98
1 7
3
1 14-136
1 23.67
2
1 01-122
1 11.50
2 0
4
1 09-124
1 15.50
4
1 00-117
1 08.50
9 7.00 3 3.00
9 6.33
2 3
5
5 20-546
5 31.80
4
4 95-530
5 16.25
2 4
4
3 00-330
3 14.00
4
2 83-302
2 96.75
2 5
4
3 80-402
3 88.00
2
3 63-365
3 64.00
3 2/ 1
3
4 7 °53 °
5 1.23 o
2
4 6 °48 °
4 7.00 o
3 2/2
3
4 1 °47 °
4 5.18 o
2
3 9°41 °
4 2.94 o
32 /a
3
6 7 °80 °
7 7.94 o
2
7 5 °77 °
7 6.00 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 83
Table 4 8
N ik i tsch
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f ac ia le
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e males
V V m in max
M
N
V .V m in max
4 0
1
9 3-93
9 3.00
1
9 4-94
4 2
1
1 23-123
1 23.00
1
1 15-115
9 4.00
4 3
3
1 13-116
14.00
3
1 04-110
1 08.67
4 4
3
9 6-98
9 6.67
3
9 67111
1 04.00
4 5
3
12 5-126
1 25.67
3
1 19-128
1 24.67
4 6
3
8 8-96
9 3.67
3
8 8-91
4 7
3
1 16-120
1 17.67
3
1 04-115
1 15.00
9 0.33 1 09.33
4 8
3
6 8-69
6 8.33
3
6 5-71
6 7.33
5 0
3
2 2-34
2 6.00
3
2 3-26
2 5.00
5 1/d
3
3 6-38
3 7.00
3
3 4-37
3 5.33
5 2/d
3
2 7-32
3 0.00
3
2 7-30
3 2.00
5 4
3
2 0-25
2 2.23
3
2 0-23
2 2.00
5 5
3
4 9-53
5 0.67
3
4 6-50
4 7.67
6 0
3
4 7-52
5 1.33
3
5 4-61
5 7.00
6 1
3
6 0-64
6 2.00
2
5 9-62
6 0.50
6 2
2
4 7-56
5 1.50
-
-
-
6 3
1
4 2-42
4 2.00
3
3 5-41
6 5
2
1 11-125
1 18.00
4
1 02-113
3 9.00
6 6
4
9 3-100
9 6.50
4
7 4-92
6 8
4
1 03-115
1 08.25
3
1 02-103
1 02.67
6 9
5
3 0-39
3 4.20
3
3 1.36
3 3.33
7 0/a ,d
3
6 7-73
6 9.33
4
6 2-74
6 5.75
71/a , d
5
2 9-37
3 2.00
4
2 6-36
2 9.25
1 11.75 8 9.25
7 2
5
8 3 °85 °
8 4.00 o
4
8 3 °84 o
8 3.50 o
7 3
5
8 4 o86°
8 5.00 o
4
8 4 °85 o
8 4.50 o
7 9
5
1 16 ° 128 °
1 21 .60 °
4
1 2 2-136 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 84
o
1 29 .25 °
Table 4 9
N ik itsch
I nd ices f e males
males
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
N
V .V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
M
8 :1 c ran iu m
5
6 4.10-84.27
7 1.37
4
7 2.43-92.59
8 0.30
1 7 :1
4
5 8.46-70.83
6 3.56
3
5 7.95-60.42
5 8.99
2 0 :1
4
5 9.46-68.93
6 3.87
2
5 6.50-66.05
6 1.27
1 7 :8
4
8 4.62-102.26
9 3.57
3
7 6.22-90.40
8 4.61
2 0 :8
4
6 7.33-89.33
8 1.75
2
7 0.42-71.33
7 0.37
9 :10
4
7 4.40-79.17
7 7.44
4
7 6.23-85.45
8 0.13
9 :8
4
6 9.92-76.00
7 1.94
4
6 3.33-73.38
6 8.09
4 7 :45
3
9 2.06-96.00
9 3.64
3
8 5.16-90.55
8 7,70
4 8:45
3
5 3.97-54.76
5 4.37
3
5 1.56-55.91
5 4.09
5 2:51/d
3
7 8.57-86.84
8 1.96
3
7 6.19-88.37
8 2.92
5 4:55
3
3 9.22-46.30
4 2.34
3
4 0.00-46.00
4 3.70
5 0:44
3
2 2.45-35.42
2 6.93
3
2 1.90-27.42
2 4.13
6 3:62
2
7 3.21-89.36
8 1.28
-
6 1:60
3
1 27.19
2
1 05.36-124.00
6 :1 c lav icu la
-
1 16.36-134.7
3
1 9.58-26.21
2 2.58
6 :5 humerus
7
7 6.00-95.00
8 6.59
4
7 6.19-85.00
8 1.42
7 : 1 1: 2 p elv is
3
1 8.16-21.89
1 9.44
4
1 5.28-18.24
1 6.81
1
1 42.65-142.6
1 42.65
_ 1
-
-
-
-
-
1 14.68
s exua l
1
5 4.72-54.72
5 4.72
1
6 9.64-69.64
6 9.64
6 :6 f e mur
5
1 00.00-107.6
1 03.66
5
1 00.00-108.0
1 01.60
1 0 :9
5
7 5.00-85.29
7 5.57
5
6 6.67-80.00
9 4.95
9 a :8a t i bia
4
6 4.86-79.41
7 0.46
6
6 2.06-84.37
7 3.10
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 85
Table 5 0
N ik itsch
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ia l s keleton
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e males
V . -V m in max
1 , c lav icu la
-
6
2
2 8-32
1 , h u merus
3
2 4
M
-
N
V . -V min max
-
4
1 27-145
3 0.00
4
2 6-38
1 36.75
3 17-358
3 37.67
5
2 85-320
3 03.60
3
3 06-351
3 30-33
1
2 86-286
2 86.00
7
5 7-68
6 2.50
5
4 6-57
5
7
2 0-25
2 1.71
5
1 7-21
1 9.80
6
7
5 7-74
6 3.70
5
5 3-57
5 2.80
3 0.25
5 1.80
7
7
5 7-74
6 3.70
5
5 3-57
5 2.80
9
4
4 5-50
4 6.75
5
3 6-40
3 9.60
1 , r ad ius
1
2 56-256
2 56.00
5
2 12-246
4
4
1 5-19
1 6.50
5
1 3-15
2 28.60 1 4.20
5
4
1 0-13
1 2.00
5
1 0-12
1 0.80
1 , u lna
2
2 55-276
2 65.50
4
2 24-270
2 39.25
1 , s acru m
1
1 19-119
1 19.00
2
1 01-122
1 11.50
1 , p elv is
1
2 25-225
2 25.00
2
1 94-204
1 99.00
1 , f e mur
5
4 68-519
4 80.80
5
3 97-470
4 31.00
2
5
4 88-514
4 89.67
5
3 93-463
4 30.00
6
6
2 7-31
2 8.50
5
2 4-28
2 6.60
7
6
2 6-29
2 7.50
5
2 4-27
2 3.60
9
7
3 0-36
3 4.00
5
2 8-36
3 1.40
7
2 4-29
2 5.43
5
2 3-24
2 3.50
1 0 1 9
7
4 5-52
4 8.57
5
3 9-45
4 1.75
1 , t ib ia
4
3 79-394
3 90.75
3
3 30-355
3 40.67
1 /b
4
3 71-389
3 82.25
3
3 12-337
3 23.00
8 a
5
3 2-37
3 4.00
5
2 7-37
3 1.00
9 a
5
2 3-27
2 4.80
5
2 2-23
2 2.40
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 86
Table 5 1
Hegykö ( Töth 1 964 )*
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium c erebra le
Nu mbers a f ter Mar t in
1
ma les
f e ma les
N
V V m in max
M
N
V . -V min max
1 0
1 75-191
1 83.80
9
1 68-179
9 8.8
5
9 2-99
1 37.40
8
1 30-137
5
1 0
9 0-104
8
1 0
1 31-141
9
1 0
8 8-103
9 5.60
1 0
1 0
1 12-125
1 18.60
1 1
1 0
1 20-130
1 24.50
1 01-116
1 09.90
1 2
9
1 7 .
1 0
1 21-139
1 32.10
2 0
1 0
1 06-117
1 12.50
3 2 32 /a
9 9
8 0 °91 0 7 4 °82 °
1 0 9
8 8-96
9 4.60 1 33.10 9 2.50
1 12-120
1 15.40
8
1 16-127
1 19.00
8
1 03-111
1 06.60
6
1 22-132
1 26.60
8
1 05-118
1 11.40
8 5.20 o
8
8 3 °90 °
8 5.40
7 9.20 o
8
8 0 °84 °
8 2.70 °
The missing measure men ts were n ot p ubl ished b y Töth ( 1964 ).
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 87
1 74.60
Table 5 2
Hegykö ( Tö th 1 964 )
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f acia le
Nu mbers af ter Mar t in
4 0 4 3 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8
ma les N
9 1 0 8 1 0 8 9
f e males
V . -V min max 9 2-99
M
N
9 6.10
5
9 5-109
1 05.00
1 27-135
1 33.30
8 8-97 1 11-123
9 2.60 16.7
1 0 4 1 0 8
V -V min max 8 6-94
9 0.60
9 7-104
1 00.70
1 20-124
1 22.70
8 6-95 1 02-123
9 0.60 1 12.00
6 2-75
6 8.00
8
5 8-68
6 3.60
5 1/d
1 0
4 0-47
4 3.30
9
3 9-41
4 1.00
5 2/d
1 0
2 9-36
3 2.60
9
2 9-36
3 2.50
5 4
9
2 2-26
2 4.20
7
2 1-25
2 2.60
5 5
9
4 7-56
5 0.30
9
4 5-54
4 8.80
6 0
8
5 0-56
5 2.60
6
4 7-52
4 9.00
6 1
6
5 8-68
6 2.80
6
5 5-60
5 8.70
6 2
7
4 2-48
4 5.40
5
4 0-43
4 2.40
6 3
6
3 3-44
3 7.30
5
3 1-35
6 5
7
1 06-128
1 16.70
3
1 08-112
3 3.40 1 10.70
6 6
7
8 6-104
1 00.30
6
8 8-102
9 4.80
7 0
9
6 2-75
6 8.80
7
5 8-67
6 2.00
3 0-34
3 3.10
9
2 6-34
3 0.40
7 0 °88 °
8 2.70 o
8
8 0 °88 °
8 4.40 o
7 1/a 7 2 7 3 7 9
1 0 9 8 1 0
8 1 °91 0
8 3.90 o
7
8 3 °91 0
1 07 ° 128 °
12 0.40 o
8
1 1 e-137 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 88
8 5.60 o 1 26.60 o
Table 5 3
Hegykö ( To th 1 964 )*
I nd ices ma les
Numbers af ter Mart in
f e males
V .V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
M
8 :1
1 0
7 2.6-78.3
7 4.78
8
7 3.2-80.6
7 6.28
1 7 :1
1 0
6 6.8-74.8
7 1.90
6
6 9.7-75.0
7 2.47
2 0 :1
1 0
1 7 :8
1 0
2 0 :8 9 :10 9 :8 4 7 :45 4 8 :45 5 2:51/d
*
N
6 0.87
9
-
6 3.79
9 3.6-99.3
9 6.13
6
9 2.6-99.6
9 5.84
1 0
-
8 1.75
8
-
8 3.46
1 0
_
8 0.67
8
_
8 0.00
1 0
6 6.7-74.6
6 9.58
8
6 5.7-70.8
6 9.13
8 3.8-90.6
8 7.51
8
8 2.9-99.4
9 1.06
4 8.1-53.8
5 0.55
4
4 8.3-55.6
5 1.70
8 7
-
1 0
6 7.4-90.0
7 5.53
9
7 0.4-87.5
7 9.45
5 4:55
9
4 1.4-53.0
4 8.29
7
4 2.0-48.9
4 5.86
6 3:62
6
-
8 2.22
5
-
7 8.57
6 1:60
6
-
1 18.87
5
-
1 20.41
The m issing measure men ts were n o t p ubl ished b y Töth ( 1964 ).
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 89
Table 5 4
Vörs
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Numbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V V min max
M
N
V V m in max
1
2
1 85-192
1 88.50
1 1
1 74-196
3
2
1 73-184
1 78.50
1 1
1 60-189
1 75.27
5
1
1 06-106
1 06.00
9 7-113
1 02.75
7
-
_
8
2
1 41-142
9
1 41.5
4 5 1 1 1 1
1 84.36
3 3-39
3 6.25
1 29-145
1 38.09
3
9 4-103
9 9.00
1 0
3
1 09-118
1 15.33
8 7-102
9 5.09
1 1
2
1 32-145
1 15.00
1 2
2
1 14-126
1 20.00
1 0
1 07-120
1 15.53
1 3
2
1 14-130
1 22.00
8 8
9 7-106
1 05.00
9
1 03-115
1 09
9
1 21-130
1 24.75
1 7
1
1 40-140
1 40.00
4
1 26-142
1 32.50
2 0
1
1 06-106
1 06.00
8
8 5-113
1 04.62
2 3
2
5 17-542
5 29.50
2 4
2
3 20-320
3 20.00
2 5
-
-
2 6
2
1 35-140
3 2/ 1
1
4 8 °48 °
3 2/2
1
4 2 °42 °
32 /a
1
7 8 °78 °
1 37.50 4 8.00 o 4 2.00 7 8.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 90
1 1
4 95-550
5 15.54
8
2 60-320
2 95.25
6
3 60-385
3 74.33
1 22-140
1 26.81
1 1 5
4 5 049 0
4 7.00 o
5
4 2 °45 °
4 3.00 0
5
7 4 079 0
7 5.83 o
Table 5 5
Vörs
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f acia le
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
4 0
1
V .V m in max 9 7-97
f e males M
N
9 7.00
2
V . -V min max 9 4-103
9 8.50
4 2
1
1 20-120
1 20.00
2
8 1-112
9 6.50
4 3
1
1 14-114
1 14.00
8
1 02-114
1 07.00
4 4
2
9 7-97
4 5
2
1 27-142
4 6
2
9 1-102
9 6.50
8
8 7-90
4 7
2
1 14-124
1 12.17
6
1 05-122
1 12.17
4 8
2
6 5-76
7 0.50
7
6 5-71
6 7.71
5 0
2
2 3-28
2 5.50
8
2 2-27
2 4.62
5 1/ 41
2
3 6-39
3 7.50
8
3 5-40
3 7.25
5 2/d
2
2 8-33
3 0.50
8
2 8-34
3 1.37
5 4
2
2 4-25
2 4.50
8
2 0-26
2 3.42
5 5
2
4 8-53
5 0.50
7
4 6-56
4 7.85
6 0
2
5 5-58
5 6.50
6
5 0-62
5 6.00
9 7.00
9
8 8-101
9 3.50
1 34.50
6
1 17-130
1 24.50 8 9.50
6 1
2
6 2-62
6 2.00
6
4 9-62
5 5.42
6 2
2
4 9-55
5 2.00
1
4 3-45
4 3.00
6 3
2
3 8-42
4 0.00
7
2 9-38
3 4.14
6 5
2
1 24-128
1 26.00
1 1
1 00-125
1 16.54
6 6
2
9 0-114
1 02.00
1 1
8 6-109
9 1.90
6 8
2
1 05-110
1 07.50
1 1
9 2-105
1 01.36
6 9
3
3 4-38
3 5.33
1 1
2 7-33
3 0.45
7 0/a
1
7 6-76
7 6.00
1 0
5 5-81
6 4.20
71 /a , d
2
3 1-36
3 3.50
1 0
2 7 63 6
3 1.40
7 2 7 3
1 1
8 8' 388 o 8 4 0 -84o
8 8.00 o 8 4.00 o
7 7 90 0 4 7 5 ( 3 8 3o
& 4.25 8 5.25 o o o
7 9
2
1 21 ° 135 °
1 28.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 91
4 1 1
1 21-134 o
1 24.00 °
Table 5 6
Vörs
I nd ices f e males
males
Numbers
V .V min max
a f ter Mart in
N
V .V m in max
8 :1 c ran iu m
2
7 3.44-76.76
1 7 :1
1
7 2.92-72.92
7 2.92
2 0 :1
1
5 4.72-54.72
5 4.72
1
7 7.69-77.69
7 7.69
7 5.10
1 7 :8 2 0 :8
7 0.65-80.60
7 5.14
8
5 5.17-75.28
6 3.43
8
5 1.43-67.21
5 8.28
7
7 0.07-95.62
8 8.34
8
7 5.90-87.29
7 7.92
1 1
9 :10
3
8 2.14-86.56
8 4.64
1 0
8 2.76-95.15
8 7.28
9 :8
2
6 6.19-85.71
7 5.90
1 1
6 4.56-75.99
6 9.43
6 7.32-89.76
8 8.54
4
8 4.37-96.06
8 7.88
4 7 :45
3
5 1.18-53.52
5 2.35
4
5 0.00-55.12
5 2.08
5 2:51/d
z
7 7.78-84.62
8 1.20
8
7 0.00-91.43
8 7.77
5 4:55
2
4 7.17-50.00
4 8.58
8
4 2.55-54.76
4 9.15
5 0 :44
2
2 3.71-28.87
2 6.29
8
2 2.92-29.67
2 6.16
6 3:62
2
7 6.36-77.55
7 6.95
1
7 6.74-76.74
7 6.74
6 1:60
2
1 12.73-113.79
1 13.26
7
9 8.00-120.7
1 10.73 2 3.96
4 8 :45
6 :1 c lav icu la
2
2 4.67-25.31
2 4.99
6
2 0.44-29.61
6 :5 h u merus
5
7 5.00-100.0
8 5.44
1 3
7 2.73-94.44
7 2.36
7 :1
2
2 1.25-21.32
2 1.28
7
1 7.74-21.59
1 9.85
3
1 29.25-161.5
2
6 4.06-69.49
6 6.77
7
4 3.48-86.44
7 2.08
6 :7 f e mur
5
7 0.17-100.00
1 04.81
1 6
9 2.31-126.8
1 03.11
1 0 :9
6
7 0.97-111.1
8 4.47
1 6
7 0.97-90.00
8 0.50
9 a :8a t i bia
5
6 3.41-74.19
6 7.38
1 4
6 6.67-80.00
7 4.38
1 :2 p elv is s exual
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 92
1 43.3
Table 5 7
Vörs
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ia l s keleton
Nu mbers af ter Mar t in
ma les
f e males
N
V .V m in max
M
N
1 56.00
6
1 26-152
3 8.33
9
2 7-45
1 , c lav icu la
2
1 50-162
6
3
3 7-41
V . -V min max 1 35.70 3 2.78
1 , h u merus
2
3 19-320
3 19.50
7
2 85-329
3 01.30
2
1
3 15-315
3 15.00
7
2 80-321
2 96.87
4
2
5 5-58
5 6.50
8
4 9-68
5 5.87
5
5
1 9-23
2 2.40
1 3
i 8-23
2 0.15
6
5
1 8-20
1 9.00
1 2
1 5-19
1 6.75
7
5
6 3-70
6 7.40
1 0
5 5-71
6 0.80
9
1
4 6-46
4 6.00
7
3 4-41
1 , r ad ius
1
2 35-235
2 35.00
6
2 20-239
4
4
1 5-17
1 6.00
6
1 4-17
5
4
1 2-13
1 2.25
6
1 0-13
1 , u lna
-
-
-
4
2 40-269
3 9028 2 31.33 1 5.68 1 0.50 2 47.75
5 , s acru m
2
1 11-126
1 18.50
3
1 12-122
1 15.67
1 , p elv is
2
2 18-230
2 24.00
4
1 90-210
2 02.50
2
1
1 55-155
1 55.00
1 30-147
1 42.33
1 , f e mur
3
4 39-480
4 56.67
1 1
4 03-475
4 38.90
2
3
4 30-471
4 50.72
1 1
3 98-468
4 30.57
6
6
2 7-32
2 9.67
1 6
2 4-30
2 6.62
7
5
2 6-32
2 8.80
1 7
2 3-31
2 6.52
9
3
5
2 7-37
3 2.60
1 7
2 8-31
3 0.24
1 0
5
2 6-30
2 8.00
1 6
2 2-27
2 1.43
1 9
4
4 7-50
4 8.25
1 0
5
3 38-370
3 60.80
1 /b
5
3 27-361
3 51.87
8 a
5
3 1-41
3 5.80
1 3
2 7-32
2 9.77
9 a
6
2 3-26
2 4.00
1 3
1 9-24
2 3.00
1 , t i bia
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 93
4 0-55
4 3.50
5
3 44-364
3 53.00
5
3 36-358
3 44.89
Table 5 8
Värpa lo ta
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V . -V min max
M
N
V .V min max
M
1
2
1 80-190
1 85.00
7
1 66-180
1 76.57
3
2
1 74-183
1 78.50
7
1 63-172
1 68.14
5
2
9 6-105
1 00.50
6
9 0-98
9 5.17
7
1
3 6-36
3 6.00
5
3 2-35
3 4.15
8
2
1 35-138
1 36.50
7
1 30-143
1 34.30
9
2
9 4-104
9 9.00
7
8 8-96
9 4.00
1 0
2
1 18-130
1 24.00
7
1 10-130
1 17.43
1 1
2
1 14-122
1 18.00
7
1 14-127
1 18.57
1 2
2
1 06-110
1 08.00
7
1 02-110
1 05.85
1 3
2
1 05-105
1 05.00
7
9 8-105
1 01.85
1 7
2
1 32-138
1 35.00
7
1 23-138
1 29.50
2 0
2
1 10-118
1 14.00
7
1 07-118
1 10.57
2 3
2
5 17-540
5 28.50
7
4 88-525
5 07.70
2 4
2
3 00-315
3 07.50
7
2 81-317
3 00.14
2 5
2
3 68-390
3 79.00
7
3 52-390
3 79.60
3 2/ 1
2
4 3 o52 o
4 7.50 0
7
4 3 °54 °
5 2.71 o
3 2/2
2
4 7 °50 °
4 8.50 o
7
4 64 352 °
4 9.28
3 2/a
2
7 6 °86 °
7 8.00 o
7
8 3 °88 °
8 6.00 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 94
Table 5 9
Värpo lo ta
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f ac ia le
Nu mbers a f ter Mar t in
males N
f e ma les
V .V min max
M
N
V .V min max
4 0
2
9 3-100
9 6.50
7
8 5-100
8 9.83
4 2
2
1 03-112
1 10.00
7
1 04-108
1 06.00
4 3
2
1 04-106
1 05.00
7
9 3-102
9 9.43
4 4
2
9 6-97
4 5
2
1 26-131
4 6
2
9 2-94
4 7
2
1 13-123
9 6.50
7
9 0-103
9 5.43
1 28.50
7
1 20-127
1 23.85
9 3.00
7
8 4-98
1 18.00
7
1 03-123
9 2.57 1 10.20
4 8
2
6 3-70
6 6.50
7
5 9-70
6 4.57
5 0
2
2 6-28
2 7.00
7
1 9-25
2 1.14
5 1/ c l
2
3 6-37
3 6.50
7
3 6-40
3 7.43
5 2/ c l
2
3 0-32
3 1.00
7
2 7-34
3 1.42
5 4
2
2 4-26
2 5.00
7
1 8-26
2 2.43
5 5
2
4 4-51
4 7.50
7
4 4-51
5 0 .14
6 0
2
4 7-52
4 9.50
7
4 7-54
4 9.14
6 1
2
6 1-62
6 1.50
7
5 6-62
4 6.85
6 2
1
4 5-45
4 5.00
5
4 1-51
4 5.25
6 3
2
3 6-37
3 6.50
7
3 4-37
3 5.43
6 5
1
1 18-118
1 18.000
6
1 08-127
1 16.82
6 6
2
& 4-95
8 9.50
6
8 8.105
9 1.66
6 8
1
1 03-103
1 03.33
6 9
1
3 2-32
7 0/a
1
7 1/a
2
7 2
1 03.00
6
9 4-107
3 2.00
6
2 8-35
6 8-68
6 8.00
6
4 9-67
5 8.00
3 2-33
3 2.50
6
2 6-34
3 0.33
2
8 4 086 0
8 5.00 o
7 3
2
8 3 °88 °
8 5.00 o
7 7
8 0°86 ° 8 2 °86 °
8 3.43 8 4.60 o
7 9
2
1 08 ° 118 °
1 13.00 o
7
1 18 ° 124 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 95
2 8.50
1 21.14 o
Table 6 0
\ iärpalota
I nd ices f e ma les
males
Numbers a f ter Mart in
V .V min max
N
V V min max
8 :1
2
7 2.62-75.00
7 3.81
7
7 0.03-80.12
7 6.66
1 7 :1
2
7 2.63-73.33
7 2.98
7
6 9.10-77-27
7 3.65
2 0 :1
2
6 1.11-62.10
6 1.60
7
6 0.00-64.74
6 2.67
1 7 :8
2
9 7.77-100.0
9 8.88
7
9 3.98-100.0
9 5.67
2 0 :8
2
8 1.48-85.88
8 3.49
7
7 8.32-85.07
8 1.85
9 :10
2
7 9.66-80.00
7 9.83
7
7 7.87-84.40
8 0.16
9 :8
2
6 9.63-75.36
7 2.47
7
6 6.16-75.36
6 9.54
4 7 :45
2
8 9.68-93.89
9 1.78
7
8 3.06-94.25
8 8.97
4 8 :45
2
5 0.00-53.43
5 1.71
7
4 7.58-53.97
5 2.15
5 2:51/d
1
8 3.33-83.33
8 3.33
7
7 2.97-89.88
& 4.07
5 4 :55
2
5 0.98-54.54
5 2.76
7
3 6.73-54.54
4 4.96
5 0 :44
1
2 7.08-27.08
2 7.08
7
1 9.59-23.91
2 2.46
6 3 :62
1
8 0.00-80.00
8 0.00
5
7 2.54-85.37
7 8.33
2
1 17.30-131.3
1 24.60
7
1 07.69-131.91
6 1:60
Table 6 1
1 16.4
S zen tendre ( K iszely 1 966 )
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebrale
Nu mbers a f ter
ma les
f e ma les
N
V .V min max
V . -V min max
1
2 3
1 75-220
1 89.50
2 4
1 75-195
1 82.10
3
2 2
1 60-195
1 76.00
2 0
1 63-190
1 73.20
9 0-121
1 04.30
9 3-109
9 9.30
Mar t in
5 7 8 9 1 0
7 6 2 3
3 3-41 1 17-152
6
3 6.00 1 34.00
5 2 3
3 6-39
3 7.41
1 19-143
1 30.70
2 4
8 9-108
9 7.00
2 3
9 0-106
9 5.90
2 3
1 08-130
1 15.10
2 0
9 8-126
1 11.10
1 1
1 7
1 03-128
1 14.10
1 3
1 03-130
1 14.70
1 2
2 0
1 04-132
1 22.20
1 5
9 5-130
1 16.10
1 3
1 8
9 7-120
1 08.40
1 5
9 5-130
1 16.10
1 7
1 0
1 15-140
1 29.20
1 13-143
1 26.10
2 0
1 8
1 01-126
1 15.90
1 5
1 06-122
1 11.80
2 3
2 3
4 80-560
5 28.40
2 1
4 70-552
5 10.90
2 4
1 9
2 75-346
3 16.50
1 5
2 50-355
2 92.20
2 5
2 0
3 40-410
3 78.10
1 4
3 25-390
3 68.10
3 2/1 3 2/2
1 9 1 9
4 5 053 0 3 8°-49 °
5 1.18 o 4 4.67
1 5
4 7 057 0 3 8 0 _ 50 0
32 /a
1 9
6 2°-83 °
7 6.91 0 o
1 5
6 9° . 82 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 96
8
1 5
5 3.32 o 4 5.47 o 7 7.82 o
Table 6 2
S zen tendre ( K iszely 1 966)
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in 4 0 4 2
ma les
f e ma les
N
V .V min max
M
N
V .V m in max
5
9 3-123
1 05.40
5
8 7-103
9 4.60
6
9 7-139
1 19.50
5
9 6-115
1 08.40
9 8-130
1 05.80
1 1
9 6-114
1 00.80
1 1
4 3
1 3
4 4
1 6
8 7-101
9 4.80
4 5
1 2
1 22-146
1 35.00
8
4 6
1 4
7 4-99
8 4-104
9 1.90
1 20-143
1 32.90
8 6.60
8
7 0-99
1 18.50
7
1 06-113
6 3-86
7 0.80
8
5 9-72
6 5.70
4 7
7
1 14-130
4 8
9
8 8.20 1 11.50
5 0
1 8
1 8-31
2 4.20
1 7
1 7-30
2 4.20
5 1/d
1 4
3 4-41
3 8.50
1 0
3 0-40
3 6.10
5 2/d
1 4
1 0
5 4
2 9-36
3 2.30
8
2 2-25
2 3.90
2 4-35
3 0 ,60
8
2 0-24
2 2.00
5 5
8
4 2-55
5 0.90
7 7
4 3-56
4 5.50
6 0
5
4 6-60
5 1.20
6
4 8-56
5 1.80
6 1
6
5 3-70
6 0.80
6
5 7-66
6 0.50
6
3 7-44
4 1.10
6
3 2-44
3 8.10
6 2 6 3 6 6
2 1
8 0-110
9 4.00
1 9
7 9-120
9 5.10
9 1-130
1 07.40
1 0
8 2-112
1 02.20
2 5-36
3 2.49
1 9
2 3-33
2 9.00
6 4-85
7 2.60
1 9
5 3-74
6 6.10
3 1.70
1 9
2 3-36
3 1.10
8 5.91 0
1 5
7 7090 °
8 5.20 o
8 6.90 o
1 5
6 8
2 4
6 9
2 1
7 0/a
2 6
7 1/a
2 7
2 7-37
7 2
1 6
7 7 °91 ° 7 6 °92 °
7 3 7 9
1 6 2 5
1 15 1 3141 0
1 25.5 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 97
2 0
7 8
0-92
0
1 17 ° 137 °
8 6.81 1 28.3 °
o
Table 6 3
S zen tendre ( lüszely 1 966)
I nd ices f e males
Ma les
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
N
V .V min max
8 :1 c ran iu m
2 3
6 5.94-80.97
M
M
N
V .V min max
7 1.47
2 2
6 7.51-76.17
7 1.70
5 7.90-78.13
6 9.61
5 7.20-66.05
6 1.01
8 7.89-103.6
9 6.92
1 7 :1
1 0
5 7.42-73.86
6 8.25
2 0 :1
1 7
5 4.28-65.96
6 0.83
1 7 :8
1 0
8 7.90-99.73
2 0 :8
1 7
7 6.95-90.06
8 4.41
1 4
7 4.60-88.10
8 4.51
9 :10
2 2
7 2.83-89.76
8 4.02
1 9
7 0.91-89.89
8 5.86
9 :8
2 1
6 7.81-83.95
7 3.35
2 1
6 4.30-79.81
7 2.40
9 0.92-104.1
9 4.35
4 7 :45 4 8:45 5 2:51/d 5 4:55 5 0 :44 6 3 :62
6 8 1 3 6
9 6.27
8 1 7
5 0.71-63.42
5 6.55
7 3.00-93.46
8 3.56
4 3.60-51.40
4 8.66
2 1.73-29.75
2 5.63
3
7 3.91-80.40
7 8.17
4
1 1
8
8 7 1 0 8
8 1.16-102.1
9 5.14
4 9.60-58.72
5 4.41
7 5.80-89.16
8 4.72
4 3.25-57.30
4 7.50
1 9.83-29.71
2 4.99
6
7 1.82-84.60
7 6.60
3
1 0
1 08.00-116.0
1 13.00
1 08.91-116.7
1 11.23
1 7
1 9.71-31.80
2 6.81
1 6
1 9.81-28.35
2 2.71
6 :5 h u merus
2 9
6 1.71-89.90
8 2.93
2 5
6 0.18-89.19
7 6.93
7 :1
2 9
1 6.81-26.80
1 9.92
2 2
1 5.21-28.80
1 9.02
6 :7 f e mur
2 9
8 9.76-136.0
1 08.64
2 6
9 0.16-126.8
1 07.50
1 0 :9
2 9
6 7.91-91.60
8 3.60
2 7
7 3.81-107.6
8 4.64
2 9
5 6.81-79.14
7 0.77
2 6
6 1.80-79.79
7 2.42
6 1:60 6 :1 c lav icu la
9 a :8a t ib ia
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 98
Table 6 4
S zen tendre ( lüszely 1 966 )
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les
f e ma les
N
V . -V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
1 , c lav icu la
1 7
1 20-160
1 44.00
1 6
1 23-153
6
2 0
3 2-51
1 , h u merus
2 7
3 10-365
5
1 8
5 1-70
5
2 8
1 5-25
6
2 9
1 4-27
7
2 9
9
7
3 7.90
2 2
2 7-38
3 39.60
2 2
2 70-335
6 0.10
1 5
4 9-57
5 2.60
2 4.40
2 6
1 8-27
2 1.30
1 9.90
2 8
1 2-24
1 6.60
5 1-82
6 7.70
2 4
3 9-74
5 9.60
4 0-53
4 7.00
3 2-45
3 8.50
1 , r ad ius
2 3
2 35-280
4
2 8
1 4-20
5
2 8
1 , u lna
1 5
1 , p elv is 2
6
9 -14
2
2 57.00
2 2
2 10-270
1 6.80
2 3
1 1-19
1 1.80
2 4
2 50-300
2 74.00
1 4
2 05-229
2 17.10
5
2 33.90 1 5.00 1 0.40
2 25-280
2 46.20
1 80-210
1 95.40
1 31-167
1 50.00
1 20-148
1 42.50
4 40-520
4 82.50
2 1
3 85-499
4 36.70
2
2 8
4 36-513
4 77.90
2 1
3 80-491
4 30-70
6
3 1
2 5-35
3 0.40
2 7
2 4.35
7
3 0
2 5-34
2 8.20
2 7
1 9-30
2 5.30
9
3 2
3 1-46
3 5.80
2 7
2 9,43
3 3.30
3 0
2 3-30
2 7.20
2 7
2 0-40
2 5.20
1 0 1 9
6
7 -16
3 1,00 3 14.10
2 8
1 , f e mur
7
1 35.20
2 7.20
1 8
4 3-50
4 7.20
1 1
3 8-48
4 2.70
8 a
2 9
2 6-44
3 4.90
2 6
2 5-36
3 0.20
9 a
2 9
1 9-32
2 8.10
2 6
1 9-27
2 1.80
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
2 99
Table 6 5
Räca l mäs
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Numbers a f ter Mar t in
ma les N
V -V min max
1
3
3
3
5 7 8
3
1 30-137
9
3
9 4-101
1 0
2
1 1
2
1 2
2
1 3
2
1 7
1
2 0
3
2 3
3
2 4
3
2 5
2
f e males M
N
V . -V min max
M
1 80-195
1 85.67
3
1 75-187
1 80.00
1 72-184
1 77.67
3
1 67-182
1 74.00
1
1 05-105
1 05.00
1
1 01-101
1 01.00
1
3 6-36
3 6.00
1
3 5-35
1 32.33
3
1 27-145
9 7.00
3
9 4-96
1 00-100
1 00.00
2
1 05-107
1 06.00
1 12-120
1 16.00
2
1 04-115
1 19.50
1 06-114
1 10.00
2
1 05-110
1 07.50
9 4-102
9 8.00
2
1 35-135
1 35.00
1
1 00-116
1 07.00
3
9 8-114
1 06.33
5 09-520
5 16.33
3
4 95-520
5 08.33
2 93-310
3 01.50
3
2 96-300
3 01.50
3 80-380
3 80.00
1
3 80-380 0
3 80.00
1 00-107 1 33-133
3 5.00 1 35.33 9 5.00
1 03.50 1 33.00
3 2/ 1
1
4 8 °48 °
4 8.00 o
1
4 7°47
3 2/2
1
7 8°-78 °
7 8.00 o
1
7 70-77 o
7 7.00 o
3 2/a
1
4 3 043 °
4 3.00 0
1
4 3 043 °
4 3.00 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 00
4 7.00 o
Table 6 6 Räca l mäs Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f ac iale
f e males
ma les
Numbers a f ter N
V .V min max
M
N
V . -V min max
M
4 0
1
1 03-103
1 03.00
1
1 02-102
1 02.00
4 2
1
1 13-113
1 13.00
1
1 10-110
1 10.00
4 3
1
1 107110
1 10.00
3
1 03-111
1 06.67
4 4
1
9 7-97
4 5
1
1 31-131
4 6
1
9 2-92
4 7
1
1 15-115
4 8
1
5 0
3
5 1/d
Mart in
9 7.00
3
9 1-100
9 5.67
1 31.00
3
1 25-130
1 27.00
9 2.00
3
8 8-90
1 15.00
3
1 04-112
8 8.67
6 8-68
6 8.00
3
6 3-67
6 5.00
2 5-27
2 6.00
3
2 4-28
2 5.67
1
3 8-38
3 8.00
3
3 4-43
3 7.67
5 2/d
1
2 8-28
2 8.00
3
2 8-33
3 1.00
5 4
1
2 5-25
2 5.00
3
2 0-23
2 1.67
1 08.00
5 5
1
4 9-49
4 9.00
3
4 6-47
4 6.67
6 0
1
5 5-55
5 5.00
2
5 0-54
5 2.00
6 1
1
6 3-63
6 3.00
3
4 9-58
5 3.33
6 2
1
4 9-49
4 9.00
2
4 4-57
5 0.50
6 3
1
3 7-37
3 7.00
2
3 3-38
6 5
3
1 17-123
1 20.00
3
1 15-119
6 6
3
9 8-102
1 00.00
3
9 0-93
6 8
3
1 03-110
1 06.33
3
9 8-104
6 9
1
3 2-32
3 2.00
4
2 7-33
7 0/a ,d
2
6 7-78
7 2.50
4
5 5-74
6 3.75
7 1/a ,d
2
3 1-32
3 1.50
4
2 9-33
3 1.00
7 2
1
8 5 °86 °
8 6.00 o
1
8 7 °87 °
8 7.00 o
7 3
1
8 7 °87 °
1
8 8 °88 °
7 9
2
1 12°-125 °
8 7.00 o 1 18.5 o
4
1 05 ° 124 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 01
3 5.50 1 17.00 9 1.33 1 00.00 2 9.75
8 8.00 o 1 16.25 o
Table 6 7
Racal mas
I nd ices f e ma les
males
Nu mbers
V .V min max
a fter Mart in
N
V .V min max
8 :1 c ran iu m
3
6 7.71-74.50
7 1.47
3
7 1.35-77.54
1 7 :1
1
7 0.31-70.31
7 0.31
1
7 1.12-71.12
7 1.12
5 6.00-64.30
6 2.41
7 5.15
2 0 :1
3
5 5.55-56.76
5 5.60
3
1 7 :8
1
1 03.85-103.8
1 03.85
1
9 1.72-91.72
9 1.72
3
8 0.17-86.99
8 3.03
2 0 :8
3
7 6.80-86.01
8 1.16
9 :10
2
9 1.92-94.00
9 2.91
2
8 2.05-89.52
8 5.78
9 :8
3
7 2.31-73.87
7 3.29
3
6 6.21-70.80
6 9.05
4 7 :45
1
8 7.79-87.79
8 7.79
3
8 3.08-88.88
8 5.05
4 8 :45
1
5 1.91-51.91
5 1.91
3
5 0.00-52.00
5 1.18
5 2:51/d
1
7 3.68-73.68
7 3.68
3
7 6.74-94.12
8 2.87
5 4:55
1
5 1.02-51.02
5 1.02
3
4 7.55-48.94
4 6.44
5 0 :44
1
2 5.77-25.77
2 5.77
3
2 5.00-29.17
2 6.84
6 3:62
1
7 5.51-75.51
7 5.71
2
6 6.66-66.66
6 6.66
6 1:60
1
1 14.55-114.5
1 14.55
2
1 06.00-107.4
1 06.70
6 :1 c lav icu la
2
2 4.31-24.8
2 4.56
1
2 1.43-21.43
2 1.43
6 :5 h u merus
3
8 1.82-87.50
8 3.97
5
7 7.27-86.36
8 3.95 1 9.07
7 :1
2
1 8.78-19.69
5 :2 s acru m
3
1 05.66-120.00
2 :1
3
8 7.50-88.33
1 9.23 1 10.7 8 8.48 1 32.1
3
1 8.50-20.00
2
9 6.00-103.3
9 9.66
2
9 1.91-101.4
9 6.15
1 :2 p elv is
2
1 27.50-136.6
1
1 32.95-132.9
s exual
1
4 8.44-48.44
4 8.44
4
5 9.65-76.67
6 8.67
6 :7 f e mur
3
1 03.57-122.2
1 12.44
4
9 3.10-111.5
9 8.45
1 0 :9
3
8 2.86-87.10
8 4.39
3
7 1.88-81.25
7 5.00
9 a :8a
3
7 3.53-78.79
7 5.50
4
7 0.97-96.67
8 3.61
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 02
1 32.9
Table 6 8
Raca l mas
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton N umbers a f ter Mart in
males
f e males
N
V .V m in max
M
N
V .V min max
1 42.50
1
1 40-140
3 5.00
1
3 0-30
1 , c lav icu la
2
1 41-144
6
2
3 5-35
1 40.00 3 0.00
1 , h u merus
2
3 25-346
3 35.50
3
3 15-335
3 23.33
2
2
3 20-340
3 30.18
3
3 10-331
3 18.28
4
4
5 5-63
5 8.50
3
5 5-58
5 7.00
5
3
2 2-24
2 3.00
5
1 9-22
2 1.00
6
2
1 8-19
1 8.50
4
1 7-19
1 7.50
7 9
3 2
6 3-65 4 5-45
6 4.00 4 5.00
4 3
5 5-64 3 9-44
6 0.00 4 1.00
2 47.50
3
2 39-247
1 4.50
4
1 2-16
1 , r ad ius
2
2 40-255
4
2
1 4-15
2 43.33
5
2
1 2-12
1 2.00
4
1 0-12
1 , u lna
1
2 59-269
2 69.00
3
2 54-265
2 61.30
1 , s acrum
3
1 06-120
1 15.33
2
1 20-136
1 28.00
2
3
9 5-106
1 02.00
2
1 18-125
1 21.50
5
3
1 12-114
1 12.67
2
1 20-122
1 21.00
1 4.00 1 0.75
1 , p elv is
2
1 85-224
2 04.50
2
1 98-210
2 04.00
2
2
1 45-164
1 54.50
2
t 49-161
1 55.00
1 , f e mur
4
4 35-485
4 52.50
2
4 50-475
4 62.50
2
4
4 24-476
4 43.28
2
4 41-467
4 53.49
6
3
2 9-33
3 0.33
3
2 2-27
2 5.67
7
3
2 6-27
2 6.27
3
2 6-29
2 4.00
9
3
3 0-35
3 2.00
3
3 2-32
3 2.00
1 0
3
2 5-29
2 7.00
3
2 3-26
2 4.00
1 9
3
4 8-49
4 8.67
3
4 2-43
4 2.33
1 , ü lda
1
3 96-396
3 06.00
3
3 49-390
3 71.33
8 a
3
3 1-34
3 2-67
3
2 9-31
3 0.00
9 a
3
2 3-26
2 4.67
3
2 2-23
2 2 .67
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 03
Table 6 9
Ta mas i
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Numbers a f ter Mart in
N
ma les V .V min max
M
N
f e ma les V V m in max
1
1 4
1 75-189
1 84.71
1 5
1 72-195
1 79 .33
3
1 4
1 76-190
1 78.36
1 4
1 67-185
1 71.93
9 8-110
1 03.14
9 4-105
9 8.11
5 7
7 7
3 2-36
3 4.00
9 6
3 1-36
3 3.16
8
1 3
1 23-150
1 40.92
1 7
1 28.160
1 37 .82
9
1 3
9 2-103
1 00.08
1 7
8 8-102
9 0.83
1 0
1 3
1 06-135
1 23.23
1 7
1 00-122
15.44
1 1
1 3
1 03-130
19.15
1 7
9 6-125
1 13.17
1 2
1 3
1 06-125
1 10.10
1 7
1 02-115
1 08.00
1 3 1 7
1 3 7
9 4-115 1 14-144
1 05.50 1 32.29
1 7 9
9 5-115 9 0-140
1 04.07 1 32.57
2 0
1 3
1 01-122
1 13.61
2 0
8 9-115
1 07.55
2 3
1 3
4 92-550
5 25.77
1 5
4 60-535
5 10.33
2 4
1 3
2 95-335
3 06.69
1 5
2 95-354
3 03.47
2 5
1 3
3 55-392
3 67 .00
1 2
3 57-393
3 67 .08
3 2/ 1
9
4 60-51 0
4 8.44 o
1 3
4 3°-54 °
4 9 .54
3 2/ 2
9
3 9 °47 °
4 3.00
1 3
3 8 047 °
4 4.38 o
32 /a
9
6 9 °90 °
7 4.44 o
1 3
7 2 °88 °
8 2.08 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 04
o
Table 7 0
Ta mas i
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f aciale
Numbers a fter Mart in 4 0
f e males
ma les N
N
V .V m in max
5
9 2-103
9 6.40
3
8
V .V m in max 9 2-108
9 3.25
1 12-112
1 15.00
1 0
9 8.122
1 08.80
4 3
1 1
1 02-118
1 07.36
1 7
9 7-111
1 03.23
4 4
1 0
9 0-106
9 7.10
1 8
8 8-98
1 22-142
1 35.00
1 4
1 10-128
1 5
8 4-gt
9 0.33
4 2
4 5
9
9 3.37 1 23.80
4 6
8
8 6-105
9 5.75
4 7
8
9 8-118
1 13.00
1 3
5 9-68
6 4.92
2 2-30
2 6.40
1 5
2 0-28
2 5.07
9
3 4-42
3 7.12
1 4
3 2-42
3 7.14
5 2/d
9
2 8-34
3 1.22
1 4
2 7-3 •1
3 1.22
5 4
8
1 9-22
2 1.86
1 1
2 0-2P
2 4.67
5 5
8 8
4-52
4 9.12
1 1
4 A-E'
4 8.92
6 0
7
4 8-58
5 2.86
1 5
4 9-FP
5 1.20
6 1
7
5 7-64
5 9.71
1 4
5 F-6?
5 9.07
4 5-54
4 7.14
5 0 5 1/d
1 0
6 2
5
4 2-50
4 6.80
6 3
6
3 6-48
4 0.00
1 4
8
3 5-42
3 7.93
1 21.67
1 6
1 09-130
1 17.50
6 5
1 2
1 12-125
6 6
1 2
9 9-112
1 07 .83
1 6
9 1-108
9 7.88
6 8
1 2
9 7-105
1 03.58
1 6
9 2-124
1 05.52
6 9
1 4
2 5-35
3 1.85
1 8
2 6-34
3 0.47
7 0/a ,d
1 2
5 5-66
5 7 .20
1 6
4 4-56
5 1.87
71 /a , d
1 2
2 8-35 8 3 o90 0
3 1.61
1 6
2 8-34
3 1.18
8 6.00 o 8 6.20
1 2 1 2
8 1°-94 °
& 4
1 19.25 o
1 8
1 14 ° 126 °
7 2 7 3 7 9
6 5 1 2
8 5°-89 ° 1 17 ° 126 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 05
7 8 °87 °
. 67
o
8 6.00 0 1 18.61 0
Table 7 1
Ta masi
I nd ices Numbers a f ter Mart in
N
V .V m in max
8 :1 c ran ium
1 3
6 7.50-80.00
1 7 :1 2 0 :1 1 7 :8
f e ma les
ma les
7 1 3 6
V .V min max 7 3.96
6 5.14-78.68
7 2.67
5 6.50-65.02
6 1.64
8 5.07-102.4
9 5.66
1 3 9 1 3 8
6 8.75-88.88
7 7.81
5 2.32-76.57
7 1.00
5 6.84-71.89
6 3.02
9 2.85-105.2
9 6.37
2 0 :8
1 3
7 8.76-85.07
8 2.77
1 3
6 4.37-83.58
8 1.94
9 :10
1 3
7 7.86-87 .50
8 1.32
1 6
7 5.00-86.36
8 3.09
9 :8
1 3
4 7 :45 4 8 :45 5 2 :51/d
6 7.85-83.83
7 3.05
1 4
5 9.37-81.25
7 1.55
5
8 7.14-89.98
8 8.00
1 3
8 3.59-99.99
8 3.93
5
4 9.62-52.15
5 1.40
1 2
4 1.79-57.38
5 1.63
7 5.00-99.99
8 3.92
1 3
7 6.15-89.24
8 5.00
1 0
5 4 :55
4
4 2.30-55.76
4 7.80
1 2
4 4.2Z-52.08
4 9.02
5 0 :44
9
2 3.07-29.16
2 6.36
1 3
2 1.50-28.88
2 6.34
8 4.00-103.6
8 7.75
8 0.69-93.33
8 7.19
6 3:62
5
6 1:60
7
9 3.10-126.0
1 16.30
6 :1 c lav icu la
6
2 3.49-29 .03
2 6.51
1 5
9
9 9.99 -129.2
1 15.6
2 0.51-25.92
2 5.56
6 6.66-89.47
7 9.79
1 8.73-20.63
1 9.09
1 22.46
5
9 7.32-117.0
5 1 0
8 7.50-97.39
8 3.87
1 7.87-23.42
2 0 .95
5 :2 s acru m
1
1 22.46-122.4
2 :1
2
8 0.90-90.76
8
7 :1
1 3
9
7 2.72-95.82
6
6 :5 h umerus
7
1 9
1 07.2 9 7.15
5 2.94-70 .96
8 5.83 6 1.96
6 :7 f e mur
1 0
7 8.78-121.4
9 7.69
2 1
9 5.83-114.3
1 0 :9
1 2
6 5.00-110.0
7 6.65
2 1
6 4.32-93.75
7 8.03
9 a :8a
1 3
6 2.85-78.57
7 0.62
2 0
5 9.68-103.5
7 2.44
s exua l p .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 06
7 7.04-99.99
8 7.85 1 03.5
Table 7 2
Ta mas i
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton Nu mbers a f ter Mart in 1 , c lav icu la 6
ma les
f e males
N
V V min max
M
7
1 35-160
1 58.50
1 0
1 17-139
3 5-54
4 0.86
2 0
2 4-48
1 5
N
V V min max 1 34.00 3 4.00
1 , h u merus
7
3 22-350
3 39.83
6
3 10-347
3 20.80
2
7
3 15-344
3 26.80
6
3 06-340
3 16.00
4
7
5 0-64
6 3.25
1 1
5 1-60
5 7.90
5
1 5
2 1-26
2 3.57
2 0
1 8723
2 0.17
6
1 5
1 6-23
1 9.78
2 0
1 2-20
1 6.12
7
1 5
2 0
9 1 , r ad ius
6 2-82
7 1.71
8
4 2-52
4 6.14
3
2 22-255
3
5 0-75 4 1-43
5 9.83 .
4 2.00
2 45.00
1 0
2 22-240
4
1 3
1 4-18
1 6.17
2 0
1 2-16
2 33.12 1 4.61
5
1 3
1 0-14
1 2.17
2 0
9 -13
1 0.65
1 , u lna
5
2 65-285
2 72.50
6
2 25-272
2 45.50
1 , s acru m
4
1 10-128
1 22.67
5
1 06-120
1 11.50
2
4
8 9-123
1 10.00
5
1 00-115
1 08.00
5
5
1 09-130
1 21.00
1 09-122
1 19.60
1 , p elv is
4
2 16-240
2 25.33
5
1 90-220
2 07.50
2
3
1 56-175
1 65.50
8
1 28-146
1 35.83
1 , f e mur
8
4 26-472
4 53.83
1 3
4 14-455
4 39.75
2
6
4 22-475
4 54.00
1 3
4 10-445
4 43.00
2 9.14
2 4
2 2-33
6
1 5
2 5-34
1 0
2 6.71
8
1 5
2 9-33
3 0.31
2 4
2 2-26
2 5.73
9
1 5
3 4-46
3 6.57
2 4
2 7-37
3 2.85
1 0
1 5
2 5-37
2 8.77
2 4
2 3-30
2 5.86
1 9
1 3
4 8-60
5 1.50
1 6
3 7-46
4 1.61
1 , ü lda
6
3 60-378
3 77.60
9
3 45-390
3 59.00
1 /b
6
3 56-382
3 66.50
9
3 40-383
3 48.91
8 a
1 5
2 8-37
3 2.42
2 0
2 5-37
3 0.76
9 a
1 5
2 2-28
2 4.43
2 0
1 8-25
2 2.29
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 07
Table 7 3
K a jdacs
Measure men t o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le Numbers a fter
ma les
f e ma les
Mart in
N
V .V min max
M
N
V .V min max
1
3
1 82-190
1 87.00
3
1 70-178
1 75.00
3
3
1 75-182
1 77.78
3
1 62-177
1 70.00
5
-
-
2
9 8-100
9 9.00
-
7
-
-
2
3 4-38
8
3
1 26-144
1 32.67
-
3
1 30-134
9
3
9 3-101
9 7.00
5
9 2-98
3 6.00 1 32.33 9 5.80
1 0
2
1 20-1 4
1 22.00
2
1 07-120
1 13.50
1 1
2
1 08-112
10.00
3
1 03-110
1 07.67
1 2
2
1 08-110
1 09.00
3
1 02-105
1 03.33
1 3
1
1 00-100
1 00.00
2
1 04-105
1 04.50 1 24.50
1 7
-
-
2
1 24-125
2 0
2
1 12-114
1 13.00
2
1 08-108
1 08.00
2 3
3
5 18-535
5 27.67
2
5 00-508
5 04.00
2 4
2
3 00-310
3 05.00
2
2 98-300
2 99.00
2 5
2
3 70-370
3 70.00
2
3 45-350
3 2/ 1
1
4 6 °46 °
4 6.00 °
2
4 4 °45 °
3 77.50 4 4.50 0
3 2/2
1
4 0°40 °
4 0.00 o
2
6 8.00 o
2
3 8 °40 ° 7 2 ° _7 8 o
32 /a
1
6 8 °68 °
-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 08
3 9.00 ° o 7 5.00 °
Table 7 4
K a jdacs
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f ac ia le N umbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
V .V min max
4 0
1
9 8-98
4 2
1
1 13-113
4 3
1
1 08-108
4 4
1
9 7-97
4 5
1
4 6
3
4 7 4 8
f e ma les M
N
V .V m in max
2
9 4-94
1 13.00
2
1 06-106
1 06.00
1 08.00
4
9 8-116
1 05.50
9 7 .00
3
9 2-95
1 43-143
1 43.00
3
1 28-140
1 34.00
1 00-100
1 00.00
3
9 2-103
9 7.67
1
1 18-118
1 18.00
3
1 06-116
1 09.33
1
6 9-69
6 9.00
3
6 3-66
5 0
2
2 5-25
2 5.00
5
2 0-26
2 2.25
5 1/d
1
3 5-35
3 5.00
3
3 5-40
3 7.00
5 2/d
1
3 0-30
3 0.00
3
2 8-36
3 1.33
5 4
1
2 1-21
2 1.00
3
2 1-24
2 2.67
5 5
1
4 8-48
4 8.00
3
4 3-46
4 5 .67
9 8.00
9 4.00
9 3.00
6 4.67
6 0
1
5 4-54
5 4.00
2
5 1-53
5 2.00
6 1
2
6 4-65
6 4.50
2
5 2-60
5 6.00
6 2
1
4 2-42
4 2.00
-
-
-
6 3
2
4 0-42
4 1.00
2
3 4-42
3 8.00
6 5 6 6
4 4
9 7-119 8 1-120
1 14.25 9 9 .50
4 5
1 22-130 9 0-112
6 8
4
7 0-118
9 5.00
5
9 1-104
9 7.00
6 9
4
3 1-38
3 4.25
5
2 5-37
3 0.75
7 0/a ,d
5
5 8-89
6 9 .80
4
5 7-63
6 0.00
71 /a , d
5
3 1-37
3 4.00
6 6
3 1-35
3 2.16
7 2
1
8 2°-82 °
8 2.00 o
2
8 2°-83 °
8 2.50 o
8 6.00 o
2
8 7°-87 °
5
1 18°-127 °
7 3
1
8 60-86 o
7 9
6
1 09°-127 °
1 17.8 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 09
1 24.50 1 00.20
8 7.00 o 1 22.0°
Table 7 5
K a jdacs
I nd ices Nu mbers
f e ma les
ma les
V .V m in max
a f ter Mart in
N
V .V min max
8 :1 c ran iu m
3
6 6.32-77.33
7 3.28
2
6 0,32-61.54
2
8 0.91-82.67
3
7 3.45-78.82
-
2
6 9.66-73.53
7 1.59
6 0.93
2
6 0.67-63.53
6 2.10
-
2
9 3.23-93.28
9 3.25
8 1.79
2
7 9.82-83.90
8 1.85
3
7 7.50-85.98
8 2.05
1 7 :1 2 0 :1 1 7 :8 2 0 :8
7 5.66
9 :10
1
7 8.23-78.23
7 8.23
9 :8
3
6 4.58-80.16
7 3.51
3
7 2.31-73.13
7 2.86
4 7 :45
1
8 2.52-82.52
8 2.52
3
7 9.19-82.81
8 1.59
4 8 :45
1
5 8. . .Z /-58.47
5 8.47
3
4 6.43-49.25
4 8.30
5 2:51/d
1
8 5. r ii-o..71
8 5.71
3
7 5.00-99.99
8 5.00
5 4:55
1
4 3.75-43.75
4 3.75
3
4 5.65-55.81
4 9.82
5 0 :44
1
2 5.77-25.77
2 5.77
3
2 1.73-23.91
2 2.58
6 3:62
1
7 8.00-78.00
6 1:60
2
1 01.96-120.37
7 8.00 1 11.2
6 :1 c lav icu la 6 :5 h u merus
6
6 9.23-90.48
8 0.42
7 :1 5 :2 s acru m
1
1 07.10-107.1
1
1 13.20-113.2
1 13.20
3
2 0.12-26.77
2 3.73
7
6 8.00-90.48
8 0.23
3
1 7.39-19.74
1 8.28
1
1 36.55-136.5
1 36.55
1 07.10
1 :2 p elv is s exual
1
7 1.43-71.43
7 1.43
2
7 0.17-87.27
7 8.72
6 :7 f e mur
6
9 3.33-103.4
9 8.75
5
9 2.86-125.0
1 08.34
1 0 :9
5
( 3 1.90-77.14
7 1.22
4
6 5.00-80.00
7 4.66
9 a :8a
6
h ( 3.67-73.53
7 0.56
4
5 9.38-75.00
6 8.79
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 10
Table 7 6
K a jdacs
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton N u mbers a f ter
Vm in-Vmax
1 , c lav icu la
1
6
2
1 , h u merus
-
2
-
-
4
1
5
4
6 7 9
-
f ema les
ma les
Mart in
1 36-136 3 3-41
N
1 36.00 3 7.00
Vm in-V
max
3 5
1 27-144 1 2-29
1 38.33 2 9.60
-
3
2 99-316
3 06.30
-
3
2 97-330
3 13.50
6 1-61
6 1.00
2
4 8-55
5 1.50
2 1-26
2 4.00
8
2 0-25
2 1.33
5
1 8-22
1 9.75
8
1 7-18
1 7.50
4
6 7-77
7 2.67
8
5 2-68
6 0.20
-
-
-
2
3 7-38
3 7.50
1 , r ad ius
-
-
-
2
2 22-250
4
1
1 7-17
1 7.00
5
1 0-15
5
1
1 3-13
1 3.00
5
1 0-12
1 , u lna
-
-
_
1
2 48-248
5 , s acrum
-
-
-
1
16-116
1 16.00
1 , p elv is
-
-
_
1
1 98-235
2 16.50
2
-
1
1 45-145
1 45.00
1 , f em u r
1
4 35-435
4 35.00
3
4 32-470
4 45.33
2
1
4 26-426
4 26.00
3
4 20-460
4 37.98
6
6
2 4-32
2 8.40
5
2 0-28
2 7.67
7
6
2 8-30
2 9 .50
5
2 3-27
2 4.75
9
3
3 2-42
3 6.33
5
2 6-34
3 1.60
3
2 6-28
2 7.00
5
2 3-32
2 5.60
-
1 0 1 9
-
-
2 32.67 1 3.00 1 0.25 2 18.00
-
-
4
4 2-51
4 5.25
3
3 65-392
3 76.67
2
3 54-355
3 54.50
1 /b
3
3 54-383
3 67 .90
2
3 46-347
3 46.50
8 a
4
3 4-35
3 4.25
5
2 9-32
2 9.20
9 a
4
2 3-25
2 4.50
5
1 9-24
2 2.75
1 , t ib ia
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 11
Table 77/a
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Dör
Dör
g rave 1
g rave 5
g rave 6
g rave 1
g rave 4
Nu mbers a f ter
2 5 y
3 5 y
5 0 y
4 0 y
5 0 y
Mart in
f
m
f
m
m
1 79
1 90 1 78
1
1 86
1 83
1 68
3
1 80
1 76
1 60
1 68
5
9 7
9 4
9 5
1 06
7
-
3 3
3 3
-
8
1 46
1 34
1 30
1 44
1 40
9
9 8
9 7
9 0
' 97
9 7
1 0
1 14
1 20
1 15
1 18
1 22
1 1
1 23
1 20
1 05
1 22
1 15
1 2
1 25
1 11
1 08
1 11
10
1 3
1 07
1 02
1 06
1 07
1 10
1 7
1 35
1 38
1 25
1 32
2 0
1 06
1 18
1 12
1 05
1 10
2 3
5 24
5 25
5 00
5 25
5 45
2 4
3 15
3 16
3 00
3 08
3 05
2 5
3 80
o
3 2/ 1
5 4
3 2/2
5 7o
32 /a
_
3 90
4 6 4 0 7 6
o o o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 12
3 50 4 5 3 5
o o
8 0o
3 55
4 5
4 3
6 5
o 0 o
5 2 4 5
o o
8 8o
Table 7 7/b
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebrale
I szkaszen t-
Nu mbers af ter Mart in
I szkaszen t-
g yörgy
g yörgy
g rave 2
g rave 3
male
f e ma le
4 5 y
2 0 y
ma les
f e males
1
1 83
1 80
1 83.75
1 78.00
3
1 82
1 72
1 76.00
1 70.00
5
1 12
9 4
1 04.00
9 5.33
7
3 2
3 3
3 3.00
3 2.50
8
1 30
1 33
1 37.00
1 36.33
9
9 5
9 4
9 6.50
9 4.00
1 0
1 18
1 13
1 19.50
1 14.00
1 1
1 20
1 15
1 19.25
1 14.33
1 2
1 08
1 14
1 10.00
1 15.67
1 3
1 04
1 04
1 05.75
1 05.67
1 7
1 38
1 25
1 36.00
1 28.33
2 0
1 15
1 08
1 12.00
1 08.67
2 3
5 20
5 20
5 23.75
5 14.67
2 4
3 05
2 85
3 07.00
3 00.00
2 5
3 80
3 75
3 75.00
3 68.33
o
3 2/1
5 2
3 2/2
4 8
o
32 /a
8 3
o
5 2
o
5 0o 8 2 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 13
'
4 8.75 o
5 0.33 o
4 4.00 o
4 7.33 o
8 5.00 o
8 9.00 o
Table 7 8/a
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f acia le
Nu mbers a f ter Mar t in 4 0
D t ir
Dbl .
g rave 1
g rave 1
g rave 6
g rave 1
g rave 4
2 5 y
3 5 y
5 0 y
4 0 y
5 0 y
f
m
9 0
9 0
f
m
m
9 0
1 06
-
4 2
1 07
-
-
1 15
-
4 3
1 10
1 05
1 02
1 06
1 06
4 4
9 4
9 4
9 4
9 2
9 7
4 5
1 34
1 36
1 22
1 35
1 24
4 6
9 6
9 3
8 8
9 7
9 6
4 7
1 13
-
-
1 12
1 12
4 8
6 6
7 0
6 3
6 6
6 5
5 0
2 4
2 7
2 6
2 4
2 5
5 1/d
3 6
2 8
2 8
3 8
3 9
5 2/d
3 3
3 4
3 7
3 2
2 8
5 4
2 6
2 4
2 0
2 0
2 6
5 5
5 0
4 8
5 0
5 3
4 8
6 0
5 2
-
5 0
4 8
5 3
6 1
6 5
6 4
5 8
6 2
5 8
6 2
-
-
-
4 8
5 0
6 3
4 0
3 8
3 8
3 6
3 7
6 5
1 16
-
-
-
1 23
6 6
9 0
-
-
-
1 04
6 8
1 03
-
-
-
9 2
6 9
2 4
-
-
3 4
3 7
7 0/a
6 3
-
-
6 5
5 8
7 1/a
3 0
-
-
3 4
;8o
880
7 2 7 3 7 9
8 7
8 5 1 20
o o o
-
-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 14
7 7
0
3 0
7 8
o
8 7
o
o
8 6
o
1 07
1 14
o
Table 7 8/ 1 3
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f acia le
I szkaszen t-
Nu mbers a f ter
I szkaszen t-
g yörgy
g yörgy
g rave 2
g rave 3
4 5 y
2 0 y
males
f e ma les
Mart in 4 0
1 05
9 4
1 00.33
9 1.33
4 2
1 08
1 06
1 11.50
1 06.50
4 3
1 01
1 03
1 02.00
1 05.00
4 4
9 4
9 2
9 4.25
9 3.33
4 5
1 30
1 24
1 31.25
1 26.67
4 6
9 5
9 8
9 5.25
9 4.00
4 7
1 24
1 20
1 11.00
1 16.50
4 8
7 0
7 2
6 7.75
6 7.00
5 0
2 5
2 7
2 5.03
2 5.66
5 1/d
3 6
3 6
3 2.25
3 4.00
5 2/d
3 0
3 0
3 3.33
3 3.50
5 4
2 4
2 2
2 3_50
2 2.67
5 5
5 3
4 9
5 0.50
5 1.66
6 0
5 4
5 4
5 1.66
5 2.00
6 1
6 0
6 3
6 1.00
6 2.00
6 2
5 4
5 9
5 0.67
5 0.00
6 3
3 7
3 8
3 7.00
3 8.67
6 5
1 20
1 15
1 21.50
1 12.33
6 6
9 7
9 0
1 00.50
8 7.67
6 8
1 08
1 04
9 7.33
1 02.67
6 9
2 7
3 4
3 2.67
2 8.00
5 1
6 3.33
5 4.33
3 1.50
3 0.75
o
8 7.33 o
8 8.50 o
o 1 18 o
8 6.50 o 15.00 o
8 6.33 o o 1 24.00
7 0/a
5 7
7 1/a
3 3
7 2
8 8
7 3 7 9
3 3
o
8 6o 1 24 o
9 0 9 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 15
Table 7 9/a
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
I nd ices
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
Mo l i ks
Dör
Dör
g rave 1
g rave 5
g rave 6
g rave 1
g rave 4
2 5 y
3 5 y
5 0 y
4 0 y
5 0 y
m
m
f
m
f
Mosonszen t jänos K ädär ta
8 :1 c ran iu m
7 8.49
7 3.22
7 7.38
8 0.45
7 3.68
1 7 :1
7 2.58
7 5.40
7 4.40
7 3.74
5 7.89
2 0 :1
5 6.99
6 4.48
6 6.66
5 8.66
5 7.89
1 7 :8
9 2.47
1 02.98
9 6.15
9 1.66
-
2 0 :8
7 2.60
8 8.05
8 6.15
7 2.92
7 8.59
9 :10
7 3.13
8 0.83
7 8.26
8 2.20
7 9.50
9 :8
6 7.02
7 2.39
6 9.23
6 7.36
6 9.28
4 7 :45
8 4.33
-
-
8 2.96
9 0.32
4 8 :45
4 9.25
5 1.47
5 1.64
4 8.96
5 2.41
5 2 :51 d
9 1.66
1 21.42
1 32.14
8 2.21
7 1.79
5 4:55
5 2.00
5 0.00
4 0.00
3 7.73
5 4.16
5 0 :44
2 5.63
3 5.10
3 4.04
2 6.09
2 5.77
6 3:62
-
-
-
7 5.00
7 4.00
1 29.16
1 09.43
6 1:60
1 25.00
-
2 4.42
-
6 :5 h umerus
8 5.00
-
-
8 7.50
-
7 :1
2 4.08
-
-
2 0.67
-
6 :1 c lav icu la
1 16.00 -
2 6.99
-
5 :2 s acrum
9 3.04
-
-
-
-
2 :1
9 5.83
-
-
-
-
1 :2 p elv is
-
-
-
1 35.36
-
6 :7 f e mur
9 6.00
-
-
1 00.00
9 6.77
1 0 :9
7 5.86
-
-
7 3.68
-
9 a :8a
6 7.74
-
-
6 4.28
-
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3 16
Table 7 9/b
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
I nd ices
I szkaszen t-
Numbers a f ter
I szkaszen t-
g yörgy
g yörgy
g rave 2
g rave 3
4 5 y
2 0 y
Males
F e ma les
7 1.04
7 3.89
7 4.59
7 6.58
Mart in 8 :1 c ran iu m 1 7 :1
7 5.40
6 9.44
7 4.84
7 2.14
2 0 :1
6 5.84
6 0.00
6 2.66
6 3.33
1 7 :8
1 06.15
9 3.98
1 00.26
9 4.20
2 0 :8
8 8.64
8 1.20
8 3.14
8 0.16
9 :10
8 0.50
8 3.18
8 1.17
7 8.19
9 :8
7 3.07
7 0.67
7 2.84
6 9.00
4 7 :45
9 5.38
9 6.77
8 9.55
9 0.55
4 8 :45
5 3.84
5 8.06
5 1.65
5 2.98
5 2:51 d
8 3.30
8 3.33
7 9.77
8 7.49
5 4:55
4 5.28
4 4.89
4 9.81
4 5.63
5 0 :44
2 6.59
2 9.34
2 8.39
2 9.63
6 3:62
6 8.52
6 4.41
7 2.51
6 4.41
6 :1 c lav icu la
2 4.86
2 5.56
2 6.99
2 4.99
6 :5 h u merus
7 9.16
8 0.00
8 1.70
8 2.22
7 :1 5 :2 s acru m 2 :1
2 0.11
1 8.23
2 0.05
1 9.71
1 08.57
1 17.00
1 08.57
1 05.02
8 7.50
9 0.90
8 7.50
9 3.36
1 35.36
1 26.25
1 31.04
1 11.89
6 :7 f e mur
9 6.42
1 00.00
1 05.06
9 7.76
1 0 :9
6 5.22
5 1.64
7 1.25
7 1.32
6 5.62
6 9.30
6 9.26
1 :2 p elv is
9 a :8a
-
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3 17
Table 8 0/a
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ia l s keleton
I szkaszen tMohdcs g rave 1 Nu mbers
2 5 y
Mohdcs
Mohdcs
g rave 3 g rave 4 7 0 y
6 5 y
Mohdcs
I szkaszen t-
g yörgy
g yörgy
g rave 5
g rave 2
g rave 3
3 5 y
4 5 y
2 0 y
a f ter Mart in
f
1 , c lav icu la
1 31
_
-
-
1 53
1 33
3 2
_
-
-
3 8
3 4
6
2 94
-
-
3 21
3 38
2
3 90
-
-
3 17
3 30
3 18 3 12
4
5 4
_
5 4
5 2
6 7
6 1
2 0
-
2 3
1 9
2 4
2 0
1 , h u merus
5 6
1 7
_
1 8
1 5
1 9
1 6
7
6 0
-
6 8
5 4
6 8
5 8
9
4 0
-
3 7
5 0
4 3
2 19
2 13
2 46
2 39
2 46
2 42
4
1 6
1 5
1 6
1 3
1 7
1 3
5
1 1
1 0
1 , u lna
2 42
2 40
-
1 , s acru m
1 20
-
-
2
1 15
-
-
5
1 07
-
-
-
1 14
1 17
-
-
-
2 22
2 02
1 , r ad ius
1 , p elv is
1 0
1 0
1 4
1 1
2 58
2 65
2 60
-
1 20
1 10
-
1 05
1 00
1 45
-
1 46
1 64
1 60
1 , f e mur
4 00
4 15
4 50
4 62
4 54
4 43
2
3 96
4 13
4 46
4 57
4 52
4 37
6
2 4
2 8
2 3
2 5
2 7
2 6
2 5
2 6
2 6
2 3
2 8
2 6
2 9
3 1
3 2
2 7
4 6
3 9
2 2
2 1
2 5
2 2
4 5
2 7
2
7 9 1 0
4 3
4 0
4 2
4 2
5 1
4 4
1 , t ib ia
3 35
3 56
-
3 72
-
3 70
1 /b
3 25
3 48
-
3 64
-
3 55
3 1
3 3
3 0
2 8
-
3 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 0
-
3 2
1 9
8 a 9 a
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3 18
Table 80/b
Sporadic finds from Hungary I
Measurements of the postcranial skeleton Mo sonsz entJan os grave 1 Numbers a fter 40 y m Martin • I
1, clavicula 6 1, humerus 2 4 5 6 7 9 1, radius 4 5 1, ulna 1, sacrum 2 5 1, pelvis 2 1, femur 2 6 7 9 10 19 1, tibia 1/b
Sa
9a
163 44 358 353 50 24 21 74 48 274 18 13 288
253 176 532 530 30 30 38 28 52 404 388 42 27
Kadarta grave 1 56 y m
335 330 58 23 19 66 53 244 16 13 264
444 436 30 24 36 25 47
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
319
Kadarta grave 3 58 y m
24 20 65 50
254
30 31 37 27 50 368 355 36 21
males M
females M
158.00 41.00 336.60 341.50 59.00 23.67 19.33 66.33 51.00 251.50 16.50 13.00 267.70 120.00 105.00 116.00 227.50 170.00 476.70 466.70 29.40 28.20 38.60 27.40 49.40 369.00 362.00 36.33 25.00
132.00 33.00 311.00 312.00 56.3,3 20.00 16 .40 59 .. 00 41.,50 229.20 14,t7 10.40 250.00 115.00 107.50 112.00 202.00 150.33 442.00 437.00 25.67 25.00 31.40 22.80 42.20 350.00 342.25 30.80 21.20
Table 81/a
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le Käpo lnäs- K äpo lnäs- K äpo lnäs-Budapes t B udapes t n yek n yek n yek I I . d is t . I I . d is t . g rave 2 g rave 3 Numbers
g rave 4
g rave 1
g rave 2
G yönk
E pö l
g rave 0 g rave 1
5 0 y
3 5 y
4 0 y
3 0 y
4 0 y
2 5 y
4 5 y
1
1 81
1 70
1 90
1 88
1 77
1 92
1 83
3
1 75
1 68
1 79
1 83
1 76
1 84
1 78
5
-
9 7
-
1 00
1 06
1 03
1 07
a f ter Mar t in
7
-
3 0
-
3 1
-
3 6
3 3
8
1 36
1 35
1 30
1 44
1 34
1 45
1 46
9
9 1
9 5
8 4
9 7
9 4
9 5
9 6
1 0
1 07
i ll
1 32
1 20
l u8
1 20
1 18
1 1
1 14
1 23
9 6
1 22
1 13
1 30
1 16
1 2
1 08
1 05
1 10
1 08
1 08
1 18
1 10
1 3
1 00
1 11
9 9
1 11
9 7
1 22
1 06 1 36
1 7
-
1 35
-
1 25
1 38
1 42
2 0
1 08
1 19
1 19
9 7
1 13
1 15
1 25
2 3
5 10
5 20
5 00
5 33
5 17
5 40
5 30
2 4
3 00
3 10
-
3 10
3 00
3 00
3 25
2 5
3 60
0
0
3 73
3 82
4 5
0
5 2
0
5 5
0
-
4 3
0
4 4
0
4 8
0
-
3 2/ 1 3 2/2 32 /a
7 4
3 75
0
3 01
6 9
8 1
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 20
0
3 90
3 73
0
4 8
0
-
4 4
0
4 3
0
-
3 1 0 6 4°
6 7
Table 8 1/b
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium c erebra le
Z a laszen t- F er töszen tEpöl g rave 2 N umbers a f ter Mart in
Epö l
g rö t
mik los*
g rave 3
g rave 4
g rave 1
g rave 1
5 0 y m
4 0 y m
4 5 y m
2 5 y m
males M
1
1 76
1 87
1 79
1 86
1 73
1 81.95
3
1 72
1 80
1 70
1 80
1 71
1 76.30
5
9 4
-
-
1 03
9 0
1 00.00
7
3 6
-
-
3 1
3 2
3 2.70
8
1 39
1 48
1 38
1 42
1 34
1 39.30
9
9 0
9 8
9 3
9 5
8 8
9 6.60
1 20
1 10
1 18
1 18
1 22
1 17.00
1 1
1 24
1 18
-
1 18
1 08
1 16.54
1 2
1 14
1 09
1 14
10
1 04
1 09.83
1 3
1 04
1 20
-
i ll
9 6
1 06.90
1 7
1 27
-
1 15
1 38
1 30
1 26.44
2 0
1 11
1 19
1 17
1 15
1 11
1 14.08
1 0
2 3
5 15
5 40
5 15
5 26
4 90
5 19.66
2 4
2 95
3 32
3 15
3 10
3 05
3 15.63
2 5
3 79
3 2/ 1 3 2/2 32 /a
*
4 0 y m
Epö l
5 0
4 4 7 6
0
3 78
0
5 0
o
4 0 7 6
o o o
3 75 4 7
o
3 9
o 0
7 3
Ar t if icia l ly d efor med
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3 21
3 65
4 7 4 3 7 6
o o o
3 78 4 7
o
4 4
o
7 2
o
3 69.08 o 4 9.50 o 4 2.10 o 7 8.80
Table 82 /a
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f ac ia le
K äpo lnäs-
Nu mbers a f ter
K äpo lnis-
Budapest
n yek
n yek
n yek
I I d ist.
g rave 2
g rave 3
g rave 4
5 0 y
K äpo lnäs-
3 5 y
4 0 y
g rave 2 4 0 y
Epö l g rave 2 4 5 y
Epö l g rave 4 0 y
Mart in 4 0
-
8 9
-
9 4
9 9
8 9
4 2
-
8 2
-
1 13
16
1 07
1 . 0
4 3
9 9
9 8
14
1 08
4 4
9 0
1 02
9 8
9 6
4 5
1 24
1 25
1 18
19 3
9 7
9 7
8 9
1 23
1 . 22
4 6
9 6
8 5
1 04
a 2
Q o ,
9 8
4 7
1 10
1 07
1 08
1 11
1 24
1 02
4 8
6 2
5 7
6 3
6 9
7 9
6 0
5 0
2 3
2 0
2 9
2 4
9g
2 7
5 1/d
3 6
3 6
3 9
3 7
4 1
3 6
5 2/d
3 1
3 1
3 9
3 5
3 2
2 8
5 4
-
2 1
2 1
2 3
2 3
2 1
5 5
4 8
4 1
5 2
4 9
5 2
5 2
6 0
-
4 6
5 5
5 3
4 7
4 5
6 1
-
5 5
5 5
5 6
6 1
6 2
6 2
-
-
-
-
5 0
5 4
6 3
-
3 4
-
3 2
3 7
3 6
6 5
1 16
9 4
1 32
1 13
1 20
1 22
6 6
1 14
1 00
1 00
9 6
1 04
9 7
6 8
9 7
1 00
1 00
1 02
1 05
1 01
6 9
2 8
3 1
3 4
2 9
2 7
3 7
7 0/a
6 6
4 9
6 1
6 1
5 9
6 0
' 3 9 0 0o
3 3
o
8 8
o
7 1/a
2 8
7 2
8 5
7 3 7 9
o
1 23 9 1° o
3 1
0
3 6
o
3 1
0
8 9
0
8 6
o
8 7
o
8 6
o
8 8
o
8 7
o
19
13
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3 22
1 19
9 2 1 22
o o
o 1 27 ° 8 6
Table 8 2/b
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f acia le
Z a laszen t-
Nu mbers a f ter
Fertöszen t-
Epö l
Epö l
g rö t
m i lkös
g rave 3
g rave 3
g rave 1
g rave " x"
4 0 y
4 5 y
2 5 y
5 0 y
males
Mar t in 8 4
9 2.00
4 0 4 2
-
-
9 7 1 14
4 3
1 04
1 00
1 04
9 8
1 02.80
4 4
9 6
9 0
9 4
9 2
9 4.40
4 5
-
-
1 30
4 6
9 3
-
9 1
4 7
9 4
7 8
1 22
4 8
7 5
6 8
8 6
6 8
6 7.10
5 0
2 4
2 8
2 2
2 2 .
2 5.50
5 1/d
3 9
-
3 0
3 7
3 6.77
5 2/d
3 5
3 1
3 0
3 0
3 2.20
5 4
2 5
2 6
2 4
2 4
2 3.11
5 5
5 0
5 3
5 4
5 2
5 0.30
5 0
5 0.00
6 0
5 0
5 1
5 3
6 1
5 8
5 9
6 5
1 06.40
1 25 8 6
1 24.37 9 3.11 1 06.83
5 7.66
6 2
4 8
5 0
5 1
4 6
6 3
3 8
3 7
3 6
3 4
6 5
-
1 05
1 22
1 15.50
6 6
1 00
1 01
1 02
1 02.66
6 8
1 02
9 4
1 10
1 01.22
6 9
3 4
3 4
3 6
3 1.88
7 0/a
5 7
5 8
5 6
5 8.55
7 1/a 7 2
3 1
3 2 9 4o o 9 6 o 1 12
7 3 7 9
8 5
8 7 1 29
o o 0
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_o
3 3 8 3 8 5
o o
1 25 o
8 2 °
8 2o
4 9.83 3 5.50
3 1.66 8 6.90 ° 8 8.30 o 1 21.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Table 8 3/b
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
I nd ices Za laszen t- Fertöszen tEp t i l
Epö l
Ep t i l
g rave 1
g rave 2
g rave 3
g rave 4
g rave 1
g rave 1
4 5 y
4 0 y
5 0 y
4 0 y
4 5 y
2 5 y
Males
7 9.78 7 4.31
7 8.97
7 9.14
1 7 :1 2 0 :1
6 8.30
6 3.06
1 7 :8
9 3.15
9 1.31
2 0 :8
7 5.60
7 9.86
9 :10
8 1.35
7 5.35
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
8 :1 c ran iu m
g röt
mik lös
Ep t i l
7 7.09
7 6.34
7 7.46
7 6.67
6 2.24
7 4.19
7 5.14
7 3.13
6 5.36
6 1.83
6 3.58
6 3.04
8 3.33
9 6.50
9 7.01
9 4.28
8 4.78
8 0.99
8 2.84
8 5.76
8 2.05
8 9.09
7 8.81
8 0.51
7 2.13
8 5.93
6 6.21
6 7.39
6 6.90
6 5.67
6 6.78
7 2.15 6 3.63
9 :8
6 5.75
6 4.75
4 7 :45
9 4.50
8 3.60
9 3.85
4 8 :45 5 2:51 d
5 7.03 7 8.04
4 9.18 7 7.77
8 9.74
5 3.85 1 00.00
5 4.40 8 1.08
5 2.36 8 8.75
5 4:55
4 1.51
4 4.44
4 0.38
3 2.43
4 6.15
4 2.34
2 3.40
2 3.91
2 4.13
5 0 :44
2 1.65
2 2.47
6 3:62
6 5.45
7 9.24
1 07.64
3 7.04 9 4.44
7 0.59 1 22.64
8 9.71
I N4
1 10.91
6 :1 c lav icu la
2 9.41
2 0.76
2 3.33
2 9.60
3 3.09
2 7.10
6 :5 humerus
8 1.82
7 1.42
7 3.91
8 4.00
8 3.33
7 7.26
7 :1
2 1.11
1 7.34
1 8.86
2 1.25
2 1.86
2 0.18
5 :2 s acru m
8 9.84
8 9.81
9 0.52
9 1.66
8 2.03
1 01.83
1 09.47
6 1:60
2 :1 1 :2 p elv is
1 31.90
6 :7 f e mur
9 5.83
1 06.45
1 02.78 6 6.67
1 0 :9 9 a :8a
9 5.00
7 3.79
1 40.90
1 14.79
9 3.69
9 9.07
9 7.27
1 28.40
1 29.90
1 31.40
1 06.67
1 00.00
9 3.33
1 01.50
8 8.89
8 5.71
8 8.89
8 5.71
8 2.97
6 4.29
7 2.50
6 9.44
6 5.79
6 9.03
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 25
Table 8 4/a
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s kele ton
Kapo lnäs-
n y6k g rave 2 Nu mbers a f ter Mar t in
3 0 y
K apo lnäs-
K apo lngs-
n yek
n yek
Budapest Budapest Budapest I I d ist.
I I d ist .
g rave 3
g rave 4
g rave 1
g rave 2
3 5 y
4 0 y
3 0 y
4 0 y
I I d ist. g rave 3 3 0 y
f
1 , c lav icu la
-
-
1 44
-
-
-
6
3 5
-
3 8
-
-
-
1 , h u merus
3 11
_
-
_
-
3 16
2
3 05
-
-
-
-
3 10
4
5 4
-
-
-
-
5 8
5
2 1
2 3
2 1
-
-
2 3
6
1 4
1 9
1 8
-
-
1 7
7
6 0
6 5
6 4
-
-
6 4
9
4 1
5 3
5 5
-
-
4 4
2 37
-
-
-
-
2 53
1 , r ad ius 4
1 3
1 6
1 5
-
-
1 5
5
1 0
1 1
1 2
-
-
1 5
1 , u lna
2 58
-
-
-
-
2 60
1 , s acru m
1 30
-
-
-
-
1 19
2
1 22
-
-
-
-
1 12
5
1 24
-
-
-
-
1 18
1 , p elv is
2 16
-
-
-
-
2 26
2
1 59
-
-
-
-
1 60
1 , f e mur
4 53
4 72
-
4 40
4 45
4 43
2
4 50
4 62
-
4 35
4 36
4 37
6
2 8
3 1
-
2 7
2 7
2 5
7
2 5
3 0
-
2 8
2 9
2 7
9
3 3
2 8
-
3 8
3 4
3 3
1 0
2 4
2 7
-
2 4
2 6
2 3
1 9
4 4
4 6
-
4 9
4 6
4 6
1 , t i bia
3 80
4 00
-
3 86
-
-
1 /b
3 64
3 82
-
3 75
-
-
8 a
3 2
3 1
3 4
3 5
3 2
3 3
9 a
2 1
2 4
2 5
2 4
2 3
2 2
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 26
Table 8 4/b
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary I
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton Z a laszen tEpö l
Epö l
Epö l
Epö l
g rö t
g rave 1
g rave 2
g rave 3
g rave 4
g rave 1
4 5 y
4 0 y
5 0 y
4 0 y
4 5 y
a f ter Mart in
m
m
m
m
m
M
1 , c lav icu la 6
1 36 4 0
1 55 3 2
1 50 3 5
1 52 4 5
1 27 4 2
1 44.00 4 6.40
1 , h u merus
3 60
3 46
3 20
3 43
-
3 32.60 3 30.16
N u mbers
ma les
2
3 55
3 40
3 11
3 39
3 16
4
6 6
6 4
6 5
6 3
-
6 1.50
5
2 2
2 1
2 3
2 5
2 4
2 2.56
6
1 8
1 5
1 7
2 1
2 0
1 7.67
7
7 6
6 0
6 8
7 5
7 4
6 7.33
9
5 3
5 1
5 5
5 4
4 8
5 0.44
2 70
2 55
2 57
2 66
-
2 57.00
4
1 6
1 7
1 7
1 8
1 8
1 6.11
5
1 3
1 3
1 4
1 3
1 3
1 2.12
1 , u lna
2 98
2 75
2 69
2 89
2 54
2 77.60
1 , s acru m
1 28
1 08
9 5
1 08
-
1 14.00
2
1 05
1 11
1 04
1 07
-
1 09.80
1 , r ad ius
5
1 15
1 07
1 12
9 9
-
1 11.40
1 , p elv is
2 20
2 10
2 25
2 10
2 17
2 17.33
2
1 67
-
-
1 63
1 67
1 64.00
1 , f e mur
4 99
5 10
4 57
4 58
4 36
4 63.33
2
4 86
5 01
4 50
4 53
4 34
4 57.66
6
3 3
3 3
3 0
2 9
2 8
2 8.22
7
2 4
3 1
2 8
2 9
3 0
2 8.77
9
3 6
3 6
3 5
3 6
3 5
3 4.40
3 7
3 2
3 3
3 2
3 2
3 0.37
1 0 1 9
4 8
5 0
4 8
5 1
5 1
4 7.90
1 , t i b ia
4 18
3 84
3 84
4 04
3 64
3 90.51
1 /b
4 08
3 75
3 75
3 95
4 50
3 79.85
8 a
3 6
4 2
4 0
3 6
3 8
3 5.36
9 a
2 4
2 7
2 9
2 5
2 5
2 3.73
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 27
Table 8 5/a
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary f ro m t he p re-Lombard ic p er iod. Art if ic ial ly f or med s ku l ls
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
HäcsS oponya
S oponya
S oponya
Bendekpuszta*
g rave 2
g rave 3
g rave 4
g rave 2 3
Nu mbers a f ter
1 7 y
4 0 y
1 9 y
2 5 y
Mart in
f
f
m
1
1 81
1 70
1 78
1 71
3
1 78
1 62
1 69
-
5
1 05
-
9 1
9 8
f
7
4 2
-
3 5
-
8
1 30
1 32
1 31
1 34 8 7
9 4
1 10
9 7
1 0
9
1 10
1 23
1 14
-
1 1
1 12
-
1 12
1 26
1 2
1 03
1 05
1 09
-
1 3
1 11
-
1 05
-
1 7
1 51
-
1 43
1 43
2 0
17
-
1 14
1 26
2 3
5 02
4 95
4 80
-
2 4
3 30
-
3 12
3 84
-
2 5 3 2/ 1
4 3o 3 9 0
-
3 2/2 32 /a
7 7
o
-
3 90
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
4 1
59
0
3 9
53
0
7 50 o o
* L ip tä 'k 1 961
3 28
-
7 5 0
Table 8 5/b
S porad ic f inds f ro m t he p re-Lo mbard ic p er iod f ro m Hungary Art if ic ia l ly f or med s ku l ls
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f acia le
HäcsS oponya g rave 2 Nu mbers a f ter
S oponya
Bendekpuszta*
g rave 4
g rave 1 3
1 7 y
1 9 y
2 5 y
4 0
9 8
7 7
9 8
4 2
1 08
1 03
4 3
1 12
1 16
4 4
9 6
1 00
-
4 5
1 19
1 38
1 29
Mart in
-
4 6
9 2
9 8
9 9
4 7
1 04
1 12
1 23
4 8
6 2
6 3
7 7
5 0
2 4
2 7
-
5 1/d
3 8
3 7
4 0
5 2/d
3 3
3 5
3 6
5 4
2 0
2 3
2 6
5 5
5 0
4 4
5 9
6 0
5 2
5 2
-
6 1
6 3
6 0
-
6 2
-
-
4 4
6 3
3 4
3 6
4 2
6 5
1 04
9 6
1 28
6 6
9 3
1 01
9 7
6 8
9 3
1 02
-
6 9
3 3
2 6
3 4
7 0/a
6 2
6 7
6 1
7 1/a 7 2 7 3 7 9
3 6
o
8 5
3 3 8 8
8 3o 1 20 o
o 1 15
* L ip täk 1 961
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
0 29
o
3 2
8 5
o
Table 8 5/c
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary f ro m t he Pre-Lo mbard ic p er iod. Art i f ic ia l ly f or med s ku l ls
I nd ices
N umbers a f ter Mart in
S oponya
S oponya
Häcs-
S oponya
S oponya
B endekpuszta+
g rave 2
g rave 4
g rave 2 3
1 7 y
1 9 y
2 5 y
f
m
f
8 :1 c ran iu m
7 1.82
7 3.60
7 8.40
1 7 :1
8 3.43
8 0.34
8 3.60
2 0 :1
6 4.64
7 4.04
1 7 :8
1 16 . 15
1 09.16
-
1 06.60
2 0 :8
9 0.00
8 7.02
-
9 :10
8 5.45
8 5.09
6 4.90
9 :8
7 2.31
7 4.05
4 7 :45
8 7.39
8 1.16
9 5.40
4 8 :45
5 2.10
4 5.65
5 9.70
5 2 :51 d
8 6.84
9 1.89
9 0.00
5 4 :55
4 0.00
5 2.27
4 4.10
5 0 :44
2 5.00
2 7.00
6 3:62
-
-
6 1:60
1 21.15
-
9 5.40
1 15.38
-
6 :1 c lav icu la
-
2 5. 73
-
6 :5 h u merus
7 8.95
8 5.71
1 :2 p elv is
1 4.58
6 :7 f e mur
9 6.15
1 0 :9
7 0.37
9 a :8a
6 7.74
+
-
9 6.15
-
7 1.43
L ip täk 1 961
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 30
1 -
Table 8 5/d
S porad ic f inds f ro m Hungary f ro m t he p re-Lo mbard ic p er iod
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ia l s keleton
S oponya g rave 2 Numbers a f ter Mart in 1 , c lav icu la 6
1 7 y I 3 2
S oponya
S oponya
g rave 3
g rave 4
Häcs-Bendekpuszta+ mean v a lues o f f e males
4 0 y
1 9 y
f
m
N
1 36 3 5
-
-
Vm _ -
1 , h u merus
-
-
-
7
5
1 9
2 1
2 1
-
2 89-350 -
6
1 5
1 6
1 8
-
-
7
5 6
6 2
6 2
-
-
9
4 4
-
-
1 , r ad ius
-
-
-
4
2 33-289
4 5
1 1 1 1
1 5 1 0
1 4 1 1
_
_
1 , u lna
-
-
-
5
2 28-264
5 , s acrum
3 07.75
2 53.50
2 42.80
-
-
1 04
_
_
2 06
-
2 14
-
-
2
1 44
-
-
-
-
1 , f e mur
4 63
4 60
9
4 06-475
4 44.00
2
4 60
-
4 52
9
4 04-475
4 43.44
6 7
2 5 2 6
2 5 2 6
2 9 2 6
_
3 7
-
3 4
-
2 6
-
2 6
_ 3 41-403
3 56.85
1 , p elv is
9 1 0 1 9
-
4 4
-
4 8
1 , t i b ia
3 74
3 60
3 70
7
1 / 1 3
3 62
3 51
3 61
_
3 1 2 1
3 1 2 2
3 5 2 5
-
8 a 9 a
+ The m iss ing measure men ts were n o t p ubl ished b y L ip täk ( 1961).
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 31
-
Table 8 6/a
S o me measure men ts o f t he c ran ial c erebra le f ro m i läcsB endekpuszta ( L ip täk , 1 961 )
Numbers a f ter Mar t in
1
ma les N
V .V mm m m
2
1 83-199
f e ma les M
N
1 91.00
7
5
1
1 06-106
1 06.00
6
8
2
1 43-135
1 44.00
8
9
V .V mm m m
M
1 72-184 1 78.12 8 9-96
9 4.00
1 29-146 1 39.11
2
9 7-98
9 7.50
8
1 7
1
1 37-137
1 37.00
7
1 20-137 1 32.71
2 0
2
1 10-119
14.50
8
9 3-116 1 11.87
3 2/1
-
2
4 9 o52 0 5 0.50 o
-
-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 32
8 7-102
9 4.12
Table 8 6/ 1 3
S o me measure men ts o f t he c ran ial f ac iale f ro m Häcs Bendekpuszta ( L ip täk , 1 961)
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
V .V min max
1
4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8
f e ma les M
N
1 01-101
1 01.00
5
7 8-101
8 9.53
1
1 43-143
1 43.00
6
1 17-136
1 24.50
2
1 00-113
1 06.50
8
9 1-99
2
1 14-132
1 23.00
8
9 8-116
2
6 8-80
7 4.00
8
6 8-73
6 9.50
5 1/d
2
3 9-42
4 0.50
7
3 5-42
3 9.42
5 2/d
2
3 2-35
3 3.50
7
3 2-35
3 3.71
5 4
2
2 5-26
2 5.50
7 7
2 4-27
2 5.42
5 5
2
4 8-57
5 2.50
7
4 7-54
5 0.83
6 2
2
4 3-51
4 6.00
3
4 5-50
4 7.67
4 0
V .V min max
M
9 4.00 1 12.57
6 3
1
4 0-40
4 0.00
4
3 8-43
4 0.83
6 5
2
1 12-120
1 16.00
7
1 08-129
1 17.85
6 6
2
1 00-117
1 13.50
8
8 5-100
9 4.00
6 9
2
3 0-35
3 2.50
7
2 6-32
3 1.14
7 0/a
2
6 4-77
6 5.50
8
5 7-67
6 4.12
7 1/a
2
3 0-31
3 0.50
8
2 6-34
2 9.75
7 2
1
8 6 °86 °
8 6.00 o
2
8 1 °86 °
8 3.50 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 33
Table 8 6/c
S o me i nd ices o f t he s ku l ls f ro m Häcs-Bendekpuszta ( L iptäk 1 961)
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V .V m in max
M
N
V . -V min max
M
8 :1
2
7 2.90-78.10
7 5.50
8
7 4.10-80.90
7 7.71
1 7 :1
1
6 8.80-68.80
6 8.80
6
6 9.00-75.30
7 4.83
1 7 :8
1
9 4.50-94.50
9 4.50
6
8 7.60-100.0
9 6.77
9 :8
2
6 7.60-67.80
6 7.70
8
6 6.00-72.10
6 8.10
4 7 :45
1
9 2.30-92.30
9 2.30
5
8 1.50-92.30
8 9.25
4 8 :45
1
5 6.00-56.00
5 6.00
6
5 0.40-58.90
5 5.17
2
8 2.10-83.30
82 .70
7
7 6.20-97.10
8 5.77
5 4:55
5 2:51/d
2
4 5.60-52.10
4 8.35
7
4 9.00-55.60
5 0.32
5 0 :44
1
9 3.00-93.00
9 3.00
2
S 4.40-85.40
8 4.90
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 34
Table 8 7
K ra n j
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebrale
Nu mbers a f ter
males
f e ma les
Mart in
N
1
1 6
1 78-196
1 83.81
1 3
1 55-185
1 73.92
3
1 6
1 66-189
1 75.62
1 3
1 50-181
1 68.10
5
6
9 8-110
1 04.89
5
9 6-106
9 9.50
7
6
2 9-37
3 7.43
5
3 5-39
3 6.67
8
1 6
1 27-155
1 42.05
1 3
1 34-157
1 40.93
9
1 6
8 6-110
9 8.76
1 3
8 7-102
9 5.45
1 6
1 11-136
1 19.74
1 3
1 13-127
1 20.30
1 13-144
1 23.50
1 3
1 09-118
1 14.60
1 0 1 1
1 6
V .V min max
M
N
V . -V m in max
1 2
1 8
1 04-134
1 18.56
1 5
1 01-130
1 14.90
1 3
1 6
8 3-124
1 12.88
1 3
9 3-113
1 05.40
1 7
1
1 34-134
1 34.00
3
1 32-141
1 36.67
2 0
1 6
1 06-125
1 15.00
1 3
1 06-118
1 16.00
2 3
1 5
4 96-556
5 32.50
1 2
4 80-533
5 05.50
2 4
1 6
2 96-318
3 09.89
1 2
2 87-321
3 09.89
2 5
9
3 63-389
3 74.50
3 45-417
3 78.57 o
3 2/1
5
40-59 °
4 9.60 o
5
4 00-55 o
4 4,75 °
3 2/2
5
4 4°-48 °
4 5.60 o
5
4 4 °48 °
4 5.67 o
8 2.81 0
9
7 2°-88 °
8 1.25 °
3 2/a
1 2
6 5°-96 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 35
8
o
Table 8 8
K ran j
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f ac iale
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V -V m in max
M
N
V V m in max
4 0
1
9 3-93
9 3.00
3
8 7-105
9 6.67
4 2
1
1 15-115
1 15.00
3
1 01-114
1 07.00
4 3
8
1 08-120
1 12.28
3
1 05-109
1 06.67 95.00 1 22.00
4 4
8
9 3-101
9 9.00
3
9 3-99
4 5
3
1 28-142
1 33.00
3
1 20-124
4 6
8
7 4-104
9 2.86
3
8 7-92
4 7
5
1 13-121
1 15.50
3
1 05-113
8 9.00
4 8 5 0
5 8
6 2-74 2 0-24
6 9.50 2 2.17
3 3
6 5-67 2 1 -2 4
:6 2 :5 00 0
5 1/d
7
4 0-44
4 1.17
3
4 0-45
4 2.50
5 2/d
7
3 0-35
3 2.50
3
3 4-34
3 4.00
5 4
7
2 2-27
2 3.57
3
2 1-2 '6
2 3.33
5 5
7
4 2-54
4 9.60
3
4 7-50
4 8.50
6 0
7
4 4-56
5 1.67
6
5 0-56
5 1.67
1 09.67
6 1
7
5 8-63
6 1.43
6
6 1-64
6 3.00
6 2
3
4 8-53
5 1.33
4
4 2 -5 2
4 7.75
6 3
5
3 9-45
4 0.80
6
3 6-40
3 8.67
6 5
2 3
1 13-134
1 22.86
1 3
1 02-136
1 14.45
6 6
2 3
8 6-109
1 00.32
1 3
7 9-108
8 3.56
1 03.81
1 3
8 8-111
1 01.83
3 1.61
1 3
2 7-34
6 8
2 3
8 6-116
6 9
2 3
2 5-36
7 0/a
2 0
5 5-70
6 7.11
1 3
5 7-63
6 3.58
71 /a
2 3
2 5-34
3 1.04
1 3
2 9-33
3 0.25
8 5.79 0
7 2
9
8 2 °- 8 9°
8 5° . 46 °
8
8 3 087 °
7 3
9
8 3 °90 °
8 6.50 °
8
8 5°-88 °
7 9
2 3
1 17 ° 132 °
1 23.86 °
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 36
1 3
1 12 ° 131 °
3 0.00
8 6.90 o 1 24.73 o
Table 89
Kranj
Indices Numbers after Martin 8:1 cranium 17:1 20:1 17:8 20:8 9:10 9:8 47:45 48:45 52:51/d 54:55 50:44 63:62 61:60 6:1 clavicula 6:5 humerus 7:1 sexual pelvis 6:7 femur 10:9 ; 9a:8a tibia
males N 16 3 16 3 16 15 13 2 2
7 4 4 2 5 1O 22 7 6 22 22 19
V
min
-V
max
71.43-88.20 69.07-74.90 57.51-72.53 93.90-95.01 73.50-86. 61 75.00-91.22 67.39-81.89 85.21-89.15 52.11-54.26 75 .00-80.48 42.31-46.94 18.52-23.71 73.58-85.42 103.57-140.9 22.00-27.61 75.00-88.89 19.32-20.74 51.67-67.79 92.59-110.4 64.70-81.82 62.96-80.56
M 76.70 72.45 62.78 94 .25 81.67 83.67 72.16 87.13 53.18 78.94 45.59 21.89 79.50 120.07 24.97 81.94 20.69 60.59 104.92 77.56 72.02
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
337
N
12 3 10 3
10 10 10 2
2 2 3
2 2 5 4 12 6
3 14 14 10
females -V V min max 73 • 51-86 • 27 67.22-69.69 65.40-81.03 90.90-93.21 71.97-88.96 53.33-84.07 67.13-73 .. 5 8 89.52-94 .16 54 • 03-54 • i í7 75 56-85 o 44 ('168- 9.�.., 22.58-24 .. 24 78.43- Q� ,.,, 107.14-125 fi 21.53-26.21 77.27-86.36 17.89-21.3 68.75-72.41 96.29-125. O 69.69-85.18 62.50-82.14
M 80.63 67.90 65.89 92.81 82.67 77.33 67.72 91.84 .,., ,A
� ,..
8 '
52, 07 23 .. 41 �2 .07 119.08 23.87 81.40 19.49 70.58 109.52 77.12 70.87
Table 9 0
K ran j
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton Numbers a f ter Mart in
males N
f e ma les
V .V min max
M
N
V V min max
1 , c lav icu la
1 0
1 30-164
1 53.25
3
1 30-145
1 35.67
6
1 2
3 2-45
3 7.83
7
2 7-34
3 1.28
1 , h u merus
9
3 00-356
3 33.57
9
2 95-334
3 07.17
2
9
2 94-350
3 25.83
9
2 90-329
3 01.67
4
1
5
1 3
5 5-72
6 1.02
1 0
4 7-62
5 6.00
1 3
2 0-25
2 3.00
1 0
1 8-22
2 0.25
1 0
6
1 3
1 7-23
1 9.00
9
1 1
3 8-51
4 0.40
7
1 3
5 3-78
6 6.39
1 , r ad ius
5
4
1 5
5
1 5
1 , u lna 5 , s acru m
2 -
2 44-265 1 4-18 1 1-14 2 67-290
2 55.50
9 1 0 4
1 6.07
1 0
1 2.21
1 0
2 63.50
-
-
1
1 4-19
1 6.64
3 7-45
4 0.86
5 1-61
5 8.11
2 16-233 1 2-17 9 -12 2 63-263
2 31.00 1 4.78 1 1.73 2 63.00
1
1 06-106
1 06.00
1 , f e mur
1 2
4 60-500
4 89.14
6
4 08-492
4 46.20
2
1 2
4 52-491
4 80.92
6
4 00-486
4 37.89
6
2 0
2 5-32
2 8.47
1 3
2 3-31
2 8.67
7
2 0
2 6-31
2 7.21
1 3
2 1-27
2 5.08
2 0
3 1-38
3 4.12
1 3
2 7-33
3 1.27
2 0
2 5-30
2 6.12
1 3
2 1-25
2 3.33
4 6.69
1 0
9 1 0 1 9
1 6
4 1-52
1 5
3 13-445
3 80.00
1 /b
1 5
3 03-437
3 71.86
8 a
2 0
2 7-38
3 3.89
1 3
2 6-35
3 0.60
9 a
2 0
1 7-28
2 4.28
1 3
1 9-25
2 1.44
1 , t ibia
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 38
4 0-44
4 2.17
5
3 33-365
3 44.33
5
3 25-354
3 36.76
Table 9 1
Bresc ia
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium c erebrale
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in 1 3 3
ma les
f e males Vmin
M
N
V .V min max
M
N
3
1 86-196
1 91.67
4
1 69-180
1 78.00
3
1 83-192
1 87.67
4
1 62-183
1 72.75
max
5
1
9 9-99
9 9.00
3
9 1-104
9 7.33
7
2
3 4-35
3 4.50
3
3 0-32
3 1.33
8
3
1 40-143
1 41.67
4
1 25-145
9
3
9 3-105
9 9.33
4
8 9-95
3
1 22-152
1 32.33
4
1 13-125
1 0
1 34.75 9 2.75 1 17.50
1 1
2
1 07-128
1 17.50
3
1 14-119
1 16.33
1 2
3
1 13-120
1 15.67
3
1 04-117
1 09.33
1 3
3
8 2-112
9 8.33
3
9 6-100
9 8.00
1 7
2
1 30-135
1 32.50
3
1 27-133
1 28.33
2 0
2
9 0-112
1 04.00
4
9 8-111
1 04.25
2 3
2
5 24-554
5 39.50
4
5 02-533
5 10.25
2 4
3
3 13-350
3 29.33
4
2 80-300
2 95.50
2 5
2
3 85-386
3 85.50
3
3 60-391
3 71.00
3 2/1
2
4 7 052 °
4 9.50 o
-
-
-
3 2/2
2
4 5°-48 °
4 6.50 o
-
-
-
3 2/a
1
7 4 074 0
7 4.00 o
-
-
-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 39
Table 9 2
Bresc ia
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f ac ia le
Numbers a f ter Mart in
4 0
ma les N
2
f e ma les
V . -V m in max
M
N
V .V m in max
9 3-105
9 9.00
3
8 7-103
9 5.67
4 2
2
1 13-123
1 18.00
3
1 03-112
1 08.00
4 3
3
1 06-121
1 15.33
4
1 04-110
1 06.75
4 4
3
9 2-109
1 02.00
4
8 8-93
4 5
3
1 25-140
1 34.00
4
1 26-127
9 1.25
4 6
3
9 0-101
9 6.67
4
8 7-96
4 7
3
1 04-133
1 20.00
4
9 5-113
4 8
3
6 7-78
7 4.33
4
5 6-70
6 4.25
1 26.50 9 0.00 1 07.75
5 0
3
2 2-28
2 5.00
4
2 3 -2:
2 3.00
5 1d
3
4 1-46
4 4.00
4
3 7-39
3 8.50
5 2d
3
3 2-39
3 4.67
4
3 0- -
3 1.50
5 4
3
2 0-25
2 2.33
A _
2 0 '"
2 2.50
5 5
3
5 1-58
5 5.00
4
4 2-51
4 6.75
6 0
3
5 0-57
5 3.67
4
4 7-55
5 0.75
6 1
3
5 8-67
6 4.33
4
3 5-61
5 0.25
6 2
2
4 7-57
5 0.50
4
4 4-54
4 7.75
6 3
3
3 7-41
3 9.33
4
3 5-41
3 8.00
6 5
3
1 15-122
1 19.33
4
1 14-120
1 18.75
6 6
3
1 05-111
1 08.67
4
8 8-100
9 4.00
6 8
3
1 02-117
1 10.67
4
9 2-108
1 05.00
6 9
3
2 6-34
3 0.67
4
2 7-30
2 8.50
7 0/a ,d
3
5 8-72
6 3.33
4
5 1-64
5 5.50
7 1/a ,d
3
3 3-36
3 7.33
4
2 9-34
3 1.50 o
7 2
2
8 4°-86 °
8 5.00 o
2
8 3 o85 0
8 4.00 °
7 3
2
8 5°-87 °
8 6.00
2
8 4 °86 °
8 5.00 o
7 9
2
1 15°-115 °
1 15.00 o
-
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 40
_
_
Table 9 3
B resc ia
I nd ices Numbers
f e ma les
ma les
a f ter Mart in
N
V .V m in max
8 :1 c ran ium
3
7 2.08-76.88
V .V m in max 7 4.31
4
7 1.02-82.25
7 5.76
1 7 :1
2
6 9.50-71.50
7 0.50
3
6 5.42-69.69
6 7.67
2 0 :1
3
4 6.63-68.88
6 1.80
4
5 5.68-75.15
6 7.85
1 7 :8
2
9 0.00-96.00
9 3.00
3
8 7.95-93.40
9 0.63
2 0 :8
3
6 4.28-95.07
8 3.42
4
7 8.40-96.15
8 9.41
9 :10
3
6 9.08-81.30
7 5.53
4
7 1.20-83.19
7 8.26
9 :8
3
6 5.03-70.42
7 0.15
4
6 1.38-74.40
6 9.11
4 7 :45
3
8 3.20-97.08
8 5.17
3
5 3.60-56.93
4 4
7 5.40-88.98
4 8 :45
8 9.38 5 5.41
4 4.44-55.55
5 0.78
5 2:51/d
3
7 1.11-95.12
7 9.32
4
7 6.92-89 .19
8 1.91
5 4 :55
3
3 5.70-43.14
4 0.65
4
4 5.10-54.76
4 8.50
5 0 :44
3
2 3.81-25.69
2 4.47
4
2 1.74-27.96
2 5.19
6 3:62
1
8 4.09-84.09
8 4.09
5
7 0.37-93.18
7 8.48
6 1:60
2
1 16.00-124.1
1 20.03
4
8 5.45-120 .83
6 :1 c lav icu la
3
2 7.41-34.27
2 9.83
4
2 2.39-25.93
6 :5 h u merus
3
8 0.00-91.30
8 7.40
4
7 6.19-85.00
7 9.74
7 :1
3
1 9.53-22.52
2 1.41
3
2 0.21-21.38
2 0.64
5 :2 s acrum
2
9 9.92-103.7
1 01.81
1
1 00.00-100 .0
1 00.00
2 :1
2
9 6.43-98.46
9 7.44
1
9 2.00-92.00
9 2.00
4
1 26.09-133.3
1 28.15
4
5 0.00-92.91
7 6.25
4
1 00.00-112.5
1 06.30
1 13.8 2 7.92
1 :2 p elv is
2
1 34.89-140.9
1 37.89
s exua l
2
3 6.78-57.14
4 6.90
6 :7 f e mur
3
1 07.41-123.08
1 0 :9
3
7 7.49-90.00
8 4.21
4
7 6.67-89.28
8 1.71
9 a :8a t i b ia
3
7 0.59-81.25
7 5.06
4
6 5.63-83.33
7 2.25
1 13.8
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 41
Table 9 4
Bresc ia
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ial s keleton Numbers a f ter Mart in
males N
V .V min max
f e males M
N
V .V min max
1 , c lav icu la
3
1 39-146
1 43.33
4
1 27-147
6
3
3 7-49
4 2.25
4
3 0-35
1 35.75 3 2.50
1 , h u merus
3
3 02-338
3 25.00
3
2 87-305
2 94.00
2
3
2 91-325
3 15.50
3
2 85-301
2 91.00
4
2
6 0-66
6 4.00
3
5 3-58
5 6.00
5
3
2 2-25
2 3.33
4
1 8-20
1 9.75
6
3
2 0-21
2 0.50
4
1 4-17
1 5.75
7
3
6 6-71
6 8.33
4
5 7-62
5 9.75
9
3
4 5-47
4 5.33
3
3 7-40
3 8.33
1 , r ad ius
3
2 37-264
2 50.33
3
2 10-226
2 17.67
4
3
1 5-17
1 6.33
4
1 3-16 9 -11
1 4.50
5
3
1 2-13
1 2.67
4
1 , u lna
2
2 53-285
2 49.00
3
2 12-247
2 31.67
1 0.25
1 , s acru m
4
1 12-130
1 23.25
2
1 13-117
1 15.00
2
3
1 08-128
1 17.00
1
1 11-111
1 11.00
5
3
1 12-127
1 18.00
1
1 17-117
1 17.00
1 , p elv is
3
2 01-217
2 07.00
3
1 83-204
1 95.00
2
3
1 49-161
1 54.67
3
1 44-157
1 51.33
1 , f e mur
3
4 29-277
4 58.67
4
4 10-425
4 08.50
2
3
4 20-467
4 47.89
4
3 90-414
4 00.09
6
3
2 9-32
3 0.33
4
2 5-28
7
3
2 6-27
2 6.67
4
2 5-27
2 6.75 2 5.25
9
3
3 0-36
3 3.00
4
2 8-32
2 9.75
1 0
4
2 7-28
2 7.50
4
2 3-25
2 4.25
1 9
3
4 2-50
4 5.00
4
3 9-44
4 2.00
1 , t i b ia
3
3 59-389
3 75.00
4
3 21-370
3 35.25
l /b
3
3 43-379
3 62.33
4
3 10-360
3 25.00
8 a
3
2 9-34
3 5.00
4
2 9-32
3 0.50
9 a
3
2 4-29
2 6.00
4
2 1-25
2 2.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 42
Table 9 5
Testona ( lüszely 1 969 )
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les
f e ma les
N
V .V m in max
M
N
V .V m in max
M
1
8
1 80-192
1 86.50
1 9
1 66-210
1 82.50
3
8
1 76-183
1 80.80
1 9
1 62-199
1 75.10
5
6
1 00-112
1 04.16
9
9 3-106
1 05.22
7
5
3 0-42
3 5.00
9
2 7-38
3 2.55
8
8
1 27-143
1 37.87
1 9
1 28-165
1 36.10
9
8
9 1-104
9 7 .00
1 9
9 3-101
9 4.79
1 0
8
1 18-133
1 31.25
1 9
1 13-137
1 19.32
1
8
1 18-135
1 26.62
1 9
1 11-136
1 21.41
1 2
8
15-129
1 22.00
1 9
1 05-137
1 25.05
1 3
8
9 9-120
1 09 .36
1 9
9 7-146
1 07.22
1 7
6
1 29-137
1 34.33
1 1
1 24-140
1 29.27
2 0
8
1 03-124
1 12.12
1 8
9 9-120
1 08.89
2 3
8
5 10-540
5 26.50
1 8
4 94-542
5 19.95
2 4
8
2 96-325
3 11.71
1 8
2 98-315
3 05.72
2 5
8
3 10-386
3 69.50
1 8
3 43-421
3 73.60
3 2/ 1
5
4 0°50 °
4 4.80 °
8
4 0 °53 °
4 1.00 o
3 2/2
5
3 9 °48 °
4 2.76 o
8
3 9°-50 °
4 3.89 °
3 2/a
5
6 7°-81 °
7 6.89 0
8
7 0°78 °
7 5.73 o
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 43
o
Table 9 6
Testona ( K iszely 1 969 )
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m f aciale
Numbers a f ter Mart in
males N
f e ma les
V .V m in max
M
N
V .V min max
M
4 0
5
8 9-97
9 3.00
8
8 4-103
8 8.37
4 2
2
1 04-113
1 08.50
2
1 12-123
1 17.50
4 3
6
1 00-119
1 08.67
1 5
1 00-120
1 07.92
4 4
6
9 1-113
7 9.33
1 5
8 7-96
9 0.13
4 5
6
1 24-144
1 33.67
1 5
1 18-136
4 6
6
8 8-106
9 7.50
1 5
7 7-99
4 7
2
1 14-121
1 17.50
4 8
5
6 7-73
7 2.00
1 5
5 0
6
2 4-29
2 5.67
1 5
2 1-27
2 4.80
5 1/d
6
3 5-40
3 7.00
1 5
2 8-40
3 6.13
5 2/d
6
2 8-36
3 1.00
1 5
2 9-36
3 1.20
6
1 00-122 5 8-78
1 27.13 9 1.00 1 09.67 6 3.63
5 4
6
2 1-26
2 3.00
1 5
2 0-28
2 7.60
5 5
6
4 5-54
5 1.00
1 5
4 4-52
4 3.07
6 0
5
4 0-60
5 3.40
1 5
4 7-62
5 4.00
6 1
5
5 8-67
6 4.40
1 5
5 1-68
5 2.15 4 8.25
6 2
4
4 4-59
4 8.75
1 2
4 3-52
6 3
5
3 1-39
3 6.40
1 5
3 1-43
3 7.21
6 5
2
1 07-127
1 16-146
1 28.00
6 6
2
9 5-111
1 03.00
6
8 9-108
9 7.33
6 8
2
1 01-101
1 01.00
5
9 5-112
1 05.40
6 9
2
3 1-36
3 4.50
6
2 9-38
3 3.16
7 0/a
2
6 6-71
6 8.50
5
6 4-76
6 8.80
7 1/a
2
3 3-34
3 3.50
5
3 0-36
3 3.00
7 2
2
8 3 °86 °
8 5.50 o
4
8 4 °86 °
8 5.67 o
7 3
2
8 4°-86 °
8 5.00 o
4
8 5 086 0
7 9
1
1 20 ° 120
1 20.00 o
4
1 13°-121 0
1 17.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 44
5
8 5.98 o 1 16.75 o
Table 9 7
Testona ( lüszely 1 969 )
I nd ices Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
f e ma les
males N
V .V min max
V . -V min max
8 :1
8
6 6.14-82.16
7 3.95
2 0
6 9.31-83.81
7 5.29
1 7 :1
6
6 1.90-74.99
7 0.08
1 6
5 3.93-74.85
6 8.66
2 0 :8
6
5 3.64-62.76
5 8.55
1 3
5 5.61-67.23
6 0.32
1 7 :8
6
8 2.39-107.8
8 3.75
1 8
7 6.15-105.3
8 3.97
2 0 :8
7
7 6.31-95.38
8 1.37
1 1
7 4.44-88.15
8 1.37
9 :10
8
7 4.59-79.67
7 7.58
1 9
7 3.23-82.91
8 0.21
9 :8
8
6 5.47-75.38
7 0.44
1 9
6 1.96-75.19
7 0.52
4 7 :45
2
9 1.94-91.94
9 1.94
4 8 :45
5
4 8.95-58.14
5 4.82
1 5
5 2:51/d
6
7 5.67-91.42
8 3.95
1 5
8 1.08-114.3
9 0.11
5 4 :55
5
3 8.88-51.11
4 5.37
1 4
4 3.48-59.52
4 9.92
5 0 :44
6
2 4.74-33.33
2 6.89
1 5
2 4.44-28.73
2 6.56
6 3:62
4
7 0.45-79.59
7 4.76
1 2
6 9.23-93.47
7 7.02
6 1:60
5
1 10.00-145.0
1 22.24
1 4
9 4.64-125.5
1 09.67
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 45
5
7 5.73-96.74
8 7.76
5 1.24-57.77
5 2.25
Table 9 8
Castel Trosino ( lüszely 1 971)
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebra le
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
males N
f e ma les
V . -V min max
M
N
V V min max
M
1
6
1 78-193
1 86.50
1 0
1 79-201
1 89.00
3
5
1 72-191
1 83.00
1 0
1 73-193
1 81.30 1 09.85
5
5
9 4-106
9 9.20
7
9 8 -1 37
5
2 9-38
3 3.20
6
3 0-39
3 3.83
8
7
1 24-138
1 39.14
1 0
1 28-144
1 37.60
9
7
9 2-110
1 00.14
1 0
9 2-102
9 7.80
7 7
1 0
7
1 15-132
1 22.86
1 0
1 10-131
1 29.90
1 1
5
1 00-127
1 14.40
1 0
1 10-138
1 17.20
1 2
6
1 04-126
1 14.00
1 0
1 00-120
1 13.10
1 0
1 3
5
9 2-108
9 8.60
1 7
5
1 18-136
1 28.20
8
9 6-111
1 02.70
1 23-134
1 33.50
2 0
5
9 6-108
1 02.00
1 0
9 7-120
1 07.60
2 3
6
5 07-553
5 36.83
1 0
5 15-550
5 48.40
2 4
5
2 98-318
3 03.80
1 0
2 88-330
3 11.80
2 5
5
3 70-400
3 83.00
1 0
3 70-410
3 88.00
3 2/ 1
1
4 0-46 °
4 6.00 o
3 2/2 32 /a
1 1
4 3°43 ° 7 7077 °
4 3.00 ° 7 7.00 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 46
-
-
-
Table 9 9
Castel Trosino ( lüszely 1 971)
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f ac iale
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
ma les N
f e ma les
V .V m in max
M
N
8 5-101
9 5.50
4
V .V m in max 9 6-102
M
4 0
4
9 8.50
4 2
2
8 7-122
1 04.50
-
-
4 3
6
1 03-118
12.33
5
1 11-115
1 12.00
4 4
6
9 1-104
9 9.33
5
9 8-102
1 00.20
4 5
6
1 11-135
1 29.86
5
1 23-137
1 29.40
4 6
6
8 8-126
9 9.50
5
9 2-103
9 5.00
4 7
3
11-121
1 15.00
-
-
-
4 8
6
6 4-73
6 8.50
5
6 5-76
7 0.80
5 0
6
2 1-29
2 5.16
5
2 3-29
2 7.00
5 1/d
6
3 9-44
4 2.33
5
4 1-45
4 2.60
5 2/d
6
2 8-33
3 4.00
5
3 1-39
3 4.80
5 4
6
2 2-30
2 5.00
5
2 3-27
2 5.20
5 5
6
4 7-57
5 1.33
5
4 8-56
5 2.80
6 0
5
4 8-58
5 2.80
5
5 2-54
5 3.40 6 4.00
-
6 1
6
5 3-64
6 1.00
5
6 4-67
6 2
3
4 2-56
4 9.67
5
4 8-56
5 2.20
6 3
5
2 8-37
3 3.20
5
3 5-39
3 7.00
6 5
4
1 06-132
1 19.75
2
15-124
1 19.50
6 6
4
8 2-118
9 5.50
2
1 05-113
1 09.00
6 8
4
9 0-121
1 07.50
2
1 02-111
1 06.50
6 9
4
2 9-38
3 4.00
2
2 9-33
7 0/a ,d
4
5 4-73
6 1.75
2
5 6-57
5 6.50
7 1/a ,d
4
2 4-35
3 0.50
2
3 0-32
3 1.00
7 2
4
8 4 °86 °
8 5.73 o
2
8 5 °86 °
8 5.50 o
7 3
4
8 5 °87 °
8 6.49 0
2
8 6 °87 °
8 6.50 o
7 9
2
1 21 ° 129 °
1 25.00
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 47
-
-
3 1.00
-
Table 1 00
Castel Trosino ( I szely 1 971)
I nd ices
a fter Mart in 8 :1
f e ma les
ma les
Nu mbers N
V . -V min max
6
6 9.27-83.16
M
N
V . -V min max
M
7 4.63
1 0
6 6.67-75.53
7 2.89
8
6 5.43-72.28
7 0.12
5 2.68-64.28
5 6.60
8 8.35-107.4
9 7.10
1 7 :1
5
6 4.25-73.03
6 9.03
2 0 :1
5
4 9.74-58.43
5 4.97
1 7 :8
5
9 5.16-100.0
9 4.68
2 0 :8
5
6 8.57-80.00
7 6.85
1 0
7 0.42-83.94
7 7.47
1 0
7 6.33-89.09
8 1.67
1 0 5
9 :10
7
7 9.03-86.08
8 1.73
9 :8
7
6 8.24-79.84
7 2.17
1 0
6 8.66-76.56
7 2.27
4 7 :45
3
8 9.63-101.8
9 4.38
-
-
-
4 8 :45
5
5 2.89-56.15
5 5.08
4 3.24-60.32
5 2.91
5 2:51/d
5
7 3.17-84.62
7 8.72
7 5.56-90.69
8 2.81
6 6 6
5 4:55
5
4 0.35-53.57
4 9.81
6
4 3.64-52.00
4 7.39
5 0 :44
5
2 1.42-27.00
2 5.22
6
2 3.00-30.61
2 6.71
6 3:62
3
6 6.07-90.47
7 3.05
5
6 2.50-76.47
6 1:60
4
1 10.34-122.45
1 16.73
6
1 18.18-126.42
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 48
7 1.05 1 21.2
Table 1 01/a
S porad ic f inds f ro m I ta ly
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium c erebra le
C iv ida le
C iv ida le
F ieso le
F iesole
G iovann i G iovann i F ir mano
C iv ida le C iv ida le
F ir mano
Umberto
Umber to l arano
g rave x i g rave 1 38 N u mbers
1 8 y
1 9 y
g rave x 2 g rave x 3 5 5 y
g rave 1
3 5 y
Castel-
g rave 2 g rave x
3 0 y
2 3 y
4 5 y
a f ter Mart in 1
1 78
1 69
1 85
1 71
1 97
1 82
1 89
3
1 73
1 69
1 85
1 71
1 97
1 82
1 89
5
-
-
-
_
1 03
1 05
1 03
7
-
-
-
-
3 5
3 4
3 6
8
1 55
1 49
1 39
1 39
1 39
1 37
1 34
9 8
9 6
1 03
9 7
9 8
9 7
9 5
1 0
9
1 23
1 21
1 28
1 18
1 22
1 12
1 16
1 1
1 23
19
1 26
1 16
1 44
1 18
1 18
1 2
1 22
11
1 18
1 11
1 19
1 14
-
1 3
1 06
1 03
1 04
1 13
1 03
1 07
1 09
1 7
-
-
-
-
1 27
1 40
1 31
2 0
1 07
1 01
9 5
1 02
9 4
1 04
1 13
2 3
5 22
5 02
5 36
4 95
5 57
5 25
5 50
2 4
3 12
3 10
3 01
2 90
3 02
3 03
3 01
2 5 3 2/1 3 2/2 32 /a
3 80
o
5 3
4 3o 8 3 o
-o 5 4
3 75
5 2
4 8o 8 1 0
4 4 8 2
5 2
0 o
4 1° 7 6 o
+ S cagl ion i 1 967
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 49
0
3 30
o
4 05 4 1
0 o 6 6o
3 9
o
3 80 5 2
3 82
0
5 3 49
0
7 1 0
0 7 2o
47
Table 101/b
Sporadic finds from Italy
Measurements of the cranium faciale
Numbers after Martin
Cividale Cividale Cividale Cividale Fiesole Fiesole CastelGiovanni Giovanni Firmano Firmano Umberto Umberto larano grave x1 grave 138 grave x2 grave x3 grave 1 grave 2 grave x 23 y 45 y 55 y 35 y 30 y 18 y 19 y m m f f f m f
40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 51/d 52/d 54 55 60 61 62 63 65 66 68 69 70/a 71/a 72 73 79
105 96 108 64 31 39 31 20 44 49 65 46 38 120 99 99 27 47 31 ° 87 ° 86 ° 118
108 93 126 86 114 67 24 39 31 24 50 52 63 52 39 114 95 101 31 44 35 ° 91 ° 90 ° 124
111 101 143 95 122 68 25 42 33 23 48 49 50 44 41 119 35 34 ° 92 ° 91 º 11s
+ Scaglioni 1967
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
350
102 93 104 63 22 39 32 20 52 45 56 40 38 97 35 51 32 ° 89 ° 87
99 113 113 99 127 93 117 71 27 43 33 24 51 56 65 53 35 130 96 109 33 58 33 ° 86 ° 87 º 120
95 104 113 97 131 93 122 76 23 43 35 21 53 55 62 49 33 125 97 97 36 53 26 ° 86 ° 87 ° 127
100 111 110 97 135 91 118 72 43 34 24 54 53 64 45 3� 121 110 101 31 54 3 95
°
°
85 ° 116
Table 1 01/c
S porad ic f inds f ro m I t aly
I nd ices
C iv ida le
C iv idale
C iv ida le
G iovann i G iovann i
C iv idale
F ir mano
F ir mano
g rave x i g rave 1 38 Nu mbers
g rave x 2
F ieso le
F ieso le
Umber to
Umber to
g rave x3 g rave 1
1 8 y
1 9 y
5 5 y
3 5 y
8 7.08
8 8.17
7 5.14
8 /.29
Castell arano
g rave 2 g rave x
3 0 y
2 5 y
4 5 y
7 0.56
7 5.27
7 0.80
a f ter Mart in 8 :1 c ran iu m 1 7 :1
_
_
_
6 4.47
7 6.92
7 6.92
6 9.30
2 0 :1
6 0.11
5 9.76
5 1.35
5 9.65
4 7.72
5 7.14
5 9.70 9 7.70
1 7 :8
-
-
-
-
9 1.37
1 02.19
2 0 :8
6 9.03
6 7.79
6 8.35
7 3.38
6 7.63
7 5.91
8 4.33
9 :10
7 9.67
7 9.34
8 0.47
8 2.20
8 0.33
8 0.83
8 1.80
9 :8
6 3.43
6 4.43
7 4.10
6 9.78
7 0.50
7 0.80
7 0.80
_
9 0.48
8 5.31
_
9 2.13
9 3.13
8 7.40
4 7 :45 4 8 :45
_
5 3.17
4 7.55
_
5 5.91
5 8.02
5 3.30
5 2:51 d
7 9.49
7 9.49
7 8.57
8 2.05
7 6.74
8 1.39
7 9.00
5 4:55
4 5.45
4 8.00
4 7.92
4 7.62
4 7.06
3 9.62
4 4.40
5 0 :44
3 2.29
2 5.81
2 4.75
2 3.66
2 3.08
2 3.71
6 3:62
8 2.61
7 3.58
9 3.18
9 5.00
6 6.04
6 7.35
8 6.60
6 1:60
1 32.65
1 21.15
9 3.18
1 21.74
1 16.07
1 12.73
1 20.70
7 5.00 1 8.16
6 :5 h u merus 7 :1
_
_
_
_
8 5.00 2 2.56
1 :2 p elv is
_
_
_
_
1 38.32
6 :7 p elv is
-
-
-
-
1 21.74
1 00.00
1 0 :9
_
_
_
_
8 9.65
7 7.78
9 a :8a
-
-
-
-
6 9.70
6 5.00
+ S cagl ion i 1 967
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 51
-
Table 1 0 2 /a
S porad ic f inds f ro m I ta ly
Measure men ts o f t he c ran iu m c erebrale
Nu mbers a f ter Mart in 1 3 5
+ +
Regg io
Em il ia
Em il ia
g rave 1
g rave 1 1
V icenza
Verona
1 i N
+ +
M
N
2 8 y +m
1 81 . _
1 88
7
1 87.70
2
1 82.70
1 85.06
1 78.75
-
-
-
-
-
1 74.00
1 74.25
1 04
-
-
-
-
-
1 04.00
1 03.00
7
3 5
-
-
1 38
1 46
7 1 0
M
F e ma les
+m
m
M
Males
3 0 y
8 9
+
Regg io
M
m
-
-
1 35.20
3 5.00
3 5.00
1 38.04
1 45.50
1 39.10
2
9 8.20
2
9 5.10
9 7.33
9 7.25
1 20.30
2
1 17.60
1 20.84
1 21.00
9 6
9 7
1 0
1 20
1 24
1 1
1 02
-
-
-
-
-
1 14.60
1 18.50
1 2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 16.00
1 15.75
-
-
-
1 06.67
1 06.25
8
1 3
-
-
-
1 7
1 14
-
6
1 34.70
1
1 40.00
1 31.94
1 27.00
2 0
1 14
1 14
7
1 14.80
1
1 17.0
1 10.26
1 01.00
2 3
5 40
5 43
-
-
-
-
5 38.80
5 19.00
2 4
-
-
-
-
-
-
3 01.67
3 03.50
2 5
3 77
3 78.50
3 47.67 o
5 7
o
3 2/ 1
-
3 2/2
-
5 0
3 2/a
-
7 10
o
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5 3.50 o
5 0.00 o
-
-
-
-
4 7.50 o
4 2.75 o
-
-
-
-
7 4.00 o
7 6.50 °
1 967 Corra in-Picc in ino 1 964-65
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 52
Table 1 02/b
S porad ic f inds f ro m I ta ly
Measure men ts o f t he c ran ium f aciale
Regg io E . Terra mara Nu mbers a f ter Mart in
Regg io +
V icenza
g rave 1
g rave 1
+ +
3 0 y
3 0 y
m
N
+ + M
m
N
m
males
M
M
f e males M
m
4 0
-
_
_
_
_
_
9 7.50
9 9.00
4 2
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 07.50
1 13.00
4 3
1 06
_
_
_
_
_
1 08.25
1 07.00
4 4
9 6
-
-
-
-
-
9 7.75
9 5.25
1 39 1 05
_ _
3 _
1 29.1 _
1 _
1 41.0 _
1 39.35 9 6.00
1 26.50 8 9.50
-
-
3
1 12.7
-
1 18.67
1 10.75
2 _
6 2.6 _
6 9.95 2 4.00
6 6.25 2 6.00
4 5 4 6
.
4 7
-
4 8 5 0
7 5 -
_ _
6 _
6 6.3 _
5 1/d
4 3
_
5
4 1.2
1
4 1.5
4 2.28
4 0.00
5 2/d
3 7
-
6
3 3.8
2
3 0.0
3 3.80
3 1.75
5 4
2 4
-
4
2 4.6
1
2 4.5
2 3.52
2 2.00
5 5
5 3
-
5
4 5.2
2
4 5.2
4 9.73
4 6.75
6 0 6 1
5 6 6 2
_
_
_
_
_
5 3.25 5 9.50
5 0.50 6 2.25
6 2
4 7
-
-
-
-
-
4 6.25
4 7.75
6 3
3 8
_
_
_
_
_
3 7.75
3 7.50
6 5
-
1 00
8
1 23.3
-
-
1 17.32
1 21.33
1 02.9
9 6.67
6 6
-
1 05
8
1
1 09.0
1 07.15
6 8
-
9 6
-
-
-
-
9 8.00
9 9.75
6 9
-
3 0
8
2 8.8
2
2 8.4
3 1.53
3 1.50
, 62.33
7 0/a
-
5 0
_
_
_
_
7 1/a
-
3 3
_
_
_
_
3 1.00 o
3 2.67
7 2
8 6
o -
-
-
-
-
8 9.75
8 8.25 o
7 3
8 5o
-
-
-
-
-
8 7.00 0
7 9
-
1 15 o
7
1 19.5
3
1 28.6
S cagl ion i 1 967 H -
Verona
Co rra in -P i cc in in o
1 964-65
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 53
1 20.68
6 0.25
8 7.00 o 1 20.67
Table 1 02/c
S porad ic f inds f ro m I t a ly
I nd ices
Regg io
Regg io
Terra mara
+
g rave 1
g rave 1
Nu mbers
3 0 y
3 0 y
a f ter Mart in
m
m
8 :1 c ran iu m
7 2.20
1 7 :1
7 5.30
2 0 :1
5 9.60
1 7 :8
8 2.60
2 0 :8
V icenza
N
+ +
M
N
m
7 7.60 _
Verona
+ +
M
Ma les
Fe males
M
M
m
7
7 7.70
2
7 5.50
7 4.89
8 1.77
6
7 4.60
1
7 3.80
7 3.98
6 4.57
5 9.50 -
7
6 1.20
1
6 1.40
5 8.55
5 6.81
6
9 7.20
1
1 04.40
9 6.84
9 1.37 6 9.46
8 2.64
7 8.08
7
8 2.60
1
8 7.30
7 9.79
9 :10
8 0.00
7 8.20
8
8 0.00
2
6 8.30
7 8.73
8 0.38
9 :8
6 9.50
6 6.40
7
7 0.50
2
7 0.37
7 0.45
6 6.98
4 7 :45
_
4 8 :45
_
_ 5 3.90
3
8 6.70
-
5
5 1.60
1
4 3.90
8 8.13
9 1.30
5 1.38
5 4.54
5 2:51 d
_
8 0.40
4
8 2.40
1
7 0.60
7 8.73
7 9.99
5 4:55
-
4 5.30
4
4 8.30
1
6 0.22
4 7.63
4 7.03
5 0 :44
-
-
-
2 4.23
2 6.21
6 3:62
_
8 0.80
-
6 1:60
-
1 10.70
-
8 4.80
5
6 :5 h u merus
_
-
3
7 : 1
_
-
-
6 :7 f e mur
_
1 0 :9
-
9 a :8a
-
-
+
S cagl ion i 1 967
+ +
Corra in-Picc in ino 1 964-65
6
-
-
-
-
-
8 1.98
-
-
-
1 09.33
-
-
8 1.50 -
8 0.33 -
8 7.74 1 38.32
5
8 3.00
6
8 0.90
8 0.56
8 3.88
7 5.80
6
7 7.90
7 2.90
7 6.51
-
3 54
1 23.00 1 16.33
7 9.31 1 22.90
1 26.00
1 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
-
1 14.45
Table 1 03
S porad ic f inds f ro m I ta ly
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ia l s keleton
F ieso le P . Umber to Nu mbers a f ter
F ieso le
F ieso le
P . Umber to V . R iorb.
F ieso le V . R iorb ico
g rave 1
g rave 2
g rave 5
g rave 7
3 0 y
2 3 y
2 0 y
3 5 y
Mar t in
f
m
f
f
1 , h u merus
2 88
3 58
-
-
2
2 83
-
-
-
4
5 9
6 3
-
5 6
5
2 0
2 4
-
2 1
6
1 7
1 8
-
1 9
7
6 5
7 1
-
6 5
9 1 , r ad ius
4 0 -
4 9 -
-
2 18
4
-
-
-
1 4
5
-
-
-
1 3
1 , u lna
-
2 85
-
2 47
1 . p elv is
2 31
-
-
-
2
1 76
-
-
-
1 , f e mur 2
4 50 4 43
4 85 4 75
-
4 25 4 13
6
2 8
3 0
3 0
3 0
7
2 3
3 0
2 2
2 8
9
2 9
3 6
-
2 1
1 0
2 6
2 8
-
2 6
1 9
4 0
4 9
3 8
4 4
1 , t i b ia
3 77
4 10
3 40
3 54
1 /b
3 61
3 95
3 30
3 40
8 a
3 3
4 0
2 8
3 0
9 a
2 3
4 0
2 8
3 0
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 55
Table 1 04
S porad ic f inds f ro m I taly
Measure men ts o f t he p ostcran ia l s keleton
V icenza + Numbers
Verona +
males
a f ter Mart in
N
1 , h u merus
1
3 26 3 17
2
1
4
-
5
3
M
-
males
Ma les
Fe ma les
N
M
M
M
-
-
3 42.00
2 88.00
-
2 83.00
-
-
-
-
2 1.40
5
2 0.80
6 3.00
5 7.50
2 2.06
1 9.00
6
3
1 8.10
5
1 6.80
1 7.66
1 8.00
7
3
6 3.00
5
6 2.00
6 5.33
6 5.00
9
-
-
-
-
_
1 , r ad ius
4
2 44.80
2
2 37.00
2 40.90
2 18.00
4 0.00
4
5
1 6.60
5
1 4.50
1 5.55
1 4.00
5
5
1 1.70
5
1 0.80
1 1.25
1 3.00
1 , u lna
3
2 80.30
2
2 60.50
2 75.26
2 47.00 2 31.00
1 , p elv is
-
-
-
-
_
2
-
-
-
-
-
1 67.00
1 , f e mur
8
4 75.10
6
4 37.40
4 65.83
4 37.50
7
2
4 70.10
5
4 30.60
4 58.56
4 30.00
6
1 0
2 9.00
6
2 6.80
2 8.60
2 9.00
7
1 0
2 6.50
6
2 7.10
3 1.90
2 5.50
9
1 0
2 9.70
6
3 0,00
2 5.73
2 1.00
2 5.00
6
2 4.20
1 0
9
1 9
-
-
-
-
1 , t i bia
6
3 81.00
5
1 /b
6
3 77.50
8 a 9 a
9 9
3 2.80 2 4.90
+
2 6.00
2 6.00
4 9.00
4 4.00
3 62.00
3 84.30
3 54.00
5
3 54.90
3 75.80
3 40.00
6 6
2 9.50 2 3.10
3 4.10 2 4.67
2 4.00 2 4.00
Corra in-Picc in ino 1 964-65
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 56
J . h . i 9
) .0 325 1 .4909 1 .0052 1 .5968 1 .8762 2 .1387
2 Cq
(1Sd ) 2 m
2 .4347 1 .4821 2 .2162 1 .8 193
c a lcu la ted f ro m
1 .3 480 1 .5103
2 0 c haracter istics
1 .4345 1 .8974 1 .9087 ) .8 336 1 .8 865 1 .1 627 ) .9 900 X
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
3 6
1 .8052
2 .0954
1 .3748
7 0
1 .2993
1 .3424
2 .0848
t O
1 .6519
1 .2172
2 .7358
7 7
2 .1869
1 .3092
2 .1777
1 9 5 1
1 .3316 1 .3771
1 .0753 1 .9945
1 .3468 4 .3786
3 6
1 .1893
2 .1898
1 .0641
3 8 1 0
0 .9347 1 .2999
1 .2481 1 .2335
0 .9083 1 .0877
Ca lcu la ted f ro m
) 4
1 .4662
1 .0719
0 .7851
2 0 c haracters
7 5
1 .0206
1 .5044
0 .7789
3 5
1 .0215
0 .8770
1 .0044
3 5
1 .1794
0 .9899
1 .4575
) 6
1 .7608
1 .8131
1 .6910
) 8
1 .5611
1 .4837
1 .3059
) 6
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 .8158
2 .3916
2 .0936
0 .4493
0 .7891
0 .7699
3
X
1 .7091
0 .9373
) 2
0 .7408
X
1 .7560
3 5
0 .9129
1 .0414
1 .7560
2 1d 2 2 C = - -C P m
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
1 7
2 .1678
1 .3796
1 3
1 .3572
2 .3051
2 4
1 .2186
2 .8998
7 0 3 6
1 .3087 1 .0894
2 .4033 1 .6119
3 1
2 .0297
4 .6947
1 1
2 .2401
1 .4590
7 7
1 .2549
1 .1174
3 4
1 .2634
1 .4008
c a lcu la ted f ro m
1 0
1 .0807
1 .0662
2 0 c haracters
1 9
1 .5086
0 .9744
1 6
0 .8832
1 .2276
2 8
0 .9969
1 .5596
3 5
1 .8351
1 .9591
1 4
1 .4949
1 .6693
8 1
2 .3916
2 .2184
2 0
0 .7943
1 .0365
1 .7092
1 .1016
1 4
X
1 .8989
4 7
1 .0419
X
CR
2
= Cp 2 + K C 2 q
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
The Anthropology of the Lombards Part ii Istvin Kiszely Translated from the Hungarian by Catherine Siman
B A R International Series 6 I (ii) 1 979
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
B.A.R.,
B.A.R.
122
Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B .Sc., :\LA., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, :\1.A.
B.A.R. -861 (ii), 1979: "The A nthropology of the Lombards", Part ii © István Kiszely, 1979. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389271 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389288 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860540618 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407349251 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Par t i B ib liography :
Par t
I : An thropo logy
Par t I :
H istory a nd Archaeo logy
3 61 4 06
P la tes 1 -88
4 57-544
F igures 1 -79
5 45-622
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
L IST OF F IGURES
F igure 1
Page P eop les s urround ing t he migra tion r ou te o f t he L o mbards i n t he t i me o f Taci tus
2
The c oun try o f o r ig in o ft he L o mbards.
5 45 S i tes o f r ecen t
e xcava tions ( af ter Wegew i tz , 1 972 )
5 46
3
The m igra tion r ou te o f t he L o mbards
5 46
4
P eop les s urround ing t he r ou te o ft he L o mbards i n t he V-V I c en tur ies A .D .
5 47
5
Ma jor e thnic g roups i n t he European M igra tion P eriod
5 48
6
C e meteries i n B ohe mia w i th L o mbard s keletons
5 49
7
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t Mochov
5 50
8
Ce me teries i n B ohe m ia a nd Moravia where L o mbard s ke le tons h ave b een f ound
9
5 51
S i tes i nS ou thern Moravia where h u man b one ma teria l o ft he L o mbard p er iod h as b een f ound
5 53
1 0
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t g ara tice
5 54
1
L o mbard c e me teries a nd G er man ic c e me teries o ft he L o mbard p eriod i n Austria a nd Hungary
5 55
1 2
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t N eu-Ruppersdorf
5 56
1 3
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t P oysdorf
5 57
1 4
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e metery a t
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
Hausk irchen
5 58
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t Rohrendorf
5 59
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e metery a t Er persdorf
5 60
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t O berbierbau m
5 61
F e male Grave N o . 7 4 , O berbierbau m c e me tery .
5 62
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
P age
F igure 1 9
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t S chwecha t
2 0
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t 5 64
Mannersdorf 2 1
5 63
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t 5 65
S te inbrunn
5 66
2 2
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t H e
2 3
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t Vers
5 67
2 4
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t Värpa lo ta
5 68
2 5
U S
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t S zen tendre
2 6
5 69
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e metery a t R a-c a l mäs
5 70
2 7
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e metery a t Ta mäsi
5 71
2 8
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e metery a t K a jdacs
5 72
2 9
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o e me tery a ft he c t Moha-c s
5 73
3 0
C e meteries i n J ugoslavia a nd I ta ly i n wh ich s ke le tons h ave b een f ound
5 74
3 1 .
S che ma tic a n thropo logica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t K ran j
5 75
3 2
P lan o ft he L o mbard g raves a t C ivida le d e l F riu li
5 76
3 3
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t S an S tefano ( Civida le )
5 77
3 4
3 5
3 6
3 7
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o f t he c e me tery a t Ga l lo ( Ci vi da le )
5 78
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t F ieso le , V ia R iorbico
5 79
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e me tery a t Nocera Umbra
5 81
S che ma tic a n thropo log ica l p lan o ft he c e metery a t Castel Trosino
5 82
[ No te :f igures 3 8 a nd 3 9 a re om i t ted ] 4 0
The d istr ibu t ion o f p ersona l a ges i n t he c e me teries f or L o mbards a nd f or o ther Europeans i n t he V-VI th c en turies
5 83
4 1
G labe l lo-occipi ta l l eng th ( Mar tin No . 1 )
4 2
Maxi ma l b read th o ft he c raniu m ( Mar t in No . 8 )
5 84
4 3
H or izon ta l c ircu mference o f t he s ku l l ( Mar t in No . 2 3)
5 85
4 4 István.B i zy go ma ti b read t h I( Ma t in No . 4 5) Kiszely, The Anthropology ofc the Lombards, Parts and Ii.r E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 86
F igure
P age
4 5
Nasion-gna th ion h eigh t ( Mar t in No . 4 7 )
5 87
4 6
L eng th-bread th i ndex ( Mar t in No . 8 :1 )
5 88
4 7
L eng th-heigh t i ndex ( por ion ) ( Mar tin N o . 2 0 :1)
5 89
4 8
Bread th-he igh t i ndex ( porion ) ( Mar t in N o . 2 0 :8 )
5 90
4 9
Morpho logica l f ace i ndex ( Ko l l mann ) ( Mar t in No . 4 7 :45)
5 91
5 0
U pper f ace i ndex ( Ko l l mann ) ( Mar t in N o . 4 8 :45)
5 92
5 1
I ndex r obust ici tas c lavicu lae d ex trae ( Mar t in N o . 6 :1)
5 93
5 2
Hu merus max . l eng th ( r igh t s ide ) ( Mar t in No . 1 )
5 94
5 3
F e mur max . l eng th ( r igh t s ide ) ( Mar t in No . 1 )
5 95
5 4
T ibia max . l eng th ( r igh t s ide) ( Mar t in N o . 1 )
5 96
5 5
The a verage ( mean ) s tature o f L o mbard men ( by Brei tinger ,s me thod )
5 6
5 97
The a verage ( mean ) s ta ture o f L o mbard wo men ( by Bach ,s method )
5 98
5 7
Pro tonord ic t ype
5 99
5 8
Nordic t ype
6 00
5 9
Brachycepha lized Nordic t ype
6 01
6 0
Graci lized Crö- Magnon id t ype
6 02
6 1
Nordic Cr 8 -Magnonidic a nd Cr & - Magnon id-Nordic t ype
6 03
6 2
Grac
i zed- Medi terranean Nord ic a nd N ordic grac i l ized
Medi terranean t ype
6 04
6 3
N ordic A t lan to- Med i terranean t ype
6 05
6 4
Cr ö- Magnon id ic At la n to -Med i t e rr ane a n t ype
6 06
6 5
A t la n to -Med i t e rr ane a nCr ö -Magnon i di c t ype
6 07
6 6
Graci le —or l bero- Medi terranean t ype
6 08
6 7
A t lan to- Medi terranean t ype
6 09
6 8
A lp ine t ype
6 10
6 9
A lp ine —Cr8- Magnonid ic t ype
6 11
7 0
A lp i ne- Medi terr a ne a n t ype
6 12
7 1
" Taur id ic t ype"
6 13
7 2
7 3
Ta ur id i c —C r ö- Magnon idic a nd Cr -Magnon idicTauridic t ype
6 14
Graci lized- Med i terranean-Taur id ic t ype
6 15
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
F igure
P age
7 4
The " Frank-Th t tr ingian" t ype-co mp lex
6 16
7 5
The "F rank- Merov ingian" At lan to- Medi terranean t ype
6 17
7 6
Cran ia o ft he "F rank-Th i tr ingian" t ype .
The u pper i s f ro m
t he c e me tery a t Praha-Podbaba ( grave No . 5 ) ; t he l ower i s f ro m Ta ma-s i , Hungary ( grave No . 1 8 ) 7 7
6 18
G raph s how ing t he g enera lized P enrose-d istance b e tween G er man ic p opu la tions i n Europe
7 8
6 19
G raph s how ing t he g enera l ized P enrose-distance b etween G er manic p opu la t ions.
The b lack c o lu mns s how t he
P enrose-d istances n or ma l ly u sed i n t he l i tera ture.
The
s haded c o lu mns s how t he d istances c a lcu la ted f ro m t he i nd ices, p ostcrania l s ke leton b ones a nd p ostcrania l s ke le ton i ndices ( ma les o n ly ) 7 9
6 20
G raph s how ing t he g enera lized P enrose-distance b e tween European G er man ic p opu la t ions i n t he M igra t ion Period .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 22
L IST OF PLATES
P la te 1 2
Pages Praha-Podbaba ; e lakovice
3
K lu6ov
4
Raksice ;
Ve la tice
5
Ve la tice ;
Vygkov
6
Novy g a ldorf
7
Novy g a ldorf
A a ld o r f
8
Novy
9
Novy g a ldorf
1 0
4 75-544
e lakovice
Novy g a ldorf ;
1 1
Ve la tice ;
1 2
S ed legovice ;
Ve la tice
S lapanice ;
1 3
Nova Ve '§;
1 4
S tare Mesto ;
1 5
Poysdorf Hobersdorf ;
1 7
S trass
1 8
Hausk irchen
1 9
Rohrendorf
2 0
Rohrendorf Rohrendorf
2 2
Erpersdorf
Vacenovice
Brnenske I vanovice ;
1 6
2 1
Po lkovice
Zno j mo ;
V iCe mi lice ; Poysdorf ;
S trass
2 3
O berbierbau m ; S chwecha t
2 4
Wien S a lva torgasse
2 5
Mannersdorf
2 6
Mannersdorf ;
2 7
S teinbrunn
2 8
S te inbrunn
2 9
Grafenwör th
3 0
N ik i tsch
3 1
N iki tsch
3 2
Hegykö
3 3
Hegykö
3 4
Vörs
3 5
V ärs; Ta mäsi
3 6
Ta mäsi
3 7
Ta mäsi
3 8
Ta mäsi
3 9
Ta mäsi
4 0
Värpa lota
Tu l in ;
Nak lo-
L dec
Neu-Ruppersdorf
4 1The Anthropology Värpofa l o t a Kiszely, István. the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
P la te 4 2
S zen tendre
4 3
S zen tendre ;
4 4
R a-c a l mäs
4 5
K a jdacs
Moha-c s
4 6
K äpo lnäsnyek
4 7
Mosonszen t jä nos;
Dör
4 8
Z a laszen tgrö t;
4 9
Häcs Bendekpuszta
G yönk
5 0
Ha-c sBendekpuszta ; R egö ly
5 1
Ta mäsi-Ador janp uszta ;
5 2
S oponya
5 3
Epö l
5 4
Epö l ;
5 5
K ran j
5 6
K ran j
F er töszen t mik lös
I szkaszen tgyörgy
5 7
K ran j
5 8
S an G iovann i
5 9
Brescia
6 0
R eggio Emi lia , Ca ste l larano ;
R egg io Emi l ia , V ia F ranchet ti ;
R eggio Emi lia , Terra mara 6 1
T estona
6 2
T estona
6 3
Testona ;
6 4
Brescia Gussago ;
6 5
Caste l Trosino
Brescia Gussago Caste l Trosin .o
6 6
Caste l Trosino
6 7
Caste l Trosino ;
6 8
D e ta i ls o f L o mbard f i bu las.
6 9
H u man r epresen ta t ions o n t he f i bu la f ro m Arcisa
7 0
Hu man r epresen ta t ions o n f i bu lae .
7 1
H u man r epresen ta t ions o n L o mbard f i bu lae
7 2
H u man f ace o n t he f i bu la f ro m g rave 6 0, Nocera Umbra
F ieso le Nocera Umbra N ocera Umbra
7 3
H u man f aces o n L o mbard g o ld c rosses
7 4
H u man f aces ( represen ta tions o f Christ ) o n g o ld c rosses
7 5
H u man ( Christ ) f aces o n g o ld c ross l am inae
7 6
H u man r epresen ta t ions o n L o mbard g o ld l aminae
f ro m L o mbard c e meteries
( go ld c rosses) 7 7 7 8 7 9
1 .
The h u man f ace o n t he g o ld c ross f ro m Ca lvisano ;
2 .
Hu man f ace o n as o lidus o f T iber ius C onstan tine
The g o lden l am ina o f k ing Agi lu lfo , F irenze 1 .
The h orse man S ebast iano ( Gussago ) ;
2 .
Go ld p la te f ro m I so la R izza , Verona
8 0
Ma le L o mbard h ead f ro m Nor th I ta ly
8 1
1 .
The e vange list S t . Ma t thew ( Civida le )
2 .
L o mbard r epresen ta tion f ro m Mi t terst i l l
8 2
De ta i ls f ro m t he a l tar o f Ra tch is, C ivida le
8 3
Group o f s ta tues f ro m C ivida le , Te mp ie t to
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
P la te 8 4
H u man r epresen ta tions o ft he b arbarian p er iod
8 5
Hu man r epresen ta tion o ft he " barbar ic p er iod"
8 6
The r econstructed f ace o f aL o mbard man
8 7
R econstructed L o mbard f aces
8 8
R econstructed f aces o f L o mbard wo men
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
f ro m I t a ly
B IBL IOGRAPHY PART I : ANTHROPOLOGY
Abe ls, B ., G aebe le, H ., S chrö ter , P ., ( 1 972 ) .
D ie mensch lichen S ke le t-
t reste a us d e m Re ihengräber fr iedhof v on Donzdor f , Kr . G öpp ingen , "F orschungen u nd Ber ich te z ur V or-und Frühgesch ich te i n BadenWür t tenberg" ,I , p p . 1 09-118 . Acsäd i , G y ., Harsäny i, L ., N e mesker i , J ., ( 1962 ) .
The p opu lat ion o f
Z a lavär i n t he Midd le Ages , "Acta Arch . Hung", X IV, p p . 1 13-141. A csäd i , G y ., N e mesker i , J ., ( 1957 ) .
Pa läode mograph ische Prob le me am
Be ispe i l d es f r e th m it te la lter l ichen Gräber fe ldes v on Ha l i mba-Cseres K or n . Veszpre m ( Ungarn ) , "Ho mo", V I I I , p p . 1 33-148 , A csäd i, G y ., Ne mesker i, J ., ( 1970) . l i ty , B udapes t . Ada ms, E ., ( 1917 ) .
H istory o f Hu man L ife S pan a nd Mor ta-
über p oste mbryona le Wachstu mveränderungen u nd
Rassenmerkma le im Bere iche d es mensch l ichen Gesich tsschNde ls, " Ze itschr . Mr Morph . u nd An throp ." ,XX , p p . 5 51-628 . A iche l, 0 ., ( 1931) .
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f i ber d ie Prunk f ibe ln b enach tbar ter Fürstenhofe d er f ruhen Vö lkerwanderungsze it , "J ahresschr if t , Ha l le" ,XLV I , p p . 1 -312 . S chu macher , K . ( 1935) .
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Te i l .
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d em A lter tu ms, "S e lbstver lag d es Rö m isch-Ger man ischen Z en tra lmuseu ms, Ma inz" ,p p . 1 -74 . S chwan tes, G . ( 1904) .
Der Urnen fr iedhof b e i J astor f Im Kre ise Ue ltzen ,
" Jahrbuch d es Prov inz ia l museu ms z u H annover". S chwan tes, G . ( 1911) .
D ie ä l testen Urnen fr iedhöfe b e i U e l tzen u nd L üneburg ,
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,I , p p . 1 -210 .
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Vorgesch ich t liches z ur Langobarden frage , "Nach-
r ich tenb la t t Mr N iedersachsens V orgesch ich te", S chwan tes, G . ( 1939) .
D ie Urnen fr iedhöfe v o m Typus R ieste u nd Darzau ,
"Meck lenburg",
x xx iv ,
No . 2 , p p . 1 34-170 .
S chwarz, E . ( 1951) .
G o ten , Nordgermanen , Amge lsachsen , Bern- Manchen .
S chwarz, E . ( 1956) .
G erman ische S ta mmeskunde, "G er man ische B ib l io thek
5 .
Re ihe, He ide lberg , Handbücher u nd Gesa mtdarste l lungen z ur l i teratur-
u nd K u lturgesch ich te", He ide lberg . S chwarz, E . ( 1964) .
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5 79
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Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 87
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Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 88
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Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 89
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Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 90
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Bread th-heigh t i ndex ( por ion ) ( Mar t in No . 2 0 :8 ) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 91
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Morpho log ica l f ace i ndex ( Kol l mann ) ( Mar t in No . 4 7 :45) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 92
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f inds
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f i nds
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U pper f ace i ndex ( Ko l l mann ) ( Mar t in No . 4 8 :45) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 93
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F ig . 5 1 I ndex r obustici tas c lavicu lae d ex trae ( Mar t in N o . 6 :1) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 94
•
0 •
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Hu merus max . l eng th ( r igh t s ide ) ( Mar t in No . 1 ) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 95
0 Brescia I t a lian s porad ic f inds Kran j
•
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0
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F e mur max . l eng th ( r igh t s ide ) ( Mar t in No . 1 ) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 96
Bresc ia
•
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• •
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0
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•
f inds
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0
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•
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T ibia max . l eng th ( r igh t s ide ) ( Mar t in No . 1 ) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 97
Bresc ia I t a lian s porad ic f inds Kran j Hungar ian s porad ic f inds 0
T a mas i Raca l mas V örs
0
S zen tendre Hegykö. ( no d a ta ) Austr ian s porad ic f inds N ik i tsch Groshöf le in S te inb r unn S chwecha t O berb ierbau m Erpersdor f R ohrendor f Hausk irchen P oysdor f Neu-Ruppersdor f
0
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The a verage ( mean ) s ta ture o f L o mbard men ( by Brei t inger ' s me thod ) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 98
Bresc ia I t a l ian s porad ic f i nds Kran j
0
Hungar ian s porad ic f inds , Ta masi R i .ca l ma s Vörs S zen tendre Hegykö ( no d a ta ) Austr ian s porad ic f inds N ik i tsch Groshöf le in
0
S te inbrunn S chwecha t O berb ierbau m Er persdor f Rohrendor f Hausk irchen P oysdor f Neu-Ruppersdor f
In •
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F ig . 5 6 The a verage ( mean ) s ta ture o f L o mbard wo men ( by Bach ' s me thod ) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
5 99
F ig . 5 7 Pro tono r di ct ype . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 00
ig . 5 8 N ord ic Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. F E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 01
t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. F ig . 5 9 Brachycepha l ized Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 02
Nordic t ype .
F ig . 6 0
Graci lized Cra- Magnonid t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 03
F ig . 6 1
N or di c —C r 8 -Magnon i di c a nd Cr 6 -Magnon i d -No r d ic t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 04
Kiszely, István. TheF Anthropology Lombards, Parts I and Ii. d i g . 6 2 of the G r aci liz edMe i terranean—Nordic E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
Medi terranean t ype .
6 05
a nd N ordic-graci l ized
F ig . 6 3
N or dic —At lan to- Medi terranean t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 06
F ig . 6 4
Cri i- Magnon idic-At lan to- Medi terranean t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 07
F ig . 6 5
A t lan to - Med i terranean _Cre- Magnonid ic t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 08
F ig . 6 6
Graci le- o r l bero- Medi terranean t ype.
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 09
F ig . 6 7 A t la n to- Medi te r rane a n t ype . Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 10
F ig . 6 8
A lp ine t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 11
F ig . 6 9
A lp ine —Crö- Magnonidic t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 12
F ig . 7 0
A lp ine- Medi terranean t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 13
F ig . 7 1
"Tauridic t ype".
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 14
F ig . 7 2 Ta u ri d ic —C r 6 -Mag ,non idic a nd Cr ö -Magnon i d ic Ta u ri di c t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 15
F ig . 7 3
G raci lized- Med i terranean-Taur idic t ype .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 16
F ig . 7 4
The "F rank-Thür ing ian" t ype-co mp lex .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 17
F ig . 7 5
The "F rank- Merov ing ian"
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 18
-A t lan to -Medi terranean
t ype .
F ig . 7 6
Cran ia o f t he "F rank-Th t tr ingiann t ype .
The u pper i s f ro m t he
c e me tery a t P raha-Podbaba ( grave N o . 5 ) ; t he l ower i s f ro m Ta mäsi , Hungary ( grave No .
8 ) .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
0 80-
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0 , 20-
n :440 n :223
L angobards
F ig . 7 7 Graph s how ing t he g enera l ized P enrose-distance b etween Ger man ic p opu la t ions i n Europe .
Kiszely, István. The Anthropology of the Lombards, Parts I and Ii. E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1979, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540618. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43
6 20
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